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ENGLISH BOTANY.

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“29

7

ENGLISH BOTANY;

oR,

COLOURED FIGURES

OF

ioe t sh PLANTS.

Pon BY JOHN T. BOSWELL, F.L.S., Etc,

LATE LECTURER ON BOTANY AT WESTMINSTER HOSPITAL.
THE POPULAR PORTION BY MRS. LANKESTER,
AUTHOE OF “WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE,” ‘THR BRITISH FERNS,” ETO.
THE FIGURES BY

J. SOWERBY, F.LS. J. De C. SOWERBY, F.LS, J. W. SALTER, ALS, F.G.S.

AND
JOHN EDWARD SOWERBY,
ILLUSTRATOR OF THE “FERNS OF GREAT BRITAIN,” ‘‘GRASSES OF GREAT BRITAIN,”

‘WILD FLOWERS WORTH NOTICE,” ETC. ETC.

Third Edition.

ENLARGED, RE-ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL ORDERS,
AND ENTIRELY REVISED.
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES BY THE EDITOR.

VOLUME I.
RANUNCULACEZ TO CRUCIFERZ.

LONDON:

GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1877.

4
LONDON
~ PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
. STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CRoss.
»

ia ) | Ghd NAve. i
> Ol. HISIURY

PREFACE.

JoN¥Yd

‘he:

HE appearance of the first number of a Third Edition of

“English Botany” calls for a few remarks upon the mode

in which it is proposed to conduct the re-issue of this great
work.

Each Part will contain twenty-four plates, and on an average
twenty-four pages of letterpress. The plates will be all carefully
examined by the Editor, and errors in outline or colour corrected.
At the time when the work was first published, characters taken
from the fruit were not so much employed in distinguishing

» species as at present, and in general no figures of fruit were

~ given: this will now be remedied. Magnified representations of

> the organs will also be added where necessary.

Plates of the whole of the flowering plants figured in the

~ original edition (with a few exceptions noticed below), and those

- in the four volumes of the “ Supplement to English Botany,”

will now be given, and also those which Mr. Saurer has in

> preparation for the fifth volume of the ‘“ Supplement.”

|
)
‘

>—

, not yet been figured for this work. When these new plates are

.

c
—

~

will be given subsequently, as soon as examples of the plants

In several instances entirely new plates will be required, some

of the original ones being too incorrect ; and some species have

not ready at the time when the Part to which they belong
‘should appear, twenty-four plates will still be issued, but their

‘numbers will not be consecutive, and those which are wanting

_ ean be obtained from which drawings may be made. By attending

A

ii ENGLISH BOTANY.

to the numeration, these additional figures can be arranged in
their proper places when the work comes into the binder’s
hands. In the present number there are two such omissions in
the genus Thalictrum, and one in Ranunculus; but it is hoped
that these may be procured and figured in the course of next
summer.

As the numbers on the plates of the first edition of “ English
Botany”? have been so often quoted in botanical works, they
have been still retained, to facilitate reference. Those of the
present edition will be found in Roman characters, to avoid
confusion from the presence of a double set of numbers.

In the previous editions several plants were included which
more recent observers have failed to detect in the localities where
they were alleged to grow. Some of these,—such as Ranunculus
alpestris, Ranunculus gramineus, Vella annua, Buffonia annua,—
will now be excluded, as there can be no doubt that they have
been erroneously reported to occur in Britain. A few plates will
also be omitted which represented plants accidentally introduced
from foreign countries, and which, having failed to establish
themselves, are no longer to be found. ‘The substitution of
interesting critical species for these interlopers will doubtless be
regarded as a most profitable exchange by the Botanist.

The letterpress consists of two portions, each independent of
the other. The purely technical matter, including the descriptions
and distribution of the plants figured, has been assigned to the
Editor: while the popular part, commencing with the English
name, has been intrusted to Mrs. LANKrstER, the well-known
authoress of * Wild Flowers Worth Notice,” ‘ British Ferns,’ &e.
This portion will comprise the uses and medical properties of
plants, on which subjects the reader will thus have the benefit of
Dr. Lankester’s extensive information.

Respecting the Editor’s own share of the work, he must not
omit to mention his obligations to those botanical friends to whom

PREFACE. ill

he is indebted for advice and assistance in this undertaking ;
among whom may be named Professor Banrneron, Mr. Baker,
Mr. A. G. More, and Mr. Hewerr C. Watson; but his thanks
are especially due to the Rey. W. W. Newsou.p, who has assistec
him not only with the loan of many valuable books which could
not otherwise have been consulted, but also with the results of
his long and extensive study of critical plants and synonyms.

The arrangement and limitations of the natural orders and
genera will be mainly taken from Bentham and _ Tooker’s
newly-published “Genera Plantarum,” in so far as that valuable
work is available.

It is deemed unnecessary to give references to botanical works
under each species, unless they afford additional information, or
when a species has been described by some recent author under
a different name from that which is adopted in the text.

A list of the abbreviations of the names of the authors quoted
must be postponed until the conclusion of the work.

The accentuation of the scientific names of the plants described
will be marked in the Index.

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PRELIMINARY REMARKS.

—_+

HE Tyro is no doubt often surprised at finding his botanical

mentors differing so widely among themselves in their estimate
of the number of species contained in the British Flora; this
difference is, however, more apparent than real, and arises from
the various ways in which the term species is understood. In
those cases where authors do not agree respecting the number of
species contained in a genus, they would probably all admit the
existence of the same number of groups or forms, more or less
separable and definable by characters; but some do not consider
that all of these groups deserve to be called species, while others
give that title to every one of them. This variety of opinion will
be found to prevail most in the Floras of districts which have
been most carefully examined. It is not until the plants have
received very minute attention that the less obviously distinct
forms will be brought into notice. A good exemplification of
this is to be seen in the daily-increasing divergence of opinion
between two different classes of botanists as to the number of
species contained in the well-examined Floras of Great Britain,
France, Germany, and Belgium.

It ‘will really be found that in many genera individual plants
may be grouped into more restricted assemblages than species
(taking the term in its widest acceptation), and that these
subordinate groups bear to species somewhat the same relation
that species themselves do to genera. To such the name of sub-
species or races may be given.

vi ENGLISH BOTANY.

There can be no doubt that these sub-species are well deserving
of attention, and no reason can be assigned for neglecting them
that would not apply equally to rejecting the examination of
species, and confining the attention to genera or eyen natural
orders alone.

It is, however, often extremely difficult to decide whether a
certain form ought to be regarded as a species or a sub-species ;
occasionally, in a work on descriptive Botany, what are admitted
as true species will be found to be quite as closely allied to each
other as two other forms which the same author regards as
mere varieties (sub-species in the present work). In fact, all
botanists are guided in this matter by an imperfect kind of
judgment, which is sometimes not far removed from caprice ;
and the present writer feels that he forms no exception to the
general rule; indeed, no canons can be laid down that would be
practically of much use in the very cases where they are most
required.

Mr. Watson, in his fourth volume of the ‘ Cybele Britannica,”
suggests three terms,—ver-species, super-species, and sub-species.
By the first of these, he intends the ordinary well-defined and
generally adopted species ; by sub-species, those more obscure groups
of forms, which differ from ver-species only in having the distinc-
tions between themselves slighter, or less generally recognized, or
in apparently shading off more gradually into one another; and
by super-species, the groups formed by uniting a number of sub-
species, and which consequently include a greater variety of forms
within their limits than is comprehended under the idea of a
ver-species.

The real point of difference between botanists is, that some
give the name of species to ver-species and super-species, while
others apply it to ver-species and sub-species. But as no distinct
line of demarcation can be drawn between ver-species and super-

species on the one band and between ver-species and sub-species

PRELIMINARY REMARKS. vii

on the other, there is always room for difference of opinion even
between those who admit these three classes.

The Editor proposes to recognize swb-species, and under this
designation to direct attention to those plants which have less
strongly-marked differences between them than are found between
generally received species, but which are, nevertheless, too
constant in their characters to be considered merely varieties.
Such plants have recently attracted much notice from many
continental and a few of our own Botanists; and though their
labours have sometimes been stigmatized as species-making, we
are indebted to them for a much more accurate knowledge of
plants than we previously possessed.

The term variety is applied by the Editor to forms which are,
or are supposed to be, confined to individuals, and which may
revert to the original type in a single or a few generations, while
a sub-species transmits its peculiarities for an indefinite period.
In most cases, the permanence of character, which ought to be
ascertained by observation, is only inferred, from the difference
which exists between some two forms being considered as great
as between others which are generally admitted to be permanent
and distinct ; and thus many mistakes no doubt occur respecting
varieties and sub-species which better observation and long-
continued cultivation may in time correct.

A state is even less permanent than a variety, for it may be
removed in the same individual by altering the external circum-
stances,—such as soil, climate, place of growth, &c.

The foregoing is a brief explanation of the way in which these
terms are applied in the present work, without which, misunder-
standing might arise.

After the enumeration of the localities for each species, there
will be found a line containing a general indication of the dis-
tribution, duration, and time of flowering. In this line the names

England, Scotland, Ireland, denote that the species has occurred

viii ENGLISIL BOTANY.

in the country mentioned. If any name be inclosed in brackets,
it signifies that the species has been certainly introduced into the
country of which the name is so treated. After these names the
duration is indicated by the words Annual, Biennial, Perennial,
Shrub, or Tree, which require no explanation; and lastly, the
names of the seasons point out the time at which the plant usually
flowers. To attempt giving a more exact definition of the time
by stating the month of flowermg seems inexpedient, as it varies
much according to the locality, and even in the same locality
in different years; being dependent on temperature.

“PHANEROGAMIA,

OR

FLOWERING PLANTS:

Prants with flowers furnished with special organs of reproduction
(stamens and pistils), and producing seeds containing an embryo
previous to germination.

Crass I.—DICOTYLEDONS.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, which have a stem formed of concentric
layers: a cellular pith in the centre; then one or more layers of
elongated cells intermixed with vessels; the whole surrounded by
a separable bark or rind, having elongated cells on the inner and
ordinary short cells on the outer side.

Seed containing an embryo having two opposite seed-leaves or
cotyledons, between which lies the bud which is to form the future
stem.

Leaves with branched anastomosing veins. Parts of the flower
generally 5, or 4, or some multiple of these numbers. Calyx and
corolla generally unlike in texture.

Suzp-Crass I.—POLYPETALA THALAMIFLORA.

Calyx almost always free from the ovary. Sepals distinct, very
rarely united. Torus small or elongated, very rarely expanded
into a thick fleshy disk. Petals in 1 or 2 whorls, unlike the
sepals, or in 2 or more whorls passing gradually into sepals,
inserted on the torus, or rarely into the very bottom of the calyx,
and united at the base of the staminal whorls (abnormal or even
wholly absent in a few cases). Stamens commonly but not always
indefinite, inserted into the torus, or more rarely adhering to the
base of the calyx, or that of the petals. Ovary superior, or rarely
immersed in an enlarged fleshy torus.

B

s) ENGLISH BOTANY.

NATURAL ORDER I—RANUNCULACEA.

Herbs with alternate leaves, often palmately cut or divided ;
generally without evident stipules, but often having rudimentary
ones, indicated by the expansion of the base of the leaf-stalk.
Flowers perfect, generally regular, with 4 or 5 sepals, usually deci-
duous, and more or less petaloid. Petals equal in number to the
sepals, or more numerous, absent in some cases, and in others very
abnormal in form. AJstivation imbricated. Stamens indefinite, free.
Anthers innate. Pistils numerous, rarely solitary, usually free,
1-celled, with simple styles or sessile stigmas. Ovules anatropous.
Disk none. Fruit of indehiscent achenes or dehiscent follicles.
Seeds without an arillus. Embryo at the base of copious horny
albumen.

Exceptions in British genera to the above :—

Clematis has a woody stem, opposite leaves, and valvate estivation.

Myosurus and some Thalictra and Ranunculi have definite sta-
mens. Ranunculus Ficaria has only 3 sepals; and the upper ieaves
of Ranunculus hederaceus are opposite.

Actea has the fruit a berry.

Peonia has a more or less evident dish.

Tribe I.—CLEMATIDE®.

Sepals valvate. Petals none, or like abortive stamens. Carpels
numerous, 1-ovuled. Ovules pendulous. Achenes indehiscent. Stems
often woody, and climbing. Leaves opposite.

GENUS .—CLEMATIS. Lin.

Sepals 4 (rarely 5—8), petaloid, valvate, deciduous. Petals none,
or shorter than the sepals, and gradually passing into stamens.
Achenes numerous, tipped by the persistent feathery style, which is
often plumose.

SPECIES L—CLEMATIS VITALBA. Linn

Prate I.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. & Helv. Vol. [V. Ran. Tab. LXIV. Fig. 4667.

Sepals thick, downy on both sides. Carpels with feathery tails,
Stem woody, climbing. Leaves pinnate. Leaflets ovate-acuminate.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 3

Common in hedges and among bushes, especially on a calcareous
soil in the South of England, extending northward to South Wales
and Yorkshire. It also occurs in the North of England, Scotland,
and Ireland, but only in places where it has doubtless been intro-
duced.

England [Scotland, Ireland]. Shrub. Summer and Autumn.

A small shrub with tough trailing or climbing branches, sup-
porting themselves by means of the petioles, which, below the
leaflets twine round adjacent bodies, and remain after the fall of the
leaves. Leaves opposite, with about 5 stalked 38- to 5-nerved leaflets,
the edges of which are generally coarsely serrated or even lobed, but
oceasionally entire. Flowers in lax terminal or axillary panicles.
Sepals and stamens greenish white. Carpels ovoid compressed,
reddish brown, with long bent white feathery tails, about 13 inch

long ; receptacle woolly.

Common Traveller’s Joy, or Old Man's Beard.
French, Clématite blanche. German, Steigende Waldrebe.

The scientific name Clematis Vitalba is derived from «dja (Alena), a tendril, from
the climbing nature of the species, and Vitis ulba, white vine. It is sometimes called
Virgin’s Bower, which name was given to it by Gerarde in 1597, “by reason of the
goodly shadowe which they make with their thick bushing and climing ; as also for
the beautie of the flowers, and the pleasant savour or scent of the same.” This pretty
plant is one of the greatest ornaments of our country hedges, with its copious clusters
of white blossoms and succeeding heaps of feather-tailed silky tufts. In some places it
is used as fodder for cattle, an acrid juice which the leaves contain whilst fresh, dis-
appearing after drying. The branches are tough enough to make withes for faggots,
for which purpose it is always used in woods where it can be procured. As a medi-
cine, it has had some reputation internally as a remedy for dropsy, and in the form
of an infusion for rheumatism. In France, the irritating and vesicatory properties
of its juice are sometimes turned to account by beggars, who apply it to their skin to
produce ulcers and excite compassion. In the same country the twigs are used to
make beehives, baskets, &c.: they probably grow stronger in a warm climate. A section
of Clematis wood forms a very interesting object under the microscope; the air-vessels
and cells are arranged in a radiate manner, allowing the air to circulate freely through
them. “This circumstance is turned to account by our village boys, who smoke pieces
of the wood as they do of rattan cane; hence it is sometimes called smoke-wood and
smoking-cane,

Trinr I1.—ANEMONE A.

Sepals imbricated. Carpels numerous, l-ovuled. Ovule pen-
dulous, with the raphe dorsal. Achenes indehiscent. Stem herba-
ceous.

4, ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS 1.—THALICTRUM. Linn.

Involucre none. Sepals 4 or 5, petaloid, caducous. Petals none.
Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovaries numerous. Achenes stipitate.
Styles deciduous or none. Leaves alternate, ternately decompound.

This genus is probably allied to the Helleboridee, and may be

considered as a form of that group, having the ovules reduced to
one, and the fruit indehiscent.

SPECIES I—THALICTRUM ALPINUM. Liu.
Prate IT.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXVI. Fig. 4625.

Stem terminating in a simple raceme of drooping flowers. Pedi-
cels recurved in fruit. Carpels stipitate, oblong, slightly clavate,
bulging on the inner side. Anthers apiculate.

Not uncommon on wet rocks and débris on mountains; and in
the extreme North, on wet moors almost down to the sea-level.
Occurs in Wales, the North of England, Ireland, and Scotland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

The smallest species of the genus, with slender wiry stems, 8 to
9 inches high, with short stolons at the base, and biternate-stalked
leaves, which are mostly radical, though in luxuriant specimens
there is often one or more situated on the lower part of the stem.
Leaflets small, roundish, bluntly serrated, much less variable in
shape than in the other British species, deep green above, whitish
below. Flowers in a simple terminal raceme, which is drooping at
the point before the flowers open, then becoming erect, while the
individual flowers droop: these are small, with 4 pale purplish-
brown sepals, and oo 10, or more long pendent stamens, with yellow
anthers. Fruit of 2 or 3 narrowly ~oblong ribbed achenes, thick-
ened at the point, which is bent outwards by the carpel bulging on
the inner side near the end. Bracts small, lanceolate, entire,

Alpine Meadow Rue, or Poor Mans Rhubarb.
French, Rue des Prés, or Pigamon. German, Wiesenrwute.

The generic name, from Sé\Aw (hallo), I flourish.

SPECIES I..—THALICTRUM MINUS. Zinn.
Prates IIT. IV. V.

Stem striated, terminating in a branched irregularly pyramidal
or flat-topped lax panicle of drooping flowers. Fruit pale olive,

FLOWERING PLANTS. 5

irregularly ovoid, slightly compressed, bulging on the inner side
near the apex. Fruit-pedicels ascending. Anthers apiculate. Leaves
ternately bi- or tri-pinnate.

Sup-Srecies I. — Thalictrum eu-minus.*
Puates III. & TV. (Named there 7. minus.)

(T. minus, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. III. Ran. Tab, XXVIT. Fig. 4627.)

T. minus “L.” Zab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XI. p. 266 ; and Man. Br. Bot. ed. v.
p- 3. Fries. Mant. III. p. 45; and Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 155. Koch, Syn. FI.
Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 4. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 6. Hook. &
Arn. Br. Fl. ed. viii. p. 5 (exclude 6 & y). Genth. Handbk. Br. Fl. p. 56 (in
part). Sm. Engl. Fl. Vol. III. p. 41 (in part).

Stem leafless at the base. Auricles of the stipules * spreading.”
Branches of the petioles ascending. Panicle irregularly pyramidal,
primary bracts resembling leaves, but much smaller; secondary
ones usually simple.

Var. a. DMaritimum.
Puate Iil.

Panicle nearly as broad as long, with divaricate branches.

Var. 8. Montanum.
Prats IV.
T. montanum, Wallroth, Sched. Crit. p. 255.

Pauicle longer than broad, with patent-ascending branches.
Rather scarce, but generally distributed; « occurring on sandy
sea-coasts, 8 on stony pastures, inland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock stoloniferous. Stem flexuous, striated, 6 inches to a
foot high in «, but considerably taller in 6, occasionally attaining
the height of 2 feet or more; lower part of the stem with leafless
sheaths. Leaves triangular in outline, bi- or tri-pinnate, the lower-
most primary subdivisions so much larger than the others that the

é

* In adopting the division of species into sub-species, a difficulty occurs when one of
the latter bears the same name as the species of which it forms a part. This difficulty
can only be overcome by giving a new name to the sub-species. Some inconvenience
must always arise from any change of nomenclature ; but greater confusion and uncer-
tainty wou'd assuredly result from having the name which properly belongs to the
whole also applied to one of its parts, to the exclusion of the others.

When a sub-species requires a distinctive appellation, it seems best to follow the plan
adopted in naming sub-genera, which is to give the name of the genus with the prefix
ew ta the typical sub-genus In accordance with this system, the name eu-minus is

6 ENGLISH BOTANY.

leaf becomes almost ternate. Leaflets very variable in shape, usually
about as broad as long, and 3-lobed. Flowers drooping when fully
expanded. Sepals 4, fawn-colour and purplish-brown. Achenes 3
to 6, sessile, regularly ovoid, bulging slightly at the base on the
outside, but much more conspicuously about one-third from the tip
on the inner side, marked with about 8 ribs. Plant very vari-
able in the extent to which it is covered by glaucous powder or
small stalked glands. T. caleareum of Jordan, which occurs at Ben
Balben, near Sligo, is considered by Professor Babington to be a
form of this species ; but, judging from dried specimens, it appears
to me to be simply the usual inland form of the plant,—our variety
& montanum.

Sus-Srecres II.—T. flexuosum. Zernh.
Prate V.

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXVIII. Fig. 4628.

Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XI. p. 267; Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p.4; and FL
Camb. App. p. 299. Fries, Mant. III. p. 47; and Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 136.

T. minus (3, Hook, & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 5.

T. minus (in part), Benth. Handk, Brit. Fl. p. 56.

T. minus (in part) and T. majus (in part), Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. pp. 41, 42.

Stem leafy at the base. Auricles of the stipules “ reflexed.”
Branches of the petioles divaricate. Panicle loose, usually sub-
corymbose at the top, primary and secondary bracts resembling the
leaves. In stony places and amongst bushes, or occasionally in
sandy places on the sea-shore, apparently as frequent as the pre-
ceding sub-species, with which it is generally confounded. In the
North of England and in Scotland it appears to be the more common
form of the two.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

given to the Thalictrum minus of Fries, to distinguish it from the aggregate species.
Several authors consider that T. minus should include T. Kochii and T. saxatile, as well
as our 7. eu-minus and T. flexuosum. That is a matter of opinion ; and those who hold
that view have only to make the specific character here given to T. minus more com-
prehensive, so as to admit under it the two extra forms as sub-species with the names
they already bear. Eu-minus is given to a speciai form, to avoid confusion, from the
employment of the name minus restricted to a special form, and minus applied to a
group of forms, whether the forms included in that group be many or few. What is
required is some means of distinguishing each of the forms separately. I have tried,
by the use of the simple prefix mentioned, to distinguish the part from the whole, with
the least possible variation from the name which has been applied to the former by
some authors, and to the latter by others ; and though open to the objection of being
a Greek prefix, while specific names are usually of Latin origin, the advantages seem
to me too great to be outweighed by so trifling a defect.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 7

Usually much taller than the preceding sub-species, being from
1 to 5 feet high, and more leafy; but in most respects it is very
similar, though the leaflets are usually much larger and rather
longer in proportion to their breadth. The panicle is generally less
pyramidal, being frequently flat-topped, and the achenes are rather
longer, with about 10 ribs. T. minus is represented in the Linnzean
Herbarium by a specimen of this plant.

Lesser Meadow Rue.

SPECIES IIL—THALICTRUM KOCHII. Fries.

Puate VI.

Dab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 4.
Fries, Mant. III. p. 46; and Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 136. T. saxatile, Bab. Ann. Nat.
Hist. ser. ii, Vol. XI. p. 263. Gr. & Godr.? Fi. de Fr. p. 7.

Stem very slightly zigzag, smooth, except immediately below
the sheaths, where it is striated, leafy to the base. Stipules with
*‘horizontal” auricles. Branches of the petioles spreading. Panicle
lax, regularly pyramidal, with spreading branches. Flowers droop-
ing. Primary bracts resembling the leaves, but very small;
secondary ones usually entire. Achenes regularly ovate-ovoid, pale
olive. Anthers apiculate. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate. Leaflets 3- to
5-lobed.

Apparently very local, as it is only known to occur in damp
places in the Lake district, — ‘“ Brathay, near Ambleside, and
St. John’s Vale, near Keswick.” (Babd.)

England. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

A large plant, with the stem often 4 feet high, bearing much
resemblance to the more luxuriant states of T. flexuosum, from
which it is best distinguished by the achenes, which are scarcely com-
pressed, and not at all gibbous on the inner side, as in that plant.
The stem also differs in not being striated, except immediately under
the leaf-sheaths, the strise on which are continued downwards for
a short distance. The panicle is more regularly pyramidal, and less
leafy. My knowledge of this plant is unfortunately only founded
on dried specimens. I have an imperfect specimen from “ near
St. Kevett’s”’ ? Cornwall, received from Mr. Baker, which appears
to belong to this species; but it is in flower, not in fruit.

Koch's Meadow Rue.

8 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES? IV—THALICTRUM SAXATILE. “Schleich.” Bab.
PuatEe VIL.

Reich Ic. Fi. Germ. et Helv. Ran. Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 4622, b ?
Bab. F\. Camb. App. p. 299; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 4.
T. minus y? Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 5.

T. collinum ? Wall. Shed. Crit. p. 259.

tem slightly zigzag, smooth, with a few raised lines, leafy
to the base. Stipules with “reflexed” auricles. Branches of the
petioles spreading. Panicle lax, irregularly pyramidal, with
ascending branches. Flowers “erect” ? Primary bracts resem-
bling the leaves, but very small; secondary ones entire. Achenes
regularly oval-ovoid, very pale olive. Anthers apiculate. Leaves
bi- or tri-pinnate. Leaflets 3- to 7-lobed.

Rare on chalky hedge-banks and in stony places. “ Allington
Hill, Little Trees Hill, Gogmagogs, Fullbourne, and roadside be-
tween Newmarket and Snailwell, Cambridgeshire; also Cheddar
Cliffs, Somerset.”—(Bad.)

England. Perennial. Summer.

Smaller and less branched than T. Kochii, which it resembles in
the form of the fruit, and of which it may be only a sub-species.
Stem 1} to 3 feet high, not closely striate, as in 'T. minus, but with
distant raised lines, so that it may be termed angular. Of this
plant I possess no specimen, but, through the kindness of Professor
Babington, I have had the opportunity of examining those in his
herbarium; and I have also seen specimens in the British Museum,
collected by the Rev. W. W. Newbould at Fullbourne, which cer-
tainly belong to this species. A plant from Disseth, Flintshire, not
in fruit, may also belong to it. These agree well with Reichen-
bach’s figure quoted above, provided that the flowers be erect, as
Professor Babington believes ; but this is a point almost impossible
to determine from dried specimens. I feel considerable doubt
whether any of this group, of which T. minus is the type, have the
flowers erect when fully expanded, and before the fruit has begun
to set. Ifthe flowers be drooping in the present species, there can
be no doubt it is T. collinum of Wallroth, with which it agrees in
all other characters. I hope, however, next year to examine the
plant when growing, and clear up this point.

Stone Meadow Rue.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 9

Q
SPECIES V—THALICTRUM FLAVUM. Zinn. :

Pirate VIII.

Stem erect, furrowed. Panicle narrowly pyramidal, or sub-
corymbose, its branches terminating in very compact, umbellate, or
corymbose tufts of erect flowers. Achenes ovoid, regular, very
dark olive when ripe. Anthers not apiculate. Leaves ternately
bi-pinnate. Leaflets longer than broad, 3-lobed.

Var. a. Spherocarpum.

T. flavum, eich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XLIV. Fig. 4639.
Boreau, F\. du Cent. de Fr. ed. ii. Vol. II. p. 5.

Panicle generally contracted. Achenes globular-ovoid.

Var. 6. Riparium.
T. riparium, Jord. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de Fr. ii. 5.

Panicle generally rather lax. Achenes oval-ovoid.

Var. y. Dorisoni.

T. Morisoni, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. III. Ran. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4640.
Boreau, F\. du Cent. de Fr. ed. ii. Vol. IT. p. 4.

Panicle generally interrupted, the fascicles of flowers small.
Achenes oblong-ovoid.

Figures of the fruits of these three varieties are given in Plate VIII.

In wet meadows, and by the banks of rivers and ditches, not
uncommon in England; but scarce in Scotland, where Argyleshire
and Fifeshire appear to be the northern limits. I have seen speci-
mens of a, from Cambridgeshire, Derbyshire, and Herefordshire ; of
6, from’ Surrey, Essex, and York; and “TT. flavum, E. B. 367,” is
quoted by Reichenbach, under his figure of T. Morisoni.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Less glaucous than the three preceding species, and with a more
extensively creeping and stoloniferous rootstock. The stem, which
is from 2 to 4 feet high, is thicker and more deeply furrowed.
Leaflets less numerous, and usually much larger and narrower in
proportion to their length; but they are very variable in shape,

C

10 ENGLISH BOTANY.

being ovate or oblong, and the upper ones sometimes even linear ;
generally 3-lobed. Panicle narrower, and its component parts
more compact. The flowers have shorter pedicels and cream-
coloured sepals, while the bright yellow erect anthers give that
predominant tint to the inflorescence from which the species takes
its specific name. Fruit small and dark, with 8 very prominent
ribs. «a, 6, and y are probably only varieties, as the characters
taken from the fruit and from the panicle are sometimes inter-
changed ; though in f the latter appears to be always more ample
and corymbose than in the other two.

Yellow Meadow Rue

Is probably the Oadtkzpov (thaliktron) of Dioscorides, iv. 96 ; and of Pliny, xxvii. 13. It
has a root of a yellow colour, which is said to resemble rhubarb both in its appearance
and properties. It yields a yellow dye, which may be employed for dyeing wool, and
was formerly used asa remedy in jaundice. Like many of the family to which it belongs,
it is very acrid, and produces blisters on the skin when applied to it.

GENUS TTI—ANEMONE. Jin.

Flowers involucrate. Sepals 4 to 20, petaloid, often downy,
deciduous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries indefinite.
Achenes capitate, indehiscent, terminated by the persistent styles
which are in some species naked, and in others feathery.

Herbs with dissected or lobed radical leaves and scapes with an
involucre of 8 leaves in a whorl; or occasionally when the scape is
branched there is a pair of opposite leaves, showing in this, as well
as in general habit, an approach to Clematis, from ‘which, however,
the imbricated sepals separate it.

Sus-Genus I.—PULSATILLA. Tournef.

Exterior stamens gland-like. Styles lengthening into feathery
tails. Involucre at last distant from the flower.

SPECIES I—ANEMONE PULSATILLA. Lin.
Prats 1X.

Pulsatilla vulgaris, Mill. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. LIV.
Fig. 4657.

Flower erect, solitary. Involucre sessile, divided to the base
into linear segments. Calyx campanulate, composed of 6 elliptical
sepals, silky externally. Achenes with long white feathery tails.

FLOWERING PLANTS. pli

Leaves bi-pinnate, the segments pinnatifid, the ultimate lobes
linear.

Very local, growing on chalk downs and limestone pastures, in
the counties of Berks, Oxford, Herts, Suffolk, Cambridge, Hunt-
ingdon, Bedford, Northampton, Gloucester, Lincoln, and York.

England. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock thick, somewhat woody, producing a rosette of shortly-
stalked leaves, which do not attain their full size until some time
after the flowers fade. lLeaf-stalks woolly. Leaves with long
rather distant hairs, especially along the petiole and its sub-
divisions. Inyolucre from 2 to 4 inches above the base of the scape,
which bears a single flower about an inch higher up. Flower
opening fully only in sunshine, erect but drooping after it begins to
fade. Sepals 6, light purple, paler and silky on the outside. The
part of the scape above the insertion of the involucre continues to
erow until it is from 3 to 6 inches above that point by the time
the fruit is mature. Head of fruit erect, globular. Achenes
oblong-fusiform, pilose, brown; their bent feathery tails about an
inch and a half long. Plant more or less hairy.

Pasque Flower. Anemone.

French, Anémone. German, Windblume.

Anemone, wind-flower, from avepoc (anemos), wind, because it is supposed the flowers
do not expand until blown by the wind. The specific name, from pvlso, I beat, is
in allusion to the same conditions, being beaten by the wind. The Anemone. although
frequently choosing exposed and windy places for its habitation, is by no means
a sturdy flower. Its delicate petals are easily scattered, and we are reminded of the
poetical allusion of Sir W. Jones :—

“Youth, like a thin Anemone, displays
His silken leaf, and in a morn decays.”

This species possesses the properties of the order. The leaves and flowers have an
irritant and corrosive quality; if placed on the tongue, they will produce blisters, and
the roots, if administered internally, will occasion nausea and sickness. The extracted
juice has been used as an external application in cases of paralysis and amaurosis. The
juice of the petals will stain paper green, and has been used to colour the Paschal eggs
in some countries ; whence it has been supposed the English name is derived. Gerarde,
however, expressly informs us that he himself was “moved to name” this the Pasque
flower, or Easter flower, because of the time of its appearance.

Sus-Genus II.—EU-ANEMONE.

Stamens all bearing anthers. Styles short, little changed when
the fruit is ripe. Involucre distant from the flower.

12 ENGLISH BOTANY,

SPECIES IIT—ANEMONE APENNINA, dua:
Pate X.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4645.

Flower erect, solitary. Involucre of 3, stalked ternate leaves;
segments pinnatifid with oblong blunt lobes. Calyx spreading,
composed of 10 or 12 ligulate, oblong, glabrous sepals. Carpels
ovate compressed, glabrous. Radical leaves twice ternate, with
pinnatifid segments similar to those of the involucre.

In woods, but certainly not native. It has, however, grown in
Wimbledon Park, Surrey, for more than a century, and has also
become naturalized at Cullen, in Banffshire. It also grows at
Tonbridge Castle, in Kent, and has been reported from the counties
of Middlesex, Hertford, Bedford, Salop, and York.

[ England, Scotland]. Perennial. Spring and early summer.

Rootstock thick, tuberous, olive-black. Radical leaves 1 to 3,
growing from the same point of the rhizome as the scape, which is
from 3 to 9 inches high, with the involucre about the middle.
Flowers with the sepals slightly curving backwards when fully
expanded, bright sky-blue, paler externally. Achenes in a globular
head, broadly ovate, compressed, apiculate. Plant nearly glabrous.
Leaflets all nearly similar.

Blue Anemone, or Blue Mountain Anemone.

SPECIES I1.—ANEMONE NEMOROSA., Lina.
Prats XI.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. 1V. Lan. Tab. XLVIT. Fig. 4644.

Flower erect, solitary. Involucre of 3, stalked ternate leaves;
segments pinnatifid or cut, with the lobes rather pointed. Calyx
spreading, composed of 6 (rarely 5 to 9) glabrous elliptical sepals.
Achenes elliptical, compressed, downy. Jadical leaves bi-ternate,
with pinnatifid segments similar to those of the involucre.

Plentiful in woods and bushy places throughout the kingdom.

England, Seotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring.
Rootstock creeping, about the thickness of a quill, fleshy, brown-

ish-black. Leaves 1 or 2, appearing after flowering, but not pro-
duced from the same point of the rhizome as the scape, which is

FLOWERING PLANTS. 1133

6 to 12 inches high, with the involucre rather above two-thirds of
the length from the base. Flower white, or tinged externally with
purple or pink, sometimes wholly purple. Peduncle hooked in
fruit, which consists of a round head of downy carpels. Plant with
scattered hairs. Lateral segments of each set of leaflets deeply
cleft ; central one only cut or serrate.

Wood Anemone. Wind-Flower.

The specific name from nemorosus, woody. This most delicate and pretty species is

truly
“The coy anemone, that ne’er uncloses

Her leaves until they’re blown on by the wind.”

Its early appearance, after the dull months of winter, invests it, perhaps, with a greater
poetical charm than its real beauty would demand, if it were found surrounded with
other flowers. It is certain, however, that on a fine unclouded day nothing can be
seen more lovely than a mass of these bright, delicate little flowers, surrounded by their
natural guardians, the dark finely-cut leaves. They are natural barometers, and close
at the approach of rain. Innocent as is their appearance, they retain all the acrid
nature of their family, and are poisonous and biting to the tongue. The older herbalists
recommend applications of various parts of the plant for headaches, tertian agues, and
rheumatic gout. By garden culture the stamens become transformed into petals, which
renders it an object of greater admiration to the florist than when in its original
simplicity.

SPECIES IV—ANEMONE RANUNCULOIDES. Linn.
Prate XII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XLVITI. Fig. 4663.

Flowers erect, solitary or in pairs. Involucre of 3 almost sessile
ternately-divided leaves, with lobes pinnatifid or cut, rather acute.
Calyx spreading of 5 (rarely 6 to 8) oval sepals, slightly downy
exteriorly. Carpels elliptical, compressed, downy. Radical leaves
with 3 to 5 divisions similar to the segments of the involucre.

This species has scarcely so much claim as 4. Apennina to be
considered as a naturalized plant; it has, however, long grown in
ornamental grounds, as at Abbot’s Langley in Herts, and near
Worksop, in Nottinghamshire; it is also reported from Kent,
Norfolk, Suffolk, Salop, Leicester, and York.

[England.] Perennial. Spring.

Very similar to 4. nemorosa in habit ; but at once distinguishable
by the bright yellow flowers, and the much more shortly-stalked
divisions of the involucre and leaves; the head of the carpels is less
drooping than in the last.

Yellow Wood Anemone, or Crowfoot Wood Anemone.

14 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS IV.—ADONIS. Linn.

Sepals 5 to 8, coloured, deciduous. Petals 5 to 16, conspicuous,
without a nectariferous pore. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries indefi-
nite. Achenes in oblong heads, or short spikes, tipped by the short
persistent style.

Erect herbs with pinnatipartite, multifid leaves with linear
segments, and solitary terminal flowers.

SPECIES L—ADONIS AUTUMNALIS. Linn
Puate XIII.

Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXIV. Fig. 4621.

Sepals glabrous. Petals concave, connivent. Achenes in an
oblong head, ovate-tetrahedral, without teeth, reticulated.

A weed in corn-fields, rare except in Kent, where it is not un-
common in the chalky districts. It appears also to have established
itself in the Isle of Wight, and in Essex, Dorsetshire, Suffolk, and
Wiltshire, and is occasionally to be seen in other counties. It has
been reported from Glasgow and Dublin; but is not included in a
list of Irish plants with which I have been favoured by Mr. D.
Moore, of Glasnevin.

England [Scotland? Treland?]. Annual. Late Summer
and Autumn.

Stem 6 to 18 inches high, furrowed, branched in the larger ex-
amples, with alternate leaves, the lower ones stalked, the upper
sessile, all twice or thrice very deeply pinnatifid, the ultimate lobes
linear acute. Flowers terminating the stem and branches. Calyx
of 5 ovate purplish sepals. Petals 5 to 8, obovate, scarcely longer
than the calyx, pure deep red, with a dark purple mark at the base.
Anthers brown; head of carpels about three-fourths of an inch long.
Achenes dark green, on a slender pointed receptacle. Plant almost
glabrous.

Autumnal, or Common Pheasant’s Eye.
French, Goutte de Sang. German, Die Adonisblume.

Named after Adonis, the youth beloved by Venus, who was at his death changed
into a flower.
“ When the blood was shed,
A flower began to rear its purple head.”—Ovid.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 15

GENUS V.—MYOSURUS. | Linn.

Sepals 5 (rarely 6 or 7) with a small spur at the base, deciduous.
Petals equal in number to the sepals, narrow, with the claw filiform,
tubular and nectariferous. Stamens definite. Ovaries indefinite.
Achenes in a long cylindrical tapering spike, apiculate.

Small annuals with radical leaves and naked scapes, bearing small

yellowish flowers. This genus and Adonis approach the tribe
Ranunculez, only differing in the position of the ovule.

SPECIESI—MYOSURUS MINIMOUS. Linn.
Prate XIV.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XIV. Fig. 4569.

Sepals linear-oblong, spreading, with the spur applied to the
peduncle. Petals rather shorter than the calyx, very slender in the
tubular basal half. Achenes very numerous, with a membranous
margin, and a dorsal keel commencing above the base and project-
ing in a mucro beyond the apex of the fruit.

Rather rare, in sandy corn-fields and gravel-pits. It appears to
be most frequently met with in the East of England, becoming rarer
towards the West and the North, where Northumberland appears
to be the limit.

England, Ireland. Annual. Early Summer.

A small glabrous plant with a tuft of narrow, linear, somewhat
fleshy radical leaves, and numerous, naked, 1-flowered scapes, 2
to 5 inches high. Flowers very small, very pale greenish-yellow.
Sepals narrowly-oblong, with the basal spur applied to the scape.
Petals formed of a slender tube, terminating in a short ligulate
limb. Spike of carpels 1 to 2 inches long when mature ; receptacle
filiform ; the oblong pale-brownish achenes are attached to it by
their inner faces.

i Common or Little Mousetail.

French, Myosure, Queue de Souris. German, Mauseschwanz.

From pve (mus), a mouse, and ovpa (owra), a tail, in reference to the elongated
receptacle or the spike of seed-vessels, which greatly resembles the tail of a mouse.

16 ENGLISi BOTANY.

Tribe ITI.—RANUNCULEZ.

Sepals imbricated. Ovaries 1-ovuled. Ovule ascending, with
the raphe ventral. Achenes indehiscent, usually indefinite.

GENUS VI—-RANUNCULUS. Jinn.

Sepals generally 5 (rarely 3), caducous. Petals 5, or more
(up to 15), with a nectariferous pore at the claw, covered by a
small scale, or simply with an elevated border on the lower side.
Stamens indefinite, or sometimes definite. Achenes in several
rows, forming a globular, ovoid, or oblong head, and apiculate or
rostrate by the persistence of the short style or its base.

The British species have all yellow or white flowers.

Sus-Genus I.—BATRACHIUM. D.C.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, without a scale covering the nectary. Style
short. Carpels with transverse waved ridges. Aquatic plants, with
the lower or even all the leaves divided into linear capillary
segments. Stipules conspicuous, membranous. Peduncles opposite
the leaves, or rarely axillary, arched backwards after flowering.
Petals white, with a yellow base in the British species; nectarife-
rous pore without a scale, but having a prominent border on the
lower side of the opening.

SPECIES I—RANUNCULUS CIRCINATUS. Si.
PLatE XV.

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. II. Fig. 4575.

Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 401; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8.

Batrachium circinatum, Fries, Mant. III. p. 52.

Ranunculus divaricatus, “Schrank,” Koch. Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 13.
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 25. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la France, ed. iii.
Vol. II. p. 12.

Ranunculus aquatilis y, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. IIT. p. 55.

Ranunculus stagnalis, Wall. Sched. Crit. p. 285.

Submerged leaves almost sessile, orbicular in outline, divided
into short comparatively rigid capillary segments spreading in one
plane ; floating leaves none. Stipules narrow, entirely adnate,
without auricles. Peduncles much longer than the leaves, slightly

FLOWERING PLANTS. 17

tapering upwards. Petals 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx.
Stigma cylindrical. Achenes loosely packed in a globular head ;
their inner edge nearly straight, their outer convex.

Rather common in ditches and pools in England; but the only
Scotch specimens I have seen are from Lochend, near Edinburgh.
It is marked in Mr. Moore’s list of Irish plants.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

Stems branched, slender, and very easily broken. Leaves dark-
green, 4 to 1 inch in diameter, sub-sessile, trifurcate, and then
several times forked, all in one plane, which is often at right
angles to the stem. Petals obovate, white, with a yellow base.
Nectary short. Stamens 15 to 20, longer than the head of pistils.
Style bent, about as long as the ovary. Stigma on the recurved
end of style. Receptacle hispid ovoid-globose; the fruit loosely
packed in a globular head. Achenes often hispid, with rather faint
transverse, wrinkled ridges, ovoid, compressed, with the inner
margin slightly convex, and terminated by the persistent style, or
its base, outer margin semicircular, apex rather acute.

The leaves of this plant are so unlike any of the other British
species, that in a recent state it cannot be confounded with them.
Professor Babington places it in a section with the receptacle ‘ not
hispid;” but I have found it hairy in all the specimens I have
examined.

Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot.
French, generic name, Renoncule. German, Ranunkel, Hahnenfuss, or Krihenfuss.

The generic name from rana,a frog, because many of the species inhabit damp,
moist places frequented by these creatures. Some botanists rather attribute the origin
of the name to the fact of the divided leaves bearing a resemblance to the foot of a

frog.

SPECIES II-RANUNCULUS FLUITANS. Lam.
Pirate XVI.

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. Vol. TIT. Ran. Tab. II. Fig. 4577.

Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p- 402; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8,
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ et Helv. ed. ii. p. 13. Gr, & Godr. Fl, de Fr. Vol. I. p. 25.
Boreau, F\. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 13.

R. aquatilis 6, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 55.

R. fluviatilis, “ Wigg,” Wall. Sched. Crit. p. 284.

oo?

Submerged leaves petiolate or sessile, narrowly wedge-shaped in
outline, divided into long, comparatively rigid, sub-parallel segments,
Floating leaves (rarely produced), consisting of 3 long-stalked por-
tions, which are wedge-shaped, or obovate-truncate, usually with

D

1s ENGLISH BOTANY.

2 or 3 teeth or short lobes at the apex. Stipules broad, half-adnate,
with large rounded auricles. Peduncles long, slightly tapering
upwards. Petals much larger than the calyx, often in two rows,
Stamens shorter than the head of pistils. Stigma cylindrical.
Achenes (often abortive) loosely packed in a globular head ; their
inner edge straight, their outer curved. Receptacle at length
glabrous,

Var. a. peucedanifolius.
R. peucedanifolius, Desf Fl. Atl. Vol. I. p. 449.

Stem stout, leaves very long, petiolate. Peduncles usually
shorter than the leaves from which they spring. Petals broadly
obovate.

? Var. 8. Bachii.
R. Bachii, Wirtg. &. Schultz, Arch. de Fl. Vol. I. p. 292.

Stem very slender. Leaves much shorter than in var. e«, and
almost sessile. Peduncles longer than the leaves from which they
spring. Petals narrowly obovate.

Rather rare. In canals and running streams generally dis-
tributed in England; very local in Scotland, where the Whitadder
in Berwickshire appears to be its northern limit. The variety 6
occurs in that river and in Staffordshire. This species is included
in Mr. Moore’s list of Irish plants.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Stem floating, often very long, branched. Leaves sometimes a
foot long; the lower ones usually with long stalks, the upper some-
times nearly, or quite, sessile; and in 6 “all the leaves are often
so. Leaves trifurcate, with the primary segments sub-equal; these
are several times forked, and their long, comparatively rigid seg-
ments (which are much fewer in number than in the leaves of the
other species) form a slender tassel-like tuft. On mud left by the
water the leaves are much shorter, and the segments broader and
more fleshy in texture. Peduncles very thick - in a, slender in £.
Petals large, white, often more than 5, w vith a yellow base. Nectary
with a rather elongate margin. Stamens numerous. Style short.
teceptacle shortly conic: al; at first hisp’d, but glabrous when the
fruit is ripe. Achenes loosely packed in a small globular head,
obovate-ovoid, compressed, with very prominent transverse wrinkles;
inner margin nearly straight, tipped by the persistent base of the
style; outer edge semicirc cular, very blunt at the apex, where it
bulges out beyond the point where the style is inserted, which thus
appears to be lateral.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 19

This species is readily known by the firm parallel leaf-segments,
fewer in number than in the next species, one of the forms of which
has some general resemblance to it.

River or Floating Water Crowfoot.

SPECIES II—RANUNCULUS AQUATILIS. Lim.

Submerged leaves petiolate or sessile, ellipsoidal or transversely
ovoid in outline, divided into diverging capillary segments, which
spread upwards and downwards as well as laterally. Floating leaves
(often present) alternate, reniform or orbicular in outline, more or
less deeply 3-lobed, -cleft, or -partite. Stipules broad, with rounded
free auricles. Peduncles scarcely narrowing upwards, and shorter
than, or not much exceeding, the leaves opposite to which they
spring. Stamens longer than the head of pistils. Style very short
and thick. Stigma oblong. Achenes compressed, loosely packed
in a globular head, their inner edge nearly straight to the tip, their
outer convex. Receptacle hispid.

Sus-Srecies L—Ranunculus peltatus. ries.
Puates XVII. XVIII.

R. aquatilis, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab, IIT. Fig. 4576,
Batrachium peltatum, Mies, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 141.
Ranunculus aquatilis, Koch ? Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p.12. Gr. & Godr. FI. de
Fr. Vol. I. p. 22. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 11.

Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate.
Segments comparatively rigid, not collapsing, except in var. y.
Floating leaves on long stalks, sub-cordate at the base, reniform in
outline, rather convex, with 3 lobes reaching about half-way down.
Segments obovate, the lateral ones sub-bifid, all crenated (rarely
entire) at the apex. Flowers, when expanded, about an inch in
diameter. Petals broadly obovate, with 9 or more veins. Stamens
indefinite. Carpels half-obovate, generally glabrous.

Var. «. vulgaris.
Pirate XVII.
R. peltatus, Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii, Vol. XVI. p. 398; and Man. Brit. Bot.

ed. v. p. 7.
Submerged leaves loosely trifurcate. Floating leaves divided
into 3 lobes, the sinus between the lobes reaching scarcely half-way

20 ENGLISH BOTANY.

down. Peduncles gradually tapering upwards, rather longer than
the leaves. Petals contiguous. Nectary “ ovate-oblong.” Stigma
club-shaped. Receptacle “ ovate.”

Var. 6. floribundus.
Puate XVIII.

R. floribundus, Lab. Ann. Nat, Hist. ser. ii, Vol. XVI. p. 397; and Man. Brit. Bot.
ed. v. p. /-

Submerged leaves closely trifurcate. Floating leaves divided
into 3 lobes, the sinus between the lobes extending more than half
way down. Peduncles not narrowing upwards, about equal to
the leaves. Petals ‘‘not contiguous.” Nectary “nearly cireular.”
Stigma “tongue-shaped.” Receptacle ‘ spherical.”

P Var. y. pseudo-fluitans.
R. pseudo - fluitans, Mewbould MS.

Submerged leaves tassel-like, with the segments very long and
rather weak, collapsing. Floating leaves very rarely present, re-
sembling those of var. a, or 8. Peduneles slightly narrowing
upwards, equal to, or exceeding, the leaves from which they spring.
Nectary short, the opening roundish. Receptacle spherical.

Ponds, ditches, and rivers. Generally distributed, and common
throughout the kingdom; « and 6 growing in still, and y in running
water. ‘

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Stem branched, floating, the extremity frequently rising out of
the water. Stipules broad, membranous, whitish, with free rounded
auricles. Peduncles rather slender, arched after flowering. Petals
much larger than in any of the other sub-species, white, yellow at
the base. Carpels ovoid, compressed, with the inner edge nearly
straight, the lower edge unequally curved, so that the achene is
narrow at the base and gibbous towards the tip, with prominent
transverse-waved ridges ; in 2 to 5 rows on the shortly ovoid, hispid
receptacle.

This sub-species seems to be the most generally distributed of
all those which are here put under R. aquatilis. It is distinguished
from R. heterophyllus by its larger flowers, more slender peduncles,
and by the floating leaves, which have the basal margins rounded,
as well as the edges of the lobes, which are furnished with deep
rounded crenatures at the apex.

When this plant grows out of the water, the stems are much
shorter, and produce leaves which are all divided into short, rigid,

FLOWERING PLANTS. 21

somewhat fleshy capillary segments, much thicker than those of the
submerged leaves, and of a much paler green colour; and a similar
difference is observable in all the following sub-species, under like
circumstances.

Professor Babington considers varieties « and ( as distinct
species, but to me they do not appear to be entitled to rank as such.
The peduncles being produced from floating leaves, which is one of
the characters of R. peltatus, I have found to be invariably the case
only in two plants in which the submerged leaves are very few:
one from Castleton of Braemar, gathered by myself, which stands
in Professor Babington’s herbarium as R. floribundus; the other
from Sicily, collected by MM. HE. and A. Huet de Pavillon, and
named Ranunculus trinacrius by them, and which is evidently pre-
cisely the same form as the Braemar plant. I can see no great
difference between the stigmas and receptacles of R. peltatus and
Rt. floribundus.

The variety y is a very remarkable plant, and may be a distinct
sub-species, as the Rev. W. W. Newbould inclines to think.
Professor Babington unites it with R. heterophyllus (Ann. Nat.
Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 394), with which it agrees in the weak
collapsing leaves ; but in all other respects it approaches R. peltatus,
or rather R. floribundus, and is very possibly only a state of that
plant induced by growing in running water. In habit it closely
resembles R. fluitans, but has the segments of the leaves shorter,
much less rigid and less parallel, the stamens longer than the head
of pistils, and the receptacle hispid.

Sup-Species I.—Ranunculus heterophyllus. ad.
Prats XIX.

Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 393 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 6.
Batrachium heterophyllum, /’ries, Sum. Veg. Scand. p. 140.
Ranunculus peltatus? “Schrank,” Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. Vol. II. p. 12.

Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate.
Segments flaccid, collapsing into a pencil when drawn from the
water. Floating leaves on long stalks, orbicular in outline, nearly
flat, tripartite, with the sides of the segments next the petiole
straight, sub-parallel, or forming a very acute angle with each other,
so that only a very small portion is wanting to complete the circle.
Segments inversely deltoid, the narrow sinus which separates them
bounded by straight lines; the lateral segments bifid, and all
toothed or lobed at the end. Flowers, when expanded, about ? inch
in diameter. Petals wedge-shaped, obovate, about 9-veined, not con-
tiguous. Stamens indefinite. Achenes half-obovate, often hispid
at the tip.

22 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In ponds and ditches. Apparently much less common and more
local than R. peltatus.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Stem branched, floating, the extremity frequently rising out of
the water. Stipules broad, membranous, whitish, with free rounded
auricles. Submerged leaves dark green, with the middle primary
segments less than the lateral ones. Peduncles about as long as
the leaves opposite to which they spring, slender, narrowed under-
neath the flower, curved downwards at the base after flowering,
the upper part remaining nearly straight. Petals twice as long as
the calyx, with a very straight border to the nectary, white, yellow
at the base, spreading like the rays of a star when the flower is
fully expanded. Carpels as in R. peltatus, from which it differs in
the submerged leaves collapsing when taken from the water, the
floating leaves being more nearly a complete circle in outline, and
the segments being bounded by straight lines rather than by curves.
The crenatures at the tip much more deeply indented, and more
acute at their apex. The peduncles less regularly arched through-
out after flowering.

The name “ heterophyllus ”’ has been used for all the varieties
of R. aquatilis, which have leaves of two kinds; but has not been
adopted by modern authors as a specific name until restricted by
Fries to the present form.

Sus-Srecres IIL.-—Ranunculus Drouetii. Schultz.
PuatE XX.

Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 391; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 6.
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 42. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. Vol. IT. p. 12.

Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate.
Segments flaccid, collapsing into a pencil when drawn from the
water. Floating leaves rarely produced, tripartite or ternate, the
segments wedge-shaped, incised at the apex. Flowers 3 inch in
diameter, or less. Petals oblanceolate, 5- to 7-veined, not conti-
guous. Stamens 5 to 10. Carpels half-obovate, inflated at the apex.

In ponds and ditches. Probably common.

England, Scotland. Perennial, Spring to Autumn.

Stem slender, slightly branched, floating. Stipules broad, mem-
branous, whitish, with short, free, rounded auricles. Submerged
leaves bright green, the lower ones shortly stalked, the upper sessile.
The primary segments stalked; intermediate one much shorter
than the others and directed downwards. Floating leaves stalked,

\ew

FLOWERING PLANTS. 2:

very seldom produced, and soon decaying. Peduncles short, about
as long as the leaves opposite to which they spring, slender, not
narrowed, bent at the base after flowering, the upper part remain-
ing nearly straight. Petals not much longer than the calyx, white,
yellow at the base, spreading like the rays of a star. Carpels
resembling those of R. heterophyllus, but smaller, more inflated at
the apex, less strongly wrinkled and more hispid.

This sub-species differs from the last by being much more
slender, and having smaller flowers; but some of the states of
R. heterophyllus without floating leaves approach it very nearly.

Sup-Srecies IV.—Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chai.
Puate XXII.

Bab. Avn. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 390; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 5.
Gr. & Godr. F). de Fr. Vol. I. p. 23. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii.
Vol. II. p. 12.

Submerged leaves trifurcate, afterwards repeatedly bifurcate.
Segments short, divaricate, comparatively rigid, not collapsing.
Floating leaves very rarely produced, tripartite or ternate.
Segments wedge-shaped, truncate, cut or toothed at the apex.
Flowers } inch in diameter. Petals oblanceolate, 5- to 7-veined,
not contiguous. Stamens 8 to 15. Carpels half-ovoid, compressed,
not inflated at the apex.

In ponds and ditches; occasionally in brackish water. Pro-
bably common.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Stem rather slender, branched, floating. Stipules broad, mem-
branous, whitish, with short, free, rounded auricles. Submerged
leaves blackish-green, the lower ones shortly stalked, the upper
sessile. The three primary segments not conspicuously stalked ;
intermediate one a little shorter than the others, and pointing in
the same direction with them. Floating leaves ? (only observed in
a plant which seems to belong to this Sole -species, collected near
Chichester by the late Mr. Borrer, but of which I do not possess
specimens) somewhat resembling those of R. heterophyllus, but not
occupying nearly so great a part: of a circle, and with the segments
much narrower, not ‘contiguous, separated by a broadly triangular
sinus, or of 3 stalked wedge-shaped leaflets. Peduncles short, about
as long as the leaves opposite to which they spring, rather stout,
arched after flowering, but with the curvature greatest towards the
base. Petals about half as long again as the calyx, white, yellow
at the base, spreading like the rays of a star. Carpels resembling
those of R. Drouetii, but more compressed, and much less inflated
at the apex. Plant often slightly hispid.

2A ENGLISIE BOTANY.

This plant closely resembles the last, but is usually darker ana
more rigid in the foliage, larger in the flower, and has the carpels
less inflated at the tip. I have seen specimens of R. trichophyllus
named “ R. circinatus,” or its synonym “ R. divaricatus,” both by
British and continental botanists; but the latter plant differs by
its leaves being all in one plane, the peduncles longer and more
slender, and the flower larger. R. radians (ev.)=R. Godronii
(F. Schultz) is rightly referred to R. trichophyllus by Professor
Babington (Man. ed. v. p. 6).

Water Crowfoot.

French, Grenouillette.

It is the Bazpaytoy reraproy of Dioscorides (ii. 206). Its handsome, showy flowers
are very attractive in the ponds and ditches it frequents, sometimes covering the surface
of the water. It has been remarked that in this plant we have an instance of the
difference of form between leaves submerged in water and those which gain the
surface, for underneath the water they differ considerably in form from their natural
shape when floating on it. This species of Ranunculus does not seem to possess the
poisonous and deleterious properties of its family. In the Linnean Transactions, vol. v.
p- 19, Dr. Pulteney asserts that it is not only innoxious but nutritive to cattle, and
capable of being converted to useful purposes in agricultural economy. In the neigh-
bourhood of Kingswood, on the banks of the Avon, some of the cottagers support their
cows and even horses almost entirely on this plant. A quantity is collected every
morning, and brought in a boat to the water's edge, from which the cows eat it with
great avidity ; and so fond are they of this food, that they are obliged to be restricted
as to quantity. One man kept five cows and one horse entirely on this plant, only half
a ton of hay being consumed by them through the year, and that was during the time
the ponds were frozen over. Pigs may also be kept on this plant, and require no other
food until put up to fatten. This absence of acrid or poisonous qualities is by some
accounted for in this species of Ranunculus from the fact of its growing in water, which
may perhaps interfere with the development of the acrid principle.

SPECIES IV.—RANUNCULUS BAUDOTII. God.
Puates XXII. XXTIT.

Godr. in Mém. de ? Acad. de Nancy, 1839, Pl. X XT. Fig. 4. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et
Helv. ed. ii. p. 434. Bred. Fl. de Normandie, ed. iii. p. 6.

Submerged leaves petiolate or sessile, ellipsoidal or transversely
ovoid in outline, divided into diverging comparatively rigid capil-
lary segments, which spread upwards and downwards as well as
laterally, and do not collapse on being drawn out of the water.
Floating leaves (often present) alternate, reniform or sub-orbicular
in outline, very slightly rounded at the basal margin, tripartite,
occasionally ternate, with stalked leaflets. Segments or leaflets
not approximate, inversely deltoid or wedge-shaped-obovate, deeply

FLOWERING PLANTS. 25

crenated or lobed at the tip. Stipules of the upper leaves broad,
with free rounded auricles, those of the lower leaves narrow and
almost entirely adnate. Peduncles narrowing upwards, very long.
Petals about twice as long as the calyx. Stamens indefinite
(usually), shorter than the head of pistils. Style conspicuous.
Stigma ligulate. Achenes small, very numerous, closely packed in
a shortly ovoid-conical head; their inner edge straight nearly to the
tip, their outer edge convex. Receptacle elongate-conical, pointed,
slightly hispid.
Var. a. vulgaris.
Pirate XXII.

Ranunculus Baudotii, Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 395; and Man. Brit.

Bot. ed. v. p. 7. Gr. & Godr, Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 21. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de

la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 10.

Stamens shorter than the head of pistils.

Var. 6. confusus.
Pruate XXIII.

Ranunculus confusus (God7.), Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 394 ; and Man.
Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 6. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 22. Boreau, Fl. du Cent,
de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 10.

Stamens longer than the head of pistils.

In ponds and ditches of brackish water; also in fresh water.
Probably frequent along the coast throughout Britain, although
Guillon ponds in Haddingtonshire is the most northerly locality
yet recorded for 2, and Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh, for .

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual (certainly), or Perennial ?
Summer to Autumn.

Stem branched, floating. Stipules membranous, whitish ; the
upper ones rather broad, with short free rounded auricles, the lower
ones narrower, entirely adnate. Submerged leaves more or less
distinctly stalked, bright green, divided into short, firm, capillary
segments ; first trifarcate, matls the central segment very much
smaller than the others, afterwards hifurcate. Floating leaves
on long stalks, the outline of the laminz usually semicircular,
tripartite, with deeply crenated or lobed segments, separated by
a broadly triangular sinus, the basal margins slightly rounded ;
sometimes the floating leaves consist of three stalked w edge- shaped
segments, deeply cut at the ¢ apex. Upper internodes of the stem
at first very short, so that the peduncles are crowded together au
the top of the stem while flowering. Peduncles thick, tapering
considerably upwards, curved downwards after flowering, the
curvature greatest towards the base ; often twice or thrice as long

E

26 ENGLISH BOTANY.

as the leaves opposite to which they spring, when the latter are of
the submerged form; but when the peduncles spring from floating
leaves, the difference in length is not so great. Petals about
twice as long as the calyx, obov ate, 7- to 9- saniail white with a
yellow base, spreading like the rays of a star when fully expanded.
Achenes generally in many more rows (often ten or twelve) than in
any of the previous species, and, therefore, much more numerous,
amounting even to as many as 50 or 100 carpels on each receptacle,
pale yellowish olive, with the inner side straight from the base for
about two-thirds, and thence more or less convex to the apiculus
formed by the persistent base of the style, the outer side curved,
usually much rounded towards the apex, so that the ¢ carpel may be
termed inflated. Receptacle elongate, with the hairs much more
distant than in R. aquatilis.

There can be little difficulty in distinguishing this plant from
KR. aquatilis on account of the longer peduncles; much more
numerous achenes, in about twice or more times as many rows
very closely packed in a head, which tapers somewhat towards the
apex; the longer style, and the flattened stigma.

R. confusus appears to be simply a variety, as there is no cha-
racter by which it can be separated, except that the stamens are
longer than the head of pistils. The achenes vary in shape quite
independently of the length of the stamens; and the narrowing of
the apex of the achene, which is given as one of the distinguishing
features of R. confusus, is quite as often seen in plants which have
the normal form of R. Baudotii in other respects. Indeed, the
inflated and attenuated form of achenes may be met with on the
same individual.

A small form, without floating leaves, with the peduncles not
much exceeding the submerged leaves, approaches closely the
habit of R. trichophyllus, and in the dried state is occasionally
difficult to distinguish from that.

%. marinus (Fries), which occurs in the Baltic, but has not
been observed in Britain, is a variety, or perhaps a sub-species, of
lt. Baudotii, distinguished by the apparently constant absence of
floating leaves, by having the dissected leaves sessile with fewer
segments, and the achenes more convex on the inner side near the
tip, so that the persistent base of the style forms an apiculus which
is nearly central on the apex of the carpel; but I have seen ex-
amples of R. Baudotii and R. confusus with carpels precisely similar
to those of Fries’ specimens of his Herb. Norm. in the Hookerian
Herbarium. Fries describes the achenes as keeled; but R. Baudotii
and, indeed, most of the other species of this section, are liable to
have a false keel produced by the shrinking of the pericarp in
drying. This sub-species is mentioned here, as it is not at all
unlikely to occur in brackish water on the Scottish coast.

Baudot’s Water Crowfoot.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 27

SPECIES V—RANUNCULUS TRIPARTITUS. DGC.
Prate XXIV.

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. IT. Fig. 4574.

Bab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 399; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. y. p. 7.
Gr. & Godr. FI. de la Fr. Vol. I. p. 20. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr, ed. iii.
Vol. II. p. 9. Coss. & Germ. Fl. des Eny. de Paris. ed. iii, p. 12.

Submerged * leaves (not seen in Britain) stalked, the upper ones
sessile, ellipsoidal or transversely ovoid in outline, divided into
diverging flaccid capillary segments, which spread upwards and
downwards as well as laterally, and collapse on being drawn out of
the water. Floating * leaves alternate, semicircular or sub-orbicular
in outline, very slightly rounded, or nearly straight at the basal
margins, tripartite ; the segments not approximate, inversely deltoid
or wedge-shaped, deeply crenate at the tip. Stipules short and
broad, the free rounded auricles as large as or larger than the
adnate portion. Peduncles slender, not tapering upwards, about as
long as the leaves opposite to which they spring. Petals scarcely
exceeding the calyx. Stamens 5 to 10, longer than the head of
pistils. Style rather long and slender. Stigma ligulate. Achenes
small, inflated, few, loosely packed in a sub-globular head, their
inner edge convex at the tip, the outer edge convex throughout.
Receptacle globular, very slightly hispid.

Var. a. fluitans. Godr.

Lower leaves divided into capillary segments.

Var. 6. terrestris. Godr.

Without capillary divided leaves.

Very rare; and only the variety 6 has occurred in this country,
where it has been found on damp ground and in ditches in the
neighbourhood of Esher in Surrey, near Haverfordwest in Pem-
broKeshire, and in Cornwall. Marked in Mr. Moore’s list of Irisb
plants.

England, Ireland. Annual (certainly), or Perennial ? Summer,
Autumn.

Stem 2 to 6 inches long, branched in the larger examples, with

* The terms submerged and floating are here used to express the two kinds of
leaves; for those described as floating in this species are found even vnder water.

28 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the stipules much less adnate than in any of the preceding. Leaves
occupying from half to three-quarters of a circle; divided more
than half-way down into 3 segments, of which the centre one has
usually 3 crenatures at the apex; the lateral ones 2-cleft, with
about 4 crenatures ; sinus between its segments broadly triangular.
Flowers very small, the petals not contiguous, scarcely longer than
the calyx, oblanceolate - oblong, about 3-veined, white, slightly
tinged with pink, yellowish at the base. Achenes few (6 to 12),
yellowish olive, with the inner side straight from the base for about
two-thirds, and thence convexly curved to the conspicuous apiculus
formed by the persistent base of the slender style, which is thus
placed nearly in the centre of the apex of the carpel.

I have seen specimens in the Hookerian Herbarium, which were
raised by the late Mr. Borrer from the seed of the Esher plant.
These had the lower leaves cut into fine linear segments, such as
often occur in the last two species between the floating and
dissected leaves.

The large stipules almost free from the petioles, the absence of
divided leaves and carpels, with the apiculus in the centre of the
apex, distinguish this from all the preceding.

Three-lobed Water Crowfoot.

SPECIES VI-RANUNCULUS LENORMANDI, Schultz.
Puate XXV.

F. Schultz in Flora, oder Bot. Zeit. 1837, p. 727. Godr. Monog. p. 7. f. 2. Boreau,
Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 9. Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, ed. iii.
p- 7. Lloyd, Fl. de YOuest de la Fr. p. 4. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. ii. p. 6.

R. cenosus, Gr. & Godr. (non Guss.) Bab, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 11. Vol. XVI. p. 403 ;
and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 19.

None of the leaves dissected into capillary segments, but all of
one form, alternate with long petioles, reniform or sub-orbicular ;
cordate at the base, with 3 roundish obovate lobes, seldom reaching
half-way down; lobes with a few large shallow crenatures at the
apex, or entire. Stipules short and broad, the free rounded auricles
as large or larger than the adnate portion. Peduncles rather slender,
not narrowed upwards, usually equalling or exceeding in length
the leaves opposite to which they spring. Flowers } inch in
diameter. Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 8 to 10,
rather longer than the head of pistils. Style short and thick.
Achenes small, slightly inflated, rather numerous, closely packed in
a globular head; their inner edge very convex towards the apex,
lower elge convex throughout. Receptacle globular, glabrous.

FLOWERING PLANTS. 29

In ditches and wet places. Rather rare, but pretty widely distri-
buted. It has occurred in Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent,
Surrey, Somerset, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Cardigan, Staffordshire,
Leicester, York, Lancashire, Dumfries, and Lanarkshire, and,
probably, will be found in other counties.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Stem branched at the base, creeping in the mud; the upper
portion floating when covered by water. Leaves very variable
im size, from z inch to 13 inch across, occupying from half to
three-quarters of a circle; the central lobe rounded at the end with
3 broad very shallow crenatures ; the lateral lobes slightly bi-lobed,
with two or three crenatures in each of the subdivisions. Flowers
varying a little in size, but always larger than in the preceding or
following species. Petals oblanceolate- ‘oblong, 5- to 7-veined, white
with a tinge of yellow at the base, spreading like the rays of a
star. Achenes pale-yellowish olive, slightly attenuated at the tip,
which passes insensibly into the apiculus formed by the persistent
base of the style, which, from the convexity of the upper margin of
the carpel, is nearly central.

The shortly obovate rounded lobes of the leaves, and larger
flowers, distinguish this from the preceding species, which it re-
sembles in habit. The carpels are also much more numerous and
less inflated at the tip.

I have not seen the leaves of this species opposite, as in the
next, nor with the dark marking so common in that plant.

Lenormand’s Water Crowfoot.

SPECIES VII-RANUNCULUS HEDERACEUS, Linn.
Puate XXVI.

fteich. Tc. Fl). Germ. et Helv. Vol. IIL. Ran. Tab. IT. Fig. 4573.

Lab. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. ii. Vol. XVI. p. 404 ; and Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 8. Koch,
Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 12. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 19.
Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. Vol. IL. p. 9. Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie, ed. iii.
p. 7. Lloyd, Fl. de YOuest de la Fr. p. 5

R. cenosus, Guss. Prod. Suppl. 187; Syn. Vol. IL p. 39. Brebisson, Fl. de Normandie,
ete
None of the leaves dissected into capillary segments, but all

of one form, opposite or more rarely alternate, stalked, broadly

reniform, sub-cordate at the base, with 5 more or less distinet]:;
marked entire, bluntly triangular or rounded lobes. Stipules longer
than broad, almost entirely adnate. Peduncles rather slender, not
exceeding and usually much shorter than the leaves, from the axil
of which they spring (or when the latter are alternate, opposite to

30 ENGLISH BOTANY

which they spring). Flowers about } inch in diameter. Petals
as long as or very slightly exceeding the calyx. Stamens 6
to 10, a little longer than the head of pistils. Style short. Achenes
rather small, very much inflated at the tip, rather numerous, closely
packed in a globular head ; their inner edge nearly straight through-
out, the outer edge convex nearly to the tip, which is very obtuse,
almost truncate. Receptacle globular, glabrous.

Tn ditches and wet places. Common, and universally distributed
throughout Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Stem branched, creeping in mud, the upper portion floating
when covered by water. Leaves from + inch to 1 inch across,
rarely occupying so much as a semicircle. When growing on mud,
the lobes are commonly triangular and quite entire; but when in
water of some depth, they float on the surface, and have the lobes
completely reunded, and occasionally slightly emarginate, when it
appears to be R. coenosus of Gussone. Flowers very rsmall. Petals
white, tinged with yellow at the base, scarcely exceeding the calyx,
narrowly oblong-ok lanceolate, 3-veined, spre eading like the rays of a
star. Achenes “pale-yellowish olive, very much inflated at the tip,
where the persistent base of the style forms an apiculus, which is
quite on the upper side of the carpel.

When this plant grows in mud, the entire triangular lobes of
the leaves distinguish it from all the other Batrachian Ranuneuli;
and when found in water, the only one with which it can be con-
founded is the preceding, from which it differs by having the leaves
mostly opposite, broader in proportion to their length, with much
shallower and not at all obovate lobes, much more adnate stipules,
shorter peduncles, flowers half the size, carpels much more inflated
at the apex, and having a lateral and not a central apiculus. The
leaves of R. hederaceus have very frequently dark markings, which
I have never observed in R. ccenosus.

IT have no doubt that the floating state of this plant is that
which Gussone has named R. ccenosus. He does not describe the
peculiarity of the carpels, nor of the stipules; but he mentions the
petals as scarcely exceeding the calyx. I possess a specimen from
Sicily, collected by MM. E. and A. Huet de Pavillon, to which the
name of R. ecenosus is given, and which is certainly the floating
form of RK. hederaceus ; Tend Ihave also seen one from Professor
Gasparini in Professor Babington’s herbarium, similarly named,
which is also the floating form of R. hederaceus. M. Brebisson’s
plant is also identical with this.

Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot.

French, Renoncule & LFewilles de Lierre.

FLOWERING PLANTS. Sill

The whole of the preceding Batrachian Ranunculi are consi-
dered as forming a single species by Mr. Bentham ;* and Dr. Waiker
Arnott is apparently inclined to take the same view, although he
gives specific descriptions of six. Is not this carrying the idea of
super-species to an extreme length? For example: between
R: circinatus and any of the other species there is not to be seen
a single intermediate form (which could give an excuse for linking
them together), among many hundred specimens of Batrachia from
all parts of the world, contained in the Hookerian Herbarium.
By intermediate forms I here intend those which a practised eye
would feel some hesitation in referring to either of two allied
species or sub-species, — such as we find amongst the fruticose
Rubi and Hieracia.

Scus-Genus IIl.—EU-RANUNCULUS.

Sepals and petals 5, the latter usually with a scale over the
nectary. Style short. Carpels without distinct transverse ridges.

Land or marsh plants, with the leaves very seldom divided into
capillary segments. Stipules inconspicuous, adnate. Peduncles
not reflexed after flowering, usually terminal, and arranged in an
irregular cyme. Petals yellow in the British species.

SPECIES VUII—RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS. Linn
Prats XXVIII.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XI. Fig. 4598.

Stem erect, branched, thick and hollow, furrowed. Lower leaves
stalked, reniform or pentagonal in outline, 3-cleft, with lobed seg-
ments, lobes crenated. Upper leaves nearly or quite sessile, tripar-
tite; segments tripartite, elliptical, or strap-shaped, nearly entire.
Petals little longer than sepals. Nectary without a scale. Head
of fruit oblong or oblong-ovoid, closely packed. Achenes small,
very numerous, slightly compressed, their sides faintly transversely
wrinkled in the middle, with a furrow on the back instead of a keel,
and an extremely minute apiculus at their apex. Receptacle nar-
rowly oblong, slightly hairy.

In muddy ditches and wet places. Common throughout Britain,
though it becomes less frequent in the northern part of the kmgdom.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial.
Summer and Autumn.

* Since this paragraph was written, the first number of the illustrated edition of
Mr. Bentham’s Handbook has appeared, and in it he recognizes R. hederaceus (including
hederaceus and Lenormandi) as a species distinct from R. aquatilis,

32 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Root of numerous white fibres. Stem 8 inches to 2 feet high,
in the larger specimens often as thick as a man’s finger at the base,
and branched at the top so as to form an irregularly corymbose
cyme. Lower leaves glabrous, more or less deeply 3-cleft, the lateral
segments again divided, though less deeply, and both the primary
and secondary segments with a few lobes, which are again crenated.
Middle leaves on shorter stalks, and more deeply “divided than
the lower leaves; the uppermost of all, or bracts, as they may be
termed, with scattered hairs on the narrow, sub-entire segments.
Peduncles furrowed. Flowers about 4 inch across. Sepals re-
flexed, hairy exteriorly. Petals obovate, pale yellow, about as long
as the head of pistils. Achenes pale-yellowish olive, compressed,
their upper edge slightly concave near the base, and slightly convex
towards the tip, the lower nearly semicircular, each side with a
faintly-wrinkled patch in the middle. Plant yellowish green, shining.

This plant cannot possibly be confounded with any other British
species, and, as Professor Babington observes, approaches more
nearly to the Batrachian section of the genus than any of the other
true Ranunculi, not only in the wrinkled carpels and the absence of
a scale to the nectary, but also in habit, as, when the plant grows
in water (before the flower-stalk is produced), the radical leaves often
float on the surface, and remind the observer of those of R. aquatilis.

Celery-leaved Crowfoot.
French, Renoncule scélérate. German, Gifthahnenfuss, F'roscheppich.

The Latin surname of this plant attributes to it a dozen evil qualities. In con-
sequence of its chosen home in dirty or shallow waters, in muddy drains or dykes, it is
called polluted, defiled, or dirty Crowfoot. Then it is “scelerate,” because it is acrid,
nipping, or biting ; if chewed, it inflames the tongue; even the distilled water of it is
intensely acrimonious ; and as it cools it deposits crystals which are very insoluble and
have the curious property of being inflammable ; yet, with all this acridity, if the plant
be boiled and the water thrown off, it is not unwholesome, and the peasants of
Wallachia eat it as a vegetable. The juice is so irritant, that if applied to the skin it
will readily produce blisters. Mr. Francis says that he saw a begging impostor producing
inflammation by this means, in order to excite compassion.

SPECIES IX—RANUNCULUS OPHIOGLOSSIFOLIUS.
Vill.
Puate XXVIII.
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXI. Fig. 4613,

Stem erect, branched, hollow, furrowed. Lower leaves stalked,
broadly ovate, faintly serrate; upper leaves nearly or quite sessile,
narrowly elliptical. Petals longer than the sepals. Nectary with
a small scale narrower than the claw. Head of fruit globular,
closely packed. Achenes small and numerous, compressed, their
sides with small raised points, or tubercles; apiculus very small.
Receptacle slightly clavate, glabrous.

9

FLOWERING PLANTS. 33

Locally abundant in * St. Peter’s Marsh,” Jersey. This is half-
way between St. Helier’s and St. Aubin’s, and is best known in the

island by the less dignified appellation of “* Goose Green.”
Channel Islands. Annual. Summer.

Root of numerous whitish fibres. Stem slender, mach branched
in large examples, with a general tendency to become irregularly
dichotomous. Lowest leaves very broadly cordate- or rhomboid-
ovate; those of the stem becoming narrower and more shortly
stalked in proportion as they are placed higher up on the stem.
Peduncles furrowed, opposite the leaves in unbranched specimens.
Flowers scarcely a quarter of an inch across. Sepals spreading,
glabrous. Petals obovate, pale yellow, a little longer than the head
of pistils. Achenes reddish brown, lenticular, compressed ; their
upper edge slightly convex, the lower nearly semicircular, faintly
tuberculate on the sides. Plant yellowish green, glabrous, or with
distant adpressed hairs towards the upper part.

This plant presents little resemblance to any of our species,
except the following, from which, however, the tuberculated carpels
readily distinguish it. When growing the habit of the plant is
much more that of R. sceleratus than of R. Flammula.

Adder’s-tongue-leaved Spearwort.

SPECIES X—RANUNCULUS FLAMMULA. Sm.
Puates XXIX. XXX.

Rootstock not stoloniferous. Stem decumbent and usually
rooting at the base ; the upper portion erect or procumbent, slightly
branched, hollow, furrowed. Leaves varying from ovate to linear,
somewhat acute, faintly and remotely denticulate or entire; the
earliest and those of the barren shoots broadest and with the
longest stalks, the upper ones sessile. Peduncles furrowed. Flowers
rather small. Nectary with a rudimentary scale. Head of fruit
globular, loosely packed. Achenes rather small, not compressed,
appearing smooth to the naked eye, very obscurely margined, and
not at all winged; apiculus very small.

Sue-Srecies L—Ranunculus eu-Flammula.
Puate X XIX,

R. Flammula, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. X. Fig. 4945.

R. Flammula, Linn. Species Plant. p. 772. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 142. Koch,
Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. p. 434. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed, iii. Vol. II.
p- 14. Godet, Fl. du Jura, p. 12.

R. Flammula, var. a, Auct. plurimum.

O44 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Stem erect, ascending or prostrate, with the internodes straight
(not regularly arched), usually rooting only at the lower nodes.
Apiculus of the ripe achenes about one-eighth of the length of the
whole, obtuse.

Var. a. sub-erectus.

Stem decumbent and rooting only at the very base, terminal
portion erect.

Var. 2. pseudo-reptans.
R. reptans, Zhuil. (non Linn.)

Stem procumbent, rooting at the nodes; the apex alone ascend-
ing. Leaves usually narrower than in var. a, and the whole plant
smaller.

In ditches, marshes, and wet pastures. Very common through-
out Britain. Var. 6 much less frequent than var. a.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Root of white simple fibres. Stem about 1 to 2 feet high in
var. a, 3 to 9 inches in var. 8. Leaves very variable in shape:
those at the bottom of the stem broadest, varying from broadly
ovate to narrowly elliptical, lanceolate; stem leaves with the base
of the petiole amplexicaul; upper leaves sessile, sub-amplexicaul,
usually ligulate. Peduncles slightly pubescent. Flowers in an
irregularly corymbose cyme in var. @, or nearly solitary in var. .
4 inch to ? inch in diameter. Petals obovate, pale yellow. Achenes
roundish, greenish olive, appearing finely granulated under a power-
ful lens, with an extremely short, blunt apiculus.

The perennial root, the stem decumbent at the base and much
firmer in texture, the more glaucous colour, larger flowers, and
smooth green achenes, are sufficient distinctions between the
broader forms of the present plant and the preceding.

Scp-Srecies Il.—Ranunculus reptans. Linn.
Puate XXX.

R. Flammula (3, fetch. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IIT. Ran. Tab. X. Fig. 4595.

R. reptans, Linn. Species Plant. p. 772. ries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 142. Koch,
Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. p. 434. Godet, Fl. du Jura, p. 12.

R. filiformis, Mich. F]. Bor. Am. Vol. I. p. 320.

R. Flammula, var. ¢, Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 45.

R. Flammula, var. 3, Auct. plurimum.

Stem procumbent, filiform, with arched internodes, rooting at
the nodes Apiculus of the ripe fruit nearly one-fourth the length

FLOWERING PLANTS. 35

of the rest of the achene, sub-cylindrical, with the extreme point
reflexed.
Sandy shores of Loch Leven, near Kinross.

Scotland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Plant producing a tuft of a few narrowly-elliptical, acute leaves
on long petioles. Stems threadlike, with a few strap-shaped or
elliptical-linear leaves. Flowers about 3 inch in diameter. Achenes
about half or two-thirds of the usual size of those of R.eu-Flammula,
with the beak much longer.

Lesser Spearwort.
French, Renoncule Flammette, Petite Douve.

The specific name /Zammudla, the diminutive of jlamma, is given to this plant as it
causes a little flame or inflammation on the skin. The leaves bruised and applied to
the surface will raise a blister in about half an hour. This is a sore which is difficult
to heal, and consequently should only be used when a lasting vesication is required.
Dr. Withering recommends the distilled water of R. flammula as preferable to any
other means for producing instant vomiting in cases of poisoning, without exciting the
painful contortions resulting from the administration of white vitriol for a like purpose.
Lightfoot describes an ingenious but simple method of using the bruised leaves as a
blister ; he says that, in the Scottish Islands, they fill a limpet-shell with the bruised
leaves and bind it on the part, the cup form of the shell neatly defining the place of the
blister.

SPECIES X1I-—RANUNCULUS LINGUA, Lin.
Pirate XXXT.
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. X. Fig. 4597.

Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous. Stem erect, emitting roots
at a few of the lower joints, branching above, hollow, furrowed.
The earliest leaves, and those of the barren shoots on long stalks,
ovate or oblong-ovate; those on the flowering stem sessile, linear-
lanceolate, very acute, faintly and remotely denticulate or nearly
entire. Peduncles not furrowed. Flowers very large. Nectary
with a rudimentary scale. Head of fruit globular, closely packed.
Achenes large, numerous, much compressed, margined, the margin
forming a wing on the upper edge, the apex narrowed into a short,
slightly recurved beak, with a triangular profile, nearly half the
length of the rest of the mature carpel.

In ditches and by the sides of ponds. Sparingly distributed in
England and Scotland, as far north as Morayshire. It is most
frequent in the fenny districts of England.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

36 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Root creeping in the mud and producing stolons, which, in the
end of the year, send up shoots with long stalked, very broadly
ovate leaves, often slightly cordate at the base. Stem 2 to 4 feet
high, and stout in proportion; the upper part branched in an
irregularly dichotomous manner, so that the flowers form a some-
what corymbose cyme. Leaves embracing the stem by their largely
dilated bases (rudimentary stipules); the leaves themselves atte-
nuated at each end, 6 inches to 1 foot long, and $ inch to 1 inch
broad. Peduncles with adpressed hairs. Flowers from 1 to 2 inches
in diameter. Sepals spreading, ovate, concave, slightly strigose.
Petals obovate or roundish, deep rich yellow, glossy on the inside.
Head of fruit $} inch in diameter, pale olive. Achenes appearing
finely granulated under a powerful lens ; their margin on the upper
side with a membranous wing, which is continued beyond the apex
into the beak, which is slightly reflexed at the point. Whole plant
nearly glabrous, or with adpressed hairs.

This species has been sometimes confounded with R.Flammula ;
but, irrespective of the difference in size, the beak and margin to
the fruit render their determination an easy matter, when the plant
is in a state in which this can be examined. ‘The stem leaves are
also much more gradually tapered and acute than those of R, Flam-
mula, the flowers of a deeper yellow, and the whole plant of a
brighter green.

Greater Spearwort.

Tt is an acrid plant, like most of its tribe, and its poisonous characters are not

modified by its growing in moist or wet places,

SPECIES XII—RANUNCULUS AURICOMUS. Lin.
Pruate XXXII.
Reich. Ic, Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. III. Tab. XII. XTIT. XIV. Fig. 4599.

Rootstock short, not creeping, stem ascending. Radical leaves
stalked, reniform or roundish in outline, varying from crenate-serrate
to tripartite with the divisions deeply cut. Stem leaves quite sessile,
divided to the base into ligulate-linear segments, which in the
uppermost leaves or bracts are quite entire. Peduncles downy,
not furrowed. Sepals hairy, applied to the petals, which have no
scale covering the nectary. Head of fruit globular, loosely packed.
Achenes a little compressed, smooth to the naked eye, slightly mar-
gined, the persistent style forming a cylindrical, tapering, recurved
beak. Receptacle with stalk-like projections, to which the achenes
are affixed.

Tn woods and moist shady places. Common in England, less so

FLOWERING PLANTS. 37

in Scotland, where it has not been observed farther north than the
county of Moray on the east, and the neighbourhood of Glasgow on
the west.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring.

Plant often growing in tufts, with numerous stems, very slightly
branched above, curved at the base, then erect or inclined. Radical
leaves numerous, and varying much in shape and division on the
same individual. Stem leaves only placed at the points where
branches are given off, with 5 to 9 narrow segments; those which
are situated lowest on the stem often cut, or furnished with pro-
jecting lobes; the uppermost leaves quite entire, and narrower.
Flowers when perfect often 1 inch in diameter; but very frequently
several of the petals are abortive or deformed. In Scotch specimens
I have very seldom found the flowers perfect; but in Kent and
Surrey they are generally so. Achenes slightly granulated under a
lens, and often with a few short hairs on the surface; beak at first
revolute, but only curved when the fruit is mature. Receptacle
very curious, having projecting cylindrical processes about 44 inch
long, a character first pointed out in the last edition of Professor
Babington’s Manual of British Botany. Plant bright yellowish
green, almost glabrous, having only very short remote hairs, except
on the peduncles.

Beak of the fruit longer than in most of the following species,
from which it may be readily distinguished by the absence of a
scale over the nectary.

Wood Crowfoot. Golden-haired Crowfoot, or Goldilocks.

The specific name Awricomus is derived from aureus, golden, and coma, a lock of
hair. I¢ differs remarkably from the rest of the Ranunculus tribe, in that it is not at
all acrid ; and it has been called Sweet Wood Crowfoot.

SPECIES XIII—-RANUNCULUS ACRIS. Lia.
Pirate XXXII.

Rootstock short, not enlarged. Stem erect. Radical leaves
stalked, pentagonal in outline, tripartite or 3-cleft, with the segments
more or less deeply cut and toothed. Lower stem leaves similar,
but on shorter stalks; uppermost ones sessile, with narrower, often
entire segments. Peduncles hairy, not furrowed. Sepals hairy,
applied to the petals, which have a conspicuous scale over the
nectary. Head of fruit globular. Achenes compressed, smooth to
the naked eye, conspicuously margined, and terminated by a short,
more or less curved beak. Receptacle glabrous.

38 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sup-Srecies L—Ranuneculus eu-acris.
Pratt XXXIIT.

R. acris, Jord. Obs. sur Pl. Nouv. et Crit. de la Fr. Frag. VI. p. 15.

Rootstock short, oblique. Radical leaves with the primary
segments divided into secondary ones by incisions, which reach at
least half-way down to the base; secondary segments at least twice
as broad as long, with a few large tooth-like lobes. Stem and leaves
with adpressed hairs, except at the base of the former and on the
stalks of the latter, where they are most commonly spreading.
Petals broadly obovate, wedge-shaped at the base; nectary scale
about as broad as long.

Var. «. Steveni.

R. Steveni, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4605.
R. Steveni, “ Andrz.” Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii, Vol. IL. p. 15.

Stem with scattered hairs at the base. Segments of the radical
leaves not overlapping each other. Beak of the achene not half the
length of the remaining part of the carpel, with a curved point,
which disappears when the fruit is perfectly ripe.

Var. 6. vulgatus.
R. vulgatus, Jord. in Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 15.

Base of the stem and petioles densely clothed with very numerous
spreading or reflexed fulvous hairs. Segments of the radical leaves
overlapping each other. Beak of the achene scarcely half as long
as the remaining part of the carpel, with a hooked point, which is
usually persistent.

? Var. y. rectus.

R. acris, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4606.
R. rectus, “ Bauh.” Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 15.

Hairs few, all adpressed. Segments of the radical leaves not
overlapping each other. Beak of the achene about half as long as
the rest of the carpel, slightly curved, “ disappearing at maturity.”
(Boreau.)

In meadows and pastures, and on mountains. «a and / very

FLOWERING PLANTS. 39

common throughout the kingdom; y on Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire,
and probably in other places.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer
to Autumn.

Rootstock thickened, obliquely creeping for a short distance
(very short and almost perpendicular in y). Stem erect, 1 to 2
feet high, except when growing on mountains, when it is much
shorter. Upper part of the stem branched, forming an irregular
cyme. Leaves varying much in the degree of incision and the
breadth of the lobes. Flowers ? inch to 1 inch in diameter. Achenes
lenticular, brown when ripe, appearing finely granulated only when
examined under a powerful lens ; beak at first curved at the end
but this portion is very often deciduous.

This is the only sub-species of R. acris of which I have seen
British specimens. The Rey. W. W. Newbould, however, believes
that he has seen in Yorkshire R. Borgeanus, which is a second sub-
species, of which there is a very good figure in Reichenbach’s
Icones Florz Germanice et Helvetice, Vol. II]. Ran. Tab. XVI. dis,
Fig. 4606, under the name of R. acris. Descriptions of it will be
found in Jordan’s Obs. Frag. VI. p. 19; and Boreau’s Flore du
Cent. de la Fr. ed. i. p. 15. This plant has the rootstock not at
all creeping, but very short and perpendicular ; the leaves are much
more deeply divided, the segments and ultimate lobes nearly linear
in outline. The plant is also much less hairy, and the hairs are all
adpressed even at the bottom of the stem. The petals are narrower,
more wedge-shaped at the base, and have the nectary scale longer
than broad. Var. y (rectus) of R. eu-acris, approaches this plant
in several important features, as in the rootstock being scarcely
creeping, and the rather wedge-shaped petals, narrow nectary scale,
and adpressed scanty hairs; but the leaves are much less finely cut,
and the beak of the fruit much longer. Perhaps a larger series of
specimens than I have been able to examine might connect these
two plants. As far as I have observed, the receptacle of R. eu-acris
becomes very decidedly clavate in drying ; but in the few specimens
of R. Borzeanus which I have seen, it remains cylindrical. This may,
however, be merely accidental.

A third sub-species, R. Friesianus (Jordan), occurs on the Conti-
nent, but I have found nothing like it amongst British examples of
R. acris. This is more hairy than even the var. vulgatus of I. eu-
acris, and has the root leaves much less divided, closely resembling
those of the continental R. lanuginosus; and the stem leaves, similar
in shape to the root leaves, are more numerous.

Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Buttercup, or Kingcup.
German, Wiesenranunkel, Kleine Butterblume.

Acrid by pre-eminence, this favourite flower grows everywhere ; and although its
bright colour and hardy growth render it familiar to everyone, care must be had to

4.0 ENGLISH BOTANY.

its irritating and poisonous qualities. It is said that even pulling up the plant with
bare hands and carrying it some distance has produced inflammation in delicate
skins. We know of foolish children who having eaten the bright yellow flowers
and green leaves were made extremely ill thereby, Cattle in general will not feed
on it ; but sometimes, when hungry, they have been turned into a field of buttercups,
and having eaten them, their mouths have become sore and blistered. According to
Linneus, cows, horses, and pigs refuse it, but goats and sheep will eat it. When
made into hay its noxious qualities are lost. Poetically, the associations of this plant
are numerous. An old author introduces it as emblematical of the manhood of
months : — “June is drawn in a mantle of dark-green grass, and upon his head a

'

garland of bents, kingeups, and maidenhair.”
Another more modern author says,—
“Here's a kingeup of gold brimming over with dew,
To be kissed by a lip just as fresh as its own.”
Gay, the poet, tells us,—
“Fair is the kingcup that in meadow blows.”

>

In the “Shepherd’s Oracles” we are told it was worn by lovers at betrothing

time, and its golden colour was dedicated to Hymen in more classical history, Old

Quarles says,—
“ Love-sick swains
Compose rush-rings and myrtle-berry chains,
And stuck with glorious kingeups in their bonnets,
Adorn’d with laurel slips, chaunt their love sonnets.”

A variety of this plant has become double, and long been an inhabitant of
gardens under the name of Bachelor's Buttons ; in French, Bouton-d Or.

SPECIES XIV—RANUNCULUS REPENS. Lin.
Piate XXXIV.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Zan. Tab. XX. Fig. 4610.

Rootstock short, not enlarged. Stem decumbent, with creeping
scions or runners. Leaves stalked, triangular-ovoid in outline,
ternate or biternate, the middle leaflet almost always, and the side
ones occasionally stalked, 3-cleft, with the segments incise-serrate.
Uppermost leaves sessile, with narrowly elliptical or strap-shaped
usually entire segments. Peduncles hairy, furrowed. Sepals hairy,
applied to the petals, which have a conspicuous scale over the nectary.
Head of fruit globular. Achenes compressed, smooth to the naked
eye, conspicuously margined, with a straight or slightly-curved
tapering beak. Receptacle slightly hairy.

Hedge-banks, river-sides, meadows, and cultivated ground. Very
common throughout Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

RANUNCULACE®. 4{

Rootstock very short, oblique, emitting numerous thick fibres.
Primary stem sub-erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high; runners produced
about the time when the primary stem flowers, and throwing up
ascending flowering shoots later in the year. Leaves variable in
the shape of the segments and in the depth of their divisions.
Flowers 1 inch or more in diameter, bright yellow, the petals less
spreading than in the previous species. Achenes lenticular, brown
when ripe, much compressed, appearing finely granulated under a
lens ; beak about half the length of the rest of the carpel. Whole
plant more or less hairy, the hair generally spreading, except upon
the young leaves and peduncles. In moist, shady places the plant
is often robust, the branches ascending instead of creeping and
rooting, and the stems less hairy.

R. Caleyanus (Don, Gardener’s Dictionary, Vol. I. p. 37) is
described as having the calyx reflexed. It is said to be native
near London, in dry places, particularly in the late Mr. Caley’s
garden at Bayswater. It is probably only a form of R. repens ;
but Don is the only botanist who appears to have met with it.*

Creeping Crowfoot.

It is the Cuckoo-bud of Shakespeare, so called from its early and bright appearance
in the spring, accompanying the arrival of the cuckoo :—

“When daisies pied and violets blue,
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,
Do paint the meadows with delight.”

It is also called Gold-cups, Gold-balls, and Mary-buds, sometimes improperly
Buttereup. Like others of its family, it is acrid and irritant.

SPECIES XV.—RANUNCULUS BULBOSOS. Jinn.
Pirate XXXV.t

Reich. Te. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XX. Fig. 4611.

Rootstock resembling a corm. Stem erect or ascending,
slightly branched. Leaves ovoid in outline; the radical and lower
stem leaves stalked, ternate, with 3-cleft segments, or biternate ;
the middle leaflet with a longer stalk than the side ones, which are
frequently sessile, all more or less deeply cut, lobed, or crenate-
serrate; upper leaves sessile, with narrower segments having a few
strap-shaped lobes. Peduncles hairy, furrowed. Sepals hairy,

* The Plate of R. repens is E. B. 516, with additional dissections drawn by
Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
¢ The Plate is E. B. 515, with additional dissections drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

G

42 ENGLISH BOTANY.

reflexed. Petals with a conspicuous scale over the nectary ; scale
widest at the top, which is emarginate and as broad as the claw of
the petal. Head of fruit globular-ovoid. Achenes compressed,
smooth to the naked eye, conspicuously margined, with a short,
broad, hooked beak. Receptacle hairy.

In meadows, pastures and downs. Very common in England and
the south of Scotland; but not certainly known to occur in the
latter country north of the Caledonian Canal. This species loves a
drier situation than the last two, which makes it prefer chalky and
gravelly soils.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring and
Early Summer.

Root of thickened fibres. Rootstock enlarged into a corm
resembling that of a Crocus, and varying from the size of a large
pea to that of a walnut, clothed with the expanded bases of the leaf-
stalks. Stem 6 to 18 inches high, solitary, or 2 or 3 from the same
corm, corymbosely branched in the upper portion, so as to form an
irregular cyme. Leaves very variable in the shape of their segments
and the depth of their divisions ; but the middle leaflet has a longer
stalk and the ultimate divisions are more obtuse than in R. repens.
Flowers often 1 inch or more in diameter, rich yellow in colour,
paler externally as in the allied species. Sepals pale yellowish,
hairy without and smooth within, applied to the petals for about
one-fourth of their length, then suddenly reflexed, their tips in
contact with the peduncle, which is usually long. Petals broadly
obovate, with a wedge-shaped base. Achenes lenticular, brown when
ripe, much compressed, appearing finely granulated under a lens;
beak much hooked, searcely one-fourth the length of the rest of the
earpel. Whole plant of a lively green, more or less pilose, the
hairs adpressed or slightly patent.

Bulbous-rooted Crowfoot.
French, Renoncuwle Dulbeuse. German, Der Zwiebelwurzelige Hahnenfuss.

Also called indiscriminately by the people, Kingceup, Buttercup, Cuckoo-buds, and
St. Anthony’s Turnip. It is, perhaps, the commonest of the Ranunculus family in our
fields, and was once supposed to give a yellow tint to butter made from the milk of cows
which had eaten it. Cows, however, do not eat much of this weed, and it is more
probable that the rich tint of the butter is caused by the vigorous health of the cattle
when they have plenty of fresh grass and good pure air.

The root is the most acrid part of this plant ; for, although the juice of the
herbage is stimulating and produces sneezing, the root will blister, it is said, as
certainly and with much less pain than Spanish flies. Pigs are remarkably fond of the
roots, and will go long distances to get them; they aie said to do them no harm.

RANUNCULACE. 43

SPECIES XVI—RANUNCULUS HIRSUTUS. Curt.
Puate XXXVI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IIT. Ran. Tab. XXIII. Fig. 4617,

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 11. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. p. 11.

R. philonotis (Ehrh.), Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 63.

Fries, Summ. ces eee p- 25. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 19.
Gr. & Godr. EF). de Fr. Vol. I. p. 57.

R. sardous, “ saihae Auguste Gras, in Bulletin de Ja Soc. Bot. de la Fr. Vol. IX.

p. 324.

No rootstock. Stems numerous, erect or ascending, slightly
branched. Leaves roundish or shortly ovoid in outline ; the radical
and lower stem leaves stalked, ternate, with 3-cleft segments; the
middle leaflet stalked, the lateral ones sessile; or the radical leaves
simply tripartite or trifid; segments coarsely serrate, or crenate-
serrate; upper leaves sessile, with narrowly elliptical segments.
Pedunceles hairy, furrowed. Sepals hairy, reflexed. Petals with a
conspicuous scale over the nectary; scale rounded at the top,
considerably narrower than the claw of the petal. Head of fruit
globular-ovoid. Achenes compressed, conspicuously margined, with
raised points disposed in an incomplete circle (rarely in two) near
the margin, visible to the naked eye; beak extremely short,
ascending, straight. Receptacle hairy.

In damp meadows, especially in the vicinity of brackish water,
on places overflowed in winter, and by road-sides. Rather rare, and
not known to extend north of the counties of Perth and Argyle.
Indeed, I have not myself seen it, except as a strageler, north of
Berwickshire.

England, Scotland, Iveland. Annual or Biennial. Summer

and Autumn.

Root fibrous, throwing up numerous stems 6 to 18 inches high.
Leaves bearing considerable resemblance to those of R. bulbosus,
but usually shorter and less divided. Flowers ? inch to 1 inch in
diameter, bright yellow, paler than in the last species, but with the
sepals reflexed in a precisely similar manner, and resembling them
in every respect. Petals obovate, narrower than in R. bulbosus,
and with the nectary scale much narrower in proportion, and
rounded, not emarginate or truncate at the top. Achenes lenti-
cular, reddish brown when ripe, much compressed, with a very
prominent margin and a few raised obtuse points, disposed in

* The Plate is E. B, 1504, with corrected dissections drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

4A, ENGLISH BOTANY.

an incomplete circle close to the margin, the points being most
numerous and distinct from the apex to half-way down the outer
side of the carpel; sometimes there is a second imperfect circle
within the first; the whole surface on which the tubercles are
placed appearing finely granulated under a lens; beak straight,
ascending, triangular in profile, less than one-fourth the length
of the remaining portion of the carpel. Whole plant rather dull
green, more or less hairy, the base of the stems and peduncles with
white spreading or reflexed hairs.

This species has very much the general aspect of R. bulbosus,
but has never the enlarged base of the stem which is found in that
species. The present plant also grows in dense tufts, with numerous
stems, which may be very readily separated from each other at the
base. The leaves are generally rounder and less divided, the flowers
smaller and paler, and the whole plant more hispid, and with the
hairs on the lower part of the stem not at all adpressed. The
achenes are totally different, so that when the plants are in seed
the one cannot possibly be mistaken for the other.

This species is usually called R. hirsutus by British, and R.
philonotis by Continental botanists. The former is the earlier
name, and I have retained it, not only on that account, but because
it has been applied exclusively to this plant. KR. philonotis has been
occasionally used to include not only R. hirsutus, but also R.
trilobus, a plant of Southern Europe, which I believe to be only
separable as a sub-species from R. hirsutus; the only points of
difference being the much narrower petals, the fruit with raised
points all over the disk, and the leaves with narrower, more
serrated segments. I would then propose to accept KR. philonotis
as the aggregate species, including R. hirsutus and R. trilobus as
sub-species. R. parvulus of Linnzeus was applied to a small few-
flowered form of R. hirsutus, and the name has been abandoned
by general consent. M. Auguste Gras contends that the name
“sardous”” ought to be applied to this plant, as the earliest
of its cognomens; but it is to be hoped that he will find few
followers.*

Hairy Crowfoot.

* Some botanists seem to consider it a meritorious act to rescue a forgotten name
from oblivion, and to look upon such a discovery as being of almost as much benefit to
science as the detection of some overlooked specific character. Such authors appear
entirely to forget that names are merely arbitrary terms to represent the plants to
which they belong. The rule, that when a species is already known by two or more
names the earliest given of these is to be adopted, is agreed to solely as a means of
attaining unanimity in nomenclature ; but the revival of an obsolete appellation by
which no one now knows the plant is only producing instead of avoiding confusion, and
should be discouraged to the utmost,

RANUNCULACE. 45

SPECIES XVIL—RANUNCULUS PARVIFLORUS. Linn.
Prate XXXVII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. an. Tab. XXT. Fig. 4616.

No rootstock. Stems numerous, at first ascending, afterwards
procumbent, little branched, dichotomous. Leaves stalked, reniform,
orbicular, or pentagonal in outline, 3-cleft, with crenate-serrate
segments; the radical leaves often only crenate-serrate ; the upper
stem leaves frequently with 5 acute lobes. Peduncles opposite the
leaves or in the forks of the branches, hairy, furrowed. Sepals
hairy, reflexed. Petals elliptical, scarcely exceeding the calyx, with
an inconspicuous scale over the nectary. Head of fruit spheroidal,
depressed. Achenes compressed, margined, covered with raised
tubercles surmounted by little hooks, the former visible to the
naked eye; beak nearly half as long as the rest of the carpel,
with a triangular profile hooked at the point. Receptacle glabrous.

In hedge banks, cornfields, and waste places; preferring a dry
gravelly or sandy soil. Rather sparingly, but generally distributed
in England.

England, Ireland. Annual. Early Summer.

Root fibrous, throwing up numerous stems 6 to 18 inches long.
Leaves generally cordate at the base, variable in their degree of
incision, but rarely divided more than half-way down, excepting
those which are near the extremity of the stem, which have narrow
segments. Flowers + inch in diameter, pale yellow. Achenes
reddish brown when ripe, lenticular, bulging on the lower side;
the tubercles more conspicuous than in R. hirsutus, and not con-
fined to the vicinity of the margin, but spread over the whole
surface of the carpel; beak smooth, greenish. Whole plant dull
yellowish green, covered with soft, scattered hairs. Carpels fewer
in number than in R. hirsutus, but more numerous than in the
following. Petals sometimes partially abortive.

Small-flowered Crowfoot.

Old Gerarde, the herbalist, who found a use for everything, tells us “ that many do
use to tie a little of the herb, stamped with salt, unto any of the fingers against the
pain of the toothache ;” and he accounts for the cure very satisfactorily, viz. : “ which
medicine seldome faileth, for it causeth greater pain in the finger than was in the
tooth, by means whereof the greater paine taketh awaye the lesse.”

* The Plate is E. B. 120, with corrected dissections drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

46 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES XVIIIT—RANUNCULUS ARVENSIS. Linn
Pirate XXXVIIL*
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. XXI. Fig. 4614.

No rootstock. Stem solitary, erect, slightly branched. Leaves
stalked, the lowest ones obovate, toothed at the tip, the rest 3-cleft,
ur tripartite; or ternate, with 3-cleft or tripartite segments; the
greatest amount of division in the leaves occurring in those on the
middle portion of the stem, and the narrowest segments in those
nearest its summit. Peduncles opposite the leaves and terminal,
slightly hairy, not furrowed. Sepals slightly hairy, applied to the
petals. Petals obovate-oblong, with a conspicuous scale over the
nectary; scale broadest above, where it is truncate, as broad as
the claw of the petal. Head of fruit spheroidal, much depressed.
Achenes compressed, margined, covered with hooked spines or
conical tubercles, distributed over the whole surface, but the mar-
ginal ones the longest and stoutest; beak two-thirds the length of
the rest of the carpel, with a narrowly triangular profile, straight
or slightly arched. Receptacle hairy.

In cornfields. Common in England; but only a straggler in
Scotland, in which country the neighbourhood of Edinburgh and
Glasgow appears to be the northern limit.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual. Summer.

Root fibrous, throwing up a single erect stem 6 inches to 2 feet
high. Lower leaves wedge-shaped in outline, the upper ones with
strap-shaped segments. [lowers scarcely } inch in diameter, pale
yellow, more cup-shaped than usual in this genus. Achenes reddish
brown, with a green beak; 4 to 8, usually all in one row, ¢ to 3 inch
long, sub-orbicular, with the two sides nearly parallel; the spines
or tubercles varying considerably in size. In this species the
processes on the carpels approach much nearer the margin than in
R. hirsutus and R. parviflorus, for the margin itself seems to be
carried up into a prominent ring from which the largest of the
spines take their rise.

A variety, irermis, is mentioned in the Continental Floras in
which the achenes are destitute of spines or tubercles, the surface
being merely reticulated; but this I have never seen, nor have I
heard of its occurrence in Britain.

Corn Crowfoot.

* The Plate of R. arvensis is E, B. 135, with additional dissections drawn by
Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

RANUNCULACE. 47

The specific name arvensis is derived from arvwm, a ploughed field. It is some-
times called Hunger-weed. This is one of the most virulent of the Ranunculus
family, and is said to be very dangerous to cattle, although they eat greedily of it.
M. Brugnon, who has given a particular account of its qualities, relates that three
ounces of its juice killed a dog in four minutes. Near Turin several sheep
were killed by eating it, which first led to an investigation of its effects, Cholic,
with inflammation of the stomach, were the symptoms, which were best removed
by pouring vinegar down the animals’ throats. This poison seems to act in para-
lyzing the nerves of the stomach, and also in an acrid ulcerating effect, as dark spots
were found in the stomach of the sheep.

It may be remarked that, in making a collection of dried plants, the bright yellow
petals of the Crowfoots retain their brilliancy remarkably after drying.

Sus-Gents III.—FICARIA. Diil.

Sepals 3. Petals 8 to 12. Nectary covered by a scale. Stigma

sessile. Achenes smooth or hairy, spherical, with an attenuated
base.

SPECIES XIX—RANUNCULUS FICARIA. Zinn.
Puate XX XIX.

Ficaria ranunculoides, MJénch, et Auct. plur.

Rootstock producing oblong, slightly clavate tubers. Stem
decumbent at the base, branched. Leaves stalked, broadly ovate,
or reniform, cordate at the base, with the lobes approximate or
diverging, repand, crenate or bluntly toothed. Peduncles much
longer than the leaves from the axils of which they spring. Sepals
usually 3. Petals oblong, 8 to 12. Nectary with a small scale.
Head of fruit globular. Achenes globular, attenuated at the base,
and with a very small dot at the apex.

Sun-Srecres —Ranuneulus eu-Ficaria.

Piatt XXXIX.*

R. Ficaria, or Ficaria ranunculoides, 7. Schultz, Archives de Flore, 1855, p. 122; and
18th and 19th Jahresbericht der Pollichia, p. 34.

Flowers about 1 inch in diameter. Carpels nearly glabrous.
Leaves appearing in spring.

* The Plate of R. eu-Ficaria has been re-drawn from 1K. B. 584, with corrections
and additions, by Mr. J. E. Sowerby,

48 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Var. a, divergens. F. Schultz.
Ficaria ranunculoides, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. I. RE 4572.

Ficaria ranunculoides a, divergens, /”. Schultz, Archives de Flore, 1855, p. 12

tanunculus Ficaria, Jord. Obs. sur Pl. Nouv. ou Crit. Frag. VI. p. 3.

Ficaria ranunculoides, Gir. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 39. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la
Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 20.

Lobes of the lowest leaves not overlapping at the base. Lowest
sheaths narrow.

Var. B, incumbens. F. Schultz.

Ficaria calthzefolia, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Ran. Tab. I. Fig. 4571 (mon
Gr. & Godr. FI. de Fr.).

Ficaria ranunculoides /3, incumbens, /. Schultz, Archives de Flore, 1855, p. 122.

R. Ficaria 3, incumbens, /. Schultz, 18th and 19th Jahresbericht der Pollichia, p. 34.

R. calthzefolius, “ Bluff” (non Jord. Obs. Frag. VI. p. 3).

F. ambigua, Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de Ja Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 20.

Lobes of the lowest leaves overlapping at the base. Lowest
sheaths very broad, amplexicaul.

In hedgebanks, meadows, outskirts of woods, and damp places.
Var. « common throughout Britain. I possess a specimen of var. 8
from “ near Edinburgh, May, 1849,” collected by myself, but the
exact locality of which I do not recollect, as my attention had not
then been drawn to this variety.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring.

Root of white branched fibres, along with which are succulent,
pale yellowish tubers, from } to 1 inch “long, and similar ones are
occasionally found in ‘the eile of the lower leaves. Stem decum-
bent, sometimes rooting at the lower joints, usually branched, the
termination of the branches ascending. Petioles of the lower leaves
very long, the leaves themselves very variable both in outline and
in the degree of indentation in the margin. I have one specimen in
which the divisions between the triangular teeth or lobes extend
more than one-third of the way down. Flowers variable in size,
usually about 1 inch across. Petals usually about twice as long as
the ovate-concave sepals, thick, rich yellow, glossy, turning whitish
when they fade. Head of fruit globular. Achenes slightly downy,
often abortive, spherical, with the base attenuated towards the
part by which they are attached to the receptacle ; the spherical and
attenuated portions are nearly equal in length; the apiculus, formed
by the remains of the sessile stigma, extremely small. Plant some-
what succulent, bright green, shining, the leaves often with dark
markings.

RANUNCULACE®. 49

Ranunculus Ficaria (Linn.) contains two sub-species, of which
only one occurs in Britian. To this I give the appellation of R. eu-
Ficaria.

A second sub-species is common in the south of Europe ; it has
much larger flowers, 1% to 2 inches across, and these are produced
at an earlier season than in the generally distributed plant; the
carpels are much more hispid, and the rounder, longer stalked leaves
appear in early winter. It has been called by the following names :
Ranunculus ficarizformis (F. Schultz); R. Ficaria 6, calthzefolius
(Gussone) ; R. calthzefolius (Jordan); Ficaria grandiflora (iobert) ;
F. calthzefolia (Gr. & Godr., non Keich.).

A small-flowered plant, with round, deeply crenated leaves, from
Mount Tagetus, in Greece, named R. ficarioides (Bor. & Chaub.),
is perhaps only another sub-species of R. Ficaria.

Lesser Celandine, Celandine Crowfoot, Figwort, or Pilewort.

French, Ficaire Renonculoide. German, Scharbocks-Kraut, Wild Lofel-Kraut,
Pfennigsalat.

The specific name has reference to the shape of the roots, which are somewhat like
little figs. Its acrid property has led to its use as a stimulant plaster for some forms of
external tumours; hence one of its popular names. As the Celandine, its praises have
been sung by modern poets. Wordsworth has referred to it as “the little humble
Celandine.”
contiguous streams, or by rain, and then they look somewhat like grains of wheat: this
appearance has given rise to the assertion that it has “rained wheat.” The young
leaves of this plant are boiled by the common people in some parts of Sweden, and
eaten with safety. It appears that the deleterious properties of the whole group may
be dissipated by the application of heat. It is injurious to moist grass land ; but is said
to be effectually destroyed by a dressing of coal or wood ashes. The flower loves the
sunshine and light. We generally find it closed from about five in the evening until nine
in the morning, and also during wet or very gloomy weather. Its Celtic name, Grian
(the sun), refers to this point im its history.

The tiny tubers of the roots are often exposed to view by the washing of

Tribe IV.—UWELLEBORE.

Sepals imbricated. Petals small, frequently abnormal or absent.
Pistils not surrounded by a disk. Carpel with several ovules. Fruit
of several follicles (rarely only one), dehiscent at maturity, or in
one genus a berry.

Herbs with the leaves all radical or alternate.

SUB-TRIBE I—CALTHE A.

Leaves palmately nerved, undivided, or palmately cut or divided.
Flowers regular, solitary, or arranged in irregular cymes.
H

30 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS VIT—CALTHA, Linn.

Sepals 5 or more, sub-equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals none.
Carpels several, sessile, having the ovules disposed in 2 rows along
the whole of the ventral suture; follicles distinct. Seeds numerous,
oblong, with a hard smooth testa, and with the chalaza and raphe
conspicuous.

SPECIES I—CALTHA PALUSTRIS. Linn.
Pirates XL. XLI.
Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 11. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 63.

Root-leaves stalked, roundish or deltoid, more or less cordate at
the base ; upper leaves reniform-deltoid, sessile, all crenate or den-
ticulate. Sepals 5 or 6, oval or oblong-obtuse. Carpels in a single
row.

Sus-Sprecies L.—Caltha eu-palusiris.
Pirate XL.*

C. palustris, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab, CI. Fig. 4712.
C. palustris, Auct. plur.

Radical leaves rounded, cordate at the base, with the lobes
approximate, crenate, crenate-dentate, or rarely with triangular
teeth towards the base. Stem not rooting at the joints.

Var. a, vulgaris.
C. vulgaris, Schott, Analecta Botanica Vindob. 1854.

C. palustris, Boreaw, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 21.

Stem ascending. Flowers numerous, 1} to 2 inches in diameter,
with roundish-ovate, contiguous sepals when fully expanded. Carpels
spreading, with a very short beak.

Var. 6, Guerangerit.

©. Guerangerii, Boreaw in Billot’s Annot. 1855, p. 11; and Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii
Wiolilieips le
C. riparia, Don ? Gard. Dict. Vol. I. p. 44.

* The Plate is E. B. 506, with the head of fruit added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. It

yepresents var. a.

RANUNCULACE. 51

Stem ascending. Flowers numerous, 1} to 1} inch in diameter,
with oblong-oval sepals, not contiguous when fully expanded.
Carpels spreading, with the beak nearly twice as long as in var. a,
vulgaris.

Var. y, minor.

Stem decumbent or procumbent, usually bearing only 1 flower.
Flowers about ? to 1 inch in diameter. Sepals oval or oblong-oval,
not contiguous when fully expanded. Carpels erect, with an
extremely short beak.

In marshes and wet meadows, and by the side of streams.
Common throughout Britain. Var. y on mountains.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring; var. y,
Summer and Autumn.

Rhizome short, horizontal, emitting numerous fleshy fibres.
Stem ascending, or nearly erect, except in var. y, 9 to 18 inches
high, slightly branched at the top. Lower leaves stalked, roundish,
very deeply cordate at the base, with the lobes approximate or
frequently incumbent, the margin varying from repand to crenate
in the apical portion, and from crenate to sharply toothed in the
basal region ; stem leaves on shorter stalks, or the upper ones
sessile, reniform or deltoid-reniform in outline, with the lobes less
approximate than those of the radical leaves; stipules very large,
brown, membranous, with large free auricles. Flowers sub-corym-
bose, rich yellow, paler exteriorly. Sepals slightly unequal in size,
5to8innumber. Follicles various in number, spreading in varieties
e and #, in which they are about ? inch long, erect in var. y, and
about 2 to +inch in length. The difference in the direction of the
follicles in these varieties is probably owing to their number, which
is always less in var. y than in the others. Whole plant glabrous.
Var. a and 6 grow in large tufts, but 7 has the stem usually solitary.
Leaves dark green, slightly shining, paler below.

The leaves are liable to considerable variation in the depth of
the crenatures or teeth, and these variations seem to be independent
of the forms of sepals and carpels. Var. Guerangerii may be not
uncommon, but I have seen it only from near Edinburgh and
Breadalbane. It is probably the C. riparia of Don, which he states
to occur by the banks of the Thames, near London. Both Boreau
and Don consider the plant described by them as the origin of the
double-flowered Caltha often cultivated in gardens.

U. OF ILL LIB.

or
bo

ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sup-Species I1.—Caltha radicans.
Pirate XLI.*

Forster, in Trans. of Linn. Soc. Vol. VIII. p.323. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 11.
C. palustris, var. 3, ook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 11.

C. flabellifolia, Boreaw ? Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 21 (non Pursh).

C. alpestris, Schott ? An. Bot. Vind.

Radical leaves deltoid or reniform-deltoid, the lobes diverging
so that the base is not at all cordate; margin with triangular teeth.
Stem rooting at the joints.

Extremely rare. Ina ditch that runs from the farmhouse called
Haltown, on the estate of C. Gray, Esq., of Carse, Forfarshire, 1790,
found by Mr. George Don. Mr. Hewett Watson has a specimen
collected by himself in Braemar, which he is inclined to refer to this
sub-species.

Scotland. Perennial. Summer.

This plant comes very near to some of the small forms of
C. eu-palustris ; and Mr. H. C. Watson informs me that the young
state of this plant (which he has had in cultivation for many years)
closely resembles C. eu-palustris ; but the remarkable difference
observable in the shape of the radical leaves, when fully developed,
which has remained constant in cultivation for about fifty years,
leads to the conclusion that it is more than a variety of that plant.
Original specimens of Don in the Herbarium of the British Museum
are destitute of radical leaves, but possess distinctly deltoid-dentate
stem leaves such as I have never seen on ©. eu-palustris. The
flowers are about 1+ inch across, with oval-oblong sepals, vellow.

C. flabeilifolia (Pursh) has the flowers the size of those of Ranun-
culus arvensis, and appears to be distinct from the present ; but
Professor Boreau’s description of the French plant to which that
name has been given agrees well with C. radicans. C. alpestris
(Schott) may also ‘be this judging from his description of the radical
leaves.

Marsh Marigold, Water Caltrops, or Meadow Rout.

French, Le Populage des Marais. German, Sumpf-Dotterblume.

The generic name is derived from the Greek caXafoc (kalathos), a cup or goblet, to
which the expanded flower may be likened. The praises of the Marsh Marigold have

* The Plate of C. radicans is E. B. 2175, with a radical leaf added by Mr. J. E.
Sowerby.

RANUNCULACE. 53

been sung by many poets, and its bright golden colour renders it a favourite everywhere.
Old John Dryden says,—
“ And get soft hyacinths with iron blue
To shade Marsh Marigolds of shining hue.”

The Scotch name Gowan or Gowlan, though indiscriminately applied to many spring
flowers, is generally understood to designate particularly the daisy, dandelion, crowfoot,
and Marsh Marigold. Gowan by itself is always the daisy ; yellow-gowan the dandelion,

&c. Burns writes,—
** We twa have rin about the braes,

And pu'd the gowans fine,”

Few plants are more ornamental than the Marsh Marigold on the margin of the
pleasure ground lake; and when its golden chalice is seen reflected in the clear water,
we think of Shakespeare’s lines :—

“Hark ! hark! the lark at heaven’s gate sings,
And Phebus ’gins to rise,
His steed to water at these springs
On chaliced flowers that lies.”

The occasional bright yellow colour of butter in the spring time has been vulgarly
attributed to this plant as well as to the Ranunculus bulbosus, and with equal impro-
bability, for cows will not eat of it unless compelled to do so by extreme hunger; and
Boerhaave says that when they do so, they frequently die.

Dr. Withering gives a curious account of the medicinal properties of the plant
He says: “It would appear that medicinal properties may be evolved in the gaseous
exhalations of plants and flowers ; for on a large quantity of the flowers of Meadow
Routs being put into the bedroom of a girl who had been subject to fits, the fits ceased.”
An infusion of the flowers was afterwards successfully used in various kinds of fits,
both of children and adults. The juice of the petals boiled with a little alum, stains
paper yellow ; but the colour so produced is said not to be permanent.

GENUS VIT—TROLLIUS. Linn.

Sepals 5 or more, sub-equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 to
15, very small, linear, flat, with a nectariferous pore at the base.
Carpels numerous, sessile, having the ovules arranged in 2 rows.
Follicles distinct. Seeds oblong-angular, with a hard testa. Chalaza
inconspicuous.

SPECIES I—TROLLIUS EUROPAUS. Linn.
Prate XLII.*
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran, Tab. CII. Fig. 4713.

Sepals 10 to 15, concave, connivent, so that the flower is sub-
globular. Petals 10 to 15, about as long as the stamens.

* The Plate is E. B. 28, with head of fruit added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

on
pes

ENGLISH BOTANY.

In wet meadows and by the sides of streams, especially in upland
districts. Rather rare. It occurs in most of the Scottish and Welsh
counties ; but in England, Derbyshire and Worcestershire appear to
be the southern limit.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock short. Stem erect, 6 inches to 2 feet high, nearly
simpie, clothed at the base with wiry fibres, which are really the
remains of decayed leaf-stalks. Radical leaves on very long stalks,
pentagonal in outline, divided to the base into 3 primary segments,
of which the two lateral ones are again so deeply 2-cleft that the leaf
might almost be termed quinquipartite ; segments deeply cut, and
the portions into which they are divided bluntly serrate; stem
leaves on shorter stalks, and the uppermost ones quite sessile, the
segments narrower and not contiguous. Flowers sub-solitary, ter-
minal, spheroidal, 1 to 1} inch in diameter, pale but clear yellow in
colour. Sepals roundish-obovate, very concave. Petals inconspi-
cuous, linear-strap-shaped, slightly widened upwards, with a long
claw at the base, at the junction of which with the flat lamina the
nectariferous pore is situated. Stamens very numerous. Head of
fruit consisting of several rows of very dark brown follicles. Follicles
indefinite, sub-cylindrical, curved, transversely wrinkled, furnished
on the back with a prominent keel, which is continued beyond the
truncate apex of the carpel in the form of a subulate beak or mucro,
consisting of the persistent style. Seeds numerous, finely punctate,
opaque, brownish black. Whole plant glabrous, bright green, the
under side of the leaves much paler, stem seldom producing more
than a single flower.

Globe Flower.

French, Zrolle Globuleuse. German, Die Kugelranunkel, Trollblume.

This genus was so called by Conrad Gesner, because of the sphere-like shape of the flower,
—from trol or trolen, an old German word signifying something round. ‘To ¢ro// or to
trundle, to sing or send something round, was a word in general use in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.

In common with the chief part of the family, the Globe Flower is acrid in its
qualities. The common people of Westmoreland, Scotland and Sweden consider it a
sort of festival flower, going in parties to gather it for the decoration of their doors and
apartments, as well as their persons. It is known in Scotland commonly as the
Lucken Gowan, i.e. cabbage daisy; and Allan Ramsay, the Scotch poet, in his pretty
little song beginning “O Katy, wilt ’u gang wi’ me?” says :—

“ We'll pull the daisies on the green,

The lucken gowans trae the bog;

Between whiles lowly we will lean
And rest upon the velvet fog.”

cr
Cr

RANUNCULACEA,

GENUS IX—ERANTHIS. Salisd.

Sepals 5 to 8, equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 to 8, much
shorter than the sepals, tubular, bilabiate, the exterior lip the
longest. Carpels 5 to 8 or more, in 1 whorl, stipitate, having the
ovules arranged inl row. follicles dehiscent, free, each having a
separate stalk. Seeds roundish, with a hard slightly-chagrined
testa. Flowers involucrate.

SPECIES I—ERANTHIS HYEMALIS. Salisb.
Puate XLIII.*

Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CI. Fig. 4714.
Helleborus hyemalis, Zinn. Sp. Pl. 783.

Petals with a filiform claw about equal to the tube. Involucre
of 2 leaves cut into narrowly oblong segments. Carpels on stalks
not half their own length. Styles about half the length of the
carpels, and not exceeding that of the stamens. Seeds 8 or more.

Naturalized in parks and thickets, but having no claim to be
considered truly indigenous. I have seen specimens from Wim-
bledon Park, Surrey ; Oakley Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire ;
Lanyar Plantations, Notts; Camp Hill, Yorkshire; and Stapen-
hill, Derbyshire. It has also been reported from Hertfordshire
and Craigmillar Castle, near Edinburgh.

[ England, Scotland.| Perennial. Early Spring.

Rhizome short, resembling a tuber, brownish black. Leaves all
radical, on long stalks, roundish in outline, tripartite, with the lateral
segments very deeply 2-cleft, and all cut into contiguous, oblong,
blunt lobes, which sometimes have a few blunt teeth near the apex.
Scapes naked, 3 to 9 inches high, terminated by a single erect
flower, surrounded by an involucre of 2 sessile bracts resembling the
leaves, but with the slightly reflexed segments fewer, broader: and
less ‘approximate. Flowers cup-shaped, 1 ‘inch or more across. Sepals
ovate-oblong, slightly concave, pale but clear yellow. Petals rather
shorter than the + stamens, with a long slender claw nearly equal in
length to the upper portion, which is a 2-lipped tube ; the outer lip
(which with the part of the tube of which it is a continuation repre-
sents the lamina of the petal) notched at the apex; the inner lip

* The Plate is from a drawing by Mr. J. FE. Sowerby, taken from Bot. Mag. No. 3,
corrected from dried specimens.

56 ENGLISIL BOTANY.

(which is much shorter than the other), together with the inner side
of the tube, is apparently a great development of the scale which so
frequently covers the nectary in the genus Ranunculus; and the
tubular form of the petal results from the adnation of the edges of
this enlarged scale to those of the limb of the petal. Follicles on
separate stalks, brownish, faintly wrinkled transversely, terminated
by the persistent styles, which form the beak or mucro at the apex
of the carpel, as in the genera Caltha and Trollius.

Common Winter Aconite.
French, Hranthis dHiver. German, Winterling.

The generic name of Eranthis is derived from np (er), the spring, and av@oc (anthos),
a flower, because the bright yellow blossoms appear in the early spring. The specific
name hyemalis signifies in Latin winterly. Its chief attraction is the early period of
the year at which it blossoms, when few other flowers are to be met with.

GENUS X—-HELLEBORUS. Linn.

Sepals 5, sub-equal, herbaceous, occasionally petaloid, persistent.
Petals 5 to 12, much shorter than the sepals, tubular, slightly
2-lipped or obliquely truncate at the apex. Carpels 3 to 10, in
1 whorl, sessile or sub-sessile, having the ovules arranged in 2 rows.
Follicles dehiscent at the apex, free or slightly adhering at the base,
sessile, or all on one common stalk when stipitate. Seeds witha hard
shining testa. Flowers not involucrate.

SPECIES I-HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS. Linn.
Puate XLIV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CI. Fig. 4718.

Stem few-flowered. Radical leaves pedate-digitate. Uppermost
bracts palmately divided, or cleft, or serrated. Sepals spreading,
scarcely concave. Petals as long as the stamens. Follicles sessile.

In woods and copses. Rare. It has been recorded from most
of the English counties, but in many of them is certainly intro-
duced, and in others only a doubtful native. I have seen it near
Sittingbourne, in Kent, in copses on the chalk, where I believe it
to be really indigenous ; and Professor Oliver is quoted in the Cybele

* The Plate is re-drawn from E, B. 200 by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, and a radical leaf
added by him,

Qn

RANUNCULACE. 7

Britannica as stating that the plant had “the appearance of a
native, certainly of a denizen,” near Arnside Knott, Westmoreland.

England. Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock a short oblique, blackish, fleshy rhizome. Stem erect,
striated, 1 foot to 18 inches high, Bleathed at the base, slightly
branched at the apex, bare of leaves from the base to the first
branch. Root leaves not fully developed until after the period of
flowering, on long stalks, with 3 or 5 sessile leaflets, of which the
lateral one on each side is deeply cleft, or divided into 2, 3, or 4
segments resembling the undivided central leaflets, which are
narrowly elliptical, ‘acuminate, with rather large serrations, and
sometimes a few small, pointed lobes. Lower stem leaves with short
semi-amplexicaul sheath-like petioles, the uppermost ones or bracts
sessile, cut or partite into segments like those of the radical leaves,
but fewer in number, and less acuminate ; sometimes the highest
bracts are undivided, being elliptical, with serrated edges. Flowers
terminating the branches, seldom more than 3 or 4 on each stem,
slightly drooping, 14 to 2 inches in diameter, pale yellowish green.
Sepals 5, oval- obtuse, or very shortly acuminate. Petals 9 to 12,
about two-thirds as long as the stamens, curved, the claw about
one-fourth the length of the whole, the outer lip very little longer
than the inner one, erose at the apex. Pistils usually 3, with styles
exceeding the stamens. Carpels sessile, slightly connate at their
base, sub-cylindrical, obliquely truncate at the apex, and tipped by
the persistent style, which forms a beak more than one-half the
length of the carpel. Whole plant glabrous, deep green, the leaves
shining above, paler beneath where the veins are prominent. Stems
annual,

Green Hellebore.

French, Hellébore Vert. German, Die Griine Niesswurz.

The generic name of this plant, from ey (elein), to injure, and /opa (bora), food,
indicates its poisonous qualities, and the specific name its green colour. The Hellebores
afforded the ancient practitioners of medicine quite a world of remedies to revel in. They
were called generally by the name veratrum, and were supposed to be most valuable
ingredients in medicine. Of the cathartic and powerful effect of the Black Hellebore
or Christmas Rose (Helleborus niger) there can be no doubt, although one
celebrated physician says he administered it six hundred times without offence.
It certainly requires great caution in its use; for its degree of acridity depends
much on heat, dryness and other external casualties. One judicious writer
observes: “It is nsed by venturesome quacks in decoction and coarse powder to
kill worms in the body, which it never faileth to do; where it killeth not the
patient, it would certainly kill the worms ; but the worst of it is, it will sometimes do
both.” The great hazard of such remedies being ignorantly employed, is seen from the
account of its effects when administered in doses not absolutely fatal : “ With some it
violently vomits and rendereth keartsick even to swooning ; and if through strength of

E

58 ENGLISH BOTANY.

nature they recover, some have lost their hair, and the nails from their fingers and toes,
and the scarf skin of the whole body has peeled off from head to foot thereby.” The Green
Hellebore grows in shady places, in groves, under trees, and children have been tempted
to put it in their mouths. At first the taste is warm and pungent, it then produces a
eold numbness, and the symptoms of many other vegetable poisons, so well described by
Shakespeare in “ Romeo and Juliet,” where the Friar tells Juliet what to expect when
she swallows the contents of his phial :—

“through all thy veins shall run
A cold and drowsy humour, which shall seize
Each vital spirit ; for no pulse shall keep
His natural progress, but surcease to beat :
No warmth, no breath shall testify thou livest ;
The roses in thy lips and cheek shall fade
To paly ashes ; thy eyes’ windows fall,
Like death, when he shuts up the day of life.”

Both this species and the following have been often used medicinally, instead of
the true ancient or Greek H. officinalis of Sibthorp and the H. niger.

SPECIES II—-HELLEBORUS FQTIDUS. Linn.
Pratt XLY.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IIL. an. Tab. CIIT. Fig. 4715.

Stem many-flowered. Lower leaves pedate. Uppermost bracts
entire. Sepals erect, concave. Petals shorter than the stamens.
Follicles on a short common stalk.

In woods and thickets. Rare, but recorded from most of the
English counties, in many of which, however, it is certainly not
indigenous. Dr. Bromfield considers it truly wild in the chalky
beech woods of Hampshire.

England. Perennial. Early Spring.

Rootstock oblique, black, woody. Stem smooth, 1 to 2 feet high,
leafy, the lower part marked by the scars where leaves have fallen
off, much branched in the upper portion. No radical leaves ; those
on the unbranched part of the stem evergreen, truly pedate, on
stalks expanded at the base. Segments very narrowly elliptical,
acute, serrated. Leaves at the base of the branches oblong, sheath-
like, with a few linear lobes at the apex. Flowers in small cymes,
which are combined so as to form a somewhat flat-topped or sub-
corymbose panicle. Bracts pale yellowish green, ovate-lanceolate,

* This plate has been re-drawn from FE. B. 613, with some corrections and the
addition of a radical leaf, by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

RANUNCULACE. 59

quite entire, or the lower ones slightly lobed at the apex. Flowers
numerous, drooping, about 1 inch in’ diameter. Sepals 5, shortly-
obovate, truncate or slightly emarginate, pale yellowish green, with
a dull purple border, connivent in flower, spreading i in fruit. Petals
about half as long as the stamens, claw very short, the inner lip a
little shorter than the outer, erosely toothed. Pistils usually 3, their
styles not exceeding the stamens. Carpels on a short stalk, slightly
connate at their base, leathery, wrinkled transversely, glandular,
the persistent style forming a beak scarcely one-third the length of
the carpel itself. Whole of the lower part of the plant elabrous,
upper portion glandular-pubescent ; unbranched part of the stem
perennial, leaves ever green, thick and leathery in texture, smooth
and shining above, paler below, with the mid-vein prominent.

This plant can scarcely be confounded with the last, as the
inflorescence is different, the individual flowers smaller and deeply
cup-shaped, instead of open and nearly flat; while the perrenial
stem furnished with pedate leaves will at all seasons distinguish this
from H. viridis. The odour is also much more disagreeably fcetid.

Stinking Hellebore, Bear’s-foot.
French, Hellébore Fétide, or Pied de Griffon. German, Die Stinkende Niesswurz.

Called Bear’s-foot from the shape of its leaves, and fetidus from its smell. It isa
powerful poison, and possesses the active properties of the genus even more strongly
than those which are recognized as medicines. At one time both this species and
H. viridis were admitted into the British Pharmacopeia, but great caution is necessary
in their administration.

SUB-TRIBE I—ISOPYREZ.

Leaves ternately or somewhat pinnately decompound. Flowers
regular, solitary, or arranged in irregular cymes.

GENUS XT.—AQUILEGIA. Linn.

Sepals 5, equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5, equal, with a
very short claw, above which the petal is produced into a hollow
funnel-shaped tube, passing backwards between the sepals, and
terminating in a spur more or less curved round towards the
peduncle. Interior stamens sterile, with membranous expanded
filaments applied to the ovary. Carpels 5, in one whorl, becoming
at maturity dehiscent follicles, slightly connate at the base

60 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I-AQUILEGIA VULGARIS. Lin.
Prate XLVI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et. Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CXIV. Fig. 4729.

Petals with the spurs hooked at the apex. Stamens a little
longer than the petals. Leaves biternate, with the leafiets 3-lobed,
crenate.

In woods, copses, and on banks, especially on a calcareous soil.
Reported from many of the English and a few of the Scotch coun-
ties, but probably introduced in many of these localities. I have
seen it in chalky copses in Kent and Surrey in places where there
could be no doubt of its being truly indigenous. Dr. Bromfield
considered it also truly native in the Isle of Wight; Mr. H. C.
Watson in Cumberland, and Mr. Gutch in Annandale, Dumfries-
shire. J have likewise found it in several places in Scotland, as
far north as Clackmannanshire, but only where it has originally been
planted, or escaped from cultivation.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock thick and fleshy, brownish black, generally branched.
Stem erect, 18 inches to 3 feet high, one only produced from each
branch or head of the rootstock, clothed at the base with the
fibrous remains of decayed leaf-stalks, slightly branched in the
upper portion. Radical leaves numerous, stalked, with the base
of the stalks dilated, biternate, the secondar y leaflets about as broad
as long, irregularly 3-lobed, the lobes with a few large crenatures ;
stem leaves few, on much shorter stalks ; the uppermost ones or
bracts quite sessile, with 3 narrow lobes. Flowers terminating the
stem and branches, arranged in an irregular corymbose cyme ;
flower drooping or pendulous, 13 to 2 inches in diameter, generally
blue in the truly native plant, but occasionally white, reddish, or
purple, in which cases it may be suspected to be of garden origin.
Sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute, similar in texture and colour to the
petals. Limb of the petal oblong-truncate, nearly as long as the
tubular spur, the extremity of which is sharply ‘curved. Inner
sterile filaments much broader than the external fertile ones, white,
with the edges elegantly crimped. Anthers yellow. Styles longer
than the anthers. Carpels with short hairs, cylindrical, tipped by

* The Plate, E. B. 297, required so much correction, that Mr. J. E. Sowerby has
made a new drawing for the present edition. This drawing is chiefly from the old
Plate, but with the various inaccuracies avoided, and the fruit added from dried Kentish
specimens.

RANUNCULACES. GL

the persistent style. Stem, leaf-stalks, and peduncles generally hairy.
Leaves glabrous, light green, slightly glaucous, on the upper side
much more so, with the veins transparent.

Common Columbine.
French, Ancolie, Gants de Notre Dame. German, Die Akelei, Narrenkappe.

The generic name comes from agui/a, an eagle, to the claws of which the nectaries
bear some resemblance. The English name from colwmba, a dove, from a fancied
likeness to this bird. The beauty of the blossoms of this fanciful and pretty plant has
long introduced it into our flower-borders. Cultivation produces various colours, and
the flowers become double in several ways. The form of the nectary seems to bid detiance
to the bee in search of honey; but the sagacity of this wonderful insect is not to be
defeated, for, according to Dr. Withering, on finding that he cannot enter, he penetrates
both calyx and corolla, near the dépét of the sweet treasure, and thus extracts it without
further difficulty. In Brown’s “ British Pastorals” we have it recorded that in former
times a Columbine was the insignia of deserted lovers, but how this originated does not
appear :-—

“The Columbine, by lonely wand’rer taken,
Ts then ascribed to such as are forsaken.”

The whole plant used to be recommended medicinally, but it belongs to a suspicious
Natural Order, and Linnzus asserts that children have lost their lives by taking an over
dose of it.

SUB-TRIBE IIL—DELPHINEA.,

Leaves palmately nerved, or palmately cut or divided. Flowers
uregular, generally racemose.

GENUS XTIT—DELPHINIUM. Linn.

Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous, the upper one produced backwards
into a conical spur, the others without spurs. Corolla of 4 petals,
either all united together and prolonged backwards into a spur
which is contained within the hollow spur of the upper sepal, or of
4 free petals, when the two upper have spurs contained in that of
the jpper sepal, while the two lateral ones are without spurs.
Carpels 1 or 3 to 6, sessile, becoming at maturity dehiscent follicles,
not connate at the base.

Annual or perennial, erect, branched herbs, with alternate pal-
mately-lobed or -cut leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes, which
are simple or combined in panicles.

Sus-Genus I.—PHLEDINIUM. Spach.

Petals united. Carpels solitary.

62 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I-DELPHINIUM AJACIS. Reich.
Puate XLVII. (A.)*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. TV. Ran. Tab. LXVIT. Fig. 4670.

Baker, in Proceedings of the Thirsk Nat. Hist. Soc., Phytologist, New Series, 1858,
p. 376.

Gay, in Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 46. Boreaw, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii.
Vol. II. p. 25.

D. Consolida, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 12. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 13.
Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 66. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i, No. 1839; Eng. Fl.
Vol. IIT. p. 30. (Non Linn.)

D. Consolida 3, pubescens, Lowe, Fl. of Madeira, p. 7.

Racemes generally elongated, arranged in a loose panicle.
Carpels pubescent. Follicle downy, oblong, cylindrical, obliquely
truncate at the apex, the persistent style about one-sixth the length
of the carpel. Seeds with continuous waved ridges. Lower bracts
cut into linear divisions.

Cornfields. Rare. It has been long established as a weed
in Cambridgeshire, ‘ but is now disappearing through improved
farming” (Bab.). It occurs as a straggler in various other
counties, even as far north as Edinburgh, but does not appear to
be permanently naturalized except in Cambridgeshire.

England, [Scotland]. Annual. Summer.

Stem solitary, slightly branched, branches ascending. Leaves
multifid, the lower ones stalked, the upper sessile. Segments short,
linear. Racemes 4- to 16-flowered, terminating the stem and
branches. Lowest bracts resembling the leaves, but smaller, and with
fewer segments ; uppermost bracts entire. Pedicels ascending-patent,
about as long as the lowest and much longer than the upper bracts,
elongating a little after flowering, with two small entire bractioles
near the middle of each. Flowers about 1 inch in diameter, the
spur 2 inch long, curved upwards. Sepals rhomboid - spatulate,
with slender claws, bright French blue, more rarely white or pink,
paler on the outside. Petals combined into a monopetalous corolla,
open on the lower side, pale purplish blue, with a few dark lines ;
the two upper lobes darker blue, longer and much narrower than
the lateral ones. Follicle about $ inch long, cylindrical, oblong, a
little wider about one-third from the base, olive, downy. Seeds
nearly black, surrounded by numerous, closely-placed, thin, mem-

* The Plate (D. Consolida), E. B. 1839, is retained as a good figure of D. Ajacis. The,

sapsule and seed are added from a Cambridgeshire specimen.

RANUNCULACE. 63

branous, waved, transverse ridges. Whole plant dull green, finely
pubescent.

This plant has usually been considered by British writers as
D. Consolida (Linn.). Mr. Baker was the first to draw attention to
the fact that it was not that common Continental species. It
is certainly the D. Ajacis of Reichenbach, Gay, and most of the
Continental authors; but D. Ajacis of the Linnzean Herbarium
is the D. orientale of Gay and Continental authors. Strictly
speaking, D. orientale ought therefore to bear the name of Ajacis,
and the present species receive a new specific appellation. As,
however, the three plants are well known on the Continent by the
names D. Consolida, D. Ajacis, and D. orientale, it is much better
to continue to use these names than to introduce alterations and
thereby cause confusion.

Branching Larkspur.
French, La Dauphinelle, Pied d’ Alouette. German, Der Rittersporn.

The name of the genus is derived from ced (delphin), a dolphin, on account of
the nectaries of the plant bearing a resemblance to imaginary figures of the dolphin.
The specific name is said to have arisen from the fancy that the form of the letters
A J A may be traced in the lines on the petals of the flower. This plant belongs to
the same genus as the Stavesacre (D. Staphisagria) of our gardens, and contains the
same active principle, which, when extracted, is known as delphinia. It is an irritant
poison, and produces the same effects on the system as veratrine.

SPECIES I1—DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA. Linn.
Puate XLVII. (B.)*
Reich, Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. 1V. Ran. Tab. LX VI. Fig. 4669.

Racemes very short, arranged in a sub-corymbose manner.
Carpels glabrous. Follicle glabrous, ovoid, rather abruptly truncate
at the apex. Style one-half to one-third as long as the rest of the
carpel. Seeds with interrupted waved ridges.

Cornfields in the Channel Islands. Probably only a casual
straggler ; but I possess a specimen gathered in Jersey by Dr.
Dickson, and sent by him to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,
from which I received it. (D. Ajacis is not unfrequent in Jersey.)

[Channel Islands.] Annual. Summer.

Very similar to the last, but more branched, and the branches
shorter and spreading. Leaves with narrower segments. Bracts

* A small portion of the Jersey specimen has been drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby,
and given in a corner of the plate of D. Ajacis.

G4 ENGLISH BOTANY.

shorter, and all entire. Carpel quite glabrous, reddish brown,
about half as long as that of C. Ajacis, and much more abruptly
truncate at the apex. Style longer. Seeds with the transverse
ridges broken up into rows of scales.
Wild Larkspur.
French, Dauphinelle des Champs. German, Feld-Rittersporn.

The specific name comes from the Latin word consolido, to make sound.
‘he expressed juice of the petals mixed with a little alum makes a tolerable blue
ink. The seeds partake of the acrid and poisonous qualities of the genus. Portions of
the plant are said to enter into the composition of those French cosmetics which are so
detrimental to the skin. It was formerly admitted into the European Pharmacopeias.

GENUS XT77.—ACONITUM. Linn.

Sepals 5, unequal, petaloid, deciduous, the uppermost one
helmet-shaped, the others slightly concave, the lowest pair the
narrowest. Petals 2 to 5, the two upper included within the
helmet-shaped sepal, with very long stalk-like claws, the lamina of
the petal much shorter than the claw, with the inner surface of
which it forms an acute angle, the base produced backwards into a
more or less recurved hollow spur, which appears a continuation of
the claw; the three lower petals very small, resembling abortive
stamens, frequently obsolete. Carpels 3 to 5, sessile, becoming at
maturity dehiscent follicles, not connate at the base.

Perennial herbaceous plants, with enlarged fleshy fusiform
tubers, composed of root and rootstock combined into one, increas-
ing by giving off short, thick, lateral shoots, at the extremity of
which a new tuber is produced similar to the parent one. Stem
erect, with alternate, palmately-lobed or -cut leaves. Racemes
terminal, simple, or combined in panicles.

SPECIES I—ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Linn.
Pratt XLVIIL*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. LXXVI. & LXXVIL; also Tab.
LXXXVIII. to XCIX. Fig. 4694 to 4710.

Raceme very long, simple, or slightly branched at the base.
Helmet-sepal arched, with a peak in front. Upper petals with the

* The plate given is E. B. 2730, with the figure of the root added by Mr. J. E.
Sowerby.

RANUNCULACE. 65

stalk or claw curved, lamina nearly horizontal, recurved at the free
apex ; spur short, slightly recurved, forming a rounded knob at the
apex of the claw ; lower petals often absent. Carpels divergent
when young.

In shady places by the banks of streams. Rare, but apparently
wild in Somerset ; Denbigh ; near Leominster, Herefordshire ; near
Newton, Devon; and in Monmouthshire. It also occurs in other
localities, where its adventitious origin is almost certain.

England, [Scotland]. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn.

Root black, sending up a single stem, which is from 2 to 3 feet
high. Leaves alternate, on short stalks slightly dilated at the base,
pentagonal in outline, palmately 3- or 5-partite, with the segments
deeply cut, or having narrow projecting lobes. Raceme terminal,
simple, or with a few branches at the base. Bracts small. Bracteoles
near the flower, entire. Pedicels erect, downy, bearing dark pur-
plish-blue, horizontal flowers, 1 to 1} inch in their greatest diameter.
Helmet compressed, semicircular, crescent-shaped in profile. Lateral
sepals roundish-obovate, lowest ones lanceolate. Filaments dilated at
the base. Anthers blackish green. Pistils 3, usually at first diverg-
ing. Follicles fuscous, connivent, about # inch long, sub-cylindrical,
truncate at the apex, tipped by the persistent style, which forms a
beak about one-third the length of the rest of the carpel. Seeds
nearly black, with an uneven spongy testa. Plant slightly hairy.
Leaves dark green, shining above, much paler beneath. Sepals and
carpels slightly hairy. The two upper petals may be compared to
those of Aquilegia, if we suppose the latter to have claws much
elongated and arched.

A very variable species, containing several sub-species, which,
however, pass insensibly into each other, and of which no satisfac-
tory characters have yet been given.

Common Wolfsbane, Aconite, or Monkshood.

French, Aconit. German, Hisenhut, Sturmhut.

Tlfe generic name of this plant is variously supposed to be derived from axovrioy
(akontion), a dart, because used by barbarous nations to poison their arrows; or from axovn
(akone), cliffy, rocky, because the species grow in rocky places. The specific name Napellus
signifies a little turnip, in allusion to the shape of its roots. This species of Aconite is
very generally cultivated in gardens. Doubts are entertained as to the identity of the
species first used in medicine by Stéreck, a German physician, in 1762. The London
Pharmacopeeia recognizes our present species Napellus as the one from which all tinctures
and extracts are to be prepared. All the species of the genus contain an active principle
known by the name of aconitine, one of the most formidable poisons which haye yet
been discovered. It is combined in the plant with an organic acid called aconitie
scid, and exists in all parts of the plant, but especially in the roots. The smallest

K

66 ENGLISH BOTANY.

portion of either root or leaves when first put into the mouth occasions burning and
tingling, and a sensation of numbness immediately follows its continuance. So deadly
are its effects, that 2,th of a grain of aconitine will kill a sparrow in a few minutes ;
and the tenth part of a grain introduced into the cellular tissue of a rabbit killed the
animal in five minutes. It is even more powerful than pure prussic acid, and acts with
tremendous rapidity. Dr. Roupell states that -4>th of a grain will act locally, so as
to produce a well-marked sensation in a part for a whole day. Fearful results have
very frequently followed the accidental administration of this deadly substance, for which
no certain antidote has yet been discovered. As a medicine it is supposed to be valuable,
if cautiouslv given, to diminish the activity of the nervous system, and to subdue the
action of the heart; as also in external applications, to allay the pain of neuralgia. The
root has occasionally been mistaken for horseradish, and has been eaten accordingly
with fatal results ; it is, however, shorter, darker, and more fibrous than horseradish.
Dr. Taylor, in his work on Poisons, mentions cases where the leaves have produced
similar terrible effects. The best method of proceeding, in cases of poisoning by
Aconite, is to empty the stomach immediately by an emetic of mustard, or the stomach-
pump, and then to administer animal charcoal as speedily as possible. Warm water
should be plentifully given, and afterwards spirits of sal volatile, brandy, and coffee.
Some species of Aconite were known to the ancients, and the Aconitum lycoctonum
of Linnzeus appears to be the ’Axdviroy AvKdKrovoy (Aconiton lucoctonon) of Dioscorides,
It was a species of Aconite that entered as an ingredient into the poison which
the old men of Ceos were condemned to drink when they became infirm, and is also
supposed to be the poison alluded to in the fable of the cup which Medea prepared for
Theseus. There is considerable uncertainty as to the action and strength of prepara-
tions of Aconite in the form of tinctures. In a case related in Cormack’s Ydinburgh
Journal, April, 1844, a man recovered in three days, having taken upwards of ten
drachms of the tincture ; while a late physician at Birmingham is reported to have
died from the effects of not more than eighty drops taken in a period of four days.
Dr. Pereira informs us that he has known general numbness produced in hysterical
females by a dose of only five minims of a carefully prepared tincture. Recently there
have been in private circles distressing cases of almost sudden death succeeding the
accidental swallowing of a few drachms of tincture of Aconite for another and harmless
medicine, owing to careless placing of the bottles, and the absence of any distinctive mark
on the bottle containing this deadly poison, No precaution can be too great to take
when we have such powerful and terrible agents to deal with. It has been observed that
various species of Aconite possess the same narcotic properties as A. Napellus ; but none
of them equal in energy the A. ferox of the Kast Indies, the root of which is prevalently
used there as an energetic poison, under the name of Bikh or Nabee. Any method
of testing for the presence of Aconite in a suspected substance is very difficult ; but
Dr. Christison observes that its remarkable taste, which is at first bitter, but afterwards
gives rise to numbness and tingling of the lips, will enable the analyst to distinguish it
from other vegetable poisons. Another mode of testing is suggested by Dr. Pereira:
the poisonous extract when applied to the eye produces contraction of the pupil.

SUB-TRIBE IV.—_CIMICIFUGES.

Leaves ternately or pinnately decompound. Flowers regular,
racemose.

RANUNCULACE®. 67

GENUS XIV.—ACT AA. Linn.

Sepals 3 to 5, sub-equal, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 4 to 10,
small, flat, spatulate, with slender claws. Carpel 1, with numerous
ovules. Fruit a berry, containing smooth, flattish seeds.

Perennial herbs, with a rhizome sending up erect stems. Leaves
alternate, ternately bi- or tri-pinnate. Flowers small, in short
racemes.

SPECIES I—ACTAA SPICATA. Linn.
Pratt XLIX.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CXXI. Fig. 4739.

Raceme oblong. Pedicels about as long as the flower, slightly
thickened in fruit. Berry purplish-black when ripe.

In woods in the North of England, but very local, occurring
near Scarborough and at Ingleborough, in Yorkshire ; and is also
stated to grow in the Lake district, near Ambleside and Ulswater.
Naturalized at Cleish Castle, in Kinross-shire.

England, [Scotland]. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock a short blackish rhizome. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet
high, simple, seldom branched, bearing 1 to 4 stalked leaves, which
are twice or thrice ternately pinnate, with ovoid or sub-rhomboidal
leaflets, 1 to 38 inches long, regularly lobed and deeply serrate.
Stipules adnate, with short, free, rounded auricles. Peduncle
pubescent, terminal; but occasionally there are shorter ones from
the axils of the upper leaves. Raceme 1 to 2 inches long, compact
while in flower, lengthening and becoming more lax as the fruit
ripens. Pedicels pubescent, ascending in flower, patent or divaricate
in fruit. Sepals 4, whitish, oval, blunt, concave. Petals much
smaller than the sepals, spatulate or oblanceolate, the slender claw
nearly as long as the limb; sometimes absent. Filaments dilated in
the upper part. Berry shortly ovoid, } inch long, at length black.
Flowers scarcely } inch across. Plant dark green, glabrous, slightly
pubescent.

Baneberry, Herb Christopher.

French, Actée en Hpi. German, Schwarzwurz.

The generic name comes from axry (akte), the Greek name of the Elder, which these
plants much resemble in foliage and fruit. The odour of this plant is powerfully disagree-

* The Plate is E. B. 918, with the fruit added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

68 ENGLISH BOTANY.

able ; toads are, however, said to enjoy it, and to seek for it. The berries are black
and poisonous ; their juice, with alum, yields a black dye. It is supposed by some tha-
the root has properties which render it valuable in medicine, but it should be administ
tered with the greatest caution if at all,

Tring V.—PHONIE.

Sepals imbricated, persistent, sometimes foliaceous. Petals
large. Carpels surrounded by a disk. Follicles 2 to 5, many
seeded. Herbs or shrubs with radical and alternate leaves twice
or thrice ternately pinnate.

GENUS XV—PAONIA. Linn.

Sepals 5, unequal, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 5 to 10, very
large, without a distinct claw or nectariferous pore. Carpels 2 to 5,
surrounded by a more or less developed fleshy disk. Follicles often
woolly, containing numerous large brightly-coloured seeds.

Large perennial herbs or shrubs, with solitary, showy flowers.

SPECIES I—PAHIONTIA CORALLINA. Retz.
Piatt L.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IV. Ran. Tab. CX XVIII. Fig. 4745.

Stem simple, herbaceous. Leaflets oval or elliptical, entire.
Petals broadly obovate. Stigmas recurved. Follicles diverging
when ripe.

Naturalized on the rocky cliffs of Steep Holmes Island, at the
mouth of the river Severn, and said to have once been abundant
there ; but it is now become very scarce. It is also reported from
a few other places,—as near the ‘‘ Rocks,” Bath, and at Kildale
Woods, Cleveland, Yorkshire, “ probably on the site of an old
garden.”—(Sup. to Fl. of Yorkshire.)

[England.] Perennial. Summer.
Rootstock producing thickened, fleshy, sessile or stalked carrot-

shaped tubers. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 1-flowered. Leaves stalked,
ternate, the divisions again ternate or pinnate, with 2 pairs of

* The Plate is FE. B. 1513, unaltered.

RANUNCULACE. 69

leaflets and an odd one; uppermost leaves resembling one of the
leaflets of the lower ones ; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long. Flower
about 4 inches in diameter. Calyx with 1 or 2 of the sepals resem-
bling one of the leaflets. Petals crimson. Filaments crimson, with
yellow anthers. Pistils covered with whitish wool. Stigmas crimson,
hooked, or even coiled. Follicles about 14 inch long, very woolly,
spreading horizontally. Plant nearly glabrous. Leaves dark green
above, glaucous beneath.

Entire-leaved Male or Coral Peony.

French, Pivoine Coralline. German, Lichtrose.

This genus of plants is said to have been named after the physician Paeon, immor-
talized for having cured Pluto and other gods of wounds received during the Trojan
War, it is said, with the aid of this plant. The Peony is a common garden plant, and
is very showy and handsome with its rich-coloured flowers when well placed. In its
wild native haunts it is peculiarly attractive. Dr. Withering says: “Few aquatic excur-
sions can prove more interesting to the naturalist than a sail through the romantic pass
of St. Vincent’s Rocks to the Holmes Islands. The Steep Holmes represents the rugged
truncated apex of a submarine mountain, whose abruptly precipitous sides are only
accessible at one proper landing-place. Amid the shelving rocks and loose shingly
stones, at an elevation of 100 feet,

‘There ye may see the Peony spread wide.’ ”

It seems almost peculiar to this locality, and the supposition would be that it has
been introduced from some wrecked vessel, or that it must have escaped from some
neighbouring garden ; but tradition recognizes its existence for so many years in this
spot, that it would be difficult to trace its origin. The superstitions connected with the
Peony are very numerous. In ancient times it was supposed to be of divine origin, an
emanation from the moon, and to shine during the night, protecting shepherds and the
harvest from injury, driving away evil spirits, and averting tempests. Josephus speaks
of the Peony as a wonderful and curious plant. He says, according to Gerarde, that
to pluck it up by the roots will “cause danger to he that touches it; therefore a string
must be fastened to it in the night, and a hangry dog tied thereto, who, being allured
by the smell of roasted flesh set towards him, may pluck it up by the roots.” Pliny
and Theopkrastus assert that “of necessity it must be gathered in the night; for if any
man shall pluck of the fruit in the daytime, being seen of the woodpecker, he is in
danger to lose his eyes.” Gerarde, with discernment superior to his time, adds: “ But
all these things be most vaine and frivolous, for the root of Peionie may be remoyed at
any time of the yeare, day, or houre whatsoever.” Still, although he disallows the
superstitions connected with the gathering of the plant, he believes in its medical virtues,
and gives a long list of ailments and diseases for which it is a sovereign remedy. The
seeds have been strung and worn round the neck as an ornament, from their beautiful
red colour, and frequently not without reference to cabalistic purposes as a protection
against evil spirits. At the present day necklaces are made of small beads carved from
the root of the Peony, and sold in respectable chemists’ shops, to be worn round the
necks of young children, when cutting their teeth, as “anodyne necklaces.” Can we
be severe on the follies of our ancestors when such superstitions linger in our own

day ?

70 ENGLISH BOTANY.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

RANUNCULUS ALPESTRIS. Linn.
E. B. 2390.

Said by the late Mr. George Don to occur * by little rills and
among rocks on the mountains of Clova,” Forfarshire. Though
these mountains have been carefully examined, this conspicuous
plant has been seen by no other collector; and no doubt Mr. Don
made some mistake in thinking he found it there-—(See Watson’s
*‘ Cybele Britannica,” Vol. I. p. 82.)

RANUNCULUS GRAMINEUS. Lin.
E. B. 2306.
* Brought from North Wales by Mr. Pritchard ;” according
to Withering, no doubt through mistaking R. Flammula for this
species.

ORDER II—BERBERIDACEA.

Herbs or shrubs with radical or alternate simple or compound
leaves, generally without stipules. Flowers usually perfect, regular.
Sepals and petals in 2 or more whorls, with 2 or 3 in each whorl,
very caducous. Stamens definite, 4 to 6 (rarely more), in 2 rows,
opposite the petals, hypogynous, generally free. Anthers erect,
with the cells extrorsely adnate or lateral, opening by valves
detaching themselves from the base upwards, or more rarely by
longitudinal clefts. Ovary free, consisting of a single 1-celled
carpel (rarely of several distinct carpels). Stigma sessile or sub-
sessile, dilated, peltate or conical. Ovules 2 or more, anatropous,
with the raphe ventral. Fruit an indehiscent berry, with 1 or
many seeds, or (more rarely) resembling a capsule, dehiscent or
indehiscent. Embryo straight or gently curved, with the radicle
pointing towards the hilum. Albumen copious, between fleshy
and horny.

Most authors confine the Berberidaceze to the species in which
the anthers open by valves; but Bentham and Hooker, in their

BERBERIDACE®. 71

. Genera Plantarum,” include in this order the Lardizabalez and
the genera Nandina and Podophyllum, in which the anthers open
by slits in the usual way.

GENUS TI—BERBERIS. Linn.

Sepals deciduous, petaloid, 9, in 38 whorls, those in the outer
whorl (bracteoles ?) much smaller than the others, those in the
inner whorls spreading. Petals 6, in two rows, generally a little
smaller than the sepals, most usually concave and connivent, com-
monly with 2 glands near the base. Stamens 6. Anthers with 2
valves opening upwards. Pistil solitary, with a peltate stigma.
Ovules few, erect, growing from the base of the carpel. Berry
indehiscent, usually 2-seeded. Embryo large.

Shrubs with yellow wood and pinnate leaves; the leaflets
reduced to 1 and the primary leaves to spines in some species ;
leaflets spinously serrate. Flowers yellow, in racemes, or rarely
solitary.

SPECIES I—-BERBERIS VULGARIS. Linn.
Prate LI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4486.

Primary leaves reduced to trifurcate spines ; secondary leaves
in fascicles, produced from the axil of the spines, simple, sub-
sessile, obovate-elliptical, margin serrate, with the teeth terminating
in small spines. Racemes pendulous. Berries oblong-ovoid.

In hedges and thickets. Rather frequent. A doubtful native
in Scotland.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Shrub. Early Summer.

Stems woody, much branched, 3 to 6 feet high, with ash-coloured
bark. Primary leaves on the woody shoots transformed into tri-
furcate spines with an enlarged base, the spines on the upper part
of the branch often simple ; ‘secondary leaves in fascicles from the
axils of the spines, elliptical-obovate, tapering at the base into a
short footstalk, finely serrate, with the serratures terminated by
short cartilaginous spines or bristles ; leaves of the barren shoots of
the year alternate, presenting various gradations from leaves into

* The Plate is re-drawn from E. B. 49, with corrections by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

72 ENGLISH BOTANY.

spines, into which they become transformed in succeeding years.
Racemes produced from the fascicles of secondary leaves, pendulous,
shortly-stalked, exceeding the leaves. Bracts much shorter than
the pedicels, triangular, acute, keeled. Flowers about } inch across.
Sepals ovate, in 8 whorls alternate with each other; those in the
outermost whorl (bracteoles ?) acute ; in the second, about twice as
long and obtuse ; in the innermost of all the longest, about equal
to the petals. Petals concave, connivent, obovate, yellow, with 2
orange glands at the base. Stamens lying in the concavity of the
petals until the the filament is touched on the inner side, when they
instantly spring up and take a position closely applied to the pistil.
Anthers with 2 circular valves, which open upwards, and when in
this state resemble auricles at the top of the anther. Pistil with a
large discoid stigma, broader than the ovary. Berries } inch long,
oblong, very slightly curved, orange with one side red, or entirely
red.

A smooth, bushy shrub, with pale-green, thin, deciduous leaves.
Flowers with a faint pleasant odour. ‘The fruit and also the leaves
have an agreeable acid flavour.

Common Barberry.
French, Eipine Vinette. German, Sauerdorn.

Berberys is the Arabic name of the fruit, and SepBepu (berberu) in Greek signifies a
pearl-oyster. Many authors believe the name is derived from this word, because the
leaves are glossy, like an oyster shell; and Bochart says the same word is derived from a
Pheenician word, barar, which expresses the brilliancy of a shell, alluding to their shining
leaves. The leaves of the Barberry are pleasantly acid, and the flowers, although not
of an agreeable scent when very near, are by no means offensive at a distance. The
berries are very aeid, so much so that birds will not eat them ; when boiled with sugar,
however, they form a very agreeable preserve, and as a garnish, when ripe, they are much
admired for their bright colour and delicate form. Their sensibly astringent properties
were sure to secure for them a medicinal reputation, in an age when remedies were mul-
tiplied for every disorder, and faith was still unshaken in the power of medicine. We are
informed that the Egyptians still employ them in pestilential fevers, and Simon Paulli
relates that he was cured of a malignant fever by using these berries macerated in
water and drinking it. Woodville, in his “ Medical Botany,” recommends an infusion
of Barberries as a beneficial drink in fevers; but it is very certain that they have no
virtue beyond that of any acid fruit, whose sharpness communicated to the water
renders it a pleasant beverage. Gerarde recommends the leaves “to season meat with,
and instead of a salad.” ‘The roots are bitter and astringent, and if boiled in lye will
dye wool yellow. In Poland, leather is dyed of a beautiful yellow colour in this way.
An infusion of the roots in wine or beer is purgative, and is said to be good in the
jaundice. In many parts of Europe a certain injurious property is attributed to this
shrub, which, however, is not substantiated by recent observations. Farmers and
others have asserted that wheat planted near a Barberry-bush seldom arrives at
perfection or fills in the ear. Its influence in this respect is supposed to extend to
some three or four hundred yards, The villazye of Rollesby, in Norfolk, where Bar-
berries abound, and wheat seldom succeeds, is known by the appellation of Mildew

BERBERIDACE. 73

Rollesby. The reason of this apparent blight on wheat in certain situations, and its
connection with the Barberry-bushes in the neighbourhood, has puzzled many observers.
Some attribute it to the farina of the Barberry, which is yellow, and resembles in
some degree the appearance of rust; and others have suggested that a little yellow
fungus which attacks the leaves of the Barberry may spread to the ears of wheat.
More recent Botanists have remarked that insects of various kinds are remarkably fond
of the flowers of the Barberry, and in this way the pollen may be conveyed to other
plants, and produce the appearance of mildew; or it is said that the Aucidium Berberidis,
its particular fungus, may generate the dust which, carried from the bush by the wind
and lighting on the wheat, gives rise to Puccinia, a minute fungus, which closes up the
pores of the leaves, and produces the rust or mildew. M. Broussonet, the celebrated
French naturalist, who directed his attention particularly to agriculture, assured Sir
J. E. Smith that the report of the ill effects caused by the proximity of Barberries to
corn-fields is, from his own observation, totally void of foundation.

GENUS IT—EPIMEDIUM. Linn.

Sepals deciduous, petaloid, 8, in 2 whorls, those in the outer
whorl smaller and less coloured. Petals 4, extremely concave, the
concavity produced so as to form a hollow conical cup, deeper than
wide, and attached by the lower edge of the lip; sepals and petals
opposite. Stamens 4; anthers with 2 valves opening upwards.
Carpel solitary. Style reaching to the top of the stamens, with a
small discoid stigma. Ovules numerous, in 2 rows along the
ventral suture. Fruit membranous, irregularly ovoid, tipped by
the terminal style, splitting into two valves, of which the inner one
isthe smaller. Seeds large, oblong, with the raphe much enlarged
at the base. Embryo slightly curved.

Herbs with a creeping rhizome. Leaves radical, or on the short
stem, biternate, ternate, or pinnate.

SPECIES I—EPIMEDIUM ALPINUM. Linn.
Prate LIT.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4485.
Stem leaves 1 or 2, biternate. Leaflets ovate, heart-shaped.
Sepals ovate, rather acute. Style a little overtopping the anthers.

Naturalized in a few places in the North of England and Scot-
land; Bingley Woods, Yorkshire; on Carrick Fell and Skiddaw,

* The Plate is E. B. 438, with the dissections corrected and the fruit added by
Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
L

74 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Cumberland; Westmoreland; Mugdoch Castle, near Glasgow ;
and Cleish Castle, Kinross-shire. I possess specimens collected by
Mr. W. H. Campbell at “Saline, Fife ;’’ but as Saline is very near
Cleish, it may be the same locality as the previous.

[England, Scotland]. Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock creeping, branched, scaly at the tips of the divisions,
which produce either stems or radical leaves, but not both toge-
ther from the same point. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, with
1 or 2 leaves above the middle. Leaves stalked, biternate ; leaflets
stalked, 14 to 3 inches long, ovate-acuminate, very faintly serrated,
the serratures terminating in short bristles ; base cordate, with the
lobes equal in the terminal leaflet of each triad; unequal, having
the outer lobe much the larger in the two lateral ones. Peduncle
terminal, but appearing to he lateral, as the leaf-stalk rather than
the peduncle seems to be a continuation of the stem. Flowers
about inch in diameter, drooping in a lax panicle with short lateral
branches. Sepals brownish-purple, the two whorls, one directly
within the other, spreading in the form of a cross. Petals (nec-
taries of many authors) yellow, lying within the sepals, and rather
shorter than those of the nS whorl. Stamens 4 in number,
connivent. Fruit ovoid, about + inch long. Seeds rather few,
large, oblong-ovoid, maroon colour, the enlarged raphe resembling
an arillus. Leaves pale green, glabrous. Peduncle and pedicels
with scattered spreading reddish hairs terminating in glands, and
there is also a small tuft of similar hairs in the axils of the forks of
the petiole.

This plant is usually described as destitute of radical leaves,
which probably means that there are no leaves produced at the
base of the stem, for the branches of the rhizome which do not
produce stems certainly send up radical leaves. These cannot be
considered as barren stems terminating in a leaf, as the base of the
leaf-stalk on the flowering stems is furnished with small purplish-
brown stipules with free “auricles, and there is nothing similar to
this to be found on the stalks of the root-leaves w hich might lead
us to consider their leaf-stalk composed partly of stem and partly
of petiole.

Alpine Barren Wort.

French, Le Chapeau @ Bvéque. German, Bischofsmitze

The generic name is derived from ext (epi), upon, and Media. Itis said by Dioscovides
to grow in Media, in Asia Minor.

NYMPIUMACEA. f (3)

ORDER I11—NYMPHAACE A.

Aquatic herbs with submerged rhizomes, sending up leaves and
1-flowered scapes, or more rarely swimming leafy branches. Leaves
peltate or cordate at the base, usually floating, more rarely rising
out of the water. In some species there are membranous sub-
merged leaves, as well as floating ones of a thick, firm texture.
Flowers generally floating. Sepals 4 or 5, more rarely 3 or 6.
Petals usually numerous, but sometimes only 3. Stamens in-
definite, rarely definite, free and hypogynous, or more or less
attached to the disk, which often includes the carpels, so that the
stamens become even epigynous, and various intermediate forms
occur between the two; anthers erect, adnate, opening by longi-
tudinal slits. Carpels usually numerous, rarely only 3, generally
more or less embedded in and surrounded by an expansion of the
torus ; or united with it, so as to form a many-celled, superior, half-
superior, or inferior compound ovary; more rarely quite free and
distinct, merely placed upon the torus. Styles sometimes united
by their edges so as to form a disk: stigmas adnate to the
styles, radiating or forming an interrupted ring; distinct where
the carpels are free or separately imbedded in the torus. Ovules
orthotropous, numerous, attached to the partitions of the carpels,
or solitary and pendulous from the apex of the carpel. Fruit
indehiscent, often more or less fleshy or spongy. Seeds albuminous
(except in Nelumbium), frequently with a fleshy arillus. Embryo
near the hilum of the seed, enclosed in a vitellus, which separates
it from the farinaccous albumen.

Mr. Bentham and Dr. Hooker judiciously combine with the
order Nymphzeaceze as generally received, the Cabombex and
Nelumbonez, which do not differ from it more than the various
sub-orders of Rosaceze do from each other.

GENUS I—NYMPHAIA. Linn.

Sepals 4, persistent, inserted nearly at the base of the torus.
Petals numerous, in several rows, passing gradually into stamens,
and with them inserted into the torus which surrounds the carpel.
Exterior stamens with petaloid filaments, and the anther lobes on
their inner faces shorter than those of the interior ones; filaments

76 ENGLISH BOTANY.

of the exterior stamens petaloid, bearing on their inner faces anther
lobes, which are shorter than those of the interior stamens, the
filaments of which are strap-shaped. Carpels numerous, immersed
in a fleshy torus, in which they are arranged in a ring, and with it
united to form a half-inferior compound ovary, with as many cells
as there are carpels; summit of the ovary concave, with a small
globose or conical process, formed by the excurrent summit of the
torus which passes between the carpels. Stigmas radiating, as many
as the carpels, each style with an incurved appendage extending
beyond the stigma and edge of the summit of the ovary. Ovules
numerous, pendulous from the sides of the carpels. Fruit a spongy
berry, ripening under the water, and bearing on its surface scars left
by the decay of the petals and stamens. Seeds imbedded in pulp,
with a succulent arillus open at the apex.
Flower white, red, or blue.

SPECIES I—NYMPHAA ALBA. Zinn.
Prats LIII.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. VII. Nymph. Tab. LX VIT. Fig. 117.
Leaves nearly round, entire, with a deep sinus at the base, lobes
approximate. Rays of the stigma 15 to 20, yellow.
Var. a, major.

Flowers 4 or 5 inches in diameter. Stigma with about 18 rays.

Var. 2, minor.

Flowers 8 inches in diameter, or even less. Stigma with the
rays seldom exceeding 16.

Not unfrequent, and generally distributed in lakes, ponds, and
ditches from Cornwall to Shetland. Var. 6 less common than a,
and probably a state rather than a variety.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.
Rhizome thick and fleshy, horizontal, creeping in the mud,

producing leaves and flowers from the apex. Leaves 4 to 9 inches
in diameter, on long stalks, floating on the surface of the water,

* The Plate is E. B. 160, with additional dissections by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

NYMPH EHACEA. 77

sub-coriaceous, palmately-veined, roundish, with a deep sinus at the
base ; lobes more than one-third the length of the leaf, approximate,
often hiding the petiole. Flowers floating, cup-shaped, open.
Sepals oblong, lanceolate, olive on the exterior, with the margins
paler, pure white, like the petals, interiorly. Petals oval or elliptical,
blunt, those of the outer whorl longer than the sepals, the interior
ones becoming smaller towards the centre of the flower. Anthers and
innermost filaments yellow. Stigmatic rays yellow. Fruit globose.
Plant glabrous. Leaves all floating, green and shining above, dull
and often purplish beneath.

White Water-Lily.

French, Vénuphar Blanc. German, Die Weise Seerose.

Nymphea is derived from vypdn(nymphe), a water-nymph, in reference to the habita-
tion of these plants. As the Rose is the queen of the bower, so undoubtedly the Lily is the
empress of the lake, and we may almost endorse her poetical Indian name “ Camada,”
or “ Delight of the Waters.” The lovely purity and delicacy of the White Water-Lily
can scarcely be exaggerated, but perhaps it is only when seen in its favourite haunts
in profusion and perfection that we can fully enter into the fervid descriptions of
some of our British poets. In Japan, either natural or artificial White Water-Lilies
are borne in the funeral processions of young persons, as emblems of purity. Like the
sacred Lotus of the Nile, the flowers of our White Water-Lily rise and expand as the
day advances and the sun gains strength, closing again at evening, sleeping as it were
through the hours of darkness, until called into life again by the warm rays of light.
Moore poetically describes this natural process :—

“ Those virgin Lilies all the night
Bathing their beauties in the lake,
That they may rise more fresh and bright
When their beloved sun ’s awake.”

The stimulus of the sun’s rays seems to have relation to the fertilization of the plant.
The pollen if scattered beneath the water would be washed away and decomposed,
while on the expanded raised flower it is received without injury. This is truly the
object for which—
“The Water-Lily to the light

: Her chalice rears of silver white.

The Water-Lily may be transplanted from its native home by placing the thick
rhizomes in baskets of earth and fastening stones to them, so as to keep them well under
water, and nothing can be more lovely than a calm lake, on whose bosom may be seen
floating numbers of these snowy nymphs. The thick stems have a bitter astringent
taste, but are free from any poisonous qualities. In Ireland and the island of Java
the tuberous rootstocks are used to dye a dark brown colour. They have been used in
medicine, and esteemed narcotic. In China starch is obtained from them for dietetical
purposes,

78 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS II—NUPHAR. Sm.

Sepals 5 or 6, concave, coriaceous, hypogynous. Petals numerous,
much smaller than the sepals, in 2 whorls, inserted with the stamens
beneath the ovary, to which they do not adhere. Filaments all
strap-shaped, with introrse anthers. Carpels numerous, arranged in
a ring, and combined so as to form a superior compound ovary, with
as many cells as there are carpels. Stigmas linear, radiating, adnate
to a peltate disk which terminates the ovary, and is formed by the
styles cohering by their edges. Fruit sub-globose, leathery, smooth.

SPECIES I—NUPHAR LUTEA. Sm.
Puatres LIV. LV.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. VII. Nymph. Tab. LXIIT. Fig. 113.

Leaves oval, with a deep sinus; lobes contiguous. Petals
broadly obovate-cuneate. Anthers three or four times as long as
broad. Stigmatic disk entire, or faintly waved at the edge, not
lobed; stigmatic rays not extending to the edge of the disk.

Var. a, major.
Prats LIV. *

Flowers about 23 inches in diameter. Stigmatic disk quite
entire, with 15 to 20 rays.

Var. 2, minor.
Puate LY.
N. intermedium, Ledebour, Fl. Ross, Vol. I. p. 85. Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 144.

Flowers about 13 inch in diameter. Stigmatic disk slightly
waved at the edges, with 10 to 14 rays.

Tn lakes, ponds, and ditches. Var. a not uncommon in England,
but rather rare in Scotland, where Aberdeenshire and Argyle-
shire appear to be the northern limits. Var. 6 in Chartner’s Loch,
Northumberland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

* The Plate of var. ais E. B. 159. Var. 3 is from a drawing in the British Museum,
prepared by Mr. Sowerby for the original edition of E. B., but not hitherto published.

-

NYMPH UHACER. 19

Rhizome creeping in the mud, producing from the apex pedun-
cles and leaves of two sorts, viz.—submerged leaves on rather short
stalks, thin and membranous, translucent, waved; and floating leaves,
sub-coriaceous in texture, much resembling those of Nymphzea alba,
but longer in proportion to their breadth, and with a greater number
of veins arising from the mid-rib, so that the leaf is less palmately
veined than in that species; lobes about one-third of the whole
length of the leaf, approximate; submerged leaves similar in form.
Petioles bluntly trigonous. Flowers rising above the water, cup-
shaped, ellipsoidal. Sepals very large, concave, oval, externally
greenish, bright yellow within. ‘Petals 18 to 20, about 2 inch long,
obovate, wedge-shaped, bright yellow, thick in texture e, shining
exteriorly, where there is a nectariferous pore near the top, with
prominent lines on the inside. Stamens very numerous, with
broadly strap-shaped filaments: anther cells on the inner surface
of the filament, with parallel lobes much longer than broad.
Stigmatic disk much wider than the top of the ovary, with from
10 to 20 stigmatic rays not reaching to the edge of the disk. Fruit
sub-globose or ovoid, attenuate at the summit, and terminated by
the large stigmatic disk, which appears to be formed by the cohesion
of the styles, which are free in Nympheea. Plant nearly glabrous.
Floating leaves shining above, dull green beneath. Flowers with a
fragrant odour.

Yellow Water-Lily, Water-Can, Brandy- Bottle.

French, Vuphar Jaune. German, Die Gelbe Teichrose.

The generic name is from Vaufar or Nyloufar, the Arabic name of Nymphea. It is
the vougap of Dioscorides. This bright-coloured Lily is almost as attractive in its
golden radiance as its more modestly attired and charming sister. ‘In golden armour
glorious to behold,” it forms a beautiful object on the surface of a lake or river. The
blossom has a somewhat powerful and not very refined or pleasant smell, resembling
ardent spirits ; hence the common name sometimes given to the plant of Brandy-Bottle.
The Greeks prepare a cordial from the flowers. The rootstocks contain a considerable
quantity of starch, as do also the seeds. Some persons boil the seeds, when they
are said to have a pleasant nutty flavour. The leaves have been used as a styptic.
All parts of the plant contain tannic acid, and are useful in tanning, especially the root-
stocks,‘ The prostrate stems rubbed with milk are a reputed poison for crickets and
cockroaches. An infusion of the rootstock (known as the root) in water, was long con-
sidered a specific in eruptive diseases of the skin. The tropical species of Nymphzaceze
have wonderfully tinted blossoms of blue and crimson. An allusion to the near
alliance of these British Water-Lilies with the magnificent Water-Lily of the West—the
Victoria Regia,—whose flowers are often fifteen inches in diameter, and whose leaves
frequently measure six feet and a half across, may perhaps be excused. All lovers of
floral beauty should give themselves the treat of seeing these magnificent flowers in
the aquatic greenhouse at Kew, or in the Regent’s Park Botanical Gardens, where,
in the season, they blossom in perfection.

80 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES IL—NUPHAR PUMILA. Sm.
Pratt LVI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. VII. Nymph. Tab. LXV. Fig. 115.
N. lutea, var., Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 70.
N. minima, Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 2292.

Leaves broadly oval, with a deep sinus; lobes diverging from
the petiole at least towards their tips. Petals oblong, spathulate.
Anthers less than twice as long as broad. Stigmatic disk lobed at
the edge, the lobes extending about one-third of the way to the
centre ; stigmatic rays extending to the extremity of the lobes of
the disk.

In lakes. Very rare. Ellesmere, in Shropshire ; Mugdoch
Loch, near Glasgow ; Loch of Menteith, near Stirling; and a few
other small lochs in the East and West Highlands.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer and Autumn.

Similar to the last, especially to the variety 6. Floating leaves
broadly oval, with a deep sinus, the edges of the lobes parallel at
the base, and diverging towards the tips. I have not seen British
specimens with submerged leaves ; Professor Babington describes
them as reniform; in French specimens from Vosges they are very
shortly ovoid, or nearly circular, with the lobes diverging at an angle
of from 40 to 60 degrees. Petioles 2-edged. Flowers very similar
to those of variety § of the preceding species, 1} to 1} inch in
diameter, but the petals are narrower, and suddenly contracted
below, the anthers much shorter, their length not being more than
once and a half their breadth, and the margin of the stigmatic disk
is scalloped. The stigmatic rays are only 8 or 10 in number, and
reach to the edge of the disk.

I have seen no British specimens of the variety ? with elongate
anthers (N. spennerianum, Gaud.), though it occurs both in Vosges
and in Lapland. My specimens from Vosges belong to the ordinary
form of N. pumila, so that both forms must exist in that district.

Least Water Lily.

® The Plate is E. B, 2292, with the dissections corrected.

PAPAVERACE A. 81

ORDER IV.—PAPAVERACES.

Annual or perennial herbs, or (very rarely) shrubby plants, often
with coloured milky juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers
perfect, regular or (in the Fumariez) irregular. Sepals 2 or 3, rarely
4, imbricated, very caducous. Petals 4 or 6, rarely 8 or 12, hypo-
gynous, free, often corrugated, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous,
indefinite, free, except in the Fumariezx, where they are definite,
with the filaments commonly united into 2 bundles. Ovary free,
1-celled, with parietal placentee, which are sometimes nerve-like,
sometimes projecting inwards, sometimes even united in the centre,
so as to form a many-celled ovary; and in a few cases 2 nerve-like
placentz are connected by a spurious dissepiment, thus making a
2-celled ovary. Style short or absent; stigmas equal in number to
the placentze, radiating on a disk to which they are adnate on the
summit of the ovary, or distinct. Ovules anatropous, ascending or
horizontal. Fruit a capsule, opening by pores or valves ; indehiscent
and 1-seeded in some of the Fumarieze. Seeds globose, or reniform-

ovoid. Embryo minute, near the base of fleshy albumen containing
fixed oil.

Sus-OrpEer I.—PAPAVERIM®. Linn.

Petals nearly alike. Stamens indefinite, free.

GENUS I—PAPAVER. Zinn.

Sepals 2, rarely 3, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when
the flower opens. Petals 4, crumpled in estivation, caducous.
Stamens indefinite. Capsule globose, ovoid, or clavate, 1-celled,
with placentz projecting more or less into the interior, and forming
imperfect partitions. Stigmas 4 to 20, sessile, radiating upon a flat
or convex disk at the top of the capsule. Capsule opening by small
scale-like teeth underneath the edges of the expanded disk. Seeds
very numerous, punctured, without a strophiole.

Herbs, often glaucous, with white or pale yellowish sap. Leaves
often lobed or dissected. Flowers solitary, erect, drooping in bud,
the sepals falling off when the flower opens.

French, Pavot. German, Mohn.

The generic name is derived from papa, pap or thick milk, or pappare, to eat of

gs pubic Vid! papp

pap. This may have arisen either from the milky nature of the juice of the Poppy, or
M

&2 ENGLISH BOTANY.

because it was at one time given to children in their pap, or food, to make them sleep.
We are also told that the seeds, having a pleasant nutlike taste, and being innocuous,
and without any soporific qualities, have been considered a good addition to the food of
children.

SPECIES I—PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM. Zinn.
Piate LVII.

Leaves sinuated, lobed or toothed at the margins, the upper-
most ones amplexicaul ; filaments dilated towards the top. Capsule
smooth, globular or ovoid, stipitate. Stigmatic disk deeply lobed.
Lobes oblong, rounded, not contiguous. Stigmatie rays 8 to 15,
rather slender, not extending quite to the apices of the lobes of the
disk.

Sup-Srecres I.—Papaver hortense. Hussenot.
Puate LVII. (A.)*

PF. somniferum, Zeich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4481.

P. hortense, Hussenot, Chard. Nance. p. 39. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 58.
Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. i. Vol. I. p. 36.

P. setigerum, Godr. FI. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 35. London Catalogue, No. 43 *
(non D. C.)

P. somniferum, var. nigrum, D. C. Fl. Fr. Vol. IV. p. 633. Brebisson, Fl. de la Nor-
mandie, ed. iii. p. 14.

P. somniferum, var. setigerum, Godr. Fl. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 35. Coss. & Germ
Fl. des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 93.

P. somniferum, Gimel. Bad. Als. Vol. II. p. 479. Boreau, Fl. du Cent. de la Fr. ed. iii
Vol. II. p. 31. Lowe, Man. FI. of Madeira, p. 11.

Capsule globular, stipitate, opening by minute valves or teeth
Rays of the stigmatic disk spreading nearly in one plane. Seeds
black, brown, or dark grey.

A weed in cornfields, and a straggler on waste places and
newly-turned soil. Local. Abundant in cornfields at Greenhithe,
Darenth, Cobham, and several other places in Kent, where it
seems as well established as the common red Poppies; but this is
the only county where I have seen it in the same places year after
year. Professor Babington mentions that in the Fens “ P. som-
niferum”’ (by which I suppose the present plant is intended) is still
occasionally to be seen, the seeds having probably been buried for
many years, as the plant is stated to have been largely cultivated at

* The Plate is “P. somniferum,” E. B. 2145, with a capsule (A) added by Mr. J. E.
Sowerby.

a

PAPAVERACEA. 838

a former period in that district. On the south coast it is frequently
met with, and occasionally a few plants may be seen in waste ground
to the north of Cambridge and Norfolk.

England. Annual. Late Summer.

Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, branched in the larger specimens.
Lower leaves oblanceolate, attenuated at the base; upper leaves
lanceolate-oblong, amplexicaul, cordate at the base; the margins
pinnatifidly lobed, or having large teeth, the extreme margin some-
what cartilaginous. Peduncles generally with stiff, spreading,
scattered hairs. Sepals quite smooth, falling off before the flower
is fully expanded, as is the case throughout the genus. Petals 4,
overlapping each other, the two outer much broader than the inner,
which is also a character of general occurrence. In the wild state the
flowers are from 3 to 4 inches across, white, tinged with pale lilac, with
a large, oblong, wedge-shaped, deep purple blotch at the base. Fila-
ments as long as the pistil, slender below, becoming broader towards
the top, but again contracted below the anther. Pistil globular,
stipitate, the lobes of the stigmatic disk reflexed, the stigmatic rays
prominent, not reaching quite to the termination of the lobes.
Capsule globular, about 1 inch in diameter in full-sized examples,
distinctly stipitate, the stigmatic disk spreading horizontally ; the
lobes divided nearly half way to the centre; teeth triangular,
leaving small openings, which allow the dark-coloured reniform
seeds to escape. The seeds are very numerous, and are attached
to the imperfect partitions, which reach about half way to the
centre of the capsule. Whole plant smooth, with the exception of
the occasional presence of hairs on the peduncle, very glaucous, the
green colour of the plant being strongly obscured by a bluish-white
tinge.

In gardens this plant has red, purple, or maroon-coloured
flowers ; but I have never seen wild specimens with petals of those
colours.

Sus-Srecres I.—Papaver officinale. Gmel.
Piare LVII. (B.)*

Reich. Ac. Fi. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVII. Fig. 4481.

Gmel. Bad. Als. Vol. II. p. 479.

P. somniferum, var. officinale, Coss. & Germ. Fl]. des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 93.
Brebisson, FI). de la Normandie, ed. iii. p. 14.

P. somniferum, var. macrocarpum, Coss. & Germ. Fl. des Environs de Paris, ed. i. p. 73.

P. somniferum, var. album, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 82.

P. somniferum, Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 57. Godr. Fl. de Lorr, Vol. I. p. 34
London Catalogue, No. 43.

* A capsule of this species is given in Plate LVIL, from a drawing by Mr. J. E
Sowerby.

84 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Capsule ovoid, or in the cultivated form globular-depressed, in-
dehiscent. Rays of the stigmatic disk spreading, slightly incurved
at the apex. Seeds white.

Occasionally found in waste places, but has no claim to be
considered even as naturalized. There is a specimen in the British
Museum from Battersea meadows, collected by the late Mr. E.
Forster. Possibly some of the stations recorded for ‘‘ P. somni-
ferum”’ belong to P. officinale.

[England.| Annual. Late Summer.

Very similar to P. hortense, but larger in all its parts. Leaves
ofa yellower green, much less glaucous, and with the teeth closer
and smaller in proportion to the size of the leaf and its lobes than
in that sub-species. Flowers 4 to 7 inches in diameter, pure white,
without any spot at the base of the petals. Capsule in this country
ovoid (even when raised from the seed of the foreign variety with
depressed capsules), 2 to 3 inches long, more leathery in texture
than that of P. hortense.

Besides these two sub-species, P. somniferum includes a third,
which oceurs in the South of Europe, Madeira, ete. This is
P. setigerum (D.C. Fl. Fr. Vol. V. p. 685; Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr.
Vol. I. p. 88; and Lowe, Man. FI. of Madeira, p. 11, where a very
excellent description of it is given). It differs from the two prece-
ding sub-species in being dull smoky green, scarcely glaucous, with
many more stiff hairs on the peduncles, calyx, and leaves, and in the
capsule being oblong, pear-shaped, and scarcely stipitate.

Sleepbearing Poppy, Garden Poppy, White Poppy,
Opium Poppy.

French, Pavot Somnifére. German, Gartenmohn, Maysamen, Oelmagen.

The specific name Somniferum is applied to this plant on account of its narcotic
properties. There appears to be good reason to believe that of the two sub-species of
Papaver somniferum, P. hortense is the origin of the Garden Poppies, and P. officinale the
true cultivated Opium Poppy, which is but rarely met with wild in Great Britain. This
Poppy is valuable for its juice, which, when extracted and dried, forms opium ; and for its
capsules or seed-vessels, known as Poppy-heads. The whole of the plant, excepting the
seeds, partakes of the well-known narcotic properties, and abounds ina white milky juice,
which has a heavy nauseous smell. The seeds seem to be innocuous, and have been used as
food. In Persia and some parts of Germany they are sprinkled over rice and wheaten
cakes, and are considered agreeable. They are also sent to table mixed with honey. This
appears to be a practice of great antiquity. Gerarde, quoting Galen, says, “This seed
is good to season bread with ; it is often used in comfits, served at the table with other
junketing dishes.” Cage birds are largely fed on these seeds, under the name of maw
seeds. The largest quantity of the narcotic substance is yielded by the capsules of the
plant, and for this purpose it is chiefly cultivated, both in this and other countries.

PAPAVERACE®. $5

When these are in the green state, and more especially when near maturity, they abound
in a thick white juice, which flows freely from incisions, and dries and hardens in the
air into a pale-brown, tough, adhesive substance. This is opium. The mode of
obtaining it seems to be nearly the same now as in the days of Dioscorides. At sunset
longitudinal incisions are made upon each half-ripe capsule, passing from below
upwards, and not penetrating to the internal cavity. The night dews favour the
exudation of the juice, which is collected in the morning by women and children, who
scrape it off the wounds with a small iron scoop, and deposit the whole in an earthen
pot, where it is worked by wooden spatules in the sunshine until it attains a consider-
able degree of thickness. It is then formed by the hand into cakes, laid in earthen
vessels, and covered with leaves. This method varies but little in whatever country
the opium may be collected. The finest opium of Asia Minor comes to us in very
small pieces, from the appearance of which it is supposed that the original tears or
drippings of juice are allowed to dry without any manipulation. The culture of
Poppies in England, for the sake of their opium, is not, on the whole, an extensive or
profitable operation, The most satisfactory experiment of this kind was made by
Messrs. Cowley and Staines, in 1823, in Buckinghamshire, on a plot of 12 acres of land,
which yielded 196 pounds of very fine opium, or about 16 pounds per acre. This was
a remunerating produce at the time, but the great reduction which has since taken place
in the price of foreign opium would be fatal to such an undertaking now. There are
five kinds of opium, more or less known to druggists, namely, Turkey, Egyptian, East
Indian, European, and Persian opium. The two first are the sorts chiefly consumed in
this country. Opium was first analysed by M. Sertuerner, a Hanoverian chemist,
in 1812; and was demonstrated to consist of certain alkaloids and other principles,
the most important of which was Morphia. Until this time no vegetable alkaloid
had been discovered, and the importance of Sertuerner’s researches was speedily
recognised. So far as opium has been analysed by this chemist, and others since his
time, its essential constituents are three alkaloids—l. Morphia ; 2. Codeia; 3. Para-
morphia: and three neutral principles—4. Narcotin ; 5. Narcein; 6. Meconin. The
alkaloids are combined with meconic and sulphuric acids ; but the great bulk of the
substance of opium is composed of gum, albumen, resin, oil, and caoutchoue. The presence
of this latter substance is indicated by the milky nature of the juice of the plant. The
various preparations of the active principles of opium give ample opportunity for the skill
of the chemist ; and in the Pharmacopeeias of London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and other parts
of Europe we find many varieties prescribed. In its action opium varies, and is
modified by circumstances. From the earliest times it has been known as a powerful
narcotic agent, acting on the brain and producing a tendency to sleep. On this
account, chiefly, it has been used in medicine, either in its combined condition as pure
opium, or in the form of morphia, which exists in the proportion of one per cent. in all
good opium. To no other agent does man owe so deep a debt for the alleviation of his
pain and sorrow in disease as to this. ‘It would be altogether impossible to mention
here the medicinal properties of opium. Suflice it to say, that while its primary action
seems to be to subdue the activity of the brain and produce sleep, it acts generally on
the nervous system. The sympathetic nerves, the nerves of motion and sensation, and
the spinal cord, are all alive to its action ; and where the object in the treatment of
disease is to diminish their activity, opium is employed. The actions and uses of mor-
phia closely resemble those of the crude drug; in some cases, however, where unpleasant
subsequent results accompany the administration of opium, the alkaloid is free from
like effects. We may readily imagine that an agent possessing such power was not
likely to escape the tendency of mankind to employ as luxuries all substances affecting

86 ENGLISH BOTANY.

pleasurably the nervous system. In countries where the prevailing religion forbids
the use of alcohol, as in Turkey, it is in constant use as an indulgence, which, if once
permitted, is seldom or never abandoned. The Turks call it afioni, and in the opium-
shops of Constantinople they take it in graduated doses from 10 to 100 grains a day.
It is mixed with rich syrup and the inspissated juices of fruit, to render it more
palatable and less intoxicating. It is taken with a spoon, or made up into lozenges
stamped with the words Mash Allah, literally meaning the Work of God. It is also
smoked. The Tartar couriers, who travel great distances and with astonishing rapidity,
take little else to support them in their journeys. The pernicious practice of
habitually taking opium has gradually found its way throughout the East, and has
become the besetting sin of the Chinese. It impairs the digestive organs, and thus
undermines the vigour of the whole body ; gradually its effects are seen on the mental
energies. The memory soon fails ; the victim to this habit becomes prematurely old ;
and one of the greatest blessings, given to man to use in a time of necessity and pain,
is thus turned into a curse: frightful indeed are the sufferings of an opium-eater
after the action of his dose has subsided. In the well-known work entitled “Con-
fessions of an English Opium-Hater” is a vividly painful account of the fascination
which draws victims into habits of confirmed indulgence in opium intoxication. The
passive pleasurableness and languishing enjoyment, the almost ecstatic condition of the
opium-eater during the activity of his dose, are here wrought into a sort of romance,
which describes most graphically the irresistible nature of this pernicious indulgence.
It is indeed an agent which can

“Raze out the written troubles of the brain,
And with a sweet oblivious antidote
Cleanse the full bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon the heart.”

Knowing its power and its fascinations, all who from disease and necessity are com-
pelled to use it, do well to feel thankful for so beneficent a provision of Providence to allay
pain, and secure the greatest of all Nature’s sweet restorers, “balmy sleep ;” but should
beware of being led into the abuse of so kindly a gift, not less to be dreaded in its
effects than the fumes of alcohol. It is related in mythological traditions, that some
prepared and flavoured infusion of opium administered to the sensual enjoyments and
debauchery of the denizens of Olympus. Milton alludes to such potations in “Comus :”—

“ And first, behold this cordial julep here,
That flames and dances in the crystal bounds,
With spirits of balm and fragrant syrups mix’d ;—
Not that Nepenthes, which the wife of Thon
In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena,
Is of such power to stir up joy as this.”

The bright-growing flower and green leaves of the Poppy plant, in the field or the
garden, would scarcely suggest the important properties, powerful both for good and
evil, contained in its sap. Its hanging head and drooping unopened flowers, appearing
almost as though overcome with sleep and lethargy themselves, have frequently been
noticed. Homer alludes to it :-—

“ As brilliant Poppies, overcharged with rain,
Recline their heads, and droop above the plain,
So sinks the youth.”

PAPAVERACE®. 87

The silken tissue of the petals has been said by Theocritus to prove an index
to the state of a lover's affections ; thus :—

“ By a prophetic Poppy-leaf I found
Your changed affection, for it gave no sound
Though in my hand struck hollow as it lay,
But quickly wither’d, like your love, away.”

SPECIES I.—PAPAVER RHQGAS. Zinn
Pirate LVIII.*

Leaves pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, none of them amplexicaul.
Outer pair of petals considerably broader than long, inner pair with
the length and breadth about equal. Filaments not dilated towards
the tip, as long as the pistil. Capsule smooth, very little longer than
broad, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, distinctly stipitate.
Stigmatic disk slightly conical, ultimately nearly flat, with short
rhomboidal lobes overlapping each other. Stigmatic rays 8 to 12,
slender, not extending quite to the apices of the lobes.

Var. a, vulgaris.
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XV. Fig. 4479.

Stems and peduncles hispid, with spreading hairs.

Var. (, strigosum. Bonningh.

P. intermedium, “ Becker,” Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVI.
Fig. 4478.
Stem hispid, with spreading hairs. Peduncles strigose, with
adpressed hairs.

Cornfields, cultivated ground, and road-sides. A common weed
throughout the whole of England and the South of Scotland, where
Aberdeenshire is probably its northern limit ; but it is certainly of
rare occurrence beyond the Tay.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer and Autumn.

Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, branched. Root leaves narrowly
oblanceolate ; stem leaves lanceolate or oblong, all sessile, deeply
pinnatifid, with ascending lobes, and again toothed, lobes and seg-

* The Plate is E. B. 645, with capsule and disk added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

88 ENGLISH BOTANY.

ments terminating in a bristle. Peduncles long, terminal, covered
with spreading (or in var. 6 adpressed) stiff hairs. Sepals with
hairs similar to those of the peduncles. Flowers 3 to 4 inches
across. Petals bright scarlet, often having a dark purple spot at
the base, the outer pair nearly twice as broad as long. Anthers
nearly black. Capsule quite smooth, from } to 3 inch long. Whole
plant slightly glaucous, hairy. Hairs on the leaves shorter and
less stiff than those on the stem.

Common Red Poppy, Corn Poppy, Corn Rose, Red Weed.
In Scotland: Head Wark, Red Mailkes.

French, Pawot, Coquelicot. German, Klatschmohn and Klapperrose.

The specific name is said to be derived from fova (rhowa), pomegranate, which the
capsule resembles; or from pew (reo), I fall or flow, in allusion to its perishable flowers ;
or from the fact that when bruised or pressed a red juice exudes from the petals. This
species of Poppy is considered narcotic, though its properties must be slight. From the
petals a syrup is made, which is extensively used for colouring medicines. Oil of Poppies
has been drawn from the seeds. Gerarde records that in his day it was considered
pleasant, and “delightful to be eaten.” From the bright-coloured petals of this plant an
ingenious little insect, the Drapery Bee (Megachile papaveris), chooses the hangings of her
apartment. She dexterously cuts out the petals of the half-expanded flowers, strengthens
the folds, and fits them for her purpose, overhanging the walls of her cell with this
splendid tapestry, in which, when complete, she deposits her honey. In classic lore
the Corn Poppy has long been held sacred to Ceres; as it is, however, by no means a
welcome guest in the fields dedicated to her service, we may regard it rather as a sacri-
fice required by her from her worshippers, than as an offering to be encouraged,
excepting in the sense that the eradication of weeds, of whatever kind, found intruding
in the crops, and detracting from their value, must be a labour worthy of all true
disciples of the agricultural goddess.

SPECIES III—PAPAVER DUBIUM. Linn.
Pruates LIX. LX.

Leayes pinnatifid, none of them amplexicaul. Outer pair of petals
a little broader than long, inner pair with the length and breadth
about equal. Filaments not dilated towards the tip, shorter than
the pistil. Capsule smooth, at least twice as long as broad, cylin-
drical-clavate, attenuate towards the base, and scarcely stipitate.
Stigmatic disk convex-conical, slightly crenately lobed, the lobes
not overlapping each other; stigmatic rays 4 to 12, slender, net
extending quite to the apices of the lobes.

PAPAVERACE®. 89

Sus-Srecirs .—Papaver Lamottei. Bor.
Pratt LIX.*

P. levigatum, “ M. B.,” Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XVI.
Fig. 4478 B?

P. dubium, Zamotte, in “ Mém. Académie de Clermont, 1851.” Boreau, Fl. du Centre de
la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 30. Bad. Fl. of Cambridge, Appendix, p. 301; and Man.
Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18.

Leaves pinnatifid, with short, distant, abruptly acuminated
lobes ; lobes entire, or again pinnatifid. Capsule elongate-clavate,
narrowing downwards from close to the summit to the base. Stig-
matic disk with the lobes not folded over the sides of the capsule.
Milk-sap white.

Cornfields, cultivated ground, and roadsides. A common weed
throughout Britain, more frequent in Scotland than P. Rheeas,
and reaching even to the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

England, Seotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer.

Very similar to P. Rhceas in size and general aspect, but the
lobes of the leaves are usually shorter and more abruptly pointed.
The peduncles have the hairs always adpressed. The flowers are
smaller, from 24 to 3 inches in diameter, the petals not so broad,
even the outer pair having the breadth not much greater than the
length, and never more than once and a half broader than long ;
the scarlet colour also is much paler than that of P. Rhoeas. Pistils
longer than the stamens. The capsule is often 1 inch long, three or
four times as long as broad, with the lobes of the disk rounded,
much shallower than in P. Rhoeas, and not overlapping at the
edges. Stigmatic rays not quite reaching the termination of the
lobes. The base of the capsule is ob-conical, not suddenly con-
tracted above the torus as in P. Rheeas, so that it cannot be termed
stipitate.

The figure of P. levigatum, quoted above from Reichenbach,
appeavs to be a smooth variety of P. Lamottei, although the flower is
coloured lake-red, which is never the case in the present plant; but
the colouring of the plates in Reichenbach’s Papaveracez is often
extremely incorrect; P. hybridum, for example, being represented
with scarlet petals instead of crimson, and the anthers of P. Rhoeas
and dubium being coloured yellow, while they are always purple,
dark brown, or black.

* The Plate is “ P. dubium,” E. B. 644, with capsule added by Mr. J. E
Sowerby.
N

90 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sun-Srecies I.—Papaver Lecoqii. Lamotte.
Pratt LX.*
P. dubium, Perch. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XV. Fig. 44774
P. Lecoqii, Lamotte, in “ Mém. Académie de Clermont, 1851.” Boreau, Fl. du Centze
de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 30? Sad. Fl. of Cambridge, Appendix, p. 300 ; and

Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 15%

Leaves deeply pinnatifid, with rather long, distant, acuminated
lobes ; lobes entire, or again pinnatifid. Capsule oblong-clavate,
narrowing downwards from about a third below the summit to the
base. Stigmatic disk with the lobes folded down over the sides of
the capsule. “Sap turning dark yellow (ochraceous) in the air.”
(Bab.)

Apparently much more local than P. Lamottei, and preferring
a calcareous soil. Abundant about Cambridge and Saffron Walden,
Essex ; reported from the Isle of Wight by Mr. A. G. More. The
Rev. W. W. Newbould has seen a plant from Wiltshire, collected
by Mr. Woodward, which he refers to the present form, and also
examples from Hertfordshire. I possess a specimen collected by
myself from St. Margaret’s Bay, Kent; and it is highly probable
that it will be detected in other localities when it becomes better
known.T

England. Annual. Summer.

This plant closely resembles P. Lamottei, but has the leaves
more deeply pinnatifid, or rather the lobes are longer, and the
undivided portion on each side of the primary midrib is narrower.
The lobes, which are entire or again pinnatifid, are less abruptly
acuminate than in that plant. The flowers, according to Professor
Babington, are of a deeper scarlet, and the milk-sap becomes yellow
when exposed to the air. The petals are deltoid, sub-orbicular,
narrower and more attenuated at the base than in P. Lamottei, and
the capsule is considerably shorter in proportion to its breadth, the
attenuation commences at a greater distance from the top, and the
base is not truly conical, but very narrowly ellipsoidal, and there

* The drawing is from a Cambridgeshire specimen, by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

+ These localities give no just idea of the distribution of this plant. It is when
the Botanist has to treat of such that he comes to appreciate the great service Mr. Hewett
C. Watson has rendered to British Botany by the production of his “Cybele Britannica,”
in which he has given all the known details of the distribution of British plants, and so
pointed out the actual range of each species. Mr. Watson has not only collected records,
but what is equally necessary, sifted them so as to distinguish those which may be relied
on from those which are doubtful or erroneous. Almost all the information given on
this subject in the present work has been taken from Mr. Watson’s “ Cybele.”

PAPAVERACE®. 91

is a greater contraction above the torus, so that we have a nearer
approach to the stipitate capsule which exists in P. Rhaas. The
stigmatic disk is curiously bent over at the edge instead of project-
ing outwards all round, and the stigmatic rays reach almost to the
end of the lobes (which are slightly deeper than in P. Lamottei),
but do not extend quite to the end in any of the specimens I have
seen.

T have followed Professor Babington in the nomenclature of this
plant. He founds his opinion “ on the statement of M. Crepin that
P. Lecogqii is the only species in which the sap turns yellow.” On
the other hand, P. Lecoqii is described as having the stigmatic rays
reaching quite to the edge of the disk. The Cambridge plant agrees
well with specimens of P. modestum published in Billot’s * Flora
Galliz et Germaniz Exsiccata,’” No. 2610; but Jordan says nothing
about the colour of the sap, nor whether the ends of the lobes of the
disk are bent down or projecting; at the same time he designates
it as widely different from P. Lecoqii. The convexity of the disk, the
greyish flesh colour of the seeds, and the lobes of the leaf segments
being nearly entire, upon which M. Jordan appears to lay stress
in his specific description of P. modestum, are characters upon
which no dependence can be placed ; they all occasionally occur in
P. Lamottei, in which the capsule at last becomes flat at the top,
and the seeds are usually simply grey. It will require a comparison
of authentic specimens before this point can be fully cleared up.

Reichenbach’s figure of P. dubium resembles P. Lecogqii in the
leaves and form of the capsule, but the stigmatic disk is not bent
down at the edges; it is, however, evidently carelessly drawn, as it
bears no resemblance to the disk of that or any other species of the
genus.

Long Smooth-headed Poppy.

Tts Latin specific name “dubium,” signifies the doubtful nature of its distinctions
to superficial observers.

SPECIES IV.—PAPAVER ARGEMONE, Linn.
Puate LXI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XIV. Fig. 4475.

Leaves very deeply bi- or tri-pinnatifid, none of them amplexicaul.
All the petals longer than broad. Filaments much dilated towards
the top, nearly as long as the pistil. Capsule elongate, cylindrical-
clavate, attenuated towards the base, not stipitate, with scattered,
incurved, ascending bristly spines. Stigmatic disk convex, not
lobed. Stigmatic rays 4 to 6, very thick and prominent, extending
to or beyond the edge of the disk.

* The Plate is E. B. 643, with dissections added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

92 INGLISH BOTANY.

Cornfields, roadsides, and waste places, &c. A rather common
weed, preferring a sandy or gravelly soil. As generally distributed
as P. dubium, but less abundant.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer.

Stem 6 to 18 inches high, little branched except at the base, from
which several stems usually arise, which are decumbent below, and
then erect. Radical leaves stalked, deeply pinnatifid, with distant
spreading lobes, which are again pinnatifid, the ultimate segments
suddenly acuminate, and terminating in a bristle as in P. Rhoeas
and P. dubium. Stem leaves sessile, sub-ternate, bi- or tri-pinnatifid,
with longer and more slender segments than in the radical leaves.
Peduneles with adpressed hairs. Calyx with scattered hairs similar
to those on the peduncle. Flowers 2 to 2} inches across. Petals
obovate-wedge-shaped, not contiguous when fully expanded, light
scarlet, with the base dark purple, nearly black. Filaments dilated,
oblanceolate, abruptly acuminate, purplish black, terminating in
a white point on which the blue anther lobes are situated.
Capsule # to 1 inch long, four or five times as long as broad,
with very prominent longitudinal lines, indicating the situa-
tion of the placentse, and a greater or less number of curved,
ascending, bristly hairs, most numerous towards the top. Stigmatic
disk with very thick prominent rays, curved downwards at the ends,
and often projecting beyond the disk itself. Whole plant green,
not glaucous, more or less hairy, especially at the base of the stem,
and on the petioles and midribs of the radical leaves, where the
hairs are usually spreading, though on the rest of the plant they
are adpressed.

This is the smallest and most elegant of the British Poppies.
Withering describes as a species, under the name of P.. maritimum,
a starved state of this plant bearing only a single flower and not
above 4 inches high.

Long Prickly-headed Poppy.

The specific name is probably derived from argemon, cataract, a disease of the
Jens of the eye, for which an infusion of this plant was considered a cure, and possibly its
emollient power did allay inflammation,

SPECIES V—PAPAVER HYBRIDUM. Lim.
Puatr LXII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IIT. Pap. Tab. XIV. Fig. 4476.

Leaves very deeply bi- or tri-pinnatifid,none of them amplexicaul.
Petals nearly as broad as long. Filaments much dilated towards the

* The Plate is E. B. 43, with fruit and dissections added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

PAPAVERACE®. 93

tip, rather shorter than the pistil. Capsule shortly ovoid, attenuated
towards the base and apex, not stipitate, with numerous incurved,
spreading-ascending, bristly spines. Stigmatic disk convex, scarcely
lobed. Stigmatic rays 4 to 8, very thick and prominent, extending
to or beyond the edge of the disk.

Cornfields, waste places, local, preferring chalky or sandy soil.
Occurs in a good many of the English counties, but does not extend

to Scotland.
England, Ireland. Annual. Summer.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, solitary, or several from the same
root, generally branched above. Leaves very similar to those of
P. Argemone, except that the radical leaves are sometimes tri-pinna-
tifid, and the outline of all is considerably broader. The stem leaves
are more decidedly ternate in the arrangement of the primary
divisions. Peduncles strigose, with adpressed hairs. Sepals very
bristly. Flowers 13 to 2 inches in diameter. Petals roundish,
very fugacious, crimson, with a purplish-black spot at the base.
Stamens similar to those of P. Argemone. Capsule about 3
inch long, regularly oval-ovoid or sub-globose, the nerves which
on the exterior mark the placente not at all prominent, but the
whole of the space between them bulges outwards, so that the capsule
becomes slightly lobed. Bristles far more numerous, rigid, and
spreading than in P. Argemone. Stigmatic disk much smaller in
proportion, but otherwise resembling that of the last-named species.
The whole plant rather dull green, slightly hairy, with the hairs
on the lower part of the stem soft and spreading. The petals fall
off about noon.

Round Prickly-headed Poppy, Mongrel Poppy.

GENUS IT—-MECONOPSIS. Fig.

Sepals 2, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when the flower
opens. Petals 4, crumpled in estivation, caducous. Stamens
indefjnite. Capsule elliptical-oblong, 1-celled, with placente pro-
jecting slightly into the interior and forming imperfect partitions,
contracted above into a short style, at the top of which there are
4 to 6 radiating, free, deflexed stizmatic rays, and opening at the
top by as many short triangular valves as there are stigmatic rays.
Seeds numerous, punctured, with or without a strophiole.

Perennial, or rarely annual herbs, with yellowish milk-sap.
Habit very similar to that of the genus Papaver.

The generic name of this plant comes from pyxwy (mekon), a Poppy, and occ
(opsis), a likeness or resemblance.

94 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I-MECONOPSIS CAMBRICA. Jig.
Prate LXIII.*
Papaver Cambricum, Zinn. Sm. Eng, Fl. Vol. III. p. 12; and Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 66.

Stem with several flowers. Leaves stalked, pinnately divided,
almost pinnate, with ovate-acute lobed or pinnatifid segments.

In moist, rocky, and shady places. Local, and apparently
confined to the west side of England. Wild in the counties of
Cornwall, Glamorgan, Brecknock, Montgomery, Merioneth, Car-
narvon; more doubtfully so in Denbighshire, Yorkshire, West-
moreland, Cumberland, and Dumfries. Introduced in Edinburgh,
Kinross, Aberdeen, and Moray.

England, {Scotland,] Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock brown, scaly, with short branches. Stem 1 to 2
feet high, bearing a few leaves, which are also produced, in greater
abundance, from the base. Leaves stalked, very deeply pinnately
partite, with 2 to 4 pairs of segments and a terminal one joined
together at the base by only a very narrow wing on each side of
the midrib; leaflets much narrowed at the base, with a few lobes
or large blunt teeth on each side, terminal leaflet often 3-cleft.
Peduncles terminating the stem and branches, and sometimes
produced from the axils of the upper leaves, 6 to 8 inches long,
bearing a bright yellow flower 2} to 3 inches in diameter.
Buds nodding. Sepals with scattered flexuous hairs. Petals
roundish, concave. Style about +5 inch long, terminated by
a small button formed by 4 to 6 radiating stigmas. Capsule 1 to
1{ inch long, very dark brown when ripe, with 4 to 6 prominent
ribs; valves 4 to 6, opening in the spaces between the ribs and
becoming reflexed, scarcely one-fourth the length of the capsule.
Plant nearly glabrous, except at the base of the stems where there
are scattered woolly hairs. Foliage tender pale green, slightly
glaucous. Sap lemon-coloured.

Welsh Poppy, Yellow Poppy.
French, Méconopside de Galles.

The specific name Cambrica indicates its native country Wales, where it is plentifully
found. Its yellow flowers are handsome, and worth introducing into shrubberies, but in
the flower garden it would be rivalled too successfully by the Eschscholtzia, which is
neater and equally showy. The rapidity with which the Poppies open their sepals and
allow the petals to expand has been remarked by Dr. Withering, and is worthy of observa-
tion by all lovers of nature. The entomologist considers the birth of the butterfly, and its
immediate perfection, as a curious and pleasing phenomenon, but it is equalled in the

* The Plate is E. B. 66, unaltered.

PAPAVERACES®. 95

vegetable world by the sudden springing into life of the brilliant Poppy flower. She lies
concealed and carefully folded in her sea-green mantle until her full maturity arrives.
Then the warm rays of the sun piercing her covering, she bursts forth, casts her
rejected mantle from her, her silken drapery loses its wrinkled folds, and she appears
at once a splendid and richly-dressed inhabitant of the flower garden, while we are
wondering how so small a cell should have confined so much magnificence. Her beauty
is, however, as evanescent as its appearance was sudden. Like the butterfly’s wing,
such transparent tissue and vivid colours were not made to brave the winds and storms
of life,—
“ For pleasures are like poppies spread,

You seize the flower, its bloom is shed ;

Or like the snow, falls on the river—

A moment white, then melts for ever ;

Or like the borealis race,

That flit ere you can point their place;

Or like the rainbow’s lovely form,

Evanishing amid the storm.”

GENUS TIT—ROEMERIA. D.¢.

Sepals 2, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when the flower
opens. Petals 4, crumpled in estivation, caducous. Stamens inde-
finite. Capsule elongate-linear, resembling a siliqua, 1-celled, with
the placentz nervelike, projecting into the interior of the fruit,
terminated by the sessile stigma of 2 to 4 (usually 3) deflexed, free
rays or lobes, and opening from the summit to the base by as many
valves as there are stigmatic rays. Seeds numerous, punctured,
without a strophiole.

Annual herbs with dissected leaves and much of the habit of
the genus Papaver.

The genus is named after J. I. Rémer, late Professor of Botany at Landshut.

SPECIES I—-ROEMERIA HYBRIDA.
Prate LXIV. *

Chelidonium hybridum, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 724. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 201.
Glaucium hybridum, Lots. Fl. Gall. Vol. I. p. 376.
Glaucium violaceum, Juss. Genera, 236. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 7.

Leaves thrice pinnatifid, the ultimate segments strap-shaped or
linear. Capsule 3-valved, with a few bristly spines towards the top.

In cornfields and chalk-pits. A very rare weed, occurring
between Swaffham Prior and Burwell, Cambridgeshire, and also
reported from Norfolk.

England. Annual. Summer.

* The Plate is E. B, 201, with apex of capsule added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

96 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Stem erect, branched. Tadical leaves stalked, pinnatifid or bi-
pinnatifid. Stem leaves sessile, thrice pinnatifid, with a tendency
to be ternate, segments very narrow. Peduncles terminating
the stem and branches slightly curved, 2 to 4 inches long, bear-
ing a single flower 2 to 25 inches in diameter. Buds nodding.
Sepals with a very few woolly hairs. Petals roundish-obovate,
violet-purple, with a large dark spot at the base. Capsule linear,
cylindrical, 2} to 3 inches long, with a few bristly hairs. Plant
smooth, or slightly hairy, the leaves dark green, and somewhat
resembling those of Papaver hybridum; the segments as in that
plant terminating in short bristles and the flowers very soon losing
their petals.

Violet Horn Poppy.

GENUS IV—GLAUCIUM. Tournef.

Sepals 2, herbaceous, very caducous, falling off when the flower
opens. Petals 4, convolute in estivation, caducous. Stamens
indefinite. Capsule elongate-linear, resembling a siliqua, 2-celled
from the presence of a spongy spurious dissepiment which unites
the 2 nervelike placentz, and opening from the summit to the
base by 2 valves. Style very short. Stigma sub-mitriform, with
2 deflexed lobes. Seeds punctured, without a strophiole, half
immersed in the spurious dissepiment.

Annual or biennial glaucous herbs, with large showy flowers
and very long pod-like capsules. Buds erect.

The name Glaucium comes from the word glaucus, sea-green, in allusion to the
colour of its leaves,

SPECIES L-GLAUCIUM CORNICULATUM. Curt.
Pirate LXV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XII. Fig. 4471; and G. rubrum,
Tab. XI. Fig. 4470.
Chelidonium corniculatum, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 724.
Glaucium Phenicium, Crantz. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 7; and Eng. Bot. No, 1433.
Stem hairy. Stem leaves semi-amplexicaul, deeply pinnatifid.
Pod hairy, terminated by the large deflexed stigmatic lobes.
It has been reported to occur in the county of Norfolk and in
the Isle of Portland, and occasionally a specimen appears as an
escape from cultivation, but it cannot claim to be even a naturalized

plant.
[England.]| Annual. Summer.

* The Plate is E. B. 1433, unaltered.

PAPAVERACE®. 97

Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Radical leaves very
deeply pinnatifid, sub-lyrate ; segments rather distant, nearly at
right angles with the petiole, sharply toothed; stem leaves much
less deeply pinnatifid, with the segments pointing towards the end
of the leaf, remotely serrate. Peduncles very short, terminating
the stem and branches. Buds tapering to a point. Sepals with
numerous soft hairs. Flowers 13 to 2 inches in diameter. Petals
bright scarlet with a black spot at the base, the outer pair sub-
rotund, the inner ones obovate. Pod 7 to 9 inches long, slightly
curved, sub-cylindrical, covered with weak ascending hairs. Stigma
very large, three or four times the diameter of the top of the pod,
with the lobes deflexed. Plant more or less hairy, particularly on
the stems, where the hairs are spreading, pale green, glaucous.

Red Horn Poppy.

French, Glauciére Cornue.

SPECIES I.—GLAUCIUM LUTEUM. Scop
Pirate LXVI.*

Reich. Te. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. XI. Fig. 4468
Chelidonium glaucium, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 724. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 8.
Glaucium flavum, Craniz.

Stem leaves amplexicaul, pinnatifid. Pod without hairs, ter-
minated by the small spreading stigmatic ‘obes.

On shingly and sandy seashores. Common in England, but rare
in Scotland, where the shores of the Forth and Clyde appear to be
its northern limit.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial.
Summer, Autumn.

Root and rootstock almost woody, the latter clothed with the
blackened remains of decayed leafstalks. Stem erect or ascending,
much branched, 1 to 3 feet high. Radical leaves numerous, deeply
pinnatifid, sub-lyrate with the segments bent so as to be in a dif-
ferent plane from the petiole, the lower edge of each lobe directed
upwards. Stem leaves pinnatifid, with approximate segments,
which in the upper leaves are often reduced to very large triangular
teeth or lobes. Peduncles very short, glabrous. Buds tapering,
slightly twisted, with a very few hairs. Flowers 23 to 3} inches in
diameter, petals deep rich yellow, concolorous or occasionally with a
slightly darker mark at the base, the outer pair transversely oval,
the inner ones inversely deltoid, sub-rotund. Pod curved, often
nearly a foot long, with minute tubercles, but no hairs. Stigma

* The Plate is E. B. 8,
Cc

98 ENGLISH BOTANY.

scarcely twice the diameter of the apex of the pod, with the lobes
spreading. Valves of the pod splitting from the summit down-
wards, and leaving the spongy dissepiment and stigma attached to
the placente. Whole plant very glaucous, the leaves rather
thick, and having minute hairs on their surface. The radical
leaves of the first year often white from the number of these hairs,
Stem smooth. Milk sap pale orange-colour, with a heavy disagree-
able odour.

Yellow Horn Poppy, Squats (of the Portland Islanders).

French, Glauciére Jaune. German, Gehornte Schillkraut, Gelbe Hornmohn.

Luteum signifies pale yellow. This is perhaps the most striking and remark-
able of our sea-shore plants, and cannot fail to arrest attention where so little
vegetation flourishes. With our notice of this pretty plant it may not be uninteresting
to recall the history of Glaucus, whose name it bears. He was, according to a
mythological tradition, the son of Neptune and a seanymph, but lived upon the shore.
His parentage had some influence on his habits, and he was fond of fishing.
One day, having been successful in his sport, he laid his scaly captives on a neigh-
bouring marsh, when to his great surprise they began to nibble the green grass, and
then—

“Sudden darting o’er the verdant plain,
They spread their fins as in their native main.
He paused with wonder struck, while all his prey
Left their new master and regained the sea.”

Amazed at what he saw, Glaucus resolved to try the power of the herbage in his own
person : no sooner had he bitten it than his hereditary aquatic propensities seized him,
and into the ocean he leaped :—

“ Farewell for ever, farewell, land, I said,
And plunged amid the waves my sinking head ;
The gentle powers who low that empire keep
Received me as a brother of the deep.”

For his faith and courage Glaucus was admitted among the sea-gods. In their domain
he still shows his royal descent by wearing a golden robe; and yet from old affection
high above it he bears his favourite long and curved fishing-rod, with its point bent,
as if a captive fish ever strained it. Glaucts never goes far out to sea, but rather
frequents the shores and the cliffs; for Scylla, whom he loved, was turned into a
rock with howling waves around her, and his faithfulness retains him still close to
her side. The Horned Poppy has no recognised active properties. Nevertheless the
chemists have discovered two alkaloids in its structure. Glaucine is found in the
leaves and stem, and forms, with acids, salts which have a bitter and acrid taste.
Glaucopicrine, the other, is found in the roots, and also forms with acids bitter and
nauseous salts.

PAPAVERACES. 99

GENUS V.—CHELIDONIUM. Linn.

Sepals 2, sub-petaloid, caducous. Petals 4, convolute in eesti-
vation, caducous. Stamens indefinite. Capsule linear, resembling
a siliqua, 1-celled, without a dissepiment, opening by 2 valves,
which detach themselves from the nervelike placentz beginning at
the base. Style very short. Stigmas 2, oblique, with 2 spreading
lobes. Seeds with the raphe furnished with a fleshy crest.

A brittle herbaceous perennial, with orange-coloured juice.
Leaves pinnipartite. Flowers small, yellow, in simple umbels.

The generic name comes from y-«\:dwy (kelidon), a swallow, because, says an old
writer, “it beginneth to spring and flower at the coming of the swallows, and withers
at their return.”

SPECIES I—-CHELIDONIUM MAJUS. Linn.
Pirate LXVII.*

Leaves pinnatipartite, with stalked or sessile segments.

Var. a, vulgaris.
Pirate LXVII. (A.)
©. majus, Mill. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IIT. Pap. Tab. X. Fig. 4466.
Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. I. p. 32.

Leaflets slightly lobed or doubly crenate. Petals entire.

? Var. 8, laciniatwn. +
Puate LXVITI. (B)
C. laciniatum, M277. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. X. Fig. 4467.
Boreau, Fi. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii, Vol. I. p. 32.

Segments pinnatifid, with narrow cut lobes. Petals generally
cut into narrow segments at the apex.

Not uncommon in hedges and on roadsides; but probably only
naturalized. Var. 6 very rare, said by Dillenius to have been
found at Wimbledon, Surrey, by Mr. Martyn, and still occasionally
occurring as an escape from cultivation.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Early Summer
to Autumn.

Root thick and fleshy, terminating in a rhizome clothed with

* This Plate is re-drawn, with corrections, by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, from E. B. 1581.
Var. 3 added in a corner.
+ Possibly a distinct sub-species.

100 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the bases of decayed leaves. Stems erect, 13 to 3 feet high, swel-
ling at the base of each internode. Leaves deeply pinnipartite.
appearing almost pinnate, with 5 to 7 oval or oblong leaflets, 1 to 2
inches long; in var. & much narrower than in the common form,
and irregularly cut, while in var. a they are generally doubly
crenate ; the terminal leaflet commonly 38-cleft; the lateral ones
usually with a stalklike portion at the base, from the lower side of
which a lobe is dev eloped, looking like a stipule to the segment,
the basal leaflets are commonly without this appendage. Peduncles
terminating the stem and branches. Flowers # to 1 inch in
diameter, on slender pedicels, 4 to 8 together, in ibek surrounded
by an involucre of small bracts. Sepals greenish yellow, more or
less hairy. Petals broadly obovate, bright yellow, entire in var. «;
narrower and cut into a few narrow segments in var.§. Pods about
13 inch long, beaded, readily splitting if touched when ripe. Seeds
small, black, with a white crest. Whole plant pale yellowish green,
slightly glaucous and hairy. Stem and leaves very brittle. Milk-sap
bright orange, very abundant.

Common Celandine, Swallow Wort.

French, Chélidoine Eelaire. German, Das Gemeine Schillkraut, Goldwurz, Gilbkraut,
Schwalbenkraut.

Pliny writes that “with this herb the swallows restore sight to their young
ones when they cannot see.” Our old friend Gerarde says “this is vain and false,”
—with which decision we are inclined to agree. Still he cannot entirely give up
some fancied benefit to be received from this plant by man, if not by birds, for he
writes: ‘The juice of the herbe is good to sharpen the sight, for it cleanseth and
consumeth away slimie things that cleave about the ball of the eye, and hinder the
sight, and especially being boiled with hony in a brasen vessell, as Dioscorides
teacheth.” The acrimonious yellow milk of this plant will, like many other vegetable
exudations, destroy the vitality of warts, and it was at one time frequently used in this
way. The old alchemic doctors, reasoning that “like cures like,” held that it was
good to “superstifle the jaundice,” because of its intense yellow colour. This plant
contains two alkaloids, chelidonine and chelerytherine, which form salts with acids.
The latter is narcotic and poisonous. The Chelidonium majus is undoubtedly the true
Celandine, although poets have given that name to the Ranunculus Ficaria, or Figwort,
which lacks anything like a fanciful or pretty designation itself the which to weave

into a song.
Sus-Orper IT.—FUMARIEM.

Outer petals quite unlike the inner ones. Stamens definite, 6 in
nwmber, united by the filaments into 2 bundles consisting each of
3 stamens, of which the lateral ones have a 1-celled, and the
intermediate one a 2-celled anther.

The above definition excludes the Hypecoum, which, notwith-
standing the definite stamens, is much nearer to Papaverez than

to any of the genera of Fumaricie.

PAPAVERACE. 10]

GENUS VI—CORYDALIS. D.C.

Sepals 2, generally scale-like or petaloid, deciduous. Corolla
narrow, appearing 2-lipped. Petals 4, connivent, the superior one
with a spur or protuberance at the base, the lower one without a
spur; inner petals narrow, cohering at the tips. Stamens 6, in
two bundles, opposite the exterior petals. Filament of the upper
bundle of stamens having often a basal appendage directed back-
wards and included in the spur of the superior petal. Capsule
resembling a siliqua, 2-valved, with 2 permanent nervelike pla-
cente. Seeds more than one, lenticular ; raphe usually furnished
with a more or less conspicuous crest.

Brittle-stemmed succulent herbs, with racemes of horizontal or
drooping flowers.

The generic name is derived from kxooudadoc (korydalos), a lark,—in allusion to
the shape of the flowers, the spur of which resembles the spur of a lark.

Sus-Genus I.—BULBOCAPNOS. Bernh.

Rootstock tuberous. Stem with 1 or 2 leaves. Flowers in
aterminal raceme. Style wholly persistent. Cotyledons united
into one.

SPECIES L—CORYDALIS SOLIDA. Jock.
Puare LXVIII.*
C. digitata, Pers. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. VIT. Fie. 4462.
Fumaria bulbosa, var y, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 983. i
Fumaria solida, Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 1471 ; and Eng. FI. Vol. IIT. p. 253.

Rootstock a solid rounded tuber. Stem with 1 scale (or 2)
below the leaves. Style bent.

Not a true native, but more or less perfectly naturalized in a
few places. At Kendal (the site of an old garden) ; Wickham,
Hampshire; near Birmingham; Duckett Ings, Yorkshire; and
near Uxbridge, Middlesex.

[England]. Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock a solid cormlike tuber, emitting root fibres from the
base. Stems 1 or 2, unbranched, 6 to 18 inches high, with a scale
formed by an abortive petiole a little below the first leaf. Leaves
2 to 4, biternate, with the leaflets obovate, 3-lobed or cut. Raceme
at first short, with 6 to 12 sub-secund flowers. Bracts digitately

* The Plate is E. B. 1471, with additional dissections by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

103 ENGLISH BOTANY.

lobed, about as long as the pedicels. Sepals entire, very small or
obsolete. Flowers ‘purplish, v variegated, { to 1 inch long, including
the spur of the upper petal, which is about half the length of the
flower and slightly curved. Upper petal slightly notched, the
lower one more deeply so, gibbous at the base, but not spurred like
the upper one; lateral pet tals shorter than the exterior ones, widened
at the apex, where they adhere. Raceme lengthened in fruit. Pods
about as long as the pedicels, elliptical, linear, tipped by the persistent
style, opening from the base towards the tip. Seeds several, very
glossy, with a crestlike appendage. Plant glabrous and glaucous.

Solid-rooted Corydalis, Tuberous-rooted Fumitory.

French, Corydalis Lubéreuse. German, Lerchenspora.

Sus-Genus II.—CAPNOIDES. D. @.

Rootstock none, or not tuberous. Racemes opposite the leaves.
Extremity of the style caducous. Cotyledons 2, opposite.

SPECIES I1—CORYDALIS LUTEA,. DG
Pirate LXIX.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. VI. Fig. 4459.
Fumaria lutea, Zinn. Sm. Eng, Bot. ed. i. No. 588; and Eng. Fl. Vol. IIT. p. 253.

Rootstock branched, producing numerous leafy stems, leaves
tri-ternate, without tendrils. Peduncles longer than the leaves
opposite to which they spring. Pedicels shorter than the flowers,
but equalling or exceeding the pods. Seeds shining, appearing
eranulated under a lens, with a lobed membranous crest.

On old walls. Naturalized in many places both in England
and Scotland.

[England,] [Scotland]. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock branched, giving rise to numerous stems. Stems
diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves stalked, the lowest on very
long stalks, tri-pinnate, with oval, nearly entire, or broadly obovate,
3-lobed leaflets. Racemes appearing to be opposite the leaves, but
really (as in most of such cases) terminating the branches; the appa-
rent prolongation of the main stem is merely a branch developed
from the axil of the uppermost leaf. Bracts lanceolate, erose, much
shorter than the pedicels. Flowers } to $ inch long, bright yellow,
darker at the tips, sub-secund, 6 to 12 or even more in each
raceme, which is compact while in flower, but elongated in fruit.
Sepals ovate, cuspidate, narrower and much shorter than the corolla.

* The Plate is E. B. 588.

PAPAVERACE®. 103

Upper petal larger than the others, folded longitudinally and
keeled, enlarged and somewhat spreading at the apex, with a short,
thick incurved spur at the base, not one third the length of the
rest of the petal; lower petal keeled, spatulate; lateral petals
oblanceolate. Pods oblong, compressed, beaded, mucronate by
the persistence of the base of the style. Seeds 3 to 6, black and
shining, thickly covered with small round tubercles, which however
are scarcely discernible by the naked eye; crest of the raphe large,
white, lacerate, dentate, spreading. Plant yellowish green, slightly
glaucous. Stems brittle and somewhat succulent.

Yellow Fumitory, or Corydalis.
French, Corydalis Jaune.

The specific name is from the Latin word Juteus, yellow.

PECIES I1—CORYDALiIS CLAVICULATA. DC.
Pirate LXX.*

Reich. Ic. F]. Germ. et Helv. Vol: III. Pap. Tab. V. Fig. 4457.
Famaria claviculata, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 103 ; and Eng. Fl. Vol. IIT. p. 254.

No rootstock. Stems leafy. Leaves pinnate, with the leaflets
ternate, all lateral; the secondary lateral leaflets usually, and the
terminal one occasionally bijugate, the common petiole terminating
in a branched tendril. Peduncles shorter than the leaves opposite
to which they spring. Pedicels shorter than the flowers and pods.
Seeds shining, appearing granulated under a lens, with a very
small membranous crest.

In woods, bushy places, sandy ground, and thatched roofs.
Sparingly but widely distributed throughout Britain, but becoming
scarcer towards the west and north of Scotland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autunin.

Stems weal:, diffusely branched, trailing or climbing. Leaves
stalked, with 3 or 4 pairs of distant, compound, ternate leaflets ;
leaflets towards the base of the leaf often appearing quinate, from
the shortness of the stalks of the elliptical entire secondary leaflets ;
those of the upper portion of the leaf simply ternate, and gradu-
ally diminishing in width till they become mere branches of the
tendril. Racemes disposed as in the last species, but on very much
shorter peduncles. Bracts oblong, cuspidate, longer than the pedi-
cels. Flowers resembling those of C. lutea, but only about + inch
long, pale straw colour. Pods small, about } inch long, exceeding
the pedicels, ellintical, oblong, compressed, beaded, mucronate by
the persistence of the short base of the style. (The style is usu-
ally described as wholly deciduous, but I have not found this to be

* The Plate is E. B. 103,

104 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the case, for, as in C. lutea, its base remains while its apex disappears
after flowering.) Seeds shining, black, smoother than in C. lutea,
and with a much smaller crest. Plant glabrous and glaucous.
Stems brittle and somewhat succulent.
White Climbing Fumitory, or Corydalis.
French, Corydalis @ Vrilles.

This plant owes its specific name to the tendrils with which its leafstalks tema-
nate—clavicula being the Latin word for a tendril, or little stalk.

GENUS VIIT—FUMARIA. Linn.

Sepals 2, petaloid or scale-like, deciduous. Corolla narrow.
Petals 4, connivent, the superior one with a spur or protuberance
at the base, the lower one without a spur; inner petals narrow,
cohering at the tips. Stamens 6, in two bundles, opposite the ex-
terior petals; filament of the upper bundle of stamens having often
a basal appendage directed backwards and included in the spur of
the superior petal. Fruit sub-globular, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Style
ceaducous. Seed without a crest.

Annuals, with somewhat succulent, angular, diffusely branched
stems, frequently supporting themselves by the aid of the petioles,
which twist round adjacent bodies. Leaves alternate, twice or thrice
pinnate, with a slight tendency to become ternate in the arrange-
ment of the primary divisions. Flowers purple or whitish, with dark
purple tips, racemose. Racemes opposite the leaves, or terminal.

The generic name Fumaria comes from fwmus, smoke,—either because the plants
are said to have a smoky smell, or on account of the light, almost smoky appear-
ance of the herbage of some of the species, which seems to rise out of the ground

almost as a smoke.

SPECIES lI—FUMARIA CAPREOLATA. Linn
Puates LXXI. LX XII. LXXIII. and LXXIV.

Racemes rather lax, not much elongated in fruit. Sepals broadly
ovate, acute, toothed, one third to two thirds the length of the tube
of the corolla, and equal to it in breadth. Lower petal gradually
enlarged towards the tip. Pedicels of the fruit reflexed or patent,
longer than the bracts. Fruit smooth or slightly rugose when dry,
sub-globular, slightly compressed, rounded or sub-truncate, but not
retuse at the apex, where there is a very minute apiculus, on each
side of which is a small pit. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, the
ultimate leaflets deeply cut or lobed; segments flat, oblong, ellip-
tical, or oval.

————

PAPAVERACE®. 105

Sus-Srrcres I.—Fumaria pallidiflora. Jord.
Prate LXXI.*

Bab. in Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Society, Vol. IV. No. 16, p. 162.

Jord. in F. Schultz, Arch. p 305. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IL. p. 34.
F, pallidiflora a, Jordani, Zuo. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 17.

F. speciosa, Lloyd, Fl. de ’Ouest de la Fr. p. 24 ? (mon Jordan).

Sepals ovate, denticulate, half or two-thirds the length of the tube
of the corolla, and equalling or exceeding it in breadth. Flowers
cream-colour tipped with reddish purple. Fruit pedicels recurved.
Fruit nearly smooth when dry, roundish, compressed, longer than
broad, sub-truncate at the apex, where there are two small but
rather deep pits; neck of the fruit narrower than the enlarged apex
of the pedicel.

A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Apparently rather
rare, and confined to the south-west of England. The only speci-
mens I possess are collected by Miss Gifford near Dunster, Somer-
set. Professor Babington gives also “Salcombe and Ilfracombe,
Devon; Watchet, Somerset ; Oystermouth, near Swansea, Glamor-
gan; Carnarvon; Oswestry, Shropshire.’ Mr. A. G. More has
found it in the Isle of Wight.

England. Annual. Summer and Autumn.

Stem 1 to 3 feet long, weak, fragile, diffusely branched. Leaves
twice or thrice ternately-pinnate ; the ultimate segments obovate or
wedge-shaped, lobed; lobes oblong or elliptical. Petioles often
twisting and acting as tendrils. Racemes 1 to 1} inches long,
both in flower and fruit, stalked, opposite the leaves. Flowers
curved upwards at the point, about + inch long including the
spur, which is nearly one-third the length of the upper petal, and
blunt. Sepals broadly ovate, produced backwards behind the point
of attachment, toothed, especially near the base, cream-colour.
Upper petal cream-coloured, with a purple blotch at the tip, and
occasionally a paler shade of the same colour extends backwards
towards the base ; lateral petals linear, slightly keeled, cream-colour
with a purple apical blotch; lower petal linear, folded, gradually
dilated towards the end, where it is greenish. Pedicels usually
strongly recurved after flowering, longer than the coloured
bracts, and dilated at the apex. Fruit about 345 inch long, and 315
inch broad, with a somewhat rectangular profile; at the base of
the fruit there is a fleshy disk or collar, which is usually described

* The Plate is from a drawing made by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, from a Somersetshire
specimen
P

106 ENGLISH BOTANY.

as the “base of the fruit,’ but which I prefer to designate “ the
neck,’ as to an unpractised observer this term will, I believe, more
readily direct his attention to the part of the fruit under considera-
tion, from which the principal characters employed to separate the
sub-species of F. capreolata are taken. In the present plant, this
neck passes gradually into the fruit, which is broader than the
neck; the latter is also narrower than the enlarged apex of the
pedicel, Plant pale green, glaucous.

Sun-Srrecirs IL—Fumaria Borei. Jord.
Prats LXXII.*

Bab.in Journal of Proceedings of the Linnzan Society, Vol. IV. No. 16, p. 163. Baker,
Rep. of Thirsk Nat. Hist. Soc. 1861, p. 5.

Jord. “Cat. Grenob. 1849, p. 15.” Pugillus Plant. Nov. p. 4. Boreau, FI. du Centre
de la Fr. ed. iii. vol. ii. p. 34. Lloyd, Fl. de POuest de la Fr. p. 24. Breb. Fl.
de la Normandie, p. 17.

EF. pallidiflora 2, Borei, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 17.

F. capreolata 3, Leightonii, Bad. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iv. p. 17.

F. muralis, Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. ii. No. 95 (non Sonder),

Sepals broadly ovate, acute, about two-thirds the length of the
tube of the corolla, and exceeding it in breadth. Corolla pale pur-
plish pink, tipped with dark purple. Fruit pedicels patent. Fruit
slightly rugose when dry, roundish, compressed, rather broader than
long, sub-truncate at the apex where there are two small but rather
deep pits. Neck of the fruit narrower than the enlarged apex of
the pedicel.

A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Probably common
and generally distributed. I have specimens from Ilkley, York-
shire; Haddingtonshire; Orkney; and Professor Babington gives
the following localities : —‘* Tenby, Pembrokeshire ; Shrewsbury ;
Windermere, Lancashire; Glenmore, near Lisburn, co. Antrim.”

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Extremely like F. pallidiflora, of which Professor Babington now
makes it a variety, and it is very probable that it may be so, but this
can only be determined by continued cultivation. To my eyes it
appears as distinct from F. pallidiflora as F. muralis is from F. con-
fusa. The flower is of a delicate pink tinged with purple, while

* The figure in the plate is F. capreolata. E. B. No. 943, with dissections added
by Mr. Sowerby from the plant sent by Mr. Baker from Ilkley ; the fruit represented
in the state in which it appears when moistened in warm water, as the neck loses its
shape when dried, but recovers it to a great extent when treated in this manner.

PAPAVERACE®. 107

that of F. pallidiflora is cream-colour. The pedicels after flowering
are occasionally slightly recurved, and by the time the fruit is ripe
their direction becomes patent or divaricate ; while in all the speci-
mens of F. pallidiflora which I have seen, the pedicels are recurved
at the base nearly in a semicircle, and then straight at the apex,
so that the axis of the fruit is parallel to the rachis of the raceme
in a reversed position. The fruit is shorter in proportion than in
F. pallidiflora, and taken without the neck is actually broader than
long. The neck of the fruit is, however, very similar. This is the
only one of the Capreolatze of which I have seen British specimens
in a growing state.

Sus-Srecies I1].—Fumaria confusa. Jord.
Piate LX XIII.*

Bab. in Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Soe. Vol. IV. No. 16, p. 165; and Man.
Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18.

“ Jord. Cat. Dij. 1848, XVIII.” Lloyd, Fl. de YOuest de la Fr. p. 24.

F. Bastardi, Boreau, “in Rev. Bot. Vol. II. p. 359;” Fl. du Centre de Ja Fr. ed. iii.
Vol. Il. p. 34. Bred. Fl. de la Normandie, p. 18.

F. agraria, Mitt. in Lond. Jour. Bot. Vol. VII. p. 556. Bab. in Bot. Gaz. Vol. I.
p- 62 (non Lay.).

“EF. media, Bast. F). de Maine-et-Loire, p. 36” (Bor. non Loise?).

F. capreolata y, media, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iv. p. 17.

Sepals ovate, acute, about one-third the length of the tube
of the corolla, and nearly equal to it in breadth. Corolla pale
pink tinged with green, tipped with dark purple. Fruit pedicels
ascending - patent. Fruit slightly rugose when dry, roundish,
compressed, a little longer than broad, rounded at the apex where
there are two rather broad shallow pits. Neck of the fruit broader
than the enlarged apex of the pedicel.

A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Probably gene-
rally distributed.

Professor Babington gives the following localities :—*“ Jersey
and Guernsey; Zennor and ‘Treverna, Cornwall; Ilfracombe,
Devon; Tenby, Pembrokeshire; Aberystwith, Cardiganshire ;
Bangor, Carnarvonshire; Hawkhead, Lancashire; and Dublin.”
And J also observed in his Herbarium, specimens from Carisbrook
Castle, in the Isle of Wight, and I possess one from Cheshire.

England. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Somewhat like F. Boreei, but the flowers are smaller, with the sepals

* The Plate is from a drawing by Mr. J. W. Salter.

108 ENGLISH BOTANY.

considerably smaller in proportion, very slightly produced back-
wards behind the point of attachment, and the spur of the upper
petal is longer in proportion. The principal difference, however, is
in the fruit, which is not at all truncate at the top, and its neck is
nearly as wide as itself, and actually broader than the enlarged
apex of the pedicel.

Though F. Bastardi has the priority, I retain the name of F.
confusa, as the former has been applied both to this and F. Boreei,
according to Mr. Jordan.

Sus-Srecres 1V.—F'umaria muralis. Sonder.
Puate LXXIV.

Bab. in Journal of Proceedings of the Linnean Soe. Vol. IV. No. 16, p. 166 ; and Man.

Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18. Baker, Rep. Thirsk Nat. Hist. Soc. 1861, p. 6.

Sonder, in Koch, Syn. ed. ii. p. 1017 ; and FI. Hamb. p. 385. Jord. Cat. Dij. 1848, 19.

Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. p. 146. Lowe, Fl. Madeira, p. 13.

F. capreolata, Leighton, Fl. of Shropshire, p. 344 (description).

Sepals ovate, acute, about one-third as long as the corolla, and
nearly equal to it in breadth. Corolla rose-coloured, tipped with
very dark purple. Fruit pedicels ascending, patent. Fruit finely
rugose when dry, roundish, compressed ; rounded at the apex, where
there are two very inconspicuous pits. Neck of the fruit narrower
than the enlarged apex of the pedicel.

A weed in cultivated ground and in hedges. Apparently rather
rare.

Professor Babington states that he has seen F. muralis from
Barnes, Surrey; Shrewsbury, Salop; Wrexham, Denbighshire ;
and Sheffield, Yorkshire ; and to these localities I am unable to
add any others, except Somersetshire and the Isle of Wight.

England. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Very like F. confusa, but the flowers are rather smaller than in
that or any other of the sub-species of F. capreolata, being only
from 3 to % inch long, and generally darker in colour. The fruit
is also rather smaller, and has the neck narrower than in F. con-
fusa, to which it appears to me to be too closely allied; but I
retain it as a sub-species until the permanence of the character
taken from the neck of the fruit has been tested by cultivation.

Rampant Fumitory, Rampant Earth-Smoke.
French, “umeterre & Pédicelles Recourbés.

This species was known, and is still recognised, as Fumaria capreolata, which name
being derived from caper, a goat, well suggests its wild, climbing, vigorous habit. Its

common English name also speaks of its vagrant, gipsy-like tendencies.

PAPAVERACEA. 109

SPECIES IL—FUMARIA MICRANTHA. Lay.
Pirate LXXV.*

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 18. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. p. 20.

“ Lagasca, Noy. Gen. et Sp. XXI. n. 281 (1816).” och, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv.
ed. ii, p. 1018. Boreaw, Fl. du Centre de Ja Fr. ed. iii, Vol. IL. p. 34. Lloyd,
Fl. de l'Ouest de la Fr. p. 25. Brebisson, FI. de la Normandie, p. 17.

F. densiflora, D. C. Cat. Monsp. (1813), p.113; and Fl. Fr. Vol. V. p. 588. Gr. & Godr.
FI. de Fr. vol.i. p. 68. God. F. de Lorraine, Vol. I. p. 31. Coss. & Germ. Fl. des
Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 99.

F.calycina, Bab. Trans. of Bot. Soc. Edin. Vol. I. p. 34.

Racemes very dense while in flower, elongated in fruit. Sepals
very broadly ovate, acute, toothed, about half the length of the flower
and exceeding it in breadth. Lower petal abruptly enlarged at the
tip. Pedicels of the fruit ascending or ascending- Laan about as
long as the bracts. Fruit rugose when dry, Satie scarcely com-
pressed, rounded at the apex where there is a very small apiculus,
on each side of which there are two small shallow pits. Leaves
twice or thrice pinnate; the ultimate leaflets wedge-shaped, deeply
cut ; segments flat or slightly channeled, strap-shaped or linear.

A weed in cultivated ground, in hedges and by roadsides.
Apparently local. It occurs in Kent, Surrey, Shropshire; in
Haddingtonshire it is very common, and I have also seen it in
the counties of Edinburgh, Linlithgow, and Forfar.

England, Scotland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem 1 to 3 feet long, weak, fragile, diffusely branched, or in
small examples erect and nearly simple. Leaves twice or thrice
ternately-pinnate; the ultimate segments rather short and narrow,
often appearing narrower than” they really are from being
channeled. Petioles of the leaves sometimes acting as tendrils.
Racemes about an inch long when in flower, elongated to nearly
double this length in fruit, on very short stalks, opposite the
leaves. Flowers + to } inch long, including the spur, which is
nearly one-third the length of the upper petal, and blunt. Sepals
roundish-ovate, acuminate, much produced backwards behind the
point of attachment, finely toothed, membranous, whitish tinged
with green on the central line and tipped with purplish rose- colour.
Upper and lower petals purplish rose-colour, the lateral petals
whitish, with a red keel, all tipped with dark purple; the upper
petal has a very decided tint of green at the apex, and the lower
petal, which is spatulate, has a slighter tinge of the same colour on

* The Plate is E. B.S. No. 2876, without alteration,

110 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the expanded extremity. Pedicels sometimes a little longer and
sometimes a little shorter than the coloured bracts, dilated at
the apex. Fruit about 7’; inch in each diameter, globose, very
slightly compressed, w ith a very small apiculus formed by the
remains of the style. Plant greyish green, glaucous.

The much smaller flowers, and leaves with narrower segments,
distinguish this plant at first sight from all the forms of F. capreo-
lata; besides which there are the more important differences of the
spatulate lower petal, and fruit pedicels not much exceeding the
bracts in length. I have adopted the name of Lagasca, as it
appears to be the first which has been applied exclusively to this
plant. It is, however, extremely inappropriate, as the plant often has
the flowers nearly as large as F. officinalis, and from their being
packed closely t together produce the impression of being larger than
they really are. “De Candolle’s name of densiflora is much more
expressive, and, in the opinion of MM. Grenier and Godron,
undoubtedly belongs to this plant; but as micrantha is most
generally used, I have not considered it expedient to depart from it.
Calycina is the best, but unfortunately of more recent date.

Close-Flowered Fumitory.

SPECIES IIL—FUMARIA OFFICINALIS. Linn.
Puate LXXVI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. IIT. Fig. 4454.

Racemes rather lax, much elongated in fruit. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acute, toothed, about one-third the length of the tube
of the corolla, and about half as broad. Lower petals abruptly
enlarged at the tip. Pedicels of the fruit ascending or ascending-
patent, longer than the bracts. Fruit rugose when dry, depressed-
globular, slightly compressed, longer than broad, truncate or
retuse at the apex, with a very small apiculus, on each side of
which there is a large shallow pit. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate ;
the uitimate leaflets wedge-shaped, deeply cut; segments flat,
elliptical, or elliptical-linear.

A weed in cultivated ground, in hedges, roadsides, and waste
places. Very common throughout the whole of Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem 1 to 2 feet long, diffusely branched, ascending, or in large
examples weak and supporting itself hv the petioles. Leaves twice
or thrice ternately pinnate; the ultimate leaflets wedge-shaped,

* The Plate is E. B. 589, with dissections added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

PAPAVERACE. Natal

deeply cut; segments flat, elliptical or oblong-elliptical, rarely
linear-elliptical. Racemes about 1 to 1} inch long when in flower,
elongated to nearly double this length in fruit, stalked, opposite the
leaves. Flowers + to 2 inch long, including the spur, which is
searcely one-third the length of the upper petal, and blunt. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly produced backwards behind
the point of attachment, toothed, one-half to one-third as broad as
the corolla tube, membranous, rose-colour. Petals dark or pale
purplish rose-colour, tipped with dark purple; the lower petal
spatulate. Pedicels of the fruit invariably longer than the coloured
bracts, enlarged at the apex. Fruit about jy inch long by 45
broad. Plant dull green, glaucous.

The narrow sepals-and the truncate or retuse fruit much broader
than long, sufficiently distinguish this species from both the pre-
ceding; and the lower petal with an abrupt enlargement at the tip
is a further mark by which its luxuriant climbing forms may be
distinguished from F. capreolata. I have had what seems to me to
be a small-flowered specimen of this plant sent me under the name
of F. Wirtgeni (Koch) by Dr. Wirtgen, and I have cultivated speci-
mens raised from seeds sent to Mr. Hewett C. Watson, under the
same name, which belong to F. Boreei. Koch, however, describes
his plant as having the flowers of F. officinalis and the fruit of
F. Vaillantii. EF. media (Loisel) appears to be only a state of
F. officinalis.

Common Fumitory, Common Earth-Smoke.
French, Fumeterre Officinale. German, Der Gemeine Erdrauch, Taubenkropp.

In Kent this is often called Wax Dolls, from the doll-like appearance of the
little flowers.

This plant is found more or less wherever corn is cultivated. Though a perse-
vering and troublesome weed, it is one the appearance of which every farmer may
regard as an indication of good, deep, and rich land,—a circumstance not unnoticed by
England’s greatest poet, when speaking of the rich but unproductive soil of France,
laid bare and left uncultivated by the horrors of war. He makes the Duke of Burgundy,
in the play of “ King Henry V.,” to say,—

“ Why that the naked, poor, and mangled peace,
Dear nurse of arts, plenties, and joyful births,
Should not, in this best garden of the world,
Our fertile France, put up her lovely visage ?
Alas! she hath from Fraice too long been chased,
And all her husbandry doth lie on heaps,
Corrupting in its own fertility.

Her vine, the merry cheerer of the heart,
Unpruned dies ; her hedges even-pleach’d,
Like prisoners wildly overgrown with hair,
Put forth disorder’d twigs ; her fallow leas
The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory,
Doth root upon.”

142 ENGLISH BOTANY.

And again, in “ King Lear,” Cordelia says, —

“ Alack! ’tis he ; why, he was met even now,
As mad as the vex’d sea,—singing aloud,
Crown’d with rank fwmiter and furrow-weeds,
With harlocks, hemlock, nettles, cuckoo-flowers,
Darnel, and all the idle weeds that grow
Tn our sustaining corn.”

The expressed juice of this plant was at one time a favourite remedy with
herbalists for skin diseases, and had a reputation as an anti-scorbutic. Mr. T. J.
Pettigrew has secured an old medical manuscript from the Royal Library at Stockholm,
which is traced back to the fourteenth century, and is supposed to be a poetical “system
of health,” composed by the celebrated physician John of Milan, in which is an account
of the manifold virtues of the Fumitory ; commencing thus :—

“ Furmater is erbe, I say,
Yt springyth i April et in May,
In feld, in town, in yard, et gate,
Where lond is fat and good in state.
Dun red is his flour,
Ye erbe smoke lik in colowur,
Ageyn feuerys cotidian,
And ageyn feurys tertyen,
And ageyn feurys quarteyn
Tt is medicyn souereyn.”

Burton, in his “ Anatomy of Melancholy,” speaks of it as a plant not “to be
omitted by those who are misaffected with melancholy, because it will much help and
ease the spleen.” Sir John Hill, in his Herbal, recommends the leaves of the Fumitory
to be smoked, as a remedy “for disorders of the head ;” and in more modern days
Dr. Cullen, who paid great attention to the qualities of our native plants, recommended
it to be used in diseases of the liver, and says “its remarkable virtues, however, are
those of clearing the skin of many disorders.” Since his day the use of the Fumitory in
medicine has been generally abandoned, lingering only among the “ simples” of the
herbalist in this country, and in the Japanese Pharmacopeeia, if there be one. Clare,
one of our old pastoral poets, alludes to its use as a cosmetic thus :—

“And Furmitory too, a name
Which Superstition holds to Fame,
Whose red and purple-mottled flowers
Are cropped by maids in weeding hours,
To boil in water, milk, and whey
For washes on a holiday,
To make their beauty fair and sleek,
And scare the tan from summet’s cheek ;
And oft the dame will feel inclined,
As childhood’s memory comes to mind,
To turn her hook away, and spare
The blooms it loved to gather there.”

Since that time other and perhaps more injurious applications have taken the
place of this herb in the mysteries of the toilet, for we can scarcely believe that the

PAPAVERACE. ais}

words of old John Ray, the naturalist, would be better received now by the votaries of
fashion than they were in his own day, when he said, “ No better cosmetics than a
strict temperance and purity, modesty and humility, a gracious temper and calmness of
spirit. No true beauty without the signatures of these graces in the very countenance.”

SPECIES IV.—FUMARIA TENUISECTA.”*
Puates LXXVII. LXXVIII.

Racemes short, elongated in fruit. Sepals ovate-lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, acute, toothed, from one-sixth to one-tenth the
length of the tube of the corolla, and not above half or one-third its
breadth. Lower petal abruptly enlarged at the tip. Pedicels of the
fruit ascending or ascending-patent, equal to or a little exceeding
the bracts. Fruit distinctly rugose when dry, globular, slightly
compressed, rounded, or a little pointed at the apex, with a very
small apiculus, on each side of which there is an indistinct shal-
low pit. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate, the ultimate leaflets
wedge-shaped, very deeply cut , segments flat or slightly channelled,
strap-shaped, linear or sub-filiform-linear.

Sup-Srecres L—Fumaria Vaillantii. Loisel.
Pirate LXXVII.F
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. I. Fig. 4452.

Racemes rather lax in flower. Sepals lanceolate, about one-tenth
the length of the tube of the corolla, and one-third of its breadth.
Fruit pedicels longer than their bracts. Mature fruit rounded (not
pointed) at the summit. Segments of the leaflets flat, very nar-
rowly elliptical or strap-shaped.

A weed in cultivated ground. Rare and local. About Saffron
Walden in Essex, and in several places in the southern part of
Cambridgeshire. I have myself collected it near Cuxton, Kent,

* T cannot consider F. Vaillantii and parviflora as more than sub-species ; but
Lamarck’s excellent description of F. parviflora, in Encycl. Méth. Vol. II. p. 567,
leaves no doubt that the plant he intended by this name was the one now generally
known as F. parviflora, as his description agrees well with this plant in the very par-
ticulars in which it differs from F. Vaillantii. I have, therefore, not ventured to use
parviflora as a name for the aggregate species, considering that name to belong exclu-
sively to one of the sub-species. My F. tenuisecta includes the British sub-species
F. parviflora (Lam.), Vaillantii (Lois.), and a few Continental forms distinguished by
M. Jordan, such as F. glauca and F. laggeri—with which I am quite unacquainted.

+ The Plate is E. B. S. 2877 unaltered, except by the removal of a sprig and
magnified flower and fruit of F. parviflora.

Q

114 ENGLISH BOTANY

and possess a specimen from the foot of Box Hill, Surrey; also one
from Mr. J. G. Baker, from Cawton, north-west Yorkshire.

England. Annual. Summer and Autumn.

Stem 6 inches to 1 foot high, diffusely branched, with the
branches ascending. Leaves with the lacinee very narrow, the
petioles never acting as tendrils. Racemes } to ? inch long when
in flower, and about 1 inch long when in fruit, on short stalks
opposite the leaves. Sepals extremely minute, resembling scales,
whitish. Flowers about 4 inch long. Spur of the upper petal about
one-third of its length. Petals purplish rose-colour, the lateral
ones tipped with dark purple. Pedicels of the fruit nearly twice as
long as the bracts. The young fruit is pointed at the top, but
becomes rounded when mature, “and is about =; inch in diameter.
Plant greyish green, slightly glaucous.

The extremely small sepals, smaller flowers, and the round fruit
distinctly verrucose when dry, distinguish this plant from the upright
states of F. officinalis. Mr. G. 8. Gibson states that the rose-coloured
flowers become whitish as they fade. The sepals must be examined
at a very early stage, as in this and F. parviflora they are much
more caducous than in the preceding species.

Le Vaillant’s Fumnitory.
French, Fumeterre de Vaillant. German, Vaillants Prdrauch.

This plant was named after Sebastian Vaillant, a distinguished French botanist,
the friend of Tournefort, and successor to Fagon as Professor of Botany in the Jardin
du Roi. His great work, entitled “ Botanicon Parisiense,” was published in 1727,
after his death, by his literary executor Boerhaave. The genus Vaillantia cf De
Candolle was named in honour of him.

Sus-Species I.—Fumaria parviflora. Zam.
Pirate LXXVIII.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. III. Pap. Tab. I. Fig. 4451.
F. leucantha, Viv. Cors. i. p. 12.
F. Vaillantii, partly Zab. E. B.S. Vol. 1V. No. 2877 (not in other writings).

Racemes dense while in flower. Sepals triangular ovate, about
one-eighth the length of the tube of the corolla, and one-half its
breadth. Fruit pedicels about equal in length to the bracts. Mature
fruit pointed at the summit. Segments of the leaflets channeled,
narrowly strap-shaped or linear.

A weed in cultivated ground. Rare, but apparently more abun-
dant than F. Vaillantii. I have found it myself near Dartford,

* The Plate is the original E. B. 590, with the magnified flower and fruit added from
E. B.S. 2877, and the colouring corrected.

PAPAVERACEZ. 115

Cuxton, and Boxley, in Kent; near Leatherhead, Surrey; also
near Long Niddrie and Dirlton, Haddingtonshire. I possess speci-
mens from Essex, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and near Scar-
borough in Yorkshire. One or other of these sub-species has been
reported from various localities from Hampshire to Edinburgh, and
also from Ireland; but the two have been so confounded in this
country that I am obliged only to indicate those localities from
which I have seen specimens.

England, Scotland, Ireland? Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Extremely like F. Vaillantii, but often attaining to a greater
height, as I have sometimes seen it about 18 inches high. The stem
branches more from the base. The leaves are much more finely
divided, the lacineze much narrower, grooved, and much more glau-
cous. ‘The flowers are closer together, smaller, about $ inch long,
the spur shorter in proportion, being only about a quar ter the length
of the upper petal, the colour white, the lateral petals tipped with
aark purple; sepals larger. The fruit pedicels are shorter, scarcely
exceeding the fruit in length, and the fruit is usually slightly pointed
at the apex, even when quite mature.

By these points of difference F. parviflora may generally be easily
distinguished from F. Vaillantii. Mr. Gibson remarks that the
flowers of F. parviflora change from white to rose-colour as they

fade, which is the exact converse of what he states of F. Vaillantii:

though this is by no means always the case, I have frequently found
them do so, and it is possibly this change of colour which has led
Dr. Walker Arnott to describe his var. « of F. parviflora as rose-
coloured, quoting under it E. B. 590, where there can be no doubt
that the colouring has been taken from a fading specimen of the
white-flowered plant.*

Small-flowered Fumitory.

French, Fumeterre & Petites Flewrs. German, Der Kleinbliithige Lrdrauch.

7 EHXOLUDED SPECIES.
PAPAVER NUDICAULE. Lin. (EB. 2681.)
An arctic plant said to have been found by Sir Charles Giesecké
* orowing among rocks and glens in the hills at Achil Head in the

North-west of Ireland.’ There can be no doubt that it never grew
there.

* Mr. Bentham considers all the preceding forms of Fumariz to be referable to a
single species, to which he gives the name of F. officinalis.

116 ENGLISH BOTANY.

ORDER V.—CRUCIFER A.

Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely under-shrubs, with
watery often somewhat acrid juice. Leaves alternate (very rarely
opposite), entire, or dissected; the radical leaves often runcinate ;
the stem leaves auriculate at the base, and destitute of stipules.
Flowers usually white, yellow, or purple, in racemes, which are
commonly terminal. In many species the inflorescence is corym-
bose until after flowering, when it lengthens into a raceme.
Pedicels usually not springing from bracts. Flowers perfect,
regular, or radiant. Sepals 4, deciduous or caducous, imbricated
in 2 whorls or rarely valvate, the outer or lateral pair often
bulging at the base. Petals 4, spreading in the form of a cross,
and alternating with the sepals, convolute or imbricate in estiva-
tion, generally equal, narrowed into a claw at the base; the limb
entire, emarginate, or bifid. Receptacle with 2 to 4 (rarely 6)
glands. Stamens 6, hypogynous, generally free, the two lateral
ones with shorter filaments than the other four, which are equal,
and in pairs opposite the inner pair of sepals. Anthers 2-celled,
dehiscent longitudinally. Ovary free, of 2 carpels situated right
and left of the axis; placeatas parietal; ovary most frequently
divided longitudinally into two cells by a partition (replum)
uniting the placentas. Styles united, often undistinguishable.
Stigma simple or bilobed. Ovules several or solitary in each cell,
generally suspended, campylotropous or amphitropous, with the
raphe ventral. Fruit a long pod (siliqua) or short pouch (silicula),
2-celled, or rarely 1-celled by the dissepiment (replum) between
the placentas being incomplete, generally opening by two valves,
rarely indehiscent, or lomentaceous. Seeds ex-albuminous ; embryo
bent or curled, rarely coiled; cotyledons plane with the radicle
applied to their edges (aceumbent), or plane with the radicle
applied to the back of one of them (incumbent), or folded longi-
tudinally (conduplicate) with the radicle lying at the back of one of
them, rarely twice folded or spirally coiled.

Exceptions in the British Genera.—The petals are occasionally
absent by abortion in Cardamine impatiens, Cochlearia Armoracia,
and Lepidium ruderale; and the stamens are only 2 in Lepidium
ruderale, and only 4 in Cardamine hirsuta; and in Senebiera didyma
the stamens are seldom more than 4, and sometimes only 2.

i

CRUCIFER®. ili

Section I.—ARTICULAT #.*

Fruit with transverse partitions, generally breaking across into
two portions, of which the lower is often abortive and stalk-like,
and the upper portion 1- or many-seeded, and not splitting in 2
valves.

Tre IL—CAKILINEM.

Cotyledons flat, with the radicle applied to their edges (accum-
bent) or oblique. Pod rather short, without valves.

GENUS I—CAKILE. Tournef.

Sepals nearly erect, the two outer gibbous at the base. Petals
equal, entire, with long claws. Filaments without teeth. Stigma
sessile. Pod of two joints, which are indehiscent and without
valves; the lower joint persistent, obconical, sub-truncate at the
apex; upper joint deciduous, tetragonal-ancipitate; each joint
1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower one barren.

Glabrous, branched annuals, with entire or pinnatifid fleshy
leaves, and corymbs or short racemes of bractless white or lilac
flowers. Pods in a lax raceme.

French, Caquille. German, JJeersenf.

Cakile is an old Arabic name appropriated to this or some allied genus.

SPECIES I—-CAKILE MARITIMA. Scop.
Puate LXXIX.+

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Vetr. Tab. I. Fig. 4158.
Bunias Cakile, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 936. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 231.

Upper joint of pod ensiform.

On sandy sea-shores. Rather frequent all round the coast of
Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

A bushy plant, with stems from 6 to 18 inches long, branched
from the base; the branches curved, and ascending at the apex.

Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, elliptical or oblong, pinnatifid or entire.
Flowers } inch across, corymbose, with the peduncles about

* In the arrangement of the genera I have slightly departed from that of Bentham
and Hooker in their “ Genera Plantarum” in order to retain the divisions of Lomentace,
Siliquosz, and Siliculose.

+ The Plate is E. B. 231, unaltered.

118 ENGLISH BOTANY.

equal to the calyx in the fully expanded flower. Sepals oval, with
a membranous margin, diverging very little. Petals white or lilac;
with long claws. Pods in lax racemes; the pedicel rather shorter
than the lower joint, which is about + inch long, and widest at
the summit. The upper joint is about 2 inch long, and tapers
towards the apex, while the base fits closely over the truncate
extremity of the lower joint, which has a projection in the centre
and an elevated margin at the two sides, and between the centre
and the elevated margin there is frequently a small tooth. The
surface of the pod is nearly smooth when fresh, but with prominent
nerves or ribs when dry. Plant quite glabrous and slightly

glaucous.
Purple Sea Rocket.

French, Caquillier Maritime. German, Der See Meersenf.

The specific name of this plant indicates its place of growth. It is by the sea-
coast and on sandy shores that we chiefly find its pretty green branches and pale
purple flowers. Like most other Cruciferous vegetables, it may be eaten with impunity,
and is even regarded as forming a pleasant salad mixed with other plants. It has
been reputed to have active cathartic qualities. Pliny, according to Gerarde, gives it
a reputation which might have been valuable in the ancient days of corporal punish-
ment. He says: “ Whosoever taketh the seed of Rocket before he be whipt, shall be
so hardened that he shall easily endure the paines.” He adds: “The root and seed
stamped and mixed with vinegar and the gall of an ox taketh away freckles, lentiles,
blacke and blewe spots, and all such deformities of the face.” The older botanists knew
this plant by the name of Eruca marina.

Tripe IT.—RAPISTREA. Scop.

Cotyledons folded longitudinally (conduplicate), with the radicle
at the back of one of them. Pod short, without valves.

GENUS IT—CRAMBE. Linn.

Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire, with
short claws, 4 lower filaments usually with a tooth near the
summit on the outer side. Stigma sessile. Pod of two joints,
which are indehiscent and without valves; the lower one very
small, stalk-like, persistent, barren; the upper one large, globose,
deciduous, 1-celled, and 1-sceded.

Branched herbs or under-shrubs, often glaucous and glabrous,
or clothed with simple hairs. Pedicels without bracts, racemose at
least in fruit, racemes combined to form terminal panicles.

French, Ze Crambé. German, Der Meerkohl.

The generic name Cramibe is derived from the Greek word keap/ue (krambos), arid,

dry. because the plants usually grow in the sand.

CRUCIFER. 119

SPECIES I-CRAMBE MARITIMA. Linn.
Puate LXXxX.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. 11. Zetr. Tab. IT. Fig. 4164.

Root leaves stalked, roundish-oval, sinuated and waved at the
edges. Plant glabrous and very glaucous.

On sandy and shingly sea-beaches. Thinly scattered round the
coast of England, the west coast of Scotland as far north as Islay ;
very scarce on the east coast of Scotland, where it does not extend
beyond the southern shore of the Frith of Forth.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock deeply buried in the sand or shingle, thick and fleshy,
branched, producing subterranean shoots and numerous branched
spreading stems about 2 feet high. Leaves broadly oval, coarsely
toothed and sinuated, resembling those of a cabbage but much
more glaucous and waved at the edges; the lowest leaves on long
stalks, and very large; the upper leaves much smaller, and on
shorter stalks. Flowers about + inch across, white, on slender
pedicels fully twice the length of the calyx; corymbs terminating
the branches, which are so arranged as to form a compound corymb.
Fruit in lax racemes combined into a panicle. Fruit pedicels
ascending. Lower joint of the pod about § inch long, and a little
thicker than the pedicel. Upper joint nearly } inch long by
2 inch broad, roundish oval, slightly pointed at the apex. Whole
plant fleshy, glabrous, intensely glaucous.

Sea-Kale.

French, Crambé Maritime. German, Der Gemeine Meerkohl.

The specific name indicates the habitat of this plant. Its native haunts are by the
sea-coast; but it is cultivated largely inland, and in almost every garden in England.
It is somewhat uncertain as to whom the merit is due of the first attempt to introduce
this plant into cultivated gardens with a view to its use as an esculent vegetable.
Bryant and Parkinson state that from a very early time it was cut and eaten by the
inhabitants of the coasts where it grows wild. Sir William Jones, of Chelsea, asserts
that he saw bundles of it exposed for sale in the market at Chichester in 1753; and
Maher observes, in the Horticultural Transactions, that “the Crambe maritima was
known and sent from this kingdom to the Continent more than two hundred years
ago.” About the year 1767 Dr. Lettsom cultivated Sea-Kale in his own garden at
Grove Hill, and through him it was brought into general use. At the present time
it is a common vegetable on the stalls of Covent Garden Market, and is occasionally
seen in Scotland. In France it is seldom eaten. In 1807, Bastieu describes the “ Chou
marin d’Angleterre,” but he appears to have made his experiments on the green leaves

* The Plate is E. B. 924, with fruit added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

120 ENGLISH BOTANY.

instead of the broad white shoots of the plant, and to have been accordingly disgusted
with its flavour, and to have denied its excellence. The careful cultivation of Sea-Kale
greatly adds to its delicacy and flavour; by covering the shoots from the light they
become tender and white, and are thought by many to be equal if not superior to
asparagus.

Tre IIT.—RAPHANE®. Zinn.

Cotyledons conduplicate. Pod elongate, without valves.

GENUS TTI—RAPHANUS. Linn.

Sepals erect, the two outer gibbous at the base. Petals equal,
entire or emarginate, with long claws. Filaments without wings
or teeth. Style slender, conical. Pod of two joints, which are
indehiscent and without valves; the lower one very small, stalk-
like, persistent, barren; the upper elongate-cylindrical or moni-
liform, deciduous or persistent, with several 1-seeded cells formed
by transverse partitions; beak conical.*

Annual or biennial glabrous or hispid branched herbs, with the
root enlarged and fleshy in the biennial species. Lower leaves
lyrate. Racemes very short (almost corymbose) in flower, elon-
gate in fruit. Flowers pale yellow or white, veined or tinged with
pink or purple. Pods often spongy.

The name of this genus is from padvwe (raduos), early, and ¢aww (phaino), I appear,

from its speedy growth or appearance from the seed. The English name Radish comes
from radix, a root.

Sus-Genus IL—RAPHANISTRUM. Tournef.

Upper joint of the pod deciduous, hard underneath the fleshy
outer surface, more or less distinctly contracted between the seeds,
usually ribbed when dry. Plant hispid or scabrous.

SPECIES LI—RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM. Linz.
Puate LXXXIt
Raphanistrum segetum, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Vetr. Tab. III. Fig. 4172.

Root slender. Lower leaves few, scarcely forming a rosette,
lyrate, with few distant segments. Beak about three times as long

* For a detailed account of the structure of the pod, see Bromfield’s “ Flora
Vectensis,” p. 46.

+ The Plate is E. B. 856, with a flower of the white variety added by Mr. J. E.
Sowerby.

CRUCIFERA. zal

as the last bead of the pod; beads 4 to 8 in number; pods rather
indistinctly beaded and faintly ribbed when ripe.

Very common in cornfields and cultivated ground throughout
the whole kingdom.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Root annual, scarcely thickened. Stem branched, with the
branches erect or spreading. Lower leaves lyrate, with a large,
rounded, often 3-lobed terminal segment, and 6 or 7 lateral ones,
decreasing in size towards the base, sometimes opposite and some-
times alternate, all coarsely serrated; uppermost leaves lanceolate,
simply serrate. Flowers about $ inch across, pale yellow or white,
with lilac veins. Pods eylindrical, slightly constricted between
each seed. Mature pods 1} to 23 inches long, breaking away from
the first barren segment, which is about 4/5 inch long, and little
thicker than the pedicel ; beak sword-shaped, nearly ~ inch long.
Plant yellow-green, hispid, with short, reflexed, bristly hairs.

Many authors describe the fruit of this plant as if it always
broke transversely into 1-seeded segments. This [ have not found
to be the case. The pods fall off whole, leaving the barren, stalk-
like first joint attached to the pedicel. 'The white-flowered state
is common near London, but I have never seen it in any part of
Scotland.

Wild Charlock, Wild Radish, Jointed Charlock, White Charlock.
French, Radis Sauvage. German, Der Acker Rettig.

The repetition of a generic name with the addition of “istrum” or “astrum” applied
to a species, indicates that it is a useless or contemptible member of that genus, or bearsa
false resemblance to the species which comprise it. The seeds of the Wild Radish are
somewhat pungent, and contain a quantity of oil; in some places they are used asa
substitute for mustard. In Sweden, where the plant abounds in the cornfields, the
seeds often get mingled with the corn. There is a notion, encouraged by Linneus, that
the use of bread made from flour in which this admixture has taken place is injurious,
and that it induces peculiar convulsive fits and spasms; M. Villars, however, controverts
this notion by observing that in Dauphiny, where in cold, damp seasons the weed
abounds, and is constantly mixed with the corn, no such disease is known, neither can
such an effect be traced in England, where we have the Wild Radish very commonly in
our fields. There can be little doubt that the attacks of disease mentioned by Linnzeus
are traceable to some fungoid growth in the grain during wet and unhealthy seasons,
Botanists and agriculturists who have examined the matter have no hesitation in pro-
nouncing this little plant to be as harmless as any other of its family, an excellent food for
domestic quadrupeds, and a favourite with bees. The common garden Radish (R. sativus)
is a Chinese plant, or at least grows wild in that country; it was, however, grown by
the Egyptians and Greeks in very early times, and there is some difficulty in determining
its precise origin. Mr, Bentham thinks it may possibly be only a variety of our Wild
Radish. It grows very easily and commonly in our gardens, and is one of the commonest
forms of uncooked vegetable food on our tables in the early spring. The Roman phy-
sicians recommended that Radishes should be eaten raw with bread and salt in the

R

122 ENGLISH BOTANY.

morning before any other food; and we are reminded that it was considered a pleasant
addition to a repast even in luxurious Rome by our own poet Thomson’s description ot
an evening meal :—
“ The customary rites

Of the last meal commence—a Roman meal,

Such as the mistress of the world once found

Delicious, when her patriots of high note,

Perhaps by moonlight, at their humble doors,

And under an old oak’s domestic shade,

Enjoy’d spare feast,—a radish and an egg.”

The variety of the cultivated Radish is very great, and its uses are not merely
confined to its edible properties. Chemists formerly scraped the colouring matter from
the rind to make a blue substance, which would turn red by the addition of acids, in
the same manner as litmus is used at the present day. Gerarde also reports that “the
root stamped with honey and the powder of sheep’s heart dried, causeth the hair to grow
in short space.”

SPECIES I1—RAPHANUS MARITIMUS. Sn.
Prats LXXXII.*
Raphanistrum maritimum, /eich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr, Tab. IIL. Fig. 4174.

Root thickened. Radical leaves numerous, forming a rosette,
lyrate with numerous approximate segments, or interruptedly lyrate.
Pod distinctly beaded; beads 1 to 3, rarely 4, strongly ribbed when
dry; beak about twice as long as the last bead of the pod.

On sands and cliffs by the sea. Local; on the south and west
coast of England, and west coast of Scotland as far north as Bute.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or perennial. Summer,
Autumn.

Root producing a rosette of leaves from 6 to 18 inches long.
Stem much stouter than in R. Raphanistrum, and with the flower-
ing branches more numerous, more diverging, and more rigid.
Radical leaves with numerous approximate pinnee, which are
sometimes directed backwards, so that the leaf becomes runcinate ;
and when the leaf is large, there are usually smaller segments
produced along the common petiole, alternating with the regular
pinne. The flowers are rather smaller than in RK. Raphanistrum,
and almost always yellow. I have only observed the white variety
in the Channel Islands. The pod has generally fewer beads, and
these beads are commonly larger and more deeply furrowed.

Some authors describe the beak or empty part of pod as being

* The Plate is from a drawing made by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, taken from a
Wistonshire specimen ; the root leaf from a cultivated plant grown in Mr. H. C.
Watson’s garden.

CRUCIFER®. 123

equal in length to the last bead or segment of the pod; but
although it is variable in length, I have seldom seen it so short as
this. The beak itself is more subuiate and less compressed than
in R. Raphanistrum, and the colour of the whole plant is a deeper
green.

Mr. Hewett C. Watson finds this plant retains all its characters
in cultivation. He believes R. maritimus to be truly native, and
the preceding to be merely an introduced colonist.

Sea Charlock, or Sea Radish.

Section IT.—SILIQUOS &.

Fruit a siliqua, usually more than four times as long as broad,
sub-cylindrical or linear (except in some of the species of Nastur-
tium), not divided by transverse partitions, opening when ripe by
two valves, which split away from the replum.

Trips ITV.—BRASSICE.

Cotyledons longitudinally folded (conduplicate). Pod elongate,
2-valved.

GENUS IV.—BRASSICA. Bois.

Sepals erect or spreading, with lateral ones sometimes gibbous
at the base. Petals equal or entire, with the claw usually about
equal to the limb. Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod sub-
cylindrical, often more or less compressed, parallel to the partition.
Style persistent, forming a conical, subulate, ensiform, or ovoid
beak. Seeds globose or ovoid.

I follow Mr. Bentham, who in his “ Handbook” adopts M.
Boissier’s views in uniting Diplotaxis with Brassica (as it is limited
in the “Genera Plantarum”). The separation between the two
appears to be merely artificial.

The generic name is derived from an old Celtic word bresic, a cabbage. Varro
derives the name from the Latin preseco, to cut off, because it is cut from the stalk.

Sus-Genus I.—SINAPIS. Linn.

Sepals spreading, glabrous. Seeds sub-globular, arranged in a

single row down the middle of each cell of the pod.

The name of the genus Sinapis comes from suum (sirapi). The Celtic word
nap is a designation applied to all plants resembling a turnip or cabbage.

124 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I—BRASSICA SINAPISTRUM. Bois.
Prate LXXXITI.*

Sinapis arvensis, Linn. eich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab, LXXXVI.
Fig. 4425.

Brassica Sinapistrum, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 92.

Sinapis arvensis, Linn. et Auct. Plur.

Leaves oval or oblong; the lower ones stalked and sub-lyrate ;
the upper ones irregularly sinuated and toothed; the uppermost
sessile, toothed. Pods ascending, generally glabrous, sub-cylindrical,
slightly beaked; valves with 3 prominent ribs; beak deciduous,
conical, slightly 2-edged, shorter than valves. Seeds 3 to 8 in each
cell, very dark brown, smooth (to the naked eye).

A weed in cultivated ground. Very common. Occurs throughout
the whole kingdom.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, or ascending, furrowed, 1 to 2 feet high, more or
less branched; branches spreading. Leaves variable in shape,
frequently all undivided in small examples, but in luxurious
specimens the lower leaves have usually a few small segments on
the petiole below the main portion of the lamina. Flowers sub-
corymbose, about { inch across, bright yellow. Pods 1 to 2 inches
long, in a lax raceme ; pedicels in flower about equal to the calyx,
in fruit much shorter than the pod. Beak of the pod about 2 - inch
long, frequently containing a single seed. Whole plant dull preen j .
the stem, leafstalks, peduncles “and pedicels rough, with “short,
reflexed, bristly hairs.

This plant closely resembles Raphanus Raphanistrum, but the
leaves are much less divided, the sepals spreading, and the petals
much brighter yellow. When in fruit the two cannot be con-
founded, as in Kaphanistrum the pod has no valves, and doubtless
represents the beak of Brassica Sinapistrum.

The Charlock, or Corn Mustard.

French, Moutarde des Champs. German, Der Acker Senf.

It is a troublesome weed on arable land throughout England, but is capable of
being used when boiled as a pot herb, and is so employed in Sweden and Ireland. It
is much relished by cattle, and especially by sheep, but is nowhere cultivated as fodder.
The seeds form a good substitute for mustard, and have been used as food for birds, but
beirg pungent are not desirable for them.

* The Plate is E. B. 1748, unaltered.

ou

CRUCIFER. 72

SPECIES IL—BRASSICA ALBA. Bois.
Pratt LXXXIV.*

Sinapis alba, Zinn. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IL. Zetr, Tab, LXXXV.
Fig. 4424.

Brassica alba, Benth. Handbook of Brit. Fl. p. 92.

Sinapis alba, Linn. et Auct. Plur.

Leaves all pinnatifid (or sub-lyrate) and stalked. Pods spreading,
hispid, sub-cylindrical, beaded; valves each with 5 prominent
ribs; beak not deciduous, flattened, ensiform, usually much longer
than the valves. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell, commonly dull yellow,
indistinctly punctured (to the naked eye).

A weed in cultivated ground. Not very common, but generally
distributed throughout Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, furrowed, 1 to 3 feet high, branched; branches
ascending. Leaves pinnatifid, the divisions of the lower and middle
leaves often separated quite down to the midrib, so that the leaf
becomes pinnipartite, terminal lobe often not much larger than
the lateral ones; upper leaves with the incisions not nearly so deep
as in the lower ones. Flowers sub-corymbose, about 4 inch across,
bright yellow. Pedicels longer than the calyx when in flower, about
as long as the pod without the beak in fruit. Pods rather more than
1 inch long, including the beak, which is longer than the valves, and
often contains a seed at the base; the beak is less hispid than the
valves, and in this species remains until the latter separate, while in
B. Sinapistrum it falls off before that takes place. Seeds generally
pale in this country, but in the South of Europe they are often
reddish brown. Plant bright green, hispid, with reflexed hairs.

The pinnatifid leaves and the short, few-seeded pods with
long ensiform beaks, distinguish this plant from B. Sinapistrum.
The lower pods also spread horizontally, while in the preceding
species they are ascending.

‘ White Mustard.

French, Moutarde Blanche, Navette Cité, Graine de Beurre. German, Weisser Senf.

The specific name signifies its characteristic appearance, white. The common
White Mustard is a frequent plant in fields and roadsides. A pungent powder
is obtained from the seeds when ground, but much inferior in strength to the
Black Mustard. This species is chiefly cultivated as a small salad, and is used like
cresses while in the seed-leaf. When these are young and tender they are pleasant

* The Plate is E. B. 1677, unaltered.

126 ENGLISH BOTANY.

and palatable, but when more advanced they are rough and pungent. Some years ago
the administration of White Mustard seeds whole in large quantities as a medicine was
a frequent practice. It was considered by some practitioners as a good remedy for
disorders of the digestion ; but the effects were so frequently the reverse of beneficial,
haying in many cases caused inflammation owing to their retention in the bowels, that
they are now seldom if ever prescribed. The Mustard seed is peculiarly quick in vege-
tation. It will begin to shoot in a few hours, and with the barest possible surface to
root upon. The moist surface of a piece of flannel is sufficient to nourish its vitality,
and we have seen crops of green salad thus grown in a surprisingly short time. This
property is made use of on board ship in order to secure the refreshment of a green and
fresh salad when far from land and vegetation. Among theological writers a consider-
able difference of opinion has arisen as to the nature of the Mustard seed mentioned by
our Lord in his discourse with his Apostles. It is, however, quite certain that the
oriental plant of which he spoke was neither the Sinapis alba or nigra; and Dr. Kitto,
who writes on the subject in his “ Pictorial Bible,” quotes a Mr. Frost, who concludes
from evidence which he carefully weighs that it was undoubtedly the Phytolacca dode-
candia, a tree growing abundantly in Palestine, having the smallest seed of any tree in
that country, and attaining as great an altitude as any. The analogy between the two
genera Sinapis and Phytolacca is, he says, very considerable in their properties, their
seeds being used for similar purposes, and he was informed that the tree is called by
the natives Wild Mustard. Other authors, among them Dr. Kitto himself, incline to
the belief that the Mustard of Scripture was probably a species of Sinapis, rendered
much larger and powerful in size and strength by the influence of climate and situation.
He quotes from Alonzo de Boallo’s “Travels in Chili” to prove how large a size is
attained by many European vegetables under an Eastern sky. He says, “the Mustard
plant thrives so rapidly that it is as big as one’s arm, and so high and thick that it
looks like a tree,’—an account to be received “cum grano salis.”

SPECIES II1—BRASSICA NIGRA. Koch.
Pratt LXXXV.*

Sinapis nigra, Linn. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Zetr, Tab. LXXXVIIL,

Fig. 4427.

Brassica nigra, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 92.
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 59. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 77.

Coss. Fl. des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 119.

Sinapis nigra, Auct. Plur.

Lower leaves lyrate, sinuated, or toothed; the uppermost ones
lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, entire, all stalked. Pods adpressed,
nearly glabrous, somewhat 4-sided, beaded; valves acuminated at
the apex, each with 1 prominent rib; beak persistent, subulate,
prismatic, about equal in length to one of the beads of the pod.
Seeds 2 to 4 in each cell, dark brown, punctured (to the naked eye).

On cliffs by the sea-coast, apparently wild; also a weed in

* The Plate is E. B. 969, unaltered.

te

CROUCIFERA. Pay,

vultivated ground and in waste places. Rather more frequent in
England than B. alba, but certainly less so in Scotland, where the
Friths of Forth and Clyde appear to be its northern limit.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem 1 to 4 feet high, stiffer and less succulent than in B.
Sinapistrum and alba, with numerous spreading branches in the
upper part. Lowest leaves distinctly lyrate, with a very large
sinuated terminal lobe; intermediate ones deeply sinuated, and the
uppermost of all quite entire and very narrow. Flowers sub-
corymbose, about + inch across, very bright yellow. Pedicels
shorter than the calyx when in flower, and about twice as long as
one of the beads of the pod in fruit. Pod 3 to $ inch long; valves
strongly keeled, attenuated towards the apex, so that without
examination it might be supposed that the beak commenced at a
lower point than it actually does; the beak is about } inch long,
rather more slender than the peduncle, and tapers slightly and
gradually to the apex; it never contains a seed. The seeds are
about half the size of those of B. alba, and more distinctly
punctured. Piant dark green, more or less hispid, especially in the
lower parts.

Sinapis incana of Linnzeus is considered by many botanists to
be a hispid variety of this species, although the greater number of
auchors have referred it to the following one.

Black Mustard.

French, Moutarde Noire. German, Schwarzer Senf.

A whimsical history is attached to the etymology of this plant, which is given by
Dr. Withering, and may be quoted here : “ In 1382 Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy,
granted to the town of Dijon armorial ensigns with the motto ‘ Moult me tarde’ (in old
French, ‘I long or wish ardently’), which being sculptured over the principal gate, by some
accident the middle word became effaced. The merchant dealers in Sinapi, intending
to ensign their pots with labels of the city arms, copied the imperfect motto as it then
remained ‘ Moult tarde, and hence the name which this Sinapi composition retains to this
day.” The Black Mustard is found wild in the same situations as the white kind. As
a remedy in medicine the seeds have been used from a very early date by the Greek
physicians. It was held in such repute by that nation, that they attributed the dis-
covery of its virtues to Esculapius. When it was first used as a condiment does not
appear, but some authors say it was in use in England among the Saxons. Tusser
alludes to its domestic use and garden cultivation in the sixteenth century :-—

“Maids Mustard seed gather for being too ripe,
And weather it well yer ye give it a stripe;
Then dress it and lay it in soller up sweet,
Least foistiness make it for table unmeet.”

The process of grinding the seed appears to have been a recent invention. Our
faithful friend Gerarde says ; “ The seed of Mustard pound with vinegar is an excellent

128 ENGLISH BOTANY.

sawcee, good to be eaten with any grosse meats either fish or fleshe, because it doth help
the digestion, warmeth the stomacke, and provouketh appetite. It also appeaseth the
toothache being chewed in the mouth. It helpeth those that have their hair pulled
off; it taketh away the blew and black marks that come of bruisings.” According to
Coles, who wrote about 1657, Mustard was grown in the neighbourhood of Tewkesbury,
ground up, made into balls, and sent to London, where it was considered the best. The
Black Mustard is now largely cultivated both in England and the Continent, and is
consumed in great quantities both as a condiment and for the sake of its oil. In Durham
the cultivation and preparation of Mustard is an important feature of trade. Before
grinding, the outer husk is removed from the seeds, and they are passed under rollers,
and then reduced to a finer powder in a mortar. The Mustard used at table is generally
a mixture of Black and White Mustard in equal proportions; it is, however, very con-
stantly adulterated with flour and coloured with turmeric. The French do not take
away the husks from their seeds, so that the French Mustard has a blacker appearance
than ours, and is more pungent, for the husks contain the acrid qualities of the plant in
large quantities. The chemistry of Mustard, on which all the active properties of the
seeds depend, has engaged the attention of many eminent chemists, and the results are
interesting. According to the most recent inquiries, it appears that Black Mustard
consists chiefly of a bland fixed oil, a peculiar bitter inodorous principle called myroxcic
acid, and another principle termed myrosyne. By the addition of water an excessively
pungent oil is obtained which does not originally exist in the seed, but is formed from
these above-named substances by the action of water, and is called pyroxine. The saliva
of the tongue applied to dry powdered Mustard eliminates this principle, and produces
the pungent burning sensation so well known to us all. Manufacturers of Mustard for
table use assert. that pure unadulterated Mustard-flour would be too pungent to ha
palatable, and a mixture of the following kind is considered as the best form for use;
Two bushels of black and three of white seed, yielding when ground 145 Ibs. of flour,
mixed to lessen the pungency and improve the colour with 56 lbs. of wheaten flour and
2 Ibs. of turmeric; the acrimony is restored without the pungency by the addition of a
pound of chili pods and half a pound of ginger. Although the common table Mustard
serves all the purposes for which it is used, medicinally the colleges and Pharmacopeeias
recognize only the pure farina of Sinapis nigra. In its action Mustard is an irritant,
stimulant, emetic and stomachic. As an external application in the form ofa cataplasm
it is one of the most effectual domestic remedies for removing pain, mitigating local
inflammation, or rousing from stupor. From fifteen to twenty-five minutes is about
the time necessary to endure the smarting process; if the patient be insensible it is
not well to leave the application on too long lest ulceration and sloughing should ensue.
The stinging pain which remains after the removal of the Mustard may be mitigated,
if too violent, by sponging the part with cold water, or dropping ether on it. In large
doses of two or three table-spoonfuls mixed with a tumbler of warm water it consti-
tutes a most effectual emetic, and is most valuable as a domestic remedy in case of
poisoning before medical aid can be obtained. As a condiment we hear of Mustard in
the time of Shakespeare, and not less singular was the taste of the times then than is
the fancy of some nowadays who eat Mustard with apple-pie. Shakespeare’s gourmands
thought their Shrove Tuesday feast of pancakes incomplete without the Mustard; and
we read of Touchstone enlightening Rosalind “ Of a certain knight that swore by his
honour they were good pancakes, and swore by his honour the Mustard was naught:
now ” (says Touchstone), “ I'll stand to it, the pancakes were naught and the Mustard
was good, and yet was not the knight forsworn.”

CRUCIFER®. 129

SPECIES IV—BRASSICA ADPRESSA. Bois.
Pirate LXXXVI.*

Simapis incana, Zinn. Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IT. Tet. Tab, LXXXV.
Fig. 4483.

Brassica adpressa, Bois. Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 92.

Hirschfeldia adpressa, Jénch. Meth. 264. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 78.

Erucastrum incanum, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 61.

Sinapis incana, Zinn. (7) et duct. Plur.

Lower leaves stalked, lyrate, sinuated or toothed; the upper-
most ones sub-sessile, lanceolate or narrowly elliptical, entire.
Pods adpressed, slightly hispid or glabrous, cylindrical, somewhat
4-sided, scarcely beaded; valves truncate, not attenuated at the
apex, each with a faint dorsal rib ; beak cylindrical-clavate, ribbed,
more than half the length of the valves. Seeds 2 or 3 in each cell,
reddish brown, punctured (to the naked eye).

In sandy fields. Rare, and apparently confined to the islands
of Jersey and Alderney.

Channel Islands. Biennial or Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Extremely like B. nigra, but differs in the following particulars :
Root frequently biennial. Leaves less divided, and the upper ones
less distinctly stalked. Pods about $ inch long, of which the beak
occupies about § inch; the valves the same w idth from the base to
the apex, with the dorsal rib less prominent and the places of the
seeds scarcely indicated by bead-like enlargements; beak a little
narrower at its base than the valves, and then slightly enlarged
towards the apex, with 8 ribs, and usually containing 1 seed. Seeds
more flattened than in B. nigra. Whole plant thickly clothed
with short bristly hairs, which are reflexed upon the stem; these
hairs cause a greyish appearance very different in colour from the
dark green of B. nigra.

Hoary Mustard.
French, Moutarde Blanchitre.
Sus-Genus II.—EU-BRASSICA.

Sepals erect, glabrous. Seeds sub-globular, arranged in a single
row down the middle of the pod.

* The Plate is E. B. S. No. 2843, unaltered.
Ss

130 ENGLISH BOTANY,

SPECIES V—BRASSICA OLERACEA. Zinn.
Pirate LXXXVII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IT. Zetr. Tab. XCVIL. Fig. 4438.

Radical leaves stalked, broadly-oval or obovate, with waved or
sinuated margins, occasionally sub-lyrate ; uppermost stem leaves
oblong, entire, not dilated at the base, sessile or semi-amplexicaul ;
all glaucous and glabrous. Inflorescence lengthened into a lax
raceme at the time the flowers expand. Sepals closed upon the
claws of the petals. Beak of the pod shortly conical, not containing
a seed; valves 1-nerved, with anastomosing veins.

Locally abundant and apparently indigenous on cliffs and the
débris at their base in the South and West of England, particularly
on the Kentish coast from Folkestone to Kingsdown. On the west
coast it may be wild as far north as Tenby in Pembrokeshire, or
even Carnarvonshire. It also occurs in many other places both in
England and Scotland, but probably only where it has escaped
from cultivation.

England [Scotland,] Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. Summer.

Stems tortuous, very thick and woody in old specimens, much
branched; the flowering shoots ascending. Lower leaves often
very large, the sinuations deepest towards the base; occasionally
there are a few lobes on the lower part of the petiole separated
from the main lamina of the leaf, so that it becomes imperfectly
lyrate, but never regularly so as in the next species. Flowers
nearly an inch across, pale lemon yellow, the full distance between
the pedicels being reached by the time the flowers fade. Pods
about 3 inches long, slightly compressed; the beak little more than
z inch. Plant dark bluish green with a glaucous bloom, the leaves
slightly succulent.

Sea Colewort or Cabbage, Wild Cabbage.
French, Chow Potager. German, Der Kohl.

In its wild state the Cabbage forms a very wholesome vegetable, and no doubt was
extensively eaten long before any attempt was made to cultivate it. All the varieties
of Cauliflower, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Red Cabbage, and the like, so well known to
the gardener, are descendants of the Wild Cabbage.

There is no plant of greater interest to the vegetable physiologist than the present
form of Brassica, on account of the multitudinous forms which it has assumed under
cultivation. Two plants belonging to the same class can hardly differ more than the
flowerless, thick-leaved, swollen Red Cabbage of the gardens, and the tender green herb

* The Plate is E. B. 637, with a pod added from a Kentish specimen by Mr. J. E.
Sowerby.

CRUCIFERA. 131

with yellow flowers of the sea-shore ; yet they are one and the same, as is proved by
the fact that the Red Cabbages of neglected gardens at the sea-side pass back again in
a few generations to the condition of the Wild Cabbage. The cultivated varieties ot
this plant will be best understood by the following synopsis :—

1. Brassica oleracea sylvestris.—Wild Cabbage, or Sea Colewort. German, Der
Kohl. This is the wild form.

2. B. oleracea acephala.—Green Kale, or Borecole. Called in France Choua sans Téte
and Choux Verts; in Germany, Winter Kohl or Gemeiner Kohl. The heads of leaves
are always spreading, and according to the degree of this the Germans call the varieties
Llatt Kohl, Rosen Kohl, and Schlitz Kohl. The forms of this variety are very numerous,
and are known to English gardeners as the Thousand-headed Cabbage, the Oak-leaved
Broccoli, the Green Broccoli, the Scotch Kale, Ragged Jack, Palm Kale, Cow Cabbage»
and Ribbed Cabbage. The great distinction of this form is that the leaves do not bend
over or connive, as in other varieties,

3. B. oleracea bulleata and B. oleracea gemmifera.—Savoy Cabbages and Brussels
Sprouts. French, Chow de Savoie; German, Kopfkraut. In this variety the young
leaves at first connive and form a head, and the outer leaves are spreading. This
garden variety is useful as supplying greens from November till spring. All the forms
of what are called Savoys, of which there are a great number, and the Brussels Sprouts,
belong to this variety.

4, B. oleracea capitata. —Red and White Cabbages. French, Chouw Cabus, or
Pommés ; German, Kopfkohl. The leaves of this variety all connive and are smooth, not
crumpled or blistered, as in the preceding varieties. The number of forms of this variety
cultivated in our gardens is immense. De Candolle divided them into White and Red
Cabbages. The white he subdivided into five sections: 1, with oblong heads ; 2, conical
heads; 3, large round heads; 4, flat heads; 5, obovate heads. Under each of these
heads are several sorts known to the gardeners of Europe. ach of these sorts has its
good qualities for size, flavour, growth, or season of maturity. What are called Coleworts
are obtained from the seeds of the Cabbage, and the production of this variety depends
on the season of planting and management. The Red Cabbage is the Chow Pommé
Rouge of the French, and the Rothe Kopfkohl of the Germans. It is principally used
in this country for pickling and for garnish.

5. B. oleracea caulo-rapa.—The Turnip-stemmed Cabbage. French, Chow Rave ;
German, Kohl-Kabe. In this variety the stem is tumid, and somewhat globose at the
origin of the leaves. It looks very like a turnip from the large size of the stem. The
leaves are used in the same way as those of greens or coleworts; but unless eaten
young they have a disagreeable flavour. This variety and its forms are not so much
grown in this country as the other.

6, BL. oleracea Botrytis.—Cauliflowers and Broccoli. French, Chou-fleur ; German
Blumenkohl. The Broccoli is scarcely distinguishable botanically from Cauliflower.
The stem of the Broccoli is longer and the flower-heads are smaller. In these cases the
parts that are eaten are the over-nourished flowers and stalks. They form a very
delicate dish, and their culture has been greatly improved within the last few years

in this and other countries of Europe. Cauliflowers are either white or reddish-purple
in colour. The Broccoli have a greater variety of colours, being sometimes quite green
as well as purple and yellow. A number of forms are reared in the gardens.

From remote antiquity the Cabbage has been cultivated by man for the purpose
of food. The Greeks grew it in their gardens, and their poets have perpetuated a
rather coarse myth to account for its appearance. They relate that Zeus being called
upon to decide between two conflicting oracles, perspived profusely, and the Cabbage

132 ENGLISH BOTANY.

sprang from the moisture. The real meaning of this fable may point to the labour
and toil required to bring the plant into cultivation. The Romans were in the habit
of eating the Cabbage either boiled or raw with vinegar. Pliny relates that in Italy
Cabbages of such a size were grown that the table of a poor man would scarcely support
one. He adds that as an article of diet they were going out of favour, owing to the
quantity of oil necessary to render them palatable, from which we may conclude that
they were eaten as a salad. The early sprouts were much esteemed, but, according to
Pliny, were rejected by the epicure Apicius and by Drusus, who was reprimanded by
his father Tiberius for his fastidious taste. Pliny mentions several kinds of Cabbages,
one of which—most probably the Wild Cabbage—was frequently put into casks which
had recently contained oil, closely corked, and then sent to a distance, or used on long
voyages as a vegetable food. The Cabbage—which name comes from the old French
word cab, a head—was first grown in Britain by the Saxons, with whom it was a
favourite, and perhaps the only garden vegetable they cultivated. It appears that a
controversy arose a short time ago regarding the introduction of the Cabbage, some
writers contending that it was unknown until the sixteenth century, while others give
it a much earlier date. Sir Anthony Ashley, of Wiburg St. Giles, Dorsetshire, has
sculptured on his tombstone a Cabbage, to commemorate the circumstance of his having
been the first to plant and cultivate this vegetable in England ; but this was the Round-
headed or Summer Cabbage, and not the old Colewort, which was known long before
this time, and mentioned in several monastic records. Gerarde knew several varieties
of Cabbage, and in an edition of his “ Historie of Plantes,” dated 1636, he describes
very accurately the different kinds of Cabbages and Cauliflowers, all of which have their
origin in the common Cabbage. In 1619 Cauliflowers fetched in the London market
the high price of ls. 6d. or 2s. each. Gerarde says: “The swollen Colewort I received
of a worshipful merchant of London, Master Nicholas Lete, who brought the seed
thereof out of France.” It was a favourite saying of Dr. Johnson, that of all flowers
in the garden there was “none to compare to the Cauliflower.” In Scotland the
introduction of the Cabbage is commonly attributed to the soldiers of Cromwell’s
army; but in Mr. Johnson’s “ Useful Plants of Great Britain,” a very valuable and
reliable book, the notion is contradicted, and an observation made that long before
Cromwell's time Kail is mentioned in the old songs and traditions of the country.
Kail yards were to be found round Scottish houses long before the Commonwealth ;

and there was
“ Cauld Kail in Aberdeen,

An’ castocks in Stra’bogie,”
centuries before the Roundheads crossed the Border. The varieties of the Cabbage are
very numerous, and the modes of cultivation equally various. The Cauliflower is
simply a Cabbage with its flowering portion more largely developed than in the ordi-
nary plant. It sometimes attains an enormous size, and may perhaps be the specimen
spoken of by Pliny for its great dimensions. The Red Cabbage used for pickling seems
to have been known to the Romans. The vegetable known in Germany by the name
of Kohl-rabi is a variety of Cabbage, the stem of which is alone eaten cut into thin
strips and boiled. In the form of Sauer Kraut the Germans consume large quantities
of Cabbage : it is prepared by laying the vegetable in layers in a tub with salt and a
little oil between each; fermentation takes place, and the mass is not considered in
perfection until it is entirely decomposed, giving out to English noses a most unpleasant
odour; it is then served up with vinegar, and highly relished by the true German
palate. There is but little nutritive matter in Cabbages, as might be imagined, but, in
common with most other vegetable food, they form a very important addition to a

CRUCIFER®. 133

dietary, The ancients, without knowing their constituents, used them in medicine for
a variety of diseases. Pliny recommends gouty people to eat Cabbages entirely, and
drink only the water in which they are boiled—advice which might not be without
benefit if followed in the present day. Lord Bacon says that raw Coleworts prevent
intoxication, and accounts for this property by the fact that there is a natural enmity
between the vine and the Cabbage; so much so, “that forthwith the vine perisheth and
withereth away if it grow near unto it.” Bertolini states that he knew a physician about
to settle in Denmark, but on seeing the gardens well stocked with Cabbages, returned,
saying it was useless to hope for a lucrative practice among a people so well provided
against disease. Our modern chemical researches put us in a better position to judge of
the merits of this homely vegetable as an article of diet. We find that one pound of
Cabbages contains of water 14 oz. 414 grs.; albumen, 126 gers. ; starch, 42 grs. ; dextrine,
203 grs. ; woody fibre, 35 grs. ; mineral matter, 56 grs. In cooking, the latter constituent
is ina great measure lost in the water, hence the reasonableness of the advice to drink the
water, or else to eat the vegetable uncooked, as was the Roman custom. The table of
virtues ascribed to the Colewort by our old and much-believing writer Gerarde includes
innumerable diseases and imperfections more amusing than credible. The Cabbage is
not so common and homely a vegetable as to have been altogether unheeded in the
poet’s song. English Dryden says of a housewife,—

“She took the Coleworts which her husband got
From his own ground, a small well-watered spot ;
She stripp’d the stalks of all their leaves; the best
She cull’d, and then with handy care she dress’d.”

The wild and cultivated varieties of the Cabbage are liable to the attacks of
various insects. The larve of the Tipula oleracea feed on the roots, whilst those of the
Cabbage Butterfly (Pontia Brassicz) feed on the leaves. The latter are very destructive
to the cultivated varieties.

SPECIES VI—BRASSICA POLYMORPHA.
Puatrs LXXXVIII. LXXXIX. XC.

Radical leaves stalked, regularly lyrate; uppermost stem leaves
oval or oblong, acuminated, entire, dilated at the base, and amplexi-
caul; all glaucous, and the upper ones at least glabrous. Inflore-
scence corymbose or sub-corymbose, or a very compact raceme at
the time the flowers expand. Sepals slightly spreading. Beak of
the pod conical-subulate, not containing a seed; valves 1-nerved
with anastomosing veins.

Sus-Srecizrs I.—Brassica Napus. Zinn.
Pirate LXXXVIII.*
Reich. Ic. F). Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Tetr, Tab. XCIII. XCIV. Fig. 4435.

Leaves all glaucous and glabrous. Flowers remaining till the
corymb expands into a short raceme.

* 'The Plate is E. B, 2146, with a ripe pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

134 ENGLISH BOTANY.

A weed in cultivated ground, or more frequently the remains of
a field of rape or cole seed.

[ England, Scotland, Ireland]. Annual or Biennial.
Spring, Summer.

Root slender in the annual or enlarged in the biennial form.
Stem erect, branched, 1} to 2 feet high. Radical leaves lyrate,
usually disappearing before the plant flowers; lower stem leaves
sub-lyrate or sinuated; the uppermost lanceolate and entire; all
dilated and cordate-amplexicaul at the base. Raceme slightly
elongated before the flowers expand. Flowers about 2 inch in
diameter, bright yellow. Calyx slightly spreading. Pods some-
what patent, 2 to 3 inches long, slightly beaded; valves with
1 prominent nerve; beak about # inch long, subulate-angular,

without a seed. Whole plant very glaucous and quite smooth.
Rape, Navew, or Coleseed.
French, Chow Navet. German, Der Riiben Kohl.

This plant is frequently found wild in the fields, though it is so largely cultivated
that it may be generally suspected of having escaped from cultivation. The seeds,
which contain large quantities of oil, constitute the chief value of this plant. They
yield by expression about thirty-three per cent. of oil, which is very valuable for lubri-
cating machinery; it is also used for lighting equally with colza oil, but as it does
not dry it is not fit for the painter. As a food for cage birds the Rape seed is well
known. All cattle like it, but sheep do not do well if fed largely upon it. Occasionally
Rape is grown solely for the purpose of manure, and is then ploughed into the land
after the leaves have attained their full size. The cake that remains after the oil is
expressed is used both for cattle feeding and as manure. For the latter purpose it is
mixed with liquid manure, and is found serviceable to flax crops; it has also been
adopted in this country largely as a manure for turnips, and is found to be very

successful,
Sun-Sprcres I.—Brassica campestris. Linn.
Prats LXXXIX.*
2 Reich. Ie. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XCITI. Fig. 4434.

Leaves all glaucous, the radical ones hispid, the rest glabrous.
Flowers falling off before the corymb lengthens into a raceme.

A weed in cultivated ground and by the banks of rivers and
ditches. Not uncommon in England, but probably only a straggler
in Scotlana.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or Biennial.
Spring, Summer,
IT am unable to distinguish any constant difference between this

* The Plate is E. B. 2234, unaltered.

CRUCIFER®. 1385

plant and the last, except that the radical leaves are hispid in
B. campestris and glabrous in B. Napus. Sometimes the hairs on
the radical leaves are very few and confined to the midrib.

Wild Navew or Navette, Coleseed, Swedish Turnip.
French, Chou des Champs, Navette.

Although the distinction between the wild species of Brassica are very imperfect,
the cultivated forms assume very definite distinctions. The forms of the Brassica cam-
pestris recognized by De Candolle and other writers on the forms of cultivated plants
are as follow :—

B. campestris oleiferu.—The Coleseed, Colsat, or Colza. It has a slender fusiform
root and elongated stem.

B. campestris pabularia.—It has a short stem, and is chiefly cultivated for fodder.
Tt is the Chou &@ fuucher of the French. ;

B. campestris Napo-Brassica.—It has a turnip-shaped root, and is the form which
yields the Turnip-rooted Cabbage of French agriculture, and the Swedish Turnip of the
English farmer.

This species of Brassica is but seldom used otherwise than as fodder for sheep
and cattle, although it is regarded by some as a pleasant vegetable for the table when
boiled. The Swedish is hardier than the common Turnip, and on some lands is more
productive. The root, which is yellow, is sometimes employed to manufacture a ficti-
tious “orange marmalade.” The green tops form an excellent vegetable, and large
quantities are sold in London for this use, for which they are superior to the common
turnip tops. If earthed up in the spring they become blanched, and in that state
furnish a substitute for sea-kale. The seed is sold for crushing, or is often crushed by
the farmer himself. The Colza, so much grown in France and Belgium as an oil plant,
is a variety of this species, though in some parts of France the rape and common
cabbage pass under the same name. It is not unlike rape in appearance, and the culti-
vation is almost precisely the same. Colza has been grown to some extent in Essex
and Lincolnshire, but is less in favour with the farmer than the rape, though producing
more seed. The chief part of the Colza oil used in this country is imported from abroad,
as oil crops are supposed by British farmers to exhaust the land. The great advantage
attending the cultivation of this root is that it requires no manure whatever; any soil
that is poor and light, especially if it be sandy, suits it, when it seldom exceeds the size
of one’s thumb or middle finger ; in rich manured earth it grows much larger, but itvis
not so sweet or of so good a quality.

é

Sup-Srecies II1].—Brassica Rapa. Linn.
Pirate XC.*
Reich. Ic. F). Germ et Helv. Vol. Il. Tetr. Tab. XCVLI. Fig. 4437.

Radical leaves green not glaucous, hispid; stem leaves glaucous
and glabrous. Flowers falling off before the corymb lengthens
into a raceme.

* The Plate is E. B, 2176, unaltered.

136 ENGLISH BOTANY.

A straggler in cultivated ground, usually the remains of a field
of turnips.
[ England, Scotland, Ireland.] Annual or Biennial.
Spring, Summer.

Only to be distinguished from the last by the radical leaves
being green instead of glaucous, and a greater number of the stem
leaves lyrate-pinnatifid.

I can find no satisfactory characters for separating this plant
from B. campestris and B. Napus. All three have both an annual
form cultivated for the oily seeds, and also a biennial form yielding
an esculent root, though B. Napus is hardly known in this country
in the latter state. B. campestris is the only one which can be
considered at all well established. The lower leaves in the wild
plant of B. campestris are only hispid upon the midrib. ‘The shape
of the stem leaves, the direction of the pod, the size of the flower,
and the direction of the stamens, which have been considered as
affording distinguishing characters, are all inconstant, so that I
feel compelled to unite the three under one species, to which I
give the name polymorpha in preference to B. campestris, as that
name has been applied exclusively to the form with glabrous (not
hispid) radical leaves, although I believe that form to be parent
of the other two.

The Turnip.

French, Chow a Feuilles Rudes. German, Der Riiben Kohl.

The Turnip, like the cabbage, is highly susceptible of change under the influence
of cultivation. Although the forms assumed by cultivated plants are not recognized
by the systematic botanist, they are nevertheless of the highest interest to the vegetable
physiologist. In cultivation the Turnip assumes three principal forms. They are as
follows :—

B. Rapa depressa.—Round Turnip. French, Vavet ronde, or Rave plate ; German,
Die runde Kiibe. The root is tumid under the neck, globose, depressed, and ending
abruptly in a slender tail. The White, Yellow, Black, Red, Green, and Early Dutch
Turnips are forms of this variety known to the farmer and gardener.

B. Rapa oblonga.—The Tankard or Decanter Turnip. The root is large and
oblong, and white, red, and green forms are cultivated.

B. Rapa oleifera.—The Oil-bearing Turnip. It is the Vavette of Dauphiny, where
it is cultivated for the sake of its seed. It is less productive than the rape or colza,
but it grows on less favourable soils.

As an agricultural plant much might be written on the Turnip, and it has formed
the subject of many a volume devoted to the progress of modern husbandry, and we
find lengthy instructions given as to the mode of sowing, choice of seed, preparation of
the soil, and preservation of the crop. Into these particulars we can scarcely enter
here, but must refer our readers to such works as Don’s “ Gardener’s Dictionary,” or
the “Cyclopedia of Agriculture.” Under the name of Vavette the Turnip is cultivated
for its seed in the South of France as an oil plant, being considered nearly as productive
as colza, and far more hardy. ‘The oil obtained from the seed is sold with that of
rape, cabbage, and the true colza, and used for the like purposes. The Turnip is said

CRUCIFER2. 137

to have been introduced into Greece and Italy from Gaul. It was well known to the
Greeks, and called by them yoyyvAn, from yoyyvioc, “round,” and is mentioned by
Theophrastus. By them it was chiefly used in medicine for cataplasms and as an
external application. It was eaten, but does not seem to have found much favour as
an article of diet. By the Romans it was much esteemed, and we read of Manlius
Curius cooking Turnips by the embers of his watch-fire when the Samnite envoys came
to offer him the bribe he so contemptuously rejected as worthless in comparison to his
broiling roots. Throughout France and Germany the Turnip was undoubtedly culti-
vated during the Middle Ages, and was most likely brought by the monks and grown
in the gardens of England before the Conquest. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth we
read of Turnips as a favourite dish; and Gerarde, at a somewhat later date, says: “ The
smaller Turnip groweth in fields by Hackney in a sandy ground, and is brought to the
cross in Cheapside by the women of that village to be sold, and are the best I ever
tasted.” At this period it would appear that Turnips were grown in large crops, and
not confined to garden cultivation as formerly, but it was not until about the year
1730 that they became common objects of field husbandry. Lord Townshend, struck
with their extensive cultivation in Germany and Flanders, covered some acres of his
own estate in Norfolk with them, and the introduction about the same time of the
system of drill husbandry soon caused his example to spread, and it became generally
adopted. The chief value of the Turnip as an agricultural plant seems to be the ease
with which the crop is secured, and its excellence as a winter fodder for sheep. The
Turnips can either be consumed on the ground without removal, which is advantageous,
as the animals fatten and manure the land at the same time, or they may be stored
in barns for future use. The produce varies greatly : in rich lands in the North of
England sixty tons per acre have occasionally been raised ; but the amount of crop
seldom reaches higher on the best soils of the South than thirty or forty tons per acre.
Though forming a valuable food for cattle, and a pleasant vegetable for man’s consump-
tion, the Turnip contains but little nutritive matter in proportion to its weight. An
analysis of a pound of Turnips is as follows: Water, 14 oz. 213 grs.; albumen and
casein, 77 grs. ; sugar, 280 grs.; gum, 107 grs.; woody fibre, 168 grs.; mineral matter,
39 grs. Although generally eaten cooked and mashed, Turnips are perfectly wholesome
in their raw state, and in that condition were formerly much consumed in Russia by
the upper classes. Turnips were part of the farmer’s food in Gay’s time, for he says,—

“Leek to the Welsh, to Dutchmen butter ’s dear,
Of Irish swains potato is the cheer ;
Oats for their feasts the Scottish shepherds grind,
Sweet turnips are the food of Blonzalind :
While she loves Zurnips, butter I despise,
Nor leeks, nor oatmeal, nor potato prize.”

Our own true English poet Shakespeare must have been well acquainted with the
housing of some such winter stores; for we find “sweet Anne Page,” while resisting
Master Slender’s suit, appealing to her mother thus: “ Good mother, do not marry me
to yond’ fool. Alas! I had rather be set quick i’ the earth and bowl’d to death with
Turnips.” The tops and green leaves of the Turnip form a wholesome and pleasant
vegetable at a time of year when but little variety of green food is to be found. In
times of scarcity very respectable bread has been made from the Turnip when boiled,
pressed dry, and mixed with a portion of wheaten flour. From the quantity of sugar
the root contains it is readily made into wine, and a liquor so mauufactured is said to
1b

138 ENGLISH BOTANY.

be used to adulterate light wines. The juice boiled with sugar is an old domestic
remedy for coughs and hoarseness. In old herbalists we have of course numberless
benefits ascribed to the use of this favourite vegetable, all of which may with equal
justice be expected from the judicious consumption of any fresh vegetable. The Turnip
in its wild state gives shelter and nourishment to many kinds of insects. The cater-
pillars of some kinds of moths and butterflies feed on its leaves, and it is especially
exposed during its cultivated growth to the attacks of one of its natural invaders, known
by the name of the Turnip-fly. This insect, which is the Haltica Nemorum of entomo-
logists, is a little beetle. It deposits its eggs from April to September, and as they
hatch in two days and begin to feed on the leaves of the Turnip, they are a great pest.
The larvee feed within the leaf, whilst the full-grown insect, which has the power of
hopping like the flea, feeds on the outside of the leaves, It is in the earlier stages of
the growth of the plant that this insect does much havoc, and the rapid and favourable
development of the plant is the best remedy against the ravages of this little pest.
Besides the insects which attack the leaves, there are others which deposit their eggs in
the roots, and these produce the deformities known by the name of “anbury,” or “ fingers
and toes,” frequently attributed to the soil. The examination of the root by eutting will,
however, in all cases reveal the true nature of these excrescences.

SPECIES VII—BRASSICA MONENSIS. JZuds.
Puates XCI. XCII.

Radical leaves stalked, very deeply pinnatifid, almost pinnate,
not lyrate; stem leaves few, similar to the radical ones, but with
narrower segments. Sepals quite erect. Beak of the pod cylin-
drical-subulate, containing 1 to 3 seeds; valves 3-nerved.

Sus-Srecres I.—Brassica eu-Monensis.

Pratt XCI.*
Brassica Monensis, Auct. Plur.
“Sisymbrium Monense, Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. i. p. 658.” Sm. Eng. Bot. 962.

Leaves almost all radical and glabrous. Stem glabrous, nearly
simple, almost leafless. :

On sandy seashores. Rather local on the west coast of England
and Scotland from Glamorganshire to Bute.

England, Scotland. Perennial. Summer.

Rootstock long, woody, branched, producing rosettes of nume-
rous leaves, which are very deeply pinnatifid with distant oblong
slightly lobed segments; lobes terminating in a bristle. Stems
ascending from a curved base, 6 to 12 inches high, leafless, or
with 1 or 2 deeply pinnatifid leaves with strap-shaped segments.

* The Plate is E. B. 962, unaltered.

CRUCIFER. 139

Flowers pale yellow, veined, # inch across, in a very short raceme,
which lengthens as the fruit ripens. Pedicels about as long as the
calyx in flower, eee than the beak of the pod in fruit. Pods
slightly beaded, 2 + inches in length including the beak, which
is from 3 to 2 oe a is of the same thickness as the pod at
its base where it contains seeds, but terminates in a subulate point
where it is empty. Seeds oblong, dark brown, finely punctured.
Whole plant very glaucous and glabrous; the stem sometimes
with a few hairs.

Sun-Srecies Il.—Brassica Cheiranthus. Vil.
Pirate XCII.*

ftewh. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Veér. Tab. XCI. Fig. 4433.
Sinapis Cheiranthus, Koch. Eng. Bot. Sup. 2821, et Auct. Plur.

Leaves hispid. Stem hispid, branched, leafy.

On the sandy seashore at St. Aubin’s Bay, Jersey, and in
Alderney.

Channel Islands. Perennial. Summer.

Extremely like the preceding sub-species, but taller; the stem
being from 1 to 3 feet high. The plant is less glaucous and more
hispid ; and the leaves, instead of being arranged in a rosette, are
scattered on the stem.

Sus-Genus III.—DIPLOTAXIS. D.C.

Sepals slightly spreading, often hairy. Seeds ovoid-compressed,
arranged in a double row down each cell of the pod.

Diplotaxis, from dudooe (diploos) double, and rakte (tawis), a series ; because of the
seeds being disposed in two rows in each cell.

SPECIES VIII—BRASSICA TENUIFOLIA. Bois.
Prate XCIII.t+
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IL Zetr. Tab. LX XXII.
Fig. 4420.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, D.C., et Auct. Plur.
Sisymbrium tenuifolium, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 525.
Sinapis tenuifolia, Sm. Eng. Bot. Vol. IIL p. 223.
Stem sub-frutescent at the base. Leaves numerous, not in a
radical rosette, the lower ones pinnatifid. Pedicels longer than

the flowers when fully open.

* The Plate is E. B. S. 2821, unaltered.
t The Plate is E. B. 525, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby,

140 ENGLISH BOTANY.

By roadsides and on old walls. Rather rare, but probably wild
in the South of England. In Scotland, where Fifeshire is its
northern limit, there is little doubt that it is an introduced plant,
as, although it occurs in great abundance at St. David’s, on the
Frith of Forth, it is only found on the ballast hills.

England, [Scotland,]| Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Rootstock woody, producing numerous branched stems 18 inches
to 3 feet high, which are somewhat woody at the base. Leaves
crowded on the stem, pinnatifid, with few distant oblong or strap-
shaped ascending lobes; the upper ones elliptical-strapshaped, often
nearly or quite entire. Peduncles long, terminating the stem and
branches. Flowers ? inch in diameter, pale yellow, in a corymb,
which afterwards lengthens into a lax raceme. Sepals oval, glabrous,
or hairy only at the apex, always shorter than the pedicels, and
sometimes not half their length. Petals more than twice as long
as the calyx, roundish, contracted into a narrow claw about one-
third the length of the lamina. Fruit pedicels nearly as long as the
pods, which are 1 to 1} inch long, broadly linear, attenuated at each
end, tipped by the cylindrical style, which is about } inch long.
Whole plant glabrous and glaucous, growing in bushy tufts.
Occasionally the stem is hispid.

Fine-leaved or Narrow-leaved Wall Mustard or Vall Rocket.

French, Diplotaxe & Feuilles Menues. German, Doppelsame.

SPECIES IX—BRASSICA BREVIPES.
Pruatrts XCIV. XCV.

Stem very rarely at all woody at the base, generally very short.
Leaves chiefly in a radical rosette, pinnatifid, or pinnatifid-lyrate.
Pedicels equal to or shorter than the flowers when fully open.

Sus-Srecres I.— Brassica muralis. Bois.
Prats XCLV.*

Diplotaxis muralis, Meich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Zeér. Tab. LX XXII.
Fig. 4417.

Diplotaxis muralis, Awet. Plur.

Sisymbrium murale, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1090

Leaves chiefly radical. Stem with few leaves. Pedicels about
as long as the fully expanded flowers. Petals twice or thrice as

* The Plate is E. B. 1090, and represents the variety 3, Babingtonii.

CRUCIFERZ. 141

long as the sepals, roundish, abruptly contracted into a narrow
claw. Style not narrowed towards the base.

Var. a, genuina.

Stem naked, or with 1 or 2 leaves near the base. Root always
annual.
Var. 2, Babingtonii.

Stem leafy, sometimes slightly woody at the base. Root occa-
sionally biennial or even perennial ?

On roadsides and sandy waste places. Common in the South of
England. In Scotland it is confined to the neighbourhood of the
ballast hills at Charlestown in Fifeshire.

England, [Scotland,| Ireland. Annual, Biennial, or Perennial ?
Summer. Autumn.

Stem subdividing into several close to the ground, at which
point the leaves are crowded together, very few being situated on
the stems above the place where the latter separate, in variety a ;
in variety &, however, where the branching is not confined to the
base, the stems are often leafy for 6 or 8 inches of their length
in luxuriant specimens. Leaves pinnatifid, but with the segments
shorter, more triangular, and closer together than in B. tenuifolia,
and with the lobes more often irregularly toothed; the terminal
segment is also usually larger than in that species, so that some-
times the leaves become imperfectly lyrate. The flowers are rather
smaller, and the sepals oblong, generally with a few hairs towards
the tip. The peduncles are always shorter than the pods, which
are more spreading than in B. tenuifolia.

The variety 6, which is noticed by Professor Babington (Man.
ed. v. p. 29), closely resembles B. tenuifolia in habit, and I have
seen specimens of it to which that name had been affixed; but the
much shorter pedicels form a character by which they may be
readily separated. The stem too is more hispid towards the base.
The leaves in B. muralis are very frequently sinuated, that is, they
appear to have portions scolloped out, while in B. muralis the
lobes generally project beyond the general outline of the leaf, but
this is by no means always the case. Varieties a and 6 appear to
pass too gradually into each other to allow me to consider them
as sub-species.

Wali or Sand Mustard.

French, Diplotaxe des Mura,

142 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sus-Srecres II.—Brassica viminea. Bois.
Piatt XCV.*

Diplotaxis viminea, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Yetr. Tab. LX XXII.

Fig. 4416.
Diplotaxis viminea, D. C. et Auct. Plur.
Sisymbrium vimineum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 919

Leaves all radical; scapes leafless. Pedicels shorter than the
fully expanded flowers. Petals not twice the length of the sepals,
obovate, insensibly attenuated intoaclaw. Style slightly narrowed
towards the base.

Waste places at St. Peter’s Port, Guernsey (Rev. W. W.
Newbould).

Channel Islands. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Extremely like the variety a of Brassica muralis, but smaller,
and producing leafless scapes from a rosette of radical leaves,
which are generally less deeply divided and have short broadly-
triangular segments, with the terminal one larger. The principal
difference, however, lies in the petals, which are much shorter and
narrower in proportion than in B. muralis, from which it appears
to me to be only separable as a sub-species. As, however, muralis
and viminea, have had distinctive specific names since the time of
Linnzeus, I have not ventured to use either of these for the super-
species, and have therefore called it ‘‘ brevipes,” from the shortness
of the pedicel, the distinctive character between it and B. tenuifolia.
I have not seen Mr. Newbould’s specimens of B. viminea.

Small Sand Rocket.

Tre V.—SISYMBRIEA.

Cotyledons flat, with the radicle lying on the back of one of
them (incumbent). Pod elongate, 2-valved.

GENUS V.—SISYMBRIUM. Linn.

Sepals equal at the base, or the lateral ones slightly gibbous.
Petals equal, entire, usually elongate, and with long claws. Fila-
ments without wings or teeth. Pod linear-elongate, sub-cylin-
drical, terete or compressed; valves 3-nerved, the lateral ones
sometimes indistinct. Stigma sub-sessile, disciform, slightly 2-lobed
or emarginate with a thickened margin. Seeds usually numerous,
ovoid or oblong, without a margin.

* The Plate is drawn from a dried French specimen by Mr, J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER. 143

Herbs, chiefly annual and biennial, with rather small flowers,
most commonly yellowish, disposed in corymbs, lengthening into
lax racemes, or more rarely in the axils of the leaves.

French, Sisymbre. German, Ranke.

The generic name is derived from act/3oc (sisibos), a fringe, as some of the species
have fringed roots. The same name was also applied by Ovid to some aquatic plant,
which he advises should form part of a nosegay to be presented to Venus.

Sus-Genvus I.—EU-SISYMBRIUM.
Seed-stalk (funiculus) filiform.

SPECIES I—SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE. Scop.
Puate XCVI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LX XII. Fig. 4401.
Erysimum officinale, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 735.
Chameplium officinale, Wall. Sched. Crit. p. 577.

Leaves pinnatifid, sub-lyrate, with oblong segments. Pods
sub-sessile, straight, subulate, adpressed, arranged in lax leafless
racemes terminating the stem and branches.

In hedgebanks, by roadsides, and in waste places and fields.
Very common throughout Britain, where it appears to be absent
from the Shetland Islands only.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Annual. Summer.

Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches on the
upper part. Radical leaves in a rosette, very deeply pinnatipartite,
with 4 or 5 spreading lobes on each side of the midrib and a large
one at the apex which is nearly semicircular or triangular and
often again divided into 3; all the lobes more or less angulated
or toothed; stem leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, with a few pairs of
oblong toothed lobes and a long hastate terminal one. Pedicels
extremely short. Flowers about } inch across, pale ochreous
yellow. Pods hairy, about } inch long, gradually tapering from
the base to the point, not beaded; valves 3-nerved; replum
transparent, without a nerve. Plant dull green, with scattered
hairs.

This plant is very readily recognised by its peculiar habit, the
pods being closely pressed to the stem and arranged in racemes
which are almost spikes, of which the terminal one is the longest

and erect; the lateral ones almost horizontal at the base, but

* The Plate is E. B. 735, unaltered.

144 ENGLISH BOTANY.

curving upwards at the apex, and the uppermost spikes longer than
the lower ones.
Hedge Mustard.

French, Sisymbre Officinal, Herbe au Chantre. German, Hederich, Wegesenf, Wildersenf.

The common name is derived from its pungent, warm taste, and more particularly
from the bitterish heat of its small seeds. Birds are fond of these seeds, which they
eat greedily. The whole plant has been used in medicine, and has even a reputation
to this day as a remedy in coughs, hoarseness, and asthma ; hence the French popular
name. Rondeletius informs us that a hoarseness occasioned by loud speaking was cured
in three days by the use of this plant. Dr. Cullen recommends the juice to be mixed
with honey or sugar and taken for this purpose. Gerarde advises those aftlicted with
sciatica to take it in like manner; and Galen says “it is of a fiery temperature, and
doth thereby attenuate, melt, and make thin, which is the reason of its reputation in
discussing rheum.” Withering quotes an old MS. which says, “Juice of Hedge Mustard
is beyond anything in ulcers of the throat. This was found by experience by the
Hon. Harry Gray when all advice of doctors and surgeons availed nothing. This from
his own mouth.”

SPECIES IL—SISYMBRIUM POLYCERATIUM. Linn.
Prats XCVII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LX_XTIT. Fig. 4405.
Chameplium polyceratium, Wadlr. Sched. Crit.

Leaves pinnatifid with triangular segments, or the upper
ones only dentate. Pods sub-sessile, curved, subulate-cylindrical,
spreading 2 or 3 together from the axils of the leaves, or more
rarely solitary.

At the bottom of walls at Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. Sown
by the late Dr. Goodenough, but it still exists in this locality.

[England]. Annual. Summer.

Stem branched from the base only; central branches patent-
ascending ; lateral branches decumbent. Leaves numerous, stalked,
clothing the branches quite to the apex, pinnatifid with a few large
triangular acuminated spreading lobes; the terminal lobe irregu-
larly rhomboidal, hastate, and slightly dentate. Pedicel sextremely
short. Flowers about 4'; inch across, pale ochreous yellow. Pods
slightly hairy, about # inch long, curved outwards, narrowing very
gradually from the base, slightly beaded; valves 3-nerved; replum
thick and spongy, without a nerve; whole plant dull green, sub-
glabrous.

Many-podded Hedge Mustard.

French, Sisymbre Corniculé. German, Die Ranke.

* The drawing has been made for this work by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a dried
specimen from Bury St. Edmunds.

CRUCIFER®. 145

SPECIES I1.—SISYMBRIUM SOPHIA. Linn.
Pratt XCVIII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LX XTV. Fig. 4405.

Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid, with linear or strap-shaped
segments. Pods on long stalks, slightly curved, sub-compressed-
cylindrical, patent-ascending, arranged in lax leafless racemes
terminating the stem and branches.

On roadsides, waste places, and rubbish heaps. Rather scarce,
but generally distributed throughout England and the whole of
Scotland, except the extreme north.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, with patent-ascending branches in
the upper portion only. Leaves very numerous, twice -or thrice
pinnately partite, with short strap-shaped lobes. Flowers about
~ inch across, pale yellow. Fruit pedicels nearly 4 inch long.
Pods smooth, from 34 to # inch long, slightly curved inwards,
scarcely tapering, and slightly beaded; valves with 1 conspicuous
nerve ; replum membranous, with a nerve down the middle. Plant
greyish green, more or less thickly covered with extremely short,
simple, or star-like hairs.

The finely divided decompound leaves of this plant distinguish
it from all the other British siliquose Cruciferze.

Fine-leaved Hedge Mustard, Flix Weed.
French, Sisymbre Sophie, Sagesse des Chirwrgiens,

This plant has a sort of reputation in old herbals as an astringent medicine. The
force of gunpowder is said to be increased by an admixture of its seeds, and as a
vermifuge they are celebrated by old authors. We give but little credence to any of
its virtues,

SPECIES IV.—-SISYMBRIUM IRIO. Zinn.
Prate XCIX.+

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Zetr. Tab. LXXYV. Fig. 4408.

Leaves pinnatifid with oblong segments. Pods stalked, scarcely
curved, cylindrical, patent-ascending, arranged in leafless racemes
terminating the stem and branches.

On old walls and in waste places. Rare. At Berwick-upon-
Tweed, where I believe it still grows. It has also occurred near
London, in Essex, Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, and Buckingham-

* The Plate is E. B. 963, unaltered. + The Plate E. B. 1631, unaltered.
U

146 ENGLISH BOTANY.

shire; but there is no recent authority for these latter places. It
is said to have been particularly abundant on the ruins left by the
Great Fire of London, but the only specimens I have seen are from
Berwick-upon-T weed.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Summer.

Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Leaves stalked, deeply
pinnatifid or pinnatipartite with distant spreading or even reflexed
lobes which are slightly toothed; terminal lobe a little larger than
the rest, especié nye in the upper ‘leaves where it is usually hastate.
Flowers about $ inch in diameter (considerably smaller than as
represented in the Plate), pale ochreous yellow. Fruit pedicels
ascending, + to $ inch long. Young pods much exceeding the
flowers; mature pods 1} to 13 inch | long, smooth, very Slender!
scarcely tapering, distinctly beaded ; valves with 3 distinct nerves;
replum membranous, without a nerve. Plant dull green, glabrous,
or slightly pubescent.

The much longer and slenderer pods distinguish this from all
the preceding species of the genus.

London Rocket, or Broad-leaved Hedge Mustard.
French, Sisymbre Trio.

This name is derived from epvw (ervo), I cure. It is called London Rocket, from
the fact of its having sprung up in great quantities on the ground which was laid waste
by the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Sus-Genus I].—ALLIARTIA.
Seed-stalk (funiculus) dilated.

SPECIES V—SISYMBRIUM ALLIARIA. Scop.
Puate C.*

Alliaria officinalis, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LX. Fig, 4379.

Alliaria officinalis, Andrz. in D.C. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 27. Benth. Handbook
Brit. Fl. p. 88. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 35.

Erysimum Alliaria, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 796.

Leaves rounded or deltoid, base deeply cordate, edges crenate
or toothed. Pods shortly stalked, nearly straight, cylindrical but
somewhat 4-angled, ascending-spreading, arranged in very lax
leafless racemes terminating the stem and branches.

In hedges and open places in woods. Common in England
and the South of Scotland, but becoming rare in the North and

* The Plate is E B. 796, unaltered.

CRUCIFER®. 147

West, where, so far as is known, Ross-shire is the most northerly
county in which it has been found.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial. Spring and
Early Summer.

Stem commonly curved where it leaves the ground and then
erect, 18 inches to 4 feet high. Root leaves on very long stalks,
the lamina often 3 or 4 inches in diameter, roundish, very deeply
cordate, with crenate or repand edges; stem leaves smaller and on
shorter stalks, deltoid-ovate, often acuminate, base cordate, edges
crenate-dentate, or in the uppermost leaves dentate. Flowers about
¢ inch in diameter, pure white. Fruit pedicels about + inch long.
Pods smooth, 1} to 2 inches long, scarcely curved, not tapering,
beaded; valves with 1 very prominent nerve, on each side of which
there is a faint one close to the suture; replum transparent,
without a nerve. Plant dull green, glabrous, and shining.

This plant is usually placed in a separate genus, Alliaria. The
principal characters employed to separate it from Sisymbrium are
that the seed-stalk is widened, so as to be ribandlike instead of thread-
like, as is the case in the other species of the genus Sisymbrium.
The great prominence of the middle nerve of each valve of the pod
gives the latter a 4-sided appearance, which has led to its being
placed in the genus Erysimum; but the pod is more cylindrical
and the calyx less erect than in the species of that genus.

Garlic Hedge Mustard, Jack-by-the-Hedge, or Sauce Alone.

French, Sisymbre Alliare. German, Das Knoblauchkraut.

The specific name is derived from alliwm, garlic, on account of the strong smell of
garlic emitted by the plant. It was formerly used by the country people in sauces, with
bread and butter, salted meat, and in salads,—hence one of its common names Sauce
Alone; and from growing by hedgesides it is called Jack-by-the-Hedge. It is occasionally
used as a salad, or boiled as a pot-herb. Horses, sheep, and swine refuse it, but cows
and goats eat it. If eaten by cows it gives a strong disagreeable flavour to the milk.
When it grows in poultry yards fowls eat it, and it gives a rank, unpleasant taste to
their flesh, The seeds excite sneezing. In common with nearly all plants of this
order, it had a reputation for medicinal virtues in olden times.

GENUS VI—ERYSIMUM. Linn.

Sepals erect, equal at the base, or the lateral ones slightly
gibbous. Petals equal, entire, elongate, and with long claws.
Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod linear-elongate, sub-cylin-
drical, 4-sided; valves keeled, with a strong dorsal nerve, and
sometimes 2 other less conspicuous lateral ones. Stigma sub-sessile,
or raised upon a cylindrical style, disciform, slightly 2-lobed, or

148 ENGLISH BOTANY.

emarginate, with a thickened margin. Seeds ovoid or oblong,
without a wing (rarely margined at the apex).

Annual or biennial plants, more rarely perennial, often clothed
with starlike pubescence. Leaves entire, toothed or sinuated; the
lower ones attenuated into a petiole; the stem leaves sessile.
Flowers small or moderately large, usually yellow, disposed in
corymbs, which afterwards lengthen into lax racemes.

French, Vélar. German, Hederich.

This generic name is derived from epyw (ero), I draw, or I cure, on account of its
supposed salutary effects in medicine, many of which are still believed in.

Sus-Genus I.—CONRINGIA. JD. C.

Petals with the limb erect. Stem leaves with the base cordate-
amplexicaul. Plants glabrous and glaucous.

SPECIES lI-—ERYSIMUM ORIENTALE. BR. Brown.
Prate CI.*
Conringia orientalis, eich. Ic. Fl. Germ et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LXI. Fig. 4382.
Brassica orientalis, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1804.
Brassica perfoliata, Lamarck, Dict. Vol. I. p. 748.
Erysimum perfoliatum, Crantz. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de. Fr. Vol. I. p. 90.

Stem leaves oval-oblong, cordate-amplexicaul, entire. Pods
spreading; valves with 1 nerve. Pedicels about one-sixth or one-
eighth the length of the pod.

In fields and on cliffs near the sea, but apparently not perma-
nently naturalized. Reported, on old authority, from the cliffs
near Harwich, as also at Bawdsey, near Orford, Suffolk (Dale). In
fields near Godstone and Marshfield, Sussex (Huds.); and more
recently the Rev. J. 8. Tozer states that it came up spontaneously
in a field that had been ploughed to form a garden in the centre of
the new square at Plymouth.

[ England, Ireland]. Annual. Summer.

Stem erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high, simple or slightly branched.
Lowest leaves obovate, gradually attenuated to the base; stem
leaves elliptical, blunt, clasping the stem by 2 rounded auricles.
Flowers about + inch across, cream-coloured. Fruit pedicels about

3 inch long. Pods 8 to 4 inches long, quadrangular, slightly

* The Plate is E. B. 1804, unaltered.

CRUCIFER. 149

beaded, and each valve with a very prominent nerve; replum
spongy. Whole plant quite glabrous and glaucous.

This plant has much the habit of the genus Brassica, in which
it was placed by Linnzeus.

Hare’s Ear Cabbage, or Hedge Mustard.

Sus-Genus If.—EU-ERYSIMUM.

Petals with the limb spreading. Stem leaves not amplexicaul.
Plant clothed with starlike hairs.

SPECIES IL—ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES. Linn.
Prats CII.*
Reich. Ic. F). Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. LXTIT. Fig. 4383.

Stem leaves lanceolate-elliptical, attenuated at the base, and
not at all amplexicaul. Petals with the claw about as long as the
sepals. Pods ascending-spreading; valves with 1 nerve; pedicels
nearly half as long as the pod.

A weed in cultivated ground and in waste places. Not uncom-
mon in the South of England, particularly in the neighbourhood of
London, but only occurring as a straggler in the northern counties
and in Scotland.

England, [Scotland,| Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, 6 inches to 3 feet high; the larger examples with
patent-ascending branches in the upper portion of the stem
Radical leaves at first in a rosette, but withering before the flowers
open; leaves spreading, all narrowed at the base, and the lower
ones occasionally shortly stalked, the edges waved or remotely
dentate. Flowers about 4 inch across, “bright yellow. Fruit
pedicels about } inch long, patent. Pods # to T inch long, slightly
curved, slender, indistinctly beaded, quadrangular, for ming an
obtuse angle with the pedicel, so that they are less spreading ‘than
the latter; replum membranous. Whole plant dull green, covered
with scattered starlike hairs, with usually 3 rays.

Treacle Hedge Mustard, Wormseed Mustard, or Wallflower
Mustard.
French, Vélar, Giroflée.
The seeds of this plant were at one time given to children as a vermifuge, and are
said to have been very efficacious. The plant formed an ingredient in the so-called
Venice treacle and many quack and rustic medicines,

* The Plate is E. B. 942, unaltered.

150 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS VII—HESPERIS. Linn.

Sepals erect, the lateral ones gibbous at the base. Petals equal,
entire, with long claws and spreading lamin. Filaments without
wings or teeth. Pod linear-cylindrical, slightly compressed ; valves
with a single nerve. Stigma sub-sessile, cleft into 2 oblong obtuse
erect contiguous lobes. Seeds oblong, angular, often winged at
the top.

Erect biennial or perennial herbs, clothed with simple or forked
hairs. Stem leaves ovate or oblong, entire, toothed or lyrate.
Flowers rather large, variously coloured, disposed in short racemes,
which afterwards become more lax.

Hesperis, from éozepoc (hesperos), the evening, because the flowers of most of the
species are sweet-scented in the evening.

SPECIES L—HESPERIS MATRONALIS. Zinn.
Puate CIII.*

H. matronalis and H. inodora, Zinn. eich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. IT. Zeér.
Tab. LIX. Figs. 4377, 4378.
H. inodora, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 731.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate. Pedicels about as
long as the calyx. Petals obovate. Pods spreading, cylindrical,
beaded.

In meadows, thickets, and roadsides, but only as a straggler
from cultivation, and apparently not perfectly naturalized in any of
its localities, which are rather numerous both in England and
Scotland.

{ England, Scotland, Ireland]. Perennial or Biennial. Summer.

Rootstock somewhat woody, producing 1 or more stems, which
are erect, from 18 inches to 3 feet high, and in large examples
branched at the summit. Lower leaves obovate or oblanceolate, gra-
dually attenuated into a short stalk ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate, shortly stalked, and the uppermost ones quite sessile,
the margins of all r ather finely denticulate. Flowers about # inch
across, pale lilac or white, in a raceme 2 to 4 inches long, iG as
usual, ‘lengthens very much in fruit. Fruit pedicels 3 to # inch long,
spreading. Pods nearly glabrous, 23 to 38} inches long, narrowly
cylindrical, attenuated at both ends, remotely beaded. “Plant dull

* The Plate is E, B, 731, unaltered,

CRUCIFER®. THE

green, more or less clothed with short stiff simple hairs, and on
the stem there are also smaller and more numerous starlike ones.

Dame’s Rocket, Dame’s Violet, Queen’s Gilliflower, and (according
to)
to Gerarde) Damask Violets.

French, Julienne des Dames. German, Die Gemeine Nachtviole.

The specific name signifies mother, the Mother of the Evening, at which hour the
blossoms exhale a pleasant perfume, which is not appreciable in the daytime. This
pretty plant is known only for its attractive appearance and sweet scent, and is conse-
quently but little noticed by writers, excepting such as deal in poetical fancies. We
find its praises sung thus :-—

“ Rich and profuse the breath you send

Through air, though none are nigh ;

Oh ! ’tis the incense from the earth,
Your tribute sent on high.

Emblems are you, night-scenting flowers,
Of hope to sorrow given ;

Strongest through tearful, darkling hours
Are breathings unto Heaven.”

Tre VI.—ARABIDE.

Cotyledons flat, with the radicle lying along their edges on one
side (accumbent). Pod elongate, 2-valved.

GENUS VITI—MATTHIOLA. BR. Brown.

Sepals erect, the lateral ones gibbous at the base. Petals
equal, entire, with long claws and spreading laminz. Filaments
without wings or teeth. Pod elongate-cylindrical or cylindrical-
compressed; valves with a dorsal nerve. Style short, conical.
Stigma cleft into 2 oblong obtuse erect contiguous lobes, often
thickened or produced into horns on the outer side. Replum thick,
scarcely transparent. Seeds orbicular or oval, compressed, often
winged round the margin.

Herbs or undershrubs, thickly clothed with stellate down.
Leaves oblanceolate, elliptical-oblong or linear, entire, toothed or
sinuated. Flowers large, usually purple, disposed in short racemes,
which afterwards elongate.

Stock.
French, Matthiole. German, Zwerglevkoje.

This genus of plants was named in honour of Peter Andrew Matthioli, an Italian
physician, who died in 1577. He was physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and author
of a commentary upon the works of Dioscorides.

152 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I—-MATTHIOLA SINUATA. BR. Brown.
Pratt CIV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4350,
Cheiranthus sinuatus, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 462.

Stem herbaceous. Lower leaves usually toothed, or pinnatifid
with projecting lobes. Pods cylindrical-compressed, dotted with
glands. Stigmatic lebes thickened on the outside, and projecting
laterally into a tooth. Seeds roundish-oval, with the wing less than
half the diameter of the cotyledons.

On sandy seashores. Kare. It occurs on the coasts of Cornwall,
Devon, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Merioneth, Carnarvon, Anglesea,
and Flint. Very common in the Channel Islands.

England, Ireland. Biennial. Summer.

Stem 9 inches to 2 feet high, slightly branched at the upper
part. Root leaves in a radical rosette, strap-shaped, attenuated at
the base, with a few projecting teeth or lobes; stem leaves narrowly
elliptical, the uppermost usually quite entire. Flowering raceme
1 to 3 inches long. Flowers nearly 1 inch across, pale lilac, turn-
ing pink or rose-colour when dried. Fruit pedicels about 3 inch
long. Pods about 4 inches in length; replum translucent, with,
2 nerves. Seeds longer than broad, very much compressed, sur-
rounded by a membranous wing broadest at the top, where it is
about one-third the diameter of the solid part of the seed. Whole
plant hoary, the stem, leaves, pedicels, calices, and pods being
thickly covered with a felt of white stellate hairs, amongst which

small glands are interspersed.
Sea Stock.
French, Matthiole Sinuée.

The plant has an alkaline bitter taste. The flowers give out a pleasant perfume
in the evening, and from its hardy, handsome appearance, it forms a very desirable
decoration for the gardens and boundaries of marine residences.

SPECIES II—MATTHIOLA INCANA. R Brown.
Pirate CV.t

Reich. 1c. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Vetr. Tab. XLV. Fig. 4854.
Cheiranthus incana, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1935.

* The Plate is E. B. 462, with seed added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
+ The Plate is from a new drawing by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, made from a dried
specimen from the Isle of Wight.

CRUCIFER&. 1538

Stem woody at the base. Leaves all entire. Pods cylindrical,
compressed, without glands. Stigmatic lobes thickened on the
outside, and projecting laterally into a tooth. Seeds circular, with
the wing more than half the diameter of the cotyledons.

On cliffs by the sea-coast, very local, and possibly an introduced
plant. Plentiful on the bare perpendicular face of the chalk cliffs
at Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight, and also on sandy rocks by the
shore at Steep Hill, near Ventnor. It is said to have occurred
formerly on the cliffs to the east of Hastings, but is not now found

there.
England. Perennial. Spring to Autumn.

Stem erect, woody, and in old plants often exceeding 1 inch
in diameter, dividing near the ground into numerous ascending
branches which are again branched, forming a bush 1 or 2 feet
high, the branches naked and marked with leaf-scars except at the
extremity. Leaves in rosettes at the extremity of the old branches,
and scattered on the shoots of the year; the lower ones narrowly
oblanceolate or elliptical - strapshaped, entire or sometimes with
faint obtuse-angled projections at the sides. Flowering raceme
1 to 2 inches Jong. Flowers ‘1 to 1$ inch in diameter, purplish
pink, varying to violet-blue or lilac on the same plant” (Dr. Brom-
field), bright rose-colour when dried. Fruit pedicels about + inch
long. Pods 4 or 5 inches in length, and about 4 inch broad;
replum translucent, with 2 or 8 nerves. Seeds nearly orbicular,
much compressed, surrounded by a white membranous wing
broadest at the top, where it is nearly two-thirds the diameter of
the solid part of the seed. Whole plant covered, as in the last
species, with hoary stellate pubescence, but without interspersed
glands.

Hoary Shrubby Stock.

French, Matthiole Blanchdtre. German, Die Weissgrawe Winterlevkoje.

The specific name of this plant indicates its downy appearance, or, as Lord Bacon
says, its “ velvet rind.” By cultivation this species becomes the Queen’s Stock, rivalling
in size and beauty the celebrated Brompton Stock.

GENUS IX¥—-CHEIRANTHUS. Jinn.

Sepals erect, the lateral ones gibbous at the base. Petals equal,
entire, with long claws and spreading laminz. Filaments without
wings or teeth. Pod elongate, quadrangular, more or less com-
pressed; valves keeled, with a dorsal nerve. Style short, conical,
or filiform. Stigma with 2 diverging stb-cylindrical lobes with

x

154 ENGLISH BOTANY.

round tops. Replum transparent. Seeds oval-compressed, often
winged round the margin.

Herbs or undershrubs with scattered adpressed hairs, rarely
with stellate down. Leaves elliptical-oblong or linear, entire or
toothed. Flowers large, yellow or purple, disposed in short
racemes which afterwards elongate.

Waliflower.
French, Giroflée. German, Der Lack.

The derivation of the name of this genus is variously given. That most generally
received is from yetp (cher), the hand, and ay(oc (anthos), a flower,—a handjlower, because
suited for carrying in the hand. This appears to us so absurd and so little applicable
to this plant in particular, that we prefer taking the Arabic word cheiri or kheyry, the
name of a very red sweet-scented flower, as the origin of the generic name Cheiranthus.
The species frequently grow on walls, hence the popular name.

SPECIES I—CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI. Linn
Piate CVI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr, Tab. XLV. Fig. 4347.
Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1934,

Stem woody at the base. Leaves entire. Pod quadrangular-
compressed. Style conical. Seeds winged at the summit.

On old buildings and walls, not truly native, though occurring
in the greater number of the English and Scotch counties.

[ England, Scotland, Ireland]. Perennial. Spring.

Stem erect, 9 inches to 2 feet high, the old part woody,
marked with leaf-scars, and bare of leaves except at the summit
where they are arranged in tufts, and are also scattered on the
branches of the year. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate or elliptical-
strapshaped, quite entire. Flowering raceme very short. Sepals
purplish. Flowers # inch to 1 inch across, bright orange-yellow,
rarely tinged with the dark brown so oe in the garden form
of this plant. Fruit pedicels about $ inch long. Pods 1} to 23
inches long by } inch broad, suddenly contracted at the apex
into an extremely short conical style; valves notched at the
summit; replum with a central nerve. Seeds oblong, winged
only at ine apex. Plant dull green, clothed with short adpressed
bipartite hairs resembling a simple hair attached by the middle.

Common Wallflower, Gilliflower.
French, Giroflée Violier, Violier Jaune. German, Lackviole, Goldlack, or Gelbnelka,

* The Plate is E. B. 1934, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER®. 155

The name Gilliflower, or Yellow Flower, is in allusion to its colour, and not, as
some say, to July, in which month it is beginning to fade away, and it is by no means
in perfection. In the poorest and commonest gardens this well-known plant is a
favourite, and its bright blossoms and delightful scent render it welcome alike in the
cottage and the mansion. Many varieties are produced by cultivation from the original
plant, the native of our old walls, rocks, and roofs. The flowers vary in size from
single to double, from yellow to rusty and blood-coloured, or variegated with the same
colours. None are, however, more fragrant than the wild plant, to which Sir Walter
Scott alludes in describing the early days of a child :—

«“ And well the lonely infant knew
Recesses where the Wallflower grew.
I deem’d such nooks the sweetest shade
The sun in all his round surveyed.”

And again :—

“The rude stone fence with fragrant Wallflowers gay,
To me more pleasure yields
Than all the pomp imperial domes display.”

It is the Wallflower which Burns introduces into the scenery of a vision of
former times :—
“ As I stood by yon roofless tower,
Where Wallflow’r scents the dewy air,
And owlet roams in ivy bower,
Telling the midnight moon her care.”

Poets have given personality to this favourite flower; and Herrick, who is
searcely inferior to the older classical poets in his pictures of love-lorn swains and
adventurous maidens, ascribes the origin and very name of this flower to the spirit
of a fair young damsel, long detained in durance vile, who braving all perils to steal
an interview with her lover,—

“Up she got upon a wall,
*Tempting down to slide withal ;
But the silken twist untied,

So she fell, and bruised, and died.
Love, in pity of the deed,

And her loving, luckless speed,
Turned her to this plant we call
Now the flower of the wall.”

The Wallflower is not without reputation as a medicine. Hill the naturalist says :
“ An infusion of Wallflower is good against the headache and nervous disorders. They
are good to steep in oil, to which they give a cordial warmth, and which is good against
pains in the limbs.”

156 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS X¥—-CARDAMINE. Linn.

Sepals slightly spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal,
entire, with long claws. Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod
linear, cylindrical or tapering, compressed; valves without con-
spicuous nerves, opening suddenly with a spring, and rolling back-
wards from the base. Style conical, sometimes very short. Stigma
entire or slightly 2-lobed. Replum transparent.. Seeds com-
pressed, not winged.

Perennial or annual herbs, often glabrous. Leaves pinnate
or simple, alternate, sometimes opposite or in whorls of 3.
Flowers purplish or white, disposed in corymbs or short racemes
which afterwards elongate.

French, Cardamine. German, Schaumkraut.

The name is derived from kapcca (kardia), the heart, and dapaw (damao), to subdue,
in allusion to the stomachic qualities of the species.

Sus-Genus I—DENTARIA.

Pod tapering from near the base to the apex. Seed stalk
(funiculus) dilated Cotyledons with the margins involute.

Herbs with scaly rhizomes and pinnate or digitate leaves, some-
times in a whorl of 3.

SPECIES LI—CARDAMINE BULBIFERA.
Puate CVII.*

Dentaria bulbifera, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IL. Zetr. Tab. XX XI. Fig. 4318.
Denturia bulbifera, Auct. Plur.

Rootstock creeping, scaly. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 7 ellip-
tical, crenate-serrate or entire leaflets; uppermost leaves entire ;
leaf axils producing bulbs. Petals with an oblong spreading
limb.

In woods. Very local. Tonbridge Wells; Harefield, Middlesex,
and some places in the neighbourhood in Buckinghamshire ; and in
Herts. Reported from Ayrshire, and also ‘near Duplin, on the
banks of the Esk, Scotland, but scarcely wild” (Brit. Fl). It is
marked on Mr. Moore’s list of Ivish plants. Mr. H. Trimen has

* The Plate is E. B. 309, unaltered,

CRUCIFER2. 157

found it abundant in copses on Kingsfold Farm, Rusper parish,

Sussex.
England, Scotland? Ireland. Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock extensively creeping, white, with small tooth-like
scales, each division producing a single stem, or a leaf with a long
stalk from the apex. Stem erect, unbranched, 1 to 2 feet high, bare
of leaves in the lower part. Stem leaves shortly stalked, the lower
ones, like the radical leaves, having 5 to 7 leaflets, which are
sessile or shortly stalked, 13 to 24 inches long by } to ? inch broad,
remotely and faintly crenate-serrate, or occasionally entire; upper
leaves with fewer leaflets, those at the top with only one, so that
they become simple, and are not above 1 inch long, and narrow in
proportion. Flowers about # inch across, lilac or almost white,
turning rose-colour when dried. Pedicels longer than the calyx,
which is erect and purplish. Fruit usually abortive.* The purple
scaly axillary bulbs as well as the creeping rhizomes propagate
the plant. Plant bright green, glabrous. Leaflets ciliated at the
margins.

Bulbiferous Coral Wort, or Tooth Wort.

French, Cardamine Bulbifere.

Sus-Genus II.—EU-CARDAMINE.

Pod slender, cylindrical, rather thicker in the middle, and very
slightly tapering towards each end. Seed stalk (funiculus) filiform.
Cotyledons flat, with the margins not involute. Leaves pinnate or
undivided, not whorled.

SPECIES IL—CARDAMINE AMARA. Linn.
Pirate CVIII.+
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XXVIT. Fig. 4305.

Rootstock long, creeping. Leaves pinnate, with from 5 to 9
leaflets, which are roundish or ovate in the lower, and ovate or
oblong in the upper leaves, but in all angulated or bluntly toothed.
Petals erect, spreading, obovate, twice or twice and a half the length
of the sepals, and about one-fourth longer than the stamens. Pod
linear, terminated by a slender style equal in length to twice or
thrice the breadth of the pod; stigma slightly notched.

* T am unable to give a description of the fruit, as I have never seen it.
+ The Plate is E. B. 1000, unaltered.

158 ENGLISH BOTANY.

In wet places, particularly by the sides of rivers or brooks in
woods. Rather scarce, but generally distributed from Cornwall
and Sussex to Moray and Dumbartonshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock slender, creeping, thinly clothed with root fibres,
stoloniferous, passing insensibly into the solitary stem, which rises
with a curve, and is from 1 to 2 feet high, erect or slightly zigzag,
branched in the upper part in large examples. Leaves not collected
into a rosette, but equally distributed over the stem. Leaflets
~ to 1} inch long, generally sessile; those of the upper leaves
narrower than those of the lower, but not conspicuously so; the
terminal ones a little larger than the lateral ones. Flowers about
= inch across, in a lax raceme, generally with secondary racemes
below the terminal one, so that the inflorescence becomes some-
times decidedly paniculate. Sepals oval, generally purplish. Petals
narrowly obovate, white, sometimes tinged with purple. Anthers
purple. Fruit pedicels 4 to ? inch long. Pod 1 or 14 inch long,
slightly beaded, terminated by a long slender style with an incon-
spicuous stigma. Whole plant lively green, shining, smooth, or
slightly hairy. The edges of the leaflets are generally ciliated.

Bitter Cress, or Ladies’ Smock.

French, Cardamine Amére. German, Das Bittere Schauwmkraut.

This pretty plant, with its large white or cream-coloured flowers, decorates our
meadows in the first months of summer. As its specific name indicates, it is bitter, but
its bitterness is of an aromatic kind, such as recommends cresses to general use. Sheep
crop it readily, but cows refuse to eat it. The beautiful orange-tip butterfly, Anthocharis
Cardamines, the Wood Lady of London entomologists, lives in the larva state upon the
Cardamine and some of the allied genera.

SPECIES IIIT—-CARDAMINE PRATENSIS. Zinn.
Pratt CIX.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XXVIII. Fig. 4308.

Rootstock short, creeping. Leaves pinnate, with 9 to 25
leaflets, which are roundish and angulated in the lower, but oblong
or strap-shaped and mostly entire in the upper leaves. Petals
spreading, broadly obovate, three times as long as the sepals, and
more than twice as long as the stamens. Pod linear, terminated
by a thickish style about equal in length to the breadth of the
pod; stigma entire.

* The Plate is E. B. 776, unaltered.

CRUCIFER®. 159

In wet meadows and on wet rocks and mountains. Very
common throughout the whole of Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock short and rather thick, densely clothed with root
fibres, sometimes stoloniferous, sending up from the apex an
erect slightly zigzag stem from 1 to 2 feet high; sometimes the
stem branches into several near the root, and in that case the
lateral ones are curved at the base before ascending. Leaves
produced in radical tufts or rosettes, and these leaves have the
leaflets usually shortly stalked, roundish, entire, or angulated ;
leaflets + to # inch long, those of the stem leaves much
narrower than those of the root leaves, frequently even strap-shaped
or linear, and generally entire, but sometimes they are obovate
and the terminal ones wedge-shaped aad toothed, when the plant is
C. dentata of Schultz. Flowers 4 to 3 inch across, corymbose or
shortly racemose. Sepals oblong, tinged with purple, slightly
spreading. Limb of the petals roundish, spreading, lilac or
white. Anthers yellow. Fruit pedicels + to { inch long. Pod
cylindrical, 1 to 13 inch long, not beaded, terminated by the very
short thick style with a conspicuous stigma. Whole plant bright
green, shining, smooth, or slightly hairy, especially towards the base
of the stem and leaf stalks and on the edges of the leaves, which,
however, can scarcely be called ciliated.

In damp seasons the stem frequently bears small bulbs at the
base and buds on the leaves, which propagate the plant. The
flowers are sometimes double, or rather the petals surround small
flower buds instead of stamens and pistils, which are reduced to a
rudimentary state.

Meadow Ladies’ Smock, Cuckoo Flower, May Flower.
French, Cardamine des Prés. German, Das Gemeine Schawmkraut.

The familiar names of this pretty plant explain themselves. Covering the fields
with their white blossoms, they have almost the appearance of linen bleaching, and
are thus likened to the garments of “our Lady” whitening in the summer sun.
Shakespeare chronicles the time—

“ When maidens bleach their summer smocks,”

Of its early appearance with the cuckoo as the harbinger of bright days and cloudless
skies, we are appropriately reminded in calling it Cuckoo Flower. Shakespeare’s
“ euckoo-buds’ were yellow, and doubtless meant the Marsh Mari-

gold; but he writes—
“ When daisies pied, and violets blue,

And Lady-smocks all silver white,
And cuckoo-buds of yellow hue,
Do paint the meadows with delight.”

? ’

or “ cuckoo-birds’

According to Ray and other old writers, the flowers of the Cardamine pratensis possess

160 ENGLISH BOTANY.

valuable medicinal properties, making them useful in hysteria and epilepsy. In 1767
Sir George Baker read a paper before the College of Physicians on the application of
this plant ; and we have an accurate account of the preparation of these flowers by
toasting them on pewter dishes over a fire, and boiling the powder in bottles covered
and stopped with leather, “on no account with a cork.” Withering suggests that it
may act sometimes by destroying intestinal worms, and thus accounts for its efficacy
in epilepsies and other diseases resulting from this cause.

SPECIES IV—CARDAMINE HIRSUTA. Linn.
Pirates CX. CXI.

Rootstock short, creeping, or none. Leaves pinnate, with 7 to
13 leaflets, which are roundish, and slightly angulated in the lower,
but oval, oblong, or strap-shaped, and often entire, in the upper
leaves ; petioles of the stem leaves without fringed auricles. Petals
erect, oblanceolate, about twice as long as the sepals, and about
one-fourth longer than the stamens. Pod linear, terminated by a
style equal to or shorter than the breadth of the pod.

Hairy-leaved Ladies’ Smock.

French, Cardamine Velue

Sup-Specres .—Cardamine eu-hirsuta.
Puate CX.*

C. hirsuta, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XX VI. Fig. 4304.
C. hirsuta, Act. Plur.

Rootstock none. Radical leaves in a rosette, with larger
leaflets than those of the stem leaves. Stamens generally only 4.
Young pods usually rising considerably above the corymb of
flowers. Style equal in length to about half the breadth of
the pod.

On wall-tops and sandy places, and in clearings in woods.
Common throughout Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring, Summer.

Stems dividing into several close to the base, 6 to 12 inches high,
erect, the lateral ones curved below. Radical leaves numerous,
forming a rosette. Leaflets usually stalked, roundish, bluntly
angled, + to 4 inch across; the terminal one a little larger than
the others. Stem leaves generally few, with the leaflets smaller,

* The Plate is drawn for the present edition by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a dried
specimen from Musselburgh,

CRUCIFER. 161

narrower in proportion, and generally entire. Flowers corymbose,
white, about + inch across. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, generally
greenish. Fruit pedicels } to } inch in length. Pods about 1 inch
Jong, slightly beaded, terminated by a short thick style. Whole
plant dull green, more or less clothed with short hairs, which are

most numerous and spreading on the stem.

Sus-Seecies I1.—Cardamine sylvatica. Link.
Pirate CX1.*

C. sylvatica, Zeich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Tetr. Tab. XXVI. Fig. 4303.

C. hirsuta, Eng. Bot. ed. i. No. 492.

C. hirsuta, var. 8, Benth. Handbook Brit. Fl. p. 86. Hook. & Arn. Brit. FI. ed. viii.
p. 27.

C. hirsuta, var. 3, sylvatica, Coss. & Germ. Fl des Environs de Paris, ed. ii. p. 108.

Rootstock shortly creeping. Tadical leaves few, with smaller
leaflets than those of the stem leaves. Stamens 6. Young pods
usually not rising above the corymb of flowers. Style equal to or
a little longer than the breadth of the pod.

In damp shady woods and by the sides of streams. Not
uncommon, and probably distributed throughout the whole of
Britain, but often not distinguished from C. eu-hirsuta.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial.
Spring and Summer.

This plant differs from C. eu-hirsuta by the absence of a tap-root,
and the presence of a rootstock thinly clothed with root fibres. Stem
usually taller, more leafy, and the stem leaves having the leafiets
though narrower in proportion to those of the radical leaves
actually exceeding them in length, being sometimes {$ inch long.
The flowers are generally larger, and the whole plant smoother and
more shining than C. eu-hirsuta.

When this plant is luxuriant, it sometimes resembles C. amara,
from which, however, it may always be distinguished by not having
the large spreading petals and long slender style of that species.
Sometimes it flowers the first year, and then the tap-root remains,
as in C. eu-hirsuta.

SPECIES V—-CARDAMINE IMPATIENS. Lina
Pirate CXII.+
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XX VI. Fig. 4302.

Rootstock short, creeping; or none. Leaves pinnate, with 9 to

* The Plate is E. B. 492, unaltered. + The Plate is Z. B. 80, unaltered,
D's

162 ENGLISH BOTANY.

15 leaflets, which are lanceolate or elliptical, often cut or lobed.
Petioles of the stem leaves expanded at the base, with long narrow
acute ciliated auricles embracing the stem. Petals erect, oblanceo-
late, once and a half as long as the sepals, but most frequently
abortive. Pod linear, terminated by a style whose length is about
equal to the breadth of the pod.

In shady woods and on moist rocks. Rare. It has been found
in the counties of Surrey, Somerset, Gloucester, Glamorgan, Wor-
cester, Warwick, Shropshire, Montgomery, Denbigh, Derby, and
York. It has been reported from some of the more northern
counties, and from the banks of the Doune in Ayrshire, and the
Falls of the Clyde in Lanarkshire.

England, Scotland? Biennial or Annual. Summer.

Tap-root sending up a single stem, sometimes with the inter-
vention of a short rootstock clothed with root fibres. Stem erect,
simple or branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Stem leaves very numerous,
with the divisions closer and more nearly at right angles to the
petiole than in any other of the British species of Cardamine.
Leaflets + to 13 inch long, acute, generally cleft into 2 or 3 lobes
towards the base. Petals very rarely present. Fruit pedicels about
J inch long. Pods ? to 1 inch in length. Style rather slender.
Plant nearly glabrous.

This species cannot be confounded with any of the others if
attention be paid to the curious auricles at the base of the leaf stalks.
The leaves are not truly pinnate, but only pinnatipartite ; for all the
leaflets are joined by a narrow strip or wing, which runs down each
side of the common petiole; this stripis expanded at the base, and
from the expansion narrow lobes are given off, which embrace the
stem, so that the petiole is sagittate at the base.

Impatient-podded Ladies’ Smock.
French, Cardamine Impatiente.

The common name of this species arises from the fact that the pods are peculiarly
sensitive to the stimulus of heat ; on warm sunny days they may be seen and heard
exploding with a contractile force, which after expelling the seeds causes the valves
of the pod to curl up in a singular manner,

GENUS XT—ARABIS. Linn.

Sepals sub-erect, equal, or the lateral ones slightly gibbous at
the base. Petals equal, entire, with moderately long or short claws.
Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod linear, cylindrical or sub-
quadrangular, compressed; valves with a dorsal nerve, or several

: CRUCIFER. 163

nerves, not opening suddenly with a spring. Style very short or
absent. Stigma entire or slightly 2-lobed. Meplum transparent.
Seeds compressed, usually winged at the top.

Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or clothed with simple,
forked, or starlike hairs. [Radical leaves often spatulate. Stem
leaves sessile, all entire, toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers white,
yellowish, rose-colour, or more rarely purple, disposed in corymbs
or short racemes which afterwards elongate.

Wall Cress.
French, Arabette. German, Gansekraut.

The first plants described as belonging to this genus were brought from Arabia ;
hence their name.

SPECIES I—ARABIS THALIANA. Lina.
PiatE CX V.*

Conringia Thaliana, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LX. Fig. 4380.
Sisymbrium Thalianum, Gaud. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 26. Hook. & Arn. Brit.

FI. ed. viii. p. 35.

Rootstock none. Radical leaves oblong, attenuated at the
base, and stalked. Stem leaves sessile, elliptical or strap-shaped,
attenuated towards the base, not amplexicaul ; all entire or dentate.
Petals oblanceolate, twice as long as the sepals, slightly spreading.
Pods spreading, not twice as long as their pedicels; valves 1-nerved ;
style short, cylindrical. Seeds ovoid, usually not compressed, with-
out a wing at the apex.

On wall-tops, rocks, dry banks, and recently disturbed ground.
Rather common, extending over the whole of Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring.

Stem 3 to 18 inches high, erect, branched in the upper portion
in the larger examples, branches ascending. Radical leaves forming
arosette. Stem leaves scattered, distant; all the leaves vary con-
siderably in shape and in the marginal outline, but most commonly
the radical and lower stem leaves are remotely denticulate, and the
upper stem leaves entire. Flowers $ inch across, white. Pedi-
cels + to 3 inch long. Pods } to # inch long, slightly curved
upwards, more slender and convex than in any other species of the
genus. Seeds extremely small, indistinctly punctured or roughened
when viewed under a microscope, with the radicle lying on the
back of one of the cotyledons and not along their edges as in all

* The Plate is E. B. 901, unaltered,

164 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the rest of the genus. Plant greyish green, with scattered simple
forked and trifurcate hairs.

This plant is placed by many botanists in the genus Sisym-
brium, on account of the position of the radicle agreeing with the
character of that genus rather than with Arabis; the habit,
however, is much more that of Arabis, and the cotyledons are
occasionally accumbent in A. Thaliana, although usually incumbent.
In a few pods I have found both forms of embryo, though the
accumbent cotyledons are rare.

Thale Cress, Common JVall Cress, Turkey Pod.
French, Arabette de Thalle.

SPECIES II—ARABIS PETRA‘A. Lamarck.
Pirate CXIII*
A. Crantziana, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 4323 4
A. Crantziana, Ehrh. Herb. 78.
A. hispida, Linn. fi. Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. IIT. p. 211.
Cardamine petrzea, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 913.
C. hastulata, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 469.

Rootstock slender, branched, woody. Radical leaves sub-lyrate,
pinnatifid or spatulate, toothed, the base attenuated into a leaf stalk ;
stem leaves spatulate, toothed, or strap-shaped, entire, attenuated
at the base, not amplexicaul. Petals obovate, twice as long as the
sepals, slightly spreading. Pods spreading, about twice or thrice
as long as the pedicels; valves 1-nerved; style short, cylindrical.
Seeds elliptical-ovoid, compressed, with only a rudimentary wing
at the extreme apex.

On alpine rocks and rocky débris in North Wales, and the
Scottish mountains. It occurs in the Island of Harris in the
Hebrides, in Sutherland, and even at Baltasound in Shetland; but
it is most common on the mountains of Braemar, and in Aber-
deenshire it is frequently to be found on the banks of the Dee to
within a few miles of Aberdeen, no doubt carried down by streams
from the higher localities. It is also found in Ben Bulben,
Treland.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Rootstock dividing into several short branches, each of which
produces a rosette of leaves. Stems 4 to 8 inches high, ascending,
usually flexuous. Radical leaves more or less distinctly stalked, and

* The Plate is E. B. 469, unaltered.

CRUCIFERZ. 165

pinnatifid towards the apex, with short triangular or oblong
spreading lobes, the terminal one larger than the others, some-
times spatulate, with only a few teeth at the edges; stem leaves
few, the lower ones resembling the root leaves, the uppermost
much narrower, sessile, and usually entire. Flowers corymbose,
inch across, pure white (“with a purple tinge” — Brit. FL).
Petals slightly spreading. Pedicels about 4 inch long, spreading or
slightly ascending. Pods 4 to 1 inch long, slightly beaded. Seeds
elliptical-ovoid, not winged at the summit, but sometimes with a
raised margin there. Leaves deep green, with simple and forked
hairs; sometimes only ciliated, or even quite glabrous. Stem
usually glabrous, at least in the upper part, but sometimes with
spreading hairs throughout.

I have doubts whether the German A. Crantziana be not distinct
from the present plant, at least as a sub-species. The few speci-
mens I have seen are without pods; but if Reichenbach’s figure
be correct, they are much longer and the seeds rounder than in the
Scotch plant.

Alpine Rock, or Wall Cress.

French, Arabette des Pierres.

SPECIES II—ARABIS STRICTA. ZAuds.
Pirate CXIV.*
Reich. Ic, Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XX XIX. Fig. 4337.

Rootstock slender, simple, woody. Radical leaves oblanceolate,
sinuated or toothed at the edges, attenuated at the base, but
searcely stalked; stem leaves sessile, oblong, toothed, the upper
ones semi-amplexicaul. Petals oblanceolate, wedge-shaped, twice
as long as the sepals, sub-erect. Pods ascending-erect, three to
five times as long as the pedicels; valves 1-nerved. Style short,
cylindrical. Seeds oval-oblong and slightly winged especially at
the apex.

Extremely local, and only occurring on the carboniferous lime-
stone at St. Vincent’s Rocks and a few other places in the vicinity
of Bristol and Cheddar.

England. Perennial. Spring.

Stems often dividing into several close to the, base ; individual
stems erect or ascending, 4 to 9 inches high, simple or slightly
branched. Radical leaves forming a very compact rosette, not so
distinctly stalked as in A. petrzea, and less suddenly dilated towards

* The Plate is KE, B. 614, unaltered,

166 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the tip, with short triangular or oblong lobes pointing towards
the apex; stem leaves few. Flowers cream-colour, with the
petals longer, narrower, and more erect than in the last species.

Pedicels about 1 inch long. Pods from 1 to 13 inch long. Seeds

dark brown, much compressed. Leaves deep green, shining, clothed
and ciliated with simple and forked hairs, which also occur upon
the stem.

Bristol Rock Cress.

SPECIES IV—ARABIS HIRSUTA.
Puates CXVI. CXVII.

Rootstock slender, nearly simple, woody. Radical leaves
oblanceolate, attenuated at the base into a short footstalk. Stem
leaves applied to stem, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, toothed or
entire, the upper ones more or less semi-amplexicaul. Petals nar-
rowly oblanceolate, about thrice as long as the sepals, erect. Pods
erect, five to ten times as long as the pedicels; valves 1-nerved ;
style scarcely perceptible. Seeds in one row, oval or oblong, much
compressed, narrowly winged all round (in the British forms), with
the wing broadest at the apex.

Hairy Wall Cress, Hairy Tower Mustard.
French, Arabette & Velue.

The root is strong and woody, which enables this plant to have a perennial life in
its dry and exposed situations on walls and calcareous rocks. In cultivation it loses
much of its hairiness, and grows into a tall and elegant plant.

Sus-Srecres I—Arabis ciliata. 2. Brown.
Pirate CX VII.*
A. ciliata, Auct. Angl. nec aliorum.

Stem leafy up to the inflorescence. Uppermost stem leaves
truncate, rounded at the base, with the rudiment of a footstalk,
and so scarcely amplexicaul. Pods four to six times as long as the
pedicels, and in the broadest part more than twice the breadth of
the pedicels. Seeds once and a half as long as broad, rounded at
the base and apex.

Var. a, genuina.

Leaves glabrous, except at the margins, where they are ciliated.

* The Plate is E. B. 1746, corrected by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, and with ripe pods
added.

CRUCIFER. 167

Var. 8, hispida.
Leaves clothed with forked and trifurcate hairs all over.

Very rare. Var. « by the seaside at Ringville, Connemara,
Treland. Var. @ near Tenby, Pembrokeshire, and probably in other
places in the West of England but overlooked on account of its
resemblance to A. sagittata.

England, Ireland. Biennial. Spring, Summer.

Rootstock producing rosettes of oval or elliptical leaves, atte-
nuated at the base into a footstalk so as to become oblanceolate,
from which one or more stems 3 to 9 inches high are produced.
Stem densely clothed with leaves throughout, the leaves becoming
narrower and broader at their base in proportion as they are placed
higher on the stem, but even the very uppermost have always the
rudiments of a footstalk. Leaves all entire or very slightly toothed.
Flowers $ inch across, white. Pedicels + inch long. Pods 1 to
1} inch long by +5 inch broad. Seeds about 3!5 inch long,
broadly oval, rounded at each end, finely punctured (under a lens),
distinctly winged all round.

Arabis ciliata of Continental authors is A. arcuata, ‘* Shuttle-
worth” (Godet, Flore de Jure, p. 38), and seems to be another
sub-species of A. hirsuta quite distinct from the present, having
the leaves less closely placed on the stem, which is arched at the
top before the pods are ripe, and the seeds are without a wing.

Fringed Rock Cress.

Sus-Srecres I.—Arabis sagittata. D.¢.
Pirate CXVI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLII. Fig. 4343 bis.
A. hirsuta, Auct. Angl. (non Reich. ?)
Turritis hirsuta, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 587.

Stem with the highest leaf usually an inch or two below the
inflorescence. Uppermost stem leaves truncate, slightly cordate
or sagittate at the base, semi-amplexicaul. Pods four to nine
times as long as the pedicels, and at the broadest part not twice
the breadth of the pedicels. Seeds twice as long as broad, truncate
at the base, rounded at the apex.

Hairy Rock Cress.

* The Plate is E. B. 587.

168 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Var. a, vulgaris.
Stem and leaves clothed with simple and forked hairs.

Var. 6, glabrata.

Stem and leaves smooth, or the latter more or less ciliated at,
the margins.

On dry banks, rocks, and old walls. Var. « not uncommon,
though rather sparingly distributed throughout the whole kingdom
from Cornwall and Kent to Ross-shire. To var. 6 apparently belongs
a plant gathered by Mr. Andrews in Great Arran Island on the
west coast of Ireland, which Mr. Hewett C. Watson has in his
Herbarium; but these specimens have not mature pods and seeds,
from which the only definite characters by which this can be
separated from A. ciliata, var. genuina, are taken, though in the
flowering state it agrees remarkably well with A. hirsuta, var.
glabrata (Wahl.), sent from Gothland by Mr. C. Hartman. These
Trish specimens are the only ones which I have seen that can be
referred to var. 6 of A. sagittata.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial. Summer.

Extremely like A. ciliata, but usually taller, the stems being
A inches to 2 feet or more high, and the leaves, at least the upper
ones, have no rudiment of a leaf stalk, but are produced at the
base into two rounded or slightly pointed lobes. The flowers are
rather smaller; the pods longer and considerably narrower, being
1 to 13 inch long by a little less than 3/5 inch broad, and are also less
compressed. The seeds are a little shorter and only half as broad,
truncate at the base, from which the sides are quite parallel with
each other to the rounded apex, and like those of A. ciliata they
appear finely punctured under the microscope and winged all
round. Plant greyish green, more or less hairy.

A. hirsuta of British authors is certainly the plant usually
called A. sagittata by Continental writers, as that species is
described as having the seeds punctured, in contradistinction to
those of A. hirsuta, ‘‘ Scop.” which has the seeds not punctured,
and winged only at the apex according to Reichenbach, Koch,
Boreau, Godet, ete. Reichenbach also represents the seed of this
form (which may be called A. Reichenbachil) as enlarged towards
the apex, a character which separates it still more widely from the
British plant. It is probable that these plants, together with
A. Gerardi (Bess), A. Allionii (D. C.), A. ciliata (Brown), and
A. arcuata (Shuttl.), are all merely sub-species of one super-species,
to which I have given the name of A. hirsuta, which has been
applied to most of them separately or together.

ee

CRUCIFERA. 169

SPECIES V—ARABIS TURRITA. Linz.
Pirate CXVIIL*
Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Zetr. Tab. XLIV. Fig. 4345.

Rootstock rather slender, nearly simple, woody, ornone. Radical
leaves on long footstalks, oval or elliptical, attenuated at both
ends; stem leaves spreading, amplexicaul, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, cordate or sub-sagittate at the base; all dentate. Pods
drooping, curved into an are and twisted on their axis in the basal
fourth of their length, sub-secund; valves with a dorsal nerve ;
style short. Seeds cylindrical, in 1 row, oval, much compressed,
winged all round.

On old walls, but only an introduced plant. It occurs on walls
at Cambridge, Oxford, and Cleish Castle, Kinross-shire.

[England, Scotland]. Biennial or Perennial. Spring.

Rootstock producing barren rosettes of leaves and flowering
stems; the latter erect, 1 to 2 feet high, nearly simple. Stem leaves
much larger than in any of the preceding species, being 1} to
2 inches long. Flowers very pale yellow, 3 inch across. Petals
oblanceolate, “twice as long as the sepals, with the limb slightly
spreading. Lower pedicels produced from the axils of the leav eS;
fruit pedicels + to } inch long. Pods 4 to 6 inches long by § inch
broad, with anastomosing veins but no dorsal nerve. Seeds finely
punctured. Plant green, with a grey or whitish tinge, more or less
thickly covered with very short stellate pubescence.

Tower Wall Cress, Tower Turkey Pod, Pendulous-podded
Wall Cress.

French, Arab's Tourrette,

SPECIES VI-ARABIS PERFOLIATA. Lamarck.
Prats CXIX.t
Turritis glabra, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IT. Tetr. Tab. XLIV. Fig. 4346.
Turritis glabra, Linn. et Auct. Plur.

Rootstock none. Radical leaves oblanceolate, denticulate, or
pinnatifid-runcinate, attenuated at the base into a short footstalk ;
stem leaves applied to the stem and amplexicaul, lanceolate,

* The Plate is E. B. 178, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
+ The Plate is E. B. 777, unaltered.
Z

170 ENGLISH BOTANY.

sagittate at the base, entire. Petals narrowly oblanceolate, scarcely
twice as long as the sepals, erect. Pods erect; valves with a
dorsal nerve; style obsolete. Seeds in 2 rows, shortly rhom-
boidal-oval, plane or convex, without a wing, but surrounded by a
dark brown line.

On dry banks, roadsides, and stony places. Rather rare and
local; and though it occurs in a good many of the English counties
it is very scarce in Scotland, where Dumbartonshire and Perthshire
appear to be its northern limits. It is not in Mr. Moore’s Irish
list, but marked as occurring in Ireland in the last edition of
Professor Babington’s Manual.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Annual. Summer.

Stem erect, 2 or 8 feet high, nearly simple or slightly branched
in the upper part. Radical leaves in a rosette, generally withering
before the plant flowers ; stem leaves numerous, 1 to 3 inches long.
Flowers cream-colour, about + inch across. Pedicels about 4 inch
long. Pods 2 to 2} inches long by 3'5 inch broad. Seeds very
small. Radical leaves, lowest stem leaves, and base of the stem
green, with soft hairs, generally bi- or tri-furcate. Upper part of
the stem and its leaves smooth, very glaucous.

The only character which separates the genus Turritis from
Arabis‘is the seeds being in a double row instead of in one row,
as in the latter; but the division appears to be unnatural, and I
follow Mr. Bentham and those Continental authors who unite them.

Smooth Tower Wall Cress or Mustard.
French, Arabis Glabre.

GENUS XIT—BARBAREA. BR. Brown.

Sepals sub-erect, equal, or the lateral ones slightly gibbous at
the base. Petals equal, entire, with moderately long claws.
Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod linear, quadrangular, com-
pressed; valves with a strong dorsal nerve or keel; style short ;
stigma entire or slightly bilobed; replum transparent. Seeds
oblong-ovoid, compressed, not winged, punctate, disposed in one
row in each cell of the pod.

Biennial or perennial herbs with angular stems and glabrous
shining leaves; the lower ones lyrate, the upper toothed or
pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, disposed in corymbs or short racemes,
which afterwards elongate.

French, Barbarée. German, Barbaree.

CRUCIFER. 171

This genus was anciently called St. Barbara’s Herb, and the species were considered
to be peculiarly under the patronage of that saint, probably because they were sown
about the day formerly consecrated to her, our 16th of December.

SPECIES I—-BARBAREA VULGARIS. &. Brown.
Pirates CXX. CXXI. CXXII. CXXIII.

Radical leaves lyrate, with the terminal lobe usually very large,
equalling or exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf measured
across the uppermost pair of leaflets, and generally three or four
times the length of one of them. Pods in a dense raceme, three to
eight times as long as the pedicels, and at the broadest part
considerably exceeding the pedicels in thickness, contracted at the
tip into a style longer than the greatest width of the pod.

Winter Cress, Herb St. Barbara, Yellow Rocket.

French, Loguette, L’Herbe Sainte Barbe, Barbarée a Siliques Etalées.
German, Winterkresse, Barbenkraut.

Under the name of Winter Cress and Winter Rocket this plant has long been
cultivated in gardens as an early salad. In Sweden they boil and eat it as a vegetable
in the same way as cabbage. The constant use of smoked and dried meat and fish,
especially during the long winter, renders any addition desirable to the fresh vegetable
diet of the people. It is worthy of remark that numbers of our Cruciferous and com-
monest wayside plants might with great advantage be used as articles of food, and would
be valuable to our poor families in cold winters when garden vegetables are scarce or
expensive. Many field and roadside herbs, such as Charlock, Shepherd’s Purse,
Hedge Garlic, &e., which are commonly thrown aside as useless or noxious weeds,
would afford wholesome food in times of scarcity. The habit of eating fresh green
vegetables is almost essential to health, and it would be well if our clergy and people
of influence in rural districts would acquaint themselves with the properties and nature
of our common plants, in order to instruct and guide their poorer neighbours to the
right use of the health-giving substances with which they are surrounded. This Winter
Cress is seldom destroyed by the frost, and may be seen peeping up through the snow
in the depth of winter. It has a pungent and somewhat bitter taste. Cows eat it,
but horses, goats, and sheep rarely touch it.

Sus-Srecres I—Barbarea eu-vulgaris.
Pirate CXX.*

B. vulgaris, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. I. Yet. Tab, XLVIL. Fig. 4356,
B. vulgaris, Auct. Plur.
Erysimum Barbarea, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No, 443.

Radical leaves lyrate, with a large roundish terminal lobe
usually very slightly exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf

* The Plate is E. B. 443, unaltered,

172 ENGLISH BOTANY.

measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets; uppermost leaves
oval, deeply and irregularly toothed; all dark green. Flowers in
a raceme, the length of which generally scarcely exceeds the breadth.
Petals twice as long as the sepals. Pods in a dense raceme, generally
ascending, sometimes spreading when young, three to six times as
long as the pedicels; seeds with their length about once and a half
their breadth.

Hedgebanks, roadsides, and by the edges of streams and ditches.
Common throughout the kingdom, extending in Scotland as far
north as Morayshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial and Perennial. Summer.

Stem erect, angular, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched in the
upper part. Radical leaves in a rosette, pinnate, lyrate, with
6 to 10 leaflets, of which the terminal one is usually much larger
than the others, and the lateral ones decreasing in size towards the
base; lower stem leaves resembling the radical leaves, but with
enlarged ciliated auricles at the base of the petiole which embrace
the stem; intermediate leaves pinnatifid with a large toothed
terminal lobe, and a few narrow lateral ones amplexicaul at the
base with pointed auricles ; uppermost leaves with a few irregular
blunt teeth and sagittate-amplexicaul at the base as in the lower
leaves. Flowers about + inch across, bright yellow; sepals oval,
yellowish ; petals oblanceolate; pedicels about § inch long. Pods
3 tol inch long; seeds yellowish brown, shortly oblong, irregularly
plano-convex, covered with raised points having a tendency to run
into lines. Foliage deep green, shining and glabrous, rarely with
a few hairs. Radical leaves in this as in the other forms usually
decaying by the time the flowers expand.

A form with the young pods arched and spreading occurs in
shady places. It has often been mistaken for B. arcuata, but is
apparently merely a state of B. eu-vulgaris. It is this plant which
is figured by Reichenbach, in Sturm’s ‘ Deutchlands Flora.” The
true B. arcuata is, however, figured by him in his “ Icones Flore
Germanic et Helveticz.”

Suz-Srecies I1.—Barbarea arcuata. eich
Puate CXXI.*
Reich. Ic. F). Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Vetr. Tab. XLVITI. Fig. 4357.
Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. ii. p. 39. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 91,
Barbarea precox, Fries, Mant. IIL. p. 75 (non 2. Brown).
Radical leaves lyrate, with a large roundish terminal lobe
usually very slightly exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf

* The Plate is drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a dried Irish specimen,

CRUCIFERA. ily/s"

measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets; uppermost leaves
oval, deeply and irregularly toothed, all yellowish green. Flowers
in a raceme the length of which generally considerably exceeds its
breadth. Petals rather more than twice as long as the sepals.
Pods in a rather lax raceme, arched and spreading when young,
five to eight times as long as the pedicels. Seeds more than twice
as long as broad.

Apparently rare; the only British specimens I have seen being
from Loeughgall, Armagh, collected by Mr. A. G. More; all the
other specimens labelled B. arcuata which have come under my
notice being the form of B. eu-vulgaris, mentioned at the end of
the description of that plant. It is highly probable, however,
that the late Mr. Borrer found the plant somewhere in the North
of England, as he had it in cultivation in his garden, and also has
mentioned finding B. arcuata in Northamptonshire, Yorkshire, and
Northumberland. . Mr. Borrer, however, in writing to Mr. Watson,
stated that he had doubts whether the British plant called
B. arcuata was identical with the Continental plant known under
that name; so that it is quite possible that the plant growing in
his garden might be of foreign origin and procured for the purpose
of comparison.

England? Ireland. Biennial. Early Summer.

Extremely like B. eu-vulgaris, especially the state with arched
and spreading pods, but the whole plant is of a yellower green, the
flowers rather larger, and the petals more persistent, so that they
usually do not fall off until the raceme has lengthened considerably.
The fruiting raceme is more lax, the pods rather longer, the style
longer, being more than twice as long as the breadth of the pod;
the seeds smaller, darker in colour, and much narrower in
proportion to their length.

Reichenbach’s Yellow Rocket.

Suz-Srecies I1].—Barbarea stricta. <Andrz.
Piatt CX XII.*

Reich. Ic. FJ. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XLVII. Fig. 4355.

Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 23.

Bor. ¥. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. I. p. 39. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. ed. ii. p. 39.
B. parviflora, /ries, Mant. I. p. 207.

Radical leaves lyrate, with a very large oval terminal lobe

* The Plate is from a drawing by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

174 ENGLISH BOTANY.

usually considerably exceeding in breadth the width of the leaf
measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets; uppermost leaves
oval, irregularly toothed; all dark green. Flowers corymbose.
Petals about one-fourth longer than the sepals. Pods in a dense
raceme, erect even when young, four to six times as long as the
pedicels. Seeds nearly twice as long as broad.

Local. Plentiful in Yorkshire, and it also occurs in Northamp-
tonshire and Essex.

England. Biennial? Summer.

Radical leaves with the terminal lobe much longer than in the
two preceding plants; the sepals narrower; the petals shorter,
narrower, and paler yellow; the fruiting raceme longer and more
slender; and the branches of the stem less spreading than in either
B. eu-vulgaris or B. arcuata. Seeds about the length of those of
the latter, but broader.

Small-flowered Yellow Rocket.

Sun-Srecies 1V.—Barbarea intermedia. Boreau.

Puate CXXIITI.*
Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 23.
Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 91. Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT.

p- 40.

Radical leaves lyrate, with the terminal lobe oval or ovate, not
exceeding in breadth or even somewhat narrower than the width
of the leaf measured across the uppermost pair of leaflets; stem
leaves pinnate, the upper ones pinnatifid with long slender lateral
lobes and a terminal one a little larger than the others ; all yellowish
green. Flowers in a raceme, the length of which is about equal to
the breadth. Petals about twice as long as the sepals. Pods ina
dense raceme, erect even when young, four to six times as long as
the pedicels. Seeds very nearly as broad as long.

In clover fields near Manchester; also near Bowdon, Cheshire ;
Bilsdale, Yorkshire; near Armagh, Ireland; and Mr. J. G. Baker
has seen it near Dorking, Surrey; but, as in all cases it is found
in cultivated fields, it is not improbable that it may have been
introduced from the Continent with clover seed.

England, Ireland. Biennial. Summer.

This form differs from the other three which are here placed

* The Plate is from a drawing by My. J. E. Sowerby from a Lancashire specimen.

CRUCIFERZ. 175

under B. vulgaris in having the terminal lobe of the leaves much
smaller in proportion to the lateral leaflets, which are also more
numerous. The leaves, at the base and middle of the stem
especially, present a remarkable difference, being lyrately pinnate,
with several pairs of leaflets wider from tip to tip than the ter-
minal lobe, which is ovate, sub-rhomboidal or occasionally wedge-
shaped with a few lobes at the tip. Boreau states that the petals
“slightly exceed the calyx;’ but in the Lancashire and Cheshire
specimens in my possession they are rather more than twice as
long. The pods are applied to the axis of the raceme as in
B. stricta, but are shorter and with shorter pedicels. The seeds
are larger than those of B. stricta and B. arcuata and much
broader, broader even than those of B. eu-vulgaris.

Intermediate Yellow Rocket.

SPECIES I—-BARBAREA PR&AICOX. R. Brown.
Pirate CXXIV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XLIX. Fig. 4358.
B. patula, Fries, Mant. ITT. p. 76.
Erysimum precox, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1129.

Radical leaves lyrate with the terminal lobe largest, roundish or
ovate, equalling in breadth the width of the leaf measured across
the uppermost pair of leaflets, and generally twice or thrice the
length of one of them; stem leaves pinnate, the upper ones
pinnatifid with long slender lateral lobes, and a terminal one a
little larger than the others. Flowers inashort laxraceme. Petals
about thrice as long as the sepals. Pods in a very lax raceme,
spreading-ascending, twelve to twenty times as long as the pedicels,
and very slightly exceeding the pedicels in thickness, contracted at
the tip into a style considerably shorter than the greatest width of
the pod. Seeds nearly as broad as long.

Roadsides and newly-trenched ground, in many places in
England and some in Scotland, but no doubt escaped from
cultivation; this plant being the American Cress often cultivated
as a spring salad.

[ England, Scotland, Ireland]. Biennial. Summer.

The very long distant spreading pods with their very short
style distinguish the present plant from all of those included under
B. vulgaris. It, however, presents considerable resemblance in
the leaves and seeds to the sub-species B. intermedia, but that

* The Plate is E. B. 1129, unaltered.

176 ENGLISH BOTANY.

form has the fruiting raceme very dense and the pods short and
applied to the stem. In B. preecox the leaflets or segments of the
stem leaves are more numerous than in B. eu-vulgaris and
B. arcuata, and the terminal lobe is much smaller; the upper
leaves are also pinnatifid and not merely toothed or sinuated The
seeds are only about one-fourth longer than broad and are more
rounded and less quadrangular in outline than in B. eu-vulgaris.
Early Winter Cress, American Cress.
French, Barbarée Précoce, Cresson d Amérique. German, Americanischer Kresse.

This species is preferred by many to the former. It is less bitter in salads, and is
in demand in some places throughout the year.

GENUS XTI—NASTURTIUM. BR. Brown.

Sepals erect or spreading, equal. Petals equal, entire, with
very short claws. Filaments without wings or teeth. Pods linear,
cylindrical or ovoid, not compressed; valves convex, without a
dorsal nerve or sometimes with a faint one; replum transparent.
Seeds roundish or ovoid, more or less compressed, not winged.

Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs with undivided pinnatifid
or pinnate leaves, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs. Flowers
small, yellow or more rarely white, disposed in corymbs or short
racemes which afterwards elongate.

French, Cresson. German, Brunnenkresse.

The name of this genus of plants comes from nasus, the nose, and torus, tor-
mented; the acrid taste and smell of the species affecting the nose painfully.

SPECIES I-NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE. 2. Brown.
PiateE CXXV.*
Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 855.

Leaves pinnate. Petals white, nearly twice as long as the
sepals. Pods shortly cylindrical, about as long as cr slightly
exceeding the pedicels; valves without a distinct dorsal nerve;
style inconspicuous, shorter than the diameter of the pod.

Var. a, vulgaris.

N. officinale, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IL. Zetr. Tab. L. Fig. 4359.

Stem decumbent or ascending. ‘Terminal leaflet roundish-ovate,

* The Plate is E. B, 855, and represents var. a.

CRUCIFERA. 177

considerably broader than any of the lateral ones, which are
commonly oval.

Var. 2, siifoliwm.
N. siifolium, eich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zeér. Tab. L. Fig. 4361.

Stem erect. Terminal leaflet lanceolate, not broader than the
lateral ones, which are elliptical.

In streams and ditches. Var. a common throughout England
and the South of Scotland, more rare towards the North, but reach-
ing as far as Orkney. Var. 6 apparently rare; as I have myself
only seen it by the side of a ditch leading from Long Niddrie to the
sea in Haddingtonshire, but other observers speak as if it had
fallen under their notice more frequently.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Stem procumbent and rooting at the base, then floating or
ascending, angular, hollow, branched, 1 to 2 feet long in var. «,
and in var. 6 often quite erect, and 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves
pinnate, with usually 5 to 7 leaflets, but sometimes as many as
13 to 15 in var. 6; leaflets distant, sessile, slightly angulated, the
terminal one frequently sub-cordate at the base in var.a. Flowers
white, about 4 inch across; edges of the sepals and filaments
generally tinged with purple. Fruit pedicels } to } inch long,
spreading horizontally or even slightly deflexed. Pods beaded,
2 to 2 inch long, forming an obtuse angle with the inner side of
the pedicel; valves with numerous fine nerves but not a conspicu-
ous middle one. Seeds in 2 distinct rows in each cell of the pod,
reddish brown, roundish, much compressed, the surface roughened
with small protuberances. Whole plant deep green, the upper
side of the leaves sometimes tinged with olive-brown, glabrous
and shining.

Var. & seems to pass imperceptibly into var. a, from which,
however, it may be permanently distinct, as in the only station
where I have seen it, it was to be seen year after year without any
variation, until the ditch was filled up, about ten years ago, when
of course the plant entirely disappeared. Professor Babington
considers N. microphyllum, figured by Reichenbach, Tab. L.
Fig. 4360, as a state of N. officinale when growing out of water.
Reichenbach’s figure represents a plant with very much the habit
of Cardamine amara, having the petals about twice as long as the
common Water-Cress, from which it differs remarkably in the
pedicels being about one-half longer than the pods. Nasturtium
officinale can be confounded with none of the British Crucifere,
except those of the genus Cardamine, from which its short turgid

2A

178 ENGLISH BOTANY.

pods, with the seeds in 2 rows, form a sure method of distin-
guishing it.
Common Water-Cress.

French, Cresson Officinal, Cresson de Fontaine.
] 5]

German, Die Gebraiichliche Brunnenkresse, Wasserkresse, Quellenranke.

This plant undoubtedly got its name Officinal from its wholesome properties. Its
ancient reputation as an article of food, valuable both for its pleasant pungent taste and
its antiscorbutic properties, is well founded. Recent writers on the subject of diet have
shown that in partaking of fresh uncooked vegetable food in the shape of salads and
fruit we are obtaining those salts of potash and other constituents so necessary to health
which in the process of cooking are dissolyed away. Water-Cresses are found to contain
chloride of potassium and sulphur in considerable quantities, and iodine occasionally.
No better vehicle for the introduction of these important substances into the system
can there be than fresh bright Water-Cresses; and our old friend Gerarde’s notion
of their value presages all the modern discoveries as to their virtues. He says
that the eating of Water-Cresses restores their accustomed bloom to the faded cheeks
of sickly young ladies. He might have added that a walk to the running stream where
they grow would enhance the effects of the remedy. So large is the consumption of
Water-Cresses in London that they are cultivated by market gardeners to a great
extent by means of artificial water supplies, but none are so delicious as those from
natural streams. Our popular street cry has been rhymed by Swift thus -—

“ Fine spring Water-Grass,
Fit for lad or lass.”

The use of this excellent salad plant was known at a very remote period. Among
the Greeks it was highly esteemed, not only as an agreeable vegetable but as a valuable
medicine; it was considered particularly useful in disorders of the brain, hence a common
proverb among the Greeks was, “ Eat Cress to learn more wit.” Xenophon attributed
still greater virtues to it, recommending the Persians to give it to their children as a
means of adding to their strength and stature. In the time of Pliny it was still given
with vinegar as a remedy for insanity and kindred affections, and was also highly
esteemed as a salad. The old Northmen possibly used it as food, for the word kras
was applied by them to the herb-flavoured porridge which often formed the meal of the
hardy Vikings, as well as to the plant which was one of its ingredients. The name
Cress has, according to writers, many origins. It is found in various forms in all
Teutonic languages. Some have derived it from the cross-like form of the flower.
Chaucer employs the Saxon form of the word kers to signify anything worthless :—

“ Of paramours ne raught he not a ers.”

From which, perhaps, is derived the phrase of not caring a cwrse for a thing. The
Water-Cress is now seldom used otherwise than as a salad, excepting in France, where
it is dressed like spinach, and the picked leaves are served with roasted fowl as Powlet
aux cressons. Formerly the Water-Cress was in high repute for its medicinal qualities,
and boiled with brooklime, scurvy-grass, and Seville oranges, formed the “ spring juices”
so much esteemed by our grandmothers as a health-giving draught for children. It is
probable that the fresh green leaves as an adjunct to the breakfast or tea-table are a
far better antiscorbutic than any such compound, and it is greatly to be recommended
as a common practice in all households of young people, that a portion of uncooked

CRUCIFER. 179

green food should form a part of the daily diet. Care must be taken in choosing
Water-Cresses for table that they are not confounded with a poisonous plant with
which they grow, called Fool’s-Cress (Sium nodiflorum). An acquaintance with the
distinctions of the orders Cruciferee and Umbelliferee will prevent this mistake. The
most obvious of these distinctions, and which can be applied at all seasons of the year,
is the character of the leaf-stalks or petioles. In the Umbelliferee these clasp or
embrace the stem, which they do not in the Crucifere. In this way the poisonous
Sium may be distinguished from the wholesome Water-Cress.

SPECIES II—NASTURTIUM SYLVESTRE. B. Brown.
Pirate CXXVI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. LV. Fig. 4368.
Sisymbrium sylvestre, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2324.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnatipartite,
the lowest often sub-lyrate and the uppermost merely toothed.
Petals about as long as the sepals, yellow. Pods cylindrical, about
as long as the pedicels (sometimes a little shorter, and sometimes
exceeding them); valves with an indistinct dorsal nerve; style
nearly equal to the width of the pod. Seeds in 1 zigzag row in
each cell of the pod.

By the banks of ditches and rivers, and in other damp places.
Not uncommon in England. In Scotland, however, it is very rare,
and probably introduced with ballast, at least in the Fifeshire locality
of Inverkeithing.

England, [Scotland,| Ireland. Perennial or Biennial.
Summer, Autumn.

Rootstock rather slender, branched and creeping, producing
ascending angular flexuous stems which are often diffusely
branched. Leaves very variable, the lowest of all frequently
lyrate, with a large terminal and a few lateral lobes. Most
frequently, however, these as well as the stem leaves are deeply
pinnatifid, sometimes almost pinnate with oblong or lanceolate
eut toothed or nearly entire lobes. Flowers in short racemes,
bright yellow, about 4 inch across, with a spreading calyx, the
petals from once and a half to twice as long as the calyx. Pedicels
+ to inch long, or even more. Fruit pedicels commonly spread-
ing, sometimes a little deflexed, especially before the fruit is quite
ripe, and in that state they are sometimes only ascending. Pod
from 2 to = inch long, more slender than in N. officinale, and the
valves having the dorsal nerve indicated at least towards the base.
Seeds small, reddish brown, ovoid, plano-convex, finely punctured,

* The Plate is E. B. 2324.

180 ENGLISH BOTANY.

scarcely in 2 rows, the narrowness of the pod bringing them into
1 irregular row. Plant yellowish green, glabrous, or with a few
hairs on the upper part of the stem.

N. rivulare of Reichenbach, Tab. LIII. Fig. 4865, and N.
anceps (D. C. non Reich.), Billot’s exsice. No. 314, appear to me
to be only states of the present plant, not even worthy of the |
name of varieties. I have seen the pods shorter than, equal to,
and longer than the pedicels, all on the same plant.

Creeping Yellow Cress, Water Rocket, Wild Nasturtium.

French, Cresson Sawoage.

SPECIES III—NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE. D.C.
Puate CXXVILI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Teér. Tab. LITT. Fig. 4562.

N. terrestre, 2. Brown. Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 28.

Sisymbrium terrestre, Sm. Eng. Bot. 1747.

Roripa nasturtioides, Spach. Veg. Phan. Vol. VI. p. 506. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr.

Vol. I. p. 126.

No rootstock. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or sub-lyrate, with the
segments irregularly toothed. Petals not longer than the sepals,
yellow. Pods ovoid or oblong, about as long as the pedicels;
valves without a dorsal nerve; style much shorter than the width
of the pod. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod.

In damp places, especially by the sides of ponds which partly
dry up in summer. Not uncommon in England and the South of
Scotland, where Aberdeenshire and Argyleshire appear to be its
northern limit.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial.
Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, 3 inches to 2 feet high, branched. Leaves deeply
pinnatifid, sometimes almost pinnate, with the lateral segments
oblong, and the terminal one usually ovate. Flowers about § inch
across, yellow, with a spreading calyx. Pedicels about } inch long,
slightly deflexed. Pods } to 3 inch long, much swollen, so that
the length is not more than twice or thrice the breadth, the apex
suddenly contracted into the extremely short style, which is usually
little more than half the diameter of the pod. Seeds somewhat
angular, roundish oblong, pale yellowish brown, finely punctured.
Plant yellowish green, glabrous.

TT TT) anne

* The Plate is E. B. 1747.

CRUCIFER®. 181

The absence of a creeping rhizome, the smaller flowers, and
short thick pod, distinguish this from the last species, which has,
moreover, the segments of the leaves usually narrower and less
distinctly toothed.

Marsh Yellow Cress, Annual Yellow Cress or Rocket, Marsh
Nasturtium, Small Jagged Water Radish.

French, Cresson des Marais.

SPECIES IV—-NASTURTIUM AMPHIBIUM. R. Brown.
Pirate CXXVIII.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IT. Zetr. Tab. LI. LIT. Fig. 4363.

Armoracia amphibia, “ Koch.” Lab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p.31. Hook. & Arn. Brit
Fl. ed. viii. p. 28.

Roripa amphibia, Bess. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 126.

Sisymbrium amphibium, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1840.

Rootstock stoloniferous, but not creeping. Leaves elliptical
or oblanceolate, usually toothed or entire, more rarely pinnatifid.
Petals about twice as long as the sepals, yellow. Pods ovoid or
oblong, one half to one quarter the length of the pedicels; valves
without a dorsal nerve; style about equal to the width of the pod.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell of the pod.

In damp places, especially by river sides, and in ditches. Rather
rare, though found in most of the counties of England; its
occurrence in Scotland is doubtful.

England, Scotland? Ireland. Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, slightly branched. Leaves atte-
nuated at the base, with the margin entire, serrated, or with pro-
jecting teeth, and occasionally the leaves are pinnatiffd, especially
when growing under water; the base of the leaves is frequently
semi-amplexicaul, with acute auricles. Flowers bright yellow,
about { inch across, with the sepals spreading. Fruit pedicels
spreading horizontally or a little deflexed, from + to 3 inch long.
Pods, including the style, about 4 inch long; the length of the
valves not exceeding twice their breadth, and sometimes less.
Seeds small, roundish oblong, somewhat angular, slightly com-
pressed, reddish brown, punctured. Whole plant dark green,
glabrous.

This and the last species have been separated from the other
plants of the genus on account of the pod being a silicula rather
than a siliqua; but the division is an unnatural one, and has no

* The Plato is E. B. 1840, with pods added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

182 ENGLISH BOTANY.

such convenience to recommend it as that attending the division
of the Cruciferze into Siliquosze and Siliculose.
Great Yellow Cress, Great Water Rocket or Radish,
Amphibious Yellow Cress.

French, Cresson Amphibie.

Section IIJ.—SILICULOS®.

Fruit a silicula, not more than three or four times as long as
broad, ovoid or oblong, usually compressed, not divided by trans-
verse partitions, generally opening when ripe by two valves which
split away from the replum, rarely indehiscent.

Sus-Secrion I.—LATISEPT A.

Pod compressed parallel to the replum, so that the latter lies
in the greatest transverse diameter of the pod; or not compressed,
in which case the diameter of the pod measured from edge to edge
of the valves is not conspicuously less than that taken from the
back of one to the back of the other.

Trise VIT.—ALYSSINE.

Cotyledons flat, generally with the radicle lying along their
edges on one side (accumbent). Pod short and broad, more or
less compressed parallel to the replum, or slightly compressed at
right angles to it, opening by 2 flat or convex valves.

GENUS XIV—COCHLEARIA. Linn.

Sepals short, somewhat spreading, equal at the base. Petals
equal, entire, with short claws. Filaments without wings or teeth.
Pod globular or ovoid; valves extremely convex, with or without a
dorsal nerve ; replum sometimes perforated; style short or elongated.
Seeds few or numerous, obovate or oblong, compressed, not winged,
usually arranged in 2 rows in each cell of the pod.

Glabrous herbs, with the flowers commonly white, arranged in
corymbs or short racemes, which afterwards elongate.

The generic name comes from cochleare, a spoon, from the form of the root leaves,

Sus-Genus L—ARMORACIA. Jf. der Wett.

Valves without a dorsal nerve.
French, Cranson. German, MJeerrettig.

The name of this genus is of Celtic origin, from a, near, mor, the sea, rich, against;
that is to say, a plant growing near the sea.

CRUCIFERA. 183

SPECIES I—COCHLEARIA ARMORACIA. Lina.
PuateE CXXIX.*

Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XVIT. Fig. 4262.

Armoracia rusticana, “Fl. der Wett.” Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 30. Hook. & Arn.
Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 29.

Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. :p. 71.

Roripa rusticana, Gr. & Godr. FI. de Fr. p. 127.

Root perennial, thickened, fleshy. Stem with numerous ascend-
ing branches on the upper part. Jadical leaves sub-coriaceous, on
long stalks, oblong, crenate or serrate; stem leaves on short stalks
or sessile, elliptical or strap-shaped, the lower ones often pinnatifid,
but they sometimes resemble the uppermost ones in being only
crenate or serrate. Pods (very rarely perfected) ovoid; style very
short.

By the sides of rivers, in ditches, and in waste places. Not
unfrequent both in England and Scotland, but only where it has
escaped from cultivation.

[ England, Scotland, Ireland]. Perennial. Spring, Summer.

Rootstock thick and fleshy, appearing to be a continuation of
the root, emitting subterranean stolons. Stems erect, stout, tough,
striated, 2 to 3 feet high or even more, much branched in the upper
part; the branches ascending, erect, slender, the uppermost leafless.
Radical leaves very large, often a foot or more long, ovate or
oval-oblong, generally unequal at the base; stem leaves much
smaller and narrower, attenuated towards the base. Flowers
white, $ inch across, in a compound flat-topped panicle, each
branch of which terminates in a small corymb. Petals about twice
as long as the sepals, and with them often persistent on the
abortive pods. Pedicels 4 to } inch long. Pods about 4 inch
long, scarcely twice as long as broad; valves very convex, without
a dorsal nerve. Seeds 8 to 12 in each cell of the pod, “ovoid,
smooth” + (Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr.). Plant dark green, glabrous.

Horseradish.
French, Cranson de Bretagne, Moutarde des Allemands, Cran de Bretagne.

German, Der Gewthnliche Meerrettig.

The long rough snail-eaten leaves of the Horseradish are not uncommonly seen
on the banks of our rivers, but it is somewhat doubtful whether the plant is a native
of our island, or has escaped from some of the gardens where it is so commonly
grown as a condiment to our national dish roast-beef. From ancient times it seems

* The Plate is E. B. 2323. + I have never seen mature seeds,

184 ENGLISIL BOTANY.

to have been valued as a herb medicine, and in the days of Gerarde it was used at
table, as we gather from his account of it. He says: “ Horseradish, for the most part,
groweth and is planted in gardens, yet have I found it wild in sundrie places, as at
Nantwich in Cheshire, in a place called the Milne Eye, as also at a small village neare
London called Hogsden, in the field next to a farme-house leading to Kingsland, where
my very good friend Mr. Bredwel, practitioner in phisicke, a learned and diligent
searcher of simples, and Mr. William Martin, one of the fellowship of Barbers Surgeons,
my deare and lovinge friende, in company with him, found it and gave me knooledge
of the place where it flourishes to this day.” He adds: “ Horseradish stamped with
a little vinegar put thereto is commonly used among the Germans for sauce to eat fish
with and suchlike meats as we do mustard; but this kind of sauce doth heat the
stomach better, and causeth better digestion than mustard.” In the following century
it was employed in England as a condiment ; for Robert Turner, in his “ British Phy-
sician,” published 1687, after informing us that this herb is ‘under the dominion of Mars,
and is hot and dry in the third degree,” says it was eaten with “fish ” and “ other meats”
like mustard. The whole plant contains the essential oil to which its pungency is
due, but it abounds chiefly in the root, which was formerly in great repute as a
vermifuge for children, Gerarde and Coles both recommend it; Boerhaave speaks
highly of it in scurvy ; it is also said to have been useful in many chronic disorders,
and was employed in dropsies and diseases of the kidneys. Thomas Bertholini affirms
that the juice of Horseradish dissolved a calculus of stony concretion that was taken
out of the human body. An infusion of the root in cold milk makes one of the safest
and best cosmetics. Einhoff discovered that the acrimony of the Horseradish is
owing to a volatile oil of a pale yellow colour, and which has the consistence of oil
of cinnamon. The liquid obtained from the root gives traces of sulphur by distillation.
The tincture deposits crystals of sulphur, which are of a yellow colour, and when exposed
to flame exhales a peculiar sulphuric odour; this is no doubt the case with all Cruci-
ferous plants, which contain more or less traces of sulphur in their tissues. The resem-
blance of the Horseradish root to that of the Monkshood (Aconitum Napellus) has often
led to fatal mistakes. The root of the Aconite is much darker than that of Horse-
radish, and is more given to produce fibrillze and secondary rootlets.

Sus-Grenus IT.—EU-COCHLEARIA.

Valves reticulated, with a dorsal nerve.

SPECIES IT—COCHLEARIA POLYMORPHA.*
Prarrs OXXX. CXXXI. CXXXII

Root slender. Stem with a few spreading or ascending branches
at the top. Leaves fleshy; the radical ones on long stalks, reni-
form or roundish, cordate at the base, margin entire or slightly
crenate; stem leaves angular or toothed; the uppermost sessile,
sub-rhomboidal or oblong, semi-amplexicaul. Pods globular or

* T have given this species the name of Polymorpha, as several Linnean species
are combined under it.

CRUCIFERA. 185

ovoid, convex above and beneath, more or less acute at the apex,
slightly compressed horizontally; valves more or less distinctly
reticulated; replum not twice as long as broad; style not one-
fourth the length of the pod.

Sup-Sreciers L—Cochlearia officinalis. Zinn.
Puate CXXX.*
C. officinalis, Zeich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVI. Fig. 4260.
C. officinalis, var. a, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 29.

Radical leaves roundish or reniform, deeply cordate at the
base, and generally entire; stem leaves sessile, amplexicaul (except
the lower ones which are shortly stalked), angulated, with a few
large teeth or lobes, or rarely entire. Pod sub-globular, rounded
at the base, slightly and abruptly pointed at the apex.

On muddy shores, and rocks by the sea. Common both in
England and Scotland, but apparently more frequent in the latter
country.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Perennial.
Spring, Summer.

Rootstock generally slender, but in old plants frequently as
thick as a man’s finger, producing a tuft of radical leaves which
generally soon decay, and numerous ascending or decumbent stems
which are angular, fleshy, and brittle, 6 inches to 2 feet long, with
a few short spreading branches in the upper part. Radical leaves
on long stalks, } inch to 2 inches in diameter, roundish-reniform,
or roundish-deltoid in outline; lower stem leaves generally resem-
bling the radical ones, but on shorter stalks, the greater number
of them sessile, and the uppermost quite amplexicaul, generally
more or less angulated or toothed, with a tendency to become
rhomboidal; all thick and fleshy. Flowers white, sometimes tinged
with purple, + to $inch across. Petals between twice and thrice as
long as the sepals. Pedicels about } inch long, ascending or spread-
ing. Pod } to ; inch long, globular, slightly pointed at the apex ;
valves very convex, with a dorsal nerve and a few prominent veins;
style very short. Seeds shortly obovate, flat, deeply punctured,
brown, usually 4 in each cell, but sometimes 6. Whole plant deep
green, glabrous.

Common Scurvy- Grass.

French, Cranson Officinal, Herbe aux Cuillers.
German, Das Gebrduchliche Liffelkraut, Liffelkresse, Scharbocksheil.

Like C. Armoracia, the whole of this plant abounds in a pungent oil, obtainable
by distillation. When fresh it has a peculiar smell, especially when bruised, and a

* The Plate is E. B. 551, unaltered,
2B

186 ENGLISH BOTANY.

kind of acrid, bitter taste, which it loses by drying, but which it imparts to water or
alcohol. To the presence of this oil are attributed the well-known antiscorbutic
properties of the herb: they are more probably due to its mineral constituents.
Possibly these virtues have been exaggerated, for although the leaves form a very whole-
some salad in the spring, they are not better than those of many other plants, such as
the Water-Cress, &c. On the Continent the essential oil has been applied in paralytic
cases, and in this country it is said to have been used successfully for rheumatism.
Found on most temperate and cold sea-coasts, the Scurvy-Grass was well known to our
early navigators as a remedy for the ravages of scurvy, from which our ships’ crews
suffered so terribly. Captain Cook made extensive use of this and other similar herbs
in his expedition to the Southern Seas The plant is reported to grow luxuriantly on
-the shores of the islands known as Tierra del Fuego.

Sus-Srecies I11.—Cochlearia alpina. Watson
Pratt CXXXI.*

C. Groenlandica, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 2403 (non Linn.).
C. officinalis, var. alpina, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 30.

Radical leaves roundish or reniform, deeply cordate at the base,
and entire or faintly crenated; stem leaves sessile, amplexicaul
(except the lower ones, which are shortly stalked), angulated, or
3- to 5-lobed. Pod rhomboid-ovoid, attenuated both at the base
and apex.

In wet places on mountains. Not unfrequent, occurring on the
Welsh mountains, on those in the North of England, and on most
of the Scottish mountains.

England, Scotland. Biennial or Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Extremely like C. officinalis, but usually much smaller, and
with the leaves more angulated, sometimes even lobed, and the pod
broadest in the middle and tapering towards each end, the length
being considerably greater than the breadth.

Mountain Scurvy-Grass.

Sus-Specires I1].—Cochlearia danica. Linn
Puare CXXXIL+ :
Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XVI. Fig. 4257,
C. officinalis, var. y, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 29.
Radical leaves roundish, deeply cordate at the base, ‘‘ somewhat
lobed” (Bab.); stem leaves mostly stalked, or the uppermost
ones sessile and amplexicaul, 3- to 5-lobed, the lateral lobes divari-

* The Plate is E. B. 2403, with pods added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
+ The Plate is E. B. 696, unaltered,

CRUCIFER. 187

cate in the lower leaves. Pod rhomboid-ovoid, attenuated both at
the base and apex.

On sandy and muddy seashores. Not uncommon. In the South
of England it is certainly more plentiful than C. eu-officinalis; but
T have never seen it in Scotland, though I have often searched for
it there. It is, however, reported from many of the counties on
good authority.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Spring.

This plant is very closely allied to C. alpina, being about the
same size, with the stems 3 to 9 inches long. The stem leaves,
however, are more angulated, often somewhat resembling those of
the Ivy, anda greater number of them stalked. The pod being ovoid,
not globular, will always distinguish it from C. officinalis. I can see
no difference between the root leaves of this plant and the last,
though they are sometimes said to be hastate, probably from the
lower stem leaves being mistaken for root leaves after the decay of
the latter, as suggested by Dr. Walker Arnott.

Hastate-leaved Scurvy-Grass.

SPECIES IIT—-COCHLEARIA ANGLICA., Linn.
Pirate CXXXTII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XVI. Fig. 4258.

Root slender. Stem with a few ascending branches at the
top. Leaves fleshy; the radical ones on long stalks, oblanceolate,
oblong, oval, or ovate, attenuated or rarely rounded (but never
cordate ?) at the base, the margins entire or slightly waved; stem
leaves toothed or nearly entire ; the upper ones sessile, rhomboidal-
oblong or strap-shaped, semi-amplexicaul. Pod obovate or oval,
flattish above, convex beneath, slightly tapering towards the base,
and generally obtuse at the apex, much compressed horizontally ;
valves distinctly reticulated; replum four to six times as long as
broad; style about one-fourth the length of the pod.

On muddy salt marshes, and between the stones of embank-
ments by the sea, and especially on the shores of tidal rivers.
Ccmmon in England, but apparently very rare in Scotland, where
Dr. Walker Arnott mentions it as growing on the banks of the
Cree, in Wigtonshire. It has been reported from several other Scotch

* The Plate is drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a specimen gathered by the
Thames side near Greenwich,

188 ENGLISH BOTANY.

counties, but no specimens from Scotland have ever come under
my notice.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial or Biennial.
Spring and Early Summer.

In general habit this species comes near C. officinalis, but
erows in denser tufts, with more numerous, stiffer, and more erect
stems, from 3 inches to 1 foot high. The radical leaves, although
variable in form, are never, so far as I have seen, cordate at the
base; usually they taper gradually into the footstalk, being very
rarely abrupt; the stem leaves are also longer and narrower. The
flowers are considerably larger, being often } inch across. The fruit
pedicels are at first ascending, but when quite ripe are often spread-
ing, or even slightly deflexed. The pod is much larger, being (without
the style) from $ to } inch long, and more flattened at right angles
to the replum; the valves more strongly reticulated, and often so
turgid that the fruit often becomes didymous, there being a great
constriction in the pod at the narrow replum, when it is var.
gemina of the Rev. F. J. A. Hort, who first noticed this plant near
Chepstow ; but this form is also abundant in the Isle of Sheppey.
Seeds oblong-oval, reddish brown, punctured, usually 4 in each
cell of the pod. The fruit of this plant really resembles that of
the section Angustisepte, while the previous forms have the fruit of
the Latiseptz. It is said sometimes to have the radical leaves cor-
date at the base, and if so, it may possibly be only another sub-species
of C. polymorpha.

Long-leaved Scurvy-Grass.

GENUS XV.—DRABA. Linn.

Sepals short, somewhat spreading or erect, generally equal at
the base. Petals equal, entire, notched or bifid, with short claws.
Filaments without wings or teeth. Pod oval, elliptical, or oblong,
much compressed parallel to the replum, rarely ovoid and not
compressed ; valves slightly (rarely extremely) convex, with a dorsal
nerve, and frequently a dorsal furrow. Style short or elongated.
Seeds few or numerous, oval, compressed, not winged, arranged in
2 rows in each cell of the pod.

Small herbs, often clothed with stellate pubescence. Jiadical
leaves generally in a rosette. Flowers white or yellow, rarely
purple, arranged in corymbs or short racemes, which generally
afterwards elongate.

French, Drave. German, Hungerbliimchen.

According to some authors, the name is derived from the word Apaj3n, Arabian

mustard ; according to Linneus, it comes from ¢paj3n (drabe), acrid, biting, from the

taste of the leaves,

CRUCIFER. 189

Sus-Genus I—EROPHILA. D.C,

Petals bipartite. Seeds numerous.

SPECIES I—DRABA VERNA. Linn
Prate CXXXIV.

Scape leafless. Radical leaves oblanceolate, toothed or entire,
hairy. Petals deeply cloven. Raceme elongating after flowering.
Pedicels ascending-spreading, much longer than the pods. Pods
ovoid, generally compressed. Style almost none.

Common Whitlow Grass or Cress, Nailwort.
French, Drave Printaniére.

Among medieval herbalists there was a great discussion as to whether this plant
or some allied species was the true Whitlow Grass of the still more ancient herb doctors;
but modern writers on Medical Botany have slighted the plant and all inquiries respecting
it. The leaves were certainly used by old practitioners in the form of a poultice as an
application to whitlows.

Sus-Srecies I—Draba eu-verna.
Puate CXXXIV. Fic. 1.*

D. verna, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IL. Zeér. Tab. XII. Fig. 4234.

Erophila vulgaris, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 356.

Erophila glabrescens (7), hirtella, stenocarpa, and majuscula, Jord. Pug. Pl. Nov.
pp. 10,11; and Boreau, FJ. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II. p. 64.

Pods oval-elliptical, twice or more times as long as broad,
slightly narrowed towards each extremity but more so at the base,
compressed. Seeds 20 to 40 in each cell of the pod.

On wall tops and dry banks and rocks. Very common.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Spring.

No rootstock. Stems numerous, 1 to 8 inches high, erect or
ascending, often curved at the base, slender, flexuous, generally
simple. Radical leaves in a rosette, spreading, narrowed towards
the base but not distinctly stalked, entire or with a few teeth on
the edges. Flowers white, $ to inch across. Petals obovate-
oblong, once and a half to thrice as long as the sepals, divided into
2 lobes by a sinus extending rather more than half way down.
Fruit pedicels ascending-spreading, ¢ to $ inch long. Pod varying

* The Figure is E. B. 586.

190 ENGLISH BOTANY.

in length, but always twice as long as broad and often three or
four times as long, from about $ to 2 inch in length. Seeds very
minute, reddish brown, oval, finely punctured. Plant greyish
green, more or less thickly clothed with stellately branched hairs.

Mons. Jordan has described several distinct forms of this plant,
which are enumerated above as synonyms; but a comparison of
authenticated specimens of these leads me to believe that they
cannot be separated, with the exception of Erophila glabrescens
(Jordan), the pod of which is intermediate between that of typical
D. eu-verna and D. brachycarpa; but the habit of E. glabrescens
agrees better with that of D. eu-verna, and it seems preferable to
refer it to that sub-species until continued cultivation has proved it
to belong to one or the other, or that these two are merely varieties,
and E. glabrescens the connecting link between them. I have
found a plant, apparently identical with E. glabrescens, by the side
of the Thames above Richmond.

Sus-Srecies? Il.—Draba brachycarpa. Jord. (sub Eropuina).
Pratt CXXXIV. Fic. 2.*

D. precox, Reich. Ic, Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IL. Zetr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4233 (“non Stev.”
Jord.).
D. verna, var. 3, Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv. ed. ii. p. 70.

Pods roundish ovate or sub-orbicular, once and a quarter to
once and a half as long as broad, scarcely narrowed towards the
base, and obtuse at the apex, compressed. Seeds 12 to 20 in each
cell of the pod.

On walls, etc., in Yorkshire, and probably elsewhere.

England. Annual or Biennial. Spring.

This plant differs very little from the last except in the pod,
but it seldom attains so great a size, being rarely more than
3 inches. The style is more distinct, and the leaves are more
attenuated towards the apex ; the fruiting pedicels closer together,
and more spreading. Pods from 4 to § inch long, and not nearly
twice as long as broad. Mons. Jordan says that specimens of
D. preecox (Sten.) in De Candolle’s Herbarium do not belong to the
present plant. There can be no doubt, however, that Reichenbach’s
figure under that name represents D. brachycarpa, a name which is
here retained on account of the uncertainty attached to D. preecox.
It is very possible that this plant may be merely a varicty of
D. eu-verna.

Common Whitlow Grass.

* Drawn for the present edition by Mr. J. E. Sowerby. The specimen is from
Yorkshire.

CRUCIFER A. 191

Sus-Srecres ITI.—Draba inflata. Watson,
Puate CXXXIV. Fic. 3.*
D. verna, var. 3, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 30.

Pods oval- ovoid, about twice as long as broad, not com-
pressed, narrowed in a regular curve towards the base and the
apex ; valves convex. Seeds 20 to 40 in each cell of the pod.

On rocks and rocky débris on Stuich-an-Lochan, close to Ben
Lawers, Perthshire, on the north side of Loch-na-Gat. Mr. Baker
mentions a plant near Thirsk which he believes to be the same as
the Ben Lawers plant.

England? Scotiand. Annual or Biennial. Summer (in the
Perthshire locality).

The remarkably inflated pods of this form distinguish it from
the two preceding. It approaches nearest to the Erophila
glabrescens of Jordan, but the pods are smaller, being about } inch
long, as well as swollen, the petals less deeply bifid, and the seeds
paler and yellowish brown. The stems are from 38 to 6 inches high,
and nearly glabrous except towards the base.

Seeds of this plant, brought from Ben Lawers in 1851, were
sown in Mr. Watson’s garden, and the plant has been there main-
tained in cultivation to the present time without showing any
alteration in the shape of the pods, in this agreeing with the
observations of Sir William Hooker.

Sus-Gents II].—EU-DRABA. Gr. & Godr.

Petals entire or only slightly notched. Seeds numerous.

SPECIES I1—DRABA MURALIS. Linn
PraTteE CXXXV.+F
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Tetr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4235.

Stem branched, with rather distant leaves, pubescent except at
the summit. Radical leaves obovate or oblanceolate; stem leaves
ovate, amplexicaul; all sharply toothed (especially those on the
stem) and hairy. Petals entire, rounded at the apex. Raceme
elongating much after flowering. Pedicels spreading, nearly twice
as long as the pods. Pods elliptical, compressed, not twisted.
Style, almost none.

* Drawn from a Ben Lawers specimen by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
+ The Plate is E. B. 912, unaltered.

192 ENGLISH BOTANY.

On rocks in the West of England. Rare. Reported from the
counties of Somerset, Stafford, Montgomery, Westmoreland; but I
have only seen specimens from Malham, Yorkshire; and from
Matlock, Derbyshire. Naturalized at Comely Green, near Edin-
burgh; and at Forfar. It occurs also in Ireland, at Blarney
Castle.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual or Biennial? Spring.

No rootstock. Stem solitary, erect, 4 to 12 inches high, with a
few ascending branches. Radical leaves forming a rosette, obovate
or oblanceolate, narrowed at the base but scarcely stalked, gene-
rally toothed; stem leaves (except the lowest) amplexicaul, with
triangular auricles, and coarsely serrate. Flowers in a short raceme,
white, about =}; inch across. Sepals oblong, purplish, with a few
hairs or glabrous. Petals narrow, entire, twice as long as the
sepals. Fruit pedicels + to $ inch long. Pods about $ inch long,
about three times as long as broad. Seeds 6 or 8 in each cell, very
minute, oval, compressed, finely punctured. Plant greyish green ;
the leaves with scattered, simple and stellate hairs; lower part of
the stem densely clothed with stellate hairs, which become more
remote towards the top, until the axis of the raceme and peduncles
are glabrous.

Wall Whitlow Grass, Speedwell-leaved Whitlow Grass.

French, Drave des Murs.

SPECIES III—DRABA INCANA. Zinn.
Prats CXXXVI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Zetr. Tab. XTV. Fig. 4249.

Stem branched, with rather distant leaves, densely pubescent.
Radical leaves elliptical or oblanceolate ; stem leaves sessile, scarcely
at all amplexicaul, elliptical, lanceolate, or ovate; all hairy and
ciliated, generally with a few very prominent serratures or small
projecting lobes. Petals slightly notched at the apex. Raceme
elongating much after flowering. Pedicels ascending, erect, shorter
than the pods. Pods elliptical or linear-elliptical, compressed,
twisted on their axis when mature, glabrous, or rarely with stellate
hairs; style almost none; stigma not distinctly notched.

On rocks and mountainous districts, and on sandy moors near
the sea in the North of Scotland. It occurs on the Welsh, Derby-

* The Plate is E. B. 388, with a small form added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER2. 193

shire, Yorkshire mountains, and these of the Lake district, and is
plentiful on most of the higher Scotch mountains, as far north as
Orkney and Shetland. It is abundant on the dry waste flat called
Morich More, near Tain, Ross-shire, nearly on the level of the
sea, but is very small in that locality.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial or Biennial.
Summer, Autumn.

Rhizome slender, woody, generally branched, producing rosettes
of spreading leaves, some of which are barren. Stem from the
centre of a rosette, 3 inches to 2 feet high, with ascending or
spreading branches in large specimens. Radical leaves narrowed
at the base, but scarcely stalked, generally with a few short
narrowly triangular projecting lobes; stem leaves rounded at the
base, generally broader than the radical leaves, which are usually
decayed by the time the pods begin to form ; the uppermost, which
are the broadest, having sometimes short auricles. Flowers white,
about § inch across. Petals rather more than twice as long as the
sepals, obovate with a small notch at the apex so as to be obcordate.
Fruit pedicels 7’; to 3 inch long. Pods + to} inch long, twice anda
half to six times as long as broad, usually making one complete turn
upon its own axis, but sometimes only half a turn; style scarcely
longer than broad. Seeds very numerous, pale reddish brown,
ovate, scarcely compressed, very finely punctured. Whole plant
greyish or whitish green; the leaves more or less covered with
stellate and simple hairs, and ciliated at the edges. Stem and
axis of the raceme and pedicels white, on account of the close
covering of short hairs.

The form with stellate hairs on the pods, D. confusa (Ehrh. non
Reich.), appears to be scarce in Britain, as the only specimen I have
seen of it is one from the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, labelled
“‘Clova, Forfar. Dr. Balfour, 1846.”

Hoary Whitlow Grass, Woolly Whitlow Grass, Twisted-podded
Whitlow Grass.
French, Drave Blanchitre.

SPECIES IV.—DRABA RUPESTRIS. R&. Brown.
Pirate CXXXVII.*
D. hirta, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1388 (non Linn.).
Stem simple, leafless or with a single leaf, hispid. Radical
leaves narrowly elliptical- or strapshaped-oblanceolate ; stem

* The Plate is E. B. 1338. In the first issue of this Edition the pods were re-
presented too short and broad, and had the hairs omitted. The Plate is now correct.

2C

194 ENGLISH BOTANY.

leaf (if present) ovate - lanceolate, sessile; all hairy and ciliated,
generally entire. Petals slightly notched at the apex. Raceme
elongating only a little after flowering. Pedicels erect, shorter
than the pods. Pods elliptical or oval-elliptical, compressed, not
twisted on their axis, with scattered forked hairs; style none;
stigma distinctly notched.

On damp rocks on high mountains. Very rare. It grows on
Ben Lawers, near the summit, and was found by the late Dr.
Graham on Catjaghiamman, near Killin, Perthshire. It has been
also gathered on Cairngorm, at the junction of the counties of
Aberdeen, Moray, and Inverness, and on Ben Hope in Sutherland.
A specimen in the Hookerian Herbarium is labelled “ Ingle-
borough” in the handwriting of Sir William J. Hooker.

Scotland, England? Perennial. Summer.

This species bears some resemblance to small specimens of
D. ineana; but the rootstock is much more branched, and produces
a greater number of barren tufts of leaves, which are also less per-
fectly disposed in rosettes, from the internodes being usually a
little more developed. The leaves are generally much narrower,
less hairy on the surfaces, and more distinctly ciliated. The stem
is generally bare of leaves, and scarcely ever has more than one,
and the hairs on the stem and pedicels are more distant, and on the
latter much longer. The flowers are fewer, white; the sepals
narrower, and almost glabrous; and the petals are not quite so long
as in D. incana; the fruiting raceme is also less elongated, the pods
never twisted, and always with stellate pubescence upon them.
Fruit pedicels about § inch long. Pods about } inch long, twice
or thrice as long as broad. The seeds are very similar to those
of D. incana, but smaller.

Rock Whitlow Grass.

French, Drave des Rochers.

SPECIES V.—DRABA AIZOIDES. Linn.
Prats CXXXVIII.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zeér. Tab. XV. Fig. 4254.

Stem simple, leafless, glabrous. Radical leaves rigid, linear or
strap-shaped, pointed, keeled, entire, with cartilaginous points

* In the Plate E. B. 1271 the leaves were not sufficiently spreading, and the hairs
were obliterated in transferring the plate to the stone. A new Plate has now been

engraved.

CRUCIFERS. 195

terminating in bristles at the edges, but the surfaces glabrous.
Petals very faintly notched at the apex. Raceme elongating a
little after flowering. Pedicels spreading, conspicuously longer
than the pods. Pods elliptical-lanceolate, compressed, not twisted ;
style as long as the diameter of the pod.

Very rare. On rocks at Pennard Castle, and at the Worm’s
Head, Glamorganshire.

England. Perennial. Spring.

Rhizome slender, branching, producing dense cushion-like tufts.
Leaves spreading in very compact rosettes, much narrower and
more rigid than in any other British species of this genus. Stems
2 to G inches high. Flowers bright yellow, 3 inch across. Fruit
pedicels } to 8 inch long. Pod, exclusive of style, } to § inch long,
rather more than twice as long as broad, acute at the apex, and
terminated by the long straight style. Seeds about 10 or 12 in
each cell of the pod, yellowish brown, larger than those of any of
the other British species of Draba, being about 7g inch long.
Leaves dark green, somewhat shining.

The leaves of this plant remain for a long time after they
wither, so that the rosette is surrounded by numerous rows of
dead leaves, giving to the old stems somewhat the appearance of a
bottle-brush.

Sea-green Whitlow Grass, Yellow Alpine Whitlow Grass.

French, Drave, Faux Aizoon.

GENUS XVI—ALYSSUM. Linn.

Sepals short, erect, or somewhat spreading, equal at the base.
Petals equal, entire, notched or bifid, with short claws. Filaments
or some of them very often with wings or appendages. Pod
roundish, obovate, oval, elliptical or rhomboidal, compressed parallel
to the replum; valves flattish, convex, or convex in the centre
only, often without a dorsal nerve; style short or elongated. Seeds
2 to 10, oval, compressed.

Branched herbs or undershrubs, generally thickly covered with
stellate or (more rarely) simple hairs. Leaves generally narrow,
entire. Flowers white or yellow, arranged in corymbs or short
racemes, which generally afterwards elongate.

The name of this genus is derived from the Greek words a, negative, and Avoca
(Jussa), canine madness, because it was supposed to be a cure for madness.

196 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sun-Genus I.—EU-ALYSSUM.

Petals small, entire, or slightly notched. Filaments, or at least
some of them, winged or togthed. Pod lenticular. Cells 2- or
1-seeded.

SPECIES I—ALYSSUM CALYCINUM. Lim.
PuatE CXXXIX.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4269.

Whole plant covered with stellate hairs. Calyx persistent.
Petals strap-shaped, truncate, or slightly notched at the apex.
Filaments not winged, but the shorter ones with 2 long setaceous
processes at the base. Pod sub-orbicular, notched at “the apex ;
style not exceeding the depth of the notch; valves convex in the
centre, depressed all round the margin, without a dorsal nerve.
Raceme much elongated in fruit. Pedicels patent-ascending, about
equal to the pods.

Tn clover and grass fields and ploughed land. Rather rare, and
probably introduced with Continental seed. In England it has
occurred in the counties of Devon, Hants, Herts, Essex, Norfolk,
Cambridge, Leicester, and York. In Scotland, near St. Boswells,
Roxburghshire ; Dirleton, Haddington; Pettycur and Queensferry,
Fife; and near Arbroath, Forfarshire.

[ England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer.

Stem almost woody, dividing near the base into numerous nearly
simple branches 3 to 9 inches long. Leaves scattered on the stem,
sessile, oblanceolate or strap-shaped, and attenuated at the base.
Flowers about } inch across. Sepals erect, covered with stellate
down, and having long woolly hairs at the summit remaining until
the fruit is ripe. Petals erect, about twice as long as the sepals,
very narrow, pale ochreous yellow, turning white and remaining in
a faded condition until the pod is nearly full-sized, but not so per-
sistent as the sepals. Filaments all slender, the two short ones
each with a pair of appendages resembling barren filaments spring-
ing from their bases, and about half their length. Pedicels } to
i 1 inch long. Pods dotted with stellate pubescence, about % inch
long, nearly circular, or very shortly ovate, with a broad sheila
notch at the tip. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, obovate, reddish brown,

* The Plate is E. B. 8. 2853, unaltered.

CRUCIFERZ. 197

punctured, surrounded by a pale narrow wing. Plant having a
greyish or whitish tint from the close white stellate pubescence.

Calycine Alyssum, Large-calyxed Madwort.

French, Alysson @ Calices Persistans. German, Kelchfriichtiges Schildkraut.

Suzn-Grenus II1.—LOBULARIA. Desv.

Petals obovate, entire. Filaments without appendages. Pod
ovoid, compressed. Cells 1- to 6-seeded.

SPECIES IL—ALYSSUM MARITIMUM. Lamarck.
Puate CXL.*

Koniga maritima, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XVIII. Fig. 4266.

Alyssum maritimum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1729; and Brit. Fl. Vol. III. p. 162. Benth.
Handbook Brit. Fl. p.94. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 118.

Lobularia maritima, Desv. Journ. Bot. Vol. III. p. 162. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv.
ed. ii. p. 65.

Koniga maritima, 2. Brown. Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 29. Hook. & Arn. Brit.
Fl. ed. viii. p. 30.

Glyce maritima, Lindley, Syn. Brit. Fl. p. 26.

Whole plant covered with adpressed bipartite hairs, resembling
simple hairs attached by their middle. Calyx not persistent.
Petals spatulate, with a sub-orbicular entire limb. Filaments all
without wings or processes. Pod globular-ovoid, a little attenuated
towards the base, acute at the tip; style about a quarter as long
as the pod; valves slightly convex, with a dorsal nerve. Raceme
slightly elongated in fruit. Pedicels spreading, twice or thrice the
length of the pod.

On walls and waste places near the sea, but only where it has
escaped from cultivation. I have seen specimens from Budleigh
Salterton, Boweysand, and Stonehouse, Devonshire ; Weston-super-
Mare, Somerset; Folkestone, Kent; Felixtowe, Suffolk ; Darsley,
Gloucester; Montrose Links, Forfarshire; and it has been also
reported from several other places.

[ England, Scotland]. Annual or Perennial. Summer, Autumn.

Stem almost woody, dividing near the base into several
branches, which are again branched, and from 4 to 12 inches long.
Leaves scattered on the stem, sub-sessile, narrowly elliptical or

* The Plate is E. B, 1729, unaltered.

198 ENGLISH BOTANY.

strap-shaped, attenuated towards the base, and more abruptly so
towards the tip. Flowers white, about + inch across. Sepals
deciduous, slightly spreading, with adpressed hairs similar to those of
the rest of the plant throughout. Petals nearly twice as long as the
sepals, with a large nearly circular spreading limb. Pedicels 1 to
$ inch long. Pod, without the style, about 3/5 inch long, rhom-
boidal, roundish, with the valves slightly convex. Seeds 1 in each
cell, roundish-ovate, compressed, pale reddish brown, very finely
punctured, surrounded by a white membranous wing. Plant
greyish green, the young leaves and shoots silky in appearance
from the white adpressed hairs.

Sweet Alyssum, Seaside Alyssum.

French, Alysson Maritime. German, Meerstand’s Schildkraut.

Tre VIII.—CAMELINE.

Cotyledons flat (7. e. bent over close to the base), with the radicle
lying on the back of one of them (incumbent); or bent over in
the middle, the lower portion being in the same line as the radicle,
the upper lying against the radicle, which is on the back of one
of them. Pod short and broad, more or less compressed parallel
to the replum, or slightly compressed contrary to it, opening by
2 convex valves.

GENUS XVII—CAMELINA. Crantz.

Sepals short, erect, nearly equal at the base. Petals equal,
entire, with short claws. Filaments without wings or appendages.
Pods obovate or turbinate, slightly compressed parallel to the
replum. Valves with a dorsal nerve, and very convex in the
middle, depressed round the margins, abruptly terminated by a
linear-acute point, which is applied to the base of the long per-
sistent style. Seeds numerous, in two rows, oblong-ovoid, not
winged. Embryo with the cotyledons folded over at the base,
where they are joined to the radicle.

Erect annual herbs, glabrous or clothed with forked pube-
scence. Upper stem leaves sagittate at the base, with acute
divaricate auricles.

This generic name is derived from the Greek words xajcat (chamai), on the ground,
and dur (linon), flax, that is to say, dwarf flax, to which it bears resemblance.

CRUCIFER®. 199

SPECIES L—CAMELINA SATIVA. Cranz
Prates CXLI. CXLIL

Myagrum sativum, Zinn.

Pod obovate, margined ; valves very convex.

Sus-Srecres —Camelina eu-sativa.
Prate CXLI.*

C. sativa, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Vetr. Tab. XXIV. Fig. 4292.

“C, macrocarpa, Reich. Ic. F]. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XXII. Fig. 4294, /3,” Fries.

C. sativa, Fries, Mant. III. p.72. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p.130. Boreau, Fi.
du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p.62. Coss. & Germ. Fl. des Environs de Paris,
ed. ii. p. 124. Godr. FI. de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 70.

Alyssum sativum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1254.

Pods obconical-obovate, rounded at the apex; valves hard,
brittle, with a well-marked dorsal nerve.

In flax fields, etc. Occasionally found throughout Britain,
but cannot even claim to be a naturalized plant, being introduced
with foreign seed, and not having permanently established itself
in any one locality.

[ England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer.

Stem erect, 1 to 2} feet high, branched in the upper part.
Lower leaves oblanceolate, attenuated at the base; upper leaves
sub-amplexicaul, lanceolate or narrowly elliptical; the base
produced into two short acute auricles, the apex acute; the
margin nearly entire, slightly toothed, or rarely pinnatifid.
Flowers } inch across, yellow. Sepals glabrous, with a mem-
branous margin; petals one-half longer than the sepals, erect,
spatulate ; raceme much elongated in fruit; pedicels ascending,
2 inch to 1 inch long. Pods about } inch long exclusive of the
style, which is about equal in length to half the greatest width of
the pod, pale yellowish olive-colour when ripe; valves reticulated,
very convex except round the margins, where the two valves are
parallel to each other, so that the pod looks as if it were sur-
rounded by a wing. Seeds numerous, small, slightly roughened,
pale yellowish brown. Plant glabrous, or slightly hairy with
forked hairs. Professor Babington says that he has not seen
C. sativa (Fries) in Britain, but I possess specimens collected at
Sandhutton, north-west Yorkshire, by Mr. Foggitt; and although
the figure in English Botany, No. 1254, is not characteristic, it

* The Plate is E. B. 1254, with pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a Yorkshire
example.

200 ENGLISH BOTANY.

must be referred to the present plant on account of the shape
of the pods. It was taken from a specimen found in Lakenheath
field, by Wangford, Suffolk.
Cultivated Gold of Pleasure.
French, Caméline Cultivée. German, Gebauter Leindotter.

The specific name of this plant signifies sat, or cultivated; and it is said that the
common name Gold of Pleasure bears ironical reference to the disappointment of its
first cultivators, who found their investment about as profitable as “gold” spent on
“pleasure” usually proves. It has long been cultivated in Germany and France for
the sake of its seeds, and it has lately been introduced here with the same object, but
with no great results. The seeds yield an oil which soon turns rancid, and does not
burn well ; it is chiefly used by soap-makers. The cake left after the oil is expressed
has been used as food for cattle like linseed-cake, but is very inferior to it. Birds are
fond of the seeds, and domestic poultry, such as geese, fatten quickly on them.

Sup-Srecres I.—Camelina foetida. Fries.
Puate CXLII.*
C. dentata, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. XXIV. Fig. 4294.
C. feetida, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed.v. p.31. Fries, Mant. III. p.70. Gr. & Godr. FI.
de Fr. Vol. I. p.131. Godr. F). de Lorr. ed. ii. Vol. I. p. 70.
C. dentata, “ Pers.” Boreau, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IT. p. 62.

Pods obovate, truncate at the apex ; valves somewhat leathery,
with a very indistinct dorsal nerve.

In flax fields and on ballast hills. More frequent than C.
eu-sativa, but with no stronger claims to be considered as even a
naturalized plant.

[ England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer.

Very like C. eu-sativa, but having the fruiting raceme shorter ;
the pods shorter, broader, and less perfectly wedge-shaped in
profile, dark olive when ripe, the valves dimpling on pressure
without breaking, the dorsal nerve much less distinct. The seeds
are also larger, darker, and more distinctly punctured ; the petals
paler yellow, and the branches of the stem do not form so distinctly
a panicle when in fruit. The lower leaves are often pinnatifid.

Fetid Gold of Pleasure.

French, Caméline Dentée. German, Gezdhnter Leindotter.

GENUS XVII—-SUBULARIA. Linn.

Sepals short, spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal,
entire, without distinct claws. Filaments without wings or
appendages. Pods oval- or elliptical-ovoid, slightly compressed at

* Drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a specimen collected at Virginia Water.

CRUCIFERS. 201

right angles to the plane of the replum, narrowed at the base so
as almost to appear stalked; valves with a dorsal nerve, and very
convex throughout; stigma sessile. Seeds 2 to Gin each cell of the
pod, ovoid, compressed, not margined. Embryo with the cotyledons
folded over on themselves above the base.

A genus consisting of a single species, described below.

The name of this genus is derived from subula, an awl, from the form of thie

leaves.

SPECIES L—-SUBULARIA AQUATICA. Lina.
Puate CXLITI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. XII. Fig. 4232.

Leaves all radical, awl-shaped.

On the gravelly bottoms of lakes in mountainous districts,
growing completely under water. Carnarvonshire and Anglesea
seem to be the only English localities. In Scotland it is more
abundant, occurring in Loch Skew, Dumfries-shire; Loch of
Drum, near Aberdeen; and in many of the Highland lakes as
far north as Ross-shire and Sutherlandshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer, Autumn.

Root of numerous pure white fibres. Radical leaves in tufts,
1 to 23 inches long, tapering gradually from the base to the apex.
Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, extremely short and almost hidden
amongst the leaves while in flower. Flowers few, white, about
zo inch across. Fruiting raceme lax. Pedicels ascending, } to 2 inch
long. Pod about § inch long, with the breadth generally about
half the length. Seeds yellowish brown, punctured. The ‘embryo
presents a difference from that of the other Camelinez, inasmuch
as the cotyledons are not bent over close to the point where they
join the radicle, but some distance above it, so that the lower part
of the cotyledons is in a continuous line with the radicle, and it is
only their upper portion which is folded over so as to bring the
back of one of them against the radicle. Plant dull green, glabrous;
the leaves somewhat fleshy.

Water Awlwort, Common or Aquatic Awlwort.
French, Subulaire Aquatique.

This interesting little native ought to be in every aquatic garden. If planted in
a pot of gravel with a little clay and sunk in a quiet pond it will grow readily, and
then presents the curious phenomenon of a flower in full bloom under water.

* The Plate is E. B, 732, with embryo added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby,
2D

202 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Suzs-Stction II.—ANGUSTISEPTA.

Pod compressed at right angles to the direction of the replum,
so that the latter lies in the least transverse diameter of the pod,
the width of which is much greater when measured from the back
of one valve to the back of the other, than when taken from edge
to edge, owing to the extreme convexity of the valves, which are
often keeled or winged.

TripE [X.—THLASPIDEA.

Cotyledons flat, with the radicle lying along their edges on one
side (accumbent), Pod short and broad, compressed at right
angles to the direction of the replum, generally opening by two
convex valves, usually with a keel or wing down the central line
of the back, or part furthest from the replum.

GENUS XIX. —THLASPI. Lin.

Sepals sub-erect or spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal,
entire or slightly notched. Filaments without wings or appen-
dages. Pods much compressed at right angles to the replum,
obovate, oblong-obovate, or orbicular ; apex emarginate, notched, or
obcordate ; valves keeled down the back, the keel produced into a
wing, most developed towards the apex; style short or elongated.
Seeds lenticular, not winged, 2 to 8 in each cell of the pod.

Herbs, generally glabrous and glaucous. Jadical leaves
attenuated at the base; stem leaves hastate-sagittate, or cordate,
amplexicaul. Flowers white, rose-coloured, or purple, in short
racemes which afterwards elongate.

The generic name is derived from @\éw (thlao), to compress, to break,—in reference
to the compressed seeds, according to some authors ; others give the derivation from the
fact that the seeds were broken or compressed, and used like mustard.

SPECIES I—-THLASPI ARVENSE, Lin.
Pratt CXLIV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Tetr. Tab. V. Fig, 4181.

No rootstock. Stem leaves hastate-sagittate at the base. Pods
(including the wings) sub-orbicular, obcordate with a deep sinus at

* The Plate is E. B. 1659, unaltered.

CRUCIFERAE. 2038

the apex where the two lobes of the wings are contiguous or
slightly overlapping at the tips; wing gradually increasing in
width from the base (where it begins abruptly) to the apex; style
extremely short, not nearly so long as the lobes of the wings. Seeds
5 to 8 in each cell of the pod, irregularly ovoid-lenticular, with
raised concentric ridges.

A weed in cultivated fields. Rather rare, but generally distri-
buted throughout Britain.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or slightly
branched. Lowest leaves oblanceolate or obovate, attenuated at
the base so as to be almost stalked; the rest of the leaves oblong,
lanceolate, or elliptical, produced at the base into 2 acute diverging
auricles, the margins in all remotely toothed or entire. Flowers
white, about 4 inch across. Petals about half as long again as
the sepals, spatulate, truncate, or faintly emarginate at the apex.
Fruiting raceme long. Pedicels spreading, 3 to # inch long. Pods
nearly flat, $ to $ inch in diameter including the wing, or excluding
it + to 2 inch long by about 2 inch broad, so that were the pod not
winged its shape would be oval or obovate-oblong; wing with a
fine marginal nerve running round the edge. Seeds very dark
brownish black, punctured, and also with 4 or 5 concentrie ridges
on each face. Whole plant glabrous and slightly glaucous.

Field Penny Cress, Mithridate Mustard.
French, Zabouret des Champs. German, Feld-Pfennighraut.

When chewed the Penny Cress is slightly acrid, with somewhat of the odour and
flavour of onion or garlic; and having been used in sauces, it was called by the general
name Mustard. The name “ Mithridate” was prefixed to it because Mithridate, king of
Pontus, was a famous mediciner, who compounded poison-resisting draughts and gave
them to himself. Many popular medicines have been named after this worthy.

SPECIES IL—THLASPI PERFOLIATUM. Linn.
Pratt CXLV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. V. Fig. 4183.

No rootstock. Stem leaves deeply cordate at the base. Pods
(including the wings) deltoid-obovate, obcordate, with a broad
triangular sinus at the apex between the two lobes of the wings;

* The Plate is E. B. 2354, unaltered.

204 ENGLISH BOTANY.

wing gradually increasing in width from a little above the base
(where it commences insensibly) to the apex; style short, not half
as long as the apical lobes of the wing. Seeds 3 to 6 in each cell
of the pod, ovoid, sub-compressed, without concentric ridges.

In stony ground. Extremely local, being apparently confined
to Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. It occurs near Burford in the
former county, and Bourton-on-the-Water, Naunton, Sapperton
Tunnel, near Cirencester, and a few other places in the latter.

England. Annual or Biennial. Spring.

Stem erect, simple or branched at the base, 2 to 9 inches high.
Radical leaves in a rosette, spatulate, with a roundish oval or
ovate lamina abruptly contracted into a footstalk; stem leaves
few, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, cordate, amplexicaul, with rounded
contiguous lobes at the base; all entire or denticulate. Flowers
white, ;'5 inch across. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals,
oblong, oblanceolate, entire, and rounded at the apex. Fruiting
raceme rather short, about equal in length to the rest of the stem.
Fruit pedicels spreading horizontally, } to + inch long. Pods
flattish above, convex below, § to + inch long, and nearly as broad
as long at the top including the wing, or exclusive of it } to G inch
long, and were it not winged the shape would be shortly roundish
obovate; the wing with a stout marginal nerve running round the
edge. Seeds pale orange-brown, finely punctured. Whole plant
glabrous and glaucous.

This species is readily distinguished from the others of this
genus by the large rounded approximate auricles of the stem leaves.

T. erraticum (Jord. Pug. Plant. Nov. p. 12) appears to be
scarcely entitled to be ranked as a sub-species. The Gloucestershire
plant is intermediate between specimens of T. perfoliatum and
T. erraticum (C. Martin, Pl. de Lyon), having the pod of the
former, the leaves and seeds of the latter form.

Perfoliate Penny Cress, Perfoliate-leaved Bastard Cress,
Perfoliate Shepherd’s Purse.

French, Jabouret Perfolié.

SPECIES II.—THLASPI ALPESTRE. Linn.
Puates CXLVI. CXLVII. CXLVIII.

Rootstock slender, branched, woody, or none. Stem leaves
cordate-sagittate at the base. Pods (including the wing) oblong-
obovate, narrowed at the base, more or less deeply retuse at the

apex; wing gradually increasing in breadth from the base, where it

CRUCIFER. 205

commences insensibly, to the apex; style equal to or exceeding the
apical lobes of the wing. Seeds 4 to 8 in each cell of the pod, oval,
slightly compressed, without concentric ridges,

Aipine Shepherd’s Purse, Cornfield Penny Cress.

French, Zabouret des Alpes. German, Alpen Pfennighraut.

Sus-Srecies I—Thlaspi sylvestre. Jord.
Pirate CXLVI.*

T. alpestre, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. Il. Tetr. Tab. V. Fig. 4184.

T. sylvestre, Jord. Obs. Pl. Nouy. Frag. III. p. 9. Boreau, Fl. du Centre dela Fr. ed. iii.
Vol. IL. p. 60.

T. alpestre, var. a, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed.v. p. 31; and Bot. Gazette, Vol. I p. 4.
Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 32.

T. alpestre, Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 145,

Raceme when the fruit is mature longer than the rest of the
stem ; style about as long as the projecting apical lobes of the broad
wing, which are separated by a shallow triangular sinus.

On rocks in a wood near Winch Bridge, Teesdale, and by
the banks of the Allen, Thornhaugh, Northumberland; and also
in Scotland, in Glen Isla, Clova.

England, Scotland. Biennial or Perennial. Early Summer.

Rootstock present only in perennial examples. Stems 6 to 15
inches high, unbranched except at the very base. Radical leaves
in a rosette, spatulate, abruptly contracted into a footstalk; stem
leaves sessile, amplexicaul, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the base
with 2 slightly acute auricles; the margins of all entire or slightly
toothed. Flowers sub-corymbose, white, often tinged with lilac,
4 inch across. Sepals greenish, bordered with white. Petals nar-
rowly oblanceolate, rounded at the apex, rather more than twice
as long as the sepals. Anthers dark violet. Fruiting raceme
from 2 to 11 inches long. Pedicels spreading horizontally, § to +
inch long. Pods slightly convex above, very convex below, about
1 inch long by 3 inch broad, including the wing; exclusive of
the wing, the shape of the pod is oval-elliptical, narrowed at the
base; wing with a very indistinct marginal nerve. Seeds reddish
brown, finely punctured. Whole plant glabrous and glaucous.

Short-styled Alpine Penny Cress.

* Drawn from a Teesdale specimen by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

206 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sus-Sprcres I.—Thlaspi occitanum. Jord.
Puate CXLVIL.*
T. occitanum, Jord. Obs. Pl. Nouv. Frag. ITT. p. 12.
T. alpestre, var. 3, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 32 ; and Bot. Gazette, Vol. I p. 4.

Haok. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 32.

Raceme when the fruit is mature equal to or shorter than
the rest of the stem. Style considerably longer than the pro-
jecting apical lobes of the broad wings, which are separated by
a shallow triangular sinus.

On limestone rocks at Malham, near Settle, Yorkshire, and at
Llanrwst, North Wales.

England. Biennial or Perennial. Summer.

Usually a much smaller plant than the last, the stems rarely
exceeding 6 or 10 inches, and branched higher up; the petals
shorter, not above twice as long as the sepals; the fruiting raceme
not exceeding 2 to 4 inches long; the pedicels closer together,
shorter ; the pod with a more shallow sinus at the apex, and a
style which is considerably longer than in T. sylvestre.

The embryo in this plant has the radicle sometimes lying on the
back of one of the cotyledons, instead of along their edges on one
side, as is usually the case—one instance among many of the small
value of this character among the Crucifere.

Long-styled Alpine Penny Cress.

Sus-Srecres I1..—Thlaspi virens. Jord.
Prate CXLVIIL.t+
T. virens, Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. v. p. 32; and Bot. Gazette, Vol. I. p. 4. Jord.
Obs. Pl. Nouv. Frag. III. p. 17. G7. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 145. Boreau,
Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. IJ. p. 61.
T. calaminare, “ Lej.,” Crépin, Man. de la Flore de Belgique, p. 33.
T. alpestre, var. y, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. p. 32.
T. alpestre, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 81.

Raceme when the fruit is mature equal to or shorter than the
rest of the stem. Style much longer than the scarcely projecting
lobes of the narrow wing, which are so little produced that the apex
of the fruit is merely emarginate.

On limestone rocks at Matlock Bath, Derbyshire.

England. Perennial. Early Summer.

* Drawn from a Yorkshire specimen by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
+ The Plate is E. B. 81, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER 2. 207

This plant resembles T. occitanum, but produces from the
rootstock more numerous and almost always simple stems. The
stem leaves are more numerous, closer together, and smaller; the
corymb larger ; the petals less tinged with lilac; the sepals usually
purplish ; and the pod truncate, emarginate at the apex, so that,
though the style is not actually longer than in T. occitanum, it
appears to be so; wing narrow. ‘The leaves are also rather less
glaucous.

Specimens of T. virens, authenticated by M. Jordan, from Mont
Pilate differ from the Derbyshire plant in having the petals obovate
instead of oblanceolate.

Green Alpine Penny Cress.

GENUS X¥X.—-IBERIS. Linn.

Sepals nearly erect, equal at the base. Petals entire, with short
claws, unequal, the two that point away from the stem much larger
than the others. Filaments without wings or appendages. Pods
much compressed at right angles to the replum, ovate, oblong, or
roundish, generally notched at the apex; valves keeled down the
back, the keel produced into a wing, which is most developed
towards the apex; style conspicuous or elongated. Seeds oval-
lenticular, not winged, only 1 in each cell of the pod.

Herbs or undershrubs, generally glabrous. Leaves rather
narrow, entire or pinnatifid. Flowers white or purplish, in radiant
corymbs, sometimes elongating into short racemes, but often
remaining corymbose, even when the fruit is mature.

The name of this genus comes from Iberia, where it was first found. The species
still abound in Spain, which is the modern Iberia.

SPECIES I—IBERIS AMARA. Linn.
Pirate CXLIX.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. VIL. Fig. 4197.

Stem herbaceous. Leaves oblanceolate or strapshaped-oblan-
ceolate, generally toothed or pinnatifid. Pods in a short raceme,
sub-orbicular, attenuated towards the apex ; wings of the valves
extremely narrow towards the base, broader towards the apex,
and terminating in acute lobes separated by a triangular sinus;
style a little longer than the lobes of the wing.

* Drawn for the present edition by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

208 ENGLISH BOTANY.

A weed in cornfields and cultivated ground, on chalky soil.
Well established in Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire,
Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, and Cambridgeshire; it also occurs
as a straggler in several other counties both in England and
Scotland.

England, [Scotland]. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, 4 to 9 inches high, corymbosely branched at the
summit, and in luxuriant examples also from the base or through-
out its whole extent. Leaves scattered along the stem, sessile, the
lower ones narrowly wedge-shaped at the base, generally with
a few projecting teeth or short lobes on each side. Flowers white
tinged with pink or purple especially on the sepals, + to 2 inch
across. Petals obovate-spatulate, the inner ones twice as long as
the sepals, the outer ones (the two farthest from the axis) four times
as long. Fruiting raceme 3 to 2 inches long, with spreading or
divaricate pedicels about } inch long. Pods about } inch long;
the wings narrow, except at the apex, where they terminate in
2 triangular-acuminate lobes slightly inclining outwards at the
extreme apex. Seeds reddish brown, slightly roughened. Leaves
deep green, usually ciliated at the edges with short hairs. Stem
generally with a pubescence of curled hairs arranged in lines.
Pedicels with similar hairs on their upper side.

Bitter Candytuft.

French, [béride Amére. German, Bittere Schleifenblume, Bauernsenf.

The cultivated Candytuft is familiar to every one in the most humble gardens,
The seeds have a reputation in herbalists’ doses as bitter and violently purgative. It
has, however, no very evident qualities to recommend it.

GENUS XXT—TEESDALIA. BR. Brown.

Sepals spreading, equal at the base. Petals unequal, with the
2 that point away from the stem larger than the others; or equal,
entire, wich short claws. Filaments with an ovate membranous
basal scalelike appendage on the inside close to the base. Pods
compressed at right angles to the replum, notched and obcordate
at the apex, concave above, convex beneath, orbicular-oval or
obovate ; valves keeled down the back, their keel produced into a
narrow wing, which is most developed towards the apex ; style very
short. Seeds 2 in each cell of the pod, roundish, very slightly
compressed, not margined.

Small, nearly glabrous annuals. Radical leaves numerous, in a
rosette, deeply pinnatifid or sub-lyrate; stem leaves few or none,

CRUCIFER®. 209

oblanceolate or elliptical, attenuated at the base, toothed or entire.
Flowers white, in corymbs which afterwards elongate into racemes.

This genus of plants was named after Mr. Robert Teesdale, who was gardener at
Castle Howard, and author of a Catalogue of Plants growing in that neighbourhood,
which was published by the Linnean Society in their “ Transactions.”

SPECIES I—TEESDALIA NUDICAULILS. BR. Brown.
Pirate CL.*

Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. VI. Fig. 4189.

T. Iberis, D. C. Syst. Vol. II. p. 392. Loreaw, Fl. du Centre de la Fr. ed. iii. Vol. II.
p. 59.

Tberis nudicaulis, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 327.

Flowers radiant, with the 2 petals farthest from the axis larger
than the others. Stamens 6.

On gravelly commons and waste places, and in hedge-banks.
Not uncommon in England, but rather rare in Scotland, except near
Aberdeen; the county of Moray and the neighbourhood of Glasgow
being its northern limit, so far as is known.

England, Scotland. Annual. Spring, Summer.

Stem solitary, erect, or one erect in the middle and several
ascending ones round it, 3 to 18 inches high. Radical leaves very
numerous, spreading into a rosette, 1 to 2 inches long, oblanceolate,
stalked, deeply pinnatifid with a few short rounded lobes projecting
at ri ight angles to the petiole, and a rather large terminal lobe which
is often again divided into 3 smaller lobes. “Stem leaves few, only
produced on the lateral stems, the one from the centre of the rosette
being leafless; lowest stem leaves similar to the radical ones, but
less deeply pinnatifid ; Babes ones oblanceolate, nearly or quite
entire. Flowers about ;'; inch across, white. Petals oblanceolate,
the inner ones slightly exceeding the sepals, the outer ones twice as
long. Fruiting raceme 2 to 9 inches long, with the pedicels } to
2 inch long, spreading or divaricate. Pod about § inch long by
s inch broad, slightly enlarged towards the apex, where it is obcor-
date; wing extremely narrow; style not half the length of the
apical notch. Seeds pale reddish brown, finely punctured. Plant
deep greyish green, almost or quite glabrous.

Shepherd’s Cress.

French, Téesdalie Irréguliére. German, Kahlstengelige Teesdalee,

* The Plate is E. B. 327, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.
25

210 ENGLISH BOTANY.

GENUS XXYIT—HUTCHINSIA. BR. Brown.

Sepals nearly erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire.
Filaments without wings or appendages. Pods compressed at
right angles to the replum, flattish above, convex beneath, oval,
scarcely notched at the apex; valves keeled down the back, but
not winged; style almost none. Seeds 2 in each cell of the pod,
oblong-ovoid, compressed, not margined.

Small, nearly glabrous annuals. Ladical leaves in a rosette,
but decaying early; stem leaves numerous, all deeply pinnatifid.
Flowers small, white, disposed in corymbs which afterwards
elongate into short racemes.

This genus of plants was named after Miss Hutchins, of Belfast, a lady whose name
is greatly regarded by botanists, and who contributed largely to the information given

in the first edition of the “ English Botany” by Sir J. E. Smith, who acknowledges his
obligations to her, especially as regards submarine plants.

SPECIES I—HUTCHINSIA PETRAA., BR. Brown.
Puate CLI.*

Teesdalia petrea, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. II. Yet. Tab. VI. Fig. 4190.
Lepidium petreum, Linn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No, 111.

Petals scarcely longer than the sepals, oblanceolate. Pod rounded
at the base, obtuse, and very slightly notched at the apex.

On limestone rocks, and on walls in the West of England from
Somerset to Yorkshire; also naturalized on the walls of Eltham
churchyard, in Kent.

England. Annual. Spring.

Stem branched, especially near the base, 1 to 3 inches high.
Radical leaves stalked, almost pinnate, with small elliptical rather
distant segments, the terminal one not larger than the others ;
stem leaves similar, but much shorter, sessile, and with the
segments more evidently connected together. Flowers about
wp inch across. Fruit pedicels spreading, § to + inch long. Pod
about 345 inch long by 5 inch broad, very slightly attenuated
towards the apex. Seeds pale reddish brown, finely punctured.
Plant green, often with a reddish tinge, clothed with short scattered
hairs, those on the stem starlike.

Rock THutchinsia.

* The Plate is E. B. 111, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby

CRUCIFERA. 20

Trips X.—LEPIDINE.

Cotyledons flat, 7. e. bent over close to the base, with the radicle
lying on the back of one of them (incumbent), or bent over in the
middle, the lower portion being in the same line as the radicle, the
upper portion lying against the radicle, which is on the back of one
of them. Pod short and broad, compressed at right angles to the
direction of the replum, generally opening by 2 convex valves, with
frequently a wing down the central line of the back or part farthest
from the replum.

GENUS XXTIT—CAPSELLA. Monch, in D. C.

Sepals nearly erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire, or
none. Filaments without wings or appendages. Pods compressed
at right angles to the replum, wedge-shaped, obovate, obcordate at
the apex or elliptical-ovoid; valves keeled but not winged; style
short. Seeds rather numerous, oblong-ovoid, not margined. A
genus of which one of the species (C. Bursa-pastoris) has the habit
of Thlaspi, the others that of Hutchinsia.

The name of this genus is a diminutive of capsula, a capsule.

SPECIES I—CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS. Wénch.
Prate CLII.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Hely. Vol. IL. ZVetr. Tab. XI. Fig. 4229.
Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1485. G'r. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. 1. p. 147,

Stem leaves sessile, amplexicaul, oblong-lanceolate, hastate-
sagittate at the base. Pod nearly flat, wedge-shaped or obovate-
wedgeshaped, truncate-emarginate or obcordate at the apex.

In waste and cultivated ground, and by roadsides. Very
common throughout the whole of Britain.

‘England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual. Spring to Autumn.

Stem erect, 6 inches to 2 feet high. Radical leaves in a rosette,
oblanceolate, varying from very deeply pinnatifid to quite entire ;
stem leaves rather distant, variable in shape and outline, produced
at the base into two rather acute auricles which are sometimes
parallel and sometimes divergent. Flowers corymbose, white, about
yo inch across. Petals oblanceolate, about half as long again as the
sepals. Fruit pedicels spreading, } to?inch long. Podito inch

* The Plate is E. B. 1485, unaltered.

212 ENGLISH BOTANY.

long, and + to } inch long at the summit, the sides nearly straight,
the apex truncate and emarginate, the lobes on each side of the
style slightly rounded; style about half as long as the lobes.
Seeds cylindrical-oblong, reddish brown, coarsely punctured. Plant
greyish green, sometimes glabrous and sometimes clothed with
long hairs and stellate down.
Common Shepherd's Purse, Poor Man's Parmacetic,
St. James’s Weed, Cassweed.

French, Capselle Bourse a-Pasteur. German, Gemeiner Hirtentischel, Ttschelkraut.

This little plant is known to every wayfarer, and is seen in every garden, where it
grows far too rapidly to be pleasant to the gardener. When cultivated in a rich soil it
attains a much larger size than when living as a weed on wild bits of ground. In
America it is used as a green vegetable, and is cultivated about Philadelphia for that
purpose. It was formerly employed as an astringent against spitting of blood, bleeding
at the nose, and as a styptic to wounds,

GENUS XXIV—LEPIDIUM. Linn.

Sepals short, erect or spreading, equal at the base. Petals
equal, entire, or none. Filaments without wings or appendages,
2 or 4 of them sometimes abortive or absent. Pod generally
compressed at right angles to the replum, and usually more convex
on the lower than on the upper surface, variable in shape but
generally oval or orbicular, more or less notched at the apex, more
rarely scarcely compressed and constricted between the valves so
as to be didymous; valves keeled down the back, with the keel
frequently, but not always, produced into a wing, usually leaving
the seeds attached to the placentze round the replum when they
separate, more rarely closed over the seed and covering it with
them; style almost none or elongate. Seeds 1 (or very rarely 2) in
each cell, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, more rarely compressed. Embryo
with the cotyledons folded over at the point where they join the
radicle.

Glabrous or hairy herbs or undershrubs. Flowers small, white,
in corymbs or very short racemes, which afterwards elongate.

The name Lepidium comes from Nemec (epis, lepidos), a scale, in allusion to tue
form of the pods, which resemble little scales.

Sus-Genus I.—NASTURTIASTRUM. Gr. & Godr.
Pod orbicular or oval, compressed, entire or scarcely notched
at the apex; valves keeled, but not winged or very slightly so;

cotyledons entire.

CRUCIFER. 213

SPECIES L—LEPIDIUM LATIFOLIUM. Jin.
Pratt CLIII.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. X. Fig. 4219.

Rootstock thick, branched. Radical leaves not in a rosette, on
long stalks, oval-oblong; stem leaves lanceolate, sessile, all finely
toothed or entire. Petals twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 6.
Pod lenticular, oval-orbicular, very indistinctly notched at the apex,
slightly downy; valves keeled but not winged; style none.

In salt marshes and in wet sandy places near the sea. Rather
rare, and possibly not native in many of the stations recorded for
it. Essex and Norfolk seem to be the counties in which it has
most claims to be considered indigenous. In Scotland it grows at
Tantallan Castle, Berwickshire, and about Weems and Donibristle
in Fifeshire, but cannot be considered as more than a naturalized
plant.

England, {Scotland,| Ireland. Perennial. Late Summer
and Autumn.

Rootstock long, emitting numerous subterranean stolons, and
producing erect stems paniculately branched at the top and 2 to 4
feet high. Radical leaves on long stalks, very large, the lamina 6 to
10 inches long by 3 or 4 broad, somewhat resembling those of the
Horseradish in shape but more abrupt and rounded at the base,
persistent ; stem leaves, except the lowest, sessile, but all more or
less narrowed towards the base and more gradually so towards the
apex. Branches of the stem forming a panicle, each branch having
one terminal and several lateral corymbs of small white flowers;
corymbs with 1 to 38 bracts on their stalks. Flowers about ;5inch
across; petals obovate; corymbs scarcely lengthening into racemes
when in fruit. Fruit pedicels about $ inch long. Pod about 5/5 inch
long, sometimes abortive. Seeds very small, oblong-ovoid, com-
pressed, dark reddish brown, finely punctured. Whole plant glabrous
and dull glaucous green.

Broad-leaved Pepperwort, Poor Man’s Pepper.
French, Passerage & Larges Feuilles. German, Breithlattriges Pfeferkraut, or Kresse.

This plant, from its hot pungent taste, was much used as a condiment before the
various substitutes for Pepper became common. It was sometimes called Dittander, and
under that name was cultivated in cottage gardens. An iufusion of the leaves is emetic,
and from this action it was probably considered to be valuable as a remedy in colic,
We find Pliny, quoted by Gerarde, to say: “It is of the number of scorching and

* The Plate is E. B. 182, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

214 ENGLISH BOTANY.

blistering simples, and therefore by his hot quality it mendeth the skin in the face, and
taketh away scabs, scars, and manginess if anything remain after the healing of ulcers
and such like.”

SPECIES IL—LEPIDIUM RUDERALE. Linn.
Pirate CLIV.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. X. Fig. 4215.

Rootstock none. Radical leaves in a rosette, stalked, very
deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate), with the segments usually
again pinnatifid or lobed; stem leaves pinnatifid with marrow
entire lobes, the uppermost ones sessile, strap-shaped, and entire,
without auricles at the base. Petals very rarely present. Stamens
usually only 2. Pods lenticular, oval-orbicular, distinctly notched
at the apex, glabrous; valves keeled, with the keel almost
expanded into a wing at the summit; style none.

In waste places, especially near the sea, in the East and South
of England. Apparently most frequent in Norfolk, Suffolk, and
Essex ; and occurring also on ballast hills in South Wales, York-
shire, and Fifeshire.

England, [Scotland,] Ireland. Annual. Summer, Autumn.

Stem erect, 6 inches to 1 foot high, corymbosely branched,
with numerous spreading or ascending branches in the upper part.
Radical leaves in a rosette, decaying early, as indeed most of
the pinnatifid stem leaves do before the fruit is mature, so that
then only the narrow strap-shaped entire ones remain. Flowers
corymbose, appearing greenish from the absence of the petals.
Fruit raceme rather elongate. Pedicels spreading or slightly
ascending, } to 33; inch long. Pods about 7g inch long, rather more
convex below than above; valves very slightly winged at the top,
and projecting into a small rather obtuse lobe on each side of the
sessile stigma. Seeds yellowish brown, oblong-oblanceolate, much
compressed, finely punctured. Whole plant dull green, with the
stem, leaves, and peduncles slightly pubescent.

Narrow - leaved Pepperwort, Rubbish Pepperwort.
French, Passerage des Décombres. German,.Schutt-Pfefferkraut.

Sus-Genus II.—CARDAMON. D.C.

Pod oval, orbicular, much compressed, notched at the apex;
valves keeled, distinctly winged. Cotyledons tripartite.

* The Plate is E. B. 1595, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER®. 215

SPECIES IF.—LEPIDIUM SATIVUM. Zinn.
Pratt CLV.*
Reich. Tc. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IT. Tetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4212.

Rootstock none. MJadical leaves in a rosette, stalked, very
deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate) with the segments again
pinnatifid or lobed; stem leaves pinnatifid, with a few long
narrow segments which are sometimes again pinnatifid, or with
small projecting teeth or lobes towards the apex; the uppermost
ones sessile, strap-shaped, and entire, without auricles at the base.
Petals twice as long as the sepals. Stamens 6. Pod lenticular,
sub-orbicular, distinctly notched at the apex, glabrous; valves
conspicuously winged towards the top, forming a rounded lobe on
each side of the style, and separated by a rather narrow sinus ;
style half as long as the notch. Seeds elliptical- or oblone-
prismatical, compressed.

On rubbish heaps. Not uncommon, but without any claims to
be considered indigenous, the seeds being always of garden origin.

[ England, Scotland]. Annual. Summer.

Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, much branched in the upper part,
the branches ascending-erect. Radical leaves soon decaying; stem
leaves with rather distant lobes, all narrowed towards the base.
Flowers white, about 74 inch across. Fruiting raceme long.
Pedicels erect, closely applied to the stem, § to} inch long. Pod
about 4 inch long, and very nearly as broad. Seeds pale reddish
brown, finely punctured, generally 3-sided. The cotyledons are
curious, being divided into 3 lobes of which the centre is the
longest. Whole plant glaucous, nearly glabrous, or with small
distant hairs.

Garden Cress.

French, Passerage Cultivée. German, Gartenkresse,

This species is well known as the common Garden Cress. It is a native of the
East, but has now become naturalized, It ranks among gardeners as the principal of
small salads, The varieties are: 1, The plain-leaved, chiefly cultivated ; 2, The curled-
leaved, used principally as a garnish ; 3, The broad-leaved, which is less used as a salad
than as a food for young turkeys. All varieties are raised from seed, and are of very
rapid growth. They are sometimes raised on porous earthenware vessels of a conical
form, having small gutters for retaining the seed. These are called pyramids, and are
somewhat ornamental in winter, and afford repeated gatherings.

* Drawn by Mr. J. E. Sowerby from a specimen from Wimbledon Common.

216 ENGLISH BOTANY.

Sun-Genvus III.—LEPIA. D.C.

Pod ovate or oval-oblong, flattish or concave above, convex
beneath, distinctly notched at the apex; valves keeled and broadly
winged, especially towards the summit. Cotyledons entire.

SPECIES IV.—LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE. 2. Brown.
Puate CLVI.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. IT. Zetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4214,
Thlaspi campestris, Zinn. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1385.

No rootstock. Stem sub-solitary, erect. Radical leaves in a
rosette, stalked, oblanceolate or spatulate, entire, toothed or sub-
lyrate; stem leaves (except the very lowest) sessile, amplexicaul,
oblong, lanceolate or strap-shaped, entire or toothed, with acute
slightly diverging auricles at the base. Petals a very little longer
than the sepals. Stamens 6. Pod shortly ovate-oblong, notched at
the apex, covered with small vesicles or papillee ; valves keeled from
the base to the apex, where the wings are broadest and project into
a rounded lobe on each side of the style, separated by a deltoid
sinus; style scarcely exceeding the notch. Seeds oblong, com-
pressed, somewhat curved.

In cultivated fields, on dry banks, and by roadsides. Rather
common in England, but less so in Scotland, where, probably,
several of the localities from which it has been reported really
belong to L. Smithii; Fifeshire and Kincardineshire being the
only Scotch counties in which I have myself met with it.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial. Summer.

Stem erect, solitary or 2 or 3 from the same rosette, 1 to
2 feet high, usually more or less corymbosely branched in the
upper part; branches ascending. Radical leaves decaying early,
varying from entire to lyrate-pinnatifid; stem leaves numerous,
sagittate-hastate, entire or denticulate. Flowers white, about
j's inch across; anthers yellow. Fruiting raceme very long.
Pedicels spreading or slightly declined, } to + inch long. Pods
about + inch long, slightly concave above, very convex near the
base beneath; exclusive of the wing the pod is ovate-deltoid, and
including the wing ovate-oblong, obcordate at the apex. Seeds
dark brown, coarsely punctured. Whole plant greyish green,

* The Plate is E. B. 1385, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFERZ. ALF

downy all over, rarely glabrous. Pedicels hispid, with spreading
hairs. Pod sometimes hairy, but usually with only small raised
vesicles resembling scales when dry.

The style should be examined in mature pods, as it considerably
exceeds the notch until the wings are fully developed.

Common Mithridate Pepperwort, Cow Cress.

French, Passerage des Champs. German, Veld-Pfefferkraut.

SPECIES V.—LEPIDIUM SMITHII. ook
Pirate CLVII.*

L. hirtum (in part), Sm. Eng. Fl. Vol. III. p. 16 (non Linneus).
L. heterophyllum /3, canescens, Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 150.
Thlaspi hirtum, Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1803.

Rootstock woody, simple, or branched at top. Stems numerous,
ascending. Radical leaves oblanceolate or elliptical, attenuated
at the base into a footstalk; stem leaves (except the very
lowest) sessile, amplexicaul, oblong or lanceolate; all entire or
toothed, with long acute sub-parallel auricles. Petals rather more
than half as long again as the sepals. Stamens 6. Pod sub-
rhomboidal - ovate, glabrous or with a few small inconspicuous
vesicles; valves keeled from the base to the apex, where the wings
are broadest and project into a sub-triangular rounded lobe on
each side of the style, separated by a broad shallow notch ;
style twice as long as the notch. Seeds prismatical-ovoid, coarsely
punctured.

In pasture fields and waste places, and by roadsides. Not
uncommon in England; and in Scotland more common than
L. campestre, reaching as far north as Morayshire and Dumbarton-
shire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Perennial. Spring, Summer.

Very like L. campestre, but the woody rootstock produces
many more stems, from 6 to 18 inches long, decumbent at the
base and curving upwards at the extremity, where they are fre-
quently corymbosely branched. The stem leaves are shorter, more
sagittate at the base, and generally more distinctly toothed; the
flowers larger ; the anthers violet. The pods are extremely similar,
but in the present species a little more narrowed towards the base,

* The Plate is E. B. 1803, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby, and the pod
of L. hirtum omitted.
Jae

218 ENGLISH BOTANY.

and considerably so towards the apex, which is less deeply notched
on account of the wings not being so much developed. ‘The surface
of the pods is elabrous, with but a slight trace of the vesicular
papillae which form so conspicuous a feature in those of L. cam-
pesive. The style is a little longer than in that species, and projects
conspicuously beyond the notch. The seeds are shorter and more
regularly oblong-ovoid. The stem and pedicels are hispid, with
short spreading hairs. The leaves vary from being downy to quite
glabrous, in which latter case it is probably the form distinguished
as L. heterophyllum (Bentham), of which, however, I have seen no
authentic specimens.

Smooth Field Pepperwort.

Suzs-Genus IV.—CARDARIA. D.C.

Pod cordate - deltoid, sub-didymous from being constricted
between the valves, which are convex both above and_ below,
indistinctly keeled, and not at all winged. Cotyledons entire.

SPECIES VI—LEPIDIUM DRABA. Linn
Puate CLVIIIL*
Cardaria Draba, Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Tetr. Tab. IX. Fig. 4211.

Cardaria Draba, De Vaux, Journal Bot. Vol. III. p. 163.
Cochlearia Draba, Zinn. Sp. Pl. ed. ii. p. 904.

Rootstock slender, woody. Stems sub-solitary, flexuous, ascend-
ing. Radical leaves obovate, stalked. Stem leaves sessile; the
lower ones obovate, slightly sagittate at the base; upper ones
oblong-oval, ovate or lanceolate, amplexicaul, with very large
converging auricles. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals.
Stamens 6. Pod rather broader than long, reniform - deltoid,
constricted between the valves, which have no wing; style more
than half as long as the pod. Seeds obovate-ovoid, coarsely
punctured.

In fields and waste ground, but certainly not native. Battersea
Fields and railway banks near Forest Hill, Surrey; near Rams-
gate, Dartford, and Woolwich, Kent; near Oakington, Cambridge-
shire; in several places in Essex; Swansea, Glamorgan; and also
in Cheshire, Worcester, and a few other counties.

[England]. Perennial. Summer.

* The Plate is E. B. 8. 2683, with a pod added by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER. 219

Rootstock branched, producing barren tufts of radical leaves
and zigzag stems 1 to 2 feet long, corymbosely branched at
the summit. Radical leaves stalked, dentate or sinuate, those
on the flowering stems decayed by the time the flowers expand ;
lower stem leaves much narrowed towards the base, where they are
again expanded into 2 small acute auricles; upper leaves varying
from ovate to lanceolate, with very large acute (or more rarely
obtuse) auricles meeting in front of the stem. Flowers white, about
+ inch across, with the petals broadly obovate, attenuated into a
long slender claw. Fruiting raceme short. Pedicels spreading,
about 4 inch long. Pod (exclusive of style) about § inch long by +
broad when equally developed; but this is rarely the case, as one
of the valves is usually larger than the other, and the seed in the
smaller valve is generally abortive; valves much contracted where
they meet each other, so as to carry the seed with them when
they fall off; the surfaces with small vesicular papillee. Seeds dark
brown. Plant sub-glabrous or with adpressed hairs, glaucous.

Whitlow Pepperwort.

French, Passerage Drave.

GENUS XXV—SENEBIERA. D.C.

Sepals short, spreading, equal at the base. Petals equal, entire,
or none. Stamens without wings or appendages, 2 or 4 of them
sometimes abortive or absent. Pod compressed at right angles
to the replum, transversely ovoid or reniform, with radiating or
transverse irregular ridges, notched or pointed at the apex, con-
stricted between the valves so as to be didymous; valves without
wings, not separating, or, if they do, closed over the seed and
carrying it with them ; style none, or short. Seeds 1 in each cell
of the pod, roundish-ovoid, scarcely compressed. Embryo with
the cotyledons folded over on themselves above the base.

Small annual or biennial herbs, diffusely branched; primary
axis reduced to a sub-sessile leafless inflorescence. Flowers small,
white, in lateral and terminal corymbs afterwards lengthening
into short racemes.

This genus of plants was named in honour of John de Senebier, of Geneva, a
vegetable physiologist.

220 ENGLISH BOTANY.

SPECIES I-SENEBIERA DIDYMA. Pers.
Pirate CLIX.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Zetr. Tab. 1X. Fig. 4209.

8. pinnatifida, D. C. Syst. Vol. IT. p.523. Gr. & Godr. Fl. de Fr. Vol. I. p. 154.
Coronopus didyma, Sm. Brit. Fl. Vol. IIL. p. 691.

Lepidium didymum, Zinn. Mant. XCII. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 248.

Petals shorter than the sepals, or none. Pods transversely
ovoid, notched both at the base and apex, much constricted
between the valves so as to be didymous; valves deciduous,
roundish-ovoid, their surface with waved transverse ridges ana-
stomosing in the middle, but not projecting in points beyond the
margins; stigma sessile in the apical notch.

In waste ground and on roadsides in the southern and western
counties of England. Probably wild in Cornwall, Devon, Somer-
set, Hants, South Wales, and Carnarvonshire; but north of the
latter county, and on the east coast, and in a few of the inland
counties, it cannot be considered as more than an escape from
gardens.

England, Ireland. Annual or Biennial. Summer, Autumn.

Stems all lateral, procumbent, spreading, somewhat dicho-
tomously branched towards the extremity, 6 inches to 1 foot
long. Leaves stalked, the uppermost sessile, all deeply pinnatifid
(almost pinnate) ; segments of the radical and lower stem leaves
obovate or oblanceolate, divided into slender acute lobes princi-
pally on the side directed towards the apex of the leaf, those of the
upper leaves narrower and more entire. Inflorescence in sessile
corymbs, one (the central axis) in the middle of the stems; the
others opposite the leaves or in the forks of the branches. Flowers
white, 35 inch across; petals white, not exceeding the sepals, but
most usually absent; stamens with seldom more than 2 of the
filaments bearing anthers. Fruiting raceme short but rather lax;
pedicels spreading, } to } inch long, slender. Pods 3g inch long
by y inch broad; the valves containing the seeds falling off very
readily, and then bearing some resemblance to the achenes of one of
the Batrachian Ranunculi. Seeds pale yellowish brown, reniform,
punctate-striate. Embryo with the lower part of the cotyledons
in the same line as the radicle, the upper part folded over so as to
bring the tip of the back of one of them against the radicle, much
as in Subularia; but in that the cotyledons are straight or slightly

* The Plate is E. B. 248, with additions by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

CRUCIFER®. 221

convex towards the outside above the fold, while in the present
plant they are concave to the outside. Leaves somewhat fleshy,
deep green, glaucous. Stem and pedicels slightly hairy.

Lesser Wart Cress.

French, Sénébiére & Silicules Jumelles. German, Zweiknotige Feldkresse.

SPECIES II1I—SENEBIERA CORONOPUS. Poir.
Pirate CLX.*

Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. II. Teér. Tab. IX. Fig. 4210.
Coronopus Ruellii, Gaert. Vol. II. p. 293. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 1660.
Cochlearia Coronopus, Zinn. Sp. Pl. p. 904.

Petals longer than the sepals. Pods reniform, much compressed,
emarginate at the base, but with a pyramidal point at the apex,
with a furrow between the valves, but not didymous ; valves not
deciduous, their surface rugose, with prominent waved ridges,
which project beyond the edges of the valves, forming compressed
tubercles, and these ridges are generally connected by smaller
transverse wrinkles; style forming the apex of the pyramidal point.

In waste ground and by roadsides. Common in the South and
East of England; rare in Scotland, where it is confined to the
coast, reaching its northern limit in Moray and Wigtonshire.

England, Scotland, Ireland. Annual or Biennial.

Stems all lateral, prostrate, spreading, somewhat dichotomously
branched towards the extremity, 2 to 12 inches long. Leaves
stalked, deeply pinnatifid (almost pinnate) ; segments of the radical
and lower stem leaves obovate or oblanceolate, divided into short
lobes principally on the side directed towards the apex of the leaf,
those of the upper leaves narrower and more entire. Inflorescence
in sessile corymbs, one (the central axis) in the middle of the stems,
the others opposite the leaves. Flowers white, ;'9 inch across ; petals
one-fourth as long again as the sepals, which are more persistent
than in 8. didyma; stamens generally all perfect. Fruiting raceme
very short and dense ; pedicels spreading, 3'5 inch long, very thick.
Pods § inch long by ; inch broad, varying (even on the same plant)
in the degree of prominence of the ridges, and the presence or
absence of connecting cross wrinkles; when these are present, the
surface is honeycombed ; the furrow between the valves deeper on

* The Plate is E. B. 1660, with additions by Mr. J. E. Sowerby.

222 ENGLISH BOTANY.

the upper side than on the lower. Seeds resembling those of
S. didyma, but scarcely curved and twice as large. Plant deep
green, rather fleshy, entirely glabrous.

Common Wart Cress, Swine’s Cress.
French, Sénébiére Corne de Cerf. German, Gemeine Feldkresse.
This little plant has a very active flavour of a mustard and cress character, every

part of it, seed-pods and all, partaking of it. It is called Swine’s Cress, because pign
are said to indulge in it.

TripE XI.—ISATIDEA.

Cotyledons flat, ¢.e. bent over close to the base, with the
radicle lying on the back of one of them (incumbent). Pod short
and rather broad, compressed at right angles to the plane of
the junction of the valves (there being no replum), 1-celled and
1-seeded ; valves not separating at all, or only opening a little way.

GENUS XXVI—ISATIS. Linn.

Sepals spreading, equal atthe base. Petals equal, entire, with
short claws. Stamens without wings or appendages. Pod oval-
oblong or linear, flattened, the greater portion of it consisting
of the enormously developed wings of the valves; the cell itself
occupying a small space in the middle, and containing a single
seed; valves not separating; stigma sessile. Seeds prismatic-
cylindrical, not margined.

Annual or biennial, erect, branched herbs, with the stem
leaves sagittate. Flowers generally yellow, in compound corym-
bose panicles made up of numerous small simple corymbs, which
lengthen into very short racemes in fruit. Pedicels very slender.
Pod large, pendulous, articulated to the pedicels.

The name of this genus comes from wafw (isazo), to render equal, the plant being
supposed to destroy by its application all roughness and inequalities of the skin. All
the species yield a blue dye, which is used by dyers. It is often used as a substitute
for indigo, which it greatly resembles.

SPECIES L-ISATIS TINCTORIA. Linn.
Pruate CLXI.*
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. et Helv. Vol. I. Zetr. Tab. 1V. Fig. 4177.

Radical leaves slightly denticulate or crenate; stem leaves

* Drawn from KE. B. 97, and corrected from a Guildford specimen by Mr. J. E.
Suwerby,

CRUCIFER®. 292

amplexicaul, sagittate, entire. Pods narrowly oblong, slightly

narrowed towards the base, truncate or rounded at the apex.
In cultivated fields and in chalk-pits, but certainly not native,

and scarcely even naturalized except in the chalk-pits near Guildford,

Surrey.
[ England, Scotland]. Biennial. Early Summer.

Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, branched at the top. Radical
leaves ovate or lanceolate, attenuated at the base into long
footstalks. Stem leaves sessile, sagittate at the base; the lower
ones oblanceolate ; upper ones oblong - lanceolate or "lanceolate.
Corymbs crowded at the ends of the branches. Flowers about } inch
across ; sepals yellow; petals narrowly oblanceolate, twice as long
as the sepals, TELE Fruiting raceme very short ; pedicels very
slender, deflexed, + to 3 inch long. Pods pendulous, about 2 inch
long and % inch broad, glabrous, at first straw - coloured, but
purplish brown when ripe; the pod itself, which contains the seed,
is elliptical, with a longitudinal rib prolonged beyond the base and
apex until it reaches the base and apex of the wing, which is rather
more than thrice as broad as the cell of the pod, and much less hard
in consistency. Seeds yellowish brown, three times as long us
broad. Radical leaves not glabrous, with short distant hairs; stem
leaves glabrous and glaucous. Stem glabrous towards the top, ancl
nearly so throughout.

Dyer’s Woad.
French, Pastel des Teinturiers. German, Firber- Waid.

The history of Woad as a British plant commences with that of this island, when
Cesar found the natives stained with it. At this time it must have been a plentiful
inhabitant of the country, but afterwards, probably from its extensive use, it became less
common, and we find, our Saxon forefathers importing Woad to dye their homespun
cloth. Their name for it was Wad, or Waad, whence the English word in use for the
colour itself. The plant is still cultivated in this country on account of its colouring
properties, chiefly in Lincolnshire, and is used not so much to produce a blue colour
on cloths as to form a base or mordant for a black dye. The cultivation of Woad was
formerly carried on by people who devoted themselves entirely to it ; and as crops of
the plant are not successful for more than two years on the same piece of land, they
never stayed long in one place, but hiring land in various districts, led a wandering life
with their families, and gained their living by their crops ; now, however, many farmers
devote a portion of their land to the growth of Woad, alternating the spots year after
year. The foliage is the part of the plant used ; the leaves are picked off first when
the herb is in flower, the lower ones being taken just when turning yellowish ; the
gathering is repeated three or four times at intervals of a few weeks ; but the first
picking is the best. The leaves are dried a little in the sun, then they are ground in
a mill to a pasty mass, which is formed into heaps exposed to the air, but protected
from rain, until it ferments. A crust which forms over it is carefully prevented from
breaking, and when fermentation is complete, usually in about a fortnight, the mass is

994 ENGLISH BOTANY.

again mixed up and formed into cakes. Before being used by the dyer, these cakes have
to be again broken up, moistened, and subjected to further fermentation : much of the
quality of the dye is said to depend on the way in which this operation is performed.
The colour is brought out by mixing an infusion of the Woad thus prepared with lime-
water. The best Woad is worth £20 or more a ton, although its price has declined
since the extensive introduction of indigo, to which it is inferior in richness of colour,
but is more permanent. Some time ago the Woad was recommended as a fodder plant,
and has been so employed in France and Belgium; but our farmers do not consider it a
remunerative investment in comparison with our own root and leaf crops. The interest
of this plant is considerable, when we consider the antiquity of its use, and its connection
with the earliest attempts at personal decoration by our forefathers, to whom it supplied,
according to historians and poets, all the requirements of a fashionable toilette.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

VELLA ANNOUA. Lin. (EB. 1442.)

Said to have been found on Salisbury Plain. Probably a
mistake, as the Rev. W. W. Newbould informs me that the plant
which represents it in the Sloane Herbarium is Reseda lutea.

MALCOMIA MARITIMA. 2&. Brown.

Has been found near Dover. No doubt an escape from culti-
vation. it does not now grow in the station recorded for it.

CARDAMINE BELLIDIFOLIA. Linn. (EB. 2355.)

The only authority for this plant is Withering, in whose Her-
barium two examples of it are preserved, said to be from Scotland.
The other stations recorded for it have been by mistaking Arabis
stricta or hirsuta, and Cochlearia alpina for Cardamine bellidifolia,
as shown by the Sloane Herbarium, ete.

ALYSSUM INCANUM. Linn

Has been recorded from near Lewes and Weymouth, but is not
permanently established in Britain.

LEPIDIUM HIRTUM. Linn

Smith confounded this plant with L. Smithii, but he sent
two pods of the true plant to be drawn for ‘“ English Botany.”
A plant in the Sloane Herbarium from the Welsh mountains may
be L. hirtum, but has the pods broader and more oval.

INDEX TO LATIN NAMES

[Species in CAPITALS, Sub-species in small letters, and Synonyms in «taétes.]

PLATE PAGE

ACONT'TUM
—— NAPEL'LUS, Linn. ......

ACTAVA

— SPICATA, Linn.........-- XLIX.
ADO'NIS
—— AUTUMNATIS, Linn, .... XIII.
ALLIA'RIA
oficind'lis, Andrz. ......++2+++++C.
ALYS'SUM
— CALYCI'NUM, Linn, ..CXXXIX.
[inca‘num, Linn.], eeaiedled ae
— MARITIMUM, Lamarck.. “CXL.
— sativum, Sm. ........+.-- _. CXLI.
ANEMO'NE
— APENNINA, Linn. .......--- x.
— NEMOROSA, Jinn.........-- XI.

— PULSATIL'LA, Jinn. ........
— RANUNCULOIDES, Linn.

AQUILE'GIA
— VULGA‘RIS, Linn. ........

AR’ABIS
—— cilia’ta, R. Brown ........--
— Cramizia'na, Ehrh.? ........

hirsuta, Auct. Angl........-

—— hispida, Linn. fil. .......... CXIII.
—— PERFOLIATA, Lamarck ..CXIX.
—— PETRAVA, Lamarck .....- CXIII.
—— sagittata, D.C. Scpopco od PW
—— STRICTA, Huds...... eieinteie| OGL Vis
— THALIANA, Linn........- CXV.
—— TURRITA, Lim.........CXVIII.
ARMORA'CIA

amphib'ia, “ Koch.”

BARBARH'A

——- arcua'ta, Retch.....ceseeeees

XLVIII.

IX.
Aap-@ ile

XLVI.

CXVII.
CXIII.
—— HIRSUTA........ CXVI. CXVII.
CXVI.

© oe ORV LEE
— rustica'na, “Fl. der Wett.” CXXIX.

CXXI.

64

67

14

146

196
224
197
199

PLATE

BARBARE'A

CU-VUIPATIS 66.600 we ccc neo Ome

interme'dia, Boreaw ......CXXIII.

parviflo'ra, Fries .......... CXXII

Atul, Fries) . 5. 5 <0.as:<'012 6 ORL Vc
—— PRACOX, R. Bree .-- CXXIV.
—— pra'cox, Fries....-.......--- CXXI.
— stric'ta, Andrz. .......000-- CXXITI.

VULGARIS, R. Brown,
CXX. to CXXITTI.

—— vulga'ris, Auct. Plur. ........CXX,

BATRA'CHIUM

—— circina'tum, Fries ..........:- XV.
heterophyllum, Fries ........ XIX,

pelta'tum, Fries .... XVII. XVIII.
BER’BERIS

— VULGA/RIS, Linn. .......... LI.
BRAS'SICA

ADPRESSA, Bois, .... LXXXVI.
INUABYNG TEES Soo og soo O OO] ING
BRE'VIPES ........ XCIV. XCV.
campestris, Zinn, ...... LXXXIX.
Cheiran'thus, Vill. ........-. XCII.
eu-monen'sis ............-.+- SCL.
MONEN'SIS, Huds. .. XCI. XCII.
monen'sis, Auct. Plur. ........ XCI.
NUTS HIG Ot Sal cre ofevalatalaoleleiate XCIV.
Na'pus, Linn. ........ LX XXVIII.
NIGRA, Koch.......... LXXXV.
OLERA’CEA, Linn..... LXX XVII.
ontenta/ lis; Winn; ‘sri ciaicleieie) ere) isto OL.
perfoliata, Lamarck............CI,

aCe etal

POLY MOR’PHA,

LXXXVIII. to XC.
—— Ra’'pa, Linn.. Bep.C on
— SINAPIS" TRUM, Boss LXXXIIL,
—— TEN’UIFOLIA, Bois....... XCIIT.
ny VITMINGES DOIN c/n: niele eleie eel e nisin ok OV ia
BU'NTAS
we CORE, MAUS sole) civ c\eisiaicta elememe De

26

PAGE

171
174
173
175
175
172
173

171
171

16
21

19

71

129
125
140
134
139
138
138
138
140
133
129
130
148
148

135
135
124
139
142

117

226 ENGLISH
PLATE PAGE
CAKI'LE
—— MARITIMA, Scop. ...... LXXIX. 117
CAL'THA
—— alpes'tris, Schott? ...........- XI. 52
CAL'THA
—— eu-palus'tris ......... Saqnga0a0 XL. 450
—— flabellifo'lia, Boreau...........XLI. 52
—— Guerangerii, Boreau ..........0.+- 50
— PALUSTRIS, Zinn........... xi; 250.
palustris, Auct. Plur...........XL. 50
—— palustris, Boreau..........-.-- XL. 50
radi‘cans, Forster .....eseeee+XLl. 52
—— riparia, Don 2.0... cece vecccecs 50
vulgaris, Schott... ....seeeeseerece 50
CAMELI'NA
—— denta'ta, “‘Pers.”? Boreau ..CXLII. 200
——— eu-sati'Va .. 22... e eee ee cee CXLI. 199
SSS ENCES, JIE on ognGas0005 CXLIT. 200
—— macrocarpa, Reich........... CXLI. 199
—— SATI'VA, Crantz ..CXLI. CXLIT. 199
— sativa, Fries ..............CXLI. 199
CAPSEL'LA
— BURSA-PASTO'RIS, Ménch. CLIT. 211
CARDAMI'NE
—— AMARA, Tint. ......... +. CVIII. — 157
—— [bellidifo'lia, Zinn.], excluded ...... 224
—— BULBIFERA seenieere OWL nL DG
Gueliienk Prono enonooueceooonou ces Ii)
—— hastuldta, Sm. ......265- > CXIII. 164
—— HIRSU'TA, Linn. ......CX. CXI. 160
hirsuta, Eng. Bot..........-+- CXI. 161
—— hirswita, Auct. Plur. ..........CX.. 160
—— hirsw'ta B, sylvatica, Auct. Plur.CXI. 161
—— JMPA’TIENS,, Zinn... 2.000 CXI.. 161
petre’a, Linn..............-CXIII. 164
—— PRATEN'SIS, Linn. ........CIX. 158
sylvatica, Link. .....+ssseeees CXI. 161
CARDA'RIA
—— Dra'ba, De Vaux........-.CLVIII. 218
CHAM Z'PLIUM
officina'le, Wall. .........++. CVI. 143
—— polycera'tium, Wall.........XCVII. 144
CHEIRAN'THUS
— CHEIRI, Jinn. ....- Bisletisies OVAL. a phoe
—— fruticulo'sus, Linn.........---.-CVI. 154
inca’nus, Linn. .....seesee+---»OV. 152
sinua'tus, Linn. ......-- ++ ate OLiVie Loz
CHELIDO’/NIUM :
corniculatum, Linn...........LXV. 96

BOTANY.

PLATE PAGE

CHELIDO'NIUM

Glau'cium, Linn........+e.+. UX VI.
hyb'ridum, Linn... .... +2... UXTV.
lacinia' tum, Mill. .......... LX VII.
MA'JUS, Linn. wine s Luo Walle

ma'jus, Mill. ..csce+s LXVII.

seen

CLEM’ATIS
—— VITAL/BA, Linn. .... sce cscsierd

COCHLEA’RIA
alpina, Watson ..........CXXXI.
AN’GLICA, Zinn....... CXXXIIL
ARMORACIA, Linn. .... CX XIX.
coronopus, Linn. ....++++-+-- CLXI.
da/nica, Zinn. ......0..- CXXXII.
Dra'ba, Linn. .2.......--- OLWallls
groenlan'dica, Sm. «...+++- CXXXI.
officinalis, Zinn. ..........CXXX.
officinalis a, Hook, & Arn, .. CXXX.
officinalis, var. alpina, Bab... CXXXT.
officinalis y, Hook. & Arn, CX XXII.
POLYMOR'PHA,

CXXX. to CX XXII.

CONRIN'GIA

orienta'lis, Reich. ....+-eeeeeee-

——- thaliana, Reich. ............CXV.
CORO'NOPUS

—— did'yma, Sm.........- scq7037 CLX.
—— Ruel'lii, Gaert...........--+-OLXI.
CORYDA'LIS

== CLAVICULATA, DiC. ta.) 1ixese
—— digita'ta, Pers. .......... UX VIII.
—— UI THA, DiC. cise seis LXIX.

= SOLMBDIAS 00K. | eerocrelstaisy Oe

CRAM'BE
—— MARITIMA, Linn. ...... LXXX.

DELPHIN'IUM

—— AJA/CIS) Reich......... XUVIL. A.
—— CONSOL'IDA, Linn... .. XLVII. 8.
— consolida, Auct. Angl. .. XLVII. A.
—— consol'ida B, pubescens, Lowe XLVIL. A.

DENTA'RIA

—— bulbif'era, Auct. Plur.........CVII.
DIPLOTAX'IS

2 Smurals DiC, cecrtenescerree OL.
—— tenuifolia, D.C.......++ Ae CLUL.

—— vi’minea, D.C. ....0000++++ ++ SCV.

DRA'BA
—— AIZOI'DES, Linn. ....CXX XVII.

97
95
99
99
99

119

62
63
62
62

156

140
139
142

194

INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.

PLATE PAGE

DRA'BA

— brachycar’pa, Jord. (Fig.2) CX XXIV.
(Fig. 1) CXXXIV.
So At Bun dhl): ©: 3:4 "Ang
Se Oarhe?-2-2.4'04
infla'ta, Watson ..(Fig. 3) CXX XIV.
erate wn OR RARV,
pre'cox, Reich. .. (Fig. 2) CX XXIV.
RUPESTRIS, R. Brown CXXXVIT.
-..- CXXXIV.
verna, Reich. .... (Fig. 1) CX XXIV.
verna B, Koch ..(Fig. 2) CX XXIV.

eu-ver'na........
hir'ta, Sm. ....
INCA'NA, Linn.

MURATLIS, Linn.

VER'NA, Linn. ....

ewes:

verna B, Hook. & Arn. (Fig. 3)

CXXXIV.
EPIME’DIUM
— ALPINUM, Jinn. See
ERAN'THIS
—— HYEMA'LIS, Salish. ...... XLII.
EROPH'ILA
—— glabres'cens, Jord... .........-2+-0%
BIEL Lee OL. o12) « v/a.0.0'0;sivisie/-)=/.eis'e ie)

majus cula, Jord. ......+-
stenocar’pa, Jord... ........---+++-:-

ZRUCAS'TRUM

— inca'num, Koch.

ERYSTMUM

— Allia'ria, Linn. .............

—— CHEIRANTHOIDES, Linn.
—— pré@ coz, Sm...............
officina’le, Linn. ............
—— ORIENTA'LE, R. Brown......

—— perfolia'tum, Crantz ..........+.

FICA'RIA

ambigua, Boreau ...

—— ranunculoides, Reich. .... XX XIX.

FUMA’RIA

—— agrdria, Mitt. .......... LXXIII.

— Bastar'di, Boreau ........ LXXIII.
Borz'i, Jord............... UXXIT.

— bulbo'sa y, Linn..........- LXVIII.

CAPREOLATA, Linn.

LXXI. to LXXIV.
ounre LXXIV.
capreola'ta 8, Leighto'nit, Bab. LX XII.
— cupreola'ta y, wedia, Bab... LX XIII.

capreola'ta, Leighton

ec pé coos lOO.

Cc.
— Barbaréa, Linn. ............ Cxx.
2 CLR

ere. 8.2. E1 0,53
—— calthefolia, Reich......... XX XIX.
ranunculoi des, Monch .... XX XIX.

calycina, Bab. ......-..... LXXV.

190
189

193 |
192

191
191
190
193
189
189
190

191

55

189
189
189
189
189

129

PLATE

FUMA'RIA

clavicula'ta, Linn............. LXX.
confu’sa, Jord............. UX XIII.

densiflora, DiC.) 2% n1js< <5 LXXV.
leucan'tha, Viv. Cors..... LXXVIII
hbtea: Tana ss ec.s cis epeieteerete LXIX.

mé dia, Bast. OCCU Moor bp-OMIINE
MICRAN’THA, Lag....... LXXV.
mura'lis, Sonder........... LX XIV.
mura'lis, Boreau .......... UXXII.
OFFICINA'LIS, Linn... .. UX XVI.
officinalis, Benth.

LXXII. to LXXVIII.
pallidiflo'ra, Jord. .......... UX XI.
pallidiflo'ra a, Jorda'ni, Bab. LX XT.
pallidiflora B, Borwi, Bab. .. LX XI.

parviflo’ra, Lamarck .... UXX VIII.
BOL ALD SINY re aetoesctor ae Re LXVIII.
epeciolec,, Tloy ds \ «ro, e\eleta le «let LXXI
TENUISECTA,
LXXVITI. LXXVIII.
— Vaillan'tii, Zois........... LXXVII.
— Vaillan'tii, partly Bab. (E. B. 8.)
LXXVIII.
GLAU'CIUM
—— CORNICULA'TUM, Curt..... LXV.
—— flavum, Crantz ............ LXVI
—— hyb’ridum, Zois. ............ LXIV.

—— LU’TEUM, Scop. .......... LX VI.
—— phenicium, Crantz ..........
viola'ceum, Juss.....

GLY'CE
— maritima, Lindley ..........CXL.

see eee

HELLEB'ORUS
—— FQ@'TIDUS, Linn. .......... XLV.
—— hyema'lis, Linn. ............ XLIIL
— VIRIDIS, linn. .;........X LIV
HES’PERIS

inodo'ra, Linn., Sm. .......... CLIT
— MATRONATLIS, Zinn. ......CIIL
HIRSCHFEL'DIA

adpres'sa, Monch......... LXXXVI
HUTCHIN’'SIA
— PETRA, R. Brown ........ CLI.
IBE'RIS
—— AMA’RA, Linn........... CKLIX.
— nudicau'lis, Linn...............CL.
ISA'TIS
— TINCTORIA ............ CLXII

227

103
107
109
114
102
107
109
108
106
110

115
105
105
105
114
101
105

113
113

114

197

129

228 ENGLISH BOTANY.

PLATE
KO'NIGA
—— maritima, R. Brown......+.+- CXL.
LEPID'IUM
— CAMPESTRE, R. Brown....CLVI.
— did'ymum, Linn. ............CLX.
— DRATBA, Linn...........CLVIII.
— heterophyllum £3, canes'cens, Gr. &
Godr. CLVIL.
—— [hir'tum, Zinn.], excluded ..........
hir'tum, Sm., in part........ CLVIT
—— LATIFO'LIUM, Linn....... CLIII.
-—— petre'um, Linn. ........2.60-- CLI.
—— RUDERA‘LE, Jinn......... CLIV.

—— SATI'VUM, Linn. ..........
— SMITHT'II, Hook...

LOBULARIA

—— maritima, Desy, secccccccrs+OXL.

[MALCO'MTIA

—— maritima, R. Brown], excluded......
MATTHIT/OLA

— INCA'NA, R. Brown...........CV.
— SINUATA, R. Brown........ CIV.
MECONOP'SIS

—— CAM’BRICA, Vig. ......-. LXIII.
MYOSU'RUS

—— MIN'IMUS, Linn. -....-.... XIV.

NASTURTIUM
— AMPHIBIUM,R. Brown,CXXVITI.
— OFFICINA'LE, 2. Brown..CXXYV.
— officina'le, Reich. ..........
—— PALUSTRE, D.C. ...... CXXVII.
— siifo'lium, Reich..

— SYLVESTRE, R Broa: CXXVL
—— terres'tre, R. Brown ...... CXXVII.

NU'PHAR

— interme dium, Ledebour ........ LV.
— LU'TEA, Sm. isjete(elerevsintstey a Lavae
-——— lwtea, var., Benth... ....0se00- LVI.
NIN LING SUI pei chatecioleteleeieninieleeELaals
= UMMA Sine erclelelersieer erent lav ile
NY MPHAA

——— INU iii Gono sedoooopos Ld UW,
PAPA'VER

—— ARGEMONE, linn, ........ LXI.
—— cambdricum, Linn. .......... LXIII.

DUBIUIME Linnic mn cecteiesreriere LIX.
dubium, Lamotte ...... Sekeke LIX.

CXXV.

PAGE

94

15

181
176
176
180
177
179
180

78
78
80
80
80

76

91
94
88

83 |

PLATE PAGE

PAPA'VER

—— duibium, Reich. ...c0ccee. +--+ UX.
— horten’se, Hussenot ......-. LVII. a.
—— HYB’RIDUM, Linn. -- LXII.

—— intermedium, Becker .......-++--02

leviga'tum “M.B.,” Reich. .... LIX.

—— Lamot'tei, Boreau ............ LIX.
—— Lecoq'ii, Lamotte.......+.0++++ LX.
—- [nudicau'le, Linn.], excluded........

officina/le, Gmel. ........-. LVII. B.
RH’AS, Linn.

setig'erum, Godr, ..--+.eee+0

—— SOMNIF’ERUM, Linn. LVII.
—— somnif'erum, Gmel......... LVII. a.
— somnif'erwm, Gr. & Godr. .. LVIT. B

—— somnif'erum, var. album, D.C. LVIL.8.
somnif'erum, var. macrocar'‘pum,

Coss. & Germ., LVII. B.
somniferwm,var.nigrum, D.C.LVII.a.
somnif'erum, var. officinale, Coss. &

Germ. LVII. B.
somnif'erum, var. setigerum, Godr.

LVII. a.
PAO'NIA
—— CORALLINA, Retz....... caoooo llr
PULSATIL'LA
Vulgaris, PMI ae ciclo me meresieieeee
RANUN'CULUS
—— A’CRIS; Dann. <. «. 0000 00 MOINS
——— ACFE) SOTA.) «s/o ola)eje cic ininlee eee

—— cris, Reich. ........ onec0 55
{alpes'tris, Linn.], praeoule

AQUA'TILIS, Zinn. XVII. fn XXL
aqua'tilis, Auct. Plur. XVII. XVIII.

aqua'tilis, Benth... .. XV. to XXIV.
aqua'tilis y, Sm. se eeeeseeese e+ XV
aqua'tilis 6, Sm. ...+0+-+ sree peevilig

ARVEN'SIS, Zinn. .... XXX VIII.
AURICOMUS, Linn. .... XXXII.
Bachiits Wirt line <c\cielnin eiviw'> eels iets

BAUDOTII, Godr. XXII. XXIIL
Baudo'tii, Gr. & Godr. ...... XXII.
BULBO'SUS, Linn. ......XXXV.
ceeno'sus, Guss. Seitere (0 erate Ee
ceno'sus, Gr. & Godr. et Auct. Plur.

eee ele

XXV.
— calthefo'lius, “ Bluff.” .... XX XIX.
—— CIRCINA’TUS, Sv. ..... Aone
— confu'sus, Gr. & Godr. ....-- XXII.
—— divarica'tus, Schrank ......-... XV.
—— Droue'tii, Schultz ......+..... XX.
=a OU-ACLIS He wisi-ielofelstaistliisisi< XXXII.
= — eu Ricalria, -eniseeececiecle sh OL
=—— eu-Hlam/mula).-\.ciscsee~ ve ~~ XXIX.
= RIG AVR TAT Zit iaisisia\sie's SONIA

90
82
92
87
89
89
90
115
83
87
82
82
82
83
83

83

68

10

37
38
38
70
19
19
29
16
17
46
36
18
24
25
41
29

28
48
16
25
16
22
38
47
33
47

INDEX TO LATIN NAMES.

PLATE PAGE

RANUN'CULUS
—_— Fica'ria, Jord... ...«see0++ SX XIX.
—— Fica'ria, F. Schultz ...... XX XIX.

— Fica'ria B, incumbens, F. Schultz,
XXXIX.
— jilifor'mis, Mich. .......+---- xxx.
—— FLAM’MULA, Sm. .. XXIX. XXX.
— Flam'mula, Linn. et Auct. Plur.
XXIX.
—— Flam'mula B, Auct. Plur. .... XXX.
—— Flan'mula 6,Sm. ......--.-- XXX.
floribun'dus, Bab. ......-+-+
—— FLU'ITANS, Lam.
—— flwvic'tilis, “Wigg.,” Wall. .... XVI.
—— [gramin’eus, Zinn.]}, excluded ......
—— HEDERA‘CEUS, Linn. .... XXVI.
— heterophyl'lus, Bab. ...,...... XIX.
—— HIRSU'TUS, Curt. ...... XXXVI.
—— LENORMAN'DI, Schultz .... XXV.
—— LIN'GUA, Linn. .......... XXXII,
—— OPHIOGLOSSIFO'LIUS, Vill.
XXVIII.
— PARVIFLORUS, Linn. XXXVII.
pelta’'tus, Fries ...... XVII. XVIII.
peliaitus, Bab. ..............XVIL
—— pelta'tus? “Schrank,” Boreau .. XIX.

se eeeeee

—— peucedanifo'lius, Desf. ........ XVI.
— Philono'tis, Ehrh. ........ XXXVI
pseudo-flwitans, Newbould........ ae

rectus, “‘Bauh.” Boreau.......
REPENS, Zinn. ....... XXXIV.
rep'tans, Linn. .....seeeeee-s XXX.
rep tans, Thuil......sessee.----
sar’dous, Crantz ......... XXXVI.
SCELERA'TUS, Zinn. ....X XVII.
stagnalis, Wall. Xv.
— Stev'eni, ‘‘ Andrz. ” ‘Boxead XXXIIL

trichophyl'lus, Chaiz ........ XXI.
= PRIPARIV&EUS; DiC. 2. 3 XOX
—— vulga'tus, Jord, ....eseceeeseeecs
RAPHANIS'TRUM

maritimum, Reich, ...... LUX XXII.

—— segetum, Reich. .......--- LXXXI,
RAPH'ANUS

—— MARITIMUS, Sm. .... LX XXII.
—— RAPHANISTRUM, Linn. LXXXI.

~RGEME'RIA

MY BREDA, sccccdevecedeetsXlVe
ROR'TIPA

— amphib'ia, Linn., Sm..... CX XVIII.
— nasturtioi'des, Spach... ....CX XVII.
— rustica'na, Gr. & Godr. .. .. CX XIX.

48
47

48
34
33

33
34
34
20
17
17
70
29
21

122
120

122
120

95

181
180
183

PLATE

SENEBIE'RA

—— CORO'NOPUS ............ CLXI.

—— DID'YMA, Pers........ Sieialetai GLEN
pinnatif'ida, D.C... ..+++.0++.CLX.

SINA'PIS

—— alba, Linn. ............ LX XXIV.

—— arven'sis, Linn........... LX XXIII.

Cheivan'thus, Koch.........-XCIL.

inca'na, Linn. %.......... LXX XVI.
migra, LION. ....s.cecess LXXXV.
tenuifolia, Sm. ............-XCIII.

SISYM BRIUM

ALLIA‘RIA, Scop.
amphib'ium, Linn. .. “OXXVIIL
VRIO, Tinm., «. 2.0... 0020 0+ XOLKs
monen’se, *‘ Linn.,” Sm........- XCI.
miurale, Tuinn. .....«ss0c.se+ MOLV.
Nastur'tium, Linn. a] ele OLN
OFFICINA'LE, Scop. ...... XCVI.
POLYCERA'TIUM, Linn. XCVII.
SOPHT'A, Linn. ........ XCVIII.
sylves'tre, Linn... .......... CXXVI.
tenuifo lium, Linn... .. solctetsl= XCIII.
terres'tve, Sm. .....0..0...CXA VII.

SISYM’BRIUM
—— thalia'num, Gaud............. CXV.
vimineum, Linn.

ee rs

SUBULA'RIA
—— AQUATICA, Linn, ...... CXLIII,

TEESDA’'LIA

—— I WO ogo socpngoo Hood oa Ol bs

— NUDICAU'IS, 2. Brown ....CL.
petr@a, Reich. .....s.e.ee... CLI.

THALIC’TRUM

——— AN PUNUM, Tinrs occ cclcviecice Lis
collt‘num? Wall. .............- VIL,
eu’-minus ......-+. C TVs

———— ACV UNE, Leite) elise ceicle ce WLLL
aly Aer Cleo ciotatecstale/ sietelaleren VLU LS

floxtolsum)) Bernie acisccccccreslaciesiVc
——— OCH UD eirtes™ cniee ccice suse eivile
ATL] US es LLsalpl ole eintialntelatelala’elaiaticies Vin

—— MI'NUS, Linn........... III. to V.
— = minus, Auct. Plur. ......
—— minus B, (in part), Benth. ......V.
—— minus y, Hook. & Arn. ..
—— montanum, Wall. ....

— Moriso'ni, Reich. ......00--
TIPATIUmM, JOT... 0. .ceccecess
— SAXAT'LE, Schleich, Bab..... VIL

Sol AUIS INA

VIL.

So LA
oVILL.
VIII.

229

PAGE

221
220
220

125
124
139
129
126
139

146
181
145
138
140
176
143
144
145
179
139
180

163
142

201

209
209
210

mOONOAMRAMNADO ND

230 ENGLISH BOTANY.

PLATE PAGE PLATE PAGE
THLAS'PI THLAS'PI
—— ALPESTRE, Linn. —— PERFOLIA'TUM, Linn. ...CXLV. 203
CXLVI. toCXLVIII. 204 sylves'tre, Jord. .......... CXLVI. 205
—— alpes'tre, Gr. & Godr.......CXLVI. 205 virens, Jord. .........-CXLVIII. 206
— alpes'tre, Sm.............CXLVIII. 206
—— alpestre, var. a, Bab. ......CXLVI. 205 | TROL’LIUS
—— alpes'tre, var. B, Bab.......CXLVII. 206 EUROPUS, Linn. ...... XLII. 58
—— alpes'tre, var. y, Hook. & Arn.
CXLVIII. 206 | TURRI'TIS

— ARVEN’SE, Linn. ........CXLIV. 202 | —— glabra, Linn. ...........--- CXIX. 169
—— Bursa-pasto'ris, Linn. ........CLII. 211 | —— hirsuta, Sm. .......+.++.--CXVI. 167

—— calamina're,‘Lej.,”Crépin CXLVIIT. 206
— campes'tre, Linn. ............CLVI, 216
== hin tiem) Sms, toawiesiereeeeres CLVII. 217 | [VEL'LA

— occita‘num, Jord. ........ CXLVII. 206 an‘nua, Linn.], excluded...... sence pace

INDEX TO ENGLISH

PLATE

Aconite, Common Winter ........ XLIII.
LACT 652555500. SIS Eee UA Ale DS
Adders’-tongue-leaved Spearwort, XX VIII.
Alpine Barrenwort ...........-.+4- LII.
Meadow Rue -.... cece eweweees Te

Penny Cress, Green ..

Rock Cress .......
Shepherd’s Purse. .

Alyssum, Calycine............ CXXXIX.
SECS: SOAS pg gE oSeODO aOR. a ln
SiNES5 Socogoboouopeanode CXL.
PAMMENICATD OTERS/2/<\5,0 cio vis ele ovies eis CXXIV.
Amphibious Yellow Cress .... CX XVIII.
Anemone.. ssonebcce codapacoocted Be
Blue. o6 seeseeeeee XM
Geoeiiot Ww ee ee CLT,
—— Wood ..........06. nfalatetatate XI.
Yellow Wood ............ XI.
Annual Yellow Cress..........CX XVII.
Aquatic Awlwort........ sere sie OIG DEL
Autumnal Pheasant’s Eye.......... XIII.

Awlwort, Water ..............CXLIII.
LEAT Ta 56 ogc SUDO DO DEDUbo oe. 4 Ui DS
Barberry, Common.......... ge sooode LI,
Barrenwort, Alpine ...............- LI.
Bastard Cress, Perfoliate-leaved ..CXLV.
Bastard’s Rampant Fumitory.... LX XIII.
Baudot’s Water Crowfoot .. XXII. XXIII.
LUST GCS CseccospoUpnESGnOon On XLV.
Bitter Candytuft ..............CXLIX.
SVE C LOMMUNENS ateatm sinle's s\sieisis ciele es 21 CVIII.
Black Mustard........ SaSESAOS LXXXV,
Blue Mountain Anemone ...........-X.
Boreau’s Rampant Fumitory .... LX XII.
Branching Larkspur ............ XLVII.
Brandy Bottle ....... eccccccceces- lV.
Bristol Rock Cress ......... Sonar Op-G Nye

Broad-leaved Hedge Mustard ....

Pepperwort ........
Bulbiferous Coralwort ...........-
Bulbous-rooted Crowfoot ..

Cabbage Mustard ................+-CL.

.. CXLVIII.
Penny Cress, Long-styled, CX LVITI.
Penny Cress, mw.” CXLVI.
.CXIII.

Whitlow Grass, Y: Bite; XX XVII.

KCL.
CLIT.
CVII.
XXXV.
Buttercup ........ eee. 2.2.40

ee
PAGE PLATE

56 | Cabbage, Sea ............-- LXXXVJJ.
65 \yNattel Soeaecsononcs LXXXVII.
83 | Caltrops, Water ..........0200+.-+ MI.
74 | Calycine Alyssum..........-- CXXXIX.
4 | Candytuft, Bitter .............. CXLIX.
207 | Celandine, Common ............ LXVILI.
206 Crowfoot ........ .XXXIX.
205 | ————— _ Lesser.............. MM XIX.
165 | Celery-leaved Crowfoot.......... XX VIT.
20 bin Charlockcrnrte)<teystere(eratol-tet='o1 o1<)=1 LXXXIiIlI.
195 WOINLED) \ciejeiw eie/o(s/e1e/s/e/e)> LEONG:
197 Seanrerieletete sietelalejolsiare’s LXXXII.
198 | ——— White................ LXXXI.
198 With cooconcuedacoop.10 LXXXI.
176 | Climbing Fumitory, White ........LXX
182 | Close-flowered Fumitory .......- LXXV
ray Goleseediasj<-1e'2-)00 a0 Sele = eNO VALE.
12 Wild . .. LXXXIX.
13 | Colewort, Sea .........0..-- UXXXVII.
13 | Columbine, Common ............ XLVI.
13 | Coral Peony . Apadoncogpecac so bolup
181 | Coralwort, Tulbiferadaes eiteptehtate CVII
201 | Corn Crowfoot ........ -- MMM VEIT.
14 Mustard eco
201 Poppy setae .. LVIII.
eae do pu OUOUOOOOUSDOUSGE LVIII.

67 | Cornfield Penny Cress ..........CXLIV
#2. ||) Corydalis! <strjnceretieteectecs'e foie le eM RUNG,
74 Solid-rooted .......... LX VIII.
204 | Cow Cressi... . 5 oc wee cc cc ce oe oe CLVI
107 | Creeping Crowfoot ....... B06 Gee GO-d Ve
26 Yellow Cress..........CXXVI.
59 | Cress, Alpine Rock......... vee «- ORIEL
208 American ........- .. CXXIV.
158 | —— Amphibious welbwe oe \CXXVIIT.
127 | —— Annual Yellow ..... aya RENOVA:
12 | —— Bitter........... aperelotarere a Cavalilins
106 | —— Bristol Rock..............CXIV.
63 | —— Common Water ........ «. CXokV.
79 | —— Common Wall..... Subon sone CXV.
166 | —— Cornfield Penny..........CXLIV
MAG m—— OO Wilere crereinie cate cicieiseieciclalas OAT VL
213 | —— Crende Yellow ........ CXXVI.
157 | —— Early Winter.:..........CXXIV.
42 | —— Field Penny ..... sraje(n alors CLI
89 | —— “Eringed Rock .....<......CXViL
ALU CDI are ivi tiere eitielslaletela(e ween CLV.

149 | —— Green Alpine Penny.. XLV

NAMES.

PAGR

1380
130

52
197
208
100

49

49

32
124
121
123
121
121
104
110
134
135
130

61

69
157

46
124

88

88
202
103
102
217

41
180
165
176
182
181
158
166
178
164
202
217
180
176
202
167
152
207

232 ENGLISH
PLATE PAGE
Cress, Hairy Rock ....eeeeee+---CXWI. 167
Hairy Wall ..........0...CXVI, 166
— Lesser Wart . .-CLIX. 221
— Long-styled Alpine Penny CXLVII. 206
—— Marsh Yellow.........-CXXVII. 181
— Pendulous-podded Wall ..CXVIIT. 169
— Perfoliate-leaved Bastard ..CXLV. 204
— Perfoliate Penny..........CXLV. 204
—— Shepherd’s ........... -CL. 209
— Short-styled AES Peay “CXLVL 205
— Smooth Tower Wall........ CXIX. 170
= SE Ra Acco ec asccone oe-,CLX. 222
a= Phalins? Wall /warae(eteeloiniete etal ovr LO
—— Tower Wall ...........-CXVIII. 169
—— Wart... sie iaieie clalelataiele © Licey haan
Winter.......... sajetahareraetets Cxx. 171
Crowfoot, Baudot’s Water.. XXII. XXIII. 26
Bulbous-rooted........XXXV. 42
Celandine............ XX XIX. 49
Celery-leaved ........ XXVIII. 32
= Chimlogancupacacason ee GVIN 243
Creeping ....... miele (ais RONORGL Vor EE
Floating Water..........XVI. 19
——— Golden-haired ........ XXXII. 37
a INIA Gogg onc 0c coc OO-, CH!
—_— Ivy-leaved Water ...... XXVI. 30
—— Lenormand’s Water ....XXV. 29
—— Rigid-leaved Water .....-XV. 17
Cnc een occa doen WG =e
—_—— Small-flowered......XXXVII. 45
———— Three-lobed Water...... XXIV. 28
————. Upright Meadow ....X XXIII. 39
Wihichieeaemapoacnocooneg ode 72!
Wee hoaaeeaconocogocge-O-O-00ls By
a W000 PANE MONOisialealeeinsiaie tL memo.
Cuckoo Flower. . Sioislccfasieleiacisie OL SG mLOO
Cultivated Gold ct: Bleamire eoeee-CXLI. 200
Damask Violets ......seeeeeeeee+-CIII. 151
Dame's Widlebi<iscic cle scisieiseimicierie OLN) LOL,
Dyer’s Woad ....seeeeeeseeeeees-CLXI. 228
Early Winter Cress ..........-.CXXIV. 176
Earth-Smoke, Common .......- 1P.O-Q7i alll
Earth-Smoke, Rampant ........ UX XIV. 108
Entire-leaved Male Peony .....-...-..L. 69
Fetid Gold of Pleasure ..........CXLII. 200
iP WOrteaisielaisio'elciclalelcicl<'=ie'a Bele. 2: OBS y EY)
Fine-leaved Hedge Mustard .... XCVIII. 145
Mix Weed eters ieis/ctete(erse Sees eOWMLL., 45;
Floating Water Crowfoot ......-... XVI. 19
Fringed Rock Cress ..........-.CXVII. 167
Fumitory, Bastard’s Rampant .. LX XIII. 107
Boreau’s Rampant .... LXXII. 106
——— Climbing White ........ LXX. 104

BOTANY.

PLATE

Fumitory, Close-flowered ........ LXXV.

Common ............ UXXVL.
Lamarck’s Small-flowered

LXXVIII.

Le Vaillant’s .,.-.. LXXVILI.

Rampant............ UXXIV.

———— Small-flowered ...... LX XVII.

Solid Bulbous........ LX VIII.
==) YIGLIOW, | aie/oie/eie/sicleletare lore ieelanen
Garden Cress... .00ccccsavcees os LV

.. LVII.

Poppy, Common ........

Garlic Hedge Mustard............----C.
Gilliflower...... wiajeiccels (ulelesoleteleleforernn ane
Queen's’ coe cjecicis/sciniciloin CII.

Globe Flower... .....0.-sccccecace XLII.
Gold of Pleasure, Cultivated ......CXLI.
Fetid.......... CXLII.

Golden-haired Crowfoot .......- XXXII.
Goldilocks: coc cece wciccwie oe ee so Sones
Grass, Common Scurvy ....-..--- CXXX.
Common Whitlow (Fig. 2) CX XXIV.

Common Whitlow (Fig. 8) CX XXTV.
Hastate-leaved Scurvy ..CX XXII.
Hoary Whitlow........ CXXXVI.
Long-leaved Scurvy .... CX XXIII.
Mountain Scurvy ........ CXXXI.
Rock Whitlow........CXXXVII.
Speedwell-leaved Whitlow CXXXYV.
Twisted-podded Whitlow CXX XVI.

[i AML di

Wall Whitlow ..........CXXXV.
Woolly Whitlow ...... CXXXVL

Yellow Alpine Whitlow CX XX VIII.
Great Sea Stock ........e0-e ee ees CIV.
Water Rocket..........CXXVIII.
Greater Spearwort .......-..-+--XXXI.
Green Alpine Penny Cress .... CXLVIII.
Hellebore .....---seeeee+s XULV.

Hairy Crowfoot ....--++++++.. XXXVI.
-leaved Ladies’ Smock........-.
Rock Cress......se+0+.2.--OXVI.
Tower Mustard........-++:
Wall Cress soles celoees CXVI.
Hare’s Ear Mustard ......-.00--00++
Hastate-leaved Scurvy-Grass.... CX XXII.
Head Wark ........-+- mppooSS COLE NUL,
Hedge Mustard mies celalelareleleteretese CaNpls
Garlic .. sal8t
Hellebore, Green ........+0+e+++-XLIV.

Stinking ..........-.-. XLV.
Herb Christopher.....
St. Barbara ..
Hoary Mustard.....-

eee eee eens

Nepoceoo codon O2.O.G
Sood cue! P-O-6-Q 7k

Shrubby Stock ....+.++-++--- CV.
Whitlow Grass .....--- CXXXVI
Horn Poppy, Red.....--.+++++++s LXV.

XLIX.

PAGE
110
111

115
114
108
114
102
103

215

84
147
154
151

of
200
200

37

37
185
190
191
187
193
188
186
194
192
193
192
193
195
152
182

36
207

57

44
160
167
166
166
149
187

88
144
147

57

59

67
171
129
153
193

97

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

PLATE
Horn Poppy, Violet.............. LXIV.
—- Mellow) crac ice carerce LXVI
Horseradish ....... Rineietere ea leleiel OOS

Hutchinsia, Rock.................. CLL.
Impatient-podded Ladies’ Smock ..CXII.
Intermediate Yellow Rocket ....CXXIIT.
Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot ......X XVI.

Jack-by-the-Hedge ...
Jagged Water Radish, Small ..CX XVII.

Jointed Charlock.............. UX XXII.
LOVIN | oc noo po BOBO Bosabeee XXXII
Koch's Meadow Rue .. oc ...000 eece ae vas

md ies Smacks fees sos ice esas
Hairy-leaved

.. CVIIT.

Meadow ......
Lamarck’s Small-flowered Fumitory

LXXVIITI.
-. CXXXIX.
cee: ViDLe,
spoondcoe- Ai AgE
MCAS WAtGr LLY... .cesesccesce es LVI.
Lenormand’s Water Crowfoot......X XV.
ss oe KOK.

Large-calyxed Madwort ....
Larkspur, Branching........
——— Wild ..

sete

Lesser Celandine ....

sees

— Meadow Rue, var.a.......... III.
— Meadow Rue, var. B ..........1V.
—— Spearwort ........ DIO UOOD: 2. O:E
——— Wart (Cress... 2. 0.00 .00..-.. CLIX.
Le Vaillant’s Fumitory........ LX XVII.
Lily, Least Water ..... eee ccevcees LVI.
—— White Water............ sere OEEL,.

eHow WALED selra-e coc s« -- LV.
GondonWRocket. oc. .0. 6. sees cs a+ nc XCIX.
Long-leaved Scurvy-Grass .... CX XXIII
Long Prickly-headed Poppy ........ LXI.

Smooth-headed Poppy.......... LX.

Long-styled Alpine Penny Cress CXLVII.

Madwort, Large-calyxed...... CXX XIX.

Male Peony, Entire-leaved............ L.
Marigold, Marsh ................

MACH MEATIS Oly src\<'e.cs welcieieeic o vic le Lily
Nasturtium .......... .. CXXVII.
Wellow Cross .......... CX XVII.

WES7 UE Gooobe code sbeoan cooncne sOlD-S

Meadow Crowfoot, Upright .... XX XIII.

Ladies’ Smock ............ CIX.
Livre Raontedosoccasdoncas XLI.

Rue, Alpine .........
GCI siotsiereiotss}sleratatsie
Lesser, var. a
Lesser, var. 8 ........
Stone ....

see wees

Zigzag ..
VOL. I,

Impatient-podded ..CXII.
Spasonkll De

Bae. 4 Hib

aoc! I &
bess
se Le
are V's
Boe Se UE
BELLOW Gleisialsiciaic'e slew ae) WLU:

oc atesccesecce Ve

PAGE |

96
98
183
210

162
175

30
147

181
121

PLATE

Mithridate Mustard ..

Mongrel Poppy........-.-

Mronkshood) <izi<s/sisius sis clean rele XLVIII.
Mountain Anemone, Blue ............ X.
Scurvy-Grass ........ CXXXI.
Mousetail, Common ............+. XIV.
DIGELG (ererrere’arwiciesels/¥io\e/e) siete NUL Vis

Mustard, Black ........... pg LUPO O.0\ fF
Broad-leaved Hedge...... XCIX.
Gabba gern .yieiere ena violas vieiniel Os

(OOo ouecspac dete oc LX XXIII.

Garlic Hedge... occa on C.
Hairy Tower
Hare's Har.........0.

————_ Hedge... ec. cece oe XCVI.
—— Hoary .............. LXXXVI.
— Mithridate ............CXLIV.
— Narrow-leaved .......... XCIII.
— Sand or Wall ............ XCIV.
——— Treacle....................CIL
—— White .............. LXXXIV.
— Wild................ LX XXIII.

Nailwort .............
Narrow-leaved Pepperwort
Wall Mustard

Nasturtium, Marsh............ CX XVII.

— Wild.............-CXXVIL
INavette, Wild .... 0.0... .. dumoXoM DX,
Navew Sp ngdbos Hood 0a COL ED ORB ME

DWild oss s\ssnisiacieeivie

Mold Mianta Beard ara cisisiste:sieicloweistsisiaiesess's 1
Opium Poppy..... pievoeinieiecistelsielste LVII.
Parmacetic, Poor Man’s..........-- CLII.
EP BRQUGIMIOWON Wereieicicieleisiais:sievelesaiatccia Ix.

Pendulous-podded Wall Cress ..CX VIII.
Penny Cress, Green Alpine .... CXLVIILI.

MVOC ES aagaconncdos Ora hye
———— Long-styled Alpine CXLVII.
ferayeratel ONCLa) Vis
Short-styled Alpine.. CXLVI.
Peony, Entire-leaved .....,...0.2..-. L.
sisjeis Aas
WHEE S8, s056000 leis sinle Coho tohelea LT.
CLITI.
Pepperwort, Broad-leaved ........ CLIII,
alefeieratojeleleieit CLIV.

Perfoliate ....

(fir Wosnasoodnboancoecn ss

Pepper, Poor Man’s..............

Rubbish

———__—- Mithridate .........
Narrow-leaved
Smooth Field......

— Whitlow
Perfoliate Penny Cress ..........

Shepherd’s Purse
Perfoliate-leaved Bastard Cress....CXLV.

- CLVI.

sel eateeles fee OIL V
Pepperwort ..........CLVI.
siecletres LONG Lth.

Fine-leaved Hedge...... XCVIII.

sierewreta Ole

.. CXXXIV.
sieiee oe OLAV.
vee OT.

+» -. LAXXIX.

CLIV.
-. CLVII.
seceeeeee. CLVIII,

234

PLATE

Pheasant’s Eye, Autumnal ........ XIII.
SSS COMMON Reon uLe
Pile wort: cc.jccee sicicicisie swe s wle'e RONONUONG
Poor Man’s Parmacetic ane CLII
IPE Pperyecla\elalelvielsieisialen CLIItI.
IRhubarbieche cic eles

Poppy, Common Garden .......... LVI
Common Red ............ LVIII.

(Na AgoEAenoocoomacossdUN NUL

a Monprel rercaiersreveiatsrsleteiatoieete Neues

Opium ...........-e0ee ee

iRedvElorn ricci sietecier LXV.
——w— Round Prickly-headed .... LXII.
Sleep-bearing ............ LVI.
Smooth-headed ............ LX.
WHOLE “Gangneodoage LEI
WGIEN Sacosconccon co npadd NN k,
BWLD LO mints Iateleiatel= ao iON ll bs
Yellow...... sdocossscoonle-NUk;
Yellow Horn ............ LXVI.

Purple Sea Rocket ............ LX XIX.
Queen’s Gilliflower..........-...-. CII.
Radish, Great Water ........ CX XVIII.
Sea. - LXXXIL.

—_—— Small apeed Water. oe OXXOVILL,
= —— Whit sacar oncoancé5000 LXXXI.
Rampant Earth-Smoke ........ LX XIV.
Fumitory ..........-. LXXIV.

— Bastard’s.... LX-XIII.
Boreau’s .... LX XII.

Rape) esccice cnininies si\ee eri LXXXVIII
Red Horn Poppy ....--+.+++++--- LXV.
Maal kes tatcter-totetelatelelelel=faisselstale LVIII.
Poppy, Common ...........- LVIIL.
Wiel ssaqguqsoodonacds0 60 LVIIL
Reichenbach’s Yellow Rocket .. CXXI.
Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot ........ XV.
River Crowfoot ............2-0... XVI.
Rock Cress, Alpine.............. CXIII.
IESTIBEOD! faicpeisjaratetereototnieta © SOLAN ie

[Riringed 1. wtetetotelainin velo OaNSViLINe
——_—— Hairy .............. CXvI
Rock Hutchinsia.......... go Gli,
Whitlow Grass ........ CXXXVITI.
Rocket, Great Water ........ CXXVIII.
Intermediate Yellow....CX XIII.

PrEple eA ile aieleteratets oi=io LXXIX
Reichenbach’s Yellow .... CX XL
— Small-flower’d Yellow....CX XII.
——— Small Sand .............. XCV.
Nile Gansasadadcasanasse=.- XCIITI.
Water

Prickly- eee ponococo node JDK

Woon don iss 1e > «e/a reini oie ip]ste s ONG

PAGE
14
14
49

212
213
4
84
88
88
93
84
92

97

88

88

88
173

17

19
165
166
167
167
210
194
182
175
146
118
173
174
142
140
180
i7l

ENGLISH BOTANY.

PLATE

HROKG; COIN! ‘sic vc ociesiciv ec eeleisis'e tera VALE
Round Prickly-headed Poppy .....- LXII.
Rout, Meadow... ........ssccceceue XLI.
Rubbish Pepperwort ............CLIV.
Rue, Alpine Meadow ................ II.
Koch’s Meadow .............- VI.

— Lesser Meadow, var. a.........III.
—— Lesser Meadow, var. B. ........1V.
— Stone Meadow .............- VIL
—— Zigzag Meadow .......... seeeee We
— Yellow Meadow ............ VIII.
Sand or Wall Mustard............ XCIV

Rocket, Small .. .....0.0.+- MOV.

Sauce Alone’ <1. /2). 27 sere ose rele cnieretereetniereeee

Scurvy-Grass, Chama sielelealele/ey [el See
Hastate-leaved .. CXX XII.

Long-leaved .... CX XXIII.

————— Mountain........ CXXXtT.
Sea Cabbage .............. LXXXVIL
Charlock ...............- LXXXII.

— Colewort .............. LXXXVII.
Green Whitlow Grass .. CK XXVIII.
UGE R Sapp ceaodddasasdnecn lOc,

IRA GISH srererelafsicinieieramterehersiee LXXXII.
Rocket, Purple.... .. LXXIX.
Seaside raat sed obasdoopscsacs CXL.
Sea Stock, Great . Sdiscoooonas GIN
Shepherd’s Cress. . dass scsn0e Ci ks

Purse, Aipaies wee oo ce amin vice isle
Perfoliate ......CXLV.
Short-styled Alpine Penny Cress.. CX LVI.
Shrubby Stock, Hoary .... piers envie
Sleep-bearing Poppy.............- LVI.
Small-flowered Crowfoot ...... XX XVII.
Fumitory, Lamarck’s,
LXXVIII.
Le Vaillant’s,

LXXVII.
Yellow Rocket ....CXXIT.
Small Jagged Water Radish.... CX XVII.
Smooth Field Pepperwort.......-.CLVII.
— Tower Wall Cress ........CXIX.
Solid Bulbous Fumitory ........ LXVIII.
Solid-rooted Corydalis.......... LXVIII.
Spearwort, Adder’s-tongue-leaved.X X VIII.
Greater ...........-.. XM,
WERE bo seoo ace - XXX.
Speedwell-leaved Whitlow ce CXXXV.

Squats, .. 02. csece scenes -- LXVI.
St. James’s yaeale .. CLIT.
Stinking Heleeee ealetatelaeteetstetelets So UVc
Stock, (GreatiSeas clei sities sole OV.

Hoary Shrubby.............. CV.
Stone Meadow Rue................ VIL.
Swallow-woOrbicwyee)cieciisielo'ss)-=ain LXVILI.
Swedish Turnip.............. UXXXIX,

PAGE
88
93
52

214

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES.

PLATE
Sc anonae OP: dur
-...CLX.

Sweet Alyssum .........-
Swine’s Cress .........2-+e0e:
Thalius’ Wall Cress ............--CXV.
Three-lobed Water Crowfoot...... XXIV.
Mo enONE ete iae «ic snisaicin'cclewieclew/e CLL.
Tower Mustard, Hairy ...... <lo)sis
Turkey Pod ............ CX VIII.
— Wall Cress Seisieysietele CNG VAUEL
——_—_——_———_ Smooth
Wravellers Poy) .. 200... cccecsesce snide

Treacle Mustard ................--CIL.
Turkey Pod.......... Soognoescocs CXV.
Tower ............OXVIII.

TOGA cos oopegnededsasobobaoue 2-4elr
Swedish... 2... 0.000. ne LXXXIX.

Twisted-podded Whitlow Grass CXXXVI.
Upright Meadow Crowfoot ....X XXIII.

VALS DEIAING Si cisccsesiecicclcceniee =<
OTE OppYia\eieie1sicele)<lelals) =n LXIV.

Violets, Damask .................. CIII.
Wall Cress........ cc edaonocnoobonsoncs
TEESNSy ca dosacede apne nn OR

Pendulous-podded.... CX VIII.
Smooth Tower ........ CXIX.

Jtiniieroesanonssucoo000 CXV

LOWED cogcasansoo0 . CX VIII.

Wall Mustard, Narrow-leaved .... XCIII.
uocketrcirsciscieciee ov vie wise OLE,

— Whitlow Grass .......... CXXXV.

Wallflower ......... cdcdoooretcogde CII.
Mateobeyeteielsloleisisleralsisietsle!sistsi< CV.

(Camino gob dadoucpagane CVI.

Wart Cress, Common.............. CLX.
IDEETGY somos eaooooac CLIX.

Water Caltrops) c<:ccc seccsienicie uc XLI.
(TLD led Seep eAOoRODUONOOSrE LIV.

——— Cress, Common .......... CXXV.
(Er ic CCA EEE TISE RICO XXI,

Baudot’s.. XXII. XXIII.
Ivy-leaved ...... XXXVI.
———__—__——— ,enormand’s...... XXV.
——__—__—_——- Rigid-leaved........ XV.
Three-lobed ...... XXIV.
Bandon SIA
LVI.

— Lily, Common Yellow

——§——~ Least ..........2000..

Rocket

sislelelea a OSORNO VELL.
Weed, Flix ........00eeeee+s SOVIII.

PAGE

198
929

sah

164
28
157
166
169
169
170
3
149
164
169
136
135
193

PLATE
Weed, Red ........ceceseeeeess LVI.
St. James’s...... spdooqou Sore!
Welsh Poppy ....-+++ saoedacope LXIIT
White Charlock ..........++.. LXXXI.
— Climbing Fumitory ........ LXX.
—— Mustard.............. UXXXIV.
—— Poppy.......eeccccsecee se VAL

Vitel bik? saccononoonoconod vant,
Whitlow Grass, Common(Fig. 2) CX XXIV.
(Fig. 8)CX XXIV.

Sea Green.... CX XXVIII.
—______— Speedwell-leaved, CXX XV.
Twisted-podded, CXX XVI.
Wall CXXXvV.

Woolly ........CXXXVI.

Yellow Alpine, CX XX VIIT.
Whitlow Pepperwort ..........CLVIII.
Wild Cabbage .............. LX X XVII.

== Oar OGKteisteleisietetalel-Telatiietel= LXXXiI.

C@oleseed sy amieteiercteleleiel sincie MNONUNGIONG
= arkspUN seisicicie) <i mweiels)*1+) si Se) VLU.
——— Ee] Boop oo ooopdDodL.O.0:d0NE
Eee NGSUUTtIUM siele clvialcleleielalolels| OC SONOV EL.
aN AVetLO set steieetaialcieleleleleiel= LXXXIX.

aonateleleleief LERENONGIENG,
DRaIB NI fetersicieleleteevelerelors err e AON
Wind Flower ........ Bebe oue-wl5
Winter Aconite, Common ........ XLIII.
GHEE congcooannocodoudosd OP: OG

———=WNVOW aleie'sieials/«

WWond leeysetsicia cinieleteleleleiatele\eioieiejeverens OPEN:
Wolfsbane, Cominon .......... XLVIII.
WioodAnemoOne cis <ici<isieicicie aicieiaisicl oie «eC.

Growtootiiee scleleieisies CLL,

SViellO Ww icisicinieinisrsisiaiseec ele
Wood Crowfoot ................ XX AIL.
Woolly Whitlow Grass ........ CXX XVI.
Wormseed Mustard .............--.CIL

Yellow Alpine Whitlow Grass, CX X XVIII.
— Cress, Amphibious .... CX XVIII.
Annual ........CX XVII.
Creeping ........CXXVI.

nT Cony/cretsteteel<intsveratersiel ers LXIX
——— Horn Poppy..... asopnodce LP Oal
——— Meadow Rue.............. VIII

IPOPpy wie wclveisic/aisice's/sleeleis LXIII

YES, Sc Ce OOADOICOOG OOD. 0-6
Intermediate ....CX XIII.
Reichenbach’s ...... CX XI.
Small-flowered .... CX XII.

Water Lily, Common........ LIV.

——— Wood Anemone ........000. XL.

PAGB
88
212
94
121
104
125
84
77
190
191
193
194
195
192
193
192
193
195
219
130
121
135
64
124
180
135
135
121
13
56
171
176
223
65
13
13
13
37
193
149

195
182
181
180
103
98
10
94
171
175
173
174
79
13

9
7
'
.

“_——

af

> a ee ee

dl
.
j
; q
4
i
=
\
_
.
< a
r,
. ry 1
LONDON:
: .
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, a
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS, _

* *
>. Be iy
= >

:
9
-

ENGLISH BOTANY.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

E. B. G12.

Clematis Vitalba. Common Traveller's Joy.

Thalictrum Alpinun,

Alpine Meadow Rue.

Thalictrum minus, mariumum.

Lesser Meadow Rue.

var «x

UL.

EF. B. 1.

Thaletrum minus, montanum.

Lesser Meadow Rue. var 8

E. B. 61i.

Zigzag Meadow Rue.

Thalictrum flexuosum.

AON

Thalictrum Kochi. Koch's Meadow Rue

Vi.

Thahectrum saxatile Stone Meadow Rue.

Vill.

EB. FO7.

Thalictrum flavum Common Meadow Rue

Anemone Pulsatilla. Pasque-flower Anemone.

4

Anemone Apennina. Blue Mountain Anemone

Anemone nemorosa.

Wood Anemone.

XI.

Eg

B

1AGA

A
Lnemone

Yellow Wood

Anemone

XII

BS,

E.B. 308.

Adonis autumnalis

Common Pheasant's-eve

XIV.

EB. 435.

Myosurus minimus. Common Mouse-tail.

EBS. 2809.

Ranunculus circinatus

Rigid-leaved Water-crowfoat

XV.

River Water-crowfooi,

Ranunculus fluitans.

x 6 YOOJMOMD-AOYBM WOUTULE) ‘STIR TNA suyeifed snqnounuey

‘996e ‘SU "a

TWAX

F wpa LOOFMOMTD OIA WOUTUIO) ‘snpUunqI.oTy snieijad snTMoun vey

696% SUA

"ITTAY

XIX.

Various leaved Water-crowfoot.

B. B.S. 2967,

Ranunculus Drouetii.

Drouet's Water-crowfoot.

XX.

E. B.S: 2968.

Rananuewlus trichophylius. Haif-leaved Water-ermmwts

© IDA ‘JOOFMOAI- LIVEN s,jopneg “STAB TNA mopueg SnyHouNUuPy

9966 S27

“WXKX

XXI.

Ranunculus Baudoti f Confuse .

XXIV.

E B.S. 2946

Ranunculus tripartitus. Three-lobed Water-crowloot

XXV.

E. B.S. 2930.

Ranunculus Lenormandi. Lenormand's Water-crowfoot.

a)

XXVI.

Ranunculus hecderaceus. Ivy-leaved Water-crowfoot

—-

SH Bs es
ree
EB. Gél. SM

Ranunculus seeleratus Celery-leaved Water-crowlfoot

XXVIII.

Ranunculus ophioglossifolius. Adder's tongue-leaved Crowticot.

je

Lesser Spearwort.

Ranunculus eu-Flammula.

XXX.

eo ® ~ 04

Ranunculus reptans. Creeping: Spewrwort.

Ranunculus Lingua. Greater Spearwort.

XXXII.

Ranunculus auricornus. Wood Crowfoot

XXXII.

B. 652.

Ranuneulus eu-acris. Upright Meadow Crowfoot.

XXXIV.

6.

y. B.

Creeping Crowfoot.

Ranunculus repens.

XXXV.

cer, a.) eked.

Ranunculus bulbosus. Bulbous Crowfoot.

iN

XXXVI.

- B. 1504.

Ranuneulus hirsutus. Hairy Crowfoot.

XXXVI.

B. 120.

Ranunculus parviflorus. Small flowered Crowfoot.

r

XXXVIII.

E. B. 135.

Ranunculus arvensis. Corn Crowfeet.

Ranunculus eu-Ficaria .

Lesser Celandine.

XXXIX.

. 506.

Caltha eu-palustris.

Common Marsh-Marygold.

AL

B. 2175.

Caltha radicans.

Creeping Marsh-Marygold.

. 28.

Trollius europeus.

Mountain Globe-tflower.

XLII.

2. se eee _ ae

XL AU.

Eranthis hyemalis. Common Winter-aconite.

XLIV.

Green Hellebore.

Helleborus viridis.

Helleborus foetidus.

Sunking: Hellebore.

XLVI.

Aquilegia vulgaris Common Columbine

.B. 1839.

Delphinium Ajacis.

Branching: Larkspur.

=
-~

==

XLVI

=D. iS. 2730

Aconitum Napellus. Common Monkshood. '

omg

Actaea spicata.

Herb Christopher.

XLIX.

II g 5) E59 &

Entire-leaved Pony.

Peonia corallina.

7
Wak
)

7

}

EB.

AD.

Berberis

vulgaris.

Common Barberry.

Lit

FE. B. 438.

Epimedium alpinum. Alpine Barren wort.

LIT.

—_—

E. B. 160.

Nymphea alba. White Water-Lily.

LIV.

£E.B. 159.

Nuphar lutea, var. major. Common Yellow Water-Lily. var: ac

LV.

Nuphar lutea, var. mimor.

Common Yellow Water-Lily. var: 2

EB. 2292.

Nuphar pumila. Least Water Lily.

LVI.

£. B. 245,

Papaver hortense. Common Garden Poppy.

- —— ee | ee

LVIil.

E. B. 625.

Papaver Rhoeas. Common Red Poppy.

LIX.

Papaver Lamottei. Lamotte's long-smooth-headed Poppy.

Papaver Lecoqil.

Long smooth

headed Poppy

LX!

E. B.

Long-prickly-headed Poppy.

Papaver Argemone.

LXI.

EB. 43.

Papaver hybndum. Round -prickly-headed Poppy.

LXIL.

E. B. 66

Yellow Welsh-Poppy.

Meconopsis cambrica .

rt

EF. B. 201.

Reraeria hybrida

Violet Horn-Poppy.

XIV.

Glaucmmm corniculatum.

Searlet Horn - Poppy.

LXV

LXVI.

EB. bt

Yellow Horn-Poppy.

Glaucium luteum.

“Fa

LXVIT.

Celandine.

Chelidonium majus.

= om L)

~~ .
———_ ame 3 &

a)

EB. B. 1471.

Corydalis solida. Solid Bulbous Fumutory.

LXVIUI.

LXIX.

amet

=~

588.

E. B.

Yellow Fumitory.

Corydalis lutea.

LXX.

E. B. 103.

Corydalis claviculata. White climbing Fumitory.

Faic flowered Fimnitory.

Fumaria Pallidiflora .

J gia
“a
=

LXXI.

E. B. 943.

Fumaria Borei. Boreau's Kampant Fumiter;

MIXX

2976.

Zz. B.S.

Bastaras Rampant Fomitory.

Fumaria confusa.

ne
=
\
7
ie
oe
a).
uh ; = ‘
7 1 ‘ '
7
n«
—
F 5
«
i

Fumaria muralis-

Rampant Fumitory.

=

ee ee

‘

4 Sats

—

re oe

a“

LXXV.

E. B.S. 2876.

Fumaria micrantha. Close -flowered Fumutory.

LXXVI1.

E. B. 589.

Fumania officinals. Common Fumitory.

LXXV

Fumana Vaillantiy.

Vaillant's Smal] - flowered Furmutory-

LXXVIIL.

E. B. 590.

Fumaria parviflora. Lamark's small flowered Fumito:
ry.

a

LXX1x

ee

one

te

LXXX.

BE. B. gu.

Sea Kale.

Crambe marituna

LXXXI.

EB. B. 856.

Raphanus Raphanistrum. Wild Radish.

LXXXII.

Sea Radish.

Raphanus maritimus.

LXXXHL.

E. B. 1748.

Brassica Sinapistrum. Wild Mustard.

LXAXXIV

E. B. 1677.

Brassica alba. White Mustard.

wy

E. B. 969.

Brassica nigra.

Black Mustard.

Cc

XX

LXXXV1.

Hoary Mustard.

Brassica adpressa

LXXXVII.

E. B. 637.

Brassica oleracea Sea Cabbage.

Brassica Napus.

Rape.

LxXXVill

LXXXIX.

E. B. 2234

Brassica campestris. Wild Neven. A

E. B. 2176.

Brassica. rapa.

Common Turnip.

XC

E. B. 962.

Dwarf wallflower - cabbage.

XCl.

; a TWh
i) i
a
? 1
i
Gy
: \
eS . :
; i
r
+ 7
‘
La
7 *
.
*
_ -
;
: -
——
ee:
t
;
oS
" , ,
» Maa
3
oO iks
Fy ” . p
oY a
:
- Fs
Pi
cy
;
: {
4 oa
.
4 Pad
®
ae
. ims 7
=
+ YY ve
j * af
i _
W«
a
- me
= 7

XC.

Tall wallflower cabbage

Brassica Ch eirapthus.

hh
t

XCIll

aw, 525.

srassica tennifoha Wall Rocket

X CIV.

S
Ss
cy
wy

Brassica

vuruneda.

Small Sand Rocket.

XCVI.

Common Hedge -mustard .

Sisymbrium officinale

XCVIL.

Prostrate Hedge - mustard

Sisyimbrium polyeerauum.

XCVIII.

E. B. 963.

Sisyanbrium Sophia. Flix-wee?

XCIX.

£. B. 1631.

London Rocket.

Sasymbrium Irmo.

E. B. 796.

Sisymbrium Allama

Garlic hedge-mu stard

EB. B. 1804.

Erysimum orientale

Hare's-ear Cahi

bage

EB. B. 942.

Erysimum Cheiranthoides.

\V

f
|
|

Ni
Pe
\
|

Treacle hedze-mustard.

CI.

Hesperis matronalis.

Dame's Rocket.

Cill.

CW.

E. B. Aa62.

Matthiola sinuata. Sea Stock.

)

@ @ a <6)

Matthiola incana.

Hoary Shrubby Stock.

Cheivanthus Cheiri.

Wall- flower.

CVE.

= ve
iv H
\
:
'
—
y
.

it i. 2 eee ee

. JOD.

Cardamine bulbifera.

Bulbiferous Coral-wort.

CVIl.

CVI.

. 1000.

Cardamine amara. Bitter Lady's-smock.

at

i

E.B. 776.

Cardamine pratensis.

Meadow Lady's- smock.

CIX.

Cardamine eu -hirsuta.

Ls
s S
iwi
V

Common hairy Lady's-smock

CX.

B. 492,

Cardamine sylvatica.

Wood hairy Lady's-smock.

Cardamine impatiens.

Impatient Lady's-smock.

-CXIL.

CXII1.

ee
-S

LL 469

Arabis petraa Alpine Rock-cress.

Arabis stricta.

Bristol Rock-cress.

CXLV.

\
|
2 ,
7 . / —-
.
2
7 ‘
B
\
. , :
=
.
‘
-
;
2
4
—
, “
:
inal
eat
@ ° 7
re -
= ees ey
e 1 “

CXV.

) tf
/ Ij
= ar
RAY
si
v /)
y! | CP
/ \
ty o\ \ /
V4

EB. B. Ain.

Arabis Thahana. Thale -cress.

Arabis sagittata.

Hairy Rock-cress.

CXVII.

EB. B. TH6

Arabis ciliata. fringed Koek-cress

. 8.

fh

|
¥

'

Arabis Turrita

Poy

Tower Wall Cress

CXVIIL.

Ao

’

Arabis perfohata.

Smooth Tower-mustard .

UXLA

E. B.

AAS.

Barbarva vulgaris.

Common Yellow-rocket.

a oe ll i_a ie at haa |) ee. rer - -

CXX1I.

Barbarea arcuata. Reichenbach's Yellow-rocket.

CXXII.

Rarbayrea stricta. Smali flowered Yellow - rocket

CXXIII

Barbarea intermedia. Intermediate Yellow-rocket.

CXXIV.

eases

Barbarea praecox. American Cress.

Tien (oi > w= eS a ”CO wY Yor eS

a =
: -
‘as

~ B25.

Nasturtium officinale.

Water -cress.

CXXV.

CXXVI.

EB. B. 2324.

Nasturtium: sylvestre. Creeping Yellow-cress.

CXXVIL.

E.B. 747.

Nasturtium palustre. Marsh Yellow-cress.

CXXVII.

S
S
, 8
y

Great Yellow-cress.

Nasturtium amphibium.

CXXIX.

~_
x
Dy)
x

Horse-Radish.

Cochlearia Armoracia-

’ ji Ls
; me
-

CXXX.

} Ely)
¥ \
4}
| HN
Zi

a ®

£. B. 551.

Cochlearia officinalis. Common Scurvy-grass.

OXXAAL.

B, 2403.

Cochlearia alpina. Mountain Scurvy-grass.

s ” a re “a 7 1 a
a ~ -» T ~
\
ie sad
\
‘
7
:
o
i
; ;
by =
Ja, /
f Y - ra
a my ive '
; iV aa

CXXXIH.

1.

Cochleama danica. Hastate-leaved Scurvy-grass.

( XXXIIL-

\\

N a 4

Cochlearia anglica. Long-leaved Scurvy-grass.

CXXXIV.

Draba verna. Common Whitlow-grass.

3. Draba inflata.

. Draba-eu-verna. 2. Draba brachycarpa.

12,

Draba muralis.

Speedwell-leaved Whitlow- grass.

CXXXV.

CXXXVI.

EB. B. 388.

Draba ineana. Twisted-podded Whaitlow- grass.

CXXXVII.

E. B. 1338.

cad
Draba rupestris. Rock Whitlow-grass.

OXXXVIII.

E. B. 1271,

Uraba aizoides. Yellow alpine Whidlow-grass

CXXXIX.

EB. B.S. 2858.

Alyssum calycinum. Calycine Alyssum.

CXL.

7. B. 1729.

Sweet Alyssum.

Alyssum maritimum.

CXLI.

Camelina eu-sativa. Cultivated Gold -ot-pleasure.

CXLII.

Feetid Gold-of-pleasure.

Camelina teenda.

*

WA Lsthl.

E. B. 732.

Subularia aquatica. Water Awl-wort.

CXLIV.,

1659.

Thlaspi urvense Field Penny- Cress.

2354.

Thlasp: perfoliatum.

Perfoliate Penny -Cress.

CXL\

“

CXLVI.

Short-styled alpine Penny-Cress.

Thlaspi sylvestre.

CXLVIL.

Thlaspi occitanum. _Long-styled alpine Penny-Cress.

rs

*\

Thlaspi virens.

Green alpine Penny-Cress.

CXLVIIL.

CXLIX.

0) FIO. o
Node,

ah)
ce

Tberis amara. Bitter Candy tuft.

E. B. 327.

Teesdalia nudicaulis. Naked-stalked Teesdaha.

wu RK

Hutchinsia petrea. Rock Hutchinsia.

CLI

Vip

£E. B. 1485.

Capsella Bursa -pastoris. Shepherd's Purse.

a ee

ee ee

CLI.

E. PB. 182.

Lepidium lanfolium. Broad leaved Pepper-wort.

oy, ~

an

ae
x xX
=

CLIV.

~ f
(Alay
‘4 si
re
ae
4 J
/

B. 1595.

Lepicium ruderale.

Narrow leaved Pepper-wort.

CLV.

Lepidmm sativum. Garden Cress.

LB. 1362.

,

cad PIES
Var” yr oS

2

3

,
Bike

>

8 és ef
a - =

e™)

Se

2
Ne)

fi

Lepidium campestre. Common Mithridate Pepperwort

XN 5

CLVI.

CLVIL.

£. B. bur

Lepidium Smiibn. Hairy Mithridate Pepperwort

CLVIIL.

es 2683.

Lepidium Draba. Whitlow Pepperwert.

Senebiera

didyma

Lesser

Swine

Cress

CLIX.

CLX.

7. B. 1660.

Senebiera Coronopus. Common Swine's-Cress.

Isatis tinctoria.

Dyer's Woad.

CLXIL.

aw ae
_ = so

¥

August, 1881.

GEORGE BELL & SONS’

EIST OF WORKS

ON

BOTANY & NATURAL HISTORY.

THE LIBRARY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

HIS uniform series of Works on the various branches of Natural History
has attained a high reputation, both for the low prices at which

they are published and the general excellence with which they are produced.
They form collectively a Standard Set of Works on the different subjects which
they illustrate, and deserve the attention of all who study this branch of science
for their faithful illustrations and accuracy of description; the plates being
carefully executed by accomplished artists, and the authorship entrusted to writers
of acknowledged merit. Indeed no higher testimony can be borne to their
value than the fact that the late Prince Consort (himself an able student of
Natural History) so highly esteemed those which were published during his life-
time that he purchased copies of them for presentation to public institutions,

New Edition, with Additions.
Depicatep By Permission To Her Most Gracious Masesty THE QUEEN.

A HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS.
By the Rey. F. O. Morris, B.A., Member of the Ashmolean Society. Ilus-
trated with 365 coloured Engravings. Six Volumes, super-royal 8vo.,
£6 6s.

In this work the author has amassed information from every reliable source, and
in addition to necessary scientific details, he has interspersed throughout his pages
a vast fund of anecdotes, illustrative of the marvellous instincts and peculiar habits
of the feathered inhabitants of our land, and has thus made his work at once
entertaining and instructive, and in the widest sense a ‘ History of British Birds.’

New Edition, Enlarged.

A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE NESTS AND EGGS OF
BRITISH BIRDS. By the Rey. F. O. Morris, B.A. Illustrated with
233 coloured Plates. In Three Volumes, super-royal 8vo., £3 3s.

Designed as a supplement to the ‘History of British Birds,’ this work gives the
fullest information respecting the localities and construction of their nests, the
number and peculiarities of their eggs, and all the instruction requisite for deter-
mining to what species they belong. Each egg is figured and minutely described,
and a number of nests are accurately drawn from specimens.

(259)
A New and Revised Edition now ready.

A HISTORY OF THE BIRDS OF EUROPE,

NOT OBSERVED IN THE BRITISH ISLES. By C. R. Brez, M.D.,
F.Z.S. Illustrated with 288 coloured Plates of Birds and Eggs. In
Five Volumes, super-royal 8yo., £5 5s.

This work forms an appropriate supplement to Morris, Yarrell, or any other work on
British Birds, and with any of them forms a comprehensive account of the Ornithology
of Europe. In addition to the personal ability of the Author for his task, he has had
the assistance of many eminent Continental naturalists, among whom are Professors
Blasius of Brunswick, Schlegel of Leyden, M. de Selys-Longchamps, and M. Moquin-
Tandon.

‘Dr. Bree is favourably known to ornithologists by numerous contributions to our zoological
periodicals, in all of which there is found the same genial spirit, and the same tone of good
feeling, kindliness, and reverence, which pervade the present work. . . . The figures are, for
the most part, highly satisfactory, and leave us in wonder how they could be produced, in
combination with the full and copious text, for so small a price.’—Atheneum.

New Edition, Enlarged.

A HISTORY OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES.

By the Rey. F. 0. Morris, B.A. Illustrated with 72 beautifully-coloured
Plates. In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 1s.

With coloured illustrations of all the species, and separate figures of the male
and female, where there is any obvious difference between them, and also of the
under side, together with the Caterpillar and Chrysalis; and a full description of
each, with copious accounts of their several habits, localities, and times of appear-
ance, together with details as to their preservation, etc., with new and valuable
information—the result of the author’s experience for many years.

A NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH MOTHS.

Accurately delineating every known species, with the English as well as
the scientific names, accompanied by full descriptions, date of appearance,
lists of the localities they haunt, their food in the caterpillar state, and
other features of their habits and modes of existence, &c. By the Rey.
F. 0. Morris, B.A. The Plates contain nearly 2,000 exquisitely coloured
Specimens. In Four Volumes, royal 8vo., price £6 6s.

‘Speaking of entomology, we should place Mr. Morris’ “History of British Moths” at the head.
It gives a coloured figure of every known British moth, together with dates of appearance,
localities, description, and food of caterpillar. It forms a handsome work for a library, and will,
we should hope, lead many to commence the fascinating study of entomology.’—The Record.

‘We can easily imagine that the announcement of the publication of a “Natural History of
British Moths’’ will awaken a strong desire in many of our readers to become possessed of so
desirable a treatise. There are probably some thousands, especially among the younger portion
of our population, who pay a little attention to entomology, and of these by far the greater
number devote their energies to the study of the butterflies and moths, the two great groups of
insects forming the order Lepidoptera of entomologists. To these, if we may judge from the
recollections of our own early feelings, no present could be more welcome than a good “Natural
History of British Moths.” The illustrations are exceedingly numerous, occupying no fewer
than 132 plates, and including a figure of every species, and in some cases of the principal
varieties. The figures are generally exceedingly well executed and life-like; they are all coloured,
me will doubtless afford great assistance to many a collector in naming his captures.’—The
Spectator.

(Be)
BEAUTIFUL-LEAVED PLANTS.

Describing the most beautiful-leaved Plants in cultivation in this country.
By E. J. Lowz, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., assisted by W. Howarn, F.H.S.
Illustrated with 60 coloured Illustrations. In One Volume, super-royal
8vo., price £1 ls.
‘In this volume we have a description of a large number of stove, conservatory, and garden
apa cultivated in this country, of which the leaves rather than the flowers are objects of interest.
e exquisite and delicate forms of many ornamental plants common to the hothouses and green-
houses of the wealthy are here depicted, with wonderful fidelity, in a series of beautiful
illustrations in the natural colour of the plants.’.—7he Bookseller.

NEW AND RARE BEAUTIFUL-LEAVED PLANTS.

By Surerey Hisserp, F.R.H.S. Llustrated with 54 coloured Engrayings.
In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 5s.

‘A bit of information as to the pictures may be acceptable. First, observe the tinting of the
leaves, and the groundwork of such a subject as Solanum marginatum as a sample of the whole.
Then accept the information that these pictures are not chromo-lithographs, not coloured by hand;
they are all, from first to last, wood engravings, and we imagine, but cannot of course express any
opinion on the subject, that as works of art, representative of the present state of an important
industry, they are not simply interesting, but remarkable.’—Gardeners’ Chronicle.

OUR NATIVE FERNS AND THEIR VARIETIES.

By E. J. Lowe, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &e. Illustrated with 79 coloured
Plates and 909 Wood Engrayings. In Two Volumes, royal 8vo., price £2 2s.

The importance and value of this work may be inferred from the fact that it
contains descriptions of 1294 varieties of British Ferns, with seventy-nine coloured
plates of species and varieties. and 909 wood engravings. The descriptions are
written in a popular manner, containing much interesting information. The localities
are described, each synonym given, and a description of the proper method of
cultivation. To show the extent and value of the illustrations it may be mentioned,
that of Scolopendrium vulgare alone there are one hundred-and eighty-four varieties
figured.

NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH AND EXOTIC FERNS

By E. J. Lows, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c. Illustrated with 479 finely-
coloured Plates. In Eight Volumes, super-royal 8yvo., price £6 6s.

‘A book which should contain ample means of studying and identifying the Exotic species
accessible to persons of moderate means, has hitherto been a desideratum. This want the
present work promises most hopefully to fill. It is admirably “got up;” the plates are care-
fully and prettily executed; there is a neat illustrative woodcut at the head of each description,
and the letterpress is full and practical, without being deficient in scientific accuracy. It is
really the cheapest work for its excellence we have ever seen, and should be ‘in the handy
of every gardener and every private person who cultivates these charming objects.”’’—Atheneum.

A NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW AND RARE FERNS.
Containing Species and Varieties not included in ‘Ferns, British and
Exotic.’ By E. J. Low, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &c. Illustrated with
72 coloured Plates and numerous Woodcuts. In One Volume, super-royal
8vo., price £1 1s.

‘Although the ‘Natural History of British and Exotic Ferns” contains coloured illustrations
of between five and six hundred species of Ferns cultivated in this country, still so many new
ones have been introduced, that it has been deemed necessary to publish a separate volume.
This work will be found to contain coloured plates or woodcut illustrations of one hundred
and fifty-one new species, or new varieties of species that have been already figured in the
preceding volumes.'—Preface,

(:4,)

A NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH GRASSES.

By E. J. Lows, Ese., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &e. Llustrated with 74 finely-
coloured Plates. In One Volume, super-royal 8vo., price £1 Is.

This is a work not only valuable to the botanical student for its pictorial
accuracy, but of use also to the landed proprietor and the farmer, pointing out
to them those grasses which are useful and lucrative in husbandry, and teaching
them the varied soils and positions upon which they thrive, and explaining their
qualities and the several uses to which they are applied in many branches of
manufacture and industry. There is much interesting matter also im this volume
appertaining to the ancient customs and superstitions connected with the subject,
which the author brings before his reader in a forcible rather than in a prolix
style.

‘Tt is very faithful, and marvellously cheap, considering the beautiful manner in which it is
produced.’—Literary Record.

MAUND'’S BOTANIC GARDEN.

Consisting of highly-finished Figures of Hardy Ornamental Flowering
Plants Cultivated in Great Britain, with their Names, Orders, History,
Qualities, Culture, and Physiological Observations. By B. Maunp, F.L.S.
New Edition, edited by James C. Niven, Curator of the Botanic Gardens,
Hull. With 250 Coloured Plates, giving 1247 figures. In Six Volumes,
super-royal 8yo., £12 12s.

BRITISH SEA-WEEDS.

Drawn from Professor Harvey’s ‘Phycologia Britannica.’ With Descriptions,
an Amateur’s Synopsis, Rules for Laying on Sea-weeds, an Order for
Arranging them in the Herbarium, and an Appendix of New Species. By
Mrs. Atrrep Garry. Illustrated with 80 coloured Plates, containing 384
figures. In Two Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £2 10s.

‘Those who are acquainted with Mrs. Gatty’s “Parables from Nature,” and especially with
her delightful Parable about “‘Red Snow,” need not be told that the literary part has been
ably executed by a competent and loving observer. In her present work she has endeavoured,
and we think most successfully, to translate the terms and phrases of science into the language
of amateurs. Mrs. Gatty’s familiarity with the plants themselves has enabled her to do this
office without falling into the errors to which a mere compiler in separating from the beaten
track would be liable.’— Gardeners’ Chronicle.

ALPINE PLANTS.

Descriptions and 103 accurately-coloured Figures (drawn and engraved ex-
pressly for this Work) of some of the most striking and beautiful of the
Alpine Flowers. Edited by Davi Wooster, joint editor of the latest
editions of Loudon’s ‘Encyclopedias of Gardening and Plants,’ ‘Hortus
Britannicus,’ &e. In One Volume, super-royal 8yo., price £1 5s.

‘The manner in which “Alpine Plants” is produced is creditable alike to author and artist.
The literary portion is not the mere dry botanical descriptions often found in such works, but
a popular description of the plant, instructions as to its culture and treatment, with any in-
teresting information in connexion with it that can be obtained. . . . We heartily commend
this work to all lovers of flowers.’"—Journal of Horticulture.

‘Not least among the illustrated Christmas books should be reckoned this interesting work
with its beautifully coloured specimens.’—Saturday Review.

‘The letterpress is full, no doubt, of the most accurate botanical learning, but what we have to
speak of more particularly are the illustrations, and these strike us as among the best specimens of
wood-block printing. There is about them none of that plastered gaudiness, that thick and sticky
style in which too often the wood-engrayer endeavours to paint the lily. A crocus seems just to
have thrust itself through the brown soil which the thaw has softened,’— Times,

(5)
ALPINE PLANTS.

Srconp Serres. Containing Fifty-four Coloured Plates, with one or two
Figures on each Plate. Descriptions and accurately-coloured Figures
(drawn and engraved expressly for this Work) of the most striking and
beautiful of the Alpine Plants. Edited by Davin Wooster. Price £1 5s.

BRITISH MOSSES.

Their Homes, Aspects, Structure, and Uses. Containing a Coloured Figure
of each species, etched from Nature. By F. E. Tre. Illustrated with 39
beautifully-coloured Plates. In Two Volumes, super-royal 8vo., £2 10s.

‘It is a book to read, to ponder, to mark, learn, and inwardly digest. . . . Let those who want to

know the “moral” of mosses enquire within the covers of the volume. He will there find that
these humble plants have their uses, their virtues, and their mission.’-—Morning Advertiser.

HISTORY OF THE FISHES OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS.

_By JonatHan Covucn, F.L.S.. Illustrated with 256 carefully coloured
Plates. New Edition, in Four Volumes, super-royal 8vo., price £4 4s.

‘The author, who is well known as one of the first practical authorities on British fishes,
has for fifty years been observing, noting, and drawing, with his own pencil, the various fish
which live in British waters—a vast labour, in which he has been assisted by scientific friends
living in various portions of the United Kingdom. The drawings are beautifully coloured to
life, and some of the portraits (especially of the dog-fish) are really marvellous, rendering
the recognition of a fish a work of the greatest ease.’—The Field.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY:

Containing a Description and Life-size coloured Drawing of every British
Plant. Edited and brought up to the Present Standard of Scientific
Knowledge by T. Boswett, (formerly Syme,) LL.D. F.L.S. &e. With
Popular Descriptions of the Uses, History, and Traditions of each Plant, by
Mrs. LanxestEer, Author of ‘Wild Flowers Worth Notice,’ ‘The British
Ferns, &. The Figures by J. E. Sowersy, James Sowersy, F.LS.,
J. De C. SowErsy, F.L.S., and J. W. Satter, A.L.S. In Eleven Volumes,
with 1824 full-page coloured plates, super-royal Svo. (for prices see p. 7.)

‘Under the editorship of T. Boswell Syme, F.LS., assisted by Mrs. Lankester, ‘“Sowerby’s
English Botany,” when finished, will be exhaustive of the subject, and worthy of the branch
of science it illustrates. . . . In turning over the charmingly executed hand-coloured plates
of British plants which encumber these volumes with riches, the reader cannot help being
struck with the beauty of many of the humblest flowering weeds we tread on with careless
step. We cannot dwell upon many of the individuals grouped in the splendid bouquet of
flowers presented in these pages, and it will be sufficient to state that the work is pledged to
contain a figure of every wild flower indigenous to these isles.’—The Times.

‘The most complete Flora of Great Britain ever brought out. This great work will find
a place wherever botanical science is cultivated, and the study of our native plants, with all
their fascinating associations, held dear.’—Atheneum.

‘Nothing can exceed the beauty and accuracy of the coloured figures. They are drawn
life-size—an advantage which every young amateur will recognise who has vainly puzzled over
drawings in which a celandine is as big as a poppy—they are enriched with delicate delinea-
tions of fruit, petal, anther, and any organ which happens to be remarkable in its form—and
not a few plates are altogether new. . . . A clear, bold distinctive type enables the reader

(65)

to take in at a glance the arrangement and divisions of every page. And Mrs. Lankester
has added to the technical description by the editor an extremely interesting popular sketch,
which follows in smaller type. The English, French, and German popular names are given,
and, wherever that delicate and difficult step is at all practicable, their derivation also.
Medical properties, superstitions, and fancies, and poetic tributes and illusions, follow. In
short, there is nothing more left to be desired.’—Guardian.

‘Without question, this is the standard work on Botany, and indispensable to every
botanist. . . . The plates are most accurate and beautiful, and the entire work cannot be
too strongly recommended to all who are interested in Botany,’—Jllustrated News.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. I. contains--

All the Plants ranked under the orders Ranunculacew, Berberidacee,
Nympheacer, Papaveracee, and Crucifere.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. II. contains—

All the plants ranked under the orders Resedacew, Cistacez, Violacee,
Droseracer, Polygalacere, Frankeniacee, Carophyllacee, Portulacacee,
Tamariscacee, Elatinacee, Hypericacer, Malvacer, Tiliacee, Linacee,
Geraniacee, Ilicinew, Celastracee, Rhamnacee, Sapindacez.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. III. contains—

All the Plants ranked under the orders Leguminifere and Rosacee.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. IV. contains—

All the Plants ranked under the orders Lythracer, Onagracee,,Cucur-
bitaceze, Grossulariacez, Crassulacee, Saxifragaceee, Umbillifere, Araliacez,
Cornacer, Loranthaceze, Caprifoliacee, Rubiacee, Valerianacee, and Dip-
sacew.

.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. V. contains—

All the Plants ranked under the order Composite.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VI. contains—

All the Plants ranked under the orders. Campanulacee, LHricacew, Jas-
minacer, Apocynaces, Gentianacez, Polemoniacere, Convolvulacee, Sola-
nace, Scrophulariacee, Orobanchaceew, and Verbenacee.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VII. contains—

All the Plants ranked under the orders Labiate, Boraginacez, Lentibu-
lariacew, Primulacee, Plumbaginacee, Plantaginaceze, Paronychiacee, and
Amarantacee.

SOWERBY’S ENGLISH BOTANY, Vol. VIII. contains—

All the Plants ranked under the orders Chenopodiaces, Polygonacew,
Eleganacere, Thymelacer, Santalacee, Aristolochiacese, Empetracer, Eu-
phorbiacew, Callitrichacese, Ceratophyllacee, Urticacere, Amentifers, and
Conifere.

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