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I 



PRESBNTHD by THB POBLISHKBS 



SCHOOL OF EDUCATION 
LIBRARY 



TEXTBOOK COLLECTION 

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THE PUBLISHERS 



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The retail price of tlii* book Ij $ . 



ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY 



A SELECT aLOSSARY 

SERVING AS Ai^ INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY 
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



BY 



FRIEDRICH gLUGE 

PROFESSOR OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AT THE 
UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG IN BADEN, GERMANY 

AND 

FREDERICK LUTZ 

PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES AT ALBION COLLEGE, MICHIGAN 



>>©<o«- 



DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 
UBLAND STAIIFOED JUNIOR UNIVERSITY 

BOSTON, U.S.A. 
D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 

1898 



589000 
C 



PREFACE. 



Our primer of English Etymology is meant to serve as 
an introduction to the study of the historical grammar of 
English. However manifold the advantages which the student 
may derive from Professor Skeatjs Etymological Dictionary, it 
cannot be denied that it does not commend itself as a 
book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep' research, 
brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic 
laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning 
are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by 
the uninitiated. We, therefore, propose to furnish the student 
with a small and concise book enabling him to get an insight 
into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted 
to Professor Skeat, of whose excellent work we have made 
ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we 
hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has, of course, not 
been to produce a book in any way comparable to our prede- 
cessor'd work in fulness of detail and general completeness, 
we have confined ourselves merely to selecting all words, the 
history of which bears on the development of the language at 
large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the 
older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin 
origin, and such genuine English words as may afford matter 
for linguistic investigation. In this way we hope to have pro- 
vided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for 
Sweet's History of English Sounds. 



VI Preface. 

If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of 
our little book, we should advise the teacher to make it a 
point to deal always with a group of words at a time. Special 
interest attaches, for instance, to words of early Christian origin, 
to the names of festivals and the days of the week; besides 
these the names of the various parts of the house and of the 
materials used in building, the words for cattle and the various 
kinds of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be made the 
subject of a suggestive discussion. By treating etymology in 
this way, the teacher will have the advantage of converting a les- 
son in the growth of the English language into an inquiry into 
the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending to a naturally 
dry subject a fresh charm and a deeper meaning. 

In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor W. 
t'ranz of Tubingen University, who has placed many words 
and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various 
other ways. 

Freiburg i. B. 

F- KLUGE — F. LUTZ. 



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 



acc. = accusative case 

adj. = adjective 

adv. = adverb 

BRET. = Breton 

CELT. = Celtic 

conj. = conjunction 

CORN. = Cornish 

op. = compare 

Cymr. = Cymric (Welsh) 

Dan. ^ Danish 

dat. = dative case 

der(iv). =r derived, derivative 

diniin. == diminutive 

DU. = Dutch 

E. = modern English 

f. (fem.) = feminine 

frequent. =. frequentative 

FR. = French 

FRIES. = Friesic 

G. = modem German 

Gael. = Gaelic 

gen. = genitive case 

GOTH. = Gothic . 

GR. = Greek 

Icel. r= Icelandic 

inf. = infinitive mood 

infl. = inflected 

interj. = interjection 

IR. =r Irish 

ITAL. = Italian 

LAT. = Latin 

LG. = Low German 



lit. =: literally 

LiTH. = Lithuanian 

m. = masculine 

ME. = Middle English 

MHG. z= Middle High German 

n. (neutr.) = neuter 

nom. = nominative 

obi. = oblique case 

ODU. == Old Dutch 

OFR. = Old French 

OHG. = Old High German 

OIR. = Old Irish 

ON. = Old Norse 

ONFR. = Old North French 

orig. = original, originally 

OSAX. =r Old Saxon 

OSLOV. = Old Slovenian 

pi. = plural 

p. p. = past participle 

prob. = probably 

pron. = pronoun 

prop. ■= properly 

PROV. = Provencal 

prt. = preterite, past tense 

RUSS. = Russian 

sb. = substantive 

SKR. = Sanskrit 

SPAN. = Spanish 

superl. =1 superlative 

SWED. = Swedish 

TEUT. = Teutonic 

vb. = verb 



VIII List of SymboU in Teut. Words. 



LIST OF SYMBOLS IN TEUT. WORDS. 

i (not umlauted) = European and Aryan i. 

4 in OE. ME. long closed e, 
{' in OE. ME. long open e. 

f in OHG. MHG. OSAX. closed e (uralauted). 

9 a reduced Aiyan und pre-Teut. vowel. 

(f in Oe. Me. long closed o, 

(f in OE. ME. words long open o, 

i in OE. words palatalized k. 

g in ME. words as in NE. age bridge, 

5 in Oe. Me. words a spirantic palatalized g^ 
p in Teut. words = E. ih, 

d in On. Oe. Osax. words = E. /ift, 

h in Goth, is ^ -f w. 

y^ = root 

• before a word conjectured or inferred. . 



a', an indef. article me. a an^ 
OE. dn\ ident. with one, 

a2 ME. ai ident. with on (cp. 
backy abroad). 

abase; cp. base. 

abash short for me. abaisshe 
abcasche (abmsse) ; borrowed from 
OFR. esbahiss' stem of ofr. esbahir 
(fr. ibahir) 'astonish'. 

abate me. abdte\ adapt, of ofr. 
abatre 'beat down*. 

abbess, abbey see abbot, 

abbot ME. abbot) older by-form 
ME. OE. abbod. Source lat. ab- 
bdtem (abbas), whence it. abbdte, 
FR. abb^y OHG. abbdt G.DU. abt. — 
Hence abbess me. abbesse from 
FR. abbesse (but OE. abbudisse = 
LAT. abbatissd) ab b e s s* and abbey 
ME. abbeie from FR. abbaye (ofr. 
abeii). 

abide cp. bide and abode, 

able ME. dble\ adapt, of ofr. 
(h)able = span, habil, it. abile\ 
source lat. habilis, 

abode ME. abpd prop, 'delay, 
abiding'; cp. bide. 

abound me. aboundex adapt, 
of FR. abonder = lat. abundare 
abound*. 

Khgusk £TYMOLor:y. 



about MB. aboute os. dbdtan 
onbtitan; cp. but for OE. bdtan.. 

above me. above earlier abu/en 
OE. dbufan\ akin to G. oben ohg. 
obana 'from above'; cp. over. 

abridge me. abrigge abregge: 
adapt, of OFR. abrigier abregier 
(source lat. a^^^/w^r^ 'shorten). 

abroad me. a brpd prop, 'broad- 
ly, widely'; cp. broad. 

abuse cp. use, 

accord vb. me. acorde late oe. 
(c. 1 1 40) dcordian : borrowed from 
OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp. 
IT. accordare). 

accuse me. accuse from fr. ac 
cuser (lat. accusare), 

accrue (accrtiv) vb. from fr. 
accrue sb. 'growth, increase* (orig. 
part, of FR. accroitre: lat. ad-\- 
cretum); cp. increase. 

ace ME. ds dee: loanword from 
FR. as (= SPAN, as, G. ass, DU. 
aas). Source lat. as (ace. assent) 
'a unit, pound, foot*. 

ache earlier spelling ake me. 
dke) derived from OE. e^e me. 
eche 'pain under the influence 
of the vb. OE. acan me. ake 'ache, 
feel pain', 

1 



achieve — aghast 



achieve me. ach4ve\ adapt, of 
FR. achever 'accomplish*. Akin 
to chief. 

acorn me. acorn oe. cecern\ 
ident. with goth. akran *crop, 
fruit*, ON. akartiy DU. aker^ G. ecker. 
The meaning 'acorn being a later 
and special one as compared 
with GOTK. akran *fruit', the group 
may be derived from teut. akra- 
= acre, 

acquaint vb. me. aqiieinte a- 
cointe: borrowed fr. ofr. acointer 
*advise' cp. quaint, 

acquire me. aquire aquere; bor- 
rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr. 
acquirir = lat. acquirere). 

acre me. aker oe. (Bcer 'a field, 
acre* = synon. goth. akrsy osax. 
akkary ohg. acchar g. acker , du. 
akker, on. akr : a common Teut. 
and Aryan word : teut. ^akra-z, 
pre-TEUT. agro-s = skr. ajra-s, 
GR. dypog, LAT. ager (stem agro-^ 
'acre': Aryan y/^ ag in lat. ago, 
GR. ay(Oy SKR. ajy on. aka. The 
orig. meaning of acre (indo- 
TEUT. agrO'S) was 'place where the 
cattle are driven*; cp. G. trift 
from treiben, 

adage from fr. adage = lat. 
adagium 'proverb*. 

add UE, adde from lat. adder e 
'add'. 

adder me. adder older nadder 
OE. nce(d)dre = osax. nddray du. 
adder y ohg. ndt(a)ra mhg. ndter g. 
natter (otter), ICEL. nadra f. — nadr 
m., GOTH, nadrs: cogn. with ir. na- 
thairy w. neidr. For the loss of 
initial n cp. auger and apron. 



adjourn vb. me. ajurne ajornei 
adapted from "BK.ajourner (deriv. 
of FR. jour — journie *day*). 

ado ME. ado prop, at do', prop, 
infinit. 'to do' with at^ orig. in 
Northern English. 

advance vb. for me. cevauncex 
loanword from fr. avancer 'go 
before* (deriv. of fr. avant = 
ITAL. avantCy lat. ab -|- ante), 

advice sb. for me. avis: adopt, 
of FR. avis (= IT. awisoy lat. ad- 
visum), — The vb. advise me. 
avise is fr. aviser (= it. aiwisar^ 
LAT. ^advtsare), 

afford ME. aforthe 'provide* oe. 
yfordian 'promote': deriv. of 
forth, 

affray 'frighten' me. afraie : from 
FRl effrayer 'frighten'. — Hence 
the part, afraid 'frightened* me. 
afraied, 

after me. after oe. cefter adv. 
prep. = GOTH, aftra 'back, 
again*, ohg. osax. aftar 'back', 
DU. achter, 

again me. agein oe. ongeyi 
ongedn] ident. with G,gegen ohg. 
gegin gagany oSAX. gfginly on. 
gagn. — against me. ageinest 
earlier ageines = oe. tggeyies, 

age ME. dge\ adoption of fr. 
dge (ofr. a-age e-age). Source 
a LAT. type *aetaticum (= lat. 
aetas) 'time*. 

aghast part, of me? agaste vb. 
'terrify' oe. gckstan 'terrify*; akin 
to goth. usgaisjan 'make afraid' 
and peril, to ghost. 



aglet — almond 



aglet *spangle, pin* (Shakesp.) 
from FR. aiguillet dimin. of ai- 
guille needle*. 

ago ME. ago ag6n\ orig. part, 
'gone by, past' from go, 

agog adapt, of ofr. en gogues 
lusty, lively, in a pleasant humor 
— FR. gogue mirth, glee*. 

agree me. agr^ei adapt, of fr. 
agrier (= it. aggradare\ source 
LAT.^/'<3r/'//»«*pleasing, agreeable*) . 

ague ME. dgiU\ source ofr. agu 
'sharp, acute* (= fr. aigu). 
Source lat. acutus, 

aid vb. from fr. aider *help\ 

ail vb. ME. aile eile oe. eilan 
'trouble, afflict' = GOTH, us- 
agljan 'trouble': deriv. of oe. 
efjle =5= GOTH, aglus 'loathsome, 
troublesome*. For y/^ag* cp. 
awe. 

air^ me. aire older eiri loan- 
word from FR. air (source lat. 
aer), — air 2 from fr. air 'ex- 
ternal appearance' is considered 
ident. with air^, 

aisel (Shakesp.); cp. eiseL 

ajar me. acher — oncher (oe. on 
ierr — on Hyrr) 'ajar* cp. char. 

akimbo me. a ketnb&we — a 
kenb^e (in the phrase »his hand, 
his armes a kemb(Jvve setten«); 
for ME. b^e cp. bow and elbow. 
The j&rst element represents an 
adapted on. kengr 'crook the 
shape of a horse-shoe' (cp. on. 
kengboginn 'crooked*). Another 
suggestion proceeds from an oe. 
"^cyneboga formed as oe. cyne- 
widdc. 



alder me. alder oe. dlor = ohg, 
elira irila G. erle^ on. elr elre{r)^ 
DU. LG. eller (goth. *diliza is 
found in span, alisa^ fr. alize 
'wild sorb, Mrtld service-berry*). 
Akin to OSLOV. jeltcha^ lat. alnus 
(for ^alsnus) 'alder*. 

ale ME. ale oe. ealu ealo (infl. 
ealod) = OSAX. alo^ on. sw, 
DAN. pl\ akin to osLOV. olU 'cider*, 
lith. alus beer'. 

alight 'alight from a horse* cp, 
light vb. 

all ME. al([) — plur. alle oe. al{l) 
eal{l) — plur. ealle = osAX. ohg, 
DU. LG. ^/, G. all^ ON. allry goth. 
alls, A primary form ala- is found 
in compounds and derivatives; 
cp. OSAX. ohg. alung mhg. alenc 
'entire, complete', goth. alamans 
'all men*, ohg. ala-wdri 'all true', 
ala-niuwi 'all new'. Cogn. w. oiR. 
uile (base olio-^. 

allay me, alaie aleie aleg^e 'lay 
aside, give up';, from /<7jv^ Perh. 
mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr. 
aloyer) ? 

allege me. alegge 'give testi- 
mony* : adapted from ofr. alegier 
alegger ? 

alley me. aley\ loanword from 
FR. allie *a going, passage*. 

allow vb. me. aloue\ adapt, of 
FR. alloutr 'grant' (lat. type ad- 
locari), 

allure me. alilre\ from ofr. 
alurer, deriv. of lure 'bait*. 

almond me. almaunde: from 
OFR. almande (= fr. amande, 
whence DU. amandet). Source 
LAT. amygdala (gr. dinvyddkfj) 'an 



alms — angel 



almond*, whence a vulgar lat. 
amendla (it. mandola = ohg. 
niandala G. mandet). 

alms ME. almes oe. almesse 
(infl. almessati) : borrowed from 
oiR. almsan. Akin to the synon. 
OSAX. alatnbsnay ODU. aelnwese cut- 
moesene DU. aalmoeSy OHG. alamuo- 
san alamdsan G. almosen. Source 
LAT.-GR. eleemosyna (cp. rr. litno' 
sinct) with a vulgar pronunciation 
almdsna = provenz. almosnay ofr- 
almosne fr. aumone. 

alone me. ^/jf/;?^ late oe. eali- 
ana prop, 'all singly' = synon. 
G. alleitiy DU. alUtn. Cp. ^«^. 

along ME. along oe. ondlong 
andiong'y cp. /^«^. The prefix 
E. « for OE. and is = to g. ent- 
in entlang along' (ofris. ond- 
lingo). 

aloof adapt, of du. te loef \o 
the windward'; ident. with luff. 

already orig. *quite ready'; cp. 
ready, — also prop, 'quite so' 
ME. als^ OE. ealswd *quite so' = 
G. also, Ident. with as, — al- 
though ME. although altheigh'y 
in OE. we find theah -j- eal (e. g. 
»|)eah ic eal maege« 'although 
I may') ; cp. though. 

alum ME. alum from ofr. alum 
= FR. alun\ source lat. alUmeny 
whence G. alaun, DU. aluin, 

alway me. altvay alwey oe. eal- 
neiv'ey, orig. ace. sing, (some- 
times contr. to ealnei) prop. *all 
the way, all the time* ; the com- 
moner form is always me. al' 
waies, being an adv. gen. sing, 
'all the time, always'. 



amaze vb. me. amdse oe. d-md* 
Stan, 

amid, amidst; cp. middle, — 
amiss me. on misse; cp. miss, 

among me. among; prop, on- 
mang — on jjtmang 'in the crowd'; 
OE. lemang 'crowd* see under 
mingle, Ident. with lg. mang 
'among*. 

amount me. amounted adapt, 
of FR. amonter 'amount to' (fr. 
amont 'uphill' = lat. ad montem) ; 
cp. mount, 

ancestor me. auncestre: loan- 
word fromYK.aneitre older ancestre 
(me. auncessour from ofr. anceS" 
sour); source lat, antecessor(em), 

anchor me. anker oe. aneor pn- 
cor; cp. ON. akkeriy du. g. anker 
late OHG. anchar', a loanword 
from lat. ancora (it. ancora, fr. 
ancre). 

ancient me. auncient older 
aunci(n (for the secondary / cp. 
pageant f parchment)', adapt, 
of YK.ancien {= it. amiano; lat. 
type ante&nus), 

and ME. OE. and=z osax. endi^ 
DU. en^ OHG. anti enti inti unti 
MHG. unde G. und. The cogn, 
SKR. dtha 'also, further, and* 
points to ARYAN pnt/id 'and, also*. 

andiron me. aundire : loanword 
from OFR. andier (fr. landier) 
*fire-dog\ Source unknown, perh. 
fr. a lat. type amitarius (lat. 
ames)} Cp. med.-lat. andina 
'fire-dog'. 

angel me. aungeli borrowed 
from ofr. angele (fr. ange). The 
FR. word supplanted the orig. 



anger — ape 



OE. ME. engel= G. DU. engel ohg. 
OSAX. engily goth. aggilus': early 
church-loanwords from lat. an- 
gelus = GR. ayyfXog *aiiger. 

anger ue, anger ^affliction, sore, 
trouble': Scand. loanword from 
ON. angr *grief, sorrow' (dan. 
anger 'penitence', sw. anger Ve- 
gret*); akin to iLAT.angor *bodily 
or mental torture'. 

angle ^ me. angel oe. angol 
gngul = synon. ohg. angu/ g. 
ange/, on. gngulL Akin to lat. 
uncw *a hook', gr. oyyLOc, *a hook', 
ay^mXQnv 'fish-hook', skr. ankd 
*hook', OIR. icad *hook'. 

angle ^ (comer) me. angle from 
FR. angle = lat. angulus 'corner . 

anguish me ahguisse: from ofr. 
anguisse FR. angoisse. Source lat. 
angusHa 'straitness, poverty, per- 
plexity'. 

ankle me. ankel orig. ankl4 oe. 
dncleow 'ankle* = DU. anklaauWy 
OHG. anchldoy ON. gkkla (prop. 
*aHkulduif)\ akin to DU. enkel^ 
OHG. anchiU ^nchil g. enkel *ankle'. 
Source and formation of the 
group are doubtful; perh. akin 
to SKR. anguli anguSfha 'thumb, 
toe', avest. anguHa 'toe'? 

announce me. anounce : adapt, 
of FR. annoncer (= lat. annun- 
tiare) \ cp. pronounce, 

Annoy me. anoye anuy{e) 'weari- 
ness': from OFR. enoi anui fr. 
ehnui (source lat. in odio 'in 
hatred'). 

anoint me. anointe: adapt, of 
OFR. enoint 'anointed' part, of 
enoindre 'anoint* ; cp. ointment. 



anon 'immediately' me. an^ 
earlier andn oe. on dn 'in one' 
(moment); cp. one, 

another; see other. 

answer sb. me. answare oe. 
andswaru; corresp. to the synon. 
OS AX. ant-swdr, ofris. ondser^ 
ON. andsvart — Thereto the 
deriv. vb. answer me. ans7vere 
OE, andswarian. Source the teut. 
y/^swar = swear; hence answer 
was orig. *a solemn charge made 
to rebut a charge'; and" means 
*against'. 

ant ME. am(e)te OE. amete 'em- 
met': TEUT. base dmaitjon; cp. 
OHG. ameiyi mhg. ameij^e g. ameise, 
MDU. emte eentpte, Perh. akin to 
G. entsig ORG. emii^i emizzi 'in- 
dustrious'. See emmet. 

antler me. aunteUre: loanword 
from OFR. antoilUer (andoillier = 
FR. andouiller); lat. type an- 
tociUaris 'tine of a stag's horn 
in front of the eyes'. 

anvil short for me. anvelt an- 
felt OE. anfilt = OHG. ana/alz, 
DU. aanbeeld ODU. anbelt: teut. 
base anafalti- and ana-balti-\ cp. 
the synon. ohg. ana-bb^i^ cogn. 
w. beat, 

any me. any {tny ^ny) oe» 
cknii = osAX. inig inag, du. 
eenig, ohg. einag g. einig 'only, 
sole' : deriv. of teut. aina = 
E. one, 

ape ME. dpe oe. apa = du. 
aap, ON. apt, ohg. ajfo mhg. g. 
q^e: a common teut. word, 
whence oruss. slov. opica, obo- 



appal (1) — arm* 



HEM. opice ape* are borrowed. 
Source of teut. apan- unknown. 

appal(l) vb. ME. appalle : adapt- 
ed from OFR. apallir *grow pale*, 
akin to pale, 

apparel me. aparaile appareilei 
adapted from ofr. aparailler apa- 
reiller *dress* = fr, appardller 
(it. apparrechiare), 

appeal me. a{p)p4le', adapt, from 
FR. appeler (=lat. ii.appellare). 

appear vb. me. a{p)pere\ adapt, 
from OFR. aperer aparir apareir 
aparoir (= it. apparire] source 
LAT. apparere), 

appease vb. me. apfse earlier 
apaise: loanword from fr. apaiser 
Opacify*; akin to peace, 

apple ME. appel oe. ceppel = 
DU. LG. appe/, MHG. G. ap/a/ OHG. 
ap/ul: westteut. base app/u-, 
allied to ir. uM/, lith. odu/as, 
OSLOV. abluko 'apple*, russ. ja- 
hloko, 

apply vb. me. apHe\ adapted 
from OFR. aplier {Y^.appliguery it. 
applicare, LAT. applicare *apply*); 
cp. ply vb. 

apprentice me. aprentice apren- 
tls : loanword fr. OFR. aprentU and 
aprentif fr. apprenti (source lat. 
apprendere 'learn*). 

approach vb. me. aprpclie: 
adapt, from fr. approcher\ lat. 
type adpropiare *draw near*. 

apricot borrowed from fr. 
abricot\ corresp. to DU. abrikooSy 
G. aprikose\ akin to span, albari- 
coque^ it. alter coc CO (mod. gr. 
7rp«/xo'xKi«) from lat. praecocium 



{malum praecoquumT) lit. pre- 
cocious*. 

April ME. dpril{l)e\ adapt, ot 
LAT. aprtlis^ the earlier me. by- 
form averil points to ofr. avrilL 
Cp. G. DU. April, 

apron orig. napron = me. nd^ 
pron ndproun : adapt, of fr. nap- 
peron *a large cloth', dimin. 
of nappe = lAT. mappa 'table, 
napkin'; cp. napkin. For the 
loss of initial n see adder 
and auger, 

arch ME. arch{e') oe. ar^e- 
{ardebiscop): borrowed from fr. 
arch; Cp. the synon. DU. aarts, • 
OHG. erzi' G. erz-, goth. ark 
{-aggilus). Source the lat. = 
Gr. prefix archi- {dgyi-). Perh. 
OFR. arch (in archangel) influ- 
enced the E. word. 

archer me. archer: adapt, of 
FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type 
arcariusy deriv. of arcus *bow*). 

are (»we, you, they are«) me. 
afe OE. (Northumbr.) aron\ plur. 
to the second person sing, art 
ME. art OE. eart. An aryan. ar 
'be* is prob. in lith. yrd 'is*. 

ark ME. arke oe. earc (infl. 
earce) = ohg. arahha archa 'chest* 
MHG. arche 'chest, money-chest' 
G. arche Noah's ark*, DU. ark 
'Noah's ark*, on. grk 'chest, co- 
venant, ark, box*, goth. arka f. 
'money-box, Noah's ark*: a Teut. 
loanword from LAT. (also ROM.") 
area, 

arm^ me. arm oe. earm = 
OSAX. DU. army on. armr^ goth. 
armSy OHG. ar{a)m g. arm. Akin 



arm* — ass 



to LAT. drmus 'the topmost part 
of the upper arm, fore-quarter*, 
osLOV. ram§ 'shoulder, arm*, 
PRUSS. irtno *arm', skr. irmd-s 
*fore-quarter, arm*, avest. aretna 
'arm', armen. armukn *elbow*. 

arm 2 a weapon' mb. armes 
plur. from ofr. armes = lat. 
arma 'weapons*. 

armor me. armour(e) armiire: 
borrowed from ofr. armure ar^ 
fncfurc (lat. armatilrd) *armor*. 

army me. armle arm4\ adop- 
tion of FR, artnie (= IT. armata\ 
base LAT. artnare). 

arrange borrowed from fr. 
arranger (deriv. of fr. rang *rank, 
file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring *a 
ring or circle of people'; cp. 
ranfi), 

arrant ident. with errant, 

arras me. arras] orig. »cloth 
of Arras«: Arras is the name 
of a town in Artois (France) 
famous for its manufacture. See 
cambric and lawn^. 

array me. araie : adapt, of ofr. 
arraier areier 'arrange' (= it. 
arredare)', of Teut. origin; cp. 
GOTH, gar aids under ready. 

arrest me. a(r)reste\ adapt, of 
OFR. arester fr. arriter (= it. 
arrestarcy lat. restare'^idiy back*). 

arrival me. arivaile prop, 'land- 
ing'; adapt, of OFR. arrivaille 
'landing'. — arrive me. arive 
prop, 'bring to shore, come to 
shore*: adapt, of fr. arriver z=i 
IT. arrivare'y lat. type adripare 
{rtpa 'shore'). 



^rrow ME. arwe late oe. arwe : 
adapt, of ON. or (plur. prztar). 
The native oe. word was earh 
ident. with on. pr (cp. goth. 
arhwazna 'dart* and lat. arcus 
*bow*). 

as ME. c^(e) als{e) also alsw^ 
OE. eaiswd = synon. osax. hg. 
d/soy DU. a/Sf MHG. a/so als disc. 
The compound means prop, 'en- 
tirely so*; cp. all and so, 

ash^ sb. 'the name of a tree' 
ME. asch OE. cesd = ohg. asc 
G. escke, DU. escA, on. askr 'ash*. 

ash'^ sb. ME. ascAe oe. as^e (infl. 
ascan axan); mod. BT. is com- 
monly used in the plur. askes 
(me. asc/ies). Cogn. w. on. aska^ 
DU. ascA, ohg. asAa g. ascAe, goth. 
azgS 'ashes'. 

ask vb. older by-form ax me. 
asAe axe (kent. (fxt) oe. dscian 
dcsiani Teut. base aisAojan = 
OSAX. hcon, ohg. eisAon (g. Aei- 
scAen). Akin to lith. jesAoti^ 
OSLOV. isAatiy skr. iccA 'seek'; 

aspl *a venomous serpent' from 
lat. aspis, 

asp2 'a tree' me. aspe oe. cBspe 
= synon. on. psp, ohg. aspa 
MHG. aspe G. espe, du. esp: perh. 
connected with lat. arbor (if 
from "^azbos by rhotacism) 'tree*. 

ass ME. asse oe. assa (infl; sing. 
assan) : loanword from OIR. assan 
'ass'; cp. ON. asne from ofr. asne 
= FR. dne. Source lat. asinusy 
whence also goth. asilusy oe. 
esol, ohg. §sil G. <?J^/ *ass*, DU. ezel 
and further osLOV- ostlii, Russ. 
(7^^/a( 'ass'. 



8 



assail — avenge 



assail vb. me. asaile: adapt, of 
FR. assaillir) see assault 

assault vb. UE»a(s)sauf: adapt- 
ed from FR. assaut (=IT. assalto, 
MED. LAT. assalius), 

assay me. assay assai borrowed 
from OFR. assai assay = fr. essai 
(it. assagio from lat. exagium 
'weighing*). 

assemble me. a{s)setnble a{sy 
semlei adapt, of fr. assembler (it. 
assetnblare deriv. of lat. simul 
'together'). 

assuage me. aswdge a{s)sudge\ 
loanword fr. ofr. asoager asuager, 
LAT. type ad'Suaviare deriv. of 
suavis *sweet'. 

assure vb. me. a(s)sure borrowed 
from FR. assurer (= it. assecurare) . 

astonish transformed after vbs. 
in -ish from an earlier astony 
astone me. astonie asiune astounei 
borrowed from ofr. estoner = 
^^.Stonner'y'LA.T, type ex\tonare 
*thunder'. But cp. stun. 
• at me. at OE. cet = osax. at, 
OHG. ^5, ON. GOTH, at I akin w. 
LAT. ad 'to*, oir. ad'. 

atone vb. from atone adv. 'at 
one, agreed* = me. at pn 'into 
one'; cp. one. 

attach vh.'bSE.attacche (law term) 
'take prisoner, arrest': adapt, of 
fr. attacker (= span, atacar, IT. 
attaccare). 

attain vb. me. attaine atteine: 
borrowed from fr. atteindre 
(= LAT. attingere 'touch upon). 

attire vb. me. atire\ adapted fr. 
OFR. atirer 'adorn*. Source a 
Teut. sb. /?r ornament, honor' 



= oSAX. OE. tir glory, honor' 
(g. zierde). 

attorney me. atourney older 
aturn4 atourni agent, deputy, 
commissioner?: adapt, of fr. 
atarni part, of atarner 'direct, 
appoint*. 

auburn orig. 'whitish or flaxen- 
colored , reddish - brown* me. 
auburne awburne 'citron-colored : 
from OFR, auborne alborne (=^IT. 
alburnd) = med. lat. alburnus 
'whitish' (albus 'white*). 

auger orig. nauger (like adder 
for nadder, apron for napron with 
loss of an initial n) me. nauger 
older ndve'ggr oe. nafo-gdr 'an 
auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of 
naves* (see nave^ and gore^); 
cp. the synon. ohg. nabug^ 
MHG. nabegir g. (dial.) ndber^ 
ICEL. nafarr. 

aught a whit, anything' me. 
aught older awight OE. dwiht 
dmviht 'aught'; oe. dn is one 
and for wiht see whit and not. 

August from lat. augustus\ me. 
aust from OFR. aoust = fr. aoiWi 
or from late OE. august changed 
to ^auwest} 

aunt ME. aunt(e) : adapt, of ofr. 
ante (fr. tante). Source lat. 
amita aunt*. 

avail ME. availe\ source fr. 
vaille from valoir 'be worth*. 

avalanche: adoption of the 
synon. fr. avalanche (fr. aval 
'downward' = ofr. a val is j-at. 
ad vallem 'valley ward'). 

avenge me. avenge*, adapt, of 
OFR. avengier 'avenge* (source 



avoid — aye* 



LAT. vindicare Vindicate'); cp, 
vengeance. 

avoid ME. avoidr* adapted from 
FR. avoider *empty out'; cp. void. 

avouch 'declare, confess' from 
OFR. avoch(t)er\ cp. vouch. 

avow ME. avowe avoue from FR. 
avowr\ cp. vow, 

a^vait ME. awaite from onfr. 
ctwait{i)er\ cp. wait, 

aivard me. anvarde from onfr. 
eswarde{t)r 'examine*. For the 
Teut. source see under guard. 

av^are me. Iwai^e oe. lewara 
ywcer = ohg. osax. giwar G. 
gewahr^ DU. gewaar 'watchful, 
wary'; cp. wary. 

av^ay me. away awey oe. onwei 
'away' prop. *on the way'; cp. 
way and alway, 

aive ME. awe older age\ adapt. 
of ON. agi *awe, terror*. Akin 
to OE. ejjR ME. eie *fear, terror* 
= GOTH, agis and GR. a;^05 
'anguish'; cp. goth. aglus *mo- 
lesting', om. agor 1 fear'. 

aivkv^ard me. awkward aukward 
beside late me. auke 'contrary, 
wrong'; auk- contr. of avek' = 
ON. cf^gr "turned the wrong 
way'. Cogn. w. osax. aduh, ohg. 
aduA and skr. qfidk 'turned away'. 

a>vl me. au/ awel oe. awel 
eawol 'awl': if traceable to a 
Teut. base awola (for agwola^^ 
akin to LAT. acus needle* — 
aculeus 'sting*. 

aivn ME. aune older awene 
agene: Scand. loanword 'from 
QN. pgn which is ident. with OE. 



CBgnCy OHG. agana mhg. agene 
g. ahney goth. ahana chaff'; 
prob. related, to gr. ax^ ayvgov 
*chaff*, uth. akufas, opruss. 
ackons *awn'. 

awry me. awry{e) onwry; cp. 
wry, 

ax(e) ME. ax oe. eax r= the 

synon. oe. eax cex, ohg. ahsa 
MHG. ahse G. achsCf du. c^ and 
with formative -/ the synon. on. 
pocuilf whence borrowed me. axel 
E. axle'(tree). For a pre -teut. 
aksa cp. skr. dk^ay gr. a^ayvy 
LAT. axis, OSLOV. osf^ LITH. aszts 
'axle'. 

ax(e) ME. ax(e) oe. ax orig. 
acas *acces = synon. oSAX. ohg. 
accus MHG. ackes G. ax(i), du. 
ijr^^x, ON. gxy goth. aqizi 'axe*. 
VxG-T^\jT. agist agzi (aksf) appears 
also in gr. a^ivrj 'axe'. 

axle ME. axel in axei-fr^: bor- 
rowed from ON. gxultri; akin 
to ax, 

aye^ 'yes* occurring in the 
\t^^ cent, as / and not found 
earlier; perh. ident. with / = 
OE. ic\ in OE. we find nic (for 
ne -[- ic) 'no' (in answering). 
The orthography of aye was 
influenced perhaps by aye"^ (cp. 
nay). 

aye^ me. ay ey : borrowed from 
ON. ^/ ever ; akin to goth. aiw 
'ever', ohg. osax. io g. je\ cp. 
^t/^r. In the Aryan langs. a sb. 
aiwa* 'age, time* exists in goth. 
aiws^ LAT. aevum^ gr. alijiv. 



lO 



babe — bait 



B 



babe me. bdbe fuller form bdbdn\ 
from w. GAEL. IR. CORN, babati 
*a babe, child'. 

baboon me. bdbwin bdboln : 
loanword from the synon. fr. 
babouin. Akin to DU. baviaan, 
G. patnan. Source ofr. babou 
grimace'? 

baby me. bdbi: dimin. of babe, 

baqhelor me. bachelor: borrow- 
ed from OFR. bacheler = fr. 
bachelier. Source med.-lat. bac- 
caldrius, 

back^ cp. basin. 

back' *the hinder part of the 
body' ME. bak OE. biBc = osax. 
DU. (in comp.), icel. sw. bak 
*back\ — back adv. for aback 
me. abak OE. on bcec 'backward' 
prop. *on the back'. — back- 
board OE. bcBcbord = DU. lg. 
bakboord (whence G. backbord^ 
FR. babord), icel. bakbord lar- 
board*. 

backgammon prop. *bacfc- 
game*, because the men when 
taken are put back. See 
gammon, 

bacon ME. bacon bdcoun: bor- 
rowed from OFR. bacon 'flitch of 
bacon'. Source a teut. base 
ba/wn = MDU. mlg. bake, ohg. 
iiiMu^ MHG. bac/te *side of bacon, 
ham'; akin to back sb. 

bad ME. bad(de) 'worthless, 
wicked'; prob. ident. with OE. 
^^^//fi/ 'forced, compelled' ; orig. 



part, of the vb. d-bddan 'compel, 
restrain'. 

badge late me. bagge: of fr. 
origin, cp. OFR. bagCy med.-lat. 
bagia 'signum, a ring'. 

badger orig. ident. with an 
obsolete badger *one who buys 
com'; cp. FR. blaireau 'badger' 
orig. little corn-merchant'. The 
source is a med.-lat. bladdrius^ 
OFR. blayer * corn-merchant' (fr. 
bli *corn') : e. badger for bladgerf 

bag ME. bagge: loanword from 
ON. baggi 'bag, bundle*. — bag- 
gage ME. baggdge according to 
FR. baggage points to ofr. bague 
= ON. baggi, 

bail 'a hoop* me. beil: perh. 
traceable to an OE. ^bej^el "^by^el 
= G. bilgel, ON. bygill\ '^bug 
in bow, 

bail vb. borrowed from ofr. 
^bailer 'secure, keep in custody'. 
Akin to bailiff me. bailif baili: 
from OFR. bailif (whence also 
DU. baljuw) later baili bailli = 
MEO,'\.P^T,bailltvus ballivus. Source 
LAT. bajuliis 'burdenbearer'. 

bairn 'child' (Sc.) me. b{rn 
OE. biarn 'child' = OHG. goth. 
barn, ON. barn (whence also 
ME. barn): deriv. of the teut. 
\/"ber 'produce', prop, partic. 
with the meaning that which is 
born'. 

bait vb. ME. baite beite 'feed': 
borrowed from ON. beita 'cause 
to bite* = MHG. beizen 'bait', OE. 



bake — bark* 



II 



b(Btan\ causative of teut. UUan 
*bite'; cp. bite. 

bake me. bake oe. bacan str. vb. 
= ON. bakay OHG. bahhan *bake*. 
The G. forms partly show teut. 
kk for TEUT. k\ G. backeuy DU. 
bakken (osAX. bakkeri *baker); 
the kk is also shown in batch. 
The TEUT. ^fbak from pre-TEUT. 
bh!^g is perh. connected with 
OR. qxjjyHy Voast*. 

bald ME. bal/ed (oe. *bea//^def) ; 
source and history unknown. 

baldiick me. baudrik bauderik] 
akin to on. baldrekry aiHG. bal- 
derichy fr. baudroy (ofr. baldreiy 
whence me. baudry)y med.-lat. 
baldringus: related toLAT, ba/teus 
under be/t, 

bale sb. a large bundle of mer- 
chandise ready for transporta- 
tion: loanword from ofr. ba{l)k 
(= SPAN, balay iT.balla) ; of Teut. 
origin, ident. with ball, 

bale vb. *empty water out of 
a ship', also spelled bail: bor- 
rowed from DU. balien *bale out'; 
DU. balie (= mlg. ballige balgey 
LG. baljey IT. baglid) *tub' fr. fr. 
bcnlle represents aLat.type bacula 
(cogn. w. basin). 

bale me. bale oe. bealu\ cp. 
osAX. balUy OHG. baluy on. bgl 
*evil, calamity*; goth. "^balws 
*evir in comp. and deriv. as 
balweins bahujan 'torment*. 

ball^ 'a spherical body' me. 
ball(e): borrowed from ofr. balle 
= OHG. balla ballo *a ball, sphere', 
ON. bpllr 'ball'. 



ball* a dance' (= du. g. ball) : 
borrowed from fr. bal a dance' 
(= SPAN, bailey IT. ballo) *a 
dance', fr. bailer (it. ballare) 
is traced to gr. fiaXXiXsiv *dance*. 

ballast: loanword from sw. 
DAN. ballast orig. baglast for bar- 
lass prop. *bare last' i. e. mere 
load' = DU. LG. G. ballast. 

balm me. baum (baume bame 
basme)\ adapt, of FR. baume. 
Source lat. balsamuMy whence 
G. balsaniy DU. balsem. 

bane 'harm' me. bdne] OE.bana 
means murderer'; cp. on. baney 
OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to gr. 
(povo^ 'murder'. 

bank me. banke oe. banca = 
ON. bakki (orig. * banke)'. akin 
to bench. — bank (for money) 
adapt, of FR. banque = it. banca: 
ult. source teut. bank(i) in 
bench. 

bar ME. barrel adapt, of ofr. 
barre. 

bare me. bare oe. beer = ohg. 
G. bary ON. berr: teut.-goth. 
base baza" = pre-TEUT. bhaso' 
in OSLOV. bosH 'bare-foot', lith. 
basas. 

bargain sb. ^ie. bargain : adapt, 
of. OFR. bargaine 'traffic'. 

barge me. barge : adapt, of ofr. 
barge. Source a med.lat. barica, 
whence also bark^, 

bark ^ 'the rind of a tree' me. 
barke: possibly a loanword from 
the equiv. on. bprkr', cp. G. LG. 
borke, northfris. buarky goth. 
*barkus: prob. akin to birch on 
account of SKR. bkUrja m. 'birch* 



12 



bark* — basket 



— n. 'birchbark'. Bark orig. 
*birchbark*? cp. birch, 

bark 2 adapt, of fr. barque) 
ident. with barge. 

bark vb. "hSE. berke oe. bear can) 
cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on. 
berkja *bark' : teut. ^f berky not 
recorded elsewhere. 

barley me. barli older barlich 
late OE. bcerlid\ how the word 
IS connected with the synon. 
OE. bire (cp. barn)^ is uncertain. 
Source a teut. base baraz (bariz 
= ON. barr, cp. goth. barizeins 
*made of barley *), akin to lat. 
far *com' (artan base bharos-^, 

barm yeast* me. berme oe. beorma 
= DU. berniy mlg. berme \ Teut. 
base berman- from an Aryan base 
bhertnen' in lat. fertnentum, 

bam me. ^^r«<? oe. bern short 
for orig. bere-ern *barley-house' ; 
cp. barley. OE. -ern (for «r« 
^rcenn) 'house' corresponds to 
GOTH, razn 'house', on. rann, 

barnacle ^ *a fish' me. bernake\ 
transformed by suffix-exchange 
from OE. byrnete ^lolligo'. 

barnacle 2 *a kind of goose' 
ME. bernake'y an anglo-lat. ber^ 
naca of the 1 2 *^ cent, is the first 
record of the obscure word. 

barnacles^ ^spectacles' orig. 
'irons put on the noses of horses 
to keep them quiet' dimin. to 
ME. bernac from ofr. bernac 
*camus, a barnacle'. 

baron me. bdroun: loanword 
from FR. baron f whence also odu. 
baroen, mhg. barton G. DU. baron. 
Source a military word lat. baro 



'mercenary*, which oftentimes is 
found in the Teut. Leges Bar- 
barorum for *baron'. 

barrel me. bdrel prop, barili 
borrowed fr. FR. bariL 

barren me. barrein : a fr. loan- 
word, cp. OFR. brahain barhain 
(fr. brihaigne 'sterile'). Source 
unknown. 

barrov^ *a wheel -barrow' me. 
bdrwe (oE. *bearwe)\ derived 
from the teut. ^fber in bear\ 
as for the w/-suffix cp. also oe. 
tneox-byrwCf westphal. bierwe 
'a bier, stretcher'. 

barter Engl, deriv. of ofr. 
baraie 'deceit, fraud' (ofr. ba- 
rater 'beguile'), whence me. bar at 
bar^ty ODU. baraet fraud', mhg. 
bdrdU 

base^ 'low' from fr. basse f. 
{bc^ m.). Source vulg. -lat. 
bassus ? 

base 2 sb. 'foundation' me. bdse 
{bas)\ loanword from FR. base 
(lat. basis), 

bashful see abash, 

basin me. basin: loanword from 
FR. bassin. Source lat. bacctnum 
(akin w. lat. bacar and bicdrium ?) 
whence DU. bekken, org. (osax.) 
bfkktn G. becken 'basin*; cp. DU. 
LG. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fr. 
bac 'txowghy basin' = lat. baccd). 

bask vb. mk. baske\ a Scand. 
loanword, from ON. badask 'bathe 
oneself. Source see under ^ a M. 

basket me. bdsket) commonly 
considered ident. with britann.- 
LAT. bascauda 'dish-pan' (= ofr. 
base hoe 'bucket'); an o^,*bascod 



bass — bay' 



13 



*baxod was supplanted by *bascotj 
'Ot being an E. dimin. suffix. 
A primit. lat.-gall. basca appears 
in FR. bdche tilt, vat*. 

bass *a fish' me. base barse oe. 

b^BTS = DU. baars, G. barsch\ cp. 

SWED. abborre^ dan. oborre (rr 
from rs), 

bastard me. bastard (= o. 
bastardy du. bastaard) : borrowed 
from OFR. bastard (fr. bdtard = 
SPAN. IT. bastardo). Source ofr. 
^tfj/ = SPAN. IT. basto 'pack- 
saddle'; cp. OFR. fits de bast *a 
bastard', lit. *a son of a pack- 
saddle' (not of a bed, cp. G. 
bankert prop. *son of a bench). 

baste ^ vb. 'beat with a stick, 
strike': a Scand. loanword from 
ON. beysta 'beat' = sw. bosta 
'thump', DAN. boste strike'. 

baste 2 vb. pour fat over meat'; 
origin unknown. 

baste ^ vb. *sew slightly' me. 
bdste\ borrowed from ofr. bastir 
(fr. batir = span, basteary it. 
imbastare) *baste'. Source a 
teut. bastjan = ohg. bestan 'patch' 
MHG. besten *bind'. 

bat ^ *a short cudgel' me. late oe. 
bat(tt): loanword from IR. gael. 
bat 'staff, cudgel' or more prob. 
fr. FR. batte 'a rammer, wand'. 

bat^ a winged mammal'; the 
Scotch by-form ba(/)k points to 
ME. bakke = DAN. bakke (only in 
comp. aftenbakke *evening-bat'). 
Perh. connected with back and 
bacon y made prob. by G. (dial.) 
j^^^*^w<jw'bat'prop.'fiitch-mouse'. 



batch ME. bacche oe. *bced(!e\ 
deriv. from the teut. \f bakk 
(ibak); see bake. 

bath ME. bath oe. bad= osax, 
batAf DU. G. OHG. bad, on. bad. 
The dental being suffix, the word 
rests on a teut. y* ba (bt) in 
OHG. bden = G. bdhen. — bathe 
vb. ME. bathe oe. badian = ohg. 
badSn G. baden, on. bada: deriv. 
from the teut. sb. ba/a- 'bath'. 

batten vb. *grow fat' me. *batne: 
a Scand. loanword fromo'S.batna 
*grow better' (= goth. gabatnan 
'profit*). Akin to better and 
boot^, 

batter vb. 'beat' me. batre : from 
FR. battre. Source lat. battuere. 
Hence batter a compound of 
eggs, flour and milk* me. baturei 
from OFR. batC'Ure 'a beating*. 

battle ME. bdtailei loanword 
from FR. batailky whence odu. 
bataelghcy mhg. bateile 'battle'. 
Source lat. battuere 'beat*. 

bay adj. 'reddish' me. bay: from 
FR. bai. Source lat. badius 'bay- 
colored*. 

bay^ 'inlet of the se^' me. baie\ 
borrowed from fr. baie (= span. 
bahia^ it. bajd), 

bay2 sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree, 
sweet-bay' me. bay baie 'a berry': 
borrowed from ofr. baie baye 
FR. baie *a berry'. Source lat. 
bacca bdca 'berry*. 

bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me. 
baye shortened from abaye: loan- 
word from OFR. abaier fr. aboyer. 

bay® 'berry* (in bay-rum) me. 
boi kei oe. bck^ rr. northfris. bei^ 



14 



be 



beaver * 



DITMARSCH biie^ DU. bei 'berry*: 
Teut. base baijiz bajjiz\ not ident. 
"With OFR. bate = lat. bacca. 

be *exist* me. b^ oe. bion fr. a 
Teut. base *byan\ cp. OHG. bim = 
OSAX. biu-m *I am', which an- 
swers to LAT. fio\ Aryan base 
bhib {bhijd) traceable to' bku'ib 
bhuid'y cp. \l"bku in L.Pir£,fui 1 was'. 
Cp. booth and build, 

be- prefix ME. OE. be- : ident. 
with by. 

beacon me. b^ken oe. b{acen 
= OHG. bouhhan^ osax. bdkan (du. 
baak^ G. bake fr. ofris. bdken)', 
TEUT. base baukna-. See ^^r>J. 

bead me. ^fVi^? a bead, a prayer' 
OE. 5^^^// *prayer'. Deriv. from 
the TEUT. yfbed'y cp. bid. 

beadle me. b§del b{dil\ loan- 
word from OFR. bedel = fr. 
hideau (it. bidelld). Source a 
Teut. W// = OHG. biHL 

beaker me. biker \ cp. the sy- 
Bon. DU. beker^ osax. bikeri^ ohg. 
b'ehhdri G. becher, Perh. the E. 
word is borrowed from the sy- 
non. ON. bikarr. Source lat. 
biccarium (it. biccMere) with the 
hy-iorxxi piccarium (see pitcher). 
Further connections under basin, 

beam *a piece of timber' me. 
b{m OE. b^am *a tree' = ohg. 
2kiHG. bourn G. baufHy ip. du. 
boom, OSAX. ^^/« *a tree'. The 
corresp. synon. goth. bagtns (on. 
badmrY) 'tree' seems to point to 
a TEUT. bagrvma- with a by-form 
bawtfia' bauffia-. 

bean me. ^e?/^ ben oe. ^/<ar« = 
synon. ohg. bona g. <^(?/^;z^, du. 



boon, ON. ^««« : teut. base baund- 
*bean'. The early existence of 
the word (goth. *baund) is at- 
tested by the name of the 
Fris. island Baunonia (island of 
beans?). 

bear vb. 'carry' me. b{re oe. 
b'eran = oSAX. ohg. b'eran, on. 
bera, du. bar en, goth. bairan. 
Akin to LAT. ferre, gr. rp^Qfiv^ 
SKR. yfbhar 'bear, carry': ARYAN 
\{^bher. Cp. bier and birth, 

bear sb. *ursus' me. ^^^ oe. b'era 
= OHG. bero mhg. ^^ G. ^ar, du. 
beer. The TEVi.ber on- (on. bjprn) 
is based on an Aryan adj. bhero- 
'brown' preserved in lith. beras 
'brown*. 

beard me. b^rd oe. b^ard = 
DU. baardy ofris. berd, ohg. g. 
bart: TEUT. base bar da- = Aryan 
bhardha- in lat. barba, OSLOV. 
^<7///7, LITH. barzda,^ pruss. bor^ 
dus *beard*. * 

beast ME. b{st'. loanword from 
OFR. beste (fr. b^te), whence also 
LG. DU. beest 'beast'. Source lat. 
bhtia (in a vulgar form bhta). 

beat vb. me. b{te oe. b(atan 
= OHG. bb^yin mhg. bb^en, icel. 
bauta 'beat'. Cp. beetle. 

beaver^ 'an animal' me. b(ver 
OE. beofor = ohg. bibar g. biber, 
DU. bez'er, ON.bjorr: teut. bebruz 
(whence are borrowed it. bevero, 
FR. bievre) points to pre-teut. 
bhebhrus = "LAi.^ber, COKS. befer, 
oslov. bebra, lith. bebrus, Lett. 
bebris, RUSS. bobrii 'beaver'. In 
SKR. there is an adj. babhrtis 
'brown', which is perh a redupl. 



mmtmi^^^a^^m 



beaver* — begin 



15 



form pointing to lith. deras 
*brown' under ^ear. 

beaver^ *the lower part of a 
helmet' borrowed from the synon. 
FR. baiHb'ey whence also the sy- 
non. DU. bever. 

because me. because bicause by- 
cause (also separately written be-^ 
bi'y by- cause): by the prep. + 
cause, 

beck^ *a stream' me. bek\ loan- 
word from ON. bekkr (= sw. 
back)] cp. OS AX. bekif du. beek^ 
OHG. bah{hh) g. bach from a teut. 
baki'. 

beck^ 'a nod or sign' me. bek 
short for ME. b^ke OE. b^acen) 
see beacon, 

bed ME. OE. bed {dd) = goth. 
badi (stem badja-^^ ohg. beti betti 
MHG. beite bete G. bett, du. bed. 
The cogn. cymr. bedd 'grave* 
(celt, base bedo-^ points to the 
ARYAN \Pbhedh bhodh (in lat. 
fodio 1 dig', LITH. bedu 1 dig ), 
as is evident in G. beet (blumen- 
beet) = E. bed (flowerbed). 

bedrid me. bedred oe. bedridai 
lit. *a bed-rider' = mlg. bed- 
deride ^bedridden'. Cp. rifde 
(and the phrase »ride on an- 
chor«). Akin to ohg. bettiriso, 
mlg. bedderise 'bedridden' — ban- 
krise *a lazy fellow', 

bee ME. b^ oe. bfo contr. of 
bie (infl. bian) = ohg. bia, DU. 
bij', with «-sufiix G. biene from 
ohg. bim. Akin to pruss. bttte, 
LITH. bitis, LETT, bttte, IR. becA 
*bee'; also lat. /uci^ *drone' 
(Aryan base bhcnko'^T). 



beech me. bfche oe. b^de (orig. 
bcedie = lg. bceke 'beech*): for- 
med with' vowel mutation from 
*bdc in OE. bdc-tr^ow) cp. ohg. 
buohha mhg. btwche G. buche, 
ON. ^^^. The name of this tree 
(whence bo oil) is a pre-teut. 
bhdgos = ULT./dgus 'beech', gr. 
(fctyog (pyiyoQ, The gr. word 
signifies perh. originally 'tree 
with edible fruit, food- tree* ((pa- 
ysiv eatj. 

beef ME. b^f older bdif {beof) : 
borrowed from ofr. boef fr. 
boeuf. Source lat. bovem {bos). 

beer me. b^r oe. b^or= ohg. 
OSAX. bior G. DU. bier, A common 
WESTTEUT. word (base beura-), 
perh. derived fr. oe. osax. bio, 
ON. ^7^^ 'barley"; hence beer 
prop, 'barley-juice'? 

beet ME. OE. bete. Source lat. 
b^ta (=p FR. bette, it. bieta), 
whence also G. beete, 

beetle^ me. b^tel oe. bfiel b^tel 
= the synon. lg. bostel, on. bey- 
till 'hammer. The teut. base 
bautila- belongs to the teut. 
\/^baut in beat. 

beetle^ an insect me. bitel oe. 
bitola\ derived from an adj. oe. 
bUol 'inclined to bite'. 

beg vb. ME. begge shortened 
from OE. bedeciauy formed from 
bid with intensive k (as \vl hatk^ 
lurk J walJi). 

begin me. beginne oe. beginnan 
str. vb. = OSAX. OHG. biginnatiy 
DU. G, beginnefiy goth. duginnen 
'begin'. The teut. ^f gen (the 
initial g of which may be an 



i6 



begin — bellows 



Aryan k in the compound) is 
traceable to the Aryan ^fken 
in OSLOV. pO'dinq {\v&mt. po-d^ti 
'begin , koni * beginning*). 

beguile vb. me. begile (= mdu. 
beghijUn) : loanword from opr. 
guiler. Cp. wile. 

behalf 'interest, benefit' me. 
on behaive for on halve or be 
halve OE. on (be) healfe) OE. 
heal/ sb. (= ohg. halbd) means 
*side'. 

behave vb. late me. behave 
OE. behabbani ident. with have, 
— behavior shows a fr. ending 
in imitation of havior^ var. of 
haver for aver 'possession. 

behead vb. me. beh(de bihe/den 
OE. beh^a/diah \ cp. mhg. behoubeten 
*behead*. Cp. head. 

behest me. behest(e) Hhest earlier 
behfse OE.' behds 'command, vow.' 
OE. hcks (base hdsi- haisi-) points 
to TEUT. GOTH, haitan = OE. 
hdtan'y cp. hight and hesU 

behind me. behinde(n) oe. be- 
hindan 'afterwards, after'. Cp. 
hinder and hindmost. 

behold vb. me. beh^lde oe. 
behdldan {beh{aldan) 'hold, see*. 
Cp. hold. 

behoof ME. behof oe. behof = 
synon. DU. behoef, mlg. beho/f 
MHG. behuof G. behufj icel. hdf 
'moderation*. — behoove vb.MB. 
beh^e oe. behdfian *be necessary' 
= DU. behoeven, mlg. behoven, 

belch vb. akin to me. bclke oe. 
bcelcian bealcian and with suffix 
bealcettan 'belch'. 



belfry me. berfray berfrey ber- 
freid berfreit adapt, of ofr. ber* 
fr€ibere/rett=YSi.beffroi. Source 
MHG. bercvrit from berc 'pro- 
tection- and frid *a place of 
security'. 

belief me. belfve from the vb. ace. 
bel^e = believe. Phonetically 
not ident. with me. bel^e il^e 
OE. lel^'a/a = osAX. gildbo^ DU, 
geloo/f OHG. giloubo G. glaube, 
— believe vb. me. bil^e orig. 
U^e OE. lelf/an lety/an 'believe' 
= OSAX. gildbian^ DU. gelooven^ 
OHG. gilouban G. glauben, goth. 
galaubjan. 

bell ME. OE. belle = du. bel^ 
LG. belle\ WEST-TEUT. base belldn. 
Akin to bellow'^ 

bellow vb. ME. bel(o)we bihve 
OE. belgian bylgian 'bellow*: teut. 
base *balligdnl Prob. an extended 
form with vowel mutation and 
intensive formative of oe. bellan 
= OHG. bellan 'bellow*. If bell- is 
traceable to belz bels, the teut. 
V" corresponds to skr. bhaJ (for 
bhals) 'bellow' = bhdS 'speak* and 
LiTH. balsas 'voice'. 

bellows ME. belwes (also belies) 
'a bellows' : prop. plur. of belowe 
belu beli 'a bellows, a bag, belly* 
OE. bceli byli {bldstbyl}) *a bag' 
= ON. belgr^ G. DU. balg 'skin*. 
Ident. with belly, a teut. yf^^^S 
'swell* appears in ohg. belgan 
'be angry*, oe. lebolgen angry*, 
ON. bolgen 'swollen*; cogn. w. 
oir. bolgaim 'I swell' — bolg bole 
'bag, bellows* — ogall. bulga 
'leather-bag*. Cp. bolster. 



belly — between 



17 



belly ME. belie belt *belly, womb, 
also a bellows' oe. belj^ byli *a 
bag, pouch, purse, bag of any 
kind*. Ident. with bellows, 

below^ ME. bil^e cp. low. 

belt ME. OE. belt == ohg. balzy 
ON. belti'di belt, border. Source 
LAT. (gall.?) ballets 'belt'. 

bench me. bench oe. bendx with 
umlaut and palatalization from 
a TEUT. base banki(z) = OSAX. 
DU. G. OHG. bank^ on. bekkr\ fr. 
banc and IT. span, banco are 
TEUT. loanwords. Cp. bank, 

bend sb. 'a band, bond' me. 
OE. bend (= osax. bendiy odu. 
bendcy goth. bandi *a band, bond*) 
from the y/" bend in bind^ whence 
also bend vb. 'bow, curve' me. 
bende oe. bendan *bind, curve, 
bend'. 

beneath 'iss.*ben{the oe. beneodan 
= DU. beneden\ from oe. neodan^ 
OSAX. nithanay ohg. nidana mhg. 
mden(e) *below'. Cp. nether, 

heni&on'iSE.beneisoun': borrowed 
from OFR. bendfop. Source lat. 
benedictionem (vp. me. maleisoun = 
OFR. maldfony lat. maledicHoneni), 

bent-grass oe. beonot = osax. 
bi'nut, OHG. bi/iw^ mhg. bm(e)'^ G. 
^'«j^, DU. bentgras, 

bequeath vb. me. bequfthe oe. 
becwedan 'declare, affirm'. — be- 
quest ME. biqueste usually biquide 
byquide bequide. For the OE. vb. 
cw'edan 'speak' cp. quoth. 

bereave vb. me. birfve {rive) 
OE. ber{afian {r{afian) = osax. 
birbbdny DU. berooven^ OHG. (bi)roU' 

Emclish Etymology. 



bbn G. berauben^ goth. biraubbn 
Vob', ON. raufa Vob'. 

berry me. oe. berie \ cp. synon* 
OHG. beri q. beere. The r was 
orig. z ^=. s\ cp. GOTH, ^aji in 
weinabasi wineberry, grape', DU. 
bes 'berry*. 

beseech vb. me. bisiche bis4ke 
OE. bis4dan\ ident. with seek, 

besom 'a broom' me. besom 
besme 'a broom, rod' oe. besma 
*a rod* = DU. bezeniy ohg. b'esama 
G. besen *a broom*, goth. *bisma. 
LAT. ferula may accord with 
the Teut. word in an Aryan 
y/^bhes. 

best ME. beste oe. betsta = goth. 
batista, OHG. beyi^isto mhg. g. ^^ j/^, 
OSAX. ^.^/j'/^. Cp. better and 

bestow vb. ME. bestowe\ cp. 
stow, 

betide vb. me. betide ; cp. ////<f. 

betray vb. me. betraie (by-form 
betraisse)\ adapt, of fr. trahir 
(source lat. tradere 'deliver'), 
Cp. traitor and treason. 

betroth vb. me. bitretithie 'be- 
troth*; deriv. from truth. 

better me. better oe. betera = 
goth. batiza, ohg. be^yro g. 
besser, osax. betoro, du. beter, 
ON. ^^/r^. Cp. the corresp. 
superl. best. No primitive adj. 
exists in the Teut. and Aryan 
langs.; for the root cp. boot^^ 
and best. 

between me. bitw^ne oe. 
betw^onum 'between'; in oe. the 
orig. construction was be sdnt 
twionum = 'between the seas', 



i8 



beverage — bind 



OE. *tw4on earlier iwihn *two' 
answers to goth. tweihns = lat. 
tfinus (Aryan base dwetkno-s). — 
betwixt ME. betwix (by-form 
beiwixe) oe. betweox biiwihs (by- 
form betufeoxn = os ax. undarfwisk 
'between*, ohg. undar ziviskhn 
'between G. zwischen. The Teut, 
base twiska- 'two* is a deriv. of 
TEUT. iwa in two. 

beverage me. beverdge beveregr. 
loanword from ofr. bevragc 
bcurage brctwaige = fr. breuvage. 
Source lat. bibere (lat. type 
biberaiicum), 

bevy *a company' me. bevey 
bev^l doubtful if ident. with ofr. 
bevey e fr. bevie 'drink, drinking* ? 
then the E. word might prop, 
denote *a drinking-party'. 

beyond me. beyonde oe. beiepn- 
dan, Cp. yon. 

bible ME. bible', loanword from 
FR. bible, whence also DU. bifbel, 
G. sw. DAN. bibel. Source lat. 
hiblia. 

bid ME. Hdde oe. biddan str. vb. 
= GOTH, bidjan, OSAX. btddian, 
DU. bidden^ ohg. bitian G. bitten, 
ON. bidja 'bid'. The teut. V" 
bed for bid goes back to an 
Aryan yf bMdh in gr. nd&(a 'move 
by praying' which with lat. fido 
'trust' points to connection with 
bide. 

bide ME. bide oe. bldan str. vb. = 
GOTH, beidan, osax. brtdan, OHG. 
Uiian^ on. bida. The strong verb 
^TEUT. bldan wait' agrees with 
luXT./tdo 'I trust' and gr. nei&o/nai 
1 trust, obey' (nti&io 1 move by 



entreaty'): pre-TEUT. bhtdh. Cp. 
bid 'pray' for the identity of bide 
with TEUT. bidjan. 

bier me. bere b{re oe. b(kr = 
oSAX. OHG. bctra G. bahre, du, 
baar\ the modem spelling with 
ie (since 1600) is due to fr. 
biire. Source a teut. b^d-^ 
derived fr. bear (teut. V* btr). 

bile ME. bile oe. b^le = du. 
bull, OHG. bidlla *bullia 'blain' 
MHG. biule G. beule\ teut. base 
bUljd{ny. 

bilP *a writing, account' to- 
gether with its dimin. billet 'a 
note' ME. bille 'a letter (dimin. 
billette 'a note'): from med.-lat. 
Hlla bulla 'a bubble, boss, leaden 
seal, a bull'. Cp. bull. 

bill 2 sword' me. oe. bill 'sword' 
= OHG. osAX. bil{lt) 'a sword'. If 
GOTH, ^bilja- goes back to Aryan 
bhilyo' for bhidlyo^, connection 
with LAT. findere is possible. 
Hence bill 'the instrument for 
splitting and 

bill 3 'bird's beak' me. biU{e) 
bil(e) OE. bile 'beak'; prob. con- 
nected with bill^. 

billow ME. *bilwe prop. *bilgei 
borrowed from on. bylgja : teut. 
y^ belg 'swell* treated under bag 
and bellows. 

bin me. binne oe. ^/«« 'manger': 
CELT, loanword from gall, benna 
'kind of vehicle', whence also 
FR. benne 'a basket, hamper* 
(it. 3<?««<7 'sleigh, cart'). G. benne 
'basket- wagon* is of fr. origin. 

bind ME. binde oe. bindan str. vb. 
= OSAX. bindan, on. binda, DU. 



i^h^^B^^^^^ifc- 



" '- - '■ 



birch — blame 



19 



G. Mndetiy ohg. bintan', teut. 
'yfbend. An Aryan yfbhendh 
appears in skr. bandh 'bind'; 
SKR. bandhu ^relative* points to 
connection with or. nsv&epng 
*father-in-law', gr. TJstOf.ia for 
*7isvd^a^ta, LAT. of-fend-imentum 
*band, rope*. Cp. band^ bend, 

birch ME. birche oe. birde = 
OHG. bircha G. birke : teut. base 
birkjofi". The synon. oe. ^^^rr, 
DU. berky ON. ^ipr^^ from an orig. 
base b'erko^ are an Aryan bhergd 
= SKR. bhurja, OSLOV. briza^ 
LITH. birzas *birch*. Cp. bark'^, 

bird ME. ^r^ mostly brid^B. bird', 
orig. *a young bird' OE. brid (plur. 
briddas) *the young of any bird': 
TEUT. base bridja^ for bredjo-] 
akin to breed and brood} 

birth ME. ^/r/^^ older i-birde 
OE. lebyrd ,= osax. giburdy du. 
geboortey ohg. giburt G. geburty 
ON. ^r//r *birth', GOTH. gabaHrfs 
'birth': deriv. from a teut. vb. 
gaberan 'produce' with suffix ///-: 
/5/ (cp. IR. ^r/M *birth', skr. 
MrA' 'bearing'). 

bishop ME. bishop bisshop oe. 
bisieop = osax. biskop^ du. ^w- 
schopy OHG. ^£fr^ G. bischof, on. 
biskup. WEST-TEUT. ^/>>^^^ (taken 
as a compound bi-\-skop) is iden- 
tical with GOTH, aipiskcaipus = 
GR. anlaitonog, LAT. episcopus. The 
initial ^ is also wanting in it. 
vescovo, OFR. PROV. vesque (but fr. 
ivique from OYSi.evesque) ■= vulgar 
LAT. {e)biscopus, 

bitch ME. ^/VrA^r OE. bii!dt\ TEUT. 



base bikjon- also in on. bikkja 
'bitch*; cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'. 

bite ME. bite oe. bltan str. vb. = 
OSAX. Vitan^ okg. M^'^an G^beissen, 
DU. bij'ten 'bite', on. ^/fe', A teut. 
str. vb. bilan 'bite* is developed 
from an Aryan y^bhid 'split* in 
-Lh.T.findOy SKR. bhid 'split'. Cp. 
bitter and ^///2. 

bitter adj.ME.^V/<!r oe. bitter biter 

= OSAX. OHG. ^///ar MHG. G. 
DU. MLG. LG. DAN. SW. bitter, ON. 

bitr 'bitter: teut. base bitra^ 
(and baitra- in goth. baitrs 
'bitter*), prop. 'biting': deriv. from 
the TEUT. V"^ in bite. 

bittern me. bitor older butor 
(j= jy\j, butoor)\ borrowed from 
FR. butor (= IT. bittore). Source 
LAT. bos taurus a bird's name? 

black ME. blak oe. blcec (bloc-) ; 
akin to LG. black 'ink'. 

bladder me. bladdre oe. blddre 
= DU. blaar, LG. bladere, ohg. 
b/dttara G. blatter, icel. bladra\ 
the TEUT. base *blidrdn- (with 
//r^- as suffix) comes from the 
TEUT. y^^/^ in blow^. 

blade me. blade oe. ^/^// (plur. 
bladu) = synon. ohg. blat G. 
^/<3;//, DU. OSAX. blad, on. ^/^j^, 
GOTH, ^blada-. Their dental 
seems to be formative; bla- 
from pre-TEUT. M/^?- is perh. 
akin to lat. fol-ium, gr. (^vAAov : 
Aryan y/^bhol bhlo- in bloom'} 

blain me. ^/«V/ oe. bleien = 
DU. ^/««: TEUT. base blajind^ 
from TEUT. V"^^! in bladder} 

blame vb. me. bldme (= mdu. 
blamen)\ loanword from fr. 

1* 



20 



blank — bless 



bldmer (= ospan. blasmar^ it. Ha- 
simare\ source lat. blasphemari). 

blank me. blank oe. blanc bl^nc 
= synon. ohg. mhg. blanc G. 
blank\ ON. blakkr gray or white 
horse*: T^xn, ^ blenk in blink. 
The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in- 
troduced into the Roman, langs.; 
cp. IT. bianco y fr. blanc with the 
deriv. fr. blanchet = ofr. blanket ^ 
whence me. e. blanket 'a coarse 
woolen cover'. 

blare vb.* roar me. blare vb. = 
DU. blaren, G. bldrren pldrren, 

blast me. blast oe. ^ii?x/ = ohg. 
blast y ON. ^/<ij/r *a gust of wind' : 
deriv. of the teut. y/"blis = DU. 
blazenj ohg. bldsan G. blasen, on. 
bldsay GOTH, blisan. A shorter 
•y^^/^ cp. under blow-. 

bla^e sb. 'a flame' me. bldse 
'flame, torch' oe. blcese (infl. 
bldsan) *torch' = lg. mhg. bias 
*a torch'. Akin to goth. blisan 
= G. blasen *blow' (cp. G. wind- 
licht 'torch*). 

blaze vb. 'proclaim' me. bldse 
*blow as a trumpet': perh. loan- 
word from ON. bldsa *blow' = 
DU. blazen 'sound a trumpet', 
OHG. bldsan G. blasen 'blow', goth. 
blisan (in u/blisan 'puff up'). — 
blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr. 
blasonner 'blazon', whence DU. 
blazoen. — blazon^ me. bldson 
older bldsotin from FR. blason 
'coat of arms' (whence also 
DU. blazoen) ? 

bleach vb. me. bl{che oe. bUkHan 
= ON. bleikja 'whiten*: teut. 
base blaikjan from the adj. bleak 



me. bleik late oe. bldeci borrow- 
ed from ON. bleikr = orig. oe. 
bide ME. blpky DU. bleeky g. bUich, 
A teut. y/^bUk appears in oe. 
blican^ ON. blika^ osax. bltkan^ 
DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'. 

blear-eyed 'having sore eyes' 
ME. bl(r^eyed bler-eighed fr. bl{re 
'blear' + eye eijf 'eye'; cp. dan. 
plir-gjety lg. blir-bged *blear-eyed' 
(akin to j.g, Jlirr-dge 'a blear e d- 
eye', inflirr up't dge hebben 'have 
a bleared eye'). 

bleat vb. me. bl^te oe. bldtan 
= DU. blaten bleeten^ lg. bleten, 
OHG. bldyin mhg. bldi,en, 

bleed vb. me. bl^de oe. bl4dan 
= OFRis. bUda, DU. bloeden, lg. 
blcpden, ohg. bluotan, on. blceda 
'bleed': deriv. from teut. blbtia^ 
in blood. 

blemish vb. me. blemiss{h)e 
'wound, injure, soil': loanword 
from OFR. blemiss-y stem of some 
forms of FR. blimir 'grow pale' 
(fr. bleme blesme 'pale, wan*). 

blench vb. me. blenche (also 
blenke) 'shrink back, give way'; 
OE. blendan 'deceive': causative 
of blink, TEUT. base "^blankjan, 

blend ^ vb. me. blende (pret. 
blende) OE. blandan = osax. 
GOTH, blandan, on. blanda, ohg. 
blantan bihg. blatiden. 

blend^ vb. me. blende oe. blen- 
dan = OHG. blentan blenten G. 
blendeni causative of blind vb. 

bless vb. ME. blesse older bletsie 
OE. blitsian older blcedsian 'bless' 
from a teut. base ^blodisbn, not 
found elsewhere in teut. The 



blind 



blow* 



21 



vb. orig. 'sprinkle with blood' 
is appan a deriv. of teut. blbda' 
in blood. 

blind adj. me. oe. blind = 
OSAX. DU. G. sw. DAN. blind (OHG. 
MHO. blini)^ ON. biindr, goth. 
blinds. Akin to on. blunda vb. 
'close one's eyes' and to lith. 
blandyti *cast down one's eyes' 
— blfsti blisH grow dark'. — 
blind vb. 'make blind* deriv. 
of blindf supplanting me. blende 
(pret. blende) oe. bUndan = 
synon. ohg. blfnian o. blendeni 
causative of the teut. base 
blinda in blind adj. blindfold 
adj. me. blindfelU oe. blindfellian 
'strike blind, put out the eyes'; 
the mod. phonology of the 
second element of the word is 
due to confusion with foldl But 
its origin is obscure; it may be 
akin to o*E./<f7/, G. fell ohg. fely 

GOTH, fill = LAT. pellis. 

blink vb. me. blinke = g. du. 
blinken, sw. blinka, dan. blinke. 
. bliss me. blisse oe. bliss older 
bllds blids (= osAX. bltdsed): 
.j-deriv. of blithe. 

blister me. blister oe. *blystre 
= ODU. bluyster. Root unknown. 

blithe ME. blithe oe. blide joy- 
ful, glad* (cp. bliss) = osAX. 
bnthi, LG. bMe^ du. blij{dc)y 
OHG. bHidif ON. blidr^ sw. dan. 
blidy GOTH, bletps. The dental 
is formative, but the TEUT.y^M 
unknown elsewhere. 

block ME. block a block* (of 
wood). Cp. the synon. du. blok^ 
MLG. bhcky OHG. bloh MHG. bloch 



G. block. Uncertain whether the 
E. word is a native E.word or 
adapt, fr. fr. bloc *block, log*, 
blond from fr. blond^ whence 
also G. DU. DAN. blond. Source 
a lost TEUT. blunda- (= it. 
Hondo y SPAN, blondd). 

blood ME. OE. bl6d = OSAX. 

blodt DU. bloedy lg. bloody ohg. 
MHG. bluot G. bluty ON. bldd^ 
SW. DAN. blod\ TEUT. base bloda- 
(and blopa- in goth. bldf) from 
a pre-TEUT. bhldto^ bhlcttO'y not 
found elsewhere. Its relation 
to the \fblb 'bloom' is doubtful. 
See bleed and bless, 

bloom ME. blpm(e)\ borrowed 
from ON. bldm bldmi = goth. 
blbma, osAX. bldmOy du. bloeniy 
OHG. bluoma (bluomo) G. blume 
'flower*. For the ^J^bld cp. lat. 
fids and OIR. bldth 'blossom' and 
blow^. 

\Ao%sovi\we..blosme o^.bldstm{a) 
bldsma^='DV. bloesem {bloetn)^ mlg. 
blo{s)sem\ deriv. of the teut. 
yfblb in blow.^ 

blow sb. 'a stroke' me. blowe\ 
deriv. from me. blfwe oe. bl^owan 
= OHG. blimvan mhg. bliuwen 
G. blduen, du. blouwen^ goth. 
bliggwan 'strike*: teut. \(" bleu 
blew. 

blow^ vb. 'bloom' me. blgwe 
OE. blowan 'blossom' = osax. 
bldjany du. bloeijen^ ohg. bluojan 
G. blUhen 'blow, bloom', goth. 
"^blbjan. The teut. \fbld appears 
also in bloom and blossom. 

blow 2 vb. 'puff' ME. bl^e oe. 
bldwan str. vb. = ohg. bldian 'blow* 



M^H^iaMMkai 



22 



blue — bolster 



MHG. bliBwen blajen g. bldhen 
'blow, swell'. The teut. \("bl^ 
bid agrees partly with lat. 
flare (Aryan bhld in blade '2Md 
bladder), 

blue ME. bl^\ not deriv. from 
OE. bldwen (deriv. of OE« bldw)^ 
whence ME. *bl^e ought to be 
derived, me. bl^ bUu is loan- 
word from the synon. fr. bleu 
(= IT. biavd)\ ME- big 'blue' is 
adapt, of ON. bldr. The source 
of the whole group is a teut. 
base bldwa- blkva^ *blue*'^ OE. 
bldw, ON. bldry DU. blaauw^ oho. 
bldo G. blau\ ident. w. 1.A.T, fiavus 
'yellow*. 

boar ME. b^ oe. bdr = qhg. 
MHG. bir *a' young boar', OSAX. 
b^r(swin)y lg. bir^ DU. beer : teut. 
base batzU" or batru^, 

board *a plank' me. oe. bJrd 
'board, plank, shield, ^ table' = 
OSAX. DU. sw. DAN. bordy LG. boordy 
G. borty ON. bord, goth. (fotuy 
batird 'foot-stool': teut. base 
borda^ with the by-form breda^ 
in OE. bred = G. brell (du. ^^r// 
ODU. bred). 

boast vb. ME. bcfsle; perh. 
traceable to an OE. *bdsetlian', 
deriv. from teut. y/"baus bus in 
G. bose QHG. bosi} 

boat ME. bpt OE. bdt = on. 
^«/ 'boat'. The e. word is the 
source of on. bdir, du. g. boot 
and FR. bateau. . 

bodice 'stays for women' for- 
merly bodies, being plur. oibody, 
Cp. pence for pennies. 



bodkin ME. boidekin *a small 
dagger'; of uncertain origin, 
related to w. bidog, ir. bideog 
'a dagger'? The diphthong oi 
in ME. shows foreign origin of 
ViS.. boidekin] but the suffix seems 
to be Anglisized. 

body ME. body bddi 0£. bodi^ 
'body*; akin to ohg. botah mhg. 
botech 'trunk, corpse*. Relation 
to OHG. botahha g. bottich 'a 
large vessel, tub* is uncertain. 

boil 'a small tumor' me. bile 
OE. b;^l(e): ident. with bile. 

boil vb. 'bubble up* "hSE. boile 
boyle'. loanword from ofr. boillir 
FR. bouillir = span, bullir, it. 
bollire 'boil*. Source lat. bullire 
'bubble'. 

boisterous me. boistrous 'rough, 
coarse': an extended form of 
ME. boistous 'rough, clumsy. The 
^/-diphthong points to foreign 
origin; no source yet found. 

bold ME. bgld oe. bdld (b^'ald 
older b^alp) = goth. ^balpa- 
(in bdlpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig. 
Halpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold* 
(hence G. bald 'soon, quickly'). 

bole ME. b^le = mhg. bole o. 
bokle *a thick plank'; akin to 
ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' and 
perh. related to gr. (paXay^ 
'stem of a tree*. 

boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel, 
a round vessel* = du. bol m. 
OHQ. bolla 'a round vessel', on. 
bolli. Perh. akin to ball and 
LAT. follis 'hose*. 

bolster me. oe. bolster = du. 
MHG. bolster OHG. bolstar G. 



bolt — booty 



23 



polstery ON. bolstr: deriv. with 
sir- suffix from the teut. yf^belg 
'swell'; hence its orig. meaning 
'swelling* (teut. base bolstra- 
from ^bolhstra-), 

bolt vb. *sift meal* me. bulte: 
borrowed from ofr. bulter (fr. 
bluter) 'sift*. 

bolt *a stout pin of iron etc., 
an arrow* me. oe. bolt = synon. 
OHG. bolz^ DU.- bouty ON. bolte. 
Borrowed from lat. caiapulta} 

bone ME. b^n oe. bdn = g. 
bein^ OSAX. beuy DU. been^ on. beiriy 
sw. DAN. ben, goth. *bain (du* g. 
ON. sw. also ^leg*). Perh. cogn. 
with ON. beinn ^straight*. 

bonnetME. bonei: loanword from 
OFR. bonet orig. fr. chapel de 
bonet\ MED.-LAT. bonneta *a stuff 
of which caps were made*. 

bonny me. bony, an engl. 
derivative of fr. ban *good*. 

booby not found in me. oe., 
with ENGL, ending derived from 
SPAN, bobo 'fool*? 

book ME. bgk oe. bpc == G. 

btuh OHG. buoh^ OSAX. bok^ DU. 

boeky GOTH, bdka f. — bok n. *a 
letter of the alphabet* shows in 
the plur. the meaning * writing, 
document, book', and the ohg. 
OSAX. OE. corresponding b^oh 
bok occurs in pluralform with the 
meaning a single book*. There- 
fore it is evident, that the sing, 
meant orig. (as in goth.J *a 
single letter of the alphabet*. 
The TEUT. base bbka- (cp. 
beech) was orig. 'beech-bark, 



beech-tablet' used to scratch 
runes on. 

boom borrowed from DU. boom 
(= LG. boom) *a tree, beam, 
pole*. Ident. with beam. 

boon ME. bone petition, favor : 
loanword from on. bdn *a prayer*. 
There was a native oe. b^n me. 
b^ne *a prayer*. 

boor adapt, of DU. boer (= 
G. bauer) peasant*. Akin to 
OE. lebur, cp. neighbor. 

boot^ ME. bpie\ loanword from 
OFR. bote (boute) = fr. botte 
(rr. bota)l akin to g. bossen 
*shoes*. Source unknown. 

boot^ 'advantage* me. bote oe. 

bot = OSAX. GOTH. botOy OHG. 

buoyz biwT^ G. busse^ on. bdt. For 
the TEUT. \fbat cp. batten ^ 
better and best. 

booth me. bgthe\ loanword 
from odan. bdth (dan. bod) = 
MHG. buode G. bude. The oicel. 
bud differs from dan. b(^d in the 
root-vowels (teut. :u). The 
dental is suffix. For the teut. 
y/"bti (indo-teut. bhu) 'dwell* 
cp. LTTH. butas 'house*, OIR. both 
(bothdn) 'hut* (base bhu-to). See 
build and be. 

booty in the 1 5*** cent, spelled 
bptye and buHn] akin to the 
equiv. fr. butin^ du. buit^ g. 
beutCy ON. b;^te 'booty'; the fr. 
word represents an osAX. *buttn 
*buiiy which is cogn. w. oiR. 
buaid Victory' and cymr. ^a^// 'ad- 
vantage, profit*. Aryan yf^bhud 
: bhaud. 



24 



border — bough 



border me. border bord{e)ure\ 
adapt, of FR. bordure. Ultimate 
source ohg. borto 'edge'. 

bore vb. me, b^e oe. borian 
= OHG. bordn G. bohreriy DU. 
boren^ on. boi'a. The teut. base 
boron agrees with lat. fordre 
'bore*; cp.GR. ^a^^og *plough',SKR. 
bhurij 'scissors': ktyoxiy/^ bher 
bhr. 

borough and 'bury in place- 
names ME. borwe (and biry) 
OE. burh burg (dat. sing, byr^) 
'town'. OE. burg == synon. OSAX. 
bur(u)gy DU. burgf ohg. bur(u)g 
G. burgf on. borgf goth. baurgs 
'town. 

borrow vb. me. borwe oe. bor- 
gian protect, borrow' = ohg. 
borg^n G. borgen 'borrow, give 
a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg. 
b'ergafif goth. balrgan 'protect, 
shelter' (osLOV. brig a *I take 
care of). 

bosom me. bosum oe. bpsm = 
OSAX. bbsnty du. boezeniy ohg. 
buosam G. busen^ goth. *bdsma-, 

botch vb. 'mend a garment' 
ME. bocche 'repair': deriv. from 
boot 'mending, repair of a thing'? 
perh. ident. with oe. botettian 
'repair' ? Cp. G. dial, buetzen 
'mend shoes' = ohg. buozzen 
'repair*. 

botch 'a swelling on the skin, 
a boil* ME. bocche \ borrowed 
from OFR. boche *a sore* (fr. bosse 
'swelling = it. boccia 'ball'). 

both ME. bpthe = osax. bMcy 
ofris. bithe bide, ohg. g. beide, on. 
bddir, sw. bdda, dan. baade. The 



stem of the numeral in its oldest 
forms had no dental : goth. bai 
= OE. beien bd bti 'both'. The 
dental ending is short for the 
article: me. b^the = oe. bd dd^ 
G. beide instead of bet die. In 
the older periods the article 
was combined with the numeral; 
cp. goth. ba fd scipa 'both 
ships', OE. bej^en dd gebrddru 
'both brothers'. 

bottle^ *a hollow vessel' me. 
botel = DU. boUe/, lg. buUel bud- 
dell loanwords from fr. bouteille 
{= SPAN, botella^ it. bottiglia) 
Source med.-lat. buticula f. di- 
min. of buHs 'a butt'. 

bottle- *a bundle of hay' me. 
botel\ loanword from ofr. botel 
dimin. of fr. botte 'a bundle of 
hay'. Source a teut. bauta- in 
OHG. boy) 'a bundle of flax*. 

bottom me. botum oe. botm = 
OSAX. bodom, du. bodem, ohg. . 
bodam G. boden. The teut. bases 
bujfnia-' (= ohg. bodatii) or butna 
(= ON. botn) or with assimi- 
lation butma- {= OE. botni) re- 
present Aryan bases bhutno^ 
bhudno\ c\), aky Ktibhudhno^ 'bot- 
tom* in SKR. budkna\ cp. gr. 
7Tvd^ft7Jvy lat. fundus (if trace- 
able to bhudhnO'sT). The pho- 
netical relations of the group 
are obscure. 

bough ME. bough bow oe. bph 
bpg = DU. boeg 'bow of the ship', 
OHG. buog upper joint of the 
arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G. 
bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bbgr 
'shoulder, bow of a ship', goth. 



bounce — boy 



25 



*bSgus from pre-teut. bMgM-s 
*arm, fore-arm' corresponds to 
SKR. hdM *arm*, also GR. ndj^vg 
Ti^/vg *fore*arm, elbow'. 

bounce vb. me. bounse *beat, 
knock* OE, *bunsian\ frequent, 
of a primit. *bUnanl Akin to lg. 
bunsen bumsen (bansenl) 'knock'? 

bound sb. me. bounde older 
boune\ borrowed fr. ofr. bonde 
bonne ^boundary*. — boundary 
points to FR. bonnier^ whence 
also DU. bunder odu. bunre. 
Source med.-lat. bodina. 

bound vb. 'leap, spring' bor- 
rowed from FR. bondir *leap, 
spring' prop, resound*. Source 
i,AT. botnbitare 'hum' ? 

bound adj. *ready, prepared' 
ME. boun *ready, prepared to go': 
loanword from on. buinn 'pre- 
pared', part, oibila 'till, prepare'; 
cp. busk, 

bounty me. bount4\ loanword 
from FR. banU\ source lat. boni' 
totem, — bounteous me. bounte- 
vaus\ derived from ofr. bontive 
'benevolent* by influence of 
righteous. 

bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr. 
borne'f ident. with bound, 

bow vb. 'bend' me. bowe earlier 
bu7ve OE. biigan str. vb. 'bend, 
flee' (only intr.) = DU. buigen^ 
MLG. bugen^ OHG. biogan g. biegen, 
GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut. 
\rb&g is an aryan bk&k on ac- 
count of OHG. buhil *hiir. A 
cogn. y/^bhUg appears in laj. 
fugiOf QR. ff.Bvyif), — bow^ sb. 'a 



weapon, a bend' me. b^e oe. 
boga = OHG. OSAX. bogo, du. 
boog, G. bogen, on. bogi, 

bow^ *the forward part of a 
ship', var. of bough, 

bowel ME. bouil bowel: loan- 
word from OFR. bouel (fr. boyau)\ 
source lat. botellus 'sausage' (it. 
budello)^ whence also ODu. bode- 
linc DU. beuling 'sausage*. 

bower sb. me. bour oe. biir *a 
dwelling' (see neighbor = OE. 
nih^ebiir) = osAX. mlg. bt^r 'a 
house, cage', ohg. mho. bt^r *a 
chamber' G. bauer 'a cage*, on. 
bur 'a chamber, larder'. For the 
TEUT. V^^ 'dweir cp. build. 

bowl me. bolle oe. bolla = on. 
bolli, DU. boly ohg. bolla. 

box^ 'a chest* me. oe. box: bor- 
rowed from a vulg.-lat. *buxem 
for buxidcm (nom. buxis)^ whence 
also DU. buSy G. buchse 'box' ohg. 
buhsa for *buhsja. vulg.-lat. 
buxis (from gr. niihg 'box made 
of the box- tree* cp. box^) ap- 
pears in FR. bossette^ it. bossolo 
'box*. 

box^ 'the name of a tree* me. 
box-tr4 OE. box: borrowed from 

LAT.-ROM. buXUS (= IT. boSSO^ 

SPAN. boXy FR. buis\ whence also 
OHG. MHG. buhs{'boutn) = G. buchS' 
baum 'box-tree', DU. busboom. 

boy ME. boie oe. *b<^\ perh. 
dimin. of a lost oe. *bp 'brother* 
= flem. boe 'brother: childish 
abbreviation of E. brother, as G. 
bube OHG. buobo is a reduplication 
of *b6 'brother'? 



26 



boycott — brave 



boycott first heard of in Dec. 
1 880. Captain James Boycott was 
a farmer at Lough Mask, co. 
Mayo, Ireland; the Irish league 
pronounced their edict, in con- 
sequence of which no one wished 
to work or have anything to do 
with him; he was the victim of 
the system of procedure named 
after him. 

brace sb. me. brdce\ adapt. of 
OFR. brace. Source lat. brae- 
chium. 

brach me. bracche\ adapt, of 
OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko 
'hunting dog = DU. brak odu. 
bracke. 

brad me. brad usually brod\ 
loanword from on. broddr *spike, 
shaft' (= OE. ^r^r// *spike*, ohg. 
brort 'edge*). The teut. base 
brozda- answers to oiR. brot *sting'. 

brag vb. *boast' me. bra{g)ge\ 
akin to ofr. braguer 'flaunt, brave, 
brag*. Source doubtful. 

braid vb. 'weave* me. breide 
OE. breyian 'move to and fro, 
weave* = OSAX. br'egdan, lg. 
breidetty ohg. brettan BfHG. brettetij 
ON. bregda 'draw, pull, weave, 
braid'; orig. 'move quickly* ; but 
MLG. breiden 'knit*. Cp. bridle, 

brain me. brain oe. brce^en = 
DU. breiny lg. bregen 'brain*. The 
TEUT. base bragtna- 'brain', if 
from an Aryan mrogh-y is com- 
pared with GR. ,(iQf/fi6g 'fore- 
head* (for *fiQ€X'). 

brake 'a thicket' me. brake \ 
perh. cogn, Wt ^Q. brake *tree- 
trunk' ? 



bramble me. brembel oe. br(tnel 
earlier *br<£mil\ cogn. w. G. brom- 
beere 'brambleberry' ohg. brdma^ 
DU. braanty perh. ident. w. oe. 
brpm under broom, 

bran me. bran : adapt, from. ir. 
w. bran. me. bren adapt, from 
OFR. bren points to the same 
source. • 

branch *a bough of a tree' 
ME. braunclu: borrowed from fr. 
branche (= span. it. branca lat. 
type bi^ramical deriv. of lat. 
ramus 'branch'?). 

brand me. oe. brand brond = 
ODU. MLG. brandy ohg. mhg. brant 
*a burning, a brand', DU. G. brand 
'a burning, fuel*, on. brandr 'a 
firebrand*, sw. dan. brand 'a fire- 
brand, fire*. From teut. brinnan 
= burn. — brandish vb. me. 
braundisshe braundisse: loanword 
from FR. brandiss' in brandir (= 
IT. brandire) 'brandish*. Source 
a TEUT. brand 'sword* = E. brand 
'sword* OE. brondy on. brandr^ 
MHG. brant 'blade of a sword*. 
— brandy short for brandywine 
= DU. brandewijny G. brantewein 
'brandy', lit. 'burnt wine'. 

brass me. brc^ OE. brces. lat. 
ferrumy if iox/erso- ARYAN bherso-y 
is considered akin to the teut. 
base brasa- in oe. brces. 

brat 'a child' perh. ident. with 
ME. OE. bratt 'a coarse cloak': 
orig. a Celt, word, cp. Gael. ir. 
brat 'a cloak, mantle* — w. brat 
'a rag, a pinafore*. 

brave borrowed from fr. brave^ 
whence also du. braaf^ G. brav. 



brawn — breeze* 



27 



hrSLvm me. braun brawn 'muscle, 
boar's flesh'; orig. *braoun bra" 
hun\ borrowed from ofr. braon 
*a piece of flesh, muscle*. Source 
a TEUT. brddo ace. brddun = 
OHG. brdto MHG. brd/e *a slice 
of bread* and also like G. braten 
*roast meat*, OE. brddan 'roast 
meat*, G. braten, DU. braden Voast*; 
in LG. dial, an osax. br&do 
'muscle' is preserved (e. g. west- 
PHAL. wadbrde) ; cp. mlg. brdde, 

braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass' 
me. brdse oe. brasian *cover with 
brass': deriv. of OE. brcBS\ cp. 
brass, 

braze^ vb. 'harden : loanword 
from ON. brasa 'harden by fire'. 

breach me. br{che\ adapt, of 
FR. brlche. Source the teut. vb. 
br'ekan = break, 

bread me. br^d late oe. br^ad 
= OHG. brbt G. brody osAX. brdd^ 
DU. brood, late on. braud. The 
Teut. base brau-da^ is deriv. fr. 
the V^ brU in E. broth and 
brew. The orig. teut. word for 
bread widiS loaf {= teut. hlaiba-). 
In OE. we find br^ad 'piece of 
bread* and ^jfi^^r^^r// 'honey-comb'. 

breadth formed after length 
strength with secondary th from 
me. br(de oe. brddo 'breadth' : 
abstract noun formed frombroad 
with umlaut (GOTH, bratdet, ohg. 
breitt), Cp. westphal. bredde, 
OSAX. *bridtha from br^d 'broad'. 

break vb. me. br^ke oe. br'ecan 
str. vb. = DU. brekeuy osax. 
br'ekan, ohg. brehhan g. brechen^ 
goth. brikan. With the teut. 



\("brtk 'break' (aryan bhrtg) 
cp . "LA-T./rango (preL/rigt) 'break*, 
breakfast me. br{kefaste\ prop, 
'breaking one's fast, the first 
meal of the day by which the 
fast is broken*. 

bream me. br(m\ loanword 
from FR. br^me'y source a teut. 
braxma in ohg. brahsima mhg. 
braesem g. brassen = oSAX. 
bressemo, jyu.brasem, osw.braxn, 
DAN. brasen, 

breast me. brest short for me. 
br^st OE. br^ost = osax. briost, 
OFRis. briast, on. brjdst) akin to 
GOTH, brusts plur., DU. borst, 
OFRIS. burst (axid brtast), G,brust: 
TEUT. bases breust-: brust^, 

breath me. br^th oe. brdd 
'breath, odor'; akin to OHG. 
brddam mhg. brddetn G. brodem 
broden 'steam, vapor, exhalation*. 

breech 'buttocks' me. br^ch oe. 
brfd. Orig. ident. with breeches 
(»a pair of breeches«) me. 
brech br4che\ the corresp. OE. 
brid plur. points to a sing, ''^brgc 
= DU. broek, ofris. brSk (plur.,, 
brik^f ON. brdk (plur. brcskr), ohg. 
MHG. bruoch. The teut. base 
brbk-- plur. brbkiz) is seemingly 
connected with gall.-lat. brdca 
'clothing for the legs'. 

breed vb. me. br4de oe. br^dan 
= DU. broeden, ohg. bruoten 
MHG. brueten G. briiten 'brood, 
hatch*, GOTH, ^brddjan', deriv. of 
TEUT. broda^ see brood, 

breeze^ 'a strong wind' = 
synon. G. brise, dan. bris\ source 



28 



breeze* — brim 



FR. Mse *the north wind' = 
SPAN. ^tsa. 

breeze 2 gadfly' me. dr^se oe. 
br^osa. Connection with G. bremse 
and breme (ohg. brimisa br'emd) 
is doubtful. 

bre^v vb. me. br^e oe. briowan 
str. vb. = du. brouweriy ohg. 
briuwan G. brauen. With the 
TEUT. \/"brii (Aryan bhr& bhreu) 
brew* are related phryg.-thrac. 
^Qvtov *beer, cider*, which prob. 
stands for gr. *(ppvTov, also lat. 
defrHium *must boiled down', om. 
bruthe 'broth* — bruth 'live coals, 
heat* — bruith 'cooking*. Cp. 
bread. 
, bridal, see bride. 

bride me. bride oe. br;^d (from 
*br^di *brudi) = OSAX. ODU. 
LG. brMy DU. bruid^ ohg. mhg. 
brtlt G. braut, on. bnidr\ goth. 
brUps means 'daughter-in-law* 
(but brup'faps 'bridegroom') ; 
oSAX. brud is *the newly married 
wife' as e. bride. — bridal 
me. brid-dle oe. bryd-ealo'. lit. 
^bride-ale (me. bride oe. br^d 
*and ME. die oe. ealo). In germ. 
dialects, we find kindelbier 'bap- 
tism*. — bridegroom me. bride- 
gome OE. br;fdgu7na = synon. 
OSAX. brMigutnOy du. bruide- 
gotnOy OHG. brUHgomo mhg. briute- 
gome G. brdutigamy on. brtid- 
gume (goth. brUp-fafs). The 
second element of these com- 
pounds (oe. goth. gumuy ohg. 
gomo *man' is related to lat. 
homo from indo-teut. ghotnon). 
The phonetical development of 



ME. bridegome into E. bridegroom 
is due to the influence oi groom, 

bridge me. brigge oe. brydg == 
OFRis. brigge, DU. brug, ohg. 
brucka G. brUcke (goth. "^brugja 
*brugjS). Thecorresp.ON.^j^^^Vz 
(also LG. briiggey northfris. 
bragH) and germ, (dial.) brUcke 
signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe. 
brycgian me. brigge and nfris. 
braghiriy MLG. briiggen signify 'to 
pave*. 

bridle me. oe. bridel older oe. 
briidel briyiil = ohg. brittil for 
*brictil\ deriv. from the teut. 
vb. br'egdan 'pull* under braid. 
Akin to OSLOV. brikzda 'bridle' 
(Aryan \fbhreghdh also in lat. 
frenum 'bridle'?). 

brief adj. 'short* me. brifi 
borrowed from fr. bref (span. 
IT. breve = lat. brevis 'short'). 

brief sb. *a commission, do- 
cument' ME. br4f\ cp. DU. G. 
brief ohg. briaf and the cor- 
responding OFR. bref 'an official 
document'. Orig. ident. with 
brief adj. 

brier a prickly shrub* me. brire 
OE. brckr br4r 'a bramble*. 

bright ME. bright oe. beorht 
'bright, white, clear* = osAX. 
berhty ohg. beraht, goth. bairhts 
'bright*. Akin to mlg. br'ehen 
'shine, glisten'; cp. skr. bhargas 
'brightness'. 

brim me. brim\ perh. ident. 
with OE. brim 'ocean, surf* = 
ON. brim 'surf; cp. the name of 
the citv of Bremen, 



brimstone — brook 



29 



brimstone me. brimst^n earlier 
brenstpn = on. brennisteinn 'brim- 
stone': deriv. of ME. brenne = 
burn. 

brine me. brine *salt liquor' = 
DU. brijn mdu. brine. 

bring, vb. me, brmge oe. bringan 
= OHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen, 
GOTH, briggan] cp. DU. brengen^ 
OSAX. brengian^ oe. brengan 'bring* : 
TEUT. y/^breng brang. 

brink me. brink 'edge'; cp. on. 
brekka from ^brinkb , LG. brink. 

brisk a celt, loanword ; cp. w. 
brysgy GAEL. bri(o)sg 'quick, lively*. 

bristle me. bristle older birsile 
OE. ^byrsteli dimin. of oe. byrst 
= ORG. burst G. borste^ DU. borste. 
'bristle'; akin to ohg. bursta g. 
bitrste 'brush'. The teut. yf^bors 
burs (whence bur in burdocli) 
is an Aryan y/^bhrs in skr. bhri^i 
'point, prong*. Cp. brush. 

brittle me. britel oe. "^brytel: 
formed with suffix 41 (oe. el cp. 
nimble) from oe. br^otan 'break' 
= ON. brjdta 'break'. 

broach vb. me. brfche 'bore, 
spur, spit, tap' {setten on broche 
'set a-broach, tap' = fr. mettre 
en brocke'tap a barrel') ; fr. brocher 
'broach, pierce' and broche *a 
broach, spit*. 

broad me. brfd oe. brdd = 
OSAX. MLG. brM^ DU. breedy G. 
breity on. breidr, sw. dan. bred^ 
GOTH, braids 'broad* : prob. from 
a pre-teut. mraitd'y akin to an 
Aryan y/"mrit in skr. mrit 'fall 
to pieces* (therefore broad prop. 
'extended'?). 



brock 'a badger* me. brok oe. 
brocc (= DAN. brok); a celt. 
loanword; cp. w. corn. bret. 
brochy GAEL. IR. MANX broc 'a 
badger (celt, base brokko^^ perh. 
ident. w. lat. broccus adj. 'having 
prominent teeth* and ofr. broc 
'spit, point'). 

broil vb. me. broile) adapt, of 
OFR. brutller 'broil, roast', ofr. 
bruir 'roast* seems to be ident. 
with G. brilhen mhg. briiejen, DU. 
broeijen 'foment*; cp. brood. 

broker me. brpcaur pedlar, 
pawnbroker ; loanword from 
OFR. brocour brokeor 'tapster 
who retails wine from the tap'; 
cp. FR. broche under broach. 

brooch 'broach' me. brdche *a 
pin, peg, brooch': borrowed 
from FR.. broche *a spit, point*. 

brood ME. OE. brdd = du. brd^ed^ 
OHG. MHG. bruot G. bruti appar. 
formed with dental suffix from 
the TEUT. yfbrb in G. brilhen^ 
DU. broeien. Cp. breed. 

brook ME. brdk oe. broc = 
DU. broeky mi.g. brbk LG. brook 
'marsh, pool*, onG. bruoh(h) mhg. 
bruoch G. bruch 'marsh, bog'; 
possibly connected with the 
TEUT. \fbrtk 'break* in break. 

brook vb. 'put up with' me. 
bro(o)ke brouke oe. brtican 'use, 
enjoy' = osax. brt^kan, du. 
gebruikeny ohg. bruhhan mhg. 
bruchen G. brauchen 'use, need', 
GOTH, brukjan 'use*. The pre- 
teut. form of the \fbhriig 
accords with lat. fruor from 



so 



broom — buckram 



*/ruvor for */rugvor and cp. lat. 
frnges. 

broom me. oe. dr^m *the plant 
of the broom* = ODU. droem 
*broom'; perh. cogn. w. bramble. 

broth ME. broth oe. brod = 
ON. brod^ OHG. brod*. deriv. from 
the yfbr& under brew. 

brother me. brdther oe. brodor 
= DU. broeder, OSAX. brdthar^ 
OHG. mhg. brooder G. bruder, on. 
brddir y goth. bropar 'brother. 
The teut. base brbper- (Aryan 
bhrdter-) corresponds to lat. 
frdier y skr. bhrdtar-, OSLO v. 
bratrii\ cp. gr. (fQaxgia. 

brov^ me. browe brUwe oe. bni\ 
cp. ON. brUn *eyebrow' and skr. 
bkrtly GR. ofpfjvcj osLov. bruvi: 
*brow\ 

bro^vn me. broun oe. Min = 

MLG. OHG. mhg. OFRIS. bruit, DU. 

bruin, on. briinn. The teut. 
name of the color passed into 
ROM. (fr. brun = span. it. 
brtmo 'brown') and lith. (brunas 
*brown'). The proper stem of 
Aryan bhr-uno- appears in lith. 
beras *brown* (see bear sb.) and 
reduplicated in skr. babhru-s 
'reddish- brown* (see beaver). 

bruise vb. me. briise: loanword 
from OFR. bruser (fr. briser) 
'break*, whence oe. brysan *break*. 

bruit 'a rumor* me. brilt\ bor- 
rowed from FR. bruit *noise'. 

brush sb. me. brusshe 'a brush*, 
orig. 'brush-wood*: borrowed 
from OFR. broce fr. brosse 'brush- 
wood, brush*. 



brute borrowed from fr. brut 
adj. (fem. brute)] source lat. 
brutus. 

buck vb. 'wash linen, steep 
clothes in lye' me. bouke (oE. 
*biician) = dan. byge, sw. byka, 
NORW. beukja, iCEL.bauka, i^thg. 
birchen g. bauchen. The teut. 
vb. bukbn (bukjari) is based on 
OE. bUc (cp. bucket). The 
ROM. FR. buer, it. bucare *wash* 
are borrowed from Teut. 

buck sb. ME. bukke oe. bucca\ 
cp. the synon. osAX. buck, fris. 

DU. boky OHG. MHG. boc(ck) G. bock, 

ON. bukkr bokkr, sw. bock, dan. 
buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)*, 
GOTH. *bukks *bukka: ident. w. 

GAEL, boc, OIR. boCC, CYMR. bocA 

'buck' from a celt, base bukko- 
(whence fr. bouc ofr. boc) and 
w. armen. buc 'lamb', avest. buza 

'buck* (ARYAN M/3(f?). ThelNDO- 

TEUT. base bhUgo- is perh. con- 
nected with the root oi fugio, 
GR. (ptvytti 'flee*; hence buck may 
have signified orig. 'fugitive*. 

bucket 'a kind of pail' me. 
boket: deriv. from oe. bUc 'a 
pitcher* with the dimin. suffix -et. 

buckle ME. bokel: adapt, of fr. 
boucle, whence also G. buckel. 
Source med.-lat. buc(c)ula 'a 
beaver, shield*. 

buckler me. bokel^r: adapt, of 
OFR. bocler bucler = fr. bouclier 
(whence also du. beukelaar, mhg. 
buckeler, on. buklart). Cp. buckle. 

buckram me. bokeram bukeram 
= OFR. bouqueran boucaran (fr. 



buckwheat — burn 



31 



botigrafty MHG. huckeram). Source 
and history unknown. 

buck\srheat = du. boekweit, 
MLG. bdkw^te^ G. buchweizen, dan. 
bogkvede\ lit. 'beech-wheat* from 
the resemblance of its seeds to 
the mast of the beech-tree. The 
E. word is of continental origin. 
•Cp. beech. 

bud ME.- budde'y perh. akin to 
FR. boutotiy DU. bot *bud*. History 
and source uncertain. 

bugle *a buffalo, a horn me. 
bugle: borrowed from ofr. bugle 
*a wild ox* (lat. buculusy dimin. 
of bos *an ox*). The meaning 
*hom' is short for 'bugle-horn'. 

build vb. short for me. bUde (pret. 
bildey OE. *byldan (pret. bylde)\ 
deriv. with vowel mutation from 
OE. b^ld 'house' which goes back, 
as shown by the older OE. boil 
bodly by metathesis to a teut. 
bo'Pla- (= ON. bdly du. boedel, 
OSAX. bodlos plur., o^ris. bodel 
bold, OE. byldan {bytlan) is a 
TEUT. bupljan. teut. bofla- = 
ARYAN bhu'tlo' belongs to the 
indo-teut. yfbh& 'dwell, reside' 
(cp. be^ bower and boolA)* For 
the ARYAN //- suffix cp. needle. 

bull ME. bule; OE. only in 
dimin. bulltic = me. e. bullock; 
cp. the synon. DU. bul, lg. bulle, 
ON. bolif DAN. bpll *a castrated bull'; 
LITH. bullus is primit. related. 
Whether the E. bull is orig. a 
SCAND. loanword, is uncertain. 

burden^ 'a load' me; birthen 
OE. byrden = osAx. burthinnia 
'burden'; cp. the equival. ohg. 



burdU G. bUrdCy on. byrdr^ goth. 
baurfei: all deriv. of the teut. 
y(^ btr in bear; cp. skr. bhrlt 
= OIR. brM 'the carrying' and 
see birth. 

burden^ 'the refrain of a song' 
me. burdoun: loanword from fr. 
bourdoHf orig. 'a drone-bee' (= 
SPAN, bordofiy IT. bordone 'a drone' 
from LAT. bur do *a drone*); cp. 
MLG. bardUn 'tenor; a musical 
instrument'. 

burgess me. burgeis : loanword 
from OFR. burgeis fr. bourgeois 
(lat. type burgensis from burgus 
'town'). — burgher borrowed 
from DU. burger = mlg. borgere, 
OKG. burgdri MRG. burg cere burger 
G. burger : deriv. of teut. burg' 
cp. borough. 

burial me. buriel biriel prop. 
buriels biriels OE. byr^els 'tomb' 
(= OSAX. burgisli 'tomb*) : deriv. 
from the OE. vb. byryin (oSAX. 
^burgian)\ cp. bury. 
. burin 'an engraver's tool* : bor- 
rowed from FR. burin'y perh. of 
Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora *a 
borer (see under bore). 

burly ME. burli borli oe. *bur' 
lice. Akin to ohg. buro" \eTy 
in burolang boralang 'very long' 
and perh. to skr. bhuri 'much'? 

bum vb. ME. berne oe. bcernan 
bernan tr. {byrnan intr.). Cp. 
synon. mhg. brinnen intr. and 
its causative brennen\ G. brennen 
intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr. 
and brannjan tr. Only one « be- 
longs to the TEUT. sPbr'in, as 
shown by bryne 'conflagration*. 



32 



burnish — butter 



burnish vb. me. burnisshe bur' 
nisse: loanword from ofr. bur- 
niss', the stem of certain parts 
of burnir brunir = fr. brunir. 

burr ME. burre *a bur'; cp. sw. 
kardborre *a burdock*, dan. borre^ 
N.FRis. bor^ HELGOL. borren 'bur- 
dock*. OE. "^burrCj if for teut. 
burzofi'y may be deriv. from the 
TEUT. ^^bors in G. borste\ cp. 
bristle* 

burst vb. ME. berste oe. berstan] 
cp. synon. osax. brestariy lg. du. 
bersten^ ohg. brestan mhg. br'esten 
g. bersien^ on. bresta. Cp. an 
Aryan V^ bhrest in oir. brissim 
'break' {ss for j/). 

bury vb. me. burie birie oe. 
byriyin byryin wk.vb.; akin to 0£. 
byrien *tomb' — byr'^ds under 
burial, teut. burgjan belongs 
perh. with oe. beorg 'mound, place 
of burial' to the TEUT.y^^^r^ in 
GOTH. bcUrgafiy du. g. bergetiy OE. 
^^^r^^« 'protect, shelter, secure'. 

bury in place-names see bo- 
rough. 

bush 'iAS..busho\dL^t busk'y ident. 
with OHG. busk G. buschy du. 
bosch bos and a rom. bosco (= 
FR. boiSy IT. bosco). Uncertain 
whether of Teut. or of Lat. origin. 

bush 'a thicket' me. busch busk 
= OHG. busc G. busch, DU. bosch] 
akin to FR. boiSy it. bosco. Orig. 
derived as lat. *buxicufn from 
LAT. buxus = box} 

busk vb. 'get one's self ready' 
ME. buske 'prepare one'self: of 
Scand. origin; cp. on. biiask 'pre- 
pare*. Cp. bound adj. 



busk 'a support for a woman's 
stays' borrowed from FR. busc 
busque orig. 'the whole bodice', 
prob. a corruption of bust. 

buss^ 'a herring-boat* me. busse 
OE. biitse (in btitsecarlas) = du. 
buisy OHG. btizOy ON. btiza. The 
Rom. shows similar words : med.- 
LAT. bussa buscia 'a kind of boat*, 
OFR. busse buse buce. Source 
unknov/n. 

buss 2 'kiss* = G. dial, bussen 
'kiss'; cp. also span, buz 'a kiss 
of reverence'; perh. orig. a chil- 
dish onomatopoeia. 

bust from FR. buste (= it. span. 
busto)y whence also G. bUste. 

bustle vb. ME. bustele 'wander 
blindly or stupidly*; perh. akin 
to G. (dial.) pusseln 'bustle', icel. 
bustla 'bustle*? 

busy ME. bisy oe. bisif^ = du. 
bezig, LG. besig : teut. base *bisiga'. 

but ME. bate shortened for btUen 
OE. btitan conj. 'except* — prep, 
'besides, without* = du. buiten 
'except*. Contr. from be-iitani 
cp. G. ausser and e. out. 

butcher me. bgcher earlier bou- 
ch4r\ borrowed from fr. boucher 
'one who kills he-goats* (deriv. 
of FR. bouc = buck). 

butler ME. butelir bot{e)Ur fr. 
OFR. bouteiller'. deriv. of bottle. 

butt borrowed from ofr. boute^ 
FR. botte (= SPAN. botOy it. botti) 
*a butt, cask'. Aikin to oe. bytt 
'hose, a leather bottle', OHG. butin 
G. biltte. 

butter ME. butere oe. butere 
butore = g. butter^ du. boter^ 



buttock — caitiff 



33 



LG. hotter \ source lat. bUt^rum 
(cp. FR. beurrey it. burro) = gr. 
^ovxvgov. — butterfly jae.. butter- 
JHe OE. butor-fleoge = DU. boter- 
vlieg) cp. G. dial, buttervogel *a 
butterfly' and the G. dial, syno- 
nyms milchdieb and molkenstehUr . 

buttock liiE. buttok with dimin. 
suffix (cp. hillock) fr. ofr. bot 
(fr. bout) *an end',* cp. butt-end, 

button ME. bUtoun: borrowed 
FR. bouton *a bud, a button'. 

buttress *a support' (in archi- 
tecture) ME>buteras butres\ bor- 
rowed from OFR. bouteretSj prop, 
plur. of bouteret *a buttress'; cp. 
FR. boter bouter *thrust, prop'. 

buxom ME. buxom older Ibith" 



sum from OE. biigan = bow] 
the old meaning was 'obedient, 
obliging'. Akin to DU. buigzaam^ 
G. biegsam 'submissive. 

buy vb. ME. bie earlier bigge 
OE. bydgan 'purchase' = OSAX. 
buggiariy goth. bugjan 'buy'. 

buzzard me. busard short for 
bilsard\ loanword from fr. busard 
by-form of fr. buse 'buzzard' (= 
LAT. /5^/^^ buzzard'), whence also 
DU. buizerdy G. bushart, 

by ME. OE. bi (but be- as prefix) 

= OSAX. OHG. MHG. bt G. bet^ 

DU. bij\ GOTH. ^ means 'round, 
round about' and thus connec- 
tion with GR. af^itpi^ LAT. ambi- 
becomes possible. 



cabbage earliier cabbache from 
fr. dial, caboche = fr. cabus (du. 
kabuis)y IT. capuccioy G. kappes 
OHG. kabr4^\ orig. deriv. of lat. 
caput 'head'. 

cabin me. caban\ borrowed 
from FR. cabane = it. med.-lat. 
capanna 'a cabin'. Source and 
history unknown. 

cable ME. cdble (= g. du. sw. 
DAN. kabet) : adapt, of fr. cdble. 
Source lat. capulum 'a rope' 
(lat. capere 'take, hold'). 

caboose ident. with du. kabuisy 
G. kabuse^ dan. kabys. Earlier 
£. form comboose ident. with DU. 

English Etymology. 



kombuiSy FR. cambuse, Prob. akin 
to E. cabin. 

cackle vb. me. kakle = du. lg. 
kakeleny G. kakelny sw. kacklay 
DAN. kagle 'cackle*. Onomato- 
poetic formations. 

cage ME. cdge\ adapt, of fr. 
cage = IT. gabbia gaggia dial. 
cabbia'y source lat. cdveay whence 
also OHG. ch^ia G. kdfig 'cage'. 

cairn borrowed from gael. ir. 
w. corn 'a pile, rock*? 

Caitiff ME. caitif *a captive': 
loanword from onfr. caitif 'a 
wretch' (whence also du. katijvig 
ODU. catijf caitijf) = fr. chiHf 

3 



34 



cajole — camphor 



Really vile' (rr. catt'wo = lat. 
capftvus *captive*). 

cajole vb. = fr. cajoler 'coax' 
(oFR. cageoler 'chatter like a bird 
in a cage, prate*, deriv. of fr. 
cage = E. cage). 

cake ME. cdke oe. *caca (in- 
ferred from the dimin. formation 
OE. Mil didely teut. base kakiia'-) 
= ON. sw. kaka^ DAN. kage *cake\ 
Akin to OSAX. kokoy DU. koek^ sc. 
cooky (also OE. ccecil me. kichel 
from the dimin. GOTH, ^kokila-^y 
OHG. kuocho G. kuchen. The base 
kakan- kdkan- is genuine teut. 

ca(u)ldron me. catidroun\ bor- 
rowed from AFR. *cauiiroun = 
FR. chaudron {= it. calderone *a 
large kettle*). Source lat. ^<?/- 
//lairMt 'a kettle for hot water 
(caldus calidus *hot'). The / of 
modern spelling is inserted in 
imitation ofLAT. (Scotch still cau- 
droti), 

calf ^ ME. calf oe. cealf= osax. 
DU. LG. sw. calfy on. kdi/r, ohg. 
G. kalb) GOTH, has only a fem. 
kalbd *heifer' (ohg. chalba G. 
kalbe f. a calf*). Outside of 
TEUT., there is a series of words 
with the base glbh- in skr. 
garbha *the womb, an embryo', 
gr. iiskipvq 'womb* and its deriv. 
adsk^poq 'brother* — bihpoi^ *a 
young pig*. 

calf2 ME. calf\ perh. adopt, of 
on. kdlfi = NORW. ka/vCf sw. 
ka// {ben-kalf) 'calf of the leg*. 

ca(u)lk vb. ME. cauke 'tread 
as a cock*: borrowed from ofr« 



conquer 'tread* (source lat. cal" 
care 'tread down). 

call vb. ME. calk oe. (c. 950) 
ccUlian (once misspelled ^:^^///^zxr): 
a SCAND. loanword cp. o^,.kalla 
'say, call, name* (sw. kalla, dan. 
kalde 'call*): ident. with DU. 
kalleny ohg. kalldn\ cp. skr. 
^^gir 'call, praise*. 

callous from lat. callosus 'hard- 
skinned* (lat. callus 'hard skin). 

callo^v adj. me. calowe calu oe. 
calu (calw-) = DU. kaal, ohg. 
kalo (infl. kalawh") G. kahli an 
early lat. loanword = lat. cahms 
(whence fr. chauve, it. span. 
calvo)y which is of Aryan origin 
(cp. SKR. kulva, avest. kaourva 
'callow'). 

calm ME. calme (= du. kalni) 
from FR. calpu {= span. it. 
calma 'calmness, still weather*). 
Source med.-lat. cauma^ih^ heat 
of the sun' = gr. y^av/tia 'great 
heat', / being due to association 
w. LAT. calor. 

cambric borrowed from fr. 
cambray, so called from Cambrai 
(flem. du. Kamerijk)y a town of 
northern France where it was 
first made (hence G. kamtner- 
tucK). See arras and lawn^, 

camp borrowed from fr. camp 
'field, army* = lat. campus 'field*. 
— campaign from fr. cam- 
pa(i)gne 'an open field, a mili- 
tary campaign*. 

camphor borrowed from fr. 
camphre = it. can/ora, G. kamp/er, 
DU. kamfcr. 



J 



■a^^M^Mi^bi 



can — card 



35 



can vb. me. oe. can = goth. 
kann, OSAX. ohg. kan G. kann. 
The TEUT. vb. kuftfian is akin to 
keen: the AR.YAS\/^gen see under 
know. 

can sb. me. oe. canne = du. kan 
a pot, mug', OHG. kanna g. kanne, 
on. kanna^ goth. *kannd. The 
TEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr. 
canne fr. dimin. canette *a jug). 

canary = span, canario 'bird' 
= FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien- 
vogel *canary-bird\ dan. canarie- 
fugly sw. canariefogely DU. kanarU' 
vogel 'canary-bird*; so named 
after the Canary islands. 

candle me. candle candel oe. 
candeli early loanword fr. lat. 
candela, whence also it. candela. 
Cp. chandelier, 

cane me. cane: borrowed from 
FR. canne = IT. canna *a reed, 
a cane', lat. canna. 

canker me. cancre late oe. 
cancer fr. onfr. cancre (fr. 
chancre): source lat. cancer^ 
whence also G. du. kanker ohg. 
kcmkur. 

canon me. canoun: adapt, of 
FR. canon. Source lat. canon 
(gr. xavciv) *a rule, standard of 
right'. 

canvas me. can(e)vas (= du. 
katufaSy G. cannevas kanevas, sw. 
kanfasSy das. kannevas): borrow- 
ed from onfr. canevas (lat. type 
canabacius , deriv. of cannabis 
'hemp*). 

cap ME. cappe oe. cceppe 'cloak' 
(= ohg. kappa *cloak' g. kappe^ 



DU. kap 'cap'). Source lat. capp.: \ 
ident. with cape^ and cope. 

cape^ 'iss..cdpe: borrowed from 
ONFR. cape (= IT. lat. cappa *a 
cloak, cape'): ident. with ^d'/. 

cape^ a headland' borrowed 
from FR. cap 'cape, headland, 
head' = G. kap^ it. capo. Source 
LAT. caput 'head'. 

caper from fr. cdpre (= it. 
capperOy du. kapper^ G. kaper): 
source lat. capparis. 

capon ME. cdpoun late oe. (c. 
looo) capun fr. onfr. capon (fr. 
chapon) : source lat. cappo(nem)y 
whence also G. kapaun and ohg. 
kappo, 

captain me. capitain from fr. 
capitaine (lat. type capitaneus 
capitanus, deriv. of lat. caput 
'head'). Ident. w. chieftain, 

car ME. carre (by-form charre) : 
borrowed from onfr. carre (fr. 
char). Source lat.-gall. carrus 
(bret. ir. w. carr) 'chariot', 
whence also it. carroy du. kary 
OHG. char r a cJiarro 'cart' G. karre 
karren. 

caraway borrowed from fr. 
carvi = it. carviy lat. cOreum 
'caraway'; cp. du. kanvijy G.karbe, 

carbuncle me. carbucle: bor- 
rowed from ONFR. carbuncle car- 
boucle (fr. escarboucle'y ident. with 
it. carbonchioy du. karbonkely G. 
karbunkeiy, lat. carbunculus 'a 
glowing coal, gem, boil*, dimin. 
of car bo, 

card ^ ME. card: borrowed from 
FR. carte 'a card, ticket, bill, 



3* 



3b 



card* — cashier. 



map, chart; ident. with du. 
kaartf G. karte^ it. carta. Source 
LAT. c(h)aria *a card, paper. 

card^ ME. carde: adapt, from 
FR. carde\ ident. with the synon. 
,DU. kaardCy ohg. charta o. karte^ 
SPAN, car da ^ it. car do *a card'. 
Source lat. carduus a thistle*. 

care me. cdre oe. caru (cearu) 
'sorrow, suffering, grief* = OSAX. 
OHG. kara lament* (g. kar- in 
kar/reitag 'Good Friday'; mhg. g. 
karwoche 'Passion week) = goth. 
kara sorrow*. A cognate vb. 
(meaning 'sigh*) is preserved in 
ohg. queran (goth. *qairan). 
Cp. chary, 

carol me. carole 'dance, song 
from OFR. carole *a kind of dance, 
also a carol or Christmas song*. 
Of CELT, origin (bret. koroll 'a 
dance', Manx carval 'a carol*, 
w. carol *a song*, Gael, carull 
'melody, harmony'). 

carp ME. carpe = du. kzrper, 
OHG. charpho karfo g^ karpfen, 
ON. karfe^ sw. karp^ dan. karpe, 
Ident. with late lat. carpa = fr. 
carpe^ it. span, carpa, 

carp vb. me. carpe' czx^^ at, talk, 
say : adapt, of on. karpa 'boast, 
brag*. The present meaning 
is prob. an outgrowth of the 
associated idea in lat. carpere 
'pluck'. 

carpenter me. carpenter', bor- 
rowed from owB'Si,' carpentier (fr. 
charpentier). Source lat. car- 
penium 'carriage*. 

carriage me. caridge 'lurden, 
baggage': borrowed from onfr. 



cariage (fr. charriage)^ deriv. of 
carier = E. carry, 

carrion me. carton caroine = 
DU. karonje'y cp. also me. cr^e, 
ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr. 
caroigne (ofr. charoigfie = fr. 
charogne)\ lat. type caronia *a 
carcass' fr. caro *flesh'. 

carry vb. me. carle : adapt, from 
ONFR. carier (fr. charrier)) lat. 
type carricare 'carry' (lat. car r us 
'a cart, car ; cp. car^, 

cart ME. cart fx,o^,karir\ ident. 
w. OE. crcet plur. cratu 'chariot' 
= DU. krat 'hindpart of a cart*: 
of Celt, origin; cp. oiR. cret 
'a wain-body. 

cartridge with intensive r for 
cartidgCy a corruption oi cartouche 
= FR. cartouche (it. cartoccio 
'cartridge', deriv. of lat. charta 
paper'). 

carve vb. me. kerve oe. deorfan 
=: DU. kervetiy G. kerben 'notch, 
indent* (goth, *kairfany ohg. 
*kerban not fo^nd). The ^kerf 
appears in gr. 'mdffto 'scratch, 
write*. 

case^ me. cds case: borrowed 
from FR. cas (span. it. caso 'cir- 
cumstance, chance'). Source 
LAT casus. 

case - me. cdce cdsse: adapt, 
fiom OFR. casse fr. catsse; source 
LAT. capsa 'box, cover. 

cash from fr. casse. Hence 
cashier sb. 

cashier vb. 'dismiss from ser- 
vice' (= G. kassiren)\ from fr. 
casscr 'discharge*. 



cask — caution 



37 



cask borrowed from fr. casque 
*a cask, helmet* (== it. casco *a 
helmet*). 

casket corrupted from fr. cas* 
sette 'a small casket', dimin* of 
FR. casse a chest, box*. 

cassock : adapt.from fr. cosaque 
(it. casacca *an outer coat', span. 
casaca 'a great-coat, surtout ). 

cast vb. ME. caste\ a Scaud. 
loanword; cp. on. s^.kasta, dan. 
kaste 'throw'. 

caste *a breed, race* == g. kaste, 
FR. casfe: borrowed from span. 
casta *breed, race, caste*. 

castle ME. late oe. caste/ (also 
ME. caste/ = ODU. du. kasteei) 
*a castle, village': borrowed (c. 
looo) fr. oniwsi. caste/ (oYBi. chaste/ 
= FR. cMteau). Source lat. ca- 
ste//um. 

cat ME. oe. cat (tt): borrowed 
from OIR. CORN, cat or from 
ONFR. cat (fr. chat) and ident. 
with G. katzCf ON. kpttr, NORW. 
sw. iatta. The word (base cattu-s) 
is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt, 
languages; cp. late lat. ccUta 
cattus *cat*. 

catch vb. ME. cacche (with the 
earlier by-form c{chen) : borrowed 
from oiHEK* cocker (=fr. chasser, 
SPAN, cazar, it. cacciare)^ whence 
also ODU. caetsen \o chase* du. 
kaatsen play ball* and mlg. katzen 
'play ball'. Source a lat. type 
*captiare = captare *catch*. — 
Hence catchpoll me. cacchepo/ 
late OE. ccedepo/ prop, ^catcher 
of poultry* (cp. 'EK. pou/e under 
pou/t) = ONFR. *cac/iepo/ (ofr. 



chacepo/); cp. G. hilnervogt title 
of a tax-gatherer. 

cater sb. ME.catour acatour acha* 
tour *a buyer of provisions, a 
caterer' : source ONFR.^r«/= fr. 
achat *a buying, purchase', whence 
FR. acheter. Orig. lat. type 
accaptare, 

caterpillar earlier form late ms. 
ccUerpt/ corrupted from ofr. 
chatepe/euse *a weevil' lit. 'a hairy 
she-cat*: ofr. chate *a she-cat* 
+ pe/euse (lat. pi/osus) 'hairy*. — 
caterwaul me. caterwawe shows 
the E. word cat in an extended 
form like caterpi//ar\ me. waufe 
'make a noise* is imitative. 

catkin dimin. of cat\ cp. g. 
kdtzchen *catkin'. 

cattle ME. cat{/ {chate/, whence 
E. chattel) : borrowed from onfr. 
cote/ (ofr. chate/)'y source med.- 
LAT. copita/e 'capital, property*. 

caudle me. caud4/\ borrowed 
from ONFR. ccmde/ {chaude/ = fr. 
chaudeaii) 'a warm drink' ; deriv. 
of FR. chaud 'hot' (lat. ca/dus 
ca/idus *warm*). 

, cause ME. causei adapt, from 
FR. cause (by-form chose) 'a cause> 
thing* = IT. LAT. causa, 

causev^ay causey corruption 
of causey (due to confusion with 
way) ME. cous^ from onfr. cauc^ 
(whence also odu. casseie) = 
FR. chatissie: lat. type (vid) ^ca/^ 
data 'a paved (way)* fr. ca/ciare 
'pave. 

caution ws., caucioun', borrowed 
from YK, caution (it. cauzione) = 
lat. cautio 'caution*. 



38 



cave — champion 



cave ME. €dve\ adapt, from fr. 
cave 'a cave' (=it. cava); source 
LAT. catnis 'hollow*. 

cease me. c^sse c^ei adapt, of 
FR. cesser = it. lat. cessare. 

ceil ciel me. c^le s4le vb. lit. 
*emboss' from an earlier syle cyll 
'a canopy': source fr. ckl a ca- 
nopy* (fr. ciely SPAN. IT. cielo 
*heaven, canopy, roof = lat. 
ccelum 'heaven*). 

cerge me. cerge\ adapt, from 
fr. Herge (rr. cerd) ; source j-at. 
cereus *a wax taper*. 

certain me. certein certain: bor- 
rowed from FR. certain (= it. 
certand) from 'LPL^.certanus^ deriv. 
of certus. 

chafe me. chaufe *warm*: adapt, 
of FR. chauffer; source a lat. 
type caleficare (= lat. calefacere) 
*make warm*. 

. chafer me. ^chdfer oe. Heaforx 
teut. base kafru-; cp. the synon. 
DU. kever^ ohg. ch'evaro g. kdfer 
(goth. "^ki/ra ^kafrus). Perh. 
chaff is cognate. 

chaff ME. chaf oe. deaf (= DU. 
LG. kaf)\ akin to OBG.cheva *pod, 
husk* and perh. to chafer. 

chaffer me. chaffere chaffare 
earlier chap-fare = oe. ddqfi *a 
bargain* + /^^« *a journey* also 
'business*; cp. on. kaupfgr *a 
journey*. 

- chaffinch prop. *the chaff- 
finch*. 

chain sb. me. chains: borrowed 
from FR. chatne ofr. chatne (= 
IT. LAT- catena)] ident. with DU. 
keten^ ohg. ch^tinna a. kette. 



chair me. chaire: adapt, from 
FR. chaire (ofr. cha^ere); source 
LAT. cathedra (gr. aaS-idga) *a 
chair, seat*. 

chalice ME. ^(]^)tf//V^: borrowed 
from OFR. chalice {calice = fr. 
calice^ it. calice): source lat. 
cdliC'y stem oicalix *a cup'. From 
the same source also oe. cdlid^ 
OS AX. keliky. DU. kelk, ohg. kelih 
G. kelch, 

chalk ME. chalk oe. dealc *chalk, 
lime* = DU. G. kalk^ on. sw. 
DAN. kalk: early loanword from 
LAT. calC' stem of calx *lime- 
stone, chalk* (whence also fr. 
chauxy IT. calce^ ir. Gael, cailc^ 
w. calch lime'). 

challenge sb. me. chalenge 
'claim*: adapt, from ofr. chalen-- 
gier\ cp. IT. calogna ^accusation' 
= LAT. calumnia *a slander, false 
accusation*. 

chamber me. chaumbre: bor- 
rowed from YYi, chatnbre; cp. it. 
camera = lat. camera camara 
a vault, a (vaulted) room'; 
ident. w. DU. kamer, ohg. chamara 
G. hammer 'chamber, office*. — 
chamberlain me. chaumberleini 
borrowed from ofr. chambrelein 
chambrelenc (span. camarlengOy 
IT. camarlingo camerlengd) ; ident. 
w. MED.-LAT. camar- camerlingtis^ 
ohg. chamarlinc G. kdmmerling^ 
formed with suffix line and lat. 
camera. 

champion W£..chaumpioun\ bor- 
rowed fr.. FR. champion (cp. DU. 
kampioen). LAT. type campiOy IT. 
campione 'a combatant* {campus 



chance — chapter 



39 



*a battle, duel"). From the same 
source oe. cempa^ ohg. chemph(i)o 
MHG. kempfty OLG. kempioy on. 
kappi warrior, hero'. 

chance me. chaunce\ adapt, of 
FR. chance (whence also mho. 
G. schanze ; but DU. kans fr. onfr. 
cance)\ ofr. che^ancCy it. cadenza 
point to a lat. type cadentia *a 
falling, chance' (esp. in dice- 
playing). 

chancel me. chauncfli borrowed 
from OFR. chancel] med.-lat. ^dr«- 
celU plur. a grating, lattice- work', 
whence ohg. cancella chanzella G« 
kanzet'^xIX^xi y DU. hansel, — chan- 
cellor me. chaunceUr chaunsel^ri 
borrowed from 'EK.chancelier (laj. 
type cancellarius *a chancellor', 
orig. *an officer near the screen 
before the judge's bench', deriv. 
of LAT. cancellus grating ). Ident. 
w. OHG. chancildri mhg. kanzelcere 
G. kandcTy DU. kanselier^ dan. sw. 
kanslery icel. kanzellaru — chan- 
cery me. chauncerie earlier chaun- 
cellerie\ adapt, of 'ek, chance llerie 
(ident. w. it. cancelleriay du. 
kanselarijy G. hamlet, dan. can- 
celliy sw. hansli), 

chandelier from fr. chandelier 
= SPAN. candeUrOy rr. candelliere\ 
lat. type candelarius also in 
DU. kandelaar'y cp. candle, — 
chandler me. chaunM4r\ loan- 
word fr. FR. chandelier a candle- 
maker, candle-stick' = it. cande- 
lajo\ LAT. type candelarius. 

change vb.ME. i:^^««!^^2 adapt. 
fromFR. changer (=span. cambiary 



IT. catnbiare cangiare)', source 
LAT. cambiare 'change, exchange*. 

channel me. chanelle: adapt, 
from OFR. chanel'y ident. w. e. 
canal (= fr. span, canaly it. 
canaky BV.hanaaly G. sw.hanal). 

chant vb. me. chaunle: adapt, 
from FR. chanter (= span, cantar, 
IT. LAT. cantare *sing'). 

chap vb. ME. chappe *cut, chop* 
= MDU. DU. happen^ dan. kappe^ 
sw. kappa. 

chapel ME. chapelel borrowed 
from FR. chapelle (= it. lat. 
capellay ohg. kap'ella g. kapellcy 
DU. DAN. kapely sw. kapelt). lat. 
capella (dimin. of capci) signified 
*a cape'; the chapel itself where 
the cloak of St. Martin and other 
relics were preserved first ob- 
tained the name capella\ then 
from the 7'** cent, the use of 
the word became general. Cp. 
cape, 

chaplain me. chapelein : borrow- 
ed from FR. chapelain (== span. 
capellany it. capellanOy med.-lat. 
capellanuSy orig. *the priest guard- 
ing the cloak of St. Martin). 
Cp. MHG. kapelldn G. kapluny 
DU. kapelaany dan. sw. kapellan, 

chapman me. chapman *a mer- 
chant' shortened for oe. d^ap- 
man = DU. koopmany ohg. chouf- 
man G. kaufmann. For oe. H^'ap 
^bargain, trade' cp. cheap, 

chapter me. chapitre\ adapt, 
of FR. chapitre = lat. capitU" 
lum *a chapter of a book', 
whence also 0^ kapitel 'chapter 
of a book'. 



40 



char — cheek 



char vb. me. cherre oe. dyrran 
wk. vb. *tum' : teut. base karrjan 
or karzjanl See ajar. 

charge vb. me. charge) adapt. 
oi'EK, charger (it. car tear e, meD,' 
LAT. carricare load a car') ; deriv. 
of LAT. carrus ^=car. — charge 
sb. ME. charge', adapt, from fr. 
charge (it. carica) 'a load'. 

chariot me. chariot', borrowed 
from FR. charioty dimin. of char 
*a car'. 

charity me. chariti {cheriU) : bor- 
rowed from FR. chariii (it. caritii 
= LAT. caritatem). 

charm me. charmei borrowed 
from FR. charme *an enchant- 
ment*; source LAT. carmen *a 
song, enchantment'. 

chart ident. w. g. karte^ du. 
kaarf'y borrowed from fr. charge; 
source lat. charta. — charter 
ME. chartre charter: adapt, of 
FR. chartre *a charter (lat. 
char tula *a little paper'). 

chary me. chdri oe. dearii 
*full of care , sad' = osax. 
OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag 
*sad') *full of care' G. karg *slow 
to give*. Cp. care. 

chase vb. me. chdce chdse: bor- 
rowed from FR. chasser (Picard. 
cachier see under catcK)'^ lat. 
type captiare, — chase me. 
chdce chase', adapt, from fr. 
chasse = it. caccia chase'. 

chaste me. chdstei borrowed 
from FR. chaste (it. casta = lat. 
castus chaste'). — chaste vb. 
'chastise' me. chastie also chasty : 
adapt, of OFR. chastier = fr. 



chdtier (= span, castigar^ rr. 
LAT. castigare) ; ident w. G. 
kasteieuy odu. castien. — chastise 
vb. ME. chastise for the shorter 
chastie 'chasten'; see chaste vb. 

chattel ME. chatel chetei, ident. 
w. cattle: source ofr. chateL 

chatter vb. me. chat{e)re (chitere) 
chatter, an imitative word. 

chaudron 'entrails": borrowed 
from OFR. chaudun cauldun] ident. 
w. G. kaldaunen. The synon. 
IT. caldumef Sicilian quadumi. 
Cat. escaldutns point to vulgar 
LAT. ^cahiumen. 

cheap me. ch(p *trade, barter, 
price' OE. d(ap price' = osax. 

kdp , DU. hoop , OHG. kouf G. 

kauf ^\x2idi^y traffic'; source lat. 
caupo 'huckster'. 

cheat vb. ME. ch{te short for 
esch(te 'escheat'. The meaning 
'defraud' was ushered in in the 
1 6*^ cent, on account of the 
unscrupulousness of the eschea- 
ters. Cp. escheat. 

checker sb. me. cheker chekk^r{e) 
'a chess-board' short for escheker 
'the exchequer: loanword from 
OFR. eschequier eschakier 'a chess- 
board, exchequer* = fr. icMquier 
(= IT. scacchiere, med.-lat. 
sca(c)cariufn). 

cheek me. ch^ke oe. d^oce: teut. 
base keukdn also in ofris. tziake 
'jaw-bone* (modern sdke) ; akin to 
GOTH, kukjan = eastfris. kiikken 
'kiss'. But me. chike ch(ke oe. dedce 
'jaw-bone* may also point to 
jyjj.kaak odu. cdke 'cheek*: teut. 
base kdkon- kikdn-'y cp. mlg. 



cheer — chimney 



41 



kdke (fr. *kdko) and kike (fr. 
*keokd) gums, jaw-bone*. 

cheer sb. me. ch^re: adapt, of 
FR. chire (whence it. cera)» 

cheese 'is&.ch^se OE.dfse(i!fse)-= 
DU. kaasy OSAX. ohg. kdsi G. kase : 
early loanword from lat. cdseus 
(whence also it. cascio^ span. 
qtuso and OIR. caise). 

cherish vb. ME. rA^r/f5^^: adapt. 
of TR.cA^risS'f stem of some parts 
of chirir 'hold dear*; source fr. 
cher = LAT. carus 'dear'. 

cherry me. chtry in comp. 
chert' cMri' (plur. cherys cheries 
chirtes)y a new sing, developed 
from the supposed plur. *cheris 
"^chiris OE. Hris tyrs = ohg. 
kirsa G. kirsche. Source lat. 
cerasusj whence the corresp. 
Rom. group it. ciriega, fr. cerise 
from a vulgar lat. type cer^ia. 

chess me. ches(s)e: borrowed 
from OFR. eschecs chess' prop, 
the plur. of eschec 'check* (it. 
seaccOy G. sckack,- t>v. scAaak), 
Source pers. skdk 'king*. 

chest me. ckesU (chiste) oe. 
ifest {disie) = DU. kist^ ohg. chista 

G. kistCy ON. SW. kistUy DAN. 

kiste* Source lat. cista (gr. 
Mdrff) *a box*. 

chestnut me. chestein chastdn 
'chestnut*: loanword from ofr. 
chastaigne = fr. chataigne and 
ident. with ohg. k^sHnna G. 
kastanUj DU. kastanje. Source 
lat. castanea, 

chew vb. ME. ch^e oe. d^awan 
= DU. kauweUf mlg. keuwen, 
OHG. kiuwan G. kauen. A pre- 



teut. giw cp. in OSLOV. zivq 
zivaH 'chew*. 

chich *a dwarf pea* me. cMche : 
borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick- 
pea* (= IT. cece, SPAN, chicharoy 
OHG. kichurra G. kicher). Source 
LAT. deer, 

chicken short for me. ehlke oe. 
i';yden plur. d;^cnu = du. keuken 
kiekcfiy G. dial, kuchen kuchlein. 
TEUT. base kiuldna- is perh. 
traceable to oe. cocc = cock, 

chicory ident. w. du. chikoreiy 
G. cichoriey dan. dkorie\ adapt, 
of FR. chicorie = it. dcarea, 
LAT. cichorium ? 

chide vb. me. chide oe. Man 
'chide, brawl' f ^eut* base kidjan, 

chief me. ch(f: borrowed from 
FR. chef = SPAN. cabOf it. capo\ 
source lat. caput 'head*. — 
chieftain me. ch^etcdn ch^ve- 
tein\ borrowed from ofr. cheve* 
taine = med.-lat. capit&nus ; ident. 
w. captain, 

child ME. child (plur. childre) 
OS. dild (plur. dildru): teut. 
base kilpiz' keipaz^^ not found 
elsewhere; but perh. akin to 
GOTH, inkiipb 'pregnant*. 

chill ME. chile oe. iyle dele fr. 
a TEUT. base kali^ ; for the V" kal 
cp. cool and cold, 

chime me. chimb e orig. 'cymbal*, 
short for orig. Hmble oe. dim*- 
bal(a)\ from lat. cymbalum 'a 
cymbal*. 

chimney ws.,chimn4e earlier che- 
menfl loanword from fr. cheminde 
= it. eamminata, ohg. chfmindia) 



42 



chin — churl 



akin to G. kamin. Source LAX. 
canUnus *hearth'. 

chin ME. chin oe. din == osax. 
OHG. kinni G. kinn, DU. kin. The 
older meaning *cheek' cp. in 
GOTH, kinnus *cheek\ For a pre- 
TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yiwg 
*chin, jaw, jaw-bone', ytvsidt; f. 
'chin, beard'; lat. genu 'cheek' 
(denies genuini molar teeth*) ; m. 
gin 'mouth'; skr. hanus 'jaw', 
hanav^a jaw-bone'. 

chine me. chine : adapted from 
OFR. eschine = fr. ^chine, which 
with IT. schiena 'the chine, back- 
bone' is traced to ohg. skina 
'the shin-bone' G. schiene 'shin, 
shin-bone, splint*; cp. shin, 

chip vb. ME. chippe 'cut into 
small pieces* = DU. G. kippen 
'hatch out*. 

chirp vb. me. chirpe (chirke)l 
an onomatopoetic word. 

chisel sb. ME. chisel: borrowed 
from OFR. cisel = fr. ciseau 
(it. cesel/o = med.-lat. sciseluni) 
*a chisel*; prob. ult. connected 
with scindere. 

chivalry me. chivalrle: loanword 
from FR. chevalerie (deriv. of 
cheval from lat. caballus 'a 
horse*). 

choice ME. chois{e)\ borrowed 
fr. OFR. chois FR. choix *a choice'. 
The FR. vb. choisir *choose' points 
to a TEUT. kausjan\ cp. choose. 

choir earlier quire me. qtHr\ 
borrowed from fr. choeur *the 
choir of a church, a troup of 
singers': source LAT. chorus a 
band of singers'. 



choke ME. chgke\ older by-form 
ME. a-ch^ke OE. a-iiocian ? Phono- 
logy and etymology doubtful. 

choler me. chol(r\ borrowed 
from FR. colhre (= it. collera^ 
LAT. cholera 'bile*). 

choose vb. older chUse with 
obscure phonology, but me. 
ch4se OE. diosan 'choose' = 
OSAX. OHG. kiosan g. kiesen^ DU. 
kiezen, on. kjdsa, goth. kiusani 
TEUT. v^^itf from pre-TEUT.V^^«x 
in LAT- gus-tus — gus'tare^ gr. 
yfv(o for yevodi'y skr. y/^ jui 
'choose, like'. The teut. idLCti" 
tive kausj an (cp. choice^ appears 
in Slav, kusiti. 

chop vb. ME. choppe (chappe) 
'cut up, strike off'; akin to DU. 
G. happen 'cut, lop'. 

chord cord fr. lat. chorda. 

Christmas shortened for ms. 
Christesmasse oe. Cristesmasse prop. 
'the mass of Christ'. 

chronicle me. cronicle with the 
by-form cronike (but late oe. 
cranic): fromFK. chronique; idenU 
w. DU. kronijky lat. chronica. 

church ME. chirche .oe. dyrdedirde 
older iiride = osax. kirika, DU. 
kerky OHG. kirtcha G. kirche church*. 
As shown by the E. palatalization 
and by the G. ch in kiricha^ the 
word must have existed in the 
5*^ cent.; but a goth. *kyreiko 
'church' is unrecorded. Source 
GR. ^vQiuMv (not found in LAX. 
nor in the Rom. languages). 

churl ME. ch^rl oe. d^orl *a 
churl* = DU. kerely mlg. kerle lg. 
G. kerl'. TEUT. base kerla-. With 



churn — clean 



43 



different vowel on. karl *old- 
man', ohg. karal mhg. karl man, 
husband, lover; hence the*G. 
proper name Karl (lat. Karolus^ 
FR. E. Charles), 

chum sb. ME. cMrne oe. Hyrne ; 
the corresp. vb. churn is me. 
ckirne OE. dyrmm from a teut. 
base kirnjan = on. kirna^ du. 
"lg. kernen karnen 'make butter 
and the Vessel for making butter , 
is ON. kirnay du. karn^ lg. butter- 
kerne. Source a teut. base 
kerna- 'cream* in G. (prov.) kern^ 
icel. kjarna 'cream'. 

cider me. sider elder : from fr. 
cidre (= it. r^r<7, span. sidra\ 
source LAT. steer a). 

cigar = FR. cigarey span. it. 
cigarro, 

cinder sb. me. cinder sinder oe. 
sinder 'dross of iron' = on. sindr 
'slag or dross from a forge', du. 
j/«/^/j 'cinders, coke', OKG.sintar 
G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'. 

cipher sb. me. ciphre (= du. 
cij/er, G. ziffer) : loanword fr. 
OFR. fi/re FR. ciffre^ span, cifra^ 
IT. ci/(e)ra. 

cite borrowed from fr. citer 
= LAT. «Vdfr^ (deriv. of lat. 
citus 'quick'?). 

citizen me. citesein formed after 
me. denizein (cp. denizen) \ the 
earlier me. citey^n is an adapt, of 
OFR. citeien (fr. citoyen), — city 
ME. cU4\ loanword from fr. ciii. 
Source lat. civitatem. 

clack vb. ME. clacke = DU. 
klakkeh 'clack, crack*; akin to 
fr. claquer 'clap in applause*. 



claim vb. me. claime cleimex 
borrowed fr. ofr. claimer cleimer 
(source lat. clamare = IT. chtO" 
mare 'call, name, send for'). 

clamp sb. after mdu. klampe du, 
klamp, LG. klampe\ akin to MHG. 
klimpfen 'draw, press*. 

clan sb. borrowed from gael. 
clann = IR. clann om. eland 
'children'. 

clap vb. ME. clappe oe. clappian} 
= DU. klappen f lg. klappen 
(whence G. klappen) y ohg. klaphbn 
G. klaffen. 

clasp ME. claspCy prob. akin to 
clap and oe. clyppan 'embrace*. 

clatter vb. me. c latere oe. 
^clatorian (inferred from the 
verbal noun clatrung 'a clatter- 
ing'); akin to DU. klateren 
'rattle'. 

claw sb. ME. clawe (by-form cl() 
OE. clawu (by-form cl4a cUo) = 
OSAX. kldwa, DU. klaauw, ohg. 
kldwa chlda mhg. kld^ve kid: a 
GOTH. "^klSwa f. is probable, 
though ON. kid seems to point 
to "^klowa. Pre-TEUT. yf^glu. 

clay ME. clai oe. cldi = du. 
LG. klei; akin to oe. cldm 'clay' 
E. (dial.) cloam 'earthenware', 
OHG. kleimen, scand. kleima kUna 
'besmear*. Outside of teut., 
GR. yh)t : yXi in yXoioq 'sticky 
oil'. 

clean me. cl^ne (cl^ne) oe. clcsne 
= osAX. kleni, du. kleen klein^ 
OHG. kleini 'pretty* G. klein 'small' 
(goth. *klai-ni' is wanting). The 
nasal belongs to the suffix. For 



44 



clear — cloister 



the root syll. cp. GR. yXoiog *fat 
oil'. — Hence cleanse for me. 
c/ense oe. cldnsian *make clean : 
a causative vb. with formative -J. 

clear me. cl^ri borrowed from 
OFR. cler = FR. clair (span, claro^ 
IT. chiaro from lat. clarus). 

cleave ^ vb. *adhere* me. cl^e 
OE. cleofian = OSAX. klibdn^ DU. 
kleven , ohg. klebin o. kleben 
adhere*; goth. *klibbn not 
recorded, teut. \fklib. 

cleave ^ vb. *split* me. cl^e oe. 
clfofan == OSAX. clioban "^clubariy 
DU. kloven, OHG. klioban chliuban 
G. kliebeni teut. \fkl&b : >^/<?«^ 
cogn. w. GR. yXv(ff:iv *hollow out*, 
perh. also w. LAT. glubere 'peel*. 

cleft ME. di/i OE. *cly/t = ohg. 
G. klu/t) from the teut. \fklub\ 
cp. cleave"^, 

clergy me. clergie\ borrowed 
from OFR. clergie = fr. clerg^ 
(lat. type dericattis). — clerk 
me. derk late OE. derc cleric (= 
DU. klerky FR. derc) ; source lat. 
dericus. 

clever not yet found in Shakesp., 
a recent word, perh. developed 
from me. deliver *agile, nimble, 
lively* (from ofr. delivre ^prompt, 
alert*). Or cogn. w. lg. kluftig 
wise, clever*, DU. klu/tig} 

clew sb. ME. cl^ve oe. cUowen 
cliwen *clew* = DU. kluwen : teut. 
base kliujina-i dimin. of a shorter 
base kliujb- = OHG. kliuwa (g. 
knauet) *clew'. 

cliff ME. clif (clfve) OE. dif 
(plur. cleofii) =r ON. OSAX. DU. 
klif a cliff, rock*; cp. G. dan. 



kUppe^ perh. akin to ON. klif a = 
clitnbl 

climb vb. me. climbe oe. climban 
= DU. klimmefiy ohg. klimban 
G. klitntnen. The nasal was orig. 
a formative of the pres. tense 
as seen by on. klif a ^ me. dive 
*climb*. The teut. >fklib (cp. 
cliff) may be found in cleave^ 
and cling. 

clinch vb. me. clenche oe. *cUft- 
iean = ohg. mhg. klenken 'knot 
together*. 

cling vb. ME. clinge oe. clingan\ 
akin to sw. kldnga 'climb*, dan. 
klynge sig adhere to, climb*. 
\fkling = \pklimbl Cp. climb. 

clip^ vb. 'embrace* (Shakesp.) 
ME. clippe OE. clyppafu Akin to 
OHG. kldftra G. klafter 'fathom*. 

clip 2 vb. *cut, shear' me. clippe\ 
borrowed from on. SW. klippa 
'clip, cut'. 

cloak by-form cloke me. clfke\ 
borrowed from ofr. cloke cloque 
*a cloak*. 

clock ME. clokke: prob. bcyrow- 
ed from onfk, clocke (FK.clocke); 
ident. w. OE.clugge (clucce?), du. 

klok, OHG. glocka G. glockCf ON. 

klukka. The ROM,- teut. clocca 
is of CELT, origin; cp. cymr. 

dochf OIR. doc (OCELT. klukkd)\ 

OE. clucge. 

clod me. clodde\ a var. of ^/^/. 

clog ME. ^/<55^^<? *a lump, block*. 

cloister me. cloistre: borrowed 
from OFR. cloisire = fr. claUre 
(si»AN. claustra^ it. cMosiro). 
Source med. - lat. claustrum^ 



close — clutch 



45 



whence also ohg. klostar G. 
klosier. 

close ME. cl^se : borrowed from 
the OFR. part, clos = lat. clausus 
(OFR. clore =^ LAT. ciaudere). — 
closet MB. closet from fr. closet 
(dimin. of ofr. clos *a close*). 

clot ME. clotte (also clodde^ see 

clod) OE. *clott = MHO. klotZ 

(gen. klotzes) c. klotz. 
clotbur, clote me. cl^te oe. cldte\ 
TEUT. base klaitdn-y cogn. w. the 
equiv. oe. elide, G. klette, 

cloth shortened for me. clgth 
OE. cldf (oE. cUdcldp 'swaddling 
clothes') = DU. kleedy g. ^/«//: 
TEUT. base klaipa. — clothe 
vb. ME. clgthe (cl{de) oe. clddian 
(clddan). 

cloud me. eloude', scarcely ident. 
with oe. clild = ME. cloud *a 
mass of rock, a hill'; source and 
history quite unknown. 

clout ME. *^/^7«/ OE.cltit (whence 
ON. kltitr) , ident. with w. clwt, 

IR. GAEL. Clud, MANX clootd? 

clove ^ ME. clove clowe: borrowed 
from OFR. clo fr. clou *sl nail'; 
cp. SPAN, chvo *a nail' also 'a 
clove' fr. LAT. clavus *a nail*. 

clove 2 ME. clove oe. clu/e 'clove' 
(esp. of garlic), in compounds 
clufpung 'crowfoot* — clufwyrt 
'buttercup' (cp. ohg. chloblouh 
klofolouh klavolouh = G. knoblauchy 
DU. knoflook garlic' with -« by 
dissimilation). The orig. meaning 
appears in ohg. klobo G. kloben 
'a split stick*. 

clover MB. cl^er {cliver) oe. 



cldfre {cldfre) = du. klaver ; cp. 
LG. klher (and kldver), A shorter 
and more primit. form is OHG« 
klh (gen. klhves) G. klee\ base 
klaiw'. The formation of osax. 
*klhara = oe. cldfre looks like 
a compound, the second ele- 
ment of which is unknown. 

clovm borrowed from icel. 
kluftni *a clumsy, boorish fellow'; 
sw. dial, klunn *a log* — kluns 
'a clownish fellow*, dan. klunt 
*a log'? 

club ME. clubbe : borrowed from 
ON. klubba, by-form of on. klumba 
*a club*. — The meaning 'asso- 
ciation of persons* is a mod.' 
application of a clump of people. 

cluck vb. ME. clucke clokke oe. 
cloccian (^cluccian) = DU. klokken, 
MHG. klucken {glucken) G. glucken. 
The TEUT. group is onomato- 
poetic like lat. glbctre^ gr. 
y\(iX^Biv 'cluck as a hen*. 

clumsy adj. earlier clumse me. 
clumsed 'benumbed': orig. part, 
of ME. clumse 'benumb' : of scand. 
origin; cp. Sw. (dial.) klummsen 
'benumbed', akin to DU. kleumsch 
'numb with cold'. 

cluster ME. cluster oe. cluster 
{cluster) = LG. kluster', akin to 
LG. (Hannover) klunder 'cluster 
of berries or fruit* and (Dit- 
marsch) klus 'cluster, grapes', 
DAN. klynge 'cluster'. 

clutch ME. clucche\ connected 
with cloche *a claw*. The older 
ME. form is cUchen} 



46 



coach 



cole 



coach borrowed from fr. coche\ 
a mod. common europ. word 
from HUNG, koszi *wagon from 
the Hung, town Kosu\ cp. span. 
cachiy IT. coccMOy g. kutsche. 

coal ME. cgle and col ge. col 
=. DU. kool, OHG. kolo m. — 
>^^/ n. G.koAle, ON. ^^?/ n. plur.; 
orig. 'a burning coal*; cp. skr. 
fK'tf/ *bum bright, flame*. — coal- 
mouse, also coletnouse me. 
col'fnpse OE. colmdse (= DU. kool' 
mees, G. kohlmeise)\ prop, 'coal- 
tit* on account of its black head; 
from col *coar + tndse me. mpse 
= G. meisCy on. meisingr^ whence 
FR. trUsange 'tit-lark*. 

coast ME. cpst{e)\ borrowed from 
OFR. coste (whence also du. kuste 
=. G. kUsle) = FR. cole (it. cosla^ 
MED.-LAT. cosla 'coast*). 

coat ME. cp'le: borrowed from 

OFR. cole = FR. COlle (= SPAN. 

cola, IT. colla *a coat*). Source 
a TEUT. kolla- in ohg. chozzo 
MHG. ^^/j^ *a coarse woolen 
mantle*. Cp. col and ^^/^. 

cock ME. cock OE. ^<?^ cocc (perh. 
cogn. w. chicken) = on. kokkr, 
DAN. ^^^; ident. w. fr. coq\ 
perh. of imitative origin. History 
unknown (earliest reference lat. 
coccus in Lex Salica). 

cockle ME. cokel cokkel oe. cocel 
coccel 'tares' borrowed from IR. 
cogal corn-cockle' (= GAEL. 
cogall 'tares, cockle') ? 

cod 'husk, sheir me. cod coilde 
OE. codd'bdi^ ±= ON. kodde 'pillow*, 



sw. kudde 'cushion', du. kodde 
'bag. 

coffee = DU. koj^j, g. kaffeex 
borrowed from turk. qahweh = 
ARAB, qahweh 'coffee*. 

coffer ME. cofre\ borrowed from 
FR. coffre (whence du. g. koffer). 
Source lat. cophznus, gr. yiiq^ivog 
*a basket*. From the same source 
also coffin me. coffin: borrowed 
from OFR. cofin (= span, cofin, 
IT. cofand)^ 

cog ME. cogge = sw. cugge'y 
prob. of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL. 
IR. cogy w. cocas 'a cog'? 

coif ME. coif\ borrowed from 
FR. coiffe from med.-lat. cofia 
cof(e)a\ akin to mhg. kuffe ohg. 
chuppa from ohg. chuph g. kopf. 
Cp. cup^ 

coil vb. borrowed from ofr. 
coillir = FR. cueillir ^collect* 
(lat. colligere 'gather together). 

coin ME. coin\ borrowed from 
FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge, 
stamp upon a coin, a coin*). 
Source lat. cuneus 'wedge*. 

cold ME. c^ld OE. cdld {feaht) 
= GOTH. kaldSf ON. kaldr, OSAX. 
kald, OHG. G.kallf DU. koud: an old 
partic. formation in lat. -lus, 
SKR. -la-s (goth. d from Aiyan 
/, cp. old, loudf dead etc.). 
A TEUT. verbal >fkal cp. in OE. 
calan, on. ^df/^r 'freeze'; a corresp. 
Aryan V"^^^ ^s seen in lat. gelti 
'the cold' and gelidus 'cold*. Cp. 
chill and cooL 

cole 'cabbage* me. cdl fr. onfr. 
col = FR. chou; the me. by-form 



collier — cornet 



47 



caul = OE. cdhvl from lat. cauletn 
{faults), Cp. OHG. kdl G. kohl, 

collier me. colUr\ deriv. of coal 
with 'ier as in lawyer, 

coUop ME. colopes', ident. with 
SWED. kalopSf G. klops] source lg. 
kloppen (g. klopfen) *beat'? 

color ME. colour from ofr. colour 
= FR. couleitr (lat. color ^eni), 

colt ME. OE. ^^// *a young ass*; 
perh. akin to skr. gardabha *ass*? 

comb sb. ME. cgmb oe. cdmb 
*comb, crest' ^= G. kamnty DU. 
DAN. sw. >Jaw: teut. base kamba- 
from an Aryan gombho- in gr. 
yojLKf^og *peg (yu.utpt] jaw), skr. 
iatnbha *jaw, teeth*. 

come vb. me. ^<;xff^ oe. cuman 
= DU. kometij OSAX. kumauy ohg. 
koman G. kommefty on. koma\ cp. 
GOTH, qinian: a common teut. 
str. vb. kuman qeman fr. an Aryan 
^gtm in skr. ^^m, or. ffaiya^ 
LAT. z/^wV? (for *gvemio), 

comely me. ^imv// r^^m/)^ oe. ^j^//^ 
*fine, handsome'; cogn. w. ohg. 
>^^^ 'delicate, weak' and G,kaum 
'hardly'. 

cony sb. me* r^;^/ earlier coning 
Vabbit': adapt, from ofr. connin^ 
whence also DU. komjuy G. kamn- 
chen. Source lat. cuniculus (ofr. 
conit) in a by*form cuninus,^ 

cook sb. ME. cpk OE. ^.^(f : loan- 
word fr. LAT. coquus, whence ohg. 
G. AocA and it. cuoco, ofr. queux, 
— The vb. cook me. coke is 
derived from the sb. by in- 
fluence of lat. coquere (= G. 
kocheuy DU. koken)y whence also 
FK. cuire cook*. 



cool ME. OE. col = LG. kSl, DU. 

koel, OHG. kuolt G. kfikl: teut. 
base kSlU' from the teut. y/^kal 
kdl under cold, Deriv. keel, 

coot a bird* me. cote oe. *cdt(a) 
= DU. koet *coot*. 

cope vb. Vie with, match' orig. 
'bargain or chaffer with*: a loan- 
word fr. 'D\3,koopen 'buy', cogn. w. 
OE. Ufapian 'cheapen from oe. 
d^p 'bargain*. Cp. cheap, 

copper ME. coper oe. copor\ 
borrowed from vulgar lat. cup- 
rum 'copper' (orig. cuprium aes 
'Cyprian brass*). From the same 
source ohg. kupfar G. kup/er, 
DU, koper and fr. cuk/re, — 
copperas me* coperose from ofr. 
coperose = it. copparosa, lat. 
cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose*. 

copse earlier coppice contr. of 
OFR. copeiz derived from ofr. 
coper (fr. couper) 'cut'. 

cork = G. DAN. sw. korky 
DU. kurk; borrowed from span. 
corcho 'cork' = LAT. corticem 
{cortex) 'bark'. 

coi^i^ 'grain* me. oe. c^n = 
DU. koren^ g, on. dan. sw. korn^ 
GOTH, kaurh: teut. korna- = 
pre-TEUT. base grno- cogn. w. 
LAT. grdnum, russ. zerno, 

com^ 'a hard excrescence on 
toe or foot*: borrowed from fr. 
corne (= lat. cornu *hom*). 

corner me. corner: borrowed 
fr. MED. -LAT. corneria 'comer, 
angle* (lat. cornu 'horn*). 

cornet me. cornet cornette*2L horn' : 
borrowed fr. fr. cornet cornette^ 
dimin. of fr. corne *a horn'. 



48 



cornice — country 



cornice a loanword from ofr. 
cornice fr. it. cornice *a cornice, 
border, ledge* (lat. type cornix 
*a border' contr. of med. - lat. 
coronix a square frame'). 

corps ME. corps: a loanword 
from FR. corps cors from lat. 
corpus. 

corpse ME. corps: borrowed 
from OFR. corps cors = lat. 
corpus. 

corset dimin. of me, cors *a 
body'; cp. corpse, — corslet 
corselet: a loanword fr. fr. coise- 
lety dimin. of ofr. cors with 
suffix -et. 

cost vb. ME. coste: borrowed 
fr. ofr. coster {= fr. coiiter, 
lat. constare)y whence also DU. G. 
kosten. 

costume me. custume (and 
custome): adapt, fr. ofr. costume 
FR. coutume = it. costume (med.- 
lat. costuma = lat. consuetu- 
dinem). Cp. custom. 

cot ME. OE. cot '= LG. DU. ON. 

G. kot *hut': TEUT. base kuta-. 

cote (in comp. dove-cote y sheep- 
cote) ME. cpte OE. cot =:. G. kote. 
The TEUT. word passed into 
SLAV. (oSLOV. >^^/Kj-/*cella*). Akin 
to cot. 

cottage ME. cotdge fr. ofr. co- 
tage: deriv. of teut. kota- under 
cot and cote. 

cotton ME. cotoun: a loanword 
fr. FR. coton = IT. cotone : source 
ARAB, qoton 'cotton'. 

couch vb. ME. couche: adapt, 
fr. FR. coucher (earlier colcher 
= IT. co/care) fr. lat. collocare. 



couch-grass sb.; see quitch^ 
grass. 

cough ME. coughe (oe. cohhtttan) 
= DU. kugchen^ mhg. kUchen, 

council adapt, fr. fr. concile 
'a council, an assembly, session' 
from LAT. concilium 'an assembly 
called together'. — counsel 
ME. conseil counseill loanword fr. 
FR. conseil (lat. consilium 'deli- 
beration'). 

count sb. (me. ^counte is not 
recorded, but inferred fr. me. 
countesse e. countess) loanword fr. 
FR. comte *a count, an earl*. 
Source LAT. comitem {comes) *a 
companion, a count'. 

count vb. ME. counte: borrowed 
fr. FR. conter (source lat. com- 
putare compute, reckon). 

countenance me. countenaunce : 
loanword fr. ofr. contenance 'be- 
havior, carriage! (lat. continentia 
'abstinence'). 

counter 'contrary' fr. fr. contre 
= LAT. contra *again$t'. 

counterfeit me. counterfeit \ 
borrowed fr. ofr. contrefait, part, 
of contrefaire 'imitate'. 

counterpane *a coverlet for a 
bed' earlier counterpoint: loan- 
word fr. OFR. contrepoinct 'the 
quilting stitch'; prop, connected 
with o^K. contr epoincter 'quilt'; con» 
trepoinctis a corruption oicoutre- 
poinct coutepoint *a counterpane' 
(source lat. culcita puncta *a 
stitched quilt*). 

country me. cuniri contr 4: 
loanword fr. fr. contrie (= it. 
contr add). Source med. - lat. 



county — crab * 



49. 



contrata derived fr. lat. contra 
(Cp. G. g eg end from gegeri). 

county ME. counts: borrowed 
fr. OFR. conti 'county' (deriv. of 
FR. comte = count sb.). 

couple ME. couple: adapt, fr. 
FR. couple (= LAT. copula) *a 
bond, band*. 

courage me. cordgei adapt, fr. 
FR. courage (lat. type coraUcuni). 

court me. curt: borrowed fr. 
OFSi. curt cort (source ULi.cortis 
*a court-yard, palace*). — Hence 
courteous transformed fr. me. 
curteis = ofr. corteis fr. courtois, 

cousin me. cosin cousin: adapt. 
fr. FR. cousin (med.-lat. cosinus 
for LAT. consobrinus *a cousin*). 

cove me. c^e OE. cofa a chamber, 
cave* = ON. kofi 'hut', goth. 
^kuban- is wanting. 

covenant iSE.convenant covenant: 
loanword fr. fr. convenant cove- 
nant i^xes, part, ofconvenir'&gree. 

cover vb. me. cover e: borrowed 
fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrir FR. cotwrir. 
Source lat. cooperire 'cover. 

covet vb. ME. cuvette: adapt. 
fr. OFR. cuveiier covoiier = fr. 
convoiter (Lat. type *cupiditare 
'desire*). 

covey borrowed fr. ofr. covSe 
= FR. couvie *a covey of par- 
tridges', prop. part, of fr. couver 
*hatch* (source lat. cubare 'lie 
down*). 

cov^ sb. ME. cu (plur. kie kje) 
OE. cii (plur. cf) = ON. kj^r, 

DU. koe, MLG. kS, OHG. MHG. kuo 

G. AuA: TEUT. base ko" 'cow' 

Rmcush ETY'AOLOCV. 



from an Aryan stem giku- (gS-) 
in SKR. gdus (ace. gam), gr. 
fiovg (stem /f/o/), lat. bos. 

cov^ vb. (me. *couwe earlier 
*ciigen are unrecorded): loan- 
word fr. SCAND. ktiga 'cow, tyran- 
nize over' = DAN. kue 'cow*, sw. 
kufva 'check, curb', 

coward me. couard coward: 
borrowed fr. ofr. couard coart 
coard = it, codardo (formed 
with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr. 
queue = lat. cauda 'tail'). 

cov^er vb. me. coure: borrowed 
fr. ON. Mr a (sw. kura, dan, 
kure) 'lie quiet, rest'. 

cowl^ 'a monk's hood, a cap, 
hood* ME. couel earlier cuwel 
OE. cugle a cowl* (= mhg. kuget) . 
loanword fr. lat. cucullus 'hood : 

cov^l^ 'a vessel carried on a 
pole': borrowed fr. ofr. cuvel 
= FR. cuveauy prop, 'a little 
tub' (source lat. cupa *a vat, 
butt'). 

cowslip OE. ciislyppe ciisloppe. 

coxcomb corrupted fr. cock^s 
comb 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock 
and comb, 

coxswain, cockswain'^ ste^rsimxi 
of a boat' from cock *a boat' 
and swain 'the person in com- 
mand of the boat'. 

coy: adapted fr. ofk. cot (coit). 
Source LAT. quietus 'quiet, still'. 

cozen vb. 'flatter, beguile*: 
adapt. fr.FR. cousiner 'call cousin, 
sponge' fr. fr. cousin. Cp. cousin. 

crab ^ ME. crabbe oe. crabba 
= ON. krabbi, sw. krabba, dan. 

4 



- ■- ~ 



50 



crack — cream 



krabbe^ DU. krab^ MLG. krabbe 
(whence G. krabbe)', akin to 
OHO. krebuT^ = o. krebs fr. crabe 
fr. TEUT. — Ident. w. crab^ *a 
kind of apple* me. crabbe\ a 
Scand. loanword ; cp. sw. krabb- 
aple* — crabbed *peevish, cramp- 
ed'; perh. fr. crab\ 

crack vb. me, crake krake oe. 
cracian = DU. kraken, oho. kra- 
chbn chrahhdn G. krachen \ teut. 
\fkrak fr. pre-TEUT. grg\ cp. 
SKR. grg Vustle, crackle*. 

cracknel formerly crakenel cor- 
rupted fr. FR. craquelin *a crack- 
nel*. 

cradle me. crddel oe. cradoh 
a Celt, loanword, cp. ir. craidhal^ 
GAEL. creathalVz, cradle, a grate'; 
cp. crate. 

craft ME. craft oe. ^r^ = osax. 
crafty pu. krachty G. >^r^/, on. 
kraptr. — crafty me. crafti -oe. 
crceftii = ohg. chr^fiig G. krdftig, 

crag me. ^r^^; borrowed fr. w. 
^r^/^, GAEL, creag, 

crake *a bird' so named fr. its 
cry; cp. ME. crake cry out' under 
crack. 

cram vb. me. cramme oe. cram- 
tnian = on. kremjay sw. kratnay 
DU. kramme 'squeeze'. 

cramp me. crampe oe, ^crpmp 
(inferred fr. cr^peht *full of 
wrinkles') = DU. lg. krampy G. 
krampf; a common west-teut. 
term for 'spasm, cramp*. 

crane me. crane oe. cran = 
OLG. kranOf DU. kraariy mhg. 
krane'y with formative guttural oe. 



cornuCy ohg. ckranuh chranih(h) G. 
kranich'y cp. the cogn. gr. ycpntvoc, 
CY^SR.garan; OSLOV. zeravi, lith. 
gerwe, lat. ^raj (gen. gru-is) 
agrees with ohg. chreia *crane'. 

crank sb. me. cranke. teut. 
base ^<ar«^ *twist' allied to cramp. 

cranny me. crany\ formed by 
adding e. ^y to fr. cran *a notch'. 

crape borrowed fr, FR. crepe 
(oFR. crespe = lat. erispus). 

crash vb. a var. of craze. ^^6. 
crack\ a Scand. loanword; cp. 
sw. krasay dan. ^r^zj^ 'crackle*. 
Cp. crack. 

cratch 'bss..craccke crecche: bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. creche (fr. crlc?ie) 
which is of Teut. origin; cp. 
OSAX. kribbia crib' under crib. 

crate borrowed fr. lat. crates 
*a hurdle*. 

cravat (= g. kravatte) bor- 
rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cra^ 
vates *a Croation*). 

crave vb. me. crdve oe. crafian 
= ON. krefja *crave, demand', 
SW. krdfva *demand', dan. krave 
'crave, exact', Perh. the E. word 
is borrowed from Scand. 

craven me. cravcmt *b eaten, 
overcome* shortened fr. ofr. 
cravanti 'oppressed', partic. of 
cravanter (source a lat. type 
"^crepantare '^cxdicky break'). 

cra^v (by-form crag *neck, 
crop*) ME. crawe oe. *craga; 
GOTH. *kraga is wanting. 

cream me. cr^me from fr. cr^me 
(ofr. cresmCy lat. cremor). 



creed — crown 



51 



creed sb. me. cr^de oe. cr4da\ 
loanword fr. lat. crMo 1 believe' 
(» credo in deum patrem« etc.) ; 
cp. the origin of dirge. 

creek me. crfke crike (oe. ^creoca 
*cricd) ; perh. a Scand. loanword 
from ON. krike *crack, nook'. 

creep vb. me. cr^pe oe. cr^opan 
str. vb. ; cp. DU. kruipen^ LG. 
krupen^ on. krjupa. Akin to G. 
kriechen OHG. kriohhan: teut. 
y/^ krttp krug. Cp. cripple, 

cress ME. cresse earlier kerse 
OE. cerse corse; ident. with G. 
kresse ohg. kressa^ DU. kers and 
YK.cresson, it. crescione. Phono- 
logy, history and origin quite 
obscure; common base a lat. 
type *crexo(nem)} 

crest ME. creste from ofr. creste 
FR. criie (lat. cristct), 

crib ME. cribbe oe. cribb crybb 
= OSAX. kribbia, DU. krib, G. 
krippe OHG. krippa: teut. base 
kribjo {krubjo) akin to ohg. kr'eba, 
Cp. cratch. 

crimson me. crimosin from ofr. 
cramoisin = fr. cramoisi. 

cringe vb. me. cringe oe. <:r^«- 
^£Z« ; TEUT. base krangjan^ deriv. 
from OE. cringan *sink, fall in 
battle', cogn. w. G. krank *sick'. 

cripple me. cripel oe, crypel = 
DU. >Jr«^^/ *cripple'; prop. *a man 
who creeps'; teut. base krupila-^ 
deriv. fr. yf^krUp in creep. 

crisp me. oe. crisp = ohg. 
krisp: an early loanword fr, lat. 
crispus *curled*. 

' croak vb. me. cr(fke oe. *crdcian 
(inferred from OE- crdcetung 



'croaking'): teut. base krikdn 
krdkdn) akin to crack} 

crock ME. crocke oe. crocca; 
borrowed fr. OIR. croccan \ perh, 
cogn. with G. krttg OHG. kruo^y 
LG. krUkey oe. crdh crog. • 

croft me. oe. croft 'small field' 
=: ODU. krochU 'high and dry 
land' DU, kroft 'hillock'. 

crook sb. me. crok oe. *rr^ 
= ON. kr^ krdkr 'hook', ODU. 
croec^ DAN. krog *hook'. Akin to 
OHG. krdko 'hook' (as e. hook 
is to G. ha ken). 
crop ME. cropp oe. croppy 
crosier me. cros^r crois}r. 

cross ME. rr<7W (whence scand. 
krosSj sw.-DAN. kors)\ borrowed 
from oiR. cross (cymr. croes). 
Source lat. crUx whence also 
FR. croix (me. crois from ofr. crois) ; 
OIR. crock and ohg. osax. krkzi 
G. kretiz point to the infl. lat. 
crUcem, 

crow vb. ME. cr^ve oe. crdwan 
= DU. kraaieUf G. krdhen ohg. 
krden: teut. base a str. vb. 
kr^n, but orig. not restricted 
to the cock's crowing as shown 
by the sb. ctow me. cr^e oe. 
crdwe = G. krdhe ohg. krdia. 

croivd vb. ME. croude oe. 
crUdan str, vb. 'crowd, press* = 
ODU. cruden 'push, thrust' (du. 
krttien)y mlg. krkden kroden vb. 
'molest': teut, \/^kriid. 

crown me. crtine (whence on. 
krUna, cp. ODU, crune DU. kruiti) 
earlier by-form coroune conine: 
borrowed during the reign of 

4* 



52 



cruel — curb 



William the Conqueror fr. ofr. 
corone = fr. couronne *crown'. 
Source lat. corona *crown*, 
whence also oe. corenb{ag crown* 
and OHG. korbna G. krone. 

cruel ME. cruil (crfw^l) fr. fr. 
crtiel = LAT. crud^lis 'severe' in 
a vulgar form cruddHs. 

crumb = me. crombe short for 
croume OE. crUma (cp. thumb 
OE. fiimd) ■= DU. kruim ODU. 
crUme^ LG. G. krume (oSAX. *kriltnd) . 
The m is derivative; cp. the 
TEUT. yf kru in G. krauen ohg. 
krouwbn vb. 'scratch*. 

cruse ME. crouse oe. crUse (cp. 
E. room OE. r2^»i) = odu. kruiSy 
MHG. ^^J^ G. krause; akin to 
ODU. DU. kroes, me. ^r^j. 

crust ME. crusts fr. ofr. ^r«;y/^ 
FR. croute = LAT. crusta *crust 
of bread*. 

crutch ME. crucche oe. ^rj^^/ = 
DU. >^r«^, OHG. cruccha G. krilcke 
*crutch': TEUT. base kruk/b-) 
ident. w. it. croccia 'crutch', fr. 
crossCf which rest on a lat. 
crUcea, deriv. of crux cruets 
'cross*. Therefore crutch krukja 
crucea meant originally 'stick 
having a cross*. 

cry vb. me. crk\ adapted fr, 
FR. crier 'cry*. 

cuckold ME. cukewold: trans- 
formation of FR. coucou 'cuckoo', 
whence also £. cuckoo me. 
cuckou, 

cudgel OE. cydgel\ dimin. of 
a lost primitive oe. *cydg: base 
hug/a- ? 



cuff sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve*; 
perh. ident. w. late OE. cuffie 
'coif under coif, 

cull vb. ME. cuUe {cole coille) 
vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofk. coi/Hr 
= FR. cueilUr 'collect' (source 
LAT. colligere), 

culver ME. culver (colver) oe. 
culfre culufre 'dove'; not found 
in the other teut. languages, 
prob. of LAT. origin: LAT. columba 
'dove* in a vulgar form *colubra ? 

cumber vb. me. cumbre vb. 
'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer^ whence 
also G. kummer mhg. kumber% the 
base MED.-LAT. combrus 'rubbish, 
bank of earth, ruins* rests on a 
GALL. -LAT. combero- 'that which 
is carried together*. 

cummin me. comin late oe. 
cumin (= DU. komijri) fr. ofr. 
comin = fr. cumin. Source 
LAT. , cummumy whence also a 
TEUT. kumin in oe. cymen^ ohg. 
kumin kumil G. kummel, 

cunning me. cunningex deriv. 
of OE. cunnan = know, 

cup ME. OE. CUppe 'cup* = MHG. 

kopff ODU. kop 'beaker, cup': 
loanword fr. LAT. cuppa {ciipa)y 
whence also OE. me. cop (copp) 
'summit, head', G. kopf 'head*. 

cur ME. curre corre = odu. 
korre *watch-dog', swed. (dial.) 
kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.) 
kurren vb. 'growl'. Therefore cur 
prop. *a growler ? 

curate see cure, 

curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend* 
fr. FR. courber 'bend'. 



curd — dagger 



53 



curd vb. w. metathesis fr. me. 
crudde vb. : a celt, loanword, 
deriv. fr. jr. gruih 'curds'? or 
cogn. with crouidl cp. lat. coagii- 
lum fr. cogere} 

cure ME. aire fr. fr. cure = 
LAT. cura, — curate me. ciirdt 
= med.-lat. curdtus (in fr. 
pronunciation; cp. curious me. 
curious fr. lat. curidsusY). 

curfew me. curfiu {curfiw) fr. 
OFR. covre/eu (cp. poor fr. ofr. 
povre)\ prop, the sign for put- 
ting out fires. 

curious see cure, 

curl vb. deriv. fr. me. crul (li) 
adj. *curly* == DU. krul\ west- 
teut. krull' for kruzl- krusl- is 
cogn. with ODU. kruis , G. kraus 
MHG. krus 'curly* (aso me. crous 
'curly*). 

curlev7 me. curlfw {corl^w) 
fr. OFR. corlieu = fr. courlieu 
'a bird's name' ('scolopax ar- 
quata'), composed of ofr. corre 
\o leap' and lieu 'lightly*. 

curry vb. me. currie curraie 
vb. fr. OFR. conreier\ LAT. type 
con-reddre} 

curse vb. me. curse oe. cursian 
*to curse*; cogn. with oiR. cursa- 
chaim *I curse*. Source and 
history unknown. 



curtain sb. me. curtin cortin fr. 
OFR. cortine = lat. (also it. 
SPAN.) cortina 'curtain*. 

curve adj. fr. lat. curvus 
'crooked*. 

cushion me. cusshin (cusshen — 
cusshon) cussin quissfn (ffuissken) 
fr. OFR. coissin = fr. coussin 
'cushion*; cp. span, coxin, it. 
cuscino and ident. w. DU. kussen 
ODU. cussm, G. kiissen kissen ohg. 
kussin 'cushion*. Source a med.- 
lat. coocinum prop, deriv. of lat. 
coxa 'hip, haunch* = fr. cuisse 
'thigh', whence E. (Shakesp.) 
cuisse 'piece of armor for the 
thighs'. 

custom ME. custome earlier form 
(c. I lOo) custilme fr. ofr. custume 
(FK.coutume) = it. prov. costuma: 
source a lat. type *consuetume?i 
instead of lat. consuetudo, 

cut vb. ME. cutte (by-form with 
umlaut kitte^ : a me. vb. of celt. 
origin; cp. cymr. cwtan vb. 
'shorten' — cwta adj. 'short'. 

cutlas fr. FR. coutelas = it. 
coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife*: 
ROM. deriv. of lat. culter 'knife'. 
Cp. FR. couteau = ofr. coutel 
'knife* fr. lat. cultellus. Hence 
fr. coutelier = me. cutelir e. 
cutler 'maker of knives*. 



D 



dace from me. dctrce darse : 
from OFR. darSf nom. also spelled 
dctrt *a dart*, also 'a fish' (so 



called from its swiftness). See 
dart. 
dagger me. dagger = on. dag-^ 



54 



dainty — dandelion 



gardfy DU. daggert: of Celt, origin, 
borrowed from vv. dagr = ir. 
daigear'y bret. dag = Gael, daga : 
all synon. 

dainty me. detnU\ borrowed 
from OFR. . ddnte dignity , im- 
portance, value' (the me. by- 
form daintith is an anglo-norman 
deintid pleasure'). Source lat. 
dignitatem (dainty and dignity are 
doublets). 

dairy me. deierU 'room for a 
. milk-woman'; me.^iV milk-woman' 
(hence day-woman 'dairy- wo- 
man' Shakesp.) is borrowed from 
ON. deigja *milk- woman' (sw.deja)f 
which is supposed to be a deriv. 
of TEUT, daiga- (under dough) 
and to mean prop.. /the bread- 
maker, kneader of dough*. Cp. 
dough and /ady. 

dais ME. deis: borrowed from 
OFR. deis later dais *a high table 
in a hair = fr. dais *a canopy' 
(base MED.-LAT. discus *a table' 
= LAT. ^scus 'plate, platter* see 
under dish), 

daisy me. daies-ie daies-eie OE. 
dceges'{age\ prop, 'the eye of the 
day'; cp. day and eye. 

dale me. ddk oe. dcel plur. dalu 
(me. e. e in dale is derived from 
the OE. plur. dalu or from the sing, 
infl. dcelesydcele). The teut. base 
dala- cp. also in the synon. goth 
dalSf ON. dalr^ OSAX. dal^ ohg. 
MHG. tal (mod. thai). 

dally vb. me. dalye points to 
GOTH. *daldn OE. ^dalian (= G. 
dahlen). The ending 7 is a 



southern continuation of the 0£. 
infinit. in -ian (= ohg. *talbnT). 
dam me. datn{me) 0£. '^dafn{mm) 
= G. damnif DU. dam^ ON. dammr 
(goth. faurdammjan = OE. for* 
demman 'dam up). 

damage me. damage : borrowed 
from OFR. damage damage fr. 
dommage 'harm'(iT. dannajo)^ lat. 
type damnaticttm harm* (lat. dam- 
num 'loss, injury' under damn), 

dame me. ddrne: borrowed from 
FR. dame, whence also g. du. 
dame. Source lat. domina 'lady' 
{= IT. donna) \ cp. damsel. 

damn vb. me. dam(p)ne : borrow- 
ed from OFR. damner dampner 
FR. damner (= span, danar, rr. 
dannare) = lat. damnare 'con- 
demn, fine* (lat. damnum 'injury, 
loss'). 

damp ME. *damp = du. lg. 
damp Vapor', G. damp/ Vapor, 
steam*. 

damsel me. damesele damiselei 
borrowed from OFR. damisele 
dameisele = fr. demoiselle. The 
source is med.-lat. domicella *a 
young lady', lat. type dom(£)ni' 
cella, dimin. of domina *a lady'. 

dance vb. me daunce daunse\ 
borrowed from fr. danser, whence 
also DU. dansen, G. tanzen, dan. 
dandse, sw. dansa. The ofr. danser 
is traced to an ohg. dansbn 
'draw, trail*. 

dandelion : borrowed from fr. 
dent de lion (= span, diente de leon^ 
IT. dente di leone)\ prop, 'lion's 
tooth', so called from the jagged 



danger — day 



55 



leaves of the plant (g. Icwtn^ 
zahn), 

danger me. daungen borrowed 
from FR. danger 'danger*. Source 
a LAT. type *dominiarium *power 
from LAT. dominium 'sovereignty*. 

dank 'damp*ME.^<7«ii: borrow- 
ed from the Scand.? cp. sw. 
dial, dank a marshy piece of 
ground' = ICEL. dpkk for *danku 
'pit, pool*. 

dapper me. daper 'pretty, neat*; 
cp- ON. dapr 'sad, drear}'*, DU. 
dapper 'brave*, OHG. iapfar G, 
tapfer 'valiant, brave\ 

dapple *a spot, dot* a dap- 
pled horse* me. in dappel-gray: 
perh. Scand. loanword from 
ON. depill 'a spot, dot' {dapi 'a 
pool*). 

dare me. dar oe. dear 1 dare* 
= GOTH, dars^ OHG. tar. The 
TEUT. y/^dars darz is akin to gr. 
S^gaOsTv 'be bold* — dpaavg 
'boldl and skr. dhrs 'dare': 
Aryan yfdhers, 

dark me. derk oe. dearc\ perh. 
akin to oiR. derg 'red* : common 
base dhergo^ (cp. also oiR. dorche 
'dark*?).. 

darling me. derling shortened 
from oe. diorling *a favorite*: 
deriv. of dear = oe. df'ore, 

dart ME. dart from ofr. dart 
FR. dard (= span. it. dardo); 
of TEUT. origin: OE. darod, on. 
darradr also shorter darr. 

dash vb. ME. dasshe\ corre- 
sponding to DAN. daske (r= sw. 
daskd) 'slap, strike*. Scand. 
origin of the E. word (oe. *daS' 



cian *daxian) is improbable, 
£. sh pointing to a hereditary 
word. 

date^ 'an epoch, given point 
of time* ME. ddte from the synon. 
FR. date (med.-lat. datum^ whence 
G. datum), 

date^ 'fruit of the palm* me. 
ddte*, borrowed from ofr. date 
•= FR. datte\ source lat.-gr. 
dactylus^ whence also G. dattelj 
DU. dadel, 

daub vb. me. daube\ borrowed 
from ofr. dauber 'whiten* from 
*dalber = lat. -dea/bare 'whiten, 
plaster (lat. a/bus 'white*). 

daughter mk. daughter OE.dohtifr 
= DU. dochtery OSAX. dohtar, ohg. 
mhg. tohier g. tochter, on. d^ttir^ 
GOTH, dauh^rx ident. with the 
synon. lith. dukti^ oslov. duiH\ 
ATyanbsLsedAukter; an Aryan base 
dhugater appears in gr. ^vya- 
rrjQy SKR. duhitdr^ avest. duydar 
'daughter*, skr . duhUar 'daughter' 
is traced to the skr. yf duh 
'milk* and is interpreted as 'the 
milk maid*. 

daunt vb. me. daunte: borrow- 
ed from OFR. donter fr. dompter 
= iT.^^«r//<flrr^'subdue, tame': the 
source is hKT.domitare (frequent- 
of domare), 

day ME. day dai oe. /fej = 

GOTH. dagSy OHG. MHG. ta£(g) G. 

tagy DU. OSAX. dagy on. dagr\ 
by-forms oe. dogor^ on. dcegr (fr. 
dogaz dogiz) : all connected with 
the SKR. \fdah (for Aryan dhtgh\ 
dhdgH) 'burn*. This root appears 
also in lith. dtgti 'burn* — 



56 



dawn — dear' 



dagos daga *harvest\ pruss. dagas 
'summer', skr. niddgha- heat, 
summer* (also skr. dhar *day'?). 
The base dhdgho-s common to 
our day and to lith. ddgas signi- 
fied *the time of the burning of 
the sun, the hot part of the 
day or year . 

dawn vb. late me. daune earlier 
dawe OE. dagian = on. daga, 
OHG. tagin G. tagen 'become day*; 
cp. E. dawning me. dawinge: 
deriv. of teut. daga- under day, 

daze vb. me. dase 'stupefy' 
from ON. ^dasa, refl. dasask {sk 
represents the refl. 'oneself') 
'daze oneself == dan. dase^ sw. 
dasa 'lie idle*. From daze is 
deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb. 
'overpower with light'. 

deacon me. d^ken from oe. 
*d^acon for diacon (== DU. deken, G. 
diakon, on. djdkn^ ofr. diacne 
FR. diacre, span. it. diacono) : 
source lat. diaconus (gr. cViaxo- 
voq) a servant, a deacon'. 

dead adj. me. d{d oe. d{ad = 

GOTH, dau/s, OHG. MHG. tol G. 

fo(d)f, ON. daudr, osax. dod, du. 
dood. The common base dau-da is 
prop, panic, {dhau-td-) belonging 
to the TEUT. verbal yf^dau dis- 
cussed under die, Cp. death, 
deaf ME. d^f oe. d§a/ = osax. 

do/, DU. ^^^, OHG. MHG. tOUp{b) 

'hearing or feeling nothing, dull, 
foolish* G. taub, goth. daufs{b) 
'deaf, OiH.dau/r. The meanings 
of OHG. MHG. toup{b) bordering 
on those of ohg. mhg. tump g. 
dumm, connection of both groups 



is sure ; prob. akin to gr. Tvq>k6q 
'blind*. Cp. dumb, 

deal vb. 'divide, distribute, 
negotiate in* ME. d(le oe. ddian 
= OSAX. dHian, du. deelen, lg. 
d^len, G.teilen, goth, dailj an: de- 
nominatives of daili' (cp. deaf) 
like OSLOV. diliti 'divide'. 

deal ^ sb. 'part, portion, indefinite 
quantity, degree or extent, bar- 
gain etc.* ME. d(l OE. di^l (ddl) 
= OSAX. di/, DU. deel, lg. dee/, 

OHG. MHG. G. teii, GOTH, l/ai/s 

m. dai/a f. teut, dai'/i(la') seems 
to point to an ARYXSy/^dAazy 
proved by oSLOV. di/ii part'. 

deal^ sb. 'a board, plank' 
borrowed from DU. dee/*3. board, 
threshing floor* = mlg. di/e 
'board' lg. de/e *a board, floor, 
a room*. The corresponding 
OHG. di/i G. die/e 'boarded floor* 
corresponds to on. pi/ja, oe. 
Pe/ 'board', lith. ti/t 'plank in 
the boat', osLOV. tt/o 'boftom', 
SKR. ta/a-m 'surface' are cog- 
nate. 

dean me. d^'n (contr. of *deie'n) 
borrowed from ofr. deien == 
FR. doyen: source lat. decdnus 
'the chief of ten soldiers or 
monks* (= it. dccano , ohg. 
techdn G. dechant). 

dear^ Mp. dere oe. //j^^Tr^'beloved, 
precious, of great value' = 
OSAX. diuri; DU. dier, OHG. tiuri 
'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly* 
G. teuer. 

dear^ (in Shakesp.) 'fierce, 
ferocious' me. d^r oe. dfor 'wild*: 



dearth — deep 



57 



different from dear^, Ident. with 
E. deer^ g. Her) cp. deer, 

dearth me. derthe 'scarcity, 
deamess' (== osax. diuridaf ohg. 
tiuriday ON. d^rdy OLG. dmrthd): 
deriv. of dear ^ + -/^formative 
of abstract nouns. 

death me, d^iJi oe. d/a^ = 
GOTH, dau/us, OSAX. doih, ohg. 
/Sd MHG. tSf(d) G. /od, DU. dood, 
ON. daudr : a verbal abstr. noun 
of a y(^dau (cp. ///V) with the 
abstract suffix teut. pu = lat. 
SKR. A/- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s). 

debate vb 3iE. deb die \ borrow- 
ed from OFR. debatre *fight, 
contend y debate* fr. dibattre 
'contend, debate' (i= span. 
debatir^ IT. dibattere). 

debt sb. earlier det me. dette\ 
from OFR. ^i<f3/^ ^i?//^ FR. dette 
(it. ^iftfiJj) = LAT. debita f. sing., 
orig. neut. plur. of lat. debitum. 

debtor me. dettur from ofr. 

deiar deteur yr. detteur (it. 

cUbitore) = lat. debitorem ace. 
of debitor 'debtor 

decay vb. from ofr. decaer 
(span, decaer y it. decadere) = 
LAT. type "^decadere (instead of 
decider e^ 'fall away, perish* 

decease sb. me. /i^f^^^ borrowed 
from OFR. deces fr. dich = lat. 
decessus prop, 'departure'. 

deceit me. deceit', borrowed 
from ofr. deceit =lat. deceptus 
'deceit' (decipere 'deceive' under 
deceive), 

deceive vb. earlier deceave me. 
{ieceivei borrowed from ofr. de- 



cever deceveir fr. d£ce7wir^='LXi, 
decipere *entrap\ Cp. deceit, 

deck vb. borrowed fr,DU.</?i>5^« 
'cover; cp* OE. peddean under 
thatch. 

declension from ofr. decli- 
naison (fr. diclinaison) beside 
FR. diclinattofty E. declination from 
LAT. declinationem. 

decrease vb me. decrfse bor- 
rowed from OFR. decresser decrestre 
decreistre decroistre fr. dicroitre 
(lat. discrescere) = lat. decreS' 
cere 'decrease'. 

decree sb. me. decr^ borrowed 
from OFR. decre decret fr. d^cret 
(span. it. decretd) = lat. decre- 
turn *a decree'. 

deed me did d^deo^, did ddd = 
OSAX. ddd, DU. daad, ohg. mhg. 
tdt G. t(h)at, ON. ddd, GOTH, in 
ga-dMs 'deed', teut base di-di- 
from dhe-ti- from the teut.\^^^ : 
do from ARYAN dhi : dhd\ cp. do, 

deem vb. me. deme oe diman 
*(= OSAX. ddmian in d-y DU. 
doemenj mlg. dbtneny ohg. tuotnen 
MHG. tuemeny on. dcenuiy goth. 
ga-domjan judge, deem') : deriv. 
of TEUT. ddma- see doom, 

deep adj. ise. dep oe. d4op = 
OSAX. <//^, DU. diepy ohg. //^ 
/r«/^ MHG. G. tie/, ON. /^«/>r, 
GOTH, diups. The common teut. 
adj. deupa- belongs to a teut. 
V^ /]S/ whose by-form dub 
appears in oe. d^fan E. dive 
and in E. dub, Cp. cymr. dwfny 
oir. domunfu-domainy lith. ^w^^ 
'deep, hollow', oSLOV. //«//i"hol- 
low'from an Aryan y/^dubh : ^>4//^. 



58 



deer — derrick 



deer me. d^r oe. d^or *wild 
animal* = on. djfr *wild animar, 
OSAX. dior^ OHG. Hot mhg. g. 
Her *animar (*stag, roe in the 
language of hunters), texjt. 
deuza- is prob. an adj. used as 
sb. signifying 'wild animar; cp. 
OE. dior *bold, wild' (cp. dear), 

defeat vb, me. de/^te from 
OFR defeter 'annul' (ofr. defait 
desfeit part, of de/aire fr. di" 
faire\ med -lat. defacere *annul, 
undo*). See feat. 

defile vb. make unclean, sully' 
a fusion of me. file oe. dfjlan 
'defile' and me. defoule *defile': 
ME. fotde (oE fulian) wk. vb 
*make foul with parallel form 
file (oE. filan) has taken the 
LAT.-FR. prefix de- . 

defy vb. ME. aefie' from fr. 
d^Jier (=:MED-LAT. IT. dtsfidare 
diffidare 'renounce faith, repu- 
diate*). Cp. faith. 

delay vb. me. delaie delay e: 
from FR. dilayer (= med. -lat 
IT. dilatare)^ 

delight sb. (orig delite) me. 
delUe delit' from ofr. delit. With 
the vb delight me. delite from 
ofr. deliter (it. ielettare dilettare) 
= LAT. delectare please - 

dell ME. delle OE, dell a dimin. 
derivative of teut data- (under 
dale)y pointing to a goth- '^Ualja 
f. and correspondmg to ohg. 
tellia MHG. telle ravine' G. (dial.) 
delle, 

deluge sb. me. deluge: from 
FR. deluge (= SPAN. rr. diluvioy 
LAT. dihwium 'a flood*). 



delve vb. me. delve oe. delfan 
str. vb. = DU. detveriy osAX. bi- 
delban^ ohg. bi-t'elban 'bury*. The 
TE\rv,yf" delb (kryzjidhelbh dhelpT) 
is unknown elsewhere. 

demijohn from the synon. fr. 
dame-jeanne = Arab, damagan 
(orig. the town Damghan in 
northern Persia, once famous 
for its glass-works). 

den short for me. d(ne oe. denu 
dene valley*; akin to mdu. dan 
'woods, wilderness' and 0. tann 
woods' .•* 

denizen me. deneseyn denesein: 
source anglo-fr* ofr. densein 
deinsein\ deriv. of ofr. deinz (= 
FR. dans) within' and suffix -ein 
(= LAT. -anus) , cp. citizen. 
The FR. word means 'a trader 
within the privilege of the city- 
franchise as opposed to foreign, 

deny vb. me^ denic from fr. 
dinier (span denegar, it. dene- 
gar e = lat. denegar e 'deny*). 

depaint vb. me depeinte\ from 
FR. dipeindre, Cp. paint, 

depict vb. me. only in part. 
depict = LAT. depictits y whence 
also OFR depicter depict' 

deploy vb from fr ddployer 
(ofr. despleyer despleier^ whence 
e. display). Source LAT dis- 
plicare. 

depth ME. depthe: an abstract 
sb. from the me. adj. d^p', du. 
dieptCy ON. dypty GOTH, diupipa 
point to an oe. *d;^pp\ cp. 
deep, 

derrick 'a kind of crane* from 
DU. Dierryky short Dirky also 



descry — dike 



59 



LHederik corresp. to G. Dietrich^ 
OE. piodric 'chief of the people'. 
Orig. derrick signified gallows' 
named from a Dutch hangman. 

descry vb. me. descrie discr^e 
'discern' from oyk, deserter (des- 
crive descrivre fr. dicrire) 'de- 
scribe*. 

desire vb. me. desire from fr. 
disirer (rr. desirare = lat. 
desiderare *long for'). 

desk from fr. disqtu (it. desco 
*a table* = med.-lat. discus 'a 
table' see under disK), 

despair vb. me. despeire from 
OFR. desperer fr. disespirer (= 
LAT. rr. desperare) 'lose hope*. 

despatch, dispatch vb. from 
OFR. despecher (fr. dep^cher) 
'discharge, expedite'. 

despise vb. me. despise from 
OFR. despiser despicer 'despise' 
(lat. despicere look down upon, 
despise*) . 

despite sb. by apheresis spite 
me. despU from ofr. despit despeit 
FR. dipit (rr. dispetto = lat. 
despecius 'contempt* see despise). 
Despite prep, abbrev. for in 
despite of. 

despoil vb. me. despoile from 
OFR. despoiller (fr. dipouillety it. 
despogliare, span, despojar de- 
spoil*) : source lat. despoliare 
*plunder, rob See spoil 

destiny desten^^e destinee: bor- 
rowed from FR. desHnie (rr. lat. 
destinatd). 

deuce *a two at cards or dice 
early mod. also d^wce dius = 
FR. deux^ 



devil ME. dfvel oe. dfofol = 
OSAX. ditidaly DU. dtdvely ohg. 
Uuval tiaval mho. tiiwel (tievel) 
G. teufel\ GOTH. diaboAlus points 
to LAT. (gr.) diabolus. 

dew ME. d^w OE. d^aw = 
OSAX. dauj ohg. mhg. Urn (gen. 
touwes) G. taUy DU. dauw, on. 
^QSS (goth. "^^daggwa- is wanting). 
Perh. cogn. with the SKSi,y/^dhav 
\o flow'. 

die sb. (plur. dice)\ the sing, is 
developed from the plur. dice. 
ME. dis usually d^s 'dice' which is 
borrowed from ofr. dez plur. of 
det 'die' fr. di (= span. it. 
dado a die*) from lat, datum 
'that which is given and 'that 
which is cast See date. 

die vb. ME. d^ie die d;^t ge- 
nerally considered as a SCANd. 
loanword from on deyja (= osAX. 
ddian, ohg. mhg. touwen 'die*). 
An OE d^ym d^yin (from daujafi) 
is not recorded before looo after 
Chr. , hence SCAND. origin is 
prob. P'or the TEUT.V"^a« cp. 
deady death. In other Aryan 
languages, OSL.OY. davtti strangle' 
and LITH. dovyti 'torment* are 
compared as related (indo-eur. 
\^dhew dhdiv), 

diet me. diete diite: from fr. 
///^/^ (span. IT dieta = i.AT dicetd). 

dig vb. me. digge earlier ^kie 
OE. didtan 'dig ; derivative of oe. 
///^'a ditch*. See dike and xiitch. 

dike ME. dik{e) oe. die 'a ditch, 
channel , dike , wall* = mhg. 
tieh G, teich 'fishpond, pond'. 



6o 



dill — dissever 



E. dike and ditch are doub- 
lets. 

dill 'the two-seeded tare* me. 
dille OE. dile =. DU. di//e, ohg. 
fiili MHG. ti//e G. di//. Of obscure 
origin. 

dim ME. OE. dim (ww)=ofris. 
diffiy ON. dimmr : perh. by-form of 
the synon. OS AX. thtm (mm). A 
TEUT. yfpem (whence G. dam* 
merti) corresponds to SKR. tamos 
'gloom*, LAT. tenebrae (for temesrd) 
'darkness*. For the initial gram, 
change from th — ^see doughty, 
A PRE -TEUT. V^ dhem may be 
found m OIR. deme 'darkness*. 

dime me. dime 'tithe' from fr. 
dime (= LAT. decima 'tenth'). 

dimple me. dimpel = g. tttmpel 
OHG. tumfilo m. 'whirlpool*: deriv. 
with nasalization from the TEUT. 
yfdup 'be depressed* in deep 
and dip\ cp. lith. dumbu 'be- 
come hollow*. 

din sb. ME. dine oe. dyne (= on. 
dynr) *a din*. Cp. oe. dynnan 
= DU. deunen^ OSAX. dunnian, 
ON. dynja and the skr. y" ^i^z'<7« 
///i2/;2 'rush'. 

dine vb. me. dinei from fr. 
diner (= it. disinare) 'dine*. See 
dinner, 

dinner ME. diner \ from fr. d^ner\ 
ident. with ///«<?: the infinitive 
is used as sb. See dine, 

dint ME. dint oe. ^3^«/ 'a blow* 
= ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke*. 

dip vb. ME. dippe oe. dyppan\ 
cp. G. taufen ohg. touffan (from 
*toufjan) 'baptize' and ^^^/. 



dirge me. dirige oe. (i i^** cent.) 
<a&W]f^ 'watches* (cp. » dirige for 
ford-farenum« = vigilia pro de- 
functis). »dirige, Dominus mens, 
in conspectu tuo vitam meam« 
Psalm 5® was used in the ofBce 
for the dead in medieval service. 

dirt ME. drit excrement* fr. oe. 
ledritan str. vb. = on. drita, 
DU. drijten \o void excrement: 
TEUT. \fdrit, 

dish ME. dish disch oe. disi 'a 
dish, plate' =i oSAX. disk 'table', 
DU dischy OHG. tisc G. tisch 'table*. 
LAT. discus y the source of teut. 
dtskuZf has the meaning 'dish' 
only post-class, (prop, 'disk*); 
cp. also rr. desco, ofr. dots 'table* 
(fr. dais *a canopy, dais* see 
under dais and desk), 

dismay vb. me. dismcde desmaie 
{demaie esmaie dishearten, lose 
courage*) : from ofr. desmayer 
esmayer (rr. smagare from dis^ 
magare points to GOTH. magan\ 
see mcty), 

dispense vb. me. dispense', fxom 
OFR. dispenser fr. dispenser (==. it. 
spensare = lat. dispensare 'weigh 
out, distribute*). 

display vb. me. displeie\ from 
AFR. despleier ==. fr. diployer 
'deploy* (= iT,spiegarey med.-lat. 
displicare 'unfold*, whence also 
FR. diployer = e. deploy),, 

dispute vb. me. dispute', frora 
FR. dispuier (= lat. it. disputare). 

dissever vb. me. dissever e desc' 
vere : from ofr. dessevrer (it. diS' 
c ever are fr. a lat. type disseparare 
'sever*). 



distaff — dole 



6i 



distafF ME. distaf orig. dls-staf] 
OE. *dis-st<Bf *stafF bedizened with 
flax' points to a teut. dtsd^ in 
MLG. (Rse f. 'distaff, the bunch 
of flax on the distaff. Cp. lat. 
fusus *spindle' for an Aryan 
yf^dMs dhois pointing to a pre- 
LAT. dhaiso'. 

distinguish vb. me. distingwe 
distinge: borrowed from fr. 
disHnguer (lat. distinguere). 

distrain vb. me. distreine com^oXy 
constrain': borrowed from ofr. 
destraindre (lat. distringere 'pull 
asunder*). 

distress me. distresse destressei 
from OFR. destrece 'distress* = 
FR. ditresse. 

disturb vb. me. disturbe desturbei 
from OFR. destourber (span. 
disturbar^ n*. disturbart = lat. 
disturbare 'disturb'). 

ditch *a dike' me. diche oe. dU: 
equiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam*, whence 
G. d€ich\ related to gr. rsT/og 
wair? 

ditty me. dif^; borrowed from 
OFR. ///// *a story , poem' (lat. 
dictatutfi), 

dive vb. me. dh)e oe. d;yfan = 
ON. d^/a, DU. beduwen, lg. beduveni 
teut. \pd&b (a by-form of the 
teut. \fd&f) under deep* 

dizzy adj. me. {&sy oe. dyst^ 
'foolish, stupid' = ohg. tusig, 
mdu. duysigh\ \f d&s (dMs), 
Another form of the yfdus 
appears in oe. dwcks (= mdu. 
dwaes DU. dwaas) 'foolish' and 
in G. tor OHG. tbro (teut. base 
dauza-) , 



do vb. ME. oe. don =. DU. doen^ 

OSAX. duaUy OHG. MHG. tUOH 

G. thun. For the teut. y/^do : dS 
cp. also deed and the suflix 
'dom. The FKE-TEUt.y/^dMldAe 
has a wide ramification within the 
other Aryan languages; cp.theGR. 
yT^V • ^f i^ Ti&rjiLii 'place, put*, 
SKR. \fdM {dadhami and dhamt) 
'place, put, do' {dhdtr 'creator*), 
pSLOV. dijq (and dezdq) *do, 
make', 'LKT, facto. The meaning 
'place, put' seems to be the ori- 
ginal one and the teut. meaning 
secondary, 

dock sb. origin uncertain; from 
the e. word are borrowed G. 
docky DU. dok^ sw. dockdy dan. 
dok(ke)y FR. dock. 

doe ME. dp OE. dd\ cp. DAN. 

daa. The oe. word — generally 
considered a loanword from lat. 
ddma — points to a weak stem 
ddn nom. sing, da from a teut, 
base daifty which is evidently 
connected with ofr. dain m. fr. 
daine f. Perh. a lat. base *ddnus 
(assimilated for *ddmus) may be 
assumed. The phonology of 
the Engl, word may have been 
affected by r^^^ oe. rd. 

dofF vb. me. doff'Cy orig. imp or. 
do/ contr. of do of 'put off; cp. 
don contr. of do on 'put on*. 

dog ME. dogge OE. dogga, whence 
DU. dogy ' sw. doggy G. dogge^ fr. 
dogue, OE. dogga (recorded about 
1050) is a WEST-TEUT. duggan-, 

dole portion, share, lot, fortune' 
ME. dpl(e) OE. ddl\ equiv. w. dea 
(oe. dcel). 



62 



dollar — dove 



. dollar sb. a modem loanword 
from the continent: du. daalder\ 
the source is g. ihaUr which is 
short for Joachimsihaier 'gulden 
from Joacittmsthat (Bohemia) 
where the coin was first struck 
in 1519. 

*doiii ME. 'dom OE. 'dom = 
OSAX. 'dom, DU. -dom, ohg. mhg. 
-tuom G. 'fum: an abstract noun 
sufHxy orig. a ^b. meaning *juris- 
diction' preserved in doom (and 
its deriv. deem). 

domain (poet, by-form demain) 
from FR. domaine (lat. dominium), 
whence also du. domein. 

don see doff, 

donkey not found in me. oe., 
appar. a deriv. of dun. Suffix 
key of donkey is dimin. as in 
monkey. The orig. meaning of 
donkey is *the little gray one* 
(Shakesp. uses dun *a gray horse'). 

doom sb. 'judgment, sentence, 
decree, law* me. oe. dom = 
OSAX. dbm, OHG. tuom, on. ddmr, 
GOTH, doms judgment*; derived 
from the teut. \fdd in do\ for 
the w-suffix cp. SKR. dkdman 
'sacred custom* and gr. &^/Liig. 

door ME. d^e oe. dor = osax. 
dor, G. ^or, goth. daur 'gate'; ident. 
with OE. duru = osAX. dura; on. 
dyrr plur. corresponds to osax. 
duri plur., ohg. furi plur. door* 
G. /«r. The TEUT. bases dora- and 
dur^ (cons, stem) cp. also in 
GOTH, daurons 'door. To the 
Aryan base dkur belong also lat. 
/ores, GR. dvpa, ltth. diirys and 
SKR. dur (for d/iur) 'door, gate*. 



dot OE. doU *speck* = du. fris. 
dot; cp. LG. doti dotie *the yellow 
of the Qgg and osax. dodro, du. 
dooier, or. dydring, ohg. totoro 
tutar-ei G. dotter: prim, term for 
*the yellow of the Qg^'; the 
orig. meaning of dydring is prob, 
'spot, point in the Qgg. 

dote vb. ME. dpte d^tie = oi>u. 
doten mope'; perh. akin to mhg. 
tuz(e) 'quiet* — fiiz^n *be quiet' 
from a teut. \fdut, 

double adj. me. dubU : borrowed 
from FR. double (n. doppio = 
LAT. duplus); from the FR. source 
also G. doppelt, du. dubbel, 

doubt ME. douW, borrowed from 
FR. doute (it. dotta = lat. dubi- 
turn), 

dough sb. ME. d^gh oe. ddh(g) 
= DU. LG. deeg, OHG. mhg. teic(g) 
G. teig, ON. deig y goth. daigs 
'dough': deriv. from a teut. dig 
'knead' in goth. deigan 'mould, 
form'; an Aryan y/^dhigk cp. in 
SKR. dih 'stroke , smear , lat. 
fngere 'shape, form* (^figura 
*form') and gr. tbT^o^ ^oT/og 
Svair. Cp. /ady, 

doughty adj. me. dou(g)hty doHH 
OE. dohti^ ; the by-form oe. dytUij^ 
corresponds to mhg. g. tiichtig 
deriv. from ohg. mhg. tuhi an 
abstract noun of the verb re- 
presented by OHG. tugan = oe. 
dugan. The oe. by-form/y^'j (cp. 
dim = OSAX. ihimm) points to 
a primitive teut. V"/«^. 

dove short for ME. dotwe OE. 
dufe; corresponding to goth. 
diibd, OSAX. duba, ohg. tUba g. taube 



down — dream 



63 



The TEUT.dulfSn- 'dove* is based 
on a pre-TEUT. adj. dhubho- 'black* 
in oiR. dub *black'. 

dov^n sb. 'soft plumage*: a 
Scand. loanword of the me. period 
(me. doun)f borrowed from on. 
dunn = sw. dun, dan. dunn^ 
whence also G. daune^ du. dons, 

dow^n prep, and adv., orig. 
admvn (cp. back for abacJi) : short- 
ened for ME. adoune adoun OE. 
of dune \ OE. dun is hill' and of" 
dune *off the hill, downwards'. 
A TEUT. duna- 'hill' (in mod. lg. 
ddl is 'dale' and 'down ), oe. dun 
survives in the Kentish downs \ 
cp. DU. duin. Perh. the word is 
a Celt, loanword, cp. iR. diin 'a 
fortified hill*, GAEL, dun^ w. din 
and the Celt, place-names such 
as Tarodunum, for which cp. also 
town, 

doze vb. prob. borrowed from 
ON. dtisa *doze'. 

dozen me. dozeine dusain = fr. 
douzaine (ofr. dosaine)^ whence 
also G. dutzendy du. dozijn. The 
Fr. word is deriv. from douze 
(ofr. doze =3= LAT. duodecim), 

draff ME. draf oe. drcEf\ cp, 
OHG. *irab in the plur. trebir G. 
trdber 'grains, husks* and du. 
ON. sw. draf Cogn. w. luXi^f races : 
ARYAN v^//i4r^^; cp. also dregs, 

dragon me. dragon drago(u)n: 
from FR. dragon 'dragon, stand- 
ard* = ir. dragone^ lat. draco{n-) 
'dragon*. See drake, 

drain vb. me. dreine oe. dr^ag' 
nian\ a teut. yj^draug appears 
in north -FRis. druughe 'sieve, 



strainer and druugin vb, 'strain, 
sieve' (nfris. u from teut. au) 
and in ditmarsh dorchdroven 
*drain', hess. drauen 'drain*. 

drake ^ in drakefly oe. draca 
'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho 
G. drache = oe. draca borrowed 
fr. LAT. draco, Cp. dragon, 

drake ^ 'male of the duck' me. 
drdke oe. *draca = lg. (dial.) 
drake mlg. ant-drake, which points 
to identity with icel. andrikiy 
GERM, enter ich ohg. antrehho an- 
trahho (orig. '^anut + trahho). 
The TEUT. drakon- occurs only 
in this compound and in the sub- 
stituted simple form (the Teut. 
word for 'duck* was oe. cened, 
ORG. anut g. ente), 

draw vb. me. drawe oe. dragan 
= ON. draga; perh. ident. with 
GOTH, dragan 'bear, carry*, OSAX. 
dragan, du. dragen, ohg. tragan 
G. tragen * carry, bear*. The teut. 
yfdrag 'bear* (aryan dhragH) has 
been compared with.osLOV. drU- 
zati 'hold'. 

dream vision' me. dr(m\ an 
equiv. oe. drfam is not recorded 
(the synonym is swefn), but is 
to be inferred from oSAX. drom, 
du droom, on. draumr , ohg. 
MHG. troum g. traum 'dream*. 
The meaning 'dream, vision* 
attaching to these forms may 
be deduced from 'deception, 
vision* so that teut. drauma- (for 
^draugma* or *dhroughwmd*T) 
would belong to the teut, 
y/^drug, seen in oSAX. bidriogan 
■=.Qi]iG.triogan G. triigen 'deceive*. 



64 



dreary — drop 



dreary adj. me. driri oe. drforii 
*sad*: corresponding to mhg. 
trurec G. traurig] oho. trurin 
G. trauern *mourn belongs perh. 
to OE. driisian E. drowse drowze 
*be sluggish'. • 

dregs lees' a Scand. loanword 
of the ME. period (me. dregges) 
borrowed with the plur. form fr. 
the equiv. on. dregg. The teut. 
base dragjd- may be a pre-TEUT. 
dhraki- which is also possible 
of LAT. f races *dregs' (lat. / ■= 
ARYAN dh as under disia/f)\ cp. 
also PRUSS, dragios 'dregs' (perh. 
Teut. loanword?). 

dress vb. me. dresse borrowed 
from FR. dresser (ofr. drescer 
drecier\ lat. type directiare). 

drift sb. 'driving, impulse* me. 
drift *act of driving, drove, im- 
pulse': deriv. from drive with i- 
suffix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, flock, 
course, current, ardor', G. trift 
'pasture*, on. drift dript 'snow- 
drift*. See drive ^ drove. 

drink vb. me. drinke qe. drincan 
= OSAX. drinkauy du, lg. drinken, 
OHG. trinchan mhg. g. trinken^ 
ON. drekkuy goth. ^rigkan: a 
common teut. str. vb. From 
TEUT. comes the Roman group 
IT. trincare, fr. trinquer *hobnob'. 
The TEUT. y^^r^^ {KryBudhreng) 
does not appear outside of 
Teut. 

drip vb. ME. drippe oe. dryppan : 
associated with oe. "^dreopan 
ME. dr^pe 'drop, fall' = osAX. 
driopan^ DU. druipen^ ohg. triufan 



MHG. G. triefen^ on. drjUpa 'drop, 
drip'. 

drive me. drive oe. drifan str. vb. 
= OSAX. driban 'drive, banish, 
perform*, DU. drijven drive, do, 
fly, swim, on. drifa 'hasten', 
GOTH, dreiban 'drive*, ohg. trtban 
MHG. trlben G. treiben. For the teut. 
yfdrib (ARYAN dhribh'> dkrip}) 
cp. also drift. 

droll adj. perh. borrowed fr. 
FR. drole 'odd, queer, funny*. Cp. 
G. droUig from LG. drullig^ DU. 
drolUg) not found in the older 
languages. 

drone sb. ME^drpnOE. drdn (plur. 
drdn). The synon. ohg. treno 
MHG. trene g. drohne, osax. drdn 
plur. dram (dan. drone is a con- 
tinental loanword) are evidently 
related, but not phonetically 
identical; oe. drdn points to 
GOTH. *drainuSy while ohg. treno 
points to GOTH. *drina. An 
Aryan y" dhr^n cp. in gr. xav" 
d^()fjvt] 'a species of wasp* — 
also uvd-g7Jv7] 'woodbee* — Laco- 
nian &guiva^ 'drone*. 

drop vb. ME. droppe oe. droppian 
also dropian and droppetian (= 
DU. droppeny G. tropfen)\ a frequent, 
deriv, of the orig. str. vb. OE. 
dreopan me. drepe = osax. drio^ 
pan, DU. druipen, ohg. triufan 
MHG. G. triefen, on. drjupa 'drop*. 
See drip and drop, 

drop sb. 'a globule' me. dr(fpe 
OE. dropa = osax. dropo, du. 
drop, ON. drope, ohg. trojfo\ the 
OHG. by-form tropfo (g. tropfen) 
points to a teut. base druppon-. 



dropsy — dung 



65 



All derivatives of the teut. 
\/^drup. See drop\ 

dropsy me. dropsy dropesie short 
for idropsie hydropsit', borrowed 
from FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro- 
pisis). 

drought ME. drought older 
drougth drught oe. dnigod *dry- 
ness': deriv. from oe. drtlgian 
^become dry* and teut. adj. 
drugi in dry. 

drouse {drowze) vb. me. *drouse 
OE. dnis(i)an ^become slow or 
sluggish' = MDU. droosen *doze'; 
cp. LG. drunse(l)n *slumber' drunsen 
*low' (of cattle); akin to oe. 
dr^osan ^ goth. driusan Yall*. 
See dreary, 

drove sb. 'herd, road for 
sheep or cattle in droves* me. 
dr^e earlier drpf oe. drdf 'drove : 
deriv. from Xheyf^drib in drive, 

drovm vb. me. droune\ short 
for ME. druncne (also dissimil. 
drunkle) oe. druncnian 'sink*: a 
passive formation of the teut. 
verb drink, 

dry ME. drie dr^e oe. dr;^ie 
from TEUT. dritgi'^ as shown by 
oe. driigod ^ mod. e. drought, 
A teut. by -form draugi- (or 
draugU") is seen in oe. dri^e 
ME. dreie and in du. droog, 
LG. dr^ge (by the side of lg. 
dryge, north-fris. druilgh). All 
with the same meaning, which 
appears also in the related G. 
trocktn (oHG. truckan), Cp. ON. 
draugr 'a dry log'; OHG. proper 
nouns e. g. Drilhi-klinga prove 
a teut. driihi *dry'. An Aryan 

English Etymology. 



s/^dhruk is probable and ohg. 
truckan would point to a by- 
form Aryan dhrUg, 

duck sb. ME. douke oe. diUe\ 
akin to oe. *ducan under duck 
vb.; hence duck prop. *the diving 
one, diver*; cp. dan. dukand *sea- 
duck', G. tauchente. 

duck vb. ME. douke \ an oe. 
*dtican may be inferred fr. du. 
duiken, ohg. tuhhan mhg. tuchen 
G. tauchen, 

due adj. me. due from fr. du 
m. due f. OFR. cUu m. deue f. (= 
rr. debuto)\ cp. med.-lat. *debu' 
turn debuta for debitum, 

duke ME. //i^^^ from fr. //2^^; 
with the deriv. duchess me. 
dUchesse short for duchesse = fr. 
duchesse. — duchy (cp. me. 
ducherie instead of *duchie) from 
FR. duchi, 

dumb adj. me. dotnb dumb oe. 
dumb) GOTH, dumbsy on. dumbr 
have essentially the same meaning 
while the corresponding G. dumm 
(oHG. MHG. tumfy signifies ^stupid, 
foolish*. Perh. deaf without 
nasal (= oe. d(afy goth. daufs) 
belongs to the same Aryan 
y/^dhubhy which may be found 
also in gr. xvfpXog 'blind*. 

dun adj. 'dark, swarthy* me. 
don donne oe. dun (nn) : an early 
Celtic loanword (oir. gael. 
donny GALL, donnos)) therefore 
not found in other teut. lan- 
guages. 

dung ME. dung dong\ cp. ohg. 
tunga *dung* G. dung, ohg. 
mhg. tunc 'subterranean weaving 

5 



66 



mJkm^^^^i^^^ 



dungeon — ear 



room*. If *cave, underground 
room' is the orig. meaning, gr. 
zdifiog from an Aryan dhngkivos 
may be allied. 

dungeon sb. me. dongeon don- 
joun\ loanword from ofr. don- 
geon dongon donjon fr. donjon 
(med.-lat. dotnnionem 'a com- 
manding tower fr. a lat. type 
dominionem\ cp. lat. dominium 
under domain), 

dusk ME. dosk OE. dose (of 
rare occurrence, but also seen 
in the deriv. vb. duscian). Akin to 
the sw. dial, duskug misty*. 
A TEUT. base diiska- admits of 
relation to lat. fuscus *blackish, 
dark' (base dhusko-T). 

Dutch orig. meant German 
including Dutch\ for down to 
1600, Dutch was considered 



a dialect of Germany. Dutch 
corresponds to G. deutsch = mlg. 
dudeschy mhg. diutsch tiutsch iiusch 
OHG. diuHsk (osax. thiudisce liudi 
^Germania*). 

dv^arf ME. dwergh dwerugh 
OE. dweorhig) = du. dwergh 
OHG. MHO. tw'erc{g) geiwerc o. 
zwergf ON. dwergr m., sw. dan. 
dverg. TEUT. base dwirga^ 
belongs prob. to the teut. yfdrug 
'deceive*, hence dwarf prop, 
'deception, vision*. 

dv^ell vb. me. dwelle late oe. 
dwelian: scand. loanword ffom 
ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' = ohg. 
iwellan (and iwdlin) 'linger*. 

dye vb. me. die deie dfie oe. 
df'agian : derived from oe. d^ah(g) ; 
a teut. dauga is not found 
elsewhere. 



E 



each me. (ch earlier (Ich oe. 
dU orig. d'gili^ = ohg. iogiRh 
MHG. iegeUch G. jeglich\ cp. ohg. 
mannO'giRh 'every man — wibo- 
giRh '&^^iy woman* etc. 

eager me. {gre\ adapted from 
ofr. eigre 'keen, sharp*. Source 
lat. acre (acer). 

eagle me. fglc. loanword from 
FR. aigle) source lat. aguila, 

eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points 
to an OE., (an 'lamb* ; c^. yean, 

ear^ sb. me. (re oe. (are=Tvxji:, 



base auzbn- in goth. ausb^ osax. 
OHG. bra G. ohr^ du. oor. An 
Aryan base aus- cp. in lat. 
aurisy gr. ovq^ Russ. slov. ucho 
'ear* ; perh. cogn. with hear, — 
Hence earwig me. (r^wigge oe. 
(ar-wigga, 

ear^ sb. (of corn) me. {r oe. (ar 
contr. from *eahor (Northumbr. 
ehher) =^TEVT, base ahaz"; ident. 
w. OHG. ahir G. dhre, goth. ahs, 
ON. ax, Perh. akin to awns. 

ear vb. me. (re oe. erian = 



■ m ■! I «i 



earl — eight 



67 



GOTH, arjan, ohg. ertan 'plough'; 
cogn. with LAT. ararCy or. dgosiv, 
oiR. araim *I plough*: Aryan 
^ar in lat. arvum 'field' and 
in earth, 

earl me. ^rl oe. /(C?r/ = on. 
jarl, OSAX. ^r/. Perh. ident. 
with the TEUT. tribe-name Heruli. 

early me. (tH OY.,(BrUce\ cp. ere. 

earn vb. me. {rne oe. (arnian 
= OHG. arnbn. Perh. traceable 
to the Aryan V^<?r in gr. aQvvf.iat. 

earnest me. Ernest oe. ^ornust 
= ohg. ernusi G. du. ernst *serious- 
ness'; perh. akin to goth. 
arniba adv. *surely'? 

earth me. irthe oe. 4orde = 
OSAX. erthay ohg. ^r/Za G. «r/^, 
GOTH, df/r/tf, ON. jord'y cognate 
with OHG. era 'earth' = on. 
j^rvi 'ground', lat. arvum 'field', 
GR. SQa^B *to the ground*. 

earwig cp. ear'^, 

ease me. ^se earlier eise from 
FR. aise 'ease'. 

east ME. §st OE. ^ast\ ident. 
with DU. oosty G. osten\ the teut. 
base aust' is traced to the 
Aryan name of the aurora lat. 
aurora y gr. ^Jw^, skr. uias\ Aryan 
base ausds. Cp. Easter. 

Kaster me. (ster oe. {astro = 
OHG. Sstartin G. Ostern. Accord- 
ing to Beda Venerabilis, in 
heathen times the Anglo-Saxons 
called the feast in April after 
their goddess Eostrey which is 
elsewhere quite unrecorded. The 
west-teut. word (base austron-) 
is prob. of the same origin as 
east\ cp. LiTH. auszra 'aurora'. 



eat vb. me. {te oe. etan = pu. 
etetiy OSAX. etafty on. etay goth: 
itafty OHG. e7,7^an G. essen. Cp. 
th.e Aryan y/^^ti in lat. e^toy gr. 
sdojLiaiy SKR. atiy lith. edmi 'eat* 
(see also tooth), 

eaves me. {ves oe. e/es 'eaves'; 
the e. dial, form oaves (Essex) 
points to an oe. *o/es = ohg. 
obasa 'porch, hall', goth. ubizuta 
'porch', on. ufs eaves'. 

ebb sb. me. ebbe oe. ebba = ofris. 
ebbay DU. eb ebbey G. dan. ebbe, 
SWED. ebb. Source and history 
unknown. 

edge ME. egge oe. edg (infl. 
e^ge) = DU. egge, osax. fgguiy 
ON. eggy OHG. fcha G. eeke, Cogn. 
with LAT. acies 'point', GR. axi^; 
cp. SKR. afrt 'comer', gr. anpog 
^pointed', lith. aszru^s 'sharp*: 
Aryan y/^ak, 

eel ME. OE. (fi OE. d/ = OHO. 

d/y G. DU. DAN. aa/y ON. at/: teut. 
base i/a- elu- ? 

^gZ sb. ME. egg from on. egg, 
OE. di (plur. dirti) — me. ei (plur. 
eire) *egg^ were supplanted by the 
SCAND. loanword egg. OE. ^5 and 
ON. ^r^^ correspond to osax. 
OHG. £iy DU. G. ei: teut. base 
aia- {ajjiz" ajjaz) perh. related 

to LAT. OVUniy GR. filoV ^^gg. 

egg vb. 'instigate' me. egge 
from ON. <^^tf *egg on'; akin 
to edge. 

eight me. eighte oe. *^^/f mostly 
eahta = goth. drA/^«, osax. ohg. 
ahto G. DU. flr^^: Aryan base 
oktou oktb in gr. ovxm, lat. <?rA?, 

SKR. aS0Uy OIR. <7r^. 

ft* 



68 



eisel — emmet 



eisel ME. aisil late oe. aisil (= 
ODU. aisijl) fr. ofr. aisiL Source 
a LAT. type acetulufn\ cp. oe. 
eced Vinegar fr. lat. acidum 
sharp.' 

either me. either oe. aider 
shortened for dikwceder orig. 
a -\- lihwceder] cp. ohg. io-giw'e- 
dar 'each of two' and whether. 

eke ME. ek oe. Sc earlier (ac fr. a 

TEUT. auk = GOTH, auk, OHG. 

ouh G. auch. Prop, imperative 
of the str. vb. goth. aukan *add' 
(= LAT. aug^re), 

elbow ME. elb^e oe. elboga 
earlier eln-boga =^ ohg. elinbogo 
G. elbogeUf du. eileboog, on. pin- 
bogi\ a GOTH, compound ^aleina- 
buga *the bow of the cubit' is 
wanting. Cp. ell and bow, 

eld 'old age, antiquity'(Shakesp.) 
ME. 4lde OE. eldo yldo 'antiquity': 
abstract of old = oe. did. — 
elder adj. me. elder oe. eldra: 
compar. of old. 

elder sb. (a tree) me. eldre eller 
OE. ellarn. 

eleven me. enlevem oe. infl. 
tndleofane dnlifane\ oe. endlufon 
corresponds to ON. ellifu^ OSAX. 
Hleban\ cp. goth. ainlify ohg. 
einlif G. DU. elf 'eleven'. The 
TEUT. numeral ain-lif' is a com- 
pound of ain =. one and lif 
= pre-TEUT. -Itka in lith. zfeno- 
lika 'eleven' (cp. twelve). The 
orig. meaning of the numeral 
was perh. 'ten -|- one'. 

elf X^ith the older by-form 
ouphe^ Shakesp.) me. elf oe. celfx 
TEUT. base alba- also in on. dlfr\ 



the word occurs in proper names 
as OE. ^Ifrid = ohg. Alp-rdt. 
An Aryan albhu- is found in 
SKR. rbhu 'the name of a certain 
kind of deity'. 

ell me. elle earlier elne 0£. eln 
= OHG. elina G. du. elle, on. 
alin, GOTH, aleina *ell, cubit*. A 
pre-TEUT. dlend' is found in lat. 
ulna, GR. atXivf], OIR. 2^/f *cubit'. 
Cp. elbow. 

elm ME. OE. eltn\ akin to on. 
^/Kvr and lat. ulmus (g. t^^^ is 
a LAT. loanword, DU. olm is ofr. 

else ME. OE. elles adv. *other- 
wise': genet, of the pron. goth. 
aljis 'an other (== lat. aUus, 
OR. aXXoc, OIR. aile, armen. ail) ; 
cp. OE. eU'knde 'a foreign land', 
OHG. elt'lenti 'being abroad' and 
OHG. files 'elsewhere*, lat. aHas 
'otherwise*. 

ember-days me. imbri-dawes oe. 
ymbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro- 
cession'? 

embers 'ashes* me. emmeres 
emeres plur. oe. dmyrian plur. 
= OHG. eimuria, ON. eimyrja 
'embers*. Prob. a compound of 
a TEUT. type aim-uzjbn \ cp. on. 
timr 'steam, vapor* and usli 'a 
conflagration, mhg. usel usel 
ashes, embers* fr. an Aryan yf^us 
in LAT. urere vb. 'burn (cp. on. 
ysja 'fire'). 

emmet 'ant' me. emet oe. cemete\ 
TEUT. base amaitjon- = ohg. 
ameiyi G. ameisei prob. cogn. 
with OHG. pnryjf G. emsig 'in- 
dustrious*. 



^ 



emperor — ewe 



69 



emperor me. etnperaur fr. afr. 
emperur = lat. trnperaior-em (but 
OE. Cdsire 'emperor = G. kaiser 
fr. LAT. Caesar) \ cp. empire me. 
empire fr. fr. empire = lat. 
imperium and empress me. er/t' 
peresse earlier form emperice fr. 
OFR. emperice =^i.A.T. imperatrtcem. 

empty me. empti emU short for 
OE. (hnHi 'empty'. 

enchant vb. me. enchaunte fr. 
FR. enchanter = lat. incantare. 

end ME. OE. inde = goth. andeis, 
OHG. end G. ende, du. einde, ON. 
endi: teut. base andja-y pre-TEUT. 
antyd-\ cp. skr. dnta 'end, limit' 
and OIR. it. 

engage cogn. w. gage. 

enough me. inpugh {Inowe) oe. 
Jjingh (Xetufg earlier linpg) ' teut.* 
base • ga-ndga' in du. genoeg, 
OSAX. gindgy OHG. ginuog G. 
genug 'enough'; cp. goth. gandhs 
and the gofh. vb. ganauhan \o 
suffice' — ganatiha 'sufficiency': 
ARYAN V"«^>fc (w>J). 

enter vb. me. entre vb. fr. fr. en- 
trer = lat. intrare vb. 'enter. 

entire adj. me. entire fr. fr. 
entier = lat. integrum (integer). 

envy sb. me. envie fr. fr. ^«w> = 
LAT. invidia, 

ere 'before' me. dr(e) oe. ^ 
(fr. dri dri teut. ^r/) 'before'; 
ident. w. goth. air, ohg. osax. 
^ G. ^Ar. 

ermine sb. me. ermine fr. ofr. 
ermine fr. herminCy which is of 
Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmtn 
mhg. hermtn 'fur'. The primitive 



ohg. harmo (corresp. to uth. 
czarmu) means 'weasel'. 

err vb. me. erre vb. fr. fr, 
errer = lat. trrare\ hence 
errant fr. errant. 

errand me. ernde erende short 
for OE. (Br ende = osax. drundi.^ 
OHG. drunti 'message'; uncertain 
whether cogn. w. goth. cdrusy on. 
drr, OE. dr, osax. ^ 'messenger'. 

escape vb. me. escdpe vb. fr. 
ONFR. escaper = fr. ichapper. \.hrt* 
type eX'Cappare deriv. from cappa 
'cloak*. 

evening ME.^eninge oiL.dfnung\ 
deriv. of eve me. &ue{n) oe. 4^<f« 
^if»; cp. OHG. dhund g. abends 
OSAX. ddand, du. avond\ on. 
aptann (swed. ^/(t7«, dan. a/ten) 
and oe. ^/(f« 'evening' belong 
to the same group: teut. base 
ibnd'} iftn-l 

ever me. ever earlier fvre oe. 
^^<? (earlier (kbre)\ the word is 
orig. compounded, but only 
the I*' element is evident; cp. 
OE. <^ 'ever* = goth. aiw under 
aye"^. — every me. everi earlier 
form everich late oe. dfrdlc. 

everywhere me. ever hvhire oe. 
dfre-j^ehwcer. 

evil adj. me. evel prop, tvel o^, 
yfel\ TEUT. base ttbila- in goth. 
ubilsy OSAX. ubily OHG. »^y G. 
Ubely DU. <?i«/^/; cogn*. w. ohg. * 
uppi G. uppig and perhaps w. teut. 
fiber = ^z/^r. 

evre ME. five oe. ^i?a/2^ (not 
A?tt/«, which would be me. *^e) : 
TEUT. base awi- 'sheep' in du. 
ooiy on, d-r 'sheep* and cp. goth. 



70 



ewer — fair 



aw^pi *flock of sheep* and awistr 
*a sheepfold'; cp. ohg. ou (plur. 
ouwt) fr. a TEUT. base awwi-. 
A base owi- occurs in other 
Aryan languages: skr. dviy lat. 
ovis^ GR. oiq (*o//^), LITH. avis 
'sheep*, OSLOV. ozfica, oir. ^"sheep*. 

ewer me. (Wfr fr. afr. *ewiere 
FR. aigtdire : source lat. aqudrium 
vessel for water', whence also 
OHG. ahhdriy du. lg. aker 'pitcher, 
bucket*. 

expound me. eo^ount vb. fr. 
OFK, espondre: source lat. exponerey 
whence also ohg. spundn *inter- 
pret, expound'. 

eye me. eie earlier 4jj^ OE. (age : 
TEUT. base augdn- in goth. augb^ 



OHG. ot^a G. augCy osax. oga^ 
DU. oogy ON. ^ii^^x (under ivin- 
dow). As shown by theTEUT. vb. 
*aujan pret. *awida (= OE. j?w/i« 
eawde) for *agwjan ^ogTvida *to 
show', TEUT. augSn- is tranaformed 
(by the influence of teut. auzbn^ 
= ^«r) from an earlier Oig^von-i 
ARYAN base okon- fr. a primitive 
stem ok *eye'; cp. lat. oc-ulus, 

OSLOV. okOy LITH. aktS^ GR. o(J(J5 

*the eyes' (for ^okje) \ skr. ak^, 
eyot sb. me. «^/ oe. t^ot com- 
monly /j^i/: deriv. of oe. ij /j 
'island', which answers to on. ey^ 
OHG. ouwa 'island' (teut. aujb- 
fr. agwjO' deriv. of goth. akwa 
= LAT. aqua 'water'). 



fable me. fdble fr. fr. fable = 
LAT. fabula, 

face ME. /d(e fds fr. fr. face = 
LAT. fades. 

fade (Shakesp. e^ar/jfe) vb. mk. 
fade vb. fr. the FR. adj. fade 
(whence also G.fadey odu. vadde). 
Source a lat. type *fatidus in- 
stead oi fatuus *foolish'. 

fail vb. ME. faile vb. fr. fr. 
* faillir (source lat. fallere)^ 
whence also DU. veiletiy mhg. 
vHen G. fehlen. 

fain adj. me. fain oe. fceien 
glad* = osax. fagan, on. feginn 
adj. 'glad'; cp goth. faginbn 'to 
CTijoy' and fa hips joy', which is 



ident. w. ohg. gifeho *joy' or 
more accurately w, oe. J^efia 
(contracted fr. *gifeaha = *gi' 
fahd)\ TEUT. y^feh (Aryan peli) 
in OE. yfion (pret. j^efealCy = 
ohg. gifehan *to enjoy'. 

faint adj. me. feint fr. ofr. fcini 
partic. oi feindre'y c^. feig^n. 

fair adj. me. fair oe. fcejjer = 
= GOTH./<?^rj'fit*,OHG. OSAX. f agar, 
on. /^^r According to goth. 
gafahrjan 'to prepare', there 
exists a teut. \ffeh also in G. 
/<^^« OHG. e/^'^^w vb. 'cleanse*; 
cp. on. fdga and ohg. fuogan 
G. /a?^^«, OE. lef^ym. 

fair sb. market, festival* me. 



fairy — fast 



71 



feire fr. afr. feire = fr. f(nre\ 
source lat. f^ia *a holiday*, 
whence also ohg. fira G. feier 
'ceremony' {feier tag 'holiday'). 

fairy me. fairie fr. ofr. faerie 
'enchantment'; cp. fay, 

faith sb. ME. faith feith (with 
the by-form fat fet) fr. afr. feid 
feid (with the by-form /« = fr. 
fat). Source lat. fides — fidem, 

falcon sb. me. faukaun fr. bh. 
faucon. Source late lat. falco^ 
nem, whence also OHQ. falko G. 
falk€f on.falkey du. valk *falcon'. 

fall vb. me. falle oe. fallan 
(feallan) = OHG. OSAx. fallan, 
ON. faila str. vb. 'fall': teut. 
y/"fall = Aryan \f^pal in lith, 
fmlti (pres. pVtlu) *to fall'; cp. 
also GR. aifaXXof-iai *to fall'? 

fallo\7 adj. me. falwe oe. fealo 
^Qn.fealwes = teut. bdiSQ falwa- 
in ON. fglr, DU. z/^z^/, ohg. falo 
G. yia:^/ *pale, fallow'. Cogn. 
w. lat. pallidus *pale' — pullus 
'dark', gr. nohoc *gray', skr. 
paliia *gray'; the teut. adj. has 
the same suHix as oslov. plavUy 
lith. palvas Yallow'. 

false adj. me. late oe. fals fr. 
ofr. fals =. FR. faux; source 
lat. falsus 'false'. 

fame me. fdme fr. fr. fdme = 
lat. fama 'report*. 

famine me. fatnin{e) fr. fr. 
famine', deriv. fr. lat. fames 
'hunger'. 

fan ME. OIL fan (nn): borrowed 
during anglo-sax. times fr. lat. 
vannus (in the vulgar pro- 
nunciation y^/^^^.^; cp. g. vers = 



LAT. versus) ; G. wahne is an 
earlier loanword fr. lat. vannus, 

fancy short for me. fantasie = 
ofr. fantasie (lat. phantasid). 

far adv. me. fer ferre oe. 
feor feorran'y cp. goth. falrra 
adv., OHG. ferro G. fern, du. 
ver^ on, fjarri 'ida '. cogn. w. gr. 
TiBQav 'beyond', s>}iiK,pdra 'distant', 
armen. heri 'far'. 

fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardil 
= fr. fardeau 'burden, load'. 

fare vb. me. fdre oe. far an 
str. vb. = GOTH, far an, on. fara, 
OHG. osAx. faran mhg. varn G. 
fahren, du. varen\ teut. yffar 
= ARYAN \fpor in GR. noQtvof.iai 
1 travel, I go'. 

farm lA^.ferme repast, banquet, 
rent, farm' oe. feorm 'banquet, 
food, subsistence'; cp. oi£.feormian 
vb. 'sustain, feed, support' bor- 
rowed fr. LAT. firmare 'to make 
strong' (firmare alqm. cibo atque 
potione). 

farrow me. farh 'young pig' 
oe. fearh 'pig' = ohg. farah 
(g. ferkeli du. varken) : teut. base 
farha" = pre-teut. porko- in gr. 
7io(?xog, LAT. porcuSy LITH. pdrszas, 
OSLOV. prasfy oir. ore *p^s'- 

farthing ME„ferthing short for 
ferthing OE. f^ordung (fiording 
feordling) 'the fourth part, farth- 
ing': deriv. of OE. yi^^r^&? 'fourth', 
cp. /^«r and ohg fiordung, 

fashion me. fafioun {fassoun) 
fr. FR. fagon = lat. factto{nefn), 

fast adj. ME. fast oe. /^sj/ = 
ON. fastry DU. z/^j/, ohg. /<?.?/? adj. 
{fasto adv.) G. /?5/ 'fast': teut. 



72 



fast — feeble 



fastu-f hryBxi postu in armen. hast 
*fast'. — fastvb. UE.,/asieo^,f(Bstan 
= GOTH. fastaUy G. fasten^ du. 
vasterij on. fastai prop, derived 
from the adj. with the orig, mean- 
ing make firm, observe*. 

fat adj. ME. fat (ti) short for oe. 
faett prop, fdted = teut. base 
faitida- in ohg. feiT^it G. feist, 
OSAX. f^tid LG. G. /<?// 'fat*, DU. veti 
prop, partic. of a teut. vb. 
*fattjan. The base is a teut. adj. 
faita- *fat' in mhg. m^, on. feitr : 
Aryan y/^pid cogn. w. V^// in 
GR. 77 /ow mapog *fat* = skr. 
/^z/^^ — phara 'fat* (skr. yfpya), 

fatal me. yJfAjr/ fr. fr. fatal] 
cp. fate ME. /Ji/^ = OFR. fate. 
Source lat. fatum — fatalis. 

father me. fader oe. feeder = 
GOTH, fadar (commonly attd), 
OHG. fater G. vater, osax. fadar, 
DU. vader, on. fadir: teut. base 
fader^ = Aryan base pater- in 
LAT. paterf gr. narrjp, skr. //Ito'r 
and oiR. ^/^y, armen. AzzV: all 
equivalent. 

fathom me. fdthem oe. /^?//;/w 
'embrace, extended arms, fathom, 
cubit*: ident. w. on. fadmr, du. 
vadetn *a fathom' = ohg. fadum 
G. faden *a fathom, a thread*: 
TEUT. base fapma-^ fr. an Aryan 
y"/^/ in GOTH. y^/« 'hedge* = 
mhg. z/^//i? 'fence* and in gr. 
nsTcivvv/iu *I extend*. 

fault ME. faute fr. fr. /aufe, 

favor ME. favour = fr. faveur, 

fa^vn sb. me. /iaraw prop, fa-oun 
fr. FR. /^^« 'a fawn*: source a 
LAT. type fcetonus, deriv. oi foetus. 



fay fr. fr. //^; cp. mhg. feie 
fr. OFR. feie\ source a lat. /a/dr 
= fatum. 

fear me. //r^ oe. /Jer *a sudden 
peril, fear* = osax. fdr^ ohg. 
fdra 'treason, danger' G. gefahr 
'danger ; goth. ''y^ra is the source 
oif^rja 'a spy* : Ar}'^an VV^r also 
in LAT. periculum 'danger', gr. 
nsiQa 'trial'. 

feast ME. ffste fr. ofr. feste =- 
FR. fite\ source lat. festa, 

feat ME. fit by-form feit fait 
fr. FR. fait = LAT. factum. 

feather short for me. father 
OE. feder = du. veder, osax. 
fethara, ohg. fedara G. /eder, 
ON. ^'^//a* 'feather*: teut. base 
fepro", Aryan petrd-] cog-n. w. 
GR. 7irf()6v 'feather, wing', skr. 
pdtatram 'wing' — patra 'feather* : 
Aryan \fpet in skr. \Ppat *to 
fly*, also in lat. pinna (prop. 
*petsna) 'feather'. 

feature ue, future fr. OFK.faiture 
= LAT. factura. 

fee sb. ME. fe oe. feoh (j^Qn.f^os 
dat. feo) prop, 'cattle, property 
in cattle*; ident. w. goth. faihu, 
ON. fi 'cattle, property*, ohg. 
Jihu G. vieh 'cattle': teut. fehu 
Aryan piku neut. in skr. pdfu 
neut. 'cattle'; cp. skr. pafti 
masc, LAT. pecus 'cattle' (hence 
pecunia 'money*). 

feed vb. me. fide oe. f4dan 
fcedan : teut. base fddjan under 
food. 

feeble adj. me. feble fr. ofr. 
feible foible = fr. faible. 



fael — fetlock 



73 



feel vb. ME. file ok. f^lan fdlan 
wk. vb. fr. a teut. base fdljan in 
OSAX. gifSljan, du. voelen, ofris. 
fila, MHG. viielen G. fuhlen vb. 
*feer. Perh. cogn. w. lat. pcUma^ 
OSAX. OE. y^//« *hand': \fpaL 

feign vb. me. /J?/«^ fr. fr. feindre 
\o feign*: source lat. fingere, 

fell sb. me. oe. /el(ll)\ teut. 
base felia- in goth. fill^ ' on. 
/f//, OHG. y^/(//) G. fellf DU. f^/. 
Cogn. w. LPLT.pellis 'skin*: \fpel 
also in film. 

fello^v sb. ME. felawe late oe. 
ffolaga\ borrowed fr os,filage\ 
cp. ON. fi-lag 'companionship, 
association', lit. 'a laying to- 
gether of property' (on. fi *pro- 
perty' = e. fee). 

felly (felloe) me. felie (felwe) 
OE. felj^e (felgan) = ohg. felga 
G. felge^ DU. radvelge. skr. /ar^ 
*rib' is compared. 

felon me. feloun borrowed fr. 
FR. felon *a traitor fr. med.-lat. 
fello(nem) feloinem). 

felt ME. OE.,felt\ cp. the synon. 

ohg. G. filz MHG. vilZy DU. vUt, 

sw. DAN. ///: teui\ feltaz *JilHz 
from a pre-TEUr. *peldos. Felt 
is prob. related to OSLOV, plusfi 
'felt*. The synon. Rom. words 
rr. fellro, fr. feutre (med. - lat. 
filirum) 'felt* are of teut. origin. 

fen ME. OE,fen(nn): teut. base 
fanja- . morass' in the synon. 
GOTH, fani, DU. veen, on. fen, 
OHG. fpnni. 

fence sb short for defence, — 



fend vb. me. fende\ also abbre- 
viation of defend, 

fennel me. fenel oe. finuh 
borrowed fr. laku, feniculumfenu- 
culum (whence also fr. fenouil, 
IT. finocchid) \ du. venkel , ohg. 
fenahhal fenihhal G. fenchel are 
earlier loanwords. 

fern shortened for me. f{rn 
OE. ffarnf^arn = G. /am, du. 
varen. The teut. base farna- 
*fefn' is ident. w. skr. partia 
wing, feather, leaf; cp. gr. 
nxhQov *feather — nrfgig *fem*. 

ferret borrowed fr. fr. furel 
(= IT. furettd), which is a deri- 
vative of LAT. fur *thief . fr. 
furet is also the source of du. 
fret^ g. frett usually frettchen. 

ferry sb. me. feriei it is un- 
certain whether it is a. genuine 
E. word (oe. *ferie) or a Scand. 
loanword (on. ferjd)', cp. G. 
fdhre, DU. i>eer. Source the 
verbal yTf^^^ in fare, 

ferry vb. me. ferie oe. ferian 
'carry' = on. ferja *carry', goth. 
farjan 'travel'; cp. fare, 

fetch vb. UE.fecche with the by- 
form f^ic (pret. fette) oe. feccan 
fetjan edLrlier felian (pietfetode); 
E. 'UA me. cch is developed fr. 
OE. Ij {fetjan earlier fetian, west- 
TEUT. fetojan). There exists a 
TEUT. yffetixi OE. sidfcet 'journey', 
ON. fet 'step, pace*; e. foot 
belongs to the same Aryan 
yfptd, 

fetlock orig.'the tuft of hair be- 
hind a horse's pastern-joint'. 
ME. fitlock fetlack\ a genuine E. 



74 



fetter — fight 



word idenl. w. mhg. fiifcuh yfj- 
lochj deriv. of mhg. fei^el G. 
fessel 'pastern of a horse' which 
seems to be cogn. w. T£UT. 
fbt = E. foot\ cp. LAT. pes 
pcdem *foot*. 

fetter sb. me. feter oe. fetor 
•= OS AX. fetur^ on. fjgturry du. 
veter^ oho. feyiftra mhg. t^^^^r; 
cogn. w. LAT. pedicay GR. 7rfcJ^ 
*a fetter and perh. w. G. /assen 
'catch*: Kxy2Si\fped pod. 

fever me. fever fefre oe. /^<?r 
(= OHG. fitbar G.Jkber) : borrow- 
ed fr. LAT. febris febrenty whence 
also FR. Ji^re (= it. febbre) 

fcvr adj. ME. f{we OE. /(owe 
plur. represents a teut. *fauwni 
and is idem, with ohg. fbhe 
p]ar. of a Tm5'Y,'^/auh{w)a'\ Aryan 
adj. pauqo' in lat. paucus. Cp. 
also GOTH, fawcd plur. with 
ON. /<i-r (dan. /jjtf sw. /^; me. 
f^ is Scand. loanword); osax. 
fake *few*. indo-eur. yf" pau in 
GR. xrarce/ 'cease'? 

fey (SC.) 'doomed to die' me. 
feie oe. fd^e = on. feigry osax. 
/^/ 'doomed to die*; du. veeg 
'about to die' (ohg. feigi 'daring, 
petulant' G. feige 'cowardly'): 
TEUT. base faigi-^ 

fickle ME. fikel OE. ficol from 
OE. "^efic 'fraud'; cp. oe. fdcen 
'fraud, deception', o^kX./Skan = 
OHG. feihhan 'deception: teCt. 
^Cfi^ /^^^9 prop, faih in goth. 
bifaihbn vb. 'defraud' and faih 
sb. 'deception, fraud*. There 



exists an Aryan ^pik in skr. 
pifuna 'treacherous*. 

fiddle me. ftM oe. fidele = 

synon. ohg. fidtda mhg. rndeU G. 

fiedely on. fidUiy du. vede/i the 

whole group is based on a 

WESTTEUT. fpula = FR. violCj IT. 

SPAN, viola. Source a vulgar 
LAT. viiula (in a late pronun- 
ciation JidulaT). 

field ME. OE. f^id'y e stands for 
TEUT. ^before ld\ cp. ohg. osax. 
feld G. feldy du. veld. The teut. 
stem *felpu- is related to oe. 
fgldey OSAX. folda 'earth*. A pre- 
TEUT. adj. pfthU' is found in 
SKR. prthu 'broad' and prthivi 
'earth*; cp. GR. nkaxvqy OIR. leihan 
'broad', Lith. platus, Perh. flat 
is cognate. 

fiend me. fend oe. f4ond = 
GOTH. fijandSy on. fjdndiy osax. 
fiundy OHG. mhg. z/Mf«/ G. feind. 
The sb. is prop, a pres. partic. 
of the vb. GOTH, fijan (OE. feoym^ 
OHG. fien 'hate'). A correspond- 
ing verbal sf pty hate* occurs 
in SKR.; therefore fiend orig. 
meant 'the hater*. Cp. friend. 

fierce me. fers\ borrowed fr. 
OFR. fers fierSy regular forms 
fer fier = fr. fier (lat. ferus 
'wild'). 

fifth OE. fiffla cp. five, 

fig ME. fig borrowed fr. FR. 
figiu = LAT. ftciiSy whence also 
OE. fiC'tr^o 'fig-tree*. 

fight vb. ME. flghte oe. feohtan 
str. vb. = nu. vechteny ohg. 
fehtan G. fechten: teut. yffehtl 



file* — fire 



75 



file^ *a string, list, order; 
borrowed from fr. file *a line, 
rank, row'; source \.Ki.filum *a 
thread*. 

file^ 'a steel rasp* we... file oe. 
fil usually feol (contracted from 
*/ihil); cp. OHG. fihala mhg. vile 
G feilef DU. vijl. Connection 
with ON. pH fil 'file' is uncer- 
tain. 

fill vb. ME. fille OE. fyllan wk. 
vb. = OSAX. fullian^ du. vullen, 
OHG. fullen G. fiilleny on. fylla: 
GOTH. TEUT. fulljati 'fill' is deriv. 
fr. the TEUT. adj. fulla- = e. 
full. 

filly loanword fr. on. fylja *a 
filly', which is a dimin. of ON. 
foli = E.. foal. 

film iKS..filme oe. fUmen fylmen 
= OFRis. filmen from a teut. 
dimin. base filmina- which points 
to a more primitive teut. felma-, 
cogn. w. E. fell. 

filter vb. borrowed fr. fr. 
filtrer ^strain through a felt* fr. 
wsx>.'\.Ki,filtrumfeltrum^{e\i\ cp. 
felt 

filth ME. /f//^ short for OE. 
^/r/: abstract formation of oe. 
ful == E. foul\ cp. OHG. fulida 
t= GOTH. *fulipa. 

fin sb. ME. OE. yf« (««) ; cp. du. 
w«, sw. /*<?«<! *a fin'; cogn. w 
LAT. penna pinna 'feather . 

finch ME. finch oe. find fr. a 
TEUT. base finki-\ cp. du. vink^ 
OHG. w«^ G. fink. Observe the 
similarity of sound of the Rom. 
words for *finch*: IT. pincione^ 



FR. pinson and E. dialect, pink 
pinch, 

find ME. finde oe. findan str. vb. 
= synon. goth. finpany on. 
finna, OS ax. findan fithan ^ du. 
vindeny ohg. findan G. findenl 
teut \ffenp finp or by Vemer's 
law fend find is pre-TEUT. /^«/ 
in the synon. IR. vb //<7wi 1 
find'. 

fine adj. me. /?«tf borrowed fr. 
FR. fin (whence also mhg. vin 
G. feiny DU. fijn)* Source lat. 
finite vb. 'complete*. 

fine sb me. fine from lat. 
finis *a fine*, lit. *a final pay- 
ment'. 

finger me. oe. finger = goth. 
figgrSy oii.fingr, du. vinger, ohg. 
fingar Q. finger : teut. hdisefingra-y 
perh. allied to /i2/<? (Aryan 
penqe). 

finish vb. me. finisshe fr. ofr. 
finiss' base of some forms of fr. 
finir (lat. finire) 'end, finish*. 

fir ME. firre\ perh. a Scand. 
loanword : on. fyra rare by-form 
oi fura 'fir'. There is a teut. 
name of the tree furh-: oe. 
/i^r^, OHG. forha G. fdhre\ cp. 
pre-TEUT. /<fr>^ ^^^ in lat. quer- 
ctis 'oak. 

fire ME. fir OE. /jV : contr. ot 

WESTTEUT. ft^ir = OSAX. OHG. 

fiiir commonly osAX. ohg. fiur 
mhg. viur G. feuery du. K'««r. 
The i> of OSAX. OHG. fiiir (cp. 
ON. fiirr fyrr) is suffix; /ai fr. 
pre-TEUT ///- is the root; on. 
fur-ry GR. TTtT-p, Umbrian /i-r, 
ARMEN. ^z/-r point to a common 



76 



first — fleam 



base pti'r\ skr. sTpu *flame', 
whence pavakd 'fire'. 

first ME. first OE. fyrst fr. 
*fyrest = TEUT. furista" in ohg. 
furist (cp. G. furstf du. t'^rj/ 
'prince*), ON. fyrstr 'first'; the 
original word for 'first' is osax. 
formo = OE. forma with ma' 
suffix (goth. fru-mci) from indo- 

EUR. pr\ cp. GR. ngOjUOCf SKR. 

purva-Sy osLOY.pruvil^ UTn.pirmas 
*first\ Cp. former. 
fish ME. ^j^ OE. yf^^ (and flsc) 

= GOTH. y?y>^J, ON. fiskr , OHG. 

OSAX. ^>^ G. fisch, TEUT. fiska-z 
from pre-TEUT. pisko-s agrees 
with h^T.plscis; the corresponding 
OIR. to^ points to pre-historic 
*petskos, 
fist ME. yfo/ short for fist OE. 

/)/j/ fr. TEUT. *fusti(z) -= OHG. 

fz^st G. fausty DU. ?^«w/ 'fist*. If 
connected with synon. \.kT. pug- 
nus and GR. nvy/mj, westteut. 
/t2sti- stands for fu/istt- = pre- 
teut. pMsti piig-sti' ? 

five me. five oe. fife\ without 
inflection oe. fif from teut. fimf 

= GOTH, fimfy OSAX /?/", DU.- Z^j//, 
OHG. finf MHG. Z/«/?/* G. /««/", 

o^, fimm (dan. sw fem)\ pre- 
TEUT. pimpepinge (for the shifting 
of indo-eur q to f see //>, 
four^ wolf)\ cp. SKR pancoy 

GR. TTfc'lTf (jJ^^lTTS nS/Ll7lT0g), LAT. 

quinqtie (for *pinque)f lith. penklf 

OIR. f^/V, CYMR. //W/. 

flag sb. an ensign = G.fiagge, 
DU. e'/cz^, dan yZo;^, sw. flagg\ a 
modern word, not found in the 
OTEUT. periods. 



flail ME. y2«7 y?i?// oe. "^fleyl 
(once recorded as fUj^et) = 
OHG. flegil G. y?<^^/, DU. vlegel\ a 
WESTTEUT. loanword from lat. 
flagellum^ 'whip, flail*, whence also 
FR. fUau (also oir. sraigell). 

flask OE. fiasce = on. fiaska^ 
DU. fleschy OHG. yf<a:jrdf G.^fiasche ; 
corresponding to the synon. it. 
fiasco J OFR. flasche fr. fiacon (med.- 
LAT. yKarjf^ fr. lat. vasctUumf), 

flat ME. y23f/: borrowed fr. on. 
yf^/r =: SW. y?<3:/, DAN. flad\ cp. 

OHG. yZa:^ 'flat* ; cp. OE. flety osax. 
fietti *floor' and OHG. fiai^a palm 

of the hand'. 

flatter vb. me. fiatere : borrow- 
ed fr. OFR. fiater = fr. flatter. 

flax me. flax oe. fleax = ohg. 
flahs G. flachsy DU. eV-orj ; prob. 
cogn. w. the vb. ohg. flehtan g. 
flechten and goth. flaihtan 'braid* ; 
the s in teut. ^flahsa-- would be 
derivative ; cp. the Aryan sj^plek 
'braid* in \.Ki.plectere^ GR. n\iY.{ii 
'weave*. 

flay vb. ME. fli oe. fl{an contr. 
fr. a teut. str. wh.flahan = on. 
fld, 

flea ME. fli OE. fl^ah =^ ohg. 
floh G. flohy DU. vlooy ON. y^: 
TEUT. base flauh- for plauh- 
meant orig. *a fugitive*, so that 
the root under flee = goth. 
pliuhan is the source of E. /V^tf, 
g. yfi?^ 

fleam 'a kind of lancet* fr. fr. 
flamme. Source u^t. flebotomum^ 
whence also oe. fl^tmty du. vlijmy 



fleck — flood 



77 



OHG. flietunta mhg. vliete(n) G. 
Jliete. 

fleck a Scand. loanword: on. 
flekkr^ sw. flack = du. vlek, G. 
y^ecA*spot\ Cp. ME.yf^f^r^^dTspotted*. 

fledged 2id}. me. flcgi-e OE.fly^ge 
= MDU. vlugghcy LG. fliiggej G. 
fiugge from a west-teut. base 
fiuggj' (oHG. flucchi MHG. vlilcke 
from WEST-TEUT. flukkj"). The 
source is the teut. yfflug in e. 

flee vb. ViE, fli oe. yfi^«^« contr. 
of *fleohan = osax. ohg. fliohan 
MHG. vliehen G. fliehen\ GOTH. 
piiuhan str. vb. *flee* points to 
an ARYAN \ftluk'\ c^/flea and 

fleece (the ending ^^ for j) 
me. yfi^'j oe. yZf'^j (and with vowel- 
mutation yfyj) from TE\2T, fleusaz 
(Jliusis) \ cp. DU. z//;>j, mhg. z///>j 
(vlius) G. t'/rVw. 

fleet ^ 'a number of ships' me. 
/f<r/? OE. yf|f^/ *a ship*. — fleet ^ 
'a creek, bay* me. flit oe. yf^^/ 
'a bay of the sea*. Both belong 
to the vb. fleet me. flite *float, 
swim* OE.fl6otan *float, swim* = 
o^.fljdtaf os.w.flioian^ DV.v/teten, 
OHG. flio'z^yzn G. fliessen. teut. 
y/^fletit flut fr. ARYAN pleud'plud, 
cp. /"//*/ and float, 

flesh ME. yZ?^^^ OE. flcesd shows 
umlaut and palatalization of the 
base *fldski(z) *flaiski{z) = ohg. 
fleisk G. flcischf du. vleesch \ on. 
yfifjiJ means only *pork*, more 
esp. 'ham and bacon'; perh. 
cogn. w. flitch. 



flicker vb. me. flikere oe. fli- 

corian = du. flikkeren 'sparkle, 

glitter*; a frequent, of a base 

flik flak in ME.flakerCf G.flackern ? 

flight ^ *the act of flying' me. 
flight OE. fly ht from OE.fliogan = 
e. fly. 

flight 2 prop. *the act of fleeing 
ME. flight OE. flyht (== DU. vlugt^ 
OHG. OSAX. fluhty G. fluchi) from 
fleon'^QQ\ E. flight OE. flyht ^ du. 
z^/^Sf/ have both meanings of 
flight. Cp. //^tf. 

flint 'a hard stone' me. oe. 
flint *a rock'; cp. dan. flinty G. 
flinte 'musket, flint-lock*, sw. 
flinta^ DAN. flint 'flint*: perh. re- 
lated to GR. Tikipdog *a brick\ 

flit vb. ME. flitte OE. *flyttan = 
ON. flytja (§w. y?F//i^, DAN. y^y//^) : 
cp. the root under fleet vb. 

flitch ME.flicche oe. flidde = on. 

flikki: teut. base flikkja-, perh. 

akin to fleck? or cogn. w. 

float vb. ME. ^jj//^ OE. flotian; 

cp. ME. yfjf//^ 'a boat, a fleet* oe. 

flota *a boat, ship, a fleet*: 

deriv. of the tevt. \/^flut under 

fleet vb. 

flock ^ 'herd, flock* me. flok 

OE. floCC = on. flokkr, DAN. ji?i?>^, 

sw. flock. 

flock 2 a lock of wool* fr. ofr. 
floe = LAT.floccus, whence also 

OHG. floCCho G. flockCf DU. vlok. 

flood ME. OE. flpd = OSAX.flodf 

DU. Z/A?^^, OHG. yftft?/ G. flut, ON. 

yf<c^^, GOTH. flSdus: a common 
Teut. word. goth. flodus from 
ARYAN plotu-s is bascd on the 



78 



floor — foe 



TEUT.Vyf^- from pre-TEUT. plb- 
in flow. 
floor ME. OE. flor r= DU. vloer^ 

MLG. vldVy MHG. vluOT (g. flur) 

'field, surface, hall*, on. fldr *the 
floor of a cow-house': teut. 
Jidru-s from pre -teut. plbrus 
pldrus closely related to oiR. 
Idr for *pldr 'floor, paved floor*. 

florin ME. florin : borrowed fr. 
FR. florin (it. fiorino so named 
because it bore a lily, from it. 
fiore *a flower'). 

flounce changed fr. ME.,frounce 
*a plait' : loanword fr. fr. froncer 
*plait, wrinkle' (prob. from a 
LAT. type ^frontiare Vrinkle the 
forehead*). 

flounder sb. borrowed fr. scand. 
sw. flundra^ dan. flynder ^ on. 
flydra, 

flour ident. w. flower from 
FR. fleur 'flower . 

flourish vb. me. flourisshe: 
adapt, fr. ofr. fleuriss- stem of 
fleurir 'flourish' (lat. florescere 
inceptive of flor ^re 'bloom'). 

flow vb. ME. flpwe OE. flowan 
str. vb. = ON. flouy DU. vloden: 
TEUT.y/^flo- in flood = pre-TEUT. 
plo- in GR. nXii'Vt) 1 swim, sail*, 
nXcorog 'swimming, sailing. 

flower ME. flour : borrowed fr. 
afr. flour flor = fr. fleur (lat. 
flos), Ident. w. flour. 

fluke a flounder' UE.flpke OE. 
flp'c = ON. fldki; cogn. w. ohg. 
fla/i G,flac/if DU. vlak adj. 'plain. 
Cp. the ARYAH \/^plak in lat. 
placenta 'cake' and planus (for 
placnusT) plain. 



flute borrowed fr. fr. flute ^ 
whence also du. fliut\ cp. mhg. 
vloite g. flote *flute' and ofr. 
flautey iT.flauto, Chaucer uses 
the vb. floute 'play on the flute'. 

flutter vb. ME.,flotere OE.flotorian 
ix.\/^flut under float, Cp. G. 
flatternl 

fly vb. ME. flie earlier fle'^en 
OE. fliogan str. vb. = onG.fliogan 
G. fliegeHf DU. vliegenj on. fljuga. 
GOTH. *fliugan is inferred from 
the factitive flaugjan *carry away 
in flight* and shows that the 
common Teut. vb. was fleugan ; 
cp. LAT. plutna (for ''^pluhmaf) 
'feather*. — fly sb. me. flie 
earlier fU'^e OE. fl4oge = ohg. 
flioga G. fUegCy du. vlieg (on. with 
ablaut fluga 'fly*) : evidently fly 
means 'the flyer* from fly vb. 

foal ME. f^le OE. fola = synon. 
ON. foil, OHG. folo G. fohlen^ 
GOTH. fula\ a. common Teut. 
term for 'the young of a horse 
or an ass* from pre-TEUT. pdlon- ; 
allied toGR. mTAoq *colt, young 
animal*, lat. pullus *a young ani- 
mal' esp. 'a chicken*. 

foam sb. me. fpme oe. fdm = 
OHG. feim : base fatma- for an 
earlier ^faina- = skr. ph^na^ 
OSLOV. p^na 'foam'. 

fodder me. fodder oe. fdddor 
= DU. voeder, ohg. fuotar G. 
f utter y ON. fddr\ cp. oe. fdda 
under food. 

foe me. fg oe. jj^fd contr. fr. 
an earlier gifdha = west-teut. 
gafaiho{ny\ cp. the abstract oe. 
fdhd (ohg. gifihida G. fehde): 



fog — forbid 



79 



OE. yfd sb. and fckhd sb. are 
based on the adj. oe. }fifdh = 
OHG. gifeh; OE. /a A = teut. 
/at/ta- from a pre-TEUT. paiko- 
adj. 

fog: a Dan. loanword, upc^./og 
in sneefog ' *a snow-storm* ; cp. 
ON. fok *spray, snow-drift*, fjiik 
*snow-storm' from fjuka str. vb. 
•drift*. 

fold vb. ME. fflde oe. fdldan 
{/{aldaii) str. vb. = GQ^n^falfan^ 
ON. falday OHG, faltan G. falteni 
TEUT. \Pfalf = pre-TEUT. /// cp. 
in osLov. //<?/^ /^jA' * braid*, gr. 
diTiXdoiOQ for *ch;iAar<off *two- 
fold*, SKR./«/dr *fold* (for */«/to). 
— -fold ME. -/^/^ OE. '/d/d 
(^'f(ald) = OSAX. -/a/d, du. -r/^«//, 
G. -/flf//, ON. '/a/dry GOTH, '/a/ps: 
a common Teut. suffix for 
the formation of multiplicative s 
corresponding to gr. nXdaiog in 
dinkdoiog (also dinaXrog 'two- 
fold*). 

folk ME. /o/k OE. /J?/^ . = OSAX. 
/o/k, DU. Z^^Z^, OHG. /oic G. Z^^/i^, 

ON. y*^/^. The primit. meaning 
is perh. *a crowd of people*, 
whence uth. pulkas *a crowd*, 
OSLOV. pluku *an army*. 

follow vb. ME. folwe folowe oe. 
folgian (by-form fylyifi) = on. 
fylgja, DU. volgefiy ohg. folgin g. 
folgen\ the common west-teut. 
and Norse vb. for 'follow*; 
possibly a compound verbal 
stem, the first member of which 
is full\ cp, OE, full-4ode 'he 
followed', OE. OLG. fulgangaUy 
ohg. fola-gdn 'follow*. Go fr. 



OE. gdn would be the second 
member. 

fond ME. fond prop, fonn-ed 
partic oi fonne *be foolish'; cp. 
ME. sb. /<?«C««) 'a fool*: borrowed 
fr. sw. fane a fool'; icel. fdni 
*a buoyant person*. 

food ME. fgde oe. fgda\ teut. 

\ffdd fad (cp. OHG. fatunga 

'food') fr. ARYAN /^/ in nartTn&at 

*eat*. Cp. also feed, fodder, 

foster. 

fool ME. fol\ adopt, fr. ofr. fol 
(=r fr. fou fol) a fool*. 

foot ME. OE. fpt (plur. f(t) = 
OSAX. /(?/, DU. z;^<f/, ohg. fuo"^ G. 

/«JJ, on. /^/r, sw. /<?/, DAN. ^^/, 

GOTH. fSfus : TEUT. base /<?/- from 
ARYAN pdd' changing with aryan 
pod' ped' in the declension; cp. 
GR. TToJ- in noSuL, nom. sing, -navq 
(aeol. ttcJc) ; LAT. pid-em (nom. 
sing. pes)\ gr. nidiXov 'sole' — 
ns(s6g (for *7ie^j6c) 'pedestrian', 
SKR. pad 'foot' and /^/25:i 'step, 
print*. 

fop vb. borrowed fr. DU. foppen 
'prate, cheat' {/opper 'a wag', 
fopperij 'cheating*) : orig. a word 
of G. slang. 

for ME. OE.. for prep. = goth. 
faura 'before, for*, ohg. for a G. 
vor 'before*, du. voor\ cogn. w. 
LAT. pro 'before*, gr. uqo 'be- 
fore'. 

forbear ue., forbore OE..forberan 
str. vb.; cp. bear vb. 

forbid ME. forb4de oe. forb^odan 
confounded with UE.,forbidde OE. 
forbiddan\ cp. bid. 



8o 



force — foul 



force sb. ME. farce fors\ bor- 
rowed fr. FR. force (lat, type 
fortia 'strength* derived ix.foriis 
'strong*). 

ford 'ME. OE. ford (me. also 
fortH) = DU. voerty osax. ^ford 
in Heriford (prop. *ford of an 
army'), ohg. vurt G. furt {Frank- ^ 
Er-j Schwein-) \ cp. oe. Oxenaford 
(lit. *ford of the oxen*) = Oxford. 
TEUT. *fordu- forpu- from the 
TEUT. xTf^^r in fa r e \ hence ford 
prop, 'passable, practicable pass- 
age*; cp. AVEST. peretu 'bridge', 
LAT. portus *haven*, on. fjordr 
*bay*; also celt.-lat. -rituni (for 
*prtom) in Augustoritum, cymr. 
rhyd ford*. 

foreign me. foreine\ adapted 
fr. OFK, forain : lat. type foraneus 
derived fr. foras adv. 'out of 
door*. 

forfeit sb. WL.forfete : borrowed 
fr. OFR. forfait 'a fine* part, of 
f or fair e for sf aire 'trespass* (med.- 
lat. forisf actum part, of foris^ 
facer e 'trespass*, lit. 'do beyond'). 

forge ME. forge borrowed fr.' 
FR. forge from lat. fabric a 'a 
workshop'. 

forget vb. ME. forgete oe. for- 
gitan str. \h.=^o^hX.fargetan, du. 
vergeten, mlg. vorgeten, ohg. fir- 
geT^l/in G. vergesscn. The comp. 
vb. is the remnant of a str. 
verbal V"^^/, whence ^. get 'ob- 
tain, reach*; cp. goth. bigitan 
'find*, ON. geta 'obtain'. Cp. get 
and the arvan \J^ ghed : ghend in 
lat. prae-hendere ^ gr. ^^avddia) 
'seize*. 



fork ME. forke OE.forca = DU. 
vork, OHG. furcAa furka G.furke, 
ON. forka\ borrowed fr. lat. 
furca *a fork*, whence also fr. 
four c he f span, horcay it. forca. 

forlorn 'quite lost* ue. forlorn 
OE. for lor en part, of c5e. forl^osan 
'lose utterly*; cp. lose and G. 
DU. verloren^ dan. for lor en, 

former formed by adding the 
compar. suffix -er to me. forme 
OE. forma = osax. formo 'first*; 
cp. first. 

forsake vb. me. forsake oe. 
forsacan str. vb. 'oppose*; cp. 
sake, 

forth iss.. for thoE. ford = osax. 
forthf ohg. *ford G. /<?r/, goth. 
compar. faurpis adv. earlier*. 
OTEUT. forp from older ///^ /r^<^ 
is allied to before Knd further. 

fortnight UE,fourtenightfourlen' 
night from me. four tine 'fourteen' 
and night (old plur.) 'nights*; 
cp. OE. feoufert;^ne niht and also 
E. sennight = seven night. It 
was usual to reckon by niglits in 
pre-hist. periods. — forty me. 
fourty OE. feowerti^ = du. veer tig, 
G.vierzig, goth. fidwortigjus; cp. 
OE. f cower = four and oe. /irj 
=^ ten. 

foster vb. me. fostre short for 
oe. fostrian from fpstor 'nourish- 
ment'; dMixiXo food: TEirr.y/^fod, 

foul ME. foul oe. ful = DU. 
2^2^/7, OHG. fill G. /<?«/, on. full, 

GOTH, /^//j'; /fl:- is suffix, and the 
TEUT. y/^fii is inferred fr. on. 
fuenn rotten* and from the fac- 
titive vb. ON. feyja 'cause to 



found — freeze 



8i 



rot*. An Aryan verbal y^/^ 
appears in skr. piiy rot, stink'; 
cp. LAT. /»/(f^ 'stink' — pater 'de- 
cayed', GR. nv'd-w 'cause to 
rot', GR. -nvov — LAT. pt^s 'puss'. 

found ^ vb. *lay the foundation 

of* ME. founde : adapted fr. fr. 

fonder from lat. fundare *found\ 

found 2 vb. *cast metals' bor- 
rowed fr. FR. fondre from lat. 
f under e 'cast metals*. 

fount IAS,, fount fr. OFK.font = 
LAT. font-em, 

four ME. fourfower oe. feower 
{ffowerT) = osAX.^ar, du. g. vier 
OHG. for, o^.fjdrir. The oe. by- 
form fyder- (in comp. disfyder- 
f4te *four-footed') and goth. fid- 
wdr {fdur-) point to a pre-TEUT. 
h?ise petwor petur for qetwor qetur\ 
ident. w. skr. catur, lat. quattuor^ 
GR. Tsaaagsg (niavpsc), oslov. 
Myri 'four. 

fo^ me. fout earlier fuwel oe. 
figo/ = osAx. fugaly DU. vogely 
OUG.fogal MHG. G. vogely ON. fugly 
GOTH, /i^ls : TEUT. base fugla-. 

fox ME. OE. fox = OHG. fuhs 

G. fuchsy DU. V05, ON. fox \ the 
f of the TEUT. base fuh-s- is 
suffix as is shown by Gcynj^^fatikdy 
ON. fda *fox* = OHG. foha mhg. 
t^^^ 'she- fox' (and oe. focge 'she- 
fox'?). Cp. vixen, 

frail (me. /r//^) borrowed fr. 
OFR. /raile (fr. frile) 'brittle' = 
LAT. fragilis. 

frame vb. me. freme oe. fr em- 
man promote, do' (= o^.fremja^ 
OHG. fremman , osAX. fremmian 

English Etymology. 



'perform') : derived fr. oe. fram 
'strong, good', ident. w. from. 

franchise me. fraunchise: bor- 
rowed from TBi. franchise privi- 
leged liberty* from ¥K.franchiss-y 
stem of some forms of franc hir 
'free' from fr. franc 'free*. 

fraught part, of me. fraughte 
vb.= DU. bevrachteny G. befrcuhten ; 
cp. G.fracht ohg. frihi 'earnings, 
gain. Properly a compound; 
cp. OE. ckhty OHG. iht 'property' 
under own, 

freak *a whim, caprice' me. frek 
'quick, vigorous* oe. free 'bold, 
rash' == ON. frekr^ ohg. fr'eh 

greedy' G. frech 'pert*, goth. 
faihu'friks 'avaricious' : teut. 
base freka-. 

freckle from on. freknur plur. 
'freckles'; cp. sw. frdkne plur. 
frdknar, fris. (Amrun) friakan 
'freckles'. Perh. cogn. w. GR. 
nsQv.viz 'spotted*. 

free me. fre oe. frio fri\ teut. 
base frija- = goth. freis, osax. 
OHG. fri G. frei. The pre-teut. 
priyd" is the base of cymr. rkydd 
'free' and of skr. priyd-s dear, 
beloved*; cp. the skr. verbal 
\fprt 'rejoice, render favorable' 
with GOTH, frijon 'love' under 
friend and Friday. 

freeze vb. me. fr^se oe. fr^osan 
str. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjdsa^ 
DU. vriezen, ohg. friosan G.frieren; 
cp. GOTH, frius 'frost, cold': teut. 
\ffreus fruz from a pre-teut. 
preuspruSy which seems to exist in 
LAT. prtirio for ^prusio 'itch', if 
'itch, frostburn' is the inter- 

6 



82 



freight — frock 



mediate meaning, and in skr. 
\fprui *spurt out'; pruivd *drop, 
frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost, 

freight ident. w. fraught. 

fresh adj. me. fresh fresch OE. 
fersd = OHG. frisc g. frischy DU. 
versch *fresh*; cogn. w. oslov. 
prisinU 'fresh* from Aryan prais- 
kino-'y cp. LITH. preskas *sweet, 
unsoured' with Finn, rieska *fresh, 
unsoured'. The Rom. family of 
rr. fresco^ fr. frais comes from 
WEST-TEUT. fr'eska-. 

fret^ vb. *eat up, devour short 
for ME. fr{te oe. fr'etan str. vb. 
= DU. LG. vretetiy ohg. fr'e'yysLn 
G.fressen *eat up, consume*. The 
corresp. goth. /rattan (preLfrit) 
'consume* shows that west-teut. 
fretan is a compound of etan = 
eat; fra is a common prefix in 
GOTH. (cp. fraught andyr^r/). 

fret 2 vb. 'ornament, variegate 
ME. fretie oe. frcetwan *adorn' : 
from o^.frcetwe plur. 'omament*= 
OSAX. frataha 'ornament': source 
perh. a Teut. compound fra 4- 
GOTH. thua 'arrangement*. 

frisLT UE.fr^'re: adapted fr. fr. 
fr^re 'sl brother*. 

Friday me. friday oe. friiedcBi 
= DU. vrijdagy ohg. frtatag mhg. 
vritac G. freitag y ON. Frjddagr: 
really 'day of the Teut. goddess 
Frtja Frijjd in imitation of lat. 
dies Veneris {Fria and Venus 
correspond), on. /ri^^^ like ohg. 
Frh, is prop, 'the goddess of 
love'; cp. SKR. /r/y^ 'wife, loved 
one* (osAX. fri^ oe. frfo 'wife'). 
Cp. free^ 



friend me. frind oe. fr4ond = 
OS AK. friund 'friend, relative', du. 
vriendy ohg. friunt mhg. vriuni (d) 
G. freund, goth. frijonds 'friend' : 
teut. frijond' (formed like 
fiend) is pres. partic. of an old 
TEUT. vb. frijdn *love' = goth. 
frijdny ov., frioian^\ove\ 0^,free, 

frieze (of a column) fr. fr. 
frise (= iT.fregio 'frieze'), whence 
also g. du. fries, 

fright ME. fright oe. fyrhtu 
fyrhto'y cp. • the synon. goto. 
faurhtei 'fright* and osAX. ohg. 
for{a)hta mhg. vorht(e) G. furcht 
'fright*. — frighten vh.^^./righte 
OE. fyrhtan = goth. faUrht/an, 
OSAX. forhibn, ohg. furihten 
forahtan G. filrchten, 

fringe ME. fringe', loanword 
from OFR. ^fringe = fr. frange 
(source lat. fimbria 'fringe'), 
whence G. franse, du. franje. 

frisk vb. formed from the adj. 
OFR. frisque = scand. friskr 
'frisky, brisk'. 

frith //>M u^, firth', a Scand. 
loanword; cp. on. fjgrdr (plur. 
firdir) 'bay'; t^k^, fiord, sw,fjdrd 
'a firth': TEUT. base/^r/«-, arvan 
pertu- cp. LAT. portus 'haven*. For 
the Aryan sTP^ cp. ford, 

fritter late me. fritoure', bor- 
rowed fr. FR. friture 'dish of 
fried fish', also 'a fragment' from 
OFR. frit 'fried' (source lat. 
frigere) ; cp. fry, 

fro ME. fr^ earlier /rrf : adapted 
fr. o^,frd 'from*, ident. w./r^w. 

frock ME. frok\ borrowed fr. 
OFR. froc = med.-lat. frocus 'a 



-- — - ' 



frog — furze 



83 



monk's frock*; source osax. hroc 
*coat*. 

frog ME..frogge oi£..frogga\ the 
OE. parallel form frocca (mod. 
dial. frocU) points to the synon. 
ON. fraukr. Prob. OE. forsc^ 
OHG. frosk G. froschy on. froskr 
show the same root, if derived 
fr. TEUT. *fruhsqa', 

frolic borrowed fr. du. vroUjk 

*merry ; cp. U¥iG,vrdloken Vejoice', 

prob. after mho. vrd'Sanc *merry 

song' supplanting • an older 

froleichen, 

from ME. OE. from /ram = 
OSAX. OHG. f ram mho. vram prep, 
'forth, from' — adv. 'forth',' on. 
/ram adv. 'forward' — /rd prep, 
'from' — adv. *fro', goth. /ram 
prep, 'from* adv. 'further, forward'. 

frost ME. /rost oe. /orst = on. 
DAN. sw. G. /rosty DU. vorst\ 
derived fr. \f /rus = /reeze. 

froth sb. ME. /r(ft/ish. ON./rotia. 

froivard adj. ME,/r{fwar{ie3x\ieT 
/rdutard\ derived fr. /ro. 

frown vb. me. /roune shortened 
fr. FR, re/rogner. 

fruit ME. /riit {/ruit) fr. fr. 
/ruit = LAT. /ructus. 

fry vb. ME. /rie fr. ofr. /rire 
= LAT./r/^^r^ 'roast'; c^./ritter, 

fry sb. UE./ri fr. on. /rjd {/rd) 
'spawn, fry'; ident. w. Gam./raiw 
'seed': pre-TEUT. pro-eiwo-. 

fuel sb. late me. /ouaile fr. ofr. 
^/ouaille: lat. t^^e /ocalia 'fuel'. 

full me. OE./ul{ll) = GQmi,/ullSy 
ON. /ullr, DU. VOly G. VOll OHG. 

/olQl) : TEUT. base /uHa- j&r. an 



ARYAN base p9l-no in skr. purtM 
'full'; cp. LAT. plinusj oir. Idn 
(orig. *pldnos) 'full'. Prop, partic. 
with suffix -no- fr. an arvan 
\rpl^ pld \o fill' in SKR. y/"pur 
pTy LAT. implere^ gr. ■nif.mXrjf.a. 

fuller sb. me. /uller oe. /tUUre 
'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of 
i.kT./ullo 'a fuller, bleacher'. 

funnel late me. /unel fr. fr. 
/ondtfle'y soxMCQ i.KT.in/undibulum, 

fur UE,/urre /orre fr. owK./iierre 
/orre *a sheath, a case'; source 
TEUT. -GOTH. /^^r a sheath'; cp. 
G. /utter ident. w. e. /odder. 

furbish vb. me. /urbisshe fr. 
OFR. /ourbir {fourbiss-^ 'polish', 
which rests on OHG. /urb(j)an 
MHO. vurben 'purify, clean' (teut. 
yf/urb = ARYAN yf ffP i^ G^- 

77(>£7rCw?). 

furlong see /urrow. 

furnace me. /urneis /orneis fr. 
FR. /ournaise = \.^. /ornax (for- 
nacem) 'an oven'. 

furnish fr. fr. /ournir (stem 
/ourmsS'). Source a teut. wk. vb. 
/rumjan 'perform'; c^.per/orm 

furro^v ME. /urwe forwe oe. 
/urh\ TEUT. base /urh- also in 
OHG. /urha G. /urche 'furrow', 
DU. voory ON. /or 'drain*. A pre- 
TEMi. prk pork is evident in lat. 
porca 'a ridge between two 
furrows', CYMR. rhych 'furrow', 
ARMEN. herk. — furlong me. oe. 
/urlong lit. 'furrow-long*. 

further me. /urther OE./urdor\ 
cogn. w. /or and OHG. /urdir. 

furze me. firse oe. /yrs earlier 
/yres : Teut. base /urisa- ? 

6* 



I 



84 



gab — gall 



gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest, 
lie*; borrowed fr. on. gabba^ 
whence also F^.gaber, ii.gabbare, 
Cp. gabble gibber, — gabber 
'gabble', var. of gabble both of 
which are frequent, verbs oi gab. 
Q^. jabber sndgibber. — gabble 
var. of gabber, 

gabel *a tax, impost, esp. the 
tax on salt'* borrowed fr, fr. 
gabelle (== span, gabela, it. 
gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)- 
lutn). Source a teut. sb. gabula- 
in OE. ga/ol 'tribute'. 

gable ME. gdble: borrowed fr. 
OFR. gable 'a gable', which is 
of LAT. origin; cp. lat. gabalus^ 
whence on. gajl a gable' (but 
GOTH, gibla^ G. giebel *a gable' 
akin to gr. Y,sq)akrj head* : Aryan 
base ghebhald' ghebhlo-). 

gad ME. gad: borrowed fr. on. 
gaddr *a goad, pike' ; teut. base 
gazda' ident. w, lat. hasta from 
an Aryan base ghazdha-) but gad 
in gadfly stands for goad, 

gag me. gagge 'suffocate'; prob. 
imitation of the sound of 
choking. 

gage^ ME. gdgei borrowed fr. 
FR« g^g^ = SPAN, gage^ IT. gaggio 
(lat. type wadiitm). Source a 
TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wed 
and wage, 

gage 2 also gauge me. gauge'. 



adopted from OFR. ganger later 
j auger 'measure the contents'. 
Source uncertain. 

gain sb. ue, gain: borrowed fr. 
on. sw. gagn = dan. gavn 'gain'. 

gain vb. late me. gaine: bor- 
rowed fr. fr. ^flff«^r o?K, gaagnier 
gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source 
a TEUT, vb. (OHG. *weidan/an — 
weidendn 'pasture'). 

gain- pref. me. gein oe. ge'^n 
gin gedn (= G.gegen, on, gagn-). 
— gainsay me. geinseie 'contra- 
dict'. Cp. against oe. ongeanes, 

gait ident. w. gate^. 

gaiter borrowed fr. fr. gu^tre 
(OFR. guestre^ perh. loanword tr. 
mhg. wester 'a child's chrisom- 
cloth'; cp. GOTH. wasH^ lat. vestis 
'clothing'). 

gale sb. a Scand. loanword; akin 
to dan. gal^ sw. galeh 'furious, 
mad', NORW. galen furious, wild, 
mad' (of wind and storm). 

gall^ ME. galle oe. gealla = 
OSAX. OHG galla G. galle^ du. gal^ 
ON. galL GOTH, ^gallin- (hardly 
*galzin-) from pre-teut. ghol- is 

cogn. w. OR yo^^ X^^^St lat. 
/el fellis gall' (whence it. Jiele^ 
SPAN, hiel^ FR. fiet). Many think 
it allied with yellow so that 
gall-^di^ named from its yellowish 
color. 



gall' — garden 



85 



gall 2 *a sore on the skin me. 
galle OE. gealla *a gall* (on a 
horse) = DU. gal *a windgall*, 
MHG. G. galle *a foot - disease 
in horses*; perh. borrowed fr. 
LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak- 
apple* = IT. galla f SPAN, agalla 
'windgalls*. But a confusion of 
galla with a teut. word of similar 
phonology is possible, since in 
sw. dialects too there exists a 
grdssgaller *a swelling on a 
horse*s hoof*. 

galP *a gall-nut*: borrowed fr. 
FR. gaU from lat. galla 'a gall- 
nut, an oak-apple'? 

galley me. galeie: adapted fr. 
FR. galie galie (rr. galea = med.- 
LAT. galea *a galley*). 

gallon me. galouni a fr. loan- 
word: FR. gallon = IT. galloneu 

galloon borrowed fr. ¥K,galon. 

gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr. 
FR. galoper) cp. also wallop, 

gallow^s (the plur. used as 
sing.) ME. galwes plur. OE. galga 
gealga 'cross, gibbet* = ohg. osax. 
galgOy DU. galg, G. galgeriy on. 
galgi^ GOTH, galga \ a, common 
TEUT. word, TEUT. galgan- from 
PixydiXi ghalghan-) cp. lith. zalga 
*pole'. 

gamble appar. a frequent, of 
an unrecorded me. *gam(e)le, 
commonly me. gamene oe. ga- 
menian 'play at games'. Deriv. 
of game. For the change of n 
to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas- 
ure*. — game 'amusement* me. 
gdme OE. ganun gomen == on. 
OHG. gaman (mhg. gamen garnet) 



*play'; prob. ident. w. goth. ga- 
-man 'communion of men*. The 
pref. ga- is used collectively; 
for man cp. man, 

gander me. gander oe. gandra\ 
akin to oe gos from a teut. 
base gan-s in goose and cp. 
gannet, 

gang ME. gang 'a going, course, 
way, passage* oe. gang a going, 
way, privy' = osax. du. g. gang 
'a going, walk, way, passage*, ♦ 
ON. gangr *a going, a crew* 

gannet me. *ganet oe. ganot 
'swan*; akin to du. ^d«/ gander', 
ohg. gana'^^y? 'gander'; cp. a 
primit. teut. base gan- also in 
teut.-lat. ganta 'goose*; see 
gander and goose. 

gantlet prop, gantlope 'a mili- 
tary punishment*, corrupted fr. 
sw. gatlopp 'running down a 
lane' (sw. gata 'a lane* and lopp 
'a running' fr. I'opa 'run' = E. 
leap^, 

gaol see jail, 

gap ME. gap : borrowed fr. on. 
gap 'opening, breach, chasm'. — 
gape vb. ME. gape adapted fr. 
SCAND. gapa 'yawn* = du. gapen, 
G. gaff en *gape, yawn*. 

gar see garlic and gore, 
garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe 
'good fashion* from ohg. garawi 
'dress' == oe. gearwe 'preparation, 
dress*. Cp. gear. 

garden me. gardin fr. ofr. (Pi- 
card.) gardin = fr. jardin^ which 
is of Teut. origin : ohg. garto 
(gen, and dat. gariin) G. garten, 



86 



gargle — gaunt 



OSAX. gardoy goth. garda m. *a 
fold*; akin to yard. 

gargle borrowed fr. ofr. gar- 
gouiller 'gargle' fr. gargouille 
windpipe*. 

garland me. gerlaundi borrow- 
ed fr. OFR. garlande y^, guirlandcy 
whence du. g. dan. gidrlande, 

garlic ME. garUk garlick oe. 
gdr'l{ac\ for lie = oe. l{ac cp. 
leek. The first element of the 
* compound is oe. gar *a spear 
(cp.^^r^). Hence garlic prop. 
*sp ear-leek'. 

garment short for me. gar- 
nement\ borrowed fr. fr. gar- 
nement y deriv. of fr. garnir 
'garnish'. Cp. garnish, 

gamer me. gern^r: adapted fr. 
OFR. gernier fr. grenier (it. 
granaro = Lat. type grand- 
riuni), 

garnet me. gern^t: borrowed 
fr. FR. grenat \= span, granule , 
IT. granatd)\ source lat. grana- 
tus 'having many grains or 
seeds'. 

garnish vb. me. garnisshe: 
borrowed fr. FR. gdrniss-^ the stem 
of certain forms of garnir (= 
IT. guarnire) avert, warn, garnish', 
which is of Teut. origin: teut. 
base warnjan, — garrison me. 
garnison: borrowed fr. fr. gar- 
nison ; deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro- 
vide, fortify'. Cp. garnish. 

garret me. garile: borrowed fr. 
OFR. garite fr. giUrite *a watch- 
tower': derived fr. ofr. garir 
warir 'save, keep' fr. guirir 
(= IT. guarire). Source a teut. 



warjan = goth. warjan *hold, 
defend*. 

garrison see garnish. 

garter me. garUrei borrowed 
fr. OFR. gariier jartier fr. Jarre- 
H^re: deriv. of fr. jarrel 'the 
small of the leg behind the 
knee*. 

gash me. gatse garfei borrow- 
ed fr. OFR. garser 'scarify'. 

gasp vb. me. gaspe oe. "^gdspiani 
TEUT. base gaispbn = ON. geispa 
'gasp'. The E. word is not 
borrowed fr. Scand. 

gate^ (cp. gait) 'a way, road' 
ME. gdte: borrowed fr. on. gala 
(ace. gptu) 'way, path, road* = 
sw. gata *a street, lane', dan. 
gade 'a street'; ident. w. ohg. 
gaT^T/i g. gasse *a street*, goth. 
gativd 'a street'. 

gate- 'door, gate, opening' 
ME. gdte ydte OE. fjeat (plur. 
gatu leatu) = osax. du. gat *a 
hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an 
opening. 

gather me. gadere oe. gaderian 
(= DU. gaderen^ G. dial, gattern) : 
deriv. of oe. giador (cp. to- 
gether). Prob. akin to oe. gcede-- 
ling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband' 
from the same root as good, 

gaud 'a show, ornament' me. 
gaudei borrowed fr. lat. gau-- 
dium, — gaudy 'merry, bright, 
showy* fr. gaud and the suffix -^. 

gauge see under gage^, 
gaunt prob. from Scand. ; cp. 

NORW. gand *a thin pointed stick ; 

a tall and thin man'. 



gauntlet — gibber 



»7 



gauntlet borrowed fr. ofr. 
gantelet^ dliiiin. of gani = fr. 
gant {= IT, guanto) *a glove*. 
Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wantus 
'the long sleeve of a tunic, a 
glove' ; cp. DU. wanty dan. vaniey 
ON. vgtir *a mitten'. 

gauze borrowed fr. fr. gaze 
'cushion- canvas, tiffany' = span. 
gasa 'gauze'. 

ga^vk (cp. gowk) *a cuckoo, 
fool* ME. gouk'e: loanword from 
ou.gaukr (whence sc. gowk) = 
OUG. gouk(M) MHG. gouch G, gauck^ 
OE. i^ac *cuckoo'. 

gay ME. gay. borrowed fr. fr. 
gai (= IT. gajo) 'gay, merry'. 
Source ohg. gdki quick, sudden 
G. gdAe — jak. 

gaze vb. ME. gdse, prob. of 
Scand. origin: sw. dial, gasa 
'gaze, stare'. 

gear me. g^e points to an oe. 
*gdre or *gdro, d being vowel 
mutation of ^z = teut. at. Perh. 
akin to oe, gar *spear (c^. gar lie ^ 
gore)} 

gem ME. gentme: adapted fr. 
¥R, gemme [= it. gemma). Source 
LAT. gemma a swelling bud, a 
jewel, a gem*, whence also OE. 
jjimmy OHG. gimma gem'. 

gender me. gender', borrowed 
fr. OFR. gendre genre fr. genre 
'kind, genus, style' (= span. 
gineroy rr. genere 'kind'). Source 
LAT. gener- in genus 'race, stock'. 

german germane adj. formerly 
germain: borrowed fr. fr. ger~ 
main (source lat. germanus). 

gesture borrowed fr. med.-lat. 



gestura *a mode of action' from 
gerere 'carry, behave*. 

get me. gete borrowed fr. ON. 
geta) OE. liian would be me. yite 
ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut. 
yT g'ety pre-TEUT. ghed ghend*^ 
cog^. w. LAT. praehenderey or. 
yaviSivHv. Cp. forget. 

gewga^v corrupted fr. me. 
^iuegoue prop, gouegoue (pron. 
gu^T): adapted of fr. joujou. 

ghastly ME. gastly oe. gdsilic 
fr. OE. gdstan 'frighten* and lie 
= E. -ly'y cp. aghast. 

gherkin = du. agurkje, dan. 
agurkey G. gurke: borrowed as 
orig. *agurike fr. POL. ogurik^ 
BOHEM. okurka fr. late GR. ayy^* 
giov 'a cucumber, gherkin. 

ghost ME: gpst OE. gdst (gdsl) 
= synon. ohg. g. dan. geisly 
OSAX. gist: a common Teut. 
word with the same meaning 
for which akma is used in Goth. 
The orig. meaning of the word 
('excitement'?) is not establish- 
ed; yet on. geisa rage' (of fire 
and passion) and goth. usgaisjan 
'terrifv' seem allied. For the 
dental formative of teut. gaisl 
(pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr. 
\Phid (from *ghizd) 'be angry', 
h^das *anger' with which agrees 
E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp. 
also ghastly. 

giant ME. giaunt prop, g^aunt 
fr. FR. g^ant = lat. gigant-em, 
whence also oe. OHG.^/^««/*giant*. 

gibber and with other var. 
gabber gabble^ frequentative s of 
gab of which jabber and 



^ 



88 



giddy — gist 



jahblc are the assibil. frequent- 
atives. 

giddy ME. gidy oe. gydiy. 
orig. perh. 'having a demon, 
possessed of a demon : deriv. 
of god; cp. OE. y/^i ^deranged, 
crazy' prop, possessed of elves'. 

gift ME. gi/^ yift OE. gift plur. 
giftn 'nuptials' = du. ohg. gift 
G. gift in mitgift *a dowry* 
and in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison', 
lit. 'that which is given, goth. 
gifts in fra- 'promise' with the 
abstract formative -/ from gifan 
= give. The initial g in E. me. 
gift points as in grue to Scand. 
influence. 

gig me. gigge *a whirling thing'; 
prob. Scand.: on. geiga Vove 
at random'; cp. jig, 

gild vb. short for me. gUde 
OE. g^ldan\ derived with vowel- 
mutation (teut. gulpjan) fr. gold, 

giir me. gille: borrowed fr. 
DAN. gjcelky sw. gdl\ icel. gjplnar 
plur. gills'. 

gill- 'one-fourth pint' me. gille : 
borrowed fr. ofr. gelle *a sort 
of wine-measure' (l AT. typege//a 
gillo a wine-vessel). 

gillyflower corrupted fr. ofr. 
giroflie'ix. clou de girofle\ lat. 
type caryophyllum *a clove-tree'. 

gimlet borrowed fr. ofr. gitn- 
belet FR. gibelet'y of Teut. origin, 
dimin. of the form represented 
by E. wimble 'a gimlet' cp. 
wimble. 

gimp adapted fr. fr. guimpe 
(oFR. guimple fr. ohg. ivimpal 'a 
light robe' = E. wimple"). 



gin^ *a trap, snare* me. (c. i 200) 
gin and ginn shortened fr. me. 
engin = fr. engin *a contrivance'. 
Source lat. ingenium. 

gin^ 'a kind of spirit' shortened 
fr. earlier fr. geiitvre (= fr. 
genih}re) 'juniper (lat. juniper us 
'an evergreen shrub'). 

ginger me. gingir^ earlier gingi* 
vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gin- 
gembre (it. zenzero, mhg. gingi- 
bere from the synon. late lat. 
gingiber = GR. C«yy//I?*prc). 

gingerly a Scand. loanword; 
sw. dial, gingla gangla *go 
gently, totter': frequent, of on. 
ganga go'. 

gird short for me. girde oe. 
gyrdan = OSAX. gurdian, du. 
gorden, ohg. gurten gurtan g. 
giirten, o^, gyrda: all weak verbs 
(teut. gurdjan)^ ident. w. the str. 
vb. gotk. bi'gafrdan 'begird*. 

girdle me. girdel oe. gyrdel 

= synon. ohg. gurtil G. gUrtely 

DU. gordely on. gyrdill: deriv. 

of gird, — girth me. gerth\ 

adapted fr. on. gjord 'a girdle' 

{gerd 'girth round the waist', 
GOTH, gairda 'girdle'). 

girl me. girl gerl\ akin to lg. 
goere 'boy, girl* which is of late 
occurrence (first record 1652). 
The / of the E. word (oe. 
*gyrely teut. base gurila-) is 
dimin. 

gist borrowed fr. ofr. gist = 
FR. git from ofr. gesir = fr. 
g^sir 'lie'. Source lat. jache 
'lie*. 



give — glisten 



89 



give ME. gwe fr. on. gefa ; ident. 
w. WE., y eve oe. lifan %efan = osax. 
gebarty du. geven^ ohg. g'eban G. 
geberiy goth. giban\ a common 
Teut. verb ; cp. also oir. gabim 
*I take', LiTH. gabinti 'bring, 
procure', gobinii 'fetch' ? Cp. gift, 

gizzaiTd ME. gis^r: adapted fr. 
FR. g^sier', source lat. gizeria 
'gizzard*. 

glad ME. glad oe. glced 'shining, 
bright, cheerful, glad'; ident. w. 
OHG. glat G. glatt 'smooth, shining' , 
DU. glad smooth', on. gladr glad, 
bright'. TEUT. *glada- for aryan 
ghladho' agrees with oslov. gla- 
diiku *smooth', lat. glaber (for 
ghladhro') *smooth\ The meaning 
of the E. word is secondary 
when compared with the orig. 
meaning smooth'. 

glair ME. ^/«W: adapted fr. ofr. 
glair e *the white of an Qgg = 
rr. chiara d*un ovOy whence also 
G. eierklar (med.-lat. clara ovi). 

glance vb. a Scand. loanword; 
cp. SWED. glans y DAN. glands 
'brightness, splendor'. 

glare vb. me. gldre\ oe, *gldrian 
is unauthorized. 

glass me. glas oe. glcss : a com- 
mon Teut. word, (not verified in 

GOTH.) = DU. MHG. G. OSW. 

sw. DAN. glas (oHG. glas glass , 
also *amber); but on. gler with 
change from s to r, thus proving 
the word to be primit. Teut. 
(^glaza'*glasa-). Perh.theOTeut. 
name of the 'amber (lat. glisut/i) 
is cognate. 



gleam me. gl^m oe. gldm 
'splendor, brightness, gleam'; 
akin to osax. gR-mo 'splendor 
and to G. glimmer) cp. ohg. 
glimo gleimo 'glow- worm*. An 
ARVAn \rghli cp. in ir. gU (fr. 
base gleivO') 'shining, clear' under 
glee, 

glean vb. me. gl^'ne borrowed 
ir. OFK, glener (fk. glaner) 'glean'. 

glede ME. glide glede oe. glida 
*a kite* = on. gledi: deriv. of 
the teut. \(" gild in glide (the 
name of the bird means prop, 
'the glider). 

glee mirth, joy* me. gl4 oe. gleo 
with the by-form glfw = on. gly : 
teut. base gtiwa-y perh. akin to 
IR. gU (base gleiwo-) 'clear, 
shining'. Cp. gleam, 

gleed (E. dial.) me. gl^de oe. 
gl(d {^gUkd fr. glddi-) = du. gloed, 

OHG. gluol G. glut, ON. glddf GOTH. 

*glS'di-: TEUT. y/^glS under glow, 

glen of Celt, origin; cp. Gael. 

IR. gleann 'valley' (cymr. Com. 

glide vb. ME. glide oe. glidan 
= synon. OSAX, glidan, d\j. glij(d)en, 
OHG. gltlan G. gleiten, sw. glida^ 
DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp. 
glede. 

glimmer vb. me. glimere = g. 
glimmern, dan. glimre) akin to 
sw. glimma and osax. glimo 
'splendor under gleam, 

glimpse vb. me. glimse vb.; 
akin to glimmer. 

glisten vb. me. glistne oe. gliS' 
nian 'gleam* ; akin to oe. gllsian 
= OFRis. glisa 'shine' : teut. yfglU 



90 



gloat — goal 



fn glitter me. glitere (oe. *gliiO' 
rian) vb. *shine' = o^.glitray G. 
glitzern, A corresp. strong vb. 
is ON. glfia^ OSAX. gllian = ohg. 
gih^yin 'shine' (cp. G. gleissen and 
GOTH, glitmunjan shine*). 

gloat vb. akin to G. glotzen, 
ICEL. glotia ; an oe. gldtian is un- 
recorded; cogn. W. ME. ^/^«/(? (OE. 
"^glutian) 'look sullen . 

gloom OE.,glpm (glpmung) gloom, 
twilight'; the m is formative (as 
in bloom y doo7n)\ for the teut. 
sfgld cp. glow, 

glory ME. gl^ie glgrie from ofr. 
glorie = "LkT. gloria ; cp . fr. gloire, 

gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen 
glow*. 

glove ME. glove short for glove 
OE. glof = ON. gldfi 'glove*. 

glow vb. ME. glpu'e OE. glowan 
str. vb.; cp. du. gloeijeriy ohg. 
gluoen G. gliiheriy on. ^/i^^ 'glow, 
glitter, shine' : teut. \r gl^ gl^ 
Mndex glooffi and e. dial, gleed. 

glue ME. ^/«^ borrowed fr. ofr. 
ghi *birdlime'; source lat. glus 
glutetn, 

glum adj. from me. glomme 
glombe vb. *be gloomy'; as 
gloomy shows, connected with 
gloom and sw. gldmig languid 
of look'. 

glut sb. me. glut sb. borrowed 
fr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto) *a 
glutton. — glut vb. me. glote 
glute vb. borrowed fr. ofr. gloHr 
gloutir (cp. FR. etigloutir *s wallow 
up ) ; source lat. gluitire'^ s^dWoW, 
— glutton ME. glutoun glotouni 
borrowed fr. FR. glouton ofr. 



gltUon ; source lat. glutio-gliUtonetn 
glutton*. 

gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran. 

gnash vb. me. gnaste gnash 
the teeth'; oe. '^gndstian is akin 
to ON. gnista *gnash the teeth*. 

gnat me. gnat(tf) oe. gnceiti 
TEUT. base gnatta-. 

gnaw vb. me. gnawe oe. gnagan 
= OSAX. gnagan y ohg. {g)nagan 
G. nageny on. gnaga; cp. a by- 
form with initial k: du. knagen^ 
OS. HG. knagan *gnaw ; the g. 
form nagen arose from gnagen, 

go me. gp OE. gdn = OSAX.^<2«, 

du. gaany ohg. gdn gin G. gehen. 
The teut. y^^^tf/- (= OE. gd-^ 
OHG. gi^ supplanted the aryan 
y/^i *go' in lat. irey GR. iivai^ 
SKR. Y"/. Since teut. got- has no 
old primit. noun-derivatives in 
Teut. and takes the place of 
the ARYAN v^/ (the aorist goth. 
iddj'a = OE. f'ode still remains) 
and as it is inflected after the 
/iW/'-conjugation, the supposition 
arises that teut. *gaim *gais 
*gaip are contracted fr. the 
verbal particle ga and the 
inherited tm tz ip ^=^ skr. emi 
iSi eii'y cp. OR. e?/i/. 

goad ME. g^d OE. gdd\ ident. 
with langobard. gaida 'spear': 
TEUT. base gaido- = pre-TEUT. 
*ghai'td'y akin to oe. gdr, ohg. 
gir 'spear' under gore, aryan 
sf^ghfgjiaim gr. yaJoc 'shepherd's 
rod'. 

goal borrowed fr. FK,gaule ofr. 
waule. Source teut. walu = 
ox. vQlry qoth. walus 'a staff*. 



goat — gossamer 



91 



goat ME. gpte 0£.,gdt = DU. ON. 

geit, OHG. geiT^ g. geiss^ sw. gety 
DAN. gedy GOTH, gcdts *a goat': 
cogn. w. LAT. hadus fr. aryan 
ghaido'S, 

gobble a frequent, with sufF. 
•le fr. FR. gober 'devour*. 

god ME. OE. god = OSAX. DU. 
god, OHG. gof 0. go/t, ON. ^«^/ 

god. GOTH.guda- gu/a- *god* is 
based on arVan gAu-to-, -to- being 
a part, formative as in oldy cold, 

loud: INDO-TEQT. sT ghu = SKR. 

Jtu 'implore the gods' (skr. Aufd^ 
part.). Therefore god is 'the 
being implored'; in the veda 
puruhuta much implored* is an 
ordinary epithet of the gpd 
Indra. god in godfather godson 
goddaughter = me. god + com- 
pound: used in reference to 
the spiritual relation between 
them; cp. gossip. 

goggle-eyed me. gogel-eied] the 
first element of the compound 
can scarcely be a native E. word 
and is traced to ir. Gael, gog- 
shuileach goggle-eyed*. 

gold ME. OE. gpld^= OSAX. OHG. 

g. gold, DU. goud, on. go II gull 

(for *golfd)y GOTH, gulf: ARYAN 

ghlto' = osLOv. zlato = russ. 
zoloto from *zolto. The orig. 
meaning of the sfghel^ from which 
gold is derived (cp. lith. gel-tas 
'yellow' and skr. hdrita and hari 
yellow'), is yellow'; cp. skr. hi- 
rattya *gold'. Cp. yellow. 

good ME. OE. gpd^= GOTH, gods y 

OSAX. gody DU. goedy org. guol 
G. guly ON. godr. The orig. 



meaning of the adj. was prob. 
*fit, suitable' from a root mean- 
ing 'fit, suit' seen in gather, 
together. — goodbye short 
for orig. »God be by you« 
(Shakesp. »God buy you«). 
goose ME. OE. gos (plur. g4s) : 
Teut. base gans- = du. gansy 
OHG. G. gansy ON. gas; akin to 
gander and gannet. An aryan 
ghan-s- is represented also by 
SKJi. hansd-s m. — hansl goose*, 

N.PERS. ydZy LITH. Zasls, OSLOV. 

gqsiy GR. yr^v, lat. anser (for 
'^hanser), oiR. giis swan' (fr. 
ghanst). 

gore ^ UE..g^e *a gore of cloth, 
a garment* oe. gdra 'a projecting 
point of land' ; cp. du. geer *a 
gusset, gore', ohg. giro G. gehre 
*a wedge, gusset, gore', on. geiriy 
NORW. geirey odan. gere 'a gore 
of cloth or land*: deriv. of teut. 
gaiza- 'spear = oe. gar 'a spear', 
OHG. gir *a spear. Cp. goad, 

gore 2 'mud, blood' me. g(fre 
OE. gor 'mud' = ohg. on. gor 
'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'. 

gorge ME. gorge borrowed fr. 
FR. gorge 'throat': source lat. 
gurges. 

gosling dimin. o^ goose. 

gospel ME. gospel OE. god-spell 
'the word of God', as shown by 
ON. gud'Spjally OHG. got'Spel(ll). 
Cp. spell. 

gossamer me. gossomer repre- 
senting an OE. type ^gps-sumor 
summer of the geese'; cp. the 
G. names altweibersommer, mad- 
chensommer. 



92 



gossip — grave 



gossip ME. gossip earlier gossib 
OE. god'Sibb prop, 'relationship 
in God*; see the end of the 
article on god, oe. sibb = ohg. 
sippa^ GOTH, sibja means relation- 
ship*. 

gouge from fr. gouge. 

gourd ME. gourde', borrowed fr. 
FR. gourde (orig. ofr. gouhourde 
cougourde'y source lat. cucurbita 
*a gourd'. 

gout sb. ME. goute borrowed fr. 
FR. goutte *dropsy*: source lat. 
gutta, 

gowk ident. w. gawk, 

gown ME. goune goun fr. ofr. 
gone 'a gown', which is of Celt, 
origin (gall. - lat. gunna 'fur- 
coat*). 

grab vb. cp. sw. grabba^ mlg. 
grabbengTdi^^\ An ARYAN V^^rM 
*to grasp* is found in skr. sTiVbh 
'grasp, seize* — grapsa *bunch, 
tuft* and OHG. garba G. gar be 
*sheaf*. 

grace me. grace fr. fr. grace 
= LAT. gratia 'favor'. 

grade borrowed fr. fr. grade; 
sonrcei.PLT.gr adus a step, station*. 

graft (Shakesp. graff) vb. me. 
graffe *graft' : deriv. of ofr. graffe 
*a style for writing' (fr. greffe 
*graft'?). Source lat. graphium 
'a style for writing'. 

grail 'fine sand' fr. ofr. graile 
*fine, small' = lat. gracilis, 

grain me. grain grein from fr. 
grain*, source lat. grdnum *a 
grain, com'. 

grammar me. grammire gram- 
tnaire from fr. grammaire. 



grange me. graunge: adapt, of 
FR. grange (lat. type granea 
granary' deriv. oi grdnum com'). 

grant me. graunte vb. adapt, 
fr. OFR, granter 'caution, secure' 
(source a lat. type *credentare 
vb. — *credentia sb.). 

grape me. grdpe: loanword fr. 
OFR. grape grappe 'cluster of 
grapes'. The fr. word is con- 
sidered to be of Teut. origin 
(teut. *krappaT), 

grasp ME. grapse perh. for 
*grapse OE. ^grdpsiani possibly 
an intensive deriv. of oe. grd- 
pian = grope, 

grass ME. gras oe. grces gcers = 

GOTH. ON. OSAX. DU. OHG. G. graS 

*herb, growth'. The final s is 
formative, the ^ is gra meaning 
'sprout, grow*; cp. grow and 
green. 

grasshopper me. grashopper 
orig, gras hoppe OE, gcers-hoppa (= 
DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper) : 
'an insect which hops about in 
the grass*. Cp. hop, 

grate sb. me. grate \ source 
LAT. crates 'a hurdle*. — grate 
vb. U'E.,grdte vb. from ofr. grater 
'scratch* (fr. gratter)y which is 
prob. of Teut. origin (ohg. krazzon 
G. kratzeii). 

grave vb. me. grdve oe. grafan 
*dig' = GOTH. OHG. graban G. gra-- 
ben, DU. graven '6\g\ o^. grafa\ 
TEUT. \Pgrab = ARYAN gAraM, 
orig. related to OSLOV. grebq 
'dig' and grobU grave*. 

grave adj. from fr. grave 
'stately'. 



gravel — grizzly 



93 



gravel me. gravil borrowed fr; 
OF^.graveiey dimin. oIofk, grave 
'rough sand* fr. grh;e *strand'. 

gravy earlier orthography ^r^iz- 
vy, akin to greaves} 

gray grey me. gray grey oe. 
grae^'y akin to du. grauw, ohg. 
grdo (infl. grower) G. grau, on. 
grdr^ which represent a Teut. 
base grdwa- gr^a-. (oe. grd^ 
pointing to a base grdga-grega- ?). 

graze vb. *feed cattle' me. grdse 
oe. grasian = G.grasen: deriv. 
of TEUT. grasa' = grass. 

grease me. gr^se gr^fe : adapted 
fromoFR.gresse (fr, graisse) 'fat- 
ness'. Source lat. crassus *fat*. 

great me. gr{t oe. grfat; cp. 
OSAX. grdty DU. grooty ohg. groT^ 
G. ^r^w 'great*: teut. grauta-. 

greaves cogn. w. g. griebe ohg. 
griubo greaves'? 

greedy me. gridy oe. gredii 
grddii = OSAX, grddag, onG.grd- 
tagy ON. grddugry goth. gredags 
'hungry': derived from a teut. 
gridu' 'hunger = goth. greduSy 
ON. grddr 'hunger'. Perh. akin to 
the SKR. \f^grdh 'to be greedy*: 
ABiYAHi yfghredh ghrdh. 

green me. oe. gr^ne : Teut. base 
grdni' = osax. grSni, ouG. gruoni 
G. griin 'green', on. grdntiy sw. 
DAN. grdn\ deriv. of the teut. 
\/^grb in grow and grass. The 
adj. orig. means 'growing'. 

greet vb. me. grite oe. gr^tan 
=^ OSAX. groHafiy du. groeteriy on. 
grdiay ohg. grtwT^an G. griissenl 
teut. type grotjan 'greet'. 

grey see gray. — greyhound 



ME. greihound formed after on. 
greyhufidr 'greyhound*; cp. on. 
grey *dog*? 

griddle me. gridel 'griddle': a 
CELT, loanword; cp. ir. greideal 
'griddle* (fr. a lat. ^crdtelid). 

grief ME. gr(f (= odu. grief) : 
adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy* — 
FR. grief 'injury* (source lat. 
grevis for gravis). — grieve vb. 
iss.,grfve vb. 'burden, injure* fr. 
OFR. grever, 

grill vb. adapted fr. fr. griller 
broil on a gridiron*. 

grim ME. OE. grim (mm)\ teut. 
base grimma^ = osax. ohg. grim 
G. grimm, ON. grimmr: cogn. w. 
OE. OHG. gram 'angry* G. gram. 

grin vb. me. grinne grenne oe. 
grennian *s\jow the teeth, snarl, 
grin; cogn. w. grind. 

grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan 
str. vb. : TEUT. yfgr'end = aryan 
ghrendh in hAT.frendere 'gnash*. 

gripe ME. gripe OE.gripan str.vb. 
= 0SAX,grtpany du. grijpen, ohg. 
grtfan G. greifetiy goth. greipan . 
'gripe, seize*. Outside of Teut. 
cp. the related \fghrib in lith. 
greibiu greibti 'seize* and lett. 
griba 'will* — gribH 'to will'. 

grisly ME. grisly short for oe. 
grplk (angrplic) 'terrible, hor- 
rible'. 

grist ME. grist short for OE. 
grist lit. 'a grinding*: deriv. of 
grind, 

grit 'gravel' me. grit oe. gr^ot 
= ohg. grio"!^ G. grieSy on. grjdt, 

grizzly fr. me. grise/ 'a gray- 
haired man': deriv. fr. fr. gris 



94 



groan — gudgeon 



*gray\ Source a teut. grts- *gray* 
in G. greis. 

groan vb. me. grpne oe. grdnian 
moan: intensive deriv. of a 
str. vb. *grt-nan = ohg. grinan 
G. greinen Veep*, du. grijnen. 

groat %h.UY.,grgte\ a continental 
TEUT. word : mlg. odu. grbtCy du. 
groot, G. groschen, 

grocer borrowed fr. ofr. grassier 
(lat. type grossarius *a wholesale 
dealer, cp. fr. engros'yihole sale*). 

groin corrupted fr. ofr. grine 
FR. grain *the fork of a tree or 
of a river, a groin. 

groom ME.^r^';w 'boy*: borrowed 
fr. OFR. gromme gourmet whence 
OFR. grotnet ^servant'. 

groove ME. grove 'a pit* = du. 
groeve groef ohg. gruqba G. grube^ 
ON. grdf^ GOTH. grbba\ from oe. 
grafan = grave, 

grope vb. lAE.gr^pe oe. grdpian\ 
intensive formation of gripe = 
OE. gripan, 

ground me. ground oe. grund 
orig. grUnd = osax. g. grund, 
DU. grond, ohg. grunt, on. grund 
'meadow* — grunnr (fr. *gruifpus) 
'bottom of the sea, goth. grundus 
in grunduwaddjus 'foundation*, lit. 
*a ground-wall*. 

group borrowed fr. fr. groupe 
(= IT. groppo). 

grove M?.,grgve oe. grdf grove*; 
TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The 
ME. by-form gr^ve gr^e 'grove, 
wood' corresponds to OE.grd/e 
= TEUT. base graibjon-l 

grovel vb. with the ^d\, groveling 
UE, grove ling(es) grufling{es)\ akin 



to ME. agruf agrouve groveling* 
and ON. a grUfu groveling* — 
grtifa vb. 'bow down'. The e. word 
seems to be a Scand. loanword. 

grow vb. ME. growe oe. grozuan 
= DU. groeijen, ohg. gruoan mug. 
griiejen, on. grda, sw. dan. g^foi 
TEUT. sCgrdy whence green and 
perh. also grass. 

growl U¥..growle from BU.grol/en 
= G. grollen, 

grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut. 
sfgrab under grave', cp. ohg. 
grubilon (g. grubeln 'brood, pour 
over). 

grudge vb. me. grugge earlier 
grucche (short for *grouchen?)i 
borrowed fr. 0¥9., groucher groucer 
'murmur'. 

gruel ME. griiel: borrowed fr. 
OFR. gruel = fr. gruau (lat. 
type grutellum, dimin. of med.- 
lat. grutum 'meal'). 

gruflF borrowed fr. du. grof 
= sw. gro/, dan. grov G. grob, 

grumble loanword fr. fr. grom- 
meler ; akin to mdu. grotnmelen^ 
friequent. of mdu. grummen 
grommen 'murmur*. 

grunt vb. me. grunte gronte 
OE. grunnettan) ident. w. G. 
grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta 
A more primit. stem appears in 
OE. grunian 'grunt*. The y/^grun 
is imitation of sound; cp. lat 
grunnire. 

guarantee see warrant. 

guard vb. borrowed fr. fr. 
guarder, see ward. 

gudgeon borrowed fr. FK.goujon 
(me. *gugeon *go g ounT). 



.J 



guess — Gypsy 



95 



guess vb. ME. gesse*. prob. not 
a native word, but borrowed fr. 
the continent (du. lg. gisseti) or 
fr. the Scand. (dan. gisscy sw. 
gissd), A native me. gesse would 
point to an oe. *g4tsian (cp. 
bless oe. bUtsian) = teut. base 
*gdtisdnl 

g^est me. gest borrowed fr. 
SCAND. gestr guest*; there was a 
native oe. pst liest, which was 
supplanted by the Scand. loan- 
word. SCAND. gestr OE. list = 
OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent 
a TEUT. base gasti-z = lat. hostis 
*enemy', osLOV.^^j/lr' guest*: aryan 
base ghostis. 

guide vb. ME. gide borrowed 
fr. FR. guider (ofr. also guier = 
ME. gU vb.). 

guild ME. gUde oe. gyld\ cp. 
DU. gild^ G. glide. 

guile sb. UE^ gile borrowed fr. 
ofr. guile ^treachery', which is 
of Teut. origin; cp. wile. 

guilt sb. ME. gilt oe. gylt *a 
crime': teut. base gulti) a ^fgult 
is unknown elsewhere. 

guise ME. glse fr. ofr. guise 
'way, wise', which is of Teut. 
origin; cp. wise, 

gulf adapted fr. fr. golfe^ 
whence also G. golf. The Rom. 
group Span. it. golfo *a gulf, bay* 
is based on GR. /.oXffoc y.fiXnog 
*bosom, lapf a deep hollow*. 



gullet sb. 'throat' me. gullet goUt 
borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat' 
= LAT. gula. 

gum^ short for me. gome oe. 
goma *palate'; cp. on. gdmr^ ohg. 
guomo palate'; cogn. with the 
equival. lith. gomurfsl aryan 
yTghd (ghduT). 

gum- ME. gomme gumme\ bor- 
rowed fr. FR. gomme = it. gommai 
source lat. gummi (gr. y,6iLif.ti^» 

gun ME. gunne gonne; the me. 
word was first applied to a cata- 
pult or machine for throwing 
stones; perh. shortened for ofr. 
mangonne, which is the base of 
ofr. me. mangonel 'machine for 
throwing stones'. 

gush vb. Wi.,gitsche prop.gouscAel 
akin to on. gusa vb. *gush\ odu. 
guisen gush' : teut. sTs^ iii goth. 
giutany OE. i^otany ohg. gicyyin 
G. giessen 'pour out'. 

gut ME. OE. gut (plur. ME. guttes 
OE. guttai) : Teut. base guttu-. 

gutter ME. gutire gotire fr. fr. 
gouttilrt (ofr. goutier, lat. type 
guttarium: deriv. of lat. gutta 
^drop'). 

Gypsy short for me. Egipfi^n 
Egyptian ; cp. span. port, gitano 
Gypsy' from Aegyptidnus \ mod.- 
GREEK rvqjTo^ aus AiyvnToq, The 
Gypsies were popularly supposed 
to be Egyptians. 



96 



habergeon — hale 



H 



habergeon me. habergeon haw- 
berjoun', borrowed fr. ofr. ^<7«^^- 
gon hauberjon, dimin. of ofr. 
hauberc\ see hauberk, 

habit ME. abit: adapted fr. fr. 
habit garment, habit, a custom': 
source lat. habitus 'condition, 
habit, dress'. 

hack vb. me. hakke oe. hacciam 
{fUEiHean) = du. hakken^ G. hacken^ 
sw. hakkoy DAN. hakke] possibly 
from the V" haww haw seen in 
oe. h(awan = "e. heuf. 

hack^; see hackney, 

hackle hatchel sb. me. hekel 
hechel\ cogn. w. du hekely o. 
hechel\ sw. hdckla, dan= hegie 
(goth. ^hakiia). 

hackney me. haken^i borrow- 
ed fr. FR. haquenie *an ambling 
horse' {= odu. hackeneye, span. 
hacanea 'a hackney). 

haft me. haft oe. ha:ft\ cogn. 
w. du. hefty ON. heptiy ohg. hefti 
G. heft\ TEUT. V^ haf (cp. heavy) 
= ARYAN V"^^ in LAT. copio *take\ 

hag ME. hagge short for oe. 
hcepesse = Mdu. haghetisse^ ohg. 
haga-zussa: the first part of the 
compound is perh. ident. w. 
haw y the second part still un- 
explained. 

haggard ^ adj. adapted fr. fr. 
hagard Vild', lit. 'of the woods'; 
formed fr. ohg. haga with the 
Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart\ cp. 
hag. 



haggard^ adj. 'lean, meager 
(earlier spelling hagged) prop, 
*hag-like'. 

hail sb. ME. hail (haul) oe. 
hceiel {hagot) = du. g. sw. dan. 
hag el y o^G,hagaly oif,hagl: Teut. 
bases hagla- and hagala^, Perh. 
cogn. w. OR. yLavXri^ *a round 
pebble'. A single pebble is 
called *stone*: E. hailstone OE. 
hcBielstdny = on. haglsteinn, 

hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.) 
ME. heil *healthy, sound': Scand. 
loanword (on. heilt) superseding 
the native oe. hdl-=^Y., whole. 
— hail vb. 'greet, salute' me. 
heiky formed fr. the me. adj. heily 
which was borrowed fr. on. heilL — - 
hail (an exclamation of greeting) 
me. heil from on. heill 'hale, 
whole' (esp. used in greeting 
as far heill 'farewell'). 

hair (earlier spelling hear heare 
in the i6. cent.) me. hir oe. h^ 
hckr = ON. hdry osax. ohg. mhg. 
hciry DU. DAN. G. hoary sw. hdr\ 
Teut. base Mra- {hha-f), Orig. 
allied are on. haddry oe. heord 
(goth. '''hazda-) *hair'. Outside of 
Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmU kosa (Lith. 
kasd) 'hair' — iesati vb. *comb'. 

hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.) 
fr. ON. heill 'sound'; cp. whole. 

hale haul vb. 'drag' me. hale 
oe. {j^eholian and) ^lehalian = 
OSAX. haloUy OFRis. haliay du. halen^ 
ohg. holon {halbri) G. holen. The 



half — hamper 



97 



TEUT. y^hal hol answers to lat. 
caldrCy gr. v.aXHv 'summon . 

half ME. half oe. heai/=^ goth. 
halts ^ ON. hdlfry ohg. g. halby 
OSAX. DU. sw. halfy DAN. halv\ 
Teut. base halba-, perh. cogn. 
w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'. 

halibut holibut me. halibut', 
from ME. hgly 'holy' and butte 'a 
plaice'; cp. dxj. heilbot 'halibut', 
sw. helgflundra, dan. helleflynder] 
the fish is so called because it 
is excellent eating for holy days; 
cp. SCAND. heilagr fiskvy lg. heilige 
butt and heilbutt, 

hall ME. haUe oe. heall = on-. 
hall hgll, osAX. halla, DU. ^a/. teut. 
yPhdl hil in oe. helan 'hide* :^ 
DU. ^/?«, OHG. helan g. hehlen] 
cp. ARYAN y^ktl 'conceal, cover' 
in LAT. celdre occulere, GR. y^xaA 
in %akvnx(0 'hide' — xah'jiT] 'hut*, 
oiR. celtm 'I hide'; skr. fdla 
'house*. 

hallov^ vb. ME. hdlwe short for 
oe. hdlgiani from oe. hdlii = 
E. holy. — hallovmass 'feast' 
shortened from All Hallows 
Mass 'mass of all saints'; 
hallows* is the gen. of hallouts, 
plur. of me. hal{o)we 'a saint' = 
OE. hdlga 'a saint' from oe. hdlif^ 
'holy'. Cp. holy. 

halo borrowed fr. lat.-gr. 
halos 'circle around the sun or 
moon'. 

halt adj. me. halt oe. healt = 
GOTH, halts, ON. haltr, osAX. halt, 
OHG. halz: Teut. base halta-, 
pre-TEUT. koldo — klSdo in lat. 
claudus halt', GR* vXa^aQ6(^ 

English Etymology. 



'brittle'. — halt vb. me. halte oe, 
healtian {= ohg. *halz^n mhg. 
halzen 'limp') from oe. healt = 
halt adj. 'lame*. 

halter me. halter oe. hcel/tre = 
mdu. halfter DU. halster , ohg. 
halftra G. halfter', closely allied 
to oe. hylf m. = e. helve 
'handle', ohg. halp> From the 
same root are derived with 
/^-formation me. halme 'handle*, 
ohg. halmo injioh- 'I'ope fastened 
to the yoke to guide the oxen'. 

halyard halliard 'a rope for 
hoisting sails' shortened from 
hale-yard, because the ropes 
haul the yards into their places. 
Cp. hale vb. and yard. 

ham ME. hamme oe. hamm lit. 
*bend of the leg; Teut. base 
hamma- from an Aryan kanmd" 
kndmd" in GR. ytvr^/nf]? OIR. cndim 
(base kndmi-') 'bone*. 

hame 'horse-collar' me. hdme 
(OE. *ha?na^ = DU. haam, G. 
hamen\ Teut. base haman- cogn. 
w. GR. y.fj/iioc, LAT. cdtnus muzzle'. 

hamlet me. hamelef, formed 
with dimin. suffix -et from ofr. 
hamel {= Fr. hameati) : source 
a Teut. word ofris. hdm = e. 
home (with dimin. suffix -<?/). 

hammer me. hamer oe. hamor 
= on. hamarr , osAX. hamur, 
ohg. hamar G. hammer', on. 
hamarr denotes also 'rock, 
cliff', pointing to relationship 
with osLOV. kamy 'stone'. 

hamiper vb. me. hampere 
hampre vb. 

hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr. 

7 



98 



hand — hard 



hanapiery orig. *a vessel to keep 
cups in from ofr. hanap (Lat. 
type hanapus) goblet'. The Fr. 
hanap is of Teut. origin; cp. 
OE. hncepy OHG. hnapf G. napfy 
MLG. DU. nap. 

hand me. oe. hand hgnd = 
GOTH. handuSy on. hpndy ohg. 
hant G. OSAX. DU. hand: prob. 
derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan 
*catch* (cp. hound and hunt), 

— handle vb. me. handle oe. 
handlian = DU. handelen, on. 
hgndlay ohg. hantalon G. handeln: 
frequent, vb. derived fr. hand. 

— handle sb. me. handel oe. 
handle from handle vb. — hand- 
cuff 'a cuffiox the hand adopted 
fr. ME. handcops *a handcuff' from 
OE. handcops 'a handcuff' from 
OE. hand *hand' and cops *a fetter*. 

— handicraft with unorig. in- 
serted / (after handiwork) from 
OE. handcrceft, — handiv^^ork me. 
handiwerc oe. hand-'^eweorc from 
OE. hand and ^ezveorc ident. w. 
weorc. The / is due to the prefix 
OE. le. 

handsome me. handsom prop. 
*easy to handle*. — handy me. 
hendy oe. hendii in listhendii} 
Akin w. GOTH, handugs 'clever', 
DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh. 
not derived fr. handy but akin 
to GR. v.^vxhM 'prick, spur'; cp. 
OHG. ha n tag *sharp. 

hang vb. me. hange oe. hangian 
= OHG. hangin G. hangen: deriv. 
of a str. vb. teut. *hanhan = 
GOTH. OHG. hd/ian = oe. hon 
(for *hvhan)'y cp. hunger. 



hanker vb. akin to du. hunker en 
(dial, hanker en) long after'; prob. 
akin to hang and hunger. 

hap sb. me. hap borrowed fr. 
SCAND. happ 'chance, good luck'; 
cp. OE. "ythcep 'fit'. — Hence 
happen vb. me. happens ex- 
tended for ME. happen (cp. swed. 
happa). — Cp. perhaps. 

harass vb. loanword fr. fr. 
harasser 'vex'. 

harbor sb. me. herberwCy earlier 
(i2. cent.) herberge 'inn, lodging, 
guest house': Scand. loanword, 
cp. ON. herberge 'inn, lodging' ^ 
OHG, h^ri'berga 'guest house* 
(prop, 'sheltering place for the 
army') G. herberge^ du. herbelg. 
The first part of the compound 
is oe. here = ohg. osax. hfrty 
GOTH, harj'ts 'army'. The second 
part is derived fr. a lost str. 
vb. TEUT. bergan 'shelter'. — 
harbinger me. herbergeour *one 
who provides lodgings': deriv. 
of OFR. herberger vb. 'lodge, 
quarter' which is a deriv. of 
OFR. herberge (= fr. auberge). 
This is ident. w. ohg. h^riberga 
(see harbor). 

hard adj. me. hard oe. h{ard\ 
perh. the me. phonology points 
to its being borrowed from on. 
hardr. Cp. osax. du. hardy ohg. 
herti hart G. hart 'hard, solid, 
heavy, painful', on. hardry sw. 
hardy dan. haardy goth. hardus 
'hard, severe': Teut. base hardu- 
= ARYAN kartu- in GR. ^gaxvq 
(y.dgrn). — hardy adj. me. hardy 
borrowed fr. fr. hardi which is 



hards — hasp 



99 



of Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harti 
herti under hard. 

hards sb. 'the refuse or coarse 
part of flax me. hordes oe. 
h^ordan plur. *hards of flax'; 
akin to oe. heordy on. hadtir 
'hair ? 

hare me. hdre oe. hara = 
OHG. kaso G. /uis£; for the 
rhotacism in E. cp. on. here: 
Teut. base hasan- hazan^\ an 
ARYAN kaso- is represented in 
the synon. skr. (afa, opruss. 
sasins *hare'. The Aryan name 
of the animal points perh. to 
the OE. adj. haso hasu gray*. 

hark vb. me. herke (oe. '^hircian 
^hyrcian) from a Teut. base 
*hauziqdn = ofris. Mrkia^ mlg. 
horken g. horchen mhg. hSrchen 
late ohg. horechen from *hdrah- 
hbn\ derived fr. the teut. \fhauz 
in GOTH, hausjan = e. hear, — 
harken vb. me. herkne short for 
OE. hircnian h;yrcnian\ an E. 
derivative of the verb hear) cp. 
talk and iell^ lurk and lower. 

harlot ME. harlot 'a disorderly 
person (of either sex) : loan- 
word fr. ofr. harlot Vagabond*. 

harm me. harniy oe. hearm = 
OS AX. harm ohg. haram 'insult, 
mortification*; cogn. w. oslov. 
sratnu (fr. *sormu) 'shame, dis- 
grace'. 

harness me. harneis] borrowed 
fr. OFR. harneis 'aimor', whence 
also G. harnisch, 

harp ME. harpe oe. hearpe\ cp. 
synon. on. harpa, du. harp^ ohg. 
harp/a harfa g. harfe. The Teut. 



word occurs first in the 5*** cent, 
as LAT. harpa\ fr. harpe is of 
Teut. origin. 

harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon^ 
whence also du. harpoen (g. har- 
pune). Source lat. harpago(nem), 

harrov^ sb. me. harwe (point- 
ing to OE. "^hearwe or ^hearge^ ; 
perh. akin to the synon. G. harke^ 
DU. harky ON. herfi^ dan. harv^ 
sw. hcerf 'harrow'. 

harry vb. me. herie herien oe. 
herpan herigan 'overcome with 
an army' (= goth. ^harjdn^ on. 
herja go on a plundering ex- 
pedition*, OHG. herion G. ver^ 
heeren)\ derived fr. teut. harja' 
'army* under harbor, 

harsh adj. late me. harsk\ a 
Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw, 
harsk 'rancid'. 

hart sb. me. her oe. heort 
(heorot) = du. hert^ ohg. hirui^ 
hirz G. Mrs now hirschy on. 
hjgrtry sw. hjorty dan. hiort\ 
Teut. base *herut' from Aryan 
kerud'y cogn. with lat. cervus 
'hart* and gr. Y,%ouoq (lit. 'homed' 
from Y,hQaq *a horn'), kymr. carw 
'hart' , PRUSS. sirwis, osLOV. surnd 



C } 

roe. 



harvest me. hervest oe. hcerf est 
= DU. herfsty ohg. herbist G. 
herbst: related to lat. carpere 
'pluck*, GR. y.aonog 'fruit*, xpui" 
7T10V 'a pruning-knife*, skr. krpana 
'sword*, LIT. klrp'ti 'shear*. 

hash sb. from fr. hacher vb. 
'hack' (of Teut. origin , cp. 
hack vb.). 

hasp me. haspe oe. hceps (for 






lOO 



haste — hawk 



*hces/) = DAN. SW. G. MHG. 

Aaspe, ON. Aespa *hasp\ 

haste vb. me. /tdsfe: loanword 
fr. OFR. Aas/er (fr. M/er), whence 
also DU. haastetiy G. hasten make 
haste*. The fr. vb. is prob. a 
Teut. loanword. 

hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes) 
OE. hat (plur. hcettas) = on. 
hpttr *hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan. 
hat *hat' : Teut. base hattu- cogn. 
w. hooti sb. and perh. also 
with LAT. cassis (for *cat'tts) 
'helmet*. 

hatch vb. me. hacche\ cp. 
MHG. h§cken 'produce young 
from eggs by incubation' G. 
aushecken 'hatch', sw. hdcka 
'breed', dan. hcekkebuur 'breeding 
cage'. 

hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche 
OE. h(jtddl cogn. w. DU. hekl 

hatchel see hackle sb. 

hatchet sb. me. hacchet: loan- 
word from FR. hachette^ dimin. 
of FR. hache 'axe': source a 
TEUT. hakka cp. hack vb. 

hate vb. me. hate older hdtien 
OE« hatian = goth. hatan, DU. 
haten, osax. haton, ohg. hai^dn 
G. hassen. — hate sb. me. hate 
influenced by the vb. hdte\ 
earlier me. h(te OE. hett = 
OSAX. heti, DU. haaty ohg. ha'j^ 
G. hasSy on. hatr^ sw. hat^ dan. 
hady GOTH, hatis. The teut. 
\P hat 'hate* is perh. ident. w. 
the Teut. y^ hap in OE. Juado- 
*war* = OHG. hadu and G. hader 
•quarrel'. 

hatred me. hatride{n)i abstr. 



noun from the vb. hate] cp. 
kindred, 

hauberk me. hauberk borro^'ed 
fr. OFR. hauberc) source ohg. 
halsberc prop, 'neck- defence*. 

haughty adj. me. hautein 'arro- 
gant' from OFR. hautain) source 
OFR. haut = LAT. aUus *high'. 

haul see hale vb. 

haunch sb. me. haunchei loan- 
word from FR. hanche (ofr. hanke 
of Teut. origin; cp. oh:g. 
ankaT), 

haunt vb. me. haunte borrowed 
fr. FR. hanter 'haunt, frequent*. 

have ME. luwe oe. habban == 
osAx. hebbiany du. hebben^ ohg. 
hab^n G. haben, on. hafa, goth. 
haban : Teut. base habai-^ ident. 
w. LAT. habere"^ Aryan base 
khabh^yl 

haven bie. hdven late oe. hcefene^ 
prob. a Scand. loanword; cp. 
ON. hgfn 'haven' ; perh. allied to 
OE. hcefy ON. haf 'ocean . 

haversack borrowed fr. fr. 
havresac 'a knapsack' from G. 
habersack haf er sack 'a sack for 
oats*. 

ha^v ME. hawe oe. haga 'an 
inclosure* = ON. hagi\ cp. ohg. 
hag 'an inclosure* G. hag *a hedge*, 
DU. haag 'a, hedge, garden'. A 
corresponding Aryan y^ kagh is 
evident in cymr. cae, corn, ke 
'hedge*. — Hence hawthorn 
OE. hagU'Porn, Cp. hedge, 

haw^k ME. hauk oe. heafoc] cp. 
osAX. *habuc in the proper name 
Habuc-horst y DU. havik y OHG. 
habuh G. habicht with secondary 



hawser 



heart 



lOI 



/, ON. haukr (for hpdukr) y sw. 
hoky DAN. hdg\ GOTH. *habuks 
with formative -ka- as in a^^i^j 
'dove*. The y^haf is seen in 
o^. hfbban E. heave orig. *take, 
seize' as in lat. capere, 

ha^wrser *a tow-rope* borrowed 
fr. the OFR. vb. haulser Vaise, 
tow a boat* (Lat. type altiare 
'elevate, raise*). 

hay ME. hey oe. hei hi^ : Teut. 
base hauja- = goth. hawi 
(gen. haujts) *hay, grass*, ohg. 
hewi houwi G. heuy on. heyy sw. 
DAN. hOy DU. hooi'y orig. verbal 
adj. ofthe Teut. verbal V"^d:« seen 
in hew. Hence hay grass to be 
hewn' (orig. hauja- sc. grasa-). 

hazel me. hdsel ok. hcBsel = 
DU. ^^W, OHG. hasala G. hasely 
on. >^j/: from pre-TEUT. kdsl(My 
hence in Lat. with rhotacism 
corulus for *cosulus ^hazaV; cp. 
also oiR. coll 'hazel* for *co$R 

he ME. OE. h^ = osAx. hi, 

head short for me. h^d fuller 
{orm h(vedois..h^afod:=o^. haufup 
{hpfuf)y GOTH, haubip , osAX. 

^<5^/V/, DU. ^7<7/^, OHG. >i^W^// G. 

haupi\ Teut. base haubtda- hau- 
buda- is closely allied to oe. hufey 
OHG. A^^^ G. hatibe 'cap, hood'. 
This ^-root (aryan kap-T) may 
be connected with lat. caput, 
if this is traceable to an hypo- 
thetical ^cauput "^cdput, — head 
var. suffix of -hood, 

heal vb. me. hile oe. hdlan\ 
cp. the synon. oSAX. hiliany DU. 
heelefiy ohg. heilan G. heiletiy on. 
^/i7, goth. hailjan 'heal* : deriv. 



of the Teut. adj. haila' = e. 
whole (cp. also ^a// adj. — hale 
adj.). — health me. helthe oe. 
^5^ 'healing, cure* = ohg. 
heilida : an abstract formation 
from the adj. hdl 'whole, hale* 
(see whole), 

heap ME. h4p oe. hfap 'heap, 
troop, crowd' = oSAX. hbpy DU. 
hoopy OHG. houf 'crowd, troop' 
G. haufe 'crowd, troop, pile* 
(GOTH.*^a^j). OSLOV. kupu and 
LiTH. kaupas 'heap' are prob. 
allied. 

hear vb. me. h4re oe. h^an 
(west-sax. h^an) = osax. 
horiafiy DU. hooretiy ohg. hSran 
G. horeriy on. heyray sw. horay 
DAN. A^^: all with rhotacism 
versus goth. hausjan 'hear (cp. 
hark ?ind hearken). The teut. 
y^hauz = ARYAN kous may 
be connected with gr. a-xoJcu 
for a-xot'cJ^f/ (with prefix a- = 
SKR. sam) and with teut. rtrwj^ 
*ear* = ear. 

hearken var. of harden] cp. 
hark. 

hearse sb. me. herse h^rfe orig. 
'a triangular harrow', then *a 
carriage for a dead body*: 
adopted fr. ofr. herce 'a harrow' 
= FR. herse *a harrow*. Source 
LAT. hirpex — hirpicem 'a harrow'. 

heart me. herte oe. heorte) 
equivalent to osax. her lay on. 
hjarta, goth. halrtb (ohg. herza 
G. herz by the second sound- 
shifting): Teut. base hertdtt' or 
h'ertan- = Aryan base k^rd krd 
in LAT. cor cordis y gr. ^ugdia 



I02 



hearth — heel 



and K^p for *x^()J, IR. cride, 
OSLOV. sridtcc *heart'. 

hearth me. herth oe, heoi'p = 
DU. Aeerd, OSAX. AUr/k, g. /lerd: 
a TEUT. \pher 'bum' (cp. lat. 
cre-mare *burn'?) may be as- 
sumed as the base of E. hearth 
and GOTH, haiiri *coar plur. haiirja 
*fire*, ON. hyrr *fire\ 

heat sb. me. h{te oe. hdto^ the 
abstract sb. from the adj. oe. 
hdt (= E. hoi) formed by vowel 
mutation (goth. *haitei f. heat*). 
— heat vb. me. h^'te oe. hcetan: 
a factitive vb. from the adj. oe. 
hdt = E. hot (goth. "^haitjan 
from ^ halts) \ cp. G. heizen, 

heath me. h^th oe. hdp = 
OHG. A^/V/a G. heide *heath', 
GOTH, haipi *a waste*, on. heidr. 
Hence heathen me. h(thm oe. 
hdden corresponding to on. 
heidinriy DU. mhg. heiden G. heidc. 
In goth. we find only a femi- 
nine haipno *a heathen woman', 
whereby the existence of the 
common Teut. masculine haipina 
is secured for the fourth cen- 
tury. It seems to be a trans- 
lation of the synon. lat. paganus 
occurring in the latter half of 
the fourth century of the Chris- 
tian era. 

heave vb. me. h^e earlier 
hebbe oe. hebban str. vb. = on. 
hefja^ OSAX. hebbian, du. heffen^ 
OHG. heffan hevan G. heberiy 
GOTH, hafjan *lift, raise' : aryan. 
y/^kap in LAT. cajpio seize'. See 
heavy. 



heaven me. h^ven oe. heofon 
= OSAX. heban (lg. Jueveii) with 
a by-form himily ohg. himily du. 
hemel^ G. sw. dan. himtnel\ the 
/-suffix stands by dissimilation 
for the older «-suffix after goth. 
himins, on. himinn, whilst in the 
Saxon forms the orig. m is dis- 
similated to b. The common 
Teut. word is prob. a deriv, of 
a more primit. teut. haiman- 
'clearness, brightness' (ofris. 
hdnilicht 'bright as the sky'): 
TEUT. yf hai in G. heiter^ oe. 
hd^dor *serene\ Cp. hoar. 

heavy i^ie. hevy oe. hefii = 
OHG. hebigy ON. hgfugr 'heavy*: 
deriv. of the teut. y/" ha/ in 
heave, 

• hedge me. hegge oe. hedg (oe. 
also heie me. heye haye): Teut- 
base hagja^\ cp. ohg. hecka o. 
heckey DU. hegge heg, Cp. haw. 

heed vb. me. h^de oe. h^dan 
= OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten g. 
hiitefif DU. hoeden. The teut. 
V"^?^ from ARYAN kddh {kddh ?) 
or kdt is regarded as orig. cogn. 
w. LAT. cassis (for *cat'tis) 'hel- 
met*; cp. ^^^// sb. 

heel sb. me. h^le oe. h^la hdla 
shortened from ^hcehila = east- 
FRis. hela (whence du. hief)^ 
dimin. of oe. hoh 'heel'; a Teut. 
base hanha^ cp. in on. hckll ^heel', 
DAN. hcel^ SW. hdly and in e. houg^h, 

heel vb. 'incline' shortened 
from ME. h4lde oe. hildan hyidan 
= ohg. heldan w. vb. 'incline': 
Teut. base halpjan derived fr. 
the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined' 



heifer — hen 



103 



in OE. niderheald *bent down- 
wards*. 

heifer me. haifer {heckfre) oe. 
heahfore heahfre i^hcegfreT) *a 
young cow*: apparently a com- 
pound, but of obscure elements. 
the first element seems to be 
heah' hcey- = teut. /taAa- haga- 
cp. G. dial, hagen hegeVhvXi^ ox*; 
the second element is perh. oe. 
fearr *bull, ox' (gr. nooiq 'heifer'). 

height MEJughU earlier heghthe 
OE. hihpo h^hpo = goth. hau- 
hij>a 'height*, ON. Md', abstr. 
foiination from the teut. adj. 
hauha^ ^= high formed with suff. 
'if a (cf. lengthy strength,^. 

heinous lie. heinous from ofr. 
hcdnos = FR. haineux 'hateful'. 

heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir 
tir = LAT. heres 'an heir*. 

hell ME. he/ie oe. he//; cp. 
GOTH, ha/ja, OSAX. he// — he//ia, 
ouG,hf//a G,hd//e: common Teut. 
Christian name for 'Hades, in- 
femum*; on. he/ shows that the 
older orig. word was also used 
in pre-Christian times for heathen 
'infemum*. Cp. also on. He/ 
'goddess of death*. Usually con- 
nected with V^ he/ ha/ 'conceal' 
(cp. ha//)y hence ^^// 'the hid- 
ing place, the unseen place*. 

helm sb. me. he/nte oe. he/ma\ 
cp. ON. hja/m *a rudder*. 

helmet dimin. of me. oe. Jie/nt, 
In the form he/ma- 'helmet* com- 
mon to the Teut. langs.; cp. 
GOTH, hi/ms, ON. hja/mry sw. dan. 
hje/m, OSAX. du. g. he/m with 
the same meaning that may be 



derived fr. the verbal y^he/ in 
OE. ohg. helan^ goth. M/an *hide, 
conceal* (aryan \("JiU in lat. 
ce/dre, occulere^ skr. farman 
'protection'). 

help vb. ME. he/pe oe. he/pan 
= GOTH, hi/pany on. hja/pa, sw. 
hje/pay DAN. hjce/pey osAX. he/pan^ 
DU. LG. he/peny ohg. he/fan g. 
he/fen, teut. \fhe/p from pre- 
TEUT. y/^ke/b' (lith. szUpH vb. 
pasza/ph 'help* pointing to an 
ARYAN \fke/p), 

helve sb. me. he/ve oe. he// 
hy/f\ Teut. base ha/bi'\ cp. mlg. 
MDU. he/vcy ohg. ha/ba h^/ba mhg. 
he/p ha/p *a handle*. See ha/ter, 

hem sb. me. Jietn (plur. hemmes) 
OE. hem (plur. hemmas): Teut. 
base hamja-. 

hemlock me. hem/ok hum /ok 
OE. h(m/ic hym/ec: the second 
part of the compound seems to 
be explanatory (cp. /eek)y the 
first part points to a Teut. base 
*haumi' ? 

hemp ME. hemp oe. hcenep) cp. 
ON. hampry DU. hennepy ohg. hanaf 
G. hanf\ ident. w. the synon. 
LAT. cannabiSy gr. y^dwccftig* The 
Teut. word cannot be borrowed 
from GR. or lat. Perh. the 
Teutons adopted the word and 
the thing from the Scythians 
whence the word came also to 
Greece. 

hen me. oe. hen (stem henn-): 
the fern, of oe. hana 'cock* = 
OHG. henna G. henne (goth. 
*hanjb-^ derived fr. hana m. 
'cock'). ON. hdna (sw. hana 



I04 



hence — hide* 



'hen) points to goth. *^njS. 
The common teut. masc. Aanan- 
(goth. oe. /lana, ohg. hano) 
orig. meant 'singer, primit. re- 
lated to LAT. canere *sing'. 

hence me\ hennes with secon- 
dary 'S (as in thence, once) for 
an earlier henne, which by syn- 
cope stands for late oe. heonane 
mostly OE. heonan = osax. ohg. 
Amdn (g. von hifinen). An origi- 
nal stem hi' *this' is evident 
also in here and hither, 

herald me. herald {heraud)\ 
borrowed fr. fr. hiraut (lat. 
type heraldus)f which is of Teut. 
origin {heri-waldT). 

herb me. hirbe adopted fr. fr. 
her be: source lat. herba 'grass*. 

herd^ *a flock' short for me. 
Jt^rde OE. h^ord = goth. halrduy 
ON. hjgrdy sw. dan. hjord ohg. 
herta g. herde, teut. herdo- from 
ARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. skr. 
fdrdhas fdrdha-s 'troop'; also 
OSLOV. drida 'herd, flock*, lith. 
kerdzus 'shepherd*. See herd^, 
— herd^ 'shepherd* now usually 
compounded (shep-y cow-, swine-,) 
ME. h^de OE. h;^de {hiorde), 
GOTH. hairdeiSy ON. hirdir. ohg. 
hirti G. hirte\ with formative ja- 
from TEUT. her do- 'herd, flock*. 

here me. h^re oe. her = goth. 
ON. OSAX. her ohg. hiar G. hier: 
adv. of place (formed like goth. 
a/j'ar 'elsewhere*, /ar 'there* cp. 
there) from the pronom. stem 
hi- in GOTH, hi-mma dag a 'to- 
day' und hi-na dag 'till to-day 
(cp. hence and hither). The 



stem hi' is cogn. w. lith. szis^ 
OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-s 
ci'tra 'on this side*. 

heron me. heiroun from ofr. 
hairon = fr. hSron, 

herring me. hering oe. hdring 
= OHG. hdring mhg. hcerinc g. 
hering, 1)U. haring. westteut. 
hdring is the source of fr. 
hareng, 

hest 'a command* me. histe 
hist with inorganic / from OE. 
hds 'a command' = teut. haisi- 
orig. hait-ti-l TEUT. \f^hait in 
OE. hdtan 'command*. See behest 
and hight, 

hew vb. ME. hfive oe. h{awan 
= OSAX. hauwan, ohg. houwan 
g. hauen, DU. houwen ; on. hgggva 
points to GOTH. *haggwan in 
place of TEUT. haunvan. The 
verbal \/"haww haw (cp. ^a>') 
is allied to the Aryan yfkow in 
OSLOV. >^^ — ^iw^/'/ *forge', lith. 
^^'«;« 'I strike* — kujis 'hammer*. 

heyday orig. hey day = e. 
high day, 

hiccough hiccup, also hick-et 
looks like a dimin, of hick or 
hik 'a catch in the voice', imi- 
tative of sound? 

hide^ sb. me. hide oe. h^d (by 
vowel mutation fr. a Teut. base hH" 
di-)', synon. in all Teut. languages 
except Goth.; cp. ohg. hut o. 
haut, ON. hud, dan. sw. huti, 
DU. huid. ARYAN kuti-s answers 
to LAT. cutis 'skin*; cp. gr. tlvto^ 
'skin, hide*. The \Pku appears 
in LAT. scu'tum 'shield', or. 
(Txv-ro^ 'skin, hide* with a prefix s. 



hide* — hip* 



105 



hide^ sb. 'a measure of land* 
OE. ^//contr. of OE. Aigid' enough 
land for a household*; prop. 
^hhvida' 'family* allied to hind^, 

hide vb. me. hide oe. h^dani 
Teut. base kudjatiy perh. cogn. 
w. CYMR. ^«^// 'hidden, concealed* 
and GR. }cn&io *hide*: aryan 
^fMd/l? 

hideous by change of suffix for 
IfE. hidous adopted fr. ofr. hidous 
= FR. hideux', source a lat. type 
hispidosuSy extension of lat. hispi' 
dus rough, shaggy, bristly'. 

hie vb. 'hasten me. hie earlier 
hl\e higen OY..Jitgian» Teut. base 
hUgai" perh. a reduplication of 
an ARYAN \fki in lat. ci-to 

quickly*, gk. xttiv go'? Or cogn. 
w. SKR. fighra *quick'? 

high adj. me. heigh earlier hfh 
OE. hf'ah = GOTH, hduhsy on. 
hdr^ DU. hoogy OSAX. ohg. h^hy 
G. hoch\ TEUT. hauha- from an 
ARYAN kduko-, OTEUT. possessed 
a sb. formed from the adj. 
meaning *hill' (base koukd'S)\ 
cp. ON. haugr 'hill* (whence E. 
how in proper names) and with 
ablaut G. hugel\ cp. lith. kau- 
kara 'hill*. 

hight vb. ME. highte heghte oe. 
heht {hihtf) was called : pret. 
to OE. hdtan = goth. haitauy 
G. heissen. 

hill ME. hil (plur. hilies) oe. 
hyll (plur. hyllas): Teut. base 
hulli- or huija- cogn. w. goth. 
halius 'rock' and on. hallr 'hill*; 
an ARYAN \fkol cp. in lat. collis 



*a hiir, cultnen 'a top*, lith. katnas 
kqlvh 'hiir, GR. xoArcif/d^. 

hilt ME. OE. hilt 3= ON. ^iz//, 
ohg. helza *a sword-hilt*. 

hind^ ME. hinde oe. ^/«// = 

ON. DAN. SW. hind, DU. A/«rt5f, 

ohg. hinta G. hindin. goth. *hindi 
(gen. *hindjds) is perh. connected 
with GR. xf^t^dg 'youngdeer*. 

hind'^ *a peasant' me. A/;^^ oe. 
hina *a domestic*. Cp. hide^. 
There is a Teut. base hkua- in 
goth. hetwa-frauja *husband', 
OE. hiwrdden 'family, household* 
= ohg. htrdt 'marriage' G. heiraL 

hind in behind and hind-feet 
akin to the oe. adv. hindan 'at 
the back of — hinder 'backwards* 
= GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind*, 
G. hinter prep, 'behind*. — hin- 
der vb. ME. hindre oe. hinderian 
= ON. hindra OHG. hintiren hin» 
taron G. hindern, — hindmost 
corrupted fr. hindmest (confused 
with mosi) = GOTH, hindumists 
'hindmost*. 

hinge me. h4nge\ oe. ^henUge 
(for TEUT. *hangjdn') is not re- 
corded: deriv. of the teut. 
\fhanh hang (see hang)\ cp. 
mlg. mdu. henge 'rack for hang- 
ing up things*. 

hint sb. shortened fr. me. 
hinted part, of hinte (Jiente) = 
OE. hentan 'seize, hunt after* 
ixom \/^henp seen in hunfi 

hipi sb. ME.» hipe ok. hype \ cp. 
GOTH, hups (hom. plur. hUpeis)^ 
DU. heupy G. hufte mhg. huf (plur. 
^«^') OHG. huf (plur. ^2/y5^: 
TEUT. kupi" from ARYAN iJiH^i-. 



io6 



hip' — hog 



hip 2 sb. *the fruit of the dog- 
rose' ME. h4pe OE. heope = osax. 
Mopa^ OHG. hiufo mhg. hiefe, 

hip vb. ME. hippe oe. ^hyppan 
= MHG. hup fen hupfen G. hupfen\ 
allied to oe. hoppian = e. hop 
vb.; OE. hoppettan, G. hop fen y on. 
hoppa. 

hire vb. me. ^/r^ oe. h;^rian 
vb. = DU. hureny ofris. ^^r^, 
sw. hyray dan. ^^r^ mlg. kUreny 
G. heuern *hire, rent': West-Teut. 
base hurjon. 

hiss vb. ME. ^/w^: prob. an 
onomatopoetic word as ODU. 
hisschen *to hiss'. 

hit vb. ME. hittex adopted fr. 
ON. hittay DAN. Mtte\ perh. cog. 
w. GOTH, hinpan *catch*, 

hitch vb. ME. Mcche *move'; 
OE. "^hy^danl 

hither me. oe. hider\ derived 
from a Teut. pronoun hi- *this* 
in here and hence) cp. goth. 
hidr^y ON. hedra *on this side'; 
cogn. with LAT. ci'tra 'on this 
side'. For the suffix cp. thither. 

hive me. hive oe. h;^f: Teut. 
base hubi' in ihlg. ^2/z/^ 'hive', 
DU. hui/'y cogn. w. lat. cupa 
*bowr? 

hoar adj. me. hpr oe. hdr = 
GOTH. *haira'y on. ^^rr 'hoary*, 
OSAX. OHG. h^r G. ^Mf 'distingui- 
shed*, also 'venerable'. The orig. 
meaning of the adj. was prob. 
Venerable', on. and E. have the 
meaning gray with age*. A teut. 
\f"hai 'glitter, shine' is supported 
hy heaven and on. ^/V/ 'clearness 
of the sky*; teut. hai from Aryan 



ikoi is cogn. with SKR. ke-tu-s 
'light, lustre, torch*. 

hoard me. oe. h^d = osax. 
hord (horth)y goth. huzdy on. 
hodd n. — hoddr m., ohg. g. Atort, 
teut. hozda- from aryan kuzdhd^ 
for kudhto- part, 'that which is 
hidden*; cp. gr. xsvdw under 
hide vb. 

hoarhound me. hgrhoune oe. 
sio hare kune *the hoar hound'; 
OE. hune is a plant-name. 

hoarse me. hprse prop. hpSy oe. 
has pointing to goth. *haisa- = 
OHG. heis heisi mhg. heis heise\ 
the r of MHG. g. heiser seems to 
be the same r as in E. hoarse 
= MDU. heersch (mod. DU. heescH) ; 
perh. originating from the oe. 
dat. hdsre (mid hdsre stefne) 
transposed to hdrse = me. horse? 

hobble vb. me. hod/e for *hopp/e; 
frequent, of hop vb. 

hobby sb. *a toy like a horse, 
ambling nag, a favorite pursuit*; 
ME. hoifin 'a nag: borrowed fr. 
OFR. hodin *2L little horse*? 

hock corruption of Hochheim\ 
the name of a German town on 
the river Main, famous for wine. 

hoe sb. from fr. houe 'a hoe': 
source ohg. houwa = o. haue 
*hoe*. 

hog ME. hog (plur. hogges) oe. 
hocg (plur. hoggai)\ a Welsh 
loanword, cp. w. hwch 'a sow* 
(bret. corn, hoch *pig'). — hogs- 
head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes- 
hovet huxhovetT>\5. okshoo/d (^esLrlier 
also hohshoo/d) g. oxhofty sw. 
oxhufvud^ dan. oxehoved\ origin 



hoist — hood 



107 



and history of this compound 
are unauthorized. 

hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to 
the equivalent lg. hisseny du. 
hijschen, dan. heise^ sw. hissUy 
G. hisseriy fr. hisser, it. issare. 

hold vb. ME. hplde oe. hdldan 
{h{aldan) = ohg. haltan {halthan) 
G. halien y OSAX. goth. haldauy 
DU. houderty on. ^/Zoiiar : a common 
TEUT. vb. Cp. behold. 

hold sb. (the hold of a ship) 
prop. hole\ identJ w. hollow and 
hollow ; cp. DU. hoi *a hole, cave*. 
— hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi 
*a cave' = ON. holry ohg. mhg. 
hoi G. hohly DU, hol\ the e. me. 
oe. ohg. mhg. adjectives are 
used as substantives: teut. 
^J"hel 'conceal' in oe. helauy G. 
hehlen, — holloiv me. holwe oe. 
holh (gen. holwes)\ cogn. with 
equival. ohg. mhg. holy on. holr\ 
teut. y^*hul connected with 
the TEUT. yfhel in oe. ohg. helan 
'hide, conceal' {c^,helly helmet), 

holiday prop, holy day. 

holly me. holin oe. hole'^n ; akin 
to the equivalent du. g. hulst 
mhg. hulsy ohg. hulls y whence fr. 
houx'y pre-TEUT. \/^kel- in w. 
celytiy CORN, celifiy bret. keletiy 
IR. cuileann 'holly*. 

hollyhock for me. h^lihoc prop, 
'holy hock*: oe. hocc means 
'mallow*. 

holster borrowed fr. du. holster 
*a case for a pistol' {g. pistolen- 
hol/ter)) ident. w. on. hulstr *a 
case, a sheath*, goth. hulistr *a 



veil'; from teut. huljan and 
suff. "Stra fr. -s-tra (oe. heolstor). 

holy me. hdly oe. hdli^ earlier 
hdlei = OSAX. hilagy ohg. hetlag 
G. DU. heiligy ON. heilagr y dan. 
helligy sw. helig (goth. hailag 
in a Goth, runic inscription). 
Common teut. hailaga- from 
common teut. haila- cp. whole 
and A^/^. 

homage me. homdge : borrowed 
fr. OFR. homage = fr. hommage\ 
source a lat. type hotnaticum 'the 
service of a vassal or man (lat, 
homo 'man). 

home ME. h^ oe. ham = osax. 
Mmy ON. heimr, ohg. g. du. A«>« 
'home'; goth. haims 'a village'. 
Teut. base haimd- (Judmi") from 
a pre-TEUT. kaimd" {kaitni") = 
LiTH. >^/«<w — PRUSS. caymis *a 
village*, GR. xcJ.aT/ 'village'. 

hone ME. h^ne oe. ^^«: Teut. 
base haind' = on. hemy sw. ^« 
'hone'. Cp. oe. hdnan 'to stone*. 

honey me. hunt oe. A2^/»^ hunejyi 
Teut. base hunang = on. 
hunangy du. honinCy ohg. honang 
G. ^?«z^ 'honey. Origin un- 
certain; perh. cogn. w. or. xo'j-/^ 
'dust'? 

-hood a suff. used to form 
abstract nouns; orig. an in- 
dependent sb. dying out in me.: 
OE. hdd 'state, quality' = goth. 
haidusy ohg. mhg. heit 'manner 
(g. 'heit only suffix). Cp. its var. 
-head, 

hood sb. 'covering' me. oe. 
hdd == DU. hoed, ohg. huot g. 
hut. Closely allied to hat and 



io8 



hoof — host* 



to the TEUT. y^had hdd in heed, 

hoof ME. OE. hof = OSAX. hS/, 

DU. /loe/, ON. Ad/r, ohg. /itdo/ G. 
Auf: Teut. base /iS/a- from Aryan 
*kdpo~y whence oslov. kopyto 
*hoof' . Others derive teut. hofa- 
from Aryan kdpho and compare 
it with SKR. ^aphdy avest. safa 
'hoof*. 

hook ME. OE. hoc = MDTJr. hoek 
'hook'. The kindred forms have 
a diff. vowel and answer to OE. 
haca, ON. haki^ ohg. hd{c)ko G. 
hake* OHG. hdg(g)o points to 
GOTH. '*hig(g)a 'hook'. G. haken 
being *a kind of plough', goth. 
ho ha 'plough' may also be com- 
pared, so that the stem may be 
hdh hig hak, 

hoop sb. ME. OE. hop = DU. 
hoep, OFRis. hdpy north-fris. hup 
'hoop', MLG. hop] TEUT. base 
hopa-, 

hoop vb. ME. houpe adppted fr. 
FR. houper 'hoop unto' ; of Teut. 
origin, cp. OE. hwdpan = goth. 
hwdpan vb. 'boast, glory'. 

hoot vb. ME. hoiUe borrowed 
fr. osw. kiita 'hoot'. 

hop vb. ME. hoppe oe. hoppian 
= DU. hoppen, on. sw. hoppa 
DAN. hoppe, G. MHG. hopfen. Cogn. 
w. hip vb. 

hop sb. ME. hoppe = DU. 
hop, G. hop/en late ohg. hop/o, 
med.-lat. hupa (for *huppa). 
Its origin is obscure. 

hope vb. ME. hope oe. hopian 
= MDU. hopen, mhg. g. hoffen. 
The labial in oe. hopian (goth. 
^hupdn) is a substitute for a 



guttural (base *huq3n) as shown 
by the oe. abstract noun hykt 
'hope' (base huh-ti-i) : teut. 
yfhuq hiip. — hope sb. me. h^pe 
for OE. to-Jiopa = OSAX. to-hopo 
sb. 'hope'. 

horn ME. OE. hgrn = on. 
OHG. G. DU. horn, goth. haiirni 
common Teut. (in a runic 
inscription) horna 'horn' cog^. 
w. LAT. cornu and IR. cymr. 
corn, with other suffix GR. Ksp-ag 
horn'; cp. also E. hart prop, 
'homed' and skr. crn-ga 'horn'. 

hornet oe. hyrnet = ohg. 
hornai^ hurnUT^ G. hornisse. The 
synon. Slav, and Lat. words 
for 'hornet' point to goth. 
*haurznuts with an. ARYAN. V" krs 
(iND. (ri): LAT. crdbro 'hornet* 
for *crdsro, osLOV. srUkniy lith. 
szirszone 'hornet'. The Aryan 
stem is krs for 'hornet', cp. 
osLOV. srUia, LITH. szirszH. Du. 
preserves a trace of this inner 
s in horzel 'hornet' (goth. *haur- 
suls) — horzelen vb. 'hum*. 

horse me. oe. hors = osax. 
hors — hers, du. ros, ohg. ros (gen. 
rosses) G. ross (whence it. rozza, 
FR. rosse *a jade'), on. hross, 
also ?iors, sw. dan. dial, hors 
'a horse*: Teut. base hrossa-, 

hose ME. h^se oe. hosu = 

DAN. G. hose, DU. hoOS, OHG. 

ON. hosa (goth. *hiisS). The 
Teut. words found their way 
into Celt. (corn, has 'ocrea, 
cuisses') and into Rom. (ofr. 
hose). 

host^ sb. 'army* me. hffst gstl 



host* — hull 



109 



loanword fr. ofr. hoste *army' 
(source lat. hostis — hostem). 

host^ sb. ^entertainer me. hgste\ 
loanword fr. ofr. hoste (= lat. 
hospitem). Hence hostess me. 
hdstesse from ofr. hostesse and 
hostler me. hostlir 'innkeeper' 
from OFR. hosielier 'innkeeper. 

host^ sb. (in the mass) me. 
hoste gste\ source lat. hostia^ 
FR- hostie, 

hot adj. ME. h^t oe. hat: Teut. 
base haita- = on. heitry DU. 
heety OSAX. h^ty ohg. hetT, o. heiss 
'hot*; the TEUT. y^ Mt cp. in 
GOTH, heitd *fever and in on. 
Miiy OSAX. hittiay G. hitze *heat'; 
cp. heat sb. 

hough sb. ME. hough {ho) oe. 
hph *the heel'; hence the dimin. 
heel, Teut. base hanha- in on. 
/idll *heer. 

hound ME. hound oe. hiind 
hund = GOTH. hundSy on. hundry 
DAN. SWED. hundy DU. hondy 
OSAX. G. hund OHG. hunt\ Teut. 
base hunda- prop. *the hunter', 
derived fr. the teut^-goth. vb. 
/tinman 'seize, capture' (oe. hiif 
'booty*); see hunt. 

hour ME. hvure cure borrowed 
fr. OFR. {K)ure (h)ore {= fr. 
heur)y whence also DU. uury G. 
ukr (dial, auer). Source lat. 
/wra. 

house ME. hous oe. htis: Teut. 
base husa- in goth. gud-hus 
'house of God*, osax. ohg. 
hus G. hausy DU. huiSy on. hus, 

housings earlier hou^s (of a 
horse), borrowed fr. fr, housscl 



hovel ME. hovel 'small hut': 
dimin. with suffix ^el from oe. 
hof = ON. hof 'a temple, a- 
hall'; cp. G. hof *a yard'. — 
hover yb. intensive derivative 
of ME. hpve vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp. 
OFRis. hovia 'receive in one's 
house: derived fr. teut. ho/a-' 
'hall, yard'. 

how ME. how OE. hd (for 
*hwii "^hwo) : Teut. form hwb in 
OSAX. hwb 'how', OHG. wuo\ DU, 
hoe for hwdy ofris. hu\ formed 
from the Teut. stem hwa- in 

Wh0\ cp. GR. TTft'g. 

how in local names cp* 
high, 

YiovA vb. ME. houle\ cp. di\ 
huileny G. heulen, 

huckster me. huckstire (oe. 
*huccestre)\ orig. 'a female re- 
tailer' ; akin to mhg. hucke hocke 
'a retailer'; derived from mhg. 
hoc ken vb. *squat', on. hokkinn 
'bowed, bent'. Cp. du. heuken 
vb. 'huckster, retail' — heuker 
huckster, retailer'. 

hue^ sb. ME. h^e h4w oe. 
h4ow 'appearance': ident. w. 
GOTH, hiwi (g. hiujis) 'form, 
appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com- 
plexion'. 

hue 2 sb. 'outcry' ME. hu derived 
fr. FR. huer 'hoot, hiss'. 

huge adj. me. huge (houge)\ 
loanword fr. ofr. ahuge 'huge*. 

hull 'husk' ME. hule oe. hulu 
'hull, husk*; cp. synon. G. hulse 
OHG. hulsa for *hulisa (goth, 
*hulisi or *huluzt) : formed from 
the ^hel hul (g. hulle) under 



no 



humble — hutch 



hell^ hollow and holster. — 
hull 'body of a ship* ident. w. 
hold sb. 

humble adj. me. humble bor- 
rowed fr. FR. humble (= lat. 
humitii). 

humblebee sb. me. homhel'bi\ 
an equivalent OE. *humbol is to 
be assumed for ohg. humbal 
G. hummel^ DU. hommel 'humble- 
bee'. 

9 

humor me. humour from ofr. 
humor = fr. humeur. 

hundred me. oe. hundred 
{hundrep)^ ident. w. OSAX. hun- 
darody o. hundert, on. hundrad] 
the word is appar. a comp., the 
second part of which belongs 
to GOTH, rapjan vb. *count*; the 
first part goth. oe. hund is 
cogn. w. LAT. centum^ gr. Ixaror, 
SKR. (atdm, 

hunger me. hunger honger oe. 
hunger] cp. synon. osAX. ohg. 
hungar G. hunger y on. hungr\ 
GOTH, huhrus (for *hunhrus) 
*hunger with the derived hug- 
grjan 'hunger': common teut. 
hunhru- hungru- 'hunger' from 
ARYAN. hnkrU' ? cp. lith. kankh 
^torture' with on. hd vb. 'torture' 
(from teut. ''^hanhdn), 

hunt vb. me. hunte oe. huntiani 
a secondary verb from a primit. 
vb. shown in goth. frahinpan 
'take prisoner. From the same 
root E. hound and hand. 

hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdely 
dimin. of an oe. "^hyrd =^ ohg. 



hurt (plur. hurtt) g. hilrde\ cp. 
ON. hurd *door', goth. haiirds 
'door'. The meaning 'door* is 
developed from the common 
meaning 'wickerwork*. Teut. 
base hurdi' = aryan krti in 
LAT. crdtesy gr. yv^rtj *a fishing- 
basket' — mpraXog 'a (woven) 
basket*; cp. skr. hrt *spin' — 
crt 'bind, connect'. 

hurl vb. ME. hurle earlier 
hurtle vb. 

hurricane sb. akin to the 
synon. du. orkaan, dan. sw. g. 
orkany fr. ouragan, it. uracanoy 
span, huracan *a hurricane* ; after 
the discovery of America adopted 
fr. Caribbean hurakan *a hurri- 
cane'. 

hurry vb. me. hurie horie vb. 
'hasten*. 

hurt vb. ME. hurte hirte vb. 
'offend* borrowed fr. ofr. hurier 
(fr. heurter). 

husband sb. me. husbonde oe. 
(about \o^(S) husb6nda\ 2l^q,^xlA. 
loanword, cp. ON. htisbondiy sw. 
DAN. husbonde from htis 'house' 
and ON. bdndi bundi 'husband'. 

husk me. huske oe. *htiseca *a 
small house'(?) ; cp. G. gehduse. 

hussy short for housewife, 

hut ME. hiUte from fr. huite. 
Source ohg. hutta = G. hutte, 

hutch sb. *a box* me. hucche 
prop. hucche (whence me. 
whicche) : loanword fr. .fr. kuchc 
'trough, bin'. 



I — inquest 



III 



I ME. / earlier ich ic OE. id = 
DU. ik, OSAX. ic, OHG. iA G. icAy 
GOTH, ik: common teut. ik ek 
from ARYAN. egotn\ cp. lat. ego, 
GR. hydy SKR.. ahdniy aslov. azvt, 
LITH./Z2. The oblique cases were 
formed in all Aryan languages 
alike from a stem w^-; cp. tne 
and mine, 

ice ME. OE. is = OHG. Is G. 

eisy ON. iss, DU. //f (goth. *eisa-) : 
a common Teut. word, not 
found elsewhere. — icicle 
ME. isikel: prop, a compound, 
OE. is-^icel {isesyceT)\ peel is 
dimin. *a small piece of ice* 
(cp. MLG, tsjokel *icicle*, on. 
ipkuU), 

idol ME. idole borrowed fr. fr. 
idoie (lat. tdolum, gr. fi'Jti^Aor 
*an image, likeness*). 

idle adj. me. oe. (del *empty, 
vain, useless' = osax. idal 
'empty, useless', ohg. ital 'empty, 
vain, boastful' G. ^-Vif/Vain, du. 
ijdel * empty*. 

if ME. if OE. yf = OSAX. ef 
of, DU. of if whether, but*, 
OHG. oda with the older by-form 
ibu *if, whether* G. ob *if, as if, 
even if, whether', on. if ef \i\ 
GOTH. iba(t) 'whether, perhaps'. 
Prop. dat. instr. of on. ifi eft 
m. and if ef n, 'doubt*, ohg. 
iba f. *doubt, condition. 

ill ME. /// ille\ Scand. loan- 
word from ON. illr\ the native 
E. synon. is evil (oe. yfel). 



imp sb. ME. OE. impe 'graft, 
scion' with the vb. ME. impe 
OE. impian *graft'; cp. ohg. 
impfon G. impferiy dan. ympe, 
sw. ympa. Source a lat. type 
imputare, whence also fr. enter^ 
DU. enten vb. 'graft*. 

impair vb. me. empeire bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. empeirer = fr. 
empirer (lat. type impeiorare 
*make worse*). 

impeach vb. prop, 'hinder* 
for ME. ap{che vb. *hinder' bor- 
rowed fr. FR. emphher (lat. 
type impedicare 'fetter* ixovapedica 
sb. 'fetter*). 

imply cp. ply. 

in prep. me. in OE. in = 

OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, ifl, ON. /, 

sw. DAN. /. Orig. related to 

LAT. in, GR. iv{(), LITH. I, 
LETT, e, 

inch sb. me. inche oe. ynde'. 
early loanword from lat. uncia 
'an inch*, also an 'ounce*. 

ingot ME. ingot == fr. lingot 
ingot} Source and history doubt- 
ful. 

ink ME. ^nke from ofr. enque 
(fr. encre, du. inkt, lg. inket)i 
source lat. encaustum 'the purple 
red ink'. 

inkling sb. from the vb. me. 
inkle 'hint'. 

inn ME. OE. in inn sb. 'house, 
lodging - house' = on. innt 

C. 1 

mn. 
inquest me. enqu{ste from ofr. 



112 



ire — jail 



enqueste (= fr. enquiie). Akin 
to inquire vb. me. enquire from 
OFR. enquerrer {= fr. enquirir 
'inquire*); source lat. inquirere, 

ire ME. ire *anger' from ofr. 
ire (lat. trd). 

irk vb. ME. irke 'tire' with the 
adj. irksome extended fr. me. 
irk 'distasteful*. 

' iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form 
isern = goth. eisaruy OSAX. ohg. 
Isarn o. eiseriy du. ijzer^ on. isarn 
(jarn)i Teut. base tsarna- perh. 
borrowed fr. a Celt, tsarno- (= 
oiR. iarn *iron); gall. Isarno- 
dorum a placename. 

island me. ilond oe. i^lond 
(ipand) 'island'; the first, part 
of the compound represents 
the OE. /j ^j 'isle' (cp. on. eyland, 
OFRis. DU. «/<a:;7^/ 'island*), blended 
w. OFR. isle^ The word starts 
from a TEUT.aujo- (in Scandin-avia 
Bat'avid)f which is a derivative 
of TEUT.-GOTH. akwa 'stream, 
flowing water' ohg. aha = oe. ^a 
= LAT. aqua 'water . 

isle me. i/e borrowed fr, fr. 



i/e (source lat. insula^) 'an isle'. 
Cp. is /and, 

issue ME. issiie from ofr. issue 
'end, event' (derived fr. issir = 
LAT. exire). 

it ME. // earlier me. oe. hit 
neuter to E. he (oe. me. h^). 

itch vb. ME. icche for licche oe. 
ly^^an: Teut. base jukjan = 
DU. jeukeuy OSAX. jukkian, ohg. 
juckan G. jucken, teut. y^ juk. 

ivory me. ivory (ivoire) borrowed 
fr. OFR. ivorie — fr. ivoire, whence 
also DU. ivoor. Source lat. eboreus 
'made of ivory* — ebur *ivory*. 

ivy me. ivy oe. ifii short for 
"^i/'hil f/'h^l = OHG. eba-hewi 
MHG. ep-hou (g. epheu) with the 
by- form ohg. ebah: perh. akin 
to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards'? It 
is uncertain, whether the 2^^ ele- 
ment of OHG. eba-hewi = oe. i/^ 
is ident. w. hay, 

iwis 'certainly* me. iwis oe. 
lewiss = OHG. giwis G. gewiss^ 
DU. gewis: Teut. base ga-wissa- 
prop. part, of the Teut. vb. 
witan 'know' (cp. woi). 



jabber variant of e. gabber, I jail with the by-form gaol 

jacket from fr. jaquet\ c^. rbss.. gailjaiole gaiholhctxxo'^Qdix. 

me. jakke = OFR. jaque (g. ofr. gaiole gaole (fr. gedle) *a 



jacke). 

jade i&E^jdde old horse*. Source 
and history unknown. 



prison, bird-cage*. Source lat. 
caveola from cavea (= £. cage^ 
G. kafig). 



jamb — journal 



113 



jamb from fr. javibe *a leg', 
also *a jamb' (source lat. 
gambd). 

jar sb. *an earthen pot' from 
FR. Jarre* 

}SLundiceME.jauniiis j'aunis from 
FR. jaunisse prop, yellowness'; 
source fr. jaune yellow* = 
LAT. galbtnus 'greenish yellow'. 

javelin sb. from fr. javelin: 
of Celt, origin, cp. cymr. ga- 
fktch (whence OE. gafeloc) *spear . 

ja^v ME. chaul (chaul) earlier 
chavel ge. (plur.) dedflas\ akin to 
OSAX. kaflos plur. *jaw' and with 
other formatives on. kjaptry G. 
kie/er 'jaw' : teut. V" ^^f W fr- 
an ARYAN gtphy perh. cogn. w. 
AVEST. zafra *mouth, jaw'. 

jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr. 
iai gat), 

jealous ME. jelous gelous from 
OFR. gelous (fr. jalouXf whence 
DU. j aloes). 

jelly sb. late 3iE. gelli from 
FR. gelee. 

jeopardy sb. me. juperdi orig. 
japarti 'hazard, hazardous feat' 
borrowed fr. fr. jeu parti risk, 
hazard* (orig. *a game, in which 
the chances are equally divi- 
ded*). 

jest prop, a merry tale* me. 
geste (also g^ste) 'a story' from 
OFR. geste ^romance*. 

jet sb. (a mineral) short for 
Bi£. git contracted fr. gey it: 
loanword from ofr. gai^t (Jaet 
Jet): source lat. gagdtes, 

je^v me. y^a/ earlier gku bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. Giu Jui: source 

English Etymology. 



LAT. Judaeus. In OE. we find 
Jud^as plur. *the Jews' from the 
Latin. 

jewel ME. jouel juel from ofr. 
jouel (whence G. juwely DU. 
juweet) =3 FR. joyau. Source 
a LAT. type gaudiak from gau- 
dium, 

jig sb. ME. gigge *a fiddle' from 
OFR. gige (= MHG. gige G. geige) 
*a fiddle*. 

jingle ME. gingle. 

job sb. cp. ME. gobet 'small 
piece* and ofr. gob *a mouth- 
ful'. 

jockey ident. w. Jackey: dimin. 
of Jack, 

jog vb. ME. jogge vb. go 
hastily'. • 

join vb. ME. joine borrowed fr. 
FR. joindre (= LAT. Jungere), 
— Hence e. me. joint sb. from 
FR. joint. 

joist sb. ME. giste 'joist' from 
ovR.giste (= FK.gtte? derivative 
of FR. gisir *lie'). 

jolly ME. jolt earlier joH/: 
loanword from fr. joli (ofr. 
jolif). 

jostle justle vb. intensive for- 
mation from ME. jouste *tilt* = 
OFR. j ouster (me. jouste 'tour- 
nament* fr. OFR. jouste = mhg. 
tjoste). 

journal from fr. journal. — 
journey me. journi journie *a 
day's travel, a day's work* from 
FR. journie a day, a day's work' 
(it. giornata, lat. type diur- 
ndtd). 

8 



I I iiaaa^fa^ ^t^-m^m^t^^^^^ 



114 



joy — kettle 



joy yss.,joie from 'EVi.joie (source 
LAT. gaudia = gaudium), 

judge sb. short me. jiige from 
FR. juge (source lat. judex — 
judiceni) *a judge\ — judge 
vb. ME. jifge from fr. juger = 
LAT. judicare, 

juice ME. jiise jil(e from fr. 
jus (source lat. jus) *juice'. 

July MS..juli from lat. Julius. 



— June ME. jilne earlier jiinie 
from OFR. guniel (fr. Juiri) = 
lat. Junius, 

just ME. jiist (short for jiisf?) 
from FR. jzis^e (== LAT. Justus). 

— justice ME. justice orig. justice 
= FK. justice: source ULT.justitia. 

— justify vb. ME. justi/ie from 
FR. justifier. 



K 



keel sb. ident. w. on. kjglr 
(Teut. base kelu-) *keel of the 
ship* = synon. dan. kjol, sw. 
kolf G. DU. kiel. Source and 
history unknown. 

keel vb. 'cool* me. kele oe. 
c^lani Teut. base koljan derived 
fr. the adj. teut. kolu- = e. 
cool, 

keen adj. me. k^ne *sharp, bold, 
brave* oe. c^ne orig. cceni 'bold, 
brave, wise*: Teut. base koni- 
= OHG. kuoni G. kuhuj DU. koen 
'bold , daring* ; the original 
meaning is evident in on. kcenr 
*wise', which points to the teut. 
ypkan *know' in can, ken and 
know, 

keep me. kdpe oe. c^pan ccepan 
*keep*: from a Teut. base kdp~ 
jan\ no y/^ kop exists in the 
other Teut. languages. 

keg sb. Scand. loanword: on. 
kaggi *a keg*. 

ken vb. 'know' me. kenne bor- 



rowed fr. ON. kenna vb. *know' 
= G. kenneny goth. kannjan\ 
causative of teut. kunnan *know'. 
Cp. can vb. 

kennel 'a house for dogs* 
ME. kenel: adopted fr. onfr. kenil 
{chenH)\ source onfr. ken (fr. 
chieti) *dog* with suff. -il (lat. 
type *canile from canis 'dog*). 

kerchief sb. earlier spelling 
curchief me. coverchef: borrowed 
fr. OFR. covrechef lit. *a head- 
covering*. OFR. covrir (= fr. 
couvrir) 'cover* and chef *head*. 

kernel me. kirnel oe. cyrnel 
(Teut. base kurmla-)', dimin. of 
corn (with the Teut. dimin. suff. 
-ila), 

kettle ME. ketel borrowed fr. 
on. ketill = GOTH. katilSy ohg. 
kfT^T^il G. kessely DU. ketel] corre- 
sponding to OE. detel ME. chetely 
which was superseded by on. 
ketilL The Teut. word was 



^^^taMrii^^— ^^i^^-^^^— 



key — kitchen 



115 



early borrowed fr. lat. cafinus 
'kettle*, whence also ohg. key^n, 

key sb. me. keie OE. c(Bi cdie 
■= OFRis. M a key': Teut. base 
kaigi? 

kid sb. ME. kid borrowed fr. 
ON. kid] cogn. w. ohg, kizzzn 
chizzi G. ^//0^ *a young goat'; a 
native E. word cogn, w. scand. 
kid would begin with ch, 

kidney sb. me. kid-nere (oe. 
'^cydentore ^cydneoraf) \ the 
second part of the compound 
is me. n^re (==-* on. n^ray DU. 
nicTy ohg. nioro G. niere *kid- 
ney'). The first part is ob- 
scure. 

kill vb. me. kille\ a corresp. 
OE. *cyilan is wanting: Teut. 
base kuljan akin to oe. cwellan 
= ME. ^ue//e vb. 'kill', on. 
kifelja, OSAX. quellian. There 
was a primit. str. vb. OE. cwelan 
*die', OSAX. OHG. quelan *smart'; 
cp. G. qual, 

kiln sb. ME. kilne oe. cyln = 
older cylene cyline 'furnace': early 
loanword fr. lat. cuRna 'kitchen*, 
whence also oir. cuile 'kitchen, 
on. kylna 'kiln' is an OE. loan- 
word. 

kin sb. ME. kin oe. cynn orig. 
*a tribe': Teut. base kunja- = 
on. kyn^ OSAX. kunniy ohg. 
chunni mhg. kiinne race', goth. 
kuni] deriv. fr. the teut. yfken 
'produce* in ohg. g. kifid 'child*, 
OE. ccnnan vb. 'produce', answe- 
ring to an ARYAN \^ gen in lat. 
genus, gens-gentis, gr. yivog — yovrj 
— yiyvoftuiy SKK.\^jan, Cp. kind, 



kindred and mankind. — 
kind adj. 'natural, loving* me. 
klnde OE. lecynde 'natural, in- 
born': derived fr. kind sb. — 
kind sb. 'nature, sort' me. 
kinde OE. le-c^^nd 'nature'. 

kindle vb. me. kindle: derived 
with intensive -/ from on. kynda 
vb. *kindle'? (on. kyndill 'a 
torch' ?) 

kindred me. Mnride (oe. '^cyn- 
rceden)', composed' of kin = 
OE. cynn *kin' and OE. rdden (= 
GOi^, garaideins) a suffix meaning 
'state, condition (cp. hatred). 

king ME. late oe. king oe. cyng 
a late shortening for the common 
OE. cyning : Teut. base kuninga-^ 
OSAX. OHG. kuning G. konig, du. 
koning'y cp. on. konungr (but 
GOTH, reiks 'king*). 

kirtle sb. me. kirtel oe. cyrtel 
from a teut. base *kurtil (== on. 
kyrtilt) : prop. *a short under- 
garment* from LAT. curtus 'short' 
(cp. G. kurz and see short and 
shiri), 

kiss sb. ME. kiss with the 
vowel accommodated to the vb. 
kiss for oe. coss = osax. kus 

cos, DU. kus, OHG- kus G. kuss, 

on. koss, DAN. kys, sw. kyss, goth. 
*kussus. — kiss vb. me. kisse 
oe. cyssan = osax. kussian, 
DU. OHG. kussen G. kilssen, on. 
sw. kyssa, dan. kysse, 

kitchen sb. me. kicchen oe.- 
cydene from a west-teut. base 
kuktna = DU. keuken, ohg. 
kuchma cJmhhina G. kiiche: an 
early Wcst-Teut. loanword from 

8» 



ii6 



kite — knuckle 



late LAT. coqutna (class, ctdina 
see under kiln) or rather from 
a common Rom. and vulg. lat. 
cocina *kitchen* (cp. fr. cuisiney 
IT. cucinay span, cocina). Cp. 
cook, 

kite sb. ME. kite 0£. c;^ta 'a 
kite*: Teut. base kutjan-, 

kitten me. kitoun answers to 
the synon. fr. chatton 'a young 
cat' (perh. the E. word points 
to ONFR. *ketonT) 

knave me. kndve oe. cnafa = 
OHG. knalfo G. knade *boy'; iden- 
tical with OE. cnapa me. kndpe 
*boy = OSAX. knapOy ofris. 
knapa, on. knapi *boy\ germ. 
knappe points to a teut. knob- 
ban-, Perh. cogn. w. knightl 
or. w. GALL, gnabat *son ? 

knead vb. me. kn(de oe. cn'edan 
= MLG. DU. knedeny ohg. knetan 
G. kneten: teut. y^ >^«<?^ = 
ARYAN yf gnet in Russ. gnetate 
press'. 

knee vb. me. kn^o^, cn^o = osax. 

>^«/^, DU. G. knic OHG. r^«/« ^««?<7, 
GOTH, kniu (gen. kniwis): Teut. 
base knewa-y cogn. w. the synon. 
LAT. ^<?««, GR. yoi'v, SKR. jdnu 
*knee'. — kneel vb. me. cn^le oe. 
^cniowlian = du. knielen mlg. 
knHeny sw. chniile 'kneel*, dan. 
>5«^/^ ? 

knell vb. me. /$«///<? oe. cnyllan\ 
cogn. w. mhg. knellen in ^r-, G. 
knallen, 

knife sb. me. ^/^^ oe. (about 
I coo) cnif. The occurrence in 
late OE. favors Scand. origin: 
ON. kni/r. On the continent, 



there is an equivalent DU. knij/, 
lg. knt/y G. dial, kneif. 

knight sb. me. knight oe. cnihtl 
Teut. base knehta- = du. g. 
knec/it OHG. knekt, ofris. kmuht; 
cogn. w. knave? 

knit vb. me. ^;2///^ oe. cnyttan\ 
deriv. of oe. cnotta (by vowel- 
mutation) (= ON. knutr) = 
£. knot'y OE. cnyttan is ident. 
w. LG. kniltten? 

knob sb. me. knobbe) allied to 
mhg. knubel *knuckle', du. knobbel 
'knot, lump, callosity', G. knopf 
'button, bud', on. knappr. 

knock vb. me. knocke oe. 
*cnoccian\ ident. w. oe. cnuciany 
ON. knoka\ a sound imitation, 
closely allied to knack. 

knoll sb. me. knol oe. cnoll = 
DU. knol 'a turnip', G. knollen. 

knot sb. me. knotte oe. cnotta 
= MHG. knotze^ DU. ^«^?/; cogn. 
w. OHG. >^/z^dr<? ^/2<7/^ G. knoten 
and ON. /^ww/r *a knot' — ^/^t^/^ 
f. 'dice' — kngttr (goth. 
"^knaitus) m. 'ball*. 

kno>v vb. me. kngwe oe. cndwan 
str. vb. = OHG. chndan *know*, 
ON. knd vb. 'know how to do*: 
teut. \f kni knd (akin to can 
and keen) = Aryan V^ gen 
gno in LAT. gignosco ignotus 
ignavus ignaruSy GR, yiyvciaxG), 
SKR. y/^jnd. — knowledge sb. 
ME. kngwliche derived fr. the 
vb. ME. kn^lichCy intensive for- 
mation of ME. kn(fwe = E. 
know (oe. *iecndwlal!an is 
wanting). 

knuckle sb. me. knokel 0£. 



labor — lake 



117 



*cnucel\ cogn. w. G. knochel^ 
OFRis. knokle^ DU. knokkely mlg. 
knokel^ DAN. knogU knokkeh 



dimin. of a simple word, seen 
in G. knochen *a bone', DU. knok 
a knuckle, a bone'* 



labor sb. me. Idbour adopted 
fr. FR. labour = lat. labor(em) 
'labor*. 

lace sb. me. ids : borrowed fr. 
FR. lace — OFR. las (lags) : source 
LAT. laqueus noose, snare' (= 
IT. laccio). See late he U 

lack sb. ME. lak oe. ^Icec = 
ODU. lac DU. lak ^blemish, stain, 
lack'. — lack vb. me. lacke 
from the sb., but earlier me. 
Idke (oE. *lacian) = odu. laken 
*be wanting', ofris. lakia. Teut. 
y^ /f^ in leak. 

lacquer lacker sb. adopted 
fr. FR. laque 'varnish*? cp. G. 
lack, IT. lacca, 

lad ME. lad^e borrowed fr. IR. 
lalk *a youth, champion; cp. 
lass, 

ladder me. Idddre short for oe. 
hladderi Teut. base hlatdrjo" = 
DU. ladder leer, ohg. leitara G. 
Uiter\ GOTH, ^hlai-dri (gen. 
*hlai'drjds)\ teut. yfhlai hit in 

/^<?« vb., ARYAN yf kli in GR. 

xAJ-MaS ladder'. The Teut. 
suffix -^r- in ladder answers to 

a GR. 'XQiU, 

lade sb. me. /(i//<? oe. hladan 
= OSAX. hladan, du. g. /ar^^« 
OHG. {h)ladan^ on. ^/a//a, goth. 



hlafan load, lade': teut. y/^hlad 
Map from an Aryan yfklaV, perh. 
cogn. w. y/^klad in OSLOV. ^/tf//*^ 
I lay*. — The vb. oe. hladan 
ME. /<irt5? signifies also *draw 
water', hence E. ladle me. Iddel 
OE. hlcedel, 

lady ME. lady earlier lafdi 
Id/dii OE. hldfdlie 'a lady, 
mistress'; cogn. w. lord oe. 
hldford. The first part of both 
words is oe. hldf = e. loaf , 
the second part in oe. hldf- 
di^e is connected with goth. 
deigan vb. 'knead' (see dougH), 
Therefore oe. hlckfdiie (teut. 
'^ hlaiba-digjd') meant orig. 'the 
kneader of bread'. 

lair ME. leir oe. leier 'lair, 
couch, bed* = OSAX. legar 
'couch, sick-bed', du. leger *a 
couch, bed, lair', ohg. legar G. 
lager (for leger) *a couch, bed, 
place of lying, storehouse', 
GOTH. Ugrs *a couch': Teut. 
base legra" from \^ leg in lie 
and lay/ 

laity sb. from the adj. lay» 

lake i^iE. lake 'lake' oe. lacu 
'lake' and 'stream': early loan- 
word fr. LAT. lacus *a lake, 
pool*. OE. lagu 'sea, ocean' is 



ii8 



Iamb — lap 



the genuine E. correspondence 
of the LAT. word and of IR. 
loch 'lake'; cp. loch, 

lamb sb. me. 0£. lamb Igmb 
= OSAX. lamby DU. lam^ ohg. 
lamb G. lamm, goth. on. lamb: 
Teut. base lamba- (lambaz- in 
the plur. OE. lombru me. lombrcn, 
lambiz' in the plur. ohg. kmbir 
G. Idmmer), 

lame adj. me. lame oe. lama 
= osAX. lamo^ du. lam^ ohg. 
MHG. lam (gen. lames) G. /^x^w, 
ON. lamiy sw. dan. /orw^. The 
commoner meaning 'bruised, 
maimed' is prob. the orig. one, 
though the meaning lame' is 
very old (goth. us \ halts cp. 
hall), Cp. OSLOV. lomiti vb. 
'break, brpise', on. lama 'bruise' ? 

lammasME. lammasse shortened 
fr. late oe. hldmmcesse^ commonly 
OE. hldf-mcBsse: lit. *loaf-mass' 
from hid/ *loaf, bread' and 
mcesse mass'. See loaf. 

lamp short for me. laumpe 
adopted fr. fr. lampe, whence 
also DU. lampy dan. g. lampCy sw. 
lampa. Source lat.-gr. lampas 
*a torch, lamp' (= it. lampa). 

lamprey sb. me. laumpreie bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. lampreie {= fr. 
lamproie)f whence also DU. lam^ 
prei. Source lat. lampetra 
'lamprey' in a vulgar form lam- 
preda (= it. lampredd)^ whence 
also OE. levipedu lampreta' and 
perh. the synon. pride (oe. 
*pride short for ^lamprtdeT). 

lance me. launfe borrowed fr. 
FR. lance ^ whence also DU. lanSf 



G. lanze. Source lat. lancea 
(= IT. lancid)) cp. launch. 
land sb. me. oe. land (Ipnd) 

= OSAX. DU. G. ON. sw. DAN. 

land from a Teut. base landa'\ 
cdgn. w. IR. land lann^ cymr. 
llan^ CORN. Ian (from *landha) 
'open space, surface', bret. Ian 
'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath, 
untilled land' (russ. Ijada Ija- 
dina). — land vb. me. lande = 
DU. G. landeny dan. lande, sw. 
landa from land sb. — land- 
scape borrowed fr. DU. land-- 
schap *a landscape'. 

lane sb. me. oe. lane (lone) = 
OFRis. lona lamTf du. loan a 
lane, a narrow passage': Teut. 
base lanSn". 

language me. langdge adopted 
from FR. langage: deriv. of 
FR. langtu = lat. lingua 'tongue, 
speech'. 

languish vb. me. languisshe 
from FR. languiss- stem of languir 
'languish' (lat. languere 'be 
weak"). 

lank adj. me. lank oe. hlanc\ 
perh. cogn. w. G. schlanky which 
points to a teut. slcmka- : aryan 
klang- s{k)langl 

lantern me. . lanterne latmterne 
borrowed from fr. lanterne\ 
source lat. laterna lanterna, 
whence also G. laterne, 

lap sb. ME. lappe 'lap, border' 
OE. Iceppa 'a loosely hanging 
portion'; cogn. w. DU. lap, ofris. 
OHG. lappa G. lappen 'rag, tatter 
and LITH. lopas^'^^^.Q^\ (lat. labare 
'hang down, fall'). See limp adj. 



lapwing — lath 



119 



lapv^ng vb. accommodated to 
wing for ME. lapwinkey shortened 
fr. OE. hliapwince lit. *the bird 
which turns about in running'; 
cp. leap for OE. hl{apan *run 
and wink, 

larboard earlier lerboard and 
leer board (cp. siarboar(C)\ perh. 
from ME. /jpr *cheek'? In Scand. 
the planks in a ship's side have 
different names as aur^<, skaut-y 
sdl'bord. 

larch sb. me. *lerch oe. *lerd 
^Uric = MHG. lerche G. Idrclie. 
Source LAT. larix (lariceni), 

lard late me. lard from the sy- 
non. FR. lard = lat. larda 
(Jdridus adj. 'fat). 

large me. large 'large, wide, 
liberal, generous' from fr. large 
= LAT. largw. 

lark ME. larke contracted fr. 
OE. Idwerce earliest form Idwriccei 
Teut. base laiwrakbn- = ohg. 
lerahha (from "^liwrahha) G. lerche^ 
DU. leeuwerick, mlg. lewerke. 
Formation and origin quite ob- 
scure. 

lash sb. ME. lasshe 'the string 
t>f a whip' OE. Icesce = du. lascA, 
MLG. lasche 'a stripe'. 

lass ME. lasse\ perh. for *ladse 
and cogn. w. lad me. ladder 

last adj. ME. last(e) earlier 
latst{e) shortened for OE. latost 
'latest*: superl. of oe. lat = late, 

last sb. 'the shoemaker's woo- 
den mould of the foot' ident. 
w, OE. last sb. *foot-track, foot- 
print'; the E. meaning agrees w. 
G. Uisieuy DU. leesi^ sw. Idst^ dan. 



IcBst 'the shoemaker's last*. The 
orig. meaning is evident in ON. 
leistr 'foot below the ankle, a 
short sock*. Cp. the aryan 
\pits lais 'go* in lat. deltrare 
go mad'. 

last vb. ME. Idste short for oe. 
Idstan 'perform, stand by, carry 
out' = OSAX. Ihtiany ohg. g. 
leisten^ goth. laistjan\ derived 
fr. a TEUT. laista- 'foot-mark* 
under last sb. 

latch vb. ME. lacche oe. ladian 
j^e-lcedian 'seize, catch hold of*. 
— Hence latch sb. me. lacche 
'a catch, fastening*. 

latchet sb. me. lacchet from 
ONFR. *lachet = fr. lacet a dimin. 
of FR. lacs 'a snare, noose*; see 
lace, 

late adj. me. lat (Idte adv.) 
OE. lat 'slow, late' = osAX. tat, 
(lg. late adv. 'late'), du. laat, 
OHG. la:^ (55) G. lass, on. latr, 
GOTH, lats 'slow, slothful': an 
OTEUT. adj.-stem Idta^, belonging 
to the ARYAN \flad in lat. 
lassus (from *lad'tusy an old part.) 
'weary'. Cp. let vb. and last 
adj. 

lath ME. lafpe oe. Icetta {lappa) 
= OHG. latta G. latte, DU. lat. 
Though OE. // corresponds here 
to OHG. // (regularly oe. // = 
OHG. //), the word is still ge- 
nuine Teut., since it is allied w. 
G. laden 'board, plank, lash, 
shutter', whence fr. latte (= 
SPAN, lata, IT. latta)', akin to w. 
Hath 'a rod, staff*, ir. slat, bret. 
laz 'rod, lath* (Celt, base slattd-^^ 



V 



I20 



lather — lay 



lather me. lather short for OE. 
liador = ON. iaufir (mod. icel. 
/pdr) 'froth, foam': Teut. base 
lau-pra' derived from the aryan 
\Plaw in LAT. l(Ware\ as for the 
Teut. suffix cp. GR. Xovxqov 
*bath* and gall, lautrum 'bal- 
neum'. 

Latin adj. me. Latin adopt, 
fr. FR. latin (= span. it. latino, 
DU. latijny G. latein)\ source lat. 
Lattnus, whence also oe. Ueden 
'Latin*. 

latten sb. 'a kind of brass or 
bronze' me. latoun borrowed fr. 
the synon. ofr. laton = fr. 
laiton, SPAN, laton. 

lattice sb. me. latis adopted fr. 
FR. lattis 'lathwork, lattice-work* 
formed from fr. latte *a lath'; 
see latfu 

laugh vb. ME. laghe laughe 
earlier lahhe OE. hlehhan hlyhhan = 
OSAX. hlehhiany DU. G. lachen ohg. 
lahhen {h)lahhan, on. hlckja (for 
*hlahja), goth. hlahjan 'laugh'. 
TEUT. \phlah = ARYAN kldk, prob. 
onomatopoetic. — laughter sb. 
ME. laughter OE. hleahtor = ohg. 
hlahtar G. gelachter, on. hldir 
from the tevt.' y/^hlah with the 
suffix pra- tra-. 

launch vb. me. launche com- 
monly launce\ adopted fr onfr. 
(Picard.) lancher = FR. lancer 
*hurl, cast, dart, thrust'; deriv. 
of FR. lance = e. lance. 

laundress extended with suffix 
^ess fr. ME. laundir lavendire from 
OFR. lavandiere 'washer woman' 
FR. lavandilre 'laundry - maid'. 



Source lat. lavandus *to be 
washed' (it. lavanda 'a washing'). 

laurel me. laurir (with the by- 
forms lordr lor if) from FR. laurieri 
source lat. laurus *a laurel tree'. 

lave vb. ME. Idve oe. f^elafian 
= OHG. labon G. laben 'refresh'. 
The WEST-TEUT. labdn is perh. 
a loanword fr. LAT. lavare (= 
FR. lover). 

lavender me. lavendre (with an 
inserted E. r) borrowed from 
FR. lavande = it. lavanda la^fen- 
tola^ whence DU. G. lavendel. 
Source lat. lavare wash* (la- 
vender was laid in freshly washed 
linen). 

la^v ME. lawe oe. lagu 'law', 
which about 900 was borrowed 
fr. an early scAND.*/<y^« = on. 
Ipg nom. plur. law' (sw. lag, dan. 
lov 'law'). Cogn. w. lat. lex — 
ligem fr. aryan y/^l^gh 'lie'; cp. 
G. gesetZy satzung for the meaning. 
The genuine E. word for *law* 
was OE. (B = OHG. iwa. 

la^vni sb. *a grass plot' me. 
launde lande: borrowed from fr, 
lande *a grassy plain', * which is 
of Celt, origin (cp. IR. lann 
under land). 

la^vn^ sb. 'fine linen orig. 
"lawn linen": so called from fr. 
Laon a city N, W. of Rheims; 
cp. Arras and Cambric. 

lay vb. ME. leie kin earlier 
legge OE. ledgan wk, vb. (3sing-, 
OE. le^ ME. lei'tH)\ Teut. base 
lagjan = goth. lagjan, osax. 
leggian^ ohg. leckan G. legen, du. 
leggen, on. leggjax causative for- 



lay — leam 



121 



mation of the \Cleg lie in lie\ 
hence lay *cause to lie down. 

lay sb. 'a song' me. lai from 
OFR. FR. lai, 

lay adj. me. lai from ofr. fr. 
lai 'secular, belonging to the 
laity*. Source lat. Idicus^ whence 
also OE. Idwed (g. laie *a lay- 
man). See lewd, 

lazar sb. me. Idzar fr. ofr. 
lazarel Source the biblical prop, 
n. Lazarus\ *the lazar-house* is 
in G. lazaret = it. lazzaretto, fr. 
lazaret. 

IsLzy from fr. las = lat. lassus. 

lead vb. me. l^de {l^de) oe. Ickdan: 
Taut, base laidjan = OSAX. 
Indian, DU. leiden^ o. leiten^ on. 
leida *lead*: prop, factitive of the 
str. vb. teut. tijfan = oe. lidan 
'go, travel*, osax. Rthan, goth. 
leipan\ TEUT. yfUp under lode- 
star. 

lead sb. short for me. l(d oe. 
Ifad = DU. lood *lead a weight', 
G. lot *a lead-weight': Teut. base 
^lauda^ cogn. w. synon. oiR. 
ludide (base laudio"). 

leaf ME. l(f oe. l^af = osax. 
IS/, DU. ii?^ 'foliage', ohg. loud 
G. ^/«^ leaves, foliage', on. lau/ 
'leaf, GOTH, lau/s (plur. laubos) 
'leaf; Teut. base lauba- orig. 
'the single leaf (used as a col- 
lective sb. 'the foliage'). 

league sb. an alliance' adopted 
from FR. Ugue *a league': source 
LAT. ligare 'bind*. 

league sb. *about three miles' 
late ME. l^e borrowed fr. OFR. 



legue = FR. lieu: source a lat.- 
GALL. leuga leuca *a Gallic mile', 
whence also late oe. l4owe 'leuga'. 
GALL, kuga corresponds to bret, 
leo, IR. Idge *a league*. 

leak vb. ME. l(ke oe. Hcan (the 
factitive leccan wet' from a base 
lakjan) == on. leka *drip, leak 
as a ship', DU. lekken, ohg. 
I'echan G. lecken vb. — leek adj. 
'leaky'. — teut. y/^lek lak see 
under lack vb. 

lean adj. me. l^ne oe. hkhu 
from a Teut. base hlai-ni 'lean' 
(with suffix -ni as in clean, 
green). 

lean vb. me. l^ne oe. hkknan 
'cause to lean': Teut. base hlain- 
jan = OHG. leinan: factitive of 
oe. hlionian 'lean* = osax. hlinon, 
OHG. hlinin 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen, 
DU. leunen. The teut. V"M (cp. 
ladder^ corresponds to an 
ARYAN V"^^^i cp. LAT. incltndre 
'incline', gr. kA/Wo *I lean' — xA/- 

TVQ 'hill', LAT. ctl-VUS 'hill', GOTH. 

hlai'W (oe. hlchv) 'mound'. 

leap vb. ME. ype oe. hl(apan 
str. vb. 'leap, run* = DU. loopen, 
OSAX. hlopan, ohg. louffan g. 
laufen, ON. hlaupa, goth. hlaupan 
'leap, run': T^XiT.s^hlaup, perh. 
cogn. w. lith. klupau vb. 'stag- 
ger, stumble'. 

learn vb. short for me. Urne 
OE. l^ornian: from a base lernon 
teut. liznon = ohg. /iir«^« ternen 
G. lernen 'learn'; cp. OSAX. /?«^« 
from a base Itzndn. Akin to 
the primit. str. vb. goth. lais 
1 know' and the deriv. oe. ohg. 



122 



lease' — leisure 



/«-/, GOTH. liS'ts *art, cunning*. 
See lore for the TEUT,\/^/aiz Hz. 

lease ^ vb. 'let tenements' bor- 
rowed from FR. laisser, 

lease ^ vb. gather, pick, glean 
ME. l^se OE. I'esan 'gather* = OSAX. 
lesauy DU. lezen 'gather, read*, 
OHG. lesan o. lesen 'gather, 
read', on. lesa 'gather, pick*, 
GOTH, lisan 'gather ; cogn. w. 
LITH. IksH 'pick up*. 

least ME. l^st OE. last shor- 
tened fr. Idsest (by-form Idresi)', 
Teut. base laisista- superl. to 
the compar. teut. laisiza- = 
less, 

leather me. lether oe. leder = 
ON. ledtf DU. leder, ohg. ledar 
G. kder 'leather: Teut. base 
lefra- = pre-TEUT. letro- in ir. 
lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr 
'leather*. 

leave vb. me. l{ve oe. Idfan 
tr. 'leave' — intr. 'remain* : Teut. 
base laibjan'y cp. osAX. far- 
libian remain', ohg. mhg. leiben 
'leave', on. lei/a 'leave': causat. 
of a str. vb. Hban in oe. bellfan 
ME. belfve y OSAX. biMan, du. 
blijven, ohg. biRban G. bleiben, 
on. Ufa (orig. str.), goth. bi- 
leiban 'remain*. For the root 
see live* 

leave sb. me. lit^e {l^e) 'per- 
mission' OE. Ifaf. 'permission'; 
cp. OE. dlyfan dUfan 'permit', 
ohg. irlouben G. erlauben. 

leaven me. levain from fr. 
levain 'ferment*. Source lat. 
levdmen, 

lee me. If from on. hU (»sigla 



>\ » 



4 hl6« 'to stand to leeward*) 
prop, 'shelter, protection* (oE. 
hl^o, OSAX. hl^o 'shelter'). Cogn. 
w. ON. hlj^ 'warmth* — hlyr 'warm; 
and G. lau ohg. hlao\ cp. luke- 
warm, 

leech ^ 'physician' (Shakesp.) 
ME. l^che OE. l^^e Ukde physician' 
= GOTH, lekeisy ohg. IdhM 'phy- 
sician': Teut. base lekja- Idkja-, 
Perh. allied to oiR. liaig (gen. 
l^gd) 'physician*. 

leech 2 'hirudo' me. *liche (not 
recorded) OE. Idde 'hixndo^l prop, 
'physician* and ident w. leech^. 
Cp. ODU. Idke 'leech*? 

leek ME. l^k OE. If'ac = du. 
look, OHG. louh G. lauchy on. 
laukr 'leek': Teut. base lauka- 
pre-TEUT. lougO", 

leer me. Ur oe. hl^or 'cheek' 
= OSAX. hliory on. hl;fr 'cheek*: 
Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig. 
meaning was 'ear*, listen might 
be allied. 

lees 'dregs of wine* from fr. lie 
'lees': base a late Gallo-Latin 
Ha for "^liga 'sediment* (aryan 
sPlegh in lie), 

left ME. left lift allied to the 
synon. odu. lucht luft, lg. luchty 
nfris. leeft\ the orig. meaning 
was perh. 'faint, weak' in oe. 
lyft 'inanis*: Teut. base lufti-l 
lumfti'l perh. allied to ohg. 
lenka 'the left hand* G. links 'left*? 

legend me. legende from ofr. 
ligende, 

leisure me. lisUre (commonly 
leis&) fr. OFR. leisir = FR. loisir. 
Source lat. licite. 



lemman — lie* 



123 



lemman 'sweetheart' me. lemman 
shortened fr. an earlier lefman\ 
prop. »//</ man«, 

lemon from fr. limon\ cp. 
lime^. 

lend vb. me. Une oe. Icknan 
vb. 'lend* from oe. Idn *a loan*; 
cp. loan, 

length ME. lengthe oe. lengp 
from a Teut. base langipd- = 
ON. lengd: abstract formation of 
TEUT. langa- ; cp. long. 

lent ME. lente lenten oe. lenpen 
'spring' = OHG. lenzin with the 
by-form lengiTfn lengizo lenzo G. 
lenz *spring*, DU. lente, ohg. lenzin 
(=r OE. lenpen) points to a teut. 
langa-ttna- *the long day'; for 
the second element cp. goth. 
sin-teins 'daily', SLOV. dtni^ skr. 
dina 'day*. 

lentil ME. lentil fr. fr. lentille) 
source the synon. lat. lenHcula 
{lens — lentis 'lentil'). 

leper me. lepre 'leprosy' fr. fr. 
lepre 'leprosy* (lat. lepra). 

less ME. lesse lasse oe. Idssa 
'smaller* fr. a Teut. base laisizan- 
= OFRis. lessa; the adv. e. less 
ME. les OE. Ids answers to OSAX. 
lis (teut. laisiz). For the superl. 
cp. least, A primitive adj. laisa- 
is LITH. lesas little, small*. 

-less suffix = me. -l^s OE. 'l^as'. 
prop. adj. meaning loose. 

lesson ME. lessoun fr. fr. le(on\ 
source lat. lectio(nem), 

lest 'that not' me. leste shor- 
tened for the list the oe. fy Ices 
fe 'for the reason less that*; 
for oe. Ids = me, les cp. less. 



let^ vb. me. lete oe. litan Idtan 
str. vb. ^ GOTH, litan^ on. Idta^ 
OSAX. Idtan^ ohg. IdT^yin G. lassen^ 
DU. laten\ TEUT.y^/?/ 1^ 'permit*. 

let 2 vb. 'hinder' MK. lette OE. 
lettan fr. a base latjan 'to make 
slow* (teut. lata- 'slow' see un- 
der late) = GOTH, la^an 'tarry' 
ON. let/ay OSAX. letttan, ohg. 
lezzan (g. verletzen), DU. letten. 

letter me. /^/S^r^ fr. fr. lettre 
(lat. litter a), 

lettuce late me. letiife; allied 
to FR. laitue = lat. lactuca 
(whence ohg. lattuK), 

levy fr. fr. levie (fr. /?z^^r = 
LAT. leifare), 

lewd ME. /i^a/^^/ OE. Idwed 'un- 
learned* fr. LAT. Idictis cp. /a J/ 3. 

lick vb. ME. likke oe. liccian = 
OSAX. likkSn, OHG. leckon g. 
leckeny goth. *likkdn, teut. likkbn 
belongs to the Aryan yfligh 
'lick' in GOTH, laigon^ gr. \uyM 
'lick* — h/vsvco 'taste secretly*, 
SKR. V^r/f^ ///% 'lick\ OSLOV. lizq 
(lizati) and lith. leziii 'lick*, lat. 
/w^^ and perhaps lat. lingua 
lith. I'eziwis 'tongue*, oir. ligim 
'lick*. 

lid sb. {eye-lid) me. lid oe. hlid 
'cover, lid* :^ DU. lid lid, cover*, 
OHG. lit (older hlit) G. //V/ (in 
augenlid 'eyelid*), ON. lid 'cover, 
gate*. Cp. the teut. \phlid in 
the str. vb. oe. osax. hMan 
cover*. 

lie^ vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie 
earlier lie li'^e oe. l^ogan == 
OSAX. OHG. liogan, du. liegen^ g. 
lUgen^ ON. IJuga^ goth. liugan 



124 



lie" — like 



str. vb. *tell a falsehood'. The 
TEUT. \(^leug answers to an Aryan 
\/7leugh - lugh in OSLOV. luzq 
(lugati) vb. 'lie' — luza sb. *lie\ 

lie 2 vb. Vest, repose' me. lie 
Un OE. lidgan = osAX. liggian, 
DU. liggen, OHG. /uke/t G. liegen, 
ON. liggja^ GOTH, ligan str. vb. 
*lie'. The str. vb. teut. ligjan 
is derived fr. the Aryan y^legh 
in GR. \hv.TQOv Xt/og 'bed* — 
ako/OQ 'wife' — ks/o) ^bedridden 
woman' — ko)^6w bear' — k6;(0Q 
'ambush, lair*, lat. /ec^s *bed', 
OSLOV. /fgq (lezatf) 'lie'. Cp. /ay 
and /air. 

lief adj. ME. /(}/ OE. //o/ (cp. 
/em man) = OS ax. /w/, du. A>/, 
OHG. //^^ (/tud) G. /r>^ 'dear, lief, 
ON. /fti/r, GOTH. /i«/jr 'deaf: Teut. 
base /euda- adj. lief from the 
TEUT. \p/ub in /ove. 

liege ME. /^;f^ (by-form /ige) fr. 
OFR. //<f^ /f]f^ FR. /?^^. 

life ME. OE. /// = OSAX. ^, 

ON. ///", OHG. ^^ 'life' (g. /eiby 
DU. /^ 'body'); allied to the 
TEUT. ^f/ib in /ive\ a lost str. 
vb. /jban cp. under /eave vb. 
Outside of teut., gr. kinafjsoi) 
Vemain' points to an aryan \p/tp, 

lift vb. ME. /ifte fr. scand. /ypta\ 
cogn. w. /ofU 

light sb. ME. /ight OE. /^oht = 

OSAX. OHG. /io/l/, DU. G. //VA/ 

*light'. The dental of the word 
is formative as seen in goth. 
/iuh-ap 'light'; cp. the Aryan 
y/^/uk: /euk in lat. /uceo 'shine', 
gr. Xhvmq 'white', skr. rue 'shine*. 
— Hence lighten vb, me. 



/ight{e)ne (where the n is 
formative) 'become light' and 
lightning verbal sb. 'an il- 
luminating flash' (with the suffix 
-ingy 

light adj. ME. /ight 0£. /iht /eoht 
= DU. Ugty OHG. /Iht G. leicht, 
ON. Uttry GOTH. /eihts\ Teut. 
base /inhia^ for /enkto-f Perhaps 
cogn. w. OR. iXa/yg 'small*, lith. 
/engzuus7engwas'\ight\ See /ung» 

— Hence also lights 'animal's 
lungs*. — light vb. *alight, 
descend' me. /ihte oe. /ihtan lit. 
'make light, relieve a horse of 
his burden! fr. oe. /£h/ = /ight. 

— lighten vb. ident. w. /ight 
vb. (w. formative "en). — light 
in the phrase "to make light of 
somebody" represents me. /Ue oe. 
/yt 'little, small', which is cogn. 
w. /itt/e. 

like vb. MB. /iJie oe. /idan wk. 
vb. 'please' = goth. /eikan (pret. 
/eikaidd) 'please', DU. /ijken 'suit', 
ON. /l/ia please': deriv. of /i/ie 
adj. or cogn. w. oiR. /igach 
'beautiful* — /(f 'color, splendor'? 

like adj. me. tik earlier i/ik oe. 
^e/lc = GOTH. ga/eiliSy on. g/ikr^ 
OSAX. gil^ky DU. ge/ij/ty OHG. 
gi/th (hh) G. g/eich The Teut. 
adj. ga-ttka- is a comp. of the 
particle goth. ga- and a sb. /ika- 
'body', the comp. meaning 'having 
the same body'; cp. goth. /eiky 
OSAX. ON. /ik 'body', oe. /ic-homa 
'body', G. /eiche — /eichnatn 
'corpse'. Cp. -/y, which and 
such. — Hence liken vb. me. 
/lline 'compare*. 



lily — lion 



125 



lily ME. lilie OE. lilie (plur. 
lilian) = OHG. /i/ta G. /i/ie, DU. 
/eite: source lat. plur. ii/ia 'lily*, 
whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'. 

limb ikiE. //V« OE. iim (plur. 
leomti) = ON. litnr 'limb': Teut. 
base ti'tna- cogn. w. goth. li-fus^ 

OHG. li'dy OSAX. li'th^ OE. //'/ 

*limb'; cp. also lith. temu 
*stature, growth': aryan \flL 

lime^ sb. Viscous substance, 
bird-lime' me. oe. lim *cement, 
glue' = DU. lijm^ G. leim OHG. 
/*/«, ON. lim 'glue': TEUT. lima- 
is allied to teut. laitna- (see 
loatn), LAT. limus 'slime' cor- 
responds to lime in form, to 
loam in meaning. \/^lai It is 
attested by on. leir (Teut. base 
lai'Z-a^ *clay, loam' and lat, li-no 
*rub over, daub'. 

lime sb. 'the linden-tree', cor- 
rupted fr. earlier line-tree for 
lind-tree\ see linden, 

lime'* sb. 'a kind of citron 
borrowed fr. fr. lime 'a lime'; 
ident w. lemon, 

linch-pin earlier lins-pin Me. 
lins OE. lynes = osAX. lunisa, 
DU. luns lenSy g. lUnse) allied to 
OHG. luning and OHG. mhg. lun 
*linch-pin'. The primit. base 
luni'y if fr. an Aryan /«/-, is 
perhaps ident. w. skr. drii 'linch- 
pin'; cp. OE. d'lynnan 'loosen'. 

lindentree me. linde oe. lind 
'lime-tree* = ohg. linta G. DU. 
lindey on. sw. dan. lind\ Teut. 
base Undo pre-TEUT. lenta-, if 
allied to gr. iXdrrj 'fir-tree' or 
LITH. lentil 'board'. 



line ME. .OE. line = du. lijn^ 
OHG. Itna MHG. MLG. Rne G. leine. 
ON. Una cord, rope : Teut. base 
ttn-jon- prop, 'the thing made of 
flax'; cp. linen, 

lineage me. linage adopted fr. 
lignage : source lat. linea a line'. 

linen adj. and sb. (orig. only 
adj.) ME. OE. linen adj. = osAX. 
OHG. Pinin G. leinen linnen^ du. 
linen 'made of flax': deriv. of 
OE. lin flax' = OSAX. ohg. Hiny 
GOTH, kin sb. 'linnen'; cogn. w. 
lat. linum, gr. XivoVf osLov. 
ItrH 'flax'. 

linger vb. extended fr. me, 
lenge vb. 'tarry* w. the frequent 
suffix -er'y OE. lengan prolong' 
fr. long, 

link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. an 
unrecorded me. *lenk *link', 
SCAND. loanword fr. an orig. 
hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr (ioi'^hlenkr), 
SW. lanky DAN. Icenke link'. There 
was a genuine oe. hlende 'link' 
fr. a base hlankjdn-\ but the 
guttural of link shows that the 
word may not be the develop- 
ment of OE. hlende, 

linnet sb. me. linet adopted 
fr. FR. linot{te) 'a linnet' fr. fr. 
lin 'flax' so called from feeding 
on the seed of flax or hemp; 
cp. g. hdnfling 'linnet' fr. hanf 
'hemp'. Cp. OE. linece 'carduelis* 
and linetwige 'linnet*. 

linseed short for me. lin-s^d 
prop, 'flax-seed'; cp. linen, 

lion ME. lioun earlier Uun : bor- 
rowed in the 12'^ cent. fr. fr 
lion\ source LAT. leonem (leo). 



126 



lip — loath 



lip ME. lippe OE. lippa = OSAX. 
*lippia^ DU. lipy MLG. lippe (whence 
G. lippe)) cogn. w. the synon. 
OSAX. lepur = oho. lej^ur and 
OHG. le/s *lip'. LAT. labium *lip* 
with the Teut. group points to 
an ARYAN y/^leb lab, 

lisp vb. (Scotch wlisp) me. 
lispe {lipse) formed fr. the adj. 
OE. wlisp wlips 'lisping* = ohg. 
I'efs (for *wlefs) 'stammering*; 
akin to DU. lispen^ G. lispeln lisp': 
TEUT. \Pwlifs — pre-TEUT. wUps, 

list^ sb. ME. list short for OE. 
^ist = DU. li/sly G. leisle list, 
1/order* ohg. Itsle *border'« — 
ident. w. list 2 'catalogue* fr. 
FR. lisle, which is of Teut. origin 
(ohg. Itsla ^border, strip'). 

list vb. ME. lisle oe. lyslan *desire* 
derived fr. lusl, 

listen vb. me. listene earlier 
form liste oe. hlysian 'hear'; allied 
to OE. hlos-nian, ohg. {h)losin 
'hear', on. hlera (goth. *hluzan) 
'listen*. An Aryan sfklus 'hear* 
is evident in skr. fru^-fi 'obe- 
dience', OSLOV. slytati vb. 'hear, 
LITH. klausyti 'hear', on. hlus-t 
'ear'; cymr. dust *ear'. Cp. leer, 

litter ME. lit&e fr. ofr. litiere 
(fr. litiere) *a horse-litter* (lat. 
type lectaria fr. lectus 'bed'). 

little short for me. oe. litel 
= GOTH, leitils 'small', on. Mil 
little*. Relation to the synon. 
DU. luttel, OSAX. luttil, OHG. luzzil, 
OE. lyttel 'little* is obscure. 

live vb. ME. live earlier form 
livie libbe oe. libban (lifian) wk. 
vb. = GOTH, liban^ ohg. leben 



G. leben, DU. leven, oSAX. libbian\ 
cogn. w. oe. belifan = org, 
biltban G. bleiben: teut. yj^lib see 
under leave vb. and life, 

liver ME. livre oe. li/er = du. 
lever, ohg. libara lebara G. leber^ 
ON. lifr. Connection of teut. 
Itbrb' w. the synon. OR. rj-naQy 
LAT. jecur, SKR. yakri and the 
two assumed stems *lik and *ljek 
is doubtful. 

livery me. Irveri fr. fr. livrde. 

lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. lizard 
lizard* (= lat. lacertd), 

lo interj. me. If oe. Id", a pre- 
historic OE. */iw for TEUT. laiw 
is warranted by ohg. Ihv-es lo*l 
Perhaps teut. lai-wa- is con- 
nected with lai-pa' in loath. 

loadstar see lode- star. 

loaf ME. Igf OE. hl(if\ Teut, 
base hlaiba" in goth. hlaifs 
'bread*, ON. hleifr, OHG. /«^ G. 
to'/^; akin to lith. klepas 'bread*. 
See lady, lammas and lord. 

loam ME. l^n oe. /rf»i = ohg. 
leim G. /f^/«, DU. kem\ Teut. 
base lai-ma- fr. the Aryan y^/P 
under lime. 

loan ME. /jf?;^ fr. on. Idn *a loan*. 
There was a genuine oe. Idn 
fr. a TEUT. laihniz] cp. ohg. 
l^han 'a thing granted* and on. 
Idn fr. a teut. laihna'{zf) : teut. 
\("lihw (goth. leihwan 'lend', 
OHG. Rhan G. leihen^ oe. /(fr,£7« 
pret. Idh lend, give') = aryan 
y/"ltg in LAT. linquere leave', gr. 
XHTxeiv, sw. r/V 'leave*. 

loath adj. me. Ifth oe. lap 
'hateful' = on. leidr loathed', 



lobster — lore 



127 



OHG. kid odious*, OSAX. lHh\ 
cogn. w. OHG. Itdan o. leiden 
'suffer. Perhaps there was an 
ARYAN ^fli lai cp. lo. 

lobster me. lapstre oe. loppestre 
earlier lopusi ^lobster': adoption 
fr. LAT. locusta lobster, locust'. 

loch OE. loh 'lake': a Gaelic 
word; cp. GAEL. IR. loch *lake* 
(ident. w. lat. lacus^ OE, lagu 
'sea* under lake). 

locki sb. fr. the vb. me. l(fke 
Umke OE. lucan 'lock, enclose' = 
GOTH, galukan *shut up*, ohg. 
luhhariy DU. luiken. 

lock 2 (of hair) ME. lok (plur. 
Jockes) OE. locc (plur. loccas) = 

DU. loky ON. lokkr, OHG. lok G. 

lockei Teut. base lokka- cogn. w. 
GR. XvyUw 'I bend'. 

lode-star me. l^de'Sterre con- 
tains OE. leldd way, course* (cf. 
ON. leidarstjarna = G. leitsiern), 
which is cogn. w. lead sh, = 
TEUT. laidjan guide, lead*. Cp. 
ME. l^desman 'pilot' and E. lode- 
stone, 

lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adopted 
fr. FR. loger\ E. lodge me. logge 
*lo dge, tent' fr. fr. loge orig. *a 
small house*? Source a lat. 
type laubia fr. ohg. louba 'an 
arbor' (g. laube *a covered hall'; 
allied* to leaf). 

loft sb. ME. loft *an upper 
room* borrowed fr. on. /i^/ upper 
story, balcony*, which has also 
the meaning 'air, sky* = goth. 
luftuSy G. lufty OE. lyft 'air*. 
Hence lift vb. 

loin late me. loine : adopted fr. 



OFR. logne now longe (lat. type 
*lumbea fr. lat. lumbus loin*). 

loiter vb. me. loitre. 

loll vb. ME. lolle, 

lone short for alone. 

long adj. ME. OE. long (Jang) 
= OSAX. langy DU. ohg. g. langy 
ON. langVy GOTH. laggs\ cogn. w. 
synon. lat. longus (whence it. 
lungOy FR. long) ; cp. linger. — 
long vb. ME. longe oe. langian 
'long after, long* = osAX. 
langdiany G. verlangen 'wish for*. 

look vb. ME. loke earlier Igkie 
OE. locian = osAX. Idkdn (ohg. 
luogin g. lugen). The early 
history of the teut. yflok (iSg) 
is obscure; cp. skr. laki notice, 
perceive' and cymr. Ifygat corn, 
lagat *eye\ 

loom sb. ME. Ipme oe. j^e46ma 
{andlomd) 'a tool, implement*; 
perh. akin to oe. "^elpme = ohg. 
giluomo gildmo 'frequently*, ohg. 
gasiluomi 'hospital*. 

loose adj. me. los (Jous) bor- 
rowed fr. ON. IpUSS = GOTH. 

laus, OE. l^as (cp. less), DU. los, 
OSAX. ohg. los G. los. The 
common teut. adj. lausa^ is a 
deriv. of the \flus *be loose' 
under lose. 

lord ME. Igrd short for l^erd 
OE. hldford prop, hldf-weard 
loaf-ward' — 'keeper of bread* 
(cp. OE. ^/i/" under loaf): the 
masc. corresponding to the 
fem. formation lady = oe. 
hldf'diie. Both compounds are 
peculiar to English. 

lore ME. Igre oe. Idr infl. Idre 



128 



lose — lump 



= OHG. OSAX. l^rcy G. lekrCy DU. 
leer\ Teut. base ktizo-, whence 
GOTH, laisjan, OE. Idran, OHG. 
liran G. lehreriy DU. leeren 'teach*. 
See also learn for the teut. 
yf liz lalz, 

lose ME. l^se mostly forUse oe. 
forUosan str. vb. = GOTH, fra- 
liusan^ OSAX. ohg. farliosan G. 
verlicren str. vb. lose'. An ARYAN 
V^ lus (cp. loose) may be an 
extended form of \f lu in gr. 
At/w 'I release*, lat. lucre, — 
loss sb. ME. OE. los 'destruction'. 

lot ME. lot OE. hlot = DU. 

lol; ident. w. OE. lilj^t = goth. 
hlauiSy OHG. Wt^ g. /<?^j: Teut. 
base hlauti" : teut. \^ hlut hlaut 
in ON. hljdta str. vb. get by 
lot', OE. hUotariy ohg. {h)lioT^yin, 
loud adj. ME. 74:72^ OE. hlud 

= OSAX. ^/^//, DU. luidy OHG. 

(^)/«/ G. Ajw/: the Teut. base 
hlu-da- (cp. coldy old^ couth) 
was orig. a part, with suffix -to 
(lat. -tusy GR. -rd^, SKR. 'tas)\ 
pre-TEUT. klU'td'S (skr. frutdSy 
GR. y.Xvtog, LAT. inclUtus 'famous') 
fr. an ARYAN \^ >t/i^ in skr. (ru 
'hear, GR. xAi/w — y,Xbog. 

lough 'lake' fr. ir. gall. loch\ 
see loch, 

louse ME. lous (plur. lis) oe. 
/«J (plur. /j/j) == DU. luis, OHG. 
/i/j G. lauSy ON. /«j (plur. Ips): 
Teut. base ///j-, derived perh. 
fr. the teut. y lus 'destroy' 
under loose and lose\ cp. gr. 
(pd^sio 'louse' — q)dit(}€0 'I de- 
stroy'. 

lovage fr. fr. livhhe mixed 



w. ME. litve$tiche oe. lufestiHe, 
Source of the whole group lat. 
ligusticum 'lovage. 

love ME. love oe. lufu == 
GOTH, lubdy OHG. luba 'love': 
Teut. base lubon- allied to the 
TEUT. adj. leuba- = lief. An 
ARYAN yflubh 'desire' is evident 
in LAT. lubidoy skr. lobha 'desire' 
and SKR. y/^ lubh 'to desire'. 

low adj. ME. l^ earlier Idg 
late OE. lag: borrowed fr. on. 
Idgr 'low' (sw. Idg^ DAN. lav) 
= DU. laag, which are derived 
from the teut. y^ leg lag 'lie*. 
Hence low prop. \Yvci% flat'. 

low vb. ME. lowe OE. hlgwan 
'low' ; cp. DU. loeieuy ohg. luoien 
low': TEUT. \f hid ^ pre-TEUx. 
kid in Uiii, cld-mdre 'cry. 

lower vb. ME, loure = mhg. 
luren G. lauern 'lurk'; cp. lurk, 

luck found since the 1 5*** cent..; 
ident. w. DU. luk geluk 'good 
fortune', MHG. gelUcke G. gliick, 
OFRis. luk. Akin to G. locken^ 
DU. locken 'entice, allure'. 

lucre ME. lucre fr. fr. lucre = 
LAT. lucrum, 

lug vb. ME, lugge 'drag,, lug'; 
cogn. w. sw. lugga, 

lukewarm fr. me. l^uke {liike) 
earlier hleuk\ perh. contr. fr. 
an unrecorded oe. *hl4owoc 
'lukewarm*; cogn. w. me. l^ve 
oe. hUowe 'lukewarm' = ONr 
hlyr 'warm' (ohg. hldo g. lau 
'lukewarm'). 

lull me. lulle = DU. lulletif 
DAN. lullcy sw. lulla, 

lump sb. ME. lumpe lontpe^ 



lung — magpie 



129 



ident. w. du. lomp *a lump*, 0. 
lumpen Vags*. 

lung ME. lunge longe 0£. lungen 
= ON. lunga, DU. loftg, ohg. 
binga G. lunge lung': Teut. base 
lungon-j\ allied to an ARYAN 
adj. bnghu' light' = gr. tXa/vc, 
SKR. lagAu light'. Cp. lights 
as sjmon. with lungs. See 
light for the aryan \f lengh. 

lure sb. me. Hire fr. fr. /<?«rf*^ 
*bait*; source a teut. Idfra- 
= MHG. luoder 'bait' (g. luder), 

lurk vb. ME. lurke\ derived fr. 
ME. lour en (= lower) as //^rr/^ 
fr. hear, talk fr. /^//. 

lust sb. ME. OE. lust 'desire' 

= OSAX. DU. G. ON. lusty GOTH. 

lustus 'desire': a common Teut. 
formation, prob. allied to the 
ARYAN y^ las 'desire' in gr. 



XiXaio/Ltat, SKR. y^ laS for lals 
'desire', lat. las-ciinis. 

lute sb. ME. lute: borrowed fr. 
OFR. lut leut = FR. luth\ ident. 
w. DU. luity g. laute, it. liuto 
leuto, SPAN, laud. Source Arab. 
al M lute'. 

-ly adj. -suffix me. ~ly 'li earlier 
4ich{e) oe. 4ic = osAX. -/?>J, 

DU. lijky OHG. -/?r^ G. -lichy ON, 

-//ir, GOTH, 'leiks, Orig. the 
same as Rka-' 'body' discussed 
under like (goth. wafra-leiks 
'manly' prop, 'having the body 
of a man). 

lye sb. ME. lite oe. l{ah (infl. 
l{age)\ cp. synon. du. loog^ ohg. 
louga G. lauge, on. Ipug 'warm 
bath': prob. connected with the 
ARYAN y/"lou lu 'bathe' (cp. 
lather). 



M 



mace 'a big club' borrowed 
fr. OFR. mace fr. masse: source 
a LAT.- type *matea 'a beetle'. 

mackerel me. makeril adopted 
fr. OFR. maquerel (Y'Bi, maquereati) 
= DU. makreely whence G. mak- 
rele: source med.-lat. macarellus 
maquereUus 'a mackerel. 

machine (= g. maschiney du. 
machine) fr. fr. machine: source 
LAT. macMna gr. fir^^^avrj a 
device'. 

mad adj. me. mad oe. ^emdd 
prop, lemaded: part, of oe. 

English Etymology. 



lemckdan 'drive mad', deriv. from 
the OE. adj. ^emdd mad' :^ 
OSAX. gimid 'foolish', ohg. gimeit 
'foolish', GOTH, ga-maids 'frail, 
feeble'. 

madder sb. me. *maddre oe. 
mctdre (mcedrel) = ON. madray 
OHG. mdtara'y cogn. DU. lg. 
mede 'madder ? 

maggot late me. maggot maggat) 
prob. fr. CYMR. maceiad macai 
*a maggot'? 

magpie sb. 'a bird'; mag 
short for Magot = fr. Margot 

9 



I30 



maid — malt 



'Marguerite*, also magpie'; pie 
= FR. pie fr. LAT. pica *a 
magpie'; see pie. 

maid me. maide oe. tnceyien 
== OHG. magatin\ Teut. base 
tnagadtna- is diminutive of a 
LEUT.-GOTH. magap- 'a girl, 
virgin' = OE. mcej^epy OSAX. 
magathf DU. meidj ohg. magad 
G. magd — mddchen. Allied to 
the Teut.-Goth. base magu- 'boy' 
= ON. mpgr *boy, son', OE. 
magu. 

maiU sb. adapted fr. fr. 
maille 'mail' (also *a mesh of a 
net): source lat. macula 'a 
spot, hole, mesh of a net*. 

mail 2 sb. me. male 'a bag, 
wallet' borrowed fr. the synon. 
OFR. male = fr. malle (ohg. 
malha 'a leather bag'). 

maim vb. me. maime prop. 
maine borrowed fr. ofr. mehaigner 
'torment'. 

main sb. i^ie. main oe. mcej^en 
'strength' = ohg. magan megin, 
osAX. ON. megin 'strength' : teut. 
y/^mag in might and may, 

main adj. borrowed fr. ofr. 
fnaine magne 'chief (lat. magnus 
'great*). 

maintain vb. me. maintene 
adopted fr, fr. maintenir (lat. 
type manutenere 'hold by the 
hand*). 

maize sb. = fr. mais^ g. 
mais\ adopted fr. span, maiz, 
Columbus is said to have im- 
ported the Haytian name mahis 
and the cereal to Spain whence 



it was adopted by the other 
mod. languages. 

make vb. me. make oe. macian 
= OSAX. makSn, DU. maken^ 
OHG. mahhdn 'make, also fit or 
fasten together* G. mac/ten: 
Teut. base makon 'join, belong 
together'. Cp. with goth. *makdn 
the ON. comparat. makara 'more 
suitable, fitting', OE. lemcec 'fit, 
suitable', ohg. gimah 'con- 
venient, comfortable' G. getnach ; 
OE. lemcedHea 'husband, wife* (e. 
make companion, spouse', £. 
match 'spouse'). 

malady sb. me. maladie bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. maladie fr. fr. 
malade (source male 'ill, bad' 
and aptus 'disposed'). 

male adj. me. mdle adopted 
fr. FR. mdle (source lat. dimin. 
masculus, 

malice sb. me. malice borrowed 
fr. FR. malice (source lat. ma- 
litia 'ill will'). — malign adj. 
adopted fr. fr. malin (f. maligne) 
'malignant' (source malignum i. e. 
mxile genus 'ill -bom). 

mall sb. ME. malle melle mail 
borrowed fr. fr. mail 'a mall : 
source lat. malleus 'a hammer'. 
— Hence mallet sb. me. maillet 
borrowed fr. fr. maillet *a mallet'. 

mallo\v^ ME. malwe oe. meahve 
= DU. maluwe: borrowed fr. 
LAT. malvay whence also fr. 
mauve^ span. it. malva^ G. malve. 
Cp. mauve. 

malt sb. ME. malt oe. mealt 
= OS AX. ON. malt, du. mout^ 
G. malz. The Teut. base malta* 



man 



many 



131 



fr. a TEUT.y/^meU in OE. m'eltan 
'dissolve, melt' with which is 
allied the on. adj. maltr Votten* 
== OHG. malz ^melting away, 
soft* so that *malt is perh. the 
adjectival neut. sb. meaning 'that 
which is soft'. Cp. melt, 

man sb. me. oe. man mon(nn) 
= OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. man 
G. manny on. madr, goth. manna 
'mankind, man'. In 0£., man mpn 
(n = nn) denotes 'man and 
'woman' (cp. oe. wlfmon = e. 
woman), goth.-teut. mann- is 
based on older manw- manu- (as 
chin is based on an Aryan 
kenw' genu-), indo-eur. mdnu 
'mankind' appears in skr. as 
Manu, but it signified also the 
'father of mankind*; cp. also 
SKR. mantis and manuia 'homo' 
and OSLOV. mqzi 'man'. 

mane sb. me. mane oe. manu = 
OHG. mana g. mdhne^ 'DU. maan, 
ON. mpn, sw. DAN. man. The 
Teut. base mano^ mane* shows 
a later development of meaning; 
the older meaning was 'neck'; cp. 
ON. men, oe. m^ne, ohg. m^nni 
'necklace*, cogn. with lat. monile 
'necklace*, ocelt. ^uaviiiicrjg = 
oiR. muince 'necklace'. In lieu 
oiAKY AN mand 'neck' occurs skr. 
manyd 'nape*, closely allied to 
OIR. muin muinil 'nape*. 

mange sb. shortened fr. the 
adj. ME. *maung^ which is bor- 
rowed from the fr. part, mangi 
lit. 'eaten'; cp. fr. mangaison 
'mange'. — manger sb. me. 
maungir borrowed fr. fr. man- 



geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. man* 
ger 'eat' = lat. manducare), 

mangle vb. me. mangele frequent, 
and weakened for *mankele fr. 
ME. manke oe. lemandan, which 
was prob. formed from an adj. 
OE. *manc = i>\J,mank: .loanword 
fr. LAT. mancus adj. 'maimed'. 

mangle sb. borrowed fr. du. 
mangel {= sw. G. mangel)] dimin. 
of a simple word represented 
by G. mange 'a mangle' = it. 
mangano'dL machine for smoothing 
linen, a war-engine' fr. lat. man- 
ganum = gr. /.layyavov *a war- 
machine'. 

manikin manakin borrowed fr. 
fr. mannequin = DU. manneken', 
cp. G. mdnncheny du. mannetjei 
all diminutives of man, 

mankind sb. me. mankinde 
earlier manikin oe. mon-cynn. 
See man and kin,, also kind, 

manner me. manure borrowed 
fr. ofr. manere = fr. manihre, 

mantle me. mantel (a form 
mauntelis unrecorded) ^= du.. sw. 
DAN. mantel; oi^, mpttull snxd oe, 
mentel rest on a lost lat. mantu* 
lum mantilum (fr. lat. mantum = 
FR." mante, it. manto 'a cloak'), 
whence also G, mantel ohg, mantal; 
cogn. w. FR. manteau, it. mantello 
(lat. type *mantellum), 

many me. mani man^ oe. mani^ 
monei: Teut. base managa- = 
osAX. OHG. manag G. manch, du. 
menigy on. margr, Cogn. w. oiR. 
menicc IR. minic 'frequently' (base 
menecci' ?) and cymr. mainty bret, 
ment (celt, base manti-). 



132 



map — marsh 



map sb. borrowed fr. fr. f nappe 
= IT. LAT. mappa prop. *a nap- 
kin, table-cloth'. 

maple sb, me. mdpel oe. *mcepel 
*mapul. in mapoltr4o mapulder *a 
maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg. 
ma'2,yiltra (g. massholder)^ which 
points to TEUT. matlu'y whilst 
the E. word points to a base 
maplU't 

mar vb. me. merre oe. dmerran 
dmyrran wk. vb. *to hinder, ob- 
struct' = GOTH, marzjan 'offend', 
OHG. marreuy DU. marren 'tarry': 
teut.-aryan sfmarz mars, 

marble me. marble mdrbre fr. 
FR. marbre\ source LAT. marmor, 

march sb. me. mdrche *march, 
boundary' fr. fr. marche *bound- 
ary'. The Fr. word is of Teut 
origin; cp. GOTH, marka^ oe. 
mearCy OSAX. ohg. marka *bound- 
ary' which are primitively related 
to LAT. margo 'border, edge', 
AVEST. merezu 'border', IR. mruig 
*shire* (Celt, base mrogi-), Cp. 
mark^ 

march vb. fr. fr. marcher, 

March (the month) me. (since 
the 12'** cent.) March fr. fr. 
mars ? Source lat. Martius minsis 
(whence ohg. merzo G. mdrZy lg. 
merte), 

mare me. mirt oe. mire myre: 
Teut. base marhjon- (= ohg. 
merihha Gc mdhrcy du. merie, on. 
merr)y deriv. fr. teut. mar ha- 
horse' in oe. mearhy ohg. marahy 
ON. marr 'horse' (see marshal). 
There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in 
the Celt, languages; cp. gall. 



mar cay ir. gael. marc ^ cymr. 
CORN, tnarch 'horse'. 

margin me.. mdrgin(e) fr. lat. 
marginem (nom. sing. lat. margo 
•=■ FR. marge). 

mark^ sb. 'line, dot, cut' me. 
marke^ oe. mearc = du. on. marky 
mhg. marc (gen. markes) G. 
marke (goth. marka 'boundary*). 
— Hence mark vb. me. marke 
oEc mearcian = on. marka, osax. 
markon'y cp. du. g. merken = 
GOTH. *markjan. 

mark 2 sb. a unit of weight, 
a coin' me. mark late 0£. marc*. 
borrowed fr. ON. mf^rk, whence 
also DU. G. mark (med.-lat. 
marcct), 

market sb. me. market late oe. 
(11* cent.) mar kit mar cat I bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. ''^market fr. marchi 
(it. mercato) = lat. mercdtus 
'market', whence also ohg. markdt 
merchdt g.'DU. markt. See mart. 

maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored' 
borrowed fr. fr. marron = it. 
marrone *a chestnut'. 

marrow me. marow mary oe. 
mearh mearg = oSAX. marg, 
OHG. mar(a)g G. marky du. merg, 
ON. mergr: Teut. base mazga- 
= ARYAN *mazgho- in OSLOV. 
mozgUy ZEND mazga, skr. majjan 
'marrow'. The root is skr. majj 
'immerge' = lat. mergere, 

marry vb. me. marie vb. adopt- 
ed fr. FR. marier: source lat. 
maritare 'marry'. — Hence mar- 
riage ikiE. maridge = fr. mortage, 

marsh me. mersh oe. mersi 
earliest form merisc = HDU. 



marshal — mastiff 



133 



maerschiy lg. g. marschy dan. 
tnarsk: Teut. base mariska- = 
MED. - LAT. mariscus *swamp*, 
whence ofr. maresc fr. marais. 
Source teut. mart* 'ocean* (= 
LAT. mare) in OE. merey OHG. meri 
G. meery on. marry GOTH, marei. 

marshal me. mar(e)schal adopt- 
ed fr. OFR. mareschal = fr. 
marichaly span, mariscaly it. ma^ 
r/x<r^/<? *a marshal, farrier*. Source 
a teut. marha-skalkaz *horse- 
thane' = OHG. marah-scalc (ohg. 
mar ah 'a horse* = E. mare and 
OHG. scale h = OE. scealc me. 
schalky ON. skdlkry OSAX. skalky 
GOTH, skalks 'servant'. 

mart sb. short for market, 

marten short for martern orig. 
martre me. martre adopted fr. 
FR. martre (= it. martora, span. 
martd). The Fr. word, which 
supplanted a genuine OE. mearpy 
is of Teut. origin: 01^. mgrdry 
OHG. mardar G. marder, du. 
marter'y oSAX. ^marthar inferred 
fr. the adj. marthrm, 

martin sb. borrowed fr. fr. 
martin^ orig. the proper name 
Martin^ which was applied to 
various birds and animals; cp. 
robin red^breast, 

maiTtyv sb. me. martlr oe. mar- 
tyr = OSAX. marftTy ohg. martyr y 
GOTH, martyr (with suffix DU. 
martelaary ohg. martirdri G. mar- 
tyrer) : fr. lat.-GR. martyr *a wit- 
ness*. 

marvel vb. me. merveile bor- 
rowed fr. FR. merveiller'y source 
LAT. mirabilia 'wonderful things*. 



mash vb. mascJu vb. mix' (oE. 
(^mdscianT) = G. meischen: prob. 
cogn. w. OSLOV. mezga 'sap of 
trees* (osLOV. xr^ = teut. skT). 
Cp. mix, 

mask sb. borrowed fr. fr. 
masque y whence also G. DU. 
DAN. maske sw. fnask, 

mason me. mdsoun adopted 
fr. FR. mafon'y source a type 
matio 'a maison' = ohg. m^zzo 
G. steinmetz a stone- mason. 

mass^ sb. 'a lump of matter' 
late ME. masse borrowed fr. fr. 
masse (== it. massa): source 
LAT. massa 'a lump, a mass*, 
whence also ohg. massa G. 
masse. 

mass^ sb. 'the eucharist' me. 
piasse OE, masse I evidently 
identical w. osAX. missay du. 
misy OHG. messa missa G. messe: 
a Christian word from med.- 
LAT. missa *mass' = fr. messe 
(whence me. messe). 

mast ME. mast oe. mast = 

DU. LG. G. sw. DAN. mast, ON. 

mastr. In accordance with 
Grimm's law, the Teut* base 
masia- is based on pre-TEUT. 
mazdo-* = lat. mdlus (for ^mddus) 
a mast . 

master sb. me. maister late 
OE- mcBiester borrowed fr. ofr. 
maistre^^. maitre (= it. maestro) : 
source lat. magister y whence 
also OSAX. misiary DU. meester, 
OHG. meistar G. meister* See 
mister. 

mastifTME. mesti/masttf Adopted 
fr. OFR. mestif prop, an adj. fr. 



134 



mat — mayor 



the sb. OFR. masHn (fr. matin) 
'a mastilT. 

mat ME. matte oe. meatta = 
DU. maty OHG. matta G. matte^ 
IT. matta borrowed fr. lat. 
matta *a rug*, whence fr. natte. 

match ^ sb. me. macche oe. 
lemcedda *a companion' ident. w. 
oe. f^emaca sb. = E. make. 

match^ sb. 'the wick of a 
candle, a match' ME. macche 
borrowed fr. fr. mlche match 
of a lamp*: source lat. myxa 
'the nozzle of a lamp'. 

mate sb. 'a companion* me. 
mdte = DU. mcMty OSAX. *gimato, 
OHG. gimaiy} mhg. gema'yijty oe. 
*iemdta (wanting) would be 
derived from oe. mete = meat; 
hence mate prop. *mess-mate*. 

mate adj. me. mdte mat 'con- 
founded, dejected' borrowed fr. 
OFR. FR. mat (= SPAN, mate^ 
IT. matto)* Source the Arab.- 
Pers. expression in the chess- 
play schdh mat 'the king is dead'. 

matins, mattins 'morning 
prayers* me. matin{e)s\ borrowed 
fr. FR. matins plur. of matin 
'morning': source lat. matu^nus 
'belonging to the morning'; cp. 
LAT. hora matutma in ohg. m^tHna 
g. mette 'matutinal service*. 

matter sb. me. mature adopted 
fr. FR. matiere'y source lat. 
materia 'materials'. 

mattock me. maitok oe. mattoc 
prob. fr. CYMR. matog *a hoe'; 
but OSLOV. motyka and lith. 
matikas 'mattock' point to a Teut. 
word. 



mattress me. materas (== du. 
matras) borrowed fr. ofr. mate- 
ras = FR. matelas = med.-lat. 
matratium: source ARAB, matrah 
prop, 'a place where something 
is thrown*. 

maudlin adj. corrupted fr. 
ME. Maude lein = Mag delaine = 
OFR. MagdeleinCy lat.-gr. Mag- 
dahna, Maria Magdalena was 
considered a type of sorrowing 
penitence. 

mayl vb. me. malle 'strike with 
a *mair formed fr. the me. sb. 
malle 'a mall* borrowed fr. IR. 
mail 'a mall', whence also mall. 

Maundy Thursday ME. maundi 
thursdai fr. ofr. mandi (= ohg. 
MHG. manddi) 'the ceremony of 
Christ's w^ashing his disciples' 
feet': source lat. fnandatum ac- 
cording to John XIII 34. 

mauve 'mallow color borrowed 
fr. FR. mauve 'a mallow' = lat. 
malva'y ident. w. mallow. 

mav^ ME. mawe oe. maga 
'stomach* ^ ohg. mago 'sto- 
mach' G. mageny du. maag^ on. 
magi 'stomach'. 

may vb. me. mai oe. w^j = 
OSAX. OHG. G. DU. magy ON. mdy 
GOTH. mag. TEUT. ^ mag (mug) 
fr. ARYAN magh is closely allied 
to OSLOV. mogq moiti 'be able*. 

May ME. may Piai fr. fr. Mai 
(lat. Mains mensis). 

mayor sb. me. moire adopted 
fr. FR. maire: source lat. major 
'greater'. 



me — mean 



135 



me pers. pron. dat. and ace. 
ME. OE. m4 fr. a Teut. and aryan 
stem mC' in goth. nd'S mi-k. 
G. mi-'r mi'chf lat. mi hi me \ gr. 
/Ciot If-ioi fis I'ui) SKR. mahyam 
tne dat., mam md ace; base 

mead^ sb. me, m{de oe. meodo 
= DU. MLG. mede ohg. w^/c? 
x»//!e^ G. met, on. mjpdr: base 
teut. w^//« = ARYAN *medhu\ cp. 
SKR. mddhu 'honey, sweet drink', 
GR. f.ii^v wine' (allied /.isd^vo) 
*I am drunk', ^cts'^yy 'drunkenness'), 
OSLOV. meda 'honey, wine', lith. 
midus 'mead* — medics \oii&y y ir. 
mid. 

mead^ sb. 'meadow' (now in 
poetry) ME. m(de oe. m(kd (gen. 
mddwe) = DU. mat mlo, mdde 
OLG. mdtha mada^ ofris. rnHh, 
G. w^7//^, GOTH. *mMwa\ based 
on a TEUT. \P map m^d, con- 
nected w. LAT. miio *I mow, 
reap* and showing a shorter 
form mi in E. mow. But the 
GOTH. *w^ might represent 
the root and twd the suffix. — 
meadov^ me. medwe oe. mdd 
gen. mcedwe. Mead and meadow 
are related as shade and j^^- 
//^a^. Cp. mead. 

meagre adj. me. m^gre bor- 
rowed fr. FR. maigre (= span. 
IT. magro)\ source lat. macer 
'lean, thin, meagre*. OE. mcej^er 
(= DU. MLG. G. mager ohg. tnagar, 
ON. w^^r is common Teut.). 
The Teut. forms with lat. 
macer y gr. /nay.t^yog 'tall*, /««x- 
(?o^ *long' have prob. come fr. 



an ARYAN V^ mdk 'thin, long'. 
LITH. mdzas 'small* and ohg. 
magar might point to a common 
\^ magh. Perh. the Teut. group 
comes fr. vulg. lat.-it. magro, 

meal^ sb. 'flour' me. m^le oe. 
m'elo (gen. mehves) = OSAX. 
me/o, DU. DAN. mee/, ohg. me/o 
(gen. m'elawes) o. wM/, on. //i/'^/; 
Teut. base ^melwa- 'flour meal* 
lit. 'that which is ground' from 
a Teut. and aryan y^ w^/ 'grind' 
seen in osax. ohg. goth. malan 
DU. malen g. mahlen, on. w<?/a 
'grind' ; cp. lat. molOy gr. ^ivkXtJ, 
osLOV. mf/ja (m/efi), lith. »/df/«^ 
(mdlti), OIR. »z^/ww *grind*; cp, 
mi//. 

meal 2 sb. *a repast* me. m^'/ 
=. OSAX. md/, DU. maa/y G. w^^/, 
ON. md/y OHG. *w^/ wanting with 
this meaning; ident. w. goth. 
me/ time', oe. md/ 'time'. 

mean adj. me. m^ne oe. jjemane 
fr. a Teut. base ga-maini- = 
GOTH, gamains, osax. gimini, 
ohg. gimeini G. gemein, du. 
gemeen', cogn. w. lat. ^^z^- 
munis for com-moini-s] cp. lat. 

2/«^J with GOTH. tf/«J = ARYAN 

mean vb. meI m^ne oe. mdnan 
= OSAX. minian, du. meenen, 
OHG. meinen meinan G. meinen, 
Oin. meina, GOTH,* mainjan', osLOV. 
w/«;'<? ^<?w/? is closely allied. 
Connected with V" w^« 'think' in 
mind} 

mean adj. me. m^ne adj. 'middle' 
contracted fr. ^mej(n = ofr. 



136 



measles — mercy 



fneyen fr. tnoyen mtermediate': 
source lat. medidnus, 

measles sb. me. mesel sb. 
'leper' — adj. leprous': loan- 
word fr. OFK.m€se/=LAT, misellus. 

measure sb. me. m(sure bor- 
rowed fr. FR. tnesure (= span. 
mesuray n. misurd) from lat. 
mensura. 

meat me. m^ie 0£. mete fr. a 
Teut. base maH- = OSAX. tnetiy 
DU. met (in 'Wursf)y OHG. may 

ON. W^/r, GOTH. Wdr/J *food\ 

medal borrowed fr. fr. mi- 
daille (= span, medalla^ it. 
medaglid)) source a lat. type 
metallea fr. lat. metallum, 

meddle me. medle {m(le) 'mix 
borrowed fr. ofr. medler mesler 
= fr. meler : source a lat. type 
misculare 'mix' fr, lat. miscere 
*mix. — medley sb. me. medl4 
adopted fr. ofr. medle mesle 
(fern, medlee = fr. mi/ie^ part, 
of ofr. medler *mix'. 

medlar sb. me. medle-tri fr. 
ofr. meslier mesle *medlar-tree' : 
source lat. mespilum *a med- 
lar. 

meed sb. me. oe. mid (oe. 
once meord) = osAX. ?nedaf 
DU. miedey ohg. r/i^/tf 7wV//iZ g. 
miete 'hire' ; goth. mizdd 'reward' 
(the z of which was lost in 
Teut. with lengthening of i to 
t) fr. an ARYAN mizdho- in gr. 
fAiad^og *wages, pay, hire', oslov. 
mtzday avest. mtsila 'wages', 
OIND- midhd (for mizdho) 'contest, 
match, booty' (perh. orig. *a 
prize' by inference fr. the skr. 



adj. midkvds 'spending lavishly'). 

meek adj. me. m^k (late oe. 
*mioc) borrowed fr. the equiv. 
ON. mjiikr = sw. mjuky dan. 
myg soft*, cp. DU. mmk 'soft*, 
GOTH, muks (inferred fr. muka' 
mddei 'meekness'). 

meet vb. me. m^te oe. tn^tan 
vb. = OSAX. motiaity DU. moeten^ 
ON. mdetay gotu, gamotjan 'meet': 
TEUT. y/^mdt, 

meet adj. me. mite oe. lemdte 
= OFRis. mite, mlg. mdte, ohg. 
gimdp; cp. mete. 

melt vb. ME. melte oe. meltan\ 
for the \P melt see malt. An 
Aryan V^ meld is evident in skr. 
mrdii 'soft, tender', gr. uaXdttv 
'cook'. 

menace sb. me. mendce mandce 
borrowed fr. fr. menace (lat. 
minacid) 'threat'. 

mend vb. mende short for 
amende borrowed fr. fr. amender 
(lat. emendare). See amend, 

menial (prop, adj., but also 
j used as sb.) me. meineal formed 
with the suffix -al fr. me. meini 
maini *a household*. This is 
borrowed fr. ofr. mesne meisnee 
answering to a lat. type *fnan- 
I sionata, 

merchant me. marchaunt mar- 
chaund borrowed fr. ofr. mar* 
chant = FR. marc/iand: source 
lat. mercari 'buy' (cp. market), 

mercy me, m^rgi borrowed 
from FR. merci (source med.- 
lat. merces 'mercy, pity' extended 
fr. lat. merx 'traffic'). See 
market^ merchant. 



merge — mid 



137 



merge vb. adopted fr. lat. 
tnergere *plunge under water'. 

merit me. mertt fr. fr. mirite, 

mermaid me. mer-maide) oe. 
mere 'ocean me. tn^re agree 
with OHG. OSAX. m^riy GOTH. 
marei *ocean*; cp. marsh, 

merry adj. me. mirie oe. myrj^e 
from a Teut. base murgi-^ 'short* 
in OHG. murgfdri 'of short life', 
Swiss murg 'mannikin'; cp. goth. 
matirgjan 'shorten*. The adj. 
TEUT. murgU' 'short' =^ IE. 
mrghu' corresponds to gr. |?pa- 
j^v<; *short' (for *inpaxvc). 

mesh sb. me. mesche oe. fndsde 
= on. mpskve, ohg. mdsca G. 
masche) the Teut. ba«e *m^sgen 
belongs to the IE. mtzg in lith. 
tndzgas 'knot' from the vb. tnezgii 
(tnkgsti) 'knot, weave nets'; hence 
mesh may be traced to a teut. 
y^ m^sq (ARYAN mtzg 'braid'). 

mete vb. me. m{te oe. metan = 
OSAX. me fan, DU. me fen, ohg. 
meT^yin G. messen^ ON. mefa, goth. 
mifan with which is allied goth. 
mifon *think over', ohg. mey^bn 
'moderate*. The teut. \(^mtt is 
based on the ARYAN \fmtd in 
GR. uBSof,i(u 1 devise* — ^ddiov 
'counselor' — ^uddijLivog *a corn- 
measure*, lat. modus 'manner' 
— modius 'a corn-measure*, goth. 
mifafs 'measure*. 

mess sb. me. messe borrowed 
fr. OFR. mes FR. mefs (source 
lat. missus fr. miff ere) 'send' and 
in MED.-LAT. 'put, place*). 

piessage me. message borrowed 
fi. FR. message ; lat. type missafica 



an extension of lat. missus, — 
Hence messenger (with the 
insertion of n as in passenger) 
ME. messagir formed fr. message 
with the suffix -er denoting 'the 
agent*. 

metal me. mefal borrowed fr. 
FR. mifaL 

mete vb. 'measure* me. mffe 
OE. mefan sw. vb. 'measure' = 
GOTH, mifan, G. messen ohg. me'yifln, 
DU. mefen. 

mettle ident. w. mefal but 
meaning now 'spirit, ardor'. 

mtrw vb. onomatopoetic like 
DU. maauwen, g. mauen) imitative 
of a^ cat's cry. 

mew ME." mSw oe. mcew; cp. 
DU. meemv, on. md-r^ G. nmvei 
teut. base maiw-, 

mickle me. mikel michel mukel 
muchel, OE. ndHel mydel = goth. 
mikils , ON. mikill my kill, OS ax. 
mikil, OHG. fnihhil', cp. much, 

mid- adj. me. mid oe. mid midd 
= OSAX. middi, OKG,. mi ffi G, mif', 
ON. midr, goth. mid/is. In mod. 
e. and in mod. G., the adjectives 
E. mid- = G. mif- are only used in 
compounds as E. midday, midlenf, 
midsummer, midwinfer] G. miffag, 
miffernachf, miffwoch (orig. dat 
sing.). The teut. stem, midja- 
answers to aryan m^dhyo\ cp. 
GR. aiaot; (for ^/iis^jog)^ SKR. 
mddhyas, lat. medius, — middle 
adj. and sb. me. oe. middel = 
DU. middel, ohg. miffil G. miffel\ 
with formative -/ from the adj. 
mid. 



138 



midge — milt 



midge me. migge oe. mydg fr. 
a Teut. base mugjd- = OSAX. 
ntuggia, DU. niugy ohg. mucka G. 
miicke. From on. m;f it may be 
inferred that the West -Teut 
guttural is secondary. 

midst formed with excrescent / 
from ME. in middes equivalent to 
amid, 

mien borrowed fr. fr. mine fr. 
IT. mina = on. mena 'fashion, 
carriage ofman: source med.-lat. 
minart 'conduct, lead'. 

might me. might oe. miht meahi 
= OSAX. OHG. ma/i/, du. magf, 
G. machty oi^. mdttr^ goth. mahts. 
The common teut. *mahti is an 
old verbal abstract from goth. 
magan (like OSLOV. moiti from 
^mokti from mogq *clean*). See 
may, 

milch adj. me. milche oe. "^myUe'. 
deriv. of milk\ cp. the equiv. 
adj's. ON. milkr mjdlkr ^ ohg. 
m'elch G. melky oe. melc, 

mild adj. me. oe. milde = 
OSAX. mildi y du. g. mild ohg. 
miltiy ON. mildr y goth. mildeis, 
Cogn. w. oiR. meldach 'agreeable* 
or blaith 'soft, smooth* (base 
mldti') ? or OSLO v. mladU young, 
tender', lith. mildiis 'pious*? 

milde^v me. mildew oe. miled{aw 
= DU. meeldauWy ohg. mili-tou 
G. mehltau] the first part is prob. 
fr. OE. meie = goth. milip 'honey'; 
cp. ON. milska 'a honeyed drink'; 
the second part see under dew, 

mile ME. mile oe. mil = du. 
mij'ly ohg. mila milla (for *mtlja) 
G. w7^//?: borrowed fr. lat. milia 



(passuum) lit. 'thousand paces', 
(whence also fr. niilley it. miglid). 
The more frequent plur. mtlia 
was adopted in Rom. and G. as 
a fem. sing, (omitting passuum)^ 

milfoil me. milfoil fr. fr. milk- 
feuille = LAT. millefolium. 

milk ME. milk oe. meoloc mile 
= OSAX. miluky du. melky ohg. 
miluh G. milchy on. mjdlkry goth. 
miluks. It is remarkable that a 
common Aryan or at least a 
West -Aryan term for 'milk' is 
wanting, although the y^ melg = 
TEUT. melk *to milk' occurs in all 
the West-Aryan languages. From 
a common Indo-Eur. vb. : oe. 
m'elcany Dif. melkeny ohg. melchan 
G,melkenyGOTn,*milkan, Cp.LAT. 
mulgerey gr. d/ttsXyeiVy oslov. 
mlSsli (pres. mliizq)^ lith. milsli 
(pres. milzii) OIR. mbligim {mlicht 
and melg 'milk*). — milk vb. 
ME. milke OE. meolcian (= ofris. 
melkay on. mjolkd) fr. oe. tneolc, 

mill ME. mille earlier milne oe. 
w;//« (whence on. mylnd) = du. 
molen meuleny ohg. mult(n) g. 
milhle'y borrowed fr. late lat. 
common ROM. moHna 'mill' (for 
class. LAT. mold)y whence also 
IT. mulinOy fr. moulin, 

millet fr. fr. millet \ source lat. 
milium 'millet*. 

milt ME. OE. milte = du. mi/ty 
ohg. milzi G. milzy on. milti: from 
the TEUT. yfmelt seen in malt, 
E. and DU. milt 'soft roe of fishes' 
is a corruption of milk (sw. 
mjolke milt' fr. »?/^/^ 'milk', dan. 



mince 



— mire* 



I3Q 



fiskemelk 'soft roe of fishes', lit. 
*fish-milk'). 

mince vb. me. mince oe. min' 
sian wk. vb. *make small' deriv. fr. 
OE. min(nn) ^ du. min 'smaller'; 
cp. FR. mincer 'mince' from mince 
'smair of Teut. origin. 

mind sb. me. minde oe. j^e'm;^nd 
'memory, mind*: Teut. base 
ga-mundi' =i goth, ga-munds 
'memory' from goth. ga-munan 
== OSAX. {far)munan 'despise*, 
ON. muna, oe. lemunan, cp. goth. 
muns 'purpose, desire, mind', 
ON. munr 'mind, desire, love', 
OE. myne 'memory, love'. Allied 
to ON. minni 'remembrance, mind', 
OSAX. minntty ohg. minnia and 
OHG. minnt G. minne 'love', orig. 
'remembrance'. All belong to 
the common Aryan and teut. 
yfmen man 'think'; cp. GR. (.thvoQ 
'courage, mind', /niinvfjaKro 'I 
remember', lat. memini reminiscor 
mens motteOy SKR. y^man 'think, 
believe*. 

mine possessive pron. me. oe. 
min = OSAX. ohg. mtn, du. mij'ny 
G. mein (also ohg. mtn G. meiner), 
ON. minny goth. meins\ derived 
fr. the stem tne- of the pers. 
pron. cp. me and for the suffix 
cp. SKR. maktna 'mine' and thine. 

mine sb. ME,mine = du. mij'n, g. 
DAN. mine: borrowed from fr. 
mine (= span. it. mnd) : of Celt, 
origin; cp. IR. Gael, mifin 'metal', 
BRET, men 'stone , metal', cvmr. 
Tmvyn 'metal': celt, base mena 
meinal 



mingle a frequent, vb. from me. 
minge menge OE. mengan = osax. 
mengian, du. mengen, ohg. mengan 
G. mengeny '•goth. *maggjan, Cp. 
among. 

minnov^ 'a fish' me. minawe oe. 
*mynwe ^and wy/z^'capito') = ohg. 
munriva capedo'; cp. westphal. 
moency hess. mcehnl Etymology 
unknown. 

minster me. minster oe. mynster 
fr. a base munistirja- = du. 
munster y ohg. munistri prop, 
'monastery' then 'convent-church' 
G. munster: after lat.-gr. mona- 
steriumy whence also fr. moutier 
'monastery, convent'. 

minstrel me. ministral menestral 
borrowed fr. fr. minestrel: source 
LAT. ministerialis an artisan, jester, 
buffoon'. 

mint^ sb. me. mint oe. mynet 
= DU. munty OHG. muniT, muni'^T^a 
G. mUnze: teut. munita- munitd^ 
borrowed fr. LAT. monita 'place 
of coinage, money', whence also 
FR. monnaie under money, 

mint 2 sb. 'a plant' me. oe. minte 
= DU. munty OHG. minza G. minze : 
adapted fr. lat. mentha menta 
(gr. (.livdoL) y whence also fr. 
menthcy it. span, menta, 

mire^ 'deep mud' me. mire oe. 
m;^re from west-teut. miurjon = 
on. m'^rr 'slime' ; the r of these 
words is orig. z^= s\ cp. oe. m(os 
'moss' by the side of oe. mos 
*moss, swamp'; g. moos also signi- 
fies 'marsh'; cp. moss. Hence 
E. mire prop, 'mossy soil'. 

mire 2 cp. pismire. 



140 



mirth — mole 



mirth me. mirihe earlier murhde 
OE. myrgd deriv. fr. OE. fnyrj^e = 
merry with formative -th (as in 
lengthy strengtK). 

mis ^ prefix me. oe. mis- = du. 
tnis'i OHG. missa- missi- G. miss-^ 
ON. miS'\ GOTH, missa- for ^mifta- 
(prop, lost*) is an old part, in 
id- from a ^mif> seen in oe. 
mldan me. w/M^ *shun, avoid* 
(=rr OS AX. fividan^ OHG. midan G. 
meiden). Akin to OIR. f«/ in w/- 
^«»w ^misdeed*? 

mis 2 prefix older mes- borrowed 
fr. OFR. pteS' (fr. mi-)', source 
LAT. mimis *less'. — mischief 
me. mes-ch^f borrowed fr. ofr. 
tneS'Chief *a bad result, damage* 
fr. mis^ and chief (cp. me. bon- 
chif 'happiness'). — miscreant 
borrowed fr. ofr. mescreant 
(source lat. credent-em). 

miss vb. ME. misse oe. missan 
= DU. G. mtssen, on. missa, goth. 
missjan. Evidently connected 
with WEST-TEUT. mipati avoid' in 
OE. midan, ohg. midan G. meiden 
'avoid*. Cp. mis, 

miiss contr. of mistress. 

mist ME. OE. mist = du. mist, 
LG. mtst 'darkness, fog, mist*, 
ON. mistr 'darkness, mist*. 

mister me. maisier = master, 

mistle me. mistel oe. mistel = 
ORG. fnisiil G. mistel, on. mistel 
'mistletoe*. — mistletoe oe. 
misteltdn (= on. mistilsteinn) fr. 
/«w//7*bird-lime*and tdn 'branch*. 

mite ^ sb. *a small insect* me. 
OE. mite = LG. mite, OHG. /«^^/ 
*a midge, fly: teut. ^fmit *cMt 



small', whence goth. maitan = 
ON. meita 'cut*. 

mite 2 sb. 'a very small portion' 
ME. mite borrowed fr. ODU. mijt 
a small coin. 

mitten me. mitaine borrowed 
fr. FR. mitaine 'a mitten*. 

mix vb. ME. mixe oe. miscian 
= OHG. miskan from *miskjan 
mhg. mlg. g. mischen\ all prob. 
borrowed fr. LAT. miscere 'mix*. 

mizzen sb. borrowed fr. fr. 
misaint = IT. mezzanai source 
LAT. medius, Ident. w. G. bezaan- 
segeL 

moan vb. me. m(hu (oe. *manian) 
with the by-form me. mine oe. 
mctnan 'moan . 

moat sb. me. mote borrowed 
fr. OFR. mote 'dike*. 

mock fr. fr. se moquer, 

mode fr. fr. mode. 

moiety borrowed fr. fr. tnoiiii 
(lat. type medietdtem). 

moist adj. me. moiste moist, 
fresh*: borrowed fr. ofr. moiste 
(= FR. moite). Source lat. 
musteus 'belonging to new must 
or wine', also 'new, fresh' (mustus 
'new wine*). 

mole' sb. 'a mark on the body' 
me. mgle oe. mdl = ohg. mdl 
also meila, goth. mail 'a spot'. 

mole^ sb. 'breakwater bor- 
rowed fr. FR. mole *a bank* 
(= IT. mole molo)\ source 
LAT. moles *a great heap, a vast 
pile*. 

mole' sb. *an insectivorous 
animal' me. molle = du. mol? 
Prob. short for me. moldewerp 



monday — more 



141 



= OHG. moltw'erf G. maulwurf. 
From ME. tnglde OE. mglde *earth' 
= ON. mold^ OHG. moltay goth. 
/««///<7 *earth* and from they" werp 
seen in goth. wairpan] see 
warp. * 

monday me. monenday oe. 
mpfiandcBi = du. tnaandag, ohg. 
mdnatac G. tnontagy on. mdnadagr\ 
the common Teut, name for 
LAT. /jSr>j Lunae (fr. /««///, it. 
lunedl)] thfe first syllable of 
monday is ident. w. moon, 

money me. moneie borrowed 
fr. OFR. moneie = fr. monnaie 
(= SPAN. monedUf it. moneid) : 
source LAI. moni^a. See mintK 

monger sb. me. oe. mongere oe. 
mangere (= ohg. mangdri, on. 
mangart) formed from oe. wa«- 
^wr« 'trade* with suffix -^r^. 
Source lat. mango *a defrauding 
trader. 

monk me. m^;?^ oe. munuc = 
OSAX. muniky du. monnik, ohg. 
munih(h) G. m'6nch\ source lat. 
monachus (gr. /iiora/og), whence 
also FR. /«<?/«^ and OIR. manach, 

monkey formed like donkey: 
source rr. monna mona 'ape*, 
whence also G. (16. cent.) mun- 
aff 'simia prasiana*. 

month me. mgneth oe. mpnap 
= DU. maandf ohg. mdnod G. 
monat, ON. mdnudr^ goth. menops. 
The common Teut. stem menop- 
'month' (pre-TEUT. m^not-) is 
ident. w. teut. menan" = 
moon. 

mood sb. ME. OE. mod = 
OSAX. mod^ du. moed^ ohg. muot 



G. mtUy GOTH, modsy on. »f<^//r. 
The orijg. meaning of the teut. 
stem mbda- was perhaps 'strong 
emotion, violent excitement' and 
was prob. derived fr. the\^wt3f- 
in GR. (.laUo^at 'desire*. 

moon ME. mone oe. mdna = 
OSAX. OHG. mdnOy du. maan^ G. 
mondy ON. »/«'«/, goth. m^na 
*the moon'. The Teut. base 
minan^ (and m^nbp- = montH) 
is cogn. with the greater part 
of the terms for *moon, month* 
in the other ARYAN languages; 
cp. SKR. mds (for mdns mins) 
moon, month' — mdsa 'month*, 
GR. f.ir]v (for *iLnjvg) 'month', 
LAT. minsts 'montW, osAX, mesfci 
*moon, month', lith. menu moon' 
— menests'montYi, oiR.//z/ 'month'. 

Moor^ sb. 'an inhabitant of 
Barbery' borrowed fr. FR. More; 
source lat. Maurus^ whence 
also SPAN. IT. MorOy ohg. Mor 
G. Mohr, 

moor- sb. 'a tract of untitled 
land* ME. OE. mpr a moor, morass, 
bog' = OSAX. mdr^ du. moer^ 
OHG. mtwry LG. G. moor) related 
to OE. mere, OHG. meri 'sea' = 
LAT. mare 'sea*. See marsh, 

m 

morass sb. me. mareis bor- 
rowed fr. FR. marais (= it. 
marese), whence also du. moras 
moeras y lg. moras (whence G. 
morasi) : source med.-lat. mara- 
gium 'swamp, marsh'. 

more adj. me. mgre oe. mdra 
=r OSAX. OHG. mh'o g. mehry du. 
meer^ ON. meiri] goth. maiza 



142 



morning — mother' 



(whose iza is the OTeut. com- 
parat. suffix) became 0£. mdra 
(r from z by rhotacism). The 
stem ma- belongs to the teut. 
adj. mi'-ra- 'illustrious'. 

morning me. morninge mor- 
weninge deriv. of OE. morgen = 
OSAX. OHG. morgan f du. g. morgen, 
ON. morgunn and myrgentiy goth. 
maurgins : a common teut. word 
for the first half of the day 
from day break. — Cp. evening, 

morrow; see morn and to- 
morrow, 

morsel me. morsel adapted fr. 
OFR. morsel (= fr. morfeau^ 
IT. morseilo) : dimin. of lat. 
morsum *a bit*. 

mortar^ *a vessel in which 
substances are beaten to powder* 
me. mortir OE. mortire {= du. 
mortiery, borrowed fr. fr. mortier 
(== SPAN. morterOy it. mortajo) 
*mortar : source lat. mortdrium 
*a vessel in which substances 
are pounded'. 

mortar^ *a mixture of lime 
and of sand' so called from the 
vessel in which it was made 
mortar'^ me. morier mortier 
adopted fr. fr. mortier {= 
SPAN. morterOy it. mortajo) y 
whence also du. mortely mhg. 
morter mortel G. mortef): source 
LAT. mortdrium, 

mortgage borrowed fr. fr. 
mortgage lit. a dead pledge'. 

moss ME. OE. mos 'a swamp, 
a plant': Teut. base mosa- = 
piJ. mos *moss, plant', ohg. mos 



*a swamp, plant' G. moos *plant* 
bog', ON. mosi 'moss, mire'. 
Ident. w. OE. m^fos, ohg. mios 
from a Teut. base meusa-, whence 
mire. Outside of teut., lat. 
muscus and OSLOV. muchu are 
cognate. 

most adj. and adv. 'greatest 
in size' me. m^st OE. mdst com- 
monly OE. nukst = OSAX. mest, 
DU. meest, ohg. g. m^sty on. mestry 
GOTH, maists, Superl. belonging 
to the compar. more, goth. 
maists has the old superl. suffix 
like GOTH. bat'istSy ohg. bnpyisty 
OE. betst (for bet-esi). The adj. 
stem GOTH. mirSy ohg. md-riy 
OE. mdre etc. seems to be the 
base of more and most, 

mote ME. mgte oe. mot (plur. 
motu) *atom'; the me. form are 
based on the OE. nom^ plur. 
Cp. DU. mot} 

moth ME. moththe oe. moppe = 
DU. mot'\t)y MHG. G. mottey on. mottiy 
sw. mott a moth' with the by- 
forms MHG. matte y oe. mohpe me. 
moughpe. 

mother^ me. mdder oe. mpdor 
= OSAX. mbdar y du. moeder^ 
OHG. muoter G. mutter y on. mddir. 
The common teut. word for 
'mother' (goth. said ^/^«). teut. 
mddr- .'mother' from aryan matr- 
ix. SKR. mdtfy GR. /iirJTfjo /ndrtjo, 
LAT. mdtery osLOV. mati y oir. 
mdthir 'mother'. 

mother^ 'dregs, lees' from 
*mudder = ODU. modder *mud, 
dregs', DU. moer 'dregs, lees', 



motley 



m 



uff 



143 



LG. G. moder^ dan. sw. mudder 
'mud, mould*. Cogn. w. mud, 

motley adj. me. motli bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. fnatteli 'clotted, 
curdled*. 

mould^ sb. 'fine soft earth' 
ME. OE. mglde ground, land, 
earth, country' = ohg. molia, 
ON. mold 'mould', goth. mulda 
*dust*: \P mal (cp. meat) with 
formative d as in old^ cold, 

xnould^ sb. me. mglde adopted 
fr. OFR. molle (fr. moule) *a 
mould*: source lat^ modulus 
dimin. of modus 'measure*. 

moult vb. ME. moute oe. bi- 
mutian', borrowed fr. lat. mutdre 
'change*, whence also DU. muiten, 
ohg. miiyipn G. mausern *change 
the feathers or skin, moult*. 

mount vb. adapted fr. fr. 
monter 'mount*. 

mount sb. me. mount: loanword 
from FR. mont, Ident. with oe. 
muni from lat, montem {mans). 
The me. ou =u is not the oe. 
u, but substitution for the fr. 
nasal vowel. — mountain me. 
tnountaine fr. ofr. montaine = 
fr. montagne (lat. type mon- 
taned), 

mourn vb. me. mourne oe. 
murnan str. vb. = OSAX. morniany 
OHG. mornifty on. mornuy goth. 
maiirnan : aryan V" mer in gr. 
fikQif-iva sorrow* and lat. memor, 

mouse ME. mous (plur. mis) 
oe. ?mis (plur. mp) =. DU. muts, 
ohg. mus G. maus, on. mus. The 
base muS' occurs in almost all 
ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. mui 



'mouse* with the \^ muS muS 
muidy 'take away, rob*; also 
GR. (.IV qy LAT. mus, OSLOV. myH, 

mouth ME. mouth oe. ?mid =. 
OSAX. mud; DU. mond, ohg. mund 
G. mund, on. munnr mtidr, goth. 
munps 'mouth*. The teut, 
munfa-z 'mouth' is based on 
pre-TEUT. mdntO'S and connected 
with LAT. mentum 'chin*. 

move vb. me. move with the 
by-form moeve fr. ofr. movoir 
mevoir fr. mouvqir = lat, 
movere, 

mow sb. M£. mowe mouwe oe. 
mUga mtiwa = on. mtigi 'heap'; 
cp. OHG. mU'Werf 'mole* orig. 
'maker of mole-heaps*. 

mow vb. me. mgive oe. mdwan 
str. vb. = DU. maaijen, ohg. 
mden mhg. mcejen G. mdhen, A 
common west-teut. \fm^ 'mow' 
appears in oe. m(Bp (e. math in 
after-, latter-^, ohg. mM G. mahd 
'mowing, swath*, and in gr. 
d-/nr]Tog 'harvest' — a-f.idio 'I 
mow' and in lat. metere 'reap'. 

much ME. moche muche for 
earlier muchel OE. mydel fr. a 
Teut. base mukila^ (mikila')\ 
cogn. w. GR. Luyakri and /ndyncf 
SKR. mdhan 'great*. Cp. mickle. 

muck ME. muck borrowed fr, 
a SCAND. *muk- = ON. myki 
mykr 'dung*. 

mud ME. mud = olg. mudde 
'mud*. 

muff vb. DU. mof lg. g. sw. 
muff\ DAN. muffe a new teut, 
word derived fr. fr. moufle 



144 



mulberry — muzzle 



mitten, med.-lat. muffula (9* 
cent.). Cogn. w. muffle vb. 
'cover up warmly' fr. ofr. moufle 
'mitten. 

mulberry me. oe. miirberie oe. 
mdr-berie = du. tnoerbes tnoer- 
besie^ OHG. murb^ri mbrbiri G 
maulbeere\ the / of the first part 
of the compound for r is the 
effect of dissimilation; mdr is 
LAT. mbrum *a mulberry*. The 
second part is an explanatory 
addition. 

mule ME. mule borrowed fr. 
FR. mule\ source lat. mulus *a 
mule', whence also it. mulo^ o. 
maulesel (oho. mul^ oiR. oe. 
mtit). 

murder sb. me. morther oe. 
mordor = goth. matirfr) from 
\fmr m?r *die* and suffix -pra;^ 
cp. oe. mord = on. ?nord, OSAX. 
morth^ DU. moordy ohg. g. mord 
'premeditated murder'. teut. 
morfa- 'murder is based on 
pre-TEUT. mfto-m 'death': yfmor 
widely diffused through all the 
Aryan languages signified *die'. 
Cp. the SKR. \f7nr 'die' (mrtd-m 
'death' — mrias 'dead' — mdrta-s 
'mortal') — mrtyus 'death'; lat. 
mori 'die' — mortuus^ dedid! — mors 
'death'; osloy. mrS/t 'die' — moru- 
sU-mriiti 'death' — mrutvu (lat. 
mortuui) 'dead'; lith. mirti 'die* 
— mirfis 'death' ; gr. (ipoTog (for 
*luQOTCgymoriaV — du^poTog^im- 
mortal'; OIR. marb 'dead'. — 
murder vb. me. murthre mirthre 
oe. myrdrian = ohg. murdiren, 
GOTH, maiirfrjan 'murder, kill*. 



murky me. mirke mirk bor- 
rowed fr. ON. myrkr and ident. 
w. OE. mirde myrie, oe. myrde^ 
OSAX. mirki and on. myrkr 
'dark' represent a Teut. base 
mirkwi', 

murmur vb. me. murmure 
adopted fr. fr. murmurer (= 
SPAN, murmurary it. mormorare^ 
OHG. murmurdn G. murmeln) : 
source lat. murmurare. 

muscle adopted fr fr. muscle*. 
source lat. musculus 'a muscle, 
a little mouse', dimin. of mus 
'a mouse' (gr. fnvg) *a mouse, 
a muscle'- From the same source 
also DU. g. muskel 'a muscle*. 

must sb. me. oe. must 'new 
wine* (= DU. G. most, on. must) 
adopted fr. lat. mustum 'new 
wine', whence also ofr. mousty 
FR. mouty IT. mosto. See musty, 
moist etc. 

must vb. ME. oe. mpsie pret. 
of OE. mgtan = OSAX. mbtan, 
DU.- moetetiy ohg. muoT^an G. 
mUsseriy goth. mbtan» 

mustard me. mustard mostard 
(= DU. mosterd mostaardy g. 
mostert {mostricK)\ borrowed fr. 
ofr. moustard = fr. moutard. 
Source ofr. moust = lat. mustus 



'new wine'. 



mute me. muet fr. fr. muet. 
Source lat. mutus 'dumb*. 

mutton ME. motounmutoun adopt- 
ed fr. OFR. moton (fr. moutoti), 

muzzle ME. mosel hoTTO'w^d fr. 
OFR. musel = FR. museau 'muzzle'; 
perh. orig. identical w. morcel 
= E. morseL 



mushroom — nap 



145 



mushroom late me. musheroun 
fr. the equiv. ofr. mousseron, 

muster sb. 'a show; review, 
array; pattern' etc. short for 
ME. mousire from ofr. monstre 
(fr. montre^Yt, mostrd): source 
LAT. monstrarey whence also DU. 
monster y MLG.munster^ G. muster. 



sw. DAN. monster. — Hence the vh. 
muster vb. ^exhibit, review' etc. 
ME. must(e)re < ofr. monstrer 
(fr. montrer = span, mostrar, 
IT. mostrare) from lat. monstrare\ 
cp. DU. monster en y mlg. munsteren, 
G. muster n^ sw. monstra, dan. 
monstre* 



N 



nag me. nagge 'horse*; cp. odu. 
^^gg^ a small horse'. 

nail ME. nail oe. nceiel = osax, 
OHG. nagal DU. G, nagely on. 
«tf^/*finger-nair — naglVytood^n, 
iron nail*; GOTH. * nag Is inferred 
from the vb. nagljan 'nail', teut. 
nagla- arose from ARYAN noghlo- 
or nokhld'] cp. skr. nakhd *nail 
of ayfinger or toe, claw of a 
bird', GR. ovvy- (nom. oVvJ) *nail 
of a finger or toe, claw, hoof, 
hook', lat. unguis 'claw, talon', 
oiR. ingen (cymr. ewin) from 
Qngkwind^ OSLOV, nogUit 'nail, 
claw' (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot'); 
lith. ndgas 'finger-nail' — nagii 
'horse's hoof*. ARYAN \^ nokh 
nogh. 

naked adj. me. ndked oe. ndcod 
= DU. naakt, ohg. nackut nahhut 
G. nackty ON. nokkvidr, goth. 
naqaps\ Teut. base naqo-da- 
naqa^da- from a pre-TEUT. nogoto- 
noget6'\ cp. om. «^<r^/'naked' from 
a base nokto* and skr. tiagnd 
•naked' with suffix na for ta\ 

English Etymology. 



without consonantal suffix are 
formed osLov. nagHy lith. nugas 
naked'. Allied also lat. nudus 
for ^novdus ^nogvtaus, — ARYAN 
yCnogl 

name sb. me. name oe. ndma 
ngma =. OSAX. ohg. namo, du. 
naaniy G. name, qn. nafn (for 
^namri), goth. namd\ synon. with 
SKR. ndmay gr. o-voiia, lat. 
nSmen and perh. also ident. with 
osLOV. im^ fr. *m-men *pn-men, 
PRUSS. emmans, gir. ainm. The 
ARYAN base was n&men-, which 
perh. was orig. ^gnff-men- fr. the 
ARY AS y/^gnS in know. Then 
name prop, meant 'name by 
which a thing is known'. 

nap^ sb. from the vb. me. 
nappe OE. hnceppian hnappian 'doze'; 
cp. OHG. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen 
vb. 'slumber*. Perh. cogn. w, 
O'S^hnipiany os.hnipna vb. 'droop*. 

nap- sb. earlier nop me. noppt 
nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap 
of cloth* = DU. nopy mlg. dan. 
noppe^ osw. nop 'nap of cloth or 

10 



146 



nape — neck 



woor; cogn. w. NORWEG. nuppa^ 
GOTH, dishniupan \o break'. 

nape me. ndpt 'knob'; perh. 
with inner labial for guttural and 
cogn. w. neck. 

napkin me. napekin adopted fr. 
FR. nappe 'table-cloth' with dimin. 
suffix 'kin. Source a vulg. lat. 
*nappa = LAT. mappa *a cloth'. 
See map* 

nard me. nard borrowed fr. 
FR. nard (= span. it. nardd) 
= LAT. narduSf whence also g. 
narde. 

narrovr adj. me. narawe narwe 
OE. nearu = OSAX. naru, du. 
naar) from a teut. adj. narwa- 
(used as fem. sb. in ohg. narwa 
G. narbe 'scar*). Cp. lith. nlr-ti 
vb. 'thread* (a needle) — narvh 
*cell of the queen-bee'. 

narwhal (== g. narwat) adopt- 
ed fr. DAN. sw. narhval == on. 
nd-hvalr *sea-unicorn'. The se- 
cond element see under whale] 
the first part is obscure. 

nasty adj. corruption of an 
earlier nasky\ perh. borrowed 
fr. sw. dial, naskug *nasty, dirty'. 

naught ME. naught oe. ndht 
earlier ndwiht = oSAX. niowiht 
OHG. niowiht G. nichty du. niety 
GOTH, ni waihts *no thing'; cp. 
whit, 

nave^ sb. 'the body of the 
church* borrowed fr. ofr. nave 
FR. nef (= SPAN. IT. nave) *a 
ship' — *the body of the church': 
med.-lat. navis 'the nave of 
a church* = LAT. navis 'ship'. 



nave 2 sb. 'the hub of a wheel* 
ME. ndve OE. ndfu = du. naa/ 
aaf navey ohg. naba G. nabcy 
ON. ngfy GOTH. *naba\ an old 
ARYAN word (base nobhct)\ cp. 
SKR. ndbhi f. and nabhya n. 'the 
nave' (of a wheel); cogn. w. 
navel. See auger, 

navel sb. me. ndvel{e) oe. nd^ 
fela = DU. navely ohg. nabulo 
G. nabely ON. nafli\ goth. *nabala : 
a common ARYAN word with a base 
nobhalO'i onbhalo-) cp. the synon. 
GR. ouifokogy LAT. umbilicus (tor 
*unbilicus *nobiUcus)y SKR. ndbhtla, 
oiR. imbliu 'navel'. These words 
are very old /-derivatives ot 
ARYAN nobhA onbha 'nave, navel*; 
cp. LETT, naba 'navel', lat. umbo 
'boss of a shield*. Cp. nave, 

navy me. navie ndv4\ borrowed 
fr. OFR. navee orig. 'a single 
ship' (fr. LAT. navis 'ship*).' 

nay me. nai\ loanword fr. on. 
DAN. nei 'no, not', which answers 
to genuine no (cp. aye), 

neap-tide sb. me. n(p-s(soun 
oe. nep-flpd 'ebb'; a teut. adj. 
nepa- is not found elsewhere. 

near adj. 'nigh' now used as 
a positive, but prop, a compa- 
rative adverb me. n(r (n^r) oe. 
near (nyr) contr. of *n^ahor (^n^a- 
hir) = OSAX. OHG. ndhSr adv., 
DU. naar adv. Cp. nigh, 

neat adj. borrowed fr. fr. net 
(source lat. nitidus 'shining, 
clear). 

neck ME. nekke oe. hnecca = 
DU. nek\ cp. OHG. nac hnac (ck) 



ridk^i^MaAftfc^ ^ita. 



need — nest 



147 



G. nackeriy on. hnakkh Teut. base 
*hnakkan- for on. hnakki and 
^hn'ekkan" for OE. hnecca. oiR. 
cnocCy OBRET. cnoch *hiir (stem 
cnocco-) may be cognate, perhaps 
also nape. 

need sb. me. ned (n^'d) oe. z?^^ 
nyd (n(ad) fr. a Teut. base «tf«/// 
= OSAX. nody DU. «<?^//, OHG. 

not G. fj^/, ON. naudry goth. 
naufsi pre-TEUT. «^«//- has been 
connected with pruss. nauH- 
'distress'; pre-TEUT. \fnau. 

needle me. n^dle oe. nedl tuBdl 
(oldest form nddt) — osax. nddluy 
DU. naaldy OHG. nddala G. nadely 
ON. ndly GOTH. n^pla\ a common 
Teut. word for needle* formed 
with the suffix -flo-y Aryan -tld- fr. 
y/^n^ seen in ohg. ndjan G. ndhen 
'sew'. TEUT. \^«^ is usually con- 
nected with the ARYAN y"j/?<^ in 
LAT. nerCy GR. vi(o *I spin' — vrn-ia 
'thread' — rf]T()ov 'spindle'; oiR. 
smm 'spinning' and sndthe 'thread' 
— sndthat needle'. 

neeze vb. cp. me. nisinge 'snee- 
zing' and ON. hnjdsay ohg. hnio- 
san G. nieseny du. tjiezen vb. 
'sneeze': TEJJT.y/^hneuSy cogn. w. 
the TEVT.\/"/neus in oe. fneosan 
ME. fn^se and du. fniezen 'to 
sneeze' and \fsneus in sneeze, 

neif neaf i^ie. n^e 'fist' bor- 
rowed from ON. hnefi 'fist' (sw. 
ndfvey DAN. noeve), 

neigh vb. me. nHe oe. hnceyin 
'neigh' == du. neitn vb. and 
MLG. neiinge sb. neighing*, mhg. 
neigen vb, 'neigh': of imitative 



origin like ON. gneggja and ohg. 
hweidn vb. 'neigh', 

neighbor me. neighebour oe. 
nihhebilr prop. n^'ak'ielnir=osPLii, 
ndbur (for ndh-gibur), jy\3,nabuur^ 
OHG. ndh-gibur G. nachbar: a com- 
mon West-Teut. compound of 
«/^^ and bowery pointing to 
GOTH. *nikwa'gabur, 

neither see either] me. nouther 
oe. ndwder earlier form nd" 
hwceder. 

nephev^ me. nevew borrowed 
from FR. neveu'y supplanting the 
genuine me. n^ve oe. n'efa grand- 
son, nephew' = on. neji 'relative', 
DU. ^^i?/" grandson, nephew, cou- 
sin*, OHG. nevo G. neffe 'sister's (or 
brother's) son': Teut. base nefan" 
from a pre-Teut. base nipot- ap- 
pearing in SKR. ndpdt (stem 
ndptf) 'descendant, son, grand- 
son', GR. avsi/Jiog 'a first cousin, 
kinsman' — vinodsg 'offspring', 
LAT. nepos (the source of fr. 
neveuy whence E. nephew) *a 
grandson, also a nephew', oir. 
nia *a sister's son*. 

nest ME. OE. nest = ohg. g. 
DU. nest: teut. nesfa- = pre-Teut. 
form nizdo- confirmed by skr. 
nida-s 'lair of animals' also 
'dwelling', armen. nist 'seat', 
OIR. net nest', lat. nidus 'nest' 
for *nizdos. The arvan ni-zdo- is 
prop, a compound of the Aryan 
\fsed sit, seat oneself*, and 
the verbal particle ni preserved 
in SKR. (see nether) \ nizdo" 
from ni-sedo' means lit. 'settle- 
ment; cp. 8KR. ni-sad *sit down, 

10* 



148 



net 



night 



settle*. — nestle vb. me. nest{e)le 
OE. nistlian (= DU. nestelen^ G. 
nisteln)'. a frequent, form, lit. 
'frequent a nest*. 

net ME. OE. net (ti) fr. a Teut. 
naija' = OSAX. net {netti)y du. 
ON. nety OHG. nezzi G. netz, goth. 
«fl!/r; allied to on. not *a large 
net* and lat. nassa *net*. 

nether adj. mb. nether e oe. 
neodera) cogn. w. osAX. nithiri, 
DU. nedeVy ohg. «/V//W g. nieder 
and OE. wV/^r = osAX. nithar, 
DU. neder^ ohg. «/^r g. nieder^ 
ON. «///r, GOTH. *nipar\ deriv. 
from the Aryan verbal particle 
w ^downward' mentioned under 
nest and the comparat. suffix 

LAT. 'teVy GR. 'XBQOqy SKR. -Ajrtf. 

nettle me. nettle oe. «^/^/i? = 
DU. MLG. netely ohg. neT^i^ila G. 
nessel'y with dimin. suffix -/7<7«- 
from a more original form seen 
in OHG. naT^i^a nettle', goth. "^nata 
and *natild\ possibly connected 
with net and with the redupli- 
cated OIR. nenaid (base nenat-) 
nettle'; cp. lith. notere nettle'. 

never adv. me. never oe. ficB/re 
from ne not' and dfre = ever, 

new adj. me. n^e oe. n^owe 
(nlwe) = OSAX. ohg. niuwi^ du. 
nieuw, G. neuy on. «^r, goth. «//{//>. 
The common teut. niuja- from 
pre-TEUT. niuyo- answers to skr. 
ndvyas naviyas (and novas), lith. 
naujas navas (oslov, novil^ lat. 
novuSy OR. I'coc); prob. connected 
with the ARYAN particle nu *now', 
so that 'that which is new' means 
now, recent'. Cp. now. 



newt with secondary n from 
ME. eute evete oe. e/ete\ not found 
in the other Teut. languages. 
Teut. base abiton-l 

next adj. me. next oe. niehst 
nihst = OSAX. ohg. nahist G. 
ndchsti superl. of OE. ndah = e. 
nt'gh. See also near, 

nice ME. ntfe 'foolish' fr. ofr. 
nife *slothful, idle, dull*; source 
LAT. nescius 'ignorant*. 

niche borrowed fr. fr. niche 
= IT. nicchia a recess in the 
wall'. 

nickname short for earlier 
nekendme me. fke-ndme prop, 'ad- 
ditional name*; cp. on. aukna/^n, 
DAN. ognavn nickname*. For oe. 
ican;f^ean *to add' cp. eke. The 
initial n of nickname is secon- 
dary as in newt. 

niece me. n^(e fr. fr. ni^cei 
source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece' 
= LAT. neptis a* grand-daughter, 
niece*. 

niggard sb. me. nigard with 
the by-form me. nigoun 'niggard'; 
the formation of the Me. words 
points to Fr. influence. 

nigh adj. adv. and prep. me. 
neigh OE. n^h earlier n{ah = 
OSAX. ndh, OHG. ndh G. nahe, on. 
nd-r, GOTH, n^hws 'nigh, near': 
Teut. base nihwa^ = pre-TEUT. 
n^ko' niqe^. Cp. near^ next 
and neighbour^ 

night me. night (naught) oe. 
niht (neaht) = osAx. ohg. naht, 
DU. g. nacht, on. ndtt ndtty goth. 
nahtsi TEUT. naht^ from pre- 
TEUT. nokt'-x cp. LAT. nox (stem 



nightingale — nose 



149 



nocti')^ GR. vv^ (yvy.T'), skr. 
ndkta — naktan — ndkti, lith. 
nakiisy OSLOV. noiH, See fori- 
nighty sennight. 

nightingale me. nightengdle oe. 
nihte-gale = osax. ohg. nahti-gakiy 
DU. nachiegaaly g. nachtigall a 
nightingale*: from oe. niht (gen. 
nihte) = night and teut. galan 
str. vb. 'sing'. Cp. stanyeL 

nightmare me. nightemdre\ oe. 
OHG. ON. mar a a night -mare* 
(du. nachi-merrie nightmare*). 

nightshade oe. niht-sdeadu from 
OE. «//^ = E. night and oe. 
sdeadu = e. shade, 

nimble adj. me. nimel lit. ready 
to catch* from oe. niman vb. 
'take, seize*; for the suffix cp. 
brittle. 

nine me. nine oe. tdgone without 
inflexion nigon neogon = osax. 
nigun, DU. negen; cp. goth. ohg. 
niun G. neun, on. ntu *nine*: the 
forms with g are based on teut. 
*negun for *newun, whilst goth. 
and ORG. niun are based on^newn. 
The numeral is common to all 
Aryan languages in the form 
n€W?n newn\ cp. skr. ndvan, lat. 
naventy gr. iwia.^ om. ndi. 

nit ME. nite oe. hnitu = du. 
neet, mlg. nete nit, ohg. ni^ G. 
niss. GR. xoi'/g (plur. xor/Jfc) 
*^8S of lice, bee-bugs and fleas' 
may be allied , if y,(o)vid is 
common to both languages. Cp. 
also SLAV, gnida and alban. dent 
from *henidd. 

no adv. me. n(f oe. nd (= on. 



«^' cp, ay) from «^ *not* and 
d *aye, ever*. 

noble me. np^/e fr. fr. «^^/^ = 
LAT. nobilis. 

nod vb. ME. nodde] cogn. w. 
OHG. hnuttin Vibrate* mhg. notten 
'stake* and on. hnjoda vb. 'ham- 
mer*: TEMT.y/^ hnud. 

noddle *head* me. nodle. 

noise sb. me. noise borrowed 
fr. FR. «^w^*quarrer; source lat. 
nausea *nausea'. 

noisome adj. of me. noy nuy 
annoyance, hurt' earlier me. anui 
fr. FR. ennui (ofr. anui); cp. 
annoy, 

none me. n(fn oe. ndn from ne 
'not* and dn = one. 

nook me. np'h 'corner*. 

noon ME. OE. npn = osax. ohg. 
nona; du. noen, G. none, on. nbn. 
Source lat. nSna (sc. hora) lit. 
'the ninth* (hour) with an ex- 
tension of meaning 'midday, 
twelve o'clock'. 

nor ME. nor short for nother 
'neither*, oe. ndwder contr. of 
ndhwceder 'neither' from oe. nd = 
no qnd OE. hwceder = whether. 

north ME. north(e) oe. norf = 
DU. noord, ohg. g. nord, on. nordr^ 
sw. DAN. nord\ it. span, norte^ 
FR. nord are of Teut. origin. 

northern me. northerne oe. nor- 
derne prehistoric *norprdni fr. a 
TEUT. type nor^roni = oYiG. nor- 
druoni, on. norrdnn 'northern*. 

nose ME. npse oe. nosu (ndsu) 
'the nose*; cp. du. neus, ohg. 
nasa G. nase, on.nps: teut. *nasS' 
nosS- nose* = aryan nas-; cp. 



I50 



not — nut 



SKR. ndsa nas, oslov. nosU^ lith. 
ndsisy LAT. ndsus ndres, — nostril 
ME. nosethirl OE. nos-pyrel {nces' 
pyrt) lit. 'a nose-orifice* from 
OE. nosu nasu = nose and OE. pyrel 
*a perforation, orifice'. 

not ME. not short for nought 
OE. nauht ndwiht = qsax. ohg. 
niowM, DU. met, G. nicAt, From 
OE. ne *not* and oe. dwi/it = 
aught, 

notch also nock me. nokke ■= 
ODU. nock *a notch in the head 
of an arrow', osw. nocka *a notch': 
source ofr. hoche 'notch'? 

note ME. note adopted fr. fr. 
note\ source lat. nota *a mark, 
sign, note'. — notice borrowed 
fr. FR. notice 'notice' = lat. notitia 
'knowledge, acquaintance'. 

noun sb. borrowed fr. ofr'. non 



.= FR. nom a name 



source 



LAT. nomen a name . 

nourish vb. me. nurisshe vb. 
adopted fr. OFR. noriss- the stem 
of certain forms of ofr. norrir 
= FR. nourrir 'nourish': source 
LAT. nutrire 'feed'. Cp. nurse. 

nov^ ME. now OE. nii = 9s ax. 
nu, DU. nu, OHG. nu G. nu(n), on. 
mi, GOTH, nu: sl common aryan 
adv.; cp. skr. nU nun-am now', 
GR. vi) vvr, LAT. nunc (with the c 
oihi'c), OSLV. nyni'^iio\^\ lith. nu, 
Cp. new. 

nude adj. fr. fr. nude = lat. 
nudus 'naked'. 

nuisance sb. me. noisaunge bor- 
rowed fr. FR. nuisance *a hurt': 



a verbal noun formed fr. the 
pres. part, of fr. nuire = lat. 
nocire hurt, injure*. 

numb adj. me. nome nomen prop, 
part, of ME. nime. = OE. niman 
'take, overpower, deprive of sen- 
sation'; cp. ON. nunnnn 'bereft* 
(of life, of speech). 

number adopted fr. VK.nombrei 
source lat. numerus 'a number*. 
— numerous adj. adopted fr. 
FR. numereux (for the usual nom- 
breux) fr. lat. numerosus adj. 
'numerous'. 

nun ME. nonne oe. nunne = du« 
non, OHG. nunna G. nonne. In the 
8'^ cent, adopted fr. lat. nonna 
(orig. meaning 'mother') ; cp. fr. 
nonney it. nonna *a nun*. 

nurse sb. contr. of me. norife 
nurifei loanword fr. ofr. nurrice 
= fr. nourrice. Source lat. 
nutrk-em'si nurse'. — nurture sb. 
ME. nortilre adopted fr. ofr. no- 
riture (= Y^.nourriture) : source 
LAT. nutritura 'nourishment'. See 
nourish. 

nut ME. note nute oe. hnutu = 
DU. noot^ OHG. nw^ G. nuss, on. 
hnot 'nut\ The Teut. base hnut' 
points to y/^hnud (seen in oiR. 
cnu 'nut'?). — nutmeg me. Twte- 
muge nutmegge from me. nut = 
nut and me. milge borrowed fr. 
OFR. muge 'musk' = lat. muscus 
musk? Cp. OFR. muguette fr. 
muguet *a nutmeg' = ital. noce 
moscada. 



oaf — on 



151 



oaf ident. with elf\ perh. OE. 
alf or rather borrowed fr. ON. 
dlfr 'eir. 

oak ME. ^k OE. dc fr. a Teut. 
base aik' = on. eik, du. eik, 
OHG. eik G. euAe: alj with the 
same meaning 'oak'; perh. cogn. 
w. GR. ulyavbTj 'spear — Alyiq. 

oakum me. pkumb oe. d-cumba 
'tow'; cp. OHG. d'kambi *tow*: 
prop, 'that which is combed 
out*. For oe. cpmb cp. comb, 

oar me. pre oe. dr (infl. dre) 
fr. a Teut. base aird^ = on. dr 
(dan. tf^r^, sw. dra). If teut. 
tf/'r^- is an arvan ^ryd-, y^er in 
GR. ioetfjQ *oarsman' — spsv/tiog 
'car* might be cognate, cp. row. 

oast me. ^j/ oe. dsf 'kiln, dry- 
inghouse* = du. eesf: teut. ^w///- 
cogn. w. LA.T, aes/us glowing heat'; 
ARYAN V^ aidk *burn' in GR. aldoq 
*heat'. 

oath ME. M oe. d^ = goth. 
at/Sj ON. eidr, du. <?^^, ohg. g. 
eid *oath': teut. m/a- fr. a pre- 
TEUT. oifO' in oiR. oetA 'oath'; perh. 
^ai in ohg. heja 'law'. 

oats ME. (ffes plur. of ^/^ OE. 
dta. 

oblige vb. ME. oblfge = fr. 
obliger^ lat. obligare, 

obtain fr. fr. obtenir, 

odd ME. ^rt5^/<? 'distinguished, 
special*: loanword fr. on. oddi 'a 
triangle', which also means 'an 



odd number* {standask i odda 
'be at odds, quarrel). 

of ME. OE. of = GOTH. ON. DU. 

a/, OHG. aba G. ab: aryan apo in 
GR. a 77 0, SKR. dpa 'away'. — off 
orig. ident. w. of, 

offend vb. me. offende fr. fr. 
offendre =^ lat. offendere, 

offer vb. me. offre oe. offrian 
wk. vb. 'offer* : loanword fr. lat. 
offerre 'offer'; cp. du. offer sb. 
'offering' and osAX. offrbn vb. 
'offer*. 

office me. office fr. fr. office = 
LAT. officium 'duty*. 

often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft 

= ON. ^^/, GOTH. uftQy OHG. ^/^ 

G.^ oft 'frequently'. The adv. 
points to a Teut. adj. of-ta-^ 
which is perh. part, of an aryan 
\fuq = SKR. uc 'to be wont'. 

oil ME. oile (plie) fr. ofr. oile 
= FR. Mi/e 'oil' (lat. oleum), 

ointment me. oinement fr. ofr. 
oignement: deriv. of fr. oindre == 
LAT. ungere vb. 'anoint'. 

old ME. gld OE. did (Jald) : Teut. 
base alda- = osax. ald^ ohg. g. 
ally on. aldr, du. oud 'old'; cogn. 
w. GOTH, alfeis 'old' and usalpan 
'grow old*. A primitive teut. 
and ARYAN V^^/*grow' cp. in goth. 
alan =. lat. ^3:/.?r^ 'nourish'. 

on ME. OE. on = GOTH, ana 
'on', G. an ohg. ana, du. <7^«, 
ON. w (for *a:«); cogn. w. gr. 
dru^ SKR. a;^^. 



152 



once — otter 



once ME. ^nes late oe. dnes (com- 
monly (knes)\ orig. genitive of 
OE. dn =. one] cp. G. eimt ohg. 
eines. — one me. ^n oe. dn fr. 
a Teut. base aina-z = goth. atnsy 
ON. eimiy DU. een, G. ein. aryan 
oinO'S may be inferred fr. lat. unus 
(for oinos)y ir. den^ cymr. «^?, gr. 
oivocl cogn. w. SKR. ^-^dr *one\ 

onion me. onioun fr. fr. oignan 
whence also flam, anjoen DU. 
^W« fr. OD\J>onjuun: source lat. 
unid(nem) , whence also oe. ynne 
*onion' fr. west-teijt. *unnjdn- = 
TEUT. unjon-. 

only ME. (fn/i earlier (fn/ic oe. 
dn/ic 'unique*. From one, 

ooze ME. w(fse oe. a/^j (infl. 
wpse) juice*; perh. fr. a Teut. 
base wansa- in on. vds wetness'; 
cp. MLG. wdse 'juice'. 

or conj. ME. or shortened . fr. 
an earlier odr, which supplants 
OE. odde 'ox under the influence 
of OE. dwder dhwceder = me. 
auther outher 'either* ('one of two*) 

or adv. 'ere* ME. ^r late oe. {rare) 
dr\ commonly OE. cer me. ir 'ere*. 
See ere, 

orange me. orerige fr. ofr. orenge 
= fr. orange. 

open ME. gpen oe. open fr. a 
Teut. base opana^ = ohg. off an 
G. offeny osax. opany du. open, 
ON. opinn. The adj. has the form 
of a participle and points to a 
lost verbal root {eup} w'epT). 

orchard me. orchard oe. orderd 
older ort-'^eard (=. goth. atirti- 
gards 'garden'): adoption of lat. 
hortus (for the mute h cp. it. 



ortd)\ GOTH, adrtja 'gardener* and 
OHG. orzbn 'cultivate* point also to 
LAT. hortus. The ch of the E. word 
is owing to a fusion of / + j 
(oE. ort -f- leard), oe. ^eard 
'garden* (cp. yard and garden) 
is added in explanation of lat. 
hortus (=r TEUT. ort). 

ordain vb. me. ordaine fr. ofr. 
ordener =*lat. ordinare. — ordre 
ME. ordre fr. fr. ordre = lat. 
ordinem (nom. or do), 

ordure (Shakesp.) 'excrement' 
ME. ordure fr. fr. ordure, 

ore ME. (fr OE. dr 'brass* = goth. 
ais 'brass* {aiza-smipa *copper- 
smith'), ON. eiry ohg. ir 'brass*; 
cogn. w. LAT. aes *ore, bronze*, 
SKR. ay as 'iron'. 

origin me. origine fr. fr. origine. 

orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr. 
FR. oraison 'prayer: source lat. 
oratio-nem. 

orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing. 
*^r/ OE. *oret for *or-dt; cp. lg. 
ort 'what is left by the cattle 
in eating* and goth. uzSta 'crib': 
prefix or 'out' and ^/^et in eat. 

ostrich ME. ostriche fr. ofr. 
ostruche = fr. autruche] source 
LAT. avis strutMo 'ostrich*, whence 
OE. strytay OHG. struT, (g. vogel 
Strauss) and also it. struzzo. 

other ME. other oe. oder fr. a 
Teut. base anpera- = goth. anfar, 
ohg. g. du. andery ON. annarr; 
cogn. w. LiTH. antraSy skr. antara 
and anya 'other*. 

otter ME. oter oe. otor = du. 
G. otter OHG. ottar, ON. otr : base 
teut. yfotra- = ARYAN udro" cogn. 



ouch — pack 



153 



w. water \ otter prop. *the water 
animal*. Cp. gr. vdga *a water- 
snake' and closely allied to the 
Teut. group OSLOV. vydra, lith. 
udra 'otter'. 

ouch ME. ouche commonly fwuche 
'necklace, collar fr. ofr. nouche 
prop, nosche (= OHG. nuscd). 

ought = aught, 

ounce ME. aunfe fr.* fr. onre\ 
source lat. uncial whence also 
inch. 

our ME. oure oe. tire for *Usre 
= GOTH, unsara: from the Teut. 
pron. uns; cp. us, 

ousel ME. pset oe. (fsle for *omsle 
teut. afnsla = OHG. amsala G. 
atnsel 'ousel*. 

out ME. oute oe. Ute earlier Ht 

= GOTH. ^/, ON. tit, OHG. Wg G. 

aus, DU. mt. Cp. skr. 2/// 'up, out*. 

outlaw ME. out/awe late oe. 
atlaga fr. ON. titlagi] cp. lat. 
^^r/f^ic and see /v?7«/. 

outrage me. outrage fr. fr. ^»- 
trage (= source a lat. type 
uUra-ticum), 

oven ME. f^^« OE. of en = ohg. 
^TZf^jff G. o/en, DU. ^>/^«, ON. o/n 
and GOTH, fl'w^w 'oven*; an ori- 
ginal meaning of the Teut. word 
is preserved in oe. o/net 'vessel'. 



An ARYAN type u^no- is found in 
GR. invo'c: oven*. 

over ME. (fver oe. o/er = goth. 
u/ar, OHG. u3ar, on. o/r, du. 
over; cp. g. u^er ohg. udtri. 
Outside of the Teut. languages, 
GR. vnfp and skr. updri 'above' 
are cognate. 

owe vb. ME. pwe oe. dgan 
possess* = Gdl'l3. aigan, ohg. 
etgan 'possess': ajlyan y/^atk in 
SKR. tf possess*. — ought me. 
(fughte oe. dhte is the pret. tense of 
oe. dgan and own me. (fwen oe. 
dgen is part. = ohg. etgan g. 
eigen, osax. igan. The vb. own 
ME. (fune oe. dgnian 'possess* is 
a deriv. of the adj. own, 

ovf\ ME. ^w/^ OE. tile fr. a Teut. 
base uwwalbn'\ cp. ohg. 22ze///ar g. 
eule\ on. sw. «^/rtr points to a 
GOTH. *uggwaldn-» The word is 
sound-imitation. 

ox ME. ox OE. OXa = GOTH. 

atihsa, OHG. ^Af^ G. ochse, on. <?jw 
«jw, DU. OS 'ox' : Teut. base o/isan^, 
ARYAN ukson- in SKR. ukian 'ox', 

CYMR. J/r>%. 

oyster me. oistre fr. ofr. ^w/ir<? 
= fr. huitre 'oyster*: source 
LAT. ostrea, whence also oe. gstre^ 
G. auster, du. oester. 



pace ME. pdfe pds borrowed fr. 
FR. pas = LAT. passtis *a step*. 

pack sb. ME. packe = lyu.pak, 
ON. pakki, G. /a^^i^, it. pacco, fr. 



paquet\ BRET. /dJiJ: source and 
history of the group unknown. 
— package formed by adding 
the FR. suffix -age = lat. -aticum 



154 



pact — pall 



to the sb. pack, — packet 
formed fr. the fr. divcAVi, paquet, 

pact adopted fr. fr. pacte = 
hAT.pacfumfV/hence also it. paUo; 
DU. G. paM 'rent- contract'. 

psiddock ME. pad^ok; the ending 
'ock is a dimin. suffix as in du/- 
locky h illo c k. Primit. me. padde 
'ivog^=sCk^i>.padday du. lg. fries. 
padde (o. schildpati). There exists 
also LG. pad'hucke paddock*, the 
second element of which is lg. 
hucke paddock'. 

page sb. ME. page fr. yk, page 
(whence G. page). Source gr. 
naidiov *a little boy'. 

page 2 sb. (of a book) fr. ofr. 
page. Source hkT.pdginay wheni:e 
also 0¥VL.pagene (me,, pdgine pdgent 
'page') and ohg. peine (rare) 
'page'. — pageant orig. 'the 
movable scaffold on which the old 
mysteries were acted' me. pdgent 
— earlier form pdgine 'pageant'. 
Source med.-lat. pagina 'scaffold' 
= lat. pagina \ page', also 'a 
plank of wood'. For the excres- 
cent / in pageant cp. parchment. 
• pail me. pail oe. pce'^el 'bucket' 
= DU. pegel peily lg. pegely whence 
G./<^^/ 'water-gauge' is borrowed. 

pain ME. peine fr. fr. peine: 
source lat. poena^ whence also 
OE. pin = E. pine. 

painim ME,painim 'heathendom* 
fr. OFR. paenime = lat. paga- 
nismus 'heathendom*. 

paint vb. me. painte peinte vb. 
borrowed fr. fr. peinty part, of 
peindre = lat. pinker e ' p aint*. See 
depaint. 



pair me. peir fr. fr. poire (= 
SPAN, pary IT. paro pajo) : source 
hi^T.par 'alike', whence mhg. par 
g. paar 'pair'. See peer, 

palace me. paleis palais fr. fr. 
palais^ whence also mhg. palas 
(rare paleis) G. palast: source 
med.-lat. palatium. 

palate fr. the synon. lat. pa-- 
latum (me. paUt paldt from ofr. 
pal at). 

pale adj. iSE,pdle borrowed fr. 
FR. pale: source lat. pallidus 
'pale*. 

pale sb. me. pdl{e) *stake' fr. 
FR. pale 'stake or pole*. Source 
LAT. pdlus *a stake*. For the 
rare OE. pdl 'stake' see pole. 

palfrey me. pal{e)frei pakfrai 
fr. ONFR. palefrei = fr. palefroi. 
Source J.kT,paraveridus an extra 
post-horse* which is also the 
source of org, p/er/rid G,p/erd 
and T£, pala/renOy SiVA^,pala/ren, 
The Lat. word is a compound of 
GR. 7ra()n and GALLO-lat. veridus 
'horse* {rheda is Gallo-Lat. for 
'travelling carriage' and ve is a 
Celt, prefix) ; hence naga'Ver^dus 
was orig. the horse in reserve*. 

palisade Shakesp. palisado = 
FR. palissadcy span, palizaday it. 
palizzata. All equiv. and deriv. 
fr. LAT. pdlus *a stake*. Cp. 
pale and pole. 

pall ME. pal OE. pcell: source 
LAT. pallium. The adoption 
cannot have occurred before 
the literary period of Anglo- 
Saxon, as we should expect an 
OE. form "^pelle *pylle 'wrapper*. 



palm — parchment 



155 



LAT. palla cannot be the source, 
as it never was the ecclesiastical 
terminus technicus, but rather 
pallium. 

palm *inner part of the hand' 
ME. paume palme\ borrowed fr. 
OFR. palme = paume. Source 
ULT,palma *the palm of the liand* 
(cogn. w. o^,/olm under feel), 

palm 2 sb. 'a tree' me. palm oe. 
pdlmi a bible word, 1.XT, palma 
*a palm-tree'. 

palsy me. pal{e)sle oldest form 
parlesie fr. fr. paralysie: source 
LAT. paralysis 'palsy*, which was 
used in oe. as paralysis, 

pan ME. OE. panne = ohg. 
pfanna G. pfanne, on. sw. panna^ 
TiV.pan: T'SAJi.panna is regarded 
as a transformation oi\.k.i. patina 
(or rather *patnd) a basin'. 

pane me. pane 'patch, piece, 
pane* fr. YSi.pan a pane, piece, 
or pannel': source LAT. pannus 
'a cloth, rag, patch*. — panel 
pannel me. panil *a piece of 
cloth' (= DU. paneel) fr. ofr. 
panel Y^, panneau. Source a lat. 
type panellus fr. pannus. 

pannier me. panier 'bread- 
basket* fr. FR. panier (= lat. 
pdndrium 'bread-basket*, whence 
also DU. paander^ OSAX. paneri, 
OHG. pfandri), 

pansy borrowed fr. fr. pens^e: 
derived from fr. penser 'think* 
(cp. G. vergissmeinnicht as the 
name of a flower). 

pant vb. 1 5*** cent, pante paunte 
fr. OFR. fantoyer (cp. fr. pan- 



teler) 'gasp, pant'; cp. ofr. 
pantais = E. panias (in falconry) 
*a disease of hawks*. 

pantaloons fr. fr. pantalon. 
The FR. word prop, meant 
trowsers worn by the Venetians 
who were called Pantalone after 
the patron Saint of Venice, St. 
Pantaleone. 

pantry me. pan(e)trie fr. fr. 
paneterie (derived fr. lat. panis 
*bread'). 

paper me. pdper earlier pap^r 
fr. FR. papier = lat. papyrus 
(cp. also taper)f whence also 
0. \s\3, papier. In late oe. (ii*** 
cent.), a rare papir (cp. ohg. 
paffur^ 'papyrus' is found. 

paradise me. paradis (parais) 
fr. OFR. paradis (parais pareis) 
— FR. paradis^ it. paradiso. 
Source lat. paradtsus^ whence 
also ohg. OSAX. paradis G. para* 
dieSy DU. paradijs y on. sw. dan. 
paradis. The corresp. oe. term 
was neorxnawgng, 

paramour me. paramour 'lover, 
concubine*. Source the fr. 
phrase /flrr amour 'by love* (cp. me. 
par d4 *by God* — par fay 'by 
my faith* and perhaps), 

parcel me. parcel prop, par^il 
fr. FR. parcelle (lat. type ^par- 
ticella derived fr. particuld), 

parch vb. prop, the same as 
pierce fr. me, perche perfe. 

parchment me. parchemin fr. 
FR. parchemin (du. perkament fr. 
OFR. parcamin)\ source lat. 
pergamena (charta) parchment'. 
The city of Pergamon in Asia 



J56 



pardon — pastry 



Minor was famous for the in- 
vention of parchment. The ex- 
crescent / in NE. parchment is the 
same as in tyrant] cp. pageant, 

pardon sb. me. pardoun from 
FR. pardon', source lat. per^ 
donate 'remit a debt', whence 
FR. pardonner, 

pare vb. me. pdre fr. FR. parer 
= LAT. parare, 

parish me. parisshe earlier 
parosche fr. ofr. paroche = fr. 
paroissei source "Lki. paroscia (gr. 
TTCtQODiioi), an ecclesiastical ter- 
minus technicus. 

paritory see pellitory. 

park ME. park short for OE. 
pearroc] ident. w. du. mlg. perk 
*a park', ohg. pferrih G. pferch 
*an inclosure, sheepfold': source 
a Celt, base parraka- (parrika-) 
in fr. parCf it. parco. Cogn. w. 
SPAN, parra Yruitwall, espalier 
for vine' and provenc. par ran 
*small garden . 

parlour me. parlour fr. fr. 
parloir 'conversation room' (fr. 
parler 'speak'). 

parrot for earlier (15*^ cent.) 
perrot = fr. Perrot Pierrot 
'little Peter (in fr. also used 
as a name for a sparrow). 

parsley me. persli earlier form 
persil fr. FR. persil — lat. petroseli- 
nam 'parsley' (cf. G. OE. peter silie). 

parsnip late me. parsnipe paS' 
nipe fr. OFR. pastenaque = lat. 
pasiinaca 'parsnip'. 

parson me. persoun ident. w. 
person, med.-lat. persona also 
meant 'curate, parson. 



part sb. ME. part fr. fr. part 
(= SPAN. IT, parte): source 
lat. pars-par tern, — part vb. 
ME. parte vb. fr. fr. partir = 
LAT. partiri partire 'divide, part'. 
— partake vb. me. part tdke\ 
cp. G. teil nehmen, — party sb. 
ME. parti(e) fr. fr. partie, whence 
also MHG. parite G. parteiy du. 
partiji IT. partita = lat. type 
partita. 

partridge me. pertriche fr. ofr. 
pertrisy whence also du. patrijs 
(ODU. pertrtse) : source hPcr.perdix- 
perduem. 

parvis me. parvis fr. fr. parvis 
porch of a church'; ident. w. 
paradise. The church-porch 
is called in several languages 
paradise (esp. the portico of 
St. Peter's church, Rome, was 
called paradHsus), 

pass vb. ME. passe (pdfe) vb. 
fr. FR. passer (rr. med.-lat. 
passare 'step, walk' fr. lat. passus 
*step'. — passE'ge me. passdge 
fr. FR. passage. — passenger 
earlier passager me. passagir\ 
cp. messenger for the secon- 
dary «. 

paste sb. me. paste fr. ofr. 
paste = FR. pate\ source late 
LAT. pasta paste'. 

pastern earlier pastron repre- 
sents an unrecorded WE.*past(iiy 
roun fr. the synon. ofr. pasturon 
= FR. pdturon. 

pastime for pass-time, an imi- 
tation of the synon. "FK, passe-temps. 

pastry sb. me. pdst^ 'pie' fr. 
OFK. past^ (earlier past^tk, whence 



patch — peat 



157 



ODU. pasteide = du. pastet) : 
derived fr. i.kt, pasta z= paste, 

patch ME. pacche'y perh. ident. 
w. LG. plakke 'a piece*. 

path ME. path oe. peep = du. 
LG. padj OHG. pfath pfad G. pfad 
*a way': Teut, base pafa-^ not 
cogn. w. GR. Trdrog *a way', 
SKR. path 'a way*, avest. pap 
*way'. But cp. oe. peep pan *tread*, 
laG.pedden vb. *tread*, MRG.pfetten. 

pattern me. patroun borrowed 
fr. FR. patron 'pattern*. 

pause adopted fr. fr. pause 
= LAT. pausa. 

pave vb. me. pave borrowed 
fr. FR. paver *pave' (lat. pavire 
•beat*). 

pa^v sb. ME. pane poue bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. poue (= PROV. 
pauta *a paw') ; ident. w. du. 
pooty G. pfote\ it is uncertain 
whether the base pauta is orig. 
Celt, or Teut. 

pawn^ sb. borrowed fr. fr. 
pan *a pawn, gage, pledge*; 
perh. ident. w. ofris. du. pandy 
OHG. p/ant G. pfand, 

paivn^ sb. (at chess) me. paun 
poun borrowed fr. ofr. poon 
paon peon = fr. pion : source 
\T> pedone prop. *a footman (lat. 
pedo-netn), Cp. ON. ped-madr 
*pawn at chess . 

paxwax late me. pax-wax 
'tendon of the neck*; cp. ohg. 
walto7vahsOf ofris. waldewaxe ner- 
vus' and wax for the second ele- 
ment of the compound. The first 
part of E. paxwax (dial. E. faX" 
wax is obscure. 



pay vb. ME. pate vb. fr. fr. 
payer (prop, ^satisfy, content* = 
LAT. pacare Opacify*), whence also 
du. paaien *pay\ 

pea (plur. peas) fr. me. p{s(e)^ 
the s of which was considered 
to be the plural ending, me. 
pis points to ONFR. pels = fr. 
pois. Source lat. pisum *a pea*, 
whence also oe. pisu, 

peace me. p§s earlier pais (= 
DU. mlg. peisy mlg. pais) fr. 
OFR. pais = FR. paix (lat. pax- 
pacetn). 

peach late me. p{che fr. fr, 
peche for pesche = it. pescay lat. 
persicum *a peach*. Fr. the lat. 
word, G. pfirsichy nu.perztky oe. 
persoc *a peach' are borrowed. 

peacock me. p^-cock and pea- 
hen me. p^-hemte point to oe. 
p^a with the by-form pdwa *pea- 
cock : source lat. pd^d-nem^ 
whence also ohg. p/dwo G. 
pfaUy DU. pauWy on. pdfugl\ cp, 
FR. paon 'peacock*. 

pear me. p{re oe. p'eru 'a pear 
= ODU. perCy DU. lg. peer : loan- 
word fr. the equival. I.A.T. pirum 
(whence also g. birne) = fr. 
poire a pear'. Cp. perry, 

pearl me. p&le fr. fr. perle =^ 
OHG. p'erala G. perky it. per la i 
source lat. pirula (for pilula 'a 
little ball'?). 

peasant fr. fr. paysan) cp. 
pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see 
parchment, 

peat for beat (see purse for 
the change of b to /). 



»58 



pebble — penny 



pebble sb. me. pibbel-stgn and 
pubk'Stgn OY., papolstdn popol-stdn 
*a pebble-stone*. 

peck vb. a van oi pick. 

peck sb. ME. pekke *a measure*; 
perh. akin to fr. picotln 'a mea- 
sure*. 

pedant sb. (= du. g. dan. 
sw. pedant) borrowed fr. fr. 
pidant, IT. pedaniey the ultimate 
source of which is GR. ncuditsiv 
'educate*. 

pedigree late me. petegriw 
peHgrii: perh. adopted fr. fr. 
pied de grue *a crane's foot*? 

peel vb. adopted fr. fr. peler. 
Source lat. pellis 'skin*. 

peep^ vb. *chirp' me. *pepe pipe 
borrowed fr. fr. piper. Source 
LAT. pipare = gr. -nimilChiv 
'chirp': sound - imitation; for 
variant in form see pipe. 

peep^ vb. look pryingly*; cp. 
0¥^,piper *peep* — la pipe du jour 
*the peep of day*. 

peer sb. me. p4re p4r borrowed 
fr. OYSi, per peer ¥^. pair. Source 
LAT. par 'equal'; see pair, 

peer^ vb. 'appear me. p4re 
short for ME. app^re = appear. 

peer^ vb. *pr}'' me. pire =. lg. 
piren 'look closely*. 

peevish adj. ihe.. p^isch p^nche 
p^dige. The ending (cp. par- 
fridge and parisH) points to 
FR. origin. 

peg sb. me. oe. pegge\ akin to 
DAN. pigy sw. pigg 'spike*, lg. 
pigge peg*. 



pellitory sb. late me. paritarie 
fr. FR. paritoire, which goes back 
to a LAT. type **parietaria 'the 
plant of the walls'? 

pelt sb. me. pelt *a sheep-skin 
(e. peltry = du. pelterij\ mlg. 
peltrie fr. ¥K. pelletrie)) ident. w. 
G. pelz OHG. pellh,- Source a 
Rom. XyY^e pellida = fr. pelisse^ 
IT. pelliccia, Cp. pilch. 

pelt vb. me. pelte ?\so pilte pulley 
the latter forms corresponding 
to OE. piltan pyltan. Source 
LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'? 

pen sb. borrowed fr. fr. 
penne. Source lat. penna *a 
feather'. 

pen vb. me. penne oe. onpennan 
'impound, enclose*: prob. con- 
nected with pound^ and lg. 
topennen 'bar, bolt* — uppennen 
'open'. 

penance me. penaunce fr. ofr. 
penance older peneance = i.at. 
poenitentia 'penitence'. 

pencil orig. 'a hair-brush* me. 

penfil fr. ofr. pincel fr. pinceau 

a brush'. Source lat. penicillus 

'a painter's brush*, whence also 

G. pinsel. 

pennon pennant me. penoun 
borrowed fr. ofr. pennon 'a flag, 
streamer (for the secondary / of 
pennant see pageanty parch- 
in eni). Source \,ki, penna 'wing, 
feather. 

penny me. pent plur. penles 
(contr. penSy whence e. pence) 
OE. penif^ pennii penning pending 
==: OSAX. pending penning^ du. 



people — pester 



159 



penning^ OHG. phaniinc pfyniing 
pfenning G. pfennigs on. penningr. 
The word may be derived fr. 
pany so that the form of the 
pennies may have suggested the 
word or it may have been asso- 
ciated with* the base *pand 
under pawn} For the suffix 
'ing cp. shilling, farthing. 

people ME. peple pdeple bor- 
rowed fr. 0¥K. pueple fr. peuple^ 
whence also G.pobel. Source lat. 
populus people' (cp. also du. 
peupeL 

pepper me. peper piper oe. 
pipor = DU. peper, oho. pfeffar 
G. pfejfer, on. piparr: borrowed 
fr. LAT. piper (whence also it. 
pepe, FR. poivre), Cp. oslov. 
ptprU *pepper. 

perceive vb. me. perceive fr. 
OFR. perceverFK. apercevoir. Source 
LAT. percipere 'apprehend*. 

perch ^ *a rod' me. pirche fr. 
the synon. fr. perche. Source 
LAT. pertica *a pole, bar ? 

perch^ *a fish' me. pirche bor- 
rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat. 
perca = GR. ntpy.t] a perch*. 

perchance cp. perhaps. — 

perdy (Shakesp.) 'by God' 
ME. pard4 = fr. par dieu *by 
God'. 

perforin vb. me. perfourme ear- 
lier parfourne borrowed fr. ofr. 
parfournir 'perform*. 

perhaps (late me. perhappaus 
15'*^ cent.) and perchance have 
the FR. preposition par (per) in 
imitation of me. peraventure" 



parauntre a,nd per cas; haps is 
the plur. of hap under happy 
(cp. paramour^, 

peril ME. peril fr. fr. piriL 
Source lat. periculum 'danger*. 

perish vb. me. perisshe bor- 
rowed fr. the stem of some 
forms of the fr. verb pirir 
'perish*. 

deri^vig formerly periwigge per^ 
wicke borrowed fr. ¥K,perruque (wi 
being substituted for fr. «); 
cp. also G. perriicke, du. pruik. 

periwinkle; cp. the synon. 
me. pervenke oe. pervince. Source 
LAT. pervinca 'a twining plant*. 

perry adopted fr. fr. poiri 
'perry', formed fr. a vulgar lat. 
type "^piratus 'perry, drink made 
of pears' (LAT.//r«/« under/ ^^r). 

person me. pirsoun borrowed 
fr. FR. personne. Source lat. 
persdna'y ident. w. parson. 

pert adj. me. p^rt 'pert, plain, 
clever, bold'; cp. odu. gepertich 
flam, p'ertig 'alert'. The group 
goes back to fr. apert. 

pertain vb. me. parUne bor- 
rowed fr. OFR. partenir. Source 
LAT. per finer e 'belong'. 

peruke ident. w. periwig. 

pervious adj. borrowed fn 
LAT. pervius 'passable*. 

pest borrowed fr. fr. peste. 
Source lat. pestis plague*. 

pester vb. short for impester 
borrowed fr. ofr. empestrer 
'pester, entangle' fr. empetrer. 

pet sb. 'a tame animal, a 



i6o 



'-,'-■- 



^^^^^^^ 



pet — pile 



favored child' short for earlier 
fea/ (me. *//0- 

petty adj. me. /^/// adopted fr. 
FR. pe/it *smair. 

pe^v sb. ME. pUe (puwe) fr. 
OFR. puie 'an elevated space', 
an open gallery with rails', 
"Whence also du. /«/, ofris. 
poie. Source lat. podium *a 
balcony*. 

pewet peewit so called from 
its plaintive cry; the earlier 
by-form puet points to a fr. 
source. 

pewter late me. pouter adopted 
fr. OFR. peutre (peautre) *a kind 
of metal'. It stands for "^peltre 
= SPAN. peltrCy IT. peltro pewter'; 
cp. DU. planter, 

pheasant me. f(saunt earlier 

f(saun fr. fr. faisan = it. 

fagiano. Source lat. phasidnus, 

GR. ipaaiavog *bird of Phasis in 

Colchis', whence also ohg. fasdn 

G. fasan. 

phial vial borrowed fr. ofr. 
phiole (fr. fiole). Source lat. 
phiala^ GR. (fiaXij *a broad, flat, 
shallow cup'. 

philtre borrowed from fr. 
philtre. Source lat. philtrum, 
GR. (piXvpov *a love potion'. 

phlegm adopted fr. FK.pAkgme, 
Source lat. gr. phlegma a flame, 
inflammation, phlegm'. 

pick vb. me. pikke oe. pician = 
LG. DU. pikkeriy G. picken, 

picket borrowed fr. fr. piquet 
picquet *a little pick axe', dimin. 
of OE. pic *a pike* under pike. 



pickle sb. me. pikel=^ du. pekelf 
ULG. pekel G. pokel'j prob. ix.pickle, 
frequentative of pick *pickout, 
cleanse'. 

picnic a modem word arising * 
about 1700 and soon received 
into FR. (^piquemqtu about 1740) 
and germ, (^pic knic k ^hont 1770). 

pie me. pie fr. fr. pie *a broiled 
remnant of a shoulder of mutton*. 

pie (in magpie) u^, pie fr. ofr. 
pie = LAT. pka, 

piebald composed of pie 'a 
magpie' and da/d 'streaked*. 

piece ME,pffe borrowed fr. fr. 
pi^ce, 

pier me. pere borrowed fr. ofr. 
piere, fr. pierre — 'LMYi.petra 'stone*. 

pierce vb. me. p^rge borrowed 
fr. fr. percer 'pierce*, me. by- 
form p^rche, 

piety adopted fr. fr. piitS 
piety* = LAT. pietdtem'y ident. w. 
pity, 

pig ME. pigge, 

pigeon late me. pigoun fr. fr. 
pigeon. Source lat. pipio{neni) 
'a chirper. See peep ^Xi^ pipe, 

pike ME. pike oe. pic = du. 
pieky G. piek\ cp. pick, 

pilch ME. pilche oe. pilde pylde 
fur. Source med.-lat. = it. 
pelliccia felt', whence also fr. 
pelisse and ohg. p^llii^ G. pelzy du. 
pels 'fur (primitive source lat. 
pellis), Cp. pelt, 

pile^ sb. 'an arrow' me. oe, pU 
(= du. pijly OHG. pfU G. pfcil^ 
on. pud) : borrowed fr. lat. pilum 
a javelin', whence ofr./zT?, span. 
IT. pilo 'a javelin, pestle*. The 



pile — pipe 



i6i 



corresponding Goth, word was 
arhwazna'y cp. ON. gVy OE. earh 
= LAT. arcus, 

pile 2 sb. *a heap* UK.file *tower, 
castle' borrowed fr. ofr. pile a 
pier, pyramid' fr. pile *a mole* 
= SPAN, pila *a pillar, trough*, 
IT, pila 'trough*. Source LAT.///a 

a pier of stone*. See pillar. 

pile^ sb. *a tumor* (now used 
in plur.) fr. i*at. pila *a ball*. 

pile^ sb. *hair* borrowed fr. ofr. 
peil FR. poil = SPAN. IT. peh. 
Source lat. pUus *a hair*. 

pilfer borrowed fr. ofr. pelfrer 
'pilfer*. 

pilgrim me. pilgrim borrowed 
fr. JAHG, pilgrim. Source med.-lat. 
peregrtnus (late lat. pelegrtnus)^ 
whence 'eK. pileriny ii, pellegrino, 
span, peregrino, DU. pelgrim, 

pill = G. DAN. pille prob. bor- 
rowed fr. the dimin. fr. pilule. 
Source lat. pilula *a pill*. 

pillar ME. pil^r borrowed fr. 
FR. pilier (= span, pilar j it. 
piliere). Source med.-lat. pilar e 
ptldrius (lat. pila) 'pillar', whence 
also OHG. pfildri G. pfeiler\ du. 
pilaar is ¥k, pilier y but Tuyj.pijler 
is lat. ptldre. 

pillory sb. me. pilgry borrowed 
fr. FR. pilori *a pillory*. 

pillov^ sb. ME. pilwc OE. pyle 
^pylwe = du. peuluWy OHG. 
p/uliwt(n) also pfulwo G. pfiihl: 
borrowed fr. lat. pulvtnus *cu- 
shion*. Cp. cushion. 

pilot sb. borrowed fr. 'EiEi.pilote 
= SPAN. IT. piloto pilotay DU. 
English Etymology. 



pilooty G. piloie. Origin unknown. 
The word occurs in Germ, and 
Engl, since the 15*^ cent.; in 
Germ, it appears j&rst in the 
It. form piloto. Perh. the It. 
word became European through 
the commerce with Genoa and 
Venice. 

pimpernel sb. fr. fr. pimprenelle 
pimpinelle. 

pin sb. ME. OE. pinn = DU. lg. 
pin. Source lat. penna *a pin, 
nail*. 

pinch vb. wl. pinche borrowed 
fr. FR. pincer, 

pine sb. me. pine oe. *pin(trio) 
*pine-tree*: borrowed h.LArr.pinus 
'a pine, whence fr, pin (pjj.pijn), 
SPAN. IT. pino *a pine-tree*. 

pine vb. me. pine oe. pinian 
*torment' = on. pinay du. pijneny 
OHG. pflnbn plndn (g. peinigen) : 
deriv. fr. OE. pin = OHG. pina G. 
pein. Source LAT. /fl?«dr (pronounc- 
ed pina). 

pinfold; see pound'^. 

pint sb. late me. plnte fr. fr, 
pinir (whence du. pinty lg. pinie 
'can ) : source lat. pincta. 

pip sb. ME. pippe = du. lg. pipy 
G. pips OHG. pfifffl : borrowed fr. 
a vulgar lat. pippita (:= lat. 
pltuitd) 'phlegm*, whence also 
FR. pipiey SPAN, pepitay it. pipita. 

pipe sb. ME. OF., pipe = i^i^-pi/p, 
Uj. pipCy OHG, p/i/a o. pfeifey on. 
ptpa : borrowed fr. med.-lat. pipa, 
whence also the synon. fr. pipe, 
SPAN, pipay IT. piz^a. Source lat. 
ptpdre 'chirp*. 

11 



l62 



pit — plant 



pit Sb. ME. /// OE. pyt (tt) = 
DU. puff LG. ptW OHG. pUZZl pfuzzi 

0. pfiltze : TEUT. putjus : borrowed 
fr. LAT. puteus *a well, pit*, whence 
also IT. pozzo, sp Mi. poza, ¥K.pm/s 
and oiR. ctutfUf cvmr. peten *well, 
pit. 
pitch sb. ME. //M OE. pid = 

OSAX. ODU. ///^ DU. pekf OHG. /M 

^^^ {hhj G.pechf ON. ^/^: borrowed 
fr. LAT. pix (pic-) pitch', whence 
also FR. poix, SPAN, pezy n, pece 
'pitch'. 

pitcher sb. m^picch^r borrowed 
fr. OFR. picker. Source med.-lat. 
picdriuniy a by-form of late lat. 
bicdrium under beaker. 

pith sb. ME. pitke oe. pida cog- 
nate w. DU. /// ODU. pitte 'pith' 
and MLG. pedik *pith\ A West- 
Teut. b&se pipan- is to be assum- 
ed, perh. a teut. pifwon- in- 
stead of qifwon-\ y/^gftf 

pittance sb. W£..pitaunce (=mlg. 
pitancii) borrowed fr. fr. pitance 
*meat, food, daily subsistance*. 

pity sb. me. pit4 fr. fr. pitiL 
Source lat. pietdtem, 

place me. pldfe fr. fr. place 
(= SPAN, plaza y IT. piazza). 
Source \.m:, plaiea = gr. nXavbYa 
*a street*. G, platz and TtM.plaats 
are also of Fr. origin. 

plague ME. (14'*^ cent.) pldge 
adopted fr. lat. pldga *an injury* 
whence du. plaag , ohg. pldga 
G. plage and it. piaga^ fr. plate. 

plaice ME. plaife borrowed fr. 
fr. plaise ofr. pldise. Source 
MED.-LAT. plaftsa prop, platessa *a 



fiat-fish*, whence also DU. pladijs^ 
G. platteise, 

plain adj. me. plain borrowed 
fr. fr. plain (whence also du. 
pkifi) = SPAN, piano y it. piano. 
Source lat. pldnus 'flat, even*. 

plain sb. me. pleine adopted 
fr. fr. plaine = span, plana^ it. 
piano. Source lat. pldnum a 
plain*. 

plaint sb. me. pleinte plainte fr. 
FR. plainte (= lat. planctus 
^lamentation*). 

plait vb. WE..plaiie 'fold' derived 
fr. OFR. pleit (ploit) sb. 'fold*. 
Source hkT. plicare 'fold, braid*. 

plan adopted fr. fr. plan^ 
whence DU. G. plan. Source 
i,PlT. pldnus 'flat, plane', whence 
SPAN, plan^ IT. piano. Seeplain, 
plane. 

plane adj. borrowed fr. fr. 
plane (= span, piano, it. piano). 
Source lat. pldnus 'flat, level*. 

plane sb. 'a carpenter's tool* 
late me. pldne borrowed fr. fr. 
plane. Source med.-lat. plana 
'a carpenter's tool*. 

plane-tree me. pldne{'tr4) = du. 
plaan-boom fr. y^. plane. Source 
LAT. platanus 'plane-tree*. 

plank ME. planke borrowed fr. 

onfr. planke fr. planche (= span. 

plancha, it. piancci). Source 

MED.-LAT. planca, whence du. 

plank, g. planke. 

plant ME. plante oe. plant = du. 
plant, OHG. pflanza g. pflanze 
(on. plantd) : fr. LAT. planta^ ' 
whence also FR. plante^ SPAN. 



plash — pluck 



163 



plantay Yi, pianta. In me. we find 
also plaunte sb. vb. as adap- 
tion of FR. plante — planter, — 
plsintSiinME,p/anfam {J>launtaini) 
borrowed fr. VK»plantain. Source 
LAT. plantago (^plantaginem) *a 
plantain'. 

plash ME. plasche borrowed fr. 
ODU. plasch DU. plas 'water- 
puddle'. 

plaster me. pldstre plaister fr. 
OFR. piastre (^plaistre y whence 
jy\j. pleister) cp. fr. pldtre. Source 
GR.-LAT. t/LinXaacijnf = IT. 
empiastrOy fr. empldtre ^piaster'. 
LAT, emplastrum = med.-lat. 
plastrum gypsum', whence ohg. 
pflastar G. pflaster, 

plat plot ME. OE. plot (tt). See 
plot, 

plate ME. pldte borrowed fr. 
OFR. plate plaite plate -armor, 
ingot, silver fr. plat, whence 
DU. plat, G. platte. Source a 
viED.-LAT. plata Opiate of metal' 
(gr. nXavvc). 

platoon fr. fr. peloton a ball, 
platoon. 

platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel 
*a plate' = fr. plateau also 
'waiter'. 

play vb. ME. plaie pleie oe. 
plegian 'play^ and play sb. me. 
plaie pleie OE. plega. The other 
teut. languages have no such 
root as pleg *pl^y*' 

plea sb. ME. /// plai 'debate' 
fr. OFR. pie plai with the by- 
forms plait plaid. Source med.- 
lat. placitum 'a decree, sen- 
tence'. — plead vb. me. plede 



plaide fr. fr. plaider 'plead, 
argue', whence also DU. pleiten 
'sue'. 

please vb. me. pl(se borrowed 
fr. OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire 
'please'). Source lat. placer e 
'please'. — pleasure (late me. 
plesure 15'^ cent.) fr. the fr. 
jnfinit. plaisir, but influenced by 
abstract nouns such as nature 
leisure. 

pledge sb. ME. plegge fr. ofr. 
plege (¥K,pleige) 'a surety', which 
is related to OSAX. plegan ohg. 
pflegan 'be responsible for, 
answer for' (cp. plight), 

plenty me. plenty fr. ofr. plenti^ 
source lat. plenitdtem, 

plier see ply. 

plight sb. ME. plight OE. pliht 
formed by means of the abstract 
formative -/ from a vb. seen in 
OE. plion 'risk' (ohg. pflegan G. 
pflegen whence G. pflicht 'friendly 
care, interest'). 

plot^ short for cotnplot = fr* 
cofnplot 'a conspiracy'. 

plot^ sb. ME. OE. plot (tt). 

plough ME. plough plow OE. 
plph =. DU. ploegy OHG. pfluoh 
pfluog G. pflugy ON. pldgr. This 
Teut. group pldhu- plogu- was 
borrowed by the Slav, (serb.- 

RUSS. plugH, LITH. P Hugos), 

plover we., plover borrowed fr. 
OFR. plovier fr. pluvier. Source 
a LAT. type "^pluviarius 'rainy'. 

pluck vb. ME. plukke plokke 
(jplicche) o^.pluccian (oe. *ply^dan) 
=. DU. plukken, OHG. *pflucchen 
*pflockdn G. pflUcken^ on. plokka. 



164 



plug — poll 



Source a lat. type *piluccdre = 
IT. piluccarCy fr. iplucher. Vulgar 
LAT. *ptlUccdre (whence me. pilken 
*pluck*) prop, pluck hairs cue 
by one' is an extension of lat. 
pildre. 

plug sb. ident. w. du. plug, 
LG. plugge {pluck) late mhg. pfloc 
6. pflock plug\ 

plum ME. ploutne oe. plume 
(j>lyme) = T>\3.prutmj \Sa. prUme 
plume, OHO. pfruma beside pflumo 
(lat. r changed to teut. /) o. 
pflaume\ early loanword fr. lat. 
prunum, whence also fr. prune, 
IT. pruna, Cp. prune, 

plumb fr. FR. plomb = lat. 
plumbum, 

plume fr. fr. plume = lat. 
pluma. 

plummet me. plommelhorroyfed 
fr. FR.plombe/ *a plummet' dimin. 
of FR, plomb lead*. 

plump adj. borrowed fr. LG. 
plump, DU. plomp, 

plunder vb. adopted fr. mdu. 
plunderen = G. plilndern rob, 
pillage*. 

plunge vb. short for ue. plounge: 
borrowed fr. fr. plonger *duck, 
dive', whence also du. plonzen. 

plush sb. = DU. pluis , G. 
plilsch] borrowed fr. fr. peluche 
= \T,peluzzo. Source a lat. type 
*pilucia, an extension of lat. 
pilus *hair . 

ply vb. me. plie *bend' adopted 
fr. FR. plier 'fold, bend, bow*. 
Source lat. plicdre 'fold\ 



poach ^ vb. *dress eggs' fr. fr. 
pocher, — poach ^ vb. 'intrude 
into preserves' borrowed fr. fr. 
pocher from poche *a pouch*. 

pock ws.,pokke OE.pocc = mdu. 
pocke, DU. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small 
pox'. — pocket ME. poket fr. ofr. 
poquette, dimin. oiOYS.. pocke poche. 
See poke, 

poignant adj. me, poinant poin" 
launt fr. fr. poignant, (Source 
LAT. pungere). — point me. point 
fr. FR. point (source lat. punc- 
turn) 'point'. 

poise vb. ME. poise earlier peise 
fr. ofr. poiser peiser fr. pestr 
\o weigh'. Source lat. pensare 
\o weigh*. 

poison iHE.. puisoun fr. vb., poison 
'poison' = LAT. potio(nem) *a 
drink'. 

poke sb. ME. p(fke *a bag' = 
ODU. poke, ON. poki, fr. poche is 
perh. an Engl, loanword. Cp. 
pock, 

poke vb. UE,ppke (j>ouke pucki) 
'thrust, throw' = DU. poken, mlg. 
puken, 

pole ^ sb. 'a stake* UE.pple OE.,pdl 
'a pale, pole': source lat. pdlus 
'a stake*, whence G. pfahl ohg. 
MHG. pfdl. See pale. 

pole 2 sb. a pivot' the synon. 

fr. pol = LAT. polus (gH. TtoXoii) 

a hinge. 

polish vb. ME. polisshe fr. fr. 
polir {poliss-) 'polish'. 

poll ME. pol (II) 'head* = lg. 
ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w, 
bowl? 



pommel — port 



165 



pommel me. pome I borrowed 
fr. OFR. potnel fr. pommeau *the 
pommel of a sword': prop, dimin. 
LAT. pbmum *apple\ 

pomp ME. pompe fr. lat. pompa^ 
whence also fr. pompe, 

pond ME. pond pondt, 

ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat. 
ponderare *weigh'. 

pontiff fr. FR. pontif ponUfe^ 
LAT. pontif ex. 

pontoon fr. fr. ponton ^ it. 
pontone *a great broad bridge'. 

pool Sb. ME. OE. pol = DU. 

poetf "LG.po/, OHG,p/uot G.p/u/i/] 
perh. akin to OE. pu// pyll pool' 
= ON. pollr 'pool, pond'. 

poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe = 
lat. puppis *the hinder part of 
a ship'. ' 

poor adj. me. pgvrt fr. ofr. 
pavre = pauvre (source lat. 
pauper) *poor. 

pope me. p^e OE. pdpa = lat. 

pdpa. The continental dialects 

diflfer from the lat.-oe. forms; 

Cp. OSAX. pddoSf DU. paUS, MHG. 

babes G. papst» 

popinjay late me. popinjay earlier 
papegai (= du. papegaai^ mlg. 
papegoie, O. papagai) fr. fr. pape- 
gai OFR. papegay and papegau = 
it. papagallo. Prob. derived fr. 
Low OR. Tinnayug = arab. ba- 
bagM (PERS. bapga). The Lat. 
name psittacus agrees with or. 

poplar sb. me. popUr{e) = du. 
populieTy OTHU. pope Her: borrowed 
fr. OFR. poplier = fr. peuplier. 
Source fr. peuple 'poplar* = 



'LA.T.pdpulus poplar', whence also 
DU. pop el and o. pappel, 

poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popij^ 
papcei (about 800). The suffix / 
(not producing umlaut) points to 
an older form -ang as in body^ 
holly. There are no Teut. 
equivalents. Usually considered 
to be borrowed fr. lakT, papdver, 

porcelain sb. = fr. porcelaine^ 
DU. porseleiny o. porzellan (since 
the 1 6th. cent.); the base is 
IT. porcellanaj orig. *the Venus- 
shell', 'concha Veneris'; this hav- 
ing much resemblance to porce- 
lain, the name of the shell was 
transferred to that of the cera- 
mic ware. 

porch sb. M^.porche borrowed 
fr. Y^. pore he: source lat. porti-- 
cuSy from which OE. porta and 
OHG. pforzih are earlier loan- 
words. 

porcudine occuring in the 
15*** — 16*** cent's in the forms 
porpentine porpoint and porkepln 
which go back to ofr. pore 
espin (now porc-ipic) = it. porco 
spino {porco spinoso) 'thornbush 
hog. — pork *flesh of swine' 
ME. pork *pork, swine' fr. the 
synon. fr. pore (= lat. porcus), 

port^ sb. *harbor' me. oe. port 

'harbor' fr. the equival. lat. 

portus (= fr. port, it. portd) 

harbor', whence also ODU. port 

city . 

port'^ sb. a gate' fr. fr. porte 
= LAT. porta *a gate', whence 
also OK, port or port-ieat *a gate', 
DU. poorly G. pforte. 



1 66 



port — power 



port^ sb. *behavior' me. port 
fr. FR. port 'behavior: deriv. of 
LAT. portare 'carry'. 

port^ = Port'Wine orig. »wine 
of Oporto in Portugal«. 

portray vb. me. pourtraie fr. 
FR. portraire. — portrait = fr. 
portrait, 

posti sb. a pillar' me. g^ post 
= DU. LG. post', early loanword 
fr. i.kT. postern (nom. sing.postis), 
whence also G. pfosten oho. pfost 
and fr. poteau, 

post^ sb. *mail service' = du. 
G.post, 's^,postey IT, posta. The 
word is a native of Italy and was 
borrowed from there by the 
modern languages in the i6*** 
cent. 

post^ sb. 'a military post* = 
G. postetiy DU. post fr. it. posto 
'guard, post'. 

pot ME. OE. pot {tt)y = DU. LG. 

pot(tt), ON. pottr (swED. potta, 
DAN. potte) ; akin to fr. pot = 

CYMR. pot, IR. pOta. 

potato imported in the second 
half of the i6*** cent, together 
with SPAN, patata from America 
(in Hayti the name was batata 
about 1530). 

pouch ME. pouche *bag' fr. ofr. 
pouche (j>oche) pocket'; akin to 
poke, 

poult sb. chicken (=1 pullet) 
late iiiE.pulte fr.FR./>£?«/^/*chicken' 
{poule *hen). — poulterer ex- 
tended for ME. pult^r fr. fr. 
i>oulletier, — poultry ui£.,pultrie 
is derived fr. me. pult^r, 

pounce vb, see punch. 



pound ' ME. pound oe. ptind a 
pound' (weight and money) = 
OSAX. pund, DU. pondy ohg. pfunt 
G. pfundy ON. sw. DAN. pund 
GOTH. pund\ borrowed in the 
second cent. fr. lat. pondo 
(indecl.) pound', not fr. lat. 
pondus weight'. 

pound 2 sb. 'enclosure' me. 
pound (shortened in pan-, pun* 
f^lde pound*). oe. ptind *en- 
closure' with the verb o^p^ndan 
MB„pinde ^impound, dam up the 
water' = on. pynda 'shut in* 
(e. pin/old IKE., pinfplde pound' 
points to OE. p^ndan me. plnde), 
Frob, pen OE.pennan is cognate, 
if the base *panjan goes back 
to an earlier form *pandjan\ T^ur. 
\f^pand pund, 

pound vb. *bpat' me. poune oe, 
ptinian pound*; perh. cognate w. 
DU. puin *ruin, rubbish*. 

pout vb. ME. poute 'sulk' (oE. 
"^putianT), — pout sb. (a kind 
of fish) OE. pilta or pUte (in the 
compound cklepiitan 'eelpouts'); 
cp. B\5,puit a. kind offish. The 
word is derived from the vb. 
pout (TEVr.yf put): the fish has 
its name from its pouting lips. 

powder sb. me. poudre 'hair- 
powder fr. fr. poudre, whence 
also DU.poeder, cpuder. Source 
lat. pulverem (j>ulvis), whence 
G.pulver, \T,polve *dust, powder'. 

pow^er me. pouir earlier poir 
fr. OFR. po'er = fr. pouvoir\ 
ident. w. it. potere and deriv. 
fr. LAT. potest potui etc. 



praise — proud 



167 



praise sb. we., prats preis fr. ofr. 
preiSy ident. with price. 

pram sb. *a flat - bottomed 
lighter = LG. prahniy du. praam \ 
LG. prdtftf ON. prdmry sw. pram. 
DAN. pram are of Slav, origin; 
cp. OSLOV. pramu belonging to 
the ARYAN yTper *cr6ss, ferry' 
seen in /are vb. 

prance vb. me. praunfe vb. 
ident. w. Y.. prank vb. me., pranke] 
the sound points to Fr. origin. 

prate vb. late me. prdte = du. 
LG. praten *prate*, dan. prate 
'tattle*. 

pray vb. me. preie fr. ofr. 
prekr = fr. prter pray' (source 
lat. precari ^pray*). 

preach vb. me. pr§che fr. fr. 

pricker. Source church-LAT./rrt'^- 

dicare 'preach*, whence also OE. 

prediciauy on. predika^ du. pre- 

dikefiy OSAX. predikdfiy ohg. pre- 

digon MHG. G. predigen 'preach'. 

press vb. me. press e fr. ofr. 
presser = lat. pressare. 

pretty adj. me. *prHi for prati 
'pretty' and 'clever, cunning; 
OK.prdHi 'tricky, deceitful'. The 
OE. sb. prcett plur. prattas means 
'trickery'. 

prey sb. ue. preie praie fr. ofr. 
preie praie = fr. proie (hence du. 
proot) prey'. Source lat. praeda, 

price sb. WL.pris fr. ofr. pris 
= FR. prix. Source lat. pretium 
'price'. See prize. 

prick sb. me. pricke (jfrike) oe. 
pricca (jprica) 'prick, spike'. — 
prick vb. MEr pricke (J>rike OE. 



prician) 'prick, spur'. Cp. mhg. 
pfr'ecken, ou.prikka'. tevt. y/^prik. 
— prickle relation me. prikel 
OE. priceL 

pride me. pride oe. pryda: um- 
laut-relation to proud, 

priest sb. me. prest oe. pr4ost\ 
ident. w. ohg. prist priestar mhg. 
G. priester^ osax. pristar^ fr. pritre 
for OFR. prestre: descendants 
of lat. presbyter priest'. But 
there are discrepancies in the 
phonetical development of the 
Rom. and Teut. forms. 

prime fr. fr* prime = lat. 
primus, — primrose fr. fr. 
prime rose = lat. prima rosa 
'first rose'. — prince me. pringe 
fr. FR. prince (source lat. prin- 
ceps — principem = it. principe), 
whence also G. prinz du. prins, 

^rint vb. ME. printe short for 
prente imprfnte fr. fr. empreinte 
sb. 'a stamp, print'; cp. FR, 
empreindre = lat. imprimere, 

prison ME.prisoun fr. EK,prison\ 
source lat. prehensio(nem) = it. 
prigione, 

privy ME. prvv4 fr. fr. privi 
(= LAT. privdtus), • 

prize vb. ms., prise fr. EK,priser\ 

cf. E. prise fr. EB.,prix, — prize 

sb. 'taking or capture e. g. of 

a ship' fr. fr. prise 'seizure' (du. 

prijs, G. prise). 

proud ME. proud late oe. priid 
(by-form me. prout late oe. priit 
pr4te)\ cp. on. priidr 'proud', 
dan. prud 'stately'. Cp. the um- 
laut-relation /r/^^. Source ofr. 



i68 



prove — push 



froud Valiant' (under prowess) 
= FR. preux, 

prove vb. me. prove late oe. (c. 
1006) profian: loanword fr. lat. 
probarey whence also yk. proutfer^ 
MHG. priieven G. priifeny on. prd/a 
and also me. pr^e prosve 'prove*. 
— The sb. proof is derived fr. 
the vb. (cp. ME. pr^e prdeve = 
FR. preuve). 

proTV ME. *proue fr. fr. proue 
{ix.pruaproda, hXT.prord) 'prow'. 

prowess me. prouesse fr. ofr. 
prouesse 'prowess', abstr. sb. of 
OFR. prou proud = late oe. prtld 
s. under proud, 

proxy sb. earlier prockesy for 
procuracy^ cp. proctor late me. 
proketour = lat. procurator{em). 

prune sb. me. prune fr. fr. 
prune = lat. prunum\ cp. plum. 

pry vb. me. prle oe. "^prUvan 
*preowiany the root of which is 
evident in oe. beprfwan vb. *wink 
with the eye' — preowothwil 
'twinkling of the eye'. 

psalm sb. me. psalm = lat. 
psalmus; already oe. salm. 

puck sb. short for me. pouke 
OE.* ptka 'demon, hobgoblin' = 
ON. ptikt 'imp'; cp. oe. pticel 
'demon', north-fries. puJ^ 'mis- 
chievous sprite with large eyes'. 

pudding ME. pudding prob. 
borrowed fr. fr. boudin 'black- 
pudding' (cp. MS., cuning fr. ofr. 
conin under cony), 

puff vb. ME. puffe OE. "^puffian 
aside of oe. pyffan 'blow': teut. 
base puffon puffjan. 



^ pull vb. ME. pulle OE. pultian 
'draw*. 



^ pullet ME. polite fr. fr. pouleitt 
'a young hen, cp. poult. 

pulp sb. fr. FR. pulpe = lat. 
pulpa 'pulp'. 

pumpion (^dXmm.. pumpkin) ear- 
lier pompoun fr. fr. pompon (= 
DU. pompoen) a kind of gourde'. 
Source lat. pepo (= fr. pipon^ 
IT. pepone popone). 

punish vb. me. punisshe fr. fr. 
punir (j>umss') 'punish'. 

purblind me. purblind orig. 
'blind as a,pur? oe. pur means 
the bird 'onocro talus'; cp. swed. 
purblind. 

purchase vb. me. pure/idfe fr, 
fr. pourchasser. 

purge vb. ins., purge fr. fr. 
purgcr. 

purple me. purpre fr. fr. 
pourpre = lat. purpura. 

purpose vb. me. purpdse fr. 
OFR. pourposer = fr. proposer 
'propose'. 

purse ME./«rj late oe. (c.1050) 
purs\ loanword fr. ofr. borse = 
FR. bourse \ cp. lat. bursa. 

pursue vb. me. pursile fr. ofr. 
porsuir = fr. poursuivre (source 
LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'. 

purvey vb. me. porveie fr. ofr. 
porvoir = fr. pourvoir (lat. 
providere) 'provide*. 

push vb. ME. posse pusse {posshe) 
'push* fr. FR. pousser (= lat. 
pulsarc) 'strike, thrust*. 



put — quench 



169 



put vbi ME. pute puttt vb. fr. ofr. bouter 'thrust' (cp. OE. 
'throw, push, thrust' OE. (c. 1000) purs 'purse* fr. ofr. borse under 
potian *thrust'; perh. borrowed \purse). 



Q 



quail sb. me. quaile fr. ofr. 
quaille = FR. caz/e 'a quail'; 
cp. IT. quaglia. Source a vulgar 
LAT. quaccola^ whence also du. 
kwakkel = ODU. quackek 'quail*. 

quaint adj. me. queint^ earlier 
form coint (quoini) 'famous, well- 
known, clever, neat, elegant': 
loanword fr. OFR. coint 'neat, 
fine* = LAT. cognitus *known*. 

quake vb. me. qudke oe. cwdcian 
vb- 'quake* ; cp. oe. cweddean 
'move* =1 ODU. quecken *shake 
one's head*: teut. \(^qak. 

qualm me. qualm 'death, pesti- 
lence, torture' OE. cwealm 'death, 
pestilence*: derived fr. the teut. 
y^ qtl in OE. cw'elan me. qufle 
vb. *die'; cp. quelL 

quarrel me. querile fr. fr. 
querelle = lat. querUa 'a com- 
plaint*. 

quash vb. me. quasshe vb. fr. 
ofr. quasser = fr. casser 'break' ; 
source lat. quassare 'to shake'. 

quaver vb. derived fr. me. 
qudve (oe. "^cwdfian) vb. 'tremble*; 
cogn. w. ME. quappe vb. 'tremble*. 

quay earlier spelling keie late 
ME. keu fr. FR. quaL 

quean me. qu^ne oe. cwene 
'woman': perhaps a scand. loan- 
word cp. ON. kona G. plur. 



kvenna (= OHG. quena kona^ 
GOTH. qtn5)\ cp. late OE. cwene^ 
fugel'di hen-bird* fr. the equiv. on. 
kvenfugL There was a genuine 
OE. corresponding cwtne 'bad wo- 
man'. The group rests on a teut. 
q'endn- 'wife* = arvan gen&\ cp. 
GR. yvvriy SKR. gndy oir. ben^ 

OSLOV. RUSS. SERB. Ztna y PRUSS. 

gena 'wife'. See the following 
word. 

queen sb. me. qu4n oe. cw4n 
'queen, distinguished lady*; base 
qoni for qdni = GOTH. q^nSy ON. 
kvdn kvckny OSax. qudn 'wife': 

TEUT. q^ni- = ARYAN, gbii- (== 

SKR. j'dni 'wife*) is of the same 
root as TEUT. qenon- (see quean) 
= ARYAN gend, 

quell vb. me. quelle oe. cwellan 
'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. oe. 
cw'elan me. qu{le 'die' (cp. qualm). 
They belong to the teut. ^qtl 
in G. qual - ohg. osax. qudla 
'torment, torture': arvan v^ gtl 
in LiTH. geld 'grief — oslov. zali 
'suffering*. 

quench vb. me. quenche oe. 
cwendean wk. vb. 'extinguish': 
derived fr. OE. d-cwincan 'be 
exstinguished* == ofris. kwinka 
'vanish*. It is doubtful whether 
OE. cwinan 'to be exstinguished* is 



I70 



question — quoth 



connected with e. quench (du. 
kunjnen Svither*). 

question me. qtustioun fr. fr. 
question. 

quick adj. me. quick oe. cwicu 
'living, alive' = osax. du. quiky 
OHG. MHG. quec (g. quecksilber 
'quicksilver and erquicken vb. 
'quicken, refresh') G. keck (for 
queck) 'pert', on. kvikr kykrl 
TEVT. y/^qiq fr. ARYAHy/^gig in LAT. 
vh'O (vixi'victuffi-znvere). There 
exists an arvan doublet gfw in 
GOTH, qiiis (stem qiwa-) adj. 
'alive* = SKR. jwa, lith. gywas, 
LAT. viims 'living, alive' (cp. 
GR. fiioQ 'life"). See quitch- 
grasSm 

quill sb. ME. qtdlle = westphal. 
quie/e *quill*: teut. base qi/i-, perh. 
ident. w. mhg. kit G. kie/ 'quill*. 

quilt sb. ME. qui/te fr. ofr. 
cui/te = LAT. culcita 'cushion, 
pillow'. 

quince me. coine quine fr. ofr. 
coin = FR. coing *a quince' (the ce 
of modern Y^quince belongs prop, 
to the plural). Source lat. 
cydonia = it. cotogna^ ohg. 
kutina G. quittCy OE. godceppel\ 
DU. kivee ODU. qu^de corresponds 
to mhg. quiten == G. quitte, 

quire (of paper) sb. me. quair 
qualer 'book' fr. ofk. quaier (du. 



kohier) = ur. cahier *copy book'. 
Source a late Latin quaternum 
'collection of four leaves' (= it. 
quaderno a quire of paper', ot. 
cwdtern), 

quitch-grass (also quick-grass 
couch-grass) me. "^quicche] oe. 
cwide 'quitch-grass' answers to 
DU. kweeky LG. qu^kCy G. qu'ecke 
'quitch-grass'. The name derives 
fr. TEUT. quiku" 'alive' (under 
quick) , because the weed seems 
not clearable. 

quite adv. me. quite fr. fR. 
quit. 

quiver vb. derived fr. the adj. 
ME. quiver y late oe. cwifor 'lively, 
brisk, eagerly'; cp. OFR. quivrer 
vb. 'awaken, encourage'. 

quiver sb. me. quiver fr. fr. 
cuivre'y ident. w. fr. coivrc cuiifrc\ 
late Latin base cucuruniy whence 
also OE. cocor^ ohg. kohhar g. 
kocher 'quiver', du. koker. 

quoth (^quoth he 'he said) 
3^ sing. pret. = me. quoth earlier 
quath OE. cwced pret. of me. 
qu{the OE. cwedan str. vb. 'say, 
speak' = GOTH, qifan, on. kueda^ 
oskx.quedan y OHG. quedan 'say': 
ARYAN sTi^^ (by-form ged in skr. 
gad 'speak'?). Cp. bequeath 
and bequest. 



rabbit — rat 



171 



R 



rabbit cogn. w. odu. robbe 
robbeken Vabbit'; perh. identical 
w. DU. rob^ G. robbe *phoca*? 

race^ 'iss..r(s OE.rds? or bor- 
rowed from ON. rds *a running*: 
TEUT. base risa". 

race 2 'family' fr. fr. race = 
SPAN. PORT, raza; source arab. 
rds 'origin*. 

race^ *root' fr. ofr. rats = lat. 
radix. — From the same source 
also radish = DU. radijs (fr. 
radis), 

rafter me. rafter oe. rce/ter] 
formed by suffix 'tra- from the 
same root as on. rdf Voof and 
OHG. rdvo 'rafter*. Cp. the aryan 
yj^rtph in OR. l^iipui — ogotjpog, 

rag ME. ragge (late oe. *ragg 
inferred from the adj. raggii 
'shaggy*): borrowed fr. on. rggg 
'shagginess*. 

rage me. rage fr. fr. rage = 
LAT. rabies, 

rail ^ me. rail reil fr. ofr. reille ; 
source lat. regula^ whence also 
G. riegel ohg. rigil^ ODU. rijchel 
'bar, rail*. 

rail 2 me. rail oe. hrcejjl *»• gar- 
ment^; ident. w. ohg. hregil *a 
garment*: teut. base hrag{i)la'» 

rain me. rain rein oe. rein= ohg. 
olg. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn, 
GOTH, rigns: teut. base regna-. 
Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain*. 

raise vb, me. reisc borrov. ed fr. 
ON. reisa 'raise*: causal of on. 
rlsa = GOTH, reisan] cp. rise. 



raisin me. reisin fr. ofr. raisin 
'a grape', whence also du. rozijn^ 
G. rosine. Source lat. r admits 
a bunch of grapes*. 

rake me. rdkx, oe. rdca = du. 
raak; ident. w. ohg. reMo G. 
rechen^ on. reka\ teut. base rakon- 
r'ekon'y derived fr. the str. vb. 
GOTH, rikan gather. 

ram sb. me. oe. ram (mm) oe. 
rpm (mm) = ohg. mhg. du. ram: 
teut. base ramma-', perh. cogn. 
w. ON. ramr 'strong'. 

ramsons me. ramsen oe. hram^ 
san plur.: teut. base hramusan" 
also in G. (dial.) ramsen^ swed. 
ramslok *bear-garlick*; further 
allied to gr. y.q( fxvov *onion', 
IR. crem — cymr. craf 'garlick', 
lith. kermusze wild garlick'. 

range vb". fr. fr. ranger. 

ransack vb. me. ransake fr. on. 
rannsaka prop, 'search the house': 
ON. rann 'house' (= goth. razn^ 
OE. rcBsn rcen cern 'house'); for 
on. saka see seek. 

ransom me. raungoun (du. rant' 
soen) fr. fr. rangon (= lat. 
redemptio-nem) . 

rap vb. me. rdpe 'rush, hasten* 
== ON. hrapa vb. 'hasten'; cp. 
DU. rapeny mhg. raff en 'seize': 
teut. base hrapdn. 

rape sb. me. rdpe (= du. raap) 
fr. LAT. rapa 'turnip*. 

rat me. rat oe. rcet (tt) = 
G. ratte ohg. ratta, du. rat rot; 



172 



rate — reave 



ident. w. fr. ra/, it. ratto. History 
of the group unknown. 

rate fr. fr. rate == lat. ratum, 

rather me. rather oe. hrador 
prop, 'quicker, sooner : compa- 
rative form of OE. krade 'quickly'; 
cp. the adj. oe. hreed, on. 
hradr swift', ohg. hrad^ du. rad 
'quick' fr. a teut. base hrafa-. 
Akin to oiR. crothitn *I shake'. 

rattle vb. me. ratele vb.; cp. 
OE. hrcetele sb. 'rattle wort' and 
"LG.ratelen vb. 'rattle', mhg. ra'j^eln 
G. rasseln vb. 'rattle': rEUT.y/^hrat 
= ARYASy/^krad in GR. ^Qadaim) 
(^yj^krot in GR. vcgovaXi^Hv vb. 
rattle'?). 

raven sb. me. rdven oe. hrcefn 
= ON. kra/n] cp. ohg. hraban 
G. rabe^ DU. raaf\ teut. base 
hrabna' hrabn-\ perh. fr. an 
ARYAN \(^kro : kor in lat. corvus, 
GR. MQOL^ raven'. 

ravish vb. me. ravisshe vb. fr. 
FR. ravisS' in ramr 'to ravish'. 

raw me. raw oe. hreaw == ohg. 
^r«^ ArS G. r^^, DU. rauw^ on. 
^rrfr: TEUT. base hrdwa-) perh. 
cogn. w. SKR. ^rwra 'sore' and 
LAT. cruor *blood'. 

ray see roach. 

reach ^ vb. me. rfche oe. rckdean 
fr. a TEUT. type raikjan in ohg. 
reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach*, du. 

reach 2, r^/^A vb. me. r{che 
OE. hrcBdean\ teut. \f"hrdk in 
OE. ^rf^^ = ON. hrdki 'spittle' 
and OHG. rdhhisdn\o try to vomit'. 

read vb. me. r{de oe. rddan 
vb. = ON. rdda read'; prop. 



ident. w. goth. r^dan^ ohg. rdian 
G. raten vb. 'advise', ON. rdda 
'counsel, consult*, read meant 
orig. 'to read a riddle* (cp. 
riddle)^ then 'to interprete the 
runes* (on. rdda gdtu 'read a 
riddle' — rdda draum 'read a 
dream' — rdda ninar 'read 
runes*), skr. has a correspon- 
ding y^rA^ 'perform'; cp. also 
OSLOV. raditi, 

ready adj. me. r^di (oe. *rddii 
extended fr.) oe. rdde 'ready' 
= OHG. reiti 'ready*; cp. goth. 
garaids = on. greidr 'ready*. As 
G. fertig prop, meant 'ready for 
a journey' (g. fahrt)^ perh. a 
teut. base raida- journey* may 
be the source of the group; cp. 
IR. r^id 'passable' and see ride 
and road. 

realm sb. me. rialme (rialme) 
fr. OFR. realme (fr. royaume), 

ream late me. r^me fr. ofr. 
raime fr. rame\ cp. span, resfna^ 
ITAL. ristna (g. ries) ream of 
paper*. Source ARAB, rizma 'a 
bundle*. 

reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan 
vb. fr. a TEUT. v^r^ 'cut' in ri/>e\ 
cp. OE. r^/^r 'sickle' and see ripe. 

rear vb. tak. rire oe. rckran 
vb. = OHG. rtran vb. 'raise' fr. 
a TEUT. base raizjan] cp. rise 
and raise for y/^ris. 

rear adj. me. rfre oe. hrer. 

reason me. r^soun earlier reisoun 
fr. FR. raison = LAT. ratio-rum. 

reave {bereave) vb. B£E. reve 
OE. r{afian vb. = ohg. raubbn 
G. rauberty goth. (di)raubSn 'de* 



receive — -ric 



^73 



spoil', ON.rau/a (see also rode): 
derived fr. a primitive str. vb. 
OE. bcriofan^ on. rjufa *to break*. 

Cp. SKR.V"/2^. 

receive vb. me. receive fr. ofr. 
recever = fr. recevoir* 

reck Vb. me. recke (recche) short 
for OE. r^dean eariier rddean: 
teut. base rbkjan in on. roekja^ 
OSAX. rdkiaity OHG. ruohhan *have 
a care for*. 

reckon vb. me. rekne oe. j^- 
recenian. vb. = ohg. r'ehhanon 
G. rechnen Veckon*, DU. rekenen\ 
cp. the TEUT. V"r^>^ in ohg. rahha 
'subject, thing*. 

-red suffix in haired\ cp. oe. 

/fondrdden fr^ondrceden *friend- 

ship* {hiwrdden under hind)] 

orig. -raidtn in goth. ga-raideins, 

red adj. short for me. r{d oe. 
r{ad = TEUT. rauda- in goth. 
ratidsy OHG. r^/ G. rot^ du. r^^^, 
on. raudr red'; cp. OE. r$odan 
= ON. ^<?//ar vb. 'Vedden' and 
ruddock (rust). There is a 
corresponding ARYAN V" rsdh 
reudh in gr. bQvdQOc^ ^Y^^rudMrd^ 
OSLOV. rUdrUy lat. ruber Ved', 
lAT. ru/uSf IR. rz^d^^. 

reed sb. me. r^d oe. ^r^<7^ = 
OHG. hriot G. DU. r/>/; teut. base 
kreuda-. 

reek sb. me. rik sb. fr. the vb. oe. 
rfocan Veek, smoke' = on. rjtikay 
OHG. riohhan G. riechen\ cp. oe. 
r// r^Hy ON. reykry ohg. r^^/^ G. 
rauchy du. r^^^ *smoke* fr. a teut. 
base rauki". 

■ reel me. r^/f oe. Ar^o/; prop. 
*krcehil fr. a teut. base *hranhil 



in ON. hrckil *a weaver's rod', 
north-Fries, r^w?/. 

rehearse vb. me. rehSrfe fr, 
OFR. reherfer, 

rein sb. me. r^V/^ fr. ofr. r««tf 
= FR. rine (cp. ital. redina\ 
source lat. retitiere ^restrain*). 

relieve vb. me. rel^e fr, fr. 
relever = lat. relevare. 

rely vb. from lat. re (as in 
recall, remind , renew) and 
E, lie *to rest*. 

remnant sb. me. remenaunt fr. 
OFR. remenant 'remnant*. 

rend vb. me. rende oe. rendan 
vb. *tear, lacerate' = ofris . renda 
vb. *tear, break*. 

rennet ' sb. fr. the vb. me. renne 
run, make to run*; cp. under 
run, 

rennet 2 sb. fr. fr. reineite, 

renounce vb. me. renounce fr. 
FR. renoncer, — renown me. 
renoun fr. fr. renom. 

rest sb. me. reste oe. rest: teut. 
base rasti'f cp. ohg. rasta Vest, 
a measure of distance', goth. 
rasta *a mile', on. rgst *a mile*. 
There is a TEUT.y^r^j in goth. 
razn 'house*, ON. rann (cp. 
ransack), 

retch vb. see reach^. 

ribb ME. ribbe oe. r/A^ =r teut. 
ribja- in on. r^, ohg. rippii 
ARYAN yfr'ebh in OSLO v. russ. 
rebro rib'. 

rhythm 'feee rime. 

-ric in bishopric = me. bis shop* 
ric he oe. bisceopriie\ cp. oe. r//<f 
*reign' = goth. r«/^/, OHG. /'£^^/ 



174 



nee 



rime 



G. reich\ fr. TEUT. rik- = GOTH. 
reiks *king'. 

rice sb. fr. FR. riz (du. rijs() 
= ITAL. risoy G. reis\ source 
GR. OQvta *rice'. 

rich adj. ME. riche fr. fr. ric?ie\ 
ident. w. OE. riie 'powerfur, ohg. 
rihhi G. rcichy DU. rijk^ on. rikry 
GOTH, reiks. Originally a deriva- 
tive of poTH. reiks 'king' under 
ric. — riches sb. me. richesse 
fr. FR. richesse', derived fr. fr. 
riche = teut. riki 'powerful*. 

rick sb. short for me. rfk OE. 
hr^'ac *a heap* = du. rook, on. 
hraukr (hroki) *a heap*: teut. 
base hrauka-, akin to on. hrtiga 
*a heap* and IR. cruach *Jieap*. 

rid vb. me. ridde prop, redde 
OE. hreddan = ohg. hrettan G. 
retten\ teut. base hradjan from 
an ARYAN ^fkrath in skr. (rathay, 
'loosen. 

.riddle sb. me. redles oe. ridels 
rckdelse =^ du. raadsel, OSAX. 
radisli G. rdi/j^/ Viddle'; cp. ohg. 
ratisca rdtussa 'riddle*: teut. 

y/^rdd rM under read. 

riddle 2 sb. *sieve' me. riddel 
for OE. hridder = ohg. hritara 
G« r titer 'sieve': ARYAN V"'^? in 
LAT. crtbrum *sieve*, gr. Y.Qiviu 
and in goth. hrai-ns, ohg. reini 
G. rein *clean* (prop, sifted'?). 

ride me. ride oe. ridan str. vb 
= OHG. ritan G. reiteriy du. rijden, 
ON. r/^a: teut. V"r/<^= pre-TEUT. 
reidh in gallo-lat. r^^/<z carriage' 
— veridus'hOTse (under p a //rey) 
and m. rfadaim 1 go'; see ready. 



ridge ME. rijf^if oe. Arj;^^ (genit. 
hry^ges) = teut. hrugja- in oSAX. 
hruggiy du. r2<5f, OHG. hrucki g. 
riicken 'back', ON. hryggri pre- 
teut. krukjo', cogn. w. ir. crocenn 
sb. *back'. 

rife adj. me. oe. r^ 'abundant, 
frequent' = on. r(/> 'munificent, 
abundant', odu. rijf 'copious*, 
lg. rive 'abundant'. 

right adj. ME. right oe. rihi 
earlier *r^^ = ohg. OS ax. reht 
G. DU. rechty on. rittr^ goth. 
raihts 'right, straight': teut. rehta^ 
fr. an ARYAN rekto^ (= lat. rectus 
'right, straight*), prop, participle 
fr. a verbal V"r^^ in lat. r eg ere 
'to rule'; cp. SKR. rja 'right, 
straight*. 

righteous transformed fr. me. 
righiwis oe. rihtivis = ohg. reht- 
WIS 'knowing the right'; see 
wise. 

rim sb. ME. rime oe. rima rioma 
'border, margin*; probably cogn. 
w. OE. ratid, on. rgnd, OHG. rant 
g. du. rrt«//« 'border, margin: 
TEUT. rafi'do- for ram-do- (as 
sand (or ARYAN samdho") , Perh. 
rind belongs to the same Aryan 

\/"rem, 

rime^ sb. me. rim 'verse, song' 
borrowed about I200 fr. ofr. 
rimef whence also mhg. rtm G« 
reim, du. rijm (properly 'verse'). 
Source lat. rhythmus, 

rime*'^ sb. me. rime oe. hrhn == 
du. rijm, ON. hrim 'hoarfrost'; 
doubtful, whether ohg. hrifo G. 
reify OSAX. hripOy DU. rijp 'hoar- 
frost' are cognate. 



rind — roe 



175 



rind sb. me. rlnde oe. rind 
'bark of a tree* fr. a teut. base 
rindS- (r'endo-) = ohg. rinta G. 
rinde *rind*; perh. cogn. w. ohg. 
rant G. rand and oe. rand ^border, 
margin' under rim, 

ring sb. ME. ring oe. hring = 
on. hringr^ ohg. ^7«^ r/«^ O. 
DU. ring'. TEUT. base hringa- 

(hrenga-) fr. apre-TEUT.V"^''^^^^ 
in OSLOV. krqgu 'circle* and 
kragia round*. 

ring vb. ME. ringe oe. hringan 
= ON. hringja *ring the bells*. 

rip vb. me. rippe {ruppi) oe. 
ryppan = hg. rup/en \o tear': 
teut. base ruppjan) cogn. w. 
GOTH, raupjany ohg. rouffen G. 
raufen^ oe. r^d'^ r^«« and perh. 
allied to SKR.y^r^ 'break'. 

ripe adj. me. oe. ripe 'mature, 
ripe' = WEST-TEUT. ripi' in OSAX. 
ripiy DU. rijpy ohg. riffi G. r<?^ 
'mature, ripe'; derived fr. the 
TEUT. verbal y^r^^ *cut' inE. reap 
and OE. rifter sb. 'sickle*. There- 
fore ripe orig. meant *cuttable, 
fit for reaping*. 

rise vb. ME. rise oe. risan str. 
vb. = ON. risay ohg. risan str, 
vb. 'to move up, rise': teut. 
verbal V^r/j, whence also rear 
and raise, 

risk sb. fr. FR. risque = ital. 
GERM, risico, 

rive vb, ME. rive fr. on. r(/i7 
*tear' = ohg. rtban G. reiben^ du. 
rire'^« *grate, rub': teut. verbal 
yfwrib in ODU. mlg. wriven 'rub*. 

river me. m/^r fr. fr. rivihre 
river, stream*; ident. w. ital. 



riviera sea-shore: deriv. from 
LAT. ripa 'bank*. 

roach late me. rpche points to 
a FR. source (cp. swed. rokka^ 
DAN. rocke 'roach'); the synon. 
ray goes back to fr. raie = 
LAT. raia Voach*. 

road ME. rfde 'journey, road 
OE. rdd 'journey, road* = teut. 
base raidd' (on. reid 'riding*) 
fr. the verbal Y"r/// in ride^ 

roar vb. me. r^e oe. rdrian 
vb. = OHG. r^rin mhg. r^ren vb. 
'low, bellow': teut. base rairanl 
or raizan? 

roast vb. me. r(fs^e fr. ofr. 
rosfir = fr. rotir 'roast'. Source 
a TEUT. vb. raustjan = ohg. 
rosten G. rosten 'roast'; cp. ohg. 
i^fflG. rdst G. rost 'gridiron, grate*. 

rob vb. ME. robbe fr. fr. rober, 

robe sb. me. r^be fr. fr. robe. 
Source a teut. sb. rauba-^ = 
oe. r^a/ 'spoil, clothing*, ohg. 
MHG. roup{b) 'booty, spoil*. Cogn. 
w. reave. 

robin = fr. Robin the name 
Robert. 

rock sb. ME. rock late oe. rocc 
{stdnrocc)\ borrowed about looo 
fr. ONFR. roc (fr. roche) = ital. 
rocca. Source celt, rokka-"^ 

rock 2 vb. ME. rocke late oe. 
roccian 'shake, swing, rock'; cogn. 
w. OHG. ruckan g. rUcken^ on. 
rykkja 'to pull roughly and hastily*: 
TEUT.V"r«>^^. 

rod ident. w. rood, 

roe^ sb. 'a female deer' me. rf 
OE. ^d earliest form rdha = 
OHG. rtho\ TEUT. base raihan'i 



176 



roe — row 



ident. w. ohg. r^h g. reh^ du. 
reey on. rd fr. a teut. base 
raiha; 

roe* sb. *tVie spawn of fishes' 
short for late me. rgune\ properly 
OE. *hrogen = on. hrogn^ ohg. 
rogan G. rogen with the by-form 
OHG. rogo\ TEUT. base hrogna- 
(hrogan-). 

rogue sb. fr. fr. rogue. 

roll vb. ME. rolle fr. ofr. rdler 
= FR. rouler\ source lat. rotu- 
lare. 

rood ME. rcfde oe. rod (obi. 
rode) *cross*, original meaning 
*a rod or pole*. Ident. w. OSAX. 
rdda^ DU. roedey ohg. ruota G. 
rute and w. e. rod. teut. base 
rddo'y pre-TEUT. rddhd- or rdtd^. 

roof ME. rpf OE. ^r^: teut. 
base hrdfa- in on. ^r^^ *shed*, 
OFRIES. hrdf *roof', du. r^^' 
'cabin. Perh. allied to roost. 
IR. cro 'roof* points to a pre- 
TEUT. form krdpO'. 

rook sb. ME. rpk oe. hrdc = 
ON. ^^i^r, ohg. hruoh'. teut. 
base hroka-f pre-TEUT. krdgo-. 

room sb. me. roum oe, riim = 
OHG. r^;?/ G. rauTtiy du. r^^/iw, 
ON. riim^ GOTH, rums Voom*: 
TEUT. ru'tna- fr. an ARYANV"r« 
in LAT. rus (runs) *open country'. 

roost sb. ME. rpst oe. /ircfst 
= DU. roesf *hen-roost', osax. 
/irSst 'roof; prop, hrofsta- and 
cogn. w. roof} 

root sb. ME. rote late oe. rot 
borrowed fr. the equival. on. 
rdt\ TEUT. base wrotd-y cogn. w. 
E. root vb. oe. wrgtan *grub up* 



= ON. rdta grub up'; cp. mhg. 
rileyijsl G. russel. 

rope sb. me. rfp oe. rdp = 
TEUT. base raipU" in on, rdp, 
DU. r^^, OHG. G. r^(/"*hoop, ring, 
rope*; perh. cogn. w. GR. gaifiog 
'bent*. 

rose sb. me. r(fse oe. rose (by- 
form r<?j^) borrowed fr. lat. 
rosa, whence also fr. g. rose 
OHG. rosa. 

rosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr, 
OFR. rosmarin (fr. rotnarifi) = 
LAT. r^j marinus (prop, 'marin 
dew*); cp. G. rosmarin. 

rotten adj. me. roten = on. 
rotinn: partic. of a verbal \^r«/ 
reut in oe. rotiatiy osax. rotdn^ 
MHG. ro^en vb. putrify*. 

rough adj. me. rough {raiv) 
OE. /t^^ = OHG. fi?^ G. rauh 
Vough' (du. ruig 'rough'): teut. 
base ruha^y pre -teut. ruko-^ 
cogn. w. LITH. raukas 'wrinkle'? 

round vb. whisper me. roum 
OE. runian •= osax. runian, 
OHG. runin G. raunen 'whisper*: 
derivative of teut. runb' 'secret, 
mystery' under rune. 

round adj. me. round fr. fr. 
rond (oFR. roond:=^ULl. roiundus)y 
whence also G. rundy du. rond 
'round*. 

ro^v sb. ME. r^e oe. rdw 'row* 
fr. a TEUT. base raiwd^ orig. 
raigwo' ; cogn. w. mhg. rthe G. reihe 
'row' and the str. vb. ohg. rthan 
'rank, string*: pre-TEUT. y^r/>^A 
reikh in skr. rekhd 'line*. 

row vb. ME. rowe oe. rou^an 
= ON. rduy du. roeijeny mhg. 



rowlock — rye 



177 



riiejen \o row': common base 
a strong verbal V"r^ in rudder! 
ME. rdther qe, rodor = OHG. 
ruodar G. ruder ^ DU. roer 'rudder : 
TEUT. base rd-^ra-, lat. ri-mus \ 
Vudder* and or. i-gs-Xfj-og belong 
to the same ARYANy^r^ : re, 

ro^ock rollock sb. prop, j 
*hole for rowing* ; cp. o. loch ! 
and OE. drloc me. prlock 'hole of; 
oars*. ! 

ruddock sb. me. ruddok oe. 
rudduc *red-breast'; cogn. w. 
ruddy me. rodi rudj/ (oe. ^rudi"^ 
reddish* and oe. rudu red 
color'; cp. the adj. red. 

rude adj. me. rilde fr. FR. rtide \ 
= LAT. rudis Vude*. 1 

rue vb. me. r^e oe. hr^owan 1 
str. vb. = OSAX. hreuwariy OHO. 
riuWan G. reuen, on. hryggva vb. 
'distress, grieve*: base a strong 
verbal V^^r^«a/. Cp. ruth, 

rue sb. (a plant) me. rUe fr. 
FR. rue = LAT. rufa Vue*. 

rule me. r^'u/e earlier riu/e fr. 
OFR. reu/e riu/e: source lat. 
r^gukiy whence also oe. regoly \ 
OHG. regala G. regely fr. rlgle, 

rump late me. rumpe\ ident. w. 
mho. g. rump/, du. romp 'trunk, 
body*. . 

rumple parallel form to me. 
rimpie OE. hrympek and ident. 
w. ODU. rompel ripple*: derived 
fr. the TEUT. verbal V" ^r^w/ in 
OE. gehrumpen 'wrinkled' and ohg. 
r imp/an str. vb. 'wrinkle*. 

run vb. me. rinne (part, ironne) 
OE. (rare) rinnan (mostly yrnan) 
x= ON. rinna^ goth. rinnan 'run'; 

English Etymology. 



OHG. rinnan G. rinnen str. vb. 



'run'. 



rune the teut. word for the 
old characters in writing: oe. 
ON, run with the orig. meaning 
'mystery, secret* (goth. ohg. 
rund) ; ident. w. oiR. run 'secret*. 
Cp. round vb. for the root. 

rung ME. runge oe. hrung (obi. 
hrunge) goth. hrugga 'staff, hg. 
LG. runge, DU. rong 'spar, bolt : 
TEUT. base hrungo-. 

rust ME. rust roust oe. rtist fr. 
a TEUT. base rusta-; ident. w. 
hg. lg. rost fr. a teut. base 
rusta- : derived with st- formative 
from the aryan ^frMh (in E. 
red and ruddy), whence also 
LAT. robigo 'rust' and OSLOV. 
ruzda (for ^rudja) 'rust'. 

rush sb. ME. russfie oe. r^si!e\ 
ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush, 
reed*. 

rush vb. ME. rousche = g. 
rauschen mhg. ruschen^ du. ruischen 
ODU. ruuschen^ oswed. ruska 
'rush': TEUT. base hruskonl There 
occurs also oe. hrpcan. 

ruth sb. ME. r^he\ extended 
fr. a more primitive sb. oe. 
hr4ow; cp. OE. hr^owan str. vb. 
'rue* under rue, 

rye sb. me. rie oe. ry^e*, teut. 
base rugi' in on. rugr 'rye'; ohg. 
rocko G. roggen and osAX. roggo 
Vye* point to a teut. parallel 
base ruggan^. Outside of teut., 
oslov. riizi Vye' (base rugi-) 
and LITH. rugiai 'rye* show the 
same base as oe. ryie and on. 
rugr = TEUT. base rugi-, 

12 



178 



sable — sand 



sable sb. me. sdbie borrowed 
fr. OFR. sable] ident. w. mhg. 
G. zobel\ source a Slav, word, 
Russ. soboli 'sable*. 

sabre saber fr. fr. sabre = 
G. sdbely SERB. RUSS. sablja, 
HUNGAR. szablya. Source and 
history unknown. 

sack sb. *bag' me. sakk OE. 
scecc -= GOTH, sakkusy DU. zak, 

G. sack OHG. MHG. SaC TEUT. 

base sakku- borrowed fr. lat. 
saccuSy whence also ital. saccoy 
FR. sac. Source HEBR.-Phenic. 
sak, 

sad ME. j^^'sad, quiet, serious*; 
the ident. OE. seed 'satiated' corre- 
sponds with OHG. sat G. satty 
osax. sady ON. sadvy goth. saps 
^satiated*. There is an aryan 
yf^sd 'satiate* in lat. satur-satis 
and oiR. sathach 'satiated*; cp. 
GR. ci-f.itvai 'satiate*. 

saddle me. sddel oe. sadol = 
ON. sgdully OHG. satul G. saitely 
DU. zadel\ teut. base sadula-y 
perh. borrowed from a non- 
TEUT. language which might have 
formed a sb. sadulo- from the 
ARYAN \fsed in sit — set. 

safe ME. sdf earlier sauf\ loan- 
word fr. FR. sauf = LAT. salvus'y 
cp. save, 

sail sb. ME. sail seil oe. s'e^el 
•= OHG. s'egal G. segely du. zeily 
ON. segl\ TEUT. base s'egla-. 

saint sb. me. seint saint fr. fr. 
saint = LAT. sanctus. 



sake sb. me. sdke 0£. sdcu = 
tf:ut. base sakb- in ohg. sahha 
G. j^M^, DU. zaak 'matter, affair'; 
perh. based on the teut. verbal 
sakan 'content, rebuke'. 

sale ME. sdle oe. sdlu; hence 
sell, 

sallow sb. ME. salwe earlier 
''^salge OE. sealh (^sealg-) = ohg. 
salaha\ teut. base salhS-; cp. 
ON. selja willow' (base salhjdn^, 
Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base 
salic-^ 'willow* and GR. sXiy.ij. 

sallow adj. me. sal7ae oe. sealr 
salo = DU. "".aluwy on sph Vello\v> 
ish*, OHG. salo 'sallow': teut. 
base salwa', 

salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt", teut. 
base salta^ in goth. on. osax. 
salty OHG. g. salz 'salt'. Cogn. 

W. LAT. saly GR. aAg, OSLOV. soli, 

OIR. salann salt*. 

salve sb. me. salve oe. sealf 
(infl. sealfe) = ohg. salba g. 
salbcy DU. ^<?^; cp. GOTH, salbbn 
vb. = OE. sealfian E. salve vb. 
Cognate w. the aryan yf^ selp 
solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter' — 
srpra 'fat*, GR. iXnoq 'oil'. 

same sb. me. sdme oe. sam = 
GOTH, samay on. jawr, ohg. J£?»« 
the sam^': pre-TEUT. somo- in 
GR. hf.i6cy SKR. jd:/«dJ 'the same'. 

sample sb. me. saumple earlier 
asaumple fr. ofr. essemple fr. 
example = lat. exemplum. 

sand sb. me. oe. j^«// = osax. 
sandy OHG. ja;^/ G. sand, DU ^tzw.y. 



sap -;- scoff 



179 



ON. sandr : teut. base sanda- for | 
samda^y cp. pre-TEUT. samadho^s 
in GR. af.iadoq 'sand*. 
sap sb. ME. sap oe. seep = 

MLG. ODU. sap, MHO. OHO. Sa/ 

G. sa// 'sap*: teut. base sdpa- 
borrowed fr. lat. sdpa 'must\ 

satin sb. me. satin fr. fr. satin: 
source the vulgar lat. seta *silk' 
(in G. seide ohg. sida = OE. 
sid *silk*). 

Saturday me. saterday earlier 
Saterndai oe. Sceterndcei = du. 
zaterdag^ ofris. saternesdag ,west- 
PHAL. Sdterdach: adaptation of 
LAT. Saturni dies, Cp. the names 
of the other days of the >Veek. 

sauce sb. me. sauge fr. fr. 
sauce', source lat. salsa. Hence 
sausage fr. fr. saucisse. 

savage adj. me. sauvdge fr. fr. 
sauvage = lat. silzfaticus. 

save vb. me. save earlier sauve 
fr. FR. sauver = lat. salvare 
'secure'. Cp. safe. 

savor sb. me. sdvour fr. ofr. 
savour = lat. sapor-em 'taste'. 

sa^v ^ sb. ME. sawe oe. sage = 
OHG. saga, LG. sage, du. zaag, 
ON. spg; cp. the ablaut-varia- 
tion OHG. sega 'saw* : derived fr. 
an ARYAN y^ s'ek sok (in lat. 
seeare 'cut"), whence also oe. se^g 
'sword' and E. scythe. 

saw 2 sb. ME. sa7ae oe. sagu 
'saying = G. sage ohg. saga: 
derived fr. the teut. verb sagatn 
= OE. sedgan me. sein sain E. 
say and ohg. sagin g. sagen; 
cp. ON. seggja 'say*: perh. cog- 
nate w. LITH. sak;^ti vb. 'say*. 



scale ^ sb. *sheir me. scale', 
loanword fr. ofr. escale fr. icale. 
Source ohg. scala under shell, 

scale*^ (of a balance) me. late 
oe. skdle: loanword fr. ON. skdl 
'scale of a balance',* ident. w. 
ohg. OS ax. skdla 'bowl*. 

scarce me. scars fr. ofr. escars 
(fr. ichors) = ITAL. scar so 
'scarce': source lat. excursus = 
excarpsus 'selected*. 

scarlet me. scarldt fr. ofr. 
escarlate (fr. icarlate) ; ident. w. 
G. scharlachy du. scharlaken (mhg. 
scharldt, ODU. schaerlaei). Source 
PERS. sakirldt, 

scathe vb. me. scdthe fr. oN. 
skdda'y ident. w. oe. sdeppan = 
GOTH, skapjan vb. 'harm'. The 
TEUT. \(^skap corresponds to an 
ARYAN sfskdth in gr. doH'tj&Tjg 
'harmless*. 

scatter vb. me. scaler e\ loan- 
word of the 12^^ century £r, 
ODU. scaler en scatter*? 

scent vb. properly sent (lat« 
ME. sent sb. 'scent*) fr. ofr. sentir 
'smeir = LAT. sentire, 

school ME. scqU oe. scol (infl. . 
scole) = OHG. scuola G. schule, 
DU. school: loanword fr. lat. 
scdla (in a medieval pronun- 
ciation scold), whence also fr. 
icole and ital. scuola, 

scissors ME. sisoures (isoures 
fr. OFR. cisoires 'scissors' (fr. 
ciseauoc). 

scoff ME. scof\ cogn. w. the 
equiv. ohg. scopf sb. and ofries. 
schof\ cp. ON. skopa vb. 'scoff, 
mock*. Source and history un- 

12* 



i8o 



scold — see 



known; the E. word probably 
not genuine Anglo saxon. 

scold vb. ME. sc^lde'y cognate 
w, OHG. scilian G. schelkn vb. 
*scold*. Probably the E. word 
is not genuine English, but bor- 
rowed fr. abroad. 

score ME. sc^e late oe. scor 
'twenty': loanword fr. ON. skor 
*notch': source the teut. yfsktr 
in shear. 

scorn ME. scfrn earliest form 
(about 1200) scdrn: borrowed 
fr. OFR. escarn 'scorn*. Source 
OHG. sc'ern 'mockery*. 

scour vb. ME. scour e. 

scourge sb. *whip* me. scourge 
fr. OFR. escurge (whence also 
FR. escourgie icourgie) 'a scourge*. 

scrape vb. me. scrdpe fr. on. 
scrdpa\ cp. mlg. du. schrapen 
G. schrappen, 

scream vb. me. scrfme vb. fr. 
ON. skrdma *to scare, terrify*. 

scre>v sb. fr. ofr. escroue, mo- 
dem FR. hrou. 

scribe sb. me. scribe fr. lat. 
scriba. 

scrip sb. ME. scrippe fr. on. 
skreppa, 

scurf ME. late oe. scurf bor- 
rowed fr. ON. skurf (= SWED. 
skorfy DAN. skurv)\ cp. ohg. 
scorf G. schor/y DU. schurft 'scurf. 
TEUT. y^skerf skorf in oe. sceor^ 
fan 'to scrape'. 

scuttle sb. ME. OE. scutel 'a 
dish, bowl'; identical w. ohg. 
*cu'l7jila G. schiisself du. schotely 
ON. skutell 'dish'. Source lat. 
scutula scutella. 



scythe me. sitfu oe. sipe st^e 
'sickle' = ON. sigdr 'sickle'; 
Teut. base sigipja-^ derived fr. 
a teut. ^s'eg in ohg. segansa g. 
sense 'scythe*; cp. saw. 

sea ME. s{ OE. sd\ ident. w. 
GOT. saiwSy ON. scer^ ohg. olg. 
sh G. see DU. zee\ base saiwi^. 

seal^ sb. me. sfl fr. ofr. s'eel fr. 
sceau. Source lat. sigillum. 

seal^ (the animal) sb. me. sfle 
OE. seolh (pi. seolas) = ohg. 
selah^ MLG. sely ON. selr\ Teut. 
base selha^, 

seam sb. 'suture' me. s(m oe. 
sf'am = ON. saumr, ohg. mho. 
soum G. saum du. zoom: Teut, 
base sau-ma', derived from the 
same root as the vb. sew, — 
seampstress me. semster oe. s^' 
mestre 'a woman who sews seams'. 

sear 'withered' me. s{r oe. s{ar 
= du. zoor 'dry', ohg. sbr. 

search vb. me. s4rche f^che 
vb. fr. ofr. cercher (^ fr. 
chercher). Source lat. circare, 

season sb. me. sfsoun (seisoun) 
fr. OFR. seson fr. saisoni source 
LAT. saiio-nem '(time of) sowing*. 

seat sb. me. sfte borrowed fr. 
ON. scBti 'a seat': derivative of 
the teut. y/^s^t in sit and set, 

sedge sb, me. segge oe. sedgi 
Teut. base sagja- also in odu. 
MLG. segge, ^J^sah sag in ohg. 
sahar 'sedge*. Perh. cognate 
with a reduplicated gallo.-lat. 
si'SC-a 'sedge' = IR. seisg, 

see vb. ME. s^ oe. s^on con- 
tracted for "^s'ehan = OHG. olg. 
s'ehan G. sehen du. zien\ west- 



see — sew 



i8i 



TEUT. sehan = goth saihan. 
TEUT. y/^sekw = ARYAN \/^se^ 
in LAT. sei^ut, gr. Snsa&at, skr. 
sac 'follow*. The original mean- 
ing of the TEUT. verb probably 
vras *to follow with the eyes'. 

see sb. *seat of a bishop* me. 
sf fr. OFR. se *seat* = lat. sede-m 
'seat*. 

seed ME. sfd (s(d) oe. sid sckd 
= OHG. sdt G. saatf DXJ. zaad 
(goth. sifs in manaseps 'man- 
kind*) : Teut. base se-di' \ for 
yf^s^ cp. sow. 

seek vb. me. s4ke oe. secan 
{s4dean) = got. sSkjan, on. scekja, 
OHG. suohhan G. suchetiy du. zooken. 

teut. y/^ sok = ARYAN ^ sdg 

in oiR. sdigim 1 seek* (lat. 
sdgire ?) 

seethe vb. 'boil* me. J(?W<? oe. 
seodan str. vb. = on. .y/^^^, 
OHG. siodan G. siedeuy du. zieden. 
In GOTH., we find only the deri- 
vative jtf«/.f sb. 'sacrifice* (prop. 
*a burnt-offering*), teut. \fseup 

= ARYAN V"J^/. 

seldom adv. me. seldom prop. 
selde(n) oe. sildan adv. = on. 
sjaldariy ohg. j^//^« g. j^//^«, du. 
«^/:/<f« adv. Cogn. w. goth. jV/^a- 
/«^ 'wonderful*. 

self pron. me. oe. sel/=^ org. 
selb G. .f^/^j/, DU. 0<?^, on. sjalfry 
goth. .f/7^a: Teut. base selba-, 

sell vb. ME. selie (pret. jf//^/^) 
OE. j^/iia:« (pret. sdlde) 'to give* 
= goth. saljan 'to bring an 
offering', on. selja 'to hand over', 
Mhg. sellen, 

sdvage^se/vedge cpAhesynon. 



DU. zelfkanty G. (dial.) self^end 
and LG. <^<f^; therefore selvedge 
compound of self and ^//^^, per- 
haps in imitation of early du. 
selfegge, 

send vb. me. sende (prt. sente) 
OE. sendan (prt. sende) wk. vb. 
= GOTH. sandjaUy on. senda^ 
DU zenden, OSAX sendiariy OHG. 
sentan G. senden. Derived fr. 

GOTH. J/'w/, OHG. «W, OE. .y(^ 

journey* = oiR. j^/ 'way' (aryan 
base J^«/^- sb. — sontejd vb.). 

sennight prop, 'seven night' 
OE. seofon niht\ cp. fourtnight, 

seimon me. s4rtnoun fr. fr. 
sermon. 

serve vb. me. s^e borrowed in 
the 12**^ cent. fr. FR. servir (= 
'LA.T.servire). DenwEitive servanl 
me. s^rvaunt fr. fr. servant and 
service me. servis$ fr. fr. service 
(lat. servifium). 

set vb. ME. j^//^ OE. sellan wk. 
vb. = GOTH, saljan, on. j^^I^, 
DU. zellen, osax. settian, ohg. 
s^zzan G. setzen: teut. satjan 
causal vb. to j/^'^« = .y/A — 
settle vb. ME. j^//? OE. setlian 
'to fix*: derived fr. oe. sell 'a 
seat'; cp. goth. sitls, ohg. 5^55^/ 
G. sesseL 

seven num. me. seven oe. seofone 
prop, seofon = goth. ohg. sidun 
G. steden du. zeven. Oldest Teut. 
form septun in Lex Salica. Ident. 
w. LAT. septem, GR. l/iTa, skr. 

sever vb. me. severe fr. ofr. 
sevrer = lat. separare. 
sew vb. ME. ^/iz£/^ OE, seowian 



iS2 



shackle — shaw 



simian; cp. goth. siujafij on. 
s^juy OHG. siuwan 'to sew*: teut.- 
ARYAN yfsiw in LAT. suerCy skr. 
siv *to sew'; cp. seam. 

shackle sb. me. schackle oe. 
sdedcol *a bond'; ident. w. on. 
skgkuil'^olQ of a carriage*, teut. 
y^skak in shake, 

shad sb. me. schadde oe. s^eadda. 
Perhaps an orig. teut. skadan- 
'herring' is found in Scadin-avia, 
if it originally meant 'herring's 
isle'. Cp. yet ir. gael. sgadan 
'herring' . 

shade, shadow me. sckdde shad-- 
we oe. sdeadu obi. sdeadwe: Teut. 
base skadwa- in du. schaduWj 
OHG. skato gen. skatwesy G. schatteriy 
GOTH, skadus'y cogn. w, oiR. scdih 
'shadow': pre-TEUT. \(^skdt. 

shaft sb. me. schaft oe. sdeaft 

= OSAX. shaft y OHG. J^^/ G. 

schaft y ON. skapt\ teut. skafta- 
prop, a *shaven* pole; cp. shave 
and GR. G^TJnxQov *stafF, sceptre' 
— axdnrov 'staff. 

shag 'rough hair' oe. sieacga 
'hair'; cogn. w. ON. skegg 'beard'. 

shake vb. me. schdke oe. sdedcan 
str. vb. = ON. skaka'f cp. osAX. 
skakan 'to go away'. 

shall vb. ME. schal (prt. schSlde) 
OE. sdeal (prt. sdedlde) = goth. 
skal {skulda)y ohg. j^«/ (scolda) 

G. W/ (S0lte)y DU. JSrt'/, ON. J^^/. 

Cogn. w. LiTH. skelt'ti \o be 
liable'. 

shallop see sloop, 

shallo>v ME. schalwe 'not deep' 
with the byform me. schfld'y not 
found in oe. nor in the other 



TEUT. languages. Base skal^wa- 
(skal'da-), 

shambles me. schdmel 'bench* 
OE. sHeamol 'stool': borrowed fr. 
LAT. scamelluniy whence also 
OHG. OSAX. scamal g. schemeL 

shame vb. me. schdme oe. sdedmu 
= OSAX. skamay ohg. scama g. 
scham'y cp. goth. sik skaman 'to 
shame' = oe. sdedmian. 

shank vb. me. schanke oe. sdean^ 
ca'y cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a 
lost OHG. *scenkiL Cogn. w. g. 
schinken 'ham' ohg. scinko 'shank', 
which is perh. a doublet by the 
side of OE. sdeanca, 

shape vb. ME. schdpe str. vb.; 

ident. w. oe. sHieppan = goth. 

(ga)skapjan 'to create*, ohg. scep^ 

fan 'to create* (o. schafferi) : teut. 

\("skap. 

share sb. 'part'0E.5^^^ir«; cogn. 
w. shear. 

share sb. 'plough-share* me. 
schdre oe. sdedru = ohg. scara 
g. pflugschaar\ teut. yfsker 'cut' 
in shear, 

sharp adj. me. scharp oe. sHearp 
= ON. skarpry DU. scherpy osax. 
sharpy ohg. scarf G. scharf adj. 
'sharp'. TEUT. verbal y/"skerp in 
oe. sdeorpan str. vb. 'to scrape*. 

shave vb. me. schdve oe. sdedfan 
str. vb. = GOTH. skabaHy on. 
skafay OHG. scaban G. schabeny du. 
sc haven 'to shave' : teut. y/^skab 
cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave' 
and prob. w. OR. ay.dmo) 'to dig*. 
Cp, shaft. 

sha>v me. schawe oe. sHedga 
'thicket, small wood'; ident. w. 



shawm — shield 



183 



ON. skagi 'promontory' and cogn. 
w. ON. skdgr *wood' and mho. 
scJiache 'piece of wood'. 

sha^vm me. schalmy borrowed 
fr. FR. (dial.) chalemie, whence 
also G. schalmei'j standard fr. 
chalumeau fr. a lat. type cala- 

she ME. sch4\ functionally cor- 
responding to OE. h^o (fem. of 
he)y but phonetically to oe. s^o 
(fem. of the article s^ = the), 

sheaf sb. me. sch(f oe. sd§a/: 
TEUT. base skauba- in on. skau/y 
OHG. scoubf DU. sckoof. Cogn. w. 
oho. scobar.G. schober rick' (of 
com). All derivatives of the 
Teut. ^fsMb in shove with the 
orig. meaning ^things shoved 
together'. 

shear vb. me. sch^e oe. sd'eran 
str. vb. = OHG. sceran du. g. 
scheren, ON. skera : aryan \(^sktr 
in LITH. sklr-ii 'separate*, cogn. 
w. \Pker in gr. ^tlgsiv 'shear. 

sheath vb. me. sch^the oe. sMf 
obi. sdedpe\ fr. a teut. skaipjb- 
in OSAX. skidia, ohg. sceida G. 
scheide^ du. scheede : orig. meaning 
'that which separates'. Cogn. 
w. shed vb. me. sch{de oe. sded' 
dan = GOTH, skaidan with the 
by form. osax. skMan = ohg. 
sceidan G. scheiden *to separate*: 
TEUT. \(" skaip skaidy which is 
compared to GR. d/iZsiVy skr. 
chid, LAT. scindere 'to cleave, cut' 
(ARYAN yfskhidT), See shide, 

sheen sb. (prop, adj.) me. 
sch^ne oe. sd^ne {s^yne) adj. 'fair' 
= osAX. OHG. skbni du. schoon 



G. schon, GOTH, skauns: teut. 
base skau-ni-f verbal adj. 'to be 
looked at* fr. yfskau in show. 

sheep sb. me. sch^p oe. s^ep 
(sdedp) :== OSAX. skdp, du. schaapy 
OHG. scdf G. schaf: Teut. base 
sk^pa- (skdpa-). 

sheet sb. me. sch^te oe. sd^te 
{sdyte), umlaut-deriv. of oe. sc(at 
'fold of a garment' = goth. skauts 
'hem of a garment*, ohg. scbi^ G. 
schoss 'bosom, lap*; oe. sdyte re- 
presents a TEUT. type skautjori'. 
TEUT. \(^skeut in shoot. 

shelf ME. schelve oe. j<^^ = 

MLG. ODU. SChelfy OHG. j^^/^; cp. 
ON. Hlid-skjaif. 

shell sb. ME. schelle oe. i^^// 
obi. sdelle', teut. type skaljb- in 
DU. j^^^/, ON. j^^/ 'shell' and in 
GOTH, skalja 'a tile'; cogn. w. 
OHG. j^di/ia: G. j^>^/^ 'shell*. 

shepherd sb. me. schepherd oy,. 
scip'hyrde prop, compound of OE. 
sdip 'sheep* and oe. hyrde iL.herd 
'one who tends a herd*; cp. 
GOTH, hairdeisy ohg. hirti G. hirte 
and see herd. 

sheriff sb. me. scherife earlier 
schXr^reve oe. sdlr-^erefa*, V^ part 
of the oe. compound see under 
shire) OE. j^erefa E. reeve is 
derived fr. teut. rbba rbfa = * 
ohg. ruoba ruofa 'number*? 

shide sb. me. schide oe. sdid = 
ON. sk/d, ohg. j^?/ g. scheit 'thin 
board'; ident. w. OIR. sclath 
'shield' (ARYAN base skeito-). 
Cogn. w. sheath. 

shield sb. me. sche'/d oe. sd^/d 
(byform s^i/d) : teut. base sheldw 



i 



1 84 



shift — shop 



in GOTH, skildus = on. skjpldr, 
OHG. sciltf DU. G. schild. Perh. 
cogn. w. LITH. skeliii I split*. 

shift vb. ME. schifte oe. sdiftan 
\o divide' = on. skipta^ du. 
schiften 'to divide*. 

shilling sb. me. schilling oe. 
stilling =. GOTH. skilliggSy on. 
skillingy OHG. oSAX. sailing G. 
schilling \ teut. base sMllinga- 
more orig. skellingo-^ perh. akin 
to OHG. j^^//flJ G. schelle bell*. 
The common Teut. name of 
the coin properly meant 'the 
tinkling money* (for the suffix 
'ing in names of coins ^^^ penny 
and farthing). 

shimmer vb. me, schimere oe. 
sdimariani deriv. of oe. sUlma 
'light' = GOTH, skeima light*; 
cp. G. schimmern aside of ohg. 
scimo *light*. Cp. > shine for the 
teut. >fsku 

shin (shin bone) sb. me. schine 
{schinebgn) oe. sdina (sdinebdn) 
= OHG. scina (mhg. schinebein) 
G. schiene (schienbein), du. scheen 
(scheenbeen). oe. stie 'shin* shows 
evidently the more primitive 
root-form ski: separate OE. ohg. 
sci-na. 

shine vb. me. schine oe. s^inan str. 
vb. = GOTH, skeinany on. sklnay 
OHG. OSAX. sktnan G. scheinen^ du. 
schijnen\ all equivalent, teut. 
ski-na-n rests on a y^ j^£ as 
shown by OE. sdi-ma ohg. sct-mo 
GOTH, skei-ma light*. 

shingle sb. me. schingel\ ap- 
parently identical w. G. schindel 
OHG. scintula (loanword fr. lat. 



scindula^ by form oiscandula 'shing- 
le'); but the phonetic anomaly 
is not yet explained. 
ship sb. ME. schip oe. sdip = 

GOTH. ON. OSAX. skip^ OHG. SCif 

G. schiff\ common Teut. base 
skipa^, 
shire sb. me. schire oe: sUfr 
(obi. sdire) = ohg. sktra pro- 



vmcia*. 



shirt sb. me. schirte pointing 
to an oe. ^sdyrte] deriv. fr. the 
adj. OE. sdeort = shorty as 
shown by g. schurz *shirt' aside 
of MHG. schurz *short'. on. skyrta 
= OE. *sdyrte represents a teut. 
type skurtjdn-, but OE. sdeort a 
base skorta^. See short, 

shoal *crowd* me. schgle oe. 
sdedlu = OSAX. skdla 'troop*. 

shock vb. ME. schocke fr. fr. 
choqtier 'give a shock'. 

shock sb. ME. schocke 'heap 
of com'. OE. *sceocc is lost, 
but inferred from mhg. schoc 
'heap* — schocke 'shock*. Cogn. 
also w. MLG. hocke 'shock of corn*. 

shoe sb. ME. schp oe. sdeoh 
(pi. sdep'S for ^siphas) : Teut. 
base skoha- in goth. skdhs^ on. 
sko-ry OHG. sctwh G. schuhy du. 
schoen. Perhaps derived fr. a 
TEUT. y(^ sMh ske{g)w in goth. 
skhvjan on. skctva *to go'. 

shoot vb. cp. ME. schpte vb. 
OE. sdeotian 'to dart', derived fr. 
the primitive me. sch^te OE. sifo- 
tan = ON. skjdta, osAX. skeotan 
OHG. scio'yifin G. schiesseny du. 
schieten: teut. y^skeut : 5>&«/. 

shop sb. ME. schoppe 0£. sdeqppa 



shore — shut 



185 



*booth|, hut'; cognate w. OE. 
scypen *shed for cattle', G. schopf 
schuppen 'shelter'. 

shore sb. me. schpre: fr. the 
TEUT. \("sMr 'shear, cut*. 

short adj. me. schort oe. sMri: 
base skorta'] cp. ohg. scurz fr. 
a base skurhK loanword fr. lat. 
*eX'CurtuSy as lat. curius is pre- 
served in G. OHG. kurz 'short', DU. 
kort^ ON. kortr (see kirtle for 
OE. cyrtel and shirt for G. 
schurze), 

shot sb. ME. schot OE. lesdeot 'a 
missile': deriv. from the teut. 
"Spskeut skut in shoot 

shoulder sb. me. sckulder oe. 
sHuldor'y cp. DU. schouder ^ G. 
schulter (ohg. sculiirrd), 

shout vb. ME. schoute. 

shove vb. me. schoteve oe. 
sdufan = on. skti/a, DU. schuwen\ 
ident. w. goth. skiuban^ ohg. 
scioban G. schieben\ teut. y^skub 
= ARYAN \fskubh\ SKR. y/^ kSubh 

*to be agitated' seems to be 
cognate. — shovel sb. me. schovel 
OE. sie6fl\ cp. DU. schoffel and 
ohg. scufala g. schaufeL 

show vb. ME. sch{we late oe. 
j^escfawian 'to show'; the corre- 
sponding OE. sd(awian means 
*to look, behold' and is iden- 
tical with the equival. ohg. 
skouwon G. schauen DU. schouwen: 
TEUT. yfskau sku (see sheen) in 
GOTH, skuggwa 'looking glass'. 
Cogn. w. the aryan \fku kow 
in LAT. cavere 'to take care', 
GR. xofFv *to beget'. 

shower sb. me. schour oe. sdUr 



= GOTH. sMra 'storm', OHG. 
sciir G. schauery on. j/b^r. 

shred sb. short for me. schr{de 
OE. sdr{ad (obi. sdr{ade) 'shred, 
piece'; cp. oe. sdrfadung 'shred' 
and sdr{adian 'to pare': teut. 
y^skfeaud in ohg. scrdtan 'to cut, 
pare'; perh. cogn. w. shroud, 

shrew sb., shrewd adj. fr. 
liiE. schr^we sb. 'bad person' 
— schr{wed adj. 'wicked, bad'; 
the corresp. oe. sdrfawa means 
'shrew-mouse*. Origin and history 
of the group unknown. 

shriek vb. me. schrike (oe. 
siirician)\ cogn.' w. shrike sb. 
oe. sdrid 'a bird's name'. Cp. 
on. skrlkja 'to titter'. 

shrine sb. me. sckrin oe. sirin\ 
ident. w. ohg. scrtni G. schreitiy 
DU. schrtjn: loanword fr. lat. 
scriniuniy whence also ital. scrig^ 
nOy FR. ^crin, 

shrink vb. me. schrinke oe. 
(for)sdrincan str. vb. = ODU. 
schrinken'y cogn. w. swed. skrynka 
'a wrinkle': teut. \fskrenk, 

shroud sb. me. schroud oe. 
sdrdd 'garment* = on. skrud 'or- 
nament, dress*. See shred. 

shudder vb. me. schudere (oe. 
* stridor ian) = LG. sckuddern 
(whence G. schaudern) , DU. 
schudden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg. 
scutisdn 'to shudder'. 

shun vb. me. sckune oe. sdunian 
wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor'; perh. 
deriv. fr. a teut. yfsken 'to flee 
away' in on. skynda 'to hasten', 
ohg. scuntan 'to urge on . 

shut vb. ME. schuite oe. siyttan 



A 



1 86 



shy — sin 



= DU. schutten \o shut in, to 
block up': Teut. base skutjan 
cogn. w. shuttle sb. me. schitel 
OE. sdytels *bar, bolt' : Teut. base 
skuiisla-y \Pskeut skut in shoot. 

shy adj. me. schey ok. s^foh 
Csi^og-) *timid* = mhg. schiech 
(g. scheu)f DU. schuw. Teut. base 
skeoka' skeuha- , whence oho. 
sciuhan *to frighten (o. scheuen), 

sick adj. short for me. s^k oe. 
s^oc = GOTH, siuks, ON. sjukr, 
OSAX. siok, OHG. sioh G. such, 
DU. ztek: TEUT. seuka- adj. *ill, 
sick' by the side of the str. vb. 
GOTH, siukan *to be ill', whence 
the verbal noun goth. saiihts, 
OHG. suht 'illness'. 

sicker (Scotch) adj. me. siker 
OE. sicor = OHG. sihJvur G. sicker ^ 
OSAX. sikuTy DU. zeker: loanword 
(Teut. base stkura-) fr. lat. 
skuruSy borrowed during the first 
centuries of the Christian era. 

sickle sb. me. sikel oe. sicol\ 
borrowed fr. lat. secula, whence 
also OHG. sihhila G. sicheluxi. sikkeL 

side sb. me. side oe. side (obi. 
sidan) ■= ON. sida, ohg. stta G. 
seitey DU. zijde: Teut. base std- 
jon-y perh. connected w. oe. sid 
adj. 'long, wide' = on. sidr 
'hanging down'? 

siege sb. me. sege fr. fr. sikge. 

sieve sb. me. sive oe. sife (oldest 
form sibt) = ohg. sid G. siedy 
DU, zee/ *a sieve': Teut. base 
si/n'-y connected w. the vb. si/i. 

sift me. si/ie oe. st/ian = du. 
ziftetiy LG. (g.) sichten 'to sift*. 
There exists a teut. \fsih in 



oe. s4on OHG. sthan g. seiken 'to 
filter, strain', the guttural of 
which may have changed to a 
labial {sif for j/i^). 

sigh vb. me. sight points to 
an OE. *sihhian\ cogn. w. the 
equivalent me. sike oe. sican. 
The root sik sthh looks like 
sound-imitation. 

sight sb. ME. sight earlier me. 
sighthe oe. iesihp\ deriv. of the 
TEUT. s/^s'ehr in see. 

sign sb. ME. signe fr. fr. «^«^. 

silk ME. .f//^ OE. siolc fr. an 
earlier "^siluc'y cogn. w. on. j/Z^/: 
source lat. sericum (whence 
also oiR. siric and oslov. ielkU 
'silk'). 

sill sb. ME. sille 0£. syll obi. 
iryZ/p : Teut. base stdjd- borrowed 
fr. LAT. solea 'sole of the foot*, 
whence also goth. sulfa 'sole 
of a shoe', on. syll is an oe. 
loanword. Cp. sole. 

silly adj. me. s^l^ oe. s0i 
(sdli^ 'happy, fortunate* = org. 
sdl^ G. seligy DU. zalig 'blessed': 
secondary extension to goth. 
sSls 'good* = ON. sdli 'happy' 
(cp. OE. sdl sb. 'happiness'). 
TEUT. y/^sil. 

silver me. silver oe. siolfar =- 
GOTH, silubry OSAX. silubary ohg. 
silabar G. silbery du. zilvery on. 
silfr-^ ident. w. oSLOV. sirebro 
Russ. serebroy lith. sidabras. 
Source and history uncertain. 

sin sb. me. sinne OB. synn obi. 
synnei base sunjd^ for an earlier 
sundjb' in OHG. suntea G. silndey 
OSAX. sundiuy DU. zonde) cp. yet 



since — skew 



187 



ON. synd fr. a base sunidjd- (the 
dentals are suffixal). Cogn. 
w. LAT. sons {sont'is) guilty'. 

since with the more original 
by form (Shakesp.) sithence me. 
sithens prop, sithen oe. sffpan] 
the additional s of the me. form 
is of adverbial origin (cp. oncey 
twice). The orig. oe. form was 
sip'pan (cp. the identical goth. 
fanaseips later*) , resting on 
the OE. adverb sip *later*, which 
is a comparative to goth. seipus 
*late*. ON. sidan corresponds to 
OE. sippan\ cp. OHG. sid g. seit 
= OE. sip *later\ 

sinev^ sb. me. sin^e oe. (sionu 
pi.) sioneowey which results fr. a 
Teut. base sinewd- or s'enewb'\ 
cp. ON. siriy OHG. s'enawa G. 
sehney DU. zenuw\ cogn. w. skr. 
sndva *sinew' or w. gr. Ivtc; 
'sinew*. 

sing vb. ME. singe oe. singan 
str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. singan 
G. singen du. zingen) oldest Teut. 
form GOTH, siggwan (= on. 
syng^d): all synonymous, teut. 
y/^s'engw sangw is related to 
GR. ofiqifj 'speech, oracle': 
ARYAN y^ senghw. The cor- 
resp. causal is represented by 
singe ME. s4nge oe. sendgean fr. 
a Teut. ground-form sang{w)jan 
= OHG. sengan G. sengen \o 
singe* prop. *to make to sing*. 

sink vb. sinke oe. sincan str. 
vb. = OHG. sinkan G. sinken du. 
zinken] oldest form goth. sigqan 
(= ON. sokkva) : teut. \/^senkw 
\o sink*. 



sip vb. ME. sippe] deriv. fr. oe. 
sype ^absorbing', which is verbal 
noun to OE. siepan] see sup. 

sir, sire me. sire fr. fr. sire^ 
whence also on. sira, — sirrah, 
spelt in 16'^ cent, sirrha serrha^ 
points to orig. »sir, ah« or »sir, 
ha«. 

sister sb. me. sister is regarded 
as a distinctively Scand. loan- 
word fr. ON. systir. The oe. 
equivalent su^eostor s7Vustor- me. 
smter is not responsible for the 
modern phonology. The Teut. 
base is sw'estr- swistr-] cp. goth. 
swistar^ OHG. swester G. schwester^ 
du. zuster. The / of the com- 
mon Teut. word is excrescent. 
Aryan base sw'esr- (nom. swesor) 
in SKR. svasr, lat. soror (for 
*svesdr), lith. sesu *sister'. 

sit vb. ME. sitte oe. sittan str. 
vb. = DU. zitten, osAX. sittian, 
OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: westteut. 
sittjan fr. teut. sitjan (= on. 
sit/a) ; cp. goth. sitdn: strong 
verbal \/^ set sat {yvhence a causal 
vb. satjan under set)f aryan 
\(" sM in LAT. sMeOy gr. s'l^ouai 
{tdog *seat*), skr. y/^sad *to sit', 
osLov. sesti, lith. sesti. Cp. 
settle and soet, 

six me. oe. six fr. a teut. 
seks = GOTH, sai/is, ohg. osax. 
seAs G. secAs, du. zes, on. sex: 
ARYAN seks in lat. sex, gr. ?5; 

cp. SKR. .f^/. 

sketch sb. = du. scAets, G. 

skizze borrowed fr. ital. schizzo, 

skew vb. late me. sk^we \o 



1 88 



skill — sleight 



slip away'; cp. odu. schouwen vb. 
*to shun? 

skill sb. ME. skil 'reason bor- 
rowed fr. ON. skil 'discernment' 
{skilja vb 'to separate). 

skin sb. me. sidn late oe. skinn 
borrowed fr. ON. skinriy which 
arises fr. a Teut. base skinpa-, 
whence derived ohg. scintan G. 
schinden wk. vb. 'to skin . BRET. 
scant 'scale* rests on an aryan 
sk^ntO". 

skirmish sb. me. scar mis she fr. 
FR. escarmot4che\ cp. ital. scara- 
tnucciay G. scharmiitzel. The group 
rests on ohg. sctrman (g. schir- 

men). 

skirt sb. me. shrt fr. on. skyrta 
'a shirt'; further relations see 
under kirtle and shirt. 

skull sb. ME. senile (scolle). 

sky sb. ME. skie borrowed fr. 
ON. sk;^ 'cloud'; not found in 
OE. (but OS AX. skion), 

slack adj. me. slak oe. sl(sc 
'languid, slothful* = ON. slakr, 
OLG. slakf OHG. slah's\2Lc)L\ Teut. 
base slaka-. — Hence slake 
vb. me. sldke oe. sldcian 'slacken . 

slaughter sb. me. slaughter', bor- 
rowed in 11*^ cent. fr. on. sldtr 
or its oldest form "^slahtr. Der. 
fr. the TEUT. y/^slah in slay. 

slave sb. = du. slaaf: loan- 
word fr. FR. esc lave f whence also 
G. sklave. Source ital. schiavo 
'slave' = GR. * E(Jy.}.a[ff]vot the 
Slavonians, Slaves'. 

slay vb. me. j// (part, slain) 
OE. sl^an (part, slceyn) str. vb. 
= GOTH. OHG. osAX. slahan (g. 



schlagefi) y du. slaan, on. sld\ 
TEUT. yj^slah sldh = Aryan s/dk; 
cp. slaughter and sledge. 

slay sb. (a weaver's reed) oe. 
slejji percussorium' cogn. with 
the TEUT. yf^ slah = slay vb.; 
ON. sld 'bar, bolt'. 

sled short for me. sl^de) bor- 
rowed fr. ON. sledi *a sledge'; 
corresponding to ohg. slito g. 
schlitten, DU. slede 'sledge*. The 
group rests on the teut. \{^slid 
in slide. 

sledge-hammer me. slegge oe. 
sledg (obl. sledge) sb. 'sledge- 
hammer': Teut. base slagjd- 
deriv. fr. >/" slah in slay) cp, 
on. sleggja^ DU. slegge ski mallet*. 

sleek adj. me. slik borrowed 
fr. ON. slik-r 'sleek, smooth' (= 
DU. slijli)'. teut. \/^ slik in ohg. 
slihhan G. schleichen. 

sleep vb. me. sUpe (sl§pe) oe, 
slepan (slcepan) str. vb. = goth. 
sUpan (pret. saizlip)^ osax. sldpan^ 
DU. slapen^ ohg. sldffan G. schlafen. 
Cogn. w. G. schlaff ohg. sldf 
lax, loose, remiss', teut. \/^slap 
= ARYAN \Pslab perh. in lat. 
labi 'to slide'. 

sleet sb. ME,, sift; OE. *sl^t (*slyt) 
not found; umlaut-relation to 
MHG. sISt^ (g. schlosse liail): 
Teut. base slauti-^ whence also 

DU. Slooty FRIES, slat. 

sleeve sb. me. sl^ve oe. sleft 
(slyfe): Teut. base slaubjd(n-) in 
ODU. sloazfe 'veil*. 

sleight sb. me. sleighte earlier 
me. slehpe: borrowed fr. on. slaegd 
'slyness*, which is abstract for- 



slice — slow-worm 



189 



mation to the adj. sly = me. 
sl4h ON. sl(Bgr, 

slice sb. ME. sU^e fr. ofr. esclice 
*a shiver, splinter ; source the 
TEUT. \/"slit in slit 

slide vb. me. slide oe. slidan 
str. vb. = mhg. sltten 'to slide'; 
TEUT. \Psltd under sled\ aryan 
yfslidh in £.ith. slidus 'slipper 
(cp. OE. sHdor 'slippery'). 

slight adj. ME. slight \ oe. *sliht 
not found, but may be inferred fr. 
the corresp. goth. j/j/M/y 'smooth*, 
OHG. sleht ^smooth, flat' (o. schlecht 
'bad' — schlicht 'simple') , du. slechty 
ON. slittr *flat, smooth': Teut. 
base sleh'ta- prop, slih-ta- fr. the 
verbal \fslik in sleek (on. slikr 
'sleek, smooth'). 

^lime sb. me. oe. slim = ohg. 
MHG. slim G. schleitHf du. slijmy 
on. j///«: Teut. type slt-ma" fr. 
an ARYAN y/" slf, whence also 
LAT. li'tnus 'mud'. 

sling vb. me. slinge str. vb. 
(oe. *slingan not recorded) *to 
fling' = on. slyngva str. vb. 'to 
cast, fling'; cp. mhg. slinge sb. 
'sling*, DU. slingeren vb. 'to toss' 
and OHG. slingan 'to swing'. 
TEUT. yf sl'engw (slenkwl). 

slip vb. ME. slippe oe. '^slyppah 
belongs to the str. vb. OE. slupan 
'to glide' = DU. sluipen 'to 
•sneak'; cp. goth. sliupan str. 
vb. *to slip' and ohg. slupfan g. 
uhliipfen 'to slip': Teut. verbal 
yf^siiipy perh. related to lat. 
lubricus slippery*. 

slit vb. ME. slitte deriv. fr. me. 
slite oe. slitan str. vb. 'to slit'; 



cp. ON. sllta^ OSAX. sRtan str. vb. 
'to slit', DU. slijlerty ohg. sRxyin 
G. schkissen : teut. \("slit 'to tear'. 

sloe sb. me. slg oe. sld (infl. 
sld-n)y prob. contracted fr. oe. 
*sldhe (infl. *sldhan) = ohg. 
slSAa G. schlehe\ cp. du. j/^<?, 
swed. sldfiy DAN. slaaen 'sloe' and 
OE. j/<!i^-/^r« 'black- thorn . Doubt- 
ful whether lith. sl-yvas 'plum' 
and OSLOV. russ. sliva 'plum* 
are cognate. 

sloop sb. fr. DU. sloep\ source 
FR. chaloupe ^ whence also £• 
shallop = G. schaluppe, 

slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot 

= DU. LG. Slot^ OHG. slOT, G. 

schloss'y derived fr. the teut. 
\fslut 'shut' in du. sluitetiy lg. 
slutetif OHG. slioT^an g. schliessen 
(tp. G. schlilssel OHG. sluyifl = 
OSAX. slutil key'), teut. \psl&t 
rests on an ARYAN y^ j>&//^^, 
cogn. w. LAT. claudere 'shut'. 

sloth sb. me. slputhe with abstr. 
suffix fr. the adj. slow\ cp. the 
umlaut-relation oe. slceufp me. 
sleuthe, 

slough sb. 'mire' me. slough oe. 
slph *mire\ 

slow adj. ME. sl^ OE. slaw 
= OSAX. OHG. sleo 'blunt', du. 
sleeuw 'sour', on. slj'or 'blunt': 
Teut. base slaiwa-, perh. cogn. 
w. LAT. laevus 'left*, gr. Xmoq. 

slow-worm sb. prop. me. slg^ 
worm sl^-wurm oe. sld-wyrm 
'blindworm'; ident. w. swed. 
sld (ormsld), norweg. slo (ormslo) 
'blindworm'. Not compounded 
with slow OE. sldWf but resting 



igo 



sluice — smelt 



on a TEUT. slaiha' blind worm*; 
cp. LiTH. slekas, PRUSS. slayx 



'rainworm*. 



sluice sb. = dd. sluts y g. 
schleusc. source ofr. escluse (fr. 
icluse) fr. a low Lat. type ex- 
clusa a floodgate*. 

slumber vb. me. slomere fre- 
quentative of ME. sioume vb. 
'slumber', derived fr. the sb. 
OE. slu-ma *slumber*; cp. DU. 
sluim^n sluimeren^ lg slumeren 
(g. schlummern) vb. 'slumber'. 
OE. slti^ma sb. *siumber' rests on 
an ARYAN \f"slu in goth. slawan 
*to cease, be silent*. 

sly adj. ME. sli (sl^) prop. slH 
sl^l (Orrm sleh under sleighi) : 
borrowed fr. on. sloegr adj. 'sly, 
cunning ; ident. w. the non-um- 
lauted DU. sluw lg. slu (g. schlaujy 
SWED. DAN. sltig. As Seen by 
G. verschlagen *sly*, the adj. 
rests on the teut. \f slah in 
slay'i 

smack ^ sb. 'taste* me. smak 
OE. smcec sb. = DU. smaak) ohg. 
(gi)smah\ cp. the vb. OE. smceccan 
\o taste' = ODU, smaken ofries. 
smakia] cp. OHG. smackin smecken 
G. schmecken 'to taste*, west- 
TEUT. \Psfnak smakk, 

smack^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud 
kiss* cp. G. schmatzen fr. mhg. 
stnatzen prop, smacketzen , LG. 
smacken 'to smack the lips'. 

smack^ sb. (a fishing-boat) 
fr. ODU. MLG. smacke (du. smack) ^ 
whence also the equivalent G. 
schmackey fr. semaque, ital. semac- 
ca^ SPAN, zumaca. Source and 



history of the group unknown. 
It is doubtful whether late OE. 
snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship) 
is cognate. 

small adj. me. smal{yx)SL. smale)^ 
OE. smcBl(\T\?L. smald): Teut. adj. 
smala" in goth. smals, ohg. osax. 
smal G schmaL ON. smali = 
OHG. smala^noT^ — smalaT, vihu 
'sheep points to gr. /uijXov 
'sheep* and oiR. mt/ 'beast' ; cp. 
also oslov. ma/ti. 

smallage sb. prop, small 
ache) ME. ache is fr. ache 'pars- 
ley*. Source lat. apium 'pars- 
ley. 

smalt sb. fn du. smalt = g. 
schtnalte, fr. smalt: source ital 
smaltdy which is of Teut. origin 
(cp. MHG. smelzen G. schmelzcn). 

smart vb. me. smerte oe. smear- 
tan : a Teut. strong vb. = ohg. 
smerzan 'to smart*; cp. du. smart 
sb. = ohg. smerzo G. schmerz 
sb. 'pain*: teut. y^ smert pre- 
teut. smerd cogn. w. lat. mordere 
'to bite', GR. Gf.ispSaXsog> 

smear vb. me. sm^re vb. fr. 
the sb. OE. smeoro = on. smjgr 
'butter, OHG. o^pcm, smero\ Aryan 
\psmer also in goth. smoir^fr 
'fatness' and in lith. smarsas 
'fat' and oir. smir 'marrow'. 

smell sb. me. smel cogn. w. 
smoulder vb. me. smolder e vb. 
'to burn with a stifling smoke*; 
cp. the sb. me. smolder 'a stifling 
smoke' and the vb. du. smeulen 
'to smoulder' = lg. smcelen. 

smielt vb. not found in oe. 
ME. (see meli)\ borrowed fr. 



smelt — sneeze 



191 



SWED. smdlta = dan. smelUy du. 
LG. smelten , OHG. smehan G. 
schmelzen 'melt'; cp. ital. stnalto 
= FR. Small *enamer. The teut. 
^/^sm'elt is probably connected 
w. yf'm'elt under melt. 

smelt sb. (a kind of fish) me. 
OE. smelt \ ident. w. dan. du. 
smelt\ cp. NORW. smelta (name 
of various kinds of small fish). 

smile vb, me. smlk (oe. ^sm^- 
/an?); cogn. w. the non-umlauted 
MHG. smielen smieren 'to smile* 
and the frequentative E. smirk 
OE. smearcian 'smile*. 

smirch vb. *to besmear' deri- 
vative of smear. 

smirk see under smile, 

smite vb. me. smite oe. smltan 
str. vb. = GOTH, smeitauy du. 
smijten, lg. smiten, ohg. sm^yin 
G. schmeissen \o cast': teut. 
yfsmit 'strike, beat, smear. 

smith vb. me. smith oe. stmp 
= ON. smidr^ du. smidy ohg. 
smid G. sckmied'y cp. GOTH, aiza- 
smipa 'coppersmith*; cogn. w. 
OHG. spttdagismidi'SUG. gesc/imeide, 
du. gesmijde. The dental is for- 
mative. There is an aryan 
y/^smi in GR. af.ii'Xf] o/lupvt]. — 
Smithy sb. seems to be the 
scand. smidja (= oe. smippe^ 
OHG. smitthd). 

smock sb. ME. smok oe. smocc 
*smock, frock, shirt' = on. smokkr\ 
cp. OHG. smocko 'shirt*: deriv. 
fr. the teut. Y^ sniUg in oe. 
smtlgariy on. smjiiga 'to creep 
through a hole*, MHG. smiegen 
G. sckmiegen, aryan yfsmiik in 



OSLOV. smykati s§ 'to creep*, lith. 
smiikti 'to glide*. 
. smoke sb. me. sm^ke oe. smoca 
sb. 'smoke*; cogn. w. oe. smiH 
'smoke' (base smauki-) and the 
str. vb. OE. sm4ocan 'to smoke'; 
cp. du. smoken (base "^smukon) 
and smook sb. (base ^smaukt^) : 
TEUT. \P smMy perh. cogn. w. 
LITH. smaukii 'to choke*. 

smooth adj. me. smothe late 
OE. smod with the umlauted by- 
form oe. sm0e\ MLG. smdde re- 
presents an OS AX. *smdthi fr. a 
Teut. base smanpi", 

smother sb. me. smarther (Jra- 
being an abstract suffix); oe. 
smorian 'to choke, suffocate* = 
DU. . LG. smoren G. schmoren 'to 
stew'. — smoulder vb. me. 
smolder e vb. rest on me. smolder^ 
which is ident. w. me. smorther, 

sniil sb« me. snail oe,, sna^l: 
Teut. base snagla-; cp. mho. 
snegel, on. snigill 'snail*; cogn. 
w. OHG. snecko g. schnecke (lg. 
snigge)y me. snegge. 

snake sb. me. sndke oe. sndea; 
cp. the equiv. on. sndhr sndkr, 
LG. sndke, Teut. y/^snak in OHG. 
snahhan 'to creep*. 

snare sb. me. snare borrowed 
fr. ON. snara *a snare, halter; 
ident. w. ohg. snar{a)ha oe. 
snearh 'noose, snare* fr. a Teut. 
base snarhon-) cp. the str. vb. 
ohg. sner(a)han mhg. sn'erhen 'to 
bind tightly*. Probably cogn. 
w. OHG. snuor g. schnur *a lace, 
cord' (goth. snorjd), 

sneeze vb. me. snfse (oe. sn^'o- 



192 



snipe — sole* 



san); ident. w. neese me. n4se 
= ON. hnjosa and w. OE. fniosan. 

snipe sb. me. snipe\ ident. w. 
ON. myrt'Snipa *a moor-snipe* and 
cogn. w. the equiv. ohg. snepfa 
G. schnepfe DU. snep snip (ital. 
sgneppa is of Teut origin). 

snite see under snot, 

snore vb. me. sn^t vb. with 
the frequentative snort me. snorte] 
cogn. w. G. schnarcheny du. snorken 
snurken \o snore, snort'. 

snot vb. me. snot oe. ^esnot 
*mucus of the nose' = du. snot'y 
cogn. w. snout sb. me. snoute 
= ODU. sniite du. snuit and w. 
snite vb. me. snite oe. snytan = 
ON. sn-^ta 'to wipe the nose*. Cp. 
G. schnautzey schndutzen, 

snow sb. ME. sngw oe. sndw 
= GOTH, snaiwsy on. sndr snjoVy 
DU. sneeuWy ohg. snio g. schnee: 
Teut. base snaiwa-y derived fr. 
the ARYAN y^snigh in OHG. sntwan 
G. schneieny oe. sniwan 'to snow' 
= LAT. ningerey lith. snigtiy 
avest. sniz \o snow*; cp. or. 
Wr^-a *snow' and lat. nix niv-enty 
IR. snechta — cymr. n'^f 'snow*. 
LITH. snegas and oslov. snigii 
'snow' correspond completely to 
TEUT. snaiwU' fr. snaigwa-, 

so adv. ME. sp prop, sw^ OE. 
swd = GOTH, swa, ON. svd (OHG. 
sS DU. zoo), Cp. the derivative 
sue A and mhg. sus (g. sonst)y 

DU. 2:«J. 

soap sb. ME. s^e oe. j^^t = 
ohg. seij'a G. j^^/?: Teut. base 
saipon'-. Whether lat. sapo{nem) 
= FR. savon, itau sapone are in 



any way related with the Teut. 
word-group, is uncertain. 

sob vb. ME. sobbe (oe. ^sobbtan) : 
frequentative of a teut. y/^sub in 
ORG. su/t'di sigh, a sob* — sufttdn 
(g. seufzen) 'to sigh*. 

sock sb. me. .f^^^ oe. .f^^^: loan- 
word fr. LAT. soccus (= FR. sorque^ 
ITAL. socco)y whence also ohg. 

MHG. SOCy ON. SOkkr. 

sod sb. me. sgdei probably 
borrowed fr. mlg. socie, which 
corresponds to ofries. sdtha 
'sod, turf: Teut. base saupSn-x 
perhaps related to seethe, 

soft adj. adv. me, so/te short for 
OE. so/te adv. by the side of the 
umlauted adj. oe. sf/te\ ident. w. 
OSAX. sd/ti adj. — sdfto adv. = 
OHG. sen/ti adj. — samfto adv. 
(g. sanft sachty DU. zachi), 

soil' sb. 'ground' me. soile fr. 
OFR. soel = FR. stidl', source 
lat. solea. 

soil 2 vb. 'to defile* me. soile fr. 
FR. souiller, 

solace sb. me. soMs fr. ofr. 
solaz = LAT. solatium, 

soldier sb. me. soudiour properly 
souldier fr. ofr. soldier (jK^soldaf). 
Source ofr. soulde 'pay for soul- 
diers*, whence du. g. sold. Source 

LAT. SOliduS (= ITAL. SOldo^ FR. 

sou) 'piece of money'. 

sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. s(fle 
oe. sole = OHG. sola G. sohley du. 
zool: Teut. base solay borrowed 
fr. a LAT. type ^sola, represented 
by fr. soky ITAL. SUOlOy SPAN. 

suela 'sole of a shoe'. The vul- 



sole* — sound' 



193 



gar-LAT. sola has supplanted 
LAT. solea^ whence GOTH. sulja 
'«ole' is borrowed. 

sole ^ (a flat fish) me. s^le fr. fr. 
sok\ ident. w. soW^'y cp. lat. 
soka 'sole-fish*. 

some pron. me. sum som oe. sum 
= GOTH. sumSy ON. sumty OHG. 
sum\ ARYAN base s^mo- in gr. 
i.f.io^hVy SKR. sama, 

son sb. ME. sone sune 0£. sunu 
= GOTH, sunus, ON. sunr^ osax. 
sunUy OHG. sun G. J^^« du. 2:^^//: 
Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base 
stinU' is evident in skr. j2/««-, 
OSLOV. jj^ww, LITH. sufius *son'. 
Cogn. w. GR. vioQ *son* fr. an 
ARYAN base suyu- and w. oir. 
suth *foetus'. There occurs also 
a SKR. V^ J^ *to beget, bear, 
bring forth'. 

song vb. ME. OE. song: Teut. 
base sang(w)a' also in goth. 
saggwSy ON. sgngVy du. J2d!«^, G. 
sang. Cp. J/«^. 

soon adv. me. sgne oe. ^j?)/^/ ; as 
shown by goth. suns-aiw soon', 
OE. spn-a is a compound of oe. son 
(= OHG. OSAX. sdn) and d (= 
GOTH, tf/ae/ OHG. to)] cp. OHG. j<lr 
sdr-io and goth. j«/w *soon*. 

soot sb. ME. OE. sot = ODU. 

soe/ , ON. j^/; derived fr. the 
TEUT. ^/"set *sit, set*; cogn. w. 
OIR. suide (base *sddtd)y lith. 
j^'//fj, OSLOV, saMa *soot'. 

sooth adj. 'true* me. sM oe. so/ 
fr, a Teut. base Jd;«^- = on. 
sannr, OHG. j^«^/, osax. solh; 
cogn. w. goth. sunjis (for ^sundja-) . 
teut. ja«/- answers to skr. sat^ 

English Etymology. 



which is participle of the aryan 
\/^es *to be' (skr. dsiiy gr. sot/, 
LAT. esty G. ist) with the suffix 
'Ont' in GR. (peQovx- (cp. tootH), 
GOTH. ji/«/« 'true' corresponds to 
SKR. j^/y4 'true*. 

sore adj. me. s^ oe. sdr fr. a 
TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in ON. Jtirr, 
OHG. s^r^ DU. 2r^^r *sore, wounded*; 
cp. GOTH, sair sb. pain', ohg. 
sir (g. versehren vb. 'to hurt'). 
Cogn. w. LAT. sae-vus wild' and 
OIR. ja/'-M *pain*. Cp. sorry, 

sorrel (plantname) fr. ofr. 
sorel (fr, surelle)^ which is de- 
rived fr. FR. sur *sour = ohg. 
sUr (see under sour). 

sorrow sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg 
infl. sorge\ Teut. base sorgd- in 
goth. saurga, ohg. j^r^^z g. sorge^ 
DU. 2:^r^, ON. J^r^ : aryan yfsergh 
in lith. sergiti \o heed' — 
jir^A* 'to suffer . 

sorry adj. me. sgr;} oe. sdrif^ 
earlier sdrc^ : Teut. base sair-ag-^ 
deriv. fr. teut. saira^ = sore. 

sot sb. ME. sot late oe. (c. iooo) 
sott'y borrowed fr. fr. sot^ whence 
also DU. zot and mhg. sot\ cogn. 
w. IR. suthan 'a dunce*. 

soul sb. me. soule prop, sgule 
oe. sdwol infl. sdwle : teut. saiw^ 
aid' in goth. saiwaia, ohg. j^/a 
(for *sewla) G. J^^/?, osax. seula^ 
DU. 2:z>/. Cp. GR. aloXog 'movable*. 

sound ^ adj. 'healthy' me. sound 
prop. Uound oe. ^estind = osax. 
gisund, OHG. gisunt G. gesund^ 
DU. gezond\ probably cognate w. 
LAT. x4««j 'healthy'. 

13 



194 



sound — speak 



sound (of the sea) 2 sb. me. 
sound OE. sUnd) the original 
meaning of the oe. word is *a 
swimming* which affirms connec- 
tion w. swim; Teut. base sunda- 
(on. sund) for '^sivumda', 

sound ^ sb. *a noise' me. soun 
fr. FR. son\ source lat. sonus, 

sound ^ vb. fr. fr. sonder, 

sour adj. me. sour oe. siir = 
ON. surr, DU. zuur, ohg. st^r G. 
sauer: aryan base suro- in lith. 
suras, OSLOV. syru Vaw, rough*. 

source sb. me. sours fr. fr. 
source (deriv. fr. lat. surgere). 

south sb. ME. south oe. sup = 
ON. sudr, DU. zuid: Teut. base 
sunp- in ohg. sundan Yrom the 
south' (= o^. Sudan ^om.sunnan). 
Probably allied to gr. vorog 
(for *(T*/orog) 'south-wind'. — 
southern me. sothern oe. suderne 
corresponds to ohg. sundroni 
= ON. sudrcenn. 

sow^ vb. ME. spwe. OE. sdwan 
str. vb. = GOTH, saian, ON. sd, 
DU. zaaijen, osax. sdjan, ohg. sden 
G. sden = ARYAN verbal y^ si 
in LAT. j^r(7 (ground-form *j£y^) 
'shi^saium y osLOV. j^-//, lith. 
scti 'sow* and in lat. se-men = 

OHG. sd-mo G. J^»2^. Cp. J^frt^. 

sow^ sb. ME. sowe earlier suwe 
suge OE. sugu, Cogn. w. teut. 
st^ 'sow' (under swine) and w. IR. 
suig 'a pig . 

space sb. me. spdfe fr. ofr. 
€Space\ source lat. spatium. 

spade sb. me. spdde oe. spddu 
infl. spddan'y ident. w. on. spadi, 
DU. spade, osax. spado, o. spaten\ 



cogn. w. GR. (Jnd&rj *a blade of 
wood or metal'. 

span vb. me. spanne oe. spannan 
str. vb. = OHG. spannan G. DU. 
spannen 'to extend*. 

span-new adj. me. span-n^e 
fr. ON. spdn-np"y ON. spdnn (cp. 
spoon) means *a chip, shaving*. 

spar ' sb. me. sparre (cp. the vb. 
OE. lespearrian *to shut, bar) = 
OHG. sparro (whence G. sparren), 
DU. spar, ON. sparri: Teut. base 
sparron', 

spar 2 sb. oe. spcer-stdnl cp. G. 
sparkalk. 

spar 3 vb. me. sparre fr. ofr. 
esparer = fr. iparer, 

spare adj. me. spar infl. spdre 
OE. spcer (infl. *spdrd) in the 
compound spcer^hende (original 
meaning 'having spare, thrifty 
hands*) and in the vb. spcrian 
*to spare*. Teut. base spara- in 
ON. sparr, ohg. spar (g. .^^ar- 
sani) ; cp. on. spar a, ohg. sparon 
G. sparen *to spare*. Outside 
of teut., OSLOV. j/^zni? 'thrifty' 
and GR. ^nagvoQ rare, lacking' 
are cognate. 

spark sb. me. sparke oe. spear ca* 
Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark, 
LG. sparke\ cogn. w. lat. J/J^zr- 

sparrov^ sb. me. sparwe oe. 
spearwa = goth. sparwa : Teut. 
base sparwan-', cp. ohg. jj^ar^ 
(g. Sperling), 

speak vb. me. ^/^^ oe. sp'ecan 
Str. vb. = OHG. sp'ehhan with 
the byforms oe. sprecan = ohg. 
spr'ehhan G, sprechm, du. spreken^ 



spear — spit' 



195 



OSAX. sprekan\ west-teut. strong 
verbal V" sprtk\ speky perhaps 
connected w. on. spraka 'to 
crackle* and lith. spragiti \o 
crackle*. See speech, 

spear sb. me. sp{re oe. spere\ 
ident. w. on. spjgr^ ohg. sp'er 
G. DU. speer and cogn. w. lat. 
sparus *a dart'. 

speck vb. ME. specke oe. sp'ecca 
*a spot, mark'; cp. DU. spikkeL 

speech sb. me. sp^che oe. (rare) 
sp4d (spdd) with the common 
byform oe. sprced: Westteut. base 
spdki- sprdki^'y derived fr. y^spek 
sprtk in speak, 

speed sb. me. oe. sped pro- 
perly oe. spxd fr. a Teut. base 
spo-di' in osAX. spbd 'success', 
DU. spoed 'speed', ohg. spuot 
*suct:ess* (whence o. sputen 'to 
make haste*) : verbal abstract to 
the str. vb. oe. spowan 'to suc- 
ceed' = ohg. sptwn 'to succeed', 
wliich are cognate w. OSLOV. 
spijaH 'to succeed*, skr. sphdy 
*to increase*: aryan \(^spM spho. 

spell sb. me. oe. spel (infl. 
spell-) 'story, saying' (see also 
gospel) = GOTH, spt/l 'tale, 
myth*, ON. spjall *a saying , ohg. 
spel *a narrative* (du. spellen vb.) : 
Teut. base speUa-y assimilated 
for sqedlo'y pre-TEUT. sq-etlo- = 
OIR. sc^l, cymr. ckwedl 'a story*. 
Derived from the aryan \Pseq 
'to say, tell' (cp. say)\ aryan 
suffix -etlo' as in gr. &xevkov. 

spell vb. ME. spelle 'syllabi- 
care' (Orrm spelldrenn 'syllabi- 
tare'); not found in this mean- 



ing in OE. Cognate w. ofr. 
espeler = fr. ^peler 'to spell*. 

spelt sb. OE. spelt = du. spelt, 
ohg. spella spelza: loanword fr. 
late LAT. spelfa (= it. spelta, 
FR. ipeauire), 

spend vb. me. spende oe. *spendan 
(in the sb. spending and in the 
cour^owcidsd-yfor'Spendan) : loan- 
word fr. LAT. dispendere yb,*sitend\ 
whence also G. spenden ohg. 
spenian, 

spew vb. ME. sp^we oe. spUvan 
= ohg. OSAX. sptwan g. speien^ 
GOTH, speiwan str. vb. (on. sp^ja, 
DU. spuwen) : strong verbal yf^spfw 
as in LAT. spuerey lith. spiauU 'to 
spew'; cp. the cognate yTPM 
in GR. nrvstvy OSLOV. pjuiil 

£(pice sb. ME. spige fr. ofr. 
espice (fr.) = lat. species, 

spider sb. me. spither in Kent, 
for spinder oe. ^spinnire\ derived 
fr. spin, 

spike sb. me. spik 'an ear of 
corn' fr. lat. spica, 

spill vb. me. spille late oe. spillan 
fr. on. spilla \ ident. w. oe. spildan, 
OHG. spildan 'to spill': Teut. base 
spilpjan, 

spin vb. ME. spinne oe. spinnan 
str. vb. = GOTH. OHG. spiunany 
G. DU. spinneny on. spinna: all 
equivalent. The str. vb. teut. 
spinnan rests on a y^ sp'en in 
spindle me. oe. spinel = ohg. 
spinila, 

spirit see sprite, 

spit^ sb. ME. spite oe. sptiu 
'roasting spit* = ohg. spi-^y du. 
spit (ital. spitOy FR. ipois repre- 

13* 



196 



spit* — spur 



sent a teut. spitus) ; derived fr. 
the TEUT. adj. spitu- in ohg. 
spitzi G. spitz. 

spit 2 vb. ME. spitteois,. lespyttan] 
ident. w. on. spytta with the by- 
form sppaj LG. spyteriy G. speutzen \ 
see spouL 

spite sb. ME. spit for despit\ 
see despite, 

spleen sb. fr. lat. (gr.) splen. 

split vb. Scandin. loanword; 
cp. DAN. spiitte'y cogn. w. du. 
splijten = MHO. splh^en G. spleissen 
(whence G. splitter), 

spoil vb. ME. spoiU fr. fr. spo^ 
Her (lat. spoliare). 

spoke sb. ME. spfke oe. spdca\ 

= OS AX. ^^i^^ DU. J^^^^, OHG. 

speihha G. speiche. All equivalent; 
Teut. base spaikon-, 

sponge sb. me. sparine fr. ofr. 
esponge (fr. iponge) ; source lat. 
spongia, whence also osax. spunsia 

DU. ^^«J. 

spool sb. (not found in me. 
OE.) loanword fr. DU. spoel\ ident. 
w. OHG. spuolo G. spule (ital. 
spuola is of teut. origin) : Teut. 
base spdidn-] doubtful whether 
cogn. w. spin. 

spoon sb. ME. OE. sppn fr. a 
TEUT. spdnu' {spenu-) in ORG. 
spdn *a chip, splint*, DU. dan. 
spaan *a chip*, on. spdnn spdnn 
*a chip' (cp. span-new), Cogn. 
w. MHG. spd't 'a chip': y/"spi, 

sport sb. for disport as spend 
for di spend] me. disporte vb. fr. 
OFR. se desporter 'to amuse one- 
self. 

spot sb. ME. spot pi. spoties'y 



not found in oe. (where splof 
pi. splottas 'a spot*); cp. odu. 
spotte DU. spot a blot'. 

spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. ofr« 
espouse (fr. Spouse) \ source lat. 
sponsa. 

spout vb. me. spoute'y cogn. w. 
spit. 

sprat sb. me. sprot (pi. sprottes) 
OE. sprot (pi. sprottas)\ cp. mlg. 
sprot G. sprotte, DU. j/>r^/. 

sprav^l vb. me. spraule 0£. 
sprfawtian fr. a teut. sprauwalon, 

spread vb. me. spr{de oe. (j^?)- 
sprddan \o extend' = ohg. g. 
spreiten, DU. spreiden\ deriv. fr, 
the str. vb. ohg. stritan *to be- 
come extended'. 

spring str. vb. me. springe oe. 
springan = osax. ohg. springan^ 
on. springa (ital. springare is a 
TEUT. loanword) : teut. \/^ spring 
sprang^ perhaps related to or. 
anigxio&ai \o make haste'. 

spnte sb. ME. sprite fr. fr. 
esprit] ident. w. spirit. Source 
LAT. spiritus. 

sprout vb. ME. sproute (oe. 
^sprutan) = DU. spruiten, lg. 
spruten, ofries. spruta *to sprout'; 
cp. G. spriessen\ teut. \(^spr&t 
spreut. 

spur sb. ME. spure oe. spur a 
(spora); ident. w. ohg. sporo (g. 
sporn), DU. spoor, on. spori (ital. 
sprone fr. iperon are of teut. 
origin) : Teut. base spuron- sporon; 
\/^sp?r in OHG. osax. oe. spur^ 
nan \q kick against' under spurn 
and in G. spur DU. spoor oe. spor 
*a foot-track*. 



spurge — stammer 



197 



spurge sb. short for me. spourge: 
loanword fr. ofr. espurge (source 
LAT. expurgare). 

spurn vb. me. spurne oe. spdr- 
nan str. vb. *to kick against* = 
OHG. OS AX. spurnan 'to kick 
against': Aryan \fsp9r in lat. 
sper-nere *to despise', lith. spirti 
'to kick against', GR. 07ral()Siv, 
SKR. sphur, Cp. spur, 

spy vb. ME. spie fr. ofr. espiery 
which is of Teut. origin: ohg. 
sp'ehon G. spdheriy ODU. spien 

(ARYAN \(^Spek in LAT. COHSpiciOy 

speculum, skr. \J^spa^. 

square sb. me. squdre fr. ofr. 
esquarre *a square'. 

squire sb. me. squire = es" 
quire. 

squirrel sb. me. squlril ioxscuril 
fr. OFR. escurel {= fr. icureuit) ; 
source a lat. type scurellus 
{scuriolus) for lat. sciurus 'a 
squirrel'. 

stable^ sb. me. stdble fr. ofr. 
estabk (= fr. itable)\ source 
LAT. stabulum *abode, stable'. 

stable 2 adj. me. stdble fr. ofr. 
est able = lat, stabilis 'stable'. 

staff sb. ME. staf (pi. stdves) 
OE. stcef (pi. stdfas) = on. stafr, 

DU. j////, OHG. G. Stab\ cp. OHG. 

staben \o be stiff' and the adj. 
eastfries. staf 'stiff, also lith. 
stebas 'staff — stdbas stobras) skr. 
V"jA?M 'be stiff'. 

stag sb. ME. stagge late oe. 
stagga 'a stag'. 

stage sb. ME. stdge fr. ofr. 
estage = fr. ^/^^^ (lat. type 
staticuni). 



stain sb. me. steine fr. ofr. 
desteindre = lat. dis-iingere. 

stair sb. me. .r/^/r properly 
j///>r OE. staler = odu. olg. 
j/^^^^r DU. steiger 'stair': west- 
TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv- 
ed fr. the Teut. verbal y^ stlg in 
OE. stigatiy OHG. stigan G. steiger?, 
DU. stijgen 'to climb'; cogn. w. 
GR. nxd/hiv *to march' , skr. 
j"/?^^ 'ascend* (cp. lat, ve-stigium 
*a foot- track'). 

stake sb. me. stdke oe. stdca 
= ODU. ^/^^^ DU. staak, swed. 
stake; cp. ofries. stak 'stiff, g. 
stachel *a prick, goad'. 

stalk ^ sb. ME. stalke, a dimin. 
form with suffixed k of me. stdle\ 
cp. OE. j/^7^, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk*, 
OHG. G. stil, also GR. ffrfAjoi' *a 
handle*. 

stalk 2 vb, ME. stalke\ ^ is a 
frequentative suffix; cp. OE. styl- 
Ian 'to leap* (oe. *stealcian), 

stall sb. ME. stal oe. steall fr. 
a Teut. base stalla^ in on. stallr, 
OHG. j/^/ G. J/^//, DU. stal 'stall, 
stable' (iTAL. 5A7//<? 'place' — stalla 
'stable' are of Teut. origin). 
ARYAN base stadhlo- in lat, 
stabulum 'stable*. 

stallion sb. me. stalloun fr. 
OFR. estalon (fr. italon) = ital. 
Stallone: of Teut. origin (teut. 
stalla- 'stable' under stall). 

stammer vb. me. stamere deriv. 
fr. OE. stdmor adj. 'stammering'; 
cp. DU. stameren'Stamelen, ohg. 
stamalbn] ^ stam in on, stamr 
'stammering' — stama vb. 'to 
stammer', ohg. stamen 'stammer'; 



198 



stamp — state 



cp. also GOTH, stamms *stam- 
mering'. Cogn. w. OSAX. ohg. 
stum G. stumm *dumb'. 

stamp vb. me. stampe (e. ^stam- 
plan) = DU. stamperiy OHGMampfon 
G. stampfen (ital. stampare fr. 
Hamper are of teut. origin): 
TEUT. \f stamp cogn, w. gr. arf^*" 
pHV 'to stamp*. 

^\ATi^^staunchvh, ME..staunche 
vb. fr. OFR. estancher. 

stand vb. me. stande oe. standan 

(prt. oe. me. Stod) = GOTH. OSAX. 

standan, on. standa, ohg. stantan 
\o stand*: a strong vb., common 
to the Teut. languages; teut. 
yfstap stad\ the nasal of the 
verb is orig. characteristic of 
the present tense). 

standard sb. me. standard (= 
DU. standaard) fr. ofr. estandart 
-= FR. Standard (ital. stendardo 
fr. LAT. extender e ^spread out*). 

sang sb. me. stange loanword 
fr.tON. stgng gen. stangar] ident. 
w. OHG. stanga g. stange, du. stang 
an d the umlauted oe. steng 'pole, 
stake' ; source the vb. OE. stingan 
'to stab, pierce*; see sting, 

stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdn- 
leila properly 'rock-yeller'; cp. 
yell. 

staple sb. me. stdpel oe. stdpol 
a prop' = DU. LG. stapel, ofries. 
stapul 'block*. 

star sb. me. sterre oe. steorra 
= OHG. OSAX. st'erro, odu. mlg. 
sterre', Teut. base sterron-', ident. 
w. GOTH, stair nd, on. stjarna 
(hence me. sterne), ohg. sterno 
(g. stern ohg. stern), Cogn. w. 



SKR. star, GR. davrjp, lat. s/e/ta 
(for *steru/a?). All equivalent. 

starboard sb. me. sterb^-d short 
for OE. stforbord', cp. ON. stjdrbordi 
'starboard* and OE. st^or under 
steer^, 

starch sb. me. *sterche oe. st^ri^o 
(= G. Starke) : umlaut- derivative 
with palatalisation of stark, 

stare vb. me. stare oe. stdrian 
= ON. star a, ohg. star in *to stare'; 
derived fr. an adj. stara- in skr. 
stkira'f&st, hard', gr. arfpf o^'hard': 
ARYAN V^ sta \o stand* in ohg. 
stdn stSn G. stehen, du. staan, lat. 
stare^ GR. iordpai, skr. stkd, 

stark adj. me. stark oe. s/earc 
= OSAX. mhg. g. stark; cp, on. 
(with umlaut) sterkr and goth. 
gastaiirknan \o become dry*: 
ARYAN sT^trg in lith. strigti *to 
become stiff'. 

starling sb. me. sterling short 
for oe. steer ling : dimin. formation 
of OE. steer 'a starling* = ohg. 
stdra G. staar *a starling'; cogn. 
w. OE. st{arn = lat. sturnus, 

start vb. me. j/^rr/^ (oe. ^steortan 
str. vb.) ; cp. ODU. DU. storten, 
OHG. sturzen G. stiirzen: teut. y" 
j/^r/ sturt, 

starve vb. me. sterve oe. steorfan 
str. vb. *die(ofhunger') = du. 
sterven, osax. sterhan, ohg. sterban 
G. sterben str. vb. 'to die*; cp. 
on. j/d-r// 'stiffness', east-fries. 
bestarfen 'be stiff*. The original 
meaning of the teut. \f"sterb was 
probably 'be stiff'. 

state sb. me. estdt fr. ofr. estat 

FR. itat = LAT. j/^?/«J. 



stay 



•1 



step 



199 



Stay * vb. me. state fr. ofr. estayer 
¥K. itayer, 

stay 2 sb. oe. stay, Teut. base 
staga-y whence fr. itay; cp. du. 
LG. stag, 

stead sb. me. st(de oe. stede fr. 
a Teut. base stadi- = goth. sta^s 
*a stead, place*, oho. stut (g. stadt 
'town'), ON. stadr *a place': ab- 
stract formation ofthe'ARYAN V^ 
sta *to stand' (see stare); cp. 
LAT. statio, SKR. sthiti 'a standing*. 

steak sb. me. steike (late. oe. 
staecan vb. 'to roast") : borrowed 
fr. ON. steik *a steak' — steikja 
'to roast'. 

steal vb. me. st^le oe. stelan str. 
vb. = GOTH, stilan, on. stela, 
OSAX. OHG. stelan o. stehlen du. 
stelen: teut. V^j/^/, perhaps ident. 
w. GR. aTeptadat — azsploasiv 
'bereave*. 

steam sb. me. st^m oe. st^am fr. 
a Teut. base stau-ma- (du. stoom, 
EASTFRIES. stom): y/^ stau, not 
found elsewhere. 

steed sb. me. stfde oe. steda 'a 
stallion': umlaut-derivative of oe. 
stpd = E. j-Zz^^. 

steel sb. me. st^le oe. st^le (style) : 
umlaut- formation by the side of 
the equival. ohg. stahal g. stahl, 
DU. staaly ON. j/^i/: Teut. base 
stahla- and (for oe. j/y/^) stahlja-; 
ident« w. opruss. stakla- 'steel*. 

steep adj. me. st{p oe. st{ap adj.; 
ident. w. oe. st{ap = on. staup 
'beaker' under stoup. — Umlaut- 
deriv. steeple me. st^pel oe. stepel 
st;ypel (fr. a Teut. base staupila-] 
cp. on. stgpull 'a steeple'). 



steer^ sb. me. st^r oe. st^or = 
GOTH. sHur, ON. stjdrr, ohg. osax. 
stior g. du. j/r>r *a bull'; ident. 
w. ON. fjdrr (dan. /j^r): arvan 
base {s)teuro (osLOV. turu 'steer'). 
But GR. xaZgo^; corresponds to 
oiR. tarb ( ARYAN base tarwo-f 
nbt cogn. w. steer). 

steer 2 vb. me. stfre oe. stforan 
w. the umlauted byform sfpran 
= OHG. stiuran G. steuern^ du. 
sturen'y cp. on. styri 'a rudder*; 
for a non-umlauted root-form see 
under starboard, teut. \fsteur 
also in goth. stiurjan 'to confirm*. 

stem sb. me. 5/^w oe. stemn stefn 
*a stem of a tree*: ablaut- relation 
to ON. stafn, OSAX. statnn = 
OHG. statn G. stamtn du. j/^^/; teut. 
ground -forms stemna- stamna'^ 
cogn. w. IR. tamon 'stem'. \f sta 
'to stand* under stare, 

stench sb. me. stench oe. st^nd 
fr. a tuet. base stank{w)i-; see 

step vb. oe. stcBppan st§ppan str. 
vb. ; cp. DU. stappeny ohg. stapfon 
'to step' and oe. j/<^^ stcBpe *a 
step, pace*; probably related to 
osLOv. stopa 'foot-track'? The 
root seems to be nasalized in 
stamp, 

step in stepfather stepmother 
etc. ME. step-fader^ -moder short 
for OE. steop'fceder, -modor; ident. 
w. ON. stjupfadiry -mddir = ohg. 
stiof-fater, -muoter G. stiefvater, 
stief mutter: Teut. base steupa-y 
whence ohg. bistiufen OE. dstypan 
vb. 'bereave, deprive (of pa- 
rents)'. 



200 



stern — stool 



stem^ adj. me. sUrne oe. styrne\ 
Teut. base stirni- prop, sternu-, 
cogn. w. LAT. str^uus. 

Stem 2 sb. me. sUrne fr. on. 
stjdrn *a steering'; see starboard 
and steer vb 

stew vb. ME. stiiwe vb. fr. the 
sb. OFR. estuve = G. sttibe\ see 
stove. 

Steward sb. me. stfward (since 
the 12*^ cent) ; cogn. w. oe. stii^- 
wita *house- holder. The first 
element is ident. w. sty, 

stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca = 
OHG; st'ecko G. stecken : Teut. base 
stikkon-y derived fr. the verbal yf^ 
stik in OHG. st'ehhan G, stechen, 

stiff adj. short for me. oe. stif 
'stiff* = ON. stifr^ DU. stij/y G. 
stci/'y cogn. w. LITH. stipti 'to be- 
come stiff and lat. stipes 'a pole*. 

stile sb. me. stile contracted 
from OE. sttgo/ inh. sti^ele = ohg. 
stigila *a stile'; derived fr. the 
TEUT. y/^stfg under stair, 

still adj. ME. oe. stille = ohg. 

OS AX. Sti/tz G. Stl/i, DU. Stl/f OFRIES. 

stii/e : deriv. fr. the teut. y" ste// 
*to stand firmly' in the factitive 
vb. OHG. G. stelltn \o place' and 
in OHG. stollo 'post'. 

stilt sb. ME. stilte\ ident. w. ohg. 
stelza g. stelze, DU. stelt\ all equi- 
valent. 

sting vb. ME. stinge oe. stingan 
str. vb. = goth. {us)stiggan, on. 
sting a\ cp. ohg. stungon stung en 
\o sting': teut. \("st'eng under 
stang, 

stink vb. me. stinke oe. stincan 
str. vb. = goth. stigqan, ohg. 



OSAX. stinkan g. du. stinken: 
teut. y^ st'enq pre -teut. st'engw 
(J'engw in GR. rayyog rancid*). 

stir vb. ME. stire oe. styrian vb. ; 
ident. w. the ablauted ohg. stdren 
g. stdreuy du. storen, ofries. sterai 
WEST-TEUT. bases sturjanstaurjan; 
\fstur also in s tor ml 

stirrup sb. me. stirop properly 
sti^rgp OE.'stii-rdp; ident. w. ohg. 
stega-reif G. stegreif(p\j, steegreep)^ 
ON. stig~reip. Second element of 
the compound is teut. raipa- = 
roap; for the i*' element (Teut. 
stiga- y/^stfg) see stair, 

stitch sb. ME. sticche oe. stide 
early stiti\ Teut. base stiki^ *a 
pricking by the side of oe. stician 
'to prick'; cf. onG. st'ehhan G. stechen 
(ohg. stih g. stich sb. 'pricking*), 
OSAX. st'ekany du. steken. aryan 
sfstig in GR. axiyfjia — axiCm ; cf. 
SKR. y/^tij *be sharp*. 

stith sb. ME. stith borrowed fr. 
ON. stedi *an anvil*. 

stock sb. ME. stock OE. stocc 
'trunk, log, pillory' = DU. siok^ 
OHG. G. stocky ON. stokkr\ Tcut. 
base stokka- for stukka-; teut. V" 
stuk in du. lg. stokeny me. stoke 
'to stab' ; cogn. w. skr. tuj 'push*. 

stone sb. ME. stifn oe. stdn = 
GOTH, s tains y ON. steinny OHG. G. 
steiny OSAX. sten du. steen : Cogn. 
w. OSLOV. stina 'a wall' — stint nit 
'rocky', GR. (SvTov aria 'pebble- 
stone'. Cp. stanyel, 

stool sb. ME. OE. Stol = GOTH. 
Sto/S, ON. Sto//, DU. Stoe/y OSAX. SfS/f 

OHG. stuol G. stuht: Teut. base 
sto-la- deriv. fr. the aryan \fstha 



stoop — straw-berry 



20I 



*to stand' under stead, Cp. also 
OSLOV. stolU *table', gr. ot^Xtj 
'column. 

stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoupe 
OE. sHpian \o curve downwards* 
= ODU. stuipen \o bow*, on. stupa 
SWED. stupa \o fair. 

stop vb. ME. stoppe (oE. for- 
stoppian 'to stop up, close') , ident. 
w. DU. stoppefiy OHG. stopfdn G. 
stop/en and w. ital. stoppare \o 
stop up with tow*. Source low 
LAT. stuppare (lat. stuppa *oakum'). 

stork vb. ME. stork oe. store = 
DU. stork, OHG. stork o. storck, on. 
storkr; cogn. w. GR. xogyoq a 
large bird*. 

storm sb. me. oe. storm — on. 
stormr, du. storm (ohg. g. sturm) ; 
derived fr. y/^stur in j//> or 
cogn. w. LAT. sternere 'to strew'. 

story sb. me. stprie fr. ofr. estoire 
r= LAT. historia. 

stoup stoop ME. stdp\ borrowed 
fr. ON. stgup 'beaker, cup* = stoop 
*a gallon*: the sb. (teut. staupa- 
*beaker) rests on the adj. staupa- 
= steep, 

stout adj. ME, stout fr. ofr. estout; 
ident. w. du. stout, ohg. g. 
stolz proud*: source lat. stultus 
"foolish*. 

stove sb. OE. stofa *a bath* = 
ohg. stuba a bathing-room* (g. 
stube *a room'), du. stoof\ ident. 
w. FR. iimje and osLOV. istuba 
'a room*. Source and history 
uncertain. Cp. stew, 

stow vb. ME. stowe OE. stpwian 
'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow 
'a place* = lith. stova 'place'. 



straight adj. me. streight oe. 
(d)streht\ part, of OE. streddean = 
stretch, 

strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr. 
estraindre = lat. stringere and 
strait ME., streit fr. ofr. estreit (fr. 
itroif) =. lat. strictus, 

strand sb. me. oe. strand 
'shore* = ON. strgnd (gen. 
strandar) margin, edge', du. lg. 
G. strand 'shore* (fr. itrain of 
Teut. origin). 

strange adj. me. straunge fr. 
OFR. estrange (fr. itrange) : source 
LAT. extraneus. 

strangle vb. me. strangle vb. fr. 
OFK.estr angler = i,ki,str angular e, 

strap sb. me. oe. strop {pp)\ 
loanword fr. lat. struppus 'thong, 
fillet*, whence also du. lg. strop 
and FR. itrope, 

stra>v sb. me. straw oe. streaw 
(with the byforms me. stri OE. 
sir (a) : Teut. base strawa- = on. 
strd, DU. stroo, ohg. strb G. strok; 
cp. the vb. strew oe. str^an, 
streyin = goth. straujan, ohg. 
strouwen G. streuen, DU. strooien 
'to strew*. TEUT. \(^strau derived 
fr. the ARYAN \(^ster in gr. OTogki' 
vvf.u GTQiovvvf.li and lat. sterno 
(stravi — stratum), oslov. siritt 
'to spread out'; cp. esp. lat. 
stramen 'straw'. 

straw-berry sb. me. straw-berie 
OE. streaw- berie; not cogn. w. 
straw. Probably connected w. 
lat. fragum *straw-berry' : Aryan 
base sraghwO' = Teut. base 
strawa-; the 2^^ elementin straw- 
berry might be explanatory. 



202 



stray — study 



Stray vb. me. straie fr. ofr. 
estraier ; derived fr. lat. strata 
(= street). 

streak sb. me. strike oe. strica 
*a line*; cp. goth. striks *a stroke 
with the pen' and strike, 

stream sb. me. str^m Oe. stream 
= OHG. stroum (o. strom), DU. 
strooniy ON. straumr: Teut. base 
strau'tna-y derived fr. the Aryan 
\(^sru 'to flow' = SKR. y^sru \o 
flow'; cp. GR. ^I'fii', oiR. sruth 
Viver' — sruaim 'stream' (lat. 
fiumen instead o{*frumen: Aryan 
srou-men-), 

street me. str^te oe. strft strdt 
infl. strdte (whence on. strdti is 
borrowed) = obax. strata y du. 
straat, ohg. strdzza G. strasse'. 
WEST-TEUT. strdta fr. lat. sirdta 
(sc. via) prop. *a paved way', 
whence ital. strada = fr. ^/r^^ 
(oiR. srdth) *a street'. 

strength sb. me. strengthe oe. 
strpigdu{GOlB,. *straggipa) derived 
fr. strong, 

stress sb. 'force' short for me. 
distresse fr. ofr. destresse, 

stretch vb. me. streccheoE, sired- 
dean (part, stre/itunder straighi)^ 
ident. w. ohg. strecchen o. sirecken, 
DU. strekken: teut. type strakkjan\ 
cp. ohg. stracken *be straight' and 
the adj. du. lg. strak 'straight' 
(g. stracks ^immediately*). 

strew see under straw, 

stride vb. me. stride oe. stridan 
vb. = mlg. strtden \o stride' : 
^ sir id, 

strife sb. me. strif fn ofr. 



estrify which rests on a Teut. sb. 
= OSAX. strtdy ohg. strit g. streit. 

strike vb. me. strike oe. strican 
str. vb. *to rub, wipe' = ofries. 
strtka, DU. strij'ken, ohg. strihhan 
G. streichen ; teut. y/^strfk, aryan 
yfstrig in lat. strtgilis, oslov. 
sirigq — striiti \o shear'., Cp. 
stroke. 

string sb. me. oe. string fr. a 
teut. base sirangi- in on. strengr^ 
DU. strengy ohg. g. sirang; cogn. 
w. the adj. strong, 

strive vb. me. strive fr. ofr. 
estriver vb. (ofr. estrif under 
strife). 

stroke sb. me. str^k and stroke 
vb. OE. strdcian fr. \("strik under 
strike. 

strong adj. me. oe. strong fr. 
TEUT. base strangu- in ohg. Strang 
strengi G. DU. streng (o. sich 
anstrengen vb.); cogn. w. lat. 
stringere \o draw tight, compress'. 

stub sb. ME. stubbe with the 
umlauted by form oe. stybb *a 
stub'; cp. LG. stubbey du. stobbty 
ON. stubbi and GR. arvnog 'a stub, 
stump'. ARYAN sl^stupy nasalized 
in stump, 

stubble sb. me. stoble stuble fr. 
OFR. estouble; ident. w. ohg. 
stupfala DU. G. stoppel: source 
vulgar LAT. stup{i)la instea'd of 
LAT. stipula *stubble'. 

stud sb. short for ME. OE. stdd 
*a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva- 
tion steed) = ON. sidd^ ohg. 
stuot. Cp. osLOv. Russ. stadoy 
lith. stodas 'a herd of horses'. 

study vb. ME. studie prop. stildU 



stuff — summon 



203 



vb. fr. OFR. estudier (fr. itudier) 
= LAT. siudere. 

stuff sb. fr. OFR. esto^e = fr. 
itoffe (whence also G. stoff^ DU. 
stof). 

stump sb. ME. stump stomp\ 
ident. w. du. siompy ohg. g. stump/; 
probably connected w. stub: 
ARY Am \/^ stumd: stu(m)p, also in 
ON. sttifr siufi *a stump'. 

stun vb. ME. stUne stone 0£. 
stUnian \o resound*; cp. the 
umlauted on. stynja \o groan*, 
G. stanetiy du. stenen\ ARYASy/^stPn 
sten in gr. arivsiv^ oslov. stenja, 
SKR. Stan *to groan, resound'. 

sturgeon me. stourgeoun fr. fr. 
esturgeon; source a teut. base 
sturjon- in ohg. sturio (g. stohry 
DU. steur) = OE. styrta *a stur- 
geon. Doubtful whether cogn. 
w. stir. 

stutter vb. fr. me. sMe stute vb. ; 
cp. G. stottern \o stammer. All 
derivations of yf stout in goth. 
stautany on. stauta \o beat, strike' 
= OHG. stdi^an G. stossen, aryan 
\/"(s)tud in LAT. tundere \o beat*, 
SKR. yftud \o strike*. 

sty^ sb. (*sty for swine*) me. 

stie OE. stii infl. sti^e *a pig-sty'; 

ident. w. ohg. stia *a pig-sty', 

ON. sti {svin'Sti)y swed. (svin)stia 

a sty. 

sty 2 sb. (*sty in the eye*) cp. 
OE. stiiend; equivalent w. lg. 
S^gey NORW. stig. 

subdue vb. me. subdue properly 
sudiie fr, ofr. souduir = lat. 
subducere, 

subtle adj. me. sotel sutel sutil 



fr. ofr. sotil (fr. subtil). =^ lat. 
subtilis. 

succeed vb. me. suc(4de fr. fr. 
succeder = lat. succedere. 

succour vb. me. sucoure socoure 
fr. OFR. soccorre = lat. succurrere. 

such pron. me. siuh earlier 
swuch swich OE. swyU swiUi Teut. 
base sumUk in OSAX. stdiky ohg. 
suUh (g. solcK)\ as shown by 
GOTH, swaleiksy the i*' element 
of the compound rests on ^^ = 
OE. swd. 

suck vb. short for me. sauke 
OE. siican str. vb. with the by form 
OE. OHG. sugan G. saugen; cogn. 
w. LAT. stlgere : aryan yT^i •^^« 

sudden adj. me. sodein prop. 
sodain fr. fr. soudain (lat. type 
^subitanus for subitaneus *sudden*). 

suffer vb. me. suffre soffre fr. 

fr. souffrir (lat. suffer re), 

sugar sb. me. sugre sUcre fr. 
FR. sturey whence also odu. stiker 
DU. suiker\ cp. g. zucker fr. ital. 
zucchero. 

sum sb. ME. summe somme fr. 
FR. somme, 

summer sb. me. sumer somer 
OE. sUmor fr. a Teut. base sumaru* 
in OSAX. OHG. sumar G, sommer^ 
DU. somer y on. sumar. Cogn. w. 
AVEST. hamy oiR. joiw, cymr. ham 
hafy armen. amarn : all equivalent. 
Cp. also SKR. samd year'. 

summit sb. fr. fr. sommet (rests 
on LAT. summus). 

summon vb. me. somotte fr. 
OFR. somoner (lat. submonere 'to 
remind privately*). 



204 



sun — sweat 



sun sb. ME. sunne Sonne oe. sunne 
infl. sunnan = goth. sunnS, OHG. 
OS AX. sunna G. i'^;^^^, du. zon: 
TEUT. base sunnSn-, 

supper sb. me. j^^ j^/^ £r. 
FR. souper. Cp. dinner. 

sure adj. me. j/Vr properly seilr 
fr. OFR. J«r j«^r FR. stir {= lat. 
secUruSy whence also sicker). 

surgeon sb. me. surgin {surgein) 
fr. OFR. cirurgien (lat. type chi^ 
rurgianus). — Hence surgery me. 
surgerie: lat. cMrurgia. 

swaddle vb. me. swathele oe. 
swcedelian vb. : derived fr. oe. 
swcedel 'bandage*; ident. w. the 
umlauted OHG. swedil 'bandage'; 
see swathe, 

sv^ain sb. me. swainprop. sweini 
borrowed in the 1 1 '^ cent. fr. on. 
sveinn; ident. w. oe. swdn *man, 
warrior\ ohg. swein 'servant*. 

swallow sb. (the bird) me. 
swalowe oe. swealwe = ohg. 
swalawa c. schwalbe; ident. w. 
OSAX. swala, on. svala *a swallow': 
Teut. base swalwon-] if for 
"^swalgwbn'y cogn. w. or. aAxi/wj^? 

swallov^ vb. me. swel{o)we ear- 
lier swelgen oe. swSlgan str. vb. 
= OSAX. OHG. swelgan (sw^lhan) 
G. schwelgen^ DU. zwelgen (on. 
svelgja) : Teut. verbal ^f" sw'elh 
sw'elgy ARYAN \(^swelk, 

sv^amp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g. 
sumpfy DAN. SWED. sump *a swamp*. 

swan sb. me. oe. swan fr. a 
TEUT. swana- = on. svanr\ cp. 
OHG. swana G. schwan du. zwaan, 
Cogn. w. LAT. sonar e (properly 
^svonare)y skr. \fsvan \o sound'. 



S'^ard sb. me. swxrde oe. swear d 
infl. swearde 'the skin of bacon 
= ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte g. 
schwark *skin of bacon', on. 
svgrdr *skin'. The modern E. 
meaning green turf is due 
to Northern influence; cp. on. 
jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', gras^ 
svgrdr grass-sward' (and mlg« 
gr&nswarde^ dan. grensvcer). 

svfrarm sb, me. swarm oe. 
swearm = on. svarmr y ohg. 
swarm G. schwarm (du. zwerm)\ 
all equivalent. Cp. the skr. 
yf^svar *to sound'? 

s^vart adj. me. swart oe. sweart 
= GOTH, swarts, on. svartr, du. 
zwart, OHG. swarz G. sckwarz\ 
Cogn. w. LAT. sordes (properly 
*svordes) *dirt': aryan \P sword. 

sv^ath sb. me. swath oe. swcbP 
'footprint, track* (with the by- 
form OE. swadu 'track*); cp. 
MLG. swat — swadey g. schwaden^ 
DU. zwaad *a row of mown grass': 
Teut. ' base swafa. 

swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swd" 
dian\ cp. swaddle. 

swats (Scotch) *beer* oe. swata\ 
derived fr. sfswot under sweet. 

swear vb. me. sw(re oe. suterian 
(prt. me. oe. swpr) str. vb. = 
OHG. OSAX. swerian g. schworen^ 
DU. zweren^ on. sverja str. vb.; 
cp. GOTH, swaran. The original 
meaning of the teut. y/^ swar 
was probably *to declare', as 
shown by the derivative answer. 

sweat vb. short for me. stvite 
OE. sw<ktan\ derived fr. oe. stvdt 
ME. swfte (e. sweat sb. influenced 



sweep — swoop 



205 



by the \h. sweat) = DU. zweei^ 
ON. sveiHy OHG. swei'z^ G. schweissi 
TEUT. \/^swait {sunt in G. schwitzen 
OHG. swizzan) = Aryan s/^swoid 
swid in skr. \/^svid \o sweat*, 
GR. idgijiq *sweat' — IMsiv *to 
sweat', LAT. sudor (orig. *svoidos) 
*sweat*, LETT, swidrs *sweat'. 

sweep vb. me. swipe oe. swdpan 
3^ p. sg. pres. t. swdpd'to sweep': 
TEUT. \/^swaip under swoop, 

S'weet adj. me. oe. sw^te adj. 
with the non-umlauted adverb 
oe. swdte (me. spte adj. adv.); 
ident. w. on. sdtr (orig. *svcetr), 
osASLsw3tt, BV.zoet, oiiG.s(w)uo7,p 
G. siiss: Teut. base swSti', orig. 
swotu-' (cp. GOTH, silts 'sweet*), 
ARYAN base swMu in skr. svddu^ 
GR. cfJ^J^ ^ Ji'c> LAT. jw<^m (orig. 
*suddu-is). Cp. swats. 

S'well vb. me. swelle oe. sw'ellan 
str. vb. = OS AX. OHG. sw'ellan 
G. schwelUn^ du. zwelleriy on. Jz/^VZa: 
str. vb. : TEUT. verbal \f" swell 
(also in GOTH, ufswalleins sb.). 

S'werve vb. me. swerve oe. 
s7v4orfan str. vb. *to scrub, file*; 
ident. w. OSAX. stv'erfan^ DU. 
zwervetiy goth. swairbariy on. 
sverfa: teut. y/^ swe/b^ aryan 
^sw'erbh in RUss. sverbiti^ OSLO v. 
svrubiti \o itch'. 

svnft adj. me. oe. jw/// (oe. 
swlftT) ; p. participle of OE. swlfan 
\o move quickly' == on. ^i5^<2, 
formed by sufBx /^ (see old^ 
coldy loud). Cogn. w. du. 
zweverty ohg. sw'ebtn G. schweben, 

sv^ill vb. me. swUe oe. swtllan 
(3** P* sg. pres. t. swiled). 



swim vb. me. swimme oe. swim* 
man str. vb. = osAX. ohg. 
swimman str. vb. G. schwimmen\ 
ident. w, on. symja (for orig. 
*swumjan) \o swim': teut. 
sfsw'em (sum under sun<£). 

swine sb. me. oe. swln = 
OSAX. OHG. su*in G. schwein du. 
zwijny ON. svln^ goth. sweini 
Teut. base swina-, properly su^ 
-ina", derived fr. Aryan st^ 'a 
pig' in OE. OSAX. ohg. su *a sow' 
= LAT. su-s, GR. t-g av-g. The 
suffix -ma- in teut. swhia- is 
diminutive, as shown under 
chicken^ maiden. See also sow. 

swing vb. ME. swinge oe. swin^' 
gan str. vb. = oSAX. ohg. swin- 
gan G. schwingen. — s^nge me. 
swing e oe. sw^nigean \o beat, 
shake' causal of swing i teut. 
sf swing swang {swangw in goth. 
afswaggwjan ?) 

sw^ink vb. me. swinke oe. swin* 
can str. vb. Ident. w. swingl 

svfroon vb. ME. swpune earlier 
swpgnien'y derived fr. the p. parti- 
ciple OE. leswpgen m a swoon' 
— dswdgen *choked'; allied to 
GOTH, gaswogjan swbgatjan \o 
sigh', OE. swggan \o sough, sigh': 
ARYAN yfswogh swdgh in lith, 
svageti 'to sound', 

swoop vb. ME. swppe oe. swdpan 
(identical w. sweep), 

sword sb. me. sw^rdoK. swiord 
(swurd) = OSAX. OFRIES. swerd, 
DU. zwaardy on. sv'erdy ohg. swert 
G. schwert: aryan base swirdho^ 
(in LAT. sorbus *serviQe-tree'?) 



2o6 



table — tarry 



table sb. me. tdble fr. fr. table 
= LAT. iabida (whence OE. tcefel 
'chess-board' = ohg. zabal 
*board'); cp. also g. du. tafeL 

tackle sb. me. takel\ ident. w. 
MLG. takel 'equipment' (g. swed. 
takely DAN. takket), 

tadpole short for toad-polL 

tail sb. ME. tail oe. /^^J^/ = 
OHG. zagal *a tail', on. tagl 
'a tail*, GOTH, tagl 'hair'. 

tailor sb. me. taillour fr. ofr. 
taUleor = fr. tailleur. 

take vb. me. tdke late oe. 
(ii'** cent.) tdcan borrowed fr. 
on. taka str. vb. taking the place 
of oe. mman [under nimble)*, cp. 
cast = ON. kasta supplanting oe. 
weorpan (under warp), Ident. w. 
GOTH. /<?i^^«str.vb. 'to touch*: TEUT. 
y^ t^k tak ; pre-TEUT. ^deg dag ? 

tale sb. me. tale oe. tdlu = 
DU. taal language', ohg. zdla 
G. za/il'y cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp. 
the TEUT. verb taljan in oe. 
tellan me^ telle e. tell = ohg. 
zellan (^cp.GOTK.talzJan), Hence 
derived talk vb. me. tal^e vb. 
(oe. *talcian *talecian); k is 
suffixed as in hark, 

tall adj. me. tal\ probably oe. 
letcel 'swift, prompt' with the by- 
form geatol{lic) 'swift', Ident. w. 
OHG. gizal\ Teut. base ga-tala: 

tallow ME. talugh earlier *talh 
r= MLG. talch (g. talg^ DU. talli)y 
ON. tolgr. Cogn. w. goth. tul- 
gm *fast'? 



tame adj. me. tdme oe. tam 
(infl. tdmd) = on. tamry DU. 
taniy OHG. zam g. zahm\ Teut. 
base tama" (hence derived goth. 
tamjan 'to tame' = on. tenija, 
OHG. zemmen), aryan y/^dom in 
LAT. domare 'to tame*, gr. dag.idVf 
SKR. datndy \o tame*. 

tan vb. ME. tanne oe. tannian 
vb.; cogn. w. fr. tan *oak-bark' 
(lat. tannare in the 8'** cent. 
= FR. tanner \ cp. du. /<Mr«'bark*). 
Hence e. tawny = fr. tann^. 

tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan. 
tang = ON. pang {pgngull). 

tap sb. ME. tappe oe. tceppa 
*a tap' = OHG. zapfo G. zapfen, 
DU. tap, ON. tappi (fr. /<^^ /ii/^« 
are Teut. loanwords). 

taper sb. me. tdper oe. tdporx 
properly "^^wr, loanword fr. lat. 
papyrus, which appears in Rom. 
dialects as 'taper'. 

tar sb. ME. terre\ cp. oe. teoru 
(tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer, 
ON. tjara\ ident. w. lett. darwa 
tar . The group rests on Aryan 
deru = tree; tar orig. 'tar- 
wood'. 

tare sb. me. tare] Teut. base 
tar(w)bn also in odu. taruwe 
DU. MLG. tarwe, Cogn. w. sKR. 
durva (a kind of grass) and 
LITH. dirva 'field'. 

tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn 
(g. tjarnar) 'a tarn, poor. 

tarry vb. me. terie oe. terian 
ier-yan 'tb vex' = DU. LG. tergen. 



k^^HMte ^ 



tart — teen 



207 



tart sb. ME. tarte fr. ofr. tarte 
= FR. four/e (whence du. faarf, 
G. torte). 

task sb. ME. tdsk(e) fr. ofr. 
tasque = fr. /dc/ie; source lat. 
Urxare, whence also tax, 

tatter sb. a Scand. loanword 
fr. ON. tpfrar pi. 'tatters'; already 
ME. taiered 'ragged*. 

tattle vb. fr. ME. tatere vb. 

Xscw, tew vb. ME. t^'we] oe. 
tdwian teawian means prop, 'pre- 
pare' and corresponds with du. 
tottwen 'to curry leather, ohg! 
zouwen 'make, prepare', goth. 
iaujan 'do': teut. yf tau\ see 
tool. 

ta^vny see tan. 

tax vb. fr. fr. taocer = lat. 
taxare) ident. w. task. 

tea sb. = FR. /^, G. thee: source 
CHINESE ti\ the word became 
European in the 2"^ half of the 
17*** cent. 

teach sb. me. t^che (prt. taughte) 
OE. td^Hean (prt. td^lUe) ; cogn. w. 
token OE. tdcen\ cp. ohg. zeigbn 
G. zeigen, aryan \f^dik, 

team^ sb. 'family' me. t{tn oe. 
t(am 'family, offspring' = mlg. 
tdm 'progeny' (with the um- 
lauted vb. teem me. teme oe. 
t^man tyman 'to teem') : Teut. 
base tau{h)ma- fr. ^tuh in goth. 
iiuhany ohg. ziohan G. ziehen. 
ARYAN y/^duk in lat. duco. See 
the following word. 

team^ sb. (team of oxen) me. 
t^me itime oe. "ytt^me 'team of 
oxen'; derived fr. teut. tau{h)ma' 
'rein, bridle' (in on. taumr ohg. 



zoum G. zauni). Root the same 
as in team '. 

tear vb. me. t{re oe. t'eran str. 
vb. --= GOTH, gatairan to break'. 
ARYAN yfder in SKR. //tarr *to burst, 
break asunder', gr. ^eoHv 'to 
flay', LITH. dtrti 'to flay'. 

tear sb. me. t^'r oe. tfar: teut. 
/rt^^r- in ON. tar, ohg. ^r^^zr (g. 
zdhre)\ cp. onorthumbr. fa>hhei- 
and according to Verner*s law 
goth. /rt'^r. ARYAN base dakru 
in GR. JaK(ji;, welsh ^<z/]fr (per- 
haps SKR. a(ru and lat. lacrima 
are cognate). All equivalent. 

tease vb. (me. t(se) oe. /^?j^« 
'to pull to pieces, to tease 
(wool)' with the non-umlauted 
byform me. t^se (oe. *tdsan or 
*tdsian). I'EUT. strong verbal 
yftais in OHG. zeisqn 'to tease' 
= DU. teezen, — Cogn. w. teasel 
(plantname) me. tfsel oe. tdsel 
= OHG. zeisila 'thistle'. 

teat sb. me. t^te fr. fr. tette\ 
ident. w. oe. //// = mhg. g. 
zitze. 

ted vb. fr. on. ted^a] ident. w 
ohg. G.(dial.) zetten to spread . As 
shown by the p. participle goth. 
un-gatass 'undisposed', there exi- 
sted also a str. vb. *tadjan. aryan 
y/^dat in GR. dartoftai '1 divide, 
distribute'. 

teem^ vb. *to bring forth' see 
team, 

teem^ vb. 'to empty' see toom. 

teen sb. me. t^ne oe. t^'ona 
'suff"ering, insult' = OSax. tiono 
'injury'; cp. ofries. tiuna 'to hurt.' 



2o8 



tell — that 



tell vb. ME, /€//e (prt. f(fidi) OE. 
Ul/an (prt. tdlde) under ta/e. 

tempest sb. me. temp{st fr. 
OFR. tempestc = fr. tempUe. 
Source vulgar lat. itmpesta for 
tempestas. 

temple sb. me. temple oe. tempel 
fr. LAT. templum. 

temples me. temples fr. ofr. 
temples (fr. tempi) plur. = lat. 
tempora *the temples'. 

tempt vb. ME. temple vb. fr. 
OFR. tempter (fr. tenter) = lat. 
temptare, 

ten num. me. /^;z rests on an 
unrecorded OE; *t^ony instead of 
which an umlauted tyn is found. 
Teut. base t'ehun fehan in goth. 
taihuity os^x. tehany DU. tien^ 
OHG. ^^•^^ 0. zehn, Ident. w. 
SKR. daga^ or. ^hv.ay lat. decern^ 
OJR. /i<?/V^. -r- The suffix -teen 
(in thirteen etc.) me. -4!?>/^ oe. 
*t4ne '•t;yne is the inflected form 
of the numeral ten. — The suffix 
-ty (in twenty etc.) represents 
the sb. GOTH, tigus 'decade' (in 
saihs tigjns = on. sextigir) \ cp. OE. 
prltii sixtii = ohg. drti^ug sehzug 
G. dreissig sechzig. For the g 
in GOTH, tigus cp. GR. diY,dg 
'decade'. 

tender adj. me. tendre fr. fr. 
tendre\ source lat. tener. 

tense sb. fr. ofr. tens (= fr. 
temps^ = LAT. tempus. 

tent sb. me. tente (= du. /<?«/) 
fr. OFR. tente = vulgar lat. tenia; 
cp. LAT. tentorium, 

term sb. me. t^rme fr. fr. terme\ 
source lat. terminus. 



terror sb. fr. fr. terreur = 
LAT. terror(em), 

test sb. meant properly in al- 
chemy *a vessel for testing gold' 
and rests on me. test(e) = lat. 
testa, whence also fr. tile ofr. 
teste *head' with the borrowed 
e. testy, 

tether sb. short for me. tf'der; 
doubtful, whether genuine Eng- 
lish or of Scand. origin. Cp. 
ON. tjddr = OHG. ziotar *a tether': 
Teut. base teudra-, 

tetter sb. me. oe. teter fr. a 
Teut. base tetru- = aryan 
d'edrw. Cp. OHG. zitaroh 'tetter' 
and SKR. dadru *a kind of lep- 
rosy', LiTH. dedervine * tetter'. 

than conj. me. thanne oe. panne 
= OHG. mhg. danne\ derived fr. 
the article the, 

thane sb. me. thein (the modem 
spelling a instead of ai — as 
in rcdn — is of Scotch origin) 
oe. p'eien: Teut. base p'egna- in 
ON. P'egn, osAX. thegan, ohg. 
thegan a thane, warrior* (in the 
Bavarian dialect *a male child'). 
Ident. w. GR. Xhnvov 'child*; 
ARYAN y/^tek in GR. t/xtoi (aorist 
6-rfx-or). 

thank vb. me. thanke oe. pan- 
dan poncian wk. vb. = ohg. 
dankbn G. DU. danken, o^,fikka 
'to thank*. Root as in think. 

that pron. me. that oe. peel = 
OSAX. thaty OHG. daz g. dcLS (dass)\ 
ARYAN form /(£?-// (fr. the stem 
to under the) = skr, tad, or. 
TO (for *ro-J); cp. \.KiJstud illid 



thatch — thine 



209 



aUud show the d as neutral 
epding. 

thatch sb. properly and dia- 
lectical thak ME. thak OE. pcec 
= OHG. dah G. dachy on. /^r^: 
Teut. base faka', Cp. the wk. 
vb, TEUT. pakjan in oe. pecHean 
= OHG. deckan G. decken^ du. 
dekken. aryan yT teg in lax. 
tegerCy cogn. w. \f steg in gr. 
GviyslVy SKR. jM<?^, lith, j/<^// 
*to cover ; cp. gr. rfj'o^* ortyog 
*a roof, oiR. /<^ *a house', 

tha^v.vb. ME. /^^a/^ oe. fdwian] 
cp, OHG. douwen g. tat^n, du. 
dooierty ON. feyja\ y/^ fau paw 
properly *Pagw, ARYAN \ftaq in 
GR. Tijxfiv 'to melt'? 

the article me. M^ late oe. ^^' 
(oe. ^^' influenced by the inflected 
stem Pa' in thai), aryan base 
to- in SKR. ta-m = gr. rc-r, 
SKR. ta-d GK. TO etc. Cp. M^«, 
ihaty their y there y they, 

theft sb. me. M<?/"/<? short for 
fifte prop. pefthe\ abstract deri- 
vation fr. thief. Cp. the um- 
lauted OE. p;^fp infl. p^ffe 'theft* 
= OFRIES. thiufthe. 

their pron. me. their{e) borrowed 
fr. ON. /^'r^r. — then me. thenne 
OE. panne ident. w. than. — 
thence adv. me. thennes extended 
for thenne thanne = OE. panone 
prop. Panon = ohg. dannctn 
(g. von dannen). — there adv. 
ME. thfre th4r OE. p4r pdr = 
OHG. ddr (g. da). — they pron. 
ME. thei they; borrowed in the 
11^*^ cent. fr. on. peir, 

thick adj. me. thicke probably 

English Etymology* 



borrowed fr. ON. pykkr (pjgkkr) \ 
the corresponding oe. //VkV would 
have changed into me. *thicche 
E. *thitch. Perhaps me. thicke 
is blended w. oe. pidde. = ohg. 
dicki G. dick du. dik. Teut. base 
piqu- = ARYAN base tigu- in. 
OIR. tiug 'thick*. 
thief sb. ME. th^/ (pi. th^ves) 

OE. p4of (pi. p4ofas) = GOTH. 

piubsy ON. pjofry ohg. diob G. 
dieby DU. dief\ Teut. base peuba-y 
by Verner's law changed fr. 
original '*^peufa-y as shown by 
OHG. diuva 'theft*. 

thigh sb. ME. theigh earlier 
thih OE. p4oh = OHG. diohy du. 
dijy ON. pjd: Teut. base peuha-, 
ARYAN base teuko'y cogn. w. 
LITH. taukas 'fat of animals, 
marrow', OSLOV. tukU 'fat*. 

thimble sb. me. thimbel short 
for thhnel oe. p;^mel 'thumb-stall': 
diminutive of oe. pUma = 
thumb, 

thin adj. me. thinne oe. pynne 
= OHG. dunni G. //«««, DU. /^«, 
ON. punnr: Teut. base punnu- 
properly punu- punw" y ARYAN 
base tdnu in skr. tanuy lat. 
tenuis y cymr. /^//^w; cp. gr. 
Tavaog (all equivalent), aryan 
y^ tPn in SKR. /a« 'to stretch*, 
OE. p^nnany ohg. dennan G. dehneny 
GOTH, panjan 'to stretch out*. 

thine thy pron. me. M/« oe. 
^/« = GOTH. peinSy ON. //V^;?, 

OHG. ^« Q. ^««, DU. /2!iy«; TEUT. 

pina^ formed by suffix Ana- (cp. 
SKR. tdvaktna *thine*) fr. teut. 
pil = thou. 

14 



2IO 



thing — thousand 



thing sb. ME. thing oe. fing 
= ON. fing, OHG. G. DU. ding: 
Teut. base finga- fenga-] pro- 
bably ident. w. goth. feths *time' 
cz: LAT. iempus (for *ienquusT), 

think vb. me. thenke {thenchen) 
OE. fendean (3*^ sg. prs. t. pencf) 
= GOTH, fagkjan^ on. pekkjuy 
OSAX. thenkian^ ohg, denkan G. 
denkcn. Cp. goth. pugkjan = 
OSAX. thunkiafiy ohg. dunkan G. 
dunketiy OE. fyndean *to seem'. 
kSi:^PC&\Ptong{i?ng) in lat. (Prae- 
nestine) tongue \o think*. 

third see three, 

thirst vb. me. thirste oe. Pyrstan 
and thirst sb. from the vb.; 
the sb. is me. M^r^/ oe. /«r^/ 
= teut. purs-tU" = ohg. g. 
//z/rj/, DU. //(C?A-j/; cp. ON. porstiy 
goth. paHrstei sb. *thirst\ teut. 
verbal sf^p'ers in goth. gapairsan 
\o be dry* — paiirsus *dry' 
(oe. pyrre = ohg. ^wr;/ g. 
//arr). ARYAN y/^ters trs in skr. 
/r/ *to be thursty* — /r^ gree- 
dy*, GR. Tsgaalvw, lat. torreo. 

thirteen, thirty see three, 

this pron. me. /^-V earlier /^^j 
OE. /^j masc. — pis neutr. — peos 
fem. ; ident. w. ohg. dese G. 
dieseTy du. //<?2:<?. The article 
the (teut. pa- under that) is 
extended by goth. sai *lo*, as 
shown by on. (runic) sd-si *this 
here* (su-si fem.). 

thistle sb. me. thistel oe. pfstel 
= on. pistilly DU. distely lg. 
dtstel^ ohg. ^/>//7 G. ^/j/^/. 

thither adv. me. thider oe. 
pider (orig. pceder)) derived fr. 



the stem pa^ in that. Cp. 
GOTH. Paprd *thence', on. padra 
'there*. 

thole sb. ME. thol OE. pol (ll)i 
Teut. base poUa- in on. pollrj 
DU. rt5?/, 0. rzsdderdolle, aryan 
base /?/«^- (= SKR. //2??<7 *quiver' 
for *tulnd) fr. y^/?/ = skr. y/"tul 
*to lift up*, LAT. tollere. 

thong sb. ME. thottg orig. thwotig 
OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. on. pvengi, 
TKUT. y/^ pwong. 

thorn sb. me. thorn oe. porn 
sb. = on. Poruy OHG. G. ^r«, 
DU. doorn\ cp. goth. pcmrnus. 
Ident. w. OSLOV. trtnu *thom'; 
cp. SKR. trna 'grass*. 

thorough me. tJiorow oe. porh\ 
orig. preposition = oe. purhy 
OHG. duruh G. durchy goth. 
palrh. 

thou pron. me. thou oe. p4 = 
GOTH. //2, OHG. dii (g. //«) : 
ARYAN ground-form tH in LAT. 
/«, GR. Ti/', bKR. tU'am. Cp. 
thine, 

though conj. me. though earlier 
thoh'. Scand. loanword of the 
ii**» cent. (on. pd orig. */M). 
Corresponding to OE. P^ah = 
GOTH. pduh\ cp. OHG. doh G. 

DU. //(£7^^. 

thought sb. ME. thought oe. 
lepdht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-^y 
derived fr. yf^pank in pink. 

thousand num. me. thousand 
thousend oe. pusend = ohg. 
dusunt G. tausendy du. duizendy 
on. ptisund pUshundy goth. /«- 
sundi] in the Lex Salica, we 
find />%22j-M««//if 'thousand*. Teut. 



thrall — throng 



211 



base fus'hund'^ compound of 
kund = hundred with an ARYAN 
fus 'great, much' (cp. skr. luvi 
*much*, ^avas *might'). UTH. 
tukstantis = oslov. tysqita 'thou- 
sand* correspond to the Teut. 
word. 

thrall sb. me. thral (pi. thralks) 
late OK,.^ frail (prdl) prop. /r^?// 
fr. ON. frckll *a thrall' (Teut. base 
frahila-)) cogn. w. ohg. drigil 
*a slave' and w. goth. fragjan 
*to run = or. xg^yhiv \o run. 

thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe 
OE. persdan str. vb. = goth. 
friskafiy OHG. dr'eskan G. dreschen 
(du. dorschen)y on. preskja. teut. 
y/^ presk (ital. trescare is of 
Teut. origin); cp. lith. traszkiti 
•*to rattle, clap'? 

thrave sb. me. throve thr{ve\ a 
Scand. loanword; cp. on. prefix 
DAN. trove *a number of sheaves'. 

thread sb. me. thr(d oe. prdd 
= ON. prddry ohg. drdt o. draht^ 
DU. draad. The dental is suffix. 
Derivative of yfprd (pri) in oe. 
pr divan = throw, 

threat sb. short for me. pr^t 
oe. pr(at\ cogn. w. oe. prutian 
pr{atian wk. vb. 'to threaten; 
cogn. w. OE. pr{ayin wk. vb. 
*to threaten = ohg. drewen 
drouwen (g. drohen). 

three num. me. thr^ oe. pr^o 
(f. n. — pri m.) ; ident. w. goth. 
preiSf ON. prlry du. drie^ ohg. 
drt G. drei: aryan base tri- in 
SKR. tri (nom. tray as), gr. r^i^Zb, 
lat. /r^x, oiR. /r/, oslov. russ. 
trif LITH. /rj'x. — The ordinal 



third me. thridde oe. pridda 
corresponds to goth. pridja^ 
ON. pridiy du. derde, ohg. //r/to 
G. //r//5^^; cp. SKR. trftyAy lat. 
tertius^ oslov. tretiji, — thir- 
teen ME. thrett$ne short for oe. 
priot^ne (prytt^ne). — thirty me. 
thritt;^ oe. pritti^ pritil = OHG. 
drtzuc G. dreissig (see under /^« 
about the oe. -//j = G. -21^ in 
zwamig vierzig etc.). — thrice me. 
thries extended for an older form 
prie OE. priia (priwd) = OSAX. 
thrp'o (thrkvo), ofries. thrta ; see 
twice, 

threshold sb. me. threshwold or. 
P'erscwald mostly p'erscold\ ident. 
w. OHG. driscufiliy on. preskjgldr. 
Probably not cognate w. thrash. 

thrice see three, 

thrift sb. ME. thrift fr. on. prift. 
The str. vb. thrive me. thrive 
is borrowed fr. on. prifa-sk 'to 
thrive*. 

throat sb. me. thrfte oe. protu 
= OHG. dro^-yx mhg. droT^e^XkixoX.^ 
(g. erdrosseln \q throttle') ident. 
w. olg. strotOy DU. str of, aryan 
ground - form (s)trtidd', ital. 
strozza 'gullet' is of teut (Lango- 
bard.) origin. 

throe sb. 'pain' me. thrgwe fr. 
the wk. vb. oe. prgwian = ohg. 
drtuf^n \o suffer' (Teut. y^/r^o/). 

throne sb. for me. trpne fr. 
OFR. trone, 

throng sb. me. throng oe. leprgng 
fr. the str. vb. OE. pringan = 
OHG. dringan g. du. dringen] ident. 
w. GOTH, preihany on. pryngva 
\o throng : teut. \f pring prenh^ 

14* 



-^MMrfkMitaM ^MMH«Mta^^«riMMbiMi*a 



212 



throstle — tight 



ARYAN V^ irenk trenq in lith. 
trhnkii *to shake*. 

throstle sb. me. throstd oe. 
prgstle\ cogn. w. lg. drdssl (osax. 
^thrdsiala fr. *pramsiala) and w. 
ON. j>rgstr (goth. *prasius) 
'throstle*; cp. also lith. strdzdas 
*throstle*. 

through adv. ident. w. thorough: 
ME. tkuruh OE. furh = ohg. duruh 
G. durchy DU. dorchy goth. falrh, 

throw vb. ME. ihrpwe ' oe. 
frdwan str. vb. *to twist, turn 
= org. drden G. drehen (du. 
draaien) : teut. y(^ pre (also in 
thread) = aryan y/^tre(tere) in 
GR. XQfj'fxa *a hole' — TtpeiP 
*to pierce' — Tfp*r(>o>' *auger . 

thrush sb, (a bird's name) me. 
thrush short for oe. fr^sHe (teut. 
base pruskjdn)\ cogn. w. ohg. 
drdsca (base prauskdn-), 

thud sb. (Scotch) short for 
OE. pgden 'whirlwind'. 

thumb sb. me. thombe thumbe 
older pume oe. pUma = ohg. 
dumo G. daumefty du. duiniy swed. 
tumme (on. pumall *the thumb 
of a glove') : teut. base//2-w^«-. 
It rests on an aryan adj. tu-tno- 
*thick, strong' in avest. tuma 
(SKR. tutumd) 'strong'; cp. lat. 
tumere \o swell', aryan ^ tu, 

thunder sb. me. thunder older 
form thoner thuner oe. punor =. 
OHG. donar G. donnery du. donder 
(cp. ON. pdrr for *pdnr'\he god 
of thunder), aryan \/^t9n ton in 
LAT. tonare — tonitrUy skr. tan 
*to sound', OE.,punian\o resound, 
creak* (byform \fsten in skr. stan 



\o sound*, see under stun), — 
thursday me. thorsday thursday 
late OE. piiresdcBi oe. punresda'^ 
= ohg. donar es'tag g. donnerstag^ 
du. donder dag y on. fdrsdagr. 
Early translation of lat. lovis 
dies, teut. punara- was the god 
of thunder, corresponding to 
ON. pdrr 'Thor*. , 

thus adv. me. thus oe. pus = 

OSAX. OFRIES. thuSy DU. //// J ; 
corresponding to ohg, sus. Forms 
of the article the, 

tick (of a bed) sb. not found 
in me. nor oe., probably borrowed 
fr. DU. tijk = OHG. ziehha G. zieche ; 
source lat. thecay whence also 
FR. taie *a tick'. 

ticket sb. fr. fr. etiquette, 

tickle vb. me. tikele, 

tide sb. ME. tide 'season* oe. 
tid (gen. tide) *time, hour = on. 

ttdy OS AX. ttdy DU. tijdy OHG. zit 

G. zeit: Teut. base A-///-, cogn. 
w. OE. ti-ma = time, — Hence 
tidings ME. tidinges older form 
tithende fr. ON. tidindi 'tidings' (= 
DU. tij dingy G. zeitung). 

tie vb. ME. tie oe. tiian ti'j^an 
wk. vb. 'to tie, connect'; derived 
fr. OE. t§ag 'bond, chain, rope' 
= Teut. base taugo: yftaug tauh 
teuh 'to pull, draw', cogn. w. 
LAT. ducere 'to lead'; cp. ohg. 
ziohan G. Ziehen y OE, t(on (prt, 
t{aK). 

tight adj. ME. ti^ht borrowed 
fr. ON. pittr (therefore also mf. 
thiiht)^= MHG. dihte (g. dicht)\ 
Teut. base pthH- pinhti'. Cogn. 
w. thicks 



tike — today 



213 



tike sb. ME. tike fr. on. ttk a 
bitch'. 

tile sb. ME. tile contraction fr. 
OE. ti^^ele — //j/<f: source lat. 
tegulay whence also OHG. ziagal 
G. ziegely DU. teg el tichel (cp. fr. 
tuiUy ITAL. tegola). 

till vb. ME. tile older tilien OE. 
iilian \o till land, to work'; cogn. 
w. OHG. zilon G. zielen *to aim 
at*, OSAX. tilon tiloian^ du. telen 
*to till, cultivate* (cp. goth. ga- 
tils adj. ^fitting). 

till prepos. me. oe. til (in 
North umbr. dialect) = on. /// 
*till, to*. Cogn. w. GOTH, gatils 
and OHG. zilbn under //// vb. 

tilt sb. late me. telt *a covering* 
for an earlier form tUd (under 
the influence of teni) = oe. 
let^ld^dL covering, tent*; ident. w. 
OHG. z'elt giz'elt G. zelt tent*, odu. 
telt ghetelt *tent', on. tjald\ Teut. 
base telda- ga-telda-, 

timber sb. me. oe, timber 'ma- 
terial for building'; cp. goth. 
timrjan *to build', ohg. zimbar 
'material for building, edifice* 
G. zimmer *room*, OSAX. timbar 
'edifice*, du. timmery on. timbr. 
Cognate w. gr. de/iistv *to build* 
— do/iiog 'edifice*, latI domus 
'house*, OSLOV. domU 'house*, skr. 
damd-, 

time sb. me. time oe. tima = 
ON. timi time': Teut. base tt-mon- 
fr. the V^/? in tide, 

tin sb. me. oe. tin = on. dan. 
DU. //«, OHG. zin G. zinn: common 

Teut. base tina-, 

tinder sb. me. tinder oe. tyndrex 



=: base tundrjdn- in ohg. zuntira 
G. zunder\ cp. du. Under ^ on. 
tundr, Teut. verbal \/^tand tund 
in goth. tandjan, ohg. zuntan G. 
ziindeny OE. ontendan *to kindle', 
tine (of a fork) sb. me. oe. tind 
'prong, spike' = on. tindr 'a 
spike', MHG. zint: Teut. base iinda- 
tenda-. Probably connected w, 
tooth (Teut. base tanf-), 

tire vb. ME. tire OE. tyran with 
the non-umlauted by form me. tfre 
OE. tiorian, 
tit see titmouse. 
tithe sb. ME. tithe\ prop, ordinal 
OE. tiysda {teogoda t4opa) 'tenth'; 
see ten, 
titlark see titmouse. 
title sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title 
= FR. titre: source lat. titulus, 
titmouse sb. (a bird's name) 
not connected w. mouse] the 
second element of the compound 
is ME. mpse oe. mdse = du, mees, 
OHG. meisa G. meise 'a titmouse' 
(fr. misange is of Teut. origin). 
The first element of titmouse 
(as of titlark) is on. tit 'a small 
bird*. 

to prep. me. oe. to prep. adv. 
= OSAX. to adv. { — ti prep.), ohg. 
zuo adv. ( — zi prep.); cp. du. 
toe^ G. zu, 
toad sb. ME. tgde oe. tdd-iie 
(see tadpole)) there are no 
further connections. 

toast vb. ME. tpste fr. ofr. toste 

= LAT. tosta (fr. the vb. torrere), 

today ME. to day oe. td dcB^e = 

OSAX. te dage, — Yot tonight — 

tomorrow = me. to night — t(f 



toe — tower 




Ywe OE, td morgne cp. osax. 

naht 'tonight'. 

oe sb. ME. tp (pi. tpfi) OE. td 
1. tdn) oldest form tdhce = 
[G. z^^a G. ze/ie: Teut. base 
'Mn; cp. DU. teen, on. td, 
ogether adv. me. togedere oe. 
^cedre'y cogn. w. gather, 
oken sb. me. /jf/^^;^ or. tdcen: 
3ut. base taikna- in ohg. zeihhan 
zeicheriy osax. tekan, du. teeken ; 
), GOTH, taikns (base taikni-). 
e-Teut. base doignO- doigni- 
>gn. w. OR. dtiyfxa by the side 

deUvvf-U. ARYAN y^ ^i^ (if/^) in 
T. ^^^ ( — dtgnus — prodigium), 

teach OE. tckHean belongs to 
e same root. 

oil sb. ME. OE. tdl (II) = OHG. 
I {II) G. ZOlly OSAX. DU. tol\ cp. 

AX. tolna = OE. tolne 'toll'. 

>urce LAT. telbnium in a vulgar 

rm toloneum for telonium. Cp. 

i. iolnire ohg. ziHandri = lat. 

^onarius (tclonarius). 

omb sb. ME. /^/w^tf toumbe fr. 

L. /(^w^^r = LAT. tumba, 

omorrow see today. 

ongs sb. ME. OE. /i?;?^^ (^^«^<) 

: OHG. 2rdr;/^rtf G. zangey du. /«//^, 

»f. /^w'^: Teut. base tango-n- fr. 

e ARYAN \l^dak in skr. ^^^ — 

I. (Vaxi'ftv 'to bite*. 

:ongue me. tonge tunge oe. tunge 

- GOTH. tUggOy OHG. ^2^«^« G. 

:«^<?, DU. tong, Teut. base 

«^<7«- fr. pre -TEUT. ddnghd- in 

.AT. dingua (= lat. lingua). 

lonight see today. 

:oo ident. w. /^. 

:ool sb. ME. OE. tol = ON. t6l\ 



probably derived fr. the teut. 
^tau\o make' (see under taw). 

toom adj. me. oe. torn loanword 
fr. ON. tdmr 'empty'; cp. osax. 
tomi tSmtgy OHG. ztwmig 'empty'. 

tooth sb. me. toth (pi. t^tH) oe. 
top (pi. /(?/) fr. a Teut. base tanp- 
in osax. du. tandy ohg. zand (zan 
0. zahn)y ON. tgnn\ ablaut-varia- 
tion GOTH, tunpus. ARYAN base 
dont' ddnt- in skr. dat — dantOy 
GR. oJoi^r- (oiVotV), LAT. dent- {dens)y 
LITH. dantis, ARYAN yfed \o eat' 
see under cat; the form of the 
Aryan word (cp. sootK) is present 
participle. 

' top ^ sb. me. oe. top (pp) = ON. 
toppry DU. top (ohg. g. zop/ 'a 
tuft of hair) : Teut. base toppa- 
tuppa-, 

top 2 sb. (a child's toy) me. oe. 
top (pp); phonetically differing 
fr. the equiv. lg. dopy ohg. topfo 
G. top/. 

torch sb. me. torche fr. fr. 
torchcy whence also du. toorts, 

touch vb. ME. touche fr. fr. 
toucheTy whence also du. toetsen, 

tough adj. ME. tough oe. toh fr. 
TEUT. y'tanhu'y whence also du. 
taaiy OHG. zM G. zdhe. Perhaps 
cogn. w. OE. letpng adj. 'in con- 
tact with' — letenge 'close to*. 

towel sb. ME. tauail fr. ofr. 
toaille = FR. toiMtlle, Source an 
old Teut. word ; cp. ohg. dwahilla 
G. zwehle 'towel', teut. y^fwah 
in GOTH, pwahan = oe. pw{an 
str. vb. 'to wash*. 

tower sb. ME. tour late oe. 



town — truncheon 



21 



(ii*^ cent.) tiir fr. fr. tour* 
Source lat. turris. 

town sb. ME. toim oe. tun; the 
original meaning fence* is seen 
in OE. tynan wk. vb. 'to fence, 
enclose'. Cp. on. iuriy DU. tidn^ 
OHG. ziin G. zaun *fence, hedge*. 
Cogn. w. om. d;^ 'fortress* (in 
CELT, place-names as in Augusto- 
dunum), 

trace sb. me. trdce fr. fr. trace 
(source lat. tractiare), 

trade sb. original meaning *path* 
fr. the vb. tread, 

trail vb. me. traile late oe. 
trcejfian fr. ofr. trailiery whence 
also DU. LG. treilen, 

traitor sb. me. traitour fr. ofr. 
traitor (fr. traitre) = lat. tra- 
ditor{em). 

tramp, trample vb. me. trampe 
= LG. tramp en trampein; cp. 
GOTH, trimpan \o tread'. 

trap sb. ME. trappe late oe. 
ircBppe loanword fr. fr. trappe; 
source ohg. trappa, 

travel vb. me. travaille fr. fr, 
travaiiler, 

treachery sb. me. tr(cherie 
triccherie fr. fr. tricherie (fr. 
tricher vb.). 

tread vb. me. tr{de oe. tredan 
str. vb. = osax. tredan, DU. treden, 
OHG. tretan g. treten; cp. goth. 
trudan, on. troda *to tread*. 
teut. \ftred trod. 

treason sb. me. traisoun fr. ofr. 
trdison = fr. trahisoni source 
LAT. traditto{nem), 

treasure sb. me. tres^ fr. fr. 
trisor = LAT. thesaurus. 



treat vb. fr. fR. traiter = lat. 
tractare. 

tree sb. me. tr^ oe. tr^o = goth. 
triu, OSAX. trio, on. tri: Teut. 
base trewa; derived fr. an Aryan 
dru doru in skr. dru ddru *wood*, 
GR. dgvg *oak* — doQv 'spear*, 
OSLOV. drUva — drivo 'wood*; 
cogn. w. tar and trough, 

tripe sb. me. tripe = du. trijp 
fr. FR. tripe, 

trouble vb. short for me. trouble: 
loanword fr. FR. troubler, 

trough sb. ME. trogh oe. troh 
trog = ON. ORG. G. DU. trog\ 
Teut. base troga- truga-, pro- 
bably derived fr. ARYAN dru- 
'wood* under tree, • 

trout sb. ME. troute (for troughtef) 
OE. truht: early loanword fr. 
LAT. tructa = FR. truite, 

truant sb. me. trilant prop. 
trUaund fr. fr. truand *a vaga- 
bond*. 

truce sb. me. tr^es plural form 
of ME. tr^e 'truce* = 0£. tr^owa 
'confidence, faith*. Derivative 
of the adj. true me. tr^e oe. 
j^etr^owe "^etrywe = ohg. triuwi 
gitriuwi G. (ge)treu, osax. triuwi] 
cp. GOTH, triggws — ON. tryggr 
'true*. Cogn. w. opruss. druwis 
'belief — druwit 'to belie ve*. 
ARYAN V" dru. See truth and 
trust. 

trump sb. me. trump e trompe 
fr. FR. trompe, whence also ODU. 
trompe, 

truncheon sb. me. trounchoun 
tronchoun fr. ofr. tronchon = 
FR. trongon. 



2l6 



trust — twine 



trust sb. ME. trust fr. on. trpust 
'confidence' (= ohg. trost G. 
trost ^consolation ) : Taut, base 
trausta- fr. an ARYAN base drouz' 
da-) cogn. w. IR. druit (base 
druzdi") 'firm, trustworthy'. 

truth ME. tr^uthe oe. triowp 
'faith, fidelity': abstract forma- 
tion to true, 

try vb. me. trie fr. fr. trier. 

tub sb. me. tubbe = du. tobbe, 
LG. tubbe a tub'; cogn. w. ohg. 
zubar g. zuber. Source lat. tubus 
*a pipe, tube'? 

tuck vb. me. iukke = ohg. zockbn 
zucken : intensive formation of \^ 
tuh in GOTH, tiuhan = ohg. ziohan 
(see under tie). 

Tuesday sb. me. Tiwesday oe. 
TtwesdcBi = ON. Tysdagr, G. (Ale- 
mann.) Zistag: translation of lat. 
Martis dies. The Teut. god Tiw 
corresponds to Mars, oe. Tiw 
ON. Tyr rests on aryan deiwos 
*god' (in SKR. deva, lat. deus; 
cp. ON. ttvar *the gods'). 

tumble vb. me. tumble tomble 
fr. OE. tumbian 'to dance, tumble'; 
cp. DU. tuimelen fr. ODU. tumen, 

tun sb. ME. tunne tonne oe. tunne 
= DU. ton] ident. w. ohg. tunna 
G. tonne and fr. /<?/^/?^. Source 
and history of the group not 
cleared up yet. 

turbot sb. ME. turbut fr. fr. 
turbot, 

turf sb. ME. turf tor/ oe. turf 
j= ON. torf ohg. zurba, du. turf 
*pcat': Teut. base turb- torb- fr. 
an ARYAN base drbh- dyrbA-; cp. 
SKR. darbha *bunch of grass'. 



turn vb. short for me. tourne 
late OE. ttlrnian fr. fr. tourner. 

turtle sb. me. oe. turtle (= 
OHG. turtulatUba G. turteltaube) 
fr. LAT. turtur. 

tusk sb. me. tusk tusch short 
for oe. ttisc [tu^H); probably Teut, 
base tunska-, derived fr. teut. 
/««/- {tanp") = tooth. 

twelve num. me. oe. tivelf (infl. 
ME. twelve OE. twelfe) = goth. 
twalify OHG. zwelifG. zw'dlf, OSAX. 
twelif DU. twaalf. The word 
rests on the num. two; the 2"^^ 
element (cp. lith. dvylikd twelve*) 
occurs again in goth. ainlif = 
OHG. einlif (see eleven). — 
twenty me. twenty oe. twentii 
probably contracted for *twe» 
lentil = OHG. zweinzug (g. zwanzig^ 
DU. twintig). — twice adv. me. 
twies prop, twie OE. /a//j^ (twiwa 
tuwd), — 

twig sb. me. twig pi. twigges; 
cogn. w. oe. twi (pi. tzviiu), ohg. 
-8;z«/£ and also w. ohg. zwig g. 
zweig, DU. /ze/j^if . Probably con- 
nected w. the numeral two 
(ARYAN stem dwi'). 

twins pi. me. twinnes oe. 
letwinnas; ident. w. on. tvinnr 
*two and two'; cp. ohg. zwini* 
ling G. zwillingy DU. tweeling *a 
twin' and lith. dvymi ^twins'. All 
derived fr. the aryan stem dwi-; 
see two. 

twine vb. me. twine vb. fr. the 

sb. oe. twin 'linen, a twisted 
thread' = DU. iwijn, which is 

ident. w. mho. g. zwirn, du, 

tiveern: Teut. base twizna^ fr. 



twinckle — up 



217 



y/^twis (see under /wis/), cogn. ! 
w. the num. two, • . 

twinckle vb. me. iwmcU oe. I 
iwinclian, 

twist vb. ME. iwiste vb. fr. oe. 
twist sb. rope* = ODU. twist 
'thread*; teut. yf tuns as in G. 
zwirn *thread'; see twine, 

twit vb. short for me. at-wite 
OE. cet-witan str. vb. *to reproach*; 
cp. OE. ed-wit sb. Veproach' and 
GOTH, idwei^'an^vh, 'to reproach*, 
OHG. /irwi'^an G, verweisen, DU. 
verwijten \o reproach* and oe. 
wtte, OS AX. witiy OHG. wiiiji 'pu- 
nishment', GOTYL.fraweitan str. vb. 

tv^tch vb. ME. twicche (without 
palatalisation twicke) Qi^,twiidian 



= G. zwicken (cp. OHG. zwecchon) : 
Teut. ground-form ^twikkjon} 

twitter vb. me. twitere = ohg. 
ztifizzirdn G. zuitschern; perh. a 
reduplicated west-teut. *twi^ 
twirbnl (teut. \ftwisf). 

two num. : orig. twain masc. — 
two f. n. = ME. twein — twf oe. 
twe^en — iwd {tti n. for *twii orig. 
*twd) ; cp. OHG. zw^e — zwd — 
zwei, OSAX. tut^ne — two (two) 
— twi, GOTH, twai — twos — twa. 
ARYAN Stem duo- dwo' in lat. 
duOf GH.. Jt/o (but SaiSsxa for 
*J/cuJfxa), SKR. dua dva. 

tyrant sb. me. tiraunt (with 
excrescent /as m pageant) fr, 
OFR. Uran = lat. tyrannus. 



u 



udder sb. me. udder short for 
OE. lider = ohg. Utar (g. enter) , 

ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. Mer ; ARYAN 

base udhr-' in skr. udhiry lat. 
aber; cp. GR. ov^ag. All equi- 
valent. 

ugly adj. ME. «^/|? fr. on. uggligr 
'dreadful' ; cp. on. ugga \o fear'. 

umpire prop, numpire (as auger 
for orig. nauger) me. noumpire fr. 
OFR. nonper, 

un-' prefix (of adjectives) me. 

OE. ««- = G. OHG. GOTH. Wl- ; 

ident. w. lat. /«-, gr. av- a-, 
SKR. fl:/r- df- ; ARYAN ground-form 
p«-, cogn. w. SKR. nay lat. «^, 
GOTH. OHG. ni, OE. /?^ not'. 
^n^ prefix (of verbs) ME. »«- 



'late OE. ««- OE. on' = GOTH. 

^jrW-, OHG. /«/- G. ^«/-. 

uncle sb. me. uncle oncle fr. fr. 
oncle (= LAT. avunculus), Cp. 
also aunt, nevew, niece. 

under prep. me. oe. under = 
GOTH. OSAX. undar, on. undir, 
DU. onder, ohg. ««/tfr g. unter. 
Two different prepositions are 
blended in this form: lat. inter, 
SKR. ^«/(fzr and lat. infra skr« 
adhds, 

up prep. adv. me. /^ oe. z^/; 
ident. w. ohg. Hf g. auf, osax. 
///; cp. the ablaut-relation goth. 
iup, Cogn. w. oe. ufan 'from 
above* = ohg. ohana osax. obana 
*from above*. See above and 



2l8 



urchin — very 



and over, upon me. upon oe. 
upp'On; cp» ON. upp a, 

urchin sb. me. irchoun fr. ofr. 
irefon (fr. hirisson); source a 
vulgar LAT. ericio(nem) = lat. 
ericius *hedge-hog* (the genuine 
^ E. word was oe. iiel = ohg. 
igi/ G. ige/, cogn. w. OR. i/?i/oc). 

us pron. ME. us (ous) oe. us for 
teut. ««5- ini G. OHG. GOTH, uns, 
OSAX. us, DU. ^«J. Cp. our 
and ze/^. 



use sb. ME. use fr. fr. i;^ = 

LAT. USUS. 

usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. ut's^^e 
beatha water of life*; ident. w. 
whisky. 

utmost short for me. outemeste 
OE. (w. umlaut) pemest; ident. 
w. outmost. 

utter vb. me. utire outre derived 
fr. me. oute vb. *to put out' oe. 
utian 'to put out'. Source out. 



vain adj. me. xmin fr. fr. vain 
= LAT. vdnus, 

vale sb. me. vdl fr. fr. vale 
and valley me. valeie fr. fr. valine. 
Source lat. vallis. 

valiant adj. me. valiaunt fr. 
FR. vailiant, 

valley see vale. 

van ident. w. fan, 

vane sb. (a wether-cock) me. 
(Kent.) vdne — (else) fdne oe. 
fdna = ohg. fano {gund'fano) 
G. fahne^ DU. vaan, goth. fana: 
Teut. base fanan-y cogn. w. 
LAT. pannus *cloth'. 

vanish vb. me. vanisshe fr. 
OFR. vanir (vaniss-)) source lat. 
evanescere. 

vanquish vb. me. venquisshe 
fr. ofr. veinquir (veinquiss-) 
= FR. vainer e\ source lat. vin^ 
cere. 

vat sb. ME. (Kent.) vat — (else) 
fat oe. feet == osax. on. fat^ 



OHG. //72 ^* /^^^» ^^* ^^'' Teut. 
base fata-. Cogn. w. lith. pudas 
*a pot* and ohg. fa^^bn g. fassen 
\o contain'. 

vaunt vb. short for me. avaunte 
vb. fr. OFR. avanter (fr. vanter) 
= late LAT. vanitare. 

veal sb. me. v§l fr. ofr. v'eel 
(fr. veau); source lat. vitellus 
*a little calf. 

veil sb. ME. veile fr. onfr. veile 
= LAT. velum. 

vein sb. me. veine fr. fr. veine 
:=: LAT. vena. 

venison sb. me. veneisoun fr. 
OFR. veneison = Lat. venatio{nem). 

venom sb. me. venim fr. ofr. 
venim = lat. venenum, 

verse sb. me. vfrs fr. fr. vers; 
OE. ME. fers is loanword fr. iat. 
versus with the medieval pro- 
nunciation of LAT. V as f 

very adj. me. z/^r« verrai fr. 
OFR. z;<?r<i/ (fr. vrai); source 



vessel — wade 



219 



a LAT. type verdcus for lat. 
verdc-em. 

vessel sb. me. vessel fr. ofr. 
veissel (fr. vaisseau) = lat. 
vascellum (vasculus — vas). 

vetch sb. ME. vecche fr. ofr. veche 
(fr. vesce) = lat. viciaj whence 
also OHG. wicka g. wicke du. wik, 

vex vb. ME. vexe ix, fr. vexer 
= LAT. veocare. 

vial (phial) sb. me. viole fr. fr. 
/iole (ofr. viole), 

vice sb^ ME. 2^4*^ fr. fr. vice 
= LAT. viHum. 

victory sb. me. vict^ie fr. ofr. 
victdrie = fr. victoire, 

victuals sb. (me. vitaille) fr. 
ofr. vitaille in the spelling viC' 
tuaille. Source lat. victualia. 

view sb. fr. FR. vue. 

vigil sb. me. vigile fr. fr. vigile 
= LAT. vigilia, 

vigor sb. me. vigour fr. ofr. 
vigour (fr. vigeur) = lat. 

vile adj. me. vil fr. fr. «//^ = 
LAT. viUs. 

villain sb. me. vilein fr. ofr. 
t/ilein = lat. villanus. 

vine sb. me. vine fr. fr. w^«^ 
== LAT. vinea, Cp. 7^'/«tf. 

vinegar sb. me. vinfgre fr. fr. 
vinaigre == lat. vinum acre. For 
the 2**** element cp. eager. 



vinev^ed adj. (the initial v 
instead of / is due to Kentish 
influence) fr. OE. fynegian *to 
become mouldy* (/y^/j'mouldy*). 

vintage sb. transformed fr. me. 
vinddge, which rests on fr. z/^«- 
dange = lat. vindemja (whence 
OHG. wintimma Vintage'). 

viol sb. fr. FR. viole = ital. 
SPAN. 7wla ; source a late lat. 
vitula, whence also fiddle, 

virgin sb. me. virgine fr. ofr. 
virgine, 

virtue sb. me. v^riil fr. fr. vertu, 

visage sb. me. visdge fr. fr. 
visage, — vision sb. me. visioun 
fr. FR. vision. 

vixen sb. {v instead of/ due to 
Kentish influence) oe. */yxen: 
Teut. base fuhsinjo- (g. fuchsin) , 
derived fr. teut. fuhs- fohs- 
under fox {^inj3- being fem. 
suffix as in g. gotiiny grdfin etc.). 

voice sb. me. vois fr. ofr. vois 

(fr. VOioc) = LAT. vox, 

voutch vb. ME. vouche fr. ofr. 
voucher (= lat. vocare), 

vow sb. ME. vou fr. ofr. vou 
(fr. voeii) = LAT. votum, 

voyage sb. fr. fr. voyage] cp. 
9Djnos^^ v^dge fr. ofr. veiagCm 
Vja *aK LAT. viaticum. 



w 



"wade vb. me. wdd^ oe. wddan 
(prt. wgd) str. vb. = on. vada^ 



DU. wadeny ohg. watan str. vb. 
(g. waten wk. vb.) : teut. \fwady 



220 



wafer — wand 



ARYAN ^wddh in lat. vddere 
to go. 

^vafer sb. me. wdfre fr. ofr- 
waufre = fr. gaufre\ ident. 
w. DU. wafely G. waffel (osax. 
*wdfld). The group prop, meant 
'honey comb' as in fr. and is 
derived fr. a Teut. word (ohg. 
wabo G. wabe\ y/^web in weave). 

wag vb. ME. wagge (oe. *wag^ 
gian) derived fr. yfw'eg (in oe. 
wagian \o move, wag*); see 
tvay, 

ivage sb. me. wdge fr. ofr. 
wage (fr. gage): source a vul- 
gar LAT. wadium for lat. vadium 
(influenced by a teut.-goth. 
wadi *a pledge' under wed). 

v^aggon sb. fr. du. wagen\ 
ident. w. wain. 

>vail vb. me. waileweile\ derived 
fr. ME. wei *woe* (loanword fr. 
ON. vei\ see woe). 

>vain sb. me. wain oe. wceyi\ 
Teut. base wagnu' in ohg. wagan 
g. du. wagen (on. e/^^«) ; aryan 
y/^wegh as in lat. vehiculunty 
GR. o/og, OIR. y5f« 'wain*. See 
way. 

v^aist sb. me. wdst\ doubtful 
whether allied to wax? 

v^ait vb. ME. waife fr. ofr. 
waiter] source a vulgar ij^lT. 
vb. wactare, der. fr. ohg. wahta 
= GOTH, wahtitd *a watching'. 
For the root see wake and 
watch. 

wake vb. me. wdke oe. wdcian 
= OSAX. wakojan, du* waken, 
ON. vaka, OHG. wahh^n G. wachen 
wk. vb. (only goth. wakan str. 



vb.). Cp. also OE. weddean^ ohg. 
weckan, osax. wekkian, du. wekken^ 
GOTH, wakjan \o awake', aryan 
y/^weg in lat. vegere *to excite, 
arouse' (e'/^/'Z 'awake*) and skr. 
z/^/^j' *to incite*. See watch 
(and wait). 

walk vb. me. walke\ intensive 
formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of 
OE. weallian \o wander' = ohg. 
wallon G. wallen. 

v^all sb. AEE. wal (pi. walks) 
OE. w^tf// (pi. weallas) = du. 
r^/dr/, OSAX. a/a/ (pi. wallos)] not 
found in ohg. (but G. tvall 
borrowed fr. lg.). Source lat. 
vallum \i rampart'. 

v^all-eyed adj. fr. oe. wealden-- 
i^e = ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'? 

v^allow vb. ME. walwe o£. weal-- 
wian \o wallow'; cp. goth. wal- 
wisbn *to wallow' and walwjan 
*to roll'. Cogn. w. lat. volifere 
(gr. dhuHv) *to roll', aryan 
\fwelw wolw. 

>valnut sb. me. walnote walntUe 
OE. wealh-hnutu = on. valhnot, 
du. walnoot G. walnuss (not found 
in OHG.). The former element 
(teut. walha-) see under Welsh 
(walnut prop, meant *French 
nut'; cp. lat. nux GalUca = 
fr. gauge). 

walrus sb. = du. walrus wal- 
roSf G. walrosSf dan. kvalros\ cp. 
ON. hrosskvalr (whence oe. hors- 
hwcet): lit. *a horse-whale*. See 
whale. 

wan adj. me. wan(nn) oe. wann 
(wonn). 

"wand sb. me. wand fr. on. 



wander — - was 



221 



vgnd (gen. vandar) = goth. 
wandus 'a fod'. Cogn. w, lith. 
wantal or w. wind vb.? 

wander vb. me. wandre oe. 
wandrian'y cp. mhg. g. wandern 
wandeln (OHG. wantaldri) \o 
wander'. Cogn. w. wend vb. 

vrane vb. me. wdne oe. wdnian 
= OHG. wanony on. z/tf«^ *to 
wane, diminish' : derived fr. teut. 
wana- 'lacking' in oe. wan^ on. 
vanr^ ohg. wany goth. wans 
'lacking' (cp. DU. tvanhoop *de- 
spair and G. wahnwitz Vant of 
wits*). Cogn. w. SKR. una Van- 
ting*. — 'want sb. me. want fr. 
ON. vant neutr. of vanr 'lacking, 
deficient*. — ^vanton me. wan- 
toun prop, wantgwen for ^wan- 
togeni OE. togen is participle of 
t^on (see team) *to educate*. 

>var sb. me. (since 12*** cent.) 
werre = DU. werre fr. ofr. werre 
(fr. guerre) \ source ohg. werra 
Vexation' (ohg. osax. werran 
str. vb. 'to bring into confusion 
or disorder'). 

ivard sb. me. 7uard oe. weard 
'watchman, guardian' = osAX. 
wardy OHG. G. wart (on. vgrdr 
for *wardus) : aryan yfwor see 
under wary. — warden sb. 
me. wardein fr. OFR. wardein 
(gardein) ident. w. guardian] 
see guard, — >vardrobe me. 
warderpbe fr. ofr. warderobe (fr. 
garderobe), 

^vare sb. me. wdre oe. wdru 
'merchandise' = DU. waar G. 
warey on. z^^r^. 

warlock sb. for me. warlgwe 



OE. wdrloga 'traitor* (= osAX. 
war logo) : compound of oe. wdr 
'faith, agreement' and -loga 'a 
liar' (oe. Uogan under lie^^. 

>vami adj. me. warm oe. wearm 
= OSAX. OHG. G. DU. worm, ON. 
varmr (cp. goth. warmjan 'to 
make warm*) : Teut. base warma- 
for ARYAN base gkwermo- in gr. 
dtg/Liog (cpspuoc) = LAT. formus 
'warm*. 

warn vb. me. warne oh. wear^ 
nian war(e)nian = ohg. warnon 
G. warnen *to warn*. 

warp sb. me. warp oe. 22/<?^r^ 
derived fr. oe. weorpan me. werpe 
str. vb. 'to throw' = goth. 
wairpany osax. w'erpany DU. 
werpeny ohg. w'erfan G. werfen 
str. vb. 'to throw*. ARYAN 
\^a/^r,^ in SKR. vrj\o remove', 
OSLOV. z^r<?y// (vrUgq) 'to throw'. 

vrarrant sb. me. war aunt fr. 
OFR. war ant (fr. gar ant). 

wart sb. me. werte\ umlauted 
byform of OE. wearte = on. 
z/drr/^, ODU. warte, ohg. warza 
G. warze. Perhaps cogn. w. OE. 
wearr 'callosity, wart' and lat. 
verriica 'wart*. 

waiy adj. extension of me. 
a/fl;r oe. a/^r 'cautious, aware* 
= GOTH. warSy OSAX. a'^r 'cau- 
tious' (ohg. giwar G. gewahr)\ 
ARYAiJ y^ wor also in gr. bpciv 
'to observe*. 

was (I, he) — were (we) me. 
was-w^re 0*e. wces-w^roti (wceron): 
forms of the preterite of oe. 
wesan = DU. wezen, oHG. wesan, 
goth. a//xa« (g. a'^j^// sb. 'a 



222 



wash — wean 



being'). Aryan y/^wes in skr. 
vas \o stay in a place*. 

ivash vb. ME. wasshe oe. wasdan 
= ON. vaska, OHG. wascdn G. 
waschen. Aryan y/^wask in ir. 
faiscim, w. gwasgu *I press*. 

>vasp sb. ME. waspe oe. tz/^^ 
fr. a Teut. base wafsa- in ohg. 
wafsa\ cogn. w. lat. vespa^ lith. 
f/tf/j^ 'breeze*, OSLOV. z^^j^z *wasp*. 
ARYAN y^webh in weave; wasp 
orig. 'weaver*. 

^vaste adj. me. ze/^i^/ fr. ofr. 
a/aJ/ (cp. FR. gdter \q make 
waste*). Source lat. vdstus^ 
influenced by teut. wosti *waste* 
(oe. w^ste, OHG. wuosti G. tmst 
fr. an Aryan wastu- in oir. /<ij, 
LAT. vdstus 'waste*). 

^vatch vb. me. wacche oe. *a/^^- 
^<ar« (in the pres. partic. wcEddende) 
= OE. wdcian under wake, 

vrater sb. me. wdter oe. wceter 
= OSAX. watary du. water, ohg. 
wcr^yir g. wasseri west-teut. 
base watera-\ ident. w. goth. 
watOf on. e/dr/w. Cogn. w. wet 
and outside of teut., w. gr. 

vdlDQ, SKR. udan, OSLOV. russ. 

voda^vfdXex Aryan \fwod\ ud, 
v^attle sb. me. watel oe. watol 

'hurdle, tile*. 
v^ave sb. derived fr. the wk. 

vb. wave me. wdve oe. wdfian 

wave, fluctuate*; cp. on. vdfa 

*to vibrate to and fro*. 
Tvax sb. me. waxe oe. weaxan 

str. vb. = OHG. OSAX. wahsan 

G. wachsen^ DU. was sen \ cp. goth. 

wahsjan, ARYAN \fweks uks in 



SKR. uks 'grow up, get strong*, 
GR. de^fiv 'wax*. Cp. ox, 
v^ax sb. ME. wdijc OE. weax = 
ON. z^tf^, ohg. waks G. wachs^ 

DU. W^JJ. Cogn. W. LITH. W^SZ' 
kaSy OSLOV. RUSS. vosku, 

vrsiy sb. me. way wey wet oe. 
wei = OSAX. OHG. weg g. du. 
«/^^, ON. vegr, GOTH, wigs 'way*: 
Teut. base wega- (allied to lat. 
via *way*), derived fr. the teut. 
y/^weg in oe. wegan *to carry' 
= OHG. wegan 'to move', goth. 
gawigan\ ident. w. lat. vehere 
*to carry*, gr. txsiVy SKR. vah 
'to carry': ARYAN \/^w'egh also 
in wain. 

v^e pron. me. oe. w^ = goth. 
wtfw, OHG. g. wir y OSAX. a//; 
ident. w. skr. vay-am 'we* : aryan 
ground-form wei fr. a stem wt- in 
ON. z/rfrr 'our*. 

weak adj. me. weik fr. on. 
veikr veykr'y ident. w. oe. wdc 
me. w^k = DU. week, osax. w^/t, 

OHG. weik G. 2«/«M. TEUT. ^ZVik 

in OE. wican 'to give way* = 
OSAX. wikan, on. z//^/^, .ohg. 
wihhan g. weicken, Cogn. w. 
GR. crxcfi' *to give way*, lat. 
vices 'change', aryan y/^wig wik, 

weal sb. me. wile ob. w'ela 
(weola) 'prosperity, riches' = 
OSAX. welo 'happiness, riches' 
(ohg. w'ela — wola g. wohl 'wel- 
fare*). Cogn. w. well diiid will, 
— w^ealth ME. welthe extension 
of weal = DU. weelde, 

v^ean sb. me. w{ne oe. wenian 
\o wean a child' prop, 'to ac- 
custom*; ident, w, osax. wenman. 



weapon — week 



223 



(g. gewdhnen)^ on. venja *to ac- 
custom*. Derived fr. the adj. 
wana- in on. vanr 'accustomed* 
(cp. OKG, giwon OE. 3««/«« *usuar). 

iveapon sb. me. w^pen oe. wdpcn 
= ON. vapn, OSAX. w&pan, du. 
wapen, ohg. wdffan G. a/^<? 
(goth. wipna plur.). 

ivear vb. me. wfre oe. uerian 
wk. vb. *to clothe* = goth. 
wasjan \o clothe*, OHG. weriariy 
on. verja \o cloth* : teut. y/^tvaz 
was (also in goth. was-ti 'gar- 
ment*), ARYAN \fwes in LAT. f/tfJ- 

tis 'garment*, gr. sO'O-fjg^ clothing*, 
%wvfxi *I clothe*, SKR. z/^j 'to 
clothe'. 

>veary adj. me. a/^rj? oe. w^-ii 
(wceri^ = osAX. wdrig 'tired', 
OHG. wuorag 'intoxicated* : teut. 
y/^worl or wdzl 

\veasand sb. me. w{send oe. 
wcesend umlauted byform of oe. 
wdsenii 'throat, gullet' = ofries. 
wdsende 'windpipe', ohg. weisunt 
'veins*. 

iveasel sb. me. wisel oe. w'esule 
= OHG. wisula G. wiesely du. wezel 
'weasel*. Perhaps cogn. w. lat. 
visio 'bad smell', whence ofr. 
voison 'foumart*. 

iveather sb. me. wfder oe. w'eder 
= OSAX. wedar, du. weder, ohg. 
w'etar G. wetter , on. vcdr: Teut. 
base wedra^y Aryan base wedhro- 
in OSLOV. ?Wr« clear* (weather) 
— vedro 'clear .weather'. 

weave sb. me. w(ve oe. ivefan 
str. vb. = ON. vefa, du. wez^en, 
ohg. w'eban g. weben, aryan y^ 
w'ebh ubh (see waspy wafer and 



weevil) also in gr. vq;tj-vq)og 'a 
web* — v(f,aivHv 'weave*. — v^eb 
ME. OE. a/tf^ (^^) fr. TEUT. wabja- 
in OHG. weppi, du. wr^, on. e^i^r 
'a web*. 

wed vb. prop, 'to engage* me. 
wedde oe. weddian = goth. ga- 
wadjdn \o pledge*, on. vedja. 
Derived fr. the sb. OE. wedd = 
goth. wadiy ohg. wptti 'a pledge' 
and cogn. w. lat. vas — vadis 'a 
pledge*. Further relations see 
under gage and wage, — wed- 
lock me. wedl^k OE. wedldc (oe. 
Idc 'gift, offering'). 

wedge sb. me. wegge oe. wedg 
= ohg. o/.^^/i/ (g. weekly DU. o//^, 
ON. veggr: Teut. base wagja-; 
cogn. w. lith. wagiSf lett. wadsis 
*a wedge'. 

wedlock see fer^^/. 

Wednesday ME. wednes-day um- 
lauted byform of oe. Wddnes-dcei 
= LG. wddnesddchy du. woensdag\ 
prop, 'day of Woden*: translation 
of LAT. Mercurii dies. The Teut. 
god Wpden (ohg. Wuotafty on. 
Odinn) is identified w. Mercurius. 

weed ^ sb. (plantname) me. w^^ 
OE. w^«^// = osAX. ze//W 'weed. 

w^eed^ sb. 'garment* me. w^de 
OE. wed wdd (infi. -^) = on. vddy 
osAX. tt'^^/, OHG. wdt 'clothing, 
garment*: Teut. base w^-di* fr. 
an ARYAN V" w^ \o weave* in 
SKR. vd 'to weave*. 

week sb. me. w^ke wike oe. z«//r?^ 

= OSAX. wikay ON. f'/i^tf, OHG. 

wehha wohha G. woe he 'week'; cp. 
GOTH, wiko 'order, succession*. 



224 



ween 



were 



Derived fr. V" wlk in OE. wlcan 
*to give way' see under weak, 

v^een vb. me. w^ne oe. w4nan 
(prop, wdnan) 'to hope, expect* 
= GOTH, winjan, on. vdna, ohg. 
wdn(h)an G. wdhneni derived fr. 
OE. win (jvcen) sb. 'hope' = ohg. 
wdn G. wahuy on. vdriy goth. 
w^nsi Teut. base weni-, 

weep vb. prop, a str. vb. me. 
w^pe (prt. w^p) OE. w^pan wdpan 
(prt. w^op) = GOTH, wbpjan wk. 
vb., OS AX. wdpiariy ohg. wuoffan 
MHG. wuefen 'lament*, on. cepa 
(orig. *V(Bpd) *to cry*. teut-V^ 

^veevil sb. me. w^el wtvel oe. 
wifel = OSAX. a//^/7, ohg. wi^7, 
on. jy2^/: derived fr. the teut. 
^web in weave) cp. lith. a/^- 
^a/^a'j weevil*. — From the same 
root also weft me. oe. weft = 
ON. veptr, 

^veight sb. me. weight fr. on. 
vcktt orig. *vceht\ cp. oe. wiht 
'weight' fr. oe. wegan (see way). 

weird sb. »'fate* cp. me. wirde 
oe. wyrd *fate* = on. urd, osax. 
wurd *fate*. Derived fr. teut. 
w'erpan = oe. weordiin, osax. 
werdan. ohg. w'erdan G. werden, 
.on. verda, goth. wairpan 'to be- 
come'. ARYAN \Pwert in lat. z^^- 
/^r^ 'to turn', skr, ?//•/ *to turn*. 

v^elkin sb. me. welk'ie welken; 
umlauted byform of me. wolkne 
oe. woken 'cloud* = osax. ohg. 
wolkaUf OSAX. wulkay ohg. 7£W^^ 
G. wolke 'cloud*. Perhaps cogn. 
w. OST.OV. vlugUku 'humid' — 



vlaga 'humidity*, ^lith. vilgyf 
'to moisten*. Aryan y/^w9lg. 

v^ell adv. me. oe. wel = du. 
wel, OSAX. wel^ on. v'el; cp. ohg. 
w'ela wola G. wohl (goth. waUa). 
Origin doubtful, but connection 
w. weal and will certain. 

well sb. me. welle oe. wtlle 
wella (wylle wylla): Teut. base 
walljdn"', umlaut-relation of oe. 
weallan str. vb. 'boil, flow' = 
OSAX. OHG. wallan str. vb. 'boil, 
flow*. ARYAN \/"wel wal in oe. 
wylm 'boiling, flowing' = skr. 
urmi 'flood*, ohg. wella G. welle 
'wave* = OSLOV. vluna, lith. 
vilnis 'wave*. 

Welsh adj. me. welsh oe. 
wylisd umlauted fr. a teut. 
walJuska-) derived fr. oe. Wealh 
'foreigner*, prop, 'a Celt' (cp. 
walnut^. The corresponding 
adj. OHG. walhisc — sb. Walah 
means an inhabitant of a Ro- 
mance country, teut. IValha'- 
rests on the Celtic tribe name 

Volcae, 

v^en sb. me. wen oe. wenn 'tu- 
mor* = DU. wen, LG. w^nei Teut. 
base wanja^ (perhaps cogn. w. 
wound?), 

^vench sb. me. wenche older 
wenchel prop, 'infant'; ablaut-re- 
lation of OB. wincel 'child*. 

wend vb. (only in the prt. went) 
fr. me. w4nde prt. wente oe. w^ndan 
prt. wende\ orig. meaning 'to 
turn' = GOTH, wandjany osax. 
wendian, ohg. wentan G. wenden. 
Causal of wind. 

v^ere see was* 



west — "yirhey 



225 



west sb. ME. OE. west = on. 
v'estr^ DU. G. west (fr. ouest of 
Teut. origin). 

\vret adj. short for me. w^t 0£. 
a/// a/<?/ = ON. vdtr, ofries. wit: 
Teut. base w^ta- fr. the same 
root as water. 

>vether sb. me. wether oe. weder 
= GOTH, wiprusy ON. vedry OS ax. 
withar wethar, du. ze/^^<?r o/^^, 
OHG. wufar G. widder. Cogn. w. 
LAT. vitulus *calf* and skr. vatsa 
'calf. 

ivhale sb. me. what (pi. whales) 
OE. Aa/^/(pl. hwdlas) = on. AeWr, 
OHG. o/a/ (g. walfischf DU. ZI/<7/- 
r/tf^A = ON. kvaljiskr). Cogn. w. 
GR.7i€A,(»p 'monster. Cp. walrus, 

>vhat pron. me. what oe. hwcet 

= OHG. ^Z^/dJ^ G. WaSf DU. O/tf/, 

OS AX. Aze/«/; cp. the Teut. stem 
hwa' under who, 

wheat sb. me. whfte ob. hwdte 
— GOTH, hwaitets, on. hvetti, du. 
ee;^//^, ohg. weizzi G. weizen, Cogn. 
w. white = teut. kivita- (in me. 
we find a/>W^^ wheat' by the side 
of wh{te). 

wheel sb. me. whfl oe. kuffol 
(w. the byform hiveowol hweogol) 
== ON. 4/>7 (for*%'^0 — ^^/, DU. 
of/V/ (OFRIES. fial)'' TEUT. base 
kweula- (for hit^g^lc^-) and 
hw'ehwla-y Aryan base ^^^/<?- in 
SRK. ^tf/&ra wheel', GR. >{t'jcAog 
wheel*. By the side of the re- 
duplicated word ge-gl-O' cp. 
OSLOV. kolo Vheel*. 

ivheeze vb. me. wh^se oe. kwisan 
(for *hwcesan) *to wheeze J cogn. 
w. OE. hwgsta^ on. ^'-y** ohg. 

English Etymology. 



h{w)uosto G. hustetiy du. ^^j/ 
*coughing . TEUT. y^ hwds = 

ARYAN V^^J in SKR. kds y DU 

^Tdrjfl://, LITH. kdseti \o cough'. 

v^helk sb. cp. me. wilk oe. wiolc 
weolc (older wiluc) *whelk* = du. 
wulk welk willok. Ident. w. ofr. 
welke. 

whelp sb. me. whelp oe. hw'elp 
*whelp, cub' = ON. hv'elpry du. 
welpy OHG. hwelf w'elf. 

>vhen conj. me. when OE.hwanne 
fr. stem hwa- in who. 

'whence adv. me. whenne-s prop. 
whanene OE. hwanone older 
hwarton = OHG. hwandn, 

where pron.-adv. me. whir(e) oe. 
hwcer (me. wh^e late oe. hwdr) 
= OS AX. OHG. hwdr mhg. wdr g. 
ze/(7, DU. waari teut. base ^^r 
(cp. GOTH, hrar)) derived fr. 
stem hwa- under who. 

vrhet vb. ME. whette oe. kwettan 
\o sharpen' = on. kuetjay du. 
wetteuy OHG. kwezzan G. wetzen 
'to sharpen : Teut. ground-form 
hwatjan. Cogn. w. on. hvatr, 
OSAX. hwaty OHG. Aze/a; 'sharp*: 
TEUT. \fhwat, 

whether pron. me. whether oe. 
hwceder *which of two' = goth. 
hapar; corresponding by ab- 
laut to OHG. hw^dar 'which of 
two'. GR. novsQog (skr. katara) 
'which of two' is more closely 
allied to goth. oe. The word 
is orig, comparative to stem 
hwa^ {hwe-) in who. 

whey sb. me. whey oe. hwdj^ 
= DU. LG. wei (byform mlg. 
huy hoie du. hut). 

15 



226 



which — wide 



which pron. me. which 0£. hwyU 
(prehistoric form ^kwili^) = 
GOTH. hiieikSf OSAX. kwilik\ 
cp. OHG. hetih G. welch: Teut. 
base hwiiika- (hwelika-) and for 
OHG. hwelth a base hwaMa-, 
Derived fr. stem hwa- hwe- under 
who. 

ivhile sb. me. while os. hwil 
infl. kii'ile = GOTH, hreila, ohg. 
osAX. hwildy G. ze/«7^, DU. w^T. 
ON. hvila *bed' (cp. ohg. kwilin 
'to rest*) paints to connection w. 
LAT. quiitus *quiet* and OSLOV. 
pociti *to rest*. Aryan V^^f. 

whine vb. me. whine oe. hwinan 
str. vb. *to make a shrill sound' 
= ON kvina \o whiz'. 

whisky ident. w. usque baugh. 

v^hisper vb. me. whispere oe. 
hwisprian \o murmur'; cp. ohg. 
hwispaWn g. wispeln. Sound-imi- 
tation? or cogn. w. whistled 

whistle vb. me. whistle oe. 
hwis titan] perh. akin to whisper. 

whit ident. w. wight. 

v^hite adj, (short in Whit- 
Sunday lit. 'white Sunday') me. 
whit OE. hwit = GOTH. heitSy 
ON. hvitrf OHG. hwh, g. weiss: 
Teut. base hwUa-, cogn. w. skr. 
fvita *white' — y/^fvit \o shine'. 
ARYAN V^ kwid hwit. See also 
wheat and whittle. 

whither pron. me. whider oe. 
kufider; cp. GOTH. h:adrt\ihi\htx'y 
derived fr. the stem hwa- hw'e- 
in who. 

whittle sb. short for me. whitel 
oe. hwitel 'blanket'; derived fr. 
white. 



who pron. me. who prop, whg 
OE. hwd = GOTH. ha^s\ cp. 
OHG. hwi'V G. wer: stem Aa^^z- 
Aze/^-, also vcLwhat and how and 
in whichy whithevy whether. 
ARYAN base ^^- in lat. quo-d, 
SKR. ^<2-j 'who', LITH. ka-s 'who*. 

^vhole adj. me. hpl oe. hdl 
(hence the abstract formation 
health) = goth. hails, on. hall 
(see hail), ohg. g. ^7, osAX. 
hil, DU. ^^/: Teut. base haila^ 
(whence derived hailaga^ -= 
holy). Ident. w. oslov. dim 
'complete, whole' (ground-form 
kailo')', cp. OPRUSS. kailustikan 
'health'. 

v^hore sb. me. oe. hore 'pro- 
stitute* = ON. h^a, ohg. huora 
^adulteress' ; cp. goth. hors 
'adulterer', aryan V" kdr 'to 
love' in oir. car a 'friend* — 
car aim 1 love' (Gallo-LAT. cctrisa 
'prostitute') and lat. c&nts 'dear'. 

why pron. me. whi oe. hwi = 
ON. hvi: instrum. of the stem hwa- 
in what. 

^vick sb. short for me. w^ke 
oe. w4oce = OHG. wiohha, "LG.weke^ 
DU. wieki Teut. base weukdn, 
perhaps reduplicated for we- 
wk'On, as made probable by the 
equiv. oe. w'ecca = G. (dial.) 
wicke', cogn. w. mhg. g. wickelf 

>vicked adj. extended for me. 
wicke. 

wicket sb. mk. wikit fr. onfr. 
wiket (fr. guichet), whence also 
ODU. wiket (du. winket). 

wide adj. me. oe. wid = on. 
vidr, OSAX. wid, DU. unjd, ohg. 



widow — win 



2.27 



wtt G. weit: teut. wtda-y perhaps 
participle of a lost verbal V" ^« 

"widov^ sb. ME. widwe oe. widewe 
(wuduwe) = GOTH, widuwdy ohg. 
witawa g. wiiwCy OSAX. widowa^ 
DU. weduwe. Ident. w. the equiv. 
SKR. vidhavdy lat. j^i^wa, oslov. 
vidovay om. yi?^*^: Aryan base 
widhawd, 

ivield vb. me. ms^/z/d oe. yswildan 
ijfw^ldan) wk. vb. fr. a teut. 
*gawaldjan. Derived fr. the str. 
vb. OE. wdldan w(aldan = goth. 
OSAX. waldariy ohg. waltan (g. 
walten) 'to govern*. ARYAN \^ 
wflf/ in LAT. valere \o be strong'; 
cp. also oslov. vlasHy lith. 
vaUi^ti \o govern'. 

>vife sb. MI. OE. wlf = on. 

Vl/, OSAX. a/^, DU. «/5^, OHG. 

wt^ G. K/«^: Teut. base wiba-. 
No equiv. connections outside 
of TEUT. (ah older word for 'wife' 
see under queen), — v^oman 
ME. wumman prop, witntnan (pi. 
wimmen) oe. wif-^mann (pi. wif- 
menn) lit. *a wife-man'. 

wight sb. ME. wiiht oe. a//-^^ 
'thing, creature, being* = oHG. 
OSAX. wiht 'thing, being' (g. du. 
wichi)\ cp. GOTH, walhts 'thing' 
and ON. vcBttr 'being, thing'. Teut. 
base wihH- for w'ehti- ident. w. 
OSLOV. veSU 'thing': aryan base 
w'ekii', 

ivild adj. ME. OE. wilde fr. a 
TEUT. wilpja- (pi op. w'eipja-) = 
GOTH, wiifeisy ON. mllr, osAX. 
OHG. wiidi G. DU. unld. Probably 
connected w. wold oe. w^ald = 
= ohg. g. wald 'wood', as fr. 



sauva^e = lat. siivaticus fr. LAT. 
silva 'wood'. — wilderness (cp. 
DU.' G. wildernis) extension of 
ME. wilder ne 'a desert'. 

wile sb. ME. (fr. 12^^ cent.) wUe 
fr. OFR. wile {guile)] ident. w. 
guile. 

will vb. ME. wille (prt. wdlde) 
OE. willan (prt. w^lde) = goth. 
wiljan, ON. vilja, osax. wHliatiy 
DU. willen* Teut. base wiljan 
(prop. weljan)\ ident. w. osax. 
wellian, ohg. wellan (g. wollen) 
fr. a TEUT. waljan. aryan y" 
w'elwolva^ lat. f^^f/-/^, oslov. f?^////, 
lith. z/<f/K//. All equivalent. 
Perhaps cogn. w. a/^//and weal\ 
also GOTH, waljan 'to choose' 
= OHG. Hifllan G. Tt'dklen, OHG. 
o/tf/dr G. tt/^^ 'choosing*, SKR. 
\fvar vr 'choose*. Cp. the 
following word. 

will sb. ME. ze////? OE. tt;/7/fl{ = 

OSAX. OHG. williOt DU. «///, G. 

wille, GOTH. 2//^(j7, on. w7/; Teut. 
base wiljati" for weljan-, derived 
fr. y/^w'el in «//// vb. ; cp. oslov. 
volja sb. 'will'. 

willow sb. ME. wilwe oe. wylig 
(infl. *wilgef)] ident. w. du. 0//^^ 
ODU. LG. wilge OSAX. wilgia, 

MHG. w/i^r^. 

wimple sb. me. oe. wimpel oe. 
winpel 'neck covering' = DU. G. 
wimpel OHG. immpaL Source and 
history unknown (oPR. guimple 
FR. guimpe are of teut. origin; 
see gimp), 

win vb. me. a//««^ oe. winnan 
str. vb. = goth* winnan 'to 
suffer, OHG. OSAX. winnan 'to 

15* 



22S 



wind — wise 



Struggle' (g. gewinnen, "DJj.wmnen), 
ON. vinnai Teut. verbal y^ 2£/^««, 
cogn. w. SKR. van * obtain , . ac- 
quire'. 

wnd sb. ME. OE. wind = osax. 
DU. wind, OHG. wint o. wind, on. 
vindr, goth. winds: Teut. base 
winda' prop, wendo' = ARYAN 
base wenio- in lat. venhiSy skr. 
vdia wind'. Derived fr. the 
ARYAN V" wi in OE. wdwan = 
GOTH, waian, DU. waaien, ohg. 
wden G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith. 
vijas 'wind', osLoy. vetrU 'wind* 
— vljati \o blow', skr. yfvd \o 
blow', GR, a^JTJjg *wind'. Cp. 
window, 

v^ind vb. ME. winde oe. windan 
str. vb. = GOTH. OS4K. windan, 
ON. vinda^ ohg. wintan G. DU. 
winden: teut. yfw'end wand, — 
w^indlass sb. (machine forraising 
heavy weights) transformed fr. 
ME. windas: loanword fr. on. 
vind-dss prop. *a winding pole*. 

>vindow sb. me. windowe bor- 
rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window', 
lit. Vind-eye'. See wind sb. and 
eye (on. auga). 

wine sb. me. oe. win = goth. 
wein^ ON. vin, osax. ohg. win 
G. wein DU. wijn: Teut. base 
wina-, early loanword fr. lat. 
vtnum (cp. vine and vintage), 
whence also ital. vino — fr. 
vin and oiR. fin, oslov. vino, 

wing sb. ME. winge short for 
older w^ngei loanword fr. on. 
V(Bngr, 

S'Wink vb. ME. winke oe. wincian 
'wk. vb. *blink, wink'; ohg. winkan 



str. vb. (g. winken) \o give a 
sign' =1^ ME. winke str. vb. *wink'. 

>vinnow vb. me. windwe oe, 
windwian ; ident. w. OHG. winton 
(for *wintwdn) *to winnow'; cp. 
GOTH. winfi-skaHro *a winnowing 
fan', LAT. veniilare \o winnow'. 
All cogn. w. wind sb. 

\vin some adj. me. win-som oe. 
wynn-sum = ohg. wunnisam (o, 
wonne-sam) : derived fr. OE. wynn 
= OSAX. OHG. wunnia (cp. G. 
wonne) 'joy'. 

v^inter sb. me. oe. winter = 
GOTH, wintrus, osax. ohg. wintar 
DU. G. winter, on. z^^//r; Teut. 
base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w. 
CELT. vindO' 'white' in oir. find 
*white' ? 

wpe vb. ME. wipe oe. wipian\ 
cp. LG. wip sb. 'wisp of straw' 
and GOTH, vipja 'garland' — 
weipan 'wreathe*, teut. y^ wip. 

wire sb. me. oe. wir = on. 
virr^ LG. fries. wir\ cogn. w. 
OHG. wiara 'wire' and lat. viriae 
'armlets of metal', which ac- 
cording to Plinius' Hist. Nat. 1 5 
is a Celtic word. 

v^ise adj. me. oe. wis = on. 

ViSS, GOTH. Weis, OSAX. OHG. w^ 

(oHG. whi G. weise), DU. Tvijs. 
Teut. base a/£fa- (for tint-to-), 
derived fr. the ARYAN \fwid in 
GR. oiKia^ SKR veda = GOTH, a/^3!//, 
oe. wdt, OHG. ze/«j G. weiss. See 

wise sb. ME. OE. wise = osax. 
OHG. wtsa G. weise, DU. 22/^>; 
Teut. base wtso-n- (fr. ^«/y^ ital. 
^«7ja of Teut. origin). Probably 



^^Ai^Mi^aCkM 



^^•^^F^^^^ll^^ 



wish — wolf 



229 



connected w. the Aryan \fwid 
\o know' under wise — wit, 

vdsh vb. ME. wisshe short for 
OE. wysdean fr. a Teut. base 
wunskjan = ohg. wunsc{i)an G. 
icfUtischefiy i>v.7venschen, on. ceskja 
\o wish'; cp. SKR. vduch 'to wish*: 
ARYAN \/"w?nskf 

v^isp sb. ME. wisp (not found 
in OE.); perh. ident. w. ON. visk, 
OHG. 7visc G. imsch *wisp of straw' ? 

'wit vb. ME. wite oe. a///^« *to 
know' = GOTH. osAX. witan, on. 
vita^ DU. weten, ohg. wiip^an G. 
wissen. The i*^ andj^ p. sing. were 
ME. a/^/ OE. a/J/ =r GOTH, wait, 
ON. f'W/, OSAX. a/<^/, OHG. weiii, €. 
a'^/jy, corresponding to skr. e'^^is: 
*I know, he knows*, GR. oldu oide. 
See also witness. 

wit sb. ME. 7i'it (tt) OE. (ie)witt 
'intellect, understanding' = osax. 
giwit, OHG. a//2-2^' (g. wiiz) 'under- 
standing*, ON. znt mtellect': de- 
rived fr. wit vb. 

"witch sb, ME. wicche oe. widdea 
'wizard* — widde *witch*; ident. 
w. FRIES. LG. wicke Vitch* — LG. 
wicker 'wizard' (lg. wicken vb. 'to 
predict* = oe. widdian *use witch- 
craft') and probably cogn. w. oe. 
wij^lian 'practise divination — 
wijjiire 'diviner' = odu. wijche- 
idre, DU. mlg. wichelen 'practise 
divination', teut. \/^wikk wtg. 

^tch-elm sb. me. wicche short 
for OE. wi^e 'elm' fr. a Teut. 
base wtkjon-, 

>vith prep. me. with oe. wid 
prep, 'against' short for Tinder 
(in compounds like oe. widersaca 



widerflita 'adversary') = on. vid 
vidr, oSAX. with wider, ohg. widar 
G. wider, goth. wipra, 

"wither vb. me. widre vb. fr. 
weather (me. w(der). 

withy sb. me. withi oe. wfdi}^ 
'willow*; cogn. w. ohg. wtda g. 
weide, on. vidja and GR. Yxia, 
LiTH. zil'Vitis, POL. witwa, pruss. 
witwo 'a willow*. Aryan y/"wt in 
LAT. vt-tis vt-men and oslov. 
viti — LITH. vyti 'to twine, plait'. 

witness sb. me. witnesse oe. 
witness (infl. -e) 'testimony*; as 
GOTH, weitwbds and on. vitni Wit- 
ness', derived fr. the teut. yf^ wit 
^to know'; see wit vb. 

wizard sb. me. wisard trans- 
formed (under the influence of 
ME. wis = wise) fr. *wischard: 
loanword fr. ofr. wischard (guisr 
chard) 'prudent, cunning*. 

woad sb. ME. wpd oe. wad = 
DU. weede^ ohg. weit g. waid: 
Teut. base waida-, pre -Teut. 
waita~\ cp. lat. vitrum *woad'. 

woe interj. me. wg oe. wd in- 
terj. = GOTH, ivai, on. vei, ohg. 
OSAX. w^ G. weh DU. wee, Ident. 
w. lat. vae interj. 'woe': ground- 
form ARYAN wai, 

wold sb. ME. wgld oe. wdla 
{w^'ald in 'Weald of Kent') fr. 
a Teut. base walpu-; cp. oSAX. 
OHG. G. wald 'wood', DU. woiid 
'wood*, ON. vgllr 'plain, field': 
pre-TEUT. waltU'Sy cogn. w. skr. 
vufa (for *vdltaf) 'garden'? See 
wild. 

v^olf sb. ME. wolf (pi. wolves] 

OE. WUl/ (pi. WUl/as) = GOTH. 



230 



woman — worse 



wul/Sy ON. ul/r (for *vulfr) , osax. 
wulf; cp, OHG. G. wolf: Teut. 
base wulf a' wolf a- y ARYANbase 
W9lqo-' in skr. f^-^^^, or. Xvmc,, 

LAT. /^«X, LITH. Vilkas, OSLOV. 

vlUku, All equivalent. 

woman see wife, 

womb sb. ME. w^be oe. e&^m^ 
(wdfnb) *stomach* = goth. ohg. 
wambay ON. v^mb, DU. z«/^?f« 'belly, 
stomach': Teut. base wambo-, 

ivonder sb. me. wonder oe. 
wundor = osax. wundar^ ohg. 
wuntar o. wunder^ on. tf»//r: 
Teut. base wundru'. 

wont adj. for me. woned^^ par- 
ticiple of ME. wone OE. ivunian 
\o be used to'; cp. oe. letvuna 
'custom, use' and on. vanr, ohg. 
giwon g. gewohnt 'accustomed'. 
See wean. 

•woo vb. ME. w&ive OE. wp'gian 
\o woo'; no further relations 
known, teut. y/^wSg, 

wood sb. ME. wode oe. wudu 
orig. widu == on. vidr *tree, wood', 
ohg. witu *wood' (also in ohg. 
witU'hopfa G. wide-hopf): Teut. 
base widu'f pre-Teut. base widhu- 
in celt, mdw (gall. Fzdu-Casses); 
cp. oiR. fd *tree*. 

wool sb. ME. wolle OE. wull infl. 
ivulle = GOTH, wulla, on. «// 
(for *vul/); cp. ohg. w^//^ g. 
wolle: Teut. base z«/«//^ aW/^, 
ARYAN base W9lnd in skr. j2r?^^, 
OSLOV. vlUna, lith. z;//«^ 'wool'; 
cogn. w. LAT^ villus vellus 'fleece' 
and SKR. V^zy (var) \o cover*. 

word sb. ME. OE. wdrd = goth. 

watird, ON. ord (for *vord), osax. 



o/^^r^/, DU. woordy ohg. g. w^v/: 
Teut. base worda-, pre-Teut. 
base wdrdho' in lat. verbuniy 
OPRUSS. wirds word', lith. vardas 
'name', aryan yf wer (wri) in 
GR. slgsiv *to say' — Qfjf.ia 'word' ? 

work sb. ME. werk oe. weorc 
= OSAX. OHG. werk g. du. werk, 
ON. verk; Teut. base werka-, 
ARYAN *base w'irgo^ in gr. sgyov. 
ARYAN V^ werg in gr. gs^sip *to 
do' — oQyavov 'instrument', skr. 
vrjana labor ; cp. GOiu.waiirkjany 
OHG. wurkan = oe. wyrdean vb. 
'to work'. See wrighU 

world sb. ME. world wirld oe. 
worold weorold = osax. werold, 
DU. wereldy ohg. w'eralt (ivorolt) 
G. a/^//, ON. v'ergld. First element 
of the compound (wer'ald-) is 
TEUT. ze/^rfl!- man' in GOTH, wair^ 
OSAX. OHG. OE. o/^r, ON. verr 
(ARYAN base wfro' in lat. vir^ 
SKR. wrtf, lith. v^as man'). 
2"*^ part of the compound is 
TEUT. aldi" in goth. aids world', 
OE. ^Id {(fid) period, age*. 

worm sb. me. worm tor wurm 
prop, wirm OE. wyrm fr. a Teut. 
base wurmt- in osax. ohg. g. 
wurnif GOTH, waurms; ident. w. 
LAT. vermis 'worm' ; cp. on. ormr 
(for *wormaz) and GR. QO^iog 
(for fgofLiog). 

wormwood sb. transformed fr. 
OE. werrndd (wormpd) = ohg. 
wermuota (wormuota). Formation 
and origin unkaown. 

worse compar. adj. me. worse 
wurse older wirse of. wyrsa = 

osax. wirso fr. a Teut. base 



worship — wrinkle 



231 



tvirsizan' in GOTH, walrsiza = 
OHG. wirsiro, — worst superl. 
ME. worste wurste orig. wirste 
OE. wyrsta fr. a teut. superl. 
wirsistafi" in goth. wairsista^ 
OSAX. OHG. wirsisto, 

'worship sb. me. worscMp older 
wurpschipe oe. weordsdipe\ derived 
fr. worth, 

"Wort' sb. (a plant) me. wort 
wurt older wirt oe. wyrt fr. a 
Teut. base wurti- in goth, waurts, 
on. urtf OSAX. wurtf ohg. g. o^r^? 
*plant, herb': Aryan ^W9rd in 
LAT. rddix (for *vrddtc-) see 
under r^?^?/. 

wort^ sb. (a kind of drink) 
ME. wort wurt for wirt oe, 2e/>';7 
for *wirt = on. ewVr, mhg, wirz 
*wort*: TEUT. ground-form wirtiz 
(pre-TEUT. base w'erdes- w'erdos). 

worth adj. me. worth wurth 
oe. wyrde\ limlauted byform of 
OE. weorf = GOTH. u^airpSy 
OSAX. werth^ on. v'erdr^ ohg. 
werd (g. wert): ident. w. lith. 
vertaSy opruss. werts 'worthy'. 

vround sb. ME. wounde oe. 
wiUnd infl. wiinde = osAX. wunda, 
ohg. wunta g. wunde, on. ««// 
(for *vund): Teut. base wundo', 
Cogn. w. the adj. goth. wunds 
= OE. wundy OSAX. wundf ohg. 
«/««/ G. wund. TEUT. \fwuny 
ARYAN \fw?n in GOTH, wifinati 
*to suffer, feel pain' (see win)! 

wrath sb. me. wraththe short 
for OE. wrckppu (Teut. base 
wraipipd)\ umlaut-abstract of oe. 
wrdp adj. = wroth. 

wreak vb. me, wr^ke oe. wrecan 



str. vb. = GOTH, wrikan (*to 
persecute), osax. wrikan^ du. 
wrekeriy org. r'ehhan (for *wr'dh' 
hati) G. rdchen \o revenge*. 
ARYAN yf^wreg urg in lat. urgere 
\o urge', SKR. 277 *to remove'. 

wreath sb. me. writhe oe. 
wrdp'y cogn. w. writhe, 

wren sb. me. wrenne oe. wrenna\ 
ident. w. osax. wrendio and pro- 
bably w. OHG. OSAX. {w)renno a 
stallion' (medieval lat. warannid), 

wrench sb. me, z«/r^«^:^ ^deceit' 
OE, wrend *deceit, trick' fr, a 
Teut, base wranki" (also in 
MHG. rank *trick' G. rdnke plur.). 
The modern E.- meaning 'twist, 
sprain' seems to be older than 
the metaphorical sense in me. 
oe. and G. See also wrong, 

wretch sb. me. wrecche oe. 
wrecdea 'outlaw, exile* = OHG. 
OSAX. wrekkio (g. recke 'warrior') ; 
derived fr. ^wrek in goth. wrikan 
'persecute' (see wreak), 

wright sb. me. wrighte oe. 
wyrhta = osax. wurhtioy ohg. 
wurhto (mhg. "Wurhte) 'worker'; 
derived fr. teut. wurhtwjan-) cp. 
GOTH, waurstwja 'worker by the 
side of waUrstw 'work'. For the 
root see work, 

wring vb. me. wri^ge oe. wrin^ 
gan str. vb. 'to press out* = 
DU. LG. wringeny ohg. ; i tgan^ (for 
*wringan) *to press out' (g. ringen). 

wrinkle sb. me. wrinkel oe. 
wrinkle = ODU. wrinckel\ cogn. 
w, MHG. runke and ohg. runza 
(for *7itrunka — *wrunkza). 

wrist sb. ME. wrist oe. wyrst 



2:^2 



write — ye 



= MHG. G. rist (for *wrist)y on. rtst 1 
SWED. vrtst^insiep, wrist'; perhaps 
cogD. w. G, reihen mhg. rlhe 'wrist' ? 

write vb* ME. 7vrite o^, writan ^ 
sti. vb, =- OSAX. wrttatiy on. ' 
rita \o write'. Orig. sense *to 
engrave, scratch, tear, split' in 
OSAX. wrttan =■ ohg. ri7,A,an '■ 
(for *wrt7,7fifn) G. reissen, Cp. 
GOTH, writs 'a stroke of a pen*. 
TEUT. \fwriL 

Xvrithe vb. ME. writhe oe. wridan 
str. vb. *to twist' = ohg. ridan^ 
O^, rida str. vb. *to wind, twist*. 
Cogn. w. wrotS. 



wrong adj. me. wrgng (wrang) 
late OE. (ii*^ cent.) wrang bor- 
rowed fr. ON. rangr (older 
*z;rangr) wrong, unjust* prop, 
awry, perverse'. Probably fr. 
the same root as wrench (teut. 
\fwrank wrang), 

wroth adj. short for me. wrgth 
OE. wrdp (see also wratH) = 
OSAX. wrtthj ON. vreidr reidr^ 
ODU. wreed * wroth'; orig. sense 
in OHG. reid (for *wreid) *curled*. 
\fwrip *to twist' in wreath and 
writhe, 

wry fr. me. wrie vb. *to twist*. 



yacht sb. fr. du. jacht prop. 
jachtschip] du. jacht corresponds 
to G. jagd 'hunting' (ohg. jagon 
G. jagen 'to chase). 

yard^ sb. me. j^V^prop. j/r^OE. 
l^ard Yence, enclosure' = on. 
gardr: Teut.base^izr//rj;-= ARYAN 
ha,seghorto- inLAT. hortus (gr.;^o(j- 
TOj-) garden*. Allied to garden. 

yard- sb. (a measure) me. 
yerde oe. "^erd {lyrd) Vod, rood* 
= OHO. gerta c. gerte *a rod, 
switch*; cp. GOTH. ^^2:^^ 'a stick, 
goad' -= ON. gaddr goad' and 
LAT. hasta *a spear* (common 
base ghazdha"), 

yarn sb. me. prn prop, i^rn oe. 
l^'arn = on. ohg. g. garn (du. 
gareny, perhaps cogn. w. Oin.gprn 
*guts' and lith. zarna *entrair? 

yarro^v sb. me. yirwe oe. learwe 



= ohg. garwd G. garbcy du. 
gerw millefolium*. 

ya'wl vb. me. y>ule by the 
side of goule vb. (change of j 
and g unexplained) ; source on 
gaula (gpula) 'to bellow*. 

yav^n vb. me. gdne g^ oe, 
gdnian (the phonology of the 
me. word is dark) = ohg. geindn 
(g. gdhnen)\ derived fr. oe. A?- 
pnan str. vb. 'to yawn' = ON. 
gina\ cogn. w. ohg. gt^n giwen 
'to yawn': aryan \/^ghi in lax. 
hiarCf OSLOV. zijati^ lith. zioH 
'to yawn*. 

ye pron. me. 5^ oe. j^ fr. a 
prehistoric jiz = DU. gij\ oSAX. 
gty ohg. ir (for *jir) g. xAr; 
oldest TEUT. form juz in goth. 
y«j 'ye'. Ident. w. skr. yuy-am 
ye': ARYAN stem iw—yu. 



year — yolk 



233 



yea adv. me. 5^ oe. ^ed (for 
*^d) = OSAX. OHG. j'd G,ja yes*; 
oldest form goth. ja yes\ — 
yes ME. y^s oe. lese for *ied- 
swd prop, yea so* (cp. me. nese 
fur ne-swa), 

yean older ean vb. me. ('ne 
oe. fanian (le-^anian) *to yean': 
derived fr. a teut. «w«^- (for 
agwna-) *lamb* = lat. agnus, 
OIR. lianx ARYAN base aghno-. 

year vb. me. i^r oe. jjfr (j/r^ir 
for *5^r) ^= OHG. y^r G. ^V/^r, 
j>u, jaar, ON. dr, goth, j'ir: Teut. 
base jira-; cogn. w. the ablauted 
GR. (jjgog year — al(>a *season' 
and w. AVEST. ydre year'. 

yearn vb. 'desire' me. yffrne fr. 
ME. y^rn oe. ^^orn 'desirous* 
(whence also the umlauted oe. 
ip-nan *desire') = goth. gairns^ 
OSAX. OHG. gern 'desirous*: teut. 
V^^^r in OHG. gerdn G. begehren 
— OHG. g'er 'desirous* — girt (g. 
gier) sb. 'desire*, aryan \fgher 
in SKR. hary vb. 'deSire*. 

yell vb. ME. j^elle oe. jjillan 
(lillan) = OHG. gellan G. gellen, 
DU. gillertf ON. gjalla 'to resound*. 
Cp. stanyelL 

yellow adj. me. j^/a/^ oe. "^eolo 
(infl. leohu') fr. a Teut. base 
g'elwa' in oSAX. ohg. ^^/(C? g. ^^/^, 
DU. geel: aryan base ghelwo- in 
LAT. htlvus 'light yellow*, aryan 
\Pghel also in on. ^«/r 'yellow', 
GR. ;^Xfo^05 'green*, OSLOV. zelenu 
'yellow*; from the same root 
also gold (and glow}). — 
yellow-hammer (a bird's name) 



rests on the equiv. oe. amore = 
OHG. amero G. ammer, 

yelp vb. ME. lelpe oe. f^elpan 
(lilpan) str. vb. 'to boast' = on. 
gjalpa^ OHG. gelpfan. 

yes see yea. 

yesterday adv. me. ysterday 
OE. f^eostrandai (lystrandaj) prop, 
only geostra{n) = ohg. gesiardn 
G. gestern^ du. gisteren (gister^ 
avond)\ cp. goth. gistra-dagis 
with the sense of 'tomorrow*. 
Teut. base gestra^y cogn. w. on. 
/-^^sr and lat. heri\ GR. ;^^fc'c 
and SKR. ^^tfj 'yesterday' point 
to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yester- 
day*. 

yet adv. me. ^et short for oe. 
lit (ufl, pi); ident. w. ofries. 
tela ela 'yet*. 

ye>v vb. me. ^ oe. ^ow ho 
= OHG. twa G. «^<f, ON. ^r\ Teut. 
base m/^-, ident. w. oe. eoh 'yew' 
— OHG. iha yew*, fr. (/"(whence 
borrowed DU. ijf) is of Teut* 
origin. Cp. also cymr. yw 'yew', 

yield vb. me. ^ilde oe. i^ldan 
(pldan) str. vb. 'to pay' = goth. 
gildan^ ON. gjalda^ OHG. gellan 
str. vb. *to pay': teut. \f^g'eld. 

yoke sb. me. j*?^ (pi. ipkes) oe. 
j^^V (pi. ledcu) = GOTH. y«^, 

ON. ok (for *y^^), DU. y«y^, OHG. 

J oh G. /i?M: Teut. base joka-y 
ARYAN base jiigO' in lat. jugum 
GR. IvyoVt SKK. yugd'yoke . aryan 
sTJug in GR. lisvyyviLu, lat. 
Jungere, skr. ^«/ 'to yoke'. 

yolk sb. ME. lolke {^elke) oe. 
^eoleca for teut. gel(w)ukan-: 



234 



yon — yule 



derived fr. teut. gehua' =.yel'' 
low, 

yon pron. me. 5^« j^gn oe. Tj^on 
(see beyond)) cogn. w. goth. 
jainSy OHG. jener G. jener, 

yore adv. me. i^e oe. j^^ra 
(pron. y^rtf) prop. *of years' gen. 
plur. of OE. ledr = year, 

yov/ pron. me. low ace. dat. 
of i{f (= j/^), oe. fow ace. dat. 
of 5^ (= j'^); ident. w. oho. 
OSAX. eu OHG. 22^: ARYAN base 
iw under ye. 

young adj. me. long ^ung oe. 
leong (prop. Jung) = goth. juggs, 
OSAX. OHG. G. jung, DU. ;V?«^, ON. 
««^r (for *Jungr): teut. junga-, 
contracted fr. juwungo- = lat. 
juvencus, skr. yuvofa *young': 
ARYAN base fuw?nko- (ablauted 
by form in cymr. ieuanc young*). 
Cogn. w. u^i.juvenisy SKR.yuvan, 
OSLOV. junu, lATU^jdunas young*. 



— youth sb. ME. ^oulA^ older 
y4wede for yigede ok. jugod (^eo' 
god) = OSAX. jugud fr. a base 
jugunp' in ooG.jugund G. jugend: 
TEUT. jugunf' probably for /«- 
wunp' cp. LAT. juven-t-a (and 
GOTH, junda contracted for ''^iw- 
wundd); derived fr. ary as j'utaen- 
in LAT. juvenis, skr. yteuan etc. 
yule sb. me. g,^'/ fr. on. y<^/; 
ident. w. OE. ifol (contracted 
fr. leohol) ^Christmas'. Cogn. w. 
GOTH, jiuieis november' = on. 
fUr (oe. GiuH in Be da). Teut. 
base jeula- (in on. j6t) and/rW- 
jd'- (in goth. jiuieis) : oe. yiohhol 
'Christmas' points to tex^i. jehw- 
h' (by the side of jeula- for 
fegwla-)) probably related to 
on. // 'snow-storm' (teut. base 
J'ehwld), Hence Yule 'the time 
of snow-storms' and goth. jiuieis 
'the month of snow-storms'. 



IS 



V 



To avoid fine, this book should be returned on 
or before the date last stamped below 



lOH — 9-S0 






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