Skip to main content

Full text of "The English flora"

See other formats 


THE 

ENGLISH    FLORA, 


BY 

SIR  JAMES   EDWARD   SMITH,  M.D.  F.R.S. 

MEMBER    OF    THE    ACADEMIES    OF 

STOCKHOLxM,  UPSAL,  TURIN,  LISBON,  PHILADELPHIA,  NEW  YORK,  ETC.  ETC.; 

THE  IMPERIAL  ACAD.  NATUR-ffi  CURIOSORUM, 

AND 

THE    ROYAL    ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES    AT    PARIS,* 

HONORARY  MEMBER  OF  THE  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON; 

AND 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  LINN^AN  SOCIETY. 


Mentharum  valde  ferax  est  Anglia  nostra,  nam  praeter  species  de  novo  hlc 
additas,  quatuor  alias  peculiaribus  nominibus  recensentur  a  Merreto  in  Pin.  et 
plures  proeter  has  turn  a  D.  Buddie  turn  a  D.  Rand  observatae  sunt.  Sed 
cum  de  iis  nobis  nondum  satis  constet,  ulteriori  eas  observationi  relinquere  ne- 
cesse  habuimus.  DiU,  apud  Raii  Syn.  ed.  3.  232. 


VOL.  IIL 


LONDON: 

nilNTED  FOR 

LONGMAN,  HURST,  REES,  ORME,  BROWN  and  GREEN, 

VATERNOSTLR-ROW. 

1825. 


V.2 


i'RINTEn  BY  RICHARD  TATLOR, 
SriOE-LANE,   LONDON. 


BOOKS  QUOTED  IN  VOL.  III., 

IN  ADDITION  TO  THOSE  IN  VOL.  I.  AND  II. 


Bartholin,  Act.  Hafn. — Bartholin,  Thomas,  Acta  Medica  et  Phi- 

losophica  Hafniensia.    Copenhagen.   1673 — 1680.  vol.  1 — 5. 

quarto. 
Berg.  Mat.  Med. — Bergius,  Peter  Jonas,  Materia  Medica  e  Regno 

Vegetabili.     Stockholm.  1778.  octavo.  2  volumes. 
Bertolon.  Am.  Ital. — Bertoloni,  Antony,  Ama^nitates  Italicce.    Bo- 
logna. 1819.  quarto. 
Bigelow,    Boston  Flora. — Bigelow,  Jacob,    Florula  Bostoniensis. 

Boston,  N.  England.  1814.  octavo. 
Bivona-Bernardi,    Cent. — Bivona-Bernardi,    Antony,     Sicularum 

Plantarum  Centuria   Prima,   et  Secunda.      Palermo.   1806. 

quarto. 
Blackstone. — Blackstone,  J.,  Fasciculus  Plantarum  circa  Harejield 

sponte  nascentium.  London.  1737.  octavo. 
Brugnon,  Mem.  de  VAcad.  de  Turin. — Brugnon,  M.,  Observations 

et  experiences  sur  la  qualite  v^n^neuse  et  m^me  meurtriere  de  la 

Renoncule  des  champs.    In  Mem.  de  VAc.  de  Turin,  v.  4.    Tu- 
rin. 1788,  1789.  quarto. 
Burm.  Ger. — Burmann,  Nicholas  Laurence,  Specimen  Botanicum 

de  Geraniis.     Leijden.  M^*'^.  quarto. 
Caii  Opusc. — Caii,  Johannis,  Britanni,  De  Canibus  Britannicis,  de 

Rariorum  AnimaUum  et  Stirpium  Historia,  et  de  Libris  Pro- 

priis.  London.  1570.  octavo. 
Cavan.  Diss. — Cavanilles,  Antony  Joseph,  Monadelphice  Classis 

Dissertationes  Decem.     Madrid.  1790.  quarto. 
Camp.  ed.  4. — Smith,  James  Edward,  Compendium  Florce  Britan- 

nica^.  ed.  4.  London.  1825.  duodecimo. 
Danti  d'Isnard. — Danti  d'Isnard,  Beschrcihung  der  Sterndistcl.  In 

Mem.  de  VAcad.  des  Sc.     See  Vaillant,  among  books  quoted 

in  vol.  1 . 
DeCand.  Prodr. — DeCandolle,   Augustus   Pyramus,    Prodromus 

Systcmatis  Naturalis  Regni  regetabilis.    Paris.  1824.  octaro, 

vol.  \st. 
Dickenson,  in  Shaw's  Staffordshire. — Dickenson,  Rev.  Samuel,  in 

Shaw's  Historv  of  Staftbrdsliire. 
a2 


iv  BOOKS    QUOTED    IN    VOL.    III. 

Diosc.  Ic. — Dioscoridis,  Icones. — Engravings  of  Plants,  after  the 
drawings  of  a  celebrated  antient  manuscript  in  the  Imperial 
Library  at  Vienna,  executed  under  the  inspection  of  Professor 
von  Jacquin,  who  sent  a  set  of  the  impressions  to  Linnseus, 
and  gave  or  lent  another  to  the  late  Dr.  J.  Sibthorp.     The 
copper  plates  having  been  subsequently  destroyed  by  a  fire, 
no  other  copies  exist. 
Forst.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  8.— Forster,  Thomas  Furley,  Account  of 
a  new  British  Species  of  Caltlia.    Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  8.   Lon- 
don. 1807. 
FrcelichinUst.  Annal.  v.  1.  24.— Frcelich,  J.  A.,  Differentia  speci- 
Jica  Sonchi  alpini  australis  et  S.  canadensis.    Ust.  Annal.  v.  1. 
See  Ust. 
Gerard,  Gallopr. — Gerard,  Louis,  Flora  G alio -provincialis.    Paris. 

1761.  octavo. 
Gouan,  Fl.  Monsp. — Gouan,  Antony,  Flora  Monspeliaca.  Lyons. 

1765.  octavo. 
Grev.  Edin. — Greville,  Robert  Kaye,  Flora  Edinensis.  Edinburgh. 

1 824.  octavo. 
Hall.  Enum.  Rar. — Haller,  Albert  von,  Enumeratio  Stirpium  qu(B 
in  Helvetia  rariores  proveniunt.  octavo.   Without  title  or  date, 
unpublished,  very  rare. 
Herb.  Cliff. — Clifford,  George,  his  Herbarium,  answering  to  the 
Hortus  CUffortianus.    Now  a  part  of  the  Banksian  Collection. 
Hosack  in  Amer.  et  Phil.  Register. — Hosack,  David,  Information 
concerning  the  Canada  Thistle,  in  a  communication  from  S.  L. 
Mitchill,  Memb.  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  New   York. 
Amer.  Med,  et  P/iilos.  Register,  v.  \.  1814.     New-York,  oc- 
tavo. 
Host,  Syn. — Host,  Nicholas  Thomas,  Synopsis  Plantarum  in  Au' 
stria,  Provinciisque  adjacentibus,  sponte  crescentium.   Vienna. 
1797 .  octavo. 
Hull,  ed.  1.— Hull,  John,  British  Flora.  Manchester.\799.  octavo. 
Isnard.     See  Danti  d'Isnard. 
Lam.  Frang. — Lamarck,  Chev.  de,  Flore  Frangoise.     Paris.  1 778. 

octavo.  3  volumes. 
Le  Monnier,  Obs. — Monnier,  M.  le.  Observations  d'Histoire  Na- 
turelle,  faites  dans  les  Provinces  Meridionales  de  la  France. 
1739.  quarto. 
UHerit.     Geraniol. — L'Heritier,    Charles    Louis,     Geraniologia. 

Plates  only  published.     Paris.  \7S7.  folio. 
Linn.  Hort.  Ups. — Linnaeus,  or  von  Linn^,  Charles,  Hortus  Upsa- 
liensis.     Stockholm.  1748.  octavo. 

—  Hyper. Diss.  Acad.de Hijperico.  Ups.  ]776.  quarto. 

It.  Scan. Skanska  Resa.  Stockholm.  1751.  octavo. 

Lyons  Ease. — Lyons,  Israel,  Fasciculus  Plantarum  circa  Cantabri- 

giam.     London.  1763.  octavo, 
Mich.  Hort.  Florent.—MicheW,  Peter  Antony,  Catalogus  Planta- 
rum Horti  Ccesarii  Florentini.     Florence.  \7 48.  folio. 


BOOKS    (QUOTED    IN    VOL.    III.  V 

Petiv.  Cent. — Petiver^  James,  Musei  Petiveriani  Centuria  Prima, 

London.  1695.  octavo. 
Pharmac.  Lond. — Pharmacopceia  Collegii  Regalis  Medicorum  Lon- 

dinensis.     London,  duodecimo,  various  editions. 
Pluk.  Mant. — Plukenet,  Leonard,  Almagesti  Botanici  Mantissa, 

London.  1700.  quarto. 
Pulten.   Dorset. — Pulteney,    Richard,    Catalogues  of  the  Birds, 
Shells,  and  some  of  the  more  rare  Plants,  of  Dorsetshire.  LoU' 
don.  1799. folio. 
Raii  Sijllog. — Ray,  John,  Stirpiwn  Europcearum  extra  Britannias 

nascentium  Sylloge.  London.  1694.  octavo. 
—  Syn,  ed.  1 .  '  Synopsis  Methodica  Stirpium  Britannia 

carum.  London.  1  690.  octavo. 
Robert,  Ic. — Robert,  N.,  Diverses  Fleurs  dhsinees  et  gravees  d'apres 

le  Naturel.  Paris,  quarto,  tab.  31. 
Salisb.  Ic. — Salisbury,  Richard  Antony,  Icones  Stirpium  Rariorum. 
London.  17  9  \.  folio. 

in  Ann.  of  Bot. Description  of  the  Natural  Order 

of  Nymphceece.  Sims  and  Kon.  Ann.  v.  2.  69 — 7Q. 
Sav.  Etrusc. — Savi,  Cajetan,  Botanicon  Etruscum.    Pisa.  1808. 

octavo.  2  volumes. 
Schkuhr   Handb. — Schkuhr,    Christian,     Botanisches    Handbuch. 

Wittenberg.  1/91  —  1803.  octavo.  3  volumes. 
Schreb.  Unilab. — Schreber,  John  Christian  Daniel  von,  Flantarum 
Verticillatarum   Unilabiatarum   Genera  et  Species.    Leipsic. 
1774.  quarto. 

Waidt.  —  Schreber,    Daniel    Godfrey,  Beschreibung  des 

Waidtes.  Halle.  1752.  quarto. 
Scop.  Insubr. — Scopoli,  John  Antony,  Delicice  Florce  et  Faunoe  In- 

subriccB.     Pavia.  1786 — \7SQ.  folio.  3  volumes. 
Seringne,  Aeon. — Seringue,  Nichohis  Charles,  Esquisse  d'une  Mo- 

nographie  du  Genre  Aconitum.     Geneva.  1825.  quarto. 
Shiercliff,  Bristol  Guide.— ShiercWf^,  E.,  The  Bristol  and  Hot-well 

Guide.     Bristol.  1793.  octavo. 

Sincl.  ed.  2.  London.  1824.  octavo,  with  plates.  See  Sincl.  in  vol.  1 . 

Sm.  Tour  on  the  Continent. — Smith,  James  Edward,  A  Sketch  of 

a  Tour  on  the  Continent,  in  the  years  1786  and  1787.  London. 

1793.  octavo.  3  volumes.  Ed.  2.  London.  1807.  3  volumes. 

Sole,  Menth. — Sole,  William,  Mentha;  Britanniccc.    Bath.  1798. 

folio. 
Sutton,  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc. — Sutton,  Charles,  A  Description  of  Five 
British  Species  ofOrobanche.     Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  4.    London. 
1798. 
Svensk  /io^— Palmstruch,  J.W.,  Svensk  Botanik.  Stockholm.\S02, 

&c.  octavo. 
Tabern.  Ic. — Tabcrniemontanus,  Jacob  Theodore,  Eiconcs  Plan- 
tarum.      Frankfurt.  l.">9(),  ohloiig  quarto. 

' Kr<iutfirb. Kri/utcrhuch.     Danfzic.  1664. 

folio. 


VI  -BOOKS    QUOTED    IN    VOL.    III. 

Timm  in  Mag.  fur  Nat.  Mecklenb. — Timm,  Joach'm  Christopher, 

in  Mecklenburgh  Magazine,  octavo. 
Tourn.  Par. — Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton,  Histoire  des  Planfes  qui 

naissent  aux  environs  de  Paris,     Paris.  1698.  duodecimo. 
Turn.  Herb. — Turner,  William,  Herball.     Cologne.  \ 568.  folio. 
Velley  PL  Marit. — Velley,  Thomas,   Coloured  Figures  of  Marine 

Plants,  S^c.     Bath.  \7 9b.  folio. 
Venten.  in  Sims  and  Kon.  Ann. — Ventenat,  Prof.,  A  Monograph  of 

the  Genus  Tilia.  Sims  and  Kon.  Ann.  v.  1.  207— 219.  1805. 


ENGLISH   FLORA- 


Class  XIII.  POLYANDRIA.    Stam. 
numerous^  f 7  om  the  receptacle. 

Order  I.    MONOGYNIA,     Pistil  I. 

*  Petals  4. 

265.   PAPAVER.   Cal^.ioi' 2  leaves.    CV^.  of  1  cell,  open- 
ing by  pores  under  the  stigma, 

263.  CHELIDONIUM.     C^/.  of  2  leaves.    Pod  oil  ceW, 

Seeds  crested. 

264.  GLAUCIUM.    Cfl'/.  of  2  leaves.    Porfof  2  or  3  cells. 

Seeds  dotted. 

262.  ACTyEA.     Cal.  of  4  leaves.     Be^^y  of  1  cell.     Seeds 
depressed,  in  2  vertical  rows. 

Cist  us  I,  occasinnnlh/. 

**  Petals  n. 

269.   CISTUS.      CV7;;.«r.  of  several  valves.     Seeds  nxxmevows. 

Cal.  of  5  permanent  leaves,  2  of  them  smaller. 
268.  TILIA.     Caps,   of  several    close    cells.      Seeds   few. 

Cal.  in  5  deep,  valvular,  equal  segments,  deciduous. 

Dfi/phininni    I . 
vol..    III.  i; 


###  Petals  numerous. 

266.  NYMPHiEA.     Berri/  coated,  of  many  cells.     Cal, 

larger  than  the  petals.     PeL  seated  on  the  germen. 
Nect.  in  the  centre  of  the  stigma. 

267.  NUPHAR.     5^rn/ coated,  of  many  cells.     Pet.  from 

the  receptacle,  furrowed  and  honey-bearing  at  the 
back. 

Order  11.    PENTAGYNIA.     Pistils  2— 6. 

270.  PiEONI  A.     Cal.  of  5  leaves.     Pet.  5.     Styles  none. 

Follicles  with  many  seeds. 

271.  DELPHINIUM.      Cal.  0.     Pet.  5,  the  upper  one 

spurred.  Nect.  divided,  tubular,  sessile,  in  the  spur. 

272.  ACONITUM.   Cal.  0.  Pet.  5,  the  upper  one  hooded. 

Nect.  2,  recurved,  stalked,  under  the  hood. 

273.  AQUILEGIA.    Cal.O.    Pet.  5,  equal    Nect.  5,  spur- 

red below. 

274.  STRATIOTES.      Cal.  superior,   3-cleft.       Pet.  3. 

Berry  coated,  of  6,  or  more,  cells. 
Beseda  1.     Helleborus  1,2. 

Order  III.  POLYGYRIA.    PiUils  numerous. 

277.  THALICTRUM.    Cal.  0.    Pet.  4  or  5,  imbricated. 

Seeds  without  any  appendage. 

276.  CLEMATIS.    Cal.O.    P^/^.  4— 8,  valvular,  or  folded 
in  at  the  edges.     Seeds  tailed.     Recept.  capitate. 

275.  ANEMONE.   Cal.O.   P^^.  5— 15,  imbricated.   Seeds 

numerous. 

281.  HELLEBORUS.    Cal.O.  P^/.  5,  permanent.   Nect. 

tubular,  2-lipped.     Follicles  3  or  4. 

282.  CALTHA.    Cal.O.    Pet.  5,  or  more.    Nect.  0.    Ful- 

lie.  5—10. 
280.  TROLLIUS.     Cal.O.  P^/f.  5— 15,  deciduous.  Nect. 
flattened.     Follic.  numerous. 

279.  RANUNCULUS.    C«/.  of  5  leaves.    Pet.  B,  or  more, 
with  nectaries  in  their  claws.  Seeds  numerous,  naked. 

278.  ADONIS.      CW.  of  5  leaves.     Pet.  5—15.    Nect.O. 

Seeds  numerous,  naked. 


POLYANDRIA  MONOGYNIA, 

262.     ACTiEA.     Bane-berries. 

Linn.  Gen.  261 .     Jnss.  235.     Fl.  Br.  562.     Lam.  t.  448.     Gcertn. 

t.\\4. 
Christophoriana.     Town,  t,  154. 

Nat.  Ord.  Multisiliquce.  Linn.  26.  Ranunculacece  spur  ice, 
Juss.  61.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1.  ord.  1. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  4  roundish-oblong,  concave,  obtuse,  deci- 
duous leaves.  Pet.  4,  alternate  with  the  calyx,  oblong  or 
obovate,  with  claws,  deciduous.  Filam.  numerous,  about 
30,  cylindrical,  swelling  upwards.  Anth.  of  two  lobes, 
sessile  on  the  inner  side  of  the  summit  of  each  filament. 
Germ,  superior,  ovate.  Style  none.  Stigma  round,  thick, 
obliquely  depressed.  Berry  nearly  globular,  with  a  late- 
ral furrow,  smooth,  of  one  cell,  not  bursting.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, semiorbicular,  depressed,  ranged  vertically  over 
each  other  in  two  rows. 

Perennial  herbs.,  natives  of  cold  countries,  with  compound 
or  lobed,  cut  leaves^  and  clustered  white  Jlowers.  Ber- 
ries black,  red,  or  white.  Qualities  fetid,  nauseous,  and 
dangerous.  The  many  styles.,  and  capsular  fruity  of  Ci- 
micifuga  may  surely  keep  that  genus  distinct;  but  De- 
Candolle  thinks  otherwise. 

\ .  K.  spicata.  Black  Bane-berries    Tlerb  Christopher. 
Cluster  dense,  ovate.     Petals  the  length  of  the  stameiik 
A.  spicata.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  722.   mild.  v.  2.  \  139.  FLBr.562.  tngl. 

Sot.  V.  13.  /.018     riook.  Scot.  167.    DeCand.  Syst.v.  1  384.  Fl 

Dan.  t.  498,  not  58!),  ^.s    In  IFilldenow  and  DeCandolle.    Bull. 

Ft.  t.  83.    U'ahtenb.  Lapp.  150,  a  not  jS. 
A.  n.  1076.  Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  24. 
CMiristophoriana.      Rail  Syn.  262.      Ger.  Em.  970.  f.     Clus.  Hist. 

V.  2.  86.  f.      Tillands  fc.  148./. 
Napellus  racemosus.     Dalech.  Hi.s-f.  1747.  /'. 
Aconitum  rjicemosuni,  Actaea  quibusdam.     Bauh.  Hi.^t.  r.  3.  p.  2. 

660./. 
In  bushy  mountainous  lime-stone  situations,  rare. 
In  the  north-west  corner  of  Yorkshire,  as  about   Malham  Cove, 

('laphani,  Askrigg,  and  the  base  of  Ingleborough  hill  ;  found 

by  several  botanists  in   Ray's  time,  and  by  others  in  our  davs. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Wood  of  Leeds  noticed  it  about  Tliorpe  .\rch. 
Perennial.      Mai/,  Junr. 

n  2 


4   POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Chelidonium. 

Root  creeping,  somewhat  fleshy.  Stem  triangular,  12  or  18  inches 
high,  leafy,  but  little  branched.  Whole  plant  nearly  or  quite 
smooth.  Leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate  j  leaflets  ovate,  of  a 
deep  shining  green,  an  inch  or  two  long,  sharply  serrated,  cut, 
partly  lobed.  Flowers  several,  white  with  a  slight  blush-colour, 
in  a  rather  close  ovate  cluster,  resembling  a  spike ;  each  with  a 
small  solitary  bractea,  under  its  downy  partial  stalk.  Berries 
purplish-black,  juicy,  the  size  of  currants,  not  eatable. 

Toads  are  reported  to  enjoy  the  fetid  odour  of  this  plant. 

2(i3.  CHELIDONIUM.     Celandine. 

Linn,  Gen.  262.  Juss.  236.  Fl.  Br.  562.  Tourn.  M  16.  Lam. 
t.450.     Gcertn.  t.Wb. 

Nat.  Ord.  Rhoeadecc.  Linn.  27.  Papaveracece.  Juss.  62. 
DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  ord.  9.    N.  264,  265  the  same. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  2  roundish-ovate,  concave,  acute,  decidu- 
ous leaves.  Pet.  4,  equal,  roundish,  flat,  spreading,  nar- 
rowest at  the  base.  Filam.  numerous,  about  30,  dilated 
upwards,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anth,  vertical,  erect, 
compressed,  obtuse,  of  2  lobes.  Germ,  superior,  cylin- 
drical, the  length  of  the  stamens.  Style  none.  Stigma 
small,  obtuse,  cloven.  Pod  linear,  somewhat  cylindrical, 
of  1  cell,  and  2  undulated,  deciduous  valves.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, nearly  oval,  dotted,  polished,  with  a  pale,  com- 
pressed, notched  crest  along  the  upper  edge ;  disposed  in 
2  rows,  on  short  stalks,  along  a  linear,  permanent,  mar- 
ginal receptacle,  at  each  side,  between  the  edges  of  the 
valves. 

Herbaceous,  brittle,  with  orange-coloured  juice.  Root 
perennial.  Leaves  pinnate,  or  pinnatifid,  Fl.  unibellate, 
yellow. 

1.  Ch.  ma/us.     Common  Celandine. 

Ch.  majiis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  723.     mild.  v.  2.  1  141.     Fl.  Br  563. 

Ejigl.Bot.v.22.t.\5S].  Woodv.Suppl.t.2Q3.  Hook.  Scot.  \67. 

DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  98.     Fl.  Dan  t,  542.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  6\.   Ger. 

£m.  1069./.    Fuchs.  Hist.  865.  f.     Trag.  Hist.\07.f.    Matth. 

Valgr.  V.  1 .  576./.     Camer.  Epit.  402./. 
Ch.  n.  1059.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  13. 

Ch.  majus  vulgare.     Bauh.  Pin.  144.     Mill.  Ic.Gl.  t.  92.  f.  1. 
Chelidonia.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1 .  236./.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.p  2.  482./ 
Papaver  corniculatum.  luteum,  Chelidonia  dictum.    Rail  Syn.  309. 
/3.  Fl.  Br.  563. 
Ch.  majus,  foliis  quernis.       Bauh.  Pin.  144,      DHL  in.  Rail  Syn. 

309.     MilL  To.  6\.t.  92./.  2.     FL  Dan.  t.676. 
Ch.  majus,  folio  magis  dissecto.     Ger.  Em.  1069./. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.    Glaucium.       5 

Ch.  folio  laciniato.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  483./. 

Ch.  laciniatum.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  99. 

In  waste  ground  and  thickets,  especially  on  a  chalky  soil. 

3.  Found  plentifully  at  Wimbleton,  Surrey,  by  Mr.  Martyn.  Dillenius. 

Perennial.     Mat/,  June. 

Root  spindle-shaped.  Stem  2  feet  high,  branched,  swelled  at  the 
joints,  leafy,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  very  deeply  pin- 
natifid,  as  Prof.  DeCandolle  justly  observes,  rather  than  pin- 
nate ;  their  lobes  2  or  3  pair,  with  a  larger  terminal  one,  all 
rounded,  bluntly  lobed  and  notched  ;  the  lateral  ones  sometimes 
dilated  at  their  lower  margin,  near  the  base,  almost  as  if  auri- 
cled  ;  their  colour  a  deep  shining  green.  Fl.  bright  yellow,  in 
umbels  on  long,  often  hairy,  stalks.  Calyx  tawny,  often  hairy. 
Seeds  black  and  shining,  each  with  a  whitish  deciduous  crest. 

Every  part  is  brittle,  and,  when  broken,  discharges  an  orange- 
coloured,  fetid  juice,  with  which,  as  Dioscorides  reports.  Swal- 
lows were  supposed  to  restore  the  sight  of  their  young  if  blinded  j 
whence  the  name,  formed  from  the  greek  appellation  of  a  Swal- 
low. Dioscorides  favours  another  meaning,  which  is  that  the 
plant  appears  and  disappears  with  those  birds.  Its  orange  juice 
probably  caused  it  to  be  given  in  the  jaundice. 

Our  variety  /3,  characterized  by  the  jagged  foliage  and  petals,  first 
mentioned  as  an  English  plant,  though  merely  as  a  variety,  by 
Dillenius,  not  Ray,  has  recently  been  made  a  species  by  M.  De- 
('andolle  and  some  other  botanists.  Appearances  are  against  it, 
though  Miller  found  no  alteration  in  plants  raised  from  seed. 

2(34.     GLAUCIUxM.     Horned-poppy. 

Tournef  t.  130.     Juss.  236.      Fl.  Br.  5G3.     Frodr.  Fl.  Grcec.  v.  1. 

357.     Gcerin.  t.  115.     DeCand.  Syst.  i\  2.  94. 
C7?z(/er  Chelidonium,  in  Linn.  Gen.  262. 

Nat.  Orel,  see  n.  263. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  2  oblong,  concave,  acute,  deciduous  leaves. 
Pet.  4,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  roundisli-obovate, 
undulated,  crumpled,  spreading,  with  short  claws,  deci- 
duous; 2  opposite  ones  rather  the  smallest.  Filam.  nu- 
merous, caj)illary,  short.  Anth.  roundish,  terminal,  of  2 
lobes.  Germ,  superior,  cylindrical,  or  somewhat  com- 
pressed, longer  than  the  stamens.  Style  none.  Stigma 
large,  abrupt,  permanent,  of  2  or  3  cloven,  compressed, 
downy  lobes.  Pod  linear,  very  long,  of  2  or  3  linear, 
concave  valves,  and  as  many  cells.  Seeds  numerous, 
convex  at  the  outer  side,  pitted  in  regular  lines,  without 
a  crest,  disposed  irregularly  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  being 
sunk  in  the  hollows  oi"  a  spongy  or  membranous  par- 
lition,    connected    with   llie   linear    marginal   rccrp/ar/r^. 


6      POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Glaucium. 

which  are  placed  between  the  edges  of  the  valves,  and 
bear  the  seeds  on  short  stalks. 

Jussieu  doubted  whether  the  spongy  cellular  body,  in  which 
the  seeds  are  sunk,  were  really  a  partition ;  but  the  mem- 
branous, likewise  cellular,  indubitable  partitions  of  G.  vio- 
laceum^  prove  the  true  nature  of  that  body,  and  he  was 
too  judicious  to  separate  this  last-mentioned  species  ge- 
nerically  from  the  rest.  Prof.  Hooker  having  examined 
only  one  species,  G.  luteum,  was  led  by  Jussieu  into  a  mis- 
take, and  found  fault  with  Gaertner's  figure  of  G.  phceni- 
ceum^  which  is  peculiarly  excellent  and  correct. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  mostly  glaucous,  with  yellow  fetid 
juice.  Leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid  and  subdivided  ; 
the  upper  ones  sessile.  Flox<oers  solitary,  stalked,  lateral 
or  terminal,  yellow,  scarlet,  or  violet,  very  handsome. 

1 .   G.  luteum.     Yellow  Horned-poppy. 

Stem  smooth.  Stem-leaves  wavy.  Pod  rough ish  with 
minute  tubercles. 

G.  luteum.  Scop.  Cam.  v.  1 .  369.  Gcertn.  v.  2.  I  (;6.  Fl.  Br.  .i63. 
Hook.  Lond.t.^^    Scot.  167.      IVilld .  En  urn .  o  6  2 . 

G.  flavum.     DeCancl.  Syst.  v.  2.91. 

G.  n.  1060.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  14. 

Chelidonium  glaucium.  Isinn.  Sp.  PI.  724.  Willd.v.2  1142. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  \.t.9,.     Ft.  Dan.  t.  58.5 

Papaver  corniculatum.  Fuchs.  Hist  f)20.f.  Camer.  Epif.  805./, 
Lob.  Ic.  270./. 

P.  corniculatum  luteum.   Banh.  Hist.v.^.p.2.'A9^  f-  Raii  Sijn."'>09. 

P.  rornutum.      Cord.  Hist.  1.31./     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2  40/./ 

P.  cornutum,  flore  luteo.      Ger.  Em.  367.  f. 

On  the  sandy  sea  coast. 

Biennial.     July,  August. 

Root  spindle-shaped.  Plant  very  glaucous.  Stems  spreading,  2 
or  3  feet  long,  round,  branched,  leafy,  smooth.  Radical  leaves 
numerous,  stalked,  a  span  long,  pinnatifid,  lyrate,  lobed,  cut, 
hairy,  lasting  through  the  winter ;  stem-leaves  sessile,  less  rough, 
short,  broad,  lobed,  and  cut,  clasping  the  stem  with  their  heart- 
shaped  base.  Flower-stalks]nterd\  and  terminal, smooth, scarcely 
so  long  as  the  calyx,  which  is  rough  with  short  hairs,  falling  off 
as  the  flower  opens.  Petals  1  \  inch  long,  of  a  golden  yellow, 
certainly  answering  rather  to  the  latin  word  Jlavus  than  to  lu- 
teus,  but  the  latter  appellation  has  been  most  generally  adopted. 
Pud  nearly  a  foot  long,  curved,  roughish  with  minute  tubercles, 
never  hairy,  rarely  quite  smooth.  The.spongy  substance  of  the 
partition  is  united  with  the  lateral  receptacles,  by  which  indeed  it 
is  formed,  and  this  union  is  )>ermanent.  The  surface  of  the 
seeds,  in  every  species,  is  curiously  cellular. 


POLYANDRIA-MONOGYNIA.    Glaucium.      7 

2.  G.  phceniceum.     Scarlet  Horned-poppy. 

Stem  hairy.  Stem-leaves  pinnatifid,  cut.  Pod  rough  with 
upright  bristles. 

G.  phoeniceum  .      GcFrtn.  v.  2.  165.  t.  1 15.     Fl.  Br.  564.      Engl. 

Bot,  V.  20.  t.  1433.     Fl.  Grcec.  t.  489.     Willd.  Enum.  562. 
G.  corniculatum.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  f.32.  DeCayid.  Syst.  i;.2.96. 
G.  hirsutum,  flora  phaniceo.      Toiirn.  Inst.  2.54. 
Chelidonium  corniculatum.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  724.     Willd.  v.  2. 1 143. 
Papaver  corniculatum  phoeniceum,  folio  hirsuto.     Bauh.Hist  v.  3. 

p.  2.  399./ 
P.  corniculatum,  flore  phoeniceo.    Lob.  Adv.  109.     Ohs.  141./. 
P.  cornutum,  phoeniceo   flore.      Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  91./     Lob.  Ic. 

27]. f. 
P.  cornutum,  flore  rubro.     Ger.  Em.  367./ 

In  sandy  fields,  or  on  the  sea  coast,  a  very  rare,  or  perhaps  doubt- 
ful, native. 

In  Portland  island.  Label.  Sent  from  Norfolk  by  Mr.  Stillingfleet. 
Hudson.    No  person  has  found  it  since. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  rsiihev  less  glaucous,  and  more  upright,  than 
the  preceding.  Stem  clothed  with  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  all 
oblong,  hairy,  deeply  and  unequally  pinnatifid  and  cut  -,  the 
upper  ones  clasping  the  stem.  Flower-stalks  hairy,  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  which  is  very  hairy.  Petals  smaller  and  narrower 
than  in  G.  luteum,  of  a  rich  scarlet,  with  an  oblong  black  spot  at 
the  base.  Pod  clothed  with  numerous,  rigid,  silky,  close-pressed, 
or  upright,  bristles.  Its  structure  is  perfectly  well  represented 
by  Gaertner,  with  the  spongy  partition,  closely  united  with  the 
marginal  receptacles. 

Corniculatum,  as  a  specific  name,  is  applicable  to  the  whole  genus, 
serving  originally  to  distinguish  it  from  Papaver. 

3.  G.  violaceurn,      Violet  Horned-poppy. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  linear,  smooth.     Stem  smooth. 

Pod  of  three  valves  and  three  cells,  with  membranous 

partitions. 
G.  violaceum.      Juss.  Gen.  236.     Fl.  Br.  565.     FL.  Grcec.  t.  490. 

Relh.  204       IVilld.  Enum.  562. 
G.  flore  violacro.     Tourn.  Inst.  254. 
Chelidonium  hybridum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  724.       mild,  v   2.  1143. 

Enfrl.  Bot.  V.  3.  t.  201. 
Papaver  corniculatum  violaceum.  Bauh.  Hist. v.  3. p.  2. 399./.   Lob. 

Ic.  272.  f.     Dod.  Pempt.  449./     Kaii  Syn.  309. 
P.  cornutum,  flore  violaceo.      Ger.  Em.  367.  f.     Moris,  v.  2.  274. 

sect.  3.  t.  14./ 3. 
RoLMiieria  hybridu.     DcCand.  Sysr.  r.  2.  02. 
In  rorn  fields  rare. 


8       POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Papavei, 

Between  S\Vaff ham  and  Burwell,  Cambridgeshire.  Rmj.  In  other 
parts  of  that  county.  Rev.  Mi.  Hemsted.  About  4  miles  from 
Aylsham  towards  Cromer^  Norfolk.     Mr.  Hugh  Rose. 

Annual.     May,  June. 

Root  slender.  Stem  erect,  branched,  leafy,  a  foot  high,  round, 
even,   and   generally  quite  smooth  ;    rarely   somewhat  hairy. 

.  Leaves  dark  green,  nearly  smooth,  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid,  with 
linear,  opposite  or  alternate,  bluntish,  bristle-pointed  segments; 
the  lower  ones  stalked ;  upper  sessile.  Fl.  on  long,  lateral,  ax- 
illary, or  terminal  simple  stalks,  of  a  brilliant  violet  blue,  very 
splendid,  but  extremely  fugacious,  somewhat  larger  than  the 
last.  Pod  2  or  3  inches  long,  cylindrical,  more  or  less  clothed 
with  scattered,  ascending,  bristly  prickles,  separating  when  ripe 
into  3  flattish  valves,  sometimes  4,  as  in  Morison's  figure,  with 
as  many  intermediate  linear  receptacles  of  the  seeds,  each  united 
internally  with  a  membranous,  undulated  or  corrugated,  pitted 
partition.  These  partitions  meet  in  the  centre,  dividing  the 
pod  into  complete  cells,  though  there  is  no  central  column. 
Seeds  like  the  other  species,  but  smaller,  attached  by  small  stalks 
to  the  receptacles,  and  nestling,  in  a  double  row,  in  the  hollows 
of  the  partitions. 

Medicus,  a  writer  best  known  as  the  "  iniquissimus  censor''  of  Lin- 
naeus and  his  disciples,  has  in  Usteri's  Annalen  der  Botanick,  v. 
3.  9 — 19,  (in  the  2 1st  page  of  which  he  is  stigmatized  with  the 
above  designation,)  divided  the  Linnsean  Chclidonium,  establish- 
ing Glancium  of  Tournefort,  and  proposing  another  genus, 
founded  on  6'.  violaceum,  by  the  name  of  Ra;meria,  after  a  late 
German  botanist.  This  genus  is  admitted  by  the  able  Prof.  De- 
Candolle,  whence  it  becomes  an  object  of  attention  ;  for  Medi- 
cus and  his  writings  have  in  general  not  been  found  worthy  of 
much  regard.  My  learned  friend  chiefly  depends  on  the  fol- 
lowing characters  to  distinguish  Rcemeria,  ^'  a  capsule  of  3  or  4 
valves,  and  a  single  cell,  the  receptacles,  though  cellular,  or 
pitted,  not  being  combined  together."  But  he  describes  one 
species  with  only  two  valves,  which  abrogates  the  former  cha- 
racter; and  the  cellular  extension  of  the  receptacles,  though  not 
spongy,  is  otherwise  exactly  analogous  to  the  partitions  of  the 
bivalve  species,  constituting,  in  fact,  real  and  complete  parti- 
tions, meeting,  though  not  combined,  in  the  centre  of  the  fruit; 
and  they  identify  the  partitions  of  the  bivalve  species,  which  Jus- 
sieu  was  led,  by  the  analogy  of  this  natural  order,  to  doubt. 
Linnaeus  has  remarked  that  there  are  few  genera  in  which  some 
part  or  other  of  the  fructification  does  not  occasionally  form  an 
exception  to  the  generic  character  ;  and  this  is  no  less  true  of 
natural  orders. 

265.  PAPAVER.     Poppy. 

Linn,  Gen.  263.      Juss.  236.     FL  Br.  565.      Tourn.  t.  1 19,  120. 
Lam.  tAh\,      Goer  In,  ^  CO. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Papaver.       9 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n,  263, 

CaL  inferior,  of  2  ovate,  concave,  obtuse,  equal,  deciduous 
leaves.  Pet.  4,  roundish,  crumpled,  spreading,  large; 
narrowest  at  the  base ;  2  opposite  ones  smallest.  Filam, 
very  numerous,  capillary,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
yinth,  terminal,  erect,  somewhat  stalked,  oblong,  obtuse, 
compressed.  Germ,  roundish  or  oblong,  large.  Style 
none.  Stigma  peltate,  radiated,  downy,  permanent. 
Caps,  ovate,  or  obovate-oblong,  coriaceous,  large,  of  one 
cell,  incompletely  separated  into  a  greater  or  less  num- 
ber of  marginal  cells,  answering  to  the  number  of  rays 
in  die  stigma,  between  which  the  capsule  bursts  by  as 
many  valvular  openings,  under  the  stigma^  which  is  more 
or  less  elevated  by  the  incomplete  partitions.  Seeds  kid- 
ney-shaped, numerous,  minute,  dotted,  attached  to  the 
partitions. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  a  fetid,  milky,  narcotic, 
juice.  Stems  round.  Leaves  pinnatifid  and  cut.  Stalks 
lateral  or  terminal,  long,  single-flowered.  Fl.  large,  va- 
rious in  colour,  mostly  scarlet  or  yellow,  rarely  wliite  or 
purplish;  drooping  in  the  bud,  fugacious.  Capsule  bristly 
or  smooth. 

*  Capsules  bristly. 

1.  P.  Jujhridum.     Round-rough-headed  Poppy. 

Capsule  nearly  globular,  furrowed,  brisdy.     Calyx  hairy. 

Stem  leafy,  many-flowered.     Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid. 
P.  hybridum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  725.    mild.  v.2.  \]44.    FLBt.dGd. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.\.t.  43.     BeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  73. 
P.  laciniato  folio,  capitulo  hispido  rotundiore.     Rail  Sijn.  308. 
Argemone  capitulo  torulo.     Ger.  Em. 373.  f. 
A.  capitulo  breviore  hispido.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  396./. 
A.  capitulo  torulis  canulato.     Lob.  Ic.  276.  f. 
A.  minor,  capituli.s  brevioribus.     Dalech.  Hist.  440./. 

In  sandy  or  chalky  fields,  but  rare. 

At  Wells,  Norfolk.  Mr.  Crowe.  Nearly  half  a  mile  out  of  St.  Bene- 
dict's gates,  Norwich.  Mr.  Pitchford.  About  Durliam.  Mr. 
Robson.     At  Darent,  near  Dartford.     Mr.  Lewin. 

Annual.     July. 

Roof  small  and  ta])ering.  Herb  12  or  18  inches  high,  rough  with 
minute  bristles.  Leaves  deep  green,  with  numerous,  decurrcnt, 
narrow,  linear-lanceolate,  obscurely  revolute  segments,  each 
tipped  with  a  bristle.  /•'/.  rather  small,  deep  scarlet  or  crimson, 
short-lived  •,  often  violet  at  the  biuse.  Pollen  bright  blue.  Stig- 
itnt  witli  from  .")  to  8  rays,  a  little  raised  above  the  capsule, even 


10     POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Papaver. 

in  its  early  state.     Caps,  the  size  of  a  filberd,  furrowed  length- 
wise, thickly  beset  vvith  rigid,  ascending,  tawny  bristles. 
A  permanent  sjDecies,  no  more  hybrid  than  any  other  of  its  genus. 

2.  P.  Argernone.     Long-rough -headed  Poppy. 

Capsule  club-shaped,  ribbed,  bristly.  Calyx  slightly  hairy. 
Stem  leafy,  many-flowered.     Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid. 

P.  Argemone.  hum.  Sp  PL  725.  Willd.v.  2.  1 144.  Fl.  Br.  566. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.9.  t.  643.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.38.  Hook.  Scot. 
168.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  74.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  867. 

P.  n.  1061.  Hall.  Nomend  95.  Hist.  v.  2.  15  ;  n.  1063,  by  mistake. 

P.  laciniato  folio,  capitulo  hispido  longiore.     Raii  Syn.  308. 

Argemone  capitulo  longiore.  Bauh.  Pin.  172.  Lob.  /c.  276./. 
Ger.  Em.  373./.     Dalech.  Hist.  440./ 

/3.  Papaver  maritimum.     With.  486. 

In  corn-fields  and  their  borders,  on  gravelly  or  sandy  ground. 

/3.  In  sandy  ground  near  the  sea.     IVith. 

Near  Beverley,  Yorkshire.     Mr.  R.  Teesdale. 

Annual      June,  July. 

Herbage  resembling  the  preceding,  but  the  bristles  on  the  stem  are 
less  closely  pressed,  and  the  segments  of  the  leaves  somewhat 
broader.  Pet.  pale  scarlet,  black  at  the  base,  soon  falling ; 
often  jagged.  .Siam^ns  dilated  upwards.  Rays  of  the  s%wrt  ge- 
nerally 5,  rarely  6,  sometimes  but  4 .  Caps,  narrow,  bristly,  swell- 
ing upwards,  with  angles,  or  ribs,  in  number  answering  to  the 
rays,  the  intermediate  spaces  even,  not  furrowed  ;  bristles  most 
numerous  towards  the  top.     The  flowers  are  sometimes  double. 

/5  is  a  trivial  variety,  bearing  one  flower  only,  as  often  happens 
with  starved  maritime  plants. 

**  Capsules  smooth. 

3.  P.  duhium.     Long-smooth-headed  Poppy. 

Capsule  smooth,  oblong,  angular.  Stem  many-flowered, 
hairy.  Bristles  on  the  flower-stalks  close-pressed.  Leaves 
doubly  pinnatifid. 

P.  dubium.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  726.     Willd.  v.  2.  1 146.     Fl.  Br.  567. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  t.  644.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  37.     Hook.  Scot. 

1 68.     DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  2.  75.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  902. 
P.  Roeas.     Dickenson  in  Shaw's  Staffordshire,  t*.  1.  1 10,  from  the 

author. 
P.  n.  1063.     Hall.  Nomencl.95.     Hist.  v. 2.  15;  n.  1065. 
P.  laciniato  folio,  capitulo  longiore  glabro.     Raii  Syn.  309. 
Argemone  capitulo  longiore  glabro.     Moris,  v.  2.  279.  sect.  3. 

t.  14./.  11. 
In  cultivated  fields,  especially  on  a  light  soil. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Papaver.     1 1 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Of  a  stouter  more  luxuriant  habit  than  the  foregoing,  with  broader 
leaves.  Stem  clothed  with  spreading  hairs  •  Jlower -stalks  with 
close-pressed  bristles.  Petals  broader  than  they  are  long,  of  a 
light  scarlet,  the  margin  mostly  crenate.  Stain,  linear.  Pollen 
yellow.  Stigma  of  from  6  to  8  rays.  Caps,  oblong,  swelling 
upwards,  abrupt,  with  as  many  ribbed  angles  as  there  are  rays, 
perfectly  smooth,  and  somewhat  glaucous. 

Jacquin,  in  Fl.  Austr.  t.  25,  has  published  a  white-flowered  variety, 
bearing  a  dark  purple  spot  on  the  base  of  each  petal.  This  has 
not  been  «jbserved  in  Britain ;  nor  have  I  seen  any  variation  in 
the  hue  of  the  flowers,  which  are  always  known  from  our  other 
red  Poppies  by  their  paleness. 

4.  P.  Rhoeas.     Common  Red  Poppy,      Corn  Rose. 

Capsule  smooth,  nearly  globular.  Stigma  many-rayed. 
Stem  many-flowered,  rough,  like  the  flower-stalks,  with 
spreading  bristles.     Leaves  pinnatifid,  cut. 

P.  Rhoeas.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  726.     Willd.  v.  2.  1 146.     FL  Br.  567. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  t.  645.       Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  32.       Woodv.  t. 

186.    Hook.  ScoL  168.    Lob.  Ic.27^.f.    Ger.  Em.37\  f.    De- 

Cand.  Syst.  v.  2  76.     FL  Dan.  f.  1580. 
P.  n.  1064.     HalL  NomencL  95.     Hist.  v.  2.  \6. 
P.  laciniato  folio, capitulo  brevioreglabro,annuum,  Rhceas  dictum. 

Raii  Si/u.  308. 
P.  erraticum.     Matt/i.  Valgr.  v.  2.  404  /.     Camer.  Epit.  802./. 
P  erraticum  primum.      Fiichs.  Hist.  oio./. 
Argemone.      Trag.  Hist.  120.  f. 

In  corn-fields,  a  troublesome  weed. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

In  habit  like  the  last,  but  the  segments  of  the  leaves  arc  broader, 
and  less  numerous.  Stem,  as  well  as  Jiower-stalks,  clothed  all 
over  with  tawny  hairs  spreading  horizontally.  Calyx  rough  with 
similar,  but  more  upright  hairs.  Pet.  large,  undulated,  of  a 
deep  rich  scarlet,  sometimes  black  at  the  base.  Stigma  oi  \i) 
or  12  rays.     Caps,  ovate,  abrupt,  short,  quite  smooth  and  even. 

Beautiful  varieties  of  this  species,  with  semidouble  flowers,  varie- 
gated with  rose-colour  and  white,  are  easily  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment, but  liable  to  degenerate  in  luxuriance.  Its  medical  qua- 
lities are  mildly  narcotic. 

5.  P.  sonufiferunt.      White  Poppy. 

Cap»sule  nearly  globular,  smooth  as  well  as  the  calyx  and 
stem.      Leaves  notched,  clasping  the  stem,  glaucous. 

P.  somniferum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  726.  mild.  v.  2.  \  \  47.  FL  Br. 
r.rtS.  Etiiil.  Hot,  r.30.  /.21  15.  H'ondv.  t.  185.  Hook.  Scot, 
His.      DrCand.  v.  2.  S).       IhilL  Fr.  t.  '^7 . 


12    POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Papaver. 

P.  n.  1065.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  16. 

P.  sylvestre.     Rail  Syn.  308.     Ger.  Em.  370.  f. 

P.  sativum.  Matth.  Falgr.  v.2.  40o.f.  Cam er.  Epit.  803.  f.  Da- 
lech.  Hist.  170S./.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  390.  f. 

On  sandy  ground  in  the  fens. 

On  the  banks  of  all  the  fen  ditches,  where  the  soil  is  sandy,  in  the 
parish  of  Hockwold  cum  Wilton,  Norfolk,  certainly  wild.  Rev. 
Mr.  White.  By  the  Roman  road  from  Cambridge  to  Ely.  Rev. 
Archdeacon  Pierson.  In  newly  trenched  ground,  by  road  sides, 
&c,  about  Delvine  house,  near  Coupar,  Angusshire.  Miss  Wat- 
son. The  latter,  however,  can  scarcely  be  supposed  a^vild  station 
for  a  plant  so  universal  in  gardens,  nor  is  it  published  as  such 
on  this  authority,  but  on  the  former. 

Annual.     July. 

The  whole  herb  is  glaucous,  and  generally  smooth,  though  the 
Jiower-stalks  now  and  then  bear  several  rigid,  spreading,  bristly 
hairs.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  erect,  branched,  leafy.  Leaves 
broad,  wavy,  lobed  and  bluntly  notched,  clasping  the  stem  with 
their  heart-shaped  base.  Ft.  3  inches  broad,  blueish  white,  with 
a  broad  violet  spot  at  the  base  of  each  petal.  Such  are  all  the 
wild  specimens  I  have  seen.  In  gardens  double  varieties,  of 
every  shade  of  purple,  scarlet,  crimson,  and  even  green,  mixed 
with  white,  are  common,  though  nothing  can  be  more  liable  to 
change.  Germen,  as  well  as  capsule,  nearly  globular,  often  fur- 
rowed. Stigma  of  8,  10,  or  more  rays,  with  a  broad,  thin,  de- 
flexed  margin.     Seeds  oily,  sweet,  and  eatable. 

The  milky  juice,  when  dried,  becomes  Opium,  which,  as  Haller 
well  observes,  is  far  more  potent  and  dangerous  in  hot  countries 
than  in  our  cooler  climates.  The  capsules  boiled  afford  a  gently 
narcotic  infusion,  and  used  to  be  kept  in  the  shops  j  but  the 
foreign  Opium  is  more  certain,  and  more  manageable,  in  proper 
hands,  such  as  alone  ought  to  direct  its  use. 

6.   P.  cambricuin.     Yellow  Poppy. 

Capsule  smooth,  oblong,  beaked.  Stem  many-flowered, 
nearly  smooth.     Leaves  stalked,  pinnate,  cut. 

P.  cambricum.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  727.      Willd  v.  2.  1 147.      Ft.  Br. 

568.     Engl.  Bof.  v.l.t.  66.     Hook.yScot.  168. 
P.  luteum  perenne,  laciniato  folio,  cambrobritannicum.    RaiiSijn. 

309. 
P.  cambricum  perenne,  flore  sulphureo.  Dill.  Elth.v.  2. 300.  t.  223. 
P.  erraticum,  pyrenaicum,  flore  flavo.    Bauh.  Pin.  171.    Prodr.  92. 

Robert.  Ic.  t.  W. 
Argemone  cambrobritannica  lutea,   capite  longiore  glabro,  &c. 

Moris.  V.  2.  279.  sect.  3.  t.  14./.  12. 
Meconopsis  cambrica.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  87. 

In  moist  rocky  shady  situations,  in  Wales  and  Westmoreland. 
In  various  parts  of  North  Wales.  Ra/j.     About  Kendal,  West- 


POLYANDRIA-^MONOGYNIA.    Nymphaea.    13 

moreland,  plentifully.  Hudson.  In  shady  lanes  near  Kirkby 
Lonsdale. 

Perennial.     June. 

Herbage  tender,  brittle,  of  a  light,  slightly  glaucous,  green  ;  its 
juice  lemon- coloured.  Stem  a  foot  high,  mostly  besprinkled 
with  nearly  upright  hairs,  leafy,  branched.  Leaves  stalked,  pin- 
nate ;  leaflets  nearly  ovate,  acute,  cut,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid, 
smooth,  somewhat  decurrent  j  most  glaucous  underneath.  Fl.  of 
a  most  elegant  full  lemon-colour,  deliciously  fragrant  like  Cras- 
sula  coccinea  and  odoratissima ,  or  Mesembryanthemum  noctifto- 
rum ;  smaller  than  P.  Rhceas ;  each  on  a  very  long,  minutely 
hairy  stalk.  Cal.  hairy.  Caps,  elliptic-oblong,  of  4  or  5  cells, 
with  as  many  ribs,  or  receptacles,  which  elevate  the  convex,  4- 
or  5 -rayed,  stigma,  and,  before  the  capsule  bursts  by  interme- 
diate valves  at  the  top,  have  the  appearance  of  a  short  style.  By 
this  character  the  present  species  has  been  separated  from  Pa- 
paver,  by  some  able  botanists,  but  I  think  on  insufficient  grounds, 
whatever  may  be  the  true  nature  of  certain  American  plants  as- 
sociated with  it,  which  I  have  not  sufficiently  investigated.  Ex- 
cept the  elongation  just  described,  this  capsule  has  much  of  the 
structure  of  Argemone  mexicana,  see  Gaertner,  t.  60,  which  has 
but  slight  traces  of  the  dilated  receptacles,  or  imperfect  par- 
titions, of  Papaver. 

266.  NYMPH.EA.     White  Water-lily. 

Linn.  Gen.  264.  Juss.  68.  Fl.  Br.  569.  Prodr.  FL  Grcec.  v.  1. 
360.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  49.     Gcertn.  t.  19,  alba. 

Castalia.     Salisb.  in  Ann.  of  Bot.  v.  2.  7 1 . 

Nat.  Orel.  Rhceadece,  Linn.  27.  Hydrocharides.  Juss.  22. 
Nymph(Bece.  Salisb.  Ni/mphceacece,  DeCand.  35,  See 
Grammar  138,  199,  208. 

CaL  inferior,  of  4  large,  coriaceous,  oblong,  permanent 
leaves,  coloured  on  the  upper  side.  Pet.  numerous,  ob- 
long, placed  in  several  rows  upon  the  base  of  the  germen. 
Nect.  globose,  in  the  centre  of  the  stigma.  Filam.  very  nu- 
merous, flat,  placed  on  the  germen  above  the  petals ;  the 
outermost  gradually  dilated.  Anth.  linear,  of  2  parallel 
cells,  closely  attached,  in  their  whole  length,  to  the  inner 
surface  of  the  upper  part  of  each  filament.  Germ,  superior, 
sessile,  globose.  Style  none.  Stigma  orbicular,  sessile, 
of  numerous  rays,  pointed  and  separate  at  the  extremity, 
permanent.  Berry  coriaceous,  scarred,  of  as  many  cells 
as  there  are  rays;  at  length  internally  gelatinous  and 
pul})y.    Seeds  numerous  in  each  cell,  roundish. 

Large,  smooth,  aquatic,  perennial  herbs.  Ste?n  none. 
Leaves  floating,  on  long  foot-stalks,  heart-shaped  or  pel- 
tate, entire  or  toothed.     Ft.  on  long  simple  stalks,  large, 


14     POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Nuphar. 

white,  red,  or  blue,  closing,  and  sinking  more  or  less 
below  the  surface  of  the  water,  at  night. 

1.  N.  alba.     Great  White  Water-lily. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  entire ;  even  beneath.  Petals  ellip- 
tic-oblong. Rays  of  the  stigma  sixteen,  recurved.  Root 
horizontal. 

N.  alba.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  729.  mild.v.2.  \\52.  Fl.Br.570.  Comp. 
ed.  4.  94.  Engl.  Bot.v.  3.  t.  160.  Hook.  Lond.  t.  140.  Scot. 
1 69.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  56.  Rail  Syn.  368.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  602. 
Ger.Em.  8 19./.  Maitli.  Falgr.  v.  2.  245./.  Camer.Epit.  634./. 
Brunf.Herb.v.  1.37./    Lob.  Ic, 595./.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.45b. 

N.  n.  1067.     HalL  Hist.  v.  2.  20. 

N.  Candida.     Fuchs.  Hist.  535./ 

In  clear  pools  and  slow  rivers. 

Perennial.     July. 

Root  tuberous,  horizontal,  sending  down  numerous  long,  stout  ra- 
dicles, which  are  fibrous  at  the  extremity.  Leaves  floating,  a  span 
wide,  oval-heartshaped,  with  nearly  parallel  or  close  lobes  at 
the  base,  entire,  smooth,  their  radiating  veins  underneath  not 
prominent,  in  which  it  differs  from  the  American  N.  odorata. 
Footstalks  and  Jiower-stalks  cylindrical.  Flowers  4  or  5  inches 
wide,  white,  with  yellow  stamens  and  pistil,  the  upper  surface  of 
the  calyx-leaves  white,  often  tinged  with  pale  red,  altogether 
very  beautiful,  though  destitute  of  scent.  They  expand  in  sun- 
shine, and  the  middle  of  the  day  only,  closing  towards  evening, 
when  they  recline  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  or  sink  beneath 
it.  The  berry  gradually  decays  at  the  bottom  of  the  water,  scat- 
tering its  seeds  in  the  mud.  Every  part  of  the  herb  is  highly 
vascular,  perspiring  rapidly,  and,  though  so  succulent,  drying 
very  soon.  It  is  perhaps  the  most  magnificent  of  our  native 
flowers.  The  sinking  of  the  flowers  under  water  at  night  having 
been  doubted,  or  at  least  denied,  I  have  been  careful  to  verify 
it  in  this  species.  The  same  circumstance  is  recorded  of  the 
Egyptian  N.  Lotus, horn  the  most  remote  antiquity.  The  stimulus 
of  light,  which  indeed  acts  evidently  on  many  other  blossoms 
and  leaves,  ex}Dands  and  raises,  with  peculiar  force,  these  splen- 
did white  flowers,  that  the  pollen  may  reach  the  stigma  unin- 
jured ;  and  when  that  stimulus  ceases  to  act,  they  close  again, 
drooping  by  their  own  weight,  to  a  certain  depth.  The  still  more 
ponderous  fruit  finally  sinks  to  the  bottom. 

267.   NUPHAR.     Yellow  Water-lily. 

Prodr.  Fl  GrcBc.  v.  1 .  361 .   Comp.  ed.  4.  94.    Dryand.  in  Ait.  Hort. 

Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  3.295.    DeCand.  SysL  v.  2.  59. 
Under  Nymphsea,  in  Linn.  Gen.  264.      Jnss.  6vS.      FL  Br.  569. 

Gcertn.  t.  \9,  lutea. 


POLYANDRI  A^MONOGYXT  A.     Nuphai .     1  j 

Nat.  Ord.  see  w.  266. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  5  or  6  large,  coriaceous,  concave,  coloured, 
permanent  leaves.  Pet.  numerous,  oblong,  much  smaller 
than  the  calyx;  furrowed  and  honey-bearing  at  the  back; 
proceeding,  like  the  stamens,  from  the  receptacle.  Filam. 
very  numerous,  unconnected  with  the  germen,  linear,  re- 
curved. Anth.  linear,  of  2  parallel  cells,  closely  attached 
to  the  inner  surface  of  the  upper  part  of  each  filament. 
Genu,  superior,  nearly  sessile,  ovate,  with  an  elongation 
at  the  summit.  Style  none.  Stigma  sessile,  orbicular, 
convex,  entire  or  notched,  with  many  central  radiating 
clefts.  Berry  coriaceous,  smooth,  ovate,  pointed,  of  as 
many  cells  as  there  are  rays,  finally  pulpy  within.  Seeds 
numerous,  smooth,  ovate,  in  several  rows  in  each  cell. 

Habit  like  Nymphcea^  but  the  flowers  are  smaller,  and  al- 
ways yellow,  essentially  different  in  structure  from  that 
genus. 

Our  White  Water-lily  being  clearly  the  original  Nv^^aiu, 
Nymphcea,  of  Dioscorides,  I  have  retained  the  name  of 
Nou^up,  Nnphar,  given  by  him,  for  the  Yellow  W^ater- 
lily,  which  the  modern  Greeks,  who  make  a  cordial  of 
its  flowers,  after  the  example  of  their  forefathers,  have 
but  little  corrupted,  and  which  the  Turks  have  perverted 
into  Pu/er. 

1.  N.  liitea.     Common  Yellow  Water-lily. 

Calyx  of  five  leaves.  Border  of  the  stigma  entire.  Foot- 
stalks two-edged.  Lobes  of  the  leaves  meeting  each 
other. 

N.  lutea.  Prodr.  Fl.  Grcec.  v.  I.  361.  Comp.  ed.  4.  94.  Hook. 
Loud.  t.  141.  Scot.  169.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  60. 

Nvmphrea  lutea.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  729.  mild.  n.  2.  1151.  FL  Br. 
'.569.  Euirl  BoLv.:^.  t.\r>9.  Rnii  Sijn.  SGS.  FL  Dan.i.  GOli. 
Ger.  Km.Hl9.f.  Fnchs  fList.  ,536.  /'.  iMatth.  f'ulgr.  v.  2.  246./. 
Cumer.  Epit.  iV^h.J.      Loh.  Ic.  :>94^  f.      Ekrh.  El.  Off'.  44.5. 

N.  n.  1066.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  2^. 

N.  altera.     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1 .  40./.  36. 

In  rivers  and  pools  frequent. 

Perennial.     July. 

Whole  plant  rather  smaller  than  Nymphcea  alba.  Footstalks  two- 
edged,  flattened  on  the  upper  surfiice.  Leaves  entirely  smooth 
and  even,  rounded  at  the  end,  and  generally  at  the  lobes,  which 
meet  and  lap  over  each  other.  Flower-stalks  nearly  or  quite 
cylindrical.  H. about  2  inches  wide,  cu|)ped,  all  over  ot'a  gulden 
yellow,  with  the  scent  of  brandy  or  ratafia,  whence  they  are 


16       POLYAXDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Tilia. 

called  Brandy-bottles  in  Norfolk.  They  perhaps  communicate 
this  flavour  by  infusion  to  the  cooling  liquors,  or  Sherbets,  so 
much  used  in  the  Levant.  The  seed-vessel,  a  coated  beiTtj, 
w^hen  ripe,  bursts  irregularly,  as  Prof.  Hooker  well  observes, 
not  dissolving  avi'ay  into  a  mass  of  pulp  like  the  Nymphcea. 
Linnaeus  once  considered  these  plants  as  monocotyledonous,  but  he 
afterwards  corrected  that  ill-founded  opinion,  and  the  question 
is  set  at  rest  by  Prof.  Hooker's  complete  figures.  Yet  they  indu- 
bitably belong  to  M.  Richard's  class  of  Endorrhizce,  having  an 
internal  radicle  3  and  they  afford  in  fact  one,  among  many 
instances,  of  this  ingenious  physiologist's  two  great  classes,  En- 
dorrhizce and  ExorrhizcB,  not  corresponding  uniformly  with  the 
Monocotyledones  and  Dicotyledones  of  other  botanists,  as  it  is 
much  to  be  wished  they  could  have  done.  All  these  difficulties 
however,  in  able  hands,  must  gradually  lead  to  truth. 

2.   N.  pumila.     Least  Yellow  Water-lily. 

Calyx  of  five  leaves.  Border  of  the  stigma  toothed.  Foot- 
stalks two-edfjed.     Lobes  of  the  leaves  rather  distant. 

N.  pumila.     Hoffm.  Germ,  for  1800.  241.     Wahlenh.  Lapp.  151. 

DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  61 ,    Hook.  Lond.  t.  165. 
N.  minima.     Etigl.  Bot.  v.  32.  t.  2292. 

N.  lutea  |3, pumila,  '*  Timm  in  Mug.fiirNat.  Mecklenb.  v  2.  256." 
N.  lutea  /3,  minima,     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  2.  1 15 1  j  from  the  author. 
N.  Kalmiana.     Hook.  Scot.  169,  but  not  of  other  writers. 

In  the  highland  lakes  of  Scotland. 

In  the  lake  at  the  foot  of  Ben  Cruachan.  Mr.  Borrer.  In  several 
other  Scottish  lakes.    Hooker. 

Perennial.     July. 

Much  smaller  than  the  preceding.  Footstalks  less  convex  beneath, 
and  more  concave  above.  Leaves  about  3  inches  long,  shining 
at  the  back  5  their  lobes  not  close  together.  Fl.  lemon-coloured, 
tinged  with  green,  scarcely  1^  inch  wide,  and  essentially  distin- 
guished by  the  green  sharply  notched  border  of  the  stigma, 

Timm  is  no  authority  for  the  above  name,  as  he  confounded  this 
most  distinct  species  with  lutea  ;  but  I  gladly  concur  with  the 
writers  who  have  adopted  that  given  by  Hoffmann,  which, 
though  I  overlooked  it,  is  prior  to  mine.  Priority  in  nomencla- 
ture is  a  just  claim  ;  but  neither  that,  nor  any  authority,  should 
be  allowed  in  favour  of  an  unscientific,  erroneous,  or  illiterate 
appellation,  whether  specific  or  generic.  I  have  in  general  si- 
lently rejected  such,  avoiding  controversy,  and  leaving  the  de- 
cision to  those  who  may  hereafter  care  about  the  matter. 

268.  TILIA.    Lime-tree. 

Linn.  Gen.  267.  Juss.  292.  Fl.Br.57].  Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl, 
V.  35.     Tourn.  t.  38 1 .     Lam.  t.  467.    Gcertn.  t.  1 13. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.    Tilia.         17 

Nat.  Ord.  Colwnniferce.  Linn.  37.   Tiliacece.  Juss.  79. 

Cat,  inferior,  in  5  deep,  valvular,  concave,  coloured,  rather 
coriaceous,  equal  segments,  about  the  size  of  the  corolla, 
deciduous.  Pet.  5,  obovate,  obtuse,  alternate  with  the  ca- 
lyx, somewhat  notched  at  the  summit ;  in  some  species 
bearing  a  small  scale,  or  nectary.^  on  the  inner  side  at  the 
base.  Filam.  numerous,  30  or  more,  thread-shaped,  the 
length  of  the  petals.  AntJi.  of  2  nearly  orbicular  lobes, 
bursting  outwards.  Germ,  superior,  roundish.  Style 
columnar,  erect,  scarcely  so  long  as  the  stamens,  decidu- 
ous. Stigma  with  5  obtuse  angles.  Caps,  roundish,  more 
or  less  angular,  bursting  tardily  at  the  base,  of  5  cells,  sel- 
dom all  perfect ;  partitions  opposite  to  the  angles.  Seeds 
1  or  2  in  each  cell  of  the  germen,  but  many  prove  abor- 
tive, and  the  ripe  capsule  has  often  but  1  cell,  with  a  so- 
litary iT^^^/,  which  is  globular  and  smooth;  the  embryo, 
according  to  Doody  and  Ga^rtner,  large,  heart-shaped 
and  lobed. 

Handsome  trees,  with  spreading,  alternate,  branches;  alter- 
nate, stalked,  heart-shaped,  acute,  serrated,  deciduous 
leaves^  hairy  at  the  origin  of  their  veins ;  panicled,  yel- 
lowish, fragrant  floxvos,  with  an  oblong  entire  bractca 
imited  to  the  common  stalk.  Capsule  with  or  without 
angles,  mostly  downy.  Qualities  mucilaginous.  Bark 
internally  fibrous  and  tough. 

] .  T.  eiiropcra.     Common  Smooth  Lime-tree.    Lin- 
den-tree. 

Nectaries  none.  Leaves  twice  the  length  of  the  footstalks, 
quite  smooth,  except  a  woolly  tuft  at  the  origin  of  each 
vein  beneath.  Cymes  many-flowered.  Capsule  coriaceous, 
downy. 

T.  europsea.  Linn.  Sp.Pl.733.  Herb.  Linn.  n.  1 .  Jf'ill,!.  v.  2.  1  Ifil. 

Fl.  Br.:)7\,cc.    E7igl.Bot.v.9.ed.4.f.6\0.     Comp.94.    Lurhtf. 

280.     "  Svensk.  Bot.  t.  -10."     llort.  Knc.  ed.  2.  v.  3.  299,  a.  ' 
T.  intermedia.      DeCund.  Prodr.  v.  l.;')!.'}. 
T.  fcKminu.      (icr.  Km.  1-183./. 
T.  ffi'mina,  folio  niajorc.     Ihinh.  Pin.   [26. 
T.  vulgaris  pliitypliyllos,      Paii  S^/n.   \73;   hut  notofJ.  BunJiin. 

In  woods  and  hedges,  or  upon  grassy  declivitie.-.. 

Tree.     .//////. 

A  tall  and  handsome,  hardy  tur,  witli  smooth,  round, l)ro\vn.  lealS'. 
s))reading  hranrlics,  green  while  tender.  Lf(irt:-<  3  or  4  inches 
broad,  and  ratiier  more  in  length,  luidivided  ;  une<pial  and 
somewhat  lieart-shaped,  as  well  as  entire,  at  the  l)Mse  ;    the  niar 

vol..   IN.  ( 


18       POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Tilia. 

gin  acutely  and  rather  unequally  serrated  ;  the  point  elongated, 
acute,  serrated  at  its  base:  upper  surface  quite  smooth,  of  a 
bright  pleasant  green  ;  under  paler,  or  slightly  glaucous,  like- 
wise smooth,  except  small  depressed  tufts  of  brown  woolly  hairs, 
where  the  lateral  ribs  branch  off  from  the  five  principal  ones. 
Stipulas  oval,  smooth,  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  each  footstalk,  soon 
deciduous.     Footstalks  cylindrical,  slender,  smooth,  not  half  so 
long  as  the  leaves.     Flower-stalks  axillary,  cyraose,  or  imper- 
fectly umbellate,  smooth,  hardly  so  long  as  the  leaves,  drooping, 
with' from  6  to  10   flowers  5  each  bearing  an  oblong,  smooth, 
pale,  flat,  entire,  veiny,  membranous  bractea,  originating  above 
the  base  of  the  flower-stalk,  and  for  about  half  its  length  firmly 
united  therewith,  its  blunt  point  nearly  on  a  level  with  the  flow- 
ers, or  longer.     Fl.  greenish,  delightfully  fragrant,  especially  in 
an  evening.     Pet.  obovate,  pale  lemon-coloured,  destitute,  like 
all  our  European  species,  of  the  scales,  or  nectaries,  attached  to 
the  petals  of  the  American  ones.     Stam.  spreading,  shorter  than 
the  corolla.     A?ith.  yeWow.     Germew  densely  hairy.     Stigma  5- 
lobed.     Capsule  downy,  leathery,  not  woody,  uncertain   in  the 
number  of  perfect  cells  and  seeds. 
This  is  certainly  the  Common  Lime-tree  of  the  north  of  Europe, 
which  Linnaeus  understood  by  T,  europcea,  in  his  Species  Plan- 
tarum,  and,   I  presume,  in   his  Flora  Suecica.     The  Swedish 
writers  quoted  by  DeCandoUe  confirm  this  point,  but  the  plate 
of  Fl.  Dan.  t.  553  seems  to  be  our  parvifolia.     T.  europcea  is 
cultivated  all  over  England,  and  in  many  parts  of  Scotland,  and 
though  Ray  could  not  meet  with  it  indubitably  wild,  no  one  can 
doubt  its  being  perfectly  naturalized.     The  French  ''  growing 
tired  of  the  Horse  Chesnut,"  as   Du  Hamel  reports,  adopted 
this   tree,   for   ornamental  plantations,   in  the  time   of  Louis 
XIV.     It  generally  composes  the  avenues  about  the  residences 
of  the  French  as  well  as  English  gentry  of  that  date,  and  Fene- 
lon,  in  conformity  to  this  taste,  decorates  with   ''flowery  Lime- 
trees"  his  enchanted  isle  of  Calypso.    The  bark  of  this,  and 
perhaps  some  other  species,  makes  the  Russia  garden -mats  called 
Bast.  Bees  collect  much  honey  from  the  flowers.    The  smooth, 
light,  delicately  white,  and  uniform  wood,  useful  for  some  do- 
mestic purposes,  served  Gibbons  for  his  inimitable  carvings  of 
flowers,  dead  game,  &c.,  so  often  seen  in  old  English  houses. 
An  antient  Lime  of  great  magnitude,  which  grew  where  the  an- 
cestors of  Linnaeus  had  long  resided,  is  said  to  have  given  them 
their  family  name,  Linn  being  Swedish  for  a  Lime-tree. 

2-  T.  grcmdifoUa.     Broad-leaved  Downy  Lime-tree. 

Nectaries  none.  Leaves  downy,  especially  beneath ;  ori- 
gin of  their  veins  woolly.  Branches  hairy.  Umbels 
three-flow^ered.  Capsule  woody,  downy,  turbinate,  with 
five  prominent  angles. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Tilia.       19 

T.  grandifolia.   Ehrh.  Beitr.  v.  5. 158.   Arh.  8.  ''  Sut.  Helvet.  v.  1. 

317." 
T.  platyphyllos.  Scop.  Cam.  v.  1.373.  Lenten,  in  Sims  S;  Kon.Ann. 

V.  1.  210.     "Diss.  6.  t.  \.f.  2."      Synonyms  greatly  confused. 
T.  platypbylla.     DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1.513. 
T.  n.  1030,  a.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  1.     In  Reyniers  herbarium. 
T.  vulgaris  platyphyllos.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  1.  p.  2.  133./;  but  not  of 

Ray. 
T.  maximo  folio.     Ibid.  137./. 
T.  ulmifolia,  semine  hexagono.      Merr.  Pin.  118.      Pluk.  Almag. 

368.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  4/3. 
T.  europsea.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  175. 
T.  europsea  ^.     Ft.  Br.  571 . 
T.  sativa.     Trag.  Hist.  1110./ 
T.  BetulcB  nostratis  folio,  fructu  hexagono.     Pluk.  Mant.  181;  a 

bad  definition  of  our  plant. 
T.  sylvatica  nostras,  foliis  amp] is,  hirsutie   pubescentibus,  fructu 

tetragono,  pentagono,  aut  hexagono.     Pluk.  Almag.  3G8. 
T.hirsuta,  Coryli  foliorum  aemula,  fructu  anguloso.  Pluk.  Mant.  181. 
/3.  T.  corallina.     Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl.  n.  2.     Comp.  ed.4.  94. 
T.  europaea /3,corallina.  Ait. H. Kew.ed.  \.v.  2.229. ed.  2.  v.  3. 299. 
T.  europaea  (5,  rubra.     Sibth.  Oxon.  166. 
T.  europaea  /.     FL  Br.  571. 
T.  europsea.     Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8.  n.  2. 
T.  rubra.     DeCand.  Prodr.  r.  1 .  5 13  ? 
T.  foliis  molliter  hirsutis,  viminibus  rubris,  fructu  tetragono.    Raii 

Syn.  ed.  2.  316.  ed.  3,  473.    Plukenet's  synonyms  rather  belong 

to  the  1st  variety. 

In  woods  and  hedges. 

At  Whitstable,  Surrey,  and  near  Darking.  Merretl.  On  the  banks 
of  the  Mole,  near  Box-hill.  Mr.  E.  Forster.  Near  Streatham 
wells,  Surrey.  Mr.  Dubois  in  his  herbarium  at  Oxford.  In  Stoken- 
church  woods,  apparently  planted.  Mr.  Bicheno.  About  Nor- 
wich, but  scarcely  wild. 

/3.  In  Stoken-church  woods,  and  at  Malmsbury.  Bobart.  Not 
now  to  be  found  at  Stoken-church.  Dr.  Wdiiams.  Only  one 
tree  observed  there  by  Mr.  Bicheno,  in  the  autumn  of  1824. 

Tree.     June,  July;  a  fortnight  earlier  than  T.  europcca. 

As  tall  a  tree  as  the  foregoing,  with  spreading,  round  hvownbranches, 
hairy  during  the  first  season  ;  of  a  shining  red  in  /3,  but  whether 
that  variety  be  permanent,  orwlicther  all  our  Tiiur.  have  not  red 
twigs  occasionally,  as  Mr.  K.  Forster  tliinks,  appears  doubtful. 
Leaves  as  large  as  in  T.  europica,  but  less  entire  at  the  base, 
less  pointed,  and  with  rather  longer  foot  stalks  ;  their  uj)per 
surface  bright  green,  minutely  hairy  about  the  ribs,  and  more 
or  less  so  at  the  edges,  between  the  serratures,  as  noticed  l)y 
the  too  mucli  neglected  Bulliard  ;  under  side  rather  ])aler,  not 
glaucous,  all  over  finely  and  softly  downy,  the  ribs  and  veins 
curiouslv  fringed,  particularly    just  above  the  origin  of  rmh, 

c  2 


20       POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.     Tilia. 

where  there  are,  besides,  small  woolly  tufts.  Flower-stalks  and 
bracteas  smooth,  like  the  last,  except  that  each  u?nbel  consists, 
almost  universally,  of  3  flowers  only.  These  are  highly  fragrant, 
with  rather  Xon^^x  stamens  than  the  former.  Gernu  large,  densely 
hairy.  Caps,  finely  and  closely  downy,  with  5  or  6  angles,  and  as 
many  hard  woody  valves, 

T.  grandifolia  is  the  wild  Lime-tree  of  Switzerland  and  the  south 
of  Europe,  as  europcea  is  of  the  north.  They  are  unquestionably 
distinct  species,  though  Ventenat  was  not  aware  of  this,  nor  has 
he  thrown  much  light  upon  the  Europaean  Tilice,  whatever  he 
may  have  done  upon  those  of  America.  The  specific  names  of 
Ehrhart  are  prior  to  his,  and  greatly  preferable,  as  being  Latin, 
like  the  generic  one.  Even  Ehrhart,  usually  so  fond  of  hard 
Greek  names,  seems  to  have  felt  the  propriety  of  this  principle. 
I  wish  all  writers  would  consider  it.  In  Rees's  Cydopcedia  the 
name  of  corallina  is  preferred  to  grandifolia,  for  reasons  there 
given  ;  and  in  the  4th  edition  of  the  Compendium  I  was  induced  by 
Dillenius  to  make  four  British  species  of  Tilia.  But  this  writer 
has  here,  I  believe,  as  in  other  instances,  added  to  Ray's  Synop- 
sis a  plant  which  was  already  described  there  by  another  name. 
So  Mr.  E.  Forster  thinks.  1  therefore  now  unite  the  corallina 
to  grandifolia,  giving  a  preference  to  the  latter  name,  because 
the  red  twigs  seem  not  to  be  peculiar  to  any  one  species.  The 
above  description,  except  what  regards  this  circumstance,  is 
taken  from  the  true  grandifolia,  nor  have  I  been  able  to  meet  with 
the  flowers  or  fruit  of  the  /3,  though  my  excellent  friends  Prof. 
Williams  and  Mr,  Ailon  have  very  obligingly  made  every  possible 
inquiry,  the  former  at  Oxford,  and  in  the  neighbouring  country  j 
and  the  latter  at  Kew,  Osterly  and  Sion,  as  well  as  in  the  Royal 
plantations  about  Hampton  Court  and  Windsor ;  without  any 
success.  The  red  twigs  I  suspect  are  most  visible  in  the  spring, 
and  they  certainly  are  sometimes  observable  in  T.  europcea. 

Mr.  E,  Forster  remarks  that  T.  grandifolia  occurs  in  very  old  plan- 
tations as  frequently  as  the  europcea,  but  not  in  modern  ones. 
There  are  very  large  trees  of  it  at  Penshurst,  and  some  at  Wal- 
tham  Abbey,  the  plantation  of  which  is  of  very  antient  date. 
Mrs.  Beecroft  brought  a  specimen  from  Blair  of  Athol,  where 
are  several  old  trees  near  the  house. 

Some  famous  old  Limes  in  the  church-yard  of  Sedlitz  in  Bohemia, 
reported  to  have  miraculously  borne  hooded  leaves,  ever  since 
the  monks  of  a  neighbouring  convent  were  all  hanged  upon  them, 
are  our  grandifolia.  I  have  an  original  specimen.  See  Jacq. 
Fragm.  19.  t.  11./.  3. 

3.  T.  parvifolia.     Small-leaved  Lime-tree. 

Nectaries  none.  Leaves  smooth  above  ;  glaucous  beneath, 
with  scattered,  as  well  as  axillar}',  hairy  blotches.  Um- 
bels compound,  many-flowered.  Capsule  roundish,  brit- 
tle, nearly  smooth. 


POLYANDRIA—MONOGYNIA.     Tilia.       ^2i 

T.  parvifolia.    Ehrh.  Beitr.  v.  ^.]  59.  Jrb.  36.    P/.0/f.l25.   Engl. 

Bot.  V.  24.  t.  1 705.    Comp.  83.  ed.  4.  94.    Rees's  Cyd.  n.  3.    Ait. 

H.  Kew.  ed.2.v.3.299.     ''  Sclikuhr  H(indb.v.2.72.t.  141." 
T.  ulmifolia.     Scop.  Cam. v.  1.374. 
T.  microphylla.       Venten.  in  Sims  S;  Kon.  Ann.  v.  1 .  209.       "  Diss. 

4.  t.  ]./.  1."        DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1.  513.       Sav.  Etrusc.  v.  1. 

152. 
T.  cordata.     Mill.  Diet.  ed.  S.n.l. 
T.  europ^ea  /3.     Fl.  Br.  571. 
T.  europaea.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  553. 
T.  folio  minore.  Raii  Sijn.  ed.  2.  316.  ed.  3.  473.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  I. 

p.  2.  137./. 
T.  sylveslris.     Trag.  Hist.  1111. 
T.  foemina.     Fuchs.  Hist.  8fi2./.     Ic.  498./.     Dalech.  Hist.  89./ 

Matth.  Valgr.v.  1.  157./ 
T.  n.  1030,  (S.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  1. 

In  woods. 

Frequent  in  Essex  and  Sussex,  as  well  as  in  Lincolnshire  and  else- 
where. Ray.  In  Stoken-church  woods  plentifully.  Mr.  Bi- 
cheno.  Perhaps  the  only  true  native  Lime-tree  in  Britain.  Mr. 
E.  Forster. 

Tree.     August,  a  month  later  than  T.  europcea. 

Distinguished,  at  first  sight,  from  both  the  foregoing  species  by  its 
much  smaller  leaves,  only  2  inches  broad,  sometimes  scarcely 
longer  than  their  slender/oo^6'/a/A:s,  roundish  heart-shaped,  point- 
ed, sharply  serrated,  unequal  at  the  base,  often  lobed  towards 
the  point  \  dark  green  and  quite  smooth  above  ;  glaucous  be- 
neath, with  brown  hairy  tufts  at  the  origin  of  each  of  their  prin- 
cipal veins,  as  well  as  broad  hairy  blotches  scattered  over  the 
surface  ;  but  these  last  are  not  invariably  present.  Fl.  smaller 
than  in  either  of  the  former,  very  fragrant  like  a  Honeysuckle, 
placed  many  together,  in  double  or  aggregate  umbels  or  co- 
rymbs. Bracteas  seldom  2  inches  long.  Germen  depressed, 
densely  woolly.  Stigma  deeply  five-lobed.  Capsules  sparingly 
perfected,  turbinate,  slightly  angular,  thin  and  brittle,  almost 
smooth,  rarely  containing  more  than  one  seed. 

These  three  naturalized,  if  not  all  originally  indigenous,  species  of 
Tilia  being  now,  it  is  hoped,  clearly  distinguished,  it  may  be 
worth  the  while  of  those  who  make  use  of  their  wood,  to  observe 
whether  there  be  any  difierence  between  them  as  to  its  proper- 
ties. According  to  the  iinalogy  of  our  Elms,  T.  parvifolia  should 
have  the  hardest  wood,  of  the  closest  grain.  This  species  being 
planted  along  with  the  first  and  second,  in  avenues  or  parks, 
will  ensure  a  longer  succession  of  flowers  than  any  of^  them 
alone.  The  American  kinds,  with  their  white-backed  leaves, 
make  also  an  agreeable  variety,  and  their/ow;er5  are  very  sweet- 
scented. 


22      POLYANDKIA— MONOGYNIA.    Cistus. 
260.  CISTUS.     Cistus. 

Linn.  Gen.  2/1.  Fl.  Br.  572.  Lam.  t.  A77 .  Haller  Hist.  v.  2.2. 
Helianthemum.     Tourn.  t.  ] 28.     Juss.  294.     Gcertn.  t.7^. 

Nat.  Ord.  Rotace(jC,  Linn.  20.     Cisti.  Juss.  80. 

CaL  inferior,  of  5  unequal,  concave,  permanent,  partly 
membranous,  leaves ;  the  2  outermost  larger  or  smaller 
than  the  rest.  Pet.  5,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  equal, 
spreadhig,  roundish,  with  short  claws.  Filam.  numerous, 
capillary,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anth.  small,  oval. 
Gennefi  superior,  nearly  globular.  Stj^le  undivided,  va- 
rious in  length  and  direction.  Stigma  capitate.  Caps, 
angular,  invested  with  the  closed  permanent  calyx  of  5, 
10,  or  3  more  or  less  complete,  cells,  and  as  many  valves ; 
partitions  from  the  centre  of  each  valve,  sometimes  very 
narrow.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  angular,  attached  to  the 
inner  margin  of  each  partition. 

Stem  shrubby,  or  herbaceous.  Leaves  simple,  opposite  or 
alternate,  entire,  with  or  without  stipulas,  mostly  stalked, 
more  or  less  downy  or  hairy.  Fl.  stalked,  generally 
aggregate;  terminal,  yellow,  white,  or  red,  inodorous. 
Stam.  in  some  irritable.  Caps,  in  the  Cistus  of  Tourne- 
fort  and  his  followers,  woody,  of  5  or  10  cells,  but  no 
central  column ;  in  their  Helianthemum  more  membra- 
nous, of  1  or  3  cells,  the  partitions  in  several  species  not 
broad  enough  to  meet  in  the  centre. 

Linnaeus  remarks.  Fund.  Bot.  sect.  170,  that  "  there  rarely 
occurs  a  genus  in  which  some  part  of  the  fructification 
does  not  wander;"  (prove  uncertain  in  character,  or  not 
strictly  limited).  Such  is  the  case  with  the  seed-vessel., 
and  in  some  measure  with  the  calyx^  in  Cistus.  The  latter 
part  always  indeed  consists  of  3  inner  and  2  outer  leaves, 
but  this  difference  is  most  observable  in  the  Helianthe- 
mum tribe,  whose  2  outer  calyx- leaves  are  much  the  small- 
est. The  capsule  moreover  in  this  tribe  has  but  3  valves, 
each  with  a  central  partition,  as  in  every  Cistus ;  but  in 
some  these  partitions  are  not  broad  enough  to  make  3 
perfect  cells,  whence  Jussieu  proposes  a  single-celled  cap- 
sule for  the  chief  character  of  his  Helianthemum  ;  but  in 
several  species  the  separation  is  complete,  and  by  this 
rule  we  might  as  well  subdivide  Helianthemum,  as  sepa- 
rate it  from  Cistus.  Linnaeus  had  carefully  considered 
the  question,  and  I  think  him  most  in  the  right.     Schre- 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Cistus.      23 

ber,  Haller,  Willdenow,  and  even  Lamarck,  follow  him. 
If  however  the  genus  were  allowed,  which  is  a  matter  of 
opinion,  the  name  is  altogether  inadmissible.  It  is  the 
same  as  Helianthus^  in  meaning  and  derivation,  the  ter- 
mination only  being  varied. 

*  Dwarf  shrubs,  xmthout  stipidas. 

1 .  C.   marifolius.     Hoary  Dwarf  Cistus. 

Stem  shrubby,  dwarf.  Stipulas  none.  Leaves  opposite, 
stalked,  oblong,  flat ;  downy  and  hoary  beneath. 

C.  marifolius.    Lm«.%P/.741.     Willd.v.2.\\'^Z.    FI.Bt.^72. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  6.  t.  396.     Berk.  Outl.  v.  2.  150.     Sym.  Syn.  126. 

Davies  Welsh  Botanol.  53.     Hook.  Lond.  t.\7\. 
C.  hirsutus.     Huds.  232. 

C.  anglicus.     Linn.  Majit.  245.    With. 490.     Berk.  Syn.  c.  2.\63. 
C.  canus.     Jacq.  Austr.  t.  277 . 
Helianthemum  alpinum,  folio  Pilosellse  minoris  Fuchsii.     Rail  Syn. 

342.     Baah.  Hist.  v. 2.  18./,? 
H.  serpilli  folio  incano,  flore  minore   luteo  inodoro.     Dill.  Elth. 

t;.  1.177.  t.  145./.  173. 
Chamaecistus  luteus,  thymi  durioris  folio.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.  441. 

On  alpine  rocks,  but  rare. 

On  some  rocks  near  Kendal,  Westmoreland,  and  about  Cartmel- 
wells,  Lancashire,  plentifully.  Ray.  At  Glodd^th,  near  Con- 
way, Carnarvonshire.  Mr.  Light/oofs  herbarium.  On  Diserth 
castle  hill,  Flintshire,  plentifully.  Bingleifs  Tour  in  North  Wales, 
ed.  2.  t-.  1.  91 .  On  the  steeper  sides  of  Arthur's  Round  Table, 
Carnarvonshire.  Rev.  H.  Davies.  On  Cronkley  Fell,  York- 
shire. Mr.  Wm.  Robertson. 

Shrub.     May,  June. 

Root  strong  and  woody.  Stems  woody  ;  subdivided  and  decumbent 
at  the  base,  with  several  hoary,  round,  leafy,  ascending  6?Y/»c7/t'5, 
3  or  4  inches  high,  each  terminating  in  3  or  4  small,  corymbose, 
bright-yellow  flowers,  sometimes  formed  of  4  petals  only.  Leaves 
ovate,  acute/entire,  flat,  varying  from  ^  to  ^  of  an  inch  in  length, 
on  broadish  hoary  footstalks  ;  clothed  on  both  sides  with  close 
hairs  ;  the  upper  green  ;  lower  hoary  with  dense  entangled  pu- 
bescence. Stipulas  entirely  wanting.  Flower-stalks  reddish, 
downy.  Bracteas  lanceolate,  fringed.  Cat.  hairy,  of  5  leaves. 
Pet.  obovate,  slightly  waved.  Germen  ovate,  smooth,  with  3 
or  4  hairy  lines.  Style  bent  in  the  middle.  I  have  never  seen 
the  capsule. 

The  above  synonyms  are  I  believe  correct;  but  C  canus  of  Liu- 
niEUS  is  a  (litferVnt  plant ;  and  marifolius  of  Cavanilles,  h\  v.  2. 
34.  ^  14-3,  does  not  well  answer  in  its  leaves  to  ours. 


24      POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Cistus. 

**  Herbaceous^  liif/ioiU  stipulas. 

2.   C.  guttatus.     Spotted  Annual  Cistus. 

Stem  herbaceous.  Stipulas  and  bracteas  none.  Leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate,  three-ribbed. 

C.  guttatus.  Lbm.  Sp.  PL  74 1 .  Willcl  v.  2.  1 1 98.  Fl.  Br.  573. 
Engl.  But.  V.  8.  t:bA4.  Fl.  Grcec.  t.  498.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6. 
t.  33,     Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  9.  7.     Davies  Welsh  Botanol.bS. 

C.  serratus.     Cavan.  Ic.  v.  2.57.t.\75.f.\.     Willd.v.  2.  1 1 98. 

C.  flore  pallido,  punicante  macula  insignito.     Raii  Syn  342. 

C.  annuus,  flore  maculato.     Ger.  Em.  1281./. 

C.  annuus,  flore  guttato.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  14./. 

Helianthemum  flore  maculoso.   Column.  Ecphr.  v.  2.  78.  t.  77- f.  1. 

hi  sandy  pastures,  very  uncommon. 

In  Jersey.  Shcrard.  In  Anglesea,  where  it  was  found  by  Mr. 
Brewer,  and  not  in  the  isle  of  Man.  Rev.  H.  Davies. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Herb  deep  green,  hairy,  glutinous,  and  ra- 
ther fragrant,  in  every  part  -,  the  hairs  spreading.  Stem  solitary, 
not  above  a  span  high,  except  in  a  cultivated  state,  erect,  slightly 
branched,  leafy.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  H  or  2  inches  long, 
elliptic- lanceolate,  with  3  strong  ribs.  Clusters  one  or  more, 
terminal,  erect,  simple,  hair^'^  of  several  ^flowers,  without  brac- 
teas, though  now  and  then  leafy  about  the  lower  part.  Fl.  erect, 
yellow,  with  a  blood-red  spot  near  the  base  of  each  petal.  Cal. 
very  hairy.  The  petals  are  sometimes  notched,  as  in  Engl.  Bat. 
when  the  plant  becomes  C.  serratus,  a  most  trifling  variety. 
They  expand  very  early  in  a  morning  and  fall  in  4  or  5  hours. 
Style  elongated  after  the.  flowering,  bent  downwards.  Caps. 
drooping,  small,  of  3  cells. 

***  Herbaceous,  rvit/i  stiptdas. 
8.   C.  /edifolius,     Ledum-kaved  Cistus. 
Herbaceous,    downy,    with    stipulas.      Leaves    lanceolate. 

Flower-stalks    solitary,    erect,    opposite    to    the    leaves, 

shorter  than  the  calyx. 
C.  ledifolius.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  742.     MWd.  v.  2.  I  1 99.    Fl.  Br.  574. 

EngL  Bot.v.34.  t.24\4. 
C.  salicifolius.    Huds.  233.     IVith.  49 1 . 
C.  ledi  folio.      Bauh.  Pin.  465. 

C.  annuus,  folio  ledi.     Lob.  lev.  2.  118./.    Obs.  552./. 
C.  annuus  longifolius  Lobelii.     Ger.  Em.  1280./ 
C.  annuus,  folio  ledi,  flore  luteo.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  14.  f. 
C,  annuus  alter  Lobelii.     Dalech.  Hist.  229./. 
On  sandy  ground  in  the  south,  extremely  rare. 
On  Brent  downs,   Somersetshire.  Huds.     Found  there  likewise 

by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lightfoot,  and  the  late  Mr.  Dickson. 
Annual.     June,  Juhf. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Cistus.      23 

Root  simple  at  the  crown,  branching  below.  Stems  one  or  more, 
erect,  simple,  leafy,  round,  clothed,  like  the  rest  of  the  herbage, 
with  fine,  soft,  spreading  hairs.  Leaven  opposite,  stalked,  ellip- 
tic-lanceolate, flat,  11  inch  long,  single-ribbed,  with  many 
straight  veins ;  less  sharply  pointed  than  is  represented  in  the 
old  wooden  cuts.  Stipulas  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  rather  con- 
vex or  revolute,  not  half  so  long  as  the  leaves.  Fl.  solitary,  on 
short  thick  hairy  stalks,  opposite  to  each  leaf  on  the  upper  half 
of  the  stem,  Bracleas  none.  Cat.  rough,  most  hairy  at  the 
ribs  and  margin.  Pet.  small,  obovate,  entire,  pale  yellow,  very 
fugacious,  and  occasionally  wanting.  Caps,  large,  triangular, 
polished,  hairy  at  the  upper  part  of  the  angles,  single-celled,  the 
receptacles  being  not  at  all  prominent  so  as  to  form  partitions. 
Seeds  numerous,  pale,  roundish. 

The  C.  annuus-  of  Clusius,  Hist.  v.  1 .  76,  whose  figure  is  repeated 
in  Gerarde,  Lobel,&c.,  and  copied  in  J.  Bauhin,  v.  2.  13,  is  more 
like  some  stiitcs  of  the  present  plant  than  that  for  which  it  was 
apparently  intended,  C.  salicifolius.  These  figures  perhaps  mis- 
led Mr.  Hudson. 

'^'***  Dwa}f  shrubs,  xvith  stipulas, 
4.   C.  surrejanus.     Dotted -leaved  Cistus. 
Shrubby,  procumbent,  widi  stipulas.     Leaves  ovate-oblong, 
hairy  and  dotted  beneath.     Petals  lanceolate. 

C.  surrejanus.  Linn.  %  P/.  743.  Willd.  v.  2.  \202.  FlDr.575. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.3\.  t.2207. 

C.  Helianthemum  ^.     Hiids.  233. 

C.  suffruticosus  procumbens  stipulatus,  foliis  ovato-oblongis  sub- 
pilosis,  pctalis  lanceolatis.     Ililf  Fl.  Br.  27 A.  t.27.f.  \;  bad. 

Helianthemum  vulgare,  petalis  florum  perangustis.  Dill,  in  Rail 
Syn.3A\.     Hort.  Etth.  \77 .  t.  14.')./.  174. 

On  chalky  hills,  rare. 

Near  Croydon,  Surrey.      Mr.  Edward  l)u  Bois. 

Shrub.     July,  August. 

Stems  prostrate,  simple,  a  foot  long,  leafy,  round,  clothed  with 
fine,  soft,  depressed,  entangled  hairs.  Leaves  above  an  inch  in 
length,  stalked,  spreading,  ovate-oblong,  or  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
flat,  entire  ;  the  upper  side  green  and  nearly  naked  ;  under 
paler,  wiih  a  few  starry  hairs,  and  several  scattered  little  hol- 
lows or  depres.sions,  occasioning  prominences  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, wliich  sometimes  bear  2  or  3  simi)le  hairs.  Stipulas  lan- 
ceolate, fringed,  full  twice  as  long  as  the  footstalks.  Clusters 
terminal,  simple,  recurved,  downy,  many-flowered.  Bracteas 
small,  obtuse,  fringed,  not  hoary.  C<il.  strongly  ribbed,  furrowed, 
hairv,  twisted  in  tiie  bud.  Pet.  longer  or  shorter  than  the  ca- 
lyx.'ycUow,  lanceolate,  partly  notched  or  serrated.  Stam.  Bome- 
time.s  very  short,  as  if  imj)erfect.  (icrmcn  dentiely  hairy.  Style 
bent      ('<ij>s.  with  3  very  '^liglit  ])artilions. 


26      POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Cistus. 

Mr.  Lightfoot  in  his  herbarium  has  noted  the  depressions  on  the 
backs  of  the  leaves,  wiiich,  with  other  marks,  clearly  determine 
this  as  a  species,  though  it  has  never  been  found  but  in  Surrey. 

5.    C.  Helianthejmnn.     Common  Dwarf  Cistus. 

Shrubby,  procumbent,  with  fringed  stipulas.  Leaves  el- 
liptic-oblong;  white  and  downy  beneath.  Calyx-ribs 
bristly  ;  its  outer  leaves  lanceolate,  fringed. 

C.  Helianthemum.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  744.    Willd.v.2.  1209.    FL  Br. 

575.   Engl.  Bot.v. 19. 1. 1321.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  ^.36.  Hook. 

Scot.  170.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  \0l. 
C.  n.  1033.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  3. 
Helianthemum  vulgare.     Raii  Si/n. 34\. 
H.  anglicum  luteum  vel  album.      Ger.  Em.  1282./. 
Chamaecistus  vulgaris,  flore  luteo.     Loes.  Pruss.  43.  t.  8. 
Flos  solis,  seu  Panaces  chironium.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.103.  f. 
Panax  chironium,  sive  Flos  solis.     Camer.  Epit.  501./. 
Hyssopus  campestris.      Trag.  Hist.  221 ./. 

In  hilly  pastures,  on  a  chalky  or  gravelly  soil. 

Shrub.     Juli/,  August. 

Of  a  more  dwarf  habit  than  the  last.  Root  woody,  bearing  many 
procumbent,  or  slightly  ascending,  round,  downy,  simple,  leafy 
stems,  each  terminating  in  a  simple  downy  cluster,  of  bright 
yellow^ou;er5,  expanding  in  sunshine  only,  when  their  stamens 
if  touched  spread  slowly,  and  lie  down  upon  the  petals.  Brac- 
teas  lanceolate,  smooth,  fringed,  one  at  the  base  of  each  flower- 
stalk.  These  partial  stalks  are  slender,  hoary,  various  in  direc- 
tion, more  reflexed  as  the  fruit  advances.  Calyx  smooth,  or 
scarcely  at  all  downy,  between  the  strong  bristly  ribs  of  its  3 
larger  reddish  leaves  ;  the  2  outer  leaves  ten  times  smaller, 
spreading,  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  green,  smooth  on  both  sides, 
their  edges  fringed  with  numerous  bristly  hairs.  Germen  glo- 
bose, downy.  Capsule  with  very  narrow  receptacles,  or  imper- 
fect partitions.  The  leaves  of  this  species  vary  in  breadth,  and 
are  more  or  less  revolute  j  green  above,  besprinkled  with  a 
few  hairs ;  densely  downy,  white,  and  hairy  beneath.  Their 
usual  form  is  linear-oblong,  somewhat  elliptical.  Stipulas  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  fringed,  green  on  both  sides,  longer  than  the 
footstalks. 

Ray  says  the  flowers  are  very  rarely  white  ;  they  are  sometimes 
double  in  gardens.  This  is  a  variable  species,  but  less  so  than 
authors  make  it.  Few  plants  are  more  difficult  to  define  than 
the  smaller  kinds  of  Cistus.  The  roseus  and  mutahilis  of  Jacquin 
surely  differ  from  this,  and  numerous  species  of  the  south  of  Eu- 
rope, and  the  Alps,  require  to  be  studied  and  compared  by  a  skil- 
ful and  patient  observer. 


POLYANDRIA— MONOGYNIA.     Cistiis.      ^7 

6.  C.  tomentosus ,     Downy- cupped  Cistus. 

Shrubby,  procumbent,  with  hoary  stipulas.  Leaves  ellip- 
lic-oblong;  snow-v/hite,  with  starry  down,  beneath.  Ca- 
lyx all  over  hoary,  with  hairy  ribs;  its  outer  leaves  obtuse, 

C.  tomentosus,  Scop.  Cam.  ed.  2.  v.  1.  376.  t.  24.  Engl.  Bot, 
r.31.  t.  2208.     Comp.  ed.  4.  95. 

C,  Helianthemum.     Ehrh.  Arb.  12G  ? 

On  the  mountains  of  Scotland.  Mr.  G.Don. 

Shrub.     July. 

A  larger  ph^nt  than  the  foregoing,  with  broader  leaves,  and  the 
Jiowcrs  are  conspicuous  for  their  size  as  well  as  brilliancy.  The 
more  pure  white,  and  starry  down,  of  the  backs  of  the  leaves, 
the  hoariness  of  the  stipulas,  and  of  every  part  of  the  calyx,  in 
Mr.  Don's  original  specimen,  are  remarkable  3  and  the  obovate 
obtuse  form  of  the  2  outer  calyx-leaves,  which  are  hoary 
all  over,  and  less  fringed  than  in  C.  Helianthemum,  should  seem 
a  good  specific  character.  Ehrhart's  specimen  is  weak,  and  less 
downy,  as  if  it  had  been  drawn  up  by  the  neighbourhood  of 
other  plants.  His  stipulas  moreover  are  green  and  fringed. 
The  leaves  on  young  lateral  shoots  are  peculiarly  rounded. 
When  cultivated  together,  the  difference  between  these  two 
plants  is  striking.  What  such  great  practical  observers  as  Sco- 
poli,  G.  Don,  and  our  most  acute,"  justly  lamented,  Dickson 
have  asserted,  I  would  not  hastily  reject ;  nor  can  I,  with  my 
worthy  friend  Prof.  Hooker,  think  C.  tomentosus  "  not  even  a 
well-marked  variety."  It  merits  at  least  some  examination  in 
its  native  places  of  growth.  In  gardens  it  bears  the  name  of 
C.  canus ;  but  the  real  canus  has  no  stipulas. 

7.  C.  po/i/oHus.     White  Mountain  Cistus. 

Shrubby,  procumbent,  widi  somewhat  hairy  stipulas.  Pu- 
bescence starry.  Leaves  oblong,  revolutc,  white  and 
downy  beneath.  Calyx  slightly  hairy  ;  its  outer  leaves 
fringed. 

C.  polifolius.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  74o.  IVilld.  v.  2.  121  1 .  Fl.  Br.  '^6. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.\9.t.\322. 

C.  humilis  alpinus  durior,  polii  nostratis  folio  candicante.  Pluk. 
Almag.\07.     Plnjt.t.2-3.f.6. 

Helianthemum  montanum,  polii  folio  incano,  flore  candido.  Dill, 
Ellli.  17').  t.  Mf)./.  172. 

rhameecistus  montanus,  polii  folio,  Raii  Syn.3V2.  Hill.  Fl.  Br. 
274.  t.  27.  f.  2  ;  very  bad. 

On  stony  hills,  near  the  sea,  very  rare. 

On  lirent  downs,  Somersetshire.  Plukcnct.  Plentifully  on  the 
top  and  about  the  middle  of  the  hill,  on  Jjrent  downs.  Dill,  in 
Linn.  Corrcsp.  v.  2.  132.  At  Babbicombc,  near  Newton  Abbot, 
Devonshire.   Rev.  Aaron  Neck. 


58     POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.    Paeonia. 

Shrub.     June,  July. 

In  size  and  habit  like  C.  Helianthemum,  but  essentially  distinct, 
though  not  known  in  any  other  part  of  the  world  than  the  places 
above  specified.  The  stems  are  hoary  with  fine,  close-pressed 
hairs.  Leaves  always  revolute  ;  convex  and  green  on  the  up- 
])er  side,  covered  with  starry  hairs,  not  entangled  v/ith  each 
other  5  white  and  densely  downy,  with  similar  but  entangled 
hairs,  beneath  ;  the  mid-rib  very  prominent.  Stipulas  linear- 
lanceolate,  rather  acute  than  blunt,  most  hairy  at  the  margin, 
not  at  all  downy.  Cal.  membranous,  with  red  ribs  bearing  a 
very  few  hairs  here  and  there,  the  intermediate  spaces  quite 
smooth  and  naked  3  the  2  outer  leaves  linear,  channelled, 
fringed.  Pet.  white,  sometimes  crenate  ;  their  claws  yellow. 
Caps,  with  3  slight  ))artitions. 

Linnaeus  has  very  incautiously  confounded  this  and  C.  marifolius 
in  his  Mantissa  2.  145,  under  the  name  of  C.  anglicus.  C.  apen- 
ninus  more  nearly  resembles  our  polifolius ;  but  differs  in  its 
simple  pubescence,  and  hoary  calyx  without  hairs  on  the  ribs. 


POLYANDRIA    PEMAGYNIA, 
270.  P.EONIA.     Piony. 

Linn.  Gen.  273.  Juss.  234.  Tourn.  t.  146.  Lam.  t.  481.  Gartn. 
t.  (55. 

Nat.  Orel.  MuUisiliqii^e.  Linn.  26.   Ranunculacede.  Juss.  61. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  5  roundish,  concave,  reflexed,  unequal,  per- 
manent leaves.  Pet.  5,  roundish,  concave,  spreading, 
contracted  at  the  base,  larger  than  the  calyx.  Filam, 
very  numerous,  capillary,  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
Anth.  terminal,  erect,  oblong,  quadrangular,  of  4  cells. 
Germ,  from  2  to  4,  5,  or  more,  sessile,  ovate,  downy. 
Sii/les  none.  Stigmas  oblong,  curved,  compressed,  ob- 
tuse, coloured.  Cajmdes  {follicles)  as  many  as  the  ger- 
mens,  ovate-oblong,  spreading  widely,  coriaceous,  burst- 
ing along  the  inner  side.  Seeds  numerous,  oval,  polish- 
ed, ranged  along  the  edges  of  the  follicle. 

Mostly  herbaceous,  with  fleshy  perennial  roots.  Leaves 
alternate,  once  or  twice  ternate,  entire  or  cut.  Fl.  soli- 
tary, large,  stalked,  crimson  or  white,  often  double.  Ger- 
mens  usually  multiplied  by  culture.  Abortive  seeds  co- 
loured. 


POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.    Delphinium.  29 

1.  P.  corallina.     Entire-leaved  Piony. 

Leaves  twice  ternate ;  leaflets  ovate,  undivided,  smooth. 
Follicles  downy,  recurved. 

P.corallina.   Retz.OhsJasc.Z.ZA.  fVilld.  Sp.PLv.  2.  ]22].  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  22.  t.  1513.  Comp.ed.4.9D.  Ait.  H.  Kew,  ed.2.  v.3.  3\o. 

DeCand.  Stjst.v.  1.388. 
P.  officinalis /3.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  747.    Mill.  Illustr.t.47 . 
P.  mas.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  26.5./.      Camer.  Epit.  657./.      Dod. 

Pempt.  194./.     Ger.  Em.  980  /    Lol).  Ic.  684./.  685./. 
Pseonia.    Pabnberg  Sert.386.f. 

On  islands  in  the  river  Severn. 

Abundantly  in  the  rocky  clefts  of  the  Steep  Holmes,  in  the  Severn. 
Mr.  F.  B  Wright.  On  a  rabbit-warren  about  2  miles  from  Graves- 
end,  according  to  Gerarde^  but  no  other  person  has  found  it 
there. 

Perennial.    May,  June. 

Boot  fleshy,  knobbed.  Herb  smooth,  about  2  feet  high.  Stems 
simple,  round,  leafy,  polished,  reddish.  Leaves  twice  ternate  j 
leaflets  elliptical,  undivided,  of  a  dark  shining  green.  The  up- 
permost leaf  is  sometimes  ternate  only,  or  simple  ;  rarely  pin- 
nate, as  in  Engl.  Bot.  and  Miller,  Fl.  about  4  inches  broad, 
crimson,  with  yellow  anthers.  Germens  2,  3,  or  4,  white  with 
purple  stigmas.  Seed-vessels  internally  reddish  and  polished. 
Seeds  black  and  shining^  the  inters^persed  abortive  ones  angular, 
scarlet. 

A  very  handsome  plant,  far  less  common  in  gardens  than  P.  oji- 
cinalis,  the  fcemina  of  old  authors,  and  scarcely  ever  seen  dou- 
ble, as  the  latter  usually  is. 

271.  DELPHINIUM.     Larkspur. 

Linn.  Gen.  274.  Juss.  234.  FLBr.D77.  Tourn.t.  241.  Lam. 
t.482.    Gartnt.65. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  7i.  270. 

Cat.  none.  Pet.  5,  inferior,  unequal,  ranged  in  a  circle, 
spreading ;  the  upper  one  extended  behind  into  a  long, 
tubulnr,  straight,  bluntish  spur;  the  rest  ovate-oblong, 
with  claws,  various  in  various  species.  Nectary  divided, 
ot'l  or  2  sessile  k'aves,j)laced  in  front  within  the  row  of 
])etals,  on  the  upper  .side,  extended  behind  in  the  form 
of  a  tube,  contained  in  the  spur  of  the  upj)ernu)st  })etal. 
Filam.  numerous,  awl-shaped,  dilated  at  the  base,  nuich 
shorter  than  the  corolla,  directed  upwartls.  Anth.  round- 
ish, small,  erect.  Germ,  superior,  3  or  1,  or  5,  ovate, 
each   terminating  in  a  stijle  shorter  than   the  stamens. 


30   POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.   Delphinium. 

Stigmas  simple,  reflexed.  Caps,  [follicles)  as  many  as 
the  germ  ens,  ovate-oblong,  or  somewhat  cylindrical,  of 
1  valve,  bursting  at  the  inner  side.  Seeds  numerous,  an- 
gular, rough,  at  the  edges  of  the  capsule. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  much  divided,  for  the 
most  part  stalked.  Ft.  in  clusters,  blue  or  violet,  varying 
to  red  or  white,  with  bracteated  partial  stalks. 

1.  D.  Consol'ida.     Field  Larkspur. 

Capsule  solitary.  Nectary  of  a  single  leaf.  Stem  subdi- 
vided, spreading. 

D.  Consolida.    Linn. Sp.  PL  748.    Willd.  v. 2.  \22Q.    FLBr.577. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  26.  t.  1839.      DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  1 .  343.      Fl.  Dan. 

t.  683. 
D.  n.  1203.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.95. 
D.  segetum,  flore  caeruleo.    Dill. in  Raii  Syn.  273. 
D.  elatius,  simplici  flore.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  206./. 
Delphinium.    Riv.  Pentap.  Irr.  t.  124.  f.  1. 
Consolida  regia.     Trag.  Hist.5Q9.  f.    Fuchs.  Jc.  239./. 
C.  regalis.    Brunf.  Herb.  t;.  1 .  84.  /  83.    Camer.  Epit.  521.  f. 
C.  regalis  sativa.     Ger.  Em.  1082./  I,  2. 
Chamaemelum  eranthemon.    Fuchs.  Hist  27./. 

In  sandy  or  chalky  corn-fields. 

Plentifully  in  Swaffham  field,  Cambridgeshire.  Sherard.  In  se- 
veral parts  of  that  county.  Relhan.  Between  Blackheath  and 
Eltham.  Dillenius.  About  Feltwell,  near  Brandon.  Mr.  Fran- 
cis Smith.    Near  Bury  St.  Edmund's.  Bishop  of  Carlisle. 

Annual.  June,  July. 

Root  simple,  slender.  Herb  finely  downy  all  over,  particularly  the 
stem  and  capsule,  so  that  I  am  unable  to  separate  the  D.  pu- 
bescens  of  DeCandolle  from  our  plant,  though,  being  a  native  of 
Greece  and  other  mild  climates,  it  is  more  luxuriant,  as  will  ap- 
pear by  Fl.  Gra'C.  t.  504  when  published.  The  stem  in  ours  is 
1 8  inches  or  2  feet  high,  erect,  leafy,  with  alternate  spreading 
branches.  Leaves  sessile,  in  many  deep  divisions,  which  are 
three-cleft  and  subdivided,  with  narrow,  linear,  acute  segments. 
Stipulas  none.  Clusters  terminal,  lax,  of  but  fewfowers,  whose 
petals  are,  in  front,  of  a  most  vivid  and  lasting  blue ;  the  back 
of  each  flower,  as  well  as  the  nectarij,  being  pale  purplish,  or 
flesh-coloured.  These  colours  however  vary  much  in  gardens, 
where  this  species  is  called  the  Branching  Larkspur,  and  attains 
the  height  of  3  or  4  feet.  Bracteas  at  the  base,  and  in  the  mid- 
dle, of  each  partial  stalk,  simple  or  divided.  Germen  and  cap- 
sule solitary,  with  a  short  permanent  5^2//e.  >S'eerf.9  angular,  black, 
very  rough. 


POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.     Aconiium.    31 


272.  ACONITUM.   Wolf's-bane. 

Linn.  Gen.  274.      Juss.  234.       Tourn.  f.  239,  240.      Lam.  t.  482. 

Gcertn.  t.  Go.    DeCand.  Syst.  t'.  1 .  364. 
Nat.  Orel,  see  7i.  270. 

Cal.  none.  Pei.  5,  inferior,  unequal,  4-  of  them  in  pairs, 
opposite ;  the  -upper  one  hooded,  or  tubular,  inverted, 
the.  convex  or  hind  part  being  uppermost,  the  deflexed 
point  recurved  ;  2  lateral  ones  roundish,  opposite,  con- 
verging ;  2  lowermost  oblong,  deflexed.  Nectaries  2, 
within  the  hollow  of  the  uppermost  petal,  on  long  awl- 
shaped  stalks,  tubular,  drooping,  oblique  at  the  orifice, 
recurved  at  the  honey-bag  behind.  Filam.  numerous, 
broad  at  the  base,  awl-shaped,  short,  directed  towards  the 
upper  petal,  some  of  the  innermost  often  dilated  and  abor- 
tive. Anth.  roundish,  small,  erect.  Germans  superior, 
3,  4,  or  5,  oblong.  Styles  terminal,  awl-shaped,  spread- 
ing. Stigmas  simple,  acute.  Caps.  \follicles\  as  many 
as'  the  germens,  straight,  ovate-oblong,  of  1  valve,  burst- 
ing at  the  inner  side.  Seeds  numerous,  angular,  rugged, 
at  the  edges  of  the  capsule. 

Perennial  herbs,  of  a  very  dangerous  quality,  highly  nar- 
cotic and  acrid.  Roots  fleshy.  Stems  erect,  or  twining. 
Leaves  fingered  and  cut.  Clusters  terminal,  many-flow- 
ered, bracteated.  Fl.  dark  blue,  whitish,  or  pale  yellow. 
The  nectaries  are  full  of  honey. 

1.  A.  Napellus.  Common  Wolfs-bane,  or  Monk's- 
hood. 

Upper  petal  arched  at  the  back  ;  lateral  ones  hairy  at 
the  inner  side.  Germens  three,  smooth.  Leaves  deeply 
five-cleft,  cut,  with  linear  .segments,  furrowed  above. 

A.  NapeHu.s.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  751.   HWd.  v.  2.  1235.     fVoodv  t.  6. 

Purt.  V  3    17,  note.     Seringue  Aeon.  152.  t.  15./.  41,  42,  50. 
A.  vulgare.     DiCand.  Syst.v.  1.371. 
A.  n    1197.     il'iU  Ilisf'r.  2.90. 
Napellus.     Dod.  Pnnpt.  442./. 

N.  vervi.s  CceruUnis.     Ger.  Em.  972./.     Lob.  Ic.  679./ 
p:i.sen  hiitlin.    Trng.  Hist.  21S./ 
Lycoctonum  sativum  tricarpuni.     Cord.  Hist.  1  15.  same/. 

In  watery  l)laccs,  a  doubtful  native. 

By  the  side  of  tlie  river  Tcmc,  Herefordshire  ;  and  .still  more  abun- 
dantly on  the  banl.^  of  a  brook,  rnnninu;  into  tiiat  river,  to  all 


39    POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.     Aqiiilegia. 

appearance  truly  wild.  Rev.  Edward  Mliitehead,  Fellow  of  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Oxford.    1819. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Boot  tapering.  Stem  erect,  simple,  leafy,  clothed  with  minute 
close  hairs,  and  terminating  in  a  solitary,  simple,  upright  cluster 
of  large  dark-hXueJlowers,  without  scent.  Leaves  alternate,  on 
short  stalks,  divided  to  the  base  into  5  lobes,  cut  into  numerous, 
linear,  acute,  somewhat  revolute  segments  ;  nearly  smooth  on 
both  sides ;  paler  beneath  5  marked  on  the  upper  side  with  a 
furrow  along  the  course  of  the  mid-rib.  Our  plant  is  certainly 
the  original  Napellus,  from  which  Prof.  DeCandolle  has  sepa- 
rated several  formerly-supposed  varieties,  having  broader  leaves, 
but  of  w  hich  he  very  candidly  expresses  his  doubts,  whether  they 
are  good  species.  At  any  rate  I  would  here  retain  the  old  well- 
known  specific  name,  though  Linnaeus,  who  made  no  distinc- 
tion between  these  plants,  has  in  his  herbarium  for  Napellus  the 
A.  neuhergense  of  DeCandolle,  which  moreover  is  figured,  under 
his  inspection,  in  the  Stockholm  Transactions  for  1739,  t.  2, 
as  A.  Napellus,  and  given  as  such  by  Ehrhart  in  his  PI.  Of.  87. 
A.  paniculatum  of  DeCandolle,  which  is  what  Storck  happened 
to  make  use  of,  and  to  publish,  for  Napellus,  and  which  is  Hal- 
ler's  71. 1 198,  belongs  to  A.  Cammarum  of  Linnaeus. 

273.  AQUILEGIA.     Columbine. 

Linn.  Gen.  275.  Juss.  234.  Fl.  Br.  578.  Tourn.  t.  2 12.  Lam. 
t.ASS.    Gcerln.  t.  US. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  270. 

Cat.  none.  Pet.  5,  inferior,  ovate,  mostly  pointed,  nearly 
flat,  equal,  spreading.  Ned  5,  equal,  alternate  with  the 
petals,  each  of  them  tubular,  gradually  dilated  upwards, 
oblique  at  the  mouth,  the  outer  margin  ascending,  the 
inner  attached  to  the  receptacle ;  their  lower  portion  ex- 
tended into  a  long  tapering  spur,  obtuse  at  the  extremity. 
Filam.  numerous,  30  to  40,  awl-shaped,  erect;  the  outer 
ones  shortest;  innermost  abortive,  dilated  and  corrugated, 
closely  enfolding  the  germens.  Anth.  terminal,  heart- 
shaped,  erect.  Germ.  5,  superior,  ovate-oblong,  tapering 
into  awl-shaped  upright  styles,  with  simple  stigmas.  Caps, 
(follicles)  5,  cylindrical,  pointed,  parallel,  straight,  of  1 
valve,  bursting  at  the  inner  side  downwards.  Seeds  nume- 
rous, ovate,  smooth,  keeled,  at  the  edges  of  the  capsule. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  once  or  twice 
ternate,  bluntly  lobed  and  cut ;  the  lower  ones  on  long 
stalks.  Fl.  terminal,  drooping,  blue,  purplish,  scarlet, 
partly  yellow,  or  green,  the  former  colours  varying  to 


POLYANDRIA— PENTAGYNIA.     Stratiotes.     3.'i 

pink  or  white ;  their  structure  in  gardens  variously  trans- 
formed or  multiplied.  Qualities  slightly  acrid,  astrin- 
gent, or  bitter,  scarcely  dangerous,  except  perhaps  in  the 
seeds. 

1.  A.  vulgaris.     Common  Columbine. 

Nectaries  about  the  length  of  the  petals ;  their  spurs  in- 
curved.    Leaves  and  stem  smooth.     Capsules  hairy. 

A.  vulgaris.      Linn.  Sp.  PI.  752.     Willd.  v.  2.  1245.      FL  Br.  578. 

Engl.  Boi.v.5.  t.  297.  Hook.  Scot.  170.  DeCand.  Syst.v.  1.334. 

Fl.Dan.t.695. 
A.  n.  1195.  Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.89. 

A.  flore  simplici.    Raii  Syn.  2/3.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 484./. 
A.  caerulea.  Ger.Em.  1093./, 

Aquilegia.    Fuchs.  Hist.  1 02./     Dorst.  Bot  30,  2./. 
Aquilina.   Matth.  Valgr.v.  ] .  b77.f.     Camer.  Epit.  404./. 
Isopyrum  Dioscoridis.  Column.  Phytob.  I .  ^,  1 . 
j3.  Aquilegia  alpina.  Hiids.  235  ;  excluding  the  synonyms. 

In  meadows,  pastures  and  thickets. 

/S.  In  more  mountainous  situations.  At  Matlock  bath,  Derby- 
shire. 

Root  tuberous.  Herbage  smooth  and  naked.  Stem  erect,  2  or  3 
feet  high,  somewhat  leafy,  round,  generally  branched,  and  bear- 
ing several  flowers.  Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  twice  ter- 
nate  j  leaflets  broadly  wedge-shaped,  bluntly  lobed  and  cut, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  those  on  the  stem  more  simple,  and  nearly 
sessile.  Fl.  pendulous,  bright  purple,  on  purplish,  somewhat 
downy,  stalks.  Pet.  pointed.  Ned.  much  incurved  at  the  end 
of  the  spur.  Germ,  and  caps,  hairy.  Dr.  Hooker  misquotes 
E7igl.  Bot.,  as  the  iniier  stamens  are  there  represented  as  im- 
perfect. 

/3.  Has  scarcely  more  than  onejlower  on  each  stem,  and  the  necta- 
ries are  rather  less  curved.  The  whole  planl  is  less  luxuriant 
and  more  elegant.  A.  alpina  of  Linnaeus  bears  h\ue  flowers  twice 
the  .size  of  the  vulgaris.  Double  varieties  of  our  Common  Co- 
lumbine, with  white,  ])ink,  or  dark  crimson  flowers,  are  frequent 
in  gardens,  and  there  is  one  whose  nectaries  are  obliterated,  and 
the  petals  greatly  multiplied,  usually  rose-coloured. 

274.  STRATIOTES.     Water-soldier. 

Linn.  Gen.  277.    Juss.  67.  Ft.  Br.  579.  Lam.  t.  489.    Gcertn.  t.  14. 

Nat.  Ord.  Palmer.  Linn.  1.  Ilydrocharidcs,  Juss.  22.  Dc- 
Ca7id.\l5, 

Cal.  superior,  of  1  leaf,  tubular,  erect,  the  border  in  3  deep, 
deciduous  segments.    Pet.  3,  alternate  with  the  calyx, 

VOL.   TII.  D 


34     POLYANDRIA-PENTAGYNIA.     Stratiotes, 

and  twice  as  long,  obovate,  concave,  slightly  spreading. 
Filam.  about  20  or  fewer,  shorter  than  the  segments  of 
the  calyx,  and  proceeding  from  its  tube.  Anth,  vertical, 
awl-shaped.  Gej^m.  inferior,  elliptical,  obtusely  triangu- 
lar. Sti/les  6,  deeply  cloven,  full  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
Stigmas  simple.  Berry  coated,  oval,  with  6  or  more 
cells,  and  as  many  angles,  tapering  at  each  end.  Seeds 
numerous,  obovate,  in  2  rows. 
Aquatic  herbs,  with  radical,  ribbed,  simple,  serrated  or  en- 
tire leaves,  and  white  Jlowers,  on  radical  stalks.  Each 
Jlower  is  accompanied  by  a  permanent  sheath,  or  hractea, 
of  a  single  leaf,  variously  divided,  which  is  not  wanted  to 
strengthen  the  generic  character,  and  indeed  does  not  be- 
long to  the  parts  of  fructification.  There  are  some  In- 
dian species  with  fewer  stamens  than  ours,  which  is  the 
type  of  the  genus. 

1.  S.  aloides.     Water  Aloe,  or  Water-soldier. 

Leaves  sword-shaped,  channelled,  with  a  prominent  rib, 
and  sharp  marginal  prickles. 

S.  aloides.    Lm7i.  Sp.  Pl.75i.  mild.  v.  4.820.  Fl.Br.579.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  6.  ^.379.  Hook.  Scot.  171 .    Mill.  Illustr.  t.  50.    Fl.  Dan. 

t.ZZI. 
S.  foliis  aloes,  semine  longo.  Rail  Syn.  290. 
S.  aquaticus.  Dalech.  Hist.  1061./. 
Militaris  aizoides.   Ger.  Em. 825./.    Lob.  Ic.  375./ 
Aloe  sive  Aizoon  palustre.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  778./  . 
Water  Aloe.  Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.7\.f.b. 

In  deep  fen  ditches  and  pools. 

Plentiful  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  and  in  the  marshy  parts  of  Lincoln- 
shire and  Norfolk.  Also,  according  to  Withering,'  in  Cheshire 
and  Yorkshire. 

Perennial.  July. 

A  stoloniferous,  smooth,  floating  herb,  witli  numerous  radical 
leaves,  and  a  solitary  C2x\ixd\  Jiower-stalk,  no  stem.  The  parent 
plant  sinks  to  the  bottom  after  flowering,  and  sends  out  long 
simple  runners,  each  terminating  in  a  leaf-bud,  or  young  plant, 
which  first  takes  root  in  the  mud,  by  several  long  fibres,  and  in 
the  following  summer  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  water,  blossoms, 
and  then  again  subsides  to  ripen  its  seeds,  and  throw  out  fresh 
runners,  each  tuft  of  leaves  flowering  but  once.  The  leaves  are 
a  span  long  or  more,  acute,  highly  vascular,  fringed  with  very 
shai-p  saw-like  teeth.  Flowers  white,  large  and  handsome,  the 
stalk  firm,  stout,  two-edged,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves.  The 
anthers  are  occasionally  imperfect  in  one  flower,  the  stigmas  in 
another,  whence  some  curious  but  superficial  observers  have 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYXIA.     Anemone.     35 

thought  ihtjlowers  dioecious  ;  but  such  casual  imperfection  in 
those  parts  is  frequent  in  plants  that  increase  much  by  root. 
The  Stratiotes  fills  our  ditches  in  summer,  with  a  close  phalanx 
of  sword-like  leaves,  wlience  its  name,  from  s-py.rog,  an  army, 
m  Dioscorides,  whose  description  cannot  be  mistaken,  though 
Dr.  Sibthorp  did  not  notice  this  plant  in  Greece,  any  more  than 
the  Sagittaria,  which  some  commentators  have  mistaken  for  it. 
See  Matt/i.  Valgr.  v.  2.  482,  483. 


POLYANDRIA    POLYGYNIA, 
275.  ANEMONE.     Anemone. 

Lin7i.Gen.279.  Juss.232.  Fl.  Br. dSO.  Tourn.t.l47.  La7n.i.496. 

Gcertn.  t.  74.   DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  \.  188. 
Pulsatilla.   Tourn.t.  148.  Seeds  with  feathery  tails. 
Anemonoides.  Dill.  Gen.  107.^4.  Seeds  simply  pointed.  Petals  6. 
Anemone-ranunculus.   Ibid.  t.  4.  Seeds  simply  pointed.    Petals  5. 

Nat.  Ord.  Mult i sill qiuE,  Linn.  26.  Ranunculacece,  Juss.  61. 
See  n.  270—273. 

Cal.  none.  Pet.  from  5  to  15,  inferior,  regular,  in  one  or 
more  rows,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  elliptical  or  oblong, 
deciduous.  Filam.  numerous,  capillary,  much  shorter 
than  the  corolla.  Anth.  terminal,  of  2  round  lobes,  burst- 
ing laterally.  Germ,  superior,  numerous,  collected  into 
a  round  or  oblong  head.  Styles  tapering,  short.  Stigmas 
simple,  bluutish.  Seeds  numerous,  pointed,  tipped  with 
the  permanent  styles,  which  in  some  species  become  fea- 
thery tails. 

Herbs  with  tuberous  roots.  Stem  none.  Leaves  stiilked, 
more  or  less  divided  or  compound.  Fl.  solitary  or  ag- 
gregate, scentless,  on  radical  stalks,  with  a  leaty  involu- 
cnwi,  or  bractea,  more  or  less  remote  from  the  flower. 
Corolla  blue,  purplish,  red,  white,  or  yellow,  very  va- 
riable. 

1.  A.   Pulsatilla.     Pasque-flower  Anemone. 

Flower  soliUiry,  nearly  upright.     Involucrum  in  dt^^p  li- 

i>  2 


36     POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.     Anemone. 

near  segments.     Petals  six,  erect.     Seeds  with  feathery 
tails.     Leaves  doubly  pinnate,  cut,  with  linear  lobes. 

A.Pulsatilla.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  7  59.  Willd.v.2.\274.  Fl.  Br.  580. 
Engl.  Bot. V.].  t.5\.  Hook.  Lond.  t.  44, according  to  the  letter- 
press.  Relh.  ed.  1 .  208.  t.  3.  DeCand.  Syst.  «.  1 .  19 1 .  Fl.  Dan. 
t.\53.  Bull.  Fr.t.  49.  Ehrh.Pl.Of.  \35. 

A.  pratensis.    Sibth.l69.    With.49S. 

A.  n.  1146.    Hall.  Hist. V.  2. 6\. 

Pulsatilla.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1.568./.  Camer.  EpiL392.f.  Dad, 
Pempt.  433./.  I. 

P.  folio  crassiore,  et  majore  flore.  Raii  Syn,  260.    Bauh.  Pin.  1 77 . 

P.  vulgaris.   Ger.  Em.  385 ./.    Lob.  Ic.  28 1 ./. 

In  high  open  chalky  pastures. 

Perennial.  April,  May. 

Root  rather  woody,  sweet  according  to  Haller,  though  the  herb 
itself  is  highly  acrid,  and  blisters  the  skin.  Leaves  doubly  pin- 
nate, the  leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  very  narrow,  nearly 
linear,  acute,  channelled,  hairy  segments.  Stalk  solitary,  4  or 
5  inches  high,  round,  hairy.  Involucrum  in  many  deep  linear 
segments,  all  united  at  the  base.  Flower  of  a  dull  violet  blue, 
externally  silky.  Pet.  near  1^  inch  long,  moderately  spreading, 
but  straight,  not  recurved  as  in  the  true  A.  pratensis,  Herba  venti 
of  Tragus,  413,  whose  flower  moreover  is  but  half  the  size  of 
this,  and  more  drooping.  The  seeds,  with  their  long,  featheiy, 
purplish  tails,  spreading  in  every  direction,  form  a  round  head, 
and  are  finally  blown  away  by  the  wind.  Gerarde  expressly 
informs  us  that  he  himself  was  "^  moved  to  name"  this  the 
Pasque-flower,  or  Easter-flower,  because  of  the  time  of  its  ap- 
pearance. There  is  therefore  no  occasion  to  seek  an  explanation 
of  this  name  in  the  reported  use  of  the  flowers,  for  colouring  the 
Paschal  eggs  of  the  catholicks,  or  the  Scotch  j  especially  as  these 
flowers  are  said  to  yield  a  green,  not  a  purple  dye.  See  Hooker, 
as  above. 

2.  A.  nemorosa.     Wood  Anemone. 

Flower  solitary.  Petals  six,  elliptical.  Seeds  pointed,  with- 
out tails.  Involucrum  of  three  ternate  or  quinate,  stalked, 
lobed  and  cut,  leaves. 

A.  nemorosa.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  762.    Willd.v.2. 1281.    Fl.  Br.  581. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  5.t.  355.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  t.  38.  Hook.  Scot.  171 . 

DeCand.  Sijst.v.  1.203.   Fl.  Dan.  t.  549.    Bull.Fr.t.3.    Ehrh. 

PI.  Of.  145. 
A.  n.  1 154.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  64. 
A.  nemorum  alba.  Raii  Syn.  259.   Ger.  Em.  383./. 
A.  quinta.  Dod.  Pempt. 435./. 
Ranunculi  quarta  species,  lactea.  Fuchs.  Hist.  161 .  /. 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.     Anemone.     37 

Ranunculus  nemorosus.    Lob.  Ic.  673./. 

Herba  sylvestris,  ignoti  nominis.    Brunf.  Herb,  v,  2.  80./. 

In  groves,  thickets,  and  heathy  ground,  abundantly. 

Perennial.    April. 

Root  tuberous,  horizontal,  nearly  cylindrical.  Leaves  on  long  foot- 
stalks, ternate  or  quinate,  mostly  three-cleft,  always  irregularly 
cut  j  the  margin  and  ribs  slightly  hairy.  Involucrum  of  3  simi- 
lar leaves,  with  shorter  stalks,  above  half  way  up  the  Jiower- 
stalk,  which  is  simple  and  a  little  hairy.  Flower  rather  droop- 
ing, always  solitary.  Pet.  white,  often  purplish  at  the  back,  each 
above  half  an  inch  long.  Germens  downy.  Seeds  beaked  with 
the  style  almost  their  own  length. 

The  numerous  s^amews,  changing,  as  in  several  of  the  foreign  kinds, 
into  small  lanceolate  petals,  make  a  pretty  double^oit-er,  more 
lasting  than  the  single  one,  and  sometimes  preserved  in  coun- 
try gardens.  It  requires  a  very  pure  air.  Goats  only  can  feed 
with  safety  on  this  acrid  plant  j  to  sheep  it  is  dangerous,  and 
horses  and  cows  leave  it  untouched. 

3.  A.  apennina.      Blue  Mountain  Anemone. 

Flower  solitary.  Petals  numerous,  lanceolate.  Seeds  point- 
ed, without  tails.  Involucrum  of  three  ternate,  stalked, 
deeply  cut  leaves. 

A.  apennina.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  762.  Willd.  v.  2.  1 282.  Fl.  Br.  581 . 
Engl.  But.  V.  15.  <.  1062.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.3o.  DeCand. 
Syst.v.  1.202. 

A.  secunda.  Dod.Pempt.  434./. 

A.  geranifolia.  Ger.  Em.  377./  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 405./.  Raii Hist. 
v.  1.625. 

A.  tuberosa  geranifolia.  Lob.  /c.  280./. 

A.  hortensis  tenuifolia,  simplici  flore  prima.  Clus.  Hist.  254./ 

Rinunculus  nemorosus,  flore  purpuro-caeruleo.  Dill,  in  Raii 
Syn.  259. 

R.  nemorosus  flore  caeruleo,  duplex,  Apennini  montis.  Mentz.  Pu- 
gill.  t.  8. 

In  groves  in  the  central  part  of  England,  but  rare. 

In  W'imbleton  woods,  (wliere  it  slill  grows)  ;  Mr.  Rand.  Near 
Harrow  J  Mr.  DulJois  j  near  Luton  Hoe,  Bedfordshire ;  Mr.T. 
Knowlton.  Dillenius.  Near  Berkhumstead,  Herts  j  Mr.  Good- 
all.  IVUhering.  It  supplies  the  place  of  tlie  last  sj)ecies  in  every 
grove  and  thicket  of  Italy,  though  not  found  in  Switzerland  ; 
and  may  be  truly  wild  in  tlie  situations  above  mentioned,  which 
are  analogous  to  those  where  ii  abounds.  There  is  only  a  bare 
suj)i)()siti()n  of  its  luiving  escaped  from  gardens,  though  Ray  says 
tlie  Dutch  gardeners  obtained  the  roots  from  Italy. 

Perennial.     April. 

Root  tuberous,  roundish.      Habit  like   the  last,  but   with   rather 


38     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.     Clematis. 

broader,  richer,  and  more  hairy  foliage.  Flower  very  elegant, 
bright  blue.  Pet.  about  1 2  to  16,  spreading,  lanceolate,  blunt- 
ish.  Stalk  above  the  leafy  involucrum  silky.  The  wooden  cuts 
above  indicated  are  truly  excellent. 

4.  A.  ranunculoides.     Yellow  Wood  Anemone. 

Flowers  solitary,  or  in  pairs.    Petals  five,  elliptical.    Seeds 

pointed,  without  tails.     Involucrum  of  three,  somewhat 

stalked,  deeply  cut,  leaves. 
A.  ranunculoides.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  762.  Willd.  v.  2. 1282.  FLBr.oS2. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.2\.t.  1484.     Huds.  237.     DeCand.  Syst.v.  1.  206. 

FL  Dan.  t.]  40. 
A.  n.  1153.  Hall.Hist.v.2.64. 

A.  nemorum  lutea.    Gvr.  Em.  383./.  Raii  Hist.  v.  1 .  625. 
Ranunculus  sylvestris  luteus.   Trag.  Hist.  95./.  with  Showers. 
R.  nemorosus  luteus.    Bauh.  Pin.  178.    Lob.  Ic.  674./. 
Ranunculi  tertia  species.  Cord.  Hist.  120,  with  the  cut  of  Tragus. 
R.  quarta  species  lutea.  Fuchs.  Hist.  1 62./. 

In  groves,  very  rare. 

Near  King's  Langley,  Herts;  and  Wrotham,  Kent.  Hudson.  Near 
Abbot's  Langley.  Mr.  G.  Anderson. 

Perennial.  April. 

Root  and  herbage  much  like  A.  nemorosa,  but  the  radical  leaves  are 
few,  often  quinate.  Involucral  leaves  3,  nearly  sessile,  ternate, 
or  quinate.  Fl.  1  or  2,  I  have  never  seen  more,  on  hairy  par- 
tial stalks.  Pet.  elliptical,  obtuse,  always  bright  yellow,  and  na- 
turally 5,  though  the  cut  of  Gerarde  and  Lobel  has  6,  which  some- 
times happens  to  the  wild  plant,  as  A.  nemorosa  has  occasion- 
ally 7.    Seeds  few,  hairy,  roundish,  beaked. 

This  having  never,  as  far  as  can  be  learned  from  old  writers,  been 
a  garden  plant  in  England,  cannot  safely  be  asserted  to  have 
escaped  from  gardens.  I  have  wild  specimens  from  the  excellent 
author  of  the  Flora  Anglica,  and  from  the  late  Mr.  G.  Ander- 
son ;  two  men  whose  accuracy  and  judgment  are  as  unimpeach- 
able as  their  honesty. 

276.  CLEMATIS.     Traveller's  Joy. 

Linn.Gen.280.   Juss.232.   Fl.  Br.58S.  Lam.t.497.    Gcertn,t.74. 

DeCand.  Syst.v.  1.  131. 
Clematitis.     Tourn.  t.  150. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  7i.  270—273,  and  275—282. 

CaL  none.  Pet.  from  4  to  8,  inferior,  regular,  oblong,  in 
the  bud  either  valvular,  or  folded  in  at  the  edges.  Filam, 
numerous,  swelling  upward.  Anth.  terminal,  of  2  oblong 
lobes,  bursting  laterally.  Germ,  superior,  sessile,  ovate, 
collected  into  a  round  head.  Styles  terminal,  much  longer 


POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.    Clematis.     39 

than  the  germens.  Stigmas  simple.  Seeds  numerous, 
ovate,  compressed,  placed  on  a  capitate  receptacle^  and 
tipped  with  the  permanent  styles,  becoming,  generally 
feathery,  tails. 

Roots  fibrous.  Stems  shrubby  and  climbing ;  rarely  herba- 
ceous or  erect.  Leaves  oj^posite,  for  the  most  part  re- 
peatedly compound,  with  iwin'mg  footstalks.  Fl.  panicled, 
terminal  or  axillary,  rarely  solitary,  sometimes  brac- 
teated ;  cream-coloured,  white,  yellowish,  or  purple;  in 
some  species  fragrant. 

Notwithstanding  the  utmost  dissimilarity  of  habit,  the  most 
attentive  botanists  have  found  great  difficulty  in  esta- 
blishing a  clear  generic  distinction  between  this  genus 
and  Anemone.  I  acknowledge  myself  obliged  to  the  ex- 
cellent M.  DeCandoUe  for  pointing  out  the  difference  of 
their  aestivation ;  see  Grammai^  22. 

1.  C.  Vitalba.     Common  Traveller's  Joy. 

Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  heart-shaped,  partly  cut.  Foot- 
stalks twining,  permanent.  Panicles  forked,  not  longer 
than  the  leaves. 

C.  Vitalba.      Lhm.  Sp.PL766.     Willd.  v.  2.  1292.     Fl.  Br.  583. 

Engl.  Bot.v.9.t.6\2.  Curt.Lond.fasc.  4.  t.37 .  Hook.ScotA7\. 

DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1.  139.      Jacq.  Austr.  t.  308.      Bull.  Fr.  t.  89. 

Ehrh.Pl.  Of.  346. 
C.  n.  1142.  Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.^9. 
C.  latifolia,  sen  Atrugene  quibusdam.    Rail  Syn.  258,    Bauh.  Hist. 

r.  2.  125./,/. 
C.  altera.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  306./ 
C.  tertia.   Camer.Epit.697 .f. 
Viorna.     Ger.  Em.  886.  /     Lob.  Ic.  626./. 
Vitis  nigra.   Furhs.  Hist.  97.  f.  Ic.bS.f. 
Vitalba.   Dod.  Pempt.  404./ 

In  hedges,  especially  on  a  calcareous  Jjoil. 

Shrub.     July. 

Stems  woody,  angular,  climbing  to  a  great  extent,  or  pendulous 
from  broken  preci])i(:es  or  old  walls,  branched,  entangled,  sup- 
ported on  other  shrubs  by  their  permanent,  hardened,  twining 
footstalks.  i.erttTi- deciduous  ;  their  leti/lcts  r>,  sUAkvd,  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  finely  hairy,  either  quite  entire,  unequally  cut, 
or  coarsely  serrated.  Panidis  axillary  and  terminal,  forked, 
many-flowered,  downy.  Fl.  white,  with  a  sweet  almond-like 
scent.  Pet.  4,  most  downy  at  the  out.side.  Seeds  with  long, 
wavy,  feather)'  and  silky  tails,  forming  beautiful  tufts,  conspicu- 
ous in  wet  weather.  They  retain  their  vegetative  principle  for 
many  years,  if  kept  dry. 


40     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.     Thalictrum. 

277.  THALICTRUM.     Meadow-rue. 

Linn.  Gen.  280.  Juss.  232.  Fl.  Br.  583.  Tourn.  t.  \43.  Lam. 
t.  497.   Gcertn.  t.  74.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1. 168. 

Nat.  Ord.  See  n.  270—273,  and  275—282. 

Cal.  none.  Pet.  4  or  5,  inferior,  roundish,  obtuse,  concave, 
imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous.  Filain.  numerous,  ca- 
pillary, somewhat  thickened  at  the  upper  part,  various 
in  length.  Anth.  terminal,  oblong,  drooping,  bursting 
at  the  edges.  Germ,  several,  superior,  ovate,  striated. 
Styles  none.  Stigmas  oblique,  ovate,  tumid,  downy.  Seeds 
as  many  as  the  germens,  ovate,  furrowed,  or  winged, 
without  any  terminal  appendage. 

Perennial  herbs,  somewhat  fetid  and  acrid.  Roots  fibrous, 
or  partly  fleshy,  often  yellow.  Leaves,  except  in  one  In- 
dian species,  repeatedly  compound,  generally  very  smooth; 
leaflets  lobed,  or  notched,  variable.  Fl.  panicled,  droop- 
ing or  erect,  whitish,  or  pale  yellow,  not  splendid.  The 
stamens  and  pistils  vary  with  respect  to  number  in  some 
species,  and  the  former  are  singularly  dilated  in  T.peta- 
loideum,  of  which  stami^ieum  proves,  by  the  Linnsean  her- 
barium, to  be  scarcely  a  variety.  Some  American  ones 
are  dioecious.     A  few  have  5  petals. 

1 .  T.  alpmutn.     Alpine  Meadow-rue. 

Stem  perfectly  simple  and  almost  naked,  with  a  simple  ter- 
minal cluster. 

T.  alpinum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  767.      Willd.v.  2. 1295.     Fl.  Br.  584. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.4.  t.  262.    Lightf.  286.  1. 13./.  I.     Dicks.  H.  Sice. 

fasc.  1 8.  6.    Hook.  Scot.  171.     Wi72ch  Guide,  v.  1 .  52.    Fl.  Dan. 

t.W.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.\.  175. 
T.  minimum   montanum  atro-rubens,  foliis  splendentibus.     Raii 

Syn.  204.     Boerh.  Ind.  Alt.  v.\.44.t.\. 
T.  montanum   minimum    prsecox,    foliis    splendentibus.      Moris. 

v.3.325.sect9.t.20.f.  14. 

In  elevated  moist  alpine  pastures. 

On  most  of  the  highest  mountains  in  Wales  and  Scotland.  Sent 
from  Durham  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Harriman.  Mr.  Winch  mentions 
it  as  growing  "  near  Caldron  Snout,  by  the  path  leading  from 
thence  to  Widdv  Bank/'  in  that  county  :  as  also  upon  Cronkley 
Fell. 

Perennial.     June. 

Root  of  a  few  long  cylindrical  fibres.  Herb  quite  smooth,  from  3 
to  6  inches  high.  Leaves  chiefly  radical,  on  long,  slender,  up- 
right/oo^s^a/A-6\  twice  ternate,  and  somewhat  pinnate,  their  little 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.     Thalictruni,    41 

wedge-shaped  veiny  leaflets  convex,  dark  green,  and  shining 
above  j  glaucous  and  concave  beneath.  Stipulas  oblong,  mem- 
branous, united  to  the  base  of  the  footstalks  at  each  side.  Fl. 
drooping  when  fully  expanded.  Bracteas  small,  solitary  under 
each  partial  stalk.  Pet.  4,  whitish,  acute.  Stam,  8  or  10,  ca- 
pillary. Anth.  oblong,  tawny.  Germ,  seldom  more  than  4. 
Seeds  smooth,  and  nearly  even. 
Haller  under  his  n.  1 140,  T.fcetidiim,  mentions  this  as  a  probable 
variety  of  that  species,  found  in  Switzerland.  But  if  he  had  seen 
our  plant,  he  could  never  have  confounded  it  with  any  variety  of 
foetidum;  nor  did  the  Swiss  botanists,  with  whom  I  have  com- 
municated, ever  meet  with  the  alplnum. 

2.  T.  7?iimis,     Lesser  Meadow-rue. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnate ;  leaflets  ternate,  three-cleft,  glau- 
cous on  both  sides.  Flowers  panicled,  pendulous.  Stem 
zigzag.     Stipulas  rounded. 

T.  minus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  769.  mild.  v.  2.  1297.  Fl.  Br. ^84.  Engl. 
Bot.  v.\.  t.  \\.  Rail  Syn.  203.  Ger.  Em.  1251./  Hook. 
Scot.  172.  DcCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  178.  Dod.  Pempt.  58./.  Fl. 
Dan.  t.  732.     Jacq.  Austr.  ^  4 1 9. 

T.  n.  1139.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.^7. 

T.  Cordi  tenuifolium.     Loh.  lev. 2.  56./. 

/3.  T.  montanum  minus,  foliis  latioribus.     Raii  Syn.  204. 

In  chalky  pastures,  especially  such  as  are  rather  mountainous  ;  or 
in  shell  sand  on  the  sea  coast. 

Perennial.     Ju7ie,  July. 

Root  creeping.  Stem  from  4  to  12  inches  high,  branched,  leafy, 
glaucous,  smooth,  somewhat  angular,  more  or  less  zigzag  in  the 
lower  part,  often  remarkably  so.  Lea ica- doubly  pinnate,  then  ter- 
nate ;  leaflets  various  in  figure  and  size ;  broadly  heart-shaped,  as 
in  variety  /3,  or  wedge-shaped  as  in  Engl.  Bot.;  glaucous  on  both 
sides,  smooth,  notched  or  lobed  in  the  fore  part.  Footstalks  an- 
gular, smooth  ;  the  common  one  short,  broad,  channelled  above, 
strongly  furrowed  beneath.  Stipulas  interior,  simple,  clasping 
the  stem,  short,  broad,  rounded,  glaucous,  purplish,  jagged  or 
fringed  at  the  edge.  Panicles  compound,  spreading,  accompa- 
nied at  the  base  by  a  few  ternate,  or  slightly  pinnate,  leaves. 
Bractcas  few,  small,  lanceolate.  FL  drooping,  or  pendulous,  on 
slender  stalks.  Pet.  4,  pale  j)urple,  with  white  edges.  Seeds 
furrowed. 

Such  is  our  British  plant.  The  Swedish  specimens  of  Linnieus  are 
much  larger,  like  those  of  \'illars  from  Daui)liiny  ;  but  both  an- 
swer to  the  above  characters,  especially  in  the  .stipulas.  I  have 
not  seen  the  ripe  seeds,  whicli,  according  to  DeC'andoUe,  are 
acute  at  both  ends. 


42     POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.     Thalictrum. 

3.  T.  majus.     Greater  Meadow-rue. 

Leaves  triply  pinnate ;  leaflets  ternate,  lobed,  glaucous  be- 
neath. Branches  of  the  panicle  aggregate,  somewhat  um- 
bellate. Flowers  drooping.  Stipulas  crescent-shaped, 
notched. 

T.  majus.     Crantz,  Austr.fasc.  2.  80.    Jacq.  Austr.  t.  420.    Murr. 

Syst.Veg.  Linn.  €dA4. 513.  WillcLSp.PLv.2A297.  F/.JBr.585. 

Engl.  Bot.v.9.t.6]l.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.\.]79.    Ger.  Em.i2o\ .f. 
T.  magnum.     Doc?.  Pempt.  58./. 
Ruta  pratensis  herbariorum.     Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  56./. 

On  bushy  hills  in  the  north  of  England. 

At  Baydales,  near  Darlington  j  also  on  the  margin  of  Ulswater, 
Cumberland.     Mr.  Robson. 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Twice  or  thrice  the  size  of  the  last.  Lea/lets  of  a  dark  shining 
green  on  the  upper  side  j  glaucous  beneath  only ;  the  larger 
ones  often  an  inch  broad.  Stein  3  feet  high,  or  more,  purplish, 
angular  in  the  upper  part.  Lower  branches  of  thepanide  2  or  3 
together  ;  uppermost  either  umbellate  or  alternate.  Fl.  on  long 
stalks,  drooping.  Pet.  4,  purplish  green.  Anth.  yellow,  quite 
pendulous.  Seeds  obliquely  elliptical,  furrowed.  The  wooden 
cut  of  the  old  authors  above  quoted,  the  same  in  all,  certainly 
belongs  to  this  species,  and  not  to  the  following.  The  character 
of  the  panicle,  and  its  difference  from  T.  minus,  are  there  well 
expressed,  nor  can  these  species  be  confounded. 

4.  li.flavum.     Common  Meadow-rue. 

Stem  erect,  furrowed,  leafy.  Leaves  doubly  pinnate ;  part- 
ly three-lobed.  Panicle  compound,  close,  corymbose. 
Flowers  and  stamens  erect. 

T.  flavum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  770.  mild.  v.2.  1300.  Fl.  Br.  585. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  6.  ^.367-  Hook. Scot.  1/2.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  \.  182. 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  939.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.  356. 

T.  nigricans.     Jacq.  Austr.  t.42l.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  1 82. 

T.  n.  11 38.     HalL  HisU  v.  2.  57  ,•  excL  the  syn.  of  Dodonceus. 

T.  seu  Thalictrum  majus.     Raii  Syn.  203  ;   but  not  of  Gerarde. 

T.  nigrius,  caule  et  semine  striato.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. p.  2. 436.  f. 

jS.  T.  majus,  foliis  rugosis  trifidis.  Moris. v.  3. 324.  sect.  9.  t  20. f.  3. 

In  wet  meadows,  and  about  the  banks  of  rivers  and  ditches,  com- 
mon. 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Root  fibrous,  yellow.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  erect,  straight,  branch- 
ed, leafy,  hollow,  deeply  furrowed  and  angular,  smooth.  Leaves 
doubly  pinnate  ;  ultimately  ternate,  with  general  and  partial 
membranous  rounded  stipulas }  leaflets  smooth,  veiny  j  deep  grassy 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.     Adonis.        43 

green,  or  slightly  glaucous,  above  ;  paler  beneath  ;  their  breadth 
various,  as  is  common  in  this  genus  ;  the  upper  ones  sometimes 
linear,  v>hich  characterizes  T.  nigricans  of  Jacquin  ;  sometimes 
narrow,  but  more  universally  three- cleft,  which  is  the  variety  /3  j 
the  broader  ones  are  rounded,  or  heart-shaped,  at  the  base. 
Panicle  dense,  of  innumerable  upright^ouer*,  the  copious  yel- 
low anthers  being  likewise  erect.  Pet.  4,  cream-coloured.  Seeds 
6  or  8,  very  deeply  furrowed. 
An  acrid  herb,  raising  blisters  on  the  skin  ;  but  cattle  frequently 
feed  upon  it,  as  on  the  Crowfoot  tribe,  mixed  with  grass. 

278.  ADONIS.     Pheasant's-eye. 

Linn.  Gen.  281.  Juss.  232.  FL  Br.bSG.  Dill.  Gen.  109.  t.  4. 
Lain.  t.  498.     Gcertn.  t.  74.     DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  1 .  220. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  7i,  270—273,  and  275—282. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  5,  converging,  obtuse,  concave,  somewhat 
coloured,  deciduous  leaves.  Pet.  5  to  15,  oblong,  obtuse, 
shining,  with  simple  claws,  destitute  of  nectaries.  Filam. 
numerous,  awl-shaped,  very  short.  Antk.  terminal,  in- 
flexed,  of  2  round  lobes.  Getm.  superior,  very  nume- 
rous, in  a  round  head,  incurved.  Sti/les  none.  Stigmas 
acute,  spreading.  Seeds  numerous,  gibbous,  angular, 
acute,  without  any  appendage.     Recept.  cylindrical. 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial.  Leaves  on  the  stem,  in  very 
numerous  narrow  segments.  Fl.  solitary,  at  the  end  of 
each  branch,  scarlet  or  yellow,  very  brilliant. 

1.  A.  aiUinnnalis.    Corn  Pheasant's-eye,  or  Adonis- 
flower. 
Petals  about  eight,   inversely  heart-shaped.     Fruit  ovate. 

Stem  branched. 
A.  autumnalis.    Linn.  Sp.  PL77\.    mild.  v.  2.  \304.    FLBr.5S6, 

Emrl.  Hot.  V.  5. 1.  308.       lyUh.  503.      Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  t.  37. 

Wade  Dnbl.  147.     Hook.  Scot.  1 72. 
A.  jestivalis.  With.  r>03. 
A.  n.  I  158  f3.  //<:///.  Uist.  r.  2.  66  j   by  Swiss  specimens  ,•  syn.  much 

confused. 
Adonis.     Camer.  Epit.  647./      Pet.  II  Brit.  t.  39./.  8. 
Flos  Adonis.  Rail  Syn.  25  1 .  Clus.  Hist.  v.  1 .  336./  Lob.  Ic.  283./ 
F.  Adonis,  florc  rubro.      Park  Parad.  293.  t.  291./  5.      Ger.  Em. 

3H7.f. 
In  corn-fields,  but  not  common. 
About  London.     Iliids.  and  Curtis.    Near  Denver  sluice,  Norfolk. 

Mrs.  Plcstou:.      (iloucistershire.      Miss  Lysons       About  Dublin. 

Dr.  Wade.     Occasionally  about  (ilasgow.     Mr.  Ilopkirk. 
Annual.     Mav — Oct. 


44  POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA,     Ranunculus. 

Root  tapering.  Stem  erect,  branched,  often  bushy,  round,  striated, 
leafy,  rarely  a  little  downy.  Leaves  dark  green,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, triply  and  copiously  pinnatifid,  with  linear,  acute,  smooth 
segments.  Fl.  of  a  deep  shining  crimson,  with  a  black  spot 
near  the  claw  of  each  petal,  and  dark-violet  anthers.  Seeds 
corrugated,  composing  an  oblong-ovate  head,  not  an  inch  long. 
The  petals  vary  in  number  from  6  to  10,  but  are  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  is  usually  smooth. 

A.  aestivalis  of  Linnaeus,  under  which  the  miniata,  and  perhaps 
Jlammea,  of  Jacquin,  FL  Austr.  t.  354,355,  maybe  ranged,  is  a 
very  distinct  species,  known  by  its  mostly  5,  narrow,  scarlet 
petals;  long  and  slender  spike  of  5eec?5,-  and  less  bushy  habit. 
This  has  never  been  found  in  England  ;  for  specimens  sent  by 
my  late  worthy  friend  Dr.  Withering  show  his  cestivalis  to  be  but 
a  starved  and  paler  autumnalis. 

279.  RANUNCULUS.     Crowfoot. 

Linn.  Gen.  281 .  Juss.  233.  Fl.  Br.  587.  Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl.v.  29. 
rowrn.  L  149,  A- -C,  G—L.  Lam.t.49S.  GcBrtn.t.7A.  De- 
Cand.Syst.v. \.2S\. 

Ficaria.  Dill.  Gen.  108.  t.  5 .  Huds.  244.  Juss.  233.  DeCand. 
Syst.v.  1.304. 

Nat.  Orel,  see  ?i.  270—273,  and  275—282. 

CaL  inferior,  of  5,  rarely  few^er,  ovate,  concave,  somewhat 
coloured,  deciduous  leaves.  Pet,  5,  rarely  8  or  10,  ob- 
tuse, polished,  with  short  broad  claws.  Nect.  a  pore  to- 
wards the  base  of  each  petal,  in  several  instances  covered 
by  a  scale.  Filam,  numerous,  rarely  but  5,  not  half  the 
length  of  the  petals.  Anth.  roundish,  linear,  or  heart- 
shaped,  terminal,  erect,  of  2  cells,  bursting  at  the  outer 
edges.  Germ,  superior,  numerous,  collected  into  a  head. 
Styles  none.  Stigmas  small,  reflexed.  Seeds  numerous, 
ovate,  compressed,  either  smooth,  striated,  tuberculated, 
or  prickly,  each  tipped  with  a  point,  or  hook. 

Herbs,  mostly  perennial,  either  hairy  or  smooth.  Roots 
fibrous,  tuberous,  or  granulated.  Stems  round.  Leaves 
extremely  various.  Fl,  yellow,  or  white,  very  rarely  pur- 
plish, on  terminal,  axillary,  or  lateral  stalks,  almost  en- 
tirely scentless.  In  R.  auricomus  the  corolla  is  often 
wanting,  the  calyx  becoming  dilated  and  coloured.  In 
Ficaria,  reckoned  a  distinct  genus  by  some  authors,  the 
calyx-leaves  are  usually  but  3,  though  often  5,  and  the 
petals  about  8.  The  nectaries  make  it  a  Raymnculus,  ac- 
cording to  Linnaeus,  who  had  well  considered  the  matter, 
jmd  would  not  divide  so  natural  a  genus,  especially  for 


POLYANDRIA-POLYGYNIA.     Ranunculus.    45 

the  sake  of  a  solitary  species.  This  whole  natural  order 
evinces  the  importance  of  its  various  and  very  curious 
nectaries^  in  characterizing  the  genera.  Species  of  Ra- 
nunculus are  found  all  over  the  world.  They  amount  to 
140  in  DeCandoUe,  whose  account  of  them  is  the  last 
and  best.     Their  qualities  are  hot  and  acrid. 

*  Leaves  simple. 

1 .  R.  Flammula.     Lesser  Spear-wort  Crowfoot. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  bluntish,  stalked.  Stem  reclining. 
Root  fibrous.     Seeds  smooth. 

R.  Flammula.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  772.  Willd.  v.  2.  1307.  Fl.  Br.  587. 
Engl.  Bot.v.6.  t.387.  Curt.Lond.fasc.6.  t.37.  Hook. Scot. \7 4. 
DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  1 .  247.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  575.  Dod.  Pempt  432  f. 
Bull.  Fr.  t.  15.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.  366.  ' 

R.  n.  1182.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.78. 

R.  flammeus  minor.     Raii  Syn.  250.      Ger.  Em.  961.  f. 

R.  longifolius,  aliis  Flammula.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  848./. 

R.  species  duodecima.     Cord.  Hist.  121,  2./. 

(5.  R.  flammeus  serratus.     Ger.  Em.  962. f. 

R.  Flammula,  folio  serrato.   Dod.  Pempt.  432.  f. 

R.  aquatilis  angustifolius  serratus.  Lob.  Ic.  670./. 

y.  R.  flammeus,  latiori  plantaginis  folio,  marginibus  pilosis,  ex  Hi- 
bernia.  Pluk.  Almag.  312.  Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  251. 

$.  R.  reptans.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  773.  Willd.  v.  2. 1307.  DeCand.  Syst. 
?;.  1.248.  Lightf.289.f.  in  title.  Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fasc.  6.10.  FL 
Dan.t.  108. 

R.  n.  1183.  HalLHist.v.2.79. 

R.  repens,  gramineis  foliis,  e  singulis  geniculis  radices  agens. 
Amm.  Ruth.  80.  t.  13./.  1. 

In  watery  places,  common. 

S.  On  the  margins  of  alpine  lakes. 

Perennial.    June — September. 

Roots  of  many  long  simple  fibres,  partly  from  the  lower  joints  of 
the  stem.  Herb  generally  smooth  ;  except  the  variety  y,  whose 
leaves  are  said  to  be  hairy  at  the  edges.  This  I  have  never  met 
with.  .S7em  more  or  less  reclining,  partly,  or  entirely,  decum- 
bent, from  6  to  18  inches  long,  branched,  leafy,  hollow;  De- 
CandoUe says  ''solid;"  it  is  often  hairy  in  the  ui)per  part. 
Leaves  on  channelled  clasping  footstalks,  alternate,  lanceolate, 
varying  greatly  in  breadth,  sometimes  ovate,  sometimes  in  $ 
partly  linear  ;  in  (3  remarkably  serrated,  but  the  least  observa- 
tion proves  this  a  mere  variety,  and  most  authors  have  had  doubts 
concerning  S.  I  cannot  esteem  it  a  species.  /•'/.  opjxisite  to 
the  leaves,  as  well  as  terminal,  on  round  stalks,  without  hnicfrns. 
Pet.  of  a  golden  yellow,    Ncct.  minute.    Seeds  small,  smooth  at 


46     POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.     Ranunculus. 

the  sides.  Calyx  often  slightly  hairy.  The  whole  plant  is  highly 
acrid,  blistering  the  skin.  Dr.  Withering  recommends  the  dis- 
tilled water  as  an  instantaneous  emetic,  in  cases  of  poison.  He 
does  not  mention  the  dose. 

2.  R.  Lingua.     Great  Spear-wort  Crowfoot. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  sessile,  somewhat  ser- 
rated. Stem  erect,  many-flowered.  Root  fibrous.  Seeds 
smooth. 

R.  Lingua.  Linn.^p  PZ.773.  fri/M.r.2. 1308.  K.Br. 588.  Engl. 
Bot.  V.2.  t.  100.  Hook. Scot.  173.  Lond.  t.\7\*.  DeCand.Syst. 
r.  1.246.    Fl.Dan.t.753. 

R.  n.  1181.  HalLmst.v.2.78. 

R.  flammeus  major.   Rail  Sjjn.  250.   Ger.  Em.  961./. 

R.  longo  folio  maximus.  Lingua  Flinii.  Bank.  Hist.  v.  3.  849./. 

R.  longifolius.  Lingua  Plinii  dictus,  foliis  serratis.  Ambros.  Phyt. 
459./ 

In  marshes,  reedy  pools  and  ditches,  but  not  common. 

In  the  isle  of  Ely,  Norfolk,  and  several  parts  of  the  north  of  Eng- 
land ;  also  in  Duddingston  loch,  near  Edinburgh. 

Perennial.    July. 

Twice  the  size  of  R.  Flamrmda,  and  more  silky,  with  close-pressed 
hairs,  in  every  part  of  the  herbage.  The  leaves  are  more  gene- 
rally, but  not  so  evidently,  serrated.  Cat.  hairy.  Pet.  bright  yel- 
low. Ned.  covered  by  a  small  scale.  Seeds  minutely  dotted,  but 
not  rough. 

3.  1^,  grajiiineus.      Grassy  Crowfoot. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  many-ribbed,  entire.  Stem  erect, 
very  smooth,  wdth  few  flowers.     Root  tuberous. 

R.  gramineus.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  773.     Willd.v.  2. 1309.    mth.  505. 

Fl.  Br.  588.    Engl.  Bot.  7;.33.  t.  2306.     Curt.  Mag.  1. 164.   De- 

Cand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  245.      Bull.  Fr.  t.  1 23. 
R.  pumilus, gramineis foliis.  Lob.Ic.67\.f.  Bauh.Hist.v.S.SoO.f. 

In  dry  alpine  pastures  in  Wales. 

Brought  from  North  Wales  by  Mr.  Pritchard.    Withering. 

Perennial.     May,  June. 

Root  tuberous,  with  several  thick  fleshy  fibres,  and  crowned  with 
the  thready  remains  of  old  leaves.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  round, 
smooth,  erect,  bearing  from  1  to  3  or  4  bright-yellow,  rather 
large,  flowers,  and  a  few  small  sessile  leaves.  Most  of  the  leaves 
are  radical,  on  short  sheathing  stalks,  grassy,  linear,  acute, 
glaucous,  numerously  ribbed.  Cal.  quite  smooth,  spreading,  not 
deflexed.  Nect.  a  tubular  scale.  Botanists  have  confounded 
with  this  several  synonyms  belonging  to  R.  pyreiicBus of  Lmnxus , 
and  those  of  Bauhin  and  Dalechamp  in  FL  Brit,  must  be  ex- 
punged.    The  error  is  corrected  in  Rees's  Cycl.  at  n.  7  and  8. 


POLYANDRIA-^POLYGYNIA.     Ranunculus.    47 

4.  R.  Fiearia.    Pilewort  Crowfoot.   Lesser  Celandine, 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  angular,  stalked,  smooth.  Petals  nu- 
merous, elliptic-oblong. 

R.  Fiearia.  Linn.  Sp.Pl.77A.  Willd.v.2.\3\2.  Fl.  Br. 589, 
Engl.  Bot.  v.9.t.  584.  Curt. Land.  fasc.  2.  t.  39.  Mart.  Rust,  t.2 1 , 
FTook.Scot.\74.  Fl.Dan.t. 499.  Bull.Fr.t.43.  Ehrh.Fl.Of.376. 

Fiearia.  Brunf.  Herb.  t\  1 .  2 1 5 ./. 

F.  n.  1160.  Hall,  Hist.  V.  2.67. 

F.  verna,  Huds.  244. 

F.  ranunculoides.  Roth  Gerrn.  v.  \.  241.  v.  2.  p.].  622.  DeCand, 
Syst.v.  1.304. 

Chelidonium  minus.  Raii  Syn.  246.  Ger.  Eni.8\6.f.  Trag.  Hist. 
1 13./.  Fuchs.  Hist.  867./  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  \,57S.f.  Corner. 
Epit.  403./  Dalech.  Hist.  1048./  Cord.  Hist.  121,2./ 

In  meadows,  bushy  places,  and  about  hedge  banks,  every  where. 

Perennial.     April. 

Root  fibrous,  accompanied  with  many  fleshy,  oblong,  annual  knobs. 
Herb  smooth,  of  a  bright  shining  green,  rather  succulent.  Steins 
either  erect  or  recumbent,  from  3  to  10  inches  long,  branched, 
leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  stalked,  heart-shaped,  angular  or  wavy 
at  the  margin,  sometimes  spotted  with  black.  Footstallcs  longer 
than  the  leaves  ;  dilated,  membranous  and  sheathing  at  the 
base.  Fl.  terminal,  solitary,  on  long  stalks.  Cal.  of  3,  rarely 
more,  roundish,  concave  leaves.  Pet.  elliptic-oblong,  generally 
9,  often  8  or  10,  of  a  golden  yellow,  as  if  varnished  ;  turning 
white  by  the  action  of  light.  Nect.  a  small  hollow  in  the  base  of 
each  petal,  closed  with  a  scale. 

Those  who  retain  Fiearia  as  a  genus,  should  observe  that  Hud- 
son's name  verna,  published  in  1762,  is  prior  to  ranunculoides, 
and  in  every  respect  more  eligible  ;  the  latter  being  a  barbarous 
jumble  of  Latin  and  Greek,  such  as  too  often  disgraces  our  sci- 
ence.    It  ought  to  have  been  ranunculinus. 

**  Leaves  lobed^  or  cut. 

5.  R.  aurico7mis.     Wood  Crowfoot.      Goldilocks. 

Radical  leaves  kidney-shaped,  deeply  three-cleft,  notched  ; 
stem-leaves  divided  to  the  base  into  linear  segments.  Stem 
many  llowered.      Calyx  coloured. 

R.  auricomus.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  775.     IVilld.  v.  2.  13 14.    Fl.  Br.  .590. 

F.niyl.Bot.v.9.t.624^.  Curt.  Lond.  fasc.2.  t.4\ .  Hook.  Scot. \7 4. 

DeCand.  Sifst.  v.  1 .  266 .      Ft.  Dan.  t.  665 .      Ger.  Em.  954.  /*.. 
R.  n.  1 1 77.    ^Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  76. 

K.  nemorosus  dulcis,  secundus  Tragi.      Raii  Syn.  248. 
R.  (lukis.  se\i  pratensis       Traf;.  Ili.st.  97./ 
R.  prima  species  sylvestris.  Fuchs.  Hist.  156./  Dalech.  Hist.\029.f. 


48     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Ranunculus. 

R.  rotundifolius  vernus  sylvaticus.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 84 1 ./. 

R.  pratensis  erectus  dulcis.  Bauh.  Pin.  1 79.  Moris,  v. 2.  439. 1 28. 
/15. 

In  dry  groves,  bushy  and  shady  places,  not  uncommon.  Mr.  Cur- 
tis justly  remarks  that  it  rarely  occurs  in  marshy  ground. 

Perennial.     April,  May. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  erect,  branched,  leafy,  round, 
the  upper  part  often  slig'htly  downy.  Leaves  seldom  quite 
smooth;  often  finely  downy  ;  radical  ones  on  long  stalks,  round- 
ed or  kidney-shaped,  crenate,  some  of  them  3-lobed,  or  5-lobed, 
cut  3  those  on  the  stem  sessile,  in  deeper  and  narrower  seg- 
ments J  uppermost  in  3  or  more  linear,  quite  entire,  lobes. 
Fl.  terminal,  stalked,  solitary,  of  a  bright  golden  yellow,  of  which 
the  pale,  hairy,  never  reflexed,  calyx  often  partakes.  Some- 
times the  part  last  mentioned  is  dilated  and  coloured,  assuming 
the  aspect  of  petals,  which  in  that  case  are  wanting.  Nect.  a 
naked  pore. 

This  species,  having  no  acrimony,  has  been  termed  dulcis,  or  Sweet 
Wood  Crowfoot.  The  great  and  constant  diversity  of  form  in 
the  leaves,  especially  the  narrow  linear  shape  of  the  upper  ones, 
distinguish  it  readily. 

6.  R.  scekraius.     Water  Crowfoot.      Celery-leaved 
Crowfoot. 

Stem  erect,  hollow,  much  branched.  Leaves  smooth ;  lower 
ones  palmate  ;  upper  fingered.  Fruit  oblong.  Seeds  very 
numerous,  minute. 

R.  sceleratus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  776.  Willd.  v.  2. 13] 5.  Fl.Br.590. 
Engl. Bat.  vAO.t.eSl.  Curt.Lond.fasc.2.t.42.  Hook.  Scot. \7 4, 
DeCand.Syst.v.\.268.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  571.  BullFr.t.47.  Ehrh. 
PI.  Of.  386. 

R.  n.  1 175.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  74. 

R.  palustris.    Raii  Syn.  249.    Cord.  Hist.  119,  2./. 

R.  palustris  rotundifolius.     Ger.  Em.  962.  f. 

R.  palustris,  flore  minimo.  Bauk.  Hist.  v.  3.  846./. 

R.  secunda  species.    Fuchs.  Hist.  159./. 

R.  primus.      Camer.  Epit.  380.  f. 

Apium  aquaticum.    Trag.  Hist.  93./. 

Common  in  watery  places. 

Annual.    June — August. 

Root  fibrous.  Herb  very  acrid,  juicy,  various  in  luxuriance,  from  6 
inches  to  2  feet  high,  of  a  pale  shining  green,  very  smooth,  ex- 
cept occasionally  the  Jlower-stalks  and  upper  part  of  the  stem, 
which  are  now  and  then  hairy.  Ste)n  thick,  round,  hollow,  re- 
peatedly branched,  leafy.  Lower  leaves  stalked,  rounded,  bluntly 
lobed  and  cut ;  upper  sessile,  with  deeper  and  narrower  seg- 
ments i  uppermost  of  all,  accompanying  the  flowers,  lanceolate. 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.     Ranunculus.     49 

undivided.  FL  small,  pale  yellow,  numerous,  on  solitary  stalks, 
either  terminal,  axillary,  or  opposite  to  the  leaves.  Cal.  hairy, 
reflexed.  Pet.  orbicular.  Ncct.  somewhat  tubular.  Fruit  cylin- 
drical, obtuse,  various  in  length,  composed  of  numerous  small 
seeds.  The  bruised  herb  is  said  to  raise  a  blister,  leaving  a  sore 
which  is  not  easily  healed,  and  by  which  strolling  beggars  some- 
times excite  compassion. 

7.  R.  alpestris,  Alpine  White  Crowfoot. 

Leaves  very  smooth  ;  radical  ones  somewhat  heart-shaped, 
obtuse,  in  three  deep  lobed  segments  ;  those  of  the  stem 
lanceolate,  entire.  Flower  mostly  solitary.  Calyx 
smooth. 

R.  alpestris.  Lhm.  Sp.  PL  778.  IVilkLv.  2.  1322.  Engl.  Bot.v.M. 

t.  2390.   Comp.  ed.  4.  97.   Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.v.  10.343.  Ait.  Hart. 

Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  3. 356.    Hook.  Scot.  1 73.    DeCand.  Si/st.  v.  I.  239. 

Jacq.  Auslr.  t    110. 
R.  n.  11G7.  Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.7 \. 
R.  montani  prima  species.    Clus.  Pann.  3G4,  365./,/.    Hist.  v.  1. 

234.// 
R.  montanus,  flore  minore,  et  flore  majore.   Ger.  Em.  964.// 
R.  minimus  alpinus  albus.   Bcnth.  Hist.  v.  3.  845  j  2  lower/. 
R.  alpinus  humilis  albus,  folio  subrotundo.    Segu.Feron.v.  I.  489. 

/.12./I. 

By  the  sides  of  alpine  rills  in  Scotland,  rare. 

In  moist  places,  about  two  or  three  rocks,  on  the  Clova  mountains 
of  Angusshire,  rarely  flowering.     Mr.  G.  Don. 

Perennial.     May. 

Root  with  many  long  fibres.  Herb  very  smooth  in  every  part.  Stem 
from  2  to  5'  inches  high,  erect,  almost  invariably  simple  and 
single-flowered,  naked,  except  one  or  two  linear,  bluntish,  up- 
right, entire  leaves  towards  tlie  middle.  Radical  leaves  several, 
on  channelled  stalks,  roundish-heart-shnped,  or  kidney-shaped, 
more  or  less  deeply  divided  into  3  principal  unccpial  lobes, 
which  are  again  lobcd  and  cut,  elegantly  veiny.  Fl.  erect,  of  a 
brilliant  white.  Cal.  reflexed,  smooth,  pale,  bordered  with  wliite. 

Haller  says  this  is  one  of  the  most  acrid  of  its  tribe,  blistering  the 
skin  ;  and  yet  alpine  hunters  chew  it  by  way  of  refreshment,  as 
removing  fatigue,  and  preventing  giddiness. 

8.  II.  bidbosjis.    Bulbous  Crowfoot.    Butter-cups. 

Calyx  reflexed.  Flower-stalks  furrowed.  Stem  uj)right, 
nriany-flowered.  Leaves  compound.  Hoot  bulbous. 
Seeds  smooth. 

R.  bulbosus.      Lum.  Sp.  PL  77^.      IFiUd.  r.  2.  1324.      77.  Rr.  591 . 
EngL  Bof.v.H.  ^515.    Cnt.  Lmd.fasc  \.  /.3H.    Hook.  Scot.  \7b. 
vol..  III.  y 


50     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA,     Ranunculus. 

Mart.  Rust.  t.  28.    Mill.  Illustr.  t.5l.   Rail  Syn. 247.  Ger.  Em. 
953./.    Lob.Ic.667.f.  DeCand.  Sijst. v.  1.295.  Bull.  Fr.t.  27. 

R.  tuberosus.    Dod.  Pempt.  431./. 

R.  tuberosus  major.    Bauh.  Hist. v.3.4\7.f. 

R.  tertia  species.    Fuchs.  Hist.  160./. 

Crus  galli.    Brunf.  Herb.  145./ 

In  pastures,  meadows,  grass-plats,  and  waste  ground  every  where. 

Perennial.     May. 

Root  a  solid  roundish  bulb,  fibrous  underneath,  proliferous  at  the 
top.  Stems  one  or  more,  erect,  a  foot  high,  round,  hairy,  leafy, 
hollow  J  alternately  branched  in  the  upper  part ;  simple  and 
without  offsets  or  runners  below.  Lower  leaves  on  dilated, 
channelled,  hairy  stalks,  compound  in  a  ternate  manner,  as  well 
as  deeply  three-cleft  and  cut,  varying  much  in  degree  of  hairi- 
ness ;  upper  ones  alternate,  sessile,  more  simple,  with  narrower 
segments.  Ft.  terminal,  solitary,  on  simple,  furrowed,  hairy, 
upright  stalks.  Calyx-leaves  ovate,  concave,  hairy,  thin  at  the 
base,  turned  back  close  to  the  stalk  soon  after  they  expand.  Pet. 
roundish  with  a  terminal  notch,  concave,  of  a  full  golden  yellow. 
Neat,  covered  by  a  heart-shaped  scale.  Seeds  compressed, 
smooth  at  the  sides. 

This  species  is  acrid,  though  commonly  eaten,  along  with  other 
herbage,  by  domestic  cattle.  It  increases  plentifully  by  seed,  and 
is  of  slow  growth,  though  of  long  duration.  A  double  variety, 
figured  by  the  old  herbalists,  is  sometimes  seen  in  gardens. 

9.  R.  hirsutus.  Pale  Hairy  Crowfoot. 

Calyx  reflexed,  pointed.     Stem  upright,  many-flowered, 

hairy.     Leaves  ternate.     Root  fibrous.     Seeds  tubercu- 

lated. 
R.  hirsutus.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  t.  40.    Fl.  Br.  592.    Camp.  ed.4. 

97.   Engl.  Bot.  v.2\.t.  1504.     Hook.  Scot.  175. 
R.  Philonotis.   Ehrh.Herb.U6.  Beitr. v.  2. 145.  Willd.v.2.n24. 

Retz.  Obs.fasc.  6.31.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  297. 
R.  bulbosus  /3.     Huds.  241. 
R.  rectus,  foliis  pallidioribus  hirsutis.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.417. f.  Raii 

Syn.  247. 
Pale  Upright  Crowfoot.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  38./  5. 
/3.  Ranunculus  parvulus.     Linn.  Mant.  79.     Fl.  Br.  593. 
R.  parviflorus.     Gouan  Fl.  Monsp.270  j  frorn  the  author,  but  not 

of  Linn. 
R.  arvensisparvus/oliotrifido.  Bauh.Pin.\79.  Magnol Monsp.2\7 . 

Moris.  V.  2. 439.  sect.  4.  t.  28./  20. 
R.  minimus  saxatilis  hirsutus.     Bauh.  Prodr.96.     Pin.  182. 
R.  minimus  apulus.     Column.  Ecphr.  314.  i.  316./.  1. 
In  moist  meadows,  and  waste  or  cultivated  ground  that  is  liable  to 

be  overflowed,  frequent . 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    ilanunculus.     51 

Annual.     June — October. 

Root  of  many  simple  fibres.  Herb  very  variable  in  luxuriance,  of 
a  paler  hue  than  most  of  this  genus,  and  clothed  with  fine, 
silky,  spreading  hairs.  Lower  leaves  on  long  stalks,  ternate, 
lobed  and  cut ;  upper  sessile,  with  3,  or  more,  narrower  seg- 
ments. Flower-stalks  hairy,  furrowed.  Cal.  pointed,  finally 
reflexed  close  to  the  stalk,  and  clothed  with  hairs  glandular  at 
their  base.  Pet.  of  a  golden  yellow.  Nect.  covered  with  a  scale. 
Seeds  compressed,  bordered,  rough  on  both  sides,  especially 
towards  the  margin,  with  an  irregular  double  or  triple  row  of 
small  sharp  ])rominences,  first  observed  by  Mr.  E.  Forster.  These 
clearly  distinguish  it  from  our  other  common  Crowfoots,  with 
which  it  has  been  confounded  ;  and  likewise  prove  the  R.  par- 
vulus  of  Linnaeus  and  FL  Br,  to  be  but  a  starved  variety  of  the 
same  species. 

10.  R.  repens.  Creeping  Crowfoot. 

Calyx  spreading.  Flower-stalks  furrowed.  Scyoiis  creep- 
ing.    Leaves  compound,  cut ;  the  uppermost  entire. 

R.  repens.  Linn.  Sp,  Pl.779.  Willd.  v.  2.] 325.  FT.  Br. 592.  Engl. 

Bot.v.  8.  <.  516.     Curt.  Lond.  fasc. 4.  t.  38.     Mart.  Rust.  t.  29. 

Hook.  Scot.  175.     DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  1.  285.     Fl.  Dan.  L  795. 

Bull.Fr.  t.77. 
R.n.  1173.     Hall.Hist.v.2.73. 
R,  pratensis  repens.    Raii  Syn.  247 » 
R.  pratensis  etiamque  hortensis.     Ger.  Em.  951.  f. 
R.  pratensis  repens  hirsutus.     Bauh.  Pin,  179.     Moris,  v.  2.  439. 

sect.  4.  t.2S./.  18. 
Creeping  and  Thames  Crowfoot,  Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  38./.  7,  8. 

In  meadows,  moist  pastures,  and  shady  waste  places  in  towns, 
neglected  gardens,  &c.,  very  common. 

Perennial.    June — August. 

Root  slightly  tuberous,  with  stout  fibres  ;  sending  forth  from  its 
crown  long  prostrate  runners,  which  take  root  at  every  joint. 
Stems  erector  ascending,  round,  hairy,  leafy,  branching.  Leaves 
dark  green,  hairy,  twice  ternate  ;  the  ui)per  ones  with  wedge- 
shaped,  cut  leaflets  ;  uppermost  of  all  in  3  deep,  lanceolate, 
acute,  entire  lobes.  Radical  leaves  often  marked  with  a  black 
spot.  Fl.  bright  yellow,  like  those  of  R.  bulhosus,  hirsutus,  and 
others,  but  the  hairy  cali/v  is  spreading,  not  reflexed.  Pet. 
notched.  Nect.  covered  with  a  notched  scale.  Seeds  not  gene- 
rally perfected.     A  double  variety  is  sometimes  seen  in  gardens. 

11.  11.  acris.  Upright  Meadow  Crowfoot. 

Calyx  spreading.  FlowcM'-stalks  round  and  even.  Leaves 
in  three  deep  lohed  and  cut  segments  ;  those  of  the  up- 
permost linear  and  entire.  Stem  erect,  covered  with 
close  hairs. 

E  2 


52     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Ranunculus. 

n.acYis.  Linn.Sp.Pl.779.  mild.v.2.]326.    Fl.  Br. 593.    Engl. 
Bot.  V,  10.  t.  652.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  \.t.  39.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  30. 
Woodv.  suppl.  t.  246.  Hook.  Scot.  1 74.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  277 
Bull.  Fr.  t.  1 09.     Curt.  Mag.  t.  215,  double Ji. 

R.  n.ll69.     HalLHist.v.2.72. 

R.  piatensis  erectus  acris.     Bauh.  Pin.  178.     Rail  Syn.  248. 

R.  luteus.     Trag.  Hist.  94.  f. 

R.  octavus.     Cord.  Hist.  1 20, 2./,/. 

R.  hortensis  secunda.     Dod.  Pempt.  426.  f. 

R.  pratensis,  surrectis  cauliculis.    Lob.  Ic.  665.  f. 

Chrysanthemum.     Fuchs.  Hist.  879.  f. 

Pes  corvinus.     Brunf,  Herb.  t;.  1 .  1 43, 1 44./, /. 

Upright  Meadow  Crowfoot.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  38./.  3. 

In  meadows  and  pastures  very  common  ;  even  on  the  loftiest 
mountains. 

Perennial.     June,  .July. 

Root  somewhat  tuberous,  with  many  long  simple  fibres.  Stem 
2  feet  high,  erect,  round,  hollow,  leafy,  clothed  with  close- 
pressed  hairs,  or  bristles  ;  branched  above,  and  many-flowered. 
Radical  leaves  on  long  upright  hairy  footstalks,  in  3  or  5  deep 
lobes,  which  are  variously  subdivided  and  cut,  more  or  less 
hairy  ;  stem-leaves  nearly  sessile,  with  fewer  and  narrower  seg^ 
ments  ;  uppermost  much  smaller,  in  3  linear  entire  lobes  3  or 
sometimes  simple  and  linear.  FL  bright  yellow,  on  round  even 
stalks,  covered  with  close  hairs,  and  not  furrowed.  Cal.  hairy, 
spreading,  deciduous.  Nect.  covered  by  a  scale.  Seeds  lenti- 
cular, smooth,  with  a  small,  slightly  curved,  point. 

The  small  variety,  with  scarcely  more  than  a  solitary /oit-er,  found 
on  the  Highland  mountains,  and  brought  by  Mr.  D.Turner  from 
wet  rocks  near  the  summit  of  Snowdon,  is  not  the  montanus  of 
Willdenow,  but  becomes,  with  one  year's  culture  in  a  gar- 
den, precisely  our  common  acris.  It  has  remained  so  with  me 
above  20  years.  The  double-flowered  variety  is  common  in 
gardens,  and  not  inelegant.  The  synonym  of  Gerarde,  quoted 
in  Fl.  Br.  belongs  to  R.  p:)hjanthemos,  a  foreign  species,  with 
furrowed^oM;er-s^a/A:A-,  and  more  finely  divided  leaves,  of  which 
the  wooden  cuts,  in  old  books,  are,  as  Prof.  DeCandoUe  well 
observes,  hard  to  distinguish  from  those  of  the  acris. 

12.  R.  arvensis.     Corn  Crowfoot. 

Seeds  very  prickly  at  the  sides.  Leaves  once  or  twice  deeply 

three-cleft,  with  linear-lanceolate  segments.    Stem  erect, 

much  branched,  many-flow^ered. 

R.  arvensis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  780.     M^illd.  v.  2.  1329.     FL  Br.  594. 

EngL  BoL  v.  2.  t.]35.      Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  36.      Mart.  Rust. 

t.  56.      Hook.  Scot.  175.      DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  297.      FL  Dan. 

t.2\9.  Brugnon  Mem.  de  VAcad.  de  Turin,  v.  4.  108.  /.  3.  Cord. 

Hist.  120.  f. 
R  n.  1176.  "  Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  75. 


POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.     Ranunculus.     53 

H.  arvorum.      Raii  Siin.2A8.     Ger.  Em.  951./.     Loh.  Ic.  665./. 
R.  hortensis  simplicis,  prima  species.  Fuchs.  Hist.  157./.    Dalech. 

Hist.  1030.  f. 
Corn  Crowfoot.     Fet.  H.  Brit.  t.  38./  1 0. 

In  corn-fields,  not  uncommon. 

Annual.     June. 

Root  fibrous.  Herb  of  a  pale  shining  green,  nearly, but  not  quite, 
smooth.  Stem  erect,  in  a  favourable  soil  much  branched,  round, 
leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  the  upper  ones  partly  opposite,  all 
once  or  twice  divided  in  a  three-fold  manner,  with  linear-lanceo- 
late, bluntish,  mostly  entire,  rather  fleshy  segments,  Fl.  small, 
lemon-coloured,  solitary,  on  simple  stalks  opposite  to  the  leaves. 
Cat.  spreading,  narrow,  hairy.  Fet.  obovate.  Seeds  large,  each 
with  an  upright  awl-shaped  point,  their  flat  sides  densely  armed 
with  numerous,  sharp,  prominent  prickles. 

\'ery  acrid  and  dangerous  to  cattle,  though  they  are  said  to  eat  it 
greedily.  M.  Brugnon,  who  has  given  a  particular  account  of 
its  qualities,  relates  that  3  ounces  of  the  juice  killed  a  dog  in 
4  minutes.  Several  sheep  were  killed  by  feeding  on  this  herb 
near  Turin,  which  first  led  to  an  investigation  of  the  matter. 
Cholic,  with  inflammation  of  the  stomach,  were  the  symptoms, 
which  were  best  removed  by  pouring  vinegar  down  the  animals' 
throats.  Hence,  like  most  vegetable  poisons,  this  Crowfoot 
seems  to  act  on  the  nerves,  and  yet  black  spots  were  found  in 
the  sheep's  stomachs. 

13.  ^.  parvi/lor?is,     Sinall-flowered  Crowfoot. 

Seeds  armed  at  the  sides  with  hooked  prickles.  Leaves 
simple,  hairy,  sharply  cut;  upper  ones  three-lobed.  Stem 
prostrate. 

R.  parviflorus.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  780.    Willd.  v.  2.  1329.    F/.  Br.  594. 

E7igLBot.v.2.t.\20.   DeCand.S7jst.v.  1.300.  Fl.Dan.  t.l2\S. 
R.  hirsutus  annuus,  flore  minimo.   Raii  Syn.  248.  t.  12.  f.  1.    Pluk. 

Almag.3\\.     Fhjt.  t.  :ui.f.  1. 
R.  arvensis  annuus  hirsutus,  flore  omnium  minimo  lutco.     Moris. 

V.2.  440.  sect.  4.  t.2S.  f.2\. 
Rays  Hairy  Crowfoot.    >e/.  H.  Brit.  t.  38.  f.  9. 

In  gravelly  fields,  and  under  hedges. 

In  several  places  about  London.  Ray.  On  Malvern  hill,  Worces- 
tershire ;  Mr.  IJallard  ;  and  in  the  south-west  j)art  of  England. 
IFith.  Near  Norwich.  Mr.  Fitchford.  On  hedge  banks  out  of 
St.  Stephen's  and  St.  Giles's  gates,  Norwich. 

Annual.      i^Iay,  June. 

Root  fibrous.  Hcrh  pale  green,  more  or  les<>  hairy.  Stems  pros- 
trate, round,  hollow,  branched,  leafy,  about  a  span  long.  Leaves 
stalked,  roundish-heart -sliaped.  acutely  notciied  j  the  uj)per 
ones   threc-lobcd  j   u|)pernu)st  of  all   in  decj)  lanceolate  entire 


54     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Ranunculus. 

segments.  Fl.  opposite  to  the  leaves,  solitary,  stalked,  small, 
yellow,  with  narrow  obovate  petals,  one  or  more  of  which  are 
often  wanting,  or  imperfect.  Seeds  lenticular,  with  a  broad, 
compressed,  curved  point ;  their  sides  densely  covered  with 
small,  hooked,  prominent  prickles. 

14.  R.  hederaceus.     Ivy  Crowfoot. 

Seeds  wrinkled.      Leaves   roundish-kidney-shaped,    with 

three  or  five  lobes,  entire,  smooth.     Stem  creeping. 
R.  hederaceus.    Linn.  Sp.  P1.78L    Willd.  v.  2.  133\,    H.Br.595. 

Engl  Bot.  V.  28.  t.  2003.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  39.    Hook.  Scot. 

173.    DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  1 .  233.     FL  Dan.  ^  321.    Dalech.  Hist. 

1031./.     Bauh.Hist.v.3.774.f. 
R.  aquatilis  hederaceus  albus.     Raii  Syn.  249. 
Ivy  Crowfoot.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  38./.  12. 

In  shallow  rivulets,  ditches,  and  pools. 

Perennial.     May — August. 

A  little,  smooth,  branching,  creeping  or  floating  herb,  sending  down 
radicles  from  each  joint  of  its  hollow  leafy  stem.  Leaves  stalked, 
opposite  or  alternate,  with  3  or  5  shallow  lobes  j  their  colour 
dark  green,  often  with  a  black  spot  on  the  disk.  Fl.  small,  with 
narrow  white  petals,  and  from  5  to  10  or  12  stamens.  Seeds 
tumid,  with  minute  transverse  wrinkles. 

15.  R.  aquatiUs.     White  Floating  Crowfoot. 

Seeds  wrinkled.  Leaves  in  capillary  segments  under  water ; 
above  somewhat  peltate,  lobed,  bluntly  notched. 

R.  aquatilis.  Linn.  Sp.Pl  781.  Willd.  v.  2.  1332.  Fl.  Br.  596. 
Engl.Bot.v.2.t.\0\.  Hook.  Scot.  \7  3.  Ger.  Em.  829.  f.  Raii 
Sijn.  249.    DeCand.  Syst.v.  I.  234.     Dod.  Pempt.  587.  f. 

R.  n.  1 1 63.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  69. 

R.  aquatilis  albus.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 773.  f. 

R.  aquatilis  albus,  lato  et  foeniculi  folio.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.565. 

R.  aquaticus,  hepaticse  facie.     Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  35./. 

R.  heterophyllus.  Wiggers  Holsat. 42.  Sibth.l75.  Abbot  123. 
Purt.v.  1.263. 

Water  Crowfoot  with  various  leaves.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.39.f.  1. 

/3.  Ranunculus  aquatilis  omnino  tenuifolius.  Raii  Syn.  249. 
Bauh.  Hist.  V.  3. 773./. 

R.  aquatilis.     Wig g.  Holsat.  42.     Sibth.l75. 

R.  trichophyllon  aquaticus  medio  luteus.  Column.  Ecphr.  315. 
^.316. 

R.  aquaticus  albus  foeniculi  folio.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.566. 

R.  n.  1162.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  69. 

R.  pantothrix.    Brot.  Lusit.  v.  2.  375.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  235,  a. 

Millefolium,  sive  Maratriphyllon,  flore  et  semine  Ranunculi  aqua- 
tic), hepaticge  facie,     Ger.  Em.  827 .J. 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Ranunculus.    55 

Fine  Water  Crowfoot.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  39./.  2. 

y.  Ranunculus  aquaticus  albus,  circinatis  tenuissime  divisis  foliis, 

floribus  ex  alls  longis  pediculis  innixis.     Rail  Syn.  249.     Pluk. 

Almag.3i\.    Phyt.  t.  55.  f.2. 
R.  circinatus.    Sibth.l75. 
R.  pantothrix  /3.    DeCand.  Syst.v.  1.  236. 
R.  n.  1 1 62  /3.    Hall.  Hist,  v  2.  69. 
Fine  trimmed  Water  Crowfoot.    Pet.  H  Brit.  t.  39./.  3. 
$.  Ranunculo,  sive  Polyanthemo  aquatili  albo  affine,  Millefolium 

Maratriphyllon  fluitans.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.774./.  Raii  Syn.  250. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.  376. 
Ranunculus  fluviatilis.  Wigg.  Holsat.  42.    Sibth.  176.  Abbot  123. 

Willd.v.2.  1333. 
R.  pantothrix  y..    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  1 .  236. 
R.  n.  1161.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  68. 
Fennel  Water  Crowfoot.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  39./.  4. 
Foeniculus  aquaticus,     Dalech.Hist.  1023./ 

In  ditches  and  ponds  every  where.    $  in  rivers. 

Perennial.     May,  June. 

The  natural  state  of  this  species  is  when  it  mantles  the  surface  of 
still  pools  or  ditches  with  its  lobed  floating  leaves,  and  abun- 
dance of  white^owers,  yellow  in  the  middle,  the  branched  sterns 
throwing  out  long  fibrous  roots  from  their  lower  joints,  and  the 
leaves  which  are  under  water  being  repeatedly  divided,  in  a 
threefold  manner,  into  narrow,  linear,  acute  segments.  The 
Jlowers  are  solitary,  on  long  stalks,  opposite  to  the  leaves.  Cal. 
smooth,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
with  a  tubular  nectary  in  the  middle  of  the  yellow  claw.  Seeds 
numerous,  in  a  round  head,  obovate,  transversely  wrinkled  j 
more  or  less  hairy,  or  minutely  bristly,  especially  in  the  varie- 
ties. /3  has  all  the  leaves  cut  as  above  mentioned,  and  im- 
mersed in  the  water  3  but  any  person  who  throws  it  out  into  a 
shallow  puddle,  early  in  the  summer,  will  soon,  I  believe,  see 
broad  leaves  produced,  y,  from  whatever  cause,  bears  smaller, 
neater,  rounded,  very  finely  cut  leaves.  ^,  floating  in  a  strong 
or  rapid  stream,  has  all  its  leaves  dissected  and  lengthened  out 
by  the  water,  and  can  but  rarely  flower.  I  agree  with  Prof. 
Hooker  that  the  hairiness  of  the  seeds  is  no  constant  mark  ;  for 
after  having  long  ago  thought  it  such,  I  have  been  obliged  to 
give  up  that  point.  See  Rees's  Cyclopcedia.  I  cannot  but  won- 
der at  those  otherwise  able  botanists,  who  seeing  these  varieties 
produced  under  their  eyes,  with  the  evident  cause  of  each  con- 
tinually acting,  can  consider  them  as  species. 

R.Jluvia tills  of  Dr.  Bigelow  in  his  Boston  Flora,  139,  is  indeed  a 
totally  different  species,  of  much  larger  dimensions,  with  all  the 
leaves  finely  and  coj)iou?-.ly  subdivided,  bright  ycllow//oit'tTA-,  and 
minutely  wrinkled  seeds,  terminating  in  compressed  upright 
beaks,  as  long  as  them.^elves. 


56     POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA,     Troliius, 

280.  TROLLIUS.     Globe-flower. 

Linn.Gen.2S2.  Juss.233.  FLBr.597.  Lam.  t.  499.  Gccrtn. 
^.118.    DeCand.Si/st.v.].3\l. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  ?i.  279. 

Cat.  none.  Pet.  several,  inferior,  uncertain  in  number,  from 
5  to  1 5,  roundish,  concave,  converging,  deciduous.  Nect, 
from  5  to  10,  or  more,  shorter  than  the  petals,  linear^ 
flattened,  incurved,  with  a  single  lip ;  their  base  some- 
what tubular.  Filam.  numerous,  bristle-shaped,  shorter 
than  the  corolla.  Anth.  terminal,  linear,  erect.  Ger-m.. 
superior,  numerous,  sessile,  columnar.  Styles  none.  Stig- 
mas pointed,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  Cajis. 
{follicles^)  as  many  as  the  germens,  cylindrical,  pointed,, 
recurved,  collected  into  a  round  head.  Seeds  several,  at 
the  edges  of  the  capsule,  ovate,  smooth,  somewhat  trian- 
gular. 

Smooth,  perennial,  upright  herhSi  natives  of  the  colder  parts 
of  Europe  and  America.  Leaves  deeply  divided  and  cut, 
alternate.  Fl.  terminal,  solitary,  more  or  less  globular, 
large  and  handsome,  yellow  or  orange-coloured. 

1.  T.  europmis.     Mountain  Globe-flower. 

Petals  about  fifteen,  converging  into  a  globe.  Nectaries 
from  five  to  ten,  the  length  of  the  stamens. 

T.  europseus.     Linn  Sp.Pl.7S2.     WiUd.v.2.\S33.     H.  Br.  597. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.\.t.2%.    Hook. Scot.  1 75.    DeCand.  Syst. r.  1 . 3 12, 

Fl.  Dan.t.  133. 
T.  n.  1189.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  2. 83. 

Ranunculus  globosus.     Raii  Syn.  272.     Ger.  Em.  955./. 
R.  flore  globoso.  Dod.  Pempt.  430.  f.  Dalech.  Hist.  \ 033./.  Bauh. 

Hist.  t;.3.  419  /     Robert  Ic.  t.27 . 
R.  glomerato  flore.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  1.237./ 
R.  sextus.     Camer.  Epit.3S5./ 
Globe  Crowfoot.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  43./  2. 

In  shady,  mountainous,  rather  moist  situations. 

Not  rare  in  Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  Durham,  Wales,  and 
the  lowlands  of  Scotland.  B/'1^tfT^  ^  ^^7?e'oyr 

Perennial,     May,  June. 

Root  fibrous,  tufted.  Stem  1^  or  2  feet  high,  round,  hollow,  leafy j, 
branched  at  the  top.  Leaves  in  many  deep,  spreading,  pinna- 
tifid,  cut  lobes  -,  the  radical  ones  on  long  stalks.  Fl.  globose, 
bright  yellow,  the  nectaries  of  the  same  hue  as  the  petals,  scarcely 
half  so  long.  Capsules  nearly  cylindrical,  with  shining  black 
seeds. 


POLYANDRIA—POLYGYNIA.    Helleborus.     57 

The  country  people  of  Westmoreland,  Scotland  and  Sweden  con- 
sider this  as  a  sort  of  festival  flower,  going  in  parties  to  gather 
it,  for  the  decoration  of  their  doors  and  apartments,  as  well  as 
their  persons.  The  qualities  of  this  genus  are  slightly  acrid, 
far  less  so  than  the  foregoing  or  following,  to  both  which  it  is 
botanically  allied. 

281.  HELLEBORUS.     Hellebore. 

Linn.  Gen.282.  Juss.233.  Fl.  Br.  598.  Toum.  t.\4i.  Lam. 
t.499.     Gccrtn.  t.  65.     DeCand.  Syst.  r.  1 .  315. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  7^.  279. 

Cal.  none.  Fet.  5,  inferior,  roundish,  obtuse,  concave,  per- 
manent. Nect.  more  numerous,  much  shorter,  in  a  circle 
within  the  })etals,  deciduous,  each  of  one  leaf,  tubular ; 
narrower  in  the  lower  part ;  with  2  upright,  obtuse,  un- 
equal lips  at  the  orifice.  Filam.  very  numerous,  awl- 
shaped.  Anth.  terminal,  erect,  roundish,  of  2  cells,  burst- 
ing at  the  edges.  Germ,  superior,  several,  from  3  to  10, 
ovate,  compressed,  erect.  Sfj/lcs  awl-sha})ed.  Stigmas 
terminal,  roundish.  Caps,  {follicles)  ovate,  compressed, 
coriaceous,  keeled,  beaked  with  the  styles,  opening  at  the 
rounded  inner  margin.  Seeds  several,  oval,  at  the  edges 
of  the  capsule,  attached,  in  2  rows,  to  a  linear,  double- 
notched,  deciduous  receptacle. 

Fetid,  rigid,  coriaceous,  nearly  smooth,  perennial  kerbs,  of  a 
dangerously  cathartic  quality,  especially  the  roots.  Leaves 
palmate,  or  pedate,  or  ternate,  serrated ;  radical  ones  on 
long  stalks.  Stem  leafy,  branched  ;  in  some  wanting.  FL 
greenish ;  or  whitish,  turning  green  in  decay. 

1 .  H.  viridis.     Green  Hellebore. 

Stem  many-flowered,  leafy.   Leaves  digitate.   Petals  sprcad- 

in<r. 
H.  viridis.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  784.       mild.  v.  2.  133G.       FL  Dr.  598. 

Engl.  Bot  V.  3.  t.  200.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.6.  t.  34.  Hook.  ScoL  1 76. 

DeCand.  Syst.  r.  1 .  3  1 8.     Jacq.  Austr.  i.  1 06. 
H.n.  1192.    'Hall.  Hist.  V.  2. 84. 

H.  niger  hortensis,  flore  viridi.      Raii  Si/n.  27  I .     Robert  h.  t.  9. 
H.  niger.      Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1 .  30./.     Cord.  Hist   1 02,  2./. 
HcUcbonustrum.      Cnr.  Km.[)7(\.f.     Lob.  Ic  680.  f. 
Elleborus   niger  adulterinus   iiortensis.       Fuclis.  Hist.  274   t'      L 

I. -,5./ 
Ellcboruni  nigrum  altcruin       Maflh.  I  al^i .  :)Ct\    f      Corner  Enit 

941./. 
Consiligo.      Tum.  Herb. part  I.  164./" 


58    POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Helleborus. 

Veratrum  nigrum  secundum.     Dod.  Pempt.  385./. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  on  a  chalky  soil. 

In  Oxfordshire,  Cambridgeshire,  Sussex,  and  other  chalk  countries, 
indubitably  wild,  though  not  common.  Gathered  by  Miss  Jane 
Baynes,  near  Harefield,  Middlesex  j  about  Great  Marlow  and 
High  Wickham,  Bucks,  by  Mr.  Jacob  Rayer,  and  in  the  north- 
west part  of  Norfolk,  by  Mr.  Wm.  Humphrey. 

Perennial.     Jpril,  May. 

Root  fleshy,  black,  with  numerous  long  stout  fibres,  very  acrid  and 
purgative.  Herbage  altogether  annual,  of  a  deep  but  bright 
green,  smooth.  Stem  erect,  round,  forked,  1^-  foot  high.  Outer 
lobes  of  the  leaves  often  combined,  assuming  a  pedate  aspect, 
but  they  are  truly  digitate.  Ft.  few,  terminal  and  axillary,  stalk- 
ed, mostly  solitary,  drooping,  green  in  every  part.  Pet.  ex- 
panded. Caps  3  or  4,  short,  wrinkled.  Haller  reckons  up  all 
the  reputed  virtues  of  Hellebore  under  this  species  ;  which  in- 
deed seems  to  be  what  German  practitioners  have  substituted 
for  the  true  plant  of  the  antients,  H.  officinalis j  Sibth.  in  FL 

•      GrcEc.  t.  523. 

2.  H.Jhelidus,    Stinking  Hellebore.    Bear's-foot,  or 
Setter-wort. 

Stem  many-flowered,  leafy.  Leaves  pedate.  Petals  con- 
verging. 

H.  fcetidus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  784.  Willd.  v.  2. 1337.  Fl.  Br.  598. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  /.  613.  IVoodv.  t.\9.  Hook. Scot. \76,  DeCand. 
Syst. V.  1 .  320.     Bull.  Fr.  t.7\.     Ehrh.  PL  Off.  275. 

H.n.  1193.     HalLHist.v.2.S7. 

H.  niger  foetidus.     Bauh.  Pin,  185.     Robert  Ic.  1. 10. 

Helleboraster  maximus.  RaiiSyn.27l.  Ger.  Em.976,f.  Lob. 
Ic.  679./. 

Elleborus  niger  adulterinus  sylvestris.  Fuchs.  Hist.  275.  f.  Ic. 
156./. 

Veratrum  nigrum  tertium.     Dod.  Pempt.  3S6.f. 

In  thickets  and  waste  ground,  on  a  chalky  soil. 

More  common  than  the  last  in  chalk  countries.  On  the  castle  hill^ 
at  Castle-Acre,  Norfolk,  abundantly. 

Perennial.     March,  April. 

Taller  and  more  branched  than  the  foregoing.  Herbage  perennial, 
smooth,  of  a  more  lurid  green.  Fl.  numerous,  panicled,  droop- 
ing, smaller  and  more  closed,  tinged  about  the  edges  with  pur- 
ple. Nect.  notched.  Leaves  stalked,  truly  pedate,  of  7  or  9 
lanceolate,  serrated  leaflets  j  upper  ones,  or  rather  their  foot- 
stalks, gradually  becoming  pale,  lanceolate,  entire  bracteas. 
Caps.  3  or  4.  The  whole  herb  is  fetid,  acrid,  violently  cathartic, 
though  it  has  in  England  been  more  frequently  used  than  the 
H.  viridis,  on  the  credit  of  the  Greek  Hellebore. 


POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Caltha.       59 

282.  CALTHA.     Marsh-marigold. 

Linn.  Gen,  283.  Juss.  234.  Fl.  Br,  599.  Lam,  t.  500.  Gcerin. 
^  1 18.     DeCand,  SysL  v.  1 .  306. 

Populago.     Tourn.t.\4o, 

Nat.  Ord.  see  ?i.  279. 

CaL  none.  P^^.  5  or  more,  inferior,  ovate,  or  elliptical, 
nearly  flat,  spreading.  Nect.  none.  Filam,  numerous, 
rather  swelling  upwards,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anth. 
terminal,  erect,  oblong,  of  2  lobes,  bursting  at  the  outer 
edges.  Germ,  superior,  5  to  10,  erect,  oblong,  com- 
pressed. Stijles  none.  Stigmas  obtuse.  Caps,  {follicles,) 
as  many  as  the  germens,  cylindrical,  pointed,  two-edged, 
erect  or  spreading,  bursting  at  the  upper  edge.  Seeds 
numerous,  from  the  margins  of  the  capsule,  oval,  with  a 
small  rounded  prominence  at  the  extremity. 

Perennial  smooth  kerbs,  slightly  acrid,  natives  of  watery  si- 
tuations, with  simple  leaves,  and  yellow^ow^r^.  Those 
of  the  southern  hemisphere  have,  as  M.  DeCandolle  re- 
marks, permanent  petals,  or,  as  he  considers  it,  a  per- 
manent cali/xj  in  those  of  northern  climates  the  same 
part  is  deciduous.  Two  species,  C.  asarifolia  and  lepto- 
petala,  have  numerous  narrow  petals,  differing  from  the 
rest  as  Ranunculus  Ficaria  does  from  other  species  of 
Ranunculus;  but  M.  DeCandolle  is  too  judicious  to  se- 
parate them,  on  that  account,  from  the  rest. 

1.  Cpalustris.     Common  Marsh-marigold. 

Stem  erect.     Leaves  heart-shaped,  rounded. 

C.  palustris.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  784.  fVilld.  v.  2.  1338.  FL  Br.  599. 
Comp.  ed.  4.  9S.  EngL  Bot.  v.^.t.  506.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1 . 
t.  40.  Forst.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  8. 323.  Hook.  Scot.  1 76.  De- 
Cand. Sust.  V.  ] .  308.  FL  Dan.  t.  668.  Lob.  Ic.  594./.  Dod. 
PempLbOS.f. 

C.  major.     Mdl.  Diet.  ed.S.  n.\. 

C.n.  1188.     HalL  Hist.  V.  2.  82. 

C.  palustris  major.     Ger.  Em.  8 1 7./. 

C.  Vergilii.      Trag.  Hist.  142./. 

Populago.      Raii  Stjit.  272. 

Tussilago  altera,  sive  P^irfugium.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  200./  Camer. 
EpiLiJ94.f. 

^.DeCand.  Syst.v.  1.309. 

Caltha  minor.     MilL  Did.  cd.  8.  n.  2. 

Po])ulago  minor.      Tabcrn.  Kreuterb.  1  128./     ''  h.  7^')0.f.'' 

In  marshy  meadows,  ami  about  the  margins  of  ponds,  rivers,  and 
brooks,  every  where. 


60       POLYANDRIA— POLYGYNIA.    Caltha. 

/3.  In  similar  situations,  but  much  less  frequent.  Sent  from  Cum- 
berland to  Mr.  Forster,  in  whose  garden  it  remains  unaltered. 

Perennial.     March,  April.    (3.  Mmj. 

Root  thick,  and  somewhat  tuberous,  with  many  simple  fibres.  Stem 
12  or  18  inches  high,  erect,  round,  hollow,  leafy,  branched,  fur- 
rowed. Leaves  variously  heart-shaped,  crenate  ;  the  lowermost 
on  long,  somewhat  triangular, /oois^a/Ars,  largest,  most  rounded, 
and  with  blunter  notches  5  upper  nearly  sessile,  alternate,  more 
triangular,  acutely  crenate.  Stipulas  membranous,  withering. 
Fl.  several,  from  3  to  5,  large,  bright  yellow,  on  alternate  soli- 
tary stalks.  Pet.  5,  an  inch  long,  roundish-oval.  The  flower- 
buds  pickled  serve  for  Capers,  which  they  resemble,  except  in 
having  numerous  germens.  A  double  variety  is  frequent  in 
gardens. 

/3  is  in  every  part  but  half  the  size  of  the  common  sort  j  the  stems 
are  more  reclining,  each  bearing  1,  2,  or  SJlowers,  whose  petals 
are  but  half  an  inch  long,  yet  I  can  find  no  decisive  specific  cha- 
racter. Possibly  this  variety  may  render  the  following  species 
somewhat  doubtful ;  but  they  require  careful  examination  in  a 
wild  state.  The  cut  of  Tabernaemontanus  does  not  at  all  re- 
semble our  /3  in  the  foliage. 

2.  C.  7'adica?is.     Creeping  Marsh-marigold. 

Stem  reclining,  creeping.  Leaves  triangular,  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  sharply  crenate. 

C.  radicans.  Forst.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  8. 324.  1. 1 7.  Cojnp.  ed.  4. 
98.  Engl.  Bot.v.3l.t.  2175.  Jit.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.2.v.  3.36\. 
DeCand.Syst.v.  1.309. 

By  the  sides  of  lakes  and  rivulets  in  Scotland. 

First  observed  in  Scotland  by  the  late  Mr.  Dickson.  Near  Forfar. 
Mr.  G.  Don.  About  the  Pentland  hills,  and  in  Roslyn  woods  -, 
Dr.  Greville  :  more  common  in  some  spots  near  Edinburgh, 
than  C.  palustris ;  Mr.  Arnott :  marshes  near  Collace,  Perth- 
shire -f  Mr.  Maughan.  Hooker. 

Perennial.     Maij,  June. 

This  is  scarcely  half  the  size  of  our  common  C.  palustris.  The  re- 
cumbent stems  send  forth  roots  from  several  of  the  lower  joints, 
creeping  to  a  considerable  extent.  Leaves  from  1  to  2  inches 
broad,  more  triangular  than  heart-shaped,  sharply  crenate  ;  the 
radical  ones  on  very  long  s\ei\der  footstalks.  Petals  the  colour 
of  the  foregoing,  about  half  as  large,  more  obovate,  or  sometimes 
obliquely  wedge-shaped.  Germens  7  or  8.  A  double  variety  of 
this  is  cultivated  about  London. 


Class  XIV.  DIDYNAMIA.   8tam.  4, 
2  outermost  longest. 


Order  T.   GVMNOSP I^IIMIA.  Seedsnakcd, 
4  at  most, 

*   Calfjx  in  5  segments^  nearly  regular. 

296.   LEONURUS.     Anth,  incumbent,  besprinkled  with 
hard  g-ranulations.    Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  shaggy. 

288.  GLECHOMA.  yi?/M.  converging  cross-wise  in  pairs. 

Upyperlip  cloven. 

287.   MENTHA.    Filam,  spreading  widely,  straight.  Co- 
rolla nearly  equal. 

284..  TEUCRIUM.      Upper  lip  of  the  corolla    in   2  very 
deep,  remote,  lateral  lobes. 

283.  AJUGA.      Upper  lip  minute,  abrupt,  notched. 

292.  BETONICA.    L>;;rr//>  nearly  flat,  ascending;  tube 

cyluulrical,  incurved.     Stam,   not   longer   than  the 
throat. 

289.  LAMIUM.   Corolla  toothed  at  each  side  of  the  throat. 

290.  GALEOPSIS.     Lo-isoer  lip  of  the  corolla  with  a  pair 

of  hollow  prominences  at  the  base  in  front. 

291.  GALEOBDOLON.  Loiver  lip  in  3  acute,  undivided 

segments. 

293.  STAC  1 1  VS.      Loxijcr  //>  with  reflexed  lateral  lobes. 

Stam.  finally  spreading  outwards  at  each  side. 

28.').   XEPETA.      /.oiver  //^Munnerously  notched  ;   throat 
bordered  and  reflexed  at  rach  side. 

29i.    HAELOTA.      (^V//y.r  with  10  I'ui-rows.      Upper  lip  o{ 
the  cor.  vaulted,  shag<j-v 


Gr>. 


293.   ^E\RRLTUL'M.     CV//.  with  10  hniows.     Upper  lip 
of  the  cor.  straight,  linear,  cloven. 

28(i.    VElUUsXA.     O//.  with  1  of  the  3  teeth  ahi  iipt.    C(,i. 
nearly  equal,  eurvcd.      Stani.  in  the  tube. 


62 

**   Cali/x  2'lipped. 

301.  SCUTELLARIA.     Cal.  when  in  fruit  closed  by  a 

dorsal  lid. 

299.  THYMUS.  Cal.  closed  with  dense  converging  hairs. 

300.  MELITTIS.     CaL  open,  wider  than  the  tube  of  the 

corolla.   Upper  lip  of  the  co7\  nearly  flat.  Anth.  con- 
verging cross-wise  in  pairs. 

297.  CLINOPODIUM.     CaL  many-ribbed.    Involucrum 

of  numerous  taper  leaves  under  the  flowers. 

298.  ORIGANUM.     C«/.  without  ribs.     /ww/.  of  nume- 

rous dilated,  flat  leaves,  1  to  each  Jlower,  collected 
into  a  spurious  catkin. 

302.  PRUNELLA.     Filaments  forked,   1   of  the  points 

bearing  the  anther. 

Order  11.    ANGIOSPERMIA.     Seeds  in  a 
capsule^  generally  numerous. 

*  Calyx  A^'cleft. 

307.  LATHR^A.  Caps,  of  1  cell.  K  gland  under  the 
germen. 

303.  BARTSIA.     C«p5.  of  2  cells.     .S^^^s  angular. 

304-.  RHINANTHUS.  Caps,  of  2  cells.  Seeds  compress- 
ed, imbricated, 

306.  MELAMPYRUM.  Caps,  oi  2  ceWs.  fe^5  in  pairs, 
tumid,  smooth. 

305.  EUPHRASIA.  Caps,  of  2  cells.  Seeds  striated. 
Anth.  spinous. 

**   Calyx  B-cleft. 

314.  LIMOSELLA.  Caps,  imperfectly  2-celled.  Cor. 
bell-  shaped,  nearly  equal. 

310.  SCROPHULARIA.  Ca;?5.  of  2  cells.  Cor.  reversed; 

tube  inflated  ;  limb  rounded,  much  shorter. 
313.  SIBTHORPIA.     Caps,  of  2  cells,  with  transverse 
partitions.     Cor.  nearly  wheel-shaped.     Stam.  con- 
verging laterally  in  pairs. 

311.  DIGITALIS.     Caps,  of  2  cells.     Cor.  bell-shaped, 

tumid  underneath.     Stam.  bent. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  65 

309.  ANTIRRHINUM.  Caps,  of  2  cells,  bursting  un- 
equally at  the  summit.  Cor.  closed  with  a  palate ; 
prominent  or  spurred  at  the  base  behind. 

308.  PEDICULARIS.  Caps,  of  ^i  cells.  Seeds  pointed. 
Cot\  ringent ;  upper  lip  compressed. 

312.  LINN^EA.  i?^rrz/ dry,  of  S  cells  in  the  germen.  Cor. 
bell-shaped.     Cal.  double  ;  innermost  superior. 

***   Calyx  of  2  leaves, 
315.  OROBANCHE.  Calyx4eaves\^teY2L\.  A  gland  \xx\(\ev 
the  germen.    Caps,  of  1  cell,  with  4  receptacles. 


DIDYNA MIA    GYMNOSPERMIA . 

A  natural  order,  consisting  entirely  of  the  J^erticiUatce  of 
Ray,  and  of  Linnaeus,  42;  theZ/fif^/^/^rof  Jussieu,  39.  See 
Grammar  99.  A  few  genera,  comprised  in  Jussieu's  first 
section,  are  excluded  from  the  present  class  and  order  of 
the  artificial  system,  as  having  only  2  stamens,  and  are 
referred  therefore  to  the  second  class,  Diandria.  Of 
these  the  only  British  genera  are  Li/copus  and  Salvia. 
See  vol.  i.  33—35. 

The  following  are  the  characters  of  the  VcrlicillatiC,  a  de- 
nomination needlessly  changed  for  LahiatiC. 

Flo'^rrs  all  complete,  as  well  as  perfect,  having  a  cali/.v  and 
corolla,  with  stamens  and  pistil,  in  every  individual. 

Calyx  inferior,  simple,  of  one  leaf,  erect,  tubular,  often  tu- 
mid at  the  base,  on  the  upper  or  lower  side,  permanent ; 
orifice  more  or  less  deej)ly  diviiled  into  5  unequal,  often 
pointed,  s|)reading  segments. 

Corolla  of  1  petal,  erect,  tubular,  and  contain inijr  honey,  at 
the  base,  without  any  })articular  apparatus  of  a  nectan/ ; 
//;«^  almost  invariably  ringeiU,  or  lipped  ;  upper  lip  c\\\\qy 
upright,  or  vaulted,  rarely  very  short,  or  deeply  divided ; 
lo\i)rr'\u  3  divisions,  the  middle  one  almost  always  broadest. 

Stamens  {•;  fhnucnfsWnvnw  from  the  tul)e  of  the  corolla,  at 


64     DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.     Ajiiga. 

the  upper  side,  the  2  intermediate  ones  being  shortest, 
and  all  of  them  parallel,  rarely  longer  than  the  corolla, 
their  upper  half  usually  incurved.  Anthers  oblong,  at- 
tached by  the  back,  converging  in  pairs,  generally  shel- 
tered by  the  upper  lip,  but  sometimes  quite  exposed. 

Germen  superior,  ^-lobed ;  style  solitary,  central,  thread- 
shaped,  situated  between  the  stamens,  and  curved  in  the 
same  direction,  being  of  an  intermediate  length  between 
the  longer  and  shorter  ones ;  stigma  usually  cloven  and 
divaricated,  sometimes  undivided,  or  slightly  notched. 

Seeds  4,  lodged  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  which  is  their 
only  covering,  and  serves  instead  of  a  seed-vessel.  Each 
seed  has  a  double  integument,  a  testa  and  a  membrana^ 
both  of  them  very  thin,  generally  smooth.  See  observa- 
tions on  the  Asperifolice,  vol.  i.  248. 

All  the  plants  of  the  Didynamia  Gymnospermia  are  herba- 
ceous, or  slightly  shrubby,  never  arborescent.  Their 
stems  are  quadrangular,  branched,  and  leafy.  Leaves  op- 
posite, entire  or  serrated,  in  a  few  instances  much  di- 
vided. Flowers  stalked,  axillary,  either  solitary,  or  in 
dense  tufts  constituting  whorls ;  their  colour  reddish,  pur- 
plish, blue,  white,  or  yellow.  Qualities  aromatic,  or  bit- 
ter, in  every  instance  harmless.  The  Jiowers  are  rarely 
so  fragrant  as  the  herbage,  though  sometimes  exhaling 
a  slight  odour,  peculiar  to  themselves.  Round  pellucid 
spots,  in  the  leaves  or  calyx  more  especially,  are  the  seat 
of  an  aromatic  essential  oil.  The  pubescence  of  the  herb- 
age, in  many  species,  exudes  a  similar,  or  more  viscid, 
or  a  bitter  secretion.  In  growing  parts,  attacked  by  in- 
sects for  the  lodgment  of  their  eggs,  these  secretions  are 
changed  to  acid  or  astringent  ones. 

283.  AJUGA.     Bngle. 

Linn.  Gen.  287.    Fl.  Br.  604.     Lam.  /.  50 1 . 

Bugula.     Tourn.  t.  98.    Juss.  1 1 2. 

Chamaepitys.     Tourn.  t.  98. 

Cat,  divided  about  half  way  down  into  5,  nearly  equal  seg- 
ments, permanent.  Cor.' ringent;  tube  sometimes  inflated 
at  the  base,  not  quite  straight ;  upj^er  lip  very  short,  erect, 
abrupt,  notched  ;  lower  hirge,  spreacUng,  3-lobed ;  the 
central  lobe  either  undivided  or  inversely  heart-shaped  ; 
lateral  ones  small.  Filcnn.  longer  than  the  upper  hp,  short- 
er than  the  lower,  incun^ed.  Germen  superior,  of  4  round 
lobes.   Style  incurved.    Stigma  in  2  acute,  spreading  seg- 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.     Ajiiga.     65 

ments.  Seeds  4-,  rugged,  oblong,  rounded,  in  the  bottom 
of  the  unaltered  calyx. 
Herbaceous,  mostly  perennial;  either  with  undivided  leaves, 
aggregate  blue  Jloxioers,  and  scarcely  any  aromatic  qua- 
lity ;  or  with  frequently  divided  leaves,  solitary,  yellow 
/lowers,  a  strong  scent,  and  sometimes  annual  root. 

*  Bugiila.      Fl.  wkorled,  blue. 

1.  A.  reptans.     Common  Bugle. 

Almost  smooth,  with  a  solitary  stem,  and  creeping  scyons. 
Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  four-cleft. 

A.  reptans.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  785.  mild.  v.  3.  10.  Fl.  Br.  604.  Engl. 
Bot.  V.  7.  t.  489.  Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  2.  t.  43.  Hook.  Scot.  1 79- 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  925.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  3  15.     Eiirh.  PL  Of  155. 

Bugula.  Rail  Sijn.  245.  Ger.  Em.  63 1 ./.  Dod.  Pempt.  135.  /'. 
Riv.Monop.  Jrr.  t.76.  f.\. 

B.  n.  282.     Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  123. 

Consolida  media,  Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1 .  95./.  Fuchs.  Hist.  391./. 
Matth.  Valgr.  u.  2.  3 II ./     Camer.  Epit.  702.  f. 

In  woods  and  moist  pastures,  common. 

Perennial.     May. 

Root  rather  woody,  with  long  fibres.  Steju  solitary,  simple,  up- 
right, leafy,  a  span  high,  ])urplish,  the  angles  sharp,  often  hairy. 
Scyons  long  and  slender,  leafy,  wanting  in  the  wooden  cut  of 
Gerarde  and  Dodonaeus,  which  is  copied  after  that  of  Matthio- 
lus.  Leaves  obovate,  with  shallow  serraturcs,  veiny  ;  the  lower 
ones  tapering  into  footstalks ;  upper  sessile,  diminished,  slightly 
coloured,  bearing  several  whorls,  of  blue  and  white,  sometimes 
entirely  white,  9,ctni\e^^  flowers.  Segments  of  the  calyx  hairy, 
as  well  as  the  outside  of  the  corolla,  the  middle  lobe  of  whose 
lower  lip  is  cloven. 

The  roots  are  slightly  astringent,  but  the  herb  has  little  taste  or 
smell,  and  still  less  of  any  healing  or  vulnerary  property.  The 
white  varietv  abounds  in  tlie  isle  of  Wight  •  and  a  flesh-colour- 
ed one  has  sometimes  been  observed.  In  dry  mountainous  si- 
tuations the  plant  acquires  a  considerable  degree  of  hairiness. 

2.  A.  alpina.^^  Alpine  Bugle. 

Leaves  almost  smooth,  irregularly  toothed ;  uppermost 
entire.  Scyons  none.  Wlu)rls  not  crowded,  of  many 
flowers. 

A.  alpina.  Liim.  Mant.  HO.  irdld.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  9.  FL  Br.  €05. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  7.  t.477.     Hook.  Scot.  179. 

A.  pyramidalis.      Huds.2AS. 

VOL.  III.  F 


66     DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.     Ajuga. 

A.  genevensis.     With.  516.     SchoUer  Barb.  125. 

Bugula  caerulea  alpina.  Pink.  Almag.  73.  ^  1 8./.  3.   Baii  Syn.  245. 

On  mountains,  rare. 

In  Carnarvonshire.  Rmj.  On  the  summit  of  a  mountain,  near 
Castleton,  Derbyshire.  Mr.  D.  Turner.  In  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham. Mr.  Robsoji.  On  the  mountains  of  Aberdeenshire,  not 
uncommon.  Mr.  David  Don. 

Perennial.     July. 

This  has  no  creeping  scyons.  The  leaves  are  scarcely  more  hairy 
than  in  the  last,  very  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed  ;  many  of 
the  upper  ones,  and  frequently  all  the  floral  leaves,  ovate,  and 
quite  entire  ;  the  uppermost  of  all  only  slightly  tinged  with  a 
violet  colour ;  the  radical  leaves  stalked  and  oblong,  not  much 
larger  than  the  rest.  Fl.  10  or  12,  sometimes  more,  in  each 
whorl.  Cal.  chiefly  hairy  about  the  teeth.  Cor.  pale  blue,  with 
darker  streaks  ;  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip  undivided, 
more  or  less  acute,  and  various  in  breadth.  I  suspect  that  it  is 
often  notched,  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  in  which  case  the 
plant  becomes  A.  genevensis  of  Linnaeus  and  others  ;  and  in  this 
state  it  is  A.  pyramidalis  of  Ehrhart's  Herb  n.  156.  and  of  Bul- 
liard,  /.  361.  It  is  then  also  Bugula  n.  283  of  Haller,  excluding 
his  variety  rubrifolia  ;  and  B.  montana  of  Rivinus,  t.  76.  f.  2. 
Plukenet's  figure  in  like  manner  has  the  middle  lobe  notched. 

3.  K.  pyramidalis.     Pyramidal  Bugle. 

Hairy.  Whorls  crowded  into  a  pyramidal  form,  many- 
flowered.  Radical  leaves  very  large,  obovate,  crenate, 
obtuse.     Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  deeply  cloven. 

A.  pyramidalis.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  785.     Willd.  v.  3.  8.      Lightf.  302. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  18.  t.  1270.     Comp.  ed.  4. 100.     Hook.  Scot  179. 

Fi.Dan.t.Xm. 
Bugula  n.  283  /3,  rubrifolia.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\ 24. 

In  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  in  dry  pastures. 

Found  in  Scotland  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Burgess.  Lightfoot.  On  Ben 
Nevis,  and  in  other  places.  Dr.  Hope.  On  Tor  Aichaltie,  Ross- 
shire,  Mr.  W.  Gibb. 

Perennial.     June. 

Of  a  more  dense  and  pyramidal  habit,  as  well  as  much  more  uni- 
formly  and  copiously  hairy  than  the  last.  Stem  4  or  5  inches 
high,  without  runners.  Radical  leaves  numerous,  stalked,  obo- 
vate, 2  or  3  inches  long,  and  half  as  broad,  with  numerous, 
shallow,  rounded  notches  ;  Jloral  ones,  or  bracteas  much  smaller, 
pale  purple.  Teeth  of  the  calyx  very  hairy,  longer  than  its  tube. 
Cor.  light  blueish  purple,  with  dark  streaks  ;  upper  lip  in  2  deep 
acute  lobes,  by  which  this  most  distinct  species  is  clearly  mark- 
ed.    Seeds  finely  reticulated. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Teucrium.  67 

**  Chamcepitys,     Fl.  solitary,  yellow. 

4.  A.  Chammpitys.     Ground  Pine.     Yellow  Bugle. 

Stem  diffuse,  branched.  Leaves  in  three  deep,  linear,  en- 
tire segments.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than 
the  leaves. 

A.  Chamcepitys.    Fl.  Br.  605.      Engl.  Bot.  v.  2.  t.  77.     With.  5 1 7. 

Schreb.  Unilab.  24.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  10. 
A.  sive  Chamaepitys.  Matth.  Valgr.v.  2.  29 1 ./.  Camer.  Epit.  679.  f. 

Lob.  Ic.  382./. 
Bugula  n.  284.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  124. 
Teucrium  Chamaepitys.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  787.  Huds.2A7.  Relh.  220. 

Dicks.  Dr.  PL  9.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  733.    Ehrh.  PL  Of.  1 65. 
Chamaepitys.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  14./.  1. 
Ch.  vulgaris,    Raii  Sijn.  244. 
Ch.  mas.     Ger.  Em.  525./. 

In  sandy  or  gravelly  fields,  not  general. 

About  the  borders  of  Triplow  heath,  Cambridgeshire  ;  and  in  se- 
veral parts  of  Kent.  Ray.  At  Purfleet,  Fissex.  Mr.  J.  Raijer, 
and  Mr.  E.  Forster. 

Annual.     April,  May. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Herb  hairy,  glutinous,  aromatic  and  bitter. 
Stems  several,  spreading  and  recumbent,  purplish,  most  hairy 
on  two  opposite  sides.  Leaves  crowded,  in  3  deep  narrow  lobes, 
somewhat  revolute.  FL  on  very  short  stalks,  opposite,  soli- 
tary in  the  bosoms  of  the  leaves.  Cal.  nearly  regular.  Cor. 
yellow  3  the  upper  lip  very  short,  slightly  notched  j  lower  with 
2  acute  lateral  lobes,  and  a  large  central  one,  which  is  inversely 
heart-shaped,  spotted  with  red.  Seeds  wrinkled  and  dotted. 
Tournefort  and  Haller  speak  of  a  variety  with  rose-coloured 
flowers. 

The  reasons  and  history  of  the  transfer  of  this  plant  from  Teucrium 
to  Ajuga  are  given  at  length  in  Engl.  Bot. 

284.  TEUCRIUM.     Germander. 

Linn. Gen. 287.  Juss.\\2.  Fl.  Br.606.   Tourn.f.  9S.  Lam.t.50\. 
ChanitEdrys.     Tourn.  t.  07. 

Cal.  somewhat  bell-shaped,  a  little  unequal,  tumid  on  one 
side  at  the  base,  the  limb  in  .5  deep,  acute  segments. 
Cor.  ringent  ;  labc  cylindrical,  short,  curved  upwards; 
uj)j)rr  lip  ap))arL'ntly  wanting,  being  divick-d  to  the  very 
base  into  2  distant,  ovate-oblong,  ascending,  lateral  lobes; 
lower  spreading,  in  3  lobes,  tlie  lateral  ones  resembling 
those  of  the  upper  lip,  central  one  larger,  flat  orconcavcj 
undivided  or  cloven.     Filam.  much  longer  than  the  up- 

K  2 


68    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Teucriuni. 

per  lip,  ascending,  incurved.  Germ,  superior,  4-cleft. 
Style  incurved.  Stigma  in  2  acute,  .spreading  segments. 
Seeds  4,  oblong,  rounded,  w^rinkled,  in  the  bottom  of  the 
permanent  calyx. 
Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  bitter  and  aromatic,  downy  or 
hairy,  with  entire  or  serrated,  rarely  many-cleft,  Z^«t;e5. 
Fl.  axillary,  whorled,  or  capitate ;  red  or  yellowish  in 
our  species  ;  sometimes  blue,  or  white,  in  the  numerous 
foreign  ones. 

1.  T.  Scorodonia,  Wood  Germander.  Wood  Sage. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  hairy,  serrated,  stalked.  Clusters  ag- 
gregate, unilateral.     Stem  erect. 

T.  Scorodonia.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  789.     WUld.v.3.24.     Fl.  Br.  606. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  22.  t.  1543.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  40.    Hook.  Scot. 

180.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  485.    Bull.  Fr.t.  301.    Ehrh.Pl.  0^\  406. 
Chameedrys  n.  287.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.] 26. 
Scorodonia.    Cord.  Hist.  91,1./.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  1 2. 
S.  seu  Salvia  agrestis.     Rail  Syn.  245.     Ger.  Em.  662./. 
Scordium  alterum  Plinii.    Lob.  Ic.  497./. 
Salvia  sylvestris.     Trag.Hist.  \5. /     Flowers  reversed. 

In  woods,  and  heathy  bushy  places,  on  a  sandy  soil,  abundantly. 

Perennial.     July. 

Root  creeping.  Stem  18  inches  or  2  feet  high,  leafy,  hairy,  acutely 
quadrangular.  Leaves  deep  green,  wrinkled,  copiously  serrated, 
hairy.  Clusters  numerous,  terminal  and  axillary,  erect.  FL 
unilateral,  with  a  small,  ovate,  acute  bractea  at  the  base  of  each 
partial  stalk.  Cor.  pale  yellow  j  middle  lobe  concave,  hairy. 
Stam.  purple.  The  whole  plant  is  glutinous,  and  bitter,  with 
an  agreeable  aromatic  scent,  much  resembling  that  of  Hops,  for 
which  it  is  said  to  be  no  bad  substitute  in  making  beer. 

2.  T.  Scordium.     Water  Germander. 

Leaves  oblong,  sessile,  downy,  with  tooth-like  serratures. 
Flowers  axillarj^,  stalked,  in  pairs.     Stem  procumbent. 

T.  Scordium.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  790.      mild.  v.  3.  27.      FL  Br.  606. 

E}igLBotv.  12. t.  828.     Woodv.t57.    Schreb.Unilab.37.    FL 

Dan.  t.  593.    Bull'.  Fr.t.  205. 
Chamaedrys  n.  288.    HalL  Hist  v.  1.  126. 
Scordium.       RaiiSyn.246.      Ger.  Em.  66\./       Riv.  Monop.  Irr. 

t\\.      Fuchs.  Hist.  776./.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  1 96./.     Camer. 

Epit.  588./    Lob.  Ic  497./ 
In  low  wet  meadows,  rare. 
Plentiful  in  the  isle  of  Ely.  Ray.     In  several  places  about  Cam- 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Teucrium.     69 

bridge.  Relhan.  On  the  banks  of  the  Isis  near  High-bridge, 
and  on  Enesham  Common,  Oxfordshire.  Sibthorp. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Herb  downy,  very  bitter,  with  a  strong  garlick-like  odour.  Root 
creeping.  Stems  branched,  recumbent,  or  prostrate.  Leaves 
about  an  inch  long,  bluntish,  hoary,  coarsely  serrated,  all  ses- 
sile. FL  2,  sometimes  more,  from  the  bosom  of  each  leaf,  on 
short  stalks.  CaL  with  short,  broad,  nearly  equal  teeth.  Cor. 
of  a  pale  dull  purple  ;  its  middle  lobe  rounded,  flattish,  with  2 
spots.  Seeds  light  brown,  wrinkled,  filling  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 

The  Scordlum  has  been  considered  as  antipestilential  and  tonic ; 
at  least  such  was  its  reputation  amongst  antient  writers  and 
physicians  3  but  modern  practice  rejects  its  use. 

3.  T.  Chamadrys.     Wall  Germander. 

Leaves  somewhat  ovate,  stalked,  deeply  crenate  or  cut. 
Flowers  axillary,  three  together,  stalked.  Stem  round- 
ish, hairy. 

T.  Cham^drys.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  790.  Willd.  v.  3.  28.  FI.  Br.  607. 
Engl.  Bot.v.  10.  t.  680.  Woodv.  suppl.  t.  243.  Hook.  Scot.  180. 
Schreb.  Unilab.  32. 

Chameedrvs.  Tuurn.  Inst.  t.  97.  Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  10./.  2.  Cord. 
Hist.  126./. 

Ch.  n.  286.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  125. 

Ch.  vulgaris.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  1.351.  / 

Ch.  vulgaris  seu  sativa.    Raii  Syn.  231. 

Ch.  vera  mas.    Fuchs.  Hist.  869./ 

Ch.  major  latifolia.    Ger»  Em.  656./ 

Trissago  sive  Chamaedrys.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  173./  Comer. 
Epit.567.f. 

On  old  ruined  buildings,  and  stony  banks. 

About  the  borders  of  fields,  far  enough  from  any  building,  and 
yet  a  doubtful  native.  Ray.  On  the  ruins  of  Winchelsea  castle, 
plentifully.  Slicrard.  Upon  a  bank  at  Friar  Goose  near  Gates- 
head, Durham.  Mr.  Winch.  On  the  city  wall  of  Norwich,  be- 
tween Magdalen  and  St.  Austin's  gates. 

Perennial.     July.  i 

Root  creeping.  Stems  nearly  erect,  branched,  bushy,  leafy,  hairy, 
with  rounded  angles.  Lwici even,  dark  ^reen  ;  tapering, fringed, 
and  entire  at  ll»e  base  ;  variously  and  deeply  notched  in  the  rest 
of  their  circumference.  Fl.  crimson  3  central  lobe  rounded,  a 
little  concave  ;  lateral  ones  and  tube  hairy,  ^\'h(»le  herb  very 
bitter,  scarcely  aromatic,  formerly  used  to  remove  obstructed 
secretions,  to  promote  expectoration,  perspiration,  &c. 


70    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Nepeta. 
2S5.  NEPETA.     Cat-mint. 

Linn.Gen.2S9.    Jiiss.  113.    Fl.Br.60S.    Lam.  t.  502. 

Cataria.     Tourn.  t.  95. 

CaL  tubular,  cylindrical,  with  5  acute,  rather  unequal,  di- 
rect, marginal  teeth.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube  cylindrical, 
slender,  incurved,  dilated  at  the  throat,  which  is  border- 
ed, at  each  side,  with  a  narrow,  reflexed  lobe ;  upper  lip 
erect,  roundish,  slightly  cloven  ;  lo^soer  rounded,  concave, 
large,  undivided,  numerously  notched.  Filam.  awl- 
shaped,  near  together,  covered  by  the  upper  lip.  A7ith, 
incumbent.  Genn.  superior,  small,  4-cleft.  Sify^?  thread- 
shaped,  of  the  length  and  situation  of  the  stamens.  Stig- 
ma cloven,  acute.  Seeds  4,  nearly  ovate,  even,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  dry  permanent  calyx. 

The  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  are  transferred  to  the 
margin  of  the  tube. 

Perennial,  upright,  finely  downy,  herbs ;  rarely  hairy,  or 
nearly  smooth ;  with  a  strong  aromatic  scent.  Leaves 
undivided,  serrated.  Fl.  very  numerous,  in  copious, 
dense,  crowded  whorls.  Cor.  white,  reddish,  or  blue, 
often  spotted.  N.  multifida  but  ill  agrees  with  the  cha- 
racter or  habit  of  the  rest. 

1..  N.  cataria.     Common  Cat-mint,  or  Nep. 

Whorls  stalked,  crowded  into  spikes.  Leaves  finely  downy, 
heart-shapedj  stalked,  with  tooth-like  serratures. 

N.  cataria.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  796.  Willd.  v.  3. 49.  Fl.  Br,  608.  Engl 
Bot.  V.  2.  t.  137.  Hook.  Scot.  180.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  580.  Bull.  Fr. 
t.2S7. 

Nepeta.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.52. 

N.  major  vulgaris.     Raii  Syn.  237. 

Cataria  n.  246  .     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  108. 

C.  herba.    DocL  Pempt.  99.  f. 

Mentha  felina,  seu  Cattaria.    Ger.  Em.6S2.f. 

Herba  Gattaria.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  79./.     Camer.  Epit.  484./. 

On  banks  and  by  road  sides,  principally  in  a  chalky  or  gravelly 
soil. 

Perennial.     July. 

Root  tapering,  with  many  fibres.  Herbage  hoary,  very  soft  and 
downy,  exhaling  a  strong,  pungent,  aromatic  smell,  approaching 
to  that  of  Mentha  Pulegium,  and  peculiarly  grateful  to  Cats. 
Stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  upright,  branched.  Leaves  coarsely  ser- 
rated, paler  beneath.     FL  very  numerous,   white  j  lower  Up 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Verbena.     7 1 

flesh-coloured,  dotted  with  crimson.   Whorls  compound,  stalked. 
Cal.  furrowed.     Seeds  smooth. 

286.  VERBENA.     Vervain. 

Linn.  Gen.  14.  Juss.  109.  FLBr.  608.  Tourn.  t.  94.  LamJ.  17. 
Gcertn.  t.QQ. 

Cal.  tubular,  angular,  with  5  marginal  teeth,  one  of  them 
rather  shorter  than  the  rest.  Cor.  unequal ;  tube  cylin- 
drical, twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  straight  and  slender  in 
the  lower  half,  dilated  and  curved  in  the  upper  part ; 
limb  spreading,  in  5  deep,  rounded,  somewhat  unequal 
segments.  Filam.  4,  in  some  species  but  2,  slender,  very 
short,  incurved,  within  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  AntJi. 
incumbent,  each  of  2  round  lobes.  Germ,  superior,  qua- 
drangular. Style  slender,  the  length  of  the  tube.  Stig?na 
obtuse.  Seeds  2  or  4,  oblong,  angular  and  roughish,  en- 
closed in  one  thin,  membranous,  evanescent  pellicle. 

Most  of  the  species  having  4  stamens,  2  long  and  2  short, 
this  genus  is  more  commodiously  placed  here  than  in 
Diandria,  where  Linnaeus  introduces  it.  The  covering 
of  the  seeds  is  a  real  pellicle,  not  a  pericarp,  which  is 
evinced  by  the  whole  structure  of  the  genus,  and  its  evi- 
dent affinity  to  the  rest  of  the  Didijnamia  Gijmnospermia, 
not  at  all  to  the  Afigiospermia.  This  jjellicle  is  similar 
to  that  of  Chenopodium,  see  vol.  ii.  9 ;  and  Grammar  26. 

Herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby.  Z/e«u^5  either  undivided,  cut, 
or  laciniated  ;  sometimes  3  in  a  whorl.  Fl.  spiked,  nu- 
merous, small,  blue  or  purplish. 

1.  V.  officinalis.     Common  Vervain. 

Stamens  four.     Spikes  slender,    panicled.      Leaves  deeply 

cut.     Stem  mostly  solitar}-. 
V.  officinalis.       Linn.  Sp.  PL  29.      mild.  r.  1 .  1  20.      /•/.  Br.  609. 

Engl.  But.  V.  W.  t.  767.   Curt.  Lond.fasv.  1.  ^  41.   IVoodv.  suppl. 

t.  21 8.     Hook.  Scot.  1 90.  Drcves  Bilderb.  t.  4.") .    Fl.  Dan.  t.  628. 

iloff'm.  Germ,  for  1  79 1 .  9.  /.  2.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  2  1 .".. 
V.  n.*2I9.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.96. 

Verbena.     Dorstcn.  Bot.  292.  f.     Ric.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  56. 
\ .  vulgaris.     Bail  Sijn.  236. 
V.  communis.     Gcr.  Km.  718./. 
V.  ma.scula.     Brnnf.  Herb.  r.  I .  I  19./. 
Verbenaca.    Matth.  Falgr.  v.  2.:VJ9.f.    Camcr.  Epit.797.j'. 
By  road  sides,  and   in  drv  waste  ground,  or  pastures,  abotit  vil- 

'lages. 
Terennial.      .Jnhi. 


72     DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Mentha. 

Root  woody,  somewhat  creeping.  Stem  ascending,  1-^  foot  high, 
leafy,  roughish  with  minute  prickles  or  bristles.  Leaves  also 
Toughish,  not  downy  ;  variously  jagged,  or  pinnatifid,  tapering 
at  the  base  into  short  broad/oo^s^a//cs.  Spikes  several,  opposite 
and  terminal,  stalked,  slender,  acute,  much  lengthened  out  after 
flowering,  and  all  together  composing  a  sort  of  panicle.  Fl. 
small, blueish,  inodorous.  Seeds  obtuse,  dotted  with  minute  hol- 
lows, their  pellicle  obliterated  before  they  ripen. 

This  herb  has  scarcely  any  aromatic  or  other  sensible  quality.  The 
root,  worn  about  the  neck  with  a  string,  is  an  old  superstitious 
remedy,  or  charm,  for  the  King's  Evil. 

287.  MENTHA.     Mint. 

Linn.  Gen. 29 1.  JussMS.   F/.  Br.  609.  Tourn.L89.  Lam.t.503. 

Cal,  tubular,  erect,  with  5  nearly  equal  marginal  teeth,  per- 
manent. Cor.  straight,  funnel-shaped,  a  little  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  limb  in  4  deep,  slightly  spreading,  nearly 
equal  segments,  the  upper  one  rather  the  broadest,  with 
a  slight  notch.  Filam.  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla, 
aw4-shaped,  straight,  distant,  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
limb ;  2  uppermost  rather  the  longest.  Anth.  of  2  round 
lobes.  Germ,  superior,  4-lobed.  Style  thread-shaped, 
erect,  generally  longer  than  the  corolla.  Stigma  promi- 
nent, in  2  sharp,  spreading,  equal  segments.  Seeds  4, 
small,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  rarely  perfected. 

Roots  perennial,  creeping  widely.  Stems  ascending,  or  erect, 
branched,  leafy,  acutely  quadrangular.  Leaves  stalked, 
mostly  ovate,  serrated,  undivided,  without  stipulas.  Fl, 
numerous,  light  purple,  in  stalked,  very  dense,  whorls, 
often  crowded  into  leafless  heads  or  spikes.  All  the  herb- 
age is  more  or  less  hairy,  but  variable  in  that  respect ; 
rarely  woolly,  or  finely  downy ;  full  of  pellucid  dots, 
lodging  a  copious  essential  oil,  which  is  pungently  aro- 
matic, cordial  and  stimulant.  The  species  are  extremely 
variable  in  general  habit,  and  have  long  been  the  oppro- 
brium of  British  botanists,  our  country  being  peculiarly 
rich  in  Mints,  as  Dillenius  long  ago  observed.  Rail  Syn, 
ed.  o.  235.  The  situation  and  direction  of  the  hairs  of 
the  calyx  were  first  pointed  out,  by  the  writer  of  the  pre- 
sent Flora,  after  a  careful  investigation  of  every  known 
species  and  variety,  living  or  dried,  as  affording,  in  dif- 
ficult cases,  the  only  certain  specific  distinctions ;  and 
these  prove  invariable,  though  even  the  inflorescence  is,  in 
some  species,  inconstant.  See  Observations  on  the  British 
Species  q/' Mentha,  Trans.  ofLi?m.  Soc,  v  .5.  171 — 217. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha.     73 

1.  M.  sylveslris.     Horse  Mint. 

Spikes  shaggy,  scarcely  interrupted.  Leaves  acute,  with 
deep-toothed  serratures  ;  chiefly  downy  beneath.  Brac- 
teas  awl-shaped.     Calyx  all  over  hairy. 

M.  sylvestris.  Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  5.  1 79.  FL  Br.  609.  EngL 
Bot.  V.  10.  t.  686.    Hull  171.    PMr^  r.3.  53. 

a.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute. 

M.  sylvestris.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  804.     Willd.  v.  3.  74.    Huds.  250,  a. 

Hull  eel.  1 . 1 25.     Roth.  Germ.  v.  2.  ;>.  2.  5. 
M.  sylvestris,  longiore  folio.     Bauh.  Pin.  227. 
M.  sJDicata  |3,  longifolia.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  ed.  1.  576. 
M.  n.  1.     Linn.  Hort.  Ciif.  306.    Herb.  Clif. 
M.  longifolia.    Huds.  ed.  1.  221  j  from  the  author. 
M.  villosa  prima.     Sole  Menth.  3.  /.  1. 
M.  n.  227.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  99. 
Menthastrum.     Dod.  Pempt.  96.  f.     Ger.  Em.  684./. 
M.  spicatum,  folio  longiore  candicante.     Raii  Syn.  234.    Bauh. 

Hist.  V.  3.  p.  2.221./. 

/S.  Leaves  ovate,  acute. 

Mentha  sylvestris.     FL  Dan.  t.  48 1. 

M.  villosa.   Huds.  250} 

M.  villosa  secunda.    Sole  Menth.  5.  t.2. 

Menthastrurn.  Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.5\.f\ :  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  74.  f. 

Camer.  Epit.  479.  f.     Fuchs.  HisL  292.  f 
y.  Leaves  shorter.    Spikes  more  obtuse. 
Mentha  candicans,  foliis  spicis  et  odore   vulgari  sativge  similis. 

Doodij  in  Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  341 .  In  BobarVs  herbarium  at  Oxford. 

S.  Leaves  elliptical,  broad  and  obtuse. 

M.  rotundifolia.     Sole  Menth.  9.  t.  4. 

M.  nemorosa.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  75. 

M.  alopecuroides.    Hulled.  1.  126. 

M.  sylvestris,  rotundiore  folio.  Bauh.  Pin.  227 .  Seen  by  Haller, 
in  Bauhins  herbarium. 

M.  hortensis  secunda.    Fuchs.  Hist.  289./ 

M.  altera.     Dod.  Pempt.  95.  f 

Menthastrum  sylvestre,  foliis  latis.  Best.  Hort.  Eyst.  test.  ord.  7 . 
t.3.f2. 

In  waste  ground,  especially  in  watery  places. 

a  and  /3  are  not  uncommon,  y  was  found  plentifully  in  Kent,  by 
Hand  and  Buddie.    Z  is  frequent  in  Norfolk. 

Perennial.     Jn^ust,  Scplcmbrr. 

Whole  herb  of  a  hoary  or  greyish  green,  clothed  with  fine  soft 
downy  iiairs,  and  exhaling  a  strong  peculiar  scent.  Stems  erect, 
2  or  3  feet  liigh,  ratlier  i)luntly  (piadrangular,  branched,  leafy, 
tlieir  pubescence  |)()inting  downwards.  Iauvis  nearly  or  quite 
sessile,  from  I  i  to'Ji  inches  long,  spreading,  strongly  and  sharply 


74    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.   Mentha, 

serrated,  acute,  veiny,  varying  from  an  ovate-lanceolate  to  an 
ovate,  or  almost  orbicular,  figure  5  their  upper  surface  hoary  j 
under  shaggy  with  dense,  soft,  white  hairs.  Spikes  several,  ter- 
minal, erect,  generally  acute,  forming  a  sort  of  panicle,  each 
composed  of  numerous,  dense,  crowded,  bracteated  whorls,  of 
small,  pale  purple^oi^er^.  Bracteas  linear-lanceolate,  spread- 
ing, the  outer  pair  largest.  Flower-stalks  covered  with  short 
reflexed  hairs  ;  calyx  with  erect  ones. 
All  the  varieties,  especially  a  and  $,  sometimes  acquire  a  sweet, 
very  agreeable,  scent  5  but  I  have  not  met  with  any  such  in 
British  specimens.  Haller's  71.  228  is  one  of  these  fragrant  va- 
rieties, various  in  the  breadth  of  its  leaves.  It  is  M.  gratissima 
of  Wiggers,  Roth,  Hoffmann,  and  Willdenov/.  The  comparative 
length  of  the  stamens,  by  which  Linnaeus  and  others  have  at- 
tempted to  distinguish  Menthce,  is  but  an  uncertain  criterion. 
If  the  plant  increases  much  by  root,  the  stamens  are  shorter  and 
less  perfect,  and  the  seeds  do  not  ripen. 

2.  M.  rotund^folia.     Round-leaved  Mint. 

Spikes  interrupted,  somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  elliptical,  ob- 
tuse, wrinkled,  sharply  crenate ;  shaggy  beneath.  Brac- 
teas lanceolate. 

M.  rotundifolia.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  805.  Willd.  v.3.77.  Sm.Tr.  of  Linn. 
Soc.v.5.]82.    Fl.Br.6ll.    Engl.  Bot.v.7.t.  446.     Hull  I?]. 

M.  crispa.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  ed.  3.576. 

M.  sylvestrise    Sole  Menth.  7.  t.o. 

M.  n.  226.    HalL  Hist.  v.  1.  99. 

Menthastrum  anglicum.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.t.  5\.f.  2. 

M-  folio rugosorotundiore,  spontaneum,flore  spicato,  odore  gravi. 
Raii  Syn.  234.  Herb.  Buddie.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  219./. 

Sisymbrium  hortense.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1.  440./. 

/3.  M.niveum anglicum.  Ger.  Em.684.f.  Lob.Ic.blO.f.  Dalech. 
Hist.  674.  f. 

M.  spicatum,  folio  crispo  rotundiore,  colore  partim  albo,  partim 
cinereo  vel  virente.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  219./ 

M,  cinereum  vel  niveum  anglicum,  variegatis  foliis.  Best.  Hart. 
Eyst.  cBst.  ord.  7 -  t.  3./.  2. 

In  wet  places  amongst  rubbish,  or  about  the  borders  of  ditches, 
moats  and  ponds,  but  rare. 

By  the  river  side  at  Lydbrook,  near  Ross,  Herefordshire  ;  also  at 
Falkburn  Hall,  Essex.  Ray.  Near  Hally  in  Kent.  Doody.  On 
the  edge  of  an  old  moat  at  Shingham,  Norfolk.  Rev.  R.  Forhy. 
Near  Chepstow,  Monmouthshire. 

Perennial.     August,  September. 

Essentially  different  from  every  state  of  the  preceding,  with  some 
of  the  round-leaved  varieties  of  which  it  has  often  been  con- 
founded.   The  colour  of  the  whole  herb  is  a  grass  green,  though 


DIDYNAMIA--GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha.     75 

the  under  sides  of  the  leaves  are  shaggy,  not  hoary  ;  the  veins 
fringed  with  close  hairs.  The  leaves  moreover  are  universally 
wrinkled  or  blistered,  sessile,  always  roundish-heart-shaped, 
or  elliptical,  from  1  to  2  inches  long,  with  shallow,  unequal 
notches  or  serratures.  The  whole  hiflorescence  is  smaller  in 
proportion.  Bracteas  broader,  and  more  ovate.  Calyx  hairy, 
much  shorter  and  wider,  almost  bell-shaped.  Stam.  always  long 
and  prominent.  The  whole  plant  is  viscid,  and  its  peculiar 
acrid  smell,  which  Haller  thought  highly  grateful,  can  never  fail 
to  distinguish  this  species,  after  having  been  dried  for  30  years, 
«r  more. 
/3  is  a  garden  variety,  strikingly  variegated  with  white,  retaining 
its  oriuinal  scent. 


3.  M.  viridis.    Spear  Mint. 

Spikes  interrupted.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute,  naked. 

Bracteas  bristle-shaped,  somewliat  hairy  as  well  as  the 

teeth  of  the  calyx.     Flower-stalks  very  smooth. 
M.  viridis.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  804.    mild.  v.  3.  76.    Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn, 

Soc.  V.  5.  185.    Fl.  Br.  6\2.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  34.  t.  2424.    Woodv. 

t.  170.    Sole  Menth.  W.t.  5.    Hidl  171. 
M.  spicata  a,  viridis.     Linn.  Sp.  Pl.ed.  1.  576. 
M.  n.229.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  100. 
Mentha.     Camer.  Epit.477.  f'  good. 
M.  romana.     Ger.  Em.  680./. 
M.  romana  officinarum,  sive   praestantior    angustifolia.     Lob.  Ic. 

507.  f     Herb.  Buddie.     Moris,  v.  3.  3G7.  sect.  \\.  t.  6  f.\. 
M.  hortensis  tertia.    Fiichs.  Hist.  290./'. 

/3.  M.  angustifolia  spicata.    How  Phijt.  74.    Raii  Syn.  ed.  I.  79. 
M.  angustifolia  spicata  glabra,  folio  rugosiore,  odore  graviore. 

Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  1 23.  ed.  3.  233.     Herb.  Sherard. 
M.  spicata  nostras,  cardiacae  sativae  forma  et  odore  semula,  folio 

rugosiore.     Pluk.  Mant.  129. 
M,  spicata,  folio  longiore  acuto  glabro  nigriori.     Bank.  Hist.v  2. 

p.  2.  220./. 
y.  M.  spicata  angustifolia  glabra,  spicii   latiorc.     Dill,  in   Raii 

Syn.  233.     Herb.  Sherard,  from  Mr.  Dale. 
M.  sylvestris,   longioribus,   nigrioribus,   et  minds  incanis   foliis. 

Bauh.  Pin.  227.   Sherard. 
Menthastrum  campense.  Dalech.  Hist.  673./. 
$.  Mentha  spicata  glabra,  latiore  folio.      I)Ul.  in  Raii  Syn.  234. 

Herb.  Sherard,  from  Mr.  Dale. 

In  marshy  ])laces. 

a.  Near  Exmouth,  Devonshire,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames, 
Hudson.  On  a  common  between  (ilastonbury  and  \V*ells  3  in 
a  meadow  4  miles  from  Hath  ;  and  in  various  phices  by  the  side 
of  the  .-\v"M    l.rtv\<«>n  Huth  ai'.d  K'-Nton      Sn/r. 


76    DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.   Mentha. 

/8.  By  the  river  at  Booking,  Essex.  Dale.  By  the  Medway  near 
Maidstone,  Kent.  Plukenet.  At  Babergh  near  Norwich.  Mr. 
Pitchford.  Near  Acle  church,  Norfolk,  towards  the  south.  Mr. 
D.  Turner. 

y.  In  a  meadow  at  Bocking,  Essex.  Dale,  Dillenius. 

$.  In  a  meadow  by  Marwood  bridge,  between  Mersey  island  and 
Colchester.  Dill. 

Perennial.    August. 

Stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  branched,  acutely  angular,  smooth, 
often  purplish.  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrated, 
smooth  3  sometimes  a  little  hairy  beneath,  especially  in  the  3 
latter  varieties,  in  all  which  also  they  are  shorter  and  broader, 
with  a  less  agreeable  scent,  than  in  a,  the  true  garden  Spear 

-  Mint,  or  Mackarel  Mint.  Spikes  panicled,  elongated,  acute  j 
almost  all  the  whorLs  a  little  distant  from  each  other,  with  narrow 
or  bristle-shaped  bracteas,  which  are  seldom  quite  smooth  even 
in  a,  and  in  the  varieties  are  more  or  less  hairy,  as  well  as 
broader.  Flower-stalks  always,  in  every  variety,  perfectly 
smooth,  round  and  polished.  Cal.  narrow-bell-shaped,  fur- 
rowed, with  1 0  ribs,  besprinkled,  like  the  foliage,  with  resinous 
dots,  and  always  quite  smooth,  except  the  teeth,  which  though 
generally  smooth  or  naked  in  the  primary  variety,  in  all  the 
others  are  variously  hairy.  The  separate  flower  in  Engl.  Bot. 
t.  2424  shows  this  in  the  variety  /3,  to  which  also  the  leaf  be- 
longs. Cor.  light  purple,  smooth,  generally  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Style  prominent.  The  whole  inflorescence,  bracteas 
and  calyx  often  acquire  a  dark  purplish  hue. 

The  whole  herb  is  gratefully  aromatic,  warm  and  pungent ;  the 
flavour  of  the  varieties  less  agreeable.  The  perfectly  smooth  and 
xidked  Jiower-stalks,  in  all  the  varieties,  are  essentially  charac- 
teristic of  this  species. 

I  suspect  M.  crispa  of  Linnaeus,  Ehrh.  PL  Off.  206,  known  in  gar- 
dens only,  may  be  a  variety  of  M.  viridis. 

4.  M.  piperita.    Pepper  Mint. 

Spikes  blunt,  interrupted  below.  Leaves  stalked,  somewhat 
ovate,  smoothish.     Calyx  very  smooth  at  the  base. 

M.  piperita.    Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  5.  189.    H.  Br.  613. 
a.  Leaves  ovate- lanceolate.  Spikes  elongated. 
M.  piperita.   Engl.  Bot.  v.  \0.  t. 687.  Huds.25].  With. 523, var.2. 
Woodv.  ^.169.   Hull  1 72.    Pharmac.  Lond.    Ehrh.  PI.  Off.  216. 
M.  piperita  officinalis.    Sole  Menth.  \5.  t.7' 
M.  officinalis.    Hull  ed.  1.  127. 

M.  aquatica  nigricans,  fervido  sapore.    Herb.  Buddie. 
Eales'  Pepper  Mint.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.Sl.f.lO. 
/S.  Leaves  ovate.    Spikes  shorter  and  blunter,  almost  capitate. 
M.  piperita.    Hull  ed.  1 .  127.    mild.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  79. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha.     77 

M.  piperita  vulgaris.    Sole  Menth.  19.  t.  8. 

M.  spicis  brevioribus  et  habitioribus,  foliis  Menthae  fuscae,  sapore 
fervido  piperis.    Raii  Syn.  ed.  2. 124.  ecL  3.  234.  1. 10./.  2. 

M.  fervida  nigricans,  breviore  folio  et  spica.    Herb.  Sherard. 

M.  aquatica  sive  Sisymbrium.     Baiih.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  223./. 

y.  Leaves  ovate,  slightly  heart-shaped.    Spikes  more  acute. 

M.  piperita  svlvestris.    Sole  Menth.  53.  t.  24. 

M.  hircina.    Hulled.  1.  127. 

In  watery  places. 

a.  In  Hertfordshire,  Dr.  Eales  ;  Raij.  In  a  swampy  place  on 
Lansdown,  near  Bath,  called  the  wells  ;  also  by  the  side  of  the 
Avon,  in  Newton  mead.  Mr.  Sole.  At  Hauxton,  Cambridge- 
shire. Rev.  R.  Relhan.  In  a  mountain  rivulet  in  Bonsall  dale, 
near  Matlock  bath,  Derbyshire,  1790. 

/3.  In  Essex.  Dale.  By  Wandsworth  river.  Herb.  Sherard.  About 
Bath,  and  between  Wells  and  Glastonbury  ;  also  in  Chiltern 
bottom,  Wilts.     Mr.  Sole. 

y.  At  Lyncomb  Spa,  and  various  other  wet  places  about  Bath. 
Mr.  Sole.  At  the  soulh-west  corner  of  Saham  meer,  near  Wat- 
ton,  Norfolk. 

Perennial.     August,  September. 

Stems  nearly  erect,  branched,  roughish  with  recurved  hairs,  and 
generally  2  or  3  feet,  in  y  4  feet,  high.  Leaves  all  stalked, 
dark  green,  ovate,  acute,  varying  in  breadth,  sharply  serrated  ; 
smoothish  above  ;  paler  and  more  hairy  beneath  ;  never  downy 
nor  shaggy  like  M.  sijlvesiri'i.  Spikes  bluntish  ;  interrupted  and 
leafy  in  their  lower  part ;  in  (5  short,  dense  and  obtuse,  com- 
monly with  one  very  distant  whorl;  in  y  acute,  witli  2  or  more 
.such.  Brncteas  lanceolate,  fringed.  Flower-stalks  eitl-.er  per- 
fectly smooth,  or  in  their  upper  part  only  a  little  hairy.  Cal 
slender,  furrowed,  covered  with  pellucid  dots,  quite  smooth  in 
its  lower  half,  but  the  dark-purple  teeth,  and  in  y  the  upper 
part  of  the  tube,  are  more  or  less  densely  hairy.  Cor,  purplish. 
Stam.  in  all  my  specimens  short ;  style  long. 

The  warm  cam])hor-like  scent  and  flavour  of  this  species,  suc- 
ceeded by  a  coolness,  aie  familiar  to  every  body,  and  the  essen- 
tial oil,  or  distilled  water,  of  Pejiper  Mint  enters  into  various 
cordial  or  medical  preparations.  The  variety  y  is  less  agreeable 
than  the  others.  Enj;land  has  always  been  known  as  the  coun- 
try of  the  true  M.  jnperita.  \\'hat  supplies  its  ))lace  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  is  merely  a  variety  of  M.  hirsuta  having  a  similar 
odour;  and  this  is  wwwqA  piperita  \x\  tiie  Linnivan  herbarium. 
Mr.  Sole  justly  criticises  the  ligure  in  Ray's  Synopsis,  as  having 
the  leaves  of  the  true  piperita  with  tlie  iujlorcscenrc  of  hirsuta  ; 
or  rather  perhaps  of  j)ip(rila  3.  Hut  he  was  not  aware  of  all  the 
figures  of  that  3d  edition  having  been  drawn  and  engraved  by 
the  hand  of  Dillenius,  long  after  the  time  of  Ray.     The  styles  in 


78     DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha. 

both  figures  of  this  t.  1 0,  look  like  stamens,  if  they  can  be  thought 
like  any  thing.  Mr.  Sole  copies  both  Hudson's  erroneous  re- 
ferences to  Petiver,  without  correction. 

6.  M.  citrata,    Bergamot  Mint. 

Spikes  capitate,  very  blunt.  Leaves  stalked,  heart-shaped, 
naked  on  both  sides.  Calyx  and  flower-stalks  perfectly 
smooth. 

M.  citrata.    Ehrh.  Beitr.  v,  7.  150.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  79. 

M.  odorata.     Sole Menth.  2\.t.9.    Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  t).  5.  1 92. 

Fl.  Br.  615.     Etigl  Bot.  v.  15.  t.  1025.     Hull  172.  ed.  1.  127. 

Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  2.  388. 
M.  rubra.     Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8.  n.  9  ;  with  a  wrong  description. 
M.  rotundifolia  rubra,  aurantii  odore.    Moris,  v.  3.  361).  sect.  11. 

t.  6.f.  3,  the  smooth  one. 

In  watery  places,  rare. 

Very  common  by  the  sides  of  rivers  and  brooks  in  Cheshire  ;  espe- 
cially about  Aston -house ;  Mrs.  Walmsley  ;  also  in  a  small 
brook  or  ditch  near  Capel-Carey,  between  Llanrost  and  Llan- 
berris.  North  Wales.  Mr.  Sole.  Near  Bedford.  Rev,  Dr.  Abbot. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Whole  herb  smooth  in  every  part,  often  red  or  purple,  with  a 
powerful,  very  fragrant  scent,  like  the  Bergamot  Orange,  or 
the  herbage  of  Monarda  didyma,  on  which  account  it  is  often 
preserved  in  gardens.  The  stems,  about  2  feet  high,  are  bushy, 
copiously  branched,  and  spreading.  Leaves  broadly  heart- 
shaped,  an  inch,  or  inch  and  half  long,  serrated,  with  many 
parallel  transverse  veins.  Fl.  in  round,  blunt,  terminal  heads, 
with  a  stalked  axillary  w;/iorZ  or  two,  at  some  distance  beneath. 
Bracteas  bristle-shaped,  always  quite  smooth,  as  well  as  the 
round Jlower-stalks.  Cal.  cylindrical,  ribbed,  covered  with  resi- 
nous dots,  but  always  destitute  of  all  hairiness.  Cor.  reddish 
purple.     Stam.  short,  within  the  tube. 

The  name  of  Ehrhart,  which  I  had  not  observed  when  writing  the 
Fl.  Brit.,  has  not  only  a  prior  claim  to  what  I  have  there 
adopted,  but  is  so  much  more  appropriate,  that  I  cannot  but 
prefer  it,  in  justice  to  its  author. 

6.  M.  hivsiUa.    Hairy  Mint. 

Flowers  capitate  or  whorled.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate.  Calyx 
clothed  with  erect  hairs.  FloAver-stalks  with  recurved 
ones. 

M.  hirsuta.  Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc. v. 5. 193.  Fl.  Br.  616.  Hull  172. 
Relk.227.    Hook.  Scot.  \8{).    Lond.t.\66. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha.    79 

M.  sativa.     Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  t;.  5.  1 99. 

a.  M.  hirsuta.     Linn.  Mant.  81.     WillcL  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  78.     Engl. 

BoLv.7.t.447.    With.522.    Huds.ed.  1.223.    Hull  ed.  I.  127. 

Abbot  127. 
M.  n.  4.    Linn.  Hort.  Cliff.  306. 
M.  aquatica.     Huds.  252  a  and  (3.     Hull  ed.  \.  127.     S ibth  \S2 

Abbot  127. 
M.  aquatica  major.     Sole  Menth.  25.  t.W. 
M.  aquatica  minor.     Sole  Menth.  23.  t.  10. 
M.  n.  22.5,  a.  Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  99. 
M.  aquatica,  sive  Sisymbrium.     How  Phyt.  74.    Merr.  Pin.  76. 

Hail  Syn.  233.     Ger.  Em.  684./. 
M.  aquatica,  sive  Sisymbrium  hirsutius.     Baiih.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2. 

224./. 
M.  rotundifolia  palustris.    Moris,  sect.  1 1.  t.7.f.  6. 
M.  palustris  spicata.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  49. 
Common  Water  Mint.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.3\.f.  6. 
Sisymbrium  hirsutum.     Raii  Syn.  233. 
S.  hirsutum,  folio  angustiore  et  acutiore,  minimi  ramosum  j   D. 

Hand.     Herb.  Buddie. 
S.  sylvestre,    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1.  441./.    Camer.  Epit.263.f.    Da- 
lech.  Hist.  677.  f. 
Origanum  vulgare.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  638  ! 

/S.  Mentha  Sisymbrium  dicta  hirsuta,  glomerulis  ac  foliis  minori- 

bus  ac  rotundioribus.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  233.  t.  10./  1. 
M.  n.  225,  /3.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  99. 

y.  M,  piperita.      Linn.  Sp.  PI.  805.      Herd.  Linn.      Berg.  Mat. 

Med.  516. 
8.  M.  palustris.     Sole  Menth.  13.  t.  6. 
M.  aquatica.     Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8.  /?.  5. 
M.  aquatica,  folio  oblongoviridiglabro,  saporis  fervidissimi.    Herb. 

Buddie  and  Herb.  Bobart. 
Menthastri  aquatici  genus  hirsutum,  spica  latiore.     Bauh.  Hist. 

V.  3.  p.  2.  222./     Raii  Syn.  234. 
Menthastrum  minus  spicatum  Lobelii.    Daltch.  Hist.  674.  f.    How 

Phyt.  7 4. 
M.  minus.      Ger.  Em.  68."). /. 
Calamintha  tertia  Dioscoridis,   menthastrifolia  aquatica  hirsuta. 

Lob.  Ic.  5  1 0. /     Dill,  in  Herb.  SJierard. 
E.  Mentha  paludosa.     Sole  Menth.  49.  t.  22. 
^.  Flowers  all  whorl  ed. 
M.  sativa.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  805,  cxcl.   the  synonin)is.     Hnds.  253. 

Engl.  not.v.7.t.  448. 
M.  verticillata.    Linn.  Syst.  NaL  ed.  10.  v.  2.  1099,  A.    Herb.  Linn. 

Hnds.  ed.  1 .  222.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  48./.  1  ;  hairiness  wanting. 
M.  rivalis  3,  y  and  $,  not  a.     Sole  Menth.  45. 
M.  verticillatcB  varietas,  hirsutie  foHorum  discrepans.      Raii  Syn. 

ed   2.   124,  undrr  n.  6.  rd.3.  232.      Hrrh.  Hobart. 


80    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha. 

M.  crispa  verticillata.     Bauh.  Pin.  227. 

M.  sisymbiise facie  et  odore,  hirsutaet verticillata;  D.  Rand.  Herb. 

Buddie. 
M.  altera.    Camer.  Epit.  478./. 
Menta.     Fuchs.  Hist.  288.  f. 
Calamenthae  arvensi  verticillatae  similis,  sed  multo  elatior.    Herb. 

Buddie. 
Cross  Whirl  Mint.    Pet.  H.  Brit.  f.  3 1 ./.  8  ? 
Yj.  Mentha  aquatlca  verticillata  glabra,  rotundiore  folio.     Dill,  in 

Herb.  Sherard. 
^.  M.  verticillata  minima,  odore  fragrantissimo.     Herb.  Buddie. 

Confounded  under  M.  aquatica  exigua,  by  Dill,  in  Raii  Syn. 

232,  n.  2,  with  wrong  synonyms.     See  Tr.  of  L.  Soc.  v.  5,  y. 

In  watery  places  every  where. 

a.  The  most  common  of  all  our  Mints. 

/3.  In  the  parish  of  East  Borne,  Sussex,  in  the  road  to  Pevensey, 
observed  by  Mr.  Manningham.  Dillenius.    A  common  variety. 

y.  A  native  of  England,  according  to  the  Banksian  herbarium. 

L  Near  Bocking.  Dale.  In  Somersetshire.  Mr.  Sole.  On  the 
south-west  shore  of  Saham  meer,  Norfolk. 

£.  In  Holt  fen,  at  Streatham  near  Ely ;  also  in  a  rivulet  by  the  side 
of  Audry  causeway,  near  Haddenham,  isle  of  Ely.  Mr.  Sole. 

^.  About  rivulets  on  the  side  of  Shotover  hill  near  Oxford  ;  Mr. 
Tilleman  Bobart.  Herb.  Bobart.  On  the  banks  of  the  Lea,  near 
Hackney.  Mr.  E.  Forster.  At  Saham  and  Ashill,  Norfolk  ;  also 
1 1  miles  from  Norwich,  on  the  Hingham  road,  and  in  many  other 
places. 

rj.  In  a,  ditch  on  the  left  hand  of  Chalk's  green,  going  from  Brain- 
tree  to  Leez-house.  Dillen.  Ms. 

^.  Found  by  Mr.  Buddie  and  Mr.  F.  Dale,  sen.  by  the  side  of  the 
New  river,  near  the  upper  end  of  Stoke  Newington.  Herb.  She- 
rard. On  Skoulton  Common,  near  Hingham,  Norfolk,  but  with 
only  the  usual  smell  of  this  species. 

Perennial.  August,  September. 

The  roots  creep  to  a  great  extent.  Herb  very  variable,  more  or  less 
hairy  ;  very  seldom  almost  smooth,  except  the^ower-stalks  and 
calyx  ;  but  a  smooth  plant  removed  to  a  garden  became  as  hairy 
as  any  of  the  varieties,  in  the  following  year.  The  scent  also 
varies  from  a  fetid,  marshy,  though  pungently  aromatic,  odour, 
which  is  usual  in  the  whole  species,  to  the  camphorated  flavour 
of  true  Pepper  Mint,  n.  4,  for  which  our  variety  y  serves  in  the 
north  of  Europe.  Some  varieties  acquire  a  sweet  scent,  like 
Basil,  but  that  is  transient.  I  have  specimens  gathered  in  1 743, 
which  still  retain  the  fine  odour  of  Frankincense  Thyme.  Stems 
generally  erect,  and  mostly  branched,  clothed  with  rather  short 
hairs,  curved  downwards.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate,  serrated, 
hairy,  from  an  inch  to  1 J  inch  long,  rarely  more  or  less^  except 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha.     81 

in  variety  §.  They  vary  but  little  in  shape  ;  but  often  acquire 
a  dark  purplish  hue.  F/.  ofa  light  blueish  purple,  numerous 
and  crowded  ;  in  a_,  /S  and  y  capitate,  with  one  or  more  pair  of 
stalked  axillary  whorls  below  the  head  j  in  $  the  head  becomes  a 
spike,  with  several  whorls,  more  or  less  remote  ;  in  s  the  whole 
spike  is  whorled,  and  somewhat  leafy  ;  in  the  rest  all  the Jlowers 
are  whorled  and  axillary.  Bracteas  lanceolate,  hairy.  Flower- 
stalks  densely  covered,  for  the  most  part,  but  especially  at  the 
summit,  with  recurved,  sometimes  close-pressed,  white  hairs. 
Cal.  tubular,  furrowed,  mostly  purplish,  besprinkled  with  resi- 
nous dots,  and  clothed  with  hairs,  various  in  length,  all  con- 
stantly curved  in  a  contrary  direction  from  those  of  the  stalks. 
Cor,  hairy  externally.  Stam.  various  in  length.  The  lower 
whorls  are  usually  stalked. 
Botanists  have  been  very  unwilling  to  believe  the  curious  change 
of  a  capitate  Mint  to  a  whorled  one  ;  but  this  alteration  may 
often  be  traced  in  the  same  ditch.  Some  copy  me  for  this  fact, 
without  adverting  to  its  author  or  seeming  conscious  of  its  hav- 
ing ever  been  disputed.  I  have  received  dried  as  well  as  living 
specimens,  from  the  late  Mr.  Sole,  of  all  his  varieties,  of  this 
and  other  species,  and  have  cultivated  them  in  a  dry  garden,  as 
well  as  in  a  very  wet  one.  I  have  observed  all  the  difficult 
ones,  year  after  year,  in  their  wild  situations,  and  have  no  doubt 
that  all  these  varieties  of  M.  hirsuta  especially,  constitute  but 
one  species.  Occasional  examinations,  during  the  course  of  25 
years,  have  not  only  confirmed  this  opinion,  but  have  also  ascer- 
tained the  truth  of  the  essential  characters  derived  from  the  pu- 
bescence of  the  cahjx  nndjlower- stalks,  as  being  decisive  with- 
out any  exception.  I  regret  that  my  friend  Mr,  Sole  took  great 
offence  at  my  not  following  all  his  names  and  errors  ;  but  I 
hope  I  have  never  corrected  them  unhandsomely,  nor  do  I  mean 
to  undervalue  his  book,  whicli  is  a  valuable  record  of  the  several 
varieties  of  this  difficult  genus,  though  no  guide  at  all  as  to  the 
limits  or  names  of  the  species.  Professor  Hooker,  in  the  most 
flattering  terms,  confirms  my  account  of  this  Mint  j  but  the 
hairs  on  tlie  flower-stidks,  in  his  otherwise  excellent  plate,  are 
not  enough  deflexed. 

7.  M.  acAit'ifolia .    Fragrant  Sharp-leaved  Mint. 

Flowers  whorled.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  taperinrr  at 
each  end.  Calyx  hairy  all  over.  Hairs  of  tlie  flower- 
stalks  spreading. 

M.  acutifolia.  .S'm.  7V.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  5.  203.  Fl.  Br.  619.  Em^l. 
But.  i.-M.t.'l\\:>.     Hull  173. 

M.  verticillata.     ^Flll.  Diet.  cd.  S.  n.  17.     From  h's  own  hciharitim. 

M.  verticillata  aromatica,  folio  longiore  et  acutiore,      Rand  Ms. 

M.  aquatica  verticillata,  odoris  grati.     Herb.  Buddie. 

About  the  banks  of  rivers,  rare. 
VOL.  m.  o 


82     DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Medway,  Kent.  Rand.  Between  Rochester 
and  Chatham.  Miller. 

Perennial.    September? 

Herb  hairy  all  over,  exhaling,  when  rubbed,  the  sweet  scent  of 
P>ankincense  Thyme.  *S/e/7i  erect,  2  feet  high,  apparently  un- 
branched,  leafy,  all  its  hairs  closely  reflexed,  various  in  length. 
Leaves  on  rather  short  stalks,  spreading,  1  to  2  inches  long, 
ovate-lanceolate,  narrower  than  in  the  foregoing,  sharply  and 
unequally  serrated,  acute,  as  well  as  entire,  at  each  end.  Whorls 
dense,  sessile,  many-flowered,  axillary,  accompanying  every 
pair  of  leaves,  and  concealing  the  footstalks.  Bracteas  linear- 
lanceolate,  or  awl-shaped.  Flower-stalks  thickly  covered  with 
hairs  of  various  lengths,  spreading  horizontally,  or  now  and  then 
slightly  recurved.  Cal.  tubular,  clothed  in  every  part,  but  most 
densely  at  the  base,  with  ascendmg  hairs.  Cor.  hairy  at  the 
outside,  as  well  as  in  the  throat ;  its  colour,  according  to  Buddie, 
nearly  red.    Stam.  shorter  than  the  corolla.    Style  much  longer. 

Very  closely  related  to  the  last  species.  How  far  it  is  distinct  can 
be  determined  by  the  discovery,  and  sufficient  examination,  of 
fresh  specimens  only. 

8.  M.  rudra.     Tall  Red  Mint. 

Flowers  whorled.     Leaves  ovate.     Stem  upright,  zigzag. 

Flower-stalks,  and  lower  part  of  the  calyx,  very  smooth ; 

teeth  hairy. 
M.  rubra.   Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  5.  205.  FL  Br.  620.  Engl.  Bat. 

V.  20.  t.  1413.     Hull  173.     Hook.  Scot.  180  ? 
M.  sativa.    Sole  Menth.  47.  t.  21;  calyx  very  erroneous. 
M.  verticillata.    Rail  Syn.  232  j  but  not  of  Rivinus. 
M.  crispa.     Besl.  Hort.  Eyst.  cest.  ord.  7.  t.  5./.  1. 
M.  rotundiore  folio  glabro,  pulegii  flore.    Moris,  v.  3. 369. sec^  1 1 . 

t.7.f2.    Herb.  Bobart. 
M.  crispa  verticillata,  folio  rotundiore.    Raii  Syn.  ed.  2. 1 24.    Herb. 

Buddie,  and  Herb.  Sherard.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2. 215./. 
M.  prima,     Dod.Pempt.Qo.f 
M.  sativa  rubra.     Ger.  Em.  680.  f 
M.  cruciata.     Lob.  Ic.  507.  f. 
Menta.     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  2.  76.  f 

About  wet  hedges  and  thickets,  and  the  reedy  banks  of  rivers  or 

ditches. 
By  the  river  Lea  near  the  ferry  house.    Herb.  Sherard.     Peckham 

fields.  Dillenius.     In  North  Wales,  and  Shropshire.    Mr.  Sole. 

By  the  road  side  between  Edmonton  and  Enfield ;  also  near 

Walthamstow.    Mr.  E.  Forster.    Under  a  wet  hedge  in  the  road 

from  Wattonto  Saham  church,  Norfolk. 
Perennial.     September. 
The  whole  herb  is  usually  almost  smooth,  though  in  dry  situations 

liable  to  become  minutely  hairy,  when  the  hairs  on  the  stem  are 


DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.   Mentha.     83 

recurved.  Its  scent  is  that  of  most  of  this  genus,  especially  M. 
viridis;  but  I  have  a  Shropshire  specimen  from  the  Rev.  E. 
Williams,  smelling  like  M.  arvensis  hereafter  described.  The 
stem  is  from  4  to  6  feet  high,  erect,  though  more  or  less  wavy, 
supporting  itself  on  bushes,  and  never  quite  straight  j  with  few 
and  short  branches ;  leafy,  variously  tinged  with  deep  red,  mostly 
smooth  and  shining.  Leaves  stalked,  broadly  ovate,  strongly 
serrated,  of  a  deep  shining  green  ;  paler  beneath,  copiously  be- 
sprinkled with  resinous  dots  ;  the  upper  ones  small  and  short, 
occasionally  crisped ;  all  either  quite  smooth,  or  bearing  a  few 
minute  hairs  on  the  ribs  and  veins,  some  such  being  scattered 
over  the  upper  surface.  Whorls  numerous,  stalked,  of  many 
large  reddinhjlowers.  Bracteas  linear,  fringed,  at  least  towards 
the  point ;  innermost  bristle-shaped.  Flower-stalks  round,  of  a 
shining  red  or  purple,  invariably  smooth,  as  is  also  the  lower 
part  of  the  tubular  calijx,  though  its  teeth  are  always  hairy,  or 
fringed,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  is  occasionally  hairy,  its 
whole  surface  bearing  resinous  dots.  Cor.  large,  quite  smooth, 
partly  in  like  manner  dotted.  Stam.  various  in  length  on  the 
same  specimen. 
Our  earlier  British  botanists  confounded  this  with  the  Linnsean  M. 
sativa,  or  verticillata,  see  M.  hirsuta  ^,  p.  79,  under  the  appel- 
lation of  C.  Bauhin's  M.  cr'ispa  verticillata, hwi  on  attentive  con- 
sideration of  his  synonyms,  I  think  the  latter  writer  iiad  not  our 
rubra  in  contemplation.  This  is  however  the  plant  of  Ray,  and 
probably  of  J.  Bauhin.  It  is  by  far  the  tallest  and  handsomest  of 
our  Mints,  and  cannot  be  confounded  with  any  other. 

9.  M.  gentiVis.     Busby  Red  Mint. 

Flowers  whorled.     Leaves  ovate.     Stem  much  branched, 

spreading.     Flower-stalks,  and  base  of  the  bell-shaped 

calyx,  nearly  smooth. 
M.gentilis.     Li?m.  S/j.  Pi.  SOo.    mild.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  SO  "!    Sm.  Tr. 

of  Linyi.Soc.v.  5.208.     Fl.Br. 62].     Engl.  Bot.  v.  30.  t.2\\8. 

Hull  173.     Hook.  Scot.  181  ? 
M.  rubra.     Sole  Menth.  4 1 .  M 8. 
M.  n.224.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.98. 
/3.  M.  rivalis  a.    Sole  Menth.  45.  /.  20. 
y.  M.  variegata.     Sole  Menth.  43.  t.  19. 
M.  arvensis  verticillata  versicolor.    Moris. sect.  \\.t.7.f.b.    Herb. 

Buddie. 
M.  crispa  verticillata.     Hcrh.  Cliffort. 
In  watery  waste  places,  rare, 
a.  In  pools  and  brooks  between  Mole  and  Llanroost,  NorthWales. 

Mr.  Sola.    Shropshire.    Rev.  E.  iVilliams.    Near  Holt,  Norfolk. 

Prof.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Borrer. 

o  2 


84     DlDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Mentha. 

/3.  In  Lock's  brook,,  between  Weston  and  Twiverton,  Somerset- 
shire. Mr.  Sole. 

y.  About  towns,  but  scarcely  to  be  found  truly  wild. 

Perennial.   August. 

The  whole  herb  is  of  a  lighter  green  than  the  last,  all  over  more  or 
less  minutely  hairy,  and,  when  planted  in  a  dry  situation, 
pleasantly  scented  ;  in  wet  ground  it  has  the  ordinary  smell  of 
Mint.  Stem  erect,  bushy,  with  numerous  spreading  branches, 
leafy,  12  or  18  inches,  in  (S  near  3  feet,  highj  when  not  quite 
smooth,  the  hairs  are  recurved,  as  usual.  Leaves  stalked,  uni- 
formly ovate,  not  much  pointed,  serrated,  dotted,  scarcely  paler 
beneath  ;  the  upper  surface  besprinkled  with  fine  small  hairs  ; 
rib  and  veins  of  the  under  side  beset  with  rather  stronger  ones  5 
in  (3  the  leaves  are  longer  and  more  elliptical ;  in  y  prettily  va- 
riegated with  yellow,  and  more  fragrant.  Whorls  nearly  sessile, 
except  occasionally  from  cultivation  in  y.  Bracteas  lanceolate, 
hairy,  varying  in  size.  Flower-stalks  round,  purplish,  for  the 
most  part  very  smooth  j  but  in  y,  especially  when  cultivated  in 
very  dry  gi'ound,  they  sometimes  bear  a  few  deflexed  hairs.  CaL 
shorter,  and  more  spreading  or  bell-shaped,  than  in  M.  rubra, 
rough  with  ascending  hairs  about  the  teeth,  and  more  or  less  of 
the  tube,  the  base  of  which  is  naked  and  smooth.  Cor.  pale  pur- 
ple. Stam.  seldom  so  long  as  the  limb. 

The  figures  of  this  species  and  of  M.  rubra  in  Engl.  Bot.  both  very 
characteristic,  sufficiently  show  how  distinct  they  are ;  and  if  the 
calyx  be  attended  to,  nobody  can  confound  them.  I  therefore 
quote  P7.  Scotica  with  doubt,  the  worthy  author  appearing  un- 
acquainted with  my  plants. 

10.  M.  gracilis.    Narrow-leaved  Mint. 

Flowers  whorled.  Leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile.  Stem 
upright,  much  branched.  Flower-stalks,  and  base  of  the 
calyx,  quite  smooth. 

M.  gracilis.  Sm.Tr.of  Linn.  Soc.v.b. 210.  Fl.Br.622.  Hull]73. 

Sole  Menth.  37.tA6. 
M.  gentilis.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  7.  t.  449.    With.  524. 
M.  rubra.    Huds.  252. 
M.  fusca,  sive  vulgaris.    Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  123.  ed.  3.  232.    Herb. 

Buddie. 
M.  verticillata  glabra,  odore  Menthse  sativae,  (that  is  viridis) .  Herb. 

Sherard. 
M.  verticillata,  folio  angustiore.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  48./.  2. 
Balsamita  officinarum.    Best.  Hort.  Eyst.  cesi.  ord.  7.  t.  3.f.  3. 

/3.  M.  pratensis.     Sole  Menth.  39.  t.  17.    Hull  ed.  1 .  129. 

*  y.  M.  gentilis.    Sole  Menth.  35. 1. 15. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.   Mentha.    85 

M.  hortensis  verticillata,  Ocymi  odore.    Moris,  v.  3. 369.  sect.  11. 

L7.f.\.    Herb.  Buddie. 
M.  verticillata  minor,  acuta,  non  crispa,  odore  Ocymi.    Bauh.  Hist. 

V.  3./).  2.  216./.  217. 
M.  cardiaca.     Ger.  Em.  6S0.f. 
Red  Mint.    Fet.  H.  Brit.  t.3l.f.7. 

In  watery  places,  or  moist  meadows. 

At  Bocking  and  Stoke  Newington.  Sherard's  herbarium.  Near 
Walthamstow.  Mr.  B.  M.  Forster.  Near  Bradford,Wilts.  Mr. 
Sole.    At  Saham  and  Oxborough,  Norfolk. 

|S.  In  the  New  Forest,  Hants.    Mr.  Sole. 

y.  Frequent  in  ditches  and  waste  places,  near  towns  and  villages, 
but  scarcely  wild.    Mr.  Sole. 

Perennial.     August,  September. 

Herbage  of  a  grass  green,  clothed  more  or  less  with  short  scattered 
hairs.  Stems  erect,  tufted,  leafy,  reddish,  about  18  inches  high, 
roughish  here  and  there,  with  minute,  recurved,  rigid  hairs  j 
most  branched  about  midway  from  the  ground.  Leaves  nearly 
sessile,  uniform,  lanceolate,  acute,  serrated  ;  contracted  at  the 
base,  full  of  small  pellucid  dots,  slightly  hairy,  and  nearly  of  the 
same  hue,  on  both  sides ;  in  |3  they  are  directed  downwards. 
Whorls  many-flowered,  sessile,  rarely  stalked.  Bracteas  lanceo- 
late, hairy,  or  fringed.  Flower-stalks  all  perfectly  and  inva- 
riably smooth,  round,  commonly  purple.  Cal.  tubular,  but 
short,  and  rather  bell-shaped,  covered  with  prominent  resinous 
dots,  purplish  ;  the  base  and  lower  half  quite  smooth  j  teeth  and 
uj)per  part  clothed  with  upright  white  hairs,  various  in  quantity 
and  length.    Cor.  light  purple,  bearded  at  the  tip.    Stam.  short. 

This  species,  in  its  ordinary  state,  smells  like  M.  viridis,  n.  3  ;  /3 
like  M.  piperita,  but  not  so  pungently  or  agreeably;  while  y 
has  the  delightful  fragrance  of  Ocymum,  Sweet  Basil.  The 
leaves  accompanying  the  whorls,  in  this  last  variety,  are  very 
much  smaller  than  the  rest. 

11.  M.  arvensis.     Corn  Mint. 

Flowers  whorlcd.  Leaves  ovate.  Stem  much  branched,  dif- 
fuse. Calyx  bell-shaped,  covered  all  over  with  horizontal 
hairs. 

M.  arvensis.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  806.  mild.  v.  3.  80.  Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn. 
Soc.  V.  ,5.213.  Fl.  Br.  623.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  30.  /.2l  19.  Hull  1/3. 
Sole  Mcnih.  29.  t.  12.  Hook.  Scot.  181 .  K.  l^an.  t.  512.  Ehrh. 
PI.  Of.  4\G. 

M.  n.T).     Linn.Hort.riif.M?.     Ihrb.Ciiff. 

M.  verticillata  hortensis,  odore  Ocymi  ;  C.  B.  Pin.  Herb.  Cliff,  but 
not  of  Bauhin. 

M.  n.  223.     Hall.  Hist.  v.\.9Q)  excluding  the  reference  to  Rivi- 


86     DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha. 

M.  aquatica.    Raii  Syn.  ed.  1.  78. 

M.  seu  Calamintha  aquatica.     Raii  Syn,  ed.  2.  1 23.  ed.  3. 232. 

M.  arvensis  humilior  verticillata  hirsuta.  Moris,  v.  3.  369.  sect.  1 1 . 
t.7.f.5. 

Calamintha  aquatica.  How  Phyt.  18.  Merr.  Pin.  18.  Ger.  Em. 
684./.    Matth.Valgr.v.2.78.f.    Camer.  Epit.  483.  f. 

Water  Whirl  Mint.    PeL  H.  Brit.  t.3\.f.5. 

/3.  Mentha  arvensis  major,  verticillis  et  floribus  amplis,  foliis  latio- 
ribus,  staminibus  corolla  longioribus,  odore  grato.  Sole  Menth. 
29,  y. 

y.  M.  praecox.    Sole  Menth.  3\.t.  13.    Hull  ed.  1.  128. 

$.  M.  gentilis.     Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8.  n.  15.     From  the  author's  herb. 

M.  verticillata,  rotundiore  folio,  odore  Ocymi.    S.  Dale  Ms. 

M.  verticillata  glabra,  foliis  ex  rotunditate  acuminatis  j  Buddie. 
In  his  own,  as  well  as  Bohart's,  herhanum. 

M.  arvensis  verticillata,  folio  rotundiore,  odore  aromatico  j  Vernon. 
Raii  Syn.  ed.2.\23.  ed.3.232. 

In  sandy  corn-fields  frequent,  especially  v^here  water  has  stagnated. 

j3.  In  moist  meadows.    Mr.  Sole. 

y.  On  the  banks  of  rivers.    Mr.  Sole. 

8.  On  the  right  hand  of  the  road  from  Docking  to  Gossfield,  Essex. 
Dale.  Found  by  Mr.  Wigmores  at  Shelford,  Cambridgeshire. 
Ray.   In  Prestwick  Car,  Northumberland.    Mr.  Winch. 

Perennial.     June — September. 

Root  creeping  extensively.  Herb  of  a  pale  hoary  green,  more  or 
less  hairy,  with  a  strong  unpleasant  odour,  like  cheese  covered 
with  blue  mould,  Haller  calls  it  detestable.  Stem  generally 
weighed  down  with  its  numerous  branches ;  in  y  more  upright. 
Leaves  stalked,  ovate,  or  somewhat  elliptical,  bluntish,  variously 
serrated,  tolerably  even,  not  wrinkled  or  rugged.  Whorls  of 
numerous,  nearly  sessile  flowers.  Flower-stalks  simple,  round, 
purplish  at  the  upper  part,  often  quite  smooth,  sometimes  va- 
riously hairy,  the  hairs  scattered,  slightly  reflexed,  always  most 
abund'ant  near  the  top,  or  crowded  under  the  calyx,  as  is 
common  in  this  genus.  Bracteas  lanceolate,  small  ;  hairy  be- 
neath. Calyx  ^\\on,  bell-shaped,  slightly  furrowed,  covered  w'ith 
resinous  dots,  and  with  longish,  horizontally  spreading,  hairs. 
Cor.  pale  blueish  purple,  externally  hairy.  Stam.  prominent  in 
general,  but  not  invariably;  in  y  and  ^  short. 

The  peculiarly  short  bell-shaped  calyx,  with  its  horizontal  hairs, 

clearly  distinguish  this  species  from  all  the  foregoing. 
j3  is  a  larger  more  upright  variety,  with  a  sweetish  smell,  y,  the 
prcecox  of  Sole,  is  also  erect,  with  elliptical  leaves,  more  shining 
and  less  evidently  hairy  ;  ^  has  the  odour  of  Sweet  Basil,  which 
Mr.  S.  Dale's  old  original  specimens  still  retain.  In  shape  and 
characters  it  nearly  agrees  with  the  common  kind.  Jacquin's 
M.  austriaca,  Fl.  Austr.  t.  430,  looks  like  a  starved  plant  of  Mr. 
Sole's  prcecox,  my  y,  but  nothing  certain  can  be  made  out  from 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Mentha.    87 

the  figure.     M.  lapponica,   Wahlenb.  Lapp.  161.  t.  10,  comes 
very  near  to  prcecox. 

12.  M.  agrestis.     Rugged  Field  Mint. 

Flowers  whorled.  Leaves  somewhat  heart-shaped,  strongly 
serrated,  rugose.  Stem  erect.  Calyx  bell-shaped,  covered 
all  over  with  horizontal  hairs. 

M.  agrestis.     Sole  Menth.  33.  t.  14.     Comp.  ed.  4.  101 .    Engl.  Bot, 

t'.SO.  ^2120. 
M.  arvensis  e.    Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn,  Soc,  v.  5.213,  216.    FL  Br.  624. 

In  corn-fields  and  neglected  gardens. 

About  the  Mendip  hills,  Shepton-xMallet,  and  Frome,  Somersetshire, 
abundantly.    Mr.  Sole.    Very  common  in  Sussex.    Mr.  Borrer. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Whether  this  be  a  distinct  species  or  not,  I  will  not  dare  to  assert, 
nor  do  I  know  any  person  competent  to  decide  the  question.  It 
has  remained  unchanged  in  my  garden  for  25  years,  though 
almost  naturalized,  and  frequently  removed.  It  is  a  larger  more 
hairy  plant  than  M.  arvensis,  of  a  darker  green,  with  an  upright 
copiously  branched  stem,  whose  hairs  are  deflexed.  Leaves 
ovate-heart-shaped,  rugged,  or  somewhat  plaited,  coarsely  ser- 
rated. Iiiflorescence,Jiower- stalks  and  calyx,  as  well  as  corolla, 
not  materially  different  from  the  last,  of  which,  if  I  were  guided 
solely  by  my  own  principles,  founded  on  the  calyx  and^oit-er- 
stalks,  1  should  make  it  a  variety. 

13.  M.  Pulegiwn.     Penny-royal. 

Flowers  whorled.  Leaves  ovate.  Stem  prostrate.  Flower- 
stalks  and  calyx  all  over  downy;  teeth  fringed. 

M.  Pulegium.  Lin7i.  Sp.  PI.S07.  Willd.  v.  3.  82.   Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn. 

Soc.v.  5.216.     FL  Br.  624.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  15.  f.  1026.     Hook. 

Scot.  181.     Woodv.  t.\7\.    Sole  Menth.  5\.t.  23. 
M.  n.221.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  97. 
Pulegium.    Raii  Syn.  235.     How  Phqt.  99.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2. 

256./.     Fuchs.  Hist.  198./.     Briuif.  Herb.  v.  1.  227./.    Matth. 

Valgr.  V.  2.  65./    Camer.  Epit.  471./    Riv.Monop.  Irr.  t.23. 

P.  regium.     Ger.  Etn.  67\'J.    Merr.  Pin.  99. 

On  wet  commons,  and  about  the  margins  of  small  brooks. 

Perennial.     September. 

Much  smaller  than  ai»y  of  the  foregoing  .species,  with  a  strong, 
acrid,  very  peculiar  smell,  resembling  Thymus  Nepefa.  The 
steins  are  somewhat  procumbent,  or  quite  prostrate,  downy, 
bluntlv  quadrangular,  throwing  out  radicles  here  and  there. 
Leaves  scarcely  iuilf  an  inch  long,  often  much  less,  stalked,  de- 
flexed,  ovate,   obtuse,    with  a  few  shallow   unequal  scrratures, 


88   DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Glechoma. 

full  of  pellucid  dots,  and  a  little  hairy  chiefly  beneath.  Whorls 
sessile,  numerous,  many-flowered,  large  in  proportion  to  the 
foliage.  Brae  teas  none.  Flower-stalks  puripWsh,  doihed  entirely 
with  very  short,  dense,  hoary  pubescence.  Cal.  tubular,  slender, 
nearly  cylindrical,  besprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  strongly  rib- 
bed and  furrowed,  covered  with  very  short,  dense,  prominent 
hairs  ;  the  teeth  unequal,  sharp-pointed,  fringed ;  mouth  closed 
with  converging  white  hairs,  as  in  Thymus.  Cor.  exernally  hairy, 
light  purple,  occasionally  white,  exactly  answering  to  the  cha- 
racter of  Mentha^  as  well  as  the  stamens. 
Penny-royal  is  a  popular  remedy  for  many  obstructions,  as  well  as 
for  debility  of  the  internal  organs,  being  powerfully  stimulant 
and  tonic,  but  less  grateful  than  Pepper  Mint. 

288.  GLECHOMA.     Ground-ivy. 

Linn,  Gen.  291 .    Juss.  113.    Fl  Br.  625.    Lam.  t.505. 

Cal,  tubular,  cylindrical,  striated,  permanent,  with  5  point- 
ed, unequal,  marginal  teeth.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube  slender, 
compressed ;  upper  lip  erect,  obtuse,  cloven  half  way 
down  ;  lower  larger,  in  3  spreading  obtuse  segments,  the 
middle  one  broadest,  cloven.  Filam.  under  the  upper 
lip.  Anth.  of  each  pair  converging  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 
Germ,  superior,  small,  four-cleft.  Sti/le  thread-shaped, 
curved  under  the  upper  lip.  Stigma  in  2  acute  divisions. 
Seeds  4,  ovate,  in  the  bottom  of  the  permanent  calyx. 

A  small  genus,  of  perennial,  downy,  somewhat  aromatic, 
herbs;  with  heart-shaped,  crenate,  or  serrated,  leaves,  and 
axillary  ^0W£?r5. 

1.  G.  kederacea.  Common  Ground-ivy,  Gill,  or  Ale- 
hoof. 

Leaves  kidney-heart-shaped,  crenate. 

G.  hederacea.      Linn.  Sp.  PI.  807.     mild.  v.  3.  85.      Fl.  Br.625. 

Engl  Bot.  V.  12.  t.  853.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  t.  44.    Mart.  Rust. 

t.6\.  Woodv.  t.  28.  Hook.  Scot.  181.  FL  Dan.  t.  789.    Bull.  Fr. 

t.24]. 
Chamseclema  n.  245.    Hall.  Hist.v.] .  \07. 
Ch.  vulgare.     Vaill.  Par.  33.  t.  6.f.  4,  5,  6. 
Calamintha  humilior,  folio  rotundiore.     Rail  Syn.  243. 
Hederaterrestris.  Brunf.Herb.v.].\67.f.  Ger.Em.8bQ.f.  Matth. 

Falgr,  V.  1 .  574./.       Camer.  Epit.  400, 401 ./, /.      Riv.  Monop. 

Irr.t.67.f.\,2. 
Chamsecissos.    Trag,Hist.799.f.    Fuchs.  Hist.  876./. 

In  dry  shady  places,  by  road  sides  and  about  hedge  banks^  com- 
mon. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Lamium.     89 

Perennial.     April,  May. 

Herb  downy,  with  an  agreeable  fragrance.  Roots  creeping,  with 
long  leafy  runners.  Stems  leafy,  more  or  less  ascending,  un- 
branched,  their  hairs  bent  downwards.  Leaves  stalked,  about 
an  inch  wide,  bluntly  crenate,  veiny  ;  paler  beneath,  with  abun- 
dance of  small  resinous  dots,  yielding  an  aromatic  oil.  FLhlae, 
with  a  white  palate,  about  6  in  each  whorl. 

Few  perennial  herbs  vary  so  much  in  size  j  and  hence  authors 
have  formerly  made  several  species.  The  extremes  may  be  seen 
in  the  plates  of  Rivinus  and  Vaillant. 

289.  LAMIUM.     Dead-nettle. 

Linn.  Gen.  292.  Juss.  113.  Fl.  Br.  626.  Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl.v.  20. 
Tourn.t.85,    Lam.  t.  506. 

Cal,  tubular,  dilated  upwards,  with  5  nearly  equal,  awned 
teeth,  permanent.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube  cylindrical,  short ; 
limb  gaping ;  throat  inflated,  compressed,  gibbous,  bor- 
dered at  each  side  with  one  or  more  little  reflexed  teeth  ; 
upper  lip  vaulted,  roundish,  obtuse,  undivided  or  cloven ; 
lower  shorter,  inversely  heart-shaped,  notched,  more  or 
less  reflexed.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  covered  by  the  upper 
lip.  Anth.  incumbent,  oblong,  bivalve,  hairy.  Genu, 
superior,  four-cleft.  Sti/le  thread-shaped,  of  the  length 
and  situation  of  the  stamens.  Stigma  in  2  acute  spread- 
ing segments.  Seeds  4,  level-topped,  short,  triangular, 
convex  at  one  side,  abrupt  at  each  end,  in  the  bottom  of 
the  open-mouthed  calyx. 

Perennial,  or  annual,  European  herbs,  of  which  20  species 
are  described  in  the  Cijclopcedia.  Leaves  heart-shaped, 
mostly  serrated  and  downy.  FL  scentless,  numerous, 
large,  whorled,  red,  purplish,  or  white  ;  never  yellow. 

1.  L.  album.     White  Dead-nettle,  or  Archangel. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,  strongly  serrated,  hairy. 
Flowers  about  twenty  in  a  whorl.  Tube  of  the  calyx 
shorter  than  its  teeth.  lj)per  lip  of  the  corolla  notched; 
lateral  teeth  solitary,  lanceolate. 

L.  album.    Lmn.  Sp.  Pl.mO.     mild.  v.  3.  88.     H.  Br.  (VIC).    Kufrl. 

But.  V.  W.  I.  7GH.     Curt.  Land.  fuse.  2.  t.  45.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  26. 

Hook.  Scot.  181.    Elirh.  PL  Off\  IQa.   Fl.  Dan.  t.  :>9  1.    Bull.  Fr. 

t.2\3.     Rail  Syn.  240.    Ger.  Em.702.f. 
L.  n.  271.     Hall.  Hist.v.  1.  118. 
L.  IMinii.     Malfh.  laifrr.  r.2.473../: 
L.  sive  Archangelic-i,  Horc  albo.     Lub.  /c.520./. 


90    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Lamium. 

Galeopsis.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  62.  f.  1. 

In  waste  ground,  the  borders  of  fields,  and  by  road  sides,  common. 

Perennial.     May,  June  ;  also  September. 

Roof,  creeping.  Stems  erect,  12  or  18  inches  high,  roughish  with 
short  deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  deep  green,  unspotted,  strongly 
serrated,  stalked,  veiny,  hairy.  Fl.  large,  white,  rarely  tinged 
with  a  blush-colour,  hairy  3  lip  cream-coloured.  Anih.  black. 
The  herbage  is  scarcely  eaten  by  cattle,  and  has  a  slightly  fetid 
scent.     The  flowers  abound  with  honey. 

2.  L.  maculatwn.     Spotted  Dead-nettle. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  pointed,^  strongly  serrated,  hairy. 
Flowers  about  ten  in  a  whorl.  Tube  of  the  calyx  curved, 
as  long  as  its  teeth.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  notched; 
lateral  teeth  solitary,  bristle-shaped. 

L.  maculatum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  809.     Willd.  v.'S.  87.     Cotnp.  ed.  4. 

102.  Engl.Bot.v.36.t.2o50.  Cyclop.n.5.  Hook.  Scot.  \^\.  Ait. 

Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  3.393.   Ehrh.  PL  Off.  426.    Bauh.  Pin.  231. 
L.  n.  270.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.118. 
L.  purpureum  foetidum,  folio  parvo,  acuminato,  flore  majore.  Pluk. 

Almag.  204.    Phyt.  t.  198./.  1. 
Urtica  mortua  alia   divaricata,  et   guttatim   dispersa.      Column. 

EcpLr.  191. 

On  banks  in  warm  situations,  rare  ;  perhaps  a  naturalized  plant. 

In  a  lane  nearRedland  Court,  not-far  from  Bristol.  Mrs.  Vaughan. 
Once  found  at  Bayswater,  near  London.  In  woods  in  Scot- 
land, but  rare.  Mr.  G.  Don. 

Perennial.     April. 

Habit  like  the  preceding,  from  which  however  this  species  is  truly 
distinct.  The  leaves  are  marked,  either  with  a  white  central 
line,  or  with  scattered  white  spots.  FL  crimson  ;  the  lip  beau- 
tifully speckled ;  their  lateral  teeth  slender.  Cal.  very  unlike 
that  of  L.  album  ;  the  tube  more  slender  and  curved,  as  long  as 
the  teeth,  which  are  also  recurved  and  narrow,  mostly  purplish. 
Authors  have  greatly  confounded  the  synonyms  of  this  Lamium. 
Haller  took  it  for  the  Icevigatum,  and  Pallas,  more  unaccount- 
ably, for  the  purpureum,  of  Linnseus.  Rivinus  did  not  distin- 
guish it,  as  a  species,  from  album.  As  to  blunders  in  compiling, 
quoting  and  copying,  they  are  peculiarly  numerous  throughout 
its  whole  history.  The  editor  of  J.  Bauhin's  Hist.,  v.  3.  322,  has 
actually  given  for  this  plant  an  old  figure  of  the  Almond,  from 
Dorstenius,  p.  24.  Ours  is  the  plant  of  Haller  and  Rivinus,  the 
leaves  being  only  slightly  dotted.  It  scarcely  seems  specifically 
distinct  from  that  with  a  white  line. 


DIDYNAMIA-GYMNOSPERMIA.    Lamium.     91 

3.  L.  pjirpureum.     Red  Dead-nettle,  or  Archangel. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  bluntish,  unequally  crenate,  stalked; 
the  upper  ones  crowded.  Stem  leafless  in  the  middle. 
Calyx-teeth  lanceolate.  Tube  of  the  corolla  closed,  near 
the  bottom,  with  hairs. 

L.  purpureum.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  809.      mild.  v.  3. 88.      Fl.  Br.  627. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  W.t. 769.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1.  t.  42.     Mart.  Rust. 

t.2b.    Hook.  Scot.  \S2.    FL  Dan.  t.  523.    Ehrh.  PLOf.436. 
L.  n.  272.    HalLHist.v.  1.118. 
L.  rubrum.     Rail  Syn.  240.     Ger.Em.TOS.f. 
Urtica  non  mordax,  vulajaris  foetens  purpurea.    Lob.  Ic.  520./. 
Galeopsis  purpurea.    Dalech.  Hist.  1248./. 
G.  minor.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  62/.  2. 
/3.  Lamium  rubrum,  foliis  per  ambitum  nee  serratis  nee  crenatis. 

Prof.  Marty n  Ms. 

In  waste  as  well  as  cultivated  ground  every  where. 

/3.  Near  Sudbury.  Mr.  Joseph  Andrews. 

Annual.     May. 

Root  fibrous,  slender,  very  tough.  Whole  plant  but  half  the  size 
of  the  first  species.  Stems  weak,  curved  and  reclining  at  the 
bottom,  with  a  few  short  leafy  branches  ;  then  erect,  rough- 
edged  ;  naked  in  the  middle ;  densely  leafy  at  the  top.  Leaves 
stalked,  deflexed,  broadly  heart-shaped,  not  pointed,  unequally 
crenate,  hairy,  veiny,  unpleasantly  scented.  FL  many  in  each 
whorl,  purplish-red,  with  2  short  teeth  at  each  side,  and  a 
deeper-coloured  spotted  lip  3  the  tube  lined,  just  above  its  base, 
with  a  dense  circle  of  hairs,  first  noticed  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Sowerby, 
and  delineated  in  Engl.  Bot.  1. 1 933,  at  the  bottom.  Pollen  the 
colour  of  red  lead. 

)3  has  the  margins  of  the  leaves  quite  entire  ;  but  it  seems  a  mere 
variety,  and  is  certainly  distinct  from  my  L.  ocyjni folium,  R.  Cy- 
clop, n.  14,'an  American  species,  naturalized  in  Chelsea  garden. 

4.  L.  incisuin.  Cut-leaved  Dead-nettle,  or  Archangel. 
Leaves  heart-shaped,  dilated,  stalked,  irregularly  cut;  the 

upper  ones  crowded.    Stem  leafless  in  the  middle.    Tube 

of  the  corolla  internally  naked ;  marginal  teeth  dilated, 

combined. 
L.   incisum.        U'llld.  Sp.  PL  v.  3  89.       Engl.  Bot.  v.  27.  t.  1933. 

Comp.  ed.  4.  1 02.     Hook.  Scot.  1 82. 
L.  di.ssectum.     Ji'ith.:>27.    Hull  \:V2.     Si/w.  ]:\(k 
L.  purpureum  ^.     /'/.  Br.  027.     //»(/.v.  2,'»:).     Rrlh.  231. 
L.  rui)rum  minus,  foliis  profunde  incisis.       Raii  Syn.  240.       Pluk. 

Almag.2()\.     Phyt.t.  \].J\3. 
Ballot e  crispa  major.    Dalech.  Hist.  1 253.  f. 


92    DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.  Galeopsis. 

Red  Cut-leaved  Archangel.    Pet, H.  Brit.  t.  33./.  3. 

In  cultivated  or  waste  ground,  with  the  preceding,  but  far  less 


common. 


Frequent  about  Saxmundham,  Suffolk. 

Annual.     May. 

Like  the  last  in  habit,  but  rather  smaller  j  the  leaves  deeply  and 
irregularly  cut.  Corolla  of  a  brighter  red  ;  the  bottom  of  the 
tube  pervious  and  naked  ;  the  marginal  teeth  broad,  prominent 
and  confluent.  I  conceive  it  to  be,  by  these  characters,  which 
I  have  often  verified,  a  truly  distinct  species,  related  to  the  fore- 
going, as  well  as  to  the  following,  but  not  a  mule  variety,  as  it 
ripens  plenty  of  seeds. 

5.  L.  amplexicaule.  Great  Henbit.  Henbit  Dead- 
nettle. 

Floral  leaves  sessile,  kidney-shaped,  obtuse,  deeply  crenate, 
partly  lobed,  clasping  the  stem.  Teeth  of  the  calyx  li- 
near-awl-shaped, as  long  as  its  tube. 

L.  amplexicaule.    Xiww.  %  PZ.809.    Willd.v.Z.^^.    FLBr.627. 

Engl.Bot.vAl.t,770.  Curt.Lond.fasc.2.t.46.  Hook.  Scot. 182. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.752. 
L.  n.273.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\\9. 

L.  folio  caulem  ambiente,  majus  et  minus.     Raii  Syn.  240. 
Galeopsis  folio  caulem  ambiente,  major  et  minor.     Riv.  Monop. 

Irr.  t.  63. 
Alsine  Hederula  altera.    Ger.  Em.  616./. 
Morsus  Gallinag,  folio  hederulae,  alter.     Lob.  Ic.  463.  f. 
Ballote  crlspa.    Dalech.  Hist.  1253.  f. 

In  sandy  fields. 

Annual.     February — June. 

Habit  similar  to  the  two  last.  Stems  reclining,  nearly  smooth. 
Lower  leaves  stalked,  heart-shaped,  strongly  crenate  j  upper 
sessile,  surrounding  the  stem,  broadly  and  deeply  crenate,  or 
lobed  J  all  somewhat  hairy.  Fl.  numerous,  in  sessile  axillary 
whorls.  Cal.  very  hairy,  with  long  taper  teeth.  Cor.  with  a 
long  slender  tube  5  upper  lip  downy,  of  a  beautiful  crimson  j 
lower  paler,  spotted  ;  lateral  teeth  simple  and  broad.  Seeds 
dotted  with  white.  The  early^owers  have  an  abortive  corolla^ 
which  never  expands  ;  but  their  seeds  are  fertile. 

290.  GALEOPSIS.     Hemp-nettle. 

Linn.  Gen.292.    Jmss.  1 14.    Fl.Br.628.    Lam.  t. 506. 
Tetrahit.    Dill.  Gen.  103.  ^.3,  4  E. 

Cal.  tubular,  with  5  spreading,  spinous-tipped  teeth,  as 
long  as  the  tube,  permanent.    Cor.  ringent ;  tube  slender 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Galeopsis.    93 

at  the  base,  dilated  upwards  into  a  wide  throat,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  marked  in  front,  at  the  base  of  the  lower 
lip,  with  2  prominences,  hollow  underneath  ;  upper  lip 
roundish,  vaulted,  serrated  at  the  extremity;  lower  in 
3  deep  lobes ;  the  lateral  ones  roun(Hsh ;  the  central 
one  largest,  cloven  and  notched.  Filam.  awl-shaped, 
covered  by  the  upper  lip.  Antli.  roundish,  bivalve.  Germ. 
superior,  4-lobed.  Style  thread-shaped,  of  the  length 
and  situation  of  the  stamens.  Stigma  in  2  acute,  spread- 
ing segments.  Seeds  4,  triangular,  convex  at  the  sum- 
mit, in  the  bottom  of  the  rigid,  spinous,  open-mouthed 
calyx. 
Annual,  hairy  or  finely  downy,  not  aromatic,  herbs,  with 
branched  u\-)Y\^t  stems,  serrated,  ovate,  or  lanceolate, 
stalked  leaves,  and  large,  handsome,  parti-coloured^otu^r^, 
numerously  whorled. 

1.  G.  Ladanum,     Red  Hemp-nettle. 

Stem  not  swelled  below  the  joints.  Leaves  lanceolate,  some- 
what serrated,  hairy.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly 
notched. 

G.  Ladanum.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  810.      IVilld.  i?.  3.91.     FL  Br.  628. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  13  t.  884.    Hook.  Scot.  182. 
G.  angustifolia.    Ehrh.  Herb.  137  ;  the  narrow-leaved  variety. 
G.  n.266.    Hall.  Hist. v.\.\\7. 
Sideritis  arvensis  rubra.    Raii  Sijn.  242. 

Ladanum  segetum.  Dalech.  Hist. 443./.  Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  24. f.  1 . 
L.  segetum,  tiore  rubro.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  839./. 
Narrow  Iron  Wort.    Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  33./.  11. 
/3.  Calyx  very  hairy.  Stem  thickened  upwards.   With.52S;  var.  2. 

In  dry  gravelly  or  chalky  corn-fields,  or  on  limestone  rubbish. 

Annual.     August,  September. 

Root  tvvisted,  or  zigzag,  with  many  fibres.  Stem  a  foot  hii^h,  erect, 
with  several  opposite  brandies  crossing  each  other  in  pairs,  leafy, 
red,  roughish  with  deflexed  hairs,  the  interstices  of  an  even  tliick- 
ness  tlnoughout.  Leaves  spreading,  lanceolate,  or  somewhat 
ovate,  hairy,  distantly  serrated  ;  sometimes  partly  entire,  and 
almost  linear  ;  furrowed  on  the  upper  side  along  the  veins, 
which  are  prominent  beneath.  Fl.  in  dense  whorls,  the  termi- 
nal whorl  largest.  ('«/.  bell-shaped,  variously  hairy,  often  visc-id. 
Cor.  rose-coloured,  variegated  with  crimson  and  white  j  upper 
lip  slightly  crenate. 

The  terminal  /^ou'cr  has  sometimes  4  regular  segments,  wiih 
equal  stamens,  according  to  the  He  v.  R.  Forby. 

This  species  is  remarkably  variable  in  the  foliage,  anil  in  ti\e  hniri- 


94    DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.  Galeopsis. 

ness  of  the  calyx.     I  can  form  no  conclusive  opinion  of  the  sup- 
posed variety  3,  vv^hich  I  have  never  seen. 

2.  G.  villosa.     Downy  Hemp-nettle. 

Stem  not  swelled  below  the  joints.  Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, serrated,  very  soft  and  downy.  Upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  deeply  notched. 

G.  villosa.     Buds.  256.      P/.  Br.  629 .      Engl.  Bot.  v.  33.  t.  2353. 

Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  10.  15. 
G.  grandiflora.    Willd.  Sp.  PL  ?;.  3.  9 1 .     fVith.  528. 
G.  latifolia.    Ehrh.  Herh.  \47. 
G.  n.  267.    Hall.Hist.v.\A\7. 
Betonica  hirta.    Huds.  ed.  1. 220  ;  not  of  Linnaeus. 
Sideritis  arvensis  latifolia  hirsuta  lutea.     Rail  Syn.  242. 
Ladanum  segetum,  folio  latiore.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  24.  f.  2. 
Yellow  Iron  Wort.    Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.33.f.  10. 
13.  Cannabis  spuria,  flore  albo  magno,  staminibus  luteis.      Merr, 

Pin.  19. 

In  sandy  corn-fields,  not  common. 

Frequent  in  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire  ;  near  Newark,  Notting- 
hamshire 5  and  about  Bangor  in  Wales.  Hudson,  from  whom 
I  have  a  wild  specimen. 

Annual.     July,  August. 

Larger  and  paler  than  the  foregoing.  Leaves  ovate,  all  equally 
and  regularly  serrated,  furrowed,  clothed  with  a  soft,  velvet- 
like downiness,  especially  beneath,  which  distinguishes  this 
species  from  every  other.  Cal.  densely  shaggy.  Cor.  large, 
of  an  elegant  pale  sulphur-colour,  with  a  yellow  palate,  and 
blueish  upper  lip,  which  is  cloven,  and  sharply  notched.  /3  seems 
but  a  slight  variety. 

3.  G.  Tetrahit.     Common  Hemp-nettle. 

Stem  bristly ;  swelled  below  the  joints.  Corolla  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  nearly  straight. 

G.  Tetrahit.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  810.       Willd.  v.  3.  92.      Fl.  Br.  629. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  3.  t.  207.    Hook.  Scot.]  S2.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  1271. 
G.  n.  268.    Hall.  Hist.  y.  1. 1 17. 
Lamium  cannabino  folio  vulgare.    Rail  Syn.  240. 
Cannabis  spuria.    Ger.  Em.  709.  f.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.Si. 
Urtica  iners  quarta.    Dod.  Pempt.  153./. 

In  cultivated  ground  frequent. 

Annual.     July,  August. 

Stem  14-  or  2  feet  high,  leafy,  rough  with  copious,  deflexed,  very 
sharp,  prickly  bristles ;  branches  opposite,  spreading  widely } 
spaces  between  the  joints,  particularly  the  lower  ones,  much 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Galeopsis.    95 

swelled  upwards.  Leaves  ovate,  large,  dark  green,  acute, 
coarsely  serrated,  closely  hairy  on  both  sides,  strongly  scented 
when  bruised,  but  not  aromatic.  Ft.  numerous,  in  many  dense 
whorls.  Cal.  with  long  sharp  teeth,  and  a  bristly  tube.  Cor. 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  tube  slender,  white ;  upper 
lip  nearly  straight,  but  slightly  convex,  purple,  crenate,  not 
cloven  ;  lower  about  equally  3-lobed,  variegated  with  white  and 
purple,  with  dark  lines  in  the  middle. 
T\ie  flowers  vary  somewhat  in  size  and  colour,  being  occasionally 
quite  white.  The  terminal  one  of  all  is  now  and  then  regular, 
with  4  equal  stamens,  first  observed  in  1788,  at  Matlock,  as  re- 
corded in  Linn.  Fl.  Lapp.  ed.  2.  201 . 

4.   G.  versicolor.    Large-flowered  Hemp- nettle.    Bee 

Nettle. 
Stem  bristly  ;  swelled  below  the  joints.     Corolla  thrice  the 

length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  lip  tumid  ;  middle  lobe  of  the 

lower  heart-shaped. 

G.  versicolor.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  38.     Fl.  Br.  630.    Engl.  Bot. 

V.  10.  t.  667.     Hook.  Scot.  182.     Winch  Guide  v.  1.56.     Purton 

v.3.565. 
G.  cannabina.     mild.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  93.    Pollich  v.  2.  148.  Fl.  Dan. 

t.  929. 
G.  Tetrahit  /3.    Linn.  Sp.  P/.  810.    Light/.  310.    Huds.  $.  257. 
G.  n.  269.    Hall.  Hist.  V.].  117. 
Lamium  cannabino  folio,  flore  amplo  luteo,  labio  purpureo.     Rail 

Syn.24\. 
L.  cannabinum   aculeatum,  flore  specioso  luteo,  labiis  purpureis. 

Pluk.  Alniag.  204.     Phijt.  t.4\.J.4;  bad. 
Cannabis  spuria,  flore  majore.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  32. 
C.  spuria  angustifolia,  variegato  flore.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  1 158. 
/3.  Lamium  cannabinum,  floribusalbis,  verticillis  purpurascentibus. 

Rail  Syn.  24\. 
y.  Cannabis  spuria,  flore  albo  magno  eleganti.       Merr.  Pin.lO. 

Dill,  in  Rail  Syn.  240. 

In  sandy  corn-fields. 

Not  rare  in  the  north  of  England  or  in  Norfolk.  1  have  observed 
it  also  at  Moftat  and  near  Edinburgh  ;  as  Sir  T.  G.  Cullum  did 
very  abundantly  at  (irotna  green. 

Annual.     Juhj,  August. 

Like  the  last  in  general  habit,  but  with  paler  and  broader  leaves. 
Fl.  much  larger,  yellow,  with  red  or  orange  marks  on  the  pa- 
late, the  2  protuberances  in  front  mucii  more  considerable  j  the 
middle  segment  of  the  k)wer  lip  inversely  heart-shaped,  |)urple, 
bordered  with  white  ;  uj)j)er  lip  broad,  co<ivex,  very  liairy,  co- 
])iously  notclied. 

This  is  doubtless  a  distinct  species,  propagating  itself  by  seed  un- 


96  DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Galeobdolon. 

altered,  and  very  abundantly.  Of  the  varieties  I  know  nothing 
but  from  Ray's  Synopsis.  Doody's  account  of  /3  rather  indicates 
its  belonging  to  this  species  than  to  the  former. 

291.  GALEOBDOLON.     Weasel-snout. 

Huds.  257.    Fl.  Br,  631.    Dill.  Gen.  103.  t.4. 
Galeopsis.    Linn.  Gen.  292.    Juss.l\4. 

Cal.  tubular,  bell-shaped,  permanent,  with  5  spreading,  un- 
equal, spinous-tipped  teeth,  shorter  than  the  tube ;  the 
upper  one  erect,  at  some  distance  from  the  rest.  Cor. 
ringent;  tube  cylindrical,  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper 
lip  oval,  vaulted,  hairy,  entire,  fringed  ;  lower  shorter,  in 
3  oblong,  acute,  rather  unequal,  undivided  segments,  the 
middle  one  longest.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  covered  by  the 
upper  lip.  Anth.  of  2  roundish  lobes.  Germ,  superior, 
4-lobed.  Style  thread-shaped,  the  length  and  situation 
of  the  stamens.  Stigma  in  2  acute  spreading  segments! 
Seeds  4,  short,  triangular,  abrupt,  in  the  bottom  of  the 
open-mouthed  calyx. 

Herbaceous,  perennial,  resembling  a  Lamium,  with  yellow 
Jlowers. 

1.  G.  luteum.    Yellow  Weasel-snout.   Yellow  Arch- 
angel. 

G.luteum.  Huds.2^S.  H.Br.63l.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  11.  t.  787. 
With.  530.    Hook.  Scot.  183. 

G.  Galeopsis.    Oirt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  40. 

Galeopsis  Galeobdolon.  Linn.  Sp.  PI  810.  Dreves  Bilderb.  t.  20. 
Fl.Dan.t.  1272. 

Leonurus  Galeobdolon.  Scop.  Cam.  v.  1 .  409.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3. 
115. 

Cardiaca  n.  275.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  120. 

Lamium  luteum.  Rati  Syn.  240.  Ger.Em.  702.  f.  Riv.  Monop. 
Irr.t.20.f.2. 

Yellow  Archangel.    Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  33./.  6. 

In  shady  rather  moist  situations,  in  groves  or  hedge-bottoms,  not 
uncommon. 

Perennial.    May. 

Root  somewhat  tuberous,  moderately  creeping.  Habit  very  like 
Lamium  album,  and  not  at  all  resembling  any  Leonurus  or  Ga- 
leopsis. Stems  18  inches  high,  simple,  leafy,  covered  with  close 
deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate,  acute,  serrated,  slightly 
hairy,  bright  green,  various  in  breadth.  Whorls  numerous,  each 
composed  of  many  large,  handsome,  inodorous,  ytWow flowers, 
whose  lower  lip  is  spotted  with  red,  the  middle  segment  stained 
with  orange-colour.  Bracteas  linear,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMXOSPEU.MIA.     Stachys,    97 

292.  BETONICA.     Betony. 

Linn.  Gen. 293.  Juss.  l\4.  Fl.Br.632.   Tourn.t.96.  Lam  t.507. 

Cal.  tubular,  cylindrical,  permanent,  with  5  nearly  equal, 
spinous-tipped  teeth,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Cor.  rin- 
gent;  tube  cylindrical,  incurved;  upper  lip  roundish, 
undivided,  almost  flat,  erect ;  lower  longer,  in  3  deep 
segments,  the  middle  one  broadest,  roundish,  notched. 
Filam.  awl-shaped,  scarcely  projecting  beyond  the  throat, 
and  turned  towards  the  upper  lip.  Anth,  almost  orbi- 
cular. Germ,  rounded,  4-lobed.  Style  thread-shaped,  the 
length  and  situation  of  the  stamens.  Stigma  cloven,  acute. 
Seeds  4,  ovate,  in  the  bottom  of  the  smooth,  somewhat 
converging,  calyx. 

Herbaceous,  unbranched,  hairy,  with  oblong,  stalked,  co- 
piously and  uniformly  serrated,  or  crenate,  leaves.  Fl. 
crimson,  purplish,  or  yellowish,  in  solitary,  terminal, 
dense,  upright,  whorled  spikes. 

1 .  B.  officinalis.     Wood  Betony. 

Spike  interrupted.  Middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip  notched. 

B.  officinalis.      Linn.  Sp.  P/.  810.       mild.  v.  3.  93.      Fl.  Br.  632. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  16.  t.  1 142.       Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  33.       fVoodv. 

suppl.t.  24\.    Hook.  Scot.  \83.    Fl.  Dan.t.726.    Bull.  Fr.t  41. 
B.  n.264.     Hall.  Hist.  r.  1.  116. 
Betonica.      Rati  Syn.  238      Ger.  Em.  714/     Dorst.  Bot.  38,  2./. 

Briuif.  Herb.  v.  1 .  88./.  Fuchs.  Hist.  350.  /'.   Comer.  Epit.  681 ./. 

Riv.  Monop.  Irr.t.  28. 

In  woods  and  thickets. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Root  rather  woody.  Stem  leafy,  rough  with  reversed  bristles. 
Leaves  oblong-,  with  numerous,  strong,  bluntish  serratures  ;  the 
lowermost  on  long  stalks.  Fl.  crimson,  rarely  white,  forming 
a  dense  spilce,  various  in  length  ;  tlie  lowest  whorl  a  little  re- 
mote, with  a  pair  of  small  .sessile  leaves  beneath.  Bracteas  pur- 
plish, lanceolate,  entire.  Lower  lij)  of  the  corolla  more  or  less 
notched,  or  slightly  cloven. 

This  herb  is  scarcely  aromatic,  but  the  fine  rigid  hairs,  wliich  cover 
the  surface,  cause  it  when  ])ow(lcred  to  produce  sneezing.  Hence 
Betony  iN  generally  made  an  ingredient  in  lu  rb  snuffs.  The 
root  is  said  to  be  emetic  and  purgative. 

293.  STACHYS.     Woundwort. 

Linv.  Gen.  293.    Juss.\\4.    Fl  Br.  632.   Tourn.  t.S6.   Lam.t  n09. 
Galeopsis.     Tourn.  t.  86. 

VOL.    III.  H 


98    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Stachys. 

Cal.  tubular,  angular,  with  5  spreading,  more  or  less  un- 
equal, spinous-pointed  teeth,  hardly  so  long  as  the  tube, 
permanent.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube  very  short ;  throat  ob- 
long, protuberant  underneath  at  the  base;  upper  lip 
erect,' ovate,  vaulted,  often  notched;  lower  larger,  3- 
lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  reflexed,  the  middle  one  largest, 
notched.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  rather  shorter  than  the 
upper  Up,  finally  curved  outwards,  at  each  side  of  the 
mouth.  Aiith.  roundish,  of  2  valves.  Ge7^m.  angular, 
4-lobed.  Style  the  length  and  position  of  the  stamens. 
Stigma  cloven,  acute.  Seeds  4,  angular,  abrupt,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  scarcely  altered  calyx. 

Hairy,  shaggy,  or  woolly,  rather  fetid  herbs,  sometimes 
shrubby,  rarely  annual.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  ovate,  or 
oblong,  serrated  or  crenate.  Whorls  numerous,  gene- 
rally spiked  ;  leafy  or  bracteated.  Fl.  reddish,  or  blue- 
ish,  variously  speckled  about  the  mouth. 

1.  S.  sylvatica.     Hedge  Woundwort. 

Six  flowers  in  a  whorl.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  stalked.  Stem 
solid. 

S.sylvatica.  Linn.  Sj^.PLSW.  Willd.v.3.97.  Fl.Br. 633.  Engl 
Bot.  V.  6.  ^.416.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  34.  Hook.  Scot.  183. 
Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  26.  f.  2. 

Cardiaca  n.  276.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  120. 

Galeopsis  legitima  Dioscoridis.  Rail  Syn.  237.  CLis.  Hist.  v.  2. 
35. /.36. 

G.  vera.    Ger.Em.704.f. 

/3.  Lamium  sylvaticum  spicatum  foetidum,  folio  anguloso^,  minus. 
Pluk.  Amalth.  128.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  237. 

Under  hedges,  and  in  shady  situations,  common. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Root  moderately  creeping.  Herb  dark  green,  hairy  all  over,  with 
a  strong  disagreeable  smell.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  leafy, 
not  much  branched,  filled  with  pith.  Leaves  stalked,  broadly 
heart-shaped,  acute,  serrated,  veiny,  thin  and  pliant ;  the  upper 
ones  gradually  diminishing  to  sessile,  linear,  entire  bracteas.  FL 
externally  downy,  dull  red,  or  dusky  blood-coloured ;  the  pa- 
late prettily  variegated  with  darker  lines  and  spots,mixed  with 
white.  The  tube  has  a  small  pouch  underneath,  marking  the 
limits  of  the  long  and  cylindrical  throat. 


DIDYNAMIA—GYMNOSPERMIA.    Stachvs.     99 

2.  S.  ambigua»     Ambiguous  Woundwort. 

Six  flowers  in  a  whorl.  Leaves  oblong,  stalked ;  heart- 
shaped  at  the  base.     Stem  hollow. 

S.  ambigua.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  30.  t.  2089.  Comp.  ed.  4. 103.  Hook. 
Scot.  183. 

In  waste  as  well  as  cultivated  ground,  chiefly  in  Scotland. 

In  potatoe  fields  in  the  Orkneys,  also  in  Ross-shire.  Prof.  Hooker 
and  Mr.  Borrer.  Near  Edinburgh.  Mr.  G.  Don.  At  the  foot 
of  the  Pentland  hills.  Mr.  Weatherhead.  About  Inverary.  Mr. 
Maughan.  By  the  London  road  about  a  furlong  north  of  Quorn- 
don,  also  at  Sheepshead,  Leicestershire.  Rev.  W,  Parkinson. 

Perennial.     August,  September. 

Root  white,  creeping.  Herbage  much  less  fetid,  of  a  lighter  green, 
and  more  silky  than  the  preceding.  Stem  hollow.  Leaves  ob- 
long, acute,  serrated,  slightly  heart-shaped,  but  not  rounded,  at 
the  base.  Ft.  red,  brighter  and  more  crimson  than  those  of 
S.sylvatica;  the  palate  more  or  less  variegated  with  white,  and 
dark  purple  ;  upper  lip  very  hairy.  This  seems  an  intermediate 
species  with  regard  to  the  preceding  and  the  following. 

3.  ^.  palustris.     Marsh  Woundwort. 

Six  to  ten  flowers  in  a  whorl.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
half  embracing  the  stem.     Root  tuberous. 

S.  palustris.       Linn.  Sp. Pl.HW.       IVilld.  r. 3.  98.       Fl.  Br.  633. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  24.  ^  1  675.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  35.    Hook.  Scot. 

183.    Ehrh.  PI.  Of.  446.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  26./.  1 . 
S.  n.  257.    Hall. Hist. v.\.\\3. 
Sideritis  anglica,  strumosa  radice.    Raii  Syn.  242. 
Lysimachia  liirsuta  purpurea,  flore  galericulato.    Loes.  Pruss.  156. 

^41. 
Panax  coloni.     Ger.  Em.  1005./. 
Clymenum  minus.    Dalech.  Hist.  1357./. 

In  wet  hedges  and  fields,  and  about  the  banks  of  ditches  and  ri- 
vers, very  common. 

Perennial.     August. 

Root  creeping  extensively,  fleshy,  throwing  out  in  autumn  a  num- 
ber of  tuberous  shoots,  which  render  it,  in  low  wet  ground,  very 
difficult  of  extirj)ation.  This  tlicrefore  should  be  attempted 
in  summer,  before  these  knobs  arc  produced,  when  the  flowers 
are  just  appearing.  The  herbage  is  fetid,  greyish  and  silky. 
Stems  very  erect,  rough  with  deflexed  bristles,  bearing  many 
pairs  of  long,  narrow,  serrated,  almost  sessile  leaves,  somewhat 
woolly  beneath,  whose  rounded  bases  embrace  the  stem.  FL 
light  purj)lc,  variegated  with  violet  and  white,  forming  many 
whorls,  dis|)i)s(Ml  in  a  lax  sjiikc,  each  whorl  accompanied  by  a 
pair  of  small  deflexed  leaves. 


100    DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Stachys. 

Gerarde  celebrates  this  herb  as  a  vulnerary,  and  his  whole  account 
of  its  virtues  is  worth  reading  for  amusement,  if  not  instruction. 

4.  S.  germanica.     Downy  Woundwort. 

Many  flowers  in  a  whorl.  Leaves  crenate,  densely  silky  ; 
woolly  beneath.     Stem  woolly,  erect. 

5.  germanica.  Lhin.Sp.  PL  812.  lVilld.v.S.99.  Fl.  Br.  634. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  1 2.  t.  829.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  684.    Jacq.  Austr.  t.3\9. 

S.  n.  255.    Hall.  Hist. V.  I.  112. 

Stachys.    Fuchs.  Hist.  766. f. 

S.  Fuchsii.  Raii  Syn.  239.  Ger.  Em.  695.  f.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 
p.  2.  319./.  320. 

S.  montana,     Riv.Monop  Irr.  t.  27./.  1. 

S.  alba  latifolia  major.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.  297. 

In  fields,  hedges,  and  by  road  sides,  on  a  limestone  soil,  but  rare. 

Chiefly  confined  to  Oxfordshire  and  Bedfordshire.  Frequent  about 
Woodstock  and  Witney.  The  present  Bishop  of  Carlisle  ob- 
served it,  in  great  plenty,  in  the  corn-fields  at  Brizenorton  ;  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Abbot  on  Luton  downs,  Bedfordshire  ;  and  the  Rev. 
J.  Hemsted  on  a  hill  2  miles  from  Bedford. 

Perennial.     September. 

Roots  tufted.  Stems  quite  erect,  2  feet  high,  leafy,  unbranched, 
densely  clothed  with  soft,  white,  woolly  hairs  pointing  down- 
ward. Leaves  stalked,  ovate,  acute,  copiously  crenate,  reti- 
culated with  numerous  veins  ;  the  upper  side  very  thickly  co- 
vered with  white  silky  hairs  j  lower  with  close  matted  wool. 
Whorls  numerous,  many-flowered,  axillary  ;  the  upper  ones 
crowded  into  a  leafy  spike.  Bracteas  and  cabjx  very  woolly. 
Cor.  light  purple ;  the  upper  lip  cloven,  shaggy  3  palate  striped 
with  white.     Seeds  oval,  blackish,  smooth. 


.5.  S,  arvensis.     Corn  Woundwort. 


Six  flowers  in  a  whorl.  Stem  weak.  Leaves  heart-shaped, 
obtuse,  crenate,  slightly  hairy. 

S.  arvensis.  Linn.  Sp.  PIS\4.  Willd.v.  3.  106.  Fl.  Br.  634. 
Engl.  Bof.v.  ifit.  1 154.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.4.  t.U.  Hook.  Scot. 
183.    Fl.Dan.t.oS?. 

S.  arvensis  minima,     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  27.  f.  2. 

Trixago  n.  23 1 .    Hall.  Hist,  r .  1 .  1 0 1 . 

Sideritis  humilis,  lato  obtuso  folio.     Raii  Syn.  242. 

Round  Iron  Wort.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  33./  1 2. 

In  gravelly,  sandy  or  chalky  fields,  very  general. 

Annual.     July,  August. 

Root  small,  fibrous.  Herbage  green,  slightly  hairy.  Stem  branch- 
ed, weak,  recumbent,  or  ascending,  either  hairy  or  smooth. 
Leaves  on  short  stalks,  ovate,  or  slightly  heart-shaped,  bluntish. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Ballota.     101 

crenate,  hardly  an  inch  long  ;  three-ribbed  at  the  base.  Whorls 
axillary,  crowded  towards  the  tops  of  the  branches.  Cal.  hairy. 
Cor.  small,  light  purple,  with  a  white  and  spotted  palate  ;  its 
structure  perfectly  that  of  a  Stachys,  though  Haller  thought 
otherwise.  Seeds  rounded  externally  ;  triangular  at  the  inner 
side.  The  plant  is  slightly  fetid,  but  has  no  remarkable  qua- 
lity. 

294.  BALLOTA.     Black  Horehound. 

Linn.  Gen.  2^ A.    Jim.  114.    F/.  Br.  63.5.    Lam.  f.  .508. 
Ballote.     Tourn.t.So. 

Cal.  tubular,  oblong,  with  5  angles,  10  ribs,  and  10  furrows, 
permanent;  limb  somewhat  salver-shaped,  dilated,  spread- 
ing, plaited,  regular,  with  5  pointed  teeth.  Cor.  ringent; 
tube  cylindrical,  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  upper  li)>  erect, 
ovate,  concave,  notched ;  lower  3-lobed,  obtuse,  the  cen- 
tral lobe  largest,  cloven.  Filarn.  awl-shaped,  directed 
towards  the  upper  lip,  which  extends  a  httle  beyond  them. 
Anth.  oblong,  of  2  spreading  valves.  Germ,  small, 
4-lobed.  Style  thread-shaped,  of  the  length  and  situa- 
tion of  die  stamens.  Stigma  cloven,  slender.  Seeds  4, 
ovate,  in  the  bottom  of  the  somewhat  hardened  calyx. 

Herbaceous,  downy,  fetid.  Leaves  ovate  or  heart-shaped, 
serrated,  or  lobed.  Fl.  numerous,  purplish,  or  white, 
in  dense,  stalked,  bracteated  iv/iorls.  Some  of  the  foreign 
species  are  doubtful  as  to  their  generic  character. 

1.  B.  nigra.     Stinking  Black  Horehound. 
Leaves  ovate,  undivided,  serrated.      Calyx  funnel-shaped, 
.  abru})t,  w^ith  short  spreading  teeth. 

B.  nigra.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  ed.  1.  582.    Fl.  Dr.  635.     Engl.  Bat.  v.  1. 

f.4G.     nuds.260.    mt/i.533.    Relh.234.      Sibth.\S7.     Mbot 

131.     Hook.  Scot.  184.     Bull.  Fr.  ^397. 
Mentha  aquaticn.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  073  ! 
Ballotte.     naiiS,jn.2\A. 
Ballote.      Fucks.  Uist.\:)\.f.      Math,  f'algr.  v.2.  ]^0.f.      Tourn. 

Inst.  18.*).  t.  8;').     Trti//.  Par.  20. 
Marrubium  nigrum.     Ger.  Em.70\.  j. 
M.  vulgare.     C7//.s.  Hist.  v.  2.34./. 
Stinking  Horehound.     Pet.  //.  Brit.  t.  32./.  4. 
/3.  Balluta  all).!.    Linn.  S/,.  PI. ed. 2.  S\4.    Fl.  Suec.20C}. 
B.  nigra  (o.     Ilnds.  2(i0.     With.  533.    Relh.  235. 
B.  flore  albo.     Tvmn.  Inst.  IS.->.     raill.  Par.  20. 
Ballote.     Camer.  Fpit.  572./ 
About  hedges  and  waste  places  common. 


102  DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Marrubium. 

/3.  Near  Hammersmith.  Mr.  Woodward.  At  Stafford.  Dr.  Stokes. 
At  Weston-supra-mare,  Somersetshire.  Mr.  Lightfoofs  herba- 
riinii.     Between  Norwich  and  Hellesdon. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Whole  herb  finely  hairy  or  downy,  of  a  greyish  green,  with  a  pe- 
culiar puno:ent  and  disagreeable  scent.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high, 
erect,  branched,  leafy,  clothed  with  recurved  hairs.  Leaves 
stalked,  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  ovate,  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  strongly  and  nearly  equally  serrated.  Whorls  all  axillary, 
many-flowered,  stalked,  compound,  bracteated,  often  accom- 
panied by  small  leaves.  Bracteas  bristle-shaped,  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  fringed.  Cal.  cylindrical,  hairy,  with  10  furrows  and 
as  many  ribs  j  the  upper  part  dilated  and  funnel-shaped,  with 
5  very  short,  abrupt,  veiny,  marginal  lobes  or  teeth,  each  tipped 
with  a  small  spreading  bristly  point.  Cor.  dull  purple,  in  (5 
white  ;  upper  lip  cloven,  vaulted,  externally  clothed  with  white 
hairs,  more  or  less  converging  into  a  pointed  tuft  ;  lower  3- 
lobed,  marked  with  white  veins,  the  central  lobe  inversely  heart- 
shaped  . 

Our  plant  is  the  original  B.  tiigra  of  Linnseus,  and  of  most  authors  j 
though  this  great  botanist,  in  the  2d  edition  of  his  Sp.  PL,  as 
well  as  in  the  Flora  Suecica,  has  confounded  with  it  another 
species,  indigenous  likewise  to  Sweden,  but  distinguished  by  the 
elongated,  lanceolate,  tapering  shape  of  its  calyx- teeth,  and  the 
more  unequal  serratures  of  its  leaves.  This  latter  is  given  as 
B.  nigra  in  Ehrhart's  PL  Off.  456,  and  is  certainly  the  Marru- 
biastrum  of  Rivinus,  Monop.  Irr.  t.  65./.  1 .  It  appears  moreover 
to  be  the  Balloten.  259  of  Haller,  who,  under  his  white  variety, 
remarks  that  the  calyx  is  not  abrupt.  I  have  met  with  no  traces 
of  this  species  in  Britain,  the  error  of  Linneeus  having  caused 
some  inaccuracy  in  the  account  given  in  Engl.  Bot. 

295.  MARRUBIUM.     White  Horehound. 

Linn.  Gen.  294.  Juss.  1 1 4.  FL  Br.  636.  Tourn.  t.9\.  Lam. 
L  508. 

CaL  tubular,  funnel-shaped,  with  10  furrows,  permanent 
and  finally  hardened;  limb  spreading,  regular,  with  10, 
in  some  species  but  5,  narrow  teeth.  Cor.  ringent;  tube 
cyhndrical ;  throat  elongated,  tubular  ;  limb  spreading^ ; 
upper  lip  erect,  linear,  in  2  acute  lobes ;  lower  broadest, 
reflexed,  in  3  deep  lobes,  the  lateral  ones  acute,  the  mid- 
dle one  largest  and  cloven.  Filam.  much  shorter  than 
the  corolla,  sheltered  under  the  upper  lip.  Aiith.  small, 
oblong.  Germ,  rounded,  4^-lobed.  Style  thread- shaped, 
as  long  as  the  stamens.  Stigma  cloven,  acute.  Seeds  4, 
elliptic-oblong,  in  the  bottom  of  the  hardened  calyx, 
which  is  contracted  at  the  orifice. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Leonurus.   103 

Herbaceous,  branched  ;  downy,  or  somewhat  woolly  ;  aro- 
matic or  bitter.  Leaves  stalked,  veiny,  bluntly  serrated, 
undivided.  Fl.  numerous,  white  or  purplish,  in  dense 
axillary  Xiohorls. 

1.  M.  vidgare.     Common  White  Horehound. 

Calyx-teeth  ten,  bristle-shaped,  hocfked  backwards.  Leaves 
roundish-ovate,  unequally  serrated. 

M.  vulgare.  Linn,  Sp.  PL  816:  mild.  t;.  3.  1 1  1 .  FL  Br.  636. 
Engl  Bot.v.Q.t.'WO.  lVoodv.t.97.  Hook.  Scot.  184.  FLDan. 
/.  1036.    BulLFr.  t.  \6d. 

M.n.  258.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.113. 

M.  album.     Raii  Syn.  239.     -Rif.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  66.  f.  1 . 

Marrubium,  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  182.  f.  Camer.  Epit.D73.f.  Fuchs. 
HisL  590./.     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  \.  159./. 

In  dry  waste  ground,  by  road  sides,  and  on  commons. 

Perennial.     July. 

Stem  bushy,  branching  from  the  bottom,  bluntly  quadrangular, 
leafy,  clothed  with  fine  woolly  pubescence.  Leaves  on  longish 
stalks,  except  the  upper  ones,  which  are  nearly  sessile  ;  their 
shape  and  size,  as  well  as  the  degree  of  their  woolliness,  va- 
rious ;  their  surfaces  wrinkled  and  veiny.  Fl.  white,  in  dense 
convex  whorls.  Calyx-teeth  rigid,  recurved  at  the  point,  all 
spreading  J  the  5  alternate  ones  smallest  3  orifice  of  the  tube 
hairy. 

The  whole  herb  has  a  white  or  hoary  aspect,  and  a  very  bitter,  not 
unpleasantly  aromatic,  flavour.  Its  extract  is  a  popular  remedy 
for  coughs  and  asthmatic  com])laints. 

Clusius,  Gerarde  and  Lobel  give,  for  this  plant,  a  figure  with  a 
vaulted  corolla,  which  has  been  too  incautiously  copied  and 
quoted. 

296.  LEONURUS.     Motherwort. 

Linn.  den.  295.  Juss.  1 11.  FL  Br.  637.  Lam.  t.  509.  Tourn. 
t  87. 

Cardiaca.     Tourn.  t.  87. 

Ccd.  funnel-shaped,  with  5  })rominent  angles,  and  5  sharp 
spreading  teeth,  permanent.  Cor.  ringent ;  not  above 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  tube  short,  cylindrical, 
narrow;  throat  longish,  but  little  dilated;  limb  spread- 
ing; upper  lip  longest,  concave,  ])rotul)erant,  rounded 
and  undivided  at  the  summit,  shaggy;  lower  reflexed, 
in  3  deep,  lanceolate,  undivided,  smooth,  nearly  equal 
lobes.  Filam.  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  sheltered 
under  the  upper  lip.  Aiif/i.  roundish-oblong,  attached 
l)v  the   back,  incumbent,  clothed   in  an  early   state  with 


lOlDIDYNAMlA— GYMNOSPERMIA.Clinopodiuni. 

minute,  globular,  solid,  shining  granulations,  and  soon 
bursting  in  front  into  2  cells.  Gerin.  4-lobed,  abrupt. 
Style  thread-sliaped,  incurved.  Stigma  of  two  acute 
spreading  segments.  Seeds  4-,  quadrangular,  abrupt, 
hairy,  in  the  tube  of  the  slightly  hardened,  strongly  vein- 
ed calyx. 
Herbaceous,  erect,  smooth  or  somewhat  downy,  rather 
bitter  than  aromatic,  with  numerous,  stalked,  lobed  or 
cut  leaves,  and  very  copious  whorls  of  shaggy  purplish 
Jlowers. 

].  L.  Cardiaca.     Common  Motherwort. 

Upper  leaves  lanceolate,  either  three-lobed  or  undivided. 

L.  Cardiaca.      Liun.Sp  PL  817.      mild.  v.  3.  114.     Fl.  Br.  637. 

Engl  Bot.  V.  A.  t.  286.    Hook.  Scot.  184.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  727.  Bull. 

Fr.t.273.    Ehrh.Pl.Of.347. 
Cardiaca.     Rail  Syn. 239.     Ger.  Em.705.  f.    Dorsten.  Bot.  65.f. 

Fuchs.  Hist.  395./.      Matth.  Valgr.v.  2.  472./.     Camer.  EjAt. 

864  f.     Riv.  Monop  Irr.  t.20.J.  1. 
C.  n.274.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\]9. 
Galeopsis  urticis  similis.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  I.  155./  158. 

About  hedges,  on  a  gravelly  or  calcareous  soil. 

In  Selsey  island,  Sussex  ;  and  between  Tickhill,  Yorkshire,  and 
Worksop.  Hudson.  Monmouthshire.  Lighifoot  in  his  herbarium. 
In  a  lane  near  Combe  wood,  Surrey.  Mr.  Sowerby.  In  several 
parts  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  as  about  Norwich,  Bungay,  and  at 
Cove  near  Beccles. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Herb  bitter,  with  a  pungent  disagreeable  smell.  Stems  2  or  3  feet 
high,  wand -like,  minutely  downy,  acutely  quadrangular,  with 
intermediate  channels,  purplish,  beset  with  very  numerous  pairs 
of  long-stalked,  dark  green,  somewhat  downy  leaves ;  the  low- 
ermost broadest,  and  deeply  jagged ;  upper  ones  acutely  three- 
lobed  ;  those  about  the  summit  lanceolate  and  undivided.  Whorls 
numerous,  axillary,  many-flov,'ered.  Calyx  rigid  and  pungent. 
Cor.  purplish  •  the  upper  lip  clothed  with  dense,  white,  shaggy, 
upright  hairs  ;  lower  deeper  coloured,  variegated,  smooth,  in 
3  nearly  equal,  entire  lobes. 

The  reputed  tonic  powers  of  this  herb,  or  its  use  in  palpitations 
of  the  heart,  or  in  tliat  disease  of  the  stomach  called  heart- 
burn, are  now  little  regarded.  Yet  hence  originated  its  old  ap- 
pellation of  Cardiaca. 

297.  CLINOPODIUM.     Wild  Basil. 

Linn.  Gen.  296.  Jiiss.  1 15.  Fl.  Br.  638.  Tourn.  t.  52.  Lnm. 
t.bW. 


DIDYXAMIA-GYMNOSPERMIA.Clinopc(Iiuni.]05 

Involucrum  of  numerous  taper  leaves,  under  the  flowers, 
nearly  equal  to  the  calyx  in  length,  permanent.  Cal.  tu- 
bular, many-ribbed,  slightly  curved,  two-lipped  ;  upper 
lip  broadest,  ascending,  in  3  deep  acute  equal  segments; 
low^er  longest,  incurved,  in  2  deep  slender  segments ; 
throat  closed  with  converging  hairs.  Cor.  ringent;  tube 
cylindricnl,  rather  short ;  throat  longer  and  wider;  up- 
per hp  erect,  concave,  obtuse,  slightly  cloven  ;  lower  in 
3  deep  segments,  the  middle  one  very  broad,  notched. 
Filam.  all  directed  to  the  upper  lip,  cyKndrical,  converg- 
ing, shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anfh.  two-lobed,  each 
pair  meeting  so  as  to  Ibrm  a  cross.  Germ,  four-lobed, 
small.  Style  thread-shaped,  equal  to  the  stamens.  *S7/^- 
ma  in  2  pointed  lobes.  Seeds  4,  ovate,  in  the  bottom  of 
the  closed  tumid  calyx. 

Slightly  aromatic  herbs,  with  undivided  leaves^  and  com- 
pound, stalked,  hairy,  axillary  and  terminal  xschorh  of 
hght-purplish  y?otirr5. 

This  genus  is  distinguished  from  Thymus  merely  by  the 
concavity  of  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla^  which  is  very 
slight,  and  by  the  presence  of  anjnvoliicrum^  which  is 
not  really  a  part  of  the  fructification.  As  the  species  are 
few,  they  might  perhaps  be  referred  to  Thymus. 

1.   C.  viflgare.     Common  ^Vild  Basil. 

Whorls  bristly.  Involucral  leaves  awl-shaped.  Flower- 
stalks  branched.     Leaves  obscurely  serrated. 

C.  vulgare.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  82  I .  M'ilUL  r.  3.  1 3  1 .  Fl.  Br.  63S.  En^l. 
But.  V.  20.  t.\AO\.  Hook.  Scot.  1 84.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  930.  Matlli. 
ralgr.v.2.  \G9.f. 

C.  n.23'J.     Ilall.iUst.v.  1.  104. 

V,.  origano  simile.     Bauh.  Fin.  22  \.     Rdii  Si/n.239. 

(Jlino])Ociium.     L'ann'r.  Fj)it.  JG'o.f.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  (.  13./.  I. 

Acynos,     (jfr.  Fui.  f)7i>.f. 

Acinos.     Loh.  Ir.  .')04./. 

In  bushy  places,  about  hedges,  niul  by  road  sides,  on  a  gravellv  or 
chalky  soil. 

Perennial.     An<i,\ist. 

Ihrl)  hairy,  weakly  aromatic,  of  a  ratlier  liglit  green,  witli  asernd- 
ing  wavy  stems,  a  foot  high,  more  or  less.  Leart's  ovate,  about 
an  inch  long,  with  shallow  serratures,  and  rather  short  stalks  ; 
their  ribs  fringed  beneath  with  copious  bristlv  hairs.  Jf'horls  few, 
a.xillarv  anil  terminal,  of  numerous,  light  pur|)le,  not  unhand- 
some //oiirr.v.  on  forked  or  branched,  hairy  stalks,  subtended  by 
narrow,  awl-shaped,  hairy  inroltirtdl  lr<trrs,  or  rather  hractras. 
All  the  hairs  are  coarse  and  sj)reading,  like  those  on  the  cdhji. 


106  DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.   Origanum. 

Cor.  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  with  a  yellow  hairy  protube- 
rance at  each  side  of  its  mouth. 

298.  ORIGANUM.     Marjoram. 
Linn.Gen.297.  Juss.\\5.  Fl.Br.638.   Tourn.t.94.  Lam.t.5\\. 

Invohicrum  of  numerous,  imbricated,  dilated,  flat,  coloured, 
permanent  leaves,  one  under  each  flower,  longer  than  the 
calyx,  forming  a  quadrangular  spurious  catkin.  Calyx 
with  an  even,  bluntly  angular,  tube,  more  or  less  per- 
fectly one-  or  two-lipped,  but  various  in  the  different 
species.  Co7\  ringent ;  tube  rather  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx, a  little  compressed ;  throat  slightly  funnel-shaped, 
rather  longer  than  the  tube,  protuberant  in  front  at  the 
base ;  upper  lip  erect,  nearly  flat,  obtuse,  notched ;  lower 
in  3  deep,  dependent,  mostly  equal,  simple  lobes.  Filam, 
thread-shaped,  the  2  longest,  at  least,  longer  than  the 
corolla.  Anth.  distant,  ovate,  two-lobed.  Germ,  four- 
lobed.  Style  thread-shaped,  ascending.  Stig7ua  very 
slightly  notched.  Seeds  4,  ovate,  in  the  bottom  of  the 
closed,  permanent  calyx. 

Pungent  and  gratefully  aromatic  herbs,  in  some  instances 
rather  shrubby  ;  with  upright,  leafy,  branched  or  pani- 
cled  stems ;  ovate,  stalked  leaves;  and  copious,  purple, 
or  whitish,  erect  or  drooping,  often  very  elegant,  Jlow- 
ers.  No  genus  can  be  more  evidently  natural ;  but  the 
principal  character,  founded  on  the  involucrum,  is  not 
strictly  classical.  There  are  several  beautiful  Greek 
species. 

1.  O.  vulgare.     Common  Marjoram. 

Heads  of  flowers  roundish,  panicled,  crowded,  erect.  In- 
volucral  leaves  ovate,  smooth.  Calyx  with  five  acute 
unequal  teeth ;  throat  hairy. 

O.  vulgare.   Linn.  Sp.  PL  824.  WiUd.v.3.\35.  FLBr.639.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  16.  t.  1 143.     Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  5.  t.  39.     fVoodv.  t.  1 64. 

Hook.  Scot.  184.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  1581.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  193.     Matth. 

Valgr.v.2.62.f.  Camer.Epit.469.f.  Dcdech:Hist.887 .f.  Ehrh, 

PL  Of.  88. 
O.  n.  233.    HalL  Hist  v.\.\ 02. 
O.  vulgare  spontaneum.     Raii  Syn.  236. 
O.  anglicum.    Ger.  Em.  666.  f. 

O.  sylvestrCj  seu  vulgare.    Fuchs.  Hist.  552./.    Ic.  315./. 
Origanum.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  60./.  1. 

In  bushy  places^  on  a  lime-stone  or  gravelly  soil. 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Thymus.    107 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  creeping.  Herb  a  foot  high,  with  a  warm  aromatic  flavour, 
somewhat  like  that  of  Wild  Thyme.  Stems  purplish,  leafy, 
clothed  unequally  with  short  recurved  hairs  j  branched  and  pa- 
nicled  at  the  summit.  Leaves  deflexed,  bright  green,  entire  or 
slightly  serrated,  minutely  fringed,  besprinkled  with  resinous 
dots.  Fl.  light  purple,  in  dense,  convex  tufts,  with  involucral 
leaves  of  a  darker  purple,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  which 
last  is  tubular,  smooth,  covered  with  resinous  dots,  and  closed 
at  the  mouth  with  dense,  prominent,  very  conspicuous,  white 
hairs  ;  the  margin  in  5  erect,  broadish,  nearly  equal,  coloured 
teeth. 

The  calyx  differs  remarkably  in  different  species  of  this  genus,  con- 
sisting in  some  of  an  undivided  unilateral  leaf,  without  teeth  ; 
while  in  others  it  is,  more  or  less  equally,  five-toothed,  or  two- 
lipped.     The  iiivolucrum  is  uniform  and  constant  in  all. 

0.  Ofiites  of  Dillenius  in  Ray's  Synopsis,  not  that  of  Linnaeus,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  some  variety  of  the  vulgare,  which  no  person 
has  been  able  to  ascertain  since  the  time  of  Mr.  Dale. 

299.  THYMUS.     Thyme,  or  Calamint. 

Linn.  Gen. 297.  Juss.Wd.  Fl.Br.630.   Tourn.t. 93.  Larn.t. 5\2. 
Acinos.     Dill.  Gen.  104.  t.  4. 

Cal.  tubular,  many-ribbed,  rather  tumid  underneath  at  the 
base,  two-lipped,  closed  at  the  throat  with  converging 
hairs;  upper  lip  broadest,  flat,  erect,  with  3  sharp  teeth; 
lower  of"  2  longer,  equal,  narrower,  awl-shaped  teeth. 
Cor.  ringent;  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx;  throat  short, 
but  little  dilated  ;  upper  li})  shortest,  flat,  erect,  obtuse, 
with  a  small  notch;  lower  longer  and  broader,  spreading, 
in  3  deep  obtuse  lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest.  Filam. 
shorter  than  the  corolla,  slender,  incurved.  .//////.  di- 
stinctly two-lobed.  Germ,  four-cleft.  Sti/lc  thread-shaped. 
Sfigvia  in  2  acute  segments.  Seeds  4,  small,  roundish,  in 
the  bottom  of  the  closed  calyx. 

Aromatic,  pungent,  branched,  somewhat  shrubby,  but 
often  dillusc  and  of  humble  growth  ;  in  some  instances 
annual.  Leaves  small,  stalked,  ovate,  rarely  heart- 
shaped,  marked  with  resinous  dots,  more  or  less  fringed, 
hairy,  or  woolly.  FI.  axillary;  or  crowded  into  terminal 
heads,  red,  purplish,  or  wiiite. 

1.  T.  ScrpijUum.     Wild  Thyme. 

Flowers  in  small  heads.  Stems  recumbent.  Leaves  flat, 
ovate,  obtuse,  entire;   fringed  at  their  base. 


108    DIDYNAMIA-GYMNOSPERMIA.     Thymus. 

T.  Serpyllum.  Linn  Sp.  PL  82.).  IVilld.  v.  3.  138.  Fl.  Br.  639. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  22.  ^  1514.  Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  2.  t.47.  Hook. 
Scot.  185. 

T.  n.  235.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  102. 

Serpillum.     Briinf.  Herb.  v.  2.  22.  /. 

Serpyllum .     Fuchs.  Hist.  251./. 

S.  vulgare.  Baii  Syn.  2?,(i.  Gcr.  Em.b70.f.  Baiih.  Hist.  v.  3. 
p.  2.  269./.     Faill.  Par.  183.  t.  32.  f.  7,  9. 

S.  Huds.  262. 

S.  vulgare  flore  albo.     Tourn.  Inst.  197.    Dill,  in  RaiiSyn.  230. 

y.  S.  vulgare,  flore  amplo.     Rati  Syn.  230.    Vaill.  Par.  t.  32./.  8. 

Large-flowered  Mother  of  Thyme.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  31./.  2. 

^.  Serpyllum  vulgare  majus.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  231. 

S.  majus  flore  purpureo.     Ger.  E?«.  570./ 

£.  S.  citratum.     Raii  Syn.  231 .     Ger.  Em.  o7\.f. 

Lemon  Thyme.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.3\.f.A. 

C  Serpyllum  angustifolium  glabrum.     DHL  in  Raii  S7jn.23\. 

Thymus  Serpyllum.     Woodv.t.  WO} 

y}.  Serpyllum  vulgare hirsutum.     Raii  Syn.  231. 

S.  latifolium  hirsutum.  Bauh.  Pin.  220.  Prodr.  1 08.  Faill.  Par. 
t.32.f.6. 

^.  S.  hirsutum  minus  repens  inodorum.  Pluk.  Almug.  344.  Dill 
in  Raii  Syn.  231. 

/.  S.  villosum  fruticosius,  floribus  dilute  rubentibus.  Raii  Syn  231  j 
excluding  Bauhin's  synonyms. 

On  heaths  and  dry  mountainous  ground  every  where. 

B.  In  Okey  hole,  Somersetshire.  Pctiver.  s.  In  Kent,  but  rarely. 
Ray.  In  a  wood  of  Mr.  Knight's  at  Downton  castle,  Shrop- 
shire, on  the  north  bank  of  the  river.  ^.  In  Ireland.  Plukenet. 
I.  On  the  Welsh  mountains.   Lhwyd,  and  Sherard. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Roots  creeping.  Stems  recumbent,  entangled,  somewhat  shrubby, 
downy,  with  numerous,  wavy,  ascending,  leafy  branches,  scarcely 
a  finger's  length,  each  terminating  in  a  dense  head  of  short- 
stalked  purple  Jloicers,  the  middle  segment  of  whose  under  lip 
is  variegated  and  entire.  The  stameiis  vary  in  length,  and  the 
corolla  in  size,  as  in  y  ;  but  this  is  a  trifling  variety.  In  (5  it  is 
white.  The  leaves  are  entire,  strongly  fringed  at  the  base  and 
footstalks;  in  tj,  and  apparently  the' two  following  varieties, 
which  I  have  not  seen,  they  are  more  or  less  hairy.  J  is  a 
larger  vai  ietv,  for  which  Petiver  has  given  a  figure,  copied  from 
Ger.  Em.  b73.f.  2  ;  but  I  cannot  refer  this  figure  to  any  known 
appearance  of  our  Serpyllum.  The  odour  of  the  whole  plant  is 
warm  and  gratefully  aromatic ;  in  £  it  partakes  of  a  fine  lemon 
scent.  Bees  are  fond  of  the  flowers.  Whether  the  quality  of 
mutton  is  improved  by  the  sheep  feeding  on  this  plant,  or  on  fine 


DIDYXAMIA— GYMXOSPERMIA.  Thymus.    109 

short  grasses  which  usually  accompany  it,   is  still  a  matter  of 
great  doubt. 

2.  T.  Acinos,     Basil  Thyme. 

Flowers  about  six  in  a  whorl,  on  simple  stalks.  Stem 
branched,  ascending.  Leaves  acute,  serrated.  Calyx 
protuberant  at  the  base. 

T.  Acinos.    L/;?/2.  %  P/.  826.   Wmd.v.oAA2.  FLBr.64].  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  6.  ^411.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1.  t.  43.     Hook.  Scot.  185. 

Bull.Fr.t.SlS. 
Clinopodium  n.  237.    Hall.  Hist. v.\.\ 04. 
C.  vulgare.     Loh.  Ic.::06.f. 
Acinos.     Rlv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  43./.  2. 
A.  niultis.     Rail  Sijri.  238.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  259.  /. 
Ocymnm  sylvestre.     Ger.  Em.^l.i.f. 
Ocimastrum.    Fiichs.  Hist.  896./. 
Small  Wild  Basil.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  32.  f.  10. 

In  cultivated  fields,  especially  on  a  sandy,  gravelly,  or  chalky  soil. 

Annual.     Juli/,  August. 

Root  fibrous,  small,  bearing  several  branched,  spreading,  wavy, 
leafy  stems,  near  a  span  high  ;  their  angles  blunt ;  the  opposite 
sides  most  downy.  Leaves  rather  larger  than  the  preceding, 
stalked,  ovate,  acute,  slightly  revolute,  and  bluntly  serrated  j 
rough  at  the  edges  and  veins  ;  scarcely  dotted,  and  but  slightly 
aromatic.  Fl.  in  several  axillary  whorls,  usually  6  in  each,  of  a 
blueish  pur])le,  prettily  variegated  about  the  lip,  with  white  and 
a  darker  purple,  the  central  lobe  being  dilated  and  slightly 
notched.  Cal.  much  swelled  in  front  after  flowering.  The 
leaves  are  occasionally  entire. 

3.  T.  Calamintha.     Common  Calamint. 

Whorls  on  forked,  many-flowered  stalks.  Leaves  with  shal- 
low serratures.  Hairs  in  the  mouth  of  the  calyx  not 
prominent. 

T.  Calamintha.  Scop.  Carn.ed.2.v.\.  42'.) .   Fl.Br.GW.   Fw^l.  Bot. 

r.  21. /.I  676.     Relli.  23S. 
Melissa  Calamintha.   Linii.Sp.  PI.S27 .   /r^/A/.  r.3. 147.  Huds.20'S. 

Furt.  V.  1 .  284.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  25 1 .     FJuh.  PL  Ojf.  I M. 
M.  n.  241.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  105. 
Calamintha.     Matih.  Valgr.  v.  2.7 (].  f.    Camtr.  J'.pit.  \S\ .  f\    Rir. 

Monop.  Irr.  t.M\.f.2. 
C.  vulgaris.      Raii  Syn.  243. 
C.  vulgaris  officinarum.      Her.  Em.  6s7./. 
C.  montana.      Dod.  Pempt.  98./. 
C.  montana  vulgaris.      Lob.  Ic.j\'3.f. 


110   DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Melittis. 

By  way  sides,  and  about  the  borders  of  fields,  chiefly  on  a  gra- 
velly soil,  but  seldom  in  any  quantity. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Stem  erect,  bushy,  downy  like  the  whole  of  the  herbage.  Leaves 
stalked,  ovate,  about  an  inch  long,  marked  with  pellucid  dots  j 
paler  and  most  hoary  underneath.  Flower-stalks  axillary,  soli- 
tary-, opposite,  forked  and  many-flowered,  making  a  spurious 
kind  of  whorl,  with  awl-shaped  hracfeas  at  their  principal  sub- 
divisions. Cal.  exactly  that  of  a  Thymus,  swelling  a  little  at 
the  base  in  front ;  the  2  lower  teeth  long  and  fringed,  as  in  T. 
Serpyllum;  the  tube  closed  with  white,  converging  hairs,  which 
however  do  not  project  so  far  as  to  be  conspicuous.  Cor.  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  light  purple  dotted  with  violet,  downy  ; 
its  upper  lip  somewhat  concave,  but  the  margin  is  erect,  with  a 
shallow  notch  ;  lower  in  3  lobes,  the  middlemost  largest,  in- 
versely heart-shaped. 

The  whole  plant  has  a  peculiarly  sweet  aromatic  flavour,  and  makes 
a  pleasant  tea,  especially  mixed  with  smaller  portions  of  Pep- 
per-mint, Balm,  or  some  others  of  the  same  natural  family. 

4.  T.  Nepeta.     Lesser  Calamint. 

Whorls  on  forked  many-flowered  stalks,  longer  than  the 
adjoining  leaf.  Leaves  serrated.  Hairs  in  the  mouth  of 
the  calyx  prominent. 

T.  Nepeta.    K  J?r.  642.    EwgZ.  Boi.  tj.  20.  ^.  1414.    Relh.239. 

Melissa  Nepeta.  Linn.  Sp.  PL S2S.  Willd.v.SA47.  Curt.  Lond. 
fasc.6.  t.40. 

M.  n.  240.     Hall.  Hist.  t\  1.  105. 

Calamintha  odore  pulegii.     Raii  Syn.  243.    Ger.  Em.  687.  f. 

C.  montana.     Matth.  Valgr.v.  2.  77.fi    Camer.  Epit.  482./. 

C.  folio  incano.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  47. 

On  dry  banks,  and  by  way  sides,  on  a  chalky  soil,  plentifully. 

Perennial.     August. 

Rather  smaller  in  every  part  than  the  last,  especially  the  leaves, 
which  nevertheless  are  more  strongly  serrated.  The  Jlower- 
stalks  are  more  compound,  much  longer  than  the  adjoining 
leaves.  The  odour  of  the  herbage  is  very  strong,  resembling 
Mentha  Pulegium.  The  very  prominent  and  conspicuous  white 
hairs,  in  the  mouth  of  the  calyx,  aftbrd  an  obvious  distinction 
between  this  and  T.  Calamintha. 

300.  MELITTIS.     Bastard-Balm. 

Linn.  Gen.  299.     Juss.  116.     Fl.  Br.  643.     Lam.  ^.513. 

Cal.  bell-shaped,  slightly  angular,  direct,  somewhat  two- 
lipped,  variously  lobed ;  upper  lip  rather  longest,  acute ; 
lower  rather  shorter,  acute,  deeply  cloven.     Cor.  rin- 


DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.  Melittis.    Ill 

gent;  tube  much  narrower  than  the  calyx  ;  throat  a  little 
dihited ;  upper  lip  erect,  rounded,  entire,  sHghtly  con- 
cave ;  lower  spreading,  in  3  deep  obtuse  lobes,  the  mid- 
dle one  largest,  inversely  heart-shaped.  Filam.  awl- 
shaped,  straight,  shorter  than  the  upper  lip,  the  2  inter- 
mediate ones  shortest.  Anth.  two-lobed,  converging  in 
pairs  forming  a  double  cross.  Germ,  in  4  obtuse  downy 
lobes.  Style  thread-shaped,  reaching  to  the  anthers. 
Stigma  cloven,  acute.  Seeds  4,  oval,  small,  in  the  bottom 
of  the  open  unaltered  calyx. 
Herbs  which  acquire  in  drying  the  scent  of  hay.  Stems 
mostly  simple,  leafy,  erect,  18  inches  high,  square,  rough 
with  spreading  or  deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate, 
serrated.  Fl.  large,  handsomely  variegated  with  purple 
and  white,  solitary  or  aggregate,  on  short,  simple,  axil- 
lary stalks. 

1.  M.  Mclissophyllum.     Reddish  Bastard-Balm. 

Calyx  with  three  unequal,  partly  notched,  lobes. 

M.  Melissophyllum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  832.  Willd.  v.  3.  157,  with  con- 
fused synonyms.  Huds.264.  Fl.Br.643.  Engl.  Bot. v. 0.1.577. 
Jacq.  Austr.  t.  26. 

Melissophyllum.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  ^  21./.  2. 

M.  n.  244.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  107. 

Melissa  Fuchsii.  Raii  Sijn.  242.  Lob.  7c,  515./.  Camer.  Hort.  99. 
^  30,  separate  calyx  very  correct. 

M.  Fuchsii,  flore  purpureo.     Ger.  Em.  690./. 

Lamium  Pannonicum  primum,  versicolore  flore.  Clus.  Hist.  v.  2. 
37./ 

In  woods  and  hedges  of  the  south  and  west  of  England. 

About  Totnes,  Devonshire,  and  Haverford-west,  Pembrokeshire. 
Ray.  In  the  New  Forest,  Ilampsliire.  Huds.  Roots  brought 
from  Devonshire,  by  Mr.  Hudson,  have  long  been  cultivated  in 
Chelsea  garden.  Mr.  Fairhairn.  In  St.  Leonard's  forest,  Sus- 
sex, and  near  Netley  Abbey,  Hampshire.  Mr.  LightfuoCs  hcr- 
hariiiui. 

Perennial.      May,  June. 

Root  fibrous,  slightly  creeping.  Hcrhap;c  deep  green,  finely  hairv, 
especially  the  stcvi,  wliich  is  almost  entirely  without  brancius. 
Leaves  1^  or  2  inches  long,  copiously  and  e(iu:dly  serrated, 
veiny  J  paler  beneath.  El.  1,  2  or  3  in  the  bosom  of  each  leaf, 
on  round,  simple  atalks  about  equal  to  X\\q  foot st alien,  all  turned 
one  way.  Cat.  reticulated  with  hairy  veiny,  coloured,  fringed, 
the  margin  gaping,  unequally  three-lobed  ;  upper  lobe  longest, 
acute,  often  with  a  single  notch  at  each  side ;  two  lower  ones 
equal,  lateral,  either  undivided  or  notched.     Coi-.  twice  or  thrice 


il2  DIDYNAMIA-GYMNOSPERMIA.  Scutellaria. 

the  length  of  the  calyx,  downy  ■.  externally  pale  red,  or  flesh- 
coloured  ;  internally  whitish,  with  a  central  crimson  spot  on 
each  lateral  lobe  of  the  lower  lip,  and  a  double  one,  with  paler 
stains,  on  the  middle  lobe. 
The  whole  plant,  when  it  begins  to  dry,  becomes  highly  fragrant, 
like  Woodruff,  or  Vernal  Grass. 

2.  M.  gi^andiflora.    Purple-and- white  Bastard-Balm. 

Calyx  with  four  nearly  equal  lobes. 

M.  grandiflora.  FL  Br.  644.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  9.  t.  QZQ.  Dicks.  H.  Sice. 

fasc.\S.\7. 
M.  Melissophyllum.    Mill.  Illustr.  t.  52.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  39. 
Melissophyllum.     Fuchs.  Hist  498./    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.2\.f.  1 . 
M.  Fuchsii  et  Dodonaei.     Dalech.  Hist.  958./ 
Melissa  Fuchsii  flore  albo.     Ger.  Em.  690./ 
Lamium  Pannonicum  primum,  albo  flore.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  37./ 

In  woods  and  hedges,  in  the  south-west  extremity  of  England. 

By  the  road  side  at  Hall,  near  Barnstaple,  Devonshire.  Curtis. 
A  mile  from  Ashburton,  in  the  road  towards  Plymouth ;  also  at 
Liskard,  Cornwall.    Mr.  D.  Turner  and  Mr.  Snwerby.  1/99. 

Perennial.    May. 

Like  the  foregoing  in  general  aspect,  but  the  leaves  are  rather 
broader,  and  more  acutely  serrated.  l^h^Jlowers  are  obviously 
and  essentially  different.  Cal.  in  4  almost  perfectly  equal,  un- 
divided or  notched,  lobes,  which  are  all  lateral.  Cor.  larger  than 
the  former,  and  very  handsome,  rather  cream-coloured  than  pure 
white,  the  middle  lobe  only,  of  the  lower  lip,  almost  entirely 
occupied  by  an  uninterrupted  violet  spot,  a  lighter  stain  of  this 
same  colour  running  along  the  tube  underneath.  The  scent  in 
drying  agrees  with  the  former.  The  calyx  varies  a  little  with 
respect  to  occasional  notches,  but  is  always  sufficiently  unlike 
the  other  more  general  species.  Both  however  are  natives  of 
Switzerland,  as  well  as  of  England,  and  were  probably  con- 
founded by  Haller. 

301.  SCUTELLARIA.     Skull-cap. 

Linn.  Gen. ^Q\.     Juss.\\7.     Fl. Br. 645.     Lam. t. 515. 
Cassida.     Tourn.  t.  84. 

Cal,  tubular,  very  short;  orifice  slightly  2-lipped,  in  4 
shallow,  obtuse,  entire  lobes  ;  closed  after  flowering  by  a 
dorsal  incumbent  scale.  Cor.  ringent,  closed  ;  tube  very 
short ;  throat  much  longer,  ascending,  compressed,  di- 
lated upward ;  upper  lip  concave,  in  3  segments,  the 
middle  one  cloven,  concave,  side  ones  flat,  acute,  covered 
by  the  others ;  lower  lip  broader,  in  3  shallow  lobes. 
Filam.  4,   concealed   by  the  upper  lip.      Anth.   small, 


DIDYNAMIA— GYxMNOSPERMIA.   Scutellaria.    113 

roundish,  incumbent,  2-lobed.  Ger?n.  4-lobed.  Style 
thread-shaped,  on  a  level  with  the  stamens.  Stigma 
simple,  acute,  incurved.  Seeds  4,  roundish,  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  permanent  calyx,  covered  by  the  enlarged 
dorsal  scale,  which  is  bent  down  in  front  over  the  already 
closed  mouth  of  the  tube. 
Perennial  herbs,  with  axillary,  or  spiked  and  bracteated, 
handsome,  blue,  purple,  red,  or  y eWow  Jlo'wey^s,  Leaves 
simple  ;  either  entire,  or  more  or  less  deeply  serrated, 
scarcely  aromatic.  Cal.  when  in  fruit  very  peculiar,  like 
a  box  with  a  fixed  lid. 

1.  S.  galericuiata.     Common  Skull-cap. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  crenate,  rugged;  heart-shaped  at  the 
base.     Flowers  axillary. 

S.  galericulata.     Linn.  Sp.  P/.SSf).     Wllld.v.  3.  1  73.    Fl  Br.  645. 

Engl.  Bot.v.8.  t.523.  Curt. Land,  fasc.3.  ^.36.    Hook.  Scot.XSb. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.  637.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  275.     Elirh.  PI.  Of.  146. 
Scutellaria.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  77.  f.  1 . 
Cassida  n.  280.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  122. 
C.  palustris  vulgatior,  flore  coeruleo.    Rail  Syn.  244. 
Lysimachia  galericulata.     Lob.  Ic.  344./.     Dalech.  Hist.  1060./. 

Ger.  Em.  477./ 
Hood-Mint.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  34./  10. 

About  the  reedy  margins  of  rivers,  as  well  as  in  ditches,  and  other 
watery  situations,  frequent. 

Perennial.    Jul//,  August. 

Root  creeping.  Herb  deep  green,  often  tinged  with  a  violet  hue, 
more  or  less  downy.  Stem  \2  or  18  inches  high,  erect,  leafy, 
simple,  or  branched  in  the  middle.  Leaves  on  very  short  stalks, 
above  an  inch  long,  tapering  from  a  heart-sliaped  base  into  a 
broadish-lanceolatc,  obtuse  figure,  with  shallow  notches  or  ser- 
ratures,  veiny,  scarcely  wrinkled.  Fl.  axillary,  solitary,  an  inch 
long,  drooping,  nearly  sessile,  scentless,  variegated  with  shades 
of  blue  ;  the  lip  streaked  with  white  ;  the  mouth  closed.  .After 
the  fall  of  the  corolla,  the  closed  cah/x  and  its  lid  become  re- 
markable, and  characterize  the  genus  beyond  all  uncertainty. 

2.  S.  ??ii?ior.     Lesser  Skull-cap. 

Leaves  ovate,  nearly  entire  ;  heart-shaped,  and  occasionally 
lobed,  at  the  base.      Flowers  axillary. 

S.  minor.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.^'k  Jf'illd.  v.3.\7'S.  Fl.Br.GVi.  En-L 
Bnt.  V.  8.  /.  524.  Curt.  Loud.  fasc.  4.  t.  43.  Hook.  Scot.  185. 
Dirks,  n.  Sicr.fasr.  5.  6. 

Cassida  palustris  minima,  flore  purpurasccnte.  Tourn.  InsL  182, 
Raii  Syn.  244.     Lind.  Alsut.  2 1 6.  t.  9. 

vol..  HI.  I 


114     DIDYNAMIA— GYMNOSPERMIA.    Prunella. 

Gratiola  latifolia.    Ger.  Em.  581./. 

Small  Hood-Mint.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  34.  /.  1 1 . 

On  moist  heaths^  in  a  gravelly  soil,  less  common  than  the  last. 

Perennial.    Julij,  August. 

More  branched  than  the  preceding,  and  scarcely  one  third  its  size. 
Leaves  broader,  not  at  all  wrinkled  ;  either  quite  entire,  or  di- 
lated and  notched  at  the  base,  so  as  to  approach  a  hastate  form. 
Fl.  not  half  so  large  as  in  S.  galericulata,  of  a  delicate  pink  co- 
lour, rarely  inclining  to  blue  J  the  lower  lip  white,  dotted  with  red. 

302.     PRUNELLA.     Self-heal. 

JLinn.  Ge?i.301.    F/.  5r.  646. 

Brunella.    Juss.WQ.     Tourn.i.  84.    Lam.t.5\6. 

Cal.  bell-shaped,  two-lipped  ;  upper  lip  flat,  dilated,  very 
abrupt,  with  3  very  short  acute  teeth ;  low^er  much  nar- 
rower, but  about  as  long,  straight,  separated  half  way 
down  into  2  spinous-pointed  segments.  Cor.  ringent ; 
tube  short,  cylindrical ;  throat  longer  and  wider  ;  upper 
lip  concave,  entire,  inflexed ;  lower  reflexed,  in  3  round- 
ed, obtuse,  crenate  lobes,  the  middle  one  broadest. 
Filam,  awl-shaped,  the  2  uppermost  shortest,  all  forked, 
more  or  less  perfectly,  at  the  summit.  Anth.  on  the 
lower  branch  of  each  filament,  opening  transversely  by  2 
valves.  Ge7'?n.  four-lobed.  Sti/le  thread-shaped,  directed, 
like  the  stamens,  towards  the  upper  lip,  and  on  a  level 
with  them.  Stigma  in  two  sharp  recurved  points.  Seeds 
4,  oval,  in  the  bottom  of  the  closed,  dry,  reticulated 
calyx. 

Perennial,  downy  or  roughish,  Europsean  herbs,  with  un- 
divided or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  solitary,  terminal, w^horl- 
ed,  dense,  bracteated  sjnkes  of  dark  blue,  or  purplish, 
inodorous  Jlowers.    Herbage  not  aromatic.  Species  few. 

1.  P.  vulgaris.     Common  Self-heal,  or  Slough-heal. 

All  the  leaves  ovate-oblong,  stalked.  Teeth  of  the  upper 
lip  of  the  calyx  scarcely  discernible. 

P.  vulgaris.  Linn.  Sp.PLS37.  Willd.v.3.\76.  Fl.Br.646.  Engl. 

Bot.  v.\4.t.^6\.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  42.  Mart.  Rust.  1. 137. 

Hook.  Scot.  185.    Fl.  Dan.  t.9\0. 
Prunella.    Raii  Sijn.  238.     Ger.  Em.  632.  f.    Fuchs.  Hist.  621.  f. 
Brunella.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  i.  29.    Dod.  Pempt.  136./. 
B.  n.  277.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1. 120. 
Consolida  minor.    Mattk.  Falgr.  v.  2. 312.  f.    Corner.  Epit.  703.  f. 

/3.  Brunella  minor.  Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  120.  Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  29. 
/.  1;  wanting  in  some  copies. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  115 

In  meadows  and  pastures  common. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Root  somewhat  creeping.  Stems  a  span  high,  erect  or  ascending, 
leafy,  square,  downy  at  the  opposite  sides  with  upright  hairs  ; 
branched  chiefly  in  the  lower  part.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate  or 
oblong,  acute  or  bluntish,  crenate,  or  wavy,  or,  in  variety  (3, 
quite  entire  ;  paler  beneath,  with  downy  ribs.  FI.  numerous, 
deep  purplish  blue,  in  dense,  solitary,  erect,  cylindrical,  whorled 
spikes ;  each  whorl  of  6  flowers,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  broad, 
obtuse,  ribbed,  partly  coloured,  bracteas,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
The  barren  branch  of  the  2  upper  stamens  is  sometimes  shorten- 
ed and  blunted. 

This  herb  is,  in  Germany,  reckoned  salutary  for  ulcerations  of  the 
throat  and  mouth,  called  in  the  language  of  that  country  die 
Breune,  whence,  says  Ray,  came  the  name  of  ^r?<?2e//a.  Linnaeus 
softened  that  barbarous  appellation  into  Prunella,  without  ren- 
dering it  more  classical. 


DID  YNA  MIA    A  NG 10  SPERM  I  A . 

This  order  of  the  artificial  system  of  Linnaius  consists,  except 
Digitalis,  of  his  own  natural  order  of  Perso?ialce,  40,  and 
comprehends  two  of  Jiissieu's,  Pediculares,  35,  and  Scro- 
j)hularicc,  40.  To  the  former  belong,  more  or  less  exactly, 
all  the  British  genera  of  our  first  section,  characterized 
by  a  four-cleft  calijx ;  as  well  as  Pcdicidaris,  whose  calyx 
is  five-cleft,  and  brohanche,  which  has  a  two-lipped,  or 
two-leaved,  calyx.  To  the  Scrophularicc  belong  all  our 
genera  with  a  five-cleft  calyx,  exce})t  Pcdicularis  and  Liti- 
luva,  the  latter  being  properly  referred  to  Jussieu's  Ca- 
prifolia,  .58,  the  first  section  of  which  only  really  consti- 
tutes the  order  so  named.  The  Prdicidarcs  and  true  Scro- 
2)hnlari6C  have  been  united  by  Mr.  Brown,  Prodr.  X, 
Hull.  V.  1.  433,  under  the  a|ij)ellation  of  Scruphidariiuc. 
Two  newortlers  have  nevertheless  been  recently  founded, 
out  of  these,  by  M.  Richard,  the  Mclampi/raccfC  and 
Orohanc/iccc.  I  presume  to  think  tiiem  superfluous,  and 
shall  offer  my  reasons  under  the  genera  whose  names 
tlicy  bear. 

Mr.  Brown  thus  defines  his  Scrop/zidarincc. 

Calyx  iVw'ided,  permaneni. 


116     DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Bartsia, 

Corolla  of  1  petal,  inferior,  mostly  irregular,  segments  im- 
bricated in  the  bud,  deciduous. 

Sta?ne?is  generally  4,  2  longer  and  2  shorter,  rarely  equal : 
sometimes  but  2. 

Germen  with  many  seeds,  in  2  cells ;  style  1  ;  stigma  2- 
lobed ;  rarely  undivided. 

Capsule,  (very  rarely  a  Berry,)  of  2  cells,  with  2  or  4  valves, 
which  are  either  undivided  or  cloven  ;  the  partition  either 
double,  originating  from  the  inflexed  margins  of  the 
valves ;  or  simple,  either  parallel  to  the  valves  and  undi- 
vided, or  contrary  to  them  and  separable  into  2  parts. 
Receptacles  central,  attached  to  the  partition,  sometimes 
separating  finally  from  it. 

Seeds  numerous,  ali3uminous;  the  JEJwz^n/o internal,  straight; 
Radicle  directed  towards  the  scar. 

Herbs,  sometimes  shrubs,  with  for  the  most  part  opposite 
leaves.     Liflorescence  various.     Stipidas  none. 

Mr.  Brown  justly  reprehends  Jussieu  for  making  the  di- 
stinction of  a  parallel  or  transverse  partition  in  the  fruit 
absohde,  thus  splitting  one  natural  order  into  two.  It  is 
like  making  a  character  "give  a  genus,  not  a  genus  a 
character,"  one  of  the  great  causes  of  so  many  unnatural 
genera  in.  Zoology  as  well  as  Botany.  An  American 
writer  has  remarked  also  that  "  the  recent  custom  among 
Geologists,  of  cutting  up  and  subdividing,  seems  to  be 
upon  the  point  of  ruining  the  simplicity  of  theWernerian 
arrangement,  as  the  same  custom  among  Botanists  has 
already  nearly  ruined  the  Linnaean  system  of  vegetables." 
Van  Rensselaer's  Survey  of  the  Erie  Canal,  p.  17.  I  hope 
this  last  remark  is  not  correctly  true,  and  that  such  in- 
judicious attempts  will  be  resisted  by  those  who  possess 
the  talent  of  scientific  combination  ;  which,  in  Natural 
History,  is  full  as  necessary  as  that  of  observation  and 
discrimination,  and  much  less  common. 

303.  BARTSIA.     Bartsia. 

Linn.  Gew. 303.    Juss.  \00.    FL  Br.647. 

Nat.  Ord.  Perso^iatce,  Linn.  40.  Pediculares.  Juss,  35.  Scro^ 
phularince.   Br.  Prodr.  433. 

CaL  tubular,  more  or  less  coloured ;  the  border  in  4  acute, 
nearly  equal,  segments.  Cor.  ringent,  rather  compressed; 
tube  short ;  throat  funnel-shaped ;  upper  lip  longest^, 
concave,  undivided;  lower  reflexed,  small,  in  3  deep, 
nearly  equal   lobes.     Filam,    thread-shaped,  about  the 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.     Bartsia.    117 

length  of  the  uppt^r  lip,  incurved.  AntJi.  incumbent,  a 
little  hairy,  of  two  cells  opening  longitudinally  in  front, 
and  all  collected  together  under  the  upper  lip.  Germ, 
simple,  ovate,  acute.  Style  thread-shaped,  curved.  Stig- 
ma obtuse,  undivided.  Caps,  ovate,  pointed,  compressed, 
of  2  cells  and  2  valves ;  the  partition  contrary  to  the 
valves,  finally  splitting  lengthwise,  and  each  portion 
bearing  a  longitudinal  receptacle.  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
angular,  attached  by  their  inner  edge  to  each  receptacle. 
Downy  herbs,  mostly  perennial,  turning  black  in  drying. 
Stems  erect,  leafy,  square  or  round ;  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  simple,  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  mostly  opposite, 
serrated.  FL  purple,  red,  or  yellow,  in  leafy,  or  brac- 
teated,  terminal,  upright  spikes, 

1 .   B.  alpina,     Alpine  Bartsia. 

Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  bluntly 
serrated.     Stem  square.     Root  creeping. 

B.  alpina.  Lmw.  Sp.  PZ.  839.  Willd.v.^dASl .  Fl.Br.647.  Engl. 
Bot.v.6.t.36l.  Hook.  Scot.  \86.  Lond.t.  87,  excellent.  Dicks. 
H.  Sicc.fasc.  10.  14.    FL  Dan.  t.  43. 

Staehelinian.  312.    Hall  Hist.  v.  I.  \Z6. 

Euphraf^ia  rubra  Westmorlandica,   foliis  brevibus  obtusis.     Raii 

Syn. *283. 
Clinopodio  alpino.     Po7i.  Bald.  207.  f. 
Clinopodium  alpiniim.     Pon.  in  Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  343./.     Ger.  Em, 

676.f. 

C.  alpinum  hirsutum.    Pluk.  Almag.  1 10.     Phyt.  1. 1 63./  5. 
Chameedri  vulgari  falsae  aliquatenus  affinis  alpina.    Bauli.  Hist.v.3, 

p.  2.  289./ 
Orton  Red  Eye-bright.    Pctiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  36./  8. 

In  boggy  alpine  meadows,  or  about  the  borders  of  mountain  rivu- 
lets, in  the  north  of  England  and  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Near  Orton,  Westmoreland,  by  a  rivulet  which  accompanies  the 
road  to  Crosbv.  Rny,  Hudson.  Near  Middleton  in  Teesdale. 
Rev.  Mr.HarnmanandMr.  Oliver.  On  the  Yorkshire  as  well  as 
Durham  side  of  the  river.  Dr.  Hooker.  Among  rocks  to  the 
east  of  Malghyrdy,  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  !\Jr.  Dickson. 
On  Ben  Lawers.  Mr  G.  Don. 

Perennial.     July. 

Root  moderately  creeping.  Stems  from  4  to  8  inches  high,  quite 
sim))le,  quadrangular,  most  iuiiry  on  the  opposite  sides.  Leaves 
sessile,  in  pairs  crossing  each  other,  ovate,  or  somewhat  heart- 
shaped,  veiny,  deep  green,  strongly  serrated,  not  an  inch  long. 
FL  inodorous,  on  short,  solitary  stalks,  from  the  bosoms  of  se- 
veral of  the  uppermost,  diminished,  purplish,  crowded  leaves, 


118     DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.     Bartsia. 

forming  a  dense  leafy  spike.  Cal.  also  purplish,  viscid.  Cor.  of 
a  vivid  purplish  blue.  Seeds  deeply  furrowed  along  their  outer 
e'-'ge. 

The  vi'hole  plant  turns  quite  black  in  drying,  especially  if  gathered 
young  ;  and,  as  Dr.  Hooker  observes,  cannot  be  seen  to  ad- 
vantage except  in  its  native  places  of  growth,  where  it  makes  a 
beautiful  appearance.  It  occupies  the  loftiest  alps  of  Switzerland 
and  Savoy. 

Linnseus  having,  very  early,  dedicated  this  genus  to  his  highly  de- 
serving but  unfortunate  friend  Bartsch  j  who  died  at  Surinam, 
in  consequence  of  the  neglect,  if  not  persecution,  of  his  slave- 
trading  countrymen  the  Dutch ;  could  not  adopt  the  name  given 
by  Haller,  but  established  another  very  handsome  Stcelielina  on 
the  recommendation  of  the  latter.  See  Linncean  Correspondence, 
?;.2.  294,  &c. 

2.  ^,  viscosa.     Yellow  Viscid  Bartsia. 

Leaves  serrated;  upper  ones  alternate.  Flowers  lateral 
and  distant.     Stem  round.     Root  fibrous. 

B.  viscosa.  Linn.  Sp.  PL S39.  mild.v.3A86.  Fl.Br.648,  Engl. 
Bot.  vA5.t.] 045.  Lightf.  32 1 .  t.\4.  Hook.  Scot.  18C.  Lond. 
t.l67.    Dicks.  Dr.  Pl.72. 

Euphrasia  major  lutea  latifolia  palustris.  Raii  Syn.  *2S5.  Pluk. 
Phijt.  t.  27-/.  5,  very  bad ;  copied  by  Petiver,  H.  Brit.  t.  36.  f.  6. 

Alectorolophos  Italica  luteo-pallida.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  665,  good. 

In  marshy  ground,  in  the  western  parts  of  Britain  and  Ireland,  but 
rare. 

In  several  parts  of  Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  Huds.  F.Borone,  and 
Mr.  E.  Forster.  Plentiful  near  Ormskirk,  Lancashire.  Huds. 
At  AUerton,  near  Liverpool.  Mr.  Robert  Roscoe.  In  Argylshire. 
Lightf.  and  Mr.  J.  Mackay.  Dr.  Hooker  mentions  several  sta- 
tions of  this  plant,  on  the  south-west  side  of  Scotland.  It  is  said 
by  Dr.  Wade,  PL  Rar.  Hib.  49,  to  grow  in  a  bog,  6  miles  from 
Cork,  on  the  road  to  Killarney. 

Annual.    July,  August. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  solitary,  erect,  round,  downy,  from  3  to  15 
inches  high,  leafy,  simple,  except  occasionally  when  very  luxu- 
riant.   Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  serrated,  veiny, 

,  downy,  about  an  inch  long  ;  the  lower  ones  generally  opposite  -, 
upper,  or  floral,  ones  alternate.  Fl.  on  short  solitary  stalks,  from 
the  bosoms  of  half,  or  two-thirds,  of  the  leaves,  crowded  about 
the  summit  of  the  stem.  Cal.  v/ith  a  whitish  tube  and  green 
border,  all  over  hairy  and  viscid.  Cor.  twice  as  long,  yellow, 
with  some  stains  or  streaks  of  red  or  purple  ;  the  segments  of 
its  lower  lip  rounded.     Seeds  minute,  angular,  not  bordered. 

Mr.  Hopkirk  observed  the  flowers  to  have  an  agreeable,  faint, 
musky  smell.     Hooker. 

Linnaeus  confounded  this  plant  with  his  Rhinanthus  Trixago,  which 


D  IDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.   Rhinanthus.  119 

is  indeed  a  Bartsia,  but,  a  distinct  species  ;  see  Prodr.  FLGrcec. 
V,  1.427. 

3.  B.  Odontites.     Red  Bartsia. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrated ;  the  upper  ones  alternate. 
Flowers  forming  unilateral  clusters.  Stem  square,  branch- 
ed.    Root  fibrous. 

B.  Odontites.  Umh. 268.  Fi.  Br.  648.  Engl  Bot.  v.  20.  t.  1415. 
Relh.  240.    Hook.  Scot.  186. 

Euphrasia  Odontites.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  841 .  PVilld.  v.  3.  194.  Curt. 
Lond.fasc.  1 .  i.  44.     Mart.  Rust.  t.  42.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  625. 

E.  pratensis  rubra.    Bauh.  Pin.  234.     Raii  Syn.  *284. 

E.  altera.  Dod.  Pempt.  55.  /.  Lob.  Ic.  496.  f.  Dalech.  Hist. 
1167./. 

Odontites.    Riv.  Monov.  Irr.  t.  90./.  2. 

O.n.  304.    Hall.  Hist.  v.lAM. 

Crataeogonon  Euphrosine.     Ger.  Em.  91.  f. 

Red  Eye-bright.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  36.  f.  7. 

In  meadows  and  pastures,  especially  on  a  cold  and  wet  clay  soil. 

Annual.    July,  August. 

About  a  foot  high,  more  or  less  5  copiously  branched,  each  branch 
terminating  in  a  leafy  unilateral  cluster,  or  rather  spike,  of  nu- 
merous, rose-coloured,  scentless  Jiowers,  whose  calyx  is  tinged 
with  a  dull  violet  hue.  Every  part,  even  the  calyx  and  corolla, 
is  finely  downy  j  the  stem  rough  with  deflexed  hairs.  Anthers 
hairy  at  the  back  and  lower  part,  as  in  the  other  species,  though 
otherwise  smooth  •  their  lobes  are  acute,  but  hardly  bristly. 
Seeds  angular,  striated. 

304.  RHINANTHUS.     Yellow  Rattle. 

Lmn.Gen.304.   Juss.\0\.    FT.  Br. 640.   Lam.t.5]7.   Gcertn.t.54. 
Pedicularis  species.     Tourn.  t.  77 ,  B,  F,  M. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  303. 

CaL  compressed,  somewhat  inflated,  rounded,  bladdery, 
veiny,  permanent;  the  margin  in  4-  nearly  equal,  acute, 
deep  teeth,  broad  at  their  base.  Cor.  ringcnt,  nearly 
closed;  tube  almost  cylindrical,  the  length  of  the  calyx  ; 
upper  lip  narrowest,  hooded,  compressed,  slightly  cloven; 
lower  broadest,  expanded,  divided  half  way  into  3  ob- 
tuse segments,  the  middle  one  rather  the  largest.  Filavi. 
thread-shaped,  shorter  than  the  upper  lip,  and  concealed 
within  it.  Anlh.  incumbent,  2-lobed,  hairy,  not  ])romi- 
nent.      Gnm.  ovate,  compressed,  with  a  channel  at  each 

,  side.  Style  thread-shaped,  curved,  somewhat  longer 
than  the  stamens.  S/i<^ma  dellexed,  obtuse.  (aj)s.  round- 
ish-ovate,  compressed,   obtuse  with  a  small  point,  oi  2 


120  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.   Rhinanthus. 

cells,  and  2  valves  separating  at  the  margin  ;  pai^titions 
transverse,  combined,  narrow.  Seeds  several,  obovate, 
compressed,  imbricated,  curved  downwards,  more  or 
less  bordered. 

Annual  herbs,  with  square,  leafy,  upright  stems;  oblong, 
sessile,  sharply  and  copiously  serrated  leaves;  and  nu- 
merous yellow  flowers,  in  leafy  spikes,  without  scent. 

Elephas  of  Tournefort,  t.  4*82,  might  perhaps  form  a  distinct 
genus,  though  there  is  no  propriety  in  calling  it  an  Ele- 
phant; any  more  than  there  would  be  in  giving  the  name 
of  Asmus  to  a  genus  with  long  hairy  ears  to  the  corolla. 

1.  R.  Crista  gain.     Common  Yellow  Rattle. 

Stem  slightly  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrated.  Ca- 
lyx smooth.  Style  concealed  by  the  upper  lip.  Seeds 
with  a  dilated  membranous  border. 

R.  Crista  galli.    Linn.  Sp.Pl.M(),  a.    Willd.v.3.  \88,a,    Fl.  Br. 

649.    Engl.  Bot.v.  10.  t.  657.    Curt.Loiicl.  fasc.  5.  t.  43.    Mart. 

Rust.  1. 138.    Hook.  Scot.  186.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  981  ? 
R.  minor.    Ehrh.  Herb.  46.     Beitr.  v. 6.  \44. 
Alectorolophus  n.313.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1. 137, 
Pedicularis  sen  Crista  galli  lutea.     Raii  Si^n.  *284. 
Crista  galli.     Ger.  Em.  1071./.  ?     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  92./.  3. 
C.  galli  foemina.    Bauli.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  436./. 

In  rather  barren  meadows  and  pastures  very  common. 

Annual.    June. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  with  few  and  generally  short 
branches^  leafy,  square,  often  spotted  with  red  or  purple,  smooth. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  spreading,  acute,  sharply  serrated,  rough  and 
minutely  wrinkled  on  both  sides,  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and 
half  long  ;  dilated  and  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  R.  crowded 
into  a  terminal,  leafy,  or  rather  bracteated,  spike,  each  pair 
crossing  the  next.  Bracteas  heart-shaped,  acute,  serrated, 
green.  Cal.  bladdery,  strongly  ribbed,  smooth.  Cor.  yellow  j 
the  segments  of  its  upper  lip  short,  blueish.  Nect.  an  ovate, 
purple,  concave  scale,  at  the  base  of  one  edge  of  the  broad 
flattish  germen.  Anth.  red,  awnless,  of  2  distinct  very  hairy 
lobes,  quite  concealed  by  the  arched  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  as 
are  likewise  the  style  and  stigma,  though  the  latter  sometimes 
becomes  prominent  as  the  flower  fades.  Caps,  dry  and  mem- 
branous, making  a  rattling  noise  when  touched.  Seeds  brown, 
smooth,  each  bordered  with  a  broadish,  thin,  flat,  membranous 
wing. 

This  plant  is  reckoned  unprofitable  to  the  farmer,  encumbering 
rather  than  enriching  his  crop  of  hay,  as  cattle  are  not  fond  of 
it,  a.id  whether  thev  ever  eat  it  bv  choice  is  doubtful. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.     Euphrasia.     121 

2.  R.  major.     Large  Bushy  Yellow  Rattle. 

Stem  much  branched.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrated. 

Bracteas  taper-pointed.   Calyx  smooth.   Style  prominent. 

Seeds  slightly  bordered. 
R.  major.     Ehrh.  Herb.  56.     Beitr.v.  6.  144. 
R.  Crista  galli  p.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  S4i).  H'illd.  v.3.  ISO.    FL  Br.649. 
Alectorolophus  n,  313  /3.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1,137. 
Pedicularis  major  angustifolia  ramosissima,  flora  minore  luteo,  la- 

bello  purpureo.     Dill,  in  Raii  Si/n.  *284. 
Crista  galli  angustifolia  montana.    Bauh.  Pin,  1G3.    Prodr.  86. 

In  corn-fields  in  the  north  of  England. 

A  mile  from  Horough-bridge,  in  the  road  to  Knaresborough,  also 
between  Wetherby  and  Catall,  Yorkshire  ;  and  near  West  New- 
ton, Northumberland  ;  always  among  corn.  Dr.  Richardson. 
Plentifully  on  Stockton  Common,  and  in  many  other  parts  of 
the  county  of  Durham,  in  corn-fields  "  approaching  to  peat  j" 
sometimes  nearly  obliterating  crops  of  corn.  Mr.  James  Back- 
house. 

Annual.     July,  2  or  3  weeks  later  than  the  former. 

Dr.  Richardson  distinguished  this  species,  from  our  common  R. 
Crista  galli,  by  its  greater  size,  copious  branches,  narrower 
leaves,  and  smuWerJlowers  with  a  purple  (upper)  lip.  Ehrhart 
has  characterized  it  by  the  incurved  tube  of  the  corolla,  which  in 
the  former  is  straight.  Mr.  Backhouse,  to  whom  I  am  obliged 
for  numerous  wild  specimens,  says  it  may  be  known  at  first 
sight  by  its  greater  size,  being  2  feet  high,  much  branched,  and 
bushy  J  its  much  denser  spikes ;  and  its  yellowish  bracteas,  each 
of  which  terminates  in  an  elongated  green  point.  The  seg- 
ments of  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  are  wedge-shaped,  and 
purple.  Germen  narrower,  and  more  tumid,  than  in  R.  Crista 
galli.  Style  prominent.  Nectary  heart-shaj)ed,  more  spread- 
ing, and  greenish.  The  seeds  are  thick  at  the  edge,  and  not 
quite  destitute  of  a  membranous  margin,  but  this  is  much  nar- 
rower than  in  the  former.  Prof.  Afzelius  long  ago  assured 
me  that  R.  ///^/yor  of  Ehrhart  differed  in  its  seeds  from  our  com- 
mon Crista  galli.  The  Alectorolophus  n.  314,  of  Ilaller,  which 
is  less  branched,  with  broader /e^/iTS,  and  a  hairy  calyx,  appears 
very  distinct  from  our  R.  major,  and  more  allied  to  R.  Crista 
gain.  I  have  R.  major  gathered  by  Mr.  Davall,  on  some  of  the 
loftiest  of  the  mountains  of  Switzerland. 

:m.  EUPHRASIA.     Eye-bright. 

Linn.  Gen. 'M)4.  Juss.  HKK  ri.Rr.CKA).  Tnurn.t.7^.  Lam. 
t.:i\H.     Gccrtn.  t.:>\. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  //.  .'JO.'J. 

C'r//.  tul)ular,    (•yiindrical,    rll)l)r(l,    prrmanont  :   the  margin 


122  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.    Euphrasia. 

in  4  deep,  equal,  pointed  teeth.  Co7\  ringent,  open  ;  tube 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  cylindrical ;  throat  short,  some- 
what wider  ;  limb  variable  in  size  ;  its  upper  lip  slightly 
concave,  with  several  notches ;  lower  spreading,  in  3  deep, 
more  or  less  unec^ual,  obtuse,  cloven,  or  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  lobes.  Filam.  thread-shaped,  directed  towards 
the  upper  lip.  Antk.  mcumbent,  large,  of  2  roundish 
lobes  pointed  at  their  base,  the  points  of  the  lower  an- 
thers elongated  into  straight  bristly  spines,  of  unequal 
lengths.  Germ,  ovate.  St2/le  thread-shaped,  as  long  as 
the  stamens.  Stigma  obtuse,  undivided.  Caps,  oblong, 
obtuse,  compressed,  of  2  cells  and  2  membranous  valves. 
Seeds  several,  minute,  elliptic-oblong,  compressed,  nu- 
merously furrowed  longitudinally  at  each  side. 
Branched  herbs  of  humble  growth,  smooth  or  downy,  not 
aromatic.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  either  ovate  and  ser- 
rated, or  linear  and  entire.  Fl.  in  leafy  spikes,  nume- 
rous, either  variegated  or  yellow. 

1.  E.  officinalis.     Common  Eye-bright. 
Leaves  ovate,  furrowed,  sharply  toothed. 

E.  officinalis.      Lmw.%P/.  841.     mZW.f.3. 193.     FLBr.650. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  20.  f.  141 6.       Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  42.       Woodv. 

suppl.  t.  220.    Hook.  Scot.  1 86.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  233. 
E.  n.  303.    Hall. Hist.  v.  \.  133. 
Euphrasia.    Rail  Syn.  *2S4.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  90.  f.  \.     Fuchs. 

Hist.246.f.  Ic.\37.f.   Trag.  Hist.32S.f.  Ger.  Em.663.f.  Lob. 

Ic.  496./. 
Euphragia.    Matth.  Valgr.v.2.369.f.    Carrier.  Epit.767.f. 

On  heaths,  and  in  mountainous  pastures,  abundantly. 

Annual.    July — September. 

An  elegant  little  plant,  varying  in  height  from  one  inch  to  4  or  5, 
with  a  square,  downy,  leafy  stem,  either  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  i  or  |  an  inch  long,  almost  entirely  opposite,  ovate  or 
heart-shaped,  downy,  strongly  ribbed  and  furrowed,  with  sharp 
tooth-like  serratures.  Fl.  axillary,  solitary,  very  abundant,  in- 
odorous, but  remarkable  for  their  brilliant  variegated  aspect,  on 
which  account,  it  seems,  the  plant  became  celebrated  as  good 
for  weak  eyes.  The  corolla  varies  much  in  size  as  well  as  co- 
lour, being  commonly  white,  with  deep  purple  streaks,  and  a 
yellowish  palate  j  the  anthers  violet.  On  the  mountains  of 
Scotland  there  is  a  more  slender  variety,  with  smaller  but  more 
richly  tinted  blossoms  ;  on  the  Alps  a  dwarf,  large-flowered, 
more  purple  variety  is  common.  The  seeds  are  few,  somewhat 
angular,  thin  at  the  edges,  strongly  striated,  or  furrowed,  at  the 
sides. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Melampyrum.  123 
306.  MELAiMPYRUM.     Cow-wheat. 

Linn.  Gen.  305.      Juss.  101 .      Fl.  Br.  651.       Toiirn.  t.  78.      Lam. 
t.DlS.     Gccrtn.t.DS. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  the  3  preceding  genera. 

Cat.  tiihular,  permanent ;  the  border  in  4  deep,  straight, 
unequal,  rather  long  and  narrow  segments.  Co?',  rin- 
gent,  moderately  gaping ;  tube  oblong,  curved ;  throat 
a  little  dilated,  compressed;  upper  lip  vaulted,  com- 
pressed, notched,  with  a  narrow,  reflexed  border  at 
each  side  ;  lower  flattish,  slightly  plaited,  with  2  protu- 
berances on  the  palate,  direct,  as  long  as  the  upper,  di- 
vided half  way  into  3  nearly  equal,  obtuse  segments.  Fi- 
■  lain,  from  the  throat,  awl-shaped,  shortish,  incurved, 
meeting  under  the  upper  lip.  Anth.  converging,  oblong, 
each  of  2  oblong  pointed  lobes.  Germ,  ovate,  pointed. 
Style  thread-shaped,  inclosed  in  the  corolla.  Stigma  de- 
flexed,  obtuse.  Caps,  oblong,  obliquely  pointed,  rather 
compressed,  bat  tumid;  its  upper  edge  convex;  lower 
straight ;  of  2  cells  and  2  valves,  bursting  at  the  upper 
margin ;  the  partitions  transverse,  narrow.  Seeds  2  in 
each  cell,  smooth,  ovate-oblong,  tumid,  obtuse,  attached, 
by  a  short,  thick,  spongy  stalk,  to  the  base  of  the  parti- 
tions. 

Branched,  sjireading,  annual,  nearly  smooth  /lerbs,  12  or  18 
inches  high,  with  bluntly  (quadrangular  ste?}is ;  opposite, 
entire  leaves ;  and  handsome  bracteated  spi/i-es  of  yellow 
and  purple  Jloivers ;  the  bracteas  pointed,  elegantly  tooth- 
ed, and  variously  coloured.  The  seeds  are,  without  doubt, 
naturally  2  in  each  cell,  and  resemble  grains  of  wheat. 
All  the  s})ecies  turn  black  in  drying. 

Tiiis  genus  and  its  nearest  allies  are  admirably  distinguish- 
ed by  their  seeds,  and  to  make  a  natural  order  of  3/<7r/w- 
jpyracecc  on  account  of  any  peculiarity  in  tha  fruit  or  seed, 
which  is  only  indicative  of  a  generic  distinction,  appears 
to  me  not  judicious. 

1.   W.  crisfatinn.      Crested  Cow-wheat. 

Spikes  (juadrangular.  Hracteas  heart-sha})e(l,  closely  im- 
bricated, finely  toothed. 

M.  cristutum.  Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  842.  fVi/hl.  v.  li.  I  97.  /•/.  Ih:  65 1 . 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  1 .  /.  4 1.     Riv.  Monnp.  Irr.  t.  S  1 ./.  2. 

M.  n.  ;ni.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  I.'UJ. 

M.  cristatum,  flore  albo  et  pur])urco.  Raii  Syn.  *2H6.  Bdiih. 
Hist.  V.  3.  p.  2.  1 10../:     Moris,  v.  .'3.  429.  sect.  \].f.  23./.  2. 


124  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Melampyrum. 

M.  angustifolium  cristatum,  spica  quadrata,  floribus  ex  luteo  pal- 
lescentibus,  nostras.     Phik.  Almag.  245.     Phijt.  ^  99./.  2. 

Crested  Cow-wheat.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  36.  f.  10. 

In  woods  and  thickets ;  sometimes  in  corn-fields. 

Plentiful  in  Cambridgeshire  and  Bedfordshire.  Huds.  In  Maple- 
bush  lane,  Gressenhall,  Norfolk.  Mr.  Crowe.  Abundantly  in 
Ripton  wood  Huntingdonshire.  Mr.  Woodward. 

Annual.     July. 

Stein  leafy,  with  wide-spreading  branches,  roughish  to  the  touch. 
Leaves  long  and  narrow,  almost  linear,  rough-edged,  U  or  2 
inches  in  length.  Spikes  solitary,  terminal,  with  close,  pecti- 
nated, purplish  bracteas,  each  tipped  with  a  green  leafy  point. 
FL  rather  small,  not  quite  closed,  variegated  with  cream-colour 
and  light  purple  ;  the  palate  yellow.  Cal.  with  lanceolate  teeth, 
none  of  them  longer  than  the  tube,  all  minutely  fringed,  as  are 
likewise  the  teeth  of  the  bracteas.  Anth.  of  a  dark  dull  purple. 
Caps,  crescent-shaped,  thin,  compressed,  with  2  large  seeds  in 
each  cell. 

2.  M.  arvense.     Purple  Cow- wheat. 

Spikes  conical.  Bracteas  lax,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid.  Calyx- 
teeth  longer  than  the  tube.     Corolla  closed. 

M.  arvense.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  842.     Willd.  v.  3.  198.     Fl.  Br.  652. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.\.t.53.       Hook.  Lond.  t.  63.       Dicks.  Dr. PL  74. 

FL  Dan.  t.9\\.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  L  80. 
M.  n.  310.    HalLHist.v.\.\36. 
M.  purpurascente  coma.  Bauh.  Pin.  234.  DHL  in  Raii  Syn.*286. 

Moris.  V.  3. 428.  sect.  W.t.  23. f.  1 . 
M.  multis,  sive  Triticum  vaccinum.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  439./. 
M.  caeruleum.     Ger.  Em.  90.  /. 

Triticum  vaccinum.     Trag.  Hist.  663.  f.    Dalech.Hist.4\9.f. 
Braun  Fleyschbliim.    Brunf.  Herb.v.2.  54./. 
Parietaria  sylvestris  tertia.  Cliis.  Hist.  v.  2. 45./. 

In  corn-fields  on  alight  soil. 

Near  Lycham,  Norfolk.  Sherard.  In  the  common  field  at  Sporle 
in  the  same  county,  especially  among  wheat.  Rev.  Mr.  Edwards, 
and  Rev.  J.  S.  Watts.  At  Swardeston  and  Keswick.  Mr.  Crowe; 
also  at  Costesy  and  Bixley  ;  all  near  Norwich. 

Annual.    July. 

Stem  1-1-  or  2  feet  high, purplish,  acutely  quadrangular  j  the  branches 
more  upright  than  in  the  foregoing.  Leaves  lanceolate,  rough- 
edged,  a  little  downy  on  both  sides  ;  one  or  two  of  the  upper 
pairs  sometimes  pinnatifid  at  the  base.  Spikes  \orig,  many- 
flowered,  ^rac^eas  loosely  spreading,  deeply  pectinated  or  pin- 
natifid ;  the  upper  ones  entirely,  and  the  lower  partially,  co- 
loured of  a  delicate  purplish  rose-colour.  FL  large,  about  as 
long  as  the  bracteas,  without  scent.     Segments  of  the  calyx  pe- 


DIDYNAMIA-ANGIOSPERMIA.  Melarnpyrum.  125 

culiarly  long  and  linear,  coloured  like  the  bracteas.  Cor.  closed, 
yellow  ;  the  lips  variegated  with  rose-colour  and  purple.  Seeds 
2  in  each  cell,  though  often  bv  abortion  solitary ;  hence  "h.e  ac- 
curate John  Bauhin  describes  2  or  3  in  itix'ih  capsule.  They  re- 
semble grains  of  wheat  in  shape  and  colour. 
This  is  one  of  our  most  beautiful  wild  plants.  It  will  grow  from 
fresh  seed  in  a  dry  garden,  and  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation. 
The  late  Mr.  Watts  observed,  that  whenever  the  field  at  Sporle 
was  cropped  with  wheat,  but  not  otherwise,  this  Melarnpyrum 
might  be  found  in  abundance.  At  Costesy  it  is  more  constant, 
not  only  in  the  fields,  but,  as  Dr.  Hooker  remarks,  "on  the 
dry  banks  which  border  them."  M.  harbatum  of  Willdenow 
seems  well  distinguished  by  its  gaping  yellow^ou^er^,  indepen- 
dent of  the  green  bracteas. 

3.  M.  pratense.     Common  Yellow  Cow-wheat. 

Flowers  axillary,  in  partly  distant  pairs,  turned  to  one 
side.  Corolla  closed ;  lip  direct.  Upper  floral  leaves 
toothed  at  the  base. 

M.  pratense.      Linn.  Sp.  PI  843.      Willd.  v.  3.1 99.     FL  Br.  652. 

Engl.Bot.v.2.t.  113.   With.bAD.  Lightf.324.  Hook.  Scot.  \87. 
M.  sylvaticum.     Huds.270.     Wade  Dubl.  168.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr. 

t.Sl.f.  1. 
M.  n.308.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  135. 
M.  sylvaticum  flore  luteo,  sive  Satureia  lutea  sylvestris.    Rail  Syn. 

*286.     Bauh   Hist. v.  3.  p. 2.  U\. 
M,  luteum  latifolium.     Bauh.  Pin.  234  j  not  243,  as  in  Willdenow, 

copied  from  LinncBus. 
Parietaria  sylvestris  sccunda.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.44./. 
Crataeogonon.     Lob  Ic.36.f. 
C.  album.     Ger.  Em.  91. 

Common  Cow-wheat.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  36./.  9. 
/S.  Melampyrum  latifolium,  flore  albo,  labio  inferiore  duabus  ma- 

culis  luteis  distincto.   Tourn.  Par.  492.  Dill,  in  Raii  Si/n.  *286. 
M.  pratense.    Huds.  270. 

Fre(juent  in  woods  and  bushy  places,  especially  on  a  clay  or  loamy 
soil. 

/3.  In  the  wood  by  Dr.  Richardson's  house  at  North  Bierley,  York- 
shire.  DUlenius. 

Annual      Jnli/,  Aui^ust. 

Stem  smooth,  with  several  wide-sj)reading  branches,  so  as  to  be 
frequently  almost  dei  umbent.  Leaves  bright  green,  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed,  smooth,  or  roughish  at  th^  edges  only,  entire, 
except  those  ihat  accompany  the  flowers,  which  are  more  or 
less  toothed  at  the  base,  and  sometimes  dee|)ly  pinnatifid,  with 
•very  narrow  segments,  partaking  much  of  tlie  bracteas  of  the 
last  species,  and  like  them  occasionally  coloured  ;  but  they  arc 


126   DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.    Lathrsea. 

not  so  much  crowded  into  a  spike.  Fl.  axillary,  solitary,  oppo- 
site, turned  in  pairs  to  one  side.  Cal.  bell-shaped,  with  teeth 
of  its  own  length.  Cor.  pale  at  the  base  3  deep  yellow  towards 
the  summit,  with  a  purple  spot  at  each  side  of  the  mouth,  which 
is  closed,  not  gaping,  the  lower  lip  prominent  and  straight,  not 
deflexed ;  palate  elevated,  orange-coloured.  Caps,  with  a  curved 
point.  Seeds  2  in  each  cell. 
Cows  are  reported  to  be  fond  of  this  plant,  and  Linnaeus  says  the 
best  and  yellowest  butter  is  made  where  it  abounds.  ^  is  given 
but  as  a  variety  by  Dillenius  himself,  and  Vaillant  was  of  the 
same  opinion.     It  seems  to  differ  only  in  having  paler  flowers. 

4.  M.  sylvaticunu     Wood  Cow- wheat. 

Flowers  axillary,  in  distant  pairs,  turned  to  one  side.  Co- 
rolla gaping  ;  lip  deflexed.     Leaves  nearly  all  entire. 

M.  sylvaticum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  843.  Willd.  v.  3. 1 99  FL  Br.  653. 
EngLBotv.l2.tS04.  Lightf.  32^.  Hook.  Scot.]  S7.  Fl.  Dan. 
t.\45. 

M.n.307.    HalLHist.v.X.Ub. 

In  alpine  woods,  especially  in  forests  of  fir. 

By  the  road  side  going  from  Taymouth  to  the  hermitage,  July,  1 775. 
Mr.  Lightfoot,  in  his  herbarium.  At  Wick  Clifts  ;  Mr.  Swayne. 
With.  Near  Middleton  in  Teesdale,  Durham.  Rev.  Mr.  Harris 
man  and  Mr.  E.  Robson.     Not  uncommon  in  Scotland.  Hooker. 

Annual,    July,  August. 

This  agrees  with  the  last  in  general  habit,  but  is  rather  smaller, 
especially  the  Jlowers.  The  stem  is  roughish.  Leaves  broader, 
less  apt  to  turn  black  in  drying,  all  of  them  generally  quite  en- 
tire, as  well  as  equidistant,  each  pair  from  the  bottom  of  the 
branch  u))wards,  being  accompanied  by  a  pair  o(  Jiowers,  less 
decidedly  turned  to  one  side,  and  by  no  means  crowded  into 
spikes.  Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube. 
Cor.  half  the  size  of  the  preceding,  deep  yellow,  with  some 
orange  or  red  spots  about  the  mouth,  which  is  open,  not  closed ; 
the  lower  lip  pointing  downwards  ;  upper  elevated.  Capsule 
less  pointed  -,  the  valves  reticulated  with  prominent  veins.  Seeds 
sometimes  solitary  in  each  cell,  but  mostly  in  pairs. 

307.  LATHRiEA.     Tooth-wort. 

Linn.Gen.305.  Juss.  102.  FLBr.654.  Lam. 1.551.  Gcjertn.t. 52. 

Clandestina.     Tourn.  t.  424. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  w.  303 — 306.  Orobanchece  of  Richard.  Hook. 
Scot.  222. 

CaL  bell-shaped ;  border  in  4  deep,  upright,  nearly  equal, 
permanent  segments.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  or  longer ;  limb  tumid  ;  upper  lip  vaulted,  acute, 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Lathrsea.     127 

cloven  or  entire  ;  lower  smaller,  spreading,  obtuse.  Nect, 
a  notched,  depressed,  fleshy  gland,  proceeding  from  the 
receptacle^  at  the  lower  side  of  the  germen.  Filam.  awl- 
shaped,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  concealed  by  its  upper 
lip.  Anth.  converging,  obtuse,  their  lobes  pointed  be- 
neath. Germ,  roundish,  compressed.  Style  cylindrical, 
scarcely  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Stigma  abrupt,  notched, 
deflexed.  Caps,  roundish,  obtuse,  with  a  point,  of  one 
cell  and  two  membranous  elastic  valves,  invested  with 
the  enlarged  inflated  calyx.  Seeds  numerous,  roundish, 
rough,  attached  to  a  spongy,  longitudinal,  double  recep- 
tacle^ in  the  centre  of  each  valve. 
Perennial,  succulent,  parasitical,  \)^\Y\({  herbs,  partly  subter- 
raneous, growing  either  immersed  in  crumbling  vegetable 
mould,  or  among  decayed  leaves,  at  the  roots  of  trees. 
Leaves  thick,  loosely  imbricated,  whitish,  entire.  Fl.  ax- 
illary, either  corymbose,  or  forming  a  leafy  cluster,  always 
above  ground,  purplish,  or  white,  erect  or  drooping. 

1.  L.  Scpiamaria.     Greater  Tooth-wort. 

Flowering  branches  erect,  simple.  Flowers  axillary,  uni- 
lateral, pendulous ;  lower  lip  in  three  lobes;  upper  cloven. 

L.  Squamaria.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  844.     M'illd.  v.  3.  201.    FL  Br.  654. 

EngL  Dot.  V.  1.  t.  oO.     Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fasc.  10.  13.     Hook.  Scot. 

187.     FLDan.t.\36. 
Squamaria.     Riv.  Monop.  Trr.  t.  89./.  2. 
S.  n.297.    HalLIIist.v.lA'SO. 
Anblatum.     Cord.  Hist.  89.  2.  /. 

A.  Cordi,  sive  Aphyllon.    Raii  Si/n.  ^  288.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  783./. 
Dlmi taria.    Mattli .  Valgr.  y .  2 .  3 1 3 .  /. 
D.  major,    Oimer.  Epit.  705./ 

D.  major  Matthioli.     Ger.  Eni.  1585./    Blackstone  23. 
Orobanche  radice  dentata  major  et  minor.     Rudb.  Elys.  r.  2.  230. 

/■7,S. 
O.  radice  squammata,  foliis  rotundis,  flore  pendente  et  suaveru- 

bente  Funboinsis.    Ibid.  234.  f.  17. 
O.  radice  dentata,  altius  radicata,  foliis  et  floribus  albo-purpurois. 

Mentz.  FugilL  t.'S.       Moris,  v.  3.503.  sect.  12.  t.  ]C).  f.\\  ■   see 

alsof.W.' 

In  dry  shady  places,  mostly  at  the  roots  of  hazels  or  elms. 

In  several  ])arls  of  Kent.  Rai/,  Dickson.  In  a  shadv  lane  near 
Harefield,  Middlesex,  j)lentifully.  Uhickstonv.  Westmoreland. 
Huds.  At  Kxlon.  near  Stamford.  Fjirl  of  (iainsboroiigh.  In 
Newburgh  woods,  Yorkshire.  Rev.  Arciidcacon  Fcirson.  Under 
high  rocks  behind  Saxton's  bath  house,  Matlock.  Rev.  //'.  /'. 
Drake.  In  St.  Catharine's  wood,  Dublin.   JFttde  PL  Rar.  Hib.  4S. 


..J 


128  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Pedicularis. 

Perennial.     Jpril. 

Lower  part  of  the  stem  immersed  in  loose  earth,  or  dead  leaves, 
branched,  spreading,  densely  leafy, round, smooth,  whitish  ;  flow- 
ering branches  terminal,  solitary,  erect,  4  or  5  inches  high, 
round,  a  little  hairy,  purplish,  unbianched,  leafy,  many-flowered. 
Leare5 ovate,  thick,  juicy, entire, smooth, cream-coloured;  closely 
imbricated  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  ;  more  loosely  on  the 
flowering  branches.  Fl.  axillary,  solitary,  stalked,  drooping, 
rather  longer  than  the  leaves.  'Cal.  of  the  hue  and  texture  of 
the  leaves  5  hairy  at  the  base;  segments  smooth,  incurved, 
the  2  uppermost  largest.  Cor.  of  a  pale  dull  purple,  with  a 
white  tube,  about  as  long  as  the  limb  ;  upper  lip  deeply  cloven. 
Anth.  large,  hairy.  Caps,  large,  thin,  crowned  by  the  withered 
style,  and  invested  with  the  permanent  calyx. 

The  analogy  of  the  preceding  genus  helps  us  to  understand  the 
herbage  of  this  singular  plant,  and  proves  what  is  usually  taken 
for  roots  to  be  a  partly  subterraneous  ste7n.  The  real  root  is,  I 
believe,  fibrous  and  parasitical.  The  Jloral  leaves  agree  with  the 
rest,  as  in  Melampyrum  sylvaticum.  L.  Clandestina  has  also  ax- 
\\[2iXY flowers,  from  a  subterraneous  herbage. 

308.   PEDICULARIS.      Louse-wort,  or  Red 
Rattle. 
Linn.  Gen.  307.     Juss.  101.      FL  Br.  655.      Tourn.  t.  77.  f.  A,  D, 
E,  H— L.    Lam.  t.b\7.     Gcertn.  t. 53. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  ji.  303—306. 

Cal.  with  a  roundish-ovate,  tumid,  but  somewhat  compressed, 
tube;  the  border  in  5,  sometimes  only  2,  unequal,  leafy, 
more  or  less  defined,  jagged  segments.  Cor.  ringent ;  tube 
oblong,  unequal;  upper  lip  "narrowest,  erect,  vaulted, 
compressed,  notched ;  lower  dilated,  flat,  in  3  deep  obtuse 
lobes,  the  central  one  narrowest.  Nect.  a  gland  under 
the  germen.  Filam.  thread-shaped,  concealed  by  the 
upper  lip.  Afith.  incumbent,  2-lobed,  acute  at  the  lower 
part,  compressed.  Germ,  ovate.  Sti/le  thread-shaped, 
longer  than  the  stamens.  Stigma  simple,  deflexed.  Caps, 
oblong,  or  ovate,  pointed,  oblique,  of  2  cells  and  2  valves, 
bursting  at  the  summit,  the  partitions  from  the  centre  of 
each  valve.  Seeds  few,  angular,  pointed,  attached  to  a 
roundish  receptacle,  at  the  base  between  the  partitions. 

A  numerous  and  handsome,  chiefly  alpine,  genus,  of  which 
we  have  only  two  species  in  Britain.  The  whole  are  in 
general  perennial,  herbaceous,  erect,  or  ascending,  with 
variously  pinnatifid  or  pinnate,  rather  bluntly  toothed, 
leaves,  and  red,  purple,  or  partly  yellow,  elegantjlowers. 
They  are  mostly  of  an  acrid  quality,  not  acceptable  to 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Pedicularis.  129 

domestic  cattle,  and  turn  black  in  drying.  Sheep  are 
said  to  become  scabby  after  feeding  for  a  short  time  on 
P.  sylvatica^  whence  the  name  seems  to  have  originated. 
Goats  eat  the  various  species,  as  they  do,  generally  the 
most  acrid  plants. 

1.  V,  palustris.  Marsh  Louse*wort.  Tall  Red  Rattle. 

Stem  solitar}',  branched.  Calyx  ovate,  hairy,  ribbed,  in 
two  unequally  notched  lobes. 

P.  pnlustris.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  845.      fVilld.  v.  3.  202.      FL  Br.  655. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  e.  t.  399.    Hook.  Scot.  187.    Bull.  Fr.  1. 129. 
P.  n.  320.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  139. 
P.  palustr'iK  rubra  elatior.     Rail  Sijn.  *284. 
Pedicularis.     Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  92./.  1, 
Tall  Red  Rattle.    Peliv.  H.  Brit.  t.  36./.  3. 

In  marshes  and  bogfgy  meadows. 

Perennial  r    June,  July. 

Root  small,  by  some  said  to  be  annual.  Stern  solitary,  erect,  12 
or  15  inches  high,  leafy,  angular,  a  little  downy,  with  many  la- 
teral, spreading,  opposite  branches.  Leaves  partly  opposite, 
partly  scattered,  stalked,  smooth,  bright  green,  doubly  pinna- 
tifid  ;  the  segments  obtuse,  bluntly  notched,  various  in  breadth. 
Fl.  axillary,  op])Osite,  solitary,  nearly  sessile,  of  an  elegant  crim- 
son, darker  in  the  upper  li]),  without  scent ;  lower  lip  minutely 

-   fringed.     Cal.  with  2  principal  lobes,  variously  notched. 

2.  P.  syhatica.     Pasture  Lonse-vvort.     Dwarf  Red 

Rattle. 
Stems  several,  spreading,  simple.     Calyx  oblong,  angular, 
smooth,  in  five  unequal  notched  segments. 

P.  sylvatica.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  S45.  mild.  v.  3.  203.  Fl.  Br.  656. 
Eriirl.  Bot.  V.  6.  t.  400.    Hook.  Scot.  188.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  225. 

P.  n.321.    Hall.  Hist.v.  1.  139. 

P.  pratensis  rubra  vulgaris.     Raii  Si/n.  *284. 

P.  pratensis  purpurea.    Bauh.  Pin.  163. 

P.  minor.     Riv.  Monop.  Jrr.  t.  92.  f.  2. 

Pedicularis.     Gcr.  Em.  1  07 1 ./.     Lob.  Ic  748./. 

Fistularia.    Doth  Pempt.  556.  f. 

Common  Red  Rattle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  /.  36./  4. 

In  moist,  heathy,  rather  mountainous,  pastures,  frequent. 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Of  a  more  humble  stature  than  the  preceding,  with  several,  spread- 
ing or  recumbent,  unbranched  .s7em.s,  from  a  large,  fleshy,  ta- 
pering, subdivided  root,  which  Mr.  Purton  marks  annual,  as 
Ray  does  that  of  both  our  species.  The  present  has  no  appear- 
ance of  being  so    Ij'oi'ps  alternate,  doubly  pinnatifid  and  notch- 

vor,.  rii.  '^ 


ISO  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Antirrhinum. 

ed  J  radical  ones  ovate,  undivided,  crenate,  recurved.  Fl.  of  a 
more  uniform  rose-colour  than  the  last ;  the  lobes  of  their  lower 
lip  not  fringed,  Cal.  more  oblong  and  tubular,  with  4  larger 
angles,  and  as  many  intermediate  smaller  ones  ;  the  margin  un- 
equally cut  into  5  notched  segments.  Unquestionably  a  most 
distinct  species,  though  Willdenow  expresses  some  doubts  on 
the  subject. 
The  Marquis  of  Stafford  found  one  regular  salver-shaped  Jlower, 
with  6  segments,  and  as  many  stamens,  4  of  them  long,  and  2 
short,  on  a  wild  specimen,  near  his  castle  of  Dunrobin  in  Su- 
therland, North  Britain,  in  1808.  See  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  10. 
227.  Dr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Borrer  met  with  a  similar  flower,  in 
the  same  neighbourhood,  the  following  season. 

309.  ANTIRRHINUM.     Toadflax,   or  Snap- 
dragon. 

Linn.  Gen.  309.  Juss.  120.  Fl.  Br.  656.  Tourn.  t,  7b.  Lam.  t.  531. 

G(Ertn.  t.bZ.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  144. 
Linaria.    Tourn.  t.  76.    Juss.\20.    Desfont.Atlant.v.2.37.     Br. 

in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2.  u.  4.  10. 

Nat.  Ord.  Personated.  Linn.  40.    Scrophularice,  Juss.  40. 

Cdl.  in  5  deep,  oblong,  permanent  segments  ;  the  two  lower 
ones  rather  the  most  distant  from  each  other.  Cor.  rin- 
gent;  tube  oblong;  either  tumid,  or  elongated  into  a 
spur  of  various  lengths,  at  the  base,  which  is  the  nectary  ; 
upper  lip  cloven,  reflexed  at  the  sides;  lower  obtuse, 
three-lobed,  with  an  elevated  palate,  closing  the  mouth, 
and  hollow  underneath.  Filam.  concealed  under  the 
upper  lip;  sometimes  accompanied  by  a  fifth  abortive, 
stamen.  Anth.  converging.  Germ,  roundish,  or  ovate. 
Style  thread-shaped,  equal  to  the  stamens.  Stigma  ob- 
tuse. Caps,  roundish,  or  oval,  obtuse,  of  2  cells,  bursting 
variousl^fc  and  irregularly  at  the  summit.  Seeds  numerous, 
roundish^  or  angular,  or  winged,  attached  to  an  oblong 
cylindrical  receptacle^  in  the  middle  of  the  partition. 

A  numerous  genus  of  annual  or  perennial  herbs ;  with  round 
stems;  simple,  mostly  entire,  narrow  and  smooth,  leaves; 
axillary  or  clustered,  particoloured,  chiefly  blue  or  yellow, 
flowers^  rarely  whitish  or  reddish,  the  nectary  of  which 
is  in  some  a  shallow  pouch,  in  others  a  spur,  differing 
greatly  in  length  in  different  species.  The  capsule  of 
those  whose  nectary  is  a  pouch  only,  opens  with  3  pores 
instead  of  2,  on  which  Mr.  Brown  founds  a  generic  dis- 
tinction for  the  original  Antirrhinum  of  Tournefort. 
But  the  opening  of  the  capsule  in  the  Linaria  of  these 


DIDYXAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.   Ai.tinliinum.  l.'il 

authors  is  so  variously  valvular,  or  so  irregularly  jaggeJ, 
as  to  show  that  part  to  be  indeterminate,  or  unfit  to  give 
a  character,  in  this  genus ;  the  length  of  the  spurs,  be- 
ing, moreover,  but  comparative.  I  therefore  concur  with 
those  who  do  not  separate  Linaria^  there  being  no  dis- 
tinction of  habit  to  depend  upon,  and  the  name,  formed 
out  of  Linum,  being  inadmissible. 

*  Leaves  dilated.     Stems  Jlaccid. 

*1.  A.  Cymhalar'ia,     Ivy-leaved  Snapdragon. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  five-lobed,  alternate,  smooth.  Stems 
procumbent. 

A.  Cymbalaria.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  85  1 .  M'illd.  v  3.  232.  Fl.  Br.  C)')6. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  7.  t.  502.  Curt.  Land.  fasc.  1 .  f.  45.  Hook.  Scot. 
188.    BuU.Fr.t.305.    FL  Dan. t.  \220. 

A.  n.339.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  \.\46. 

Linaria  hederaceo  folio  glabro,  seu  Cvmbalaria  vulgaris.  Tourn. 
Inst.  169.    Dm.  in  Raii  Syn.  *282.  ' 

L.  Cymbalaria.     Alt.  H.  Keiv.  ed.  2.  v.  4.  10. 

Cymbalaria.  Matth  Falgr.  v.2.  4(i8.f.  Corner.  Epif.  860./.  Riv. 
Monop.  Irr.  t.  S6.f.  2.    Bauh.  Pin.  306. 

C.  italica.     Ger.Eni.320.f.    Lob.  Ic. 615  f. 

Umbilicus  \'eneris  Officinarum.     Lonic.  Krenterh.  95./.  1 . 

On  old  walls,  having  been  introduced  from  Italy. 

On  walls  bordering  the  Thames,  having  escaped,  as  Dillenius 
thought,  from  Chelsea  garden.  It  is  become  no  less  common 
about  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  within  a  iiiw  years  at  Nor- 
wich.  'B-ri^y^'^' 

Perennial.      Mmj — yovemher. 

Root  fibrous.  Stems  trailing  or  |)endulo\is,  very  much  branched, 
round,  smooth,  leafy,  hanging  from  old  walls  in  rich,  dense, 
flowery  festoons.  Leaves  alternate,  stalked,  ivy-like,  of  a  deep 
shining  green,  often  tinged  with  violet,  and,  like  every  other  part 
of  the  plant,  (piite  smooth.  Fl.  solitary,  on  longuxillary  stalks, 
not  large,  but  very  elegant,  variegated  with  violet  and  blue  ;  their 
palate  yellow  j  spur  short,  though  pointed.  Caps,  roundish,  much 
and  irregularly  torn  iit  tin- toj),to  let  out  the  black  wrinkled .vee^Av. 

2.  K  spuriu?n.  Round-leaved  Fliielliii,  or  Snapdragon. 

Leaves  ovate,  downy,  chiefly  alternate.  Stems  procum- 
bent, hairy. 

A.  spurium.      Lmn.  Sp.  PI  S5  I .      If'ilM   v.  3.  23.i.       Ft.  Br  657. 

Fngl.  Bot.  V.  10.  f.  691.      Curt.  Loud.  f'asc.'S.  t.'S7.      Fl.Dan. 

^913. 
A.  Elatine.     Bull.  F.  t.2\h. 
A.  n.  3  11.    Hall,  list  r.  I.  117. 


1S2  DIDYNAMIA- ANGIOSPERMIA.  Antirrhinum. 

Linaria  Elatine  dicta,  folio  subrotundo.     Rati  Syn.  *282. 
L.  spuria.    Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.2.v.  4.  11. 
Elatine.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.86.f.\.     DHL  Gen.  116.  t.  6. 
Veronica  foemina.     Fuchs.  Hist.  167.  f.      Ger.Em.625.f.    Matih. 
Falgr.  V.  2.  bb.f.    Camer.  Epit.  462./. 

In  corn-fields,  but  rare. 

About  London  rare.  Curtis.  Frequent  in  Suffolk.  Mr.  Woodward. 
Hampshire.  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart.  At  Seething,  Norfolk. 
Mrs.  Rett.  At  Binham.  Mr.  Crowe.  In  Shepey  island.  Mr. 
Sowerby.     In  Warwickshire  and  Worcestershire.  Mr.  Piirton, 

Annual.     July — September. 

The  whole  herb  is  downy,  or  finely  hairy.  Root  fibrous,  small. 
Stems  spreading  and  procumbent,  branched,  leafy.  Leaves  on 
short  stalks,  ovate,  either  blunt  or  acute,  entire,  except  an  oc- 
casional notch  or  two,  mostly  alternate,  a  few  of  the  lowermost 
only  being  opposite.  FI.  on  slender,  simple,  axillary  stalks.  Cal. 
with  ovate  segments,  enlarged  after  flowering,  downy.  Cor. 
with  a  recurved  spur,  the  length  of  its  tube,  and  of  the  same 
pale  greenish  hue  •  upper  lip  short,  violet ;  lovver  yellow,  with 
an  orange  palate.  Abortive  stamen  minute,  shapeless,  in  the 
arch  of  the  upper  lip.  Dillenius,  after  Rivinus,  very  rightly  ob- 
serves that  the  capsule  opens  by  an  oblique  deciduous  segment 
over  each  cell,  by  which  they  characterize  their  genus  Elatine; 
but  which  is  only  one  of  those  slight  differences,  that  confirm  a 
too  much  neglected  maxim  of  Linnaeus,  "  there  are  few  genera 
in  which  some  part  or  other  of  the  fructification  is  not  subject  to 
aberration." 

I  have  specimens,  found  by  the  late  Sir  John  Cullum,  having  some 
regular  flowers  with  5  spurs,  and  others  partly  so,  with  only  2. 
Sometimes,  Hudson  says,  there  are 3  or  4.  See  A.  Linariahere- 
after. 

3.  A.  Elatine.  Sharp-pointed  FUiellin,  or  Snapdragon. 

Leaves  chiefly  halberd-shaped,  alternate  ;  lowermost  ovate, 
opposite.     Stems  procumbent,  hairy. 

A.   Elatine.      Linn.  Sp.  Pl.SJ).       Willd.  v.3.234.      Fl.Br.658. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  1 0.  t.  692.       Curt.  Lond.fasc.  \.t.46.      Fl.  Dan. 

t.426.    Ehrh.Herh.  128. 
A.n.  340.     Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\46. 

Linaria  Elatine  dicta,  folio  acuminato.     Raii  Syn.  *282. 
L.  Elatine.     Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2 .  -y.  4.  1  1 . 
Elatine.    Motth.  Valgr.v.2.?,60.f.    Camer.  Epit.  754.  f. 
E.  altera.     Ger.Em.625.f. 
E.  foemina,  folio  anguloso.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  372./. 

In  corn-fields  after  harvest,  on  a  gravelly  or  chalky  soil. 

Annual.     July — September. 

Like  the'  last  in  general  habit  and  charactere,  except  being  more 


DIDYNAMIA-ANGIOSPERMIA.  Antirrhinum.   133 

slender,  with  halberd-shaped,  usually  smaller,  leaves.  The 
^/lowers  also  are  smaller  and  less  conspicuous,  with  similar  but 
paler  colours.  They  have  moreover  an  abortive  s/r/me^,  and  are 
occasionally  regularly  five-cleft.  The  capsule  is  like  the  last. 
Seeds  much  wrinkled. 

**  Leaves  ?iar rower.     Stems  upright. 
4.  A.  repens.     Creeping  Pale-blue  Toadflax. 

Leaves  linear,  glaucous,  scattered ;  partly  whorled.  Stem 
panicled.     Calyx  smooth,  the  length  of  the  spur. 

A.  repens.  L/«?i.  %  P?.  854.   ^i/W.y.3.240.    FLBr.GnS.    Engl. 

Bot.  V.  \S.t.\  253.   Hook.  Scot,  1 88.    D'cks.  Dr.  PL  75.  H.  Sice. 

fasc.  17.18. 
A.  monspessulanum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  854.   ff'illd.v.3.240.   With. 550. 
Linaria  odorata  Monspessulana.      Rail  Syn.*  282.     Bauh.  Hist. 

V.  3.  p.  2.  459./. 
L.  CcErulea,  foliis  brevioribus  et  angustioribus.     Rail  Syn.  *282. 
L.  angustifolia,  flore  cinereo  striato.    Dill.  Elth.  198.  t.  \G3.f.  197. 
L.  minor  repens  etinodora.     failLPar.  1  18. 
L.  repens.    Jit.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2.  i\4.  13. 
Biueish  Sweet  Toadflax.    Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  35.  f.  0. 

On  chalky  banks,  or  on  rocks  near  the  sea,  but  rare. 

Near  Penryn,  Cornwall.  Ray.  F.  Borone.  Abundantly  by  the  road- 
side between  Llandovery  and  Trecastle,  South  Wales.  Rev.  T. 
Butt.  In  an  old  slate  quarry,  near  Bandon,  County  of  Cork. 
Mr.  J.  T.  Mackay.  On  the  chalk  hill  going  down  to  Henley- 
u))on-Thamcs,  where  ii  was  observed  in  the  time  of  Dillenius, 
])lentifully. 

Perennial.     July — Sej)teniber. 

Root  whitish,  creeping  extensively.  Herb  smooth  and  glaucous. 
.Stems  numerous,  erect,  round,  branched  and  ])anicled,  leafy. 
Leaves  linear,  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  entire,  an  inch  long,  or 
more,  erect,  often  4  or  5  in  a  whorl,  but  as  frequently  oi)po.sitc, 
or  scattered  ;  the  ui)per  ones  mostly  alternate.  Fl.  numerous, 
in  ]janicle(l  upright  clusters^  with  a  small  leafy  bravtea  under 
each  partial  stalk.  They  are  certainly  sweet-scented,  as  Vaillant 
asserts,  though  he  uses  the  definition  of  Tournefort,  which  savs 
otherwise.  Cat.  with  smooth  lanceolate  segments.  Spur  coni- 
cal, very  pale  grey,  as  well  as  the  lower  Up;  palate  yellow; 
u})pcrlip  and  tube  striped  with  blue.  Caps,  globose,  opening  by 
several  lanceolate  equal  valves.     Sveds  angular,  rugged,  black. 

A.  monspessulanum  and  A.  repens  of  Linnaeus  being  the  very  same 
plant,  the  latter  name  is  retained  as  by  far  the  most  eligible ; 
nor  can  I  perceive  how  any  doubt  could  arise  respecting  John 
Bauhin's  synonym,  nor  how  Hay  came  to  describe  so  distinct  a 
species  twice  over,  Linnieus  wits  led  into  the  same  error  by 
him  and  Dilleniub ,  and  the  latter,  by  saying  he  had  gathered 


134  DIDYNAMIA- ANGIOSPERMIA.  Antirrhinum. 

A.  arvense,  a  very  different  plant,  "  wild,"  though  he  does  not 
say  in  Britain,  caused  Mr.  Hudson  to  introduce  that  also  into 
his  Flora. 
According  to  Dr.  Hooker,  Mr.  Hopkirk  has  observed  some  regular 
Jiowers  in  A.  repens.  The  whole  genus  is  more  or  less  subject 
to  this  metamorphosis ;  see  the  next  species.  A  fasciculated 
stem  is  also  frequent  in  the  upright  perennial  kinds. 

5.  A.  Lmaria.     Common  Yellow  Toadflax. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  crowded.  Stem  erect.  Spikes 
terminal.  Flowers  imbricated.  Calyx  smooth,  shorter 
than  the  spur. 

A.  Linaria.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  858.   Willd.  v.  3,  253.  FL  Br.  660.  Engl. 

Bot  V.  10.  t.  658.      Curt.Lond.fascA.t.  47.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  93. 

Woodv.  suppl.  t.22\.    Hook.  Scot.  188.     FL  Dan.  t.  982.    Bull. 

Fr.t.26l. 
A.  n.336.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  ].14d. 
Linaria.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  82.  f.  1 . 
L.  lutea  vulgaris.    Rail  Sijn.  *281 .     Ger.  Em.  550./. 
L.  vulgaris.    Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2.  t\  3.  1 7. 
Osyris.     Fuchs.  Hist.  545./.      Ic.  310.      Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  550. 

Camer.  Epit.  930./ 
/3.  Peloria.      Linn.  Am.  Acad.  v.  1 .  55.  /.  3.     Engl.  Bot,  v.  4.  t.  260- 

Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  f.  41. 

In  hedges  and  the  borders  of  fields,  on  a  gravelly  soil,  frequent. 

/3  occurs  occasionally,  increasing  for  a  time  by  roots,  but  is  not 
perpetuated  by  seed. 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Root  creeping,  somewhat  woody.  Herb  smooth,  bright  green, 
scarcely  at  all  glaucous.  Stems  2  feet  high,  densely  clothed, 
with  irregularly  set,  narrow,  acute  leaves,  and  terminating  in  a 
close  upright  spike  of  rich  yellow,  inodorous,  bracteatedj^0M;er5; 
the  pflZrtie  downy  and  orange-coloured  ;  the  spur  of  each  as  long 
as  the  tube,  pointing  perpendicularly  downwards,  and  5  times 
the  length  of  the  calyx.  Each  cell  of  the  ovate  capsule  opens 
with  4  or  5  lanceolate  valves. 

T  curious'variety  p,  with  a  five-cleft,  regular,  five-spurred  co- 
rolla, and  -five  equal  stamens,  made  a  great  noise  in  Sweden, 
when  first  discovered,  and  narrowly  escaped  being  exalted,  by 
Linnaeus,  into  anew  genus.  It  has  however  been  found  on  the 
same  plant  withjlowers  that  are  naturally  formed,  see  Engl.  Bot, 
t.  658,  and  proves  in  a  garden  a  very  changeable  and  transient 
variety.  The  same  alteration  has  been  observed  in  several  other 
species. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Antirrhinum.  135 

6.  A.  7mnus.     Least  Snapdragon. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  downy,  mostly  alternate.     Stem 
much  branched,  spreading.    Calyx  longer  than  the  spur. 

A.  minus.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  852.   mild.  v.  3.  251.  R.  Br.  660.    Engl. 

Bot.  V.  28.  t.  2014.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.4\.    Hook.  Scot  188. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.  502. 
A.  n.  335.     Hall.  Hist.  r.  1.  145. 
A.  minimum  repens.     Ger.  Em.  549.  f. 
A.  tertium.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  539.  /.     Camer.  Epit.  922.  f. 
A.  alterum  minimum.    Lob.  Ic.406.f. 
Linaria  Antirrhinum  dictum.     Raii  Syn.  *283. 
L.  arvensis  minima.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.85.J.  2. 
L.  minor.    Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  4.  16. 

In  sandy  fields. 

Annual.    June — August. 

Root  fibrous.  Herb  erect,  much  branched,  all  over  downy  and 
viscid,  from  4  to  10  or  12  inches  high.  Zeaues  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  footstalk,  alternate,  except 
occasionally  a  few  of  the  lowermost.  Fl.  on  long,  solitary,  axillary 
stalks,  small  and  inconspicuous  ;  the  tube,  upper  lip,  and  very 
short  spur  purplish  ;  loicer  lip  white,  with  a  yeWow  palate.  Caps. 
ovate,  oblique,  each  cell  opening  by  3  or  4  short  blunt  teeth. 
Seeds  ovate,  strongly  furrowed,  with  compressed,  prominent,  in- 
termediate ribs. 

The  wooden  cuts  of  this  species,  in  the  old  authors,  greatly  excel 
the  engraving  of  Rivinus,  which  is  not  accurate  in  the  flowers. 

***   Corolla  without  a  pyomi?ie?il  spur. 
*  7.  A.  majus.     Great  Snapdragon. 

Corolla  with  a  rounded  prominence  at  the  base.  Flowers 
in  a  dense  cluster.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  obtuse. 

A.  majus.    Linn.  Sp.  PI  .'^59.    Jf'illd.v.  3.256.    FL  Br.  661.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  2.  t.  129.    Hook.  Scot.  189.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  277. 
A.  n.  333.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  I.  144. 
Antirrliinum.   Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  L  82.  f.\.   Dod.  Pempt.\S2.f.   Lob. 

Ic.  404./. 
A.  purpureum  sive  album.     Ger.  Em.  549./. 
A.  primum  et  secundum.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  537,  538./,/.     Ca- 

mer.  Epit.  920,921.  f,f. 

On  old  Wtdls,  and  chalk  cliffs,  but  supposed  not  to  be  indigenous. 

Perennial.     Juhj,  August. 

Stem  branched,  leafy,  more  or  less  downy  and  viscid,  of  a  shrubby 
habit,  but  generally  destroyed  by  the  winter's  cold,  ns  is  often 
the  root  itself.     Leaves  opposite  or  alternate  on  the  same  plant, 


136  DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA.  Antirrhinum. 

somewhat  stalked,  lanceolate,  acute,  recurved,  entire,  smooth  ; 
dark  green  on  the  upper  side  3  paler  beneath.  Fl.  large  and 
showy,  rose-coloured  or  white,  with  a  large,  yellow,  downy  pa- 
late  white  in  front.  They  form  dense  clusters,  beset  with  ovate 
bracteas.  Cat.  downy  and  viscid,  in  5  ovate,  concave,  unequal 
segments.  Cor.  near  H  inch  long,  with  a  short  round  pouch 
at  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Caps,  ovate,  of  2  oblique  cells  ; 
the  lowermost,  or  larger,  protuberant  at  the  base,  opening  at  the 
top  by  2  large  pores,  each  bordered  with  3  broad,  short,  spread- 
ing valves  ;  the  upper  cell  with  a  single  orifice,  crowned  with  a 
three-cleft  valve.  Seeds  hhck,  much  wrinkled.  The  whole  cap- 
sule has  been  compared  to  the  skull  of  a  calf  3  but  the  old  name, 
Calf's-snout,  rather  applies  to  the  mouth  of  the  corolla.  A 
fine  deep  crimson  variety  is  common  in  gardens,  and  another 
with  a  white  tube  and  crimson  lips,  but  these  run  into  each  other 
on  the  same  root. 
A  rude  figure  of  this  Antirrhinum,  but  which  cannot  be  mistaken, 
exists  in  the  famous  Vienna  manuscript  of  Dioscorides,  under  the 
name  of  Kuvox£^aA*oy,  or  Dog's-head,  and  is  engTaved  in  Diosc. 
Ic.  t.  103. 

8.  A.  Orontium,     Lesser  Snapdragon. 

Corolla  scarcely  tumid  at  the  base.  Flowers  loosely  spiked. 
Calyx  finger-shaped,  longer  than  the  corolla. 

A.  Orontium.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  860.      inilcl  v.  3.  258.     Fl.  Br.  662. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  1 7.  ^.  1 155.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.A.  t.  45. 
A.n.334.    Hall.Hist.v.\.\AA. 
A.  angustifolium  sylvestre.  Rail  Syn.  * 283.    Bauh.Hist.v.3.p.2. 

464./. 
A.  minus.     Ger.Em.D49.f. 
A.  minimum.    Lob.  Ic.  405./. 
A.  arvense.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  t.  82./.  2. 
A.  quartum.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2. 540./     Camer.  Epit.  923.  f. 

In  dry  sandy,  gravelly,  or  chalky,  fields. 

Annual.     July,  August. 

Whole  herb  slightly  hairy,  more  or  less  branched,  about  a  foot 
high,  with  a  wavy  leafy  stem.  Leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat 
stalked,  alternate,  except  a  few  of  the  lowermost.  Fl.  axillary, 
nearly  sessile,  composing  loose  leafy  spikes.  Cal.  in  5  deep  li- 
near segments,  just  equal  in  length  to  the  opening  corolla,  but 
soon  extended  much  beyond  it.  Cor.  of  a  purplish  rose-colour, 
with  a  yellow  palate ;  the  tube  occasionally  var^ang  to  white. 
Caps,  ovate,  with  3  pores,  each  opening  by  a  lid.  When  nearly 
ripe  it  resembles  the  face  of  a  Monkey,  or  Bat.  Seeds  bordered 
and  furrowed. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Scrophularia.  137 
310.  SCROPHULARIA.     Figwort. 

Linfi.  Gen.  3\2.  Juss.WO.  Ft.  Br.  662.  Tourn.t.74.  Lam. 
t.  533.     Gar  In.  t.  53. 

Nat.  Orel,  see  ??.  309. 

CaL  with  5  rounded,  rather  unequal,  marginal  segments, 
much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Co7\  tubular,  unequal, 
reversed ;  tube  ovate,  or  globular,  large,  inflated ;  limb 
very  small,  in  5  deep  segments ;  the  upper  one,  (turned 
downward,)  short,  slightly  notched,  reflexed,  2  lateral 
ones  spreading,  2  lower  ones,  (turned  upward,)  largest, 
half  combined,  erect,  often  accompanied  by  a  small  inte- 
rior lobe.  Filam.  declined  towards  the  reversed  upper 
hp,  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anth.  terminal, 
abrupt,  of  2  valves.  Germ,  ovate.  Style  the  length  of 
the  stamens.  Stigma  simple.  Caps,  ovate  or  globular, 
pointed,  of  2  cells  and  2  valves,  the  partitions  double, 
from  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.  Seeds  numerous, 
small,  angular,  attached  to  a  globose  central  receptacle. 

Fetid  herhs^  smooth  or  downy,  sometimes  shrubby,  some- 
times only  biennial,  or  annual.  Stem  tall,  erect,  more  or 
less  acutely  quadrangular,  leafy,  panicled.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, serrated,  simple,  or  variously  pinnatifid,  or  pinnate. 
Fl.  numerous,  usually  with  dark-coloured  lips;  sometimes 
altogether  yellow. 

1.  S.  nodosa.     Knotty-rooted  Figwort. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  acute  ;  three-ribbed  at  the  base.   Stem 

sharp-edged.     Root  tuberous. 
S.  nodosa,  l.inn.  Sp.  PI.  863.  mild.  v.  3.  2/0.    Fl.  Br.  663.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  22.  t.  1544.      Hook.  Scot.  18D.       Gunn.  Norveg.  v.  2.  87, 

n.  732.  t.  4.  /'.  I — 3  ;  not  correct. 
S.  n.  326.     Jlall.Ilist.v.  1.  111. 
S.  major.      Raii  Syn.  *263.       Gcr.  Km.  7\6.f.     Bruuf.  Herb,  v   1 

215.,/:  213. 
Scrophularia.       Mattli.  I'algr.  v.  2.  i7\.  f.       Ccvucr.  Epit.  S66.  f. 

Ric.Munop.Irr.t.  107./.  I. 
S.  minor.     7^r.  Monnp.  Irr.  append./. 
Galeopsis.    Fucks.  I  list.  193./.  194. 
Brown  Figwort.     Petiv.  II.  lirit.  /.35./.  9. 
/3.  Scrophularia  major,  caulibus  foliis  ct  florihus  viridihus.     Boharl 

in  Hall  Sijn.*2H3. 

In  hedges,  woods  and  thiiKcts. 

Perennial.    .Juh/. 

Herbage  nearly  or  (pule   sinootli,  filid  like   ICldcr,  when   bruised. 


138  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Scrophularia. 

Root  whitish,  tuberous,  beset  with  fleshy  knobs.  Stem  2  or  3 
feet  high,  nearly  simple,  leafy,  acutely  quadrangular,  smooth. 
Leaves  stalked,  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sharply  and  unequally  ser- 
rated j  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  where  they  are  cut  away,  as  it 
were,  to  the  2  small  lateral  ribs.  Flower-stalks  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, forked,  angular,  glandular,  forming  a  panicled,  leafy 
cluster.  Bracteas  lanceolate.  H.  a  little  drooping.  Ca^  smooth. 
Cor.  of  a  dull  green,  with  a  livid  purple  lip.    Caps,  ovate-oblong. 

Pj  found  by  Bobart  at  Cumner,  near  Oxford,  should  seem  to  be  a 
paler-flowered  variety,  in  consequence  perhaps  of  a  more  shady 
situation. 

S.  nodosa,  having  been  taken  for  the  Galeopsis  of  Dioscorides, 
which  is  really  S.  peregrina,  and  though  celebrated  for  its  use  in 
scrofulous  disorders,  has  no  tuberous  root,  it  may  not  be  correct 
to  suppose  this  sort  of  root  first  recommended  our  plant  to  me- 
dical use,  or  was  the  origin  of  the  generic  name.  If  however 
such  were  the  case,  it  would  not  be  without  example  in  the  his- 
tory of  medicine, 

2.  S.  aquatica.     Water  Figwort.    Water  Betony. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  bluntish,  on  decurrent  footstalks. 
Stem  winged.     Root  fibrous. 

S.aquatica.  Linn,  Sp.  PL 864.  Willd.v.3.270.  FLBrM3.  Engl. 

Bat.  V.  \2.  t.  854.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  44.    Hook.  Scot.  189. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.  507.    Ehrh.  PL  Off.  156. 
S.  n.  325.    Hall HisLv.  I.  141. 
S.  aquatica  major.     Rail  Syn.*283. 
S.  caule  alato.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.  append./. 
S.  fcemina.     Camer.  Epit.  867.  f. 
Betonica  aquatica.    Ger.  Em.7l5.f. 

In  watery  places,  the  margins  of  pools  and  rivers,  and  wet  mea- 
dows.   Very  rare  in  Scotland. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  entirely  fibrous.  Herb  quite  smooth,  fetid,  of  a  deep  shining 
green.  Stem  taller  than  the  last,  straight,  leafy,  nearly  simple, 
winged  in  some  degree  at  the  4  angles.  Leaves  copiously  and 
finely  serrated,  veiny,  ovate-oblong  ;  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
and  running  down  the  edges  of  the  footstalks  ^  their  lateral  ribs 
not  reaching  to  the  margin  of  the  leaf.  Chister  of  many  forked 
branches,  bearing  numerous  ^ower^,  whose  tube  is  green,  the 
limb  of  a  dark  blood-red,  more  conspicuous  than  in  S.  nodosa 
Capsule  globular. 

3.  S.  Scorodoma.     Balm-leaved  Figwort. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  doubly  serrated ;  downy  beneath. 
Cluster  leafv. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Scrophularia.  139 

S.  Scorodonia.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  864.  Willd.  v.  3.271.  Fl.  Br.  664. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.3\.  t.  2209.     Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  15.9. 

S.  Scordii  folio.     Grisl.  Lusit.  7o. 

S.  Scorodoniae  foliis.  Moris,  v.  2.  482.  sect.  5.  t.35.  Pluk.  Al- 
r)iag.  338.    Plujt.  t.  .59./.  5.    Raii  Syn.*2S3. 

Sage  Figvvort.    Pctiv.  H.  Brit.  i.  35./  1 1 . 

On  the  banks  of  rivulets  in  the  south,  very  rare. 

Between  the  port  and  St.  Hilary,  Jersey.  SherarcL  About  St.  Ives, 
Cornwall,  plentifully,  near  the  seashore.  Mr.  E.  Lhwijd;  and 
Huds. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Stems  about  a  yard  high,  leafy,  branched,  bluntly  quadrangular, 
clothed  with  minute,  soft,  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  downy  in 
like  manner  underneath,  stalked,  heart-shaped  and  3-ribbed  at 
the  base,  veiny,  doubly  serrated  ;  the  serratures  and  points  of 
those  which  accompany  the  flowers  most  acute.  FL  on  axillary, 
forked,  downy  stalks,  composing  a  long  leafy  cluster.  Tube  of 
the  corolla  pale ;  lower  lip  (turned  uppermost)  dull  purple,  the 
interior  lobe  greenish.     Caps,  ovate,  smooth.     Calyx  downy. 

Grisley  speaks  of  this  plant  as  ''  an  efficacious  remedy  for  ulcers  /' 
probably  such  as  are  scrofulous. 

4.  S.  vernalis.     Yellow  Figvvort. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  doubly  serrated,  downy.  Flower- 
stalks  axillary,  solitary,  forked,  leafy.  Corolla  without 
an  interior  lobe. 

5.  vernalis.  Li;m. % P/.864.  HVld. v. 3. 274.  FLBr.664.  Engl 
Bot.  V. 8.  t. 567.    Hook.  Scot.  ]S9.    Lond.t.70.    FLDan.t.4\\. 

S.  n.327.    HaU.Uist.v.  \.  141. 

S.  flore  luteo.  Bauh.  Prodr.  1 1 2. /  Ger.  Em.  7 1 7. /  Riv.  Monop. 
lrr.t.\07.f.2. 

S.  montana  maxima  latifolia,  flore  luteo.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.  273. 

Lamium  Pannonicum  aliud.  Clus.  Pann..  59-1./  595.  Hist.  v.  2. 
38./ 

In  thickets,  and  under  hedges,  but  rare. 

Near  Bury  St.  Edmund's.  Sir  T.  G.  Cullum,  Bart.  In  Surrey. 
Huds.  About  Ncwburgh,  Yorkshire.  Rev.  Archdeacon  Peirson. 
In  a  lane  about  two  miles  south  of  Stifkey,  Norfolk,  on  the 
right  hand  side.  Dr.  Hooker.  It  is  also  said  to  grow  in  Berk- 
shire, Kssex,  and  several  i)arts  of  Wales  ;  yet  neither  Dillenius 
nor  Ray  takes  notice  of  this  species. 

Biennial.    April,  May. 

Root  tuberous,  scaly.  Herb  downy,  of  a  light  pleasant  green. 
Stem  hollow,  about  2  feet  high,  with  I  or  5  slightly  winged  an- 
gles. Leaves  in  the  latter  case  3  together  ;  otherwise  oj)posite  ; 
the  uppermost  alternate ;  all  stalked,  broadly  heart-shaped, 
acute,  sharply  and  doubly  serrated,  veiny.     7-7.  light  yellow,  on 


140     DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Digitalis. 

axillary,  repeatedly  forked,  stalks,  accompanied  at  each  fork  by 
small  serrated  leaves,  or  hracteas.  Cal.  hairy.  Cor.  ovate,  tu- 
mid ;  contracted  at  the  mouth,  with  a  very  small  5-lobed  limb, 
wanting  the  interior  lobe.  The  stamens  all  spring  from  the 
base  of  the  corolla,  as  Dr.  Hooker  observes.  Caps,  ovate,  acute, 
with  numerous  minute  seeds. 
This  plant  is  less  allied  to  other  Scrophulari^,  in  general  resem- 
blance, than  to  the  Peruvian  genus  Calceolaria,  to  several  spe- 
cies of  which,  see  Sm.  PL  Ic.  t.  2, 3,  4,  it  bears,  in  various  points, 
a  great  affinity. 

311.  DIGITALIS.     Foxglove. 

Lmn.Gew.  313.  Juss.\20.  FLBr.GGo.  Tourn.t.7S.  Lam.L525. 
Gcertn.t.  53. 

Nat.  Ord.  Luridce,  Linn.  28.     Scrophularice.  Juss.  40. 

Cal.  in  5  deep,  acute  or  rounded,  segments,  permanent, 
much  shorter  than  the  corolla;  the  upper  one  narrower 
than  the  rest.  Cor.  bell-shaped ;  tube  large,  cylindrical 
and  contracted  at  the  base,  dilated  and  tumid  upwards ; 
limb  small,  in  4  unequal  segments,  the  upper  one  re- 
curved, slightly  cloven,  lower  one  largest,  Filam.  awl- 
shaped,  from  the  tube  of  the  corolla  towards  the  base, 
bent,  declining.  Antlu  deeply  cloven,  acute.  Germ, 
ovate,  pointed.  Style  thread-shaped,  as  long  as  the  sta- 
mens. Stigma  cloven,  acute.  Caps,  ovate,  pointed,  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  of  2  cells,  and  2  cloven  valves,  whose 
inflexed  margins  form  a  double  partition  at  each  side. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  small,  oblong,  angular,  attached  to 
a  central  oblong  partition,  in  each  ceil. 

Some  foreign  species  have  an  elongated  lower  lip. 

A  very  handsome  genus,  of  large,  herbaceous,  rarely  shrub- 
by, plants,  biennial  or  perennial,  with  simple,  undivided, 
downy  or  smooth,  serrated  or  entire,  alternate  leaves.  FL 
numerous,  very  ornamental,  purplish,  yellow,  or  tawny, 
in  long,  simple,  bracteated  clusters  or  spikes.  Qualities 
powerfully  emetic  and  sedative ;  under  proper  manage- 
ment useful. 

1.  Y>.  purpurea.     Purple  Foxglove. 

Segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute.  Corolla  obtuse ;  its 
upper  lobe  scarcely  cloven.     Leaves  downy. 

D.  purpurea.  Linn.  Sp,  PL  866.  Willd.  v.  3.  283.  FL  Br.  663. 
EngL  BoL t\  1 9.  ^.  I  297.  Curt.  Land.  fasc.  1 .  L  48.  M'oodv.  t.  24. 
Raii  Syn."^  283.      Ger.  Em.  700.  f.^    Fuchs.  HisL893.f.     FL 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.    Linnsea.     141 

Dan.  t.  74.  Bull.  Fr.  t.2\.  Dreves  Bilderb.  f.  46.  Dalech.  Hist. 
831./,/.    Dod.Pempt.  \69.f. 

D.  n.330.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  L  143. 

Digitalis.    Riv.  Monop.  Irr.t.  104. 

Campanula  sylvestris,  sen  Digitalis.     Trag.  Hist.  889. j. 

In  pastures,  and  about  hedges  or  banks,  on  a  gravelly  or  sandy 
soil }  but  not  in  Norfolk  or  Suffolk,  though  so  abundant  in  most 
counties. 

Biennial.    June,  July. 

Root  of  numerous  long  and  slender  fibres.  Stem  upright,  wand- 
like, leafy,  mostly  simple,  roundish,  with  several  slight  angles, 
downy,  3  or  4  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate-  or  elliptic-ob- 
long, crenate,  downy,  rugged  and  veiny,  of  a  dull  green  -,  taper- 
ing at  the  base  into  v^nn^ed  footstallis ;  radical  ones  largest. 
Cluster  terminal,  erect,  simple,  of  numerous,  sometimes  60, 
large,  pendulous,  scentless,  crimson  ^flowers ;  elegantly  marked 
with  eye-like  spots,  as  well  as  hairy,  within. 

A  variety  with  pure  wKiteJloivers,  dotted  in  like  manner,  but  with 
shades  of  cream-colour  or  pearl,  is  kept  in  gardens,  and  remains 
tolerably  constant  from  seed,  the  only  means  of  propagation  in 
this  instance. 

The  English  name  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  Digitalis 
Fuchsii ;  for  that  writer  is  tlie  acknowledged  author  of  the  Latin 
one,  alluding  to  the  fingers  of  a  glove,  which  the  flowers  re- 
semble. Yet  F(i ■  cj. j'ojTf,  as  I  am  told,  occurs  in  Lye's  Saxon 
Dictionary,  as  the  appellation  of  our  plant  ;  which  indeed  is  so 
conspicuous  and  handsome,  that  we  can  hardly  suppose  our  an- 
cestors left  it  nameless.  The  Rev.  Hugh  Davics records  several 
Welch  names  for  the  Foxglove,  and  mentions  having  seen  it 
perfectly  white  by  the  road  side  at  I'enmynydd,  and  elsewhere. 
fVelrh  Botanologij  61. 

The  virtues  of  this  herb,  as  a  remedy  for  dropsy,  are  recorded  bv 
Dr.  U'ithering  and  others,  and  it  is  now  still  more  celebrated 
for  lowering  the  pulse  in  pulmonary  inflammation. 

'M'l.   LINN.EA.     Linna^a. 

Linn.  Gen.  319.     Juss.  211.     17.  Br.  C)C^C).     Lam.  I.  .■>36.    Jf'ahlcnb. 

La)>p.  t.  9. 
Nat.  Old.  A<!:<rr('(rcil(V.   Linn.  IvS.    Caprifolia.  Juss.  fyS. 

CaL  double,  both  permanent:  that  of  the  /;7///  interior,  of 
4  leaves;  'I  interior  opposite,  miiuito,  acute,  smooth  ; 
2  exterior  opposite,  contrary  to  the  inteiioi-  and  much 
larirer,  elliptical,  concave,  <»laiulular,  finally  enlar<red,  and 
closed  over  the  interior  leaves  and  fruit :  that  of  \\\efl(nicr 
.superior,  of  1  leal^  in  5  deep,  erect,  lanceolate,  acute, 
equal  sei^ments.  Cor.  of  1  petal,  bell-shaped  ;  tube  cy- 
limlrical,    gradually    dilated    upward^,    about    twice   the 


U2     DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.    Linnaea. 

length  of  the  superior  calyx ;  limb  in  5  deep,  nearly  equal, 
slightly  spreading  segments.     Filam.  awl-shaped,  from 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  shorter  than  its  limb  ;  the  2  up-  . 
permost  shortest.     Anth.  incumbent,  versatile,  oblong, 
compressed.     Germ,  globular,  below  the   calyx  of  the 
flower,  of  3  cells.    Sti/le  cylindrical,  slightly  swelling  up- 
ward, dechning,  the  length  of  the  corolla.     Stigma  ob- 
tuse.    Beny  dry,  ovate-oblong,  of  1  cell,  membranous, 
closely  invested  with  the  inferior  calyx,  and  crowned  with 
the  superior  one.     Seed  solitary,  filling  the  cavity,  ovate- 
oblong,  with  a  thin  simple  skin  ;  embryo  inverted,  in  the 
centre  of  the  fleshy  albumen,  with  a  pair  of  oblong  coty- 
ledons turned  downward. 
A  trailing,  somewhat  shrubby  plant,  the  only  known  spe- 
cies, of  an  elegant  aspect,  and  rendered  most  interesting 
to  a  botanist  on  account  of  the  name,  given  with  the  con- 
currence of  Linnaeus,  by  his  friend  Dr.  J.  F.  Gronovius, 
whose  letters  to  Dr.  Richardson,  with  many  particulars 
concerning  him  and  his  works,  may  be  found  in  the  Lin- 
ncean  Correspondence,   v.  2.     Dr.*^Wahlenberg  has  im- 
proved the  description  of  the  fruit,  and  I  have  profited 
by  his  labours.     They  sanction  the  Linnsean  opinion  of 
a  two-fold  calyx,  the  inferior  one  serving  as  a  protecting 
covering  to  Xh^  fruit. 

1.  L.  borealis.     Two-flowered  Linnsea. 

L.  borealis.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  880.  FL  Suec.  2 1 9.  M .  Fl.  Lapp.  ed. 
2.214.  ^.  12./.  4.  WUld.v.  3.340.  Fl.  Br.  666.  Engl.Boi.vJ. 
t.  433.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.v.3.  333.  Jnth.  556.  Hook.  Scot.  190. 
Wahlenb.  Lapp.  170.  t.  9./.3.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  3.    Ehrh.  Phyt.  5. 

L.  n.  299.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.131. 

Campanula  serpyllifolia.  Bauh.  Prodr.  35./.  Uudh.  Act.  Suec. 
/or  1720.96.  ^.  1. 

Nummularia  Norwegica  repens,  folio  dentato,  floribus  geminis. 
Petiv.  Cent.  8.  76.  n.  787. 

In  dry  stony  shady  fir  woods  among  the  mountains  of  Scotland. 

First  found  in  an  old  fir  wood  at  Inglismaldie  on  the  borders  of 
Mearnsshire,  in  1795.  Prof.  James  Beattie,  jun.  Dr.  Hooker 
mentions  several  similar  stations  in  the  Highlands  or  their 
borders. 

Perennial.    Maij,  June. 

Root  fibrous.  Stems  trailing  and  creeping,  forming  broad  leafy 
patches,  branched,  woody,  nearly  round ;  the  young  shoots  hairy 
and  leafy.  Leaves  opposite,  on  footstalks  about  half  their  own 
length,  roundish,  or  ovate,  mosdy  bluntish,  veiny,  firm  ;  crenate 
in  the  forepart  j  slightly  hairy,  and  of  a  full  green ,  above  ;  paler 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.   Sibthorpia.  143 

beneath.  Sfipulas  none,  Flowerinjj^  branches  axillary,  erect, 
about  a  finger's  length,  simple,  except  at  the  summit,  where 
they  are  cloven,  bearing  two  elegant,  pendulous,  flesh-coloured 
Jlowers,  said  to  be  very  fragrant  at  night,  with  the  scent  of  Mea- 
dow-sweet. A  pair  of  very  small  leaves  stand  at  the  origin  of 
the  \)ixvt\'a\Jlower-stalks,  and  there  is  often  a  larger  pair  or  two 
at  the  lower  part  of  each  common  stalk,  or  branch.  Corolla  va- 
riegated internally  with  rose-colour  and  yellow. 

Linnaeus  describes  2,  or  rarely  all  3,  of  the  cells  of  the  fruit,  as  per- 
fecting their  seed.  Wahlenberg  asserts  that  one  only  comes  to 
maturity. 

Such  is  the  '^  little  northern  plant,  long  overlooked,  depressed, 
abject,  flowering  early,"  which  Linnaeus  selected  to  transmit  his 
own  name  to  posterity.  Few  could  have  been  better  chosen  ; 
and  the  progress  of  practical  botany  in  Britain  seems  to  be 
marked  by  the  more  frequent  discovery  of  the  Linncea. 

313.     SIBTHORPIA.     Sibthorpia. 

Linn.  Gen.  320.    Juss.  99.    Lam,  t.  535.     GcErtn.  t.  55. 
Nat.  Ord.  Personatcc.    Linn.  40.     Scrophularice,  Juss.  40. 
See  Grammar  10  L 

Cal.  turbinate,  in  5  deep,  ovate,  spreading,  nearly  equal 
segments.  Coi\  irregularly  wheel-shaped,  equal  to  the 
calyx ;  tube  very  short ;  limb  in  5  deep,  ovate,  spreading 
segments,  alternate  with  the  calyx,  the  2  lowermost 
smallest.  Filam.  from  between  the  4  superior  segments 
of  the  corolla,  shorter  than  the  limb,  almost  equal,  awl- 
shaped,  spreading  laterally,  and  converging  in  pairs. 
Anth.  of  2  round  lobes.  Germ,  rounded,  compressed. 
Style  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  filaments,  but  thicker. 
Stigma  obtuse,  peltate.  Caps,  inversely  heart-shaped, 
compressed,  of  2  cells  and  2  valves,  each  with  a  narrow 
transverse  partition.  Seeds  few,  ovate,  attached  to  a  glo- 
bular central  receptacle. 

Herbaceous,  prostrate,  beset  with  minute,  scattered,  jointed 
hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  rounded.  Fl.  axillary,  solitar}^, 
minute.     Next  akin  to  Veronica,  v.  1.  16.    Only  1  species. 

1.   ^.euro/uea.  Creeping  Sibthorpia.  Cornish  Money- 
wort. 

S.  europaea.   Linn.  Sp.  PL  SSO.   mild.  v. 3. 340.  Fl.Br.{]67.  Engl. 

Hot.  r.  \0.t.  (i49.     Dirks.  Dr  PI.  70.    La^fl.  It.  1 50. 
S.  prostrata.     Sulish.  h.  W.t.ti. 
Alsine  sj)uria  pusilhi  repens,  foliis  Saxifragac  aurea*.    RaiiSyn.  252. 

Pink.  Almag.  23.    Phyt.  t.  7./  «. 


144     DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Limosella. 

Comwall  Pennywort.     Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.G.f.ll. 

In  moist  shady  places,  about  springs  and  rivulets,  in  the  south. 

Plentiful  in  Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  Ray,  and  Prof.  J.  Sib- 
thorp,  M.D.  Near  the  bottom  of  Conner  hill,  on  the  road  from 
Tralee  to  Dingle,  Ireland.    Mr.  J.  T.  Mackay. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Roots  fibrous,  certainly  perennial,  propagating  themselves  widely, 
for  many  years,  among  short  wet  grass,  in  the  garden  of  the  late 
Mr.  Vere  at  Kensington  Gore.  Stems  prostrate,  creeping  ex- 
tensively, branched,  entangled,  leafy,  slender  and  delicate,  mi- 
nutely haii-y  like  the  rest  of  the  herbage.  Leaves  stalked,  hori- 
zontal, orbicular-kidney-shaped,  bluntly  crenate,  rather  succu- 
lent, veiny,  light  green  3  paler  beneath.  Fl.  on  short,  axillary, 
simple  stalks,  whitish  -,  their  3  upper  segments  more  or  less 
tinged  with  pale  red. 

This  genus,  named  by  Linnaeus  in  honour  of  Dr.  Humphrey  Sib- 
thorp,  the  successor  of  Dillenius  in  the  Botanical  chair  at  Ox- 
ford, was  most  richly  deserved  by  his  son,  the  late  Professor,  au- 
thor of  the  Flora  Oxoniensis,  and  the  collector  of  abundant  ma- 
terials for  the  Flora  Grceca,  which  he  never  lived  to  describe. 
Of  the  latter  splendid  work  4  volumes  in  folio,  each  containing 
100  coloured  plates,  have  already  appeared,  and  the  rest  are  in 
progress. 

314.  LIMOSELLA.     Mudwort. 

Linn.  Gen.  320.  Ju.^s.96.  Fl.  Br.GGS.  Br.  Prodr.  v.\.443.    Lam. 

t.:)3^).     Gartn.t.DO. 
Plantaginella.    Dill.  Nov.  Gen.  113./.  G. 

Nat.  Orel.  Peysonatcc.  Linn.  40.  Scrojplmlaricc.  Jiiss.  40. 
See  Grammar  101. 

Cal.  turbinate ;  border  in  5  deep,  lanceolate,  acute,  upright, 
nearly  equal  segments.  Cor.  somewhat  bell-shaped  ;  tube 
cylindrical,  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  limb  in  5  deep,  ovate, 
spreading,  slightly  unequal  segments,  the  2  uppermost 
concave,  lower  one  smallest.  Filam.  from  the  mouth  of 
the  tube,  awl-shaped,  almost  equal,  shorter  than  the  limb, 
sheltered  by  its  2  upper  segments,  but  spreading  slightly 
laterally,  and  converging  in  pairs.  Anth.  roundish,  of 
2  lobes*.  Germ,  ovate.  Sfijle  tapering,  short,  v  Stigma 
capitate,  globose,  cloven.  Cajis.  ovate,  of  2  cells,  and  2 
valves,  the  partitions  narrow,  from  the  inflexed  margins 
of  the  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  furrowed,  trans- 
versely wrinkled,  covering  a  large,  ovate,  central  recep- 
tacle. 

The  partitions,  at  first  connected  with  the  receptacle,  sepa- 
rate from  it  as  the  capsule  advances  to  maturity,  so  that 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.    Limosella.    145 

tlie  latter  finally  consists  of  but  one  cell ;  which  is  the 
case  in  Vcrbascum^  and  more  or  less  with  many  other 
seed-vessels  similarly  constructed.  No  doubt  can  remain 
as  to  the  natural  order  oi^  Limosella ;  nor  do  I  perceive 
the  propriety  of  considering  it  as  belonging  to  the  Precia 
of  Linnaeus,  tlie  Lysimachice  of  Jussieu,  though  those 
great  authorities  are  against  me,  and  some  later  ones  have 
traced  an  affinity  to  that  tribe  in  the  seed-vessel,  which 
is  surely  altogether  that  of  the  Scrophulariiia;  of  my  learn- 
ed friend  Mr.  Brown,  who  appears  to  have  taken  the  most 
correct  view  of  the  subject. 
This  genus  consists  of  a  very  few  herbaceous,  creeping, 
marsh  plants,  with  simple,  entire,  stalked,  linear  or  spa- 
tulate,  aggregate  leaves,  and  small,  solitary,  axillary,  pale 
Jloxvers,  on  simple  naked  stalks. 

1.  L.  aquatlca.     Common  Mudwoit. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  spatulate.  Footstalks  twice 
as  long  as  the  flower-stalks. 

L.  aquatica.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  881.     mild.  v.  3.  341.     Fl.  Br.  G68. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  5.  t.  357.    Hook.  Lond.  t  G2.    Scot.  190.   FL  Dan. 

t.  69. 
L.  n.  300.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  132. 

L.  annua,  flore  albo  monopetalo,  &c.    Lind.  Alsat.  2G6. 
Plantaginella.    Rujyp.  Jen.  ed.  HalL  23.  /.  C./.  3. 
W  paliistris.     Rail  Syn.  278.    Moris,  v.  3.  605.  sect.  \5.t.  2. 
Spergula  perpusilhi,  lanceatis  foliis.     Loes.  Pruss.  26 1 .  /.  8 1 . 
Alsine  palustris  re})ens,  foliis  lanceolatis,  floribus  albis  perexiguis. 

Pluk.  Almao.  20.    Phyt.  t.  7hf.  4. 
A.  palustris  exigua,  foliis  lanceolatis,  &c.  Mentz.  Pugill.  2.  t.  7. 

In  muddy  spots,  where  water  has  stagnated  during  winter,  not 
very  uncommon. 

First  noticed  in  Suffolk,  on  the  Denes  at  Lowestoft,  in  1808,  by 
Mr.  R.  Brown. 

Annual,    July,  Augmt. 

Root  fibrous,  throwing  out  naked  runners,  wliich  fix  themselves  at 
the  ends  by  fresh  fibres,  and  form  new  plants.  /A'r/>  diminutive, 
quite  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate,  bluntisii,  erect  or  sjircading, 
an  inch  long;  on  footsiallis  twice  that  length,  sheatliing  at  the 
base.  FL  on  shortish,  crowded,  axillary  stalks,  about  half  an 
inch  long,  or  more,  recurved  after  the  blossoms  are  j)ast.  (.'or. 
white  or  fiesh-coloiued.    Caps,  hardly  bigger  than  iiuistard-seed. 


14G   DIDYNAMIA—ANGIOSPERMIA.    Orobanche- 
315.  OROBANCHE.     Broom-rape. 

Linn.Gen.32l.  Jim.lOl.   Fl.Br.668.  Tourn.t.Sl.  Lam.i.551. 

Nat.  Ord.  Personate,  Linn.  40.  Pediculares.  Juss.  35.  Scro- 
phulariiice.  Br.  Prodr.  433.  OrobanchecB  of  Richard. 
Hook.  Scot.  222. 

CaL  of  2  lateral,  opposite,   acute,  coloured,  undivided  or 
cloven,  permanent  leaves.     Cor,  ringent,  withering ;  tube 
ovate,   curved,  finally  membranous ;  upper  lip  concave, 
notched,  more  or  less  dilated  and  spreading  at  the  mar- 
gin ;  lower  reflexed,  in  3,  somewhat  unequal,  wavy  lobes. 
l^ect,  a  gland  under  the  germen.     Filam.  from  the  base 
of  the  corolla,  almost  as  long  as  the  tube,  awl-shaped, 
flattened  and  somewhat  dilated  downward,  variously  and 
partially  downy  and  glandular.     Anth.  incumbent,  of  2 
lobes,  rounded  at  the  top  and  pointed  at  the  lower  ends, 
each  opening  by  a  longitudinal  cleft  in  front.     Germ. 
ovate-oblong.     Style  terminal,  cylindrical,  incurved,  as 
long  as  the  stamens.     Stigma  large,  deflexed,  of  2  or  3 
distinct  globular  lobes.     Caps,  ovate,  pointed,  of  1  cell 
and  2  valves,  with  2  longitudinal  receptacles  proceeding 
from  the  middle  part  of  each  valve.     Seeds  very  nume- 
rous, minute,  wrinkled,  covering  the  receptacles. 
Leafless  scaly  herbs,  simple  or  branched,  for  the  most  part, 
if  not  always,  parasitical ;  their  whole  surface  minutely 
downy,  or  mealy,  brownish,  dull  purple,  or  red.     Ft. 
more  coloured,  but  withering,  and  turning  brown,  before 
the  corolla  falls.     The  roots  are  small,  fibrous,  generally 
attached  to  those  of  Broom,  Furze,  Clover,  or  other  pa- 
pilionaceous plants ;  some  of  them  to  Hemp. 

*  Bracteas  solitary. 

1.  O.  major.     Greater  Broom-rape. 

Stem  simple.    Corolla  inflated ;  upper  lip  slightly  notched  ; 

lower  with  acute,  nearly  equal  segments.     Stamens  quite 

smooth  below.     Style  downy. 
O^major.    Lmn.Sp.Fl%S2.    Willdv.3.347.    FL  Br.  669.  Engl. 

hot.  V.  6.  t.42\.  Sutton  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  r.  4.  1 75.   Curt.  Lond. 

fasc.  4.  t.  44.    Hook.  Scot.  \90. 
O.  major,  Garyophyllum  olens.     Raii  Syn.  ■*288  -,  but  not  that  of 

Bauhin. 
O.  altera  Matthioli.    Dalech.  Hist.4S5.f 
Rapum  genistge,  sive  Orobanche.    Ger.  Em.  1311? 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Orobanche.  147 

In  bushy  places  on  a  barren  gravelly  soil,  growing  on  the  roots  of 
Broom  or  Furze. 

Perennial,    June,  July. 

iioo^  of  a  few  fibres.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  erect,  dusky,  un- 
branched,  angular,  hollow,  fleshy,  clothed,  like  every  other  part, 
with  short,  rough,  glandular  pubescence,  and  beset  with  scattered, 
lanceolate,  upright  scales,  in  the  place  of  leaves  ;  the  base  tu- 
mid, ovate,  clothed  with  smaller,  more  abundant  scales.  Spike 
terminal,  simple,  rather  dense,  of  from  15  to  about  20  flowers, 
of  a  dull  purplish  brown,  without  any  scent,  and  after  awhile 
turning  entirely  brown,  dry  and  membranous.  Bracteas  soli- 
tary under  each  flower,  lanceolate,  acute,  rusty  and  downy. 
Calyx-leaves  deeply  cloven.  Upper  lip  oi  the  corolla  large, 
sometimes  slightly  cloven,  often  entire  and  rather  pointed ;  lower 
in  3  acute,  nearly  equal,  wavy,  sometimes  crenate  lobes.  Filam. 
dilated  and  channelled,  as  well  as  perfectly  smooth,  in  their 
!ower  half  J  glandular  and  downy  at  the  summit.  Anth.  smooth, 
brown.  Germ,  downy  all  over,  as  well  as  the  style.  Stigma  of 
2  large,  distant,  globular,  yellow  lobes. 

Haller's  n.  295  appears,  by  his  description  of  the  smell,  and  by 
Swiss  specimens,  to  be  the  real  O.  major,  garyophyllum  olens  of 
Bauhin's  Pinax  87  ;  O.  caryophyllacea,  Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc, 
V.  4.  1G9  j  though  part  of  Haller's  account  applies  rather  to  our 
minor,  especially  with  regard  to  its  being  a  troublesome  weed. 
This  O.  caryophyllacea  has  been  confounded  by  most  former  bo- 
tanists with  our  major,  as  likewise  with  elatior.  Its  stamens  are 
hairy  internally  at  the  base.    Style  somewhat  downy. 

2.  O.  elatior.     Tall  Broom-rape. 

Stem  simple.  Corolla  fiinnel-sliaped;  lower  lip  with  acute, 
nearly  equal  segments.    Stamens  downy.    Style  smooth. 

O.  elatior.  Sutton  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  4.  1 78.  t.  1 7.  U'illd.  v.  3. 
349.  Ft.  Br.  660.   Engl.  BoL  v.  8.  t.  568.  Fl.  Dan.  t,  1338,  good. 

O.  major.     Siblh.  191.    Prof  IVilliams. 

Orobanche.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1 .  189./. 

In  clover  fields,  thickets,  and  bushy  hilly  places,  on  a  gravelly  soil, 
not  uncommon  ;  but  never  on  the  roots  of  Broom  or  Furze. 
Rev.  Dr.  Sutton. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Taller,  and  of  a  more  yellowish  hue  than  tlie  former,  v:\i\\  flowers 
of  a  lighter  purj)le,  more  wavy  in  their  margins  j  their  upj)er  lip 
lobed.  They  are  commonly  three  times  more  numerous  in  the 
spike  than  in  that  species,  and  of  a  smaller  size.  But  their  clear- 
est and  most  essential  diflerence,  first  remarked  by  Dr.  Sutton, 
consists  in  the  sfamevs  being  downy  in  their  lower  half,  within - 
side,  and  smooth  at  the  top  ;  while  the  gcrmcn  and  style  are  all 
over  perfectlv  smooth.  The  stamen.^  proceed  from  a  higher  psirt 
of  the  tube  than  in  O.  innjor. 


J 48  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Orobanche. 

3.  O.  minor.     Lesser  Broom-rape. 

Stem  simple.  Corolla  nearly  cylindrical ;  lower  lip  with 
curled  segments,  the  middle  one  largest  and  lobed.  Sta- 
mens fringed.     Style  smooth. 

O.  minor.  ¥L  Br.  670.  Engl.  Bot.v.6.  U422.  Sutton  Tr.  of  Linn. 
Soc.v.4.\79.    Willd.v.S.SDO.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  \2\9. 

O.  major.    Loefl.  It.]5\.    Herb.  Linn.    Bull.  Fr.  t. 3^9} 

O.  flore  minore.    Dill,  in  Rail  Syn.* 288.    Baiih.  Hist.v.2.7S\.f. 

In  clover  fields  abundantly. 

Very  frequent  in  Norfolk.  Mr.  Rayer  observed  it  in  Kent,  and  the 
Bishop  of  Carlisle  near  Crickhowel,  Brecknockshire. 

Annual  ?    July,  August. 

Of  much  more  humble  growth  than  the  last,  and  smaller  m  every 
part,  with  fewer  Jiowers  than  O.  major.  The  whole  plant  is  ge- 
nerally of  a  light,  but  dingy,  purplish  hue,  though  occasionally 
of  a  uniform  pale  vellovv  j  always  turning  brown  and  dry,  like 
the  others,  in  decay.  Stem  often  wavy.  Calyx-leavesMneo^udiXXy 
lobed,  sometimes  undivided.  Cor.  not  at  all  tumid  ;  upper  lip 
unequally  notched,  not  cloven,  except  from  age  or  accident. 
Stam.  thickly  fringed  in  their  lower  part.  Germ,  and  style 
smooth.     Stigm.  purple. 

4.  O.  rubra.     Red  Fragrant  Broom-rape. 

Stem  simple.  Corolla  somewhat  tumid ;  upper  lip  cloven  ; 
lower  in  three  nearly  equal  segments.  Stamens  fringed 
at  the  base.  Style  partially  hairy.  Calyx-leaves  lanceo- 
late, undivided. 

O.  rubra.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  25.  t.  1786.  Comp.  ed.  4. 107.  Hook.  Lond. 

.     109.  ^.105.t<ScoJ.  191. 

On  basaltic  rocks  in  Ireland  and  Scotland. 

Plentifully  at  Cave  hill,  near  Belfast.  Mr.  Templeton.  At  StafFa, 
and  near  Kirkaldy  5  also  on  the  Giants'  Causeway,  where  Mr. 
Templeton  had  previously  found  it.  Dr.  Hooker. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  of  numerous  rather  woody  fibres,  creeping  along  the  unequal 
surface  of  the  basaltic  rocks,  under  a  superincumbent  soil  of 
about  five  inches  of  decayed  rock  and  zeolite.  Mr.  Templeton 
could  never  perceive  the  roots  to  be  parasitical.  Dr.  Hooker 
observes  that  this  species  is  entirely  confined  to  basaltic  rocks, 
covered  with  a  very  thin  coat  of  earth.  The  whole  plant  is^  of  a 
rusty  purplish  red,  the  bracteas  rather  browner.  Stem  a  foot 
high,  tumid  and  densely  scaly  at  the  base,  clothed  above  with 
glandular  viscid  hairs.    Fl.  about  20,  not  very  densely  spiked, 

t  Monotropa  Hypopitys,  v,  2.  249,  is  also  t.  105  5  its  letter- 
press 110  j  that  of  the  present  109. 


DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Orobanche.  149 

their  scent  powerful,  resembling  a  honey-suckle,  or  pink.  CaL 
of  2  narrow,  lanceolate,  undivided  leaves.  Cor.  but  little  in- 
flated ;  upper  lip  cloven,  lower  in  3  rounded  segments,  all  the 
margins  crenate,  and  fringed  with  short  glandular  hairs.  Filam. 
fringed  and  glandular  at  the  base ;  Dr.  Hooker  says  at  the 
summit  also.  Anth.  and  stigma  red  ;  the  latter  sometimes  with 
3  lobes.     Style  partially  glandular  and  hairy.     Germed  smooth. 

**  Bracteas  three  to  each  flower, 

5.  O.  ccrrulea.     Purple  Broom-rape. 

Stem  simple.  Bracteas  three.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
cloven  and  notched ;  lower  in  three  equal  entire  seg- 
ments.    Style  downy. 

O.  C8erulea.  Villars  Dauph.  v.2. 406.  Fl.Br.67\.  Engl.  Bot.v.6. 
t.  423.    Sutton  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc,  v.  4.  182.     mild.  v.  3. 352. 

().  purpurea.    Jacq.  Austr.  t.  27<). 

O.  ramosa  /3.    With.bbS. 

O.  n.294.    Hall.  Hist.  V A.  \29, 

O.  n.28,  var.  1.     Gmel.  Sib.v.3.2\D.t.46.f.  1. 

O.  quarta.    Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  269./. 

O.  flore  obsoleto  majore.  Moris,  sect.  12.  t.  16./.  2 ;  the  figure  at 
least. 

O-  flore  majore.    Ger.  Em.  1312./ 

Nidus  avis  flore  et  caule  violaceo-purpureo  colore.  Goodyer  in 
Ger.  Em.  22%,  nof. 

In  grassy  pastures  near  the  sea. 

In  the  borders  of  fields  in  Hampshire.  Goodyer.  Near  Northrejis, 
Norfolk.  Mr.  Scarles,  1779.  At  Sheringham,  Beeston  and 
Northreps.   Rev.  Dr.  Sutton  and  Mr.  W.  Skrimshire. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  fibrous,  parasitical  on  those  of  various  herbaceous  plants. 
Stem  a  foot  high,  more  or  less,  unbranched,  dark  grey,  minutely 
downv  like  the  rest  of  the  plant,  angular,  scarcely  swelling  at 
the  base  J  scales  brown,  all  rather  distantly  scattered.  There 
are  2  smaller,  interior,  linear-lanceolate  bracteas,  besides  the 
usual  solitary  one,  to  tixuhjlowcr.  Calyx-leaves  combined,  ra- 
ther unequally  cloven.  Cor.  funnel-shaped,  angular,  curved, 
downy,  of  a  greyish  or  blueish  violet ;  upper  lip  ascending, 
cloven,  with  some  intermediate  notches  ;  lower  in  3  equal,  lan- 
ceolate, entire  lobes,  with  a  white,  elevated,  divided  palate. 
Fdam.  quite  smooth.     Sfylr  minutely  downy. 

The  botanical  history  of  this  sjjccies  is  embroiled  with  that  of  the 
Linniuan  Orchis  abortiva,  Limodornm  austriavum  of  dusius, 
whence  the  latter  hits  wrongly  been  admitted  into  the  list  ot 
British  plants.     See  Tr.  of  Linn.  Sue.  v.4.\  61. 


150  DIDYNAMIA— ANGIOSPERMIA.  Orobanche. 

6.  O.  ramosa.     Branched  Broom-rape. 

Stem  branched.  Bracteas  three.  Upper  hp  of  the  corolla 
deeply  cloven ;  lower  equally  three-lobed  ;  segments  all 
rounded  and  entire.     Style  smoothish. 

O.  ramosa.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  882.  Willd.v.S. 353.  Fl.Br.67\.  Engl. 
Bot  i\3.^.184.  Sutton  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.v.4.  185.  DiU.inRaii 
Sijn.  "^288.     Ger.Em.\3\2.f.    Bauh.Pin.88.    Bull,  Fr.t. 399. 

O.  n.  296.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.130. 

Orobanche.    Ca77ier.  Epit.  311./.    Lob,  Ic.  v.  2.  270.  f. 

In  low  moist  rich  fields,  attached  to  the  roots  of  Hemp. 

Near  Beccles,  Suffolk.  J.  Sherard,  In  hemp  fields  at  Brome, 
Norfolk,  and  Mettingham,  Suffolk.  Mr.  Woodward.  AtOutwell, 
Norfolk.   Bev.  Dr.  Sutton.     Near  Wisbeach.  Rev.  Mr,  Relhan. 

Annual.    August,  September. 

Root  fibrous  5  sometimes  diseased  and  tumid,  probably  from  the 
attacks  of  an  insect,  as  represented  in  Engl.  Bot.  Stem  more 
or  less  branched,  rather  wavy,  a  little  downy  j  the  scales  few 
and  scattered.  JF7.  loosely  spiked,  light  purple  j  the  5  segments 
of  the  corolla  nearly  equal ;  palate  downy,  yellowish.  Bracteai 
each  accompanied  by  a  pair  of  interior,  very  narrow  ones. 
Filam.  shortish,  somewhat  fringed  at  the  base.  Gerrn.  roundish, 
smooth.     Style  nearly  or  quite  smooth.     Stigma  white. 

In  the  south  of  Europe  the  powers  are  more  highly  coloured  than 
with  us,  as  well  as  larger. 

The  withering,  not  deciduous,  corolla  in  this  genus  and  Lathrcea, 
p.  126,  seems  scarcely  sufficient,  as  a  technical  character,  to 
establish  a  separate  natural  order,  nor  will  analogy  permit  us 
to  take  into  account,  for  this  purpose,  their  parasitical  mode 
of  growth. 


Class   XV.     TETRADYNAMIA. 

Stamens  6,  2  opposite  ones  shortest. 

Order  I.     SILICULOSA .     Fruit  a  short 
roundish  pod,  or  pouch, 

*  Colj/lcdons  accumbent, 

318.  DRABA.    Pow(:/^  entire,  laterally  compressed ;  valves 

nearly  flat.     Seeds  numerous. 

316.  VELLA.     Pouch  entire,  with  a  prominent,  dilated, 

flat  style,  twice  as  long  as  the  concave  valves. 

330.  CRAMBE.  Pouch  globose,  stalked,  coriaceous,  of 
1  cell,  without  valves,  deciduous.     Seed  solitary. 

329.  CAKILE.  Pouch  angular,  of  2  joints,  each  of  1 
cell,  without  valves ;  the  uppermost  deciduous.  Seeds 
solitary. 

322.  HUTCHINSIA.     Pouch  nearly  entire;  valves  keel- 

ed, not  bordered.     Seeds  2,  at  least,  in  each  cell. 
Filaments  simple. 

319.  ALYSSUM.     Pouch  nearly  entire,   bordered,  late- 

rally compressed ;  valves  concave.     Seeds  1  or  2  in 
each  cell.     Filam.  often  toothed. 

325.  COCHLEARIA.  Po?^r// nearly  entire,  turgid,  rug- 
ged, of  2  valves.     Seeds  numerous. 

324.  THLASPI.  Pouch  cloven,  inversely  heart-shaped  ; 
valves  with  a  bordered  keel.     Seeds  numerous. 

327.  IBERIS.  Pouch  cloven,  inversely  heart-shaped. 
Seeds  solitary.     2  outer  pe/als  largest. 

323.  TEE8DALI  A.  Pouch  cloven,  inversely  heart-shaped; 

valves  keeled.     Seeds  2  in  each  cell.     FiUnn.  each 
bearing  a  scale  at  the  base. 

**  Cotyledons  incumbent. 

317.  SUBULARIA.     Potich   entire,    (innsvcrs-ely   com- 


lo'2 

pressed ;  valves  tumid.     Seeds  numerous.     Cotyle- 
dons linear. 

328.  ISATIS.  Pouch  entire,  deciduous,  bordered,  trans- 
versely compressed,  of  2  valves,  and  1  cell.  Seed 
solitar}^ 

320.  CAMELINA.     Poz^c/z  entire ;  valves  tumid.     Seeds 

numerous,  not  bordered.     Filam.  all  simple. 

326.  SENEBIERA.  Pouch  nearly  entire,  transversely 
compressed,  wrinkled,  of  2  cells,  without  valves. 
Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 

321.  LEPIDIUM.     Pouch  cloven,  elliptical,   of  2  cells, 

and  2  keeled  valves.     Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 

Order  IL    SILIQUOSA.    Fruit  a  long  many- 
needed  pod, 

*  Cotyledons  Jlat,^  accumbent, 

337.  CHEIRANTHUS.  Po^  rather  compressed,  straight 

Stigma  either  of  2  spreading  lobes,  or  capitate.  Cal. 
closed ;  2  of  the  leaves  prominent  at  the  base. 

338.  MATTHIOLA.     Pod  nearly  cylindrical,  straight. 

Stigma  of  2  converging  lobes,  either  thickened  or 
protuberant  at  the  back.  Cal.  closed  ;  2  of  the 
leaves  prominent  at  the  base. 

333.  NASTURTIUM.  Pod  nearly  cylindrical,  oblique ; 
valves  concave,  without  keels.  Stigma  obtuse,  notch- 
ed.    Cal.  spreading,  equal  at  the  base. 

335.  BARBAREA.  Po^  quadrangular,  two-edged.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row.  Cal.  erect.  Glands  at  the  inside 
of  the  shorter  filaments. 

340.  ARABIS.     Pod  linear ;  valves  flat.    Seeds  in  a  single 

row. 

341.  TURRITIS.     Po^  linear;  valves  flat,  keeled.    Seeds 

in  a  double  row. 

332.  CARDAMINE.  Pod  hnear ;  valves  flat,  without 
ribs,  bursting  elastically  from  the  base.  Seeds  on 
capillary  stalks. 

331.  DENTARIA.  Pod  lanceolate;  valves  flat,  without 
ribs,  narrower  than  the  partition,  bursting  elasti- 
cally from  the  base.     Seeds  on  flat  dilated  stalks. 


153 


**   Cotyledons  Jial,  incunihent, 

334.  SISYMBRIUM.  Pod  nearly  cylindrical.  Stigma 
capitate,  notched. 

339.  HESPERIS.  Pr;r/ iiiaccurately  quadrangular.  Stig- 
ma nearly  sessile,  of  2  converging  lobes.  Cal.  closed; 
with  2  protuberances  at  the  base.  Seeds  not  bor- 
dered. 

336.  ERYSIMUM.  Pod  quadrangular.  Stigma  capi- 
tate, notched. 

***   Cotyledons  folded,  incumbent. 

342.  BRASSICA.     Pod  nearly  cylindrical,  beaked,  with 

2  valves.     Seeds  nearly  globular.     Cal.  closed. 

343.  SIN  A  PIS.     Pod  nearly  cylindrical,  somewhat  beak- 

ed,  with   2  valves.     Seeds   nearly   globular.     Cal. 
spreading. 

344.  RAPHANUS.      Pod   tumid,    imperfectly    jointed, 

without  valves.     Seeds  globular. 


This  whole  class,  except  the  exotic  genus  Cleome,  which 
has  been  forced  into  it,  constitutes  an  entirely  natural 
order,  the  CrucifercB  of  recent  authors ;  which  is  indeed 
so  natural  and  distinct,  that  we  can  hardly  trace  the  least 
affinity  between  it  and  any  other  tribe.  The  artificial  sy- 
stem leaves  it  undisturbed  ;  not  recjuiring  the  separation  of 
any  genus  from  the  rest,  nor  properly  introducing  any  that 
does  not  belong  to  them ;  for  whatever  may  become  of 
Cleome,  it  ought  not  to  encumber  this  class,  to  which  it 
has  no  natural  affinity,  nor  has  it  even  the  artificial  cha- 
racter, except  in  a  very  few  species. 

Crncijercc.  Juss.  63.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  139.  SiliquosiC. 
Linn.  39. 

Flo'iSccrs  all  complete  and  perfect,  having  a  calijx  ant!  corolld, 
with  stamens  and  pistil,  m  every  individual. 

Calj/x  inferior,  ot*  4  ovate-oblong,  concave,  obtuse,  usually 
converging  leaves,  opposite  in  pairs;  })rominent  at  the 
base;   very  sleek  within  ;   deciduous. 

Corolla  what  is  termed  cruciforni,  Inlrod.f.  15(),  157,  con- 
sisting o{  \  jh'hds,  alternate  with  the  calyx,  almost  inva- 
riably   regular   and    cMjual:    their   cla\<s   erect,    tapering 


15^ 

downwards,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  border  of  each 
spreading  almost  horizontally,  dilated  outward,  obtuse, 
often  oblique. 

Nectary  of  2  or  4,  opposite,  mostly  dark-green,  glands,  at 
the  base  of  the  stamens,  especially  within  the  2  shortest, 
which  therefore  are  curved  outwards. 

Stamens  6 ;  f  laments  awl-shaped,  erect,  shorter  than  the 
corolla,  in  some  few  instances  furnished  with  a  lateral 
tooth,  or  an  interior  scale ;  2  shortest  opposite,  solitary ; 
4  longest  in  opposite  pairs.  Anthers  mosdy  erect,  oblong. 

Germen  superior.  Style  short,  or  wanting.  Stigma  obtuse, 
various  in  structure,  often  much  changed  after  impreg- 
nation, permanent. 

Pod  roundish  or  oblong,  of  2  valves,  (rarely  jointed  and  not 
bursting,)  mostly  of  2  cells,  with  a  parallel  partition,  pro- 
jecting more  or  less  at  the  summit,  the  valves  separating 
at  their  base. 

Seeds  roundish,  or  flattened,  on  slender  stalks,  from  both 
sides  of  the  receptacle,  which  borders  the  partition.  Al- 
bumen none.  Cotyledons  2,  either  flat  or  folded,  or  spi- 
ral ;  either  incumbent,  lying  upon  the  embryo  laterally, 
or  accumbent,  their  edges  at  one  side  meeting  the  embryo 
longitudinally. 

These  last  characters,  first  noticed  by  Gaertner,  and  very 
easy  of  detection  as  soon  as  the  skin  of  the  seed  is  re- 
moved, there  being  no  separate  albumen,  have  been  found 
by  Mr.  Brown  to  afford  the  most  natural,  and  indeed 
absolute,  primary  characters  of  these  plants.  They  serve 
to  divide  the  whole  into  great  natural  sections,  liable,  as 
far  as  I  can  find,  to  no  exception,  the  genera  under  each 
section  being  easily  characterized,  and  proving  much  more 
natural,  in  habit  and  fructification,  than  those  formed  by 
Linnaeus,  on  the  nectariferous  glands,  or  other  circum- 
stances. 

The  crucifera:  are  for  the  most  part  europsean,  generally 
herbaceous,  or,  if  shrubby,  of  humble  growth.  Pubescence 
either  simple,  woolly,  starry,  or  wanting.  Stem  round. 
Leaves  almost  always  alternate,  simple;  undivided,  or 
deeply  divided,  jagged  and  toothed  ;  in  some  few  cases 
compound.  PL  in  clusters,  or  corymbs,  almost  invariably 
destitute  of  bracteas,  mostly  white  or  yellow,  sometimes 
red,  seldom  blue,  or  brownish  ;  often  fragrant,  especially 
at  night.  About  900  species  are  enumerated  by  DeCan- 
dolle,  but  their  number  might  perhaps  be  greatly  re- 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.     Vella.     155 

duced.  Their  qualities  are  rather  acrid,  most  wholesome 
in  a  boiled  state ;  the  seeds  warm  and  jiungent. 
Prof.  DeCandolle  follows  Mr.  Brown's  principles,  but  re- 
fines still  more  in  the  generic  distinctions,  and  abolishes 
the  Linna3an  orders,  though  he  acknowledges  them  to  be 
commodious.  I  retain  these  orders,  thinking  them  liable 
to  as  few  difficulties  or  ambiguities  as  almost  any  syste- 
matical contrivance  whatever.     They  are  but  two. 

1.  SILICULOSA.  Those  whose  seed-vessel  is  a  short, 
roundish  jmd,  denominated  a  pouch.  In  these  the  seeds 
are  sometimes  very  few,  or  even  solitary ;  the  7;/<27/i5  are 
of  more  humble  stature,  though  most  inclined  to  be 
shrubby. 

2.  SILIQUOSA.  Pod  much  elongated,  linear  or  cylin- 
drical, with  numerous  seeds;  rarely  jointed.  Plants  larger 
and  more  upright,  generally  herbaceous. 


TETR ADYNAMIA    SILICULOSA. 

31G.  VELLA.     Cress-rocket. 

Linn.  Gc.n.  33 1 .    Juss.  24 1 .    Fl.  Br.  C7o.    Br.  in  Jit.  H.  Kew.  ed. 2. 
r.  4.79.    DeCaml.  Syst.  v.  2.  G39.    Lam.  t.5r>5.     Gccrtn.  ^  141. 
Carrichtera.    DeCand.  Sjjst.  v.  2.  64 1 . 

Cat.  erect,  equal  at  the  base,  deciduous;  leaves  oblong, 
acute.  Pet.  obovate,  undivided  ;  their  claws  as  long  as 
the  calvx.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  1-  of  them  longer  than 
the  cafyx,  in  one  instance  combined  in  })airs.  ///////. 
somewhat  heart-sha})ed,  bluntish.  Germ,  ovate.  Style 
vertical,  dilated,  elliptical,  leafy,  longer  than  the  germeii, 
permanent.  Stigma  obtuse.  Pouch  ovate,  terminated  by 
the  hardened  style  ;  valves  concave  ;  partition  membra- 
nous, continued  into  the  style.  Seeds  few  in  each  cell, 
globose,  pendulous  ;  cotyledons  folded  together,  accuin- 
bent. 

Species  few,  one  herbaceous,  two  >hrul)by.  Leaves  various. 
Fl.  vcllowish,  erect. 


156  TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.     Subularia. 

1 .  V.  annua.     Annual  Cress-rocket. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid.     Pouches  deflexed. 

V.  annua.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  S9 5.  Willcl  v.  3.  422.  FL  Br.  675.  Engl. 

Bot.v.  21.  t.  1442. 
Nasturtium   sylvestre,  Erucse  affine.     Bauh.  Pin.  105.    Raii  Syn. 

304.    Moris.  V.  2.  S0\.  sect.  3.  t.  19./ 8. 
N.  sylvestre  valentinum.    Cliis.  Hist.  v.  2.  130./.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 

920./ 
N.  sylvestre  Clusii.    Dalech.  Hist.  657./ 
Eruca   nasturtio  cognata  tenuifolia.      Ger.  Em,  247 ./.      Lob.  Ic. 

205.  f. 
Valencia  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./  5. 

In  sandy  fields,  but  very  rarely. 

Found  by  Mr.  Lawson,  on  Salisbury  plain,  not  far  from  Stonehenge. 
Rmj.     I  have  never  heard  of  its  being  met  with  since. 

Annual.     June. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Stem  erect,  bushy,  rough  with  deflexed 
bristles,  leafy,  about  a  span  high.  Leaves  scattered,  doubly  pin- 
natifid,  with  linear,  bluntish,  decurrent  segments.  Fl  rather 
small,  pale  yellow,  with  purplish  veins.  Pouch  ribbed,  bristly, 
surmounted  by  the  oval,  curved,  smooth,  ribbed,  rigid  Style. 
Seeds  4  in  each  cell  j  M.  DeCandolle  remarks  that  they  become 
covered  with  a  glutinous  exudation,  on  being  immersed  in  warm 
water.  The  expanded  cotyledons,  remaining  for  some  time  on 
the  stem,  are  inversely  heart-shaped,*  flat,  quite  smooth  and 
even. 

317.  SUBULARIA.     Awl-wort. 

Linn.  Gen.332.    Juss.  240.    H.Br.  676.    Br.in  Ait.H.Kew.v.4. 

91.    DeCand.Syst.v.2.697. 
Draba/  3.    Lam.  t.  556. 

Cal.  erect,  equal  at  the  base,  deciduous ;  leaves  oval,  con- 
cave, uniform.  Pet.  obovate,  entire,  spreading;  their 
claws  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Filam.  simple.  Anth.  of 
2  round  lobes.  Germ,  ovate,  compressed.  Style  none. 
Stigma  flat,  quite  sessile.  Pouch  elliptic-oblong,  com- 
pressed transversely,  entire,  tipped  with  the  stigma,  of  2 
cells;  valves  deeply  concave,  boat-like,  but  not  keeled; 
partition  membranous,  elliptical,  parallel  to  the  valves, 
but  crossing  the  narrowest  diameter  of  the  pouch.  Seeds 
ovate,  4-  or  more  in  each  cell ;  cotyledons  linear,  incum- 
bent. 

Only  one  species,  a  small  aquatic  herb. 


TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA.    Draba.     157 

1 .  S.  aquatica.     Water  Awl-wort. 

S.  aquatica.  Unn.Sp.  Fl.%^^.  Willd.  v. 3.423,  Fl.Br.676.  Engl 
Bot.v.  W.t.  732.  Hook.  Scot.  196.  Lond.  t.  135.  Dicks. H.  Sice, 
fuse.  D.  9.    FLDan.t.3D. 

S.  erecta,  junci  foliis  acutis  moUibus.    Rail  Syn.307. 

Graminifolia  aquatica,  thlaspeos  capitulis  rotundis,  septo  medio  si- 
licLilam  dirimente.    Flak.  Almag.  180.     Fhyt.  t.  188./.  5. 

Gramen  junceum  hibernicum  minus,  thlaspios  capitulis  Sherardi. 
Moris.v.3.220.iiect.8.t.\0.f.29. 

Irish  Rush  Cress.    Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  48.  f.  S. 

On  the  sandy  or  gravelly  bottoms  of  alpine  lakes,  under  water. 

In  Lough  Neagh,  Ireland.  Sherard.  Lough  Carran,  Scotland. 
Dr.  Hope.  In  several  other  Scottish  lakes.  Hooker.  Also  in 
many  of  the  Welsh  lakes.  Huds.  Mr.  Griffith,  and  Rev  W. 
Bingley. 

Annual.    July. 

/ioo^  of  numerous,  long,  white,  simple  fibres.  *S7em  none.  Herb 
quite  smooth.  Leaves  several,  awl-shaped,  spreading,  an  inch 
or  two  in  length.  Fl.  few,  white,  minute,  in  a  simple,  stalked, 
radical,  zigzag  cluster.  Fouches  erect.  Their  partition  is  er- 
roneously described  in  Fl.  Br.  and  Engl.  Bot.  as  "  contrary  to 
the  valves"  ;  whereas  it  is  contrary  to  the  greatest  diameter  of 
the  seed-vessel. 

Dr.  Hooker  confirms  our  account  of  the  flowers  being  always  se- 
veral feet  under  water,  where  he  observed  them  to  be  constantly 
expanded,  so  that  the  impregnation  actually  takes  place  in  that 
element.  The  follen  has  not  been  examined.  By  the  excellent 
plate  of  this  author,  so  great  in  botanical  dissections,  it  appears 
that  the  radicle  is  not  closely  applied  to  the  cotyledons,  but  they 
together  form  a  curve,  whose  two  extremities  are  distant  from 
each  other.  This  I  presume  is  expressed  by  cotyledones  bicrnrcs 
in  Mr.  Brown's  generic  definition. 

.M8.  DRABA.     Whitlow-grass. 

Linn.  Gen.  333.  Jnss. 240.  Fl.  Br.  677.  Br. in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.4.9\. 
DcCand  Syst.  v.  2.  33  1 .     Lam.  t.  550./.  1 ,  2.     Gcertn.  t.\4\. 

Ero|)hilu.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  350. 

CV//.  ecpuil  at  the  base,  somewhat  .spreading,  cleciiliious  ; 
leaves  ovate,  concave.  Pet,  either  cloven,  notched  or  en- 
tire, s})reading,  with  short  claws.  Filam.  siini)le.  .//////. 
of  2  roundish  h)bcs.  (irr/n.  ovate.  Sfijlr  very  short,  or 
none.  S(i<iniu  capitate,  (hit.  Poi/c/i  oblong-oval,  hitorally 
compre.s.sed,  entire,  tipped  with  tlie  style  or  stignia,  of 
2  cells;  valves  nearly  Hat,  .separating  Ironi  the  bottom; 
partition  membranous,  of  the   same  shape   and  breadth. 


158     TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.    Draba. 

Seeds  many  in  each  cell,  small,  roundish,  without  a  border; 
cotyledons  accumbent. 
A  numerous  herbaceous  genus  ;  its  pubescence  forked  or 
starry.  Leaves  undivided.  Fl.  white  or  yellow,  without 
bracteas.  DeCandolle  has  59  species,  (I  think  them  too 
many,)  besides  6  of  his  Erophila,  separated  from  Draba 
merely  because  of  the  cloven  ]petals,  an  ambiguous  cha- 
racter, some  acknowledged  Draba  having  those  parts  oc- 
casionally notched  or  entire. 

1.  T>.  verna.     Common  Whitlow-grass. 

Stalks  radical,  naked.  Petals  deeply  cloven.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, somewhat  notched,  hairy. 

D.  verna.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  896.  Willd.  v.  3.  426,  Fl.  Br.  677.  Engl 
Bot.  V.  9.  t.  586.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  l.t.49.  Hook.  Scot.  1 96. 
FLDan.t.983. 

D.  n.  496.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.215. 

Erophila  vulgaris.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  356. 

Paronvchia  vulgaris.  Rail  Syn.  292.  Ger.  Em.  624./.  Dod.  Pempt. 
112./. 

P.  alsinefolia.    Lob.  Ic.  469.  f.    Dalech.Hist.  1214./. 

Whitlow  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  48./.  6. 

/3.  Notched  Whitlow  Cress.  /.  7. 

On  walls,  banks,  and  dry  waste  ground,  abundantly. 

Annual.    March,  April. 

Boot  fibrous,  of  considerable  length.  Stem  none.  Leaves  several, 
forming  a  star  close  to  the  ground,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  or 
in  /3  notched,  clothed  with  simple  as  well  as  forked  hairs.  Flower- 
stalks  one  or  more,  radical,  round,  wavy,  smooth,  leafless,  each 
bearing  a  corymbose  cluster  of  several  inodorous  -whitejlowers. 
Pet.  cloven  half  way  down.     Pouch  smooth,  veiny. 

2.  D.  aizoides.     Yellow  Alpine  Whitlow-grass. 
Stalks   solitary,  naked.     Petals  slightly  notched,  twice  the 

length  of  the  calyx.  Leaves  lanceolate,  rigid,  keeled, 
fringed. 

D.  aizoides.  Linn.Mant.  9\.  Willd. v. 3.424.  Fl.  Br.  1400.  Comp. 
ed.4.l09.  Engl. Bot. v.\8.t.\27l.  Jacq.Austr.  t.\92.  De- 
Cand. Syst.  V.  2.  333.  Don  H.  Brit.fasc.  8. 1 86  ;  cultiv.  speci- 
mens. 

D.  n.  498.    HalLHist.v.\.2\5. 

Sedum  petrseum.     Ger.  Em.  5 1 4./ 

S.  petrseum  montanum.    Lob.  Jc.  381./ 

S.  alpinum  sextum.     Clus. Pann.  49 \.f.    Hist.  v.  2.  62./. 

Bursa  pastoris  alpina  rosea  lutea,  kc.  Moris,  v.  2. 306.  sect.  3.  t.  20. 
/9. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.    Draba.      159 

On  walls  and  rocks  in  South  Wales. 

Near  Wormshead,  1 6  miles  west  of  Swansea,  where  it  was  disco- 
vered, in  1795,  by  John  Lucas,  Esq.  Engl.  Bot.  About  Pen- 
nard  castle,  near  Swansea,  abundantly,  in  inaccessible  spots. 
W.  Turton,  M.D. 

Perennial.     March,  April. 

Stems  tufted,  repeatedly  branched  in  a  determinate  manner,  the 
leafy  branches  of  the  present  year  bearing  each  a  solitary,  ter- 
minal, naked  stalk,  with  a  few  bright  yellow  corymbose_^oM'er5. 
Leaves  very  numerous,  closely  imbricated,  linear-lanceolate, 
rigid,  of  a  shining  green,  keeled,  fringed  with  white  bristly  hairs. 

Prof.  DeCandolle  esteems  the  plant  figured  in  Curt.  Mag.  t.  170, 
to  be  a  distinct  species,  of  a  more  lax  growth,  with  shorter  sta- 
mens. This  is  doubtless  D.  ciliaris  of  the  Linnaean  herbarium, 
and  Mantissadl,  but  I  should  think  its  differences  owing  to  cul- 
tivation. See  a  figure  and  description  in  Gerard  Galloprov.  344. 
t.  13./.  1 .     The  keel  of  the  leaves  is  but  seldom,  if  ever,  fringed. 

3.  D.  /ih'/a.     Simple-haired  Whitlow-grass. 

Stalk  nearly  leafless.  Petals  undivided.  Pouch  elliptic-ob- 
long. Leaves  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  fringed  with 
simple  hairs. 

D.  hirta.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  897.     Willd.  v.  3.  430.    Fl.  Br.  677.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  19.  t.  1338.    Don  H.  Brit.fasc.  8.  185. 
D.  stellata.      Dicks.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  2. 288.      Crypt.fasc.  2.  29. 

fVith.iJCjD.     Hull  143  ;  but  not  of  Jacquin. 
D.  pyrenaica.    Fl,  Dan.  t.  143j   not  of  Linnoeus. 
D.  rupestris.  Br.  in  Jit.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  9 1 .  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  344. 

Hook.  Scot.  196. 

On  rocks  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Upon  Ben  Lawers.  Mr.  Dickson.  On  rocks  near  the  summit. 
Mr.  G.  Don. 

Perennial.     May,  June. 

Root  slender,  somewhat  creeping,  subdivided  at  the  crown,  bearing 
several  tufts  of  copious,  spreading,  lanceolate,  bluntish,  tlat, 
decp-grccn  leaves;  tapering  at  tiie  base^  a  little  wavy,  or  sligluly 
notched,  at  the  margin,  fringed  with  constantly  simple  bristly 
hairs,  such  as  are  scattered,  more  or  less  sparingly,  over  both 
surfaces,  where  a  few  forked,  not  stellated,  ones  are  occasionally 
intermixed.  Stalk  solitary,  sligluly  cur\  ed  or  wavy,  2  or  3  inclies 
higii,  round,  simj)ly  hairy,  either  ([uite  leafless,  or  bearing,  near 
the  bottom,  and  sometimes  under  the  lowermost  flower,  a  soli- 
tary leaf,  like  tlie  radical  ones,  though  smaller,  and  by  no  means 
dilated,  ovate,  or  strongly  serrated.  /•'/.  small,  white,  densely 
corymbose.  Cal.  somewhat  hairy.  Fcf.  obovate,  with  a  shallow 
notch,  erect,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Pouches  in  a  long,  un- 
equal, or  interrupted,  upriglit  cluster,  witii  hairy  partial  stalks, 
about  lialf  their  own  length;  their  form  elliptic-oblongratlierthan 


160     TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA.    Draba. 

lanceolate,  compressed  but  not  flat,  tipped  with  the  very  short 
thick  style  and  capitate  stigma ;  their  valves  usually  rough  with 
minute,  forked,  spreading,  rigid,  white  hairs ;  but  they  are  some- 
times quite  smooth  and  naked,  as  in  one  of  the  Linnaean,  and 
some  of  our  Scottish  specimens. 
After  a  careful  re-examination,  1  cannot  but  confirm  the  descrip- 
tions and  synonyms  of  Fl.  Br.  and  Engl.  Bot.  The  figure  in  the 
latter  work  is  correct,  if  not  luxuriant.  No  wonder  Dr.  Wahlen- 
berg  could  not  find  in  it  the  characters  of  his  D.  hirta,  that  be- 
ing^as  I  presume,  a  different  species,  characterized  by  one,  two, 
or  three  ovate,  strongly  toothed  or  serrated  leaves  on  its  stalk, 
or  stem.  1  have  such  from  Lapland,  gathered  by  Dr.  Swartz. 
The  pouches  and  stalks  are,  as  in  the  real  D.  hirta,  either  mi- 
nutely hairy  or  smooth.  I  must  leave  Dr.  Hooker's  hirta  for 
future  examination,  as  he  refers  to  Jacquin's  hirta,  Fl.  Justr. 
t.  432,  a  totally  different  species,  which  is  Haller's  n.  497,  well 
known  in  Switzerland,  but  not  in  Britain.  Bauhin's  Bursa  pas- 
toris  alpina  hirsuta,  Prodr.  51./,  agrees  in  the  stem-leaves  with 
Swartz's  and  Wahlenberg's  plant,  but  the  description  of  its  soft 
and  hoary  radical  foliage  answers  better  to  Jacquin's. 

4.  D.  incana.     Twisted-podded  Whitlow-grass. 
Stem-leaves  numerous,  hoary,  like  the  stem,  with  close  starry 

pubescence.     Pouch  elliptic-oblong,  obliqjie  or  twisted, 

longer  than  the  hairy  partial  stalks. 
D.  incana.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  897.    Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2.  224. 

mild.  V.  3.  430.      Fl.  Br.  430.      Engl.  Bot.  v.  6.  t.  388.      Hook. 

Scot.  197.     Don  H.  Brit.fasc.  8. 187.     Wahlenh.  Lapp.  176.  FL 

Ban.  1. 130.    Ehrh.  PhyL  7b, 
D.  contorta.    Ehrh.  Beitr.  v.  7.  155.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  348. 
Lunaria  contorta  major.    Raii  Syn.  291. 
Leucojum,  sive  Lunaria,  vasculo  sublorgo  intorto.     Pluk.  Almag. 

215.     PhyLt.42.f.\. 
Wreathed  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  i.  48./. 3. 
/3.  Paronychise  similis  sed  major,  perennis  alpina  repens.  Raii  Syn. 

ed.2.  165.  erf.  3. 292. 
Small  Wreath  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  BriL  t.  48./  4. 

On  alpine  limestone  rocks. 

On  the  summits  of  the  mountains  of  Wales,  Westmoreland,  and 
Scotland.  Upon  the  top  of  Ingleborough,  Yorkshire.  Mr.  Wood- 
ward. Upon  Ben  Lawers,  Loch-na-gair,  and  Cairn-gorm.  Mr. 
G.  Don.  On  heaths,  on  the  east  coast  of  Sutherland,  near 
Wilk-house  inn.  Dr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Borrer. 

Biennial.    May,  June. 

Root  long,  tapering,  with  numerous  capillary  radicles.  Herb  all 
over  hoary,  with  minute,  starry,  crowded  and  close-pressed  hairs, 
very  variable  in  stature  and  luxuriance,  like  most  biennial  or  an- 
nual plants,  according  to  the  moisture  or  nourishment  it  re- 
ceives.    Stem  from  2  to  12  inches  high  in  a  wild  state,  2  feet 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.    Draba.     Uil 

when  cultivated,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  copiously  leafy, 
its  starry  pubescence  accompanied  by,  or  sometimes  in  the  lower 
part  changed  for,  fine  long  simple  hairs.  Radical  leaves  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  forming  in  the  first  season  a  dense  rose-like  tuft  j 
those  of  the  stem,  the  following  year,  very  numerous,  scattered, 
sessile,  ovate,  ribbed,  variously  toothed  or  cut,  seldom,  except 
in  starved  plants,  quite  entire.  Fl.  numerous,  white.  CaL  hairy. 
Pet.  inversely  heart-shaped,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  with 
taper  claws.  Pc^vUd]  Jiower-stalks  very  hairy,  scarcely  half  the 
length  of  the  pouch,  which  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  or  oblong,  more  or  less  oblique,  uneven,  or  twisted 
half  round,  flat  not  tumid,  the  edges  thick,  the  summit  crowned 
with  the  extremely  short  thick  style,  and  depressed  capitate 
sligma.  The  surface  of  the  pouch  in  British  specimens  I  find 
to  be  always  smooth.  Ehrhart's  specimens  of  his  D.  incana,  or 
Hularges,  Fhytoph.  75,  arc  not  in  fruit,  but  one  of  the  germens 
carefully  examined,  proved  only  slightly  and  partially  hairy,  and 
could  not  possibly  have  produced  a  hoary  pouch.  \Vt  this  sy- 
nonym is  applied  by  Ehrhart  to  his  own  D.  confusa,  whose  pouch 
shouhl  be  downy,  while  DeCandolle  refers  it,  by  my  specimens, 
to  his  D.  contorta,  my  incana.  From  all  that  1  have  seen,  a.s 
well  as  from  the  analogy  of  the  preceding  species,  1  am  satisfied 
that  the  smoothness  or  roughness  of  the  fruit  att'ordsbut  atriviaJ 
distinction,  and  DeCandolle  seems  of  the  same  opinion.  Tlie 
figure  in  Engl.  Bot.  taken  from  a  wild  seedling,  made  to  blossom 
in  a  garden,  is  therefore  over  luxuriant  ;  but  being  very  faith- 
ful in  every  particular,  does  not  deserve  to  be  stigmatized  as 
-bad." 

5.  D.  m?/ralh\     Speedwell-leaved  Whitlow-grass. 

Stein  branched.   Leaves  heart-sliaped,  toothed,  hairy.  Pouch 
elliptical,  obtuse,  flat,  shorter  than  the  partial  stalks. 

D.  muralis.   Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  S97.   mild.  v.  3. '\29.  FLBr.679.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  i:i.  t.  (J  1  2.     lloo/c.  Scot.  197.     Lond.  t.  64.     Scop.  Insnbr. 
fasc.2.  t.  If).  DeCand.  Syst.  c.  2.3.V2.  Don.  II.  Brit.  /i/AC.  8.  188. 
D.  n.409.     Hall.  Hist.v.  1.2  If). 

D.  minima  muralis  discoidcs.     Odumn.  Kcphr.  v.  I.  27  1.  /.  272. 
Bursa  pastoris  major,  loculo  oblongo.   Bauh.  Pin.  108.   Pradr.  50./. 

linii  Sim.  292.     Moris,  v.  2.  [Wb.sect.  3.  t.  20.  f.  .">. 
Speedwell  Cress.     Pctir.  II.  Brit.  t.  4H.  f.  C). 
Nlyagroides  subrotundis  serratisque  foliis,  flore  a!bo.     Barrel.  Ic. 

t.SlG. 
On  the  shady  sides  of  limestone  mountains,  or  on  walls,  but  rare. 
In  several  jjtirts  of  Craven.  Yorkshire.    liaif.     AboiU  Malham  Cove. 

Dr.  Richardson  and  others.   At  Old  Malton,  on  walls.    Uev.  Arch- 

dcacon  Peirson.     (Jn  the  \Vard(jn  Hills,  Bedfordshire.   Rev.  Dr. 

Aijbot.     On  drv  banks  at  Emborough,  Somersetshire.    Mr.  Sole. 

vol..    III.  .M 


162     TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.    Alyssum. 

Naturalized  on  the  walls  of  Chelsea  garden,  as  likewise  about 
the  botanic  garden  Edinburgh. 

Annual.    April,  Mmj. 

Very  unlike  all  our  other  species.  Root  tapering.  Stem  erect,  al- 
nately  branched,  unless  very  weak,  from  the  base,  from  6  to  1 8 
inches  high,  leafy,  rough  with  minute  starry  hairs.  Radical 
leaves  several,  depressed,  obovate,  tapering  at  the  base  -,  those 
of  the  stem  scattered,  sessile,  heart-shaped  ;  all  strongly  ser- 
rated or  toothed,  and  clothed  with  short,  either  simple,  forked 
or  stellated,  hairs.  Ft.  very  numerous,  small,  white,  in  a  little 
dense  corymbose  tuft,  soon  lengthened  out  into  an  extremely 
long  cluster  of  spreading  pouches,  whose  stalks  are  either  smooth 
or  hairy,  Cal.,  as  Dr.  Hooker  observes,  generally  smooth  ;  but 
occasionally  hairy  as  in  Engl.  Bat.  Pet.  obovate,  entire.  Style 
scarcely  any.  Stigma  blunt,  very  small.  Pouch  about  half  the 
length  of  its  stalk,  elliptical,  obtuse,  flat,  even  and  smooth,  with 
6  or  8  seeds  in  each  cell,  which,  as  DeCandolle  remarks,  are 
twice  as  numerous  in  D.  nemoralis,  the  pouches  of  which  are 
finely  downy,  on  longer  and  smooth  stalks,  and  the /ear es  ovate- 
oblong. 

319.  ALYSSUM.     Alyssum. 

Linn.  Gen.  335.  Juss.  240.  Fl.  Br.  659.  Br.  in  Jit.  H.  Kew.  v.  4. 
93.    DeCand.  Syst.  v. 2. 30 1 .    Lam.  t.6o9.    Citertn.  t.\4\. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  cup-shaped,  deciduous  ;  leaves  ovate, 
concave,  uniform.  Pet.  obovate,  entire,  or  slightly  notch- 
ed, flat,  spreading,  with  short  claws.  Filam.  about  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  often  furnished  with  a  lateral  tooth, 
or  notch.  Aiith.  of  2  roundish  lobes.  Germ,  orbicular, 
or  elliptical,  compressed.  Style  short.  Stigma  simple, 
small.  Pouch  orbicular,  oval,  or  obovate,  laterally  com- 
pressed, tipped  with  the  style,  of  2  cells ;  valves  flattish, 
or  tumid  chiefly  in  the  middle ;  partition  membranous, 
of  the  same  shape  and  breadth.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell, 
oval,  compressed,  rarely  bordered  ;  cotyledons  accum- 
bent. 

Small  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  downy,  or  hoary,  with 
simple  or  starry  pubescence,  usually  much  branched  and 
leafy.  Leaves  undivided,  mostly  narrow  and  entire.  Fl. 
white  or  yellow. 

1.  K.  maritimiim .     Sweet  Alyssum. 

Stem  somewhat  woody,  much  branched,  spreading.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  hoary  with  close  hairs.  Stamens 
simple.     Seeds  solitary. 


TETHADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.     Camelina.    16^ 

A.  maritimum.     H'illd.  v.  3.  4.")9.    Engl,  Bot.  v,  25,  t.  1 729.   Br.  in 
H.  Kew.  V.4.9D.    DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  2.  3 1 8. 

A,  minimum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  908.    Herb.  Linn. 

A.  halimifolium.     Curt.  Mag.  t.\0\. 

Clypeola  maritima.    Linn.  Sp.  Pl.9iO.    Mcint.2.426. 

Thlaspi  Alyssum  dictum  maritimum.  Bauh.  Pin.  1 07.  Moris,  v.  2. 
291.  sect.  3.  t.  \6.f.  1, 

T.  maritimum.    Dalech.  Hist.  1393./. 

T.  linifolium  minus  cineritium,  flore  albo.  Barrel.  Ic.  t.  908./  1. 
good. 

T.  narbonense  Lobelii.     Ger.  Em.  267./ 

On  banks  and  clift's  near  the  sea- 
Near  Aberdeen.  Prof.  IV.  Duncan.     At  Budleigh-Salterton,  De- 
vonshire. Dr.  Hooker,      Not  wild  in  the  latter  place.  Rev.  J, 
Jervis. 

Perennial.     August,  September. 

Stem  much  branched  from  the  base,  recumbent,  leafy,  though 
woodv  not  very  durable  ;  and  in  gardens,  where  this  phxnt  is 
cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  honey-scentedy/o?rer5,  it  is  gene- 
rally treated  as  an  annual.  The, herbage  is  hoary,  or  rather 
glaucous,  with  close-pressed  silvery  hairs.  Leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, tapering  at  the  base,  Fl.  very  abundant,  in  dense,  tufted, 
or  corymbose,  clusters,  much  elongated  when  in  fruit.  Pet. 
roundish,  of  a  brilliant  white ;  but  in  fiiding  their  claws,  like 
the  stamens,  assume  a  violet  hue.  Poucfi  orbicular,  smooth  and 
polished,  a  little  tumid,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell. 

320.  CAMELINA.     Gold  of  Pleasure. 

Crantz  Austr.fasc.  1.17.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  93.  Ctmip.ed.  4. 
108.    DeCand.  SysLv.  2.514. 

Cal,  equal  at  the  base,  oblong,  deciduous ;  leave.s  elliptic- 
oblong,  uniform,  moderately  spreading.  Pet.  obovate- 
oblong,  undivided,  their  claws  rather  shorter  than  the 
spreading  border.  Filam.  thread-sha})ed,  sim))le.  Anth. 
oblong-heart-shaped,  (rrrm.  roundish.  Sfi/lc  cylindri- 
cal, erect.  Sfii^nia  simple,  obtuse.  Pouch  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, rarely  globular,  tumid,  of  2  cells ;  valves  concave, 
confluent  with  the  permanent  style ;  partition  membra- 
nous, Scp(h  numerous  in  each  cell,  oblong,  compressed, 
not  bordered  ;  cotyledons  incumbent, 

U})right,  mostly  branched,  herbs,  with  oblong  leaves.,  clasp- 
ing the  5/<'W,  77.  yellow,  in  corymbose  clusters.  I^our/ies 
erect,  on  long  partial  .stalks.  The  incumbent  cotyledons 
oblige  us  to  se])arate  the  present  genus  from  Ali/ssinu. 

The  name  i)f  Mi/a^n/m^  as  Prof.  DeCandoile  remarks,  pro- 
perly brlongs  to  this  genus  ;  but  that  is  now  a})])ropriate<l 
to  ]\L  perfoliattim.  and  Camrlitw   though  bnrl)arou*;,  and 

M  2 


164  TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA.    Lepidium. 

apparently  corrupted  from  Chamcelimim,  (which  in  itself 
would  be  totally  inadmissible,)  is  not  ill-sounding,  and 
has  long  been  applied  to  our  plant. 

=*  1.  C.  sativa.     Common  Gold  of  Pleasure. 
Pouches    obovate,    bordered,   twice  as  long  as   the  style. 
Leaves  lanceolate-arrow-shaped. 

C.  sativa.  Crantz  Austr.fasc.  1.17.  Br.  in  Ait,  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  93. 
DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  515.  Comp.  ed.  4.  109.  Hook.  Scot.  198. 
Lond.  t.  70.' 

C.  sive  Mvagrion.    Dod.  Pempt.532.f. 

Myagrum!    Raii  Syn.  302.     Ger.  Em.  273.  f. 

M.  sativum.  Linn.  Sp.  Pl.Sdi.  WUld.  v.  3.  40S.  Fl.  Dan.t.  \038. 
Cavan.  Ic.  v.  1 .  47.  t.  66.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.  407. 

Pseudo-rayagrum.  Matih.  falgr.  v.  2.  5  15./.  Dalech.  Hist.  1 137./. 
Camer.  Epit.  901.  f.  also  tertium  902. f. 

Sesama.    Trag.  Hist.  655.  f. 

Moenchia  sativa.      Roth  Germ.  v.  1 .  274.      With.  562.     Hull  142. 

Alyssum  sativum.    FL  Br.  679.    EngL  Bot.v.  18.  t.  1254. 

A.  n.  489.    HalL  Hist.  v.\.  212. 

Gold  of  Pleasure.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  48./  1 1 . 

In  cultivated  fields,  chiefly  among  Flax,  with  wUose  seeds  it  is 
often  introduced  from  abroad,  but  does  not  long  propagate  itself 
with  us  spontaneously. 

Annual.    June. 

Root  fibrous.  Herb  smooth,  or  variously  downy,  erect,  li  or  2  feet 
high,  more  or  less  panicled.  Leaves  alternate,  acute,  bright 
green,  2  or  3  inches  long,  entire  or  toothed,  clasping  the  stem 
with  their  arrow-shaped  base.  Fl.  small,  pale  yellow,  their  co- 
rymbs soon  becoming  very  long  clusters  of  pear-shaped,  bor- 
dered, smooth,  inflated  pouches,  tipped  with  the  styles,  which 
latter  are  commonly  longer  than  the  figure  in  Engl.  Bot.  repre- 
sents them  3  the  stigma  withering,  they  become  acute  as  the 
fruit  ripens,  and  are  united  at  both  sides  vv'ith  the  valves,  as 
Crantz  observes.     Seeds  G  or  8  in  each  cell. 

The  ridiculously  pompous  English  nam.e  seems  a  satire  on  the  arti- 
cles of  which  it  is  composed,  as  yielding  nothing  but  disappoint- 
ment. 

321.  LEPIDIUM.     Pepperwoit. 

LimuGen.333.    Juss.  24\.    Fl.Br.6S\.    Br.  in  Ait. H.  Kew.  v.  4. 

85.  DeCand.  Syst.v.  2.  527.   Tourn.t.  103.  Lam.  f. 556.   Gcertn. 

t.\4\. 
Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  with  elliptical,  concave,  nearly  equal 

leaves.     Pet.  obovate,  undivided,  equal.     Filam.  simple, 

shorter  than  the  petals,  sometimes  deficient  in  number. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Lepidium.  165 

.47zM.  of  2  roundish  lobes.  Germ,  roundish.  *S7j//t' slender, 
or  wanting.  Stigvia  obtuse.  Pouch  orbicular,  or  oblong, 
transversely  compressed,  either  entire  or  notched  at  the 
summit,  crowned  with  the  style  or  stigma,  of  2  cells;  valves 
keel-shaped,  sometimes  bordered ;  partition  very  narrow, 
crossing  the  greater  diameter  of  the  pouch.  Seeds  1  in 
each  cell,  pendulous,  ovate,  somewhat  angular,  or  flat- 
tened ;  cotyledons  oblong,  incumbent. 
Glaucous  or  hoary  herbs,  of  a  hot  pungent  flavour.  Stem 
branched.  Leaves  very  various.  Fl.  copious,  white,  mi- 
nute. 

1 .  L.  latifoimm.     Broad-leaved  Pepperwort. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  undivided,  serrated. 

L.  latifolium.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  899.     mild.  v.  3.  43G.     FL  Br.  682. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  3.  t.  182.      Hook.  Scot.  194.      DeCancL  Syst.  v.  2. 

548.    FL  Dan.  t.  557.    Rali  Syn.  304. 
Lepidium.     Trag.  Hist.SS.f.    Fuchs.  Hist.  4SA.f.      Muith.Valgr. 

V.  1 . d:)!./.     Camer.  Epit. 3/8,  379.  f,f. 
L.  majus.     Cord.  Hist.  1 24,  2./. 
L.  Plinianum.    Dad.  Pcmpt.  715./.  716.     Moris,  v.  2.  312.  sect.  2. 

t.  21./.  1. 
Nasturtium  n.  505.    HalL  Hist.  i;.  1 .  2 1 9. 
Raphanus  sylvestris  officinarum.    Ger.  Em.  241./.    Lob.  Ic.  318./. 

In  salt  marshes,  and  wet  sandy  shady  situations  under  clifts,  near 
the  sea. 

In  several  parts  of  Essex.  Bay.  Yorkshire.  Dr.  Richardson.  Be- 
low Sheringham  cliff's,  Norfolk.   Mr.  Humphrey. 

Perennial.    July. 

Roots  acrid,  very  long,  creeping  and  branched,  running  deep  into 
the  earth,  and  remaining  for  many  years,  if  planted  in  sandy 
ground  far  from  the  sea.  Whole  herb  smooth,  of  a  dull  glau- 
cous green,  its  flavour  (hsagreeably  pungent  and  bitter.  Stems 
a  yard  high,  tough,  branched,  leafy,  pale.  Loicer  leans  a  span 
in  length,  ovate,  serrated  about  the  middle,  on  long  stalks  ;  up- 
per much  smaller,  and  lanceohite,  or  linear,  acute,  nearly  sessile, 
entire.  FL  numerous,  very  small,  white,  in  compound,  leafy, 
panicled,  corymbose  clusters.  Stamens  6.  Pouch  elliptical, 
crowned  with  the  sessile  stigma. 

A  common  (ireek  ])lant,  the  Lcpidion  of  Dioscorides,  who  attri- 
butes an  acrid  ulcerating  (juality  to  its  leaves,  and  it  still  bears 
the  name  oi'  Lq>idi  in  Attica. 

2.  L.  rudcralc.     Narrow-leaved  Pepperwort. 

SUimens  two.  Petals  none.  Leaves  smooth  ;  lower  ones 
pinnatifid,  toothed  ;  upper  linear,  entire.   Pouch  notched. 


166  TETRADYNAMIA— SILICUL08A.  Lepidium. 

L.  ruderale.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  900.   M'illd.  v.  3.  440,  Fl.  Br.  682,  Engl. 

Bot.  v.  23.  1. 1595,  Hook.  Scot.  194.    FL  Dan.  L  184.    DeCand. 

Syst.  i\  2.  540. 
Nasturtium  n.  508.    HalL  Hist.  v.  1 .  220, 
N.  sylvestre,  Osyridis  folio.     Rail  Si/n.  303. 
Thlaspi  minus.     Ger.  Em.  262./. 

T.  angustifolium.  Fuchs.HisL^Ql ./.   lc.\7^.f.  nalech.Hist.662.f. 
Thlaspidii  genus.     Trag.  Hist.  83./. 
Narrow  Wild  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Br  it  t.oO.f.l. 

In  waste  ground,  especially  near  the  sea_,  in  a  muddy  or  calcareous 
soil. 

At  Yarmouth,  Cley,  and  Lynn,  Norfolk,  plentifully.  At  Truro, 
Cornwall,  and  Maiden,  Essex.  Ray.  Below  Bristol.  Withering. 
By  the  side  of  the  Severn  above  Worcester.  Dr.  Stokes. 

Annual.     June. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  glaucous,  smooth,  fetid  and  pungent  when 
bruised.  Stem  from  6  to  12  inches  high,  solitary,  erect,  leafy, 
with  many  wide-spreading  branches.  Lower  leaves  pinnatifid, 
which  the  figures  of  the  old  authors,  except  Petiver,  do  not  ex- 
hibit ;  their  segments  are  linear,  partly  toothed,  especially  at 
the  fore  side ;  upper  leaves  undivided,  entire.  FL  minute,  in 
dense  corymbs,  which  when  in  seed  become  very  long,  rather 
crowded,  clusters.  I  have  never  met  with  any  petals,  nor  more 
than  2  stamens  j  but  Dr.  Withering,  like  Scopoli  and  Gouan, 
has  often  seen  complete Jfowers,  and  sometimes  4  stamens.  Pouch 
roundish,  with  a  notch  containing  the  very  short,  thick,  perma- 
nent style. 

3.  h.  campestre.     Common  Mithridate  Pepperwort. 

Pouch  scaly,  notched  ;  bordered  at  the  summit.  Style  very 
short.     Stem-leaves  arrow-shaped,  toothed. 

L.  campestre.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4. 88.  Comp.  ed.  4.  110.  De- 
Cand. Syst.  V.  2. 535.     Hook.  Scot.  1 95. 

Thlaspi  campestre.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  902.  mild.  v.  3.  444.  FLBr.6S4. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  20.  t.  1385.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.t.45. 

T.  vulgatius.    Raii  Syn.305.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  921.  upper/. 

T.  latifolium.    Fuchs.  HisL  306./.    Ic.  1 74./ 

Nasturtium  n.  509.    HalL  Hist.  v.  1.  220. 

Common  Cow  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50.  /  7. 

^.  Thlaspi  Vaccaiise  folio  glabrum.    RaiiSyn.  305. 

T.  vulgatissimam.     Ger.  Em.  262./. 

T.  primum.  Matth.  Valgr.  i?.  1 .  5 1 8. /  Camer.  EpiL  336. /.  Da- 
lech.  Hist.  662./ 

Smooth  Cow  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./.  8. 

y.  Thlaspi  hirlum.    Hids,2S\, 

In  cultivated  fields. 


TETRADYNAMIA— 8ILICULOSA.  Lepidium.  167 

/S.  Near  Warrington.  Mr.  D.  Turner. 

y.  Near  Bath.  Mr.  Haviland. 

Annual.    July. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  more  or  less  downy,  and  of  a  hoary  or  glau- 
cous green  ;  the  pubescence  short,  shuple,  and  prominent.  Stem 
erect,  leafy,  about  a  foot  high ;  branched  in  the  upper  part,  ex- 
cept in  weak  specimens.  Lowest  leaves  obovate,  soon  wither- 
ing ;  the  rest  sessile,  arrow-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends,  wavy 
and  toothed  in  the  most  common  and  downy  variety  ;  in  /3  nearly 
smooth,  and  more  entire.  Fl.  numerous,  small,  white,  their  co- 
rymbs soon  lengthened  out  into  long  clusters  of  upright,  round- 
ish-oblong pouches,  whose  flat  border,  very  narrow  at  the  sides, 
is  much  dilated,  and  cloven,  at  the  upper  edge,  the  style  being 
about  equal  in  length  to  the  lobes.  The  surface  at  both  sides 
of  the  pouch  is  covered  with  minute  depressed  scales,  which 
mark  this  species  well,  and  are  sometimes,  in  y,  accompanied 
by  a  few  hairs,  when  it  becomes  Thlaspi  hirtum  of  Hudson,  but 
not  of  Linnaeus.  I  have  always  found  the  seeds  solitary  in  each 
cell.  For  the  cotyledons  being  incumbent,  not  accumbent  as  in 
Thlaspi,  1  rely  on  Mr.  Brown. 

4.  L.  hirtum.     Hairy  Mithridate  Pepperwort. 

Pouch  often  hairy,  not  scaly,  bordered  at  the  summit.  Style 
prominent.   Stem-leaves  arrovi^-shaped,  slightly  toothed. 

L.  hirtum.    Comp.  ed.  4.110.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  536. 

Thlaspi  hirtum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  90\.  mild.  v. 3,  444.  FLBr.684. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  2G.  /.  1 803.    Hook.  Scot.  1 95. 

T.  Vaccariae  incano  folio  perenne.     Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  175.  ed.  3.305. 

T.  villosum,  capsulis  hirsutis.  Bauh.  Pin.  106.  Prodr.  47. f.  Mo- 
ris. v.2.297.  sect. 3.  t.  18./.  27,  copied  from  Bauhin. 

T.  villosum.     Matth.  ed.  Bauh.  430./. 

T.  capsulis  hirsutis.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  922./.  Chabr.  Sciagr.  291./, 
copied  from  J.  Bauhin. 

Hoary  Cress.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./  1 0. 

In  fields  on  hilly  ground. 

In  mountainous  situations  in  Wales,  and  elsewhere.  Ray.  In 
Perthshire,  near  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Kinnoul.  Mr.  Miller,  and 
Mr.  J.  Mackay,  By  the  river  Earn,  Perthshire,  and  the  Esk, 
between  Brichen  and  Montrose,  Angusshire.  Mr.  G.  Don.  At 
BrowKton,  Suffolk,  Rev.  G.R.  Lcathes. 

Perennial.     June. 

Root  woody  and  perennial,  as  Ray  indicates.  Stems  several,  simple 
or  branched,  leafy,  always  finely  hairy,  as  well  as  the  /<'(/r65,  which 
resemble  those  of  the  last,  but  the  obovate  radical  ones  are  more 
numerous  and  permanent,  on  longs!ender/oo/67a//f5.  Inflores- 
cence like  the  preceding,  but  the  petals  are  larger.  Pouch  often 
hairy  at  the  sides,  but  the  dilated  terminal  cloven  border  .seems 
to  be  always  smooth,  as  arc,  very  frequently,  the  sides  also,  being' 


168  TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Hutcliinsia. 

moreover  entirely  destitute  of  the  minute  concave  scales,  so  cha- 
racteristic of  L.  campestrc.  'J'he  style  is  full  twice  as  long  as 
the  lobes  of  the  border.  Seech  solitary.  Cotyledons  incumbent, 
as  I  have  found  them  on  examination,  and  as  there  is  no  room 
to  doubt  their  being  in  L.  campestre,  so  that  the  more  obvious 
character  of  the  solitary  seeds  is  thus  confirmed,  and  the  true 
genus  of  these  plants  perfectly  established.  Ray  well  knew  this 
species,  and  the  old  figures,  of  which  those  of  the  two  Bauhins 
only  are  original,  answer  perfectly  to  our  plant,  though  Hudson's 
Thlaspi  hirtum  is  but  a  variety  of  campestre. 

322.  HUTCHINSTA.     Hutchinsia. 

Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  82.  Comp.  ed.  4.  1 07.  DeCand,  Syst.  v.  2, 
384. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  with  spreading,  elliptical,  concave, 
equal  leaves,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  undivided.  Filam, 
simple.  Anth.  roundish.  Germ,  oval,  compressed.  Style 
various.  Stigma  obtuse.  Pouch  elliptic-oblong,  trans- 
versely compressed,  nearly  entire,  of  2  cells ;  valves  keel- 
shaped,  not  bordered;  partition  narrow,  crossing  the 
greater  diameter  of  the  pouch.  Seeds  2,  or  more,  in  each 
cell,  pendulous,  ovate  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 

Herbs  various  in  habit,  perennial,  or  annual.  Leaves  undi- 
vided, pinnatifid,  or  pinnate,  smooth,  a  little  succulent. 
Fl.  white  or  reddish,  never  yellow. 

1.  Yi.  petrcea.     Rock  Hutchinsia. 

Leaves  pinnate,  entire.     Petals  scarcely  equal  to  the  calyx. 

Stigma  sessile.     Seeds  two  in  each  cell. 

H.  petraea.     Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4,  82.      Comp.  ed.  4.  110.     De- 

Cand.  Syst.  v.  2. 389.    Hook.  Loud.  ^.31. 
Lepidium  petrseum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  899.     M'illd.  v.  3.  434.     Fl.  Br. 

68 1 .    Engl.  Bot.  r.  2.  1 1 1 .     Jacq.  Austr.  t.lSl. 
L.  Linnsei.    Crantz  Austr.  fasc.  1.7.  t.2.f.4.b. 
Nasturtium  n.  515.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  222. 

N.  petrseum  annuum  nostras.   Pluk.  Almag.  262.  Phyt.  t.  206./.  4. 
N.  pumilum  vernum.      Bauh.  Pin.  105.      Moris,  v.  2.  301.  sect.  3. 

t.\9.f.6. 
Nasturtiolum  montanum  annuum  tenuissim^  divisum.     Rail  Syn. 

304. 
Cardamine  pusilla  saxatilis  montana  discoides.  Colu  mn.  Ecphr.  v.  1 . 

274.  ^.273. 
Fine  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./.  4. 

On  limestone  rocks,  and  walls,  in  the  south  of  Britain. 

On  the  rocks  about  Goram'schair^near  Bristol.  Richard  Kay le,  and 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Teesdaiia.  169 

J.  Sherard.  On  St.  Vincent's  rocks,  Bristol.  Huds.,  and  Dr. 
John  Ford,  where  it  still  grows.  Also  at  Uphill,  Somersetshire. 
Tluda.  On  a  limestone  wall  2  miles  from  Pembroke.  Mr.  Adams. 
Jn  various  other  parts  of  Wales,  and  of  the  mountainous  lime- 
stone district  of  Yorkshire.   Dr.  Hooker. 

Annual.     March,  April. 

Root  fibrous,  annual  rather  than  biennial.  Stems  one  or  more,  2 
or  3  inches  high,  erect,  leafy,  branched,  spreading,  smooth,  or 
finely  downy.  Leaves  elegantly  pinnate,  of  numerous  pairs  of 
elliptic-oblong,  entire,  smootli  leaflets,  with  a  terminal  one  of 
the  same  size,  their  common  stalk  channelled  and  bordered,  so 
that  the  whole  mny  be  denominated  a  deeply  pinnatifid  leaf.  Fl. 
white,  very  minute,  corymbose.  Pet.  narrow.  Pouches  in  longish 
clusters,  spreading,  oval,  compressed,  at  first  entire,  tipped  with 
the  sessile  stigma,  but  as  they  advance  to  maturity  the  point  of 
each  valve  becomes  slightly  elongated  or  dilated,  making  a  small 
notch  to  contain  the  somewhat  elevated  stigma.  Seeds  2  in 
each  cell,  one  above  the  other. 

I  beg  leave  to  repeat  that  this  plant  has  the  pouch  of  a  Lepidium, 
according  to  the  original  idea  of  that  genus,  being  "  emarginate 
and  many-seeded"3  but  the  cotyledons  being  accumbent,  not 
incumbent,  oblige  us  to  take  advantage  of  the  seeds  not  being 
solitary,  as  in  Lepidium  better  defined,  to  separate  it,  along 
with  others  whose  seeds  are  still  more  numerous,  as  a  distinct, 
though  not  very  natural,  genus.     See  Hooker  and  DeCandoUe. 

The  name  commemorates  the  late  Miss  Hutchins,  a  very  distin- 
guished botanist,  whose  discoveries  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Belfast  have  often  been  celebrated,,  and  whose  premature  death 
is  deplored  by  all  who  knew  her. 

323.  TEESDALIA.     Teesdaiia. 

Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  83.  Comp.  ed.  1.  1 08.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc. 
r.  I  1 .  283.    DeCand.  Si/st.  v.  2.  39 1 . 

Cal.  e(jiial  at  the  base,  with  spreading,  ovate,  concave, 
nearly  equal,  deciduous  leaves.  Prf.  obovate,  undivided, 
spreading,  either  ecjual,  or  unequal,  the  2  outermost  in 
the  latter  case  nnich  the  largest.  Filam.  cylindrical, 
sometimes  but  4-,  shorter  than  the  coi'olla,  incurved,  each 
bearing  an  ovate,  ))etal-like  scale,  at  tiie  inner  side,  just 
above  the  base.  Aiith.  of  2  round,  distinct,  converging 
lobes.  Germ,  roundisli,  2-lobed,  rather  compressed. 
Stigma  globular,  sessile.  Pouch  transversely  compressed, 
roundisli,  concave  on  one  side  ;  bordered  at  the  ^unnnil 
and  cloven  ;  of  2  cells,  and  2  boat- like  valves,  with  dilated 
keels;  partition  lanceolate,  narrow,  contrary  to  the 
greater  tliameter  ol   the   pouch.      .SVrr/.v   2   in    each  cell. 


170     TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  ThlaspL 

roundish,  compressed ;  cotyledons,  according  to  DeCan- 
dolle,  accumbent,  nearly  orbicular. 
Annual  herbs,  of  humble  growth,  with  numerous,  pinnati- 
fid,  radical  leaves,  and  several  simple  stalks,  of  which  the 
central  one  only  is  quite  leafless.  FL  small,  white,  in 
simple  corymbose  tufts,  becoming  long  clusters  oi pouches, 

1.  a.  nudicaidis.     Naked-stalked,  or  Irregular, Tees- 

dalia. 
Petals  unequal. 
T.  nudicaulis.    Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  83.    Comp.  ed.4.ll0.    Tr. 

of  Linn.  Soc.  v.W.  286.    Hook.  Scot.  1 94. 
T.  Iberis.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  392. 
Iberis  nudicaulis.   Linn.  Sp.  PL  907.  PVilld.  v.  3.  458.  Fl.Br.692. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  5.  t.  327.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  42.  Dicks.  H.  Sice. 

/asc.  1.10.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  323. 
I.  n.521.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  I.  224. 
Nasturtium  petraeum.     Raii  Syn.  303. 
Bursa  pastoria  minima.     Ger.  Em.  276./.    Lob.  Ic.  221./. 
Shepherd's  Cress.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./.  2. 

In  dry  barren  gravelly  fields. 

About  London,  Norwich  and  Bury.  Ray,  and  Eizgl.JBot.  InWor- 
cestershire  and  Cumberland.  Withering.  Near  Sheffield.  Mr. 
J.  Salt,  In  cornfields  near  Easingwold,  Yorkshire.  Rev.  Arch- 
deacon Peirson.  In  several  parts  of  the  lowlands  of  Scotland. 
Hooker.     Abundant  in  Anglesea.  Rev.  H.  Davies. 

Annual.    May. 

Root  slender,  tapering.  Leaves  numerous,  spreading  on  the 
ground,  partly  undivided,  but  mostly  pinnatifidin  a  lyrate  man- 
ner, often  downy  at  the  edges,  otherwise  smooth.  Stems  se- 
veral, slightly  leafy,  erect  or  spreading,  the  central  one  quite 
straight  and  always  naked.  Fl.  in  little  white  corymbs.  Two 
outer  petals  thrice  the  size  of  the  others.  Stam.  always  6,  re* 
markable  for  their  large  white  scales,  first  observed  in  this  spe- 
cies by  the  late  Mr.  Sowerby. 

Teesdalia  is  named  after  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Teesdale,  F.L.S., 
formerly  gardener  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  at  Castle  Howard,  an 
excellent  British  botanist,  who  died  atTurnham  Green,  Dec.  25, 
1804.  T,  regularise  the  only  species  known  besides,  is  Lepi- 
dium  nudicaule  of  Linnaeus,  exactly  like  our  plant  in  habit,  but 
distinguished  by  having  equal  petals,  and  often  only  4  stamens. 

324.  THLASPL    Shepherd's  Purse.  Mithridate 
Mustard. 

Linn.  Gen.  334.  Juss.  241 .  Fl.  Br.  683.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 373. 
Tourn.t. lOl.F — L.  Dill.Gen.t.  6.  Lam.  t.  557.   Gccrtn.t.  \4\. 


TETRADYNAMIA—SILICULOSA.  Thlaspi.     171 

Bursa  Pastoris.     Tourn.  t.  103. 

Capsella.    DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  2.  383. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  witli  ovate,  concave,  moderately 
spreading,  deciduous  leaves.  Pet.  obovate,  equal,  undi- 
vided, sometimes  slightly  notched  ;  their  claws  short  and 
broad.  i'V/r/zw.  simple,  slender.  Anth.  heart-shaped,  acute. 
Germ,  roundish,  compressed,  notched.  Sl;i/le  short.  Stig- 
ma obtuse.  Pouch  transversely  compressed,  roundish  or 
inversely  heart-shaped,  crowned  between  its  lobes  with 
the  style,  of  2  cells ;  valves  strongly  keeled,  mosdy  bor- 
dered ;  partition  elliptic-lanceolate,  crossing  the  greater 
diameter  of  the  pouch.  Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  ovate; 
cotvledons  accumbent. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  for  the  most  part  smooth,  with 
undivided,  rarely  pinnatifid,  leaves.  Ft.  white.  Pouches 
variously  shaped  and  bordered. 

1.  T.  arvense.    Mithridate  Mustard,  or  Penny  Cress. 

Pouch  orbicular,  nearly  flat,  shorter  than  its  stalk.  Leaves 
smooth,  oblong,  toothed.      Stem  erect. 

T.  arvense.  Linn,  Sp.  PL  901.  mild.  v.  3.  442.  FL  Br.  683. 
Engl  Bot.  V.  24.  t.  1659.  Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  6.  f.  43.  Hook. 
Scot.  1 93.     DeCand.  Sifst.  v.  2.  375.     FL  Dan.  t.  793. 

T.  Dioscoridis.     Rail  Sijn.  305.     Gcr.  Em.  262.  f. 

T.  secundum.  iVatth,  Valgr.  r.  1.519.  /  Camcr.  EpiL  337.  /. 
Dalech.  H}st.6&2.f. 

T.  cum  siliquis  latis.     Bauli.  Hist.  v.  2.  923./. 

Nasturtium  n.  5 11 .    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  220. 

Penny  Cress.    Pctiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./.  9. 

In  cultivated  or  waste  ground,  but  not  common. 

In  Essex,  Suffolk,  and  Staffordsliire.  Raij.  Oxfordshire.  Bishop 
of  Carlisle.  In  waste  ground  on  the  north-east  side  of  Norwich. 
Mr.  Rose.     Near  the  sea  at  the  south  end  of  Lowestoft,  Suffolk. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Root  small  and  tapering.  Htrh  deep  shmmg  green,  tjuite  smooth, 
erect,  8  to  12  inches  higii,  branched,  leaty.  Uadieal  leaves  obo- 
vate 'obtuse  ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong,  acute,  arrow-shajied  and 
clasping  at  the  base  ;  all  toothed,  or  wavy.  FL  small,  white, 
densely  corvmbose.  Vourlies  very  large,  erect,  in  long  clusters, 
orbicular,  with  a  deep  notch  at  the  top,  the  broad  borders  of 
their  valves  rising  high  above  the  stifle.  Seeds  striated,  black, 
acrid,  with  a  strong  garlic  flavour,  which  occasioned  them  to  be 
used  formerly  as  an  ingredient  in  the  Mitluidate  C'ontection,  an 
elaborate  hodge-podge,  now  laid  aside.  The  name  ot  Penny 
Cress  alludes  to  the  form  and  size  of  tiie  seed-vessels,  resembling 
a  silver  penny. 


172     TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA.  Thlaspi. 

2.  T.  perfoliatum.     Perfoliate  Shepherd's  Purse. 

Pouch  inversely  heart-shaped.  Stem-leaves  heart-shaped, 
rather  sharp  at  the  base,  clasping  the  branched  stem. 
Style  very  short. 

T.  perfoliatum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  902.  JVilld.  v.  3. 446.  Fl.  Br.  685. 
Engl  Bot.  V.  33.  t.  2354.  Hook.  Land.  t.  46.  DeCand.  Syst. 
v.2.378.     Jacq.Austr.t.337. 

T.  alpestre.    Huds.  282.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  6.  5. 

T.  arvense  perfoliatum  minus.     Raii  Sijn.  ed.  2.  J  76. 

T.  arvense  perfoliatum  majus.  Bauh.  Pin.  106.  Moris,  v.  2.  294. 
sect.  3.  t.  \7.f.  15 i  also  minus.  f.]6. 

T.  perfoliatum  minus.     Bauh.  Pin.  1 06.     Raii  Syn.  ed.  3.  305. 

T.  alterum  mitius  rotundifolium.  Bursas  pastoris  fructu.  Column. 
Ecphr.v.  J.  278.  t.  276./.  2. 

T.  cordatum  minus,  flore  albo,  insipidum.    Barrel.  Ic.  ^  815. 

T.  tertium  pumilum.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  131./. 

T.  minus  Clusii.     Ger.  Em.  268./ 

T.  rotundifolium.     Ger.  Em.  266./  good. 

Nasturtium  n.  5 10.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  220. 

Small  Thorow  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50.  f.  12. 

In  limestone  pastures,  rare. 

Abundant  among  the  stone-pits  about  Burford,  Oxfordshire.  Bo- 
bart  and  Sibth.  I  believe  it  has  not  been  found  In  any  other 
part^  of  Britain.  The  north-country  stations  introduced  into 
Ray's  Synopsis  by  Dillenius,  certainly  belong  to  T.  alpestre. 

Annual.    April,  May. 

Root  fibrous.  Herb  glaucous,  smooth.  Stem  branched  from  the 
very  bottom,  spreading,  leafy.  Leaves  slightly  toothed  ;  radical 
ones  stalked,  ovate,  obtuse  ;  the  rest  sessile,  arrow-shaped, 
clasping  the  stem,  either  rounded  or  acute  at  the  base.  Fl. 
densely  corymbose,  small,  white.  Cal.  often  purplish,  with  white 
membranous  edges.  Pouches  on  horizontal  stalks,  in  not  very 
long  clusters,  the  keels  of  their  valves  much  dilated  and  rounded 
at  the  upper  part,  rising  high  above  the  very  short  style.  Seeds 
numerous  in  each  cell,  oval,  yellowish. 

Morison's/  ]  6,  and  T.  tertium  pumilum  of  Clusius,  copied  in  Ger. 
Em.  clearly  belong  to  this,  as  they  faithfully  express  the  short- 
ness of  the  style.  I  have  starved  specimens  very  nearly  answer- 
mg  to  those  figures.  The  great  Ray  was  aware  that  authors  had 
here  made  two  species  out  of  one. 

3.  T.  alpestre.     Alpine  Shepherd's  Purse. 

Stem-leaves  arrow-shaped.  Stems  simple.  Style  promi- 
nent beyond  the  margin  of  the  obovate  abrupt  pouch. 

T.  alpestre.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  903.  M'illd.v.3.447.  FLBr.OSG.  EngL 
Bot.  v.2.t.S\.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  380. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Thlaspi.    17J 

T.  montanum.    Huds.  282.    With.  674.    Curt.  Cat.  in  Ft.  Lond.  v.  1 . 

71.85. 
T.  foliis  Globularice.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.926.  f.    RadSijn.ed.2  175. 

erf.  .3.305. 
T.  montanum  secundum.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  131./. 
T.  albi  supini  varietas.     Ger.  Em.  268./.  2. 
Lepidium  n.  519.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.223. 
Woad  Cress.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./.  1 1 . 

In  mountainous  pastures  in  the  north  of  England,  among  limestone 
rocks  and  lead  mines. 

About  Settle  and  Malham,  Yorkshire.  Bay.  At  Matlock  bath, 
Derbyshire. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Boot  much  branched  at  the  crown,  running  deep  into  the  ground, 
but  not  creeping.  Herb  smooth  and  glaucous.  Stems  several,  a 
span  high,  leafy,  all  simple,  unless  eaten  down  early  by  cattle, 
in  which  case  they  branch  from  the  base,  any  small  lateral  shoot, 
as  in  Engl.  But.,  being  extremely  rare.  Leaves  scarcely,  if  at 
all,  toothed  ;  the  radical  ones  in  dense  tufts,  stalked,  ovate  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  a  iittle  wavy  ;  those  of  the  stem  numerous, 
sessile,  arrow  shaped,  mostly  acute  at  each  end.  Ft.  white,  small, 
but  the  petals  vary  in  size,  and  are  slightly  notched.  Jnih.  pur- 
plish, as  is  likewise  the  calyx.  Pouch  obovate  and  obtuse,  seldom 
so  much  heart-shaped  as  in  Engl.Bot.,  nor  do  its  bordered  lobes 
ever  reach  half  the  length  of  the  slender  prominent  style.  Seeds 
Tawny,  3  or  4  in  each  cell. 

The  attentive  reader  will  find  my  synonyms  of  this  and  the  last,  as 
well  as  of  Lepidium  campestre  and  U'lrtum,  a  little  at  variance 
with  those  of  the  learned  and  accurate  Prof.  DeCandoUe  -,  and 
in  deference  to  such  authority  I  have  revised  them  ;  but  this  ex- 
amination has  confirmed  their  original  application.  The  descrip- 
tion and  figure  in  Engl.  Bat.  will  not,  I  think,  be  found  to  dis- 
agree with  each  other  3  see  Hooker  under  T.  pcrfoliatum. 

4.  T.  Bursa  pastoris.      Common  Shepherd's  Purse. 

Hairy.  Pouch  inversely  heart-shaped,  somewhat  triangu- 
lar.     Radical  leaves  pinnatifid. 

T.  Hursa  pastoris.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  903.  Willd.  v.  3.  A\7.  /'?.  Br.  687. 
Engl.  Hot.  V.  21.  /.  MS.").  Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  I.  /  50.  Hook. 
Scot.  19  4.     Bull.  Er.  /.223.     El.  Dan.  t.  729. 

eXao-TTi,  (  riilasi)i).   Diosc.  Ic.  77 . 

Na.sturtiu!n  n.  5  N.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  22 1 . 

Capsella  Hursa  pastoris.     DcCand.  Sysl.  v.  2.  383. 

Bursa  pastoris.  Dnrstcn.  Botan.  54.  2./.  Matth.  J'algr.  v.  1 .521 ./. 
Camcr.  Epit.  3  10./     Ban  Syn.  3i)6.     Uer.  Em.  276./. 

Pastoria  Bursa.     Enchs.  Hist.  fill.  /". 

Sheaperds  Purse.     Peliv.  H.  Bnt.  I.  49./  4—7. 


174  TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Cochlearia. 

In  waste,  as  well  as  cultivated  ground,  and  by  way  sides,  every 
where. 

Annual,     March — November. 

Root  tapering,  whitish,  with  a  peculiar  smoke-like  scent.  Herb 
very  variable  in  Ir.xuriance,  rough  with  prominent  hairs.  Stem 
branched,  leafy,  erect  or  spreading,  from  6  to  12  inches  high. 
Radical  leaves  several,  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid,  toothed 
or  notched,  their  terminal  lobe  usually  triangular  and  acute  ; 
stem-leaves  oblong,  acute,  toothed,  clasping  the  stem  with  their 
arrow-shaped  base.  Fl.  small,  corymbose,  often  tinged  with 
purplish  brown.  Pet.  entire.  Pouches  smooth,  on  long  spread- 
ing stalks,  forming  a  long  cluster,  each  nearly  triangular,  a 
little  tumid,  abrupt  with  a  broad  shallow  sinus  at  the  extremity, 
in  which  the  very  short  style  is  situated,  but  the  lobes  are 
scarcely,  if  at  all,  dilated  or  wing-ed,  though  in  some  measure 
com])ressed  at  the  margin  j  partition  narrow.  Seeds  about  5, 
or  more,  in  each  cell. 

Prof.  DeCandoUe  remarks  that  this  herb  is  much  less  acrid  than 
the  rest  of  its  order,  and  rather  glutinous  to  the  taste.  Small 
birds  eat  the  seeds  and  flowers.  The  want  of  a  dilated  border 
to  the  pouch  has  induced  that  eminent  botanist,  and  a  few 
others,  to  separate  the  present  species  from  Thlaspi.  But 
surely  the  difference,  which  1  have  long  ago  noted,  is  very  slight 
and  dubious.  1  rather  concur  with  Mr.  Brown  injiot  making  it 
of  generic  importance  •  and  at  any  rate  the  name  of  Thlaspi 
belongs  irrefragably  to  this  identical  plant,  having  been  given 
by  Dioscorides,  Pliny,  and  every  succeeding  writer,  though  CsCsS- 
alpinus,  book  8,  chapter  74  and  76,  (not  book  2,)  mentions 
Capsella  as  one  of  the  synonyms  in  Dioscorides,  of  which  I  find 
no  traces.  The  word  indeed  is  bad  Latin,  synonymous  with 
capsula. 

The  Common  Shepherd's  Purse  occurs  in  almost  every  part  of  the 
globe.  To  the  various  and  distant  countries  mentioned  by  De- 
CandoUe, I  can  add  Nepaul,  from  whence  Dr.  Wallich  has  sent 
specimens.  Their  pouches  however  are  much  broader  and  shorter 
than  those  from  the  Isle  de  Bourbon,  but  there  are,  in  both  in- 
stances, 8  or  10  seeds  in  each  cell. 

325.  COCHLEARIA.     Scurvy-grass. 

Linn.  Gen.  334.  Juss.  240.  Fl.  Br.  GSS.  DeCaml  St/st.  v.  2. 358. 
Tourn.  t.  101.    Lam.t.  558. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  with  ovate,  concave,  spreading,  de- 
ciduous leaves.  Pet,  obovate,  undivided,  spreading, 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  with  short  claws.  Filam. 
awl-shaped,  simple,  incurved,  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Anth.  roundish.  Germ,  roundish.  Style  very  short,  per- 
manent.    Stigma  obtuse.    Poitch  globose,  ovate,  or  ellip- 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Cochlearia.  175 

deal,  turgid,  rugged,  veiny,  tijoped  with  tlie  style,  of  2 
cells;  valves  concave,  rather  thick,  not  bordered,  scarcely 
keeled ;  partition  orbicular  or  elliptical,  membranous, 
generally  as  wide  as  the  valves.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cell,  roundish  ;  cotyledons  flat,  accumbent. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  celebrated  as  antiscorbutic, 
mostly  smooth,  and  rather  succulent,  with  branched 
spreading  stems;  and  simple  leaves,  the  radical  ones 
stalked  and  most  entire.  Fl.  white,  or  pale  purplish, 
never  yellow. 

1.  C.  officinalis.     Common  Scurvy-grass. 

Radical  leaves  roundish  ;  those  on  the  stem  oblong  and 
somewhat  sinuated.     Pouch  globose. 

C.  officinalis.  Linn.  Sp.  Pl.^0^.  irUlcL  v.  3.  44S.  FL  Br.  6SS. 
Engl.  Bof.  V.  8.  ^.551.  Woociv.  t.  29.  Hook.  Scot.  1 9b.  Land, 
t.  1  48.    DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  2.  364.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  135. 

Cochlearia.  Bail  Syn.  302.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  942.  /  Camer. 
Epit.  27 1 .  /.     Dod.  Pempt.  594. /. 

C.  rotundifolia.     Ger.  Em.  401 ./. 

Garden  Scurvy-grass.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  49./.  I. 

Nasturtium  n.  503.    Hall.  Hist.  u.  1.  218. 

^.  Cochlearia  minor  rotundifolia  nostras.     Raii  Syn.  303. 

y.  C.  groenlandica      Hlllt.  5/3  ;  but  not  of  Linnceus. 

C.  rotundifolia.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  302. 

On  the  sea  coast,  in  stony  or  muddy  situations,  abundantly  ;  some- 
times, especially  the  varieties,  in  watery  spots  on  the  Welsh  or 
Scottish  mountains. 

Annual.     May. 

A  smooth,  sleek  and  shining  herb,  varying  much  in  luxuriance, 
and  somewhat  in  the  shape  of  its  foliage.  .S7em  angular,  nnich 
branched,  usually  a  foot  high  ;  in  mountain  specimens  only  2  or 
3  inches.  Lon-cr  Icavrs  on  long  stalks,  roundish-heart-shaped, 
waw  ;  npper  sessile,  smaller  and  more  oblong,  sinuated,  or 
deeply  toothed,  clasping  the  stem.  FL  pure  white,  in  nume- 
rous (.-orvmbose  tufts,  Ponchcs  nearly  globular,  obscurely  veiny, 
tipped  \vith  the  short  sti/lc;  partition  broadly  ovate, 

/S,  sent  by  the  late  Rev.  II.  Davies  from  Beaumaris,  has  long 
stalks  to  many  of  the  strni-lcarrs,  which  are  also  more  heart- 
shaped  than  in  the  common  kind.  Tiie  /loners  arc  small  and 
white.      Punches  but  slightly  veiny. 

2.  C.  grornlfindicff.      (irccnluiid  Scurvy-grass. 
Leaves  kidiuy-sliaped,   fleshy,   entire;   u})permost  oblong. 

Poucli  triobose. 


176  TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Cochlearia. 

C.  groenlandica  Linn.  Sp.  PL  904.  mild.  v.  3. 449.  Comp.  ed.4. 
110.  Engl.  Bot.  V.  34.  t.  2403.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  \0.344,  De- 
Cand.Syst.v.2.366. 

C.  minima,  erecta  etrepens,  insulse  Aalholmianee.  Williusin  Bar- 
tholin's Act.  HafnicB,v.3.  143./  144. 

On  the  Highland  mountains  of  Scotland. 

On  the  mountains  of  Clova,  Angusshire,  and  at  Loch-ne-gare.  Mr. 
G.  Don. 

Annual.     August. 

Root  with  numerous  fibres.  Herb  much  smaller  than  any  variety 
of  the  last  that  I  have  seen.  Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  very 
fleshy,  convex  at  the  back,  roundish-kidney-shaped,  quite  en- 
tire ;  those  of  the  stems  few,  more  oblong,  partly  stalked,  either 
ovate,  with  a  tooth  at  each  side,  or  ovate-oblong,  entire,  seldom 
quite  sessile.  Fl.  numerous,  one  cluster  sessile  at  the  root,  the 
rest  terminating  the  very  short  stems.  Cal.  purplish.  Pet.  thrice 
the  size  of  the  foregoing,  white,  tinged  with  purple.  I  have 
seen  but  a  half-ripe  pouch,  which  resembles  C  officinalis. 

Linnaeus  and  DeCandoUe  have  made  this  a  distinct  species.  I  do 
not  venture  to  assert  that  it  is  so,  but  the  late  accurate  Mr.  Don 
was  of  that  opinion,  and  rightly  determined  it  to  be  theLinnaean 
plant.  The  great  size  and  beauty  of  the Jiowers  are  remarkable. 
Dr.  Richardson  and  Dillenius  found  our  supposed  variety  y  of  C. 
officinalis,  which  some  have  taken  for  the  grcenland,ica,  to  remain 
unaltered  from  seed  in  their  gardens  ;  and  this  report  has  in- 
duced me  to  suspect  their  plant  to  have  been  really  the  grcen- 
landica,  though  they  would  hardly  have  omitted  to  notice  the 
large  flowers.  Culture,  under  accurate  observation,  may  settle 
the  whole  difficulty;  for  opinion  here  is  not  sufficient. 

3.  C.  cmglica.     English  Scurvy-grass. 

Radical  leaves  ovate,  entire ;  those  on  the  stem  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate and  toothed.  Pouch  elliptical,  strongly  reticu- 
lated with  veins. 

C.  anglica.  Linn. SpPt. 903.  Willd.v. 3. 449.  Fl.Br.6S8.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  8.  t.  552.   Hook.  Scot.  195.    DeCatid.  Syst.  v.  2.  364.   FL 

Dan.  t.  329. 
C.  folio  sinuato.    Bauh.  Pin.  110.    Raii  Syn.  303. 
C.  britannica.     Dod.  Pempt.  594.  /.     Ger.  Em.  401 .  /.     Dalcch. 

Hist.  1320./.    Lob.  Obs.  \o7.f. 
C.  britannica  seu  anglica.    Lob.  Ic.  294./ 
Sea  Scurvy-grass.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  49.  f.  2. 

On  the  muddy  sea  shore,  and  about  the  mouths  of  large  rivers,  in 

many  places. 
Annual.  May. 
Root  tapering.     Herb  variable  in  stature,  and  in  the  number,  as 

well  as  division,  of  its  usually  numerous  stems,  which  are  partly 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.   Cochlearia.   177 

prostrate  j  but  its  general  size  is  scarcely  half  that  of  the  Com- 
mon Scurvy-grass.  The  stem-leaves  are  narrower,  often  almost 
entire  ;  radical  ones  much  smaller  in  proportion  to  the  rest, 
ovate,  entire,  rarely  wavy,  or  slightly  toothed.  Fl.  white  or 
faintly  tinged  with  purple,  often  very  little  different  from  the 
first  species,  though  frequently  larger.  The  pouches  afford  a 
striking  and  essential  distinction,  being  twice  as  large,  ellipti- 
cal, no\  globose,  strongly  marked  with  abundance  of  prominent 
reticulated  veins,  and  tipped  with  a  much  more  elongated  style. 
Seeds  large,  oval,  4  or  .3  in  each  cell. 

4.  C.  danica.     Danish  Scurvy-grass. 

Leaves  all  triangular  and  stalked.  Pouch  elliptical,  reti- 
culated with  veins. 

C.  danica.  Linn.Sp.PL90Z.  H'illd.  v.  3. 449.  Fl.Br.6Sd.  Engl. 
Bot.  V.  10.  t.  G9G.  Hook.  Scot.  196.  DeCand.  Sysi.  v.  2.  366. 
FL  Dan.t.  100. 

C.  marina,  folio  anguloso  parvo.     Rail  Sjn.  303. 

C.  Aremorica.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  1305./.  1. 

Thlaspi  hederaceum.  Lob.Ic.6\5.f.  Ger.  Eni.27\ ./.  Bauh.  Hist. 
V.  2.  933./.    Dalech.  Hist.  1420./ 

Ivy  Scurvy-grass.     Petiv.  H  Brit.  t.  49./  3. 

On  the  sea  coast,  in  a  mudily  soil,  but  rare. 

In  Walney  island,  Lancashire  ;  Mr.  Lawson.  Rai/.  Anglesea. 
Mr.  Lhwyd  and  the  Rev.  H.  Davies.  At  Wells,  Norfolk.  Mr. 
Crowe.  On  several  parts  of  the  south  coast,  from  Portland 
island  to  the  Land's  end.     Mr.  D.  Turner  and  Mr.  Sowcrby. 

Annual.     May,  June. 

Smaller  than  the^ist.  Stems  several,  3  or  4  inches  long,  spread- 
ing, or  prostrilte,  seldom  divided,  leafy  throughout.  Leaves  all 
on  longer  of  shorter  footstalks,  uniform,  three-lobed,  entire  • 
heart-s'haped  at  the  base  ;  resembling  Ivy,  or  Anemone  Hepalica, 
in  miniature.  Fl.  small,  i)ure  white.  Pouches  in  rather  lax,  but 
shortish,  clusters,  elliptical,  most  like  those  of  C.  anglica,  though 
smaller,  and  less  strongly  veined,  with  a  shorter  style.  Seeds 
6  in  each  cell. 

Certainly  quite  distinct  from  the  last,  and  unrhanoed  by  cultiva- 
tion, except  becoming  somewhat  branched  from  luxuriance,  but 
the  foliage  never  alters.  I  have  not  seen  DcCandolle's  variety 
(o,  found  by  Dr.  Hooker  on  the  (iiant's  C^auseway,  whose  radi- 
cal /rr/rr.v  are  described  as  kidney-shaped,  those  on  the  stem  very 
few,  and  all  undivided.  Hy  the  description  it  should  seem  rather 
to  belong  to  C.  anLiUcu,  in  a  starved  stale. 

5.  C.  Armornna.      Ilorse-radi.'.li. 

Radical  leaves  oblonjr,  crenate  ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceo^ 
late,  either  cut  «>r  entire. 

VOL.   IN.  ^' 


178  TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Senebiera. 

C.  Armoracia.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  904.  Willd.  v.  3.451.  FLBr.690. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  33.  t.  2323.  TVoodv.  t.  150.  Hook.  Scot.  196. 
DeCand.  Syst.  v.2.  360. 

Nasturtium  n".  504.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  218. 

Raphanus  rusticanus.  Raii  Syn.30\.  Ger.  Em.  24\  .f.  Matth. 
Valgr.  z).  1 .  40 1 . /.  Camer.  Epit.  225 . /.  Moris,  v.  2.  237.  sect.  3. 
t.  7.f.  2. 

R.  sylvestris.    Fuchs.  Hist.  660.  f.    Ic.  379.  f. 

Broad  Horse-radish.     Petiv.  H  Brit.  t.  49./.  11. 

/3.  Jagged  Horse-radish.    Ibid.f.  12. 

In  watery  mountainous  places. 

About  Alnwick,  and  elsewhere  in  Northumberland.  Ray.  In  se- 
veral parts  of  Craven,  Yorkshire.  Dr.  Lister.  Common  in  waste 
ground,  about  orchards  and  farm  yards,  from  the  refuse  of  gar- 
dens. 

Perennial.     May. 

The  long,  cylindrical,  white,  highly  pungent  roots,  well  known  for 
their  use,  on  many  occasions,  at  table,  run  deep  into  the  ground, 
and  are  extremely  difficult  of  extirpation.  The  stems  are  2  feet 
high,  erect,  branched,  spreading,  bearing  scattered,  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate leaves,  which  are  serrated,  jagged,  or  deeply  and  nar- 
rowly pinnatifid.  Radical  leaves  very  large,  on  long  stalks,  up- 
right, oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  veiny,  occasionally  pinnatifid,  a 
foot  or  more  in  length.  Fl.  numerous,  white,  in  numerous  co- 
rymbs, which  soon  become  clusters  of  long-stalked,  roundish-el- 
liptical, compressed,  notched  pouches,  most  of  which  prove  abor- 
tive. The  partition  is  very  narrow.  Style  short.  Stigma  large, 
capitate.     All  the  herbage  is  smooth,  of  a  dark  green. 

326.  SENEBIERA.     Wart-cress. 

DeCand.  Syst.v.2.  521.    Comp.  ed.  4. 108. 

Coronopus.  G^ertn.  t.  142.  Fl.  Br.  690.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew. 
V.  4.  76.    Lam.  t.  558. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  vwth  ovate,  concave,  spreading,  deci- 
duous leaves.  Pet.  obovate,  or  ovate,  undivided,  sometimes 
wanting.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple,  about  the  length  of 
the  calyx,  2  or  4  of  them  occasionally  deficient.  Anth. 
roundish,  2-lobed.  Germ,  roundish,  or  2-lobed,  com- 
pressed. Style  very  s\iQYt.  Stigma  ohiuse.  Pouch  roxindish, 
transversely  compressed,  more  or  less  distinctly  2-lobed, 
2-celled,  not  bursting,  tipped  with  the  style;  valves  glo- 
bose, or  rounded  and  somewhat  crested,  rugged,  each 
lodging  a  solitary,  pendulous,  roundish  seed;  cotyledons 
mcumbent,  oblong,  folded  or  channelled. 

Annual  or  biennial,  nearly  smooth,  diffuse  or  prostrate 
herbs.     Leaves  either  undivided,  or  variously  and  deeply 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.  Sencbiera.   179 

piiiiiatifid  and  cut.  Fl.  small,  white,  in  clusters  opposite 
to  the  leaves. 
There  has  been  much  controversy  respecting  the  Coronopus 
of  antient  authors,  some  taking  it  for  Cochlearia  Corono- 
pus of  Linnaeus,  others  for  his  Plantago  Coronopus,  others 
for  Mi/osurus,  or  for  Achillea  Plannica,  while  that  of 
Pliny  seems  by  his  description  very  different  from  all 
these,  as  well  as  from  what  Dioscorides  intended.  Dr. 
Sibthorp,  the  professed  object  of  whose  journey  was  to 
determine  the  old  Greek  names,  fixed  upon  Lotus  ornitho- 
piodioides  as  the  true  KopMvo7rou§ ;  though  in  his  journal, 
printed  by  the  Rev.  R.  Walpole,  Travels  in  the  East, 
102,  he  speaks  oi  Cochlearia  Coj'onopus  as  the  plant  of 
Dioscorides,  still  called  >coupouvo7ro5<  in  the  isle  of  Fanno, 
and  eaten  as  a  pot  herb.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  name 
in  question  was  applied  by  the  antients  to  various  plants, 
whose  roots  were  crowned  with  radiating  depressed 
leaves.  In  this  obscurity,  where  nothing  can  really  be 
ascertained,  though  I  had  originally  followed  Gaertner, 
I  now  cannot  but  agree  with  my  friend  DeCandolle,  in 
preferring  the  name  by  which  he  has  commemorated  a 
most  eminent  physiological  botanist,  the  Rev.  M.  Sene- 
bier  of  Geneva.  Of  his  merits  there  can  be  no  doubt, 
nor  can  the  characters  of  this  genus,  as  distinct  from  every 
other  of  its  tribe,  ever  come  in  question. 

1.  S.  Coro/iopus.  Common  Wart-cress.  Swine's-cress. 

Pouch  undivided,  crested  with  little  sharp  points.     Style 
prominent.     Leaves  pinnatifid,  subdivided. 

S.  Coronopus.    DeCaud.  Syst.  v.  2.  52.5.     Conip.  ed.i.  111. 
Coronopus  Ruellii.      Gcertn.  v.  2.  293.  t.  142./.  5.     Fl.  Br.  GOO. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  24.  f.  HiCO.     Hook.  Scot.  193.      Ger.  Em.  427./. 

Ihdecli.  Hist.  G70.  /     Battli.  Hist.  v.  2.  919./. 
C.  repens  Ruellii.    Lob.  Ic.  438./ 
C.  n.  502.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.217. 
Cochlearici  Coronopus.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  904.   Jf'Uld.  v.  :^.AJO.    Mart. 

Rust.  t.  92.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  202. 
Niisturtium  supinum,  capsuliij  verrucosis.     Kaii  Sijn.  304. 
Ambrosia.     M(tttli.  Vnlgr.  v.  2.  204./ 
A.  nimpt'stris  repens.     Bauli.  Fin.  138. 
Rscudanihrosia.     Camcr.  Epit.  59(3./,  good. 
Wart-  or  Swine's-crcss.    Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50./  6. 
Common  in  waste  pjround,  and  by  way  sides. 
Annual.     June — Stptcinbvr. 
Root  tapering.    Sltuis  spreading  quite  tiat  on  the  ground,  branched, 


180     TETRADYNAMIA-SILICUL08A.     Iberis. 

leafy,  smooth  like  every  other  part.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous, 
deeply  pinnatifid  ;  their  fore  sides  mostly  subdivided  in  a  similar 
manner.  FL  opposite  to  the  leaves,  white,  small,  densely  co- 
rymbose. Pouches  in  dense  clusters,  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  kidney-shaped,  elegantly  notched  and  furrowed,  but  with 
no  terminal  cleft.  Si7jle  prominent,  though  short,  thick  and 
pyramidal.  Each  cell  is  thick  and  leathery,  never  splitting  into 
valves,  and  contains  one  ovate  seed,  whose  co^?//ef/o?2s  are  rather 
oblong  and  channelled  than  linear. 
The  whole  plant  is  nauseously  acrid  and  fetid,  and  must  require 
much  boiling  to  render  it  eatable. 

2.  S.  didyma.     Lesser  Wart-cress. 

Pouch  cloven,  of  two  round  wrinkled  lobes.     Style  scarcely 
discernible.     Leaves  pinnatifid,  partly  notched. 

S.  didyma.     Com'p    e^Z.  4.  1 1 1.     Sam  Etrusc.  v.  2.  183.     Willd. 

Eyium.  668. 
S.  pinnatifida.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  523. 
Coronopus  didyma.     FL  Br.  69  1 .    Br.  in  Jit.  H.  Kew.  v.  4. 76. 
Lepidium  didymum.  Linn.  Mant. 92.  Dicks.  Dr.  PL  W.  With.  567. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  4.  t.  248. 
L.  anglicum.    Huds.  280. 

In  waste  ground,  near  the  sea,  at  the  south-west  extremity  of 
Britain. 

About  Exeter.  Mr.  Newbery.  At  Truro  and  Penryn,  Cornwall. 
Huds.     At  Dale,  near  Milford  Haven.  Mr.  Adams. 

Annual.     July. 

Root  fibrous,  small.  Stems  procumbent,  a  foot  or  more  in  length, 
branched,  leafy,  finely  hairy.  Leaves  smooth,  flat,  deeply  pin- 
natifid, their  lobes  cut  in  a  similar  manner,  especially  at  the 
fore  side.  Clusters  generally  opposite  to  the  leaves,  and  often 
exceeding  them  in  length,  slender,  of  numerous,  small,  white 
Jlowers,  having  only  2  or  4  stamens,  scarcely  ever  more.  Pouch 
of  2  very  distinct,  round,  turgid,  wrinkled  lobes,  with  the  stigma 
almost  sessile,  in  the  deep  cleft  between  them. 

The  original  specific  name,  given  by  Linnaeus,  and  so  very  appro- 
priate, appears  preferable  to  pinnatijida,  which  does  not  distin- 
guish the  present  species  from  the  foregoing. 

327.  IBERIS.     Candy-tuft. 

Linn.Gen.335.  Juss.  240.  Fl.Br.692.  DeCand.  Syst. v. 2. 393. 
Lam.  t.  557.    Gartn.  t.  \4\. 

Cal,  equal  at  the  base,  with  ovate,  concave,  equal,  spread- 
ing, deciduous  leaves.  Pet.  obovate,  undivided,  spread- 
ing, with  short  claws,  unequal ;  the  2  outermost  largest, 
equal  to  each  other.   Filam.  about  the  length  of  the  calyx, 


TETRADYNAMIA-SILICULOSA.     Isatis.      181 

awl-shaped, distinct, simple.  Ant k. roundish.  Germ.almost 
orbicular,  notched  at  the  summit,  compressed.  Stijle  very 
short.  Stigma  obtuse.  Pouch  ovate,  transversely  com- 
pressed, bordered,  of  2  cells,  cloven  at  the  top*  into  2 
acute  lobes,  between  which  stands  the  permanent,  some- 
what elongated,  stijle ;  valves  2,  distinct,  boat-shaped, 
each  with  a  dilated  pointed  keel;  partition  elliptical,  mem- 
branous, as  w^ide  as  the  valves.  Seeds  solitary  in  each 
cell,  pendulous,  ovate ;  cotyledons  ovate,  flat,  accumbent. 
Herbaceous,  or  in  some  degi'ee  shrubby.  Leaves  rather 
fleshy,  undivided  or  pinnatifid,  entire  or  toothed.  FL 
white,  or  purplish,  never  yellow ;  the  outer  ones  in  each 
corymbose  head  or  cluster  most  irregular,  somewhat  ra- 
diant. Pouches  erect,  or  inflexed,  racemose.  DeCandolie 
has  25  species. 

1.   I.  amara.     Bitter  Candy-tuft. 

Stem  herbaceous.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  partly  notched. 
Flowers  in  oblong  clusters. 

o 
I.  amara.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  906.    TVilld.v.3.456.    Fl.Br.  692.   Engl. 

Bot.v.  1.  t.52.     DeCand.Syst.v.  2.398. 
I.  n.  520.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  223. 
Thlaspi  amarum.     Ger.  Em.  263./;  bad. 
T.  umbellatum  arvense  amarum.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.92b.  f. 
T.  umbellatum  arvense,  iberidis  folio.   Moris,  v.  2.  295.  sect.  3. 1. 17. 

/.  1  8  J   copied  from  Gerarde. 
Thlaspidium  foliis  nasturtii.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  112. 

In  chalky  fields,  but  rare. 

About  Henley  and  other  places  in  Oxfordshire.  Huds.  About 
VVallingford,  Berkshire,  plentifully,  and  undoubtedly  wild. 

Annual.     Jnbj. 

Whole  plant  smooth,  of  a  nauseous  bitter  flavour.  Root  small, 
tapering".  Stems  diffuse,  branched,  leafy.  Leaves  lanceolate 
and  entire,  or  dilated  and  wedge-shaped,  with  several  tooth-like 
notclies.  Corymlis  soon  lengthened  out  into  clusters  of  hand- 
some brilliant-white  floiccrs,  vvhicli  have  procured  it  a  place, 
among  hardy  annuals,  in  some  gardens. 

3-:8.  ISATIS.     Woad. 

Linn.  Gen.  3iA.  Juss. 2\2.  El.  Br.  693.  DeCand.  Syst.v.  2.564. 
Tourn.t.  \00.     Lam.t.bbA.     Gccrtn.  t.  \42. 

Cat.  ecjual  at  the  base,  coloured ;  leaves  ovate,  concave, 
spreading,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  entire,  equal,  taper- 
ing at  the  base  into  short  claws.  Filam.  thread-shaped, 
spreading,  simple,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Anth.  roundish. 


182    TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA.     Isatis. 

Germ,  roundish,  compressed.  Style  none.  Stigma  capi- 
tate, sessile.  Pouch  oblong,  obtuse,  compressed,  of  1  cell 
and  2  valves,  their  keels  flat  and  bordered.  ^S^-^t?  solitary, 
ovate-oblong,  pendulous  at  the  top  of  the  cell ;  cotyledons 
flattish,  incumbent. 

Annucil  or  biennial,  tall,  upright,  rather  glaucous  herbs, 
with  a  branched  corymbose  stem.  Lower  leaves  stalked ; 
upper  sessile,  clasping  and  arrow-shaped ;  all  generally, 
but  not  always,  very  smooth.  Clusters  many-flowered, 
compound;  sometimes  accompanied,  on  their  main  stalks, 
with  diminished  leaves,  but  destitute  of  true  bracteas.  Fl. 
yellow. 

DeCandoUe  enumerates  17  species,  all  yielding,  by  mace- 
ration, more  or  less  of  a  blue  sediment,  similar  to  indigo, 
and  like  that  substance  useful  for  dyeing. 

1.  I.  tinctoria.     Dyer's  Woad. 

Radical  leaves  copiously  crenate ;  those  of  the  stem  entire. 
Pouch  abrupt,  smooth,  thrice  as  long  as  broad. 

I.  tinctoria.  Linn.  Sp.Pl.92,Q.  mild.  v.  3. 420.  Fl.Br.693.  Engl. 
Bot.  V.  2.  t.  97.    Mart.  Rust.  t.4\.    DeCand.  Sysf.  v.  2.  569. 

I.  n.  523.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  224. 

I.  sylvestris.  Fuchs.  Hist. 332.  f.  Matth.  Falgr.v.  \.  5S2.f.  Camer. 
Epit.4]0.f.    Dalech.  Liigd.  499.  f.    Schreh.  Waidt,  9.  t.  1—3. 

Glastum  sativum.    Rail  Syn.  307. 

G.  sylvestre.     Ger.  Em.  491 ./. 

In  cultivated  fields,  and  about  their  borders,  but  rare. 

At  New  Barnes  near  Ely.  Relhan.    Near  Durham.  Mr.E.Rohsoiu 

Biennial.     July. 

Root  tapering.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  wand-like,  slightly  glau- 
cous, leafy,  panicled  at  the  top.  Radical  leaves  numerous,  obo- 
vate,  crenate  and  wavy,  smooth,  except  an  occasional  marginal 
fringe ;  the  rest  sessile,  arrow-shaped,  entire,  smooth,  clasping 
the  stem.  Panicle  of  many  compound  racemose  branches,  beset 
with  diminished  lanceolate  leaves,  like  bracteas,  all  of  a  yellow 
hue  as  well  as  the  stalks.  Fl.  numerous,  small,  bright  yellow. 
Pouches  on  capillary  stalks,  pendulous,  wedge-shaped,  obtuse, 
tipped  with  the  stigma,  quite  smooth,  blackish,  a  little  shining, 
finally  bursting  in  the  middle,  where  the  seed  is  lodged. 

As  the  antient  Britons  are  reported  to  have  painted  their  bodies 
with  the  blue  colour  obtained  from  this  plant,  and  still  used  in 
dyeing,  the  Woad  is  most  probably  an  original  production  of 
our  island  -,  though  what  occurs  now  and  then,  about  cultivated 
fields,  is  supposed  to  have  escaped  from  the  crops  occasionally 
raised,  chiefly  in  the  middle  part  of  England.  The  naturalized 
plants  are  less  perfectly  smooth,  and  far  less  luxuriant,  than  the 
cultivated  ones. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILICULOSA     Cakile.     183 
329.  CAKILE.     Sea  Rocket. 

Tourn.  t.  483.  Gcerin.  t.\4\.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.v  4.7\.  De- 
Cand.SysLv.2.427.    Lam.  t.  554. 

Cal.  nearly  close  and  erect ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  decidu- 
ous, two  opposite  ones  protuberant  at  the  base.  Pet. 
obovate,  obtuse,  spreading ;  claws  as  long  as  the  border, 
equal  to  the  calyx.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple.  Anth. 
oblong,  cloven  at  the  base.  Germ,  oblong.  Style  none. 
Stigma  obtuse,  sessile.  Pouch  of  2  joints,  angular,  com- 
pressed ;  the  lower  somewhat  turbinate,  abrupt,  often 
abortive;  upper  oblong,  with  a  tapering  point,  tipped 
with  the  stigma,  deciduous  ;  each  of  1  cell,  not  bursting. 
Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell,  elliptical ;  in  the  lower  one,  if 
present,  pendulous ;  in  the  upper,  erect ;  cotyledons  li- 
near, accumbent. 

Smooth,  juicy,  branching,  annual  herbs,  natives  of  the  sandy 
sea  coast  in  Europe  and  America.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or 
toothed.  Fl.  corymbose,  purplish,  white,  or  yellow^,  for 
I  cannot  but  concur  with  Mr.  Brown  in  uniting  the  Ra- 
pistrum  of  DeCandolle  with  this  genus. 

1.  C.  maritima.     Purple  Sea  Rocket. 

Joints  of  the  pouch  two-edged;  the  upper  one  arrow-shaped. 
Leaves  fleshy,  pinnatifid,  obtuse. 

C.  maritima.  Willd.  tj.  3.  4 1 6.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  r.  4.  7 1 .  De- 
Cand.  Syst.  v.  2.  428.  Comp.  ed.  4.  J 11.  Scop.  Cam.  ed.  2. 
V.  2.  35.    Hook.  Lond.  t.  1 60. 

C.  Serapionis,  Gcertn.  v.  2.  287.  i.  141.  /.  12.  Lob.  Ic.  223.  f. 
Dalech.  Hist.]  395.  f. 

C.  quibusdam,  aliis  Eruca  marina,  et  Raphanus  marinus.  Baiih. 
Hist.  V.  2.  867./.  8G8.    Raii  Syn.  307. 

Bunias  Cakile,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  936.  Fl.  Br.  694.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  4. 
^231.    Dicks.  Dr.  PL  77.    R.Dan.t.l\68. 

Eruca  marina.     Ger.  Em.  248.  f. 

E.  maritima  anglica,  siliqua  fungosa  torosa  rotundfl,  foliis  crassis 
latioribus.     Moris,  v.  2.  231 .  sect  3.  t.  7./.  20. 

Sea  Rocket.     Pet.  H.  Brit.  t.  46./.  6. 

On  the  sandy  sea  coast  frequent. 

Annual.    June — September. 

Root  small.  Herb  smooth,  fleshy,  bushy,  a  foot  high,  or  more, 
much  branched,  and  s|)reading  in  every  direction,  the  stem  and 
branches  remarkably  twisted  and  zigzag,  never  straight.  Leaves 
scattered,  thick,  fleshy,  with  a  saltish  bitter  taste,  a  little  glau- 
cous, variously  pinnatifid,  scarcely  stalked  ;  each  of  their  seg- 


]Si    TETRADYNAMIA— SILICUL08A.    Crambe. 

ments  obtuse,  with  a  minute  glandular  point.  Fl.  rather  large 
and  handsome,  of  a  bright  lilac-colour,  densely  corymbose. 
Pouches  an  inch  long,  in  clusters,  their  lower  joint  generally 
abortive  ;  they  are  erect,  with  4  sharp  edges,  but  so  compressed 
as  to  be  sword-shaped  at  the  upper  part,  and  when  ripe  the 
upper  joint  falls  off,  without  bursting.  The  contrary  direction 
of  their  seeds,  when  both  perfect,  affords  a  striking  generic  cha- 
racter. 

330.  CRAMBE.     Kale. 

Linn.  Gen.  344.  Jiiss.  242.  Fl.  Br.  695.  DeCand.  Syst.v.  2.  650. 
Tourn.  t.  100.    Lam.  t.  .5.53,     Gcertn.  t.  142. 

Cal.  spreading,  nearly  equal  at  the  base;  leaves  elliptic- 
oblonfr,  concave,  deciduous.  Pet.  equal,  each  with  a 
s})reading,  rounded,  obtuse  border,  rather  longer  than  its 
claw.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  4  longest  generally  each  with 
a  sharp  lateral  tooth.  Aiith.  elliptic-oblong,  erect.  Germ, 
ovate-oblong.  Style  scarcely  any.  Stigma  obtuse.  Pouch 
succulent,  finally  leathery,  of  2  joints,  each  of  1  cell,  not 
bursting;  the  lowermost  abortive,  assuming  the  form  of 
a  stalk ;  the  upper  globular,  deciduous.  Sejed  solitary, 
globose,  pendulous  from  the  extremity  of  a  long,  curved, 
capillary  stalk,  springing  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell ;  co- 
tyledons roundish,  convex,  fleshy,  folded,  accumbent; 
not,  as  in  DeCandolle's  general  table,  incumbent. 

Herbaceous,  or  somewhat  shrubby.  Leaves  rather  succu- 
lent, toothed,  or  pinnatifid,  in  some  lyrate,  either  smooth 
or  hairy.     Fl.  vrhite,  in  clustered  panicles. 

1.  C.  mar'ithna.     Sea  Kale. 

Longer  filaments  toothed.  Leaves  roundish,  sinuated, 
wavy,  toothed,  glaucous,  very  smooth  as  well  as  the  stem. 

C.  maritima.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  937.    mild.  v.  3.  418.    Fl.  Br.  695. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  13.  t.  924.     Hook.  Scot.  1 93.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 

651.    Fl.Dan.f.3\6. 
C.  maritima,  Brassicse  folio.     Raii  Syn.  307. 
Brassica  marina  anglica.     Ger.  Em.  315.  f. 
B.  monospermos  anglica.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  830. 
Sea  Cole.     Turn.  Herb,  part  1.  89. 
Sea  Grape  Colewort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  48./.  12, 

On  the  sandy  sea  coast. 
Perennial.     May,  June. 

Root  large  and  fleshy,  much  divided  at  the  crown.  Herb  very 
glaucous,  smooth,  rather  succulent.     Stems  several,  from  1  to 


TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA.    Dentaria.    185 

2  feet  high,  branched,  spreading,  leafy.  Leaves  stalked,  spread- 
ing ordeflexed,  large,  undulated  and  toothed,  of  a  leathery  tex- 
ture ;  the  lowermost  somewhat  lyrate  ;  the  rest  roundish,  acute. 
Clusters  terminal,  collected  into  dense  panicles.  Fl.  large, 
white.  Pouches  smooth,  the  size  of  Black  Currants. 
This  is  now  becom.e  a  frequent  culinary  herb.  Its  young  shoots, 
which  are  very  hardy,  are  earlier  than  Asparagus,  and  nearly  as 
good.  They  are  best  raised  under  tall  earthen  pots  perforated 
at  the  top,  but  succeed  tolerably  if  covered  up  with  clean  sand. 


TETRADYNAMIA    SIIJQUOSA. 
331.  DENTARIA.     Coralwort. 

Linn.  Gen.  337.  Juss.  239.  Fl  Br.  696.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  271. 
Tourn.  t.  110.    Lam.  t.  562. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base,  erect ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  con- 
verging lengthwise,  obtuse,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate, 
obtuse,  horizontal,  with  erect  claws  shorter  than  the  ca- 
lyx. Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple,  distinct.  Anth.  arrow- 
shaped,  erect.  Germ,  oblong.  Sfi/le  short  and  thick. 
Stigma  obtuse,  scarcely  notched.  Pod  sessile,  lanceo- 
late, compressed  laterally,  tapering  upwards ;  valves  flat, 
without  ribs,  narrower  than  the  partition,  bursting  elas- 
tically  iVom  the  base,  and  mostly  revolute.  Seeds  ovate, 
not  bordered,  inserted  alternately  in  a  single  row  ;  their 
stalks  dilated  and  winged;  cotyledons  accumbent,  rather 
thick. 

Smooth,  upright,  unbranched  herhs^  with  fleshy,  horizontal, 
scaly  or  toothed  roots.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  palmate 
or  pinnate.    Ft.  large  and  handsome,  jiurplish,  or  whitish. 

We  are  nnich  obligeil  to  Prof.  DeCandolle,  for  finding  a 
character  in  the  lanceolate  pod^  and  dilated  slalhs  of  the 
seeds,  by  which  this  genus  may  be  kept  separate  fVom 
Cardamifie,  the  habit,  magnitude,  beauty,  and  peculiar 
kind  oi^  root,  nuu'king  it  so  distinctly.  Some  of  the  spe- 
cies are  among  the  finest  alpine  plants,  at  least  of  this 
natural  order. 


186  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Cardamine. 

1.  D.  bidhifera,     Bulbiferous  Coralwort. 

Lower  leaves  pinnated  ;  upper  simple,  with  axillary  bulbs. 

Dentaria  bulbifera.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  912.      Willd.  v.  3.  479.      Fl. 

Br.  696.     Engl  Bot.  v,  5.  t.  309.     Blacks.  Harefield,  23.     Fnrst. 

Tonhr.  77.      DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  278.     Fl,  Dan.  f.  36 J .     Ger. 

Em.  984./    Lob.  Ic.  687./. 
D.  n.  470.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  204. 
D.  quavta  baccifera.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  121./ 
D.  seu  Coralloides  Cordi.     Gesn.  Ic.  Pict.fasc.  \.3.t.  2./ 3. 
Cardamine  bulbifera.  Br.in  Jit.  H.  Kew.v  A.  lOl.  Hook.  Scot.  ]9S. 
Coralloidis  alia  species.     Cord.  Hist.  151,  2./ 

In  moist  umbrageous  places,  rare. 

Near  Mayfield,  Sussex.  Parkinson.  In  the  Old  Park  Wood,  near 
Harefield,  Middlesex,  abundantly.  Blackstone.  In  woods  be- 
tween Beconsfield  and  Wickham,  plentifully.  Huds.  On  the 
north  sides  of  the  High  Rocks,  Tonbridge  \A''ells,  and  elsewhere 
in  that  neighbourhood.  Forster. 

Perennial.     April,  May. 

Root  whitish,  toothed,  creeping  horizontally,  branched  and  sub- 
divided. Stems  from  the  terminal  buds  of  the  preceding  year, 
solitary,  erect,  leafy,  from  1|-  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate, 
bright'green  ;  several  of  the  lowermost  pinnatje,  of  5  leaflets  ; 
others  ternate  ;  upper  ones  simple  ;  all  lanceolate,  acute,  va- 
riously serrated,  accompanied  for  the  most  part  with  ovate,  dark 
purple,  scaly,  axillary  bulbs,  by  which  the  plant  is  propagated. 
Fl.  purple,  corymbose,  large  and  handsome,  inodorous,  hardly 
ever  perfecting'  pods  or  seed,  the  bulbs  furnishing  an  ample  in- 
crease. 

332.  CARDAMINE.     Ladies'-smock. 

Linn.  Gen.  338:  Juss.  239.  Fl.Br.696.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2  245, 
Tourn.  t,  109.    Lam.  t.  562.     Gcertn.  t.  143. 

CaL  a  little  unequal  at  the  base  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, slightly  spreading,  deciduous,  2  of  them  protube- 
rant, in  some  degree,  below  their  insertion.  Pet.  obo- 
vate,  rather  upright,  undivided,  tapering  at  the  base  into 
short  claws.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple,  the  2  shortest 
with  a  gland  at  the  base,  next  the  calyx.  Anth.  small, 
oblong-heart-shaped,  acute,  recurved.  Germ,  linear, 
slender.  Style  scarcely  any.  Stigma  obtuse,  entire. 
Pod  sessile,  erect,  linear,  compressed  laterally ;  valves 
flat,  without  ribs,  scarcely  narrower  than  the  bordered 
partition,  bursting  elastically  from  the  base,  and  mostly 
revolute.  Seeds  ovate,  not  bordered,  inserted  alternately 
in  a  single  row ;  their  stalks  simple,  short  and  slender ; 
cotyledons  accumbent. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Cardamine.  187 

Herbs  of  more  humble  stature  than  the  last  genus,  of  va- 
rious duration  and  magnitude,  generally  smooth.  Leaves 
either  undivided,  cut,  lobed,  or  pinnated.  Roots  fibrous, 
or  somewhat  toothed.  Fl.  either  small  and  white,  some- 
times wanting  the  petals  and  shorter  stamens ,-  or  pale 
rose-coloured  and  larger.  Species  numerous,  natives  of 
various  countries,  generally  preferring  watery  situations. 

*  Leaves  sijnple. 

1.  C.  bcUklifoHa,     Daisy-leaved  Ladies'-sinock. 

Leaves  sim})le,  ovate,  slightly  wavy,  entire  ;  the  radical  ones 
much  shorter  than  their  footstalks.     Style  short,  conical. 

C.  bellidifolia.     Linu.  Sp.  PL  913.     Fl.  Lapp,  eel  2.  222.  t.  9./.  2. 

miUl.  V.  3.  481 .     fVith.  577.     Fl.  Br.  697.     En^l.  Bot.  v.  33. 

t.  2355.     Hook.  Scot.  199.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  249.    Fl.  Dan. 

t.20.    Jacq.  Misc.v.].]4S.t.\7.f.2.    Jllion.  Pedem.v.  \.260. 

t.  18./.  3. 
C.  n.476a.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.207. 

In  moist,  grassy,  lofty,  alpine  pastures. 

Gathered  wild  in  Scotland  by  Mr.  Milne.  Withering.  No  person 
besides  seems  to  have  met  with  it. 

Perennial.     August. 

Root  rather  woody,  divided  at  the  crown.  Herb  2  or  3  inches 
high,  unbranched,  erect,  bright  green,  smooth.  Leaves  some- 
times a  litde  wavy  or  angular,  the  uppermost  nearly  sessile.  Fl. 
few,  corymbose.  'Cal.  purplish.  Pet.  white,  erect.  Pods  hardly 
an  inch  long,  crowned  with  the  capitate  stigma,  on  a  short  thick 
style. 

**   Leaves  jnnnatc, 

2.  C.  impatiois.      ImpatieiU  Ladies'-sniock. 
Leaves  pinnate ;   leaflets  lanceolate,   mostly  cut.     Stipulas 

fringed. 
C.  impatiens.     Linn.  Sp.  P/.  914      U'dld.  v.  3.  485.     Fl.  Br.  G97. 

/•:«-/.  Bot.  V.  2.  t.  80.    Hook.  Scot.  1 98.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.261. 

Ehrh.  Herb.  87.     Fl.  Dan.  t   1339. 
C   n.  471.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.205. 

C.  impatiens,  vulgo  Sium  minus  impatiens.     Raii  Syn.  299. 
Sium  minus  imj)atiens.     (itr.  Em   260.  /'. 
S.  minimum.     Alpin.  7vro/.332.  /.  33  1  . 
Sisvmbrii  Cardamines  si)ccies  qu.tdam  insipida.     Bau/i.  Hist.  v.  2. 

886./. 
Nasturtium  minimum  annuum,  flore  albo.    Moris,  v.  2.  221.  sect.  3. 

/.4./1. 
Impatient  Cress.     Pefir.  H.  Rrit.  (.  \7.J.  /• 


188  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Cardamine. 

In  shady,  rather  moist,  rocky  situations,  in  the  north  of  England  y 
rare  in  Scotland. 

Under  the  rocks  by  the  river  side  at  Matlock  bath,  Derbyshire  3 
and  in  various  parts  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland. 

Annual.    Mar/,  June. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Herb  erect,  slender,  pale  green,  smooth  in 
every  part,  except  the  stipidas.  Stem  H  or  2  feet  high,  gene- 
rally a  little  branched,  leafy,  angular,  hollow,  often  zigzag. 
Leaves  of  numerous  opposite  lanceolate  hajiets,  with  an  odd 
one  J  all  equal,  more  or  less  notched,  rarely  entire  ;  paler  be- 
neath. Stipidas  lanceolate,  acute,  deflexed,  clasping  the  stem, 
all  finely  fringed,  and  surely,  (notwithstanding  the  theory  of  my 
learned  friend  DeCandolle,  who  thinks  them  merely  segments 
of  a  pinnatifid  leaf,)  as  evidently  stipulas  as  in  any  plant  what- 
ever. Fl.  numerous,  extremely  small,  while,  occasionally  desti- 
tute of  petals.  Pods  erect,  very  slender,  composing  long  clus- 
ters, and  discharging  their  seeds  with  a  crackling  noise,  and 
great  force,  on  the  slightest  touch  or  concussion,  by  means  of 
the  revolute  valves.  The  whole  plant  is  disagreeably  bitterish 
and  pungent,  by  no  means,  as  John  Bauhin  terms  it,  insipid. 

3.  C.  hirsuta.     Hairy  Ladies'-smock. 

Leaves  pinnate,  without  stipulas;  leaflets  stalked,  roundish- 
oblong,  notched. 

C.  hirsuta.  Limu  Sp.  PI.  915.  WiUd.  v.  3.  486.  FL  Br.  698. 
EngLBot.v.  7. t. 492.  Curt.  Lond.fascA.t.iS.  Hook. Scot.  \99. 
DeCand.  Syst. v.  2.  259.    Scop.  Cam.  v.2.2\.t.  38. 

C.  flexuosa.     With.DjS. 

C.  parviflora.    Lightf.  1 104.     IVith.  ed.  2.  686. 

C.  impatiens.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  735. 

C.  impatiens  altera  hirsutior.    Ran  Syn.  300. 

C.  n.  472.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.205. 

C.  quarta.     Dalech.  Hist.  659./. 

Sisymbrium  aquaticum  alterum.     Camer.  Epit.  270.  f. 

Hairy  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  47.  f.  4. 

In  waste  or  cultivated  ground,  especially  in  moist  shady  places, 
very  frequent. 

Annual.     March — June. 

Root  of  many  white  fibres.  Herb  variable  in  size  and  luxuriance, 
deep  green,  more  or  less  hairy,  rarely  quite  smooth.  Stem  from 
S  to  12  inches,  or  more,  in  height,  erect,  usually  furnished  with 
lateral  branches  of  various  lengths,  leafy,  angular,  often  zigzag, 
hollow  in  the  centre,  clothed  with  fine,  prominent,  scattered 
hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  all  pinnate,  on  short  stalks,  without 
stipulas ;  leajlets  stalked,  sometimes  alternate,  all  for  the  most 
part  somewhat  hairy  J  those  of  the  radical  leaves  roundish,  or 
heart-shaped,  coarsely  notched  3  those  of  the  lower  or  middle 
part  of  the  stem  more  oblong  :  the  upper  ones  linear-obovate. 


TETRADVNAMIA— 8ILIQUOSA.  Caidainine.  J89 

or  quite  linear,  obtuse,  generally  entire,  but  in  this  respect,  as 
well  as  in  length,  they  vary.  FL  small,  white,  corymbose.  Two 
shorter  stamens  often  wanting.  Pods  in  long  clusters,  erect, 
slender,  smooth,  or  occasionally  hairy,  their  valves  undulated  by 
the  projection  of  the  seeds  ;  stigma  almost  sessile. 

Whatever  the  C  sylvatka,  umbrosa  and  pr/rr^ora  of  other  authors 
may  be,  the  Linnsean  parv'iflora  is  clearly  a  distinct  species,  with 
all  its  leajiets  oblong  and  nearly  entire,  the  stem  bushy  ;  the 
pods  shorter,  with  a  more  evident  style.  This  plant  is  well  re- 
presented in  Gmelin's  Fl.  Sibirica,  v.  3.  i.  64.  I  know  nothing 
like  it  in  Britain.  We  have  most  assuredly  only  one  species  as 
above  described,  nor  have  I  any  other  from  Switzerland,  Haller's 
n.  472  /3,  confused  in  his  Nomcndator  with  n.  473,  being  truly 
a  variety,  and  by  no  means  the  genuine  parviflora.  I  have  his 
472  in  various  states  from  the  Rev.  Mr.  DuCros,  who  remarks 
that  ^ou^'er*;  with  4,  5,  or  G  stamens  grow  on  the  same  plant. 

To  account  for  the  strange  error  in  Fl.  Dan.,  where  this  species  is 
named  C.  impatiens,  we  must  recollect  that  after  Oeder  gave  up 
the  publication  of  that  work,  the  editors  merely  named  the  plants 
from  a  view  of  the  drawings,  in  too  hasty  and  superficial  a  man- 
ner, calling  Mentha  liirsuta  Origanum  vulgare;  Cardamine  ama- 
ra,  t.  148,  (which  Haller  quotes  i.  48,)  C.  hirsuta ;  the  true  hir- 
suta,  not  adverting  to  its  obvious  want  of  stipulas,  C.  impatiens ; 
nor  are  these  all  the  errors  of  a  similar  kind  that  might  be 
pointed  out  j  see  Raphanus  Raphanistrum.  It  is  now  in  much 
better  hands. 

4.  C.  pratensis.  Meadow  Ladies'-smock.  Cuckoo- 
flower. 

Leaves  pinnate,  without  stipulas  ;  Jeaflets  of  the  radical  ones 
rounclish  and  toothed;  those  of  the  stem-leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire.      Petals  with  a  tooth  upon  the  claw. 

C.  pratensis.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  91.').  U'llld.  v.  3.  487.  Fl.  Br.  GOO. 
En^l.  But.  v.W.  t.  776.  Curt.  Land.  fuse.  3.  t.  40.  Mart.  Rust. 
t.  95.  IVoodv.  t.  30.  Hook.  Scot.  198.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  256. 
Fl.  Dan.  t.  1039.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.4\7. 

C.  n.  473.    Hall.Ilist.v.  1.206. 

Cardamine.    Rad  Syn.  299.     Ger.  Em.  259./. 

Gauchbliim.     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1 .  218./ 

Nasturtium  pratense.     Trag.  Hist.  83.  f. 

N.  pratense,  magno  flore.  Bauh.  Pin.  104.  Moris. v.  2.  223.  sect  3. 
I.  4./.  7,  bad. 

N.  agreste.     Fuchs.  Hisl.'.Vl^t.f. 

N.  aquaticum  simplici  tloro,  et  (lore  pleno.  Bed.  H ,rt.  Eyst.  vcrn. 
ord.  \.  t.3. 

Hibfris.     Fudis.  Ic.  185.  /". 

Sisymbrium  atpiaticum  alterum.  M>itth.  Ealgr.  v.  1.  -143./;  flow- 
ers altogether  erroneous  ;  copied  in  DaUch.  Hist.  G'yS.J.  2. 


190  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Cardamine. 

S.  cardamine  tertia  Dodonaei,     Dalech.  Hist.  659.  /;  copied  in 

Bauh.Hist.v.2.SS9.f.  1. 
Flos  Cuculi.    Dod.  Pempt.  592./;  not  good ;  copied  in  Dalech. 

Hist.  6o9./.  3  ;  and  reprinted  in  Ger.  Em.  259./.  2. 

Common  in  meadows  and  moist  pastures. 

Perennial.     April,  May. 

Root  tuberous,  somewhat  toothed  in  the  mannerof  the  genus  Den- 
taria,  to  which  the  affinity  of  this  species  is  remarkable,  see  Fl. 
Br.  and  Engl.  Bat.,  and  with  which  therefore  the  accurate  Mr. 
Brown  has  united  the  whole  genus  ;  see  Dentaria.  Herb  variable 
in  luxuriance  ;  generally  smooth,  of  a  shining  green  ;  now  and 
then  a  little  hairy.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  or  more,  round,  leafy, 
simple.  Radical  leaves  several,  on  long  stalks,  each  of  one  or 
more  pairs  of  roundish,,  or  heart-shaped,  wavy,  angular,  or 
toothed  leaflets,  sometimes  viviparous,  the  terminal  one  largest  -, 
stem-leaves  of  more  numerous^  and  much  narrower,  leci/lets, which 
are  in  general  linear,  entire,  and  smooth.  Fl.  corymbose,  nu- 
merous, large  and  handsome,  either  light  ])urple,  flesh-coloured, 
or  white  ;  sometimes  more  or  less  double.  The  petals  are  re- 
markable for  a  tooth,  or  notch,  on  the  claw,  noticed  in  Haller, 
but  not  from  his  own  observation.  Pods  not  often  perfected. 
Style  more  prominent  than  in  some  other  species. 

The  Jiowers,  recent  or  dried,  have  been  reported  tQcure  Epilepsy, 
but  unhappily  do  not  deserve  such  credit.  They  are  agreeably 
pungent,  and  may  be  eaten  with  other  herbs  in  a  salad.  They 
come  with  the  Cuckoo,  whence  one  of  their  English,  as  well  as 
Latin,  names  ;  and  they  cover  the  meadows  as  with  linen  bleach- 
ing, which  is  supposed  to  be  the  origin  of  the  other,  now  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  genus.  They  are  associated  with  pleasant 
ideas  of  spring,  and  join  with  the  White  Saxifrage,  the  Cowslip, 
Primrose,  and  Hare-bell,  lo  compose  many  a  rustic  nosegay. 

5.  C.  amara.     Bitter  Ladies'-smock. 

Leaves  pinnate,  without  stipulas ;  leaflets  of  the  lowermost 
roundish  ;  of  the  rest  toothed  or  angular.  Stem  creeping 
at  the  base.     Style  obliquely  elongated. 

C.  amara.    Linn. Sp.  PI.  9X5.    mild.v. 3. 488.   Fl.Br.699.   Engl. 

Bot.  V.  14.  t.  1000.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  39.    Hook.  Scot.  1  98. 

DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  255.     ViUars  Dauph.  v.  3.  362.  ^.39. 
C.  n.  4/4.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.206. 
C.  flore  majore  elatior.    Raii  Syn.  299. 
Sisymbrium  Cardamine,  sive  Nasturtium  aquaticum,  flore  majore, 

elatius.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.88b.  f. 
Nasturtium  aquaticum  majus  et  amarum.    Bauh.  Pin.  104.    Prodr. 

45.  f.     Moris.  V.  2.224. 
Bitter  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  47.  f.  1 . 

In  watery  places,  by  the  sides  of  rivers  and  brooks,  but  not  common. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQU08A.  Nasturtium.   191 

About  London  in  several  places.  Huds.  and  Curtis.  Between  Kew 
and  Mortlake.  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  Near  Rippon.  Mr.  IV.  Brun- 
ton.     In  King-street  meadows,  Norwich. 

Perennial.    April,  May. 

Root  toothed,  somewhat  creeping.  Stems  I  to  2  feet  high,  leafy, 
a  little  zigzag,  more  or  less  hairy,  their  lower  part  creeping, 
with  several  radicles,  and  sometimes  a  few  slender  scions.  Leaf- 
lets all  dilated  ;  those  of  the  upper  leaves  oblong  or  elliptical, 
deeply  and  unequally  wavy  or  notched  3  those  of  the  radical 
ones  more  rounded,  obtuse  and  entire.  Fl.  the  size  of  the  last, 
but  always  white  or  cream-coloured,  with  violet  anthers.  Mr. 
Curtis  first  pointed  out  the  essential  mark  of  this  species,  in  the 
slender,  obliquely  elongated,  style,  and  minute  stigma,  which 
seem  to  be  deciduous,  still  leaving  the  pod  with  a  sharp  straight 
point. 

C  hirsuta  of  Fl.  Dan.  t.  148,  which  is  any  thing  rather  than  real 
hirsuta,  is  suspected  by  DeCandolle  to  be  a  variety  of  umara, 
and  so  it  seems  to  me. 

C.  amara,  before  it  flowers,  greatly  resembles  Water  Cresses,  but 
the  taste  is  bitter  and  nauseous.  Nasturtium  aquaticum  of  the 
Hortus  Eystettensis,  with  its  double  variety,  evidently  belongs  not 
to  this,  but  to  C.  pratensis. 

333.  NASTURTIUM.     Cress. 

Br.  in  Ait.  II.  Kew.  v.  4.  109.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.]  87.    Camp.  ed.  4. 

108. 
Radicula.    Dill.  Gen.  121.  /.  6. 

Cal.  equal  at  the  base  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  spread- 
ing, somewhat  coloured,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  spread- 
ing, undivided,  tapering  into  short  claws ;  occasionally 
wanting.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple  ;  the  2  shortest  each 
with  a  gland  at  the  base  withinside.  AutJi.  incumbent, 
somewhat  heart-sha}:)ed.  Crcnn.  cylindrical.  Style  erect, 
short,  cylindrical.  Sfij^nia  obtuse,  notched.  Pod  nearly 
cylindrical,  rather  turgid,  shortish;  valves  concave,  with- 
out ribs  or  keel.  Seeds  roundish,  flattened,  without  a 
border,  irregularly  disposed,  on  slender  stalks;  cotyle- 
dons accuiid)ent. 

Branching  hirhs.,  almost  invariably  smooth,  thiowing  out 
numerous  radicles,  and  cither  altogether  a(piatic,  or  at 
least  growing  in  wet  ground.  Stem  roundish,  with  slight 
irregular  angles.  Leaves  pinnate,  or  pinnatifid.  /'/.  co- 
rymbose, numerous,  white  or  yellow.  Pods  ascending, 
on  tile  long,  horizontal,  partial  stalks  of  nunH'rt)us  long 
clusters. 

Mr.  Brown  has  happily  separated   this  genus  from  S/'sym- 


192  TP:TRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Nasturtium. 

brwm,  with  which  its  various  species  have  long  been 
thought,  by  the  most  experienced  botanists,  to  disagree, 
as  much  as  they  agree  among  themselves.  The  accum- 
bent  cotyledons  decide  the  question  ;  and  the  short,  thick, 
turgid  pods  afford  a  ready  and  obvious  character. 
The  name  is  Latin,  and,  according  to  Phn}^,  belonged  to 
some  stimulating  plant,  pungent  to  the  nostrils.  The 
only  objection  to  its  present  adaptation  is,  that  it  has  been 
applied  so  variously  by  botanists  to  many  other  herbs ; 
but  it  well  suits  our  first,  or  best-known,  species. 

1.  N.  officinale.     Common  Water  Cress. 

Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  roundish-heart-shaped,  wavy. 

N.  officinale.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  ?;.  4.  ]  1 0.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 
188.     Comp.  ed.  4.  112.    Hook.  Scot.  201 . 

Nasturtium.    Dorsten.  Botan.  197,  2./. 

N.  aquaticura.    Trag.  Hist.  82./.    Dod.  Pempt.  592.  f. 

N.  aquaticum  su|3inum.  Bauh.  Pin.  1 04.  Moris,  v,  2.  223.  sect.  3. 
^.4./.  8. 

N.  aquaticum,  sive  Cratevse  Sium.     Ger.  Em.  257./. 

Sisymbrium  Nasturtium.  Linn.  Sp.  Pl.9\6.  MVld.  v.  3.489.  Ft. 
Br.  700.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  12.  t.  855.  Curt.  Lond.jaac  6.  t.  44. 
M'oodv.  i.  48.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  690.     Bull.  Fr.  t.  302. 

S.  n.  482.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.209. 

S.  Cardamine.    Fuchs.  Hist.  723./.    Ic.  419./ 

S.  Cardamine,  seu  Nasturtium  aquaticum.  Raii  Syn.  300.  Bauh. 
Hist.  V.  2.  884./ 

S.  aquaticum.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1 .  442./     Camer.  Epit.  269./ 

Water  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.Al.f.  2. 

|S.  Nasturtium  aquaticum,  foliis  minoribus,  preecocius.  Raii  Syn. 
301.  ed.  2.  172. 

Early  Water  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  47.  f.  3. 

y.  Nasturtium  aquaticum,  pinnulis  paucioribus.  Dill  in  Raii  Syn. 
301. 

In  clear  springs,  rivulets  and  ponds,  very  common  and  abundant. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Roots  of  many  crowded,  long,  simple,  white  fibres.  Stems  spread- 
ing, for  the  most  part  floating,  leafy,  branched,  round  with  se- 
veral angles,  mostly  smooth,  but  occasionally,  when  out  of  the 
water,  a  little  downy  or  hairy  ;  they  vary  considerably  in  length. 
Leaves  smooth,  deep  shining  green,  pinnate,  or  somewhat  ly- 
rate,  the  terminal  leaflet  being  largest ;  all  wavy  rather  than 
toothed.     Siipulas  none.     FL  white,  or  slightly  purple,  with  a 

'  purplish  calyx.  Pods  barely  an  inch  long,  tumid  and  undulated 
at  the  sides,  smooth,  curved  upwards,  each  on  a  horizontal  stalk, 
variable  in  length.     The  two  varieties  are  of  no  moment. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQU08A.  Nasturtium.   193 

Water  Cresses  are  well  known  for  their  agreeable  warmth  and  fla.- 
vour,  in  the  form  of  a  salad,  and  are  esteemed  a  wholesome 
stomachic.  I  should  have  preferred  the  old  established  Latin 
name  N.  aquaticum  ;  but  would  not,  without  necessity,  dissent 
from  the  two  great  authorities  who  have  established  the  present 
genus. 

2.  N.  sylvestre.     Creeping  Yellow  Cress. 

Leaves  pinnate ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  deeply  serrated  or  cut. 
Root  creeping. 

N.  sylvestre.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  -v.  4.110.  DeCamL  Syst.  v.  2. 
1 90.    Comp.  ed.  4.  112.    Hook.  Scot.  20 1 . 

Sisymbrium  sylvestre.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  9 1 6.  IVilid.  v.  3.  489.  Fl. 
Br.70\.    Engl.  Bof.  V.  S3,  t.  232  \.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.3.  f.  41. 

S.  n.48:).    Hall.  Hist. V.  I.  2\0. 

Brachiolobos  sylvestris.    Allion.  Pedem.  v.  1.  278.  t.  56.  f.  2. 

Eruca  sylvestris.    Fuchs.  Hist.  263.  f. 

E.  aquatica.     Raii  Syn.  297.     Ger.  Em.  248./. 

E.  quibusdam  sylvestris  repens,  flosculo  purpureo  (rather  parvo) 
luteo.     Bank  Hist.v.2.S66.f. 

E.  sylvestris  sen  palustris  minor  procumbens  et  repens  luteo  par- 
voque  flore.    Moris,  u.  2.  231.  sect.  3.  t.S.f.  17. 

Raphanus  minimus  repens  luteus,  foliis  tenuiter  divisis.  Moris,  v.  2. 
23(3.  sect.  3.  /.  7 .  f.  1. 

Water  Rocket.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  40./.  ."). 

In  gravelly  wet  meadows,  about  the  margins  of  rivers  and  ditches. 

In  Tothill  fields,  and  other  low  watery  situations  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Thames.  Hudson  and  Curtis.  On  Bungay  Common,  Suf- 
folk. Mr.  IVoodward.  Below  Leeds.  Bev.  Mr.  Wood.  Near 
Worcester.  Dr.  Stokes.  Frequent  in  Bedfordshire.  Rrv.  Dr. 
Abbot. 

Perennial.     June — September. 

Root  creeping  extensively.  Stems  erect,  though  wavy  or  zigzag, 
a  foot  or  more  in  height,  leafy,  angular  and  furrowed,  roughish 
with  minute  points.  Leaves 'pmmxie  ;  the  upper  ones  pinnati- 
fid  ;  the  lower  stalked  ;  leaflets  or  segments  of  all  elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, or  oblong,  smooth,  unequally  serrated,  or  variously  jag- 
ged, often  decurrent.  Clusters  terminal,  ])anicled,  much  length- 
ened out  after  flowering,  and  becoming  zigzag.  Fl.  numerous, 
small,  of  a  golden  yellow,  the  cilijx  partaking  of  the  same  co- 
lour.     Pods  very  sparingly  jx-rfected. 

3.  N.  tcrrcstrc.     Annual  Yellow  Cress. 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  une(|ually  toothed.  Hoot  taperincr,  Pe- 
tals  '>c:n(v1v  so  loni^-  as  the  ciilyx.      Pod  cuivcil. 

VOJ..    III.  *J 


im  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Nasturtium. 

N.  terrestre.  Br.  in  Jit.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.110.  Comp.  ed.  4.112.  Hook. 

Sco^.201. 
N.  palustre.    DeCand.  Syst.  i;.  2.  1 9 1 . 
Sisymbrium  terrestre.  Fl.  Br.  70\.  Engl.  Bot.v.25.  t.  1747.  Curt. 

Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  49.     Wahlenb.  Lapp.  179. 
S   palustre.    Follich  v.  2.  230.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  490. 
S.  islandicura.    FL  Dan.  t.409. 
S.  amphibium  a.    Huds.296.     Light/.  352. 
S.  amphibium  [5.    Linn.  Suec.  ed.  2.  232.    FL  Dan.  t.93\. 
Radicula  n .  487.    HalL  Hist.  i?.  1 .  2 1 1 . 
R.  sylvestris  sive  palustris.     Batih.  Hist.  v.  2.  866.  f.  S67  ;  hut  not 

of  Ray. 
Raphanus  aquaticus,  foliis  in  profundas  lacinias  divisis.   Bauh  Pin. 

97.  Prodr.  38./.  DHL  in  Rati  Syn.  30 1 .  Moris,  v.  2.  237.  sect.  3. 

t.  7.f.  3. 
Small  Jagged  Water  Radish.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  49./.  9. 

About  the  banks  of  ditches,  and  in  damp  but  not  very  watery  mea- 
dows. 

Plentiful  about  London.  Curtis.  On  Bungay  Common,  Suffolk. 
Mr.  Woodward.  Bedfordshire,  but  rare.  Abbot.  Oxfordshire, 
Sibth.  Isle  of  Ely.  BisJiop  of  Carlisle.  In  the  meadows  below 
Norwich,  and  in  various  other  places. 

Annual.     June — September. 

Root  simple,  spindle-shaped,  small.  Herb  erect  or  recumbent, 
about  a  foot  high,  sometimes  not  more  than  3  or  4  inches,  smooth, 
bright  green.  Stem  leafy,  smooth,  furrowed,  generally  branch- 
ed. Leaves  lyrate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  partially  and  unequally 
toothed  or  serrated.  /'/.  very  small,  of  a  paler  hue  than  the  last, 
Cal.  but  slightly  coloured.     Pet.  shorter  than  the  calyx,  often 

.  notciied.  Pods  ascending,  of  a  short,  thick,  somewhat  curved, 
obtuse  figure,  each  on  a  horizontal  stalk,  about  its  own  length, 
and  all  together  composing  long  aggregate  clusters.  Style  per- 
manent, thick  and  short,  with  a  peltate  stigma. 

Mr,  Curtis,  from  his  own  observations,  well  determined  this  spe- 
cies, though  he  did  not  attempt  to  settle  its  synonyms,  which 
were^  in  his  time,  singularly  confused,  and  that  con.fusion  has 
since  been  augmented.  Neither  Linnsus  nor  Hudson  under- 
stood the  present  plant,  however  distinct  it  appears  to  us.  Cur- 
tis's  name  is  at  least  as  good  as  palustre,  and  indeed  more  cor- 
rect ;  SO  that  though  the  latter  may  be  of  a  prior  date,  I  have 
not  thought  it  worth  adopting.  Haller  was  one  of  the  few  bo- 
tanists, who  knew  this  species  well,  and  his  synonyms  are  justly 
applied.  The  annual,  not  creeping,  root,  and  the  copious,  short, 
tliick  pads,  at  once  distinguish  it  from  the  foregoing,  as  well  as 
from  the  following-. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Sisymbrium.   195 

4.  N.  amplubimii.    Amphibious  Yellow  Cress.  Great 

Water  Radish. 

Leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid,  or  serrated.  Roots  fibrous.  Pe- 
tals longer  tlian  the  calyx.      Pod  elliptical. 

N.  amphibium.  Br,  hi  Alt.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  110.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 
19G.     Comp.ed.  4.  1 12.     Hook.  Scot.  20\. 

Sisymbrium  amphibium.  Limi.  Sp.  PI.  9 1 7.  Willd.  v.3.  A9\.  Ft. 
Br.702.    Engl.Bot.v.26.t.lS40.    Ft.  Dan.  t.  984. 

5.  (not  Nasturtium)  palustre  repens  latifolium  majus.  Mich.  Hort. 
Ear  (Hit.  89. 

Radicula  n.  486.     Hull.  Hist.  r.  1 .  2 11 . 

R.  sylvestris  seu  palustris.     Rail  Sijii.  SOI  ;   but  not  of  J.  Bauhin. 
Raphanus  aquaticus.      Ger.  Em.  240.  f. 
R.  aquaticus  alter.    Bauh.  Prodr.'SS.f,  good. 
R.  syUestris  officinarum  aquaticus      Lob.  /c. 319./. 
Broad  Water  Radish.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  49./.  8. 
(3   Raphanus  acjuaticus.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  867./. 
(ireat  Jagged  Water  Radish.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  49.  f.  10;  copied 
from  Bauhin. 

In  rivers,  ditches,  and  places  about  tlieir  banks,  not  constantly 
overflowed,  frequent. 

Perennial.     June — August. 

Roots  long  and  stringy,  perpendicular,  not  creeping,  but  throwing 
out  numerous  fibres,  such  as  proceed  from  the  lower  parts  of 
the  trailing  or  floating,  wide-spreading,  leafy,  striated,  not  much 
branching,  stem.  Leaves  generally  smooth,  but  occasionally 
downy  when  growing  in  dry  situations  ;  the  lowermost  on  long 
stalks,  deeply  pectinated  underwater,  otherwise  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, cut,  or  serrated  ;  upper  ones  ses^^ile,  or  clasping,  oblong, 
pectinated,  serrated,  or  nearly  entire,  all  varying  greatly  accord- 
ing to  the  depth  of  the  water,  or  strength'cf  the  current ;  on 
such  plants  as  grow  entirely  out  of  the  water,  the  leaves  are 
smalliM-,  broader,  and  merely  serrated.  Fl.  small,  bright  yellow, 
plentiful,  in  aggregate  clusters.  Pet.  always  longer  than  the 
calijx.  Pods  usually  small  and  abortive,  roundish,  tipped  with 
the  5/y'e  often  as  long  as  themselves. 

This  plant  is  noticed  by  the  celebrated  M.  Chateiiubriand,  in  his 
account  of  England,  for  its  wonderful  powers  of  increase  by  root. 
He  observed  it  in  the  river  near  Heccles,  where  he  long  resided  as 
an  emigrant,  and  his  rather  florid  description  has  excited  wonder 
and  curiosity  in  ma.iy,  who  daily,  perhaps,  pass  over,  without 
regard,  several  noUss  interesting  works  of  their  Creator.  Some 
of  .M.  DeCandolle's  references  belong  to  the  foregoing. 

y^.  SlSYxVJHHIUM.      lU'dgc-iiiustard. 

linn.  Gen. [\?>S.  Juss.  239.  Fl.Br.700.  Comp.ed.  A.  liJS.  Br. 
in  Ait.  H.  Kf'ir.  V.  1.  I  I  I .     IhCind.  Sus\  v.  2.  4o8. 


196  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.   Sisymbrium. 

Erysimum.    Tourn.  t.  111. 

Cal.  nearly  equal  at  the  base,  somewhat  spreading ;  leaves 
oblong,  concave,  slightly  coloured,  deciduous.  Pet.  obo- 
vate-oblong,  obtuse,  undivided,  flat ;  claws  nearly  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  Filam.  thread-shaped,  simple,  dis- 
tinct, erect.  Anth,  oblong-heart-shaped,  a  little  spread- 
ing. Germ,  linear,  slender,  sessile.  Style  very  short. 
Stigma  capitate,  notched,  permanent.  Pod  linear,  round- 
ish, or  slightly  angular ;  valves  linear,  concave,  wavy ; 
partition  narrow,  membranous.  Seeds  ranged  alternately, 
forming  a  single  row,  numerous,  small,  ovate,  or  oblong, 
not  bordered ;  cotyledons  flat,  incumbent,  sometimes 
(according  to  Mr.  Brown)  obliquely. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  very  various  in  foliage.  Fl.  yel- 
low or  whitish,  mostly  small.  Pods  erect,  in  very  iong 
clusters.     Flavour  pungent,  not  fetid. 

1.  S.  officinale.     Common  Hedge-mustard. 

Pods  pressed  close  to  the  main  stalk,  awl-shaped,  downy. 
Leaves  runcinate,  hairy.  Stem  rough  with  reflexed 
bristles. 

S.  officinale.    Scop.  Cam.  ed.  2.  v.  2.  26.    Br.  in  Ait/H.  Kew.  v.  4. 

111.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  459.     Comp.  ed.  4.  1 12.     Hook.  Scot. 

202. 
Erysimum  officinale.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  922.    Willd.  v.  3. 509.    Fl.  Br. 

706.  Engl.  Bot.  v.W.t.  735.   Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  5.  t.  50.   Woodv. 

suppl.  t.  244.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  560.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  259. 
E.  n.  478.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  208. 
E.  Dioscoridis  Lobelii.     Ger.  Em.  254./. 
E.  vulgave.    Bauh.  Pin.  1 00.    Moris,  v.  2.  21 8.  sect.  3.  t.  3./.  1 . 
Eruca  hirsuta,  siliqua  cauli  adpressa.  Erysimum  dicta.    Rail  Syn. 

298. 
Verbena  foemina.     Trag.  Hist.  102./;  but  not  of  Brunfelsius. 
V.  recta  sive  mas.    Fuchs.  Hist.  592./ 
Irio  sive  Erysimum   Dioscoridis.      Lob.  Ic.  206.  f.     Dod.  Penmt 

7\A.f.  ^' 

Hedge  Mustard.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  46.  f.  3. 

In  waste  ground^  by  road  sides,  and  on  banks,  common.  It 
springs  up  wherever  houses  have  been  burnt,  as  Haller  records. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Herb  of  a  dull  green,  minutely  hairy,  or  downy.  Stem  solitary, 
2  feet  high,  erect,  with  numerous  horizontal  branches,  leafy, 
round,  clothed  with  fine  deflexed  bristles.  Leaves  lyrate,  their 
lobes  runcinate,  unequally  toothed  ;  the  upper  ones  narrowest. 
Fl.  pale  yellow,  small,  in  little  corymbose  heads,  soon  becoming 
very  long  straight  close  clusters,  of  erect,  tapering  pods,  finelv 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Sisymbrium.    197 

downy,  rather  more  than  half  an  inch  long,  on  very  short  stalks. 
Seeds  not  numerous,  about  6  in  each  cell. 
An  infusion  of  this  herb,  or  of  its  seeds,  is  reputed  to  be  good  for 
the  asthma,  hoarseness,  or  any  debility  of  the  throat  or  vocal 
organs  ;  as  also  to  promote  expectoration.  But  it  is  out  of  use, 
and  probably  Common  White  Mustard  may,  for  any  purpose,  be 
preferable. 

2.  S.  Irio.  Broad  Hedge-mustard.   London  Rocket. 

Leaves  runcinate,  toothed,  smooth  as  well  as  the  stem.  Pods 
erect. 

S.  Irio.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  921.     Willd.  v.  3.  ^03.    FLBr.JOo.    Engl. 

Bot.v.  23.  t.]63\.      Curt.Lond.fasc.5.  f.  48.      DeCand.  Syst. 

V.  2.  467.    Jac(].  Austr.  t.  322. 
Erysimum  latifolium  neapolitanum.    RaiiSyn.29S. 
E.  latifolium  majus  glabrum.      Bauh.  Pin.  101.      Moris,  v.  2.218. 

sect.  3.  t.3.f.3. 
Irio  Isevis  Apulus,  Erucse  folio.    Column.  Ecphr.  v.  1.  264.  t.  265. 
Broad  Hedge  Mustard.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.46.f.4. 

In  waste  ground,  or  on  banks  and  heaps  of  rubbish,  chiefly  about 
London. 

About  Chelsea,  Battersea,  and  the  whole  neighbourhood  of  Lon- 
don. Ray,  Curtis.  At  Faulkbourn,  Essex,  and  on  the  walls  of 
Berwick-upon-Tweed.  Ray.  It  covered  the  ground  in  the 
spring  after  the  great  fire  of  London.  Haller  records  the  same 
tendency  in  the  preceding  species. 

Annual.     July,  August. 

Herb  about  2  feet  high,  light  green,  with  a  hot  flavour  of  Mustard, 
and  generally,  as  Curtis  observes,  entirely  smooth.  The  upper 
part  of  the  stem  however  is  occasionally  downy,  and  the  calyx- 
hairy.  Stem  erect,  branched,  round  and  quite  even,  leafy. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  runcinate,  acute,  toothed  chiefly  at  the  fore- 
most, or  upper,  edges  j  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  with  an 
arrow-shaped  base.  Fl.  yellow,  small  for  the  size  of  the  plant. 
Pods  2  inches  long,  slender,  nearly  erect,  rugged  when  ripe. 
Seeds  very  abundant. 

3.  S.  Sophia.     Fine-leaved  Hedge-mustard,  or  Flix- 

weed. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  a  little  hairy.  Petals  smaller  than 
the  calyx. 

S.  Sophia.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  920.  irUld.  v.  3.  500.  /7.  Br.  704.  Engl. 
Bat.  V.  14.  /.  963.  Mart.  Rust.  t.  b7 .  Hook.  Scot.  202.  De- 
Cand. Syst.  V.  2.  474.     El.  Dan.  t.  528.    Bull.  Ft.  t.  27 1 . 

S.  n.  484.     Ilalillist.  v.  1.  210. 

Erysimum  Sophia  dictum.     Raii  Syn.  298. 

Sophia  Chirurgorum.     GV.  £m.  1 068. /'.     Lob.  lc.73S.f. 


19S    TETRADYNAMIA-^SILIQUOSA.    Barlxirea. 

Seriphiiim  germanicum.   Trag. Hist.  338./.  Bauli.  Hist.  v.  2. 886./. 

S.  Absinthium.    Fuchs.  Hist.  2./ 

Descurea.     Guett.  Obs.  v.  2.  1 64. 

About  rubbish,  dry  banks,  waste  ground,  and  dunghiUs,  very  fre- 
quent. 

Annual.    July — September. 

Root  small  and  tapering.  Whole  plant  of  a  slender  delicate  struc- 
ture, about  2  feet  high.  Stem  branched,  bushy,  erect,  a  little 
downy.  Leaves  doubly  and  very  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  fine, 
downy  or  hairy,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  segments.  Fl.  small, 
greenish  yellow,  their  petals  concealed  by  the  calyx.  Pods  very 
numerous,  erect,  somewhat  curved,  slender,  about  an  inch  long, 
rugged,  or  beaded,  from  the  projection  of  the  numerous  minute 
seeds,  and  composing  long  erect  clusters,  with  spreading  partial 
stalks. 

Sophia  Chirurgormn,  "  the  Wisdom  of  Surgeons,"  would  not  be 
evinced  by  any  reliance  on  this  herb  for  the  cure  of  fractured 
limbs  5  nor  are  its  antidysenteric  virtues,  to  which  its  old  En- 
glish name  alludes,  better  ascertained. 

335.  BARBAREA.     Winter-cress. 

Br.  in  Ait.  H.Kew.v.  4.109.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 205.  Comp.ed.4. 
108. 

Cal.  nearly  equal  at  the  base,  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  con- 
cave, somewhat  coloured,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, undivided,  flat;  claws  nearly  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple,  distinct,  erect,  with  a  gland 
at  each  side  between  the  2  shorter  ones  and  the  pistil. 
Germ,  oblong,  quadrangular.  Sti/le  short,  cylindrical. 
Stigma  obtuse,  simple.  Poc?  linear,  with  4  angles,  slightly 
compressed ;  valves  concave,  keeled,  even  and  straight ; 
partition  membranous,  thick-edged.  Seeds  ranged  alter- 
nately, in  a  single  row,  ovate,  flattish,  not  bordered ;  co- 
tyledons flat,  accumbent. 

Upright,  smooth,  dark  green,  perennial  or  biennial  hejbs. 
Stems  rather  angular.  Lowe?'  leaves  lyrate  ;  upper  pin- 
natifid  or  toothed.  Fl.  yellow.  Pods  erect,  rather  stout, 
in  long  clusters. 

1.  B.  vulgaris.  Bitter  Winter^cress.  Yellow  Rocket. 

Lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  lobe  roundish ;  upper 

obovate,  toothed. 
B.  vulgaris.      Br.  in  Jit.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  109.      DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 

206.    Conip.  erf.  4.  1 1 2.    Hook.  Scot.  200, 


^  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Barbaiea.    199 

Barbarea.    Dod.  Pempt.  / 1 2./   Ger.  Em.  243.  f.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 

SGS.f.  869. 
vSanctse  Barbarae  herba.     Trag.  Hist  \0\ ./.    Fuchs.Hisf.746.f, 
Erysimum  Barbarea.      Linn.  Sp.  PI.  922.      JVillJ.  v.  3.  509,      Ft. 

Br.  706.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  7.  t.  443.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  985.    Ehrh.  PL  Of. 

427. 
E.  n.  479.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.208. 
Winter  Cress,    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  ^  46./.  J . 

Common  in  rather  moist  waste  ground,  about  hedges^  or  in  marshy 
meadows. 

Perennial.    Maij — August. 

Root  tapering,  somewhat  woody.  Stern  about  2  feet  high,  simple 
or  branched,  leafy,  stout,  angular  and  furrow<?d.  Radical  and 
lower  stem-leaves  lyrate  j  upper  ones  becoming  gradually  less 
divided,  clasping  the  stem  ;  the  uppermost  of  all  obovate,  and 
much  diminished  ;  all  are  variously  toothed,  strongly  ribbed,  of 
a  firm  texture,  quite  smooth.  FL  bright  yellow,  in  round-head- 
ed, corymbose  clusters.  Pod  not  very  acutely  quadrangular, 
about  an   inch  long,  crowned  by  the  thick,  rather  elongated. 

The  whole  herb  is  nauseously  bitter,  and  in  some  degree  mucila- 
ginous. Haller  reports,  after  Kalm,  that  it  is  eaten  in  England 
as  a  salad.  The  latter  probably  confounded  it  with  the  follow- 
ing. A  double- flowered  variety,  with  innumerable  pc/a/.s-,  pro- 
duced in  long  succession,  and  turning  white  as  they  fade,  is  fre- 
quent in  gardens. 

2.  B.  prcrcoj\     Early  Winter-cress. 

Lower  leaves  lyrate ;  upper  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  liiiear- 
obloiifj  entire  segments. 

B.  prsecox.    Br.  in  Ait.  If.  Kew,  v.  4.  1G9.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  207. 

Comp .  C(/.  4 .  1  1 3 .     Hook.  Scot .  20 1 . 
B.  foliis  minoribus  et  frequentius  sinuatis.     Dill,  in  Raii  S/jn.  297. 
Erysimum  pnecox.     FLBr.707.     Engl.  Bot.  v   16.  /.  1)29.   JJ'illd 

'Sp.Pl.v.3.b\0. 
E.  barbarea  /3.     Linu.  S/,.  PL  922. 
Sisymbrium  EruccC  folio  glabro,  minus  et  pnccocius.     Tvurn.  Insf. 

226. 
Early  Winter  Cress.     Petiv.  H.  Bnt.  t.  46./.  2. 

In  watery  grassy  places,  or  on  the  banks  of  ditches. 

On  a  hill  half  a  mile  north  of  Teignmoutli,  as  will  as  nvm  D.'u- 
lisli,  Kingsteington  and  Honiton,  Devonshire,  the  soil  a  red 
brick  clay.  Rcc.  Dr.  Bukc,  Dean  of  Bristol.  'V\w  ))lant  occurs 
here  and  there  about  towns,  having  perhaj)s  escaped  from  gar- 
dens. 

Biennial.     April — Ocfohi  r. 

Sfims  one  or  more,  erect,  1  [  or  2  feet  high,  leafy,  amrnlar,  smooth, 


^0  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Erysimum. 

a  little  branched,  tinged  at  the  bottom  with  a  violet  hue.  Ra- 
dical leaves  the  first  year  numerous,  spreading  on  the  ground, 
lyrate,  with  a  rounded  toothed  terminal  lobe,  being  much  like 
the  first  species,  but  of  a  more  neat  and  regular  figure ;  the 
stem-leaves  are  often  partly  lyrate  also,  but  the  upper  ones  are 
deeply  and  regularly  pinnatifid,  with  parallel,  linear-oblong, 
bluntish,  entire  segments.  FL  fewer,  smaller  and  paler  than 
those  of  B.  vidgaris.  Pods  thrice  as  long  as  in  that  species,  ex- 
actly square,  smooth.  Style  short,  with  a  blunt,  but  not  large, 
stigma. 
This  species,  undoubtedly  very  distinct  from  the  foregoing,  pro- 
pagates itself  abundantly  by  seed,  but  the  root  is  not  perennial. 
It  may  be  eaten  like  Water  Cresses,  with  which  it  agrees  in  fla- 
vour,  except  being  rather  more  pungent. 

336.  ERYSIMUM.     Treacle-mustard. 

Linn.  Gen.  339.    Juss.  239.     H.  Br.  706.     Comp.ed.  4.  [OS.    Br. 

in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  115.      DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  490.      Gartn. 

t.\43. 
Alliaria.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  488. 

Cal.  very  nearly  equal  at  the  base  ;  leaves  oblong,  concave, 
erect,  slightly  coloured,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  flat,  their  claws  erect,  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Filam.  thread-shaped,  simple,  distinct,  upright,  with  a 
gland  between  the  shorter  one  at  each  side,  sometimes 
also  between  the  2  longer  ones,  and  the  pistil.  Anth. 
roundish-oblong,  rather  spreading.  Geiin.  oblong,  qua- 
drangular. Style  very  short.  Stigma  small,  capitate, 
notched,  permanent.  Pod  sessile,  linear,  equally  qua- 
drangular; valves  concave,  keeled,  rectangular;  parti- 
tion membranous,  crowned  with  the  st2/le,  and  the  more 
or  less  deeply  2-lobed  stig?na.  Seeds  ovate,  w-ithout  a 
border,  disposed  in  a  single  row ;  cotyledons  flat,  incum- 
bent. 

Herbs  various  in  duration,  erect,  branched,  either  smooth, 
downy,  or  finely  bristly.  Leaves  simple,  often  lanceolate 
and  nearly  entire.  Fl.  corymbose,  yellow,  sulphur-co- 
loured, or  white.  Pods  in  very  long  upright  clusters. 
Quahties  warm  and  pungent. 

1 .  E><  cheirantkoides.     Worm-seed  Treacle-mustard. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  obscurely  toothed,  roughish  with  close 
forked  brisdes.  Pods  erect,  on  horizontal  stalks.  Stig- 
ma almost  sessile. 

E.  cheiranthoides.    Linn,  Sp,  PL 923.    mild.  v.  3.  oil.    Fl.  Br. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.     Erysimum.    '201 

708.     Engl.  Bot.  V.  14,  t,  942.     Huds.  287.     Hook.  Scot.  202. 

DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  498.      Jacq.  Austr.  t.  23.      Fl.  Dan.  t.73], 

bad,  and  t.  923,  better.    Ehrh.  Herb.  97. 
E.n.  477.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.207. 
Cheiranthus  erysimoides.     Huds.  287. 
Myagro  affinis  planta^  siliquis  longis.    Rail  Syn.  298.    Bauh.  Hist 

?;.  2.  894./. 
Camelina.     Ger.  Eni.273.f. 

C.  Myagrum  alteram,  thlaspi  effigie.    Lob.  Ic.  22b.  f. 
Treacle  Worm-seed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  45./.  2. 

In  turnip  fields,  gardens^  osier-holts,  and  hedges,  not  uncommon. 

Annual.     July. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Stem  erect,  branched,  angular,  leafv,  from 
1  to  24-  feet  high,  rough  with  small,  closely  deflexed, 'mostly 
simple  bristles.  Leaves  of  a  dull  green,  sessile,  except  a  few  of 
the  lower  ones,  lanceolate,  variable  in  breadth,  as  well  as  in  the 
number  of  their  distant  and  shallow  teeth,  all  clothed  with  very 
minute,  crowded,  close,  forked  bristles,  such  as  are  found  also, 
still  more  minute,  on  the  pods  and  their  stalks.  Fl.  numerous 
small,  yellow,  with  a  whitish  calyx.  Pet.  terminated  by  a  shal- 
low notch.  PodshiW  an  inch  long;  their  valves  internally  downy, 
which  is  remarkable.  Their  seeds  are  bitter,  and  have  been  used 
for  destroying  intestinal  worms  in  children  ;  being  also  one  of 
the  ingredients  of  the  nauseous  Venice  Treacle. 

2.  E.  AUiaria.     Garlick  Treacle-nuistard.     Jack  by 

the  hedge ;  or  Sauce  alone. 
Leaves  heart-shaped,  broadly  toothed,  stalked. 
E.  Alliaria.      Linn.  Sp.  PI.  922.      TVilld.  v.  3.  510.      Fl.  Br.  708. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  12.  t.  796.      Curt.  Loud.  fasc.  2.  t.  48.      fVoodv. 

suppl.  t.  24.5.  Hook.  Scot.  202.   Fl.  Dan.  t.  935.    Bull.  Fr  t  338 
E.  n.  480.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  208. 
Hesperis  allium  redolens.    Raii  Syn.  293.    Moris,  v.  2.252  sect  3 

MO./.  G. 
Alliaria.   Trag.  Hist.SG.f.  Fuchs.  Hist.  \0{.f.  Dod.  Pcmpt.6S6.f. 

Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  197.  f.  Camer.  Epit.  589./     Ger.  Em  79  1  f 

Dalech.Hist.9\\.fJ.     Lob.  Ic.b'M)./. 
A.  officinalis.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  489. 
Jack  by  the  hedge.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.Ab.f.  1. 

Common  under  hedges  and  in  shady  lanes. 

Annual.     May. 

Whole  herb  smooth,  of  a  decj)  shininggrcen,  exhaling  when  bruised 
a  strong  and  nauseous  scent  of  garlick,  which  seems  the  natural 
flavour  of  its  tri!)e,  condensed  or  augmented,  we  will  not  say 
improved.  Yet  the  country  people  eat  the  young  leaves  with 
bread  and  butter.  The  seeds  arc  said  to  be  stronger  than  any 
other  part.     The  stem  is  about  a  foot  high,  somewhat  branched. 


202  TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA.  Cheiranthus. 

Leaves  stalked,  broadly  heart-slmped,  acute,  veiny,  with  many 
prntriinent  broad  teeth.     Fl.  plentiful,  white,  not  unornamental 
to  liedge  banks  in  the  spring.     Cal.  whitish,  not  quite  closed. 
,    Pods  erect,  smooth,  on  spreading  stalks. 

3.  E   orientale.     Hare's-ear  Treacle  mustard. 

Leaves  elliptic-heart-shaped,  obtuse,  clasping  the"  stem  ;  ra- 
dical ones  obovate  ;  all  smooth,  glaucous,  undivided,  en- 
tire. 

Yj.  orientale.     Br.  hi  Alt.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  11/.    Comp.  ed.  4.  113. 

E.  perfoliatum.    DeCand.  Syst.  xi.  2.  508. 

Brassica  orientalis.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  931.      fVilld.  v.  3.  54.5.     Fl.  Br. 

717.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  26.  t.  1 804.    PoUich  v.  2.  247.     Jacq.  Aiistr. 

t.282. 
B.  campestris  perfoliata,  flore  albo.    Bauh.  Pin.  1J2.    Dill,  in  Rail 

Syn.  293.     Moris,  r.  2.  2 1 0.  sect.  ,3.  t  2./.  19. 
B.  campestris  prima.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  127.  f.   Dalech.  Hist.  525.  f. 
Eruca  n,  457.    Hall.  Hist.  d.  1.  199. 

Perfoliata  siliqiiosa.     Ger.Em.DSG.f.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.835.  f.    . 
White  Thorow  Colevvort,    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  Ab.f.  5. 

In  fields  and  on  cliffs  near  the  sea. 

In  Essex,  but  rare.  Petiver.  Near  Harwich,  on  the  cliffs,  as  also 
at  Bawdsey,  near  Orford,  Suffolk.  Dale.  In  fiel5s  near  God- 
stone  and  Marshfield,  Sussex.  Hiids. 

Annual.    June. 

Root  smallj  tapering.  Herb  glaucous,  very  smooth  in  every  part, 
even  the  radical  leaves.  Stem  from  1  to  2  feet  high,  seldom 
branched,  bearing  several  clasping,  not  perfoliate,  leaves;  the 
radical  ones  obovate,  recurved  ;  all  quite  entire  and  a  little 
fleshy.  Fl.  rather  few,  in  a  lax  corymbose  cluster,  cream-co- 
loured. Pet.  but  little  spreading.  Pods  2\  or  3  inches  long, 
exactly  square,  upright,  though  not  quite  straight, 

Reicharci  quotes  under  this  Erysimum  perfoliatum,  Crautz  Austr, 
{fasc.  1 .)  27,  and  he  is  copied  by  Willdenow  and  DeCandolle  ; 
but  I  find  no  such  name  any  wiiere  in  Cran  z;  and  as  the  leaves 
are  not  perfoliate,  orientale,  adopted  by  Linnceus  from  Tourne- 
fort,  though  not  a  good  name,  does  not  require  to  be  changed. 

Brassica  austriaca  of  Jacq.  Austr.  t.  283,  which  I  had  suspected 
might  be  the  same  species,  is  judged  by  Prof.  DeCandolle  to  be 
different,  having  smaller  more  y^Wow  flowers,  and  elevated  ribs 
or  veins  on  the  valves  of  the  pod.     We  have  it  not  in  England. 

337.  CHEIRANTHUS.     Wall-flower. 

Linn.  Gen.  339.  Juss.  238.    JF7.  Br.  709.    Comp.  ed.  4.  1 08.  Br.  in 
Ait.  H.  Kew.  zj.  4.  11 8.   DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 1  78.  Lam.  t.  564./.  1 . 
Leucojum.     Tourn.t.l07. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Cheiraiilhus.  205 

Cal.  converging,  compressed  ;  leaves  oblong,  concave,  erect, 
deciduous,  2  opposite  ones  protuberant  at  the  base.  Pet, 
obovate,   spreading,   entire   or  slightly   notched;    claws 
erect,  the  length  of  the  calyx.     Filam.  awl-shaped,  pa- 
rallel, simple,  distinct,  each  of  the  2  outermost,  or  short- 
est, embraced   at  the  bottom   by  a  nectariferous  gland. 
Anth.  erect,  oblong-arrow-sha|3ed,  acute,  of  2  linear  lobes. 
Germ,  linear,  compressed,  a  little  tumid  at  each  side,  the 
length  of  the  stamens.     Style  sliort,  nearly  cylindrical. 
Stigma  either  of  2  thick  spreading  lobes,  or  capitate  and 
slightly  notched,  permanent.     Pod  linear,  compressed, 
two-edged,  rather  convex  at  the  sides,  mostly  with  an 
elevated,  longitudinal,  central  line  ;  valves  straight ;  par- 
tition membranous.    Seeds  ranged  alternately,  in  a  single 
row,  ovate,  compressed,  slightly  bordered  at  the  summit, 
and  often  at  one  side  also  ;  cotyledons  accumbent. 
Biennial  or  perennial,  herbaceous  or  somewhat  shrubby. 
Stem  branched,  leafy,  round,  or  slightly  angular.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed.     Pubescence  close,  simple, 
or  divaricated,  or  somewhat  starry.     FL  handsome,  fra- 
grant, yellow,  purplish,  or  white,  often  particoloured,  or 
changeable.     Ch.  tenuifolms  of  DeCandolle  has  a  slight 
border  at  the  top  of  the  seed  only. 

1.  Ch.fniiiculosus.      Wild  Wall-flower. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  ;  most  hoary  beneath,  with  simple 

close  hairs.     Stem  shrubby.     Branches  angular.     Style 

prominent. 
Ch.  fruticulosus.     Linn.  Mant.  94.      Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  o  16.      FL 

Br.  709.     EfigL  Bot.  v.  27.  t.  1934.      Comp.  ed.  4.  1 13.     Hook. 

Scot.  202.     Galp.  Comp.  50.    Davies  Welsh  BotanoL  fi4. 
Ch.  Cheiri.    Huds.  287.     With.  580.  Belh.  260.  Sihth.  202.  Abbot 

144.    Hook.  Lond.  t.  147  }     DeCand.  Si/sL  v.  2.  180,  var.  /x. 
Leucojum   n.  443.      HcdL  Hist.  v.  1.  193j  from  Mr.  Davall  and 

others. 
L.  luteum,  vulgo  Cheiri,  floie  simplici.   Raii  Syn.  20 1 .    Bauh.  Hist. 

t\  2.  572.  /.  rcj)rinted  in  Chabr.  h\  27^.  f.  4. 
L.  lutcum  minus  fruticans.  BarrcL  Ic.  t.  1228. 
y'whi  petraea  lutca.     Tabtrn.  Kraulcrb.  6SS.f. 

On  old  walls. 

Shrub.    ApriL  May. 

Stem  shrubby,  erect,  bushy,  branched  in  a  determinate  manner ; 

•    branches  angular,  leafy,  hoary  with  close,  bristly,  sih-ery  hairs, 

chiefly  directed  downward,  like  those  on  both  sides  of  the  leaves; 

though  some  i)oint  the  contrary  way.  on  the  Icavvs  as  well  as 


20i  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Matthiola. 

pods,  being  perfectly  distinct,  as  it  seems  to  me,  from  the  others, 
nor  is  there  any  forked  or  starry  pubescence  to  be  found.  Leaves 
crowded,  stalked,  lanceolate,  acute,  almost  invariably  entire  j 
the  lowermost,  if  any,  slightly  serrated  ;  all  deep  green,  with 
more  or  less  of  a  minute  silvery  hoariness,  especially  at  the  back. 
Fl.  corymbose,  sweet-scented  ;  their  petals  always  of  a  uniform 
bright  golden  yellow,  not  stained  with  brown  or  blood-red  as  in 
the  garden  Ch.  Cheiri,  though  the  calyx  is  purplish.  Pods  race- 
mose, erect,  l^or  2  inches  long,  covered  with  close  hairs  chiefly, 
if  not  altogether,  pointing  upwards  ;  each  valve  marked  with  an 
elevated  central  line,  often  vanishing  about  half  way  up,  and 
hardly  discernible  at  all  in  Mr.  Davall's  Swiss  specimens ;  though 
very  strong  in  some  French  ones,  with  shorter  broader  pods, 
which  most  accord  with  Dr.  Hooker's,  the  style  excepted.  Stijle, 
in  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen,  about  a  line  in  length  in  the 
flower,  rather  more  on  the  ripe  pod,  stout,  angular,  a  little 
bristly,  crowned  with  the  cloven  stigma,  whose  lobes  are  finally 
brought  close  together.  The  seeds  are  flat,  with  a  narrow,  mem- 
branous, deciduous  border  at  one  side,  as  well  as  at  the  summit, 
of  each. 
The  late  Mr.  Crowe,  whose  remarks  were  always  worthy  of  atten- 
tion, and  to  whom  we  owe  so  much  for  his  unrivalled  discrimi- 
nation of  Willows,  observed  that  the  petals  of  our  wild  Cheiran- 
thus  merely  become  recurved  as  they  advance  towards  decay, 
and  do  not  hang  loosely  flaccid,  like  those  of  the  true  Ch.  Cheiri, 
or  Blood  Wall-flower  of  the  gardens.  There  is  indeed  a  culti- 
vated double  variety  of  Ch.fruticulosus,  always  with  plain  yellow 
Jiowers,  and  though  more  luxuriant  than  the  wild  plant,  still 
unlike  the  Ch.  Cheiri.  Dr.  Hooker  appears  to  me  quite  cor- 
rect in  his  Fl.  Scot.,  except  a  slip  of  the  pen,  leaves  for  petals ; 
but  I  quote  his  Fl.  Lond.  and  its  luminous  dissections,  with  he- 
sitation, on  account  of  the  strongly-ribbed  valves  of  the  short 
pods,  and  the  almost  total  want  of  a  style,  such  as  I  have  never 
seen  in  any  Wall-flower.  Ch.  Cheiri  and  its  supposed  varieties 
enumerated  by  DeCandolle,  require  more  correct  examination 
than  they  have,  as  yet,  received.  I  do  not  presume  to  give  a 
decisive  opinion  concerning  them,  but  merely  describe  what  I 
have  seen,  depending  with  implicit  confidence  on  my  friend 
Hooker  for  the  accuracy  of  his  representations.  Viola  lutea, 
Fuchs.  Hist.  458,  f,  comes  nearest  to  his  plate  and  description. 

338.  MATTHIOLA.     Stock. 

Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  t\  4.  1 1 9.  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 1 62.  Comp.  ed  4 
108.  '    ' 

Cal.  converging,  a  little  compressed ;  leaves  linear-oblong, 
concave,  erect,  deciduous,  2  opposite  ones  protuberant  at 
the  base.  Pet,  obovate,  spreading,  entire,  or  with  a  broad 


TETR ADYNAMIA— 81 LIQUOS A.  Matthiola.  205 

sliallow  notch ;  claws  erect,  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Fi- 
lam.  awl-shaped,  simple,  distmct ;  2  outermost  much  the 
shortest,  embraced  at  the  bottom  by  a  nectariferous  gland. 
^??//z.  oblong-arrow-shaped,  nearly  erect,  of  2  linear  lobes. 
Germ,  oblong,  rather  compressed,  shorter  than  the  sta- 
mens. Style  short  and  thick,  or  more  frequently  want- 
inof.  Stis^ma  of  2  converging  lobes,  either  thickened  or 
protuberant  at  the  back,  permanent.  Pod  linear,  com- 
pressed, or  nearly  cylindrical,  convex  or  keeled  at  one 
or  both  sides  ;  valves  straight ;  partition  membranous. 
Seeds  ranged  alternately  in  a  single  row,  orbicular,  com- 
pressed, generally  encompassed  by  a  membranous  bor- 
der ;  cotyledons  flat,  accumbent. 
Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  almost  always  hoary,  with  starry 
pubescence,  occasionally  intermixed  with  stalked  glands. 
Leaves  oblong,  undivided,  toothed,  or  sinuated.  Fl. 
fragrant,  especially  in  an  evening,  their  colours  purple, 
white,  greenish,  or  brownish.  Mr.  Brown  remarks  that 
when  the  lobes  of  the  stigma  are  thickened  at  the  back, 
the  cotyledons  are  incumbent.  Prof.  DeCandolle  on  the 
contrary  declares  that  he  never  met  with  incumbent  co- 
tyledons in  any  species  examined  by  him.  In  our  native 
ones  they  are  certainly  accumbent. —  I  beg  leave  to  ob- 
serve that  the  name  of  the  botanist  here  commemorated 
is  Matthiolus,  not  Mathiolus. 

1,  M.  incana.     Hoary  Shrubby  Stock. 

Stem  shrubby,  upright,  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  hoary.     Pods  without  glands. 

M.  incana.    Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  1 19.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  163. 

Camp,  ed.  4.  113. 
Cheiranlhus  incanus,    Linn.  Sp.  PL  924.     Willd.  v.  3.  .VJO.    Engl. 

Bot.  V.  27.  I.  1935.    Mill.  Illustr.  t.  bb. 
Leucojum  incanum  majus.    Moris,  v.  2.  240.  sect.  3.  t.  S.f.  1. 
L.  ))ur|)ureum.      Matth.  falgr.  v.  2.  228./.      Comer.  Epit.  619./. 

Ger.Em.AbH.f.     Dalech.  Hist.m2.f. 
Viola  matronalis  purpurea.    Euclis.  Hist.  315./. 

On  maritime  cliffs  in  the  south  of  England. 

Upon  rocky  clifls  to  the  east  of  Hastings,  Sussex.  Mr.  D.  Turner 
and  Mr.  IV.  Borrer. 

Shrub.     May,  June. 

Root  much  branched  downwards  -,  simple  at  the  crown.  Stem 
erect,  bushy,  round,  leafy,  hoary,  about  2  feet  high.  Leaves  scat- 
tered, 2  inches  or  more  in  length,  covered  on  both  sides  with 
dense,  starry,  hoarv  pubescence,  single-ribbed,  entire,  thick  and 


206  TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Matthiola. 

leathery ;  rounded  at  the  extremity  ;  each  tapering  at  the  base 
into  a  short  footstalk.  Fl.  corymbose,  large,  light  puii)le,  fra- 
grant, often  double  ;  their  claws  pale  and  greenish.  Pod  2  or 
2}  inches  long,  crowned  with  the  sessile  stigma  subtended  at 
each  side  by  a  small  point  ;  the  valves  frequently  dissimilar,  one 
being-  more  keeled  than  the  other.  Seeds  most  convex  at  one 
side,  light  brown,  surrounded  entirely  by  a  white  filmy  border  ; 
cotyledons  accumbent,  as  may  be  seen  without  taking  off  the 
skin. 
I  believe  this  species  is  naturally  perennial ;  though  in  gardens, 
remote  from  the  sea,  it  is  seldom  more  than  biennial,  and  in- 
deed often  perishes  the  first  winter,  without  flowering. 

2.  M.  sinuata.     Great  Sea  Stock. 

Stem  herbaceous,  spreading.  Leaves  downy,  glandular, 
obtuse,  sinuated  ;  those  of  the  branches  undivided.  Pods 
rough  with  prominent  glands. 

M.  sinuata.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4. 120.  DeCand.  Sijst.v.  2.  167. 

Camp.  ed.  4.  113. 
Cheiranthus  sinuatus.      Linn.  Sp.  PI.  92G.      mild.  v.  3.  524.     Fl. 

Br.  710.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  1 .  t.  4C2.    Huds.  288.    Davies  IVehh  Bo- 

tanol.  64. 
Ch.  tricuspidatus.    Huds.  cd.  1.  250. 
Leucojum  marinum  majus.     Raii  Sijn.29\ . 
L.  marinum  purpureum  Lobelii.     Ger.  Em.  460./. 
L.  maritimum  magnum  latifolium.      Bank.  Hist.  v.  2.  875./.  876. 

Chabr.  rc.279.f.4. 

On  the  sandy  sea  coasts  of  Wales  and  Cornwall,    tfilji^^f^^^^ 

In  many  parts  of  Wales  ;  also  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall.  Ra//. 
Near  Pembroke.  Mr.  Adams.  Near  Abermeney  j  Llwyd  ;  with- 
in a  mile  of  Llanddwyn  ;   Brewer's  Ms.;  Rev.  H.  Davies. 

Biennial.    August. 

Root  long  and  tapering.  Whole  herb  clothed  with  densely  intri- 
cate starry  down,  intermixed  with  short  glandular  rigid  prickles, 
v.'hich  abound  most  on  the  pods.  Stem  branched,  widely  spread- 
ing, 2  feet  high,  round,  leafy,  Lov.er  leaves  most  sinuated  j 
upper  undivided  and  entire.  Fl.  the  size  of  the  foregoing,  but 
of  a  more  dingy  hue  ;  not  fragrant  by  dav,  but  in  the  evening 
very  highly  scented,  with  a  kind  of  aromatic  pungency,  render- 
ing this  species  well  v/orthy  of  a  place  in  gardens.  Stigma  ses- 
sile, bluntly  protuberant  at  each  side.  Pods  3  or  4  inches  long, 
convex  at  each  side,  all  over  hoary  and  glandular.  Seeds  with 
a  membranous  border.  The  taste  of  the  whole  herb  is  alkaline 
and  bitterish.  Petiver  has  by  mistake  copied,  for  this,  the  ex- 
cellent wooden  cut  of  Matthiola  tricu^jjidata,  Cheiranthus  tricus- 
pidatus of  Linnaeus,  published  in  the  Hortus  Medicus  of  Came- 
rarius,/.  24.  His  error  might  perhaps  raifdead  Mr.  Hudson  in 
t'ne  first  e(hti()n  of  Fl.  AuQiica. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Hesperis.  207 
339.  HESPERIS.     Dame's-violet. 

Linn.  Gen.  340.  Juss.  238.  FL  Br.7\\.  Camp.  ed.  4.  108.  Br. 
biAiLH.Kew.v.A.  122.  DeCaml.  Sijst.v.  2.446.  Tourn.  l.  108. 
Lam.  t.  5G4./.  1. 

Cal.  closely  converging ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse, 
overlaying  each  other  at  the  upper  part,  separating  first 
at  the  bottom,  deciduous ;  2  opposite  ones  protuberant 
at  the  base.  Pet.  obovate,  obtuse,  or  slightly  notched, 
obliquely  spreading;  claws  linear,  channelled,  erect,  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  Filam,  thread-shaped,  erect,  simple, 
unconnected  ;  the  2  shorter  with  a  gland  at  their  ba;ie  in- 
ternally. Anth.  linear,  recurved.  Genu,  quadrangular, 
linear,  the  length  of  the  calyx.  S/i/le  scarcely  any.  Stig- 
77ia  nearly  sessile,  of  2  closely  converging,  erect,  simple, 
obtuse,  downy  lobes,  permanent,  unchanged.  Pod  li- 
near, more  or  less  accurately  quadrangular,  .s^triated,  pro- 
tuberant from  the  seeds ;  valves  linear,  undulated,  acute, 
the  length  of  the  meujbranous  ]:)artition.     Seeds  in  a*sin- 

.  gle  row,  pendulous,  oblong,  obscureU'  triangular,  not  bor- 
dered ;  cotyledons  fiat,  incumbent. 

Herbaceous,  with  fibrous  roots.  Stein  round,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, dow-ny  or  smooth.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tooth- 
ed, finely  hairy,  rarely  entire ;  in  some  sinuated,  or  run- 
cinate.  Puhesceiiee  gQuen\\\y  scnitcved  luid  sim})le  ;  partly 
forked  and  glandular.  /''/.  corymbose,  purplish,  white, 
or  brownish  ;  powerfully  scented,  for  the  most  part,  in  an 
evening.     Pods  long  and  slender. 

I.  H.  inatronalis.      Common  Dame's-violet. 

Partial  flower-stalks  the  length  of  the  Cidyx.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  toothed.  Stem  u})right,  slightly  branched. 
Pods  smooth,  irregularly  tumid,  C(}uilaleral,  ne;nly  erect. 

H.  matronalis.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  927.    mild.  v.  3.  .•■)31 .     Br.  in  Jit.  //. 

Kew.  V.4.]  22.    DeCand.  Sjjsf.  v.  2.  4.")().     Hook.  Scot.  202. 
H.inodora.   Linn.  Sp.  PL  927.   lVilld.v.3.:)3l.Huds.2HH.    With. 

.-)S(i.    FL  Br.  711.  Comp.  ed.  4.113.  EngL  Bot.  v.W.  t.  '/W 1 .  /•/. 

Dan.  t.  924.    Jacq.  Auatr.  /.347. 

II.  n.  448.    nalLnisf.r.\.\<)?. 

H.  sylveslris  inodora.     Dill,  in  Hair  Sun.  2!)3.    Bupj).  Jen.  ed.  IlalL 

7H.t.\. 
11.  |)iiniionica  inodora.     lianli.  I  list.  v.  2.  H7'(^.f. 
U.  terliu.     Clus.  Hint.  v.  1.  29/./ 
11.  altera  pannonica,  inodora  sylvcstris.     (Jlus.  runn:X\U.J'.'SM^. 


208  TETRADYNAMIA--SILIQUOSA.    Hesperis. 

Viola  matronalis.    Dod.  PemptA6\.f.    Ger.  Em.  462.  f.    Lob.  Ic. 

323./. 
V.  purpurea.    Fuchs.  Hist.  459./. 

In  hilly  pastures,  especially  near  rivulets,  but  rare. 

On  the  banks  of  the  rivulets  about  Dale-head,  Cumberland,  and 
Grassmere,  Westmoreland  ;  Mr.  Nicolson.  Dillenius.  About 
Falmouth.  Withering.  Near  Cheltenham,  on  Cotswould  ridge. 
General  Hardwicke.  From  which  neighbourhood  it  was  sent  by 
the  late  Earl  of  Dartmouth,  to  Mr.  Sowerby.  See  Engl.  Bot. 
Near  the  old  castle  of  Airly,  Angus-shire.  Mr.  J.  Mackay  and 
Mr.  G.  Don. 

Perennial.    May,  June. 

Root  tufted,  of  many  long  fibres.  Stems  erect,  2  or  3  feet  high, 
slightly  branched,  leafy,  round,  solid,  clothed,  more  or  less  co- 
piously, with  very  short,  deflexed,  simple  or  forked,  minute 
hairs.  Leaves  scattered,  ovate-lanceolate,  or  slightly  heart- 
shaped,  taper-pointed,  veiny,  single-ribbed,  bordered  with  nu- 
merous, unequal,  prominent,  obtuse,  somewhat  glandular  teeth  ; 
all  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  except  some  of  the  lowermost.  Fl. 
terminal,  corymbose,  numerous,  rather  large  and  handsome, 
pale  purple,  or  white,  perpetually  varying  from  seed  in  this  re- 
spect 5  by  day  they  have  little  or  no  smell,  except  in  rainy  wea- 
ther, but'in  an  evening  they  are  highly  and  delightfully  fragrant. 
Cal  tinged  with  purple,  rough  with  coarse  spreading  hairs,  es- 
pecially in  the  upper  part ;  seldom  quite  naked.  Pet.  abrupt, 
wavy,  notched,  sometimes  having  a  small  terminal  tooth.  Pod 
2  inches  long,  ascendmg,  or  erect,  a  little  curved,  acute,  of  a 
slender  cylindrical  form,  usually  quite  smooth,  with  4  simple, 
not  bordered,  angles,  whose  somewhat  striated  interstices  are 
equal,  except  the  very  irregular  swellings  and  undulations 
caused  by  the  numerous'  seeds,  which  are  elliptical,  concave  at 
one  side,  destitute  of  a  border. 

Few  British  plants  have  been  enveloped  in  more  uncertainty  than 
this,  owing  to  the  epithet  inodora,  which,  as  botanists  generally 
hunt  by  daylight,  was  found  applicable  to  our  wild  Hesperis ; 
while  the  well-known  rich  nocturnal  fragrance  of  the  garden 
plant,  dedicated  in  its  name,  for  ihat  very  reason,  to  the  even- 
ing star,  was  supposed  to  render  the  latter  specifically  distinct. 
This  opinion  was  confirmed  in  the  mind  of  Linnaeus  by  a  speci- 
men from  Jacquin,  marked  Hesperis  tertia  Clusii,  in  which  the 
lower  teeth  of  the  rather  softer  leaves  ?iXQ  peculiarly  dilated,  as  in 
Jacquin's  plate  above  indicated.  Hence  Linnaeus,  giving  credit 
to  the  w^ant  of  scent,  plumed  himself  on  establishing  a  specific 
difference.  But  the  characters  he  gives  have  all  long  been  found 
illusive,  and  Mr.  Brown  has  justly,  in  my  opinion,  united  these 
two  Linnaean  species,  without  marking  either  as  even  a  variety. 
We  therefore  retain  the  original,  and  least  exceptionable,  spe- 
cific name. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Arabis.      209 

It  is  said  that  //.  matronaUs,  originally  brought  by  Europaean  set- 
tlers to  the  United  States  of  America,  loses  its  scent  the  second 
season,  and  is  obliged  to  be  renewed  by  fresh  seeds  from  Eu- 
rope.    See  the  remark  under  JEthusa,  v.  2.  ^b. 

340.  ARABIS.     Wall-cress,  or  Rock-cress. 

Linn.  Gen.  ZA\.  Juss.238.  FLBr.7\l.  Comp.  ed.  4.  108.  Br. 
in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  104.  DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  2.  213.  Lam.  ^.563. 
/•  1—3. 

Cal.  erect ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  converging,  deciduous ; 
2  opposite  ones  rather  the  largest,  somewhat  protuberant 
at  the  base.  Pet.  obovate-oblong,  undivided,  a  little 
spreading,  tapering  at  the  base  into  broadish  claws,  hardly 
so  long  as  the  calyx.  Filam.  thread-shaped,  erect,  sim- 
ple, unconnected,  usually  with  4  glands  at  their  base  ex- 
ternally. Antli.  roundish-heart-shaped,  incumbent.  Germ, 
linear,  about  the  length  of  the  stamens.  Style  very  short, 
or  none.  Stigma  obtuse,  simple.  Pod  linear,  compress- 
ed, crowned  with  the  permanent  stigma ;  valves  almost 
flat,  ribbed,  or  veiny,  slightly  undulated  from  the  protu- 
berance of  the  seeds,  quite  as  long  as  the  linear  mem- 
branous partition.  Seeds  in  a  single  row,  pendulous,  oval 
or  orbicular,  compressed,  with  or  without  a  border ;  co- 
tyledons flat,  accumbent. 

Annual  or  perennial,  leafy,  upright  herbs.  Leaves  simple ; 
entire  or  toothed  ;  the  radical  ones  numerous,  in  a  rose- 
like tuft,  mostly  stalked  ;  those  of  the  stem  alternate,  ses- 
sile, or  clas})ing,  and  smaller.  Pubescence  simple  or  forked. 
Fl.  in  corymbose  clusters,  white,  seldom  reddish.  Puds 
in  very  long  clusters.  Species  numerous,  chiefly  natives 
of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

1.  A.  thaliaiia.     Common  Wall-cress. 

Leaves  hairy,  more  or  less  toothed ;  radical  ones  stalked, 
oblong.  Stamens  not  much  shorter  than  the  petals.  Stem 
branched.     Pods  pointing  upwards. 

A.thallana.  Linu.  Sp.  PLO'29.  mild.v.?,.:^^:^.  Fl.Br.7\l.  En-l. 

Bot.  V.  13.^901.      Curt.  Loud.  fuse.  2.  /.  49.      Hook.  Scot.  1 99. 

DeCand.  Si/st.  v.  2.  22G.   PoUick  v.  2.  243.  /.  4.   FL  Dan.  t.  1  l()(i. 
A.  n.4.V2,  a.     JJall.  Jlist.  v.\ .  197. 
Filosella  sirupuita.     Thai,  llcrnjn.  81./.  7./.  D. 
Turritis  vulgaris  ramosa.     Tourn.  Inst.  22  1.     Raii  Sijn.  294.  Lind. 

Alsat.M.t.l. 
Bursa  jjastoris,  sive  Pilosella  siliquosa.    Bauli.  IlUt.v.  2.  870./. 

vol..   III.  P 


210     TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA.    Arabls, 

Draba  siliquosa  similis  planta  praecox  annua.     Moris,  v.  2.  235, 

sect.  3.  t.7.f.D. 
Aizoon  Telephium.    Dalech.  Hist.  1131./. 
Thale  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  48./.  1 . 
/3.  Turritis  minor  foliosa.    Raii  Syn.  294. 
Brassica  spuria  minima^  caule  magis  folioso  hirsutior.     Raii  Syn. 

ed.\.24\.ed.2.  166. 
B.  spuria  exilis,  non  laciniata,  caule  magis  folioso  hirsutior,  foliis 

subrotundis.    Pluk.  Phyt.  t.  80./  2. 
Broad  Thale  Cress.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  48./  2. 

On  walls,  dry  banks,  cottage  roofs,  and  dry  sandy  ground,  every 
where. 

Annual.    April. 

Root  tapering,  fibrous.  Herb  varying  greatly  in  luxuriance,  up- 
right, simple  or  branched,  hairy,  light  green,  from  3  to  12  inches 
high.  Leaves  various  in  shape  and  size,  lanceolate,  ovate,  or 
obovate,  entire  or  unequally  notched,  their  pubescence  short, 
mostly  forked  3  radical  ones  close  to  the  ground,  numerous, 
stalked ;  the  rest  smaller,  few,  and  scattered,  sometimes  linear- 
lanceolate.  Fl.  small,  white,  corymbose,  on  slender  stalks. 
Cal.  generally  a  little  bristly  in  the  upper  part.  Pet.  twice  as 
long,  nearly  upright.  Glands  minute,  and  inconstant,  curved, 
but  scarcely  protruding  between  the  calyx-leaves.  Pods  ascend- 
ing, on  spreading  stalks,  slender,  somewhat  curved,  smooth, 
hardly  an  inch  long. 

Plukenet's  and  Petiver's  figures  of  the  variety  /S  are  very  dissimilar, 
but  specimens  may  be  found  answering  to  either,  nor  are  any  of 
the  varieties  at  all  constant.  The  whole  plant  has  a  warm  pun- 
gent flavour,  like  the  rest  of  its  class. 

2.  A.  stricta,     Bristol  Rock-cress. 

Leaves  toothed,  obtuse,  bristly ;  radical  ones  somewhat  ly- 
rate.    Stems  hairy.    Petals  nearly  erect.    Calyx  smooth. 

A. stricta.  Huds.292.  Fl.Br.7l2.  Engl.  Bot.v.9.t.  6\4.  Velley 
PI.  Marit.  t.5.  Shierclif,  Bristol  Guide,  83 .  /  Hook.  Lond.  t.  4 . 
DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  224.     Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  539. 

A.  hispida.    Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  ].v.2. 400  ,•  not  of  Linnaeus. 

A.  n.  453.    Hall.  Hist.  V.].  197.    Noviencl.  42. 

Turritis  Raii.     Villars  Dauph.  v.  3.  326.  t.  38. 

Hesperis  alpina  minor,  flore  albo,  siliquis  longis.  Raii  Syllog.  296. 
I  have  it  from  Mount  Sal^ve. 

Cardamine  pumila,  bellidis  folio,  alpina.  Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  1 72.  ed.  3. 
300?  but  not  of  Gerarde,  whose  wooden  cut,  copied  by  Pe- 
tiver,  H.  Brit.  t.  47.  f.  9,  really  belongs  to  Arahis  pumila  of  Jac- 
quin,  A.  nutans,  WilkL  v.  3.  537. 

On  limestone  rocks  in  the  south-west  part  of  England. 

On  St.  Vincent's  rocks  near  Bristol.  Huds.  Velley.    On  the  south 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Arabis.     211 

side  of  the  Avon,  about  a  mile  below  the  hot-wells,  but  sparingly. 
Mr.  W.  Claijfield  and  Mr.  Dyer.  I  have  also  seen  it  on  the  tine 
turf  just  below  the  hot- wells. 

Perennial.     May. 

Root  simply  tufted,  very  long,  tapering  and  fibrous,  not  creeping, 
certainly  perennial.  Stems  for  the  most  pnrt  several,  erect,  or 
ascending,  from  3  to  6  inches  high,  round,  leafy ;  the  central 
one  usually  branched  ;  all  rough  in  the  lower  part  with  mostly 
simple,  spreading  or  deflexed,  bristly  hairs.  Radical  leaves  nu- 
merous, obtuse,  dark  green,  purplish  underneath,  deeply  toothed 
or  sinuated  in  a  lyrate  manner,  rough  with  simple,  rarely  forked, 
rigid  hairs  ;  stem-leaves  scattered,  smaller,  and  more  entire, 
coarsely  and  sparingly  fringed.  Fl.  few,  corymbose,  erect, 
cream-coloured,  rather  large,  their  petals  upright.  Cal.  smooth, 
reddish,  scarcely  if  at  all  spreading.  Pods  slender,  erect,  straight, 
smooth,  slightly  corrugated,  on  short  smooth  stalks,  of  which 
some  of  the  lowermost  are  accompanied  by  small  linear  leaves, 
looking  like  hracteas,  but  not  properly  such. 

3.  A.  liispida.     Alpine  Rock- cress. 

Radical  leaves  lyrate  or  hastate,  smooth  or  bristly,  tufted  ; 
stem-leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  scattered,  mostly  smooth. 
Petals  spreading.     Root  branched  at  the  crown.     . 

A.  hispida.  Linn.  Suppl.  298.  IVilld.  Sp.Pl.v.'S.b38.  Fl.Br.7\3, 
Comp.  ed.  4.113.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4. 1 OG.  Hook.  Scot.  199. 

A.  petraea,  a,  /3,  y.   DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  229,  230. 

A.  thaliana.     Crantz  Austr.fasc.  1 .  41 .  ^  3./.  2. 

A.  crantziana.     Ehrh.  Herb.  78.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  535. 

Sisymbrium  arenosum.    Linn.  Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2.  233 ;  7iot  of  Sp.  PI. 

Cardamine  petreea.  Huds.  293.  fVith.  577.  Lightf.  347.  t.  15. 
/.  2.    Jacq.  Enum.  120  ;  from  the  author.    Host  Syn.367. 

C.  petraea  cambrica,  nasturtii  facie.     Dill.  Elth.  70.  t.Q\.f.  71. 

C.  hastulata.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  7.  t.  469.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  14G2. 

Nasturtium  petrseum  Johnsoni.  Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  174.  ed.3.  300. 
Pliik.  Almag.  26 1 .     Phyt.  t.\0\.J.3;  very  bad. 

Welsh  Rock  Cress.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  50.  f.  3. 

On  lofty  alpine  rocks  of  Whales  and  Scotland,  in  moist  places. 

First  observed  in  various  ])arts  of  North  Wales,  by  ^Ir.  Lhwyd, 
before  1090,  Ray.  Gathered  in  Scotland,  by  Mr.  Lindesav,  in 
1728. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  tapering,  running  deep  into  llie  ground,  subdivided  and 
tufted  at  the  crown,  not  at  all  creeping.  Slon  one,  or  more,  3 
or  4  inches  higli,  erect  or  ascendinf:j,sim])Ie  orsligluly  l)ranched, 
round,  leafy,  frequently  quite  smootli,  sometimes  rougli  towards 
the  base,  with  simple  si)readinc^  hairs.  Radical  Imves  numerous, 
about  half  an  incli  long,  composing  several  lax  tufts,  slightly  suc- 
culent, deep  green,  sometimes  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  but  most 

I'  J 


212     TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Arabis. 

frequently  rough,  especially  on  the  upper  side,  with  short,  spread- 
ing, cloven  or  3-forked  bristly  hairs  ;  their  outline  more  or  less 
perfectly  lyrate,  sometimes  merely  hastate,  rarely  only  obovate 
and  slightly  pinnatifid,  always  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  slender 
footstalk,  longer  than  the  leaf.  Stem-leaves  scattered,  lanceo- 
late, or  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly  quite  entire  and 
smooth,  sometimes  hairy  j  the  lower  ones  having  now  and  then 
a  lateral  notch,  and  more  or  less  of  ?i  footstalk.  Ft.  in  terminal, 
solitary,  erect,  lax,  corymbose,  veiy  smooth  clusters,  much  elon- 
gated, and  somewhat  wavy,  after  flowering.  Cal.  smooth, 
slightly  spreading,  membranous  at  the  margin.  Pet.  twice  as 
long,  pale  purple,  or  white,  with  a  horizontal,  obovate,  entire 
border.  Pods  spreading,  smooth,  linear,  tipped  with  the  capi- 
tate, somewhat  elevated,  stigma ;  their  valves  separating  at  the 
top  and  bottom,  slightly  recurved  at  each  end,  but  not  revolute  j 
in  Ehrhart's  specimen  they  have  a  slender,  not  very  prominent 
keel,  which  may  also  be  perceived  in  some  of  my  British  ones, 
though  not  so  far  advanced.     Seeds  disposed  in  a  simple  row. 

The  suggestions  of  my  learned  friend  DeCandolle  have  induced  me 
to  be  very  particular  in  my  description,  and  to  examine  carefully 
how  far  the  real  Linnsean  Cardamine  peircea  differs  from  our  plant. 
In  the y?ower5  and  podi- 1  can  find  no  discriminating  character,  but 
the  leaves  of  that  Cardamine,  to  which  Linnaeus  has  misapplied 
synonyms  of  our  Arabis,  are  truly,  as  he  defines  them,  "  oblong 
and  toothed,"  at  least  the  radical  ones  3  being  rather  linear-lan- 
ceolate, or  partly  obovate,  with  numerous,  regular,  equal,  blunt, 
prominent  teeth,  and  by  no  means  approaching  to  a  lyrate,  much 
less  a  hastate,  form  ;  the  stem-leaves  are  linear  and  entire ; 
every  part  of  the  plant  is  perfectly  smooth,  and  seems  of  a  lighter 
green.  Such  is  the  original  Swedish  specimen,  above  6  inches 
high,  with  which  f,386  of  F/.  Dan.,  though  not  particularly  good, 
appears  to  agree  tolerably  well.  1  have  another  wild  Swedish 
specimen  of  a  smaller  size,  about  3  inches  high,  of  which  all  the 
leaves  are  obovate  and  nearly  entire. 

The  plate  of  Dillenius  in  Hort.  Elth.  is  excellent.  That  of  Loesel, 
Fl.  Pruss.  t.  13,  represents  the  true  Sisymbrium  arenosum.  The 
leaves  in  Crantz's  figure,  as  well  as  in  Ehrhart's  specimen,  are 
not  so  deeply  sinuated  as  in  my  numerous  British  ones,  but  their 
notches  are  not  like  the  teeth  of  Cardamine  petrcea. 

4.  A.  ciliata.     Fringed  Rock-cress. 

Leaves  somewhat  toothed,  smooth  on  both  sides,  distantly 
fringed  and  bearded  ;  radical  ones  obovate?    Stem  simple. 

A.  ciliata.    Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.AA  07.    Comp.  S.  4.  113.   Hook. 

Scot.  200.     DeCand.  Sijst.  v  2.  225. 
Turritis  ciliata.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  544.    Schleich.  Cat.  59. 
T.  alpina.    Linn.  Sijst.  Veg.  ed.  13.  502.     TVilld.  Sp.  PL  v,  3.545. 

Sm.  in  Rees's  CycL  v.  36.  n.  9.    EngL  BoL  v.  25. 1. 1746. 
T.   hirsutse  varietas.     Linn,  Fl.  Suec.  ed..2. 236. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Arabis.     213 

Tourrete  cilice.    Reynier  Mem.  de  la  Suisse,  vA.  171. 

On  cliffs  near  the  sea,  but  rare. 

By  the  sea  side  at  Rinville,  Cunnamara,  in  the  west  of  Ireland. 
Mr.  J.  T.  Mackay. 

Biennial.    July,  August. 

Root  simple,  tapering.  Stem  generally  solitary,  from  2  to  4  inches, 
and  when  cultivated  near  a  foot  in  height,  erect,  quite  simple, 
leafy,  round,  smooth.  Radical  leaves  several,  in  one  simple 
tuft,  various  in  size,  obovate,  often  reddish  ;  tapering  at  the 
base  3  those  of  the  stem  alternate,  sessile,  or  half-clasping,  ellip- 
tic-oblong ;  all  somewhat  glaucous,  quite  smooth  on  both  sides, 
more  or  less  evidently  toothed,  fringed  with  sim])le  or  forked, 
scattered,  spreading,  bristly  hairs  ;  some  of  which  are  often 
crowded  into  a  small  tuft  or  beard  at  the  tips  of  the  leaves,  whilst 
others  form  a  more  regular  fringe  upon  the  taper  bases,  or  foot- 
stalks, of  the  radical  ones.  Fl.  in  a  simple,  terminal,  upright, 
smooth,  corymbose  cluster.  Cal.  tawny,  with  a  white  edge. 
Pet.  twice  its  length,  pure  white,  almost  erect.  Pods  upright, 
slender,  each  tipped  with  the  simple,  obtuse  stigma,  supi)orted 
by  a  very  short,  conical  style  ,•  their  valves  undulated,  striated,, 
and  slightly  keeled, 

5.  A.  hirsuta.     Hairy  Wall-cress. 

Leaves  toothed  and  bristly.  Stem  rough,  with  simple 
spreading  hairs.     Pods  quite  erect,  with  slightly  keeled 

valves. 

A.  hirsuta.    Br.in  Ait.H.Kew.v.A.\07 .    Comp.edA.WA.    Hook. 

Scot.  200.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  223.    Scop.  Cam.  v.  2.  30. 
Turritis  hirsuta.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  930.     Tfllld.  v.  3. 543.     Fl.  Br.  716. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  t.  587.      Jacq.  Coll.  v.  1.  70.      7c.  Rar.  t.  126. 

FL  Dan.  t.  1040.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  9.  8. 
T.  n.456.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\9S. 
T.  muralis  minor.     Raii  Syn.  294, 
Erysimum  minimum  annuum  hirsutum.  Moris.v.  2.  219.  sect.  3  t  3 

Erysimo  similis  hirsuta  non  laciniata  alba.  Bauh.  Pin.  1 01.  Prodr. 
42.  f. 

Barbanua  muralis.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.869. 

Daisy  Tower  Mustard.    Pctiv.  H.  Brit.  t.47.f  1 2. 

On  old  walls,  stony  banks,  or  rocks. 

In  tlie  north  and  west  of  England.  Ray.  Sussex.  Doody.  In  Swi- 
tham  bottom'  near  Croydon.  Huds.  On  the  walls  of  Lakenham 
church-yard, tnear  Norwich.  Mr.  Crowe.  Near  Bury.  Mr.  Mat- 
thew. Upon*  rocks  in  Scotland.  Dickson.  Frequent  on  dry 
rocks  in  Scotland.    Hooker. 

Perennial.    May. 

Root  btrong  and  woody.     Stems  several,  about  a  foot   high,  uj)- 


^U     TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA.    Arabis. 

rights  leafy,  clothed  with  thick-set,  spreading,  or  jDartly  deflexed 
hairs  j  branched,  and  less  hairy,  at  the  top.  Leaves  bluntish, 
variously  toothed,  more  or  less  rough  with  short,  bristly,  simple 
or  forked,  prominent  hairs ;  the  radical  ones  largest,  obovate, 
tapering  at  the  base  ;  stem-leaves  numerous,  sessile,  ovate-ob- 
long. Fl.  small,  white.  Cal.  smooth,  purplish.  Pet.  mode- 
rately spreading.  Stigma  sessile.  Poc/s  forming  very  long,  close, 
smooth  clusters,  erect,  slender,  smooth  ;  valves  with  a  slight 
keel  half  way  up,  undulated  from  the  alternate  projection  of  the 
seeds,  which  are  in  a  single  row,  not  a  double  one  like  Turritis. 
This  last  character,  confirmed  by  a  similitude  of  habit,  is  admi- 
rably chosen  by  Mr.  Brown  to  define  the  genus  Arahis,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  Turritis,  whose  much  more  numerous  seeds  are 
disposed  in  double  rows. 

6.  A.  Turrita,     Tower  Wall-cress. 

Leaves  toothed,  clasping  the  stem.  Flower-stalks  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  each  with  a  leafy  bractea.  Pods  linear,  flat, 
thick-edged,  recurved  in  one  direction. 

A.  Turrita.    Linn.  Sp.  PI  930.    Willd.v.  3.541.   Fl.  Br.7U.   Engl. 

Bot.v.3.t.\7S.  Sibth.  205.  Hook. Lond.t.  176.  Scot.200.  Jacq. 

Enum.  1 1 8.    Austr.  t.W.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  23^. 
A.  umbrosa.     Craniz  Austr. fasc.  \.A3;  not41,as  in  Jacq.,  nor  39, 

as  in  DeCand.  after  Willdenow,  nor  t.  3.f.  2,  as  in  the  latter. 
Leucojum  n.444.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  193 5  but  not  Fl.  Dan.  t.  62. 
Turrita  major  Plateau.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  126.  f. 
Turritis  major,     Ger.  Em.  272.  f. 
Hesperidi  alpinse  muriariaeve  similis  surrecta  et  magna.     Bauh. 

Hist.  V.  2.  881.  f. 
Brassica  sylvestris,  albido  flore,  nutante  siliqua.     Bocc.  Mus,  81. 

t.  72.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  353. 
Great  Tower  Mustard.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  47./.  1 1 . 

On  old  walls,  very  rare. 

On  the  walls  of  Trinity  and  St.  John's  colleges,  Cambridge.  Prof. 
Martyn.  On  Magdalen  college  walls,  Oxford.  Sibth.  On  the 
castle  of  Cliesh,  Kinross-shire  ;  Mr.  Arnott.  Hook. 

Biennial.    May. 

Root  tapering,  simple.  Herb  light  green,  more  or  less  densely 
downy  all  over  with  fine,  short,  soft,  starry  hairs.  Stem  a  foot 
or  more  in  height,  simple,  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  obovate,  broad, 
toothed,  rather  acute,  but  not  pointed  3  the  radical  ones  taper- 
ing downward  into  footstalks ;  the  rest  heart-shaped  at  the  base, 
clasping  the  stem  ;  the  uppermost  gradually  diminished  into  ob- 
long bracteas,  each  accompanying  one  of  the  shortjloicer-stalks. 
Cluster  corymbose,  nearly  or  quite  simple.  Fl.  pale  sulphur- 
coloured.  Pet.  with  a  spreading  border.  Glands  2  at  the  inside 
of  the  shorter  stamens,  and  2  at  the  outside  of  the  longer.  Style 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.   Turritis.     215 

very  short,  with  a  small,  not  dilated,  stigma.  Pods  very  long, 
flat,  striated,  thickened  at  the  edges,  curved  downwards  as  they 
ripen,  chiefly  towards  one  side  j  their  valves  slightly  undulated, 
not  at  all  keeled. 
All  the  difficulty  about  the  genus  of  this  plant,  mentioned  in  Eiigl. 
Bot.  is  now  happily  removed  on  Mr.  Brown's  principles.  Its 
glands  indeed  ''are  those  of  a  Brassica,'"  but  the  flat  accumbent 
cotyledons,  and  simple  row  of  seeds,  settle  the  point.  The  habit 
confirms  the  generic  characters,  which  are  altogether  those  of  an 
Arabis.  A.  pendula,  confounded  by  Haller  with  this  species,  is 
perfectly  distinct. 

341.  TURRITIS.     Tower-mustard. 

Linn.  Gen.  341.    Jtiss.  23S.    Fl.Br.llo.    Comp.  ecZ.  4. 108.    Br.  in 
Ait.  H.  Kew.  v. 4.  108.     DeCand.  Syst.  i?.  2.  211.     Gcertn.  t.  143. 
Arabis.    Lam.  t.  563.  /.  4. 

Cat,  erect;  leaves  oblong,  converging,  deciduous;  2  opposite 
ones  very  slightly  protuberant  at  the  basei  Pei.  obovate- 
oblong,  undivided,  erect,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  ca- 
lyx. Filam,  thread-shaped,  simple,  erect,  unconnected. 
Anth,  oblong,  incumbent.  Germ,  linear,  the  length  of 
the  petals.  Style  very  short.  Stigma  obtuse,  simple.  Pod 
linear,  compressed,  very  long  and  slender,  crowned  with 
the  permanent  stigma;  valves  straight,  flat,  each  with  a 
prominent  keel,  and  quite  as  long  as  the  linear  membra- 
nous partition.  Seeds  very  numerous,  disposed  in  a 
double  row  in  each  cell,  crowded,  obliquely  pendulous, 
ovate,  compressed,  slightly  bordered;  cotyledons  flat, 
accumbent. 

Upright  lierhs^  partly  rough,  nearly  agreeing  in  habit  with 
the  last  genus  ;  nor  could  any  satisfactory  mark  of  dis- 
tinction between  Arabis  and  Turritis  be  discovered,  till 
Mr.  Brown  adverted  to  the  double  rows  of  seeds  in  the 
latter,  which  afford  a  very  peculiar  character.  Some  of 
his  species  are  thrown  out  by  M.  DeCandolle,  but  they 
do  not  concern  the  Flora  of  Britain. 

1.  T.  glabra.     Smooth  Tower-mustard. 

Radical  leaves  toothed,  rough ;  the  rest  entire,  clasping  the 
stem,  smooth. 

T.  glabra.  Li«».  .S/?.  7V.  930.  Willd.v.3.:^42.  Fl.nr.7\:K  EnoL 
Bot.  v.W.t.  111.  Curt.  Loud.  fuse.  4.  t.  41.  Hook.  Scot.  2(H). 
DeCand.  Syst.  r .  2.  2 1 1 .    FL  Dan.  t.  S09.     Ehrh.  Ikrb.  I  11). 

T.  n.4r)r>.    Hall,  llist.v.  1.  11)8. 

Turritis.    Ihui  S,j,i.  203.     Gcr.  Em.  '171.  f.    L<>h.  It.  220,  /'. 


216    TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Brassica. 

Turrita  vulgatior.    Clits.  Hist.  v.  2.  126./. 

Sinapi  album.    Dalech.  Hist.  1168./. 

Brassica  silvestris  foliis  circa  radicem  cichoraceis  asperis^  caulibus 

autem  adhserentibus  planis  seu  glabris.    Moris,  v.  2.  210.  sect.  3. 

t.  2.  f.  22. 
Tower  Mustard.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  47.  f.  10. 

On  banks  and  by  road  sides,  in  a  dry  gravelly  soil. 

In  many  parts  of  Norfolk,  as  well  as  other  counties.  Rare  in 
Scotland. 

Annual.    May,  June. 

Root  tapering.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  wand-like,  simple, 
smooth,  except  at  the  bottom,  round,  leafy.  Radical  leaves  nu- 
merous, spreading,  toothed,  or  sinuated,  so  as  to  be  almost  ly- 
rate,  rough  on  both  sides  with  rigid,  forked  or  simple,  hairs  j 
stem-leaves  numerous,  upright,  oblong-arrow-shaped,  entire, 
glaucous,  quite  smooth,  clasping  the  stem,  but  not  perfoliate  as 
some  writers  have  denominated  them.  Fl.  numerous,  closely 
corymbose,  pale  sulphur-coloured.  Pods  very  long  and  slender, 
smooth  and  even,  erect,  close  to  the  stem,  on  short  stalks. 
Seeds  about  60  in  each  cell,  very  small. 

342.  BRASSICA.     Cabbage,  Turnip,  &c. 

Linn.  Gen. 342.  Juss.  23S.  Fl.Br.7\7.  Comp.  ed.  i.  108.  Br.  in 
Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  123.  DeCand.  Stjst.  v.  2.  582.  Tourn.  1. 106. 
Lam.  t.  565.     Gcertn.  t.  143. 

Rapa.     Tourn.  t.  113. 

Cal.  equally  protuberant  at  the  base ;  leaves  oblong,  con- 
cave, converging  in  their  lower  part,  spreading  in  the 
upper,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  spreading,  undivided; 
their  claws  erect,  channelled.  Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple, 
erect.  Anth.  oblong,  nearly  erect,  a  little  recurved. 
Glands  4 ;  2  at  the  inside  of  the  shorter  filaments,  2  at 
the  outside  of  the  longer.  Genii,  cylindrical,  the  length 
of  the  longest  stamens.  St7/le  tapering,  making  a  beak  to 
the  pod.  S^z^w a  capitate,  entire.  PocZ  nearly  cylindrical, 
beaked,  of  2  concave  valves,  and  2  longitudinal  cells, 
besides  1  in  the  beak,  which  is  often  barren.  Seeds  in  a 
single  row,  nearly  globular,  with  one  or  more  occasion- 
ally in  the  beak ;  cotyledons  folded,  incumbent,  their  dou- 
bled edges  meeting  the  radicle. 

A  numerous  genus,  for  the  most  part  biennial ;  the  ste???,  or 
body  of  the  7^oot,  occasionally  very  fleshy.  Leaves  some- 
what succulent,  smooth  or  rough ;  the  radical  ones 
mostly  stalked,  lyrate,  or  pinnatifid ;  upper  more  simple 
or  entire,  clasping  at  the  base.  Fl.  in  long  clusters, 
vellow,  rarely  white. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Brassica.    217 

1.  B.  Napus.    Rape,  or  Cole-seed. 

Root  spindle-shaped.  Leaves  smooth ;  upper  ones  lanceo- 
late, heart-shaped  at  their  base,  clasping  the  stem  ;  lower 
ones  lyrate,  toothed. 

B.  Napus.  Lfwn.,S/).P/.931.  mihLv.3.547.  FLBr.7\9.  Engl, 
Bot.  V.  30.  ^.  2146.  Mart.  Bust.  t.  103.  Hook.  Scot.  203.  De- 
Cand.  Syst.  v.  2.  592. 

B.  sylvestris.     Dod.  Pempt.  626./.  ?     Ger.  Em.  316./.  ? 

Napus  sylvestris.  Bauh.  Pin.dD.  Bnuh.  Hist.  v.  2.  843.  f.  Moris. 
V.  2.  214.  sect.  3.  t.  2./  2  ;  but  not  of  Ray. 

N.  Bunias  sylvestris,    Fiichs.  Hist,  \77.f. 

Bunias  sylvestris.     Lob.  Ic.  200.  f.     Ger.  Em.  235./ 

Rapum  sylvestre  non  bulbosum.  Lob.  Adv.  66  ?  Raii  Syn.  295, 
obs.  ? 

/3.  Napus.  Trag.  Hist.  730.  f.  MattJi.  Valgr.  v.  \.  398.  f.  Camer. 
Epit.  222.  f.    Dod.  Pempt.  G74.f. 

N.sativus.    Dalech.Hist.6A4.f.    Moris.v.2.2\A.  sect.3.t.2.f.\. 

N.  Bunias  sativus.    Fucks.  Hist.  176.  f. 

Bunias.     Ger.  Em.  235.  f.    Lob.  Ic.  200.  f. 

In  corn  fields,  waste  ground,  and  on  ditch  banks. 

Biennial.     May. 

Root  spindle-shaped,  more  or  less  tumid  under  the  crown,  and  in 
the  variety  /3  considerably  large  and  fleshy,  either  white  or  yel- 
lowish, more  used  in  French  cookery  than  with  us.  Stem  erect, 
branched,  spreading,  leafy,  striated,  Ij  or  2  feet  high.  Leaves 
all  smooth,  most  glaucous  beneath  ;  radical  ones  lyrate,  usually 
disappearing  before  the  plant  blossoms  ;  those  of  the  stem  nu- 
merous, the  uppermost  lanceolate  and  entire,  lower  ones  gra- 
dually broader,  blunter,  and  more  toothed,  as  they  approach  the 
root,  but  all  clasping,  dilated  and  rounded  at  their  insertion. 
Fl.  bright  yellov,',  smaller  than  in  the  following  species.  Cal. 
somewhat  coloured  ;  the  upi)er  half  spreading.  Pods  on  slender 
spreading  stalks,  at  lengtli  often  deflexed,  round,  with  a  beaded 
appearance  from  the  projection  of  the  seeds;  the  beak  angular, 
barren. 

Cultivated  in  England  chiefly  for  the  sake  of  the  abundant  ex- 
pressed oil  of  the  seeds,  the  cake  which  remains  serving  for  ma- 
nure. 

2.  B.  Rapa.     Common  Turnip. 

Root  stem-like,  flesliy,  orbicular,  depressed.    Radical  leaves 

lyrate,  rough;  those  of  the  stem  smooth;   the  uppermost 

entire. 
B.  Rapa.     Linn.Sp.PL93\.    IfWd.  v.3.  ■>A8.    Fl.Br.720.    Enql. 

Bot.v.3\.t.2\76.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  49,50.    Hook.  Scot. 203.   Dc 

rand.  Si/st.  r.  2.  590. 


218    TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Brassica. 

Rapa  sativa  rotunda.    Bauh.  Pin.  89.    Raii  Sijn.  294.    Moris,  v.  2. 

213.  ser^.  3.  t.2.f.\. 
Rapum.     Trag.  Hist.  72S.f.     Dod.  Pempt.  673./.     Camer.  Epit. 

218./. 
R.  sativum.    Fuchs.  Hist.  212.  f. 
R.  rotundum.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1 .  394./ 
R.  majus.     Ger.  Em.  232./ 
Round  Turnep.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  45.  f.  7. 
/3.  Rapa  sativa  oblonga,  seu  foemina.  Bauh.  Pin.  90.  Raii  Syn.  294. 

Moris.  V.  2.  213.  sect.  3.  t.  2.f.  2. 
Rapum  longum.    Matth.  Valgr. v.  1.  395./    Camer.  Epit.  219./ 
R.  radice  oblonga.     Ger.  Em.  232.  f. 
Long  Turnep.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  45.  f.  8. 

In  cultivated  fields  and  their  borders,  more  or  less  completely  na- 
turalized. 

Biennial.    Jpril. 

Root  orbicular,  mostly  depressed,  in  /3  oblong  j  always  succulent, 
white,  or  tinged  with  purple,  varying  greatly  in  size  according 
to  the  soil  j  tapering  and  fibrous  at  the  base.  Stem  erect,  2  feet 
high,  branched,  leafy,  round,  very  smooth.  Radical  leaves  abun- 
dant the  first  season,  withering  as  the  stem  arises,  lyrate,  jagged, 
large,  dark  green,  veiny,  rough  with  small  sharp  bristly  hairs  5 
those  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  more  simpje,  smoother, 
clasping  at  the  base  5  upper  ones  small,  glaucous,  quite  smooth 
and  entire.  Fl.  yellow,  larger  than  the  preceding,  in  numerous 
corymbose  tufts.  Cal.  spreading  considerably  in  the  upper  part, 
though  not  at  the  base.  Pet.  rounded.  Pod  cylindrical,  veiny, 
smooth,  with  a  tapering  barren  beak. 

The  Swedish  Turnip,  not  wild  in  Britain,  is  surely  a  distinct  spe- 
cies from  this  and  the  following,  as  Mr.  Knight  has  proved  it  to 
be  from  B.  oleracea.  Both  these  turnips  are  well  known  for  their 
agricultural  uses,  and  are  acceptable  at  table,  if  not  grown  in  a 
rank  or  manured  soil. 

3.  B.  campestris.     Common  Wild  Navew. 

Root  tapering.     Radical  leaves  lyrate,  rough ;  stem-leaves 

smooth,  clasping,  oblong,  partly  pinnatifid ;  ail  somewhat 

glaucous. 
B.  campestris.     Linn.  Sp.  PZ.931.    mild.v.3.  546.     Fl.  Br.  718. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  32.  t.  2234.    Hook.  Scot.  203.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 

588.  A.    Scholl.  Barb.  153. 
Napus  sylvestris.     Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  167.  ed.  3.  295  3   but  not  of 

Bauhin  or  Morison. 
Wild  Navew.  Petiv.  H.  Brit.  tA5.f.9;  copied  from  Lobel's  cut  of 

B.  Napus. 
In  corn  fields  and  about  the  banks  of  ditches.  Ray. 
Abundant  by  the  sides  of  rivers,  marsh  ditches,  &c.  Mr.  E.Forster. 


TETRADYNAMIA—SILIQUOSA.    Brassica.    219 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Root  tapering.  Stem  erect,  2  feet  high,  leafy,  branched,  glaucous ; 
rough  in  the  lower  part  with  small,  bulbous,  spreading  bristles ; 
smooth  upwards.  Radical  leaves  lyrate,  toothed  and  jagged, 
rather  glaucous,  rough  all  over  with  minute  bristly  hairs  ;  those 
of  the  stem  oblong,  clasping  at  the  base,  the  uppermost  heart- 
shaped,  pointed,  glaucous  and  entire.  Fl.  yellow,  corymbose,  al- 
most as  large  as  those  of  the  Turnip.  Cal.  spreading,  except  at  the 
bottom.  Pods  on  longish  stalks,  ascending,  light  brown,  smooth, 
U  inch  long,  nearly  cylindrical ;  valves  keeled,  ribbed,  veiny  3 
beak  one-third  of  an  inch  in  length,  barren,  tapering,  furrowed, 
tipped  with  the  blunt  permanent  stigma.    Seeds  brown,  globose. 

Most  botanists,  both  British  and  foreign,  have  found  a  difficulty  in 
distinguishing  this  plant  from  B.  Napus,  and  the  confusion  of 
their  synonyms  is  inextricable.  B.  campestris  is  perhaps  the  most 
certainly  wild  of  all  our  three  species  now  described,  nor  can 
there  be  a  doubt  concerning  it,  if  the  plate  in  Engl.  Bat.  and  the 
above  description  be  attended  to.  Hudson  mistook  for  this  a 
yellow  variety  of  our  Erysimum  orientale,  which  is  figured  for  it 
in  Fl.  Dan.  t.  550.  The  synonyms  of  Fuchsius  and  J.  Bauhin^ 
cited  with  doubt  in  Fl.  Br.,  possibly  belong  to  B.  Napus. 

4.  B.  oleracea.     Sea  Cabbage. 

Root  stem -like,  cylindrical,  fleshy.  Leaves  glaucous,  waved, 
lobed,  partly  lyrate,  all  perfectly  smooth.  Pod  without  a 
beak. 

B.  oleracea.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  932  a.    fVilld.  v.  3.  548.     Fl.  Br.  720. 

Engl.  Bat.  v.  9.  t.  637.     Hook.  Scot.  203.     Freeman  Ic.  t.  4,  5. 

Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  17.  14.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2. 583  A. 
B.  maritima  arborea,  seu  procerior^  ramosa.    Raii  Syn.  293.    Mo- 

ris. V. 2.  20s. n.\D. 
Sea  Colewort.  Petiv.  II.  Brit.  ^  45./.  6  j  but  with  a  wrong  figure, 

probably  belonging  to  B.  Napus;  originating  with  Fuchsius, 

Hist.  415,  and  copied   by  Dodonaeus,   Gerarde,  Morison  and 

others,  under  the  name  of  Brassica  sylvestris. 

On  cliffs  near  the  sea. 

On  Dover  cliffs,  and  in  similar  j)laces.  Ray.  On  the  Welsh  and 
Cornish  coasts.  Hudson.  At  Staitlis,  Yorkshire,  abundantly. 
Mr.  E.  Rohson.    At  King's  Cove,  Devonshire.  Mr.  Sowerby. 

Biennial.     May,  June. 

Root  raised  above  the  ground  in  the  form  of  ixston,  a  f(X)t  or  more 
in  height,  cylindrical,  leafy  about  the  toj),  scarred  below.  Leaves 
glaucous,  rather  fleshy,  very  smootli ;  tlie  lower  ones  large,  ly* 
rate,  waved  and  sinuated  3  uj)])er  obloni',  obtuse,  unchvided, 
toothed,  or  nearly  entire.  77.  in  longisli  corymbose  clusters, 
bright  lemon-ccjloured,  larger  than  any  of  the  preceding  s])ecies. 
('ahix-l<aves  a  little  spreailing,  but  straiglit,  close  at  the  bottom. 


220     TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.   Sinapis. 

very  smooth.     Pods  cylindrical,  smooth,  veiny,  without  a  beak, 
crowned  with  the  almost  sessile  stigma.    Seeds  large,  globose. 
From  this  plant  our  field  and  garden  Cabbages,  with  their  nume- 
rous varieties,  have  originated. 

5.  B.  monensis.     Isle  of  Man  Cabbage. 

Leaves  glaucous,  deeply  pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth  ;  lobes 
oblong,  unequally  toothed.  Stem  simple,  smooth.  Pods 
quadrangular;  beak  lodging  two  or  three  seeds. 

B.  monensis.  Hwrfs.291.  With.h^'^.  Com/?,  ed.  4.  114.  Br. in  Ait. 
H.  Kew.  V.  4.  124.     Hook.  Scot.  203.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  599. 

Sisymbrium  monense.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  1 .  658.  Fl.  Br.  704.  Engl. 
Bot.  V.  14.  t.  9C2.  Lightf.  353.  t.  15./.  1 .  Davies  Botanol.  64. 
Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fasc.  17.13.    Lam.  ;.  565./.  2. 

Eruca  monensis  laciniata  lutea.    Raii  Sijn.  297. 

E.  monensis  laciniata,  flore  luteo  majore.  Dill.  Elth.  135.  t.  111. 
/.  135. 

Man  Rocket.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.46.f.  7. 

On  the  sandy  sea  coast,  but  not  frequent. 

In  the  Isle  of  Man,  between  the  landing  place  at  Ramsey  and  the 
town,  plentifully  :  also  on  the  coast  of  Cumberland,  and  in  Wal- 
ney  island.  Ray.  In  Anglesea.  Dill.  Near  Abermeney  ferry, 
Anglesea,  but  now  very  scarce.  Rev.  H.  Davies.  On  the  shore 
of  the  Mersey,  near  Liverpool.  Mr.  Robert  Roscoe.  In  the  isles 
of  Bute  and  Arran,  and  several  parts  of  the  western  coast  of 
Scotland,  Lightf.     Between  Dundee  and  Forfar.  Mr.  G.  Don. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  tapering,  very  long,  woody,  divided  at  the  crown.  Stems  so- 
litary from  each  division  of  the  root,  ascending,  leafy,  round, 
smooth,  generally  quite  simple,  6  or  8  inches  high,  but  when  very 
luxuriant  much  taller,  and  sometimes  branched.  Leaves  glau- 
cous, somewhat  lyrate,  mostly  radical,  very  deeply  pinnatifid  and 
jagged,  their  lobes  extremely  varioiis  in  width,  mostly  acute, 
sometimes  blunt ;  they  are  rather  fleshy,  rarely  a  little  hairy.  Fl. 
corymbose,  bright  lemon-coloured,  veined  with  purple,  as  large 
as  the  last.  Cal.  converging,  hairy  at  the  summit.  Pods  nearly 
upright,  large,  smooth,  veiny,  quadrangular  j  beak  almost  half 
their  length,''tapering,  ribbed,  tipped  with  the  small  stigma,  and 
containing  the  rudiments  of  3  seeds,  all  which  frequently  come 
to  perfection.  The  seeds  are  numerous  in  each  proper  cell  of  the 
pod.     The  Jierb  when  bruised  has  a  pungent  fetid  scent. 

Sisymbrium  monense  of  the  2d  edition  oi  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  is  Diplotaxis 
saxatilis  cf  DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  636,  and  is  said  by  the  latter  to 
be  intermediate  between  that  new  genus  and  Brassica. 

343.  SINAPIS.     Mustard. 
Linn.Gen.342.    Juss.2'SS.    Fl.Br.72\.    Comp.ed. 4.109.    Br. in 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.     Sinapis.     221 

Ait  H.  Kew.  V.  4.  125.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  60/.     Lam.  t.  566. 
Gcertn.  t.  143. 
Sinapi.     Tour?i.  ^,112. 

Cal.  equal,  and  nearly  flat,  at  the  base;  leaves  oblong, 
straight,  spreading  almost  horizontally  from  the  very 
bottom,  deciduous.  Pet.  obovate,  rounded,  entire,  or 
slightly  notched,  spreading;  claws  linear,  erect.  Filam. 
awl-shaped,  simple,  erect.  Anth.  oblong,  slightly  spread- 
ing. Glands  4  ;  2  at  the  inside  of  the  shorter  filaments, 
2  at  the  outside  of  the  longer.  Germ,  cylindrical,  taper- 
ing into  a  very  short  style.  Stigma  capitate,  rather  small. 
Pod  nearly  cylindrical,  variously  beaked,  of  2  concave 
undulated  valves,  and  2  longitudinal  cells,  besides  1  for 
the  most  part  in  the  beak,  generally  barren.  Seeds  in  a 
single  row,  nearly  globular,  with  1  occasionally  in  the 
beak ;  cotyledons  folded,  incumbent,  their  doubled  edges 
meeting  the  radicle. 

Upright,  branching,  annual  or  biennial  herhs^  often  hairy  or 
bristly.  Leaves  1^'rate,  or  deeply  cut,  or  toothed.  Fl. 
yellow,  in  corymbose  clusters.  Seeds  acrid.  The  beak 
of  the  j)od,  in  some,  is  little  else  than  a  permanent  unal- 
tered style.  The  seeds  in  those  species  which  constitute 
DeCandolle's  Diplotaxis  are  partially  and  very  imper- 
fectly two-ranked,  and  their  cali/x  spreads  much  less  than 
it  ought  to  do,  this  being  the  chief  mark  of  difference 
between  Sinapis  and  Brassica. 

1.  S.  arvensis.     Wild  Mustard.    Charlock. 

Pods  with  many  angles,  rugged,  longer  than  their  own  awl- 
shaped  beak.   Leaves  toothed ;  partly  lyrate,  or  hastate. 

S.  arvensis.     L'lnn.  Sp.  PI.  933.     fVllld.  v.  3.  554.     FL  Br.  721. 

Engl.  Hot.  V.  25.   f    1/48.     Curt.  Loml  fasc.  5.  t.  47.     Hook. 

Scot.  20  1.     DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  615. 
Sinapi  n.  467.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.203. 
Rapistrum  avvorum.     Raii  Syn.  295.     Ger.  Em.  233./.     Lob.  Ic. 

198./. 
K.  floie  luteo.    Bank.  Hist.  v.  2.  844./. 
Irion.     Fuchs.  Hist.  2^)7- f.     /c.  143./ 
Lampsana  vera.    Dalech.  Hist.  542./ 
In  corn  fields,  a  very  troublesome  weed  ;  abundant  in  waste  ground 

newly  disturbed. 
Annual.     May. 
Root  small,  tapering,  rigid,  sometimes  a  little  tuberous,  but  not 

caulescent.     Stem  leafy,    striated,    often  purplish,  rough  with 

shar])  reflexed  bristles.   Leaves  stalked,  rough,  variously  toothed  ; 


222     TETllADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Sinapis. 

partly  ovate,  partly  lyrate  or  hastate ;  the  uppermost  sessile. 
Calyx-leaves  linear-oblong,  quite  horizontal,  pale,  or  yellowish. 
Pet.  obovate,  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  bright  yellow,  turning 
white  in  decay.  Pods  angular,  rough  with  reflexed  bristles,  and 
each  terminating  in  a  smoother,  awl-shaped,  furrowed  beak,  not 
half  so  long  as  the  pod  itself,  compressed  at  the  base.  Seeds 
brown,  serving  as  an  inferior  sort  of  Mustard^  or  rather  to  adul- 
terate that  made  of  S.  nigra. 

2.  S.  alda.     White  Mustard. 

Pods  bristly,  rugged,  spreading,  shorter  than  their  own  flat 
two-edged  beak.     Leaves  lyrate, 

S.  alba.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  933.  Willd.  v.  3.  555.  Fl.  Br.  72 1 .  Engl. 
Bot.v.  24.  f.\C)77.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.5.t.46.  Mart.  Rust.  t. 70. 
Hook.  Scot.  204.     DeCand.  Syst.v.  2.  620.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  1393. 

Sinapin.466.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  \.  203. 

S.  album,  siliqua  hirsuta,  semine  albo  vel  ruffo.  Raii  Syn.  295. 
Bauh.Hist.v.2.SDS.f. 

S.  album.     Ger.  Em.  244.  f. 

S.  primum  genus.    Fuchs.  Hist.53S.f. 

S.  hortense.    Fuchs.  Ic.  307.  f. 

S.  secundum,    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1.  515./.     Comer.  Epit.  333.  f. 

White  Mustard.    Petiv.  H  Brit.  t.  45./.  10. 

In  cultivated  as  well  as  waste  ground,  by  road  sides,  &c. 

Annual.    June. 

Root  tapering,  small.  Stem  rough  like  the  last,  but  with  more 
slender  reflexed  hairs.  Leaves  bright  green,  almost  all  lyrate, 
toothed,  roughish.  Fl.  numerous,  yellow.  Calyx-leaves  Vme^r, 
green,  horizontal.  Pods  spreading,  on  nearly  horizontal  stalks, 
short,  two-edged,  very  tumid  from  the  prominent  seeds,  rough 
with  numerous,  minute,  reflexed  bristles,  interspersed  with  se- 
veral larger,  more  spreading,  or  upright  one-s  -,  beak  longer  than 
the  pod,  bristly,  but  more  sparingly,  curved  upwards,  sword- 
shaped,  striated,  terminated  by  the  short,  compressed  style  and 
cloven  stigma.  Seeds  rather  few,  large,  pale  yellowish  brown, 
well  known  as  a  delicate  kind  of  Mustard.  The  late  Mr.  G.  Don 
observed  them  occasionally  to  assume  a  blackish  hue.     . 

The  young  herb  is  used  in  salads,  for  which  purpose  chiefly  it  is 
cultivated. 

3.  S.  nigra.     Common  Mustard. 

Pods  quadrangular,  smooth,  slightly  beaked,  close-pressed 
to  the  stalk.  Lower  leaves  lyrate ;  upper  linear-lanceo- 
late, entire,  smooth. 

S.  nigra.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  933.  Willd.  v.  3.  555.  FL  Br.722.  EngL 
Bot.  V.  14.  t.  969.  TVoodv.  t.  151.  Mart.  Rust.  t.5\.  Hook. 
Scot.  204.    DeCand.  Sijst.  v.  2.  608.     FL  Dan.  t.  1 582. 


TETRADYNAMIA-SILIQUOSA.    Sinapis.      223 

Sinapi  n.  465.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  202. 

S.  sativum  secundum.     Bail  Syn.  295.    Ger.  Em.2AA;  description 

only. 
S.  sativum  primum.    Ger.  Em.  244./.    Dod.  Pempt.  706./. 
S.  siliqua  latiuscula  glabra  semine  ruffo,  sive  vulgare.  Bank.  Hist. 

V.2.  Soo.f;  good. 
S.  primum.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.\.d\ 4. /    Camer.  Epit.  332. / 
S.  rapae  folio.    Moris,  v.  2.  215.  sect.  3.  t.  3./.  1 . 
Common  Mustard.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  45./.  11. 

In  fields,  waste  ground,  and  on  banks  by  road  sides. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

A  taller  plant,  with  round  smooth  branches,  more  spreading  than 
either  of  the  foregoing.  Lower  leaves  large,  lyrate,  rough,  va- 
riously lobed  and  toothed ;  upper  ones  stalked,  smooth,  narrow, 
entire,  spreading  or  dependent.  Fl.  smaller  than  in  the  two 
former.  Cal.  yellowish,  widely  spreading,  but  not  quite  liori- 
zontal.  Pet.  obovate.  Pods  small,  obtusely  quadrangular, 
nearly  even,  and  smooth,  tipped  with  the  permanent,  quadran- 
gular, somewhat  elongated,  style,  and  capitate  stigma;  but  want- 
ing the  proper,  often  seed-bearing,  beak  of  this  genus,  though 
the  style  finally  becomes  tumid  at  the  base.  Seeds  several, 
brown,  sufficiently  known  for  their  domestic  use,  and  stimulating- 
medical  properties. 

All  the  figures  of  the  old  authors,  J.  Bauhin's  excepted,  are  copies 
of  Matthiolus,  and  are  all  defective,  as  wanting  the  narrow,  en- 
tire, more  or  less  pendulous^  upper  leaves,  so  characteristic  of 
the  present  species. 

4.  S.  tenidfolia.     Narrow-leaved  Wall  Mustard. 

Pods  erect,  on  s])reading  stalks,  linear,  compressed,  slightly 
beaked.  Seeds  two-ranked.  Leaves  once  or  twice  pin- 
natifid;  the  uppermost  undivided.     Stem  smooth. 

5.  tenuifolia.  Br.  in  Ail.  //.  Kew.  v.  4.  128.  Comp.  cd.  4.  111. 
Hook.  Scot.  204. 

Diplotaxis  tenuifolia.     DeCand.  Sysf.  v.  2.  632.     Grev.  Edin.  147. 
Sisvmbrium  tenuifolium.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  917.    Willd.  v.  3.  li)3.    Fl. 

Br.  703.    Engl  Bot.  v.  8.  t.  525.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  335. 
Brassica  miu-alis'.    Huds.  290.    IFith.  592.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  /.  38. 
B.  Erucastrum.     Huds.  cd.  1.  253. 
Eruca  n.  461.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  200. 
E.  sylvestri.s.    Raii  Syn.29C).    7)o(/. /\  »//>/.  708./.    Ger.  Eni.2H\.f. 

Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1 .  484./     Cawcr.  Epil.  307."/ 
E.  sativa.  Fuchs.  Ilist.2C)2./. 

E.  teniiifoli.i  perennis,  ilore  lutco.     liauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  861.  /"". 
Wall  Uocki't.     P,:lir.  H.  lirit.  t.  46./.  8. 

On  old  walls,  and  hca[)rs  c)f  rubbish. 


2^4     TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Sinapis. 

About  London,  Westminster,  Windsor^  Chester,  Bristol, Yarmouth^ 
and  other  old  towns. 

Perennial.    June — October. 

Root  tapering-,  rather  woody.  Herb  for  the  most  part  entirely 
smooth,  and  more  or  less  glaucous  all  over,  fetid  when  bruised. 
Stem  bushy,  erect,  H  or  2  feet  high,  with  numerous  round  leafy 
branches,  occasionally  besprinkled  wnth  a  few  hairs.  Leaves 
scattered,  a  little  fleshy,  of  a  glaucous  green,  very  smooth,  irre- 
gularly lobed  and  cut :  the  lower  ones  stalked,  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid ;  uppermost  lanceolate,  undivided,  and  sessile  j  the 
margins  of  all  entire,  or  sparingly  notched.  Fl.  large  and  hand- 
some, but  unpleasantly  scented,  light  lemon-coloured.  Cal. 
spreading  considerably  from  the  very  base,  but  not  horizontally, 
the  tips  mostly  hairy.  Pods  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  linear, 
smooth,  compressed,  erect,  on  spreading  stalks  almost  as  long ; 
valves  undulated,  slightly  keeled,  veiny  ;  beak  none,  except  the 
rather  short,  tapering,  angular,  furrowed  stijle,  not  so  tumid  at 
the  base  as  even  the  last,  and  destitute  of  any  cell,  or  rudiment 
of  a  seed.  Seeds  in  the  proper  cells  of  the  pod  numerous,  round, 
disposed  so  as  to  form  two,  more  or  less  complete,  rows  in  each 
cell.  On  this  last  character  Prof.  DeCandolle  principally  founds 
his  genus  Diplofaxis  and  its  name.  The  want  of  a  distinct 
seed-bearing  beak  to  the  pod,  in  some  instances,  is  likewise 
noted.  But  the  foregoing  species,  a  genuine  Sinapis,  has  scarcely 
more  of  a  beak  than  any  of  them.  The  learned  author  candidly 
allows  also  that  the  double  row  of  seeds  is  by  no  means  constant, 
or  without  exception ;  and  indeed  their  arrangement  is  at  all 
times  far  less  decided  than  in  Turritis,  where  there  can  be  no 
question  about  the  matter. 

5.  S.  muralis.     Sand  Mustard. 

Pods  ascending,  on  spreading  stalks,  linear,  compressed, 
slightly  beaked.  Seeds  two-ranked.  Leaves  sinuated. 
Stem  roughish  with  reflexed  brisdes. 

S.  muralis.    Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.A.\  28.    Comp,  ed.A.Ub. 

Diplotaxis  muralis.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  634. 

Sisymbrium  murale.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  918.     fVilld.  v.  3.  496.    Engl. 

Bot.v.  16. t.  1090.    Fl.Br.UOl.    Dicks.  Dr.  PI.  \2. 
S.  Erucastrum..     Goiian  lllustr.  42.  t.  20. 
Eruca  viminea,  iberidis  folio,  luteo  flore.    Barrel.  Ic.  ^  131. 
E.  minimo  flore  monspeliensis.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  862./,  not  descr. 
E.  minima   monspessulana,   flore   luteo,   siliqua   unciam  longa. 

Chabr.Sciagr.276.f. 
E.  monspeliensis,  flore  minimo  luteo.   Moris,  v.  2.  229.  n,  8.  sect.  3. 

^.5./.  9. 
In  sandy  barren  ground  near  the  sea. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.  Raphanus.  225 

Common  throughout  the  isle  of  Thanet,  particularly  about  Rams- 
gate.  Mr.  Dillwyn.     Below  Bristol.  Mr.  E.  Forner. 
Annual.     August,  September. 

Root  tapering,  small.  Stem  branching  from  the  bottom,  about  a 
span  high,  spreading,  leafy  in  the  lower  part,  clothed  all  over 
with  reflexed  bristly  hairs.  Leaves  usually  quite  smooth,  of  a 
lightish  green,  not  glaucous,  varying  much  in  form,  either 
broadly  lanceolate  inclining  to  obovate,  or  imperfectly  lyrate  ; 
deeply  serrated,  or  unequally  sinuated  3  always  acute,  not 
rounded,  at  the  extremity,  and  tapering  at  the  base  into  afoot- 
stalk.  Ft.  lemon-coloured,  smaller  and  paler  than  the  last,  in 
dense  abrupt  corymbose  clusters,  greatly  elongated  after  flower- 
ing. Cal.  moderately  spreading  from  the  bottom,  a  little  hairy. 
Pet.  obovate,  somewhat  spreading.  Pods  on  distant  spreading 
stalks  of  various  lengths,  much  like  those  of  S.  tenuifolia,  but 
less  decidedly  erect,  and  the  seer/s  less  accurately  double-ranked. 
Style  and  stigma  as  in  that  species.  The  calyx  in  both  spreads 
less  than  the  character  of  a  Sinapis  requires.  I  have  Gouan's 
plant  from  himself.  It  is  not  constant  enough  in  the  deeper  di- 
visions of  its  leaves  to  be  marked  as  a  variety. 

344.  RAPHANUS.     Radish. 

Linn.  Gen.  343.     Juss.  238.    Fl.  Br.  723.    Comp.  ed.  4. 109.    Br, 
in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  v.  4.  129.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  662.    Lam.  t.  566. 
Raphanistrum.     Tourn.  t.  115.     Gcertn.  t.  143. 

Cal.  erect ;  leaves  oblong,  parallel,  converging,  deciduous ; 
2  of  them  slightly  prominent  at  the  base.  Pet.  obovate, 
or  inversely  heart-shaped,  spreading;  claws  linear,  erect. 
Filam.  awl-shaped,  simple,  erect.  Anth.  oblong,  a  little 
spreading.  Glands^;  2  at  the  inside  of  the  shorter  fila- 
ments ;  2  at  the  outside  of  the  longer.  Germ,  cylindrical, 
tapering.  Style  awl-shaped.  Stigma  capitate,  small,  en- 
tire. Pod  oblong,  imperfectly  cylindrical,  tapering  up- 
ward, irregularly  tumid,  as  if  more  or  less  jointed,  coria- 
ceous, not  bursthig,  of  2  incomplete  cells,  the  membra- 
nous partition  often  obliterated.  Seeds  pendulous,  glo- 
bose, forming  a  single  row  ;  cotyledons  folded,  incum- 
bent, their  doubled  edges  meeting  the  radicle. 

Upright,  branched,  s})rea(ling,  smooth  or  bristly  herbs; 
their  lower  leaves  lyrate.  FL  large,  yellow,  white,  or 
pur})lisli,  often  veiny.  Pods  internally  spongy,  very  va- 
riable as  to  their  jointed  ap})earance,  in  the  same  species  ; 
so  that  even  Prof.  DeCandolle  preserves  the  Linna?au 
genus  entire,  in  opjwsition  to  the  opinion  of  Tournefbrt 
and  Gaertner,  who  founded  their  i^ewws  Rapharii strum  on 
the  more  decidedly  jointed  pods^  breaking  transversely, 

VOL.   IN.  Q 


226   TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQU08A.    Raphanus. 

in  some  instances,  when  ripe.     To  this  both  our  species 
belong. 

1.  'R.  Rapkanistrum,    Wild  Radish.    Jointed  Char- 

lock. 
Pods  jointed,  striated,  of  one  cell.     Leaves  lyrate. 

R.  Raphanistrum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  935.  Amcen.  Acad.  v.  6.  448. 
/.451.  Willd.v.^.bQQ.  Fl.  Br.  723.  Engl.  Bot.v.  [2.  t.S56, 
Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  46.  Mart.  Rust.  t.7\.  Hook.  Scot.  204. 
DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  666. 

R.  n.468.    Hall.  Hist.v.  1.203. 

R.  sylvestris.     Ger.  Em.  240.  f. 

Raphanistrum  siliqua  articulata  glabra,  majore  et  minore.  Rail 
Syn.296.    Moris.v.2.265.sect.3.t.  13./  1,  2. 

Rapistrum  flore  albo  striate.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  851./. 

R.  flore  luteo,  siliqua  glabra  articulata.     Raii  Syn,  296. 

White  Charlock.    Petiv.  H  Brit.  t.  46.  f.  10. 

Sinapis  arvensis.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  678  ! 

In  corn  fields,  a  troublesome  weed. 

Annual.    June^  July. 

Root  tapering,  slender.  Herb  rough  with  minute  bristles.  Stem 
1|  or  2  feet  high,  glaucous,  branched,  leafy ;  i|s  bristles  pro- 
miilent  and  pungent.  Leaves  simply  lyrate,  bluntly  toothed, 
their  terminal  lobe  rounded ;  upper  ones  oblong,  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  undivided,  coarsely  serrated.  Fl.  corymbose,  numerous, 
larger  than  in  most  of  our  common  cruciform  plants,  either 
straw-coloured,  fading  to  white,  or  white  from  the  beginning, 
strongly  veined  with  purple.  Cal.  a  little  spreading  at  the  tips 
only,  generally  bristly.  Pods  in  long  clusters,  upright,  knobbed 
or  apparently  jointed,  smooth,  striated  lengthwise  when  ripe, 
terminating-  in  the  long,  permanent,  awl-shaped  style,  tipped 
with  the  small  stigma.  The  germen  is  divided  into  2  cells,  but 
the  partition  is  obliterated,  and  confounded  in  one  spongy  mass 
as  the  pod  ripens.     Seeds  large,  globular,  solitary  in  each  joint. 

The  plate  in  Fl.  Dan.  could  here  have  been  named  from  a  most 
slight  inspection  only  j  see  Cardamine  hirsuta. 

2.  R.  maritimus.     Sea  Radish. 

Pods  jointed,  deeply  furrowed,  of  one  cell.  Radical  leaves 
interruptedly  lyrate,  serrated. 

R.  maritimus.  Engl.  Bot.  v. 23. 1. 1643.  Comp.ed.4. 115.  Br. in  Ait. 

H.Kew.v. 4.129.  n.3.  Hook.  Scot.  204.  DeCand.  Syst. v.  2,  6m. 
R.  Raphanistrum  y.    Fl.  Br.  723. 
R.  maritimus,  flore  luteo,  siliquis  articulatis,  secundum  longitudi- 

nem  eminent^r  striatis.    Raii  Syn.  296. 

By  the  sea-side.    Mr.  Stonestreet. 


TETRADYNAMIA— SILIQUOSA.    Raphanus.   227 

In  the  isle  of  Bute  and  other  places.  Rev.  Dr.  Walker,  in  the  year 
1753.  On  the  beach  3  miles  from  the  Mull  of  Galloway.  Mr. 
J.  Mackaij.  In  various  parts  of  the  coast  of  Ayrshire,  Galloway, 
&c  ',  Mr.  G.  Don.  Hooker.  On  rocks  near  Beachy  Head,  Sus- 
sex. Mr.  D.  Turner  and  Mr.  Borrer. 

Biennial.     May,  June. 

Root  large  and  succulent,  sometimes,  according  to  Dr.  Walker, 
lasting  three  years,  and  preferable  to  Horse  Radish  for  the  table. 
Herb  larger  than  the  foregoing.  Stems  3  or  4  feet  high,  rough 
chiefly  at  the  base.  Radical,  and  lower  stem-leaves,  large,  in- 
terruptedly pinnate,  more  abundantly  serrated  than  in  R.  Ra- 
phanistrum;  upper  ones  stalked,  simple  and  undivided,  serrated 
like  the  rest.  Fl.  more  yellow,  and  less  veiny,  than  in  that 
species.  Pods  more  strongly  and  broadly  furrowed,  as  well  as 
jointed,  destitute  of  roughness.  The  synonyms  of  Morison  and 
Petiver,  in  Fl.  Br.,  are  very  inapplicable  to  this  species,  with 
respect  to  the  root  as  well  as  leaves,  and  I  have  therefore  omitted 
them  here. 

Cattle  were  observed  by  Dr.  Walker  to  be  very  fond  of  the  herbage. 


Class  XVI.     MONADELPHIA. 

Filaments  combined;  in  one  set. 

Order  I.     PENTANDRIA,     Stamens  5. 

34^5.  ERODIUM.  Sfi/le  1.  i^rmV  beaked,  of  5  aggregate 
capsules,  each  tipped  with  a  spiral  awn,  bearded  on 
the  inside. 

Lysimachia  1.     Linwn,    Geranium  8. 

Order  IL     DECANDRIA.     Stamens  10. 

346.  GERANIUM.  Style  I.  Fruit  beaked,  o^  5  aggre- 
gate capsules,  each  tipped  with  a  recurved  naked 
awn, 

Oxalis,  Spartium,  Genista,  Anthyllis,   Ulex,  Ononis, 


Order  III,     POLYANDRIA,    Stamens  nu- 
merous, 

349.  LAVATERA.     Styles  numerous.     Outer  Calyx  3- 
lobed.     Capsules  whorled,  single-seeded. 

348.  MALVA.    Styles  numerous.    Outer  Cal.  of  3  leaves. 
Caps,  whorled,  single-seeded. 

347.  ALTHiEA.    Styles  numerous.    Outer  Cal,  in  9  seg- 
ments.   Caps,  whorled,  single-seeded. 


229 


MONADELPHIA   PENTANDRIA, 
345.  ERODIUM.     Stork's-bill. 

VHerit.  Geraniol.  unpuhl.     Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  1    u.  2.  414.  ed.  2. 

V.  4. 154.     FL  Br.  727.     Comp.  ed.  4.  1 15.     Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl. 

V.  13.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v   1.  644. 
Geranium.    LirDi.Gen.SoO.    Juss.268.    Lam.  t.  573.  f.  2.    Gcertn. 

t.  79 ;  moschatum. 

Nat.  Ord.  Gniinales.  Linn.  14'.  Geraiiia.  Juss.  73.  Gera- 
niacecB.    DeCand.  46.    N.  346  the  same. 

Cat.  inferior,  of  5  ovate,  glandular-pointed,  concave,  perma- 
nent leaves,  equal  and  uniform  at  the  base.  Pet.  5,  obo- 
vate,  spreading,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx,  generally 
somewhat  irregular.  Islect.  5  glands,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Fllam.  10,  awl-shaped,  united  by  their  base  into 
a  cup ;  5  of  them  perfect,  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals  ; 
the  alternate  5  shorter  and  abortive.  Anth.  5,  on  the 
longer  filaments  only,  oblong,  versatile.  Germ,  superior, 
roundish,  with  5  furrows.  Stifle  awl-shaped,  erect,  longer 
than  the  stamens,  permanent.  Stigmas  5,  oblong,  re- 
flexed.  Caps.  5,  aggregate,  membranous,  obovate,  ver- 
tical, separating  at  their  inner  margin,  sharp-pointed  at 
the  base,  each  tipped  at  the  summit  with  a  long,  linear, 
flat,  upright,  pointed,  converging,  rigid  fltt'w,  hairy  at  the 
inside,  and  at  length  spirally  twisted,  adhering  by  its 
point  to  the  top  of  the  style ;  the  hairs  spreading.  Seeds 
1  or  2,  vertical,  ovate-oblong. 

Herbaceous,  or  somewhat  shrubby,  odorous,  recumbent. 
Leaves  generally  opposite,  stalked,  simple  or  pinnate,  cut. 
Stipidas  membranous.  Fl.  mostly  umbellate,  reddish. 
Cat.  and  stalks  more  or  less  glutinous. 

1.   E.  c'laitariuvi.     Hemlock  Stork's -bill. 

Stems  procumbent,  hairy.  Stalks  many-flowered.  Leaves 
pinnate;  leaflets  sessile,  pinnatifid,  cut.   Stamens  simple. 

E.  cicutarium.    Fl.  Br.  727.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  25.t.\  768.     Willd.  v.  3. 

629.     Sihth.  211.     Hook.  Scot.  205.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  646. 
Geranium  cicutarium.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  95  1 .    Huds.  300.    Curt.  Lond. 

fasc.  1 .  <.  5  I .    Fl.  Dan.  t.  9S6.    Ehr/i.  PL  Of  447. 
G.  n.  914.     Uall.Ulst.v.  1.406. 

G.  cicutse  folio  inodorum.     Raii  Syn.  '3j7.     Ger.  Em.  945./. 
G.  foetens.    Riv.  Pcntap.  Irr.  /.  1  15. 


230  MONADELPHIA-PENTANDRIA.   Erodiura. 

G.  primum.    Fuchs.  Hist.  204.  f. 

G.  tertiura,    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.209.  f. 

Herba  Roperti.    Brunf.  Herb.  u.  2.  37./. 

Myrrhida  Plinii^  &c.    Lob.  Ic.  659./. 

/3.  Geranium  inodorum  album.    Rail  Syn. 357. 

y.  G.  pimpinellse  folio.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  358.     Giss.  173. 

G.  robertianum.    Riv.  Pentap.  Irr.  i.  114. 

Erodium  pimpinellae  folium.     Sibtli.  211. 

In  waste  ground  frequent. 

j6.  In  barren  sandy  places,  chiefly  near  the  sea. 

y.  Near  Hackney.  Dillenius.  About  Oxford.  Sibth.  On  sandy 
ground  near  the  sea  j  or  on  a  chalky  soil. 

Annual.     June — September. 

Root  tap-shaped,  whitish.  Herb  somewhat  hairy  and  viscid,  dis- 
agreeably scented,  more  or  less.  Stems  procumbent,  round, 
or  a  little  angular,  hairy,  mostly  branched,  leafy,  various  in 
number  and  length.  Leaves  alternate  towards  the  root  -,  upper 
ones  often  opposite  ;  leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  acutely  and  va- 
riously cut.  Stipules  opposite,  ovate,  acute,  thin  and  pellucid. 
Fl.  in  stalked  umbels,  opposite  to.  the  alternate  leaves,  otherwise 
axillary.  Bracteas  under  the  partial  stalks,  membranous,  jagged. 
Pet.  rose-coloured,  with  3  dark  lines  at  the  base  j  in  a  nearly 
regular  j  in  /3  white  -,  in  y  2  or  3  of  them  marked  each  with  a 
green  depression,  towards  the  claw,  but  this  circumstance  is 
extremely  variable.  Filam.  all  simple.  Caps,  single-seeded, 
bristly  with  reflexed  hairs. 

2.  E.  moschatum.     Musky  Stork's -bill. 

Stems  depressed,  hairy.  Stalks  many-flowered.  Leaves 
pinnate ;  leaflets  nearly  sessile,  elliptical,  unequally  cut. 
Perfect  stamens  toothed  at  the  base. 

E.moschatum.  Fl.Br.728.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  \3.t.  902.  Willd.Sp.Pl 

V.  3.  631.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  647. 
Geranium  moschatum.   Linn.  Sp.  PL  951.  Huds.  300.  Jacq.  Hort, 

Find,  v.l.t.  55.    Cavan.  Diss.  227.  t.  94./  1 .     Riv.  Pentap.  Irr. 

t.\\2.    Ger.Em.94\.f.    RaiiSyu.358.   Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.479,  f. 
G.  n.  945.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  407. 
G.  tertium  Plinii,  Acus  muscata.    Dalech.  Hist.  1277./. 

In  mountainous  pastures. 

Between  Bristol  and  St.  Vincent's  rocks.  Ray.  Very  common  in 
Craven,  Yorkshire.  Dr.  Lister.  On  Shotover  hill,  near  Oxford. 
Bishop  of  Carlisle.  On  Ampthill  warren,  Bedfordshire.  Rev.  Dr. 
Abbot.  In  the  mountainous  pastures  of  Yorkshire  and  West- 
moreland, more  certainly  wild  perhaps  than  elsewhere,  having 
long  been  cultivated  in  gardens  for  its  scent. 


MONADELPHIA— PENTANDRIA.  Erodium.  231 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Nearly  akin  to  the  foregoing,  but  differing  in  its  larger  paler  leaf- 
lets,  much  less  deeply  cut  j  and  in  the  powerful  musky  fragrance, 
as  well  as  greater  viscidity,  of  the  whole  herb.  The  stipulas  are 
large,  rounded  and  wavy,  very  thin  and  membranous.  Bracteas 
similar,  but  smaller.  Pet.  rose-coloured,  unspotted,  smaller 
than  the  last,  all  nearly  equal.  Mr.  Sowerby  observed  the  abor- 
tive filaments  to  be  peculiarly  broad  ;  and  the  perfect  ones  to 
have  a  tooth  at  each  side  near  the  base.  This  last  mark  would 
greatly  strengthen  the  specific  character,  if  it  should  prove  con- 
stant, which  in  these  organs,  so  various,  if  not  mutable,  in  this 
natural  order,  cannot  absolutely  be  relied  on,  unless  confirmed 
by  experience. 

3.  E.  rnaritimum.     Sea  Stork's-bill. 

Stems  depressed,  hairy.  Stalks  barely  three -flowered. 
Leaves  simple,  heart-shaped,  cut,  crenate,  rough. 

E.  maritimum.  H.  Br.  728.  Engl.  Bot.v.  9.  t.  646.  Willd.  Sp.  PL 
V.3.  639.     DeCand.  Prodr.v.l.  64S. 

Geranium  maritimum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  95 1 .  Huds.  30 1 .  Dicks.  H. 
Sicc.fasc.U.W.    Cavan.  Diss.  2\8.tS8.f.i. 

G.  pusillum  supinum  maritimum,  Althaeae  aut  Betonicae  folio  no- 
stras.    Raii  Syn.SoG.    Pluk.  Almag.  169.    Phyt.  <.31./.4. 

G.  minimum  procumbens,  foliis  betonicae.  Moris,  v.  2.  5 1 2.  sect.  5 . 
t.2,b.n.8. 

On  the  sandy  or  gravelly  sea  coasts  of  Cornwall,  Wales,  Sussex, 
&c. 

Perennial.    May — September. 

Stems  spreading  close  to  the  ground,  from  3  to  9  inches  in  length, 
branched,  leafy,  hairy.  Leaves  half  an  inch  long,  on  stalks  of  va- 
rious proportions,  roundish,  heart-shaped,  slightly  lobed,  and 
variously  notched,  rough  on  both  sides  with  minute  close  hairs. 
Stipulas  purplish.  Fl.  1  or  2,  rarely  3,  on  each  stalk.  Pet.  pale 
red,  very  minute,  and  often  partly  wanting.  Caps,  bristly  3  their 
awns  but  partially  hairy  at  the  lower  part.  The  herb  has  a  strong 
scent. 


'2m 


MOSADELPHIA  DECANDRIyi. 
346.  GERANIUM.     Crane's-bill. 

Linyu  Gen.  350.  Juss. 268.  Fl.Br.729.  DeCand.Prodr.v.\.639. 
Tourti.  t.  142.  f.  A— O.  Lam.  t.  573./.  1 .  Gcertyi.  t.  79 ;  pra- 
tense, 

Nat.  Ord.  see  ti.  34^5. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  5  ovate,  glandular-pointed,  concave,  per- 
manent leaves,  equal  and  uniform  at  the  base.  PeL  5, 
inversely  heart-shaped,  spreading,  much  larger  than  the 
calyx,  all  equal  and  regular.  Nect.  5  glands,  alternate 
with  the  petals.  Filam.  10,  awl-shaped,  united  at  their 
base,  spreading  at  the  summit ;  5  alternate  ones  longer 
than  the  rest,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Anth.  oblong, 
versatile,  very  rarely  wanting  on  the  5  shorter  filaments. 
Germ,  superior,  roundish,  with  5  furrows.  Style  awl- 
shaped,  erect,  longer  than  the  stamens,  permanent.  Stig- 
mas 5,  oblong,  reflexed.  Caps.  5,  aggregate,  membra- 
nous, nearly  globular,  separating  at  their  ipner  margin, 
each  tipped  at  the  summit  with  a  long,  linear,  flat,  up- 
right, pointed,  converging,  rigid  awn^  almost  perfectly 
smooth  and  naked,  at  length  recurved  or  revolute,  adhe- 
ring by  its  point  to  the  top  of  the  style.  Seeds  solitary, 
roundish-kidney-shaped. 

Herbaceous,  scarcely  at  all  shrubby.  Branches  and  stalks 
tumid  at  the  base.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  stalked,  lobed 
in  a  palmate  manner,  and  cut.  Stipulas  membranous. 
Fl.  1  or  2  on  a  stalk,  either  axillary,  or  opposite  to  the 
upper  alternate  leaves,  red,  purplish,  or  blue,  generally 
handsome,  without  scent. 

1.  G.  phman.     Dusky  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered,  panicled,  erect.  Calyx  slightly  point- 
ed. Capsules  keeled ;  hairy  below ;  wrinkled  at  the  sum- 
mit.    Stamens  hairy. 

G.  phseum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  953.  TVilld.  v,  3.  699.  FL  Br.  729. 
EngL  BoL  v.  5.  t.  322.  Hook.  Scot.  206.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  I. 
641  a.    FL  Dan.  L  987.     Cavan.  Diss.  2]0.  L  89./  2. 

G.  n.  934.    HalLHisLv.  1.414. 

G.  montanum  fuscum.    DHL  in  Raii  Syn.  361. 

G.  batrachioides  pullo  flore.     Ger.  Em.  942,  f. 


MONADELPHIA—DECANDRIA.    Geranium.  255 

G.  primum,  pullo  flore.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  99./.    Pann.  415./. 416. 
G.  phso,  sive  pullo,  flore  Clusii.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  477./ 
G.  phseum,  seu  fuscum^  petalis  reflexis.     Moris,  v.  2.  515.  sect.  5. 
t.  16./  18. 

In  mountainous  thickets,  rare. 

Found  by  Mr.  Drayton,  apothecary,  of  Maidstone,  at  Tovell,  in  the 
valley  by  the  old  fulling-mill.  Dill.  About  Clapham  and  Ingle- 
ton,  Yorkshire.  Huds.  In  Lancashire,  Cambridgeshire,  and 
Bedfordshire.  Engl.  Bot.  On  a  bank  at  Ash  Bocking,  Suffolk. 
Mrs.  Cobbold.  About  Newburgh,  Yorkshire.  Rev.  Archdeacon 
Peirson.  Most  truly  wild  perhaps  in  the  mountainous  parts 
of  Yorkshire,  and  Lancashire. 

Perennial.     May,  June. 

Root  thick,  somewhat  woody.  Stem  erect,  round,  hairy,  leafy, 
ly  or  2  feet  high,  panicled  at  the  top,  many-flowered.  Leaves 
palmate,  many-lobed,  sharply  and  unequally  cut,  strongly  vein- 
ed, rather  downy  than  hairy  ;  their  ))rincipal  lobes  often  stained 
witli  brown  at  each  side  near  the  base  ;  lower  ones  stalked  ;  up- 
permost nearly  sessile,  opposite  to  the  inferior  flower-stalks. 
Stipulas  lanceolate,  brown,  hairy.  Stalks  hairy,  cloven,  bear- 
ing two  nearly  upright^oiter^',  with  small,  brown,  opposite  brae- 
teas,  in  pairs  under  each  partial  stalk.  Cal.  hairy,  fringed,  but 
slightly  pointed.  Pet.  wavy,  with  more  or  less  of  a  terminal 
point,  dark  chocolate-coloured  ;  greenish  white  at  the  base. 
Lower  part  of  each  stamen  fringed  with  long  hairs.  Capsules  ra- 
ther obovate,  keeled  at  the  outside,  hairy  in  their  lower  half, 
transversely  wrinkled  in  the  upper. 

G.fuscuni  of  Linnaeus,  Mantissa  97,  differs  in  having  simple  sin- 
gle-flowered stalks,  in  pairs,  distinct  from  the  veiy  base.  Other- 
wise I  find  no  difference.  We  have  it  not  in  Britain.  Linnaeus 
who  cultivated  it  observed  the  leaves  to  be  more  rigid. 

2.   G.  7wdosujn.     Knotty  Crane*s-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Leaves  opposite,  five-  or  three-lobed, 
pointed,  serrated.     Capsules  even,  downy  all  over. 

G.  nodosum.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  953.      IVilld.  r.  3.  70 1 .     Fl.  Br.  730. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  IG.  <.  1091.      DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1.  640.      Cavan. 

Diss.  208.  t.  80.  /  1 .    Bauh.  Pin.  318.      Moris,  v.  2.  516.  sect.  5. 

/.  16./22. 
G.  quintum  nodosum  Plateau.      Raii  Si/n.  3()1.      Clus.  Hist.  v.  2. 

101./     Ger.  Eni.9\7.f. 
G.  magnum,  folio  trifido.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  478./ 
Knotty  Cranes  bill.     fV7ir.  //.  Brit.  t.  Gj.f.  4. 
In  mountainous  thickets,  very  rare. 
Wild  in  the  mountainous  j)arts  of  Cumbcrlanil,  according  to  Mr. 

Archergen,  who  brought    it    to   Bobart.   Ra'j.     Confirmed  by 


234  MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium. 

Mr.  Woodward.  Withering.  Between  Hatfield  and  Welwyn, 
Herts.  Rev.  Dr.  Abbot. 

Perennial.     May — August, 

Root  slightly  tuberous,  rather  creeping.  Stems  angular,  about  18 
inches  high,  erect,  but  weak,  red,  shining  and  swelled,  both 
above  and  below  each  joint.  Leaves  all  opposite,  dark  green, 
shining,  minutely  and  sparingly  hairy,  mostly  in  3  deep,  point- 
ed, cut  and  serrated  lobes,  the  lower  ones  in  5  lobes,  and  with 
longer  stalks.  Fl.  purple,  rather  large,  not  numerous,  on  downy 
partial  stalks  in  pairs.  Cal.  with  a  long  slender  red  point,  and 
3  downy  ribs,  to  each  leaf.  Caps,  elliptic-oblong,  quite  even, 
without  keels,  finely  downy,  or  minutely  hairy,  all  over  3  their 
awns  somewhat  downy,  but  not  beset  with  long  prominent  hairs 
as  in  Er odium. 

3.  G.  sylvaticu7n.     Wood  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered,  somewhat  corymbose.      Leaves  about 

seven-lobed,  cut  and  serrated.     Capsules  hairy  all  over. 

Stamens  awl-shaped,  fringed. 

G.  sylvaticum.    Linn.  Sp,  PL  954.      Willd.  v.  3.  703.     Fl.  Br.  73  J . 

Engl.  Bot.  v.l.t.  121.    Hook.  Scot.  206.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 . 

641. 
G.  palustre  ?    Rose's  Elem.  append.  44\.t.  1 . 
G.  n.  932.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  403. 
G.  batrachoides  montanum  nostras.    Rail  Syn.36\. 
G.  batrachioides  alterum.    Ger.  Em.  942.  f. 
Mountain  Crow  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  65./.  8. 

In  woods,  thickets,  and  pastures,  chiefly  in  the  north  of  England 
and  south  of  Scotland. 

At  Spixworth,  Norfolk.  Mr.  Humphrey.     Near  Lynn.  Mr.  Crowe. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  rather  woody.  Stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  roundish,  rough 
with  small  deflexed  hairs,  much  branched,  leafy.  Leaves  sWghtly 
palmate,  with  5  or  7  deep  lobes,  coarsely  cut  and  serrated,  veiny, 
finely  hairy  on  both  sides  j  the  lowermost  on  long  footstalks. 
Fl.  larger  than  either  of  the  preceding,  an  inch  or  more  in 
breadth,  of  a  fine  light  purple,  with  crimson  veins.  Cal.  like 
the  last,  but  more  hairy.  Pet.  entire,  or  slightly  notched,  hairy 
at  the  claw.  Stam.  all  nearly  equal,  awl-shaped,  membranous 
at  the  edges,  fringed  more  than  half  way  up.  Caps,  ovate, 
keeled,  even,  not  wrinkled,  most  hairy  about  the  keel,  marked 
at  each  side,  towards  the  top,  with  a  brown  rib.    Seeds  dotted. 

I  have  been  sparing  of  synonyms,  because  of  several  foreign  spe- 
cies, nearly  related  to  this,  and  occasionally  confounded  with  it. 
Cavanilles  professes  never  to  have  seen  G.  sylvaticum.  His 
G.  batrachioides.  Diss.  211.  t.  85./.  2,  is  more  like  pratense  in 
the  form  of  its  leaves,  and  in  having  large  hluejlowers.  Nothing 


MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium.  235 

is  better  known  or  defined  than  our  sylvaticurrij  nor  could  Mn. 
Rose,  my  first  botanical  precej^tor,  have  suspected  it,  even  at 
the  time  he  w^rote,  to  have  been  the  palustre,  had  he  ever  seen  a 
specimen  of  the  latter,  or  its  figure  in  the  Horius  Elthamensis, 
which  I  know  he  had  not. 

4.  G,  pratense.     Blue  Meadow  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Leaves  in  about  seven  deep  segments, 
sharply  pinnalifid  and  serrated.  Capsules  hairy  all  over. 
Stamens  smooth,  much  dilated  at  the  base. 

G.  pratense.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  954.      PVilld.  v.  3.  705.      Fl.  Br.  732. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  6.  t.  404.    Curt.  Loud.  fasc.  4.  t.  49.  Dicks.  H.  Sice. 

fasc.  \6.  IS.  Hook.  Scot.  206.  DeCand.  Prodr.v.  \.  641.  Cavan. 

Diss.  210.  t.  87./.  1 .    Ehi'h.  PI.  Off.  457. 
G.  n.  931.    Halt.  Hist.  V.  1.403. 
G.  batrachoides.      Raii  Syn.360.      Ger.  Em.942.f.      Bauh.  Hist. 

v,3.p.2.475.f.    DalecLHist.  1279./. 
G.  quintum.     Fuchs.  Hist.  208.  f.    Ic.  1 18./. 
G.  quartum.    Matth.  Valgr.  i?.  2.  2 1 0.  /.     Camer.  Epit.  602.  f. 
Crow  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  65./  7. 

In  rich,  rather  moist,  pastures  and  thickets,  especially  in  the  hilly 
parts  of  England  ;  also  at  Battersea,  Harrow,  and  other  places 
not  far  from  London. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Larger  in  every  part  than  the  last,  especially  the  ^oi^ers,  which 
are  of  a  fine  blue,  not  purple,  and  are  often  irregularly  striped 
or  blotched  with  white,  sometimes  entirely  white ;  and  they 
have  been  found  double,  near  Athol  house,  Scotland,  by  the 
late  Lady  Charlotte  Murray.  The  leaves  are  much  more  deeply 
divided  than  those  of  G.  sylvaticum,  their  lobes  more  regularly 
and  acutely  pinnatifid.  The  stamens  differ  materially,  being 
longer  and  more  slender,  as  well  as  quite  smooth,  but  espe- 
cially in  being  greatly  dilated  into  a  triangular  figure  at  the 
base.     Caps,  even,  hairy  all  over.     Seeds  dotted. 

5.  G.    rohcrl'ianiuii.     Stinking   Crane's-bill.      Herb 

Robert. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Leaves  somewhat  pedate,  pinnatifid, 
five-angled.  Calyx  with  ten  angles.  Capsules  wrinkled, 
simply  keeled. 

G.  robertianum.  Linn.  Sp.Pl.Tzib.  mild.  v.3.7\4.  H.  Br.  732. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  21./.  1 48r..  ( 'urt.  Loud.  fasc.  1 .  /.  52.  Hook.  Scot. 
207.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  64  L  (amin.  J)L'is.  215.  /.  86./.  L 
FL  Dan.  t.  G94.  Bull.  Fr.  t.  20 1 .  Ii<iii  .S//;>.35S.  Ger.  Em.  939./ 
Dod.  Pcmpf.  62.  f.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  o.  p'.2.  180.  f. 

G.  n.  943.    HalLHisf.v.  1.406. 


^36  MONADELPmA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium. 

G.  tertium.    Fuchs.  Hist.  206.  /.    Ic.  116./. 

G.  quintum.    Matth.  Valgr.  u.  2.  21 1 ./.    Camer.  Epit.  603./. 

Herba  Roberti.    Dalech.  Hist.  1278./. 

Herb  Robert.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.65.f.5. 

j3.  Geranium  lucidum  saxatile,  foliis  Geranii  robertiani.    RaiiSyn. 

358. 
Shining  Herb  Robert.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  65.  f.  6. 

In  waste  ground,  on  walls,  banks,  and  under  hedges,  common. 

(3.  Near  the  sea.  In  Dorsetshire.  Sherard.  Selsey  island,  Sus- 
sex. Dillenzus.     A  weed  in  Chelsea  garden. 

Annual.     May — October. 

Root  tapering.  Stems  several,  spreading  in  every  direction,  and 
partly  recumbent,  round,  leafy,  branched,  red,  brittle  and  suc- 
culent, a  little  hairy,  chiefly  at  one  side.  Leaves  opposite,  on 
long  stalks,  ternate,  cut  in  a  pedate  manner,  their  outline  un- 
equally five-angled,  their  surface  shining,  more  or  less  hairy  j 
in  (S  they  are  still  more  shining,  as  well  as  more  fleshy.  Stalks 
lateral  and  terminal,  each  bearing  two  bright  cvimsion Jlowers, 
occasionally  white,  smaller  than  any  of  the  preceding.  Cal. 
brownish,  hairy,  with  10  angles  when  closed.  Pet.  obovate, 
entire.  Stam.  awl-shaped,  smooth.  Caps,  obovate,  downy, 
simply  keeled,  curiously  marked,  at  the  outer  edge,  with  ele- 
vated interbranching  wrinkles.  Seeds  perfectly  smooth  and 
even. 

This  herb  has  a  strong  disagreeably  pungent  smell.  Bugs  are  said 
to  avoid  it.     In  autumn  it  assumes  a  deep  red  hue. 

6.  G.  lucidum.     Shining  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Leaves  five-lobed,  rounded.  Calyx 
pyramidal,  transversely  wrinkled.  Capsules  wrinkled, 
triply  keeled. 

G.  lucidum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  955.  Wind.v.3.709.  Fl.Br.733.  Engl. 

Bot.  V.  2.  t,  75.    Hook.  Scot.  207.  Lond.  t.  32.    DeCand.  Prodr. 

v.\,644.    Fl.Dan.t.2\8.    Cavan.  Diss.  214.  t.  80.  f. 2.   Bauh. 

Hist.v.  3.  p.  2. 48).  f. 
G.  n.  942.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  406. 
G.  saxatile.     Raii  Syn.36\.     Thai.  Harcyn.  44.  t.5;  excellent. 

Ger.  Em.  938.  descr.  n.  3. 
G.  alterum  montanum  saxatile  rotundifolium.     Column.  Ecphr. 

138.  ^.137. 
Shining  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64.  f.  1 2. 

On  walls,  cottage  roofs,  and  moist  rocks,  chiefly  in  the  moun- 
tainous parts  of  Great  Britain. 

About  Bury,  Suff"olk.  Mr.  Woodward.  Between  Mortlake  and 
Kew.  Hudson.  Perfectly  naturalized  at  Lakenham,  near  Nor- 
wich, by  the  late  Mr.  Crowe. 

Annual.     May-^August. 


MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium.  937 

Root  very  small  and  slender.  Herb  shining,  succulent,  turning 
bright  red  when  exposed  to  the  light,  quite  smooth  except  a  few 
variable  scattered  hairs  on  the  foliage.  Stems  spreading  in 
every  direction,  much  branched,  leafy,  brittle.  Leaves  much 
smaller,  and  less  divided,  than  in  the  last,  roundish-kidney- 
shaped,  on  long  stalks,  5-lobed,  rather  bluntly  notched,  Fl. 
small,  bright  rose-coloured.  Cal.  pyramidal  when  closed,  with 
5  angles,  smooth,  some  of  its  leaves  strongly  wrinkled  trans- 
versely, and  all  strongly  keeled.  Pet.  narrow,  entire.  Caps. 
oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  reticulated  at  the  sides,  hairy  at 
the  summit,  triply  keeled  at  the  back,  the  lateral  keels  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  reticulations,  which  also  make  3,  sometimes 
4  or  5,  intermediate  furrows.     Seeds  oval,  very  smooth. 

Haller  says  of  this  species  tota  planta  amat  rubescere. 

7.   G.  mol/e.     Common  Dove's-foot  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered,  alternate,  opposite  to  the  leaves,  which 
are  rounded,  many-lobed,  notched,  and  downy.  Cap- 
sules numerously  wrinkled,  smooth.   Seeds  without  dots. 

C^molle.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  935.   Willd.v.  3.  7 10.    Fl.  Br.  734.  Engl. 

Bat.  V.]].  t.  77S.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  t.  50.     Hook.  Scot.  207. 

DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 ,  G43.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  679.     Cavan.  Diss.  203. 

^.83./.  3.    Ehrh.  Herb.  129. 
G,  n,  939,    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.405. 
G.  columbinum.    Raii  Syn.  359.     Ger.  Em.  938. 
G,  columbinum  villosum,  petalis  bifidis.    Vaill.  Par.  79.  t.  15.  f.3. 
G,  secundum.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  208.  f.    Camer.  Epit.  600./. 
Dove  Crane's-bill,    Petiv.  H.  Brit,  t,  64./.  1—3. 

In  cultivated  and  waste  ground,  meadows,  pastures,  and  by  way 
sides,  every  where. 

Annual.    April — August. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  of  a  light  hoary  green,  downy  all  over  with 
fine  soft  hairs,  its  size  and  luxuriance  extremely  variable'.  Stems 
several,  spreading,  or  decumbent,  leafy,  slightly  branched,  red- 
dish, hairy,  usually  about  a  foot  long,  sometimes  hardly  3  inches. 
Leaves  rounded  rather  than  kidney-shaped,  in  many  not  very 
deep  lobes,  all  their  segments  rather  broad  and  wedge-shaped 
than  linear;  radical  ones  numerous,  on  Ions;  footstalks ;  the 
rest  alternate,  more  deeply  cut,  on  shorter  stalks.  Flower-stalks 
solitary,  alternate,  opposite  to  the  leaves,  widely  spreading.  Fl. 
rather  small,  light  reddish  purple,  with  cloven  petals.  Stam.  all 
perfect.  Cal.  hairy.  Caps,  roundish,  curiously  puckered  or 
wrinkled,  in  many  transverse  curved  lines,  but  not  hairy.  Seeds 
oval,  perfectly  smooth  and  even,  not  dotted. 

The  wrinkled  capsules,  to  which  Linnaeus  has  incorrectly  applied 
the  expression  "  arillis  Urcibus,"  and  which  Cavanilles  over- 
looked, arc  well  described  by  Curtis.  They  constitute  the  most 
essential  ditiercncc  between  this   species,  in  all  its  wide  varia- 


238  MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium. 

tions  of  magnitude,  and  several  of  the  following,  with  which  it 
has  long  been  habitually  confounded.  Linnaeus  in  writing  his 
Species  Plantarum  certainly  did  not  distinguish  G.  molle  from 
what  he  afterwards  named,  not  happily,  pyrenaicum,  whose  cap- 
sules are  even,  though  hairy. 

8.  G,  pusilluni.     Small-flowered  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Leaves  kidney-shaped,  palmate,  cut, 
downy.  Capsules  keeled,  even,  clothed  with  erect  hairs. 
Seeds  without  dots.     Anthers  only  five. 

G.  pusillum.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  957.      mild.  v.  3. 713.     Fl.  Br.  734. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  6.  t.  385.      Huds.  ed.  1.  266.      Dicks.  Dr.  PI.  78. 

Hook.  Scot.  207.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  643.      Cavan.  Diss.  202. 

f.SS.f.l.    Ehrh.  Herb.  \30. 
G.  molle /3.    Huds.  ed.  2.  303. 

G.  parviflorum.    Curt.  Lojid.fasc.  6.  1 36.    Sibth.  213.  Abbot  151 . 
G.  malvoefolium.    Scop.  Cam.  v.  2. 37.     fVith.  603. 
G.  n.  940.    Hctll.  Hist.  V.  I.  405. 
G.  columbinum  majus,  flore  minore  cseruleo.  Raii  Syn.  358.   Hist. 

v.2.\0d9.    Faill.Par.79.t.\5.f.\. 
G.  alterum.    Fuchs.  Hist.  205 ./.    /c.  11 5  ;  same  Jig.  diminished. 
Small-flowered  Dove  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  64.  /.  4. 
/3.    Fl.Br.735.    DeCa7id.Prodr.v.l.643. 
G.  humile.    Cavan.  Diss.  202.  t.  83.  /.  2. 
G.  pusillum,    Burm.  Ger.  27. 
G.  columbinum  humile,  flore  caeruleo  minimo.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn. 

359.  t.  16./.  2. 

In  gravelly  fields  and  waste  ground,  very  common . 

Annual.    June — September. 

Root  tapering.  Habit  and  pubescence  much  like  the  last  species, 
but  the  whole  plant  in  general  is  smaller,  especially  the  Jlowers, 
which  have  but  5  perfect  stamens,  and  their  blueish  petals  scarcely 
extend  beyond  the  calyx.  The  leaves  are  mostly  opposite,  more 
deeply  lobed,  each  lobe  oblong-wedge-shaped,  and  pretty  re- 
gularly 3-cleft.  But  the  clear  and  certain  specific  difference 
rests  on  the  capsules,  which  are  keeled,  and  quite  even,  not 
wrinkled  as  in  G.  molle,  neither  are  they  smooth  as  in  that,  but 
covered  with  close-pressed,  or  upright,  short  hairs.  The  seeds 
are,  like  those  of  the  molle,  quite  smooth ;  not  dotted  as  in  G. 
rotundifolium. 

For  the  accurate  discrimination  of  these  3  species  and  the  pyre- 
naicum,  about  which  all  botanists  had  been  uncertain,  I  am,  like 
Mr.  Curtis,  indebted  to  my  late  friend  Mr.  Davall.  They  can 
never  more  be  mistaken. 

The  variety  /3,  examined  in  the  Sherardian  herbarium  at  Oxford, 
differs  merely  in  being  much  smaller  than  usual.  Indeed  few 
plants  vary  more  in  size  than  the  present. 


MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Geranium.  239 

9.  (j . pyrenaicum.  Perennial  Dove's-foot  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Leaves  kidney-shaped,  lobed.  Capsules  keeled,  even, 
somewhat  downy.     Seeds  without  dots. 

G.  pyrenaicum.  Linn,  Mant.  97  and  257.     M'UlcL  Sp.PL  v.  3.  708. 

FL  Br.  735.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  6.  t.  405.  Huds.  302.  Curt.  Lond.fasc. 

3.  f.  42.    Light/.  367.     Hook.  Scot.  206.     DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  \. 

643.    Burm.  Ger.  27.    Cavan.  Diss.  203.  t.  79./.  2. 
G.  perenne.    Huds.  ed.  1.  265. 
G.  n.  12.     Ger.  Gallopr.  434.  t.  1  6./.  2. 
G.  columbinum  perenne  pyrenaicum  maximum.    Tourn.  Inst,  268. 

Herb.  Tourn. 

In  meadows  and  pastures. 

By  the  river  between  Bingley  and  Keighley,  Yorkshire  j  also  near 
Enfield,  and  about  Brompton,  Chelsea,  and  elsewhere  near 
London.  Huds.  About  Edinburgh.  Dr.  Parsons  and  others. 
At  East  Winch  and  West  Bilney,  Norfolk.  Mr.  Crowe.  Near 
Oxford,  iit  the  back  of  St.  John's  college.  Mr.  Woodward. 
Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  tuberous,  perennial.     Stems  2  or  3  feet  high,  upright,  leafy, 

branched,  clothed  with  spreading,  or  somewhat  defiexed,  fine, 

soft  hairs.     Leaves  deep  green,  finely  hairy,  rather  soft  to  the 

touch  J  the  lower  ones  on  very  long  stalks,  kidney-shaped,  2  or 

3  inches  wide,  lobed  more  or  less  deeply,  the  segments  notched, 

rounded  and  bluntish  ;  upper  ones  opposite,  on  shorter  stalks, 

with  fewer,  deeper,  more  spreading  lobes.  Stipulas  broad,  hairy, 

jagged  at  the  points.     FL  light  purple,  much  larger  than  those 

of  G.  molle.  Cal.  pointed,  downy  and  somewhat  fringed,  scarcely 

half  the  length  of  the  petals,  which  are  inversely  heart-shaped, 

with  short  very  hairy  claws.     Stam.  all  perfect,  but  the  5  outer 

ones,  as  Mr.  Curtis  remarks,  soon  drop  their  anthers,  whence 

they  have  been  supposed  originally  imperfect.     Caps,  keeled, 

even,  minutely  downy  all  over  when  young,  but  subsequently 

becoming  smoother.     Seeds  with  a  perfectly  even  surface. 

The ^ow;er6- are  sometimes  white.     Linnceus  confounded  this  with 

his  molle  originally,  and  it  is  also  the  large-flowered  7nulle  of 

Mr.  Curtis,  found  about  Chelsea  hospital.     His  figures  of  both 

are  excellent,  and  he  lias  correctly    described   their   capsules, 

though  he  did  not  contrast  them  in  the  specific  characters,  for 

which  these  parts  alone  are  all-sufficient. 

In  one  of  the  Linnaean  sj)ccimens  I  find  a  wrinkle  or-two  at  each 

side  of  the  keel,  of  some  of  the  capsules,  not  of  all,  nor  do  these 

by  any  means   resemble   the  copiously  wrinkled  capsules  of  G. 

molle. 


240  MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium. 

10.  G.rotundifolium,  Soft  Round-leaved  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Petals  entire.  Leaves  kidney-shaped, 
cut,  downy.     Capsules  even,  hairy.     Seeds  reticulated. 

G.rotundifolium.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  9^7.  lVilld.v.3.7\2.  FL  Br.736. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  3.  t.  lo7.  Light f.  1 1 06.  Hook.  Scot.  207  ?  De- 
Cand.  Prodr.  v.  1.  643.  Cavan.  Diss.  214.  t,  93./.  2.  Ehrh. 
Herb.  139. 

G.  malvaceum  a.    Burm.  Ger.  24. 

G.n.  941.    Hall.  Hist.v.].  405. 

Large-flowered  Dove  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64.  f.  5. 

In  waste  ground  and  barren  pastures,  as  also  on  walls  and  banks, 
but  not  very  common. 

About  Bath,  Bristol  and  London.  Huds.  At  Hackney  and  Isling- 
ton, and  at  Church  Bramton,  Northamptonshire.  Mr.  E.  Forster. 
Common  in  Suffolk.  Mr.  Woodward.  Near  North  Marchiston, 
the  seat  of  Principal  Robertson.  Dr.  Hope. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Whole  herb  peculiarly  soft,  like  velvet,  with  a  considerable  de- 
gree of  viscidity,  noticed  by  Haller.  In  general  appearance  it 
most  resembles  the  usual  state  of  G.  molle ;  but  all  the  leaves, 
even  the  uppermost,  are  opposite.  This  character  has  led  me  to 
transfer  to  the  molle  some  synonyms  of  old  authqrs,  applied  in 
Fl.Br.,  on  the  authority  of  C.  Bauhin  and  others,  to  the  present 
species  ;  for  the  alternate  leaves  in  their  figures,  not  to  men- 
tion other  characters,  when  carefully  examined,  agree  better 
with  that  far  more  common  plant  than  with  this.  The  Jiowers 
of  G.  rotundifolium  have  a  viscid  cahjx,  and  narrow,  undivided, 
light  crimson  petals.  Caps,  turgid,  thin,  slightly  keeled,  clothed 
with  prominent  hairs  -,  the  surface  quite  even,  never  wrinkled  ; 
the  awns  are,  in  like  manner,  hairy  externally.  Seeds  oval,  not 
so  properly  dotted,  as  entirely  covered  with  a  curious  net-work 
of  fine,  regular,  prominent  wrinkles  ;  which  obviously  and  de- 
cidedly distinguish  this  from  every  species  with  which  it  could 
be  confounded  ;  especially  from  molle  and  pusillum,  under  all 
their  different  aspects.  No  ambiguity  attends  this  character. 
DeCandolle  has  understood  and  adopted  it ;  Willdenow  omits 
it,  and  Cavanilles  says  the /rwi^  ^nA  seeds  oi  G.rotundifolium 
are  the  same  as  those  of  the  luciduni;  for  indeed  he  paid  no 
proper  attention  to  those  important  parts.  Lightfoot  does  not 
advert  to  the  seeds  of  the  rotundifolium ;  but  I  have  specimens 
from  himself  correctly  named.  We  now  readily  discriminate 
these  plants,  which  Haller  found  so  difficult,  and  Linnaeus  so 
little  understood.  No  part  of  our  whole  Flora  is  more  free 
from  obscurity  ;  nor  are  the  foreign  species  of  Geranium  and  its 
allies  less  capable  of  clear  illustration  on  the  same  principles. 


MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium.  241 

11.  G.  dissectum.     Jagged-leaved  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  two- flowered.  Petals  cloven.  Leaves  in  five  deep 
laciniated  segments.  Capsules  hairy.   Seeds  reticulated. 

G.  dissectum.  Linn.  Sp.PI.  956.  Willclv.3.7\2.  FL  Br.  737. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.W.  t.  753.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  45.  Hook.  Scot. 
208.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  643.  FL  Dan.  t.  936.  Cavan.  Diss. 
199.  ^  78./.  2. 

G.  n.  937.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  405. 

G.  columbinum  majus,  dissectis  foliis.  Ger.  Em.  938.  Raii  Sijn. 
ed.  2.  218.  ed.  3.  359  j  omitting  the  synonyms,  introduced  by  Dil- 
lenius. 

G.  columbinum  majus,  foliis  imis  longis,  usque  ad  pediculum  di- 
visis.  Moris,  v.  2.511.  sect.  5.  t.  15./.  3  j  very  bad.  Vaill.  Far. 
79.  f.  15./  2;  excellent. 

Jagged  Dove  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64./  6. 

(3.  G.  columbinum  maximum,  foliis  dissectis.  Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.219. 
ed.  3.360. 

Plot's  Jagged  Crane's-bill.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64./  7. 

In  barren  gravelly  waste  ground,  hedges,  and  fallow  fields,  fre- 
quent. 

Annual.    May,  June. 

Stems  weak  and  straggling,  12  or  18  inches  long,  branched,  leafy, 
somewhat  angular",  covered  with  short  deflexed  hairs.  Leaves 
firmer  in  substance  than  those  of  the  4  preceding,  and  divided 
very  nearly  to  the  bottom  into  5  or  7  principal  segments,  each 
of  which  is  also  cut  into  3  or  more,  jagged  or  entire,  narrow 
lobes  3  all  clothed  with  short,  scattered,  rather  close  hairs,  most 
abundant  on  the  ribs  beneath.  Footstalks  of  the  lower  leaves 
very  long  ;  of  the  upper  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  all  rough 
with  reflexed  hairs.  FL  pale  crimson,  rather  small,  on  short, 
axillary,  cloven  stalks.  Cal.  strongly  pointed.  Pet.  inversely 
heart-shaped,  hairy  at  the  claw.  Anth.  blue.  Caps,  wrinkled 
transversely  in  some  degree,  but  less  remarkably  than  those  of 
G.  molle,  and  clothed  with  ])rominent  hairs.  Seeds  oval,  rather 
larger  than  the  last,  and  in  like  manner  covered  with  beautiful 
more  prominent  reticulations.  The  whole  habit,  leaves  and  pe- 
tals of  the  two  species  are  abundantly  different. 

/3  is  hardly  a  variety. 

12.  G.  columbinum.     Long-stalked  Crane's-bill. 
Stalks  two-flowcrcd,  tliricc  as  long  as  the  leaves,  which  are 

in  five,  very  deep,  laciniated  segmrnts.      Ca})sules  quite 

even  and  smooth.     Seeds  reticulated. 
G.  columbinum.     Linn.  Sp.PL9b{\.  mild.  v.  3.7  W.    11.  Br.  737. 

Ent^l.  Bot.  V.  4.  t.  259.      Hook.  Scot.  208.     DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 . 

G43.     Cavan.  Diss.  200.  /.  82./  1 .     FL  Dan.  t.  1222. 
vol..  m.  K 


242  MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium. 

G.  n.  938.    Hall  Hist.  v.]AOd. 

G,  columbinum,  dissectis  foliis,  pediculis  florum  longissimis.  Rail 
Syn.  ed.  2.  218.  ed.  3.  359.     Vaill  Far.  79.  1. 15./.  4. 

G.  columbinum  annuum  minus,  folio  tenuius  laciniato,  flore  pedi- 
culo  longissimo  insistente.  Moris,  v.  2.  512.  sect.  5.  t.  15./.  5  j 
verv  bad. 

G.  quartum.    Fuchs.  Hist. 207.  f.    Ic.\\7.f. 

G.  gruinale^  folio  tenuiter  diviso.  Banh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.474./; 
copied  from  Fuchsius. 

Gruinalis.    Dalech. Hist.  1 2/8. /;  from  the  same. 

Bobart's  long  cut  Crane's-bill.    Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64.  f.  8. 

In  fields,  or  on  dry  banks,  on  a  gravelly  or  limestone  soil,  spa- 
ringly, in  various  parts  of  Britain. 

Annual.    J  line ,  July.  .  - 

Root  tapering.  Whole  herb  slender,  mostly  procumbent,  bright 
green,  clothed  with  small,  rigid,  close,  bristly  hairs  ;  those  of 
the  stem  and  stalks  pointing  downwards,  the  rest  upwards. 
Leaves  divided  to  the  very  base  into  5  pinnatifid  or  cut,  lobes, 
with  linear,  acute,  rough  segments,  not  at  all  soft  or  downy. 
Flower-stalks  axillary,  slender,  cloven  about  the  middle,  spread- 
ing, thrice  as  long  as  the  adjoining  leaves  and  their  footstalks, 
Bracteas  aggregate  at  the  bases  and  forks  of  the  flower-stalks, 
awl-shaped,  red.  Fl.  of  a  blueish  rose-colour,  larger  than  the 
last.  Cal.  pyramidal,  rough,  strongly  awned.  Pet.  sometimes 
slightly  notched,  sometimes  pointed.  Anth.  blue.  Caps,  keeled, 
peculiarly  smooth  and  even.  Awns  scarcely  rough.  Seeds  finely 
reticulated. 

Dillenius,  in  his  edition  of  Ray's  Synopsis,  has  applied  the  above 
synonyms  of  Fuchsius  and  J,  Bauhin  to  G.  dissectum,  commend- 
ing that  of  Fuchsius  ;  but  the  slightest  inspection  will  detect 
his  error.  Ray's  own  synonyms,  always  the  most  correct,  must 
be  sought  in  his  2d  edition. 

13.  G.  sanguineu7n.     Bloody  Crane's-bill. 

Stalks  single-flow^ered.  Leaves  roundish,  in  five  or  seven, 
deeply  separated,  three-cleft  lobes.  Capsules  even ;  bristly 
at  the  summit.     Seeds  minutely  wrinkled. 

G.  sanguineum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  958.  Willd.  v.  3.  697.    Fl.  Br.  738. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  4.  f.  272.  Hook.  Scot.  206.  Lond.  1. 155,  excellent. 

Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  16.19.     DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  639.     "  Fl. 

Dan.  t.  1 107."     Bull.  Fr.  t.  12.       Cavan.  Diss.  195.  t.  76.  f.  1. 

Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  478.  f 
G.  n.  930.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  402. 
G.  hsematodes.    RaiiSijn.360.    Clus.  Pan.  4\9.f.  42\.    Hist.v.2. 

102.  f    Dalech.  Hist.  \27 9.  f 
G.  columbinum  erectum,  tenuiiis  laciniatum,  flore  magno.     Loes. 

Pruss. 103.  t.  18. 


MONADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Geranium.  243 

G.  sanguinarium,     Ger.  Em.9Ai).f. 

G.  sextum.    Fuc lis.  Hist.  209.  f. 

Sanaruinaria  radix.     Trag.  Hist.  343./. 

Bloody  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64.  f.  9. 

/3.  Geranium  hsematodes,  foliis  majoribus,  pallidioribus^  et  altius 
incisis.    Raii  Sijn.  ed.2.2\9.  ed.3.  360. 

Jagged  Bloody  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64.  f.  10. 

y.  Geranium  hsematodes  Lancastrense,  flore  eleganter  striato.  Raii 
Syn.  eel.  2.  219.  ed.  3. 360.    Dill.  Elth.  1  63.  /.  136. 

G.  lancastriense.     mth.  600.    Hull  ed.  1.  1.52. 

G.  prostratum.     Cavan.  Diss.  196.  t.  76.  f.  3. 

Striped  Bloody  Crane's-bill.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  64.  f.  1 1 . 

In  bushy,  stony,  rather  hilly  situations,  or  upon  limestone  rocks. 

y.  On  the  sandy  coast  of  the  isle  of  Walney,  Lancashire. 

Perennial.    July — September. 

Root  stout  and  woody,  knotty,  of  a  dark  reddish  brown,  and  an  as- 
tringent quality,  creeping,'  as  Dr.  Hooker  observes,  considera- 
bly. Stems  several,  lax  and  spreading,  li  or  2  feet  long,  often 
prostrate,  as  in  /3,  or  pendulous  in  craggy  situations  3  round, 
branched,  leafy  ;  the  hairy  pubescence  horizontally  prominent. 
Xeat-es  opposite,  stalked,' dark  green,  roughish,  deeply  lobed 
and  cut ;  their  outline  somewhat  orbicular.  Stijntlas  short  and 
broad,  hairy.  Flower-stalks  very  long,  solitary  and  single-flow- 
ered, though  with  a  joint,  and  pair  of  small  bracteas,  above  the 
middle.  Fl.  large,  above  an  inch  broad,  of  a  fine  crimson  or 
blood-colour  ;  in  /3  flesh-coloured,  with  purple  veins.  Cal. 
awned,  generally  .5 -ribbed.  Pet.  inversely  heart-shaped.  Caps. 
keeled,  even,  a  little  downy,  and  crowned  with  several  white 
bristles.  Seeds  rather  kidney-shaped,  dark  brown,  not  smooth, 
but  all  over  very  curiously  and  minutely  wrinkled  and  dotted, 
as  described  in  Fl.  Br. ;  sometimes  2  in  each  capsule. 
The  late  Mr.  Davall  sent  from  Switzerland  a  variety  with  2  flow- 
ers on  each  stalk,  which  Haller  says  is  not  rare.  W^e  have  no 
tidings  of  any  such  in  Britain. 
The  maritime  varieties  with  white  flowers,  so  frequent  m  some  of 
this  genus,  as  well  as  in  Erodium,  seem  to  account  for  the  pale 
hue  of  our  variety  p.  This  is  not  always  prostrate,  and  though 
constant  in  colour  when  cultivated,  p'rescnts  no  good  specific 
distinction. 


244 


MONADELPHIA   rOLYANDBU. 
347.  ALTHiEA.     Marsh-mallow. 

Linn.  Gen.  353.      Jiiss.272.     Fl.Br.739.     DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  \. 
436.    Lam.t.bSX.    Gcsrtn.t.  136. 

Nat.  Ord.  CoUimniferce.  Linn.  37.  Malvacece,  Juss.  74. 
Two  following  genera  the  same. 

Cal.  double,  permanent ;  outer  smallest,  of  1  leaf,  in  about 
9  narrow  deep  segments ;  inriei^  of  1  leaf;  divided  half 
way  down  into  5  broader  segments.  Pet.  5,  inversely 
heart-shaped,  abrupt,  rather  oblique,  flat,  attached  by 
their  broad  claws  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube  of  the  sta- 
mens. Filam.  numerous,  capillary,  united  below  into  a 
tube ;  separate  in  the  upper  part,  both  at  the  summit 
and  sides.  Anth,  somewhat  kidney-shaped.  Germ,  or- 
bicular, depressed.  Style  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  tube 
of  the  filaments.  Stigmas  about  20,  bristle-shaped,  nearly 
the  length  of  the  style.  Capsules  as  many  as  the  stigmas, 
compressed,  ranged  in  a  circle  ronnd  the  columnar  r^- 
ceptacle^  each  of  2  valves  and  1  cell,  finally  deciduous. 
Seeds  solitary,  kidney-shaped,  compressed. 

Upright  her^bs,  either  finely  downy,  or  hairy,  with  lobed, 
usually  palmate,  toothed,  stalked,  alternate  leaves.  Sti- 
pulas  in  pairs.  Fl.  stalked,  aggregate,  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, reddish. 

Alcea,  the  Hollyhock,  is  united  to  this  genus,  perhaps  just- 
ly, by  Schreber,  Jussieu,  DeCandolle  and  others,  as  dif- 
fering chiefly  in  the  fewer  segments  of  its  exterior  calyx. 

1.  A.  officinalis.     Common  Marsh-mallow. 

Leaves  simple,  very  soft  and  downy,  slightly  five-lobed. 

A.  officinalis.      Unn.  Sp.  Fl.  966.      M^illd.  v.  3.  770.     Fl.  Br.  739. 

Engl.Bot.v.3.t.\47.  JVoodv.t.  53.  Hook.  Scot.  20S.  DeCand. 

Prodr.  V.  1 .  436.      Fl.  Dan.  t.  530.      Cavan.  Diss.  93.  t.  30./.  2. 

Bull.  Fr.  t.  373. 
A.n.  1074.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  2. 23. 
A.  vulgaris.    Raii  Syn.  252. 
A.  Ibiscus.     Ger.  Em.  933.  f. 
Althaea.     Fuchs.  Hist.  \5.f.      Ic.  7.f.      Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  276./. 

Camer.  Epit.  667.  f.    Dalcch.  Hist.  590.  f. 
/3.  A.  vulgari  similis^  folio  retiiso  brevi.    Raii  St/u.  252. 


MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.    Malva.    245 

In  marshes^  especially  towards  the  sea^  abundantly. 

Perennial.    July — September. 

Root  tap-shaped,  rather  woody.  Herb  of  a  hoary  green,  peculiarly 
soft  and  downy,  with  fine  starry  pubescence.  Stems  several, 
about  a  yard  high,  simple,  round,  leafy,  tough  and  pliant. 
Leaves  ovate   or  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  various  in  breadth, 

■  plaited,  5 -ribbed,  unequally  serrated,  soft  and  pliable,  more  or 
less  deeply  divided  into  5  acute  lobes.  FL  in  very  short,  dense, 
axillary  panicles,  rarely  solitary,  of  a  delicate  uniform  blush- 
colour,  not  inelegant.  Outer  calyx,  with  8,  9,  10  or  12  divi- 
sions. 

The  whole  plant,  especially  the  root,  yields  in  decoction  a  plen- 
tiful tasteless  colourless  mucilage,  very  salutaiy  in  cases  of  in- 
ternal irritation. 

348.  MALVA.     Mallow. 

Lm«.Ge«.  354.  J?m.  272.  R  Br.  740.  DeCand.Prodr.  vAA'dO. 
Tourn.  t.  24.    Lam.  t.  582.     Gcertn.  t.  13G. 

Nat.  Orel,  see  ii.  347. 

Cal.  double,  permanent;  outer  smallest,  of  3  ovate  acute 
leaves ;  iimer  of  1  leaf,  divided  half  way  down  into  5 
broader  segments.  Pet.  5,  inversely  heart-shaped,  abrupt, 
rather  oblique,  fiat,  their  claws  attached  to  the  tube  of 
the  stamens.  Filam.  numerous,  capillary,  united  below 
into  a  tube ;  separate  at  the  summit.  Aiith.  kidney- 
shaped.  Germ,  orbicular,  depressed.  Sti/Ie  cylindrical. 
Stigmas  numerous,  about  the  same  length,  bristle-shaped. 
Caps,  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  compressed,  ranged  in  a 
circle  round  the  columnar  receptacle,  each  of  2  valves 
and  1  cell,  finally  deciduous.  Seeds  kidney-shaped,  so- 
litary ;  rarely  2  or  3. 

Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  downy  or  hairy.  Leaves  simple, 
mostly  plaited  and  lobed.  Fl.  purplish,  or  white ;  in 
several  exotic  species  yellow;  all  axillary  or  terminal, 
generally  stalked  and  aggregate.  Quahties  mucilaginous. 
Fibres  of  the  bark  tough. 

1.  M.  sf//vcslris.     Common  Mallow. 

Stem  upright,  herbaceous.  Leaves  with  seven  acute  lobes. 
Footstalks  and  flower-stalks  hairy. 

M.  sylvestrie.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  969.  IViWl  v.  3.  7^7.  Fl.  Br.  740. 
Fnfrl.  But.  V.  \  0.  /.  07 1 .  Curt.  Lonil.fasc.  2.  t.  5 1 .  U'oodv.  t.  54. 
Hook.  Scot.  2()H.  (irr.  Em.  930./.  JhCaud.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  432. 
Cavan.  Diss.  7H.  t.  20./.  2.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  1 223.  Bull.  Fr.  t.  225. 
/:/.r/j. /7.0//:34H. 


2^6    MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.     Malva. 

M.  n.  1069.    Hall  Hist.  V.  2.  22, 

M.  vulgaris.     Rail  Sijn.  25 1 . 

M.  equina.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  2.  71- f. 

M.  sylvestris  elatior.    Fuchs.  Hist.  509./.    Ic.  29 1 ./. 

Malva.    Matth.  Valgr.  i;.  1 .  413./.     Camer.  Epit.  238./ 

About  hedges,  road  sides,  and  in  cultivated  as  well  as  waste  ground, 
common. 

Perennial.    May — August. 

Root  tapering,  branching,  whitish.  Stem  much  branched  and 
widely  spreading,  1|  to  3  feet  high  ;  in  a  barren  soil  recumbent. 
Leaves  deep  green,  soft  and  downy,  serrated,  plaited  3  the  up- 
permost with  fewer,  but  deeper,  more  acute,  lobes,  than  the 
lower  ones.  Fl.  numerous,  of  a  shining  purple,  veiny,  on  sim- 
ple, aggregate,  hairy,  axillary  stalks.  Pollen  whitish,  large. 
External  part  of  the  capsules  reticulated. 

Mucilaginous  and  emollient  like  the  Marsh-mallow. 

2.  M.  rotundifolia.     Dwarf  Mallow. 

Stems  prostrate.  Leaves  roundish-heart-shaped,  bluntly 
five-lobed.     Stalks  when  in  fruit  bent  downwards. 

M.  rotundifolia.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  9^9.    Willd.v.3.7S6.    Fl.Br.74]. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  16.  t.]  092.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  43.  Hook.  Scot. 

208.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  432.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  72 1 .     Cavan.  Diss. 

79.t.26.f.3.    Bull.Fr.t.Ul. 
M.  n.  1070.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  22. 
M.  sylvestris  minor.     Raii  Syn.  25 1 . 
M.  sylvestris  pumila.      Ger.  Em.  930.f.     Fuchs.  Hist.  50S.f.     Ic. 

290./.    Dod.  Pempt.  653./ 
Malva.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  2.  70./. 
/3.  M.  pusilla.    Engl.  Bot.  V. 4.  t.  241.    With.  6\2. 
M.  parviflora.    Huds.  307  ;  not  of  Linn. 
M.  minor,  flore  parvo  cseruleo.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  25 1 . 

In  waste  ground,  and  by  way  sides  in  towns  or  villages,  frequent. 

(3.  Near  Hithe  in  Kent.  Sherard,  and  Hudson. 

Annual.     June — September. 

Root  tapering.  Whole  plant  smaller  than  the  last,  and  quite  pros- 
trate, with  numerous  stems,  scarcely  branched.  Leaves  on  long 
stalks,  with  5, often  7,  shallow  lobes.  F/.pale  lilac-coloured,  se- 
veral together,  on  axillary  hairy  stalks.  Pet.  usually  above  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  but  in  /3  they  are  only  as  long  as  that 
part,  pale,  and  very  inconspicuous.  Caps,  reticulated  at  the 
back,  in  both  varieties,  as  in  M.  sylvestris. 

M.  microcarpa,  DeCand.  n.  37,  sent  by  M.  Thouin  from  the  Paris 
garden,  has  prostrate  stems,  and  ap))ears  to  me  but  a  slight  va- 
riety of  rotundifolia,  with  rather  fimcdlerjlowers  than  usual. 


MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.    Malva.    L^47 

3.  M.  moschata.     Musk  Mallow. 

Radical  leaves  kidney-shaped,  cut ;  the  rest  in  five  deep, 
pinnatifid,  jagged  segments.  Calyx  hairy ;  its  outer  leaves 
linear-lanceolate. 

M.  moschata.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  97 1 .     mild.  v.  3.  790.      Ft.  Br.  7-12. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  W.  t.  754.     Cart.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t. TjO.  Sims  in  Curt. 

Mag.  V.  49.  t.  2298.  Hook.  Scot.  209.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1. 432. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.  90.3.     Cavan.  Diss.  7(j.  t.  18./.  1. 
M.  n.  1072.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  23. 
M.  montana,  sive  Alcea  rotundifolia   laciniata.    Column.  Ecphr. 

148.  t.  147. 
Alcea  tenuifolia  crispa.     Bauh.  Hist.v.2.\0%7 .f.     Dill,  in  Rati 

Sy7i.2D3. 
A.  vulgaris.    Rail  Syn.  ed.  2.  139.  ed  3.  252.     All  the  synonyms, 

in  both  places,  wrong. 
A.  folio  rotundo  laciniato.  Bauh.  Pin.  316.  Moris,  v.  2.527.  sect.j. 

t.\s.j:4. 

In  the  grassy  borders  of  fields,  and  by  way  sides,  on  a  gravelly 
soil. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  tough  and  woody.  Herb  bright  green,  more  or  less  rough 
with  spreading,  simple,  not  starry,  hairs,  unaccompanied  by 
any  short,  dense,  woolly  pubescence,  and  exhaling  a  musky 
odour,  especially  in  hot  weather,  or  when  drawn  lightly  through 
the  hand.  Stems  about  2  feet  high,  leafy,  round,  but  little 
branched.  Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  smaller,  rounder,  and 
less  deeply  lobed  than  the  upper  ones,  soon  withering  away  j 
stem-leaves  divided  to  the  very  base  into  5  pinnatifid  lobes,  all 
whose  segments  are  linear,  acute,  channelled,  and  frequently 
undulated,  usually  in  some  degree  hairy,  seldom  quite  smooth. 
Fl.  on  long,  axillary,  simple  stalks,  rose-coloured,  large  and 
handsome.  Cal.  paler  than  the  foliage,  coarsely  hairy  or  bristly  ; 
its  3  outer  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  Pe/.  wedge-shaped,  slightly 
cloven,  jagged.     Caps,  clothed  with  dense  silky  hairs. 

The  white-flowered  variety,  figured  by  Dr.  Sims,  is  kept  for  cu- 
riosity in  gardens.  It  di'lVers  in  no  other  resi)cct  from  the,  more 
beautiful,  wild  plant.  The  musky  scent  undoubtedly  proceeds 
from  the  herbage,  as  described  in  Fl.  Br.  and  Fugt.  Bot.,  not 
from  the  flowers. 

We  scarcely  ever  find  our  great  countryman,  Kay,  in  an  error, 
but  in  this  instance  he  mistook  the  plant  of  the  Bauhins,  whose 
Alcea  vulgaris  Is  Malva  Alcea  of  LinniFUs,  Fhrh.  PI.  Off.  118, 
figured  in  Millers  Iconcs,  t.\7,  and  in  Pctiv.  //.  Brii.  t.39.f.  12. 
Miller  indeed,  like  Hudson,  has  erred  in  making  both  these 
plants  tiutives  of  England,  and  many  authors  have  either  taken 
them  for  the  same,  or  ccaifounded  tiuir  synonyms.  M.  Ahca  may 
be  eleailv  known  bv  the  broader  and  more  flat  segments  of  it^ 


248  MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.  Lavatera. 

leaves ;  somewhat  starry,  depressed  pubescence,  which  is  very 
dense  and  matted  upon  the  calyx;  but  most  essentially  by  the 
outer  leaves  of  this  part  being  ovate.  The  stems  too  are  taller, 
and  tlie  plant  has  no  smell  of  musk, 

349.  LAVATERA.     Tree-mallow. 

Linn.  Gen.  354.  Juss.  272.  Fl.  Br.  742.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1.  438. 
Dill.  Gen.  155.  t.  10.    Lam.  i.  582.     Gcertn.  1. 136. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n,  347. 

Cal.  double,  permanent ;  outer  largest,  of  1  leaf,  in  3  broad, 
deep,  spreading  segments ;  iniie?'  of  1  leaf,  divided  half 
way  down  into  5  more  upright  and  acute  lobes.  Pet,  5, 
inversely  heart-shaped,  abrupt,  flat,  spreading,  attached 
by  their  contracted  claws  to  the  tube  of  the  stamens. 
Filam.  numerous,  capillary,  united  below  into  a  cylin- 
drical tube  ;  separate  in  the  upper  part,  both  at  the  sum- 
mit and  sides.  AntJu  kidney-shaped.  Germ,  orbicular, 
depressed.  Style  cylindrical,  with  a  conical  permanent 
base.  Stigmas  rather  numerous,  7 — 14,  bristle-shaped, 
as  long  as  the  style.  Caps,  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  com- 
pressed, either  tumid,  or  concave  and  wrinkled,  at  the 
back,  ranged  in  a  circle  round  the  colunniar  receptacle, 
which  in  some  species  is  greatly  dilated ;  each  of  2  valves 
and  1  cell,  finally  deciduous.  Seeds  solitary,  kidney- 
shaped. 

Mostly  arborescent,  soft  and  densely  downy ;  the  pubes- 
cence in  some  instances  starry.  Leaves  lobed,  serrated, 
stalked.     Fl.  axillary,  stalked,  red  or  whitish. 

1 .  L.  arbor  ea.     Sea  Tree -mallow. 

Stem  arboreous.  Leaves  downy,  plaited,  with  seven  an- 
gles.    Stalks  axillary,  aggregate,  single-flowered. 

L.  arborea.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  972.     Willd.  v.  3.  793.      Fl.  Br.  742. 

Engl.Bot.v.26.t.\84\.  Hook.  Scot.  209.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  I. 

439.    Cavan.  Diss.86  and  282.  t.  139./.  2. 
Malva  arborea  marina  nostras.    Merr.  Pin.  75. 
M.  maritima  arborea  nostras,    Moris,  v.  2. 523.    Sibb.  Scot,  part  2. 

37. 

On  maritime  rocks,  but  rare. 

At  Hurst  castle,  over  against  the  isle  of  Wight ;  in  Portland  island  j 
on  Caldy  island,  in  Carmarthen  bay  ;  and  on  the  Basse  island, 
Scotland.  Ratj.  On  Inch-Garvy,  and  Mykrie-Inch,  in  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  Sihbald.  In  Cornwall  and  Devonshire. /M/io;/.  Pem- 
brokeshire. Mr.  Adams. 


MONADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.    Lavatera.  249 

Biennial.    July — October. 

Root  much  branched,  running  deep  into  the  ground.  Stem  from 
6  to  10  feet  high,  upright,  strait,  thick,  scarred  j  simple  be- 
low J  branching  into  a  leafy  head  ;  the  branches  besprinkled 
with  fine,  deflexed,  compound,  bristly  hairs.  Leaves  of  a  grey- 
ish green,  pliant,  soft  and  downy,  alternate,  on  long  footstalks ; 
their  margin  in  7  shallow  crenate  lobes.  Fl.  much  like  those 
of  the  common  Malva  sylvestris,  in  general  appearance,  but 
darker  towards  the  middle,  and  the  woolly  calyx  very  different 
in  structure,  as  described  in  the  generic  character.  Caps.  7  or  8, 
reticulated,  smooth. 

This  Lavatera,  if  allowed  to  scatter  its  seeds  in  a  garden,  will 
spring  up  for  many  successive  years,  and  the  young  plants  will 
now  and  then  survive  one  or  more  mild  winters  3  but  having 
once  blossomed  it  perishes. 


Class  XVn.    DIADELPHIA. 

Filaments  combined;  in  two  sets. 

Order  /.     HEXANDRIA.     Stamens  6. 

350.  FUMARI A.    Cal.  of  2  leaves.    Co?-,  ringent,  promi- 

nent, and  bearing  honey,  at  the  base.     'Eiichjilamcnt 
with  three  anthers. 

Order  II.     OCTANDRLi.     Stamens  8. 

351 .  POLYG  AL  A.    Two  segments  of  the  cahja:  like  wings. 

Standard  of  the  corolla  cylindrical.     Caps,  of  2  cells 
and  2  valves.     Seeds  solitary,  crestecL  . 

Order  III.     DECANDRIA.     Stamens  10. 

*  Stam,  all  connected  at  the  base,  the  tube  mostly  split  along 
its  upper  side* 

352.  SPARTIUM.     Filaiyi,    all  forming  a  simple   tube. 

Stigma  lateral,  linear,  hairy.     Legume  flat. 

353.  GENISTA.     Filam.  upwards  in  2  sets.     Stig7n.  ter- 

minal, somewhat  capitate.     Legume  turgid.     Pistil 
depressing  the  keel.     Standard  reflexed. 

354'.   ULEX.     Cal.  of  2  leaves,  nearly  as  long  as  the  le- 
gume. 

356.  ANTHYLLIS.     Cal.  inflated,  including  the  legume. 

355.  ONONIS.     Cal.  in  5  deep  segments.     Legume  rhom- 
boid, sessile.     Standard  striated. 

**  Stigma,   or  style,  domiy ;  *witho2it  the  character  of  the 
former  section. 

3BS,  OROBUS.     Style  linear,  nearly  cylindrical.    Stigma 
along  the  upper  side,  downy. 


251 


liDua 


357.   PI  SUM.     %/^  triaiigukr.     Stigma  along  iheinom 
neiit  upper  angle,  downy. 

359.  LATHYRI '  S.      Sftjlc  flattened    vertically.     Si  ^ 

along  the  dilated  upper  half  of  the  style,  downy. 

360.  VICIA.     St7/le  bearded  in  fi'ont,  below  the  stigma, 

361.  ERVUM.     Stigma  capitate,  all  over  downy. 

***   Legume  more  or  less  jieifectli/  2-celled ;   \i:ithotd  the 
former  characters. 

365.  ASTRAGALUS.     Legume  tumid,  of  2  longitudinal 

cells. 

*###   Legume  with  scarcely  ino7'e  than  1  seed;  without  the 
former  characters, 

366.  TRIFOLIUM.      Legume   hardly    longer    than    the 

calyx,    widi   1    seed,    rarely   more,   deciduous,   not 
bursting. 

###*#  Legume  either  jointed^  or  spiral;  without  the  former 

characters. 
364'.  HEDYSARUM.    Z^^^oz^m^ofl  or  more,  compressed, 
close,  single-seeded  joints.     Keel  very  obtuse. 

362.  ORNITHOPUS.      Legume   somewhat   cyhndrical, 

curved,  of  many  close,  single-seeded  joints.     Keel 
rounded. 

363.  HIPPOCREPIS.    Z.t'07//«6' compressed,  partly  mem- 

branous,  incurved,  with  many  curved  joints  ;  one 
suture  widi  several  notches. 
368.  MEDICAGO.  Z.^/rw;«^  spiral,  compressed,  somewhat 
membranous.     Pistil  pressing  the  heel  downwards. 

##*##*  Le"ume  of  \  cell,  with  numerous  seeds ;  without  the 
former  characters. 

367.  LOTUS.  Legume  cylindrical,  spongy  within.  Wings 
converging  at  their  upper  edges.  Filam.  partly  di- 
lated. 


'252 


DIADELPHIA  HEXANDRIA. 
350.  FUMARIA,     Fumitory. 

Lmn.Gen.362.    Juss.237.    Fl.Br.748.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.2.  \3\. 

Tourn.t.237.    Lam.  t.  597.     Gcvrtn.  t.  Wo. 
Coiydalis.    DeCand.  Syst,  v.  2.  1 13. 
Capnoides.     Gcertn.  t.\\5. 

Nat.  Orel.  Cor-ydales,  Linn.  24,  Pajpaveracecc,  Juss.  62. 
Ftimariacece,  DeCand.  Syst.  10. 

Col.  inferior,  of  2  opposite,  erect,  acute,  small,  membra- 
nous, deciduous  leaves.  Cor»  oblong,  tubular,  ringent, 
with  a  prominent  palate,  closing  the  mouth  :  pet,  4,  more 
or  less  combined ;  upper  lip  flat,  obtuse,  notched,  re- 
flexed  ;  its  base  prominent,  obtuse,  constituting  the  nee- 
tary ;  lower  lip  like  the  upper,  sometimes  with  a  similar 
prominent  nectary,  sometimes  only  keeled,  at  the  base ; 
2  interior  petgis  alternate  with  the  2  lips,  linear-oblong, 
slightly  connected  by  their  callous  tips.  Filam,  2,  awl- 
shaped,  flat,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  1  within  each  lip. 
Anth,  roundish,  3  terminating  each  filament.  Germ,  su- 
perior, roundish  or  oblong,  compressed,  pointed.  Style 
terminal,  short.  Stigma  compressed,  of  2  flat  lobes. 
Pod  roundish  or  oblong,  of  1  cell,  with  1  or  many  po- 
lished, crested  seeds. 

M.  DeCandolle  remarks  that  each  prominence,  at  the  base 
of  the  corolla,  contains  a  nectariferous  gland  ;  and  that 
each  of  the  lateral  anthers  has  but  one  cell,  there  being 
therefore  only  8  cells,  or,  properly  speaking,  4  anthers  in 
all.  But  it  is  easier  to  understand  them  as  2  double- 
celled,  and  4  single-celled,  anthers. 

The  plants  are  herbaceous,  smooth,  brittle,  with  annual  or 
perennial  roots,  in  the  latter  case  sometimes  tuberous. 
Stems  simple  or  branched,  mostly  angular.  Leaves  stalk- 
ed, variously  compound.  FL  clustered,  with  partial 
hracteas.  Cor.  purple,  red,  yellow,  or  white,  often  partly 
green.  Seed-vessels  very  various,  insomuch  that  many 
botanists,  in  former  times  as  well  as  in  our  days,  have 
subdivided  the  genus  by  its  fruit,  and  the  Linnaean  Fu- 
maria  makes  a  whole  natural  order  of  M.  DeCandolle. 
Linnaeus  considered  this  as  a  genus  in  which  one  part  of 
the  fructification  wanders,  or  is  itregular,  of  which  there 
doubtless  are  many  instances ;  but  the  present  is  an  ex- 


DIADELPHIA— HEXA^U:)IIIA.    Fumaria.       2.53 

treme  case  of  that  kind,  the  fruit  being  so  unportant  a 
part,  and  so  very  different  in  some  of  the  species. 

*  Pod  'With  manxj  seeds.  Ncctarij  single,  Corydahs.  DeCand. 

1.  F.  solida.     Solid  Bulbous  Fumitory. 

Stem  mostly  simple,  erect.  Leaves  twice  ternate.  Bracteas 
palmate,  longer  than  each  flower-stalk. 

F.  solida.     Linn.  Ms.  in  Sp.  PL 983.    Fl.  Br.  748.    Engl.  Bot.  v.2\. 

#.1471.     Curt.  Mag.  t.  23 1 .    Ehrh.  Beilr.  v.  6.  146. 
F.  bulbosa  ^  and  y.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  983. 
F.  intermedia.     JVith.  620.  L  29. 
F.  Halleii.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  863.    FL  Dan.  t.  1 224. 
F.  n.349.     HalLHist.v.  1.  151. 
F.  bulbosa,  radice  non  cava^  major.    Bauh.  Pin.  144. 
F.  tuberosa  minor,  radice  non  cava.    Moris,  r.  2 .  26 1 .  sect.  3.  /.  12. 

F.  bulbosa,  radice  solida,  calcari  et  folio  cristato.    Bauh.  Hist  v.  3. 

p.  1.205./. 
Corydalis  bulbosa.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  1 1 9. 
Radix  cava  minor.     Ger.  Em.  1091 ./.     Dod.  Pempt.  327.  f. 
Capnos  fabaceu  radice.    Dalech.  Hist.  1294./.    Park.  Parad.  279. 

Fabacea  radice  Capnos  altera.    Lob.  Obs.  439.  f. 

In  groves  and  thickets,  but  sparingly  ;  perhaps  a  doubtful  native. 

About  Kendal,  and  in  other  parts  of  Westmoreland ;  also  at  IVrry 
Hall,  near  Birmingham,  inthering.  At  Wickham,  Hampshire. 
Rev.  T.  Gamier. 

Perennial.    Jpril,  May. 

Root  orbicular,  depressed,  of  several  flcj^hy  coats,  but  not  hollow. 
Stem  solitary,  erect,  a  little  zigzag,  angular,  leafy,  almost  always 
simple,  a  span  high,  with  a  lanceolate  sheath  or  two  near  the 
bottom.  Leaves  2  or  3,  scattered,  on  channelled  footstalks, 
twice  ternate,  notched,  glaucous.  Cluster  terminal,  solitary, 
erect,  of  from  10  to  15  variegated,  purplish,  inodorous  /towers, 
each  witii  a  long,  ascending,  blunt  spur,  and  a  slight  })ale  jiro- 
minence  at  the  ojjposite  side.  Bracteas  wedge-shaped,  palmate, 
five-cleft,  glaucous,  solitary  at  the  base  of  each  partial  stalk, 
which  they  exceed  a  little  in  length.  Cat.  very  minute,  rounded. 
Pod  short',  bursting  at  the  base.     Seeds  several. 

2.   F.  li/fca.     Wllow  Finnitory. 

Pods  nearly  cylindrical,  shorter  than  their  stalks.  Stem  an- 
gular, erect.      Hracteas  minute.     Spur  short,  rounded. 

F.  lutea.  Li/i/t.  3^/;/^2.258.  ffiltd.  Sp.  PL  v.3.Hl]:,.  Fl  lir.  7 49. 
EngL  Bot.  r.9./.5S8.    Bauh.  Pin.  143.    MUl.  Ic.9\ .  t.\30.l'.  I. 


254       DIADELPHIA-^HEXANDRIA.   Funiaria. 

Mill,  lllusir.  t.  60.    Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2.  v.  4.  240.     Ger. 

Em.  ]  088.  f. 
F.  n.  347.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.150. 
F.  capnoides.     With.  620. 

F.  corydalis.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  503./.     Camer.  Epit.  892./. 
F.  lutea  montana.    Lob.  Obs.  438./.     Ic.  758./     Dalech.  Hist. 

1293.  f.    Moris.  V.  2.260.  sect.  3.  t.\2.f.  4;  bad. 
F.  tingitana,  radice  fibrosa,  perennis,  &c.  Pluk.  Almag.  162.  Phyt. 

t.  90.  f.  2. 
Pseudo-Fumaria,  flore  luteo.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  74.  f. 
Capnoides  lutea.     G(£rin.  v.  2.  163.  1. 1 1.5. 
Corydalis  capnoides  /3.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  126. 

On  old  walls ;  perhaps  naturalized. 

Near  Castleton,  Derbyshire,  far  from  any  garden  ;  Mr.  Howard, 
on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Robson.  With.  Near  Fountain's  Hall, 
by  Fountain's  Abbey,  Yorkshire.     Mr.  W.  Brunton,jun. 

Perennial.    May. 

Root  of  numerous  fibres.  Stem  erect,  a  foot  high,  and,  like  the 
footstalks,  triangular,  brittle,  juicy,  reddish  and  shining.  Leaves 
thrice  ternate,  of  a  bright,  rather  glaucous,  green  ;  leaflets  wedge- 
shaped,  with  rounded  lobes.  Ft.  in  a  solitary,  terminal,  upright 
cluster,  scentless,  lemon-coloured,  with  deep-yellow  lips.  Brac- 
teas  very  small,  ovate  or  awl-shaped,  serrated,,  acute,  much 
shorter  than  ihejlower-stalks.  Calyx-leaves  ovate,  or  lanceolate, 
with  blunt  points,  membranous,  soon  deciduous.  Spur  of  the 
corolla  rounded,  incurved,  very  much  shorter  than  the  stalk,  as 
is  likewise  the  rather  compressed  and  quadrangular  pod. 

Linnaeus  at  first  confounded  this  with  his  F.  capnoides,  but  subse- 
quently took  great  pains  to  distinguish  the  lutea  and  its  syno- 
nyms. The  true  capnoides,  preserved  in  his  herbarium  from  the 
Upsal  garden,  and  apparently  not  known  to  the  learned  Prof. 
DeCandoUe,  is  certainly  distinct,  having  large,  leafy,  deeply  cut, 
stalked  bracteas,  pidev  powers,  an  awl-shaped  spur  as  long  as 
the  rest  of  the  corolla,  pods  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  Jlower- 
stalks,  and  according  to  Linnaeus,  who  cultivated  it,  an  annual 
root,  which  Willdenow  confirms  j  but  the  latter  misapplies  Hal- 
ler's  synonym. 

3.  F.  davicidata.     White  Climbing  Fumitory. 

Pods  lanceolate,  undulated.  Stem  climbing.  Footstalks 
ending  in  branched  tendrils. 

F.  claviculata.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  985.     Willd.  v.  3.  869.     Fl.  Br.  752. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  2.  t.  103.    Hook.  Scot.  211.    Ft.  Dan.  t.  340. 
F.  alba  latifolia.    Raii  Syn.  335. 
F.  alba  latifolia  claviculata.    Ger.  Em.  1088./ 
F.  claviculis  donata.     Bavh.  Pin.  143.     Moris,  v.  2.  260.  sect.  3. 

M2./.3. 


DIADELPHIA—HEXANDRIA.   Fumaria.       255 

Capnos  alba  latifolia.    Loh.  Obs.  438.  f.    Ic.  7o8./.    Dalech.  IJisf. 

1295./. 
Corydalis  claviculata.    DeCand.  Sij^t.  v.  2.  128.     Grev.  Ed'm.  153. 

In  bushy,  shady,  rather  hilly  situations,  on  a  gravelly,  stony,  or 
sandy  soil. 

Annual.     JunCj,  July. 

Root  slender.  Stems  one  or  more,  delicate  and  tender,  flattened 
on  one  side,  branched,  leafy,  from  1  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  climbing 
upon  other  plants,  by  means  of  branched  tendrils  terminating 
X\\^\x  footstalks.  Leare.s  pinnate  J  then  pedate  or  ternatej  leaf- 
lets  elliptical,  entire,  glaucous  ;  paler  beneath.  Clusters  oppo- 
site to  each  leaf,  stalked,  rather  dense,  of  several  elegant  vvhite 
flowers,  variegated  with  blue  or  grey,  each  on  a  short  partial 
stalk,  scarcely  so  long  as  its  accompanying  small  bractea.  Cal. 
toothed.  Spur  rounded,  very  short.  Pod  lanceolate,  acute, 
undulated  at  each  side,  containing  3  or  4  seeds. 

**  Podsingle-seeded.    Ncctari/ siiigle,    Fumaria.    DeCand. 
4.  F.  officinalis.     Common  Fumitory. 

Cluster  rather  lax.  Pods  single-seeded,  globose,  abrupt, 
on  upright  stalks,  twice  as  long  as  the  bracteas.  Stem 
spreading.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  lanceolate. 

F.  officinalis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  984.    mild.  v.  3.  867.     Fl.  Br.  750. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  /.  589.     Curt.  Lond.Jasc.  2.  t.  52.     Mart.  Rust. 

t.  68.      IVoodv.  t.  88.     Mill.  Ic.  91.  ^  13C./.  2;   bad.     Hook. 

Scot.  210.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  134.    FL  Dan.  t.  940.     Dreves 

Bilderb.  t.\6.     BulL  Fr.  L  189. 
F.  n.  346.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\49. 

F.  vulgaris.     Raii  Syn.  204.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  /).  1 .  201 ./. 
V.  purpurea.     Ger.  Em.  1088./. 
Fumaria.     Trag.  Hist.  110./.    Fuclis.  Hist.  338./.     Matth.  Valgr. 

501./:    Camer.Epif.  890.  f.    Dalech.  Hist.  \2<J2.f.   Rir.Tetrap. 

Irr,  i.  1 . 
Fumus  terra?.     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1.  99./. 
Capnos.     Lob.  Obs.  437.  f.     h\7~>7.f. 

In  cultivated  ground,  and  about  hedges,  common. 

.Annual.     May — August. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  glaucous.  Stem  much  branched,  spreading, 
often  recumbent,  leafy,  angular,  various  in  luxuriance.  Leans 
mostly  alternate,  twice  or  thrice  pinnate  -,  leaflets  wedge-shaped, 
with  flat  lanceolate  segments.  Clusters  opposite  to  the  leaves, 
sUilked,  erect,  many-flowered,  rather  lax.  Bracteas  lanceolate, 
acute,  not  half  the  length  of  ihv  Jlouer-stalks,  especially  when 
in  fruit.  I'l.  rose-coloured,  or  pale  red,  deep  red  at  the  summit, 
with  a  green  keel  to  the  upper  and  under  petals.  Spur  very 
short,  rounded.  r«/.  coloured,  toothed,  deciduous,  /'(u/ glo- 
bose, a  little  compressed,  abrupt  or  notched  at  the  e.xtremity. 


256       DIADELPHIA— HEXANDRIA.    Fumaria. 

so  as  to  be  inversely  heart-shaped,  as  Curtis  first,  I  believe,  re- 
marked ;  its  surface  smooth ;  valves  united^  not  splitting  asunder. 
Seed  solitary,  globose. 
Dr.  Cullen  recommends  the  expressed  juice  of  this  herb,  in  a  dose 
of  2  ounces  twice  a  day,  to  cleanse  the  skin  from  leprous  disor- 
ders. The  same  great  physician  thought  it  useful  as  a  tonic, 
wherever  bitter  medicines  are  advisable  j  but  of  these  we  have 
many  doubtless  more  powerful. 

5.  Y.  parviflora.     Small-flowered  Fumitory. 

Cluster  lax.  Pods  single-seeded,  globose,  pointed.  Stem 
spreading.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  linear,  channelled. 

F.  parviflora.     Lam.  Diet.  v.  2.  .567.     mild.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  868.    Fl. 

Br.  750.    E7igl.  Bot.  v.  9.  t.  590.    DeCand.  Sijsf.  v.  2.  136. 
F.  spicata  /3.    Luin.  Syst.  Veg.  ed.  14.  637. 
F.  tenuifolia.    Sym.  Syn.  200  ;  with  the  syn.  of  F.  spicata. 
F.  foliis  tenuissimis,  floribus  albis,  circa  Monspelium  nascens. 

Vaill.  Par.oG.  t.  10.  f.  5. 
F.  tenuifolia,  flore  niveo.    Besl.  Hort.  Eyst.  vern.  ord.  1.  /.  11./.  3. 
F.  exilis  romana.    Bocc.  Mus.  \07.t.S\. 

In  fields  in  the  south  of  England. 

About  Woldham,  near  Rochester.  Mr.  Jacob  Rayer.  Near  Ep- 
som. Mr.  T.  F.  Forster.  Probably  Gerarde  gathered  it  between 
Charlton  and  Greenwich,  though  his  figure  represents  F.  spicata. 

Annual.    August,  September. 

Herb  like  the  last,  but  rather  smaller  in  every  part.  Segments  of 
the  leaves  very  narrow,  linear  and  channelled,  not  at  all  dilated, 
all  uniform.  Bracteas  longer  in  proportion  to  ihejloiuer-stalhs, 
rather  awl-shaped.  Fl.  not  more  than  half  the  size  of  F.  offici- 
nalis, pale  red,  occasionally  white ;  tips  of  the  inner  petals  pur- 
ple. Pod  globose  with  a  point,  not  abrupt,  or  notched.  This  is 
doubtless  a  very  distinct  species  from  the  foregoing,  and,  as 
Prof.  DeCandoUe  remarks,  has  no  relationship  to  F.  spicatUy 
whose  terminal  spikes,  and  oval,  flat,  thick-edged,  dotted  pod, 
are  abundantly  characteristic. 

6.  F.  capreolata.     Ramping  Fumitory. 

Cluster  rather  lax.  Pods  single-seeded,  globose.  Stem 
climbing  by  means  of  the  twisting  footstalks.  Leaflets 
wedge-shaped,  lobed. 

F.  capreolata.    Lbin.  Sp.Pl.ed.\.70\.ed.2.9S'D.    Willd.v.3.868. 

FLBr.75\.    Engl.  Bot. v.\4.t.  943.    Curt.  Lo7id.fasc.  6.  t.  47. 

Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  9.9.     PVith.  62].  t.  30.     Hook.  Scot.  210. 

DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  133  ?    Ehrh.  Herb.  78. 
F.  officinalis  /3.    Huds.  309. 
F.  media.    DeCand.  Syst.  v.  2.  1 34  ? 


DIADELPHIA— OCTANDRIA.    Polygala.       257 

F.  major  scandens,  flore  pallicliore.    Raii  Sjjn.  204. 

F.  major,  floribus  dilute  purpureis.  Magnol.  Monsp.  100.  Vaill. 
Par.DG.t.  10./.  4. 

F.  viticulis  etcapreolis  plantis  vicinis  adhserens.     Bank.  Pin.  143. 

F.  Phragmites.    Dalech.  Hist.\292.f. 

In  cultivated  fields,  not  common. 

Sparingly  at  Edmonton,  and  a  few  other  places  near  London  ; 
more  plentifully  about  Barnstaple,  Devonshire,  and  elsewhere. 
Curtis.  About  Battersea,  in  fields  and  garden  grounds.  Mr. 
Sowerby.  In  Sussex.  Mr.Borrer.  Veryabundant  about  Liverpool. 

Annual.    June — September. 

Most  like  F.  officinalis,  but  larger  in  every  part ;  the  leaves  less 
glaucous  ;  their  tendrils  twisting  round  other  plants,  by  which 
the  branching  stem  climbs  to  the  height  of  3  or  4  feet ;  and  the 
Jlowers  are  on  the  whole  paler,  though  the  tip  of  each  petal  is 
deep  red ;  the  pods  are  not  abrupt,  or  inversely  heart-shaped, 
but  more  globose,  with  a  slight  depression  at  each  side  of  the 
place  of  the  stijle,  which  is  deciduous,  like  that  of  all  the  single- 
seeded  Fumarice.  Dr.  Withering's  figure  erroneously  represents 
tendrils  distinct  from  the  footstalks. 

Prof.  DeCandolle  distinguishes  our  plant  from  what  he  esteems  the 
real  F.  capreolata  of  Linnseus,  of  which,  as  he  understands  it,  a 
plate  is  given  in  his  excellent  [cones,  t.  34.  But  in  this  plate  all 
the  fruit-stalks  are  peculiarly  straight  and  upright,  which  is  the 
character  of  his  F.  media.  In  our  capreolata  they  become  more 
or  less  recurved  as  the  pods  ripen,  which  DeCandolle  gives  as  a 
mark  of  his  capreolata.  The  Linn^^an  herbarium  here  lends  us 
no  assistance,  Linnaeus  having  adopted  his  F.  capreolata  from 
other  authors,  without  possessing  a  specimen,  if  he  ever  saw  one. 
Our  plant  however  is  that  of  his  pupil  Ehrhart,  and  of  Jacquin, 
from  each  of  whom  I  have  specimens.  The  calijx-leaves  in  all 
my  specimens  are  nearly  as  entire  as  in  DeCandoUe's  figure  j 
being  much  less  toothed  than  in  Curtis's. 

The  synonyms  of  the  various  Fumarice  in  old  authors  might  afford 
materials  for  an  ample  dissertation. 


DIADELPHIA   OCrANDRIA. 
351.  POLYGALA.     Milkwort. 

Linn.Geji.36A.   Juss.09.    Fl.Br.7^2.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  \.:y2\ 

Tourn.  t.  70.     Lam.  f.  r)98.     Go'rtn.  t.  62. 
VOL.  in.  ^ 


258     DIADELPHIA—OCTANDRIA.    Polygala. 

Nat.  Orel.  Lomentacecc.  Linn.  33.  Pediculares  Juss.  35. 
Polygalece.  Juss.  Ann.  du  Mus.  v.  14..  386.  DeCand. 
Prodr.  18. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  5  leaves,  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  3  outer 
ones  smallest,  nearly  equal,  ovate,  acute,  1  of  theni  up- 
permost; 2  inner  ones  much  larger,  like  a  pair  of  wings, 
coloured,  veiny,  ovate,  finally  converging  and  fading;  all 
permanent.  Pet.  various  in  number,  combined  with  the 
filaments  by  their  claws ;  limb  of  the  uppermost  deeply 
divided;  lowermost  I  or  2,  keel-shaped, generally  crowned 
vv'ith  more  or  less  of  a  many-cleft,  crested  appendage. 
Filain.  all  united  at  the  bottom  and  attached  to  the  co- 
rolla; divided  above  into  2  sets,  of  4-  each.  Anth.  8,  as- 
cending, tubular,  each  of  1  cell,  opening  at  the  summit. 
Germ,  superior,  roundish.  Style  club-shaped,  straight. 
Stigma  of  2  unequal  lips,  concave.  Caps,  orbicular,  or 
inversely  heart-shaped,  compressed,  of  2  valves  and  2 
cells,  the  partition  from  the  centre  of  each  valve.  Seeds 
solitary,  pendulous,  oval,  downy,  crested  at  the  scar. 

A  very  large  genus,  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  simple, 
entire,  alternate,  or  opposite,  or  whorled,  generally 
smooth  leaves.  Fl.  racemose,  sometimes  veVy  beautiful, 
blue,  crimson  or  yellowish.  DeCandolle  enumerates 
above  160  species,  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  One  only 
is  British. 

1.  P.  vulgaris.     Common  Milkwort. 

Flowers  crested.  Bracteas  three,  at  the  base  of  each  flower- 
stalk,  deciduous..  Wings  about  equal  to  the  corolla. 
Stems  ascending,  simple,  herbaceous.  Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate. 

P.  vulgaris.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  986.  Willd.  v.  3.  873.  H.  Br,  752. 
Engl.Bot.v,2.t.76.  Hook. Scot. 2\\.  DeCand.  Prodr. v.  \. 324. 
Fl.  Dan.  t.5\6.  Bull.  Fr.  1 77.  Bauh.  Pin.  215.  Faill. Par.  1  CO, 
161.^.32./.  1.    Ehrh.Pl.OJ.35S. 

P.  n.344.    Hall.Hi6t.v.\.l4S. 

Polygala.    Raii  Syn.*2S7.    Gcr.  Em.  563./.  3,  4  -,  and  564./.  5. 

Poly galon .     Trag.  Hist.  57\.f. 

Onobiychis  secunda.    Dalech.  Hist.  491.  f. 

In  gravelly  and  heathy  pastures,  very  common. 

Perennial.    .June^  Jidij. 

Root  tough  and  woody.  Herb  smooth,  of  a  dark  shining  green, 
with  several  procumbent,  or  partly  ascending,  simple,  angular, 
leafy  stems,  from  3  to  6  inches  high.  Leaves  scattered,  nearly 
sessile  3  the  lower  ones  shortest,  broadest,  and  most  crowded. 


DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA.  259 

Fl.  in  a  simple  terminal  duster  usually  blue,  but  frequently  pink, 
white,  or  purple;  always  marked  with  green  lines;  the  perma- 
nent calijx  turning  green,  and  remaining  long,  with  its  closed 
wings,  sheltering  the  ripening  poc/. 

It  is  hard  to  say  why  this  plant  obtained  the  name  of  Polygala,  or 
Milkwort;  and  indeed  that  name  has  been  given  by  some  authors 
to  several  truly  papilionaceous  herbs  or  shrubs,  more  deserving 
the  reputation  of  yit'lding  good  food  for  cows.  Our  Pulygaki,  like 
some  other  European  species  of  the  same  genus,  is  bitter,  and 
when  given  in  infusion,  promotes  expectoration,  and  is  good  for 
a  catarrhous  cough. 

Reports  have  arisen  of  P.  amara  being  found  in  England  ;  but  the 
specimens  I  have  seen  were  no  other  than  the  vulgaris. 


DIADELPHIA  DECANDRIA. 

This  order  is  entirely  natural,  comprehending  the  Papilio- 
naccous  tribe,  exce})t  such  as  have  perfectly  distinct,  firm, 
awl-shaped  stamens^  which  are  therefore  placed  in  the 
10th  class;  but  of  these  we  have  none  in  Britain. 

Papilionacecc,  Linn.  32.    Leguminosce,  Juss.  93  ;  sect.  5 — 8. 

Flowers  all  com})lete  and  perfect,  except  in  the  petals  of  a 
very  few  exotic  species. 

Calijjc  inferior,  of  1  leaf,  tubular,  rarely  of  2  leaves,  wither- 
ing; obtuse  and  rather  tumid  on  the  ujoper  side  at  the 
base,  where  the  honey  is  lodged ;  its  margin  in  5  unequal, 
more  or  less  deep,  teeth  or  segments  ;  the  lower  tooth 
longest;  2  upper  shortest  and  most  distant. 

Corolla  papilionaceous,  unecpial ;  petals  characterized  as 
follows. 

S/aN(lardsing\c,  largest,  overshadowing  the  rest;  its  claw 
flattish,  inserted  into  the  u})})er  margin  of  the  receptacle; 
the  part  beyond  the  calyx  roundish,  or  obovate,  scarcely 
ever  divided,  marked  with  a  longitudinal  central  fold  or 
keel,  and  depressed  at  each  side,  closely  embracing  the 
j)etals  beneath,  by  means  of  two  prominences  towarcis  its 
claw,  which  .ire  hollow  at  the  upper  side.  Jfi/i^s2^  ecjual, 
lateral,  oblong,  attached  by  their  claws  to  the  receptacle  ; 
their  upper  margins  parallel  and  convi  iging,  each  termi- 
nating behir)d  in  a  tooth  or  spur. 


260 

Keel  of  1  petal,  or  more  frequently  of  2  combined,  with 
a  double  claw,  boat-shaped,  compressed,  with  a  tooth  or 
prominence,  on  each  side,  at  the  base  ;  either  rounded  or 
rectangular  in  front. 

All  the  petals  expand  in  bright  warm  weather,  and  close 
in  darkness,  cold,  or  damp. 

Stamens  diadelphous.  Filaments  2,  lodged  in  the  keel,  both 
membranous  and  flattened,  but  usually  differing  in  width, 
rarely  equal ;  1  embracing  the  pistil  beneath ;  the  other 
lying  upon  its  upper  edge ;  the  former  keeled,  divided  at 
the  summit  into  9  slender  awl-shaped  parts ;  the  latter 
awl-shaped,  simple,  slender.  Anthers  small,  equal,  ob- 
long or  roundish ;  9  on  the  broader  filament ;  1  on  the 
narrower.  In  some  instances  there  is  but  a  single  com- 
pressed ioldieA  Jilament^  terminating  in  10  equally-divided 
anther-bearing  segments,  various  in  length ;  m  others  the 
2  unequal  Jilaments  are  either  united  or  distinct  at  the 
base.  The  latter  only  are  strictly  diadelphous ;  but  the 
difference  is  of  little  moment,  and  not  easily  discernible. 

Pistil  solitary,  superior.  Germen  sessile  or  stalked,  oblong 
or  roundish,  compressed,  the  length  of  the  undivided  part 
of  the  lower  Jilament^  by  which  it  is  embraced.  Style  ter- 
minal, awl-shaped,  ascending,  the  length  of  the  separate 
part  of  the  filaments,  or  longer.  Stigma  downy,  termi- 
nal or  longitudinal,  capitate,  or  linear,  or  dilated. 

Legume  oblong  or  roundish,  compressed  or  inflated ;  either 
of  2  continued  valves,  and  1,  rarely  imperfectly  divided, 
cell,  with  a  longitudinal  suture  above  and  below,  the 
former  bearing  a  linear  double  i^eceptacle ;  or  consisting 
of  1  or  more  closed,  single-seeded  joints. 

Seeds  several,  rarely  solitary,  roundish,  tumid,  pendulous, 
on  slender  alternate  stalks,  from  the  upper  suture  of  the 
legume  only,  where  it  splits  asunder,  having  one  receptacle 
to  each  valve.  Separate  albumen  none.  Cotyledons  either 
raised  above  ground  in  germination,  becoming  leafy,  or 
subterraneous  and  decaying. 

The  habit  is  either  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  annual  or  per- 
ennial. JVood  hard.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  either  abruptly, 
with  more  or  less  of  a  tendril ;  or  with  an  odd  leaflet ;  or 
ternate ;  or  binate ;  rarely  simple.  Stipidas  in  pairs,  va- 
rious and  remarkable.  Liflorescerice  various.  Fl.  hand- 
some, often  fragrant.  Flerhage  wholesome  for  cattle ; 
seeds,  when  dressed,  for  mankind.  There  is  no  noxious 
British  plant,  nor  scarcely  an  exotic  one,  in  the  whole 
order. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Spartium.      261 
352.  SPARTIUM.     Broom. 

Linn.  Gen.  368.    Fl.  Br.  753.     Gartn.  t.  153. 
Genista.    Juss.  353.    Lam.  ^.  G19./.  1.     Tourn.  <.  411. 

CaL  cup-shaped,  two-lipped ;  lips  coloured,  abrupt ;  the 
upper  with  2,  lower  with  3,  very  slight  teeth.  Cor.  of  5 
petals ;  standard  inversely  heart-shaped,  very  large,  en- 
tirely reflexed ;  wings  ovate-oblong,  shorter  than  the 
standard,  connected  below  with  the  filaments ;  keel  of  2 
})etals,  lanceolate,  oblong,  abrupt,  longer  than  the  wings, 
attached  to  the  filaments,  and  connected  together  at  the 
lower  edges  by  entangled  hairs.  Filam.  10,  all  united 
into  one  undivided  tube,  sometimes  slit  along  the  upper 
side,  unequal,  thread-shaped,  the  lowermost  gradually 
longest.  Anth.  versatile,  oblong.  Germ,  oblong,  com- 
pressed, hairy.  Style  awl-shaped,  curved,  or  contorted, 
upwards.  Stigma  oblong,  hairy,  running  along  the  upper 
edge  of  the  blunt  style.  Legume  much  compressed,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  of  2  elastic  valves  and  1  cell,  subtended  by 
the  permanent  calyx,  and  tipped  with  the  twisted  style, 
which  is  at  length  deciduous.  Seeds  several,  roundish- 
kidney-shaped,  crested. 

Branched,  often  thorny,  shrubs^  with  ternate,  sometimes 
partly  simple,  smallish  leaves,  and  large,  handsome,  yel- 
\ow  flo'xers,  on  lateral  simple  stalks.  Legumes  pendulous. 
Seeds  from  4  to  about  15. 

Lamarck  has  suggested  that  Spartium  of  Linnaeus  is  not 
generically  distinct  from  Genista,  and  he  united  them  in 
his  Flore  Fran(;oise  614,  only  referring  a  few^  species  of 
each  to  Cijtisus.  Jussieu  avowedly  follows  him,  not  with- 
out some  doubts,  and  a  suggestion  that  the  single-seeded 
species  miglit  i)roperly  form  a  f^enus  by  themselves,  after 
the  opinion  of  Tournefort,  who  restricted  the  name  of 
S])artium  to  these  only.  I  would  rather  take  as  the  type 
of  this  genus  our  S.  scojjarium,  and  some  other  species 
whicli,  ah)ng  with  it,  make  a  very  natural  genus,  in  cha- 
racter and  habit,  and  from  which  Linuiuus  drew  uji  his 
generic  description.  These  are  clearly  distinct  from  Ge- 
nista, whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  rest.  Tliose  who 
have  studied  this  natural  order  well  know  the  im})ortance 
of  tlie  stigma  and  the  legume  in  their  generic  distinctions. 

1.    ^.  sro/jfU'i/////.      Coininon  I^ruom. 

Leaves    tcrnMlc,    oi-   solitary.      Ihaiiches   angular,    willioiit 


269       DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Genista. 

thorns.     Filaments  all  in  one  set  at  the  base.     Legume 
fringed. 

S.  scoparlum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  996.  Willd.  v.  3.  933.  Fl.  Br.  753. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  19. 1. 1 339,  Curt. Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  52.  Woodv.  t.S9. 
Fl.  Dan.  t  313.    Dreves  Bilderb.  t.  48.     Ehrh.  Jrb.56.       ' 

S.  n.354.    Hall.  Hist.  vA.  154. 

Genista.  Ger.  Em.  1311./.  Fuchs.  Hist.  218./.  Camer.  Epit. 
950./  Trag.  Hist.  961. f.  Dod.  Pempt.76l.f.  Riv.  Tetrap. 
Irr.  t.GD.f.  1. 

G.  angulosa  trifolia.    Kaii  Syn.474. 

G.  scoparia.  Lam.  Franc.  619.  Hook.  Scot.  2\\.  Lob.  lev. 2. 
89./ 

In  dry  gravelly  thickets  ai.d  fields,  abundantly. 

Shrub.    May,  June. 

A  large  bushy  shrub,  with  copious,  long,  straight,  angular,  dark 
green,  smooth,  tough  branches.  Leaves  deciduous,  scattered, 
stalked,  ternate  ;  the  upper  ones  generally  simple  j  leajiets  uni- 
form, obovate,  obtuse,  entire  ;  sili^y  when  young.  Ft.  axillary, 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  on  simple  stalks,  longer  than  the  leaves, 
large  and  handsome,  of  a  deep  golden  yellow;  sometimes  tinged 
with  orange  3  more  rarely  of  a  uniform  pale  lemon-colour.  The 
swelling  germen  soon  splits  the  tube  of  the  filaments.  Legume 
brown,  flat,  above  an  inch  long,  nearly  smooth  at  the  sides,  but 
fringed  with  harsh  hairs  at  each  margin.     Seeds  about  15  or  16. 

A  decoction  of  the  young  tops  of  this  shrub,  powerfully  purgative 
and  diuretic,  is  a  rustic  remedy  for  dropsies,  which  regular  prac- 
titioners have  not  altogether  despised. 

353.  GENISTA.     Green-weed. 

Linn.  Gen.  368.    Juss.  353.    Fl.  Br.  754.    Lam.  ^  619. 

Cal.  tubular,  two-lipped ;  upper  lip  in  2  deep  segments ; 
lower  in  3  more  slight  ones,  nearly  equal.  Cor.  of  5 
petals ;  standard  oblong,  undivided,  ascending,  very  dis- 
tant from  the  rest ;  wings  elliptic-oblong,  spreading,  keel 
of  2  petals,  lanceolate-oblong,  bluntish,  slightly  cohering 
by  their  lower  edges.  Filam.  10,  in  2  sets,  though  more 
or  less  united  at  the  bottom ;  the  odd  one  awl-shaped, 
separated  more  than  halfway  down.  Atith.  small,  roundish. 
Germ,  oblong,  compressed.  Style  awl-shaped,  ascend- 
ing, deciduous.  Stigma  terminal,  simple,  or  slightly  ca- 
pitate. Legume  turgid,  somewhat  compressed,  oblong,  or 
roundish,  obliquely  pointed,  of  1  cell  and  2  concave  valves, 
subtended  by  the  permanent  calyx,  and  tipped  with  the 
permanent  curved  base  of  the  style.  Seeds  several, 
roundish,  or  somewhat  quadrangular. 


DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA.    Genista.       '263 

Shrubs  of  humble  growth ;  sometimes  armed  with  strong, 
simple  or  compound,  thorns  ;  branches  in  some  winged. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire.  FL  small,  yellow,  axil- 
lary, solitary.  The  supposed  species  with  ternate  leaves 
appear  to  me  doubtful  as  to  their  genus.  We  have  none 
of  them  in  Britain. 

1.  G.  tinctoria.    Dyer's  Green-weed.    Wood-waxen. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  smooth.  Branches  round,  striated,  erect, 
without  thorns. 

G.  tinctoria.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  998.  WilUl  v.  3.  939.  FL  Br.  754. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  1.  t.  44.  Hook.  Scot.  21 1 .  FL  Dan.  t.  520.  Do<k 
Pempt.  763./    Ehrh.  Arh.  27. 

G.  n.350.    HalL  nist.v.\.\D2. 

Genistella.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.67f.  1. 

G.  tinctoria.     Rail  Sijn.  474.     Gcr.  Em.  1316./. 

G.  infectoria  vulgi.    Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  89./ 

Tinctoiius  flos.  Fucks.  Hist.  808./  Ic.  407/  Dalcch.  HisL 
175./     Bank.  Hist.  V.  l.p.2.  391./ 

In  pastures,  thickets,  and  the  dry  borders  of  fields. 

Shrub.    July,  August. 

Root  woody,  creeping  widely.  Stems  depressed,  with  numcions 
ascending,  rarely  recumbent,  straight,  furrowed,  leafy,  smooth 
branches.  Leaves  scattered,  nearly  sessile,  elliptic-lanceolate, 
convex,  of  a  deep  shining  green,  a  little  hairy  at  the  edges  and 
midrib,  at  least  while  young.  FL  on  short  axillary  stalks, 
crowded  about  the  summits  of  the  branches,  with  a  pair  of  small 
awl-shaped  bracteas  a  little  below  the  base  of  tlie  deeply  cut, 
smooth,  angular  cal^r.  Pet.  of  a  uniform  bright  yellow.  Odd 
stamen  very  deeply  separated.  Legume  nearly  cylindrical,  with 
numerous  seeds. 

The  whole  plant  affords  the  dyer  a  good  yellow  colour,  and  with 
Woad  a  good  green.  Ray  says  the  milk  of  cows  feeding  u))on 
it  is  rendered  bitter,  which  flavour  is  communicated  to  butter 
and  cheese. 

2.   G.  pUosa.      Hairy  Green-weed. 

Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  hairy  beneatli.  Stem 
tuberculated,  prostrate,  without  thorns.  Calyx  and 
llower-stalks  silky. 

G.  i)ilosa.  Linn.Sp.PL[)\)\).  inil<Lv.3.0i\.  Fl.Iir.  ?:>:>.  EngL 
Bot.  V.  3.  /.  208.  Rose  Elem.  append.  4.")2.  t.  3.  Dicks.  H.  Siir. 
fasc.  1  6.  1  (i.  Jartp  Anstr.  t.  208.  FL  Dan.  f.  1 22.")  ;  too  upright. 
^ Ehrh.  All).  (i(i. 

G.  n.3.")I.     U'dL  Hist.v.  1.  153. 

(J.  minima.     Dnhih.  Uist.  173   /". 


264       DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Genista. 

Genistella  pilosa.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  I. p.  2.  393./. 

Chamsegenista  prima.     Clus.  Panrt.  49.  f.  50.    Hist.  v.  1.  103./. 

Ch.  pannonica.     Ger.  Em.  1313./ 

On  dry  elevated  sandy  downs  or  heaths. 

On  high  sandy  ground  about  Bury,  Suffolk.  Mr.  Dickson.  About 
Fornham,  on  the  north  side  of  Bury ;  also  on  soap  rocks,  near 
the  Lizard  Point,  Cornwall.  Sir  T.  G.  Culliim,  Bart.  At  the  foot 
of  Cader  Idris,  North  Wales  3  Mr.  Griffith.  With. 

Shrub.    Mcnj,  and  again  in  September. 

Root  long  and  woody.  Stems  numerous,  much  branched,  scarred, 
prostrate,  round,  with  abundance  of  leafy,  angular,  or  striated, 
somewhat  silky,  young  branches,  so  buried  among  grass  and 
other  plants,  that,  when  out  of  flower,  the  plant  is  difficult  to 
find.  Leaves  small,  simple,  scattered,  with  axillary  tufts  of 
smaller  ones,  all  recurved,  obovate-lanceolate,  rigid  3  dark-green 
and  smooth  above  ;  finely  silky  underneath.  Ft.  small,  bright 
yellow,  axillary  and  solitary,  crowded  about  the  tops  of  the 
branches,  each  on  a  silky  stalk.  Cat.  a-ather  short,  silky,  as  well 
as  the  back  of  the  standard.  Legume  oblong,  rather  compressed, 
hairy.     Seeds  3  or  4,  seldom  all  perfected. 

3.  G.  anglica.  Needle  Green -weed.     Petty  Whin. 

Thorns  nearly  simple.  Flowering  branchy  untlrmed. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

G.  anglica.  Linn.  Sp.  Pl.999.  Willd. v. 3.943.  Fl.Br.756.  Engl. 
Bot.v.2.t.\32.  Hook.Scot.2V2.  Fl.  Dan.t.6l9.  Ehrh.Arb.37. 

G.  minor  aspalathoides,  sive  Genista  spinosa  anglica.  Bauh. 
Pin.39D.    Prodr.lD7.    Raii  Sijn.  475. 

G.  aculeata.     Ger.  Em.  1320./ 

Genistella.    Dod.  Pempt.760.f.    Fuchs.  Hist.  220./.    /c.  125./ 

G.  minor  aspalathoides.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  1 .  p.  2.  40 1 .  /  402. 

On  moist  boggy  heaths,  frequent. 

Shrub.    Ma?j,  June. 

Roots  woody,  long  and  creeping.  Stems  about  a  foot  high,  as- 
cending, woody,  round,  alternately  branched,  the  leafy  branches 
of  the  present  year  becoming  next  season  permanent,  woody, 
sharp,  prominent,  awl-shaped  thorns,  almost  always  perfectly 
simple,  rarely  bearing  a  small  thorn  or  two  near  the  base. 
Leaves  numerous,  small,  scattered,  ovate,  acute,  entire,  smooth, 
rather  glaucous,  on  short  stalks,  deciduous.  Fl.  solitary,  in  the 
bosoms  of  several  of  the  uppermost  leaves,  small,  bright  lemon- 
coloured  3  the  standard  of  a  deeper  yellow,  turning  green  in 
drying,  as  well  as  the  wings.  Keel  remarkably  long.  Cal.  smooth, 
sharply  toothed.  Legume  smooth,  somewhat  oval,  turgid,  beaked 
with  the  awl-shaped  recurved  base  of  the  stijle.    Seeds  10  or  12. 

I  have  restored  the  synonym  of  Fuchsius,  first  quoted  by  Dr. 
Stokes,  and  which  I  had  considered  as  belonging  to  G.  germa- 


DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA.    Ulex.        265 

nica;  but  the  thorns  of  the  latter  are  repeatedly  and  plentifully  ' 
compound. 

354.  ULEX.  Furze. 

Linn.  Gen.  ^7^.     Juss.  3o2.     FLBr.7i)Q.     Lam.t.62\.     Gcertn. 

t.\b\. 
Genista-Spartium.     Tourn.  tA\2. 

Cal.  of  2  ovate-oblong,  concave,  equal,  coloured,  permanent 
leaves,  rather  shorter  than  the  keel ;  the  upper  with  2 
small  teeth ;  lower  with  3.  Cor,  of  5  petals  ;  standard 
ovate,  cloven,  ascending ;  wings  oblong,  obtuse,  rather 
shorter  than  the  standard ;  keel  of  2  petals,  straight,  ob- 
tuse, cohering  by  their  lower  edges.  Filam.  in  2  sets, 
both  united  at  the  base ;  one  in  9  awl-shaped  segments ; 
the  other  simple,  awl-shaped,  separate  for  more  than  half 
its  length.  Anth.  roundish,  of  2  lobes.  Germ,  oblong, 
nearly  cylindrical,  hairy.  Style  awl-shaped,  curved  up- 
wards. Stigma  small,  obtuse.  Legume  oblong,  turgid, 
stiaight,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  of  1  cell,  and  2 
rigid,  elastic,  concave  valves.  Seeds  from  6  to  8,  polished, 
somewhat  angular,  slightly  compressed,  with  a  tumid 
cloven  crest. 

Stem  woody,  bushy,  with  abundance  of  large,  compound, 
very  sharp,  alternate  thorns.  Leaves  few,  small,  simple. 
Ft.  axillary,  bright  yellow. 

1.  \].  europccus.  Common  Furze,  Whin  or  Gorse. 
Teeth  of  the  calyx  obsolete,  converging.     Bracteas  ovate, 

lax.     Branches  erect. 
Ulex  europeeus.    Linn.  Sp.PlA^Ab.    mild,  v,  3.969.    Fl.Dr.7o6. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  11.  t.  742.      Forst.  in  Sym.  Syn.  IGO.      Hook. 

Scot.  2 1 2.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  COS.     Ehrh.  Arb.  86. 
U.  grandiflorus.     Pourrci  in  Act.  Tolos.  v.  3.  333. 
Genista  spinosa  vulgaris.     Unii  Syn.  4/5.      Ger.  Em.  13)9./. 
Ci.  sj)inosa  major,  longioribus  aculei.s.     Bank.  Pin.  394. 
Ci.  s|)inosa.      Dod.  Ptnipt.  7'>9  f. 
(uMiislelhe  spinosie  alhnis,  Nepa  quibusdam.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  \.p.  2. 

400./.  ,     , 

Scorpiub  primus,     (lus.  Hist.  v.  \.  lOU.J. 
S.  alter,  sive  Genista  spinosa.     Dalcch.  Hist.  I(i4./ 
On  sandy  or  gravelly  heaths  and  commons  abundantly. 
Shrub.     May;  and  occasionally  at  all  seasons. 
Stem  from  2  to  .')   feet  iiigh,  with   innumerable,  dense,    upright, 

green,  roughisli,  furrowed,  branches,  spinous  at  the  ends,  and 

beset  with  large,  coni|)ound,  spreading,  striated,  green,  smoother. 


266        DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Ononis. 

permanent  thorns.  Leaves  few,  scattered,  small,  awl-shaped^ 
entire,  spinous-pointed,  deciduous.  Ft.  large,  solitary  or  in 
pairs,  of  a  bright  golden  yellow,  with  a  very  peculiar  oppressive 
scent.  Bracteas  2  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  small,  ovate,  lax  or 
spreading,  densely  downy,  as  well  as  the  f^imple  Jlower-stalks, 
and  outside  of  the  calyx,  the  teeth  of  which  cohere  so  closely  as 
to  escape  a  casual  view.  Legumes  downy,  bursting  elastically 
in  dry  hot  weather^  with  a  crackling  noise,  and  scattering  their 
seeds  extensively. 
The  wood  is  very  hard.  The  chief  use  of  this  shrub  is  to  afford 
firing  for  the  poor.  Its  full  growth  is  attained  in  4  years,  and  it 
ought  not  to  be  cut  more  frequently. 

2.  U.  nanus.    Dwarf  Furze. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  spreading.    Bracteas  nnnute, 
close-pressed.     Branches  reclhiing. 

U.  nanus.  Forst.  in  Sym.  Syn.  160.  Tonbr.  83.  Fl.  Br.  7d7. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.W.t.  743.    Willd.  v.  3.  969. 

U.  minor.    Roth  Catal.  v.  1 .  83,  Jiot  33. 

U.  europ^us  /3.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1045.     Huds.  312. 

Genista  spinosa  minor.     Raii  Syn.  475, 

G.  spinosa  major  brevibus  aculeis.     Bauh.  Pin.  394. 

G.  aculeata  minor,  sive  Nepa  Theophrasti.      Ger.-Em.  1321 ./. 

Nepa  apud  Theophrasti.    Lob.  Ic.  788./. 

On  dry  elevated  heaths,  less  common  than  the  preceding. 

Shrub.    August — October. 

This,  as  Dr.  Roth  justly  observes,  is  in  every  part  but  half  the  size 
of  the  last.  The  branches  are  more  recumbent  ■  the  flowering 
ones  more  cylindrical  and  elongated.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  hairy, 
Fl.  scarcely  half  the  size  of  U.  europceus,  paler,  with  a  more 
yellow  calyx,  and  narrower  standard.  The  most  essential  cha- 
racters however  consist  in  the  more  distinct  and  spreading  calyx- 
teeth,  and  the  minute,  rounded,  close-pressed,  often  hardly  dis- 
cernible bracteas.  These  marks  are  conclusive  and  constant  5 
and  this  species,  which  blossoms  chiefly  in  autumn,  may  readily 
be  known  at  a  distance  from  the  more  common  one,  however 
starved,  or  injured  by  too  frequent  cutting,  the  latter  may  happen 
to  be. 

355.  ONONIS.     Rest-harrow, 

Linn.  Gen.370.     Juss. 354.     FLBr.loS.     Lam.  t.  616.     Gcertn. 

t.  154. 
Anonis.    Tourn.  t.  229. 

Cal.  tubular,  in  5  rather  deep,  linear,  pointed  segments, 
slightly  curved  u])  wards;  the  lower  one  longest,  subtending 
the  keel.     Cor.  of  5  petals ;  standard  larger  than  the  rest, 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Ononis.        267 

slightly  heart-shaped,  striated  with  numerous  ribs,  keeled 
and  compressed  at  the  back,  depressed  at  the  sides  ; 
wings  obovate,  but  half  the  length  of  the  standard ;  keel 
of  2  converging  petals,  rather  abrupt,  pointed,  a  httle 
longer  than  the  wings.  Filam,  10,  united  into  one  cy- 
linder, splitting  along  the  upper  edge.  Aiith,  roundish. 
Germ,  oblong.  Style  cylindrical,  ascending.  Stigma 
small,  obtuse.  Legume  oblong-rhomboid,  turgid,  sessile, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  of  1  cell,  and  2  rio-id, 
elastic  valves.  Seeds  few,  kidney-shaj)ed,  roughish. 
A  numerous  Europaean  or  African  genus,  herbaceous  or 
shrubby,  occasionally  spinous ;  with  sharply  toothed, 
mostly  ternate,  leaves;  \nYge  stipulas ;  and  handsome,  I'ed 
or  yellowish,  st^lk^d  Jloisoers.  Herbage  mostly  glutinous, 
and  often  fetid. 

1.  O.arvensis.    Common  Rest-harrow,  or  Cammock. 
Stem  hairy.     Branches  at  length  spinous.     Flowers  mostly 

solitary.     Leaves  generally  simple  ;  entire  towards  their 

base. 

O.  arvensis.     Linn.  Sijst.  Nat.  ed.  12.  v.  2.  478.     Si/st.  Veg.  ed  14. 

651.     Light/.  3S6.    Ft.  Br.7bS.    Engl.Bot.  v.  10.  t.  682.    Hook 

Scot.  2\2. 
Anonis  n.  3.56.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  155. 
a.  Ononis  incrmis  a.    Htuh.  312. 
O.arvensis.     mth.627.    Siblh.  220.    Abbot  Xi^b. 
Anonis  non  spinosa  ])urpurea.     Raii  Syn.  332  ;  excliuling  ihe  re- 
ference to  J.  Bauhin,  which  belongs  to  O.  hirdna  of  Jacquin. 
/3.  Ononis  spinosa  /3.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1006. 
O.  spinosa.     Linn.  Syst.  Veg.  ed.  14.  65 1 .    IVilld.  v.3. 1)89.    Hitds. 

312.      With.G27.    Sibth.  220.    Abbot  {-yb.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  \29. 

Fl.  Dan.  i.  783.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  1 05. 
Ononis.     Dalcc/i.  Hist.  4  18.  f.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.2.37 .  f.     Camcr 

Fpit.  443./. 
Anonis.     Fuclis.  Hist.  60./.     /r.  35./.     Rir.  Tclrap.  Irr.  t.  liS. 
A.  spinosa,  floro  purpurco.     Raii  Syn.  332. 
A.  sivc  Resta  bovis.      (icr.  Km.  1322.  /'. 
A.  sivc  Resta  bovis  vulgaris,  purpurea   et  alba  sjiinosa.     Baiiii. 

Hist.  V.  2.31)1./,  transj)(>scd  uilh  that  o/  Epimt'diuni. 
y.  Ononis  rei)cns.      Linn.  Sp.  Rl.  1006.     Syst.  I'eg.  cd.  14.  651, 

Willd.v.3.*d\)0.    Light/.  387. 
O.  incrmis  /3.     Huds.  313. 
O.  arvensis  var.  2.     IFith.  628. 
Anonis  procumbcns  maritima  nostras,  foliis  hirsutic  |)ubesrcnfil)iis. 

Raii  Syn.  332.     Plnh:  Ahnag.  33. 
A.    tnaiitinui    i)rocumbcns,    foliis    hirsutic    pulASfiiuibus.       Dill. 

FIth.  21).  ^25. 


268     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Anthyllis. 

In  barren  pastures,  the  borders  of  fields,  and  sandy  road-sides. 
y  on  the  sandy  sea  coast. 

Perennial.     June — August. 

Root  woody,  tough  and  strong,  whence  the  English  name.  Stems 
annual,  though  often  considerably  woody  or  shrubby,  various 
in  length,  erect,  reclining,  or  in  y  quite  prostrate  3  all  round, 
branched,  leafy  and  hairy,  each  of  their  principal,  as  well  as 
short  lateral,  branches  often  terminating  in  a  straight  sharp 
spine,  particularly  where  the  soil  is  poor,  or  the  roots  of  long 
standing,  and  this  happens  frequently  even  in  the  maritime  va- 
riety y.  Leaves  alternate,  stalked,  elliptical  inclining  to  wedge- 
shaped,  dark  green,  roughish,  strongly  marked  with  straight, 
parallel,  oblique,  lateral  ribs ;  entire  in  their  lower  part ;  ser- 
rated with  minute  teeth  towards  the  extremity ;  many  of  the 
lower  ones  tern  ate.  Stipulas  variable  in  size,  on  luxuriant 
plants  rather  large,  ovate,  toothed,  combined,  clasping  the  stem. 
Fl.  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  on  short  stalks,  large  and  hand- 
some, of  a  brilliant  rose-colour.  Cal.  hairy  j  its  teeth  perma- 
nent, enlarging  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Standard  twice  the  size 
of  the  ivings  and  keel.  Legume  obliquely  rhomboid,  partly  hairy, 
not  so  long  as  the  calyx.  ASeeds  rough  with  minute  points.  The 
foliage  and  calyx  are  glutinous,  and,  in  the  first  or  more  lux- 
uriant variety,  have  a  strong  goat-like  smell. 

O.  antiquorum,  by  the  Linnaean  specimen  at  leasi,  which  is  an  au- 
thentic one,  differs  in  nothing,  not  even  in  hairiness,  from  the 
spinous  state  of  our  common  plant.  O.  hircina,  Jacq.  Hort. 
Vind.  V.  1 .  t.  93,  sent  by  the  author  himself,  may  be  a  distinct 
species.  It  is  much  larger  than  any  thing  we  have  in  Britain, 
erect,  with  perfectly  elliptical  leaves,  copiously  serrated  through- 
out, mostly  ternate  5  very  large  stipulas ;  and  Jiowers  usually 
in  pairs.  Its  synonyms  have  generally  been  confounded  with 
the  unarmed  state  of  our  O.  arvensis ;  see  Ger.  Em.  1322./.  3. 
Clus.  Hist.  V.  1.  99./.  1  3  and  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  393./  2.  It  is 
moreover  the  real  0.  spinosa  mitis,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1006. 

356.  ANTHYLLIS.     Kidney- vetch. 

Linn.  Gen.37\.    Juss.  355.      Fl.  Br.759.     Lam.t.dlb.      Gcertn. 

t.]45. 
Vulneraria.    Tourn.  t.2ll. 

Cal.  tubular,  ovate-oblong,  inflated,  shaggy,  with  5  small, 
unequal,  margmal  teeth,  permanent.  Cot\  of  5  petals, 
with  linear  claws  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  standard  long- 
est, reflexed  at  the  sides ;  wings  half-ovate,  shorter  than 
the  standard;  keel  of  2  narrower  petals,  compressed, 
slightly  cohering  at  the  tips.  Filam.  10,  united  into  one 
cylinder,  finally  splitting  along  the  upper  edge,  their 
separate  extremities  curved  upwards.  Anth.  small,  round- 


DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA.     Anthyllis.     2G9 

ish.  Germ,  oblong  or  half-ovate.  Sti/le  awl-shaped,  as- 
cending. Stigma  obtuse.  Legume  small,  roundish,  or 
oblong,  a  little  turgid,  concealed  within  the  enlarged  in- 
flated calyx,  of  1  cell  and  2  valves.  Seeds  1  or  2,  round- 
ish-kidney-shaped, smooth. 
Elegant  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  Europaean  or  African /?Z«w/5, 
with  variously  pinnate  leaves,  soft  or  silky  pubescence,  and 
mostly  capitate  and  terminal,  yellow  or  whitish,  rarely 
red,  powers, 

1.  A.   vulnerar'ia.     Common  Kidney-vetch,  or  La- 
dies' finger. 

Herbaceous.  Leaves  pinnate,  unequal.  Heads  of  flowers 
in  pairs. 

A.  vulneraria.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1012.    frUld.  v.  3.  1013.  FL  Br.  759. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  2.  t.  104.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  3.  1 0.    Hook.  Scot. 

213.    Fl.Dan.t.98S. 
A.  leguminosa.     Ger.  Em.  \  240.  f.    Lob.  lev.  2.  87.  f. 
A.  lenti  similis.    Dod.  Pempt.  552.  f. 
A.  prior  Dodonsei.    Dalech.  Hist.]3S0.f. 
Anthyllis.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  18./.  1. 
Vulneraria  n.  398.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  173. 
V.  rustica.     Buii  Syn.  325.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  362./. 
Loto  affinis,  Vulneraria  pratensis.     Bauh.  Pin.  332.     Moris,  v.  2. 

\S\.sect.2.  t.\7.f.  1,2. 
/3.  A.  vulneraria,  flore  rubro.     Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  18.  18. 
\'ulneraria  supina,  flore  coccineo.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  325.     Hart. 

Elth.A3\.  t.320. 
Loto  affinis  hirsuta,  flore  subrubente.     Bauh.  Pin.  333. 

In  chalky  or  limestone  countries,  where  the  soil  is  dry  and  rather 
barren. 

/3.  In  Pembrokeshire.   Mr.Lltwyd,  and  Mr.  Dickson. 

Perennial.    June — Angnst. 

Root  woody.  Stems  annual,  round,  hairy,  leafy,  mostly  simple, 
ascending,  about  a  foot  high,  Radical  leaves  simple,  elliptical, 
on  long  stalks,  soon  disa))pearing  ;  the  rest  alternate,  i)innate, 
with  a  terminal  elliptical  leaflet,  and  several  pairs  of  opposite, 
smaller,  more  lanceolate  ones  ;  all  entire  •  smooth,  and  a  little 
glaucous  above  ;  hairy,  or  rather  silky,  underneath  and  at  the 
margin.  Fl.  numerous,  in  a  pair  of  crowded  terminal  head.s, 
accompanied  by  fingered /;rr/<7<.'a6-.  Cal.  membranous,  pale  and 
hiirv.  Cor.  usually  yellow,  rarely  of  a  line  red  ;  in  (iermany, 
according  to  Mailer,  most  frecpiently  white.  Lci^ume  semi- 
orbic'ilar,  compressed,  veiny,  smooth,  with  a  solitary  seed. 

C.  (iesner/it  seems,  first  raised  the  report  of  the  vulnerary  pro- 
perties of  this  plant,  which  perhaps,  like  other  soft  and  downy 


970       DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Pisum. 

applications,  may,  on  an  emergency,  staunch  the  blood  of  a 
rustic  wound,  and  give  nature  and  a  good  constitution  time  to 
perfect  a  cure.  The  herbage  is  said  to  afford  good  pasturage 
for  sheep. 

357.  PISUM.     Pea. 

Lirm.Gen.374,  Juss.360.  Fl.Br.760.  T  oiirn.  i.2\5.  Lam. 
t.633.    Gcertn.  t.]  52. 

CciL  cup-shaped,  unequal ;  the  margin  in  5  acute  segments, 
permanent ;  2  uppermost  widest,  and  most  distant.  Cor, 
of  5  petals ;  standard  broadest,  inversely  heart-shaped, 
reflexed,  notched,  with  a  pair  of  protuberances  at  the 
inner  side  near  the  bottom,  its  claw  vaulted  ;  wings  obo- 
vate,  converging  above,  shorter  than  the  standard,  with 
wavy  linear  claws  ;  keel  semilunar,  compressed,  of  2  ob- 
long, cohering,  folded  petals,  smaller  than  the  wings,  and 
with  narrower  straight  claw^s.  Filam.  10;  9  united,  for 
more  than  half  their  length,  into  one  compressed  keeled 
tube,  open  along  its  upper  edge,  which  is  closed  by  the 
tenth,  separate,  flattish,  awl-shaped  filament.  Antli, 
small,  roundish.  Germ,  oblong,  compressed.  Style  as- 
cending, triangular,  membranous  at  the"  edges.  Stigma 
longitudinal,  downy,  united  to  the  acute  upper  edge  of 
the  style.  Legume  large,  oblong,  compressed,  somewhat 
tumid,  pointed,  of  1  cell  and  2  concave  valves.  Seeds 
several,  globular. 

Smooth  herbs^  with  mostly  annual,  sometimes  perennial  and 
creeping,  roots.  Stems  prostrate ;  or  climbing  by  the 
terminal  tendrils  of  their  pinnate  leaves,  Stijndas  large, 
toothed.  Fl.  in  axillary  stalked  clusters,  purple  or  blue- 
ish,  or  yellow.     Seeds  generally  eatable. 

] .  P.  mariii??iU7u.     Sea  Pea. 

Footstalks  flattish  on  the  upper  side.  Stem  angular.  Sti- 
pulas  arrow-shaped.     Stalks  many-flowered. 

P.  maritimum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1027.  mUd.  v.  3.  10/1 .  Fl.  Br.  760. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  15.  t.  1046.     Spied.  8.  t.  9.     Hook.  Lond.  t.  5.    Fl. 

Dan.  t.  338. 
P.  marinum.     Raii  Syn.  3\9. 
P.  spontaneum  perenne  repens  humile.  Moris,  v.  2.47.  sect.  2.t.]. 

f.o. 
Pisa  sponte  nascentia.     Caii  Opusc.  lih.  2.  2D.  2. 
On  the  stony  sea  shore,  in  several  parts  of  the  east  and  south  of 

England. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Orobus.     271. 

On  the  pebbly  beach,  between  Aldburgh  and  Orford,  Suffolk, 
abundantly  •  also  near  Hastings,  Sussex.  Rcnj.  On  the  west 
side  of  Denge-ness,  near  Lyd,  in  Kent.  Camhden.  Lincoln- 
shire. With.  On  the  sharp  ridge  running  from  Portland  island 
to  Bridport.   Mr.  Stackliouse. 

Perennial.     Jubj. 

Roots  creeping  widely,  much  branched,  running  to  the  depth  of 
manyfeet  among  the  loose  stones.  //(?r6  perfectly  smooth.  Stents 
about  a  span  long,  procumbent,  simple,  quadrangidar,  slightly 
comj)ressed,  zigzag,  leafy,  many-flowered,  glaucous,  often  red- 
dish. Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  alternately  and  abruptly  pin- 
nate, the  flattish  common  stalk  of  each  ending  in  a  branched 
tendril;  leajiets  7  or  8,  elliptical,  with  a  small  point,  entire, 
veiny,  of  a  dark  rather  glaucous  green.  .SV/pw/rts  equal,  triangu- 
lar arrow-shaped,  reflexed,  toothed  towards  the  base,  rather 
smaller  than  the  leaflets.  Clusters  axillary,  solitary,  stalked, 
many-flowered,  the  length  of  the  leaves.'  Fl.  purple,  hand- 
somely variegated  and  veined  with  crimson  ;  the  prominences 
in  front  of  the  standard  white  ;  iv'oigs  and  keel  pale  blue.  Le- 
gume about  half  the  size  of  the  cultivated  Pea,  tipped  with  the 
permanent  inflexed  style.     Seeds  6  or  8. 

The  character  and  habit  of  this  species  approach  the  genus  Lathy- 
riis,  betwixt  which  and  Pisum  it  is,  in  a  manner,  intermediate  j 
but  tlie  style  is  not  flattened,  and  dilated  u])ward,  like  a  true 
Lathi/rus.  The  young  seeds  formerly  proved  a  resource  in  a 
time  "of  great  scarcity,  as  Caius  and  other  writers  report.  At 
present,  as  Dr.  Hooker  observes,  sheep  devour  the  plant  before 
it  can  well  blossom. 

358.  OROBUS.     Bitter-vetch. 

Linn.Gen.374.  Juss. 360.  Fl.Br.76\.  Tourn.  t.2\A.  Lam. 
LG33.     Ga-rtn.t.lDi. 

Cal.  cup-shaped,  unequal ;  the  margin  in  5  acute  segments ; 
2  uppermost  siiortest  and  most  distant;  lower  one  long- 
est. Cor.  of  5  petals  ;  standard  inversely  heart-shapeti, 
refloxed  at  die  sides,  ratlier  longer  than  the  rest ;  wings 
obovate,  ascending,  converging;  keel  roundetl,  pointed, 
rather  tumid,  of  2  combined  petals,  with  separate  claws. 
Filcun.  10  ;  9  united  into  a  comi)ressed  lube,  open  at  the 
uj)peredge;  the  tenth  capillary,  (|uile  distinct.  .//////. 
small,  roundish,  (irnn.  oblong,  compressed.  Sli/U'  as- 
cending, straight,  cylindrical,  channelled  above.  Sfi^ma 
longitudinid,  linear,  downy,  running  along  the  iimer,  or 
upper,  side  of  the  uppir  half  of  llie  style.  Lri^nnic  ob- 
lon<r,  or  liiK-ar,  tumid,  or    somewhat   cylindrical,  with   u 


272    DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Orobus. 

sharp  ascending  point,  of  1  cell,  and  2  rigid,  twisting 
valves.  Seeds  several,  roundish. 
Perennial,  generally  upright  herbs,  not  always  smooth. 
Boots  creeping,  in  some  tuberous.  Leaves  pinnate,  or 
conjugate,  without  tendrils.  Stlpulas  oblong.  FL  nu- 
merous, handsome,  racemose,  variously  coloured.  Seeds 
not  eatable. 

1.  O.  tuberosus.  Common  Bitter-vetch.  Heath  Pea. 
Leaves  pinnate,   elliptic-lanceolate.     Stipulas   half-arrow- 
shaped  ;  toothed  at  the  base.     Stem  simple,  erect. 

O.tuberosus.  Linn.  Sp.  PIA02^.  Willd.v.S.  1074.  FL  Br.76\. 
Engl.Bot.v.\7.t.\\D3.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  \.  t,53.  Hook.  Scot. 
213. 

O.n.  417.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  181. 

O.  sylvaticus,  foliis  oblongis  glabris.     Raii  Sijn.  324. 

O.  radice  tuberosa.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  59. 

Lathyrus  angustifolius,  radice  tuberosa.   Loes.Pruss.  138.  f.37. 

Astragalus  sylvaticus.  Ger.  Em.  1237./.  Sihh.  Scot.  p.2.\l.t.\. 
Thai.  Harcyn.7.t.  1. 

/3.  Orobus  tenuifolius.  Roth  Germ.  v.  \.  30b.  Hoffm.  Germ,  for 
1791.  253.    D.  Don  in  Tr.  of  Wern.  Soc.v.  3.  301. 

In  rather  mountainous  pastures,  thickets,  and  woods. 

Perennial.    Maij,  June. 

Root  creeping,  externally  blackish,  swelling  here  and  there  into 
oblong  knobs.  Herb  smooth,  darkish  green.  Stems  simple, 
erect,  a  foot  high,  compressed  and  winged,  leafy.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, each  of  2,  2|,  or  3  pair  of  lanceolate,  somewhat  ellip- 
tical, ribbed,  entire,  bluntish  or  acute,  leaflets,  their  common 
footstalk  projecting  a  little  beyond  them,  but  not  bearing  a  ten- 
dril. Stipulas  strongly  toothed  and  extended  at  the  base,  va- 
rious in  width.  FL  in  loose,  long-stalked,  axillary  clusters,  ele- 
gandy  variegated  and  veined,  with  purple,  crimson,  and  shades 
of  blue  and  flesh-colour.  Legumes  pendulous,  long,  cylindrical, 
black  when  ripe. 

The  roots  have  a  sweetish  taste,  and  afford  some  luxuries  and  re- 
freshments to  the  hardy  independent  Highlander.  There  is  con- 
siderable elegance  in  the  flowers,  and  in  the  plant  altogether. 
/3,  an  obvious  variety,  found  in  various  parts  of  England  as  well 
as  in  Scotland,  differs  in  having  narrow  linear  leaflets. 

2.  O.  sylvaticus.     Wood  Bitter- vetch. 

Stems  recumbent,  hairy,  branched.     Leaflets  numerous. 
O.  sylvaticus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1029.  Willd.  v.  3.  1076.    FL  Br.  762. 

EngLBoi.v.S.L5\S.  Lightf.390.t  ]6.  Hook.Scot.2l3.  Lmd. 

t.  8.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  1.12. 


DIADELPHIA.— DECANDRIA.     Lathyrus.     273 

O.  sylvaticus  nostras.     Raii  St/n.  324. 

Vicia  cassubiea.     FL  Dan.  t.  98  ;   but  not  of  Linnceus. 

/3,  with  simple  leaves.     Sm.  Tour  to  Hafod.  1  6. 

In  mountainous  woods  and  thickets. 

At  Gamblesby,  Cumberland,  about  6  miles  from  Penrith  in  the 
way  to  Newcastle,  plentifully.  Ray.  In  several  parts  of  Wales, 
and  the  lowlands  of  Scotland.  Also  in  Ireland,  according  to 
Dr.  Wade. 

Perennial.      Maij,  June. 

Root  creeping,  woody,  tough,  deeply  fixed  in  the  ground.  Stems 
numerous,  spreading  or  recumbent,  1  to  2  feet  long,  somewhat 
branched,  leafy,  angular,  more  or  less  hairy,  but  in  this  respect 
the  whole  plant  varies  greatly.  Leaves  of  numerous  pairs  of 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  leaflets,  whose  common  footstalk  is 
somewhat  elongated,  but  not  so  as  to  form  a  tendril.  Stipulas 
half-arrow-shaped,  single-toothed.  Clusters  of  numevouf^fl owers, 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Cal.  more  hairy  than  the  stalks. 
Pet.  cream-coloured,  streaked  and  tipped  with  purple.  Legume 
ovate -oblong,  smooth,  compressed,  much  shorter  than  usual  in 
this  genus,  and  very  differently  shaped.  Seeds  few,  from  1  to  o, 
dark  brown,  smooth,  almost  globular,  with  a  long  linear  scar, 
but  no  crest. 

/3  is  a  truly  wonderful  variety,  found  by  Mr.  Todd,  gardener  to 
the  late  Mr.  Jolnies,  on  a  hill  near  Hafod,  ('ardiganshire,  bear- 
ing nothing  but  large,  ovate,  simple  leaves,  five  times  the  size 
of  the  usual  leaflets,  but  like  them  in  texture,  veins,  &c.  Sti- 
pulas rather  smaller  than  usual.  Rabbits  are  extremely  fond 
of  this  variety,  which,  when  tr;insplanted  into  the  garden,  grow 
luxuriantly,  increasing  greatly  by  the  roots,  but  could  by  no  ma- 
nagemenl'be  made  to  blossom.  The  stems  are  much  more  slender 
than  in  the  common  state  of  the  plant. 

359.  LATHYRUS.  Wtcliling,  and  Eveihisting. 
pea. 

Dun.  (it'u.  37.").  Juss.W't^.  ri.  lir.  70y>.  Tourn.  t.  'JlC.'^i;.  Lam. 
t.  (i;V2.     (icvrtn.t.  IJ2. 

C.'lymenum.     7'o;/ ///./.  218. 

Aphara.     T<nini.  I.  22?> 

Cal.  ciiji-sliapcd,  imc(jiial  :  lul,  al)()ut  hall' way  down,  iiiti) 
5  lanceolate,  acute  se«rnients  :  the  '2  uppermost  sliortot  ; 
lower  one  loni^est.  Cor.  ol"  5  petals  :  standard  lar«rcst, 
inversely  heart-sliaped,  reflexed  at  the  sides;  winijs  ()1k 
long,  obtuse,  soniewiial  curvet!  upwards,  conver«rin<i^ ; 
keel  rounded,  rather  tumid,  of  2  combined  petals,  with 
separate  claws.  Filam.  10;  9  united  into  a  com})re.s.sed 
tube,  open  at  the  upper  edge;   the  tenth  capillary,  quite 


274     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Latbyrus. 

distinct.  Anth.  small,  roundish.  Germ,  linear-oblong, 
compressed.  Style  ascending,  flattened  vertically,  di- 
lated upwards,  acute  at  the  point.  Stigma  longitudinal, 
downy,  running  along  the  dilated  upper  half  of  the  style. 
Legume  long,  either  cylindrical  or  compressed,  pointed, 
of  1  cell,  and  2  rather  rigid  valves.  Seeds  several,  round- 
ish, or  angular. 
A  numerous  herbaceous  genus,  annual  or  perennial.  Stem 
climbing,  by  means  of  the  ienchils  terminating  the  foot- 
stalks. Leaflets  2  or  more,  entire,  rarely  altogether  want- 
ing ;  leaves  very  rarely  simple.  Stipidas  mostly  arrow- 
shaped,  and  rather  large ;  seldom  very  small.  FL  stalk- 
ed, axillary,  either  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  in  clusters ;  either 
crimson,  purplish,  blue,  or  yellow.  The  herbage  com- 
monly affords  good  fodder ;  the  seeds  are  scarcely  used 
for  any  purpose. 

*  Flowers  mostly  solitary. 

1.  L.  Aphaca,     Yellow  Vetchling. 

Stalks  single-flowered.  Tendrils  without  leaves.  Stipulas 
between  heart-  and  arrow-shaped. 

L.  Aphaca.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1029.  mild.  v.  3.  1077.  FL  Br.  763. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  17.  f.  1 167.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  ^.51.  Purl.  v.  1. 
339.^.3. 

L.  n.  442.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.]9\. 

Vicia  lutea  foliis  convolvuli  minoris.  Bauh.  Pin.  345.  Moris,  v.  2. 
62.sect.2.t.4.f.7. 

V.  qufe  Pitine  Anguillarae,  lata  siliqutl,  flore  luteo.  Baiih.  Hist. 
y.  2.  416./.  417. 

Aphaca.  Rail  Sijn.  320.  Mill.  Ic.  29.  t.  43.  Ger.  Em.  1250./. 
Lob.  Ic.  V.  2.  70.  f.    Dod.  Pempt.  545./. 

Orobanche  legumen.    Dalech.  Hist.  484. 

In  the  borders  of  sandy  or  gravelly  fields,  but  rarely. 

In  Cambridgeshire.  Relhan.  Oxfordshire.  Sibth.  About  Totten- 
ham and  Enfield.  Curt.  In  a  gravel  pit  between  Norwich  and 
Brooke.  Mrs.  KetL     Near  Forncet,  Norfolk.  Mr.  J.  Fox. 

Annual.    June — August. 

A  little,  smooth,  pale  glaucous  green  herb,  branching  from  the 
root  into  several  weak  stems,  either  procumbent,  or  climbing  by 
means  of  numerous,  alternate,  simple  tendrils,  each  of  which 
springs  from  between  a  pair  of  large  stipulas,  of  a  broad  arrow- 
shape,  nearly  entire.  There  are  no  true  leaves  or  leajlets,  ex- 
cept that  now  and  then,  on  young  plants,  near  the  root,  a  pair 
of  an  elliptical  shape,  on  one  or  two  rudiments  of  tendrils,  very 
rarely  on  a  Teal  tendril,  may  be  observed.     But  these  soon 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Lathyrus.     275 

wither  away.  Fl.  solitary,  on  long  simple  stalks,  accompanying 
some  of  the  tendrils,  small,  drooping,  lemon-coloured.  Bracm 
teas  in  pairs,  awl-shaped.  Teeth  of  the  calyx  long  and  lanceo- 
late, ribbed.  Legume  about  an  inch  in  length,  somewhat  cylin- 
drical, smooth,  with  about  6  round  seeds. 

2.  L.  A'issolia,     Crimson  Vetchling.    Grass  Vetch. 

Stalks  mostly  single-flowered.  Leaves  simple,  without  ten- 
drils.    Stipulas  awl-shaped. 

L,  Nissolia.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1029.  mild.  v.  3.  1078.  FL  Br.  764. 
Fngl.  Bot.  r.  2.  ^.  1 1 2.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.t.5\. 

L.  n.  441.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  190. 

L.  sylvestris  minor.  Bauh.  Pin.  344.  Moris,  v.  2.  56.  sect.  2.  t.  3. 
/•7. 

L.  angustifolius  erectus,  folio  singulari  sinecapreolis.  Magn.  Hort. 
Monsp.  112.  ^  16. 

Nissolia  parva,  flore  purpureo.    Buxb.  Cent.  3.  24.  t.  45./.  1 . 

N.  vulgaris.    Lind.  Alsat.  73.  t.  3. 

Catanance.    Dalecli.  Lugd.  1366./. 

C.  leguminosaquorundam.  Raii  Syn.  325.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  309./. 

Ervum  sylvestre.  Dod.  Petnpt.  529.  f.  Ger.  Em.  \249.f.  Lob. 
Ic.v.2.7\.f. 

In  bushy  places,  and  the  grassy  borders  of  fields. 

Annual.     May. 

Taller  than  the  last,  and  more  erect,  being  supported,  though  de- 
stitute oUendrils,  by  surrounding  plants.  The  herbage  is  smooth, 
of  a  grassy  habit,  as  well  as  colour,  by  which  it  often  escapes 
notice,  except  when  bearing  its  beautiful  crimson  blossorus,  va- 
riegated with  purple  and  white.  Leaves  sessile,  linear-lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed,  many- ribbed,  entire,  quite  unlike  the  gene- 
rality of  this  order.  Stipulas  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  each,  awl- 
shaj/ed,  minute.  Fl.  mostly  solitary,  sometimes  two,  on  long 
axillary  stalks,  downy  in  the  u])per  part,  wlicre  they  bear  one 
or  two  little  awl-shaj)ed  hracteas.  Legume  long,  nearly  cylin- 
drical, pendulous,  with  numerous  seeds. 

**   Flowers  in  pairs. 

3.  h.  hirsulus.     Rough-podded  X'etchling-. 

Stalks  two-flowered.  Each  tendril  with  a  pair  of  linear- 
lanceolate  leaflets.     Legumes  hairy.     Seeds  rough. 

L.  hirsutus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1032.  ff'iUd.  v. 3.  1086.  //.  Br.  76-1. 
/:;;-/.  Bot.v.  18.  /.  12.">.'). 

L.  n.437.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  189. 

L.  siruina  hirsuta.  Haii  Syn.  320.  B,tuh.  HisL  r.  2.305./.  Riv. 
T^-trap.  Irr.  /.  4  1  . 

T  2 


276     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Lathyrus. 

In  cultivated  fields,  but  rare. 

In  various  parts  of  Rochford  Hundred,  Essex.  Ray.  At  Southend, 
Essex.  Mr.  D.  Turner.  Between  Bath  and  Bristol ;  Mr.  Svvayne. 
With. 

Annual.     July. 

Root  small.  Stem  winged,  slightly  hairy,  leafy,  climbing,  by  the 
help  of  its  branched  tendrils,  to  the  height  of  about  two  feet, 
very  little  branched.  Footstalks  winged,  each  bearing,  at  the 
base  of  the  tendril,  a  pair  of  linear-lanceolate,  3-ribbed,  veiny 
leaflets,  either  slightly  hairy  or  quite  smooth,  varying  much  in 
breadth.  Stipulas  half- arrow-shaped,  very  narrow,  somewhat 
hairy.  Fl,.  usually  2  on  each  stalk,  rarely  I  or  3,  not  large,  but 
elegantly  variegated ;  standard  bright  crimson  ;  wings  pale 
blue ;  keel  white.  Cat.  hairy,  with  deep,  taper-pointed  seg- 
ments. Le^Mwe  broad,  compressed,  remarkably  hairy.  Seeds 
rough,  blackish. 

***  Flowers  numerous  07i  each  stalk. 

4.  \j.  pratens'is .     Yellow  Meadow  Vetchling. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Tendrils  mostly  simple,  each  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  lanceolate  leaflets. 

L.  pratensis.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1033.    Mllld.  v.  3.  1089.   FL  Br.  765. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  I  0.  t.  6/0.     Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  3.  t.  44.     Mart.  Rust. 

t.  52.     Hook.  Scot.  213.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  527.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  43. 
L.  n.436.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\89. 
L.  luteus  sylvestris  dumetorum.     Raii  Syn.  320.    Baith.  Hist.  v.  2. 

304./.    ' 
L.  sylvestris  et  dumetorum,  flore  luteo.     Moris,  v.  2.  51.  sect.  2. 

t.  2./.  2, 

In  meadows,  pastures  and  thickets,  very  common. 

Perennial.     July,  Jugust. 

Root  creeping  extensively,  beset  with  fleshy  tubercles,  which  ren- 
der it  very  tenacious  of  life.  Herb  mostly  smooth,  of  a  slightly 
glaucous  green,  turning  blackish  in  drying}  not  unfrequently 
a  little  rough  or  hairy.  Stems  weak,  climbing,  branched,  leafy, 
acutely  angular,  not  winged,  rising  to  the  height  of  2  or  3  feet. 
Tendrils  for  the  most  part  simple,  sometimes  divided  ;  each  ac- 
companied by  a  pair  of  lanceolate,  acute,  variously  ribbed  leaf- 
lets. Stipulas  unequally  arrow-shaped,  taper-pointed.  Flowers 
bright  yellow,  larger  than  the  foregoing,  8  or  9  together,  on. 
long,  upright,  angular  stalks.  Cal.  hairy,  with  slender,  not  very 
deep,  teeth.  Legumes  nearly  upright,  black,  smooth,  compress- 
ed, sparingly  produced.     Seeds  S  or  10,  smooth. 

Cattle  are  fond  of  this  plant,  which  makes  a  great  part  of  common 
meadow  hay.  It  thrives  on  a  wet  tlay  soil,  and  has  been  re- 
commended by  Dr.  Anderson  for  cultivation. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Lathyrus.     277 

5.  L.  sylvestris.     Narrow-leaved  Everlasting-pea. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Tendrils  branched,  each  bearing 
a  pair  of  sword-shaped  leaflets.     Stem  winged. 

L.  sylvestris.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 033.    mild.  v.  3. 1 089.    Fl.  Br.  765. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  12.  t.  805.     Curt.  Lond.Jasc.  6.  t.b2.    Hook.  Scot. 

213.     Clus.  Hist.  V.  2.  229./.  Dod.  Pempt.  523./.  Dalech.  Hist. 

471./. 
L.  n.434.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  188. 
L.  sylvaticus.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.t.  39. 
L.  angustifolius  alter.    Moris,  ij.  2.  5 1 .  sect.  2.  t.  2./.  4. 
Lathyri  majoris  species,  flore  rubente  et  albido  minore,  dumeto- 

rum.    Rati Sijn.3\9.    Bauh.  Hist.  v. 2.  302./. 
Pisum  graecorum,     Trag.  Hist.  613./. 
Ervum  sativum^  rather  sylvestre.    Fucks.  Hist.  572.  f. 
E.sylvestre.    Fuchs.Ic.  329./ 

In  groves,  thickets,  and  moist  hedges. 

Between  Castle  Campes  and  Bartlow,  Cambridgeshire.  Dale.  In 
a  copse  under  Shotover  hill,  Oxfordshire.  Sibth.  Common  in 
Bedfordshire.  Abbot.  In  several  parts  of  Kent.  Curt.  On  the 
south  side  of  Brundle  church,  Norfolk,  near  a  spring.  Mr.  Hum- 
phrey. Between  Bath  and  Bristol  abundantly,  and  near  Con- 
way. Huds.  In  all  the  hedges  of  the  low  country  bordering  the 
river  Severn,  between  King's  Weston  and  the  New  Passage.  It 
is  rare  in  Scotland. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

i?oo<5  creeping.  Herb  smooth,  climbing  to  the  height  of  5  or  6  feet. 
Stem  branched,  broadly  winged.  Tendrils  in  3  or  more  divisions  ; 
with  a  pair  of  lanceolate,  or  sword-shaped,  lea/lets,  3  inches 
long,  3-ribbed,  veiny,  various  in  breadth  3  and  a  narrow-wing- 
ed/ootstalk.  Stipules  very  narrow.  Fl.  from  3  to  7  or  8  to- 
gether, on  long  axillary  stalks,  with  an  awl-shaped  bractea  to 
each  flower.  Cal.  widely  bell-shaped,  with  rather  short  teeth. 
Cor.  variegated  with  pale  crimson,  violet,  and  tints  of  green, 
elegant  though  not  splendid.  Legumes  long,  compressed,  tawny, 
reticulated  with  copious  veins. 

Most  of  the  German  authors  represent  but  2 /lowers  on  each  stalk. 
In  England  they  are  usually  from  4  to  8. 

G.  L.  lat'ifolius.     Broad-leaved  Everlasting-pea. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Tendrils  branched,  each  bearing  a 
pair  of  elliptical  leaflets.      Stem  winged. 

L.  hitifolius.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1033.     IViltd.  v.  3.  1089.     FL  Br.  706. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  \6.  t.  1  lOS.     Mart.  Rust.  t.S.     Mill.  Illustr.  t.  62. 

Hook.  .Sco/.  214.      (iarid.  Pmv.  271.  /.  108.     Moris,  v.  2.  5\ . 

sect.  2.  /.  2./.  3. 
L.  n.  133.     Hall,  lltst.  v.  1.  IS.S. 


278    DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Lathyrus. 

L.  FL  Dan.  t.  785  j  with  synonyms  of  the  foregoing. 

L.  major  latifolius.    Raii  Syn.  3 1^.     Ger.  Em.  1 229./. 

L.  major  latifolius,  flore  majore,  purpureo,  speciosior.  Bauh.  Hist, 

r.  2.303./. 
L.  sativus  latifolius.    Dalech.  Hist.  470.  f. 
L.  narbonensis.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  40. 
Clymenum.    Matth.  Valgr,  v,  2.  320/.  ed.  Bauh.  690./.     Camer, 

Epit.7l2.f 

In  woods,  but  rare  -,  by  some  supposed  a  doubtful  native. 

In  Madingley  and  other  woods  near  Cambridge.  Ray.  Martyn, 
On  the  rocks  by  Red  Neese,  near  Whitehaven,  Cumberland  5 
Mr.  Lawson.  Ray.  In  Severn  Stoke  copse,  Worcestershire  j 
Mr.  Ballard.  With.  At  Hawnes  and  Bromham,  Bedfordshire. 
Abbot. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Root  much  branched,  but  not  spreading  widely.  Herb  like  the 
last,  but  larger  in  all  its  parts,  quite  smooth,  of  a  rather  glau- 
cous hue.  Leaflets  broadly  elliptical,  bluntlsh,  with  a  small 
point,  3-  or  5 -ribbed,  copiously  reticulated  with  veins.  Tendrils 
generally  in  5  branches.  Stipulas  ovate  in  their  upper  part,  and 
broader  than  the  winged  stem.  FL  5 — 10,  large  and  handsome  j 
all  their  petals  of  a  fine  rose-colour.  Lower  teeth  of  the  calyx 
elongated.     Legume  long,  compressed,  rather  narrow. 

Haller  speaks  of  this  common  garden  plant  as  having,  in  his  time, 
just  begun  to  attract  the  notice  of  agriculturists.  Prof.  Martyn 
recommends  it  for  experiment,  but  I  know  not  that  he  has  been 
attended  to.  It  thrives  in  any  common  soil,  and  the  crop  is  very 
abundant.     Bees  obtain  much  honey  from  the  flowers. 

Most  of  the  old  figures  represent  the  leaflets  as  more  narrow  than 
we  usually  find  them. 

7 .  L.  palustris.     Blue  Marsh  Vetchling. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Tendrils  branched,  each  bearing 
several  elliptic-lanceolate  leaflets.     Stipulas  lanceolate. 

L.  palustris.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1034.  Willd.  v.  3.  1090.  FL  Br.  767. 
EngLBot.v.3.  t.  169.    Fl.Dan.t.399. 

L.  n.  431.    HalLHist.v.l.l87. 

L.  viciaeformis,  seu  Vicia  lathyroides  nostras.    Raii  Syn.  320. 

L.  palustris,  flore  orobi  nemorensis  verni.  Rupp.  Jen.  ed.  1 .  367./. 

Vicia  lathyroides  nostras,  &c.  Pluk.  Almag.  387.  Phyt.  t.  7\.f.  2. 

Clymenum  parisiense,  flore  caeruleo.    Tourn.  Inst.  396.  t.2l8. 

In  boggy  meadows  and  thickets. 

In  Peckham  fields  3  T.  Willisel.  Ray.  Near  Abingdon,  Berks. 
Blackstone.  In  Leicestershire.  Dr.  Pulteney.  In  some  parts 
of  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire.  Huds.  Near  Ranaugh,  Norfolk. 
Mr.  Humphrey.     At  Burgh,  near  Yarmouth.  Mr.  D.  Turner. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Vicia.        279 

Herb  very  smooth,  somewhat  glaucous,  3  or  4  feet  high.  Ston 
winged,  but  little  branched.  Tendrils  usually  in  2  or  3  divi- 
sions, with  2  or  3  pair  of  elliptic-lanceolate  lea/lets,  each  having 
a  midrib,  and  several  parallel  lateral  nerves.  Siipw /as  lanceolate, 
pointed,  varying  in  width  as  well  as  the  leaflets.  Fl.  fron)  3  to 
6,  in  upright  stalked  clusters,  not  so  large  as  either  of  the  two 
last,  but  elegantly  variegated  with  blue  and  purple  tints.  Le- 
gume  smooth. 

360.  VICIA.     Vetch. 

Linn.  Gen.  376.  Juss.  360.  Ft.  Br,  768.  Tourn.  t.22\.  Lam. 
t.  634.    Gcertn.  t.  151. 

CaL  tubular,  unequal,  cut,  about  half  way  down,  into  5 
acute  segments,  all  of  equal  breadth  ;  the  2  uppermost 
shortest.  Cor,  of  5  petals ;  standard  largest,  oval,  as- 
cending, with  a  broad  claw,  the  sides  deflexed,  the  back 
somewhat  keeled;  wings  elliptic-oblong,  converging, 
shorter  than  the  standard,  with  narrower  claws ;  keel 
rounded,  compressed,  of  2  combined  petals,  with  sepa- 
rate claws.  Filam.  10;  9  united  into  a  compressed  tube, 
open  at  the  upper  edge ;  the  tenth  capillary,  quite  dis- 
tinct, closing  the  fissure.  Anth.  small,  roundish.  Germ. 
linear-oblong,  compressed.  Style  short,  ascending  at  a 
right  angle,  cylindrical.  Stigma  obtuse,  with  a  transverse 
tuft  of  hairs  in  front,  below  the  summit.  Legume  long, 
more  or  less  compressed,  pointed,  of  1  cell,  and  2  co- 
riaceous, rather  rigid  valves.  Seeds  several,  roundish  or 
angular. 

Herbaceous,  annual  or  perennial.  Stems  climbing,  by  the 
tendrils  which  terminate  \he  footstalks.  Leajlcts  for  the 
most  part  very  numerous,  smaller  than  in  Lathijnis,  lan- 
ceolate, often  abrupt.  Stipidas  half-arrow-shaped,  tooth- 
ed, i-y.  axillary  ;  either  in  stalked  clusters;  or  almost 
sessile,  solitary  or  in  pairs;  crimson,  purplish,  yellow,  or 
whitish.     Herbage  often  useful  for  fodder. 

*  Stalks  elongated^  manij-flov:ercd. 

I.   V.  sj/lvatica.     Wood  Vetch. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Leaflets  elliptical.  IStij)ulas  crescent- 
sha{)ed,  deeply  toothed. 

V.  sylvaticu.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1035.     mild.  v.  X  1095.     Fl.  Br.  768. 

Fn^l.  Bol.  V.  2.  L  71).     Ifook.  Scot.  214.     Fl.  Dan.  i.  277. 
V.  n.  t2«S.     Hall.  fhsi.  V.  1 .  185.  t.  VI.  f.  2. 


280        DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Vicia. 

V,  sylvatica  multiflora  maxima.    Rail  Syn.  322. 

V,  multiflora  maxima  perennis,  tetro  odore,  floribus  albentibus, 
lineis  cieruleis  striatis.    Ptuk.  Almag.  387.     Thijt.  t.7\.f.\. 

V.  major  species,  quae  altius  conscendit.  Moris,  v. 2.  61,  between 
1  and  2. 

In  woods  and  hedges,  chiefly  in  the  more  mountainous  parts  of 
Britain. 

Not  uncommon  in  Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  Worcestershire, 
Derbyshire,  the  north  of  Yorkshire,  South  Wales,  and  the  south 
of  Scotland.  Found  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hemsted  in  a  wood  near 
Newmarket.  James  Bobart  the  younger  is  said  to  have  met 
with  it  in  Oxfordshire,  which  Dr.  Sibthorp's  Flora  confirms. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  creeping.  Herb  smooth ;  not  hairy  as  described  in  Morison. 
Stems  numerous,  much  branched,  climbing  to  the  height  of  6  or 
7  feet,  and  spreading  widely,  decorating  the  bushes  which  sup- 
port them  with  a  profusion  of  delicate ^oit^ers,  elegantly  varie- 
gated with  blue  and  white,  streaked  with  grey.  Tenc^nZs  branch- 
ed. Leajiets\\g\\i  green,  numerous,  opposite  or  scattered,  oval 
with  a  small  point.  Stipulas  fringed  with  numerous  deep  and 
slender  teeth.  Fl.  numerous,  in  clusters  longer  than  the  leaves, 
supported  by  quadrangular  stalks.  Cat.  rather  bell -shaped,  with 
unequal  teeth.  Standard  notched.  Legume  sca.]Lce\y  more  thRXx 
an  inch  long,  bright  brown,  minutely  dotted,  but  not  rough. 
Seeds  about  4,  roundish. 

One  of  our  most  elegant  wild  plants,  well  worthy  to  decorate  shrub- 
beries, or  to  be  trained  over  a  treillis  or  bower. 

2.  V.  Cracca.    Tufted  Vetch. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Flowers  imbricated.  Leaflets  lan- 
ceolate, downy.  Stipulas  half-arrow-shaped,  mostly  en- 
tire. 

V.  Cracca.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1035.  Willd.  v.  3.  1098.  Fl  Br.  769. 
Engl.  Bot.  ?;.  1 7.  ^.  1 1 68.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  54.  Mart.  Rust. 
t.\\7.    Hook.  Scot.  214.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  804. 

V.  n.  424.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  184. 

V.  perennis  multiflora  spicata  cserulea  sepiaria.  Moris,  v.  2.  61. 
sect.  2.  t.A.f.  1. 

Cracca.    Raii  Syn.  322.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  49. 

In  hedges,  thickets,  osier-grounds  and  bushy  low  meadows,  com- 
mon. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  creeping.  Stejns  2  or  3  feet  high,  furrowed,  rather  downy, 
climbing  by  means  of  their  long  many-branched  tendrils,  by 
which  they  choke  and  overtop  other  herbs.  Leajlets  numerous, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  downy  or  rather  silky  on  both  sides.  Stipulas 
each  of  2  lanceolate  spreading  acute  lobes,  downy,  occasionally 
toothed,     Fl.  numerous,  in  dense  clusters,  on   angular  hairy 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Vicia.       281 

stalks,  various  in  length.  Cor.  beautifully  variegated  with  tints 
of  bright  blue  and  some  purple.  Cat.  partly  coloured,  nearly 
smooth.  Style,  as  Curtis'observes,  hairy  all  round.  Legume 
the  size  of  the  last,  smooth,  with  4  or  5  dark  globular  seeds. 
Said  to  be  nutritious  food  for  cattle,  but  it  has  not  come  into  use, 
probably  from  the  difficulty  of  gathering,  or  of  cultivating,  so 
pertinacious  a  climber. 

^*  Flowers  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 

3.  V.  saliva.    Common  Vetch. 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,  mostly  in  pairs.  Leaflets  elliptic- 
oblong  ;  lower  ones  abrupt.  Stipulas  witii  a  blackish  de- 
pression beneath.     Seeds  orbicular,  smooth. 

V.  sativa.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1037.  Willd.  v.  3.  \\04.  Fl.Br.769.  Engl. 

Bot.v.5.t.334.    Mart.  Rust.  t.\\6.    Hook.  Scot. 2\d.    Fl.  Dan. 

t.  o22. 
a.  Vicia.    RaiiSyn.  320.   Riv.Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  d4.    Ger.  Em.l227.f. 

Lob.  Ic.  V.  2.  7^.f.    Camer.  Epit.  320.  f.     Trag.  Hist.  624.  f. 
V.  vulgaris  sativa.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  310./. 
V.  vera,  Aphaca  Matthiolo.     Dalech.  Hist.  478./. 
Aphaca.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1.  500./. 
(3.  Vicia  sylvestris,  sive  Cracca  major.     Raii  Syn.  321 .      Ger.  Em. 

1227./ 
V.  n.430.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  186. 
y.  lathyroides  a.    Huds.  318. 
V.  angustifolia.     JVilld.  v.  3.  1  lOo.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  55.    Ehrh. 

Herb.  r)7.     Roth  Germ.  y.  1 .  3 1 0  ? 
V.  vulgaris  sylvestris,  semine  parvo  et  nigro,  frugum.     Bauh.  Hist. 

t'.  2.  312./ 
Vicia.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1 .  501./  bad. 
Aphaca  vera,  Vicia  Matthiolo.    Dalech.  Hist.  478./ 

In  corn  fields,  and  other  cultivated  ground. 

/3  Among  grass  or  bushes,  on  more  barren  or  sandy  ground. 

Annual.     May,  June. 

Root  tapering,  with  many  fibres.  Herb  more  or  less  downy,  uith 
minute,  silky,  scattered,  tawny  hairs,  very  variable  in  luxuriance, 
us  well  as  in  the  shape  and  number  of  its  leaflets;  its  colour 
a  bright  grass  green.  Stems  procumbent,  or  more  usually  climb- 
ing by  the  branched  tendrils  of  the  footstalks,  angular,  furrowed, 
leafy,  not  branched,  except  at  tiie  bottom,  from  1}  to  3  feet 
high.  Leaflets  from  fi  to  10,  opposite  or  alternate,  ellij)tic-ob- 
long,  bristie-jjointed,  abrupt  j  in  p  lanceolate  and  more  acute  ; 
those  of  the  lower  leaves,  in  a  more  especially,  short  and  in- 
verselv  heart-Hhai)e(l.  Stipulas  half-arrow-shaped,  bristle-point- 
ed, more  or  less  toothed,  varial)le  in  breadth,  each  stamj)ed,  as 
if  l)v  a  hot  iron,  witli  a  blackisli  dejjrcssion  on   the  under  side. 


282      DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.   Vicia. 

palest  in  the  variety  /3.  Fl.  usually  in  pairs,  on  short,  axillary, 
downy  stalks,  inclining,  often  solitary.  Cal,  angular,  a  little 
hairy,  with  taper  teeth  about  the  length  of  the  tube.  Pet.  va- 
riegated with  shades  of  purplish  crimson,  with  some  blue  and 
white.  Legumes  erect,  linear-lanceolate,  1  h  inch  long,  flattish, 
downy,  with  9  or  10  orbicular,  rather  compressed,  very  smooth 
seeds,  usually  dark  brown,  or  blackish,  but  theircolour  is  variable. 

The  figure  in  Engl.  Bot.  t.  334,  wanting  the  lower  leaves,  repre- 
sents the  usual  wild  state  of  this  plant,  intermediate  between  the 
cultivated  variety,  a,  and  the  starved  narrow-leaved  one,  /3. 

As  early  fodder  for  cattle,  the  cultivated  Vetch  is  in  general  use.  Its 
seeds  are  food  for  pigeons. 

4.  V.  angustifolia.  Narrow-leaved  Crimson  Vetch. 

Flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile.  Leaflets  linear;  lower  ones 
inversely  heart-shaped.  Stipulas  with  a  pale  depression 
beneath.    Seeds  orbicular,  smooth. 

V.  angustifolia.    Sihth.  224;  hut  not  of  Roth,  or  Willdenow,  or  RU 

vinus. 
V.  sativa  y.     Fl.  Br.  770. 

V.  sylvestris,  flore  ruberrimo,  siliqua  longa  nigra.     Raii  Syn.  321. 
V.  lathyroides.     Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  4.  12.    Huds.  319,  ^.    Villars 

Dauph.v.  3.  452,  from  the  author. 
V.  folio  angustiore,  flore  rubro.     Dill.  Giss.  app.  47. 

In  grassy  pastures,  on  a  chalky  or  gravelly  soil. 

On  Shotover  hill,  Oxfordshire.  Bobart.  In  Stow  wood.  Sibth.  At 
Weymouth.  Sir  T.  G.  Cullum,  Bart,  In  Scotland.  Mr,  A.  Bruce. 
In  Hyde  Park.  Dickson.  Among  short  grass  in  Richmond  gar- 
dens. 

Annual  ?    June. 

Root  tapering,  furnished  with  a  few  fleshy  lateral  tubercles  ; 
branching  at  the  crown.  Herb  smaller  than  any  variety  of  the 
former,  of  a  slender  delicate  habit,  and  distinguished  by  its  very 
conspicuous,  elegant,  crimson ^ow;er5,  white  at  the  keel  and 
lower  edge  of  the  wings,  and  rather  large  in  proportion  to  the 
other  parts.  The  stems,  mostly  procumbent,  are  a  span  long, 
unbranched,  slender,  striated,  smooth.  Tendrils  with  2  or  3 
capillary  branches.  Stipulas  small,  but  not  always  narrow, 
smooth,  sometimes  toothed,  their  depressed  mark  rather  pale 
than  blackish.  Leaflets  6  or  7j  those  of  the  lower  leaves  short, 
inversely  heart-shaped  j  of  the  upper  ones  oblong  or  linear,  ab- 
rupt, or  acute,  with  a  small  point  3  all  clothed  on  both  sides  with 
scattered  silky  hairs  3  the  longest  scarcely  exceeding  half  an  inch. 
Fl.  I  believe  always  solitary,  those  who  describe  them  otherwise 
having  confounded  this  species  with  variety  /3  of  the  last.  Le- 
gumes nearly  upright,  narrow,  downy,  finally  blackish.  Seeds 
9  or  10,  much  like  the  preceding,  but  smaller. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Vicia.       283 

German  as  well  as  English  botanists  have  so  much  confounded  the 
synonyms  of  the  present  plant,  with  starved  varieties  of  the  V. 
sativa,  and  even  with  the  more  decidedly  distinct  V.  lathyroides, 
that  their  characters  have  misled  me.  The  observations  of  Mr. 
T.  F.  Forster  induced  me  to  re-examine  the  matter,  and  indeed 
to  rely  on  my  own  original  opinion. 

5.  V.  lathyroides.     Spring  Vetch. 

Flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile.  Leaflets  elliptic-oblong ; 
lower  ones  inversely  heart-shaped.  Tendrils  simple, 
shorter  than  the  leaflets.     Seeds  cubic,  warty. 

V.  lathyroides.  Lmw.  %P/.1037.  W^^/W.^^3. 1106.  Fl.Br.77\. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  1 .  t.  30.  Hook.  Scot.  215.  Jacq.  Misc.  v.  2.  299. 
t.  18.    FL  Dan.  t.  .08.    Ehrh.  Herb.  28, 

V.  n.  10.     Gerard  Gallopr.  498}  from  the  author. 

V.  n.  4.     Guettard  Obs.  v,  1 .  235. 

V.  minima  prsecox  Parisiensium.  Dill,  in  Rail  Syn.  321.  Tourn. 
Inst.  397}  according  to  his  herbarium. 

V.  minima.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.5^). 

V.  pratensis  verna,  seu  prsecox  Soloniensis,  semine  cubico,  seu 
hexiiedron  referente.    Moris.v.  2.  63.  sect.  2.  t.  4./.  14  j  very  bad. 

Ervum  soloniense.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1040.    Huds.  ed.  1.  279. 

In  fallow  fields  on  a  gravelly  soil,  in  chalky  pastures,  or  on  dry 
banks. 

About  Norwich,  and  in  Hyde  Park  ;  also  in  the  King's  park  and 
various  other  places  round  Edinburgh. 

Annual.    April,  May. 

Root  fibrous,  beset  with  minute  fleshy  tubercles.  Stems  several, 
procumbent  in  opposite  directions,  branched  at  the  bottom  only, 
3  or  4  inches  long,  angular,  leafy%  finely  downy  like  the  rest  of 
the  herbage.  Footstalks  channelled,  each  ending  in  a  very  short 
simple  tendril,  or  none  at  all.  Lcajiets  of  the  lower  leaves  2  or 
4,  short,  broad,  inversely  heart-shaped ;  of  the  upper  ones  4  or  6, 
elliptical,  obovate,  or  lanceolate,  pointed  ;  all  finely  liairy  on 
both  sides.  Stipulas  half- halberd-shaped,  for  the  most  part  en- 
tire, rarely  with  a  lateral  tooth,  and  quite  destitute  of  any  disco- 
loured impression.  FL  small,  solitary,  of  a  light  blueish  purple, 
occasionally  white.  Stigma  bearded  in  front,  like  a  true  f'icia. 
Leginne  not  an  inch  long,  rather  tumid,  dark  brown,  destitute  of 
all  pubescence,  but  very  minutely  dotted  all  over.  Seeds  about 
6,  small,  (lark  brown,  cubical,  covered  with  prominent  warts  or 
granulations,  by  which,  and  their  shape,  this  species,  so  generally 
misunderstood,  may  be  clearly  distinguished  from  all  to  which 
it  is  allied. 
y.  lathyroides  of  AUioni,  FL  Pedcrn.  /.59./.  2,  mentioned  by  U'ill- 
dcnow,  is  totally  diftcrent  from  this,  and  perhaps  belongs  to  our 
nngnstifolia. 


284      DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Vicia. 

G.  V.  liitea.     Rough-podded  Yellow  Vetch. 

Flowers  solitary,   very  nearly  sessile.     Standard  smooth. 

Legumes  reflexed,  hairy.     Stems  diffuse.    Stipulas  ovate, 

pointed,  coloured. 

V.lutea.   Lmw.%P/.1037.    Willd.v.?>.\\Q>1 .   Fl.Br.772.    Engl. 

Bot.v.7.t.4Sl.    Hook.  Scot.  215.    Lond.t.74. 
V.  luteo  flore  sylvestris.     Baiih.  Hist.  v.  2.  313./;  but  not  perhaps 

of  Ray. 
V.  sylvestris   lutea,   siliqua  hirsuta^    nondum  descripta.      Bauh. 

Pm.  345. 
V.  flore  luteo  pallido,  siliquis  propendentibus  hirsutis.    Moris,  v.  2. 

62,  U7ider  n.  4.  sect.  2.t.2\.f. 

On  stony  ground,  chiefly  near  the  sea. 

At  Orford,  Suftblk,  upon  the  pebbly  beach.  Mr.  Humphrey.  At 
Aldborough.  Rev.  Mr.  Burroughes.  Near  Weymouth.  Huds. 
Shoreham,  Sussex.  Mr.  Borrer.  Mearns-shire,  North  Britain. 
Prof.  Beat  tie.  In  a  chalk -pit  on  the  side  of  Glastonbury  Tor-hill. 
Mr.  D.  Turner. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  creeping,  divided  at  the  crown  into  many  branches.  Stems 
several,  spreading  on  the  ground  in  every  direction,  scarcely 
branched,  ( xcept  at  the  bottom,  from  1  to  2  feet  in  length, 
slender,  angular,  smooth,  striated,  leafy.  Leaflets  numerous, 
opposite  or  scattered,  elliptic-lanceolate,  sometimes  abrupt  5 
hairy  beneal  h.  rewdnZi*  long,  branched.  Stipulas  shvaW,  ovate, 
or  somewhat  triangular,  pointed,  marked  with  a  blood-red,  or 
almost  black,  central  spot,  generally  spreading  over  the  whole  ; 
often  having  a  slight,  direct,  not  reflexed,  tooth  at  their  base, 
Fl.  very  nearly  sessile,  erect,  much  larger  than  the  leaflets,  of  a 
pale  sulphur-colour  striped  with  grey ;  rarely  all  over  ash-co- 
loured, or  white.  Cal.  tubular,  pale  green,  smooth.  Standard 
perfectly  smooth.  Legume  bent  downwards  as  it  ripens,  ovate- 
oblong,  slightly  tumid,  1 J  inch  long  and -i  an  inch  broad,  all 
over  rough  with  short  rigid  hairs  arising  from  small  tubercles. 
Seeds  5  or  6,  oval,  smooth. 

That  this  Vetch  grows  on  Glastonbury  Tor-hill,  as  well  as  the  fol- 
lowing, has  been  ascertained  by  Mr.  Turner. 

Some  of  its  branches  are  entirely  subterraneous,  producing  co- 
lourless, apparently  imperfect,  ^0M;6r-6M(/s,  which  nevertheless 
form  seeds.  Of  this  curious  fact  there  are  several  examples 
among  various  exotic  species  of  Ficia  and  Lathyrus. 

7.  V.  hyhrida.     Hairy-flowered  Yellow  Vetch. 

Flowers  solitary,  almost  sessile.  Standard  hairy.  Legumes 
reflexed,  hairy.  Stems  ascending.  Leaflets  abrupt.  Sti- 
pulas ovate,  unstained. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Vicia.       285 

V.  hybrida.     Li7in.  Sp.  PI.  1037.     M'illd.  v.  3.  1 107.     Fl.  Br.  772. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  7.  t.  482.    Jacq.  Hort.  Find.  v.  2.  68. 1. 146. 
V.  luteo  flore  sylvestris.    Raii  Si/n.  321  ;  but  not  of  Bauhin. 
V.  sylvestris  lutea,  cum  galefi  fusca.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  314./. 

In  thickets  in  the  south  of  England,  very  rare. 

On  Glastonbury  Tor- hill.  Ray.  Gathered  there  by  the  late  Mr. 
Sole,  and  Mr.  Lambert.  It  is  not  to  be  found  at  Weymouth, 
nor  perhaps  in  any  other  place  in  England  besides  the  above- 
mentioned. 

Perennial.    June,  Julij. 

Much  like  the  preceding,  but  rather  taller  and  more  upright,  sus- 
taining itself,  by  the  branched  tendrils,  upon  neighbouring  plants. 
Leaflets  oblong,  hairy,  variable  in  their  termination,  but  always 
more  abrupt  or  notched  than  in  F.  lutea,  with  a  more  conspi- 
cuous point.  Stipulas  ovate,  acute,  entirely  green.  Fl.  on  very 
short  stalks,  pendulous,  somewhat  larger  than  f.  lutea,  of  nearly 
the  same  colour,  but  more  tawny  or  reddish  externally,  with 
reddish  stripes,  and  no  grey  or  blueish  tint.  The  essential  spe- 
cific diff*^rence  however  consists  in  the  standard  being  clothed 
externally  with  abundance  of  shining  yellowish  hairs,  never  ob- 
served to'  vary.  Legume  like  the  last,  in  shape,  hairiness  and 
position. 

There  cannot  but  be  some  uncertainty  respecting  the  older  syno- 
nyms of  these  two  plants.  J.  Bauhin  says  he  could  not,  in  his 
dried  specimens,  discover  the  character  of  " galea  fusca,"  under 
which  they  were  sent  to  him. 

8.   N ,  IcEvigata.     Smooth-podded  Sea  Vetch. 

Flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile.  Leo-umes  reflexcd,  smooth. 
Stems  ascending.  Stipulas  cloven,  unstained.  Leaflets 
bluntish,  very  smooth. 

V.  Icevigata.    Engl.  Bot.  v.l .t.X'^Ty.    FLBr.77'^.    W^/7W.  r.3.  1 108. 

V.  hybrida.    Huds.2,\d.    f Villi.  639. 

V.  maritima,  flore  albo  longo.     Moris,  v.  2.  62.  sect.  2.  /.  2 1 ./? 

On  the  pebbly  coast  of  the  south  of  England. 

At  Weymouth,  Dorsetshire.  Rev.  Mr.  Baker,  Mr.  Hudson,  and 
others. 

Perennial.    July,  .August. 

Root  furnished  with  many  lateral,  sublcrrancous,  fleshy  knobs  ; 
branched  at  the  crown.  Ifcrbagc  allied  to  the  two  last  species, 
but  in  every  part  i)erfe(tly  smooth.  Si  ems  cither  3  or  I  inches 
high,  and  upriglit  ;  or  above  a  foot  long,  and  somcwiuit  recli- 
ning, quadrangular,  scarcely  striated.  Tendrils  rather  siiort,  in 
2  or  3  divisions.  Leaflets  eHij)tic-oblong,  bhmtish.  or  rounded, 
with  a  minute  point,  but  never  notched,  nor  very  abrupt  ;  tiieir 
texture  firm  ;    their  colour  a  rather  dark  giecn.      Stipnlaa  short, 


286       DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.   Vicia. 

with  a  lateral  lobe,  green,  or  pale  brown.  Fl.  almost  erect.  Cal. 
with  more  equal  teeth  than  either  of  the  foregoing.  Pet.  pale 
blue,  or  whitish,  seldom  yellowish,  all  quite  smooth.  Legume 
reflexed,  rather  short  and  broad,  quite  smooth,  with  about  5 
seeds,  which  when  young  are  bitter  and  astringent  as  in  the 
neighbouring  species. 
Authentic  specimens  prove  this  to  have  been  Mr.  Hudson's  T,  hy- 
brida,  found  at  Weymouth,  though  the  plant  before  us  wants  the 
most  essential  characters  of  that  species. 

9.  V.  sep'ium.     Common  Bush  Vetch. 

Flowers  about  four  together,  in  short  axillary  clusters.  Le- 
gumes upright,  smooth.  Leaflets  ovate,  obtuse;  the 
upper  ones  gradually  smaller. 

V.  sepium.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1038.  fVilld.  v.  3.  1 109.  Fl.  Br.  773. 
Engl.  Bot.v.  22.  t.\5lD.  Hook.  Scot.  2\ 5.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  699. 
Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.56. 

V.  n.  429.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1. 186. 

V.  sepium  perennis.     Raii  Stjn.  320.    Baiih.  Hist.  v.  2.  313./. 

V.  maxima  dumetorum.     Ger.  Em.  1227.  f. 

Aphace.    Fuchs.  Hist.  WO.  f.    Ic.6l.J. 

/3.  Vicia  folio  subrotundo  brevi,  obtus^  mucronato,  pediculo  brevi 
insidente,  fiore  Vicise  sepium  seu  dumetorum  vulgaris.  Rail 
Syn.  32 1 . 

In  thickets  and  under  hedges,  common. 

Perennial.    May,  June. 

Root  branched  at  the  crown,  or  slightly  creeping.  Stejus  about  2 
feet  high,  angular,  smooth,  but  little  branched,  weak,  supported, 
upon  other  plants  by  the  branched  tendrils  of  the  leaves.  Leojlets 
opposite,  or  most  frequently  alternate,  elliptic-ovate,  obtuse,  or 
abrupt,  membranous,  hairy,  minutely  pointed,  dull  green,  gra- 
dually smaller  towards  the  upper  part  of  each  footstalk.  Stipulas 
various,  undivided  or  two-lobed,  acute,  each  marked  with  a 
brown  spot.  Fl.  dull  blueish  purple,  variegated,  sometimes 
white,  from  4  to  5  or  6  together,  in  short,  dense,  axillary  clus- 
ters, all  leaning  one  way.  Cal.  with  a  longish  tube,  and  short, 
narrow  teeth,  hairy  about  its  upper  part.  Legumes  ascending 
or  upright,  an  inch  long,  smooth,  blackish,  pointed.  Seeds  glo- 
bular, smooth. 

|3  seems  to  be  a  variety  with  short  rounded  leaflets,  or,  if  the  defi- 
nition be  correct,  with  simple  leaves,  perhaps  analogous  to  that 
oiOrobus  sylvaiicus  above  described  ;  but  this  can  only  be  con- 
jectured. 

Schreber  recommends  this  Ficia  as  excellent  food  for  cattle.  It  has 
not  been  attended  to  in  England. 

A  very  extraordinary  variety  of  the  present  species,  gathered  in 
Scotland  by  Mr.  Arthur  Bruce,  has  only  3,  4  or  5  lecfl,ets,  to  each 


DIADELPHIA— DECAXDRIA.    Ervum.      287 

leaf,  larger  than  usual,  the  largest  of  all,  above  an  inch  long, 
being  in  the  place  of  a  tendril. 

10.  N .  hithynica.     Rough-podded  Purple  Vetch. 

Flowers  stalked,  mostly  solitary.  Legumes  upright,  rough. 
Leaflets  two  pair,  lanceolate.     Stipulas  with  lateral  teeth. 

V.  bithynica.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1038.     mild.  i;.  3. 1 1 10.    Fl.  Br.  774. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  26.  t.  1842.      Jacq.  Hort.  Find.  v.  2.  09.  t.  147. 

Aliion.  Pedem.  v.  1 .  325.  t.  26./.  2.  Marsch.  Taur-Cauc.  v.  2. 1 63. 
Cracca  floribus  albis,  foliis  circa  caulem  denticulatis.  Buxb.  Cent. 3. 

25.  ^.45./.  2. 
Aracus  major,  an  Vicia  Lathyroides,  siliquis  in  eodem  pediculo 

binis.     Raii  Hist.  v.  3.  448. 
Clvmenum  Bithvnicum,  siliqua  singulari,  flore  minore.    Bcrrh.  Ind. 

'Alt,  V.  2.  A3.  ' 

In  bushy  places,  on  a  gravelly  soil,  often  near  the  sea. 

Near  Doncaster,  Yorkshire.  Mr.  Tojield.  In  woods  near  Clifton 
upon  Teme,  Worcestershire.  Dr.  Stokes.  Between  Chocken- 
hall  and  Sandling,  in  the  same  county.  Rev.  Dr.  Abbot.  In  a 
field  half  way  between  Weymouth  and  Portland  ferry,  near  the 
sea.  Mr.  Lambert.  On  the  coasts  of  Dorsetshire  and  Hampshire. 
Mr.  Borrer. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  branching  at  the  crown,  furnished  under  ground  with  several 
small  fleshy  knobs.  Stems  weak,  leafy,  angular,  slightly  branch- 
ed, smooth,  about  18  inches  long,  prostrate,  unless  supported 
by  tlie  branched  or  simple  tendrils.  Leaflets  4,  on  tlie  lowermost 
footstallis  but  2  ;  elliptic-lanceolate,  sometimes  nearly  linear  ; 
about  1  i  inch  long,  minutely  pointed,  entire,  single-ribbed,  witli 
many  lateral,  straight,  oblique  veins  ;  the  under  side  somewhat 
hairy.  Stipulas  variable  in  breadth,  half-arrow-shaped,  with 
several  deep,  taper-pointed,  fringed  teeth.  Fl.  on  solitary, 
almost  universally  single-flowered,  axillary  stalks,  shorter  than 
the  leaves.  Cal.  ribbed,  tubular,  hairy  upwards,  with  very  long, 
taper-pointed,  fringed,  slightly  unequal,  teeth.  Standard  pur- 
plish. Keel  and  tciugs  white,  the  former  tipped  with  light  violet, 
the  latter  tinged  with  pale  blue,  both  changing  to  a  greenish 
brown  in  12  hours  after  the  flower  is  gatlured.  Lcgunus  erect, 
broad,  slightly  tumid,  reticulated  with  veins,  rough  at  the  sides, 
and  more  densely  at  the  margin,  with  short,  rigid,  tawnv  hairs. 
Seeds  5  or  6,  globose,  smooth,  speckled  with  black  and  grey. 
The  stigma  is  truly  that  of  a  I  icia,  though  the  habit  rather  an- 
swers to  Latlii/rus,  wIutc  I/mnieus  first  placed  this  s))ecies, 

:U]1.  ERVUM.     Tare. 

/,i;m.  r;en.37fi.  Jim.  360.  ¥l.Br.77:^.  /r/ZA/.  r.3.  1!  12.  Tuiirn. 
f.  221.     Lnw.  I.  fi:n. 


288     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Ervum. 

Cal.  tubular,  cut,  about  half  way  down,  into  5  lanceolate, 
taper-pointed  segments,  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  the 
lowermost  rather  the  longest.  Cor.  of  5  petals ;  standard 
largest,  obovate,  slightly  reflexed ;  wings  half  as  long, 
obtuse ;  keel  nearly  equal  to  the  wings,  rounded,  with  an 
acute  point,  of  2  combined  petals,  with  separate  claws. 
Filam.  10;  9  united  into  a  compressed  tube,  open  at  the 
upper  edge ;  the  tenth  capillary,  distinct,  closing  the  fis- 
sure. Antlu  small,  roundish.  Germ,  oblong,  compressed. 
Style  cylindrical,  half  as  long,  ascending  at  a  right  angle. 
Stigma  terminal,  capitate,  all  over  hairy.  Legume  oblong, 
compressed,  blimtish,  tumid  only  from  the  projection  of 
the  seech^  which  are  from  2  to  4-,  roundish,  a  little  flat- 
tened. 

Annual  slender  lierhs^  climbing  by  means  of  the  tendrils  of 
their  numerously-pinnate  narrow  leaves.  Clusters  stalked, 
axillary,  each  of  a  very  few  small,  palej^ow^rs.  Legumes 
small,  pendulous.  Our  species,  nearl}^  all  that  really  be- 
long to  the  genus,  are  useless,  and  but  too  prolific,  weeds. 

The  Linnaean  generic  description  is  taken  from  E.  Lens, 
which  is  truly  a  Cicer. 

1.  1^,  tetrasperimim.    Smooth  Tare. 

Flowers  mostly  in  pairs.  Legume  smooth,  with  four  seeds. 
Leaflets  oblong,  bluntish. 

E.  tetraspermum.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  1039.      Wdld.  v.  3.  1112.      Fl. 

Br.  775.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  17.  t.  1223.     Curt.  Land.  fasc.  1.  t.  55. 

Hook.  Scot.  2 1  G.     Fl.  Dan.  f.Qo. 
Vicia  n.  423.     Hall.  Hist.  ?•.  1 .  1 84.  . 
V.  minor  segetum,  cuin  siliquis  paucis  glabris.     Moris,  v.  2.  64. 

secL2.t.4.f.  \6. 
V.  segetum,  singularibus  siliquis  glabris.     Bauh.  Pin.  345. 
Vicise,  sive  Craccae  minimse,  species  cum  siliquis  glabris.     Bauh. 

Hist.v.2.S\D.f. 
Cra(;ca  minor,  siliquis  singularibus,  flosculis  caerulescentibus.    Raii 

Syn.  322, 
C.  minor,  siliquis  gemellis.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  I.  53./.  1. 

In  corn  fields,  liedges  and  thickets,  particularly  such  as  are  rather 
moist. 

Annual.    .June,  July. 

Root  small  and  tapering.  Herb  besprinkled  with  fine  soft  hairs, 
especially  the  Jiower-stalks  and  calyx.  Stem  weak,  quadrangu- 
lar, branched  from  the  bottom,  leafy,  climbing  to  the  height  of 
2  or  3  feet.  Leaflets  4  pair  or  more,  linear-oblong,  more  or 
les55  blunt,  with  a  minute  point.     Stipulas  half- arrow-shaped. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Oniithopus.   289 

narrow,  entire.  Fi.  usually  2  on  each  stalk,  rarely  3  or  4,  often 
solitary,  small,  drooping,  pale  greyj  the  standard  streaked,  and 
the  keel  tipped,  with  a  deep  blue.  Legumes  pendulous,  oblong, 
bluntish,  smooth.  Seeds  most  generally  4;  sometimes  from 
abortion  3  onlv  ;  rarely  5,  6  or  7. 
Rather  uncommon  in  Switzerland,  where  the  following  species  is 
very  frequent. 

2.  E.  hirsnttnti.    Hairy  Tare. 

Clusters  many-flowered.  Legumes  hairy,  with  two  seeds. 
Leaflets  abrupt. 

E.  hirsutum.  Li/?«.  ^>.  P/.  1039.  «7/W.  f.  3.  1 113.  Fl.Dr.776. 
Engt  Bot.  V.  ]  4.  t.  970.  Curt.  Loml  fasc.  1 .  f.  54.  Hook.  Scot. 
1216.    FLD(vi.t.C):]9. 

Vkia  n.  422.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  184. 

V.  minor  segetum,  cum  siliquis  plurimis  hirsutis.  Bauh.  Pin.  34.1. 
Moris.  V.  2.  63.  sect.  2.  t.  A.f.  1.") . 

V.  sylvestris,  sive  Cracca,  minima.      Ger.  Em.  1228./. 

V.  parva,  sive  Cracca  minor,  cum  multis  siliquis  hirsutis,  Bauh. 
Hist.v.2.-Mr>.f. 

Cracca  minor.    Raii  Sjjn.  322.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t,  r)3. /.  2. 

CracctC alterum  genus.    Dod.  Pempt.bA2.f. 

Aracus  sive  Cracca  minima.    Loh.  Ic.  v.  2.  76- f- 

in  corn  fields,  and  other  cultivated  ground,  as  well  as  in  hedges,  a 
very  troublesome  weed,  especially  in  wet  seasons. 

Annual.    June — August. 

Habit  much  like  the  foregoing  ;  but  the  stem  is  nearly  smooth,  as 
ivell  as  the  leaflets,  which  are  rather  broader,  and  more  abrupt, 
or  notched  at  the  end.  Stipulas  often  in  many  slender  divisions. 
Fl.  from  f)  to  7  in  each  cluster,  very  small,  pale  blue,  or  almost 
white,  with  2  dark  spots  on  the  keel.  Legumes  short,  dark 
brown,  besprinkled  with  hairs,  to  wliich  the  specific  name  alludes. 
Seeds  2  in  each  legume,  large  and  prominent ;  often,  from  abor- 
tion, solitary. 

3(3-2.  OllNITHOPUS.    Bird's-foot. 

/.;/;;». G"/?.3S I.   Juss.M].   Fl.Br.776.  Lam.t.6'M.    (uvrtn.  t.  \:>:y. 
(Jrnitho])()(iium.     Tourn.  t.  224. 

Cal.  tubular,  permanent ;  the  margin  in  3,  nearly  e(jual, 
teeth.  Co/-,  of  5  petals;  standard  obovate,  ascending,  en- 
tire ;  w ings  rather  smaller,  obovate,  curved  upward  ;  keel 
still  smaller,  of  2  slightly  tumid,  converging,  rounded 
peUds,  with  slender  distinct  claws.  Fildiii.  U);  9  in  one 
compressed  tube,  slit  along  tlu*  upper  edge;  the  tenth  ca- 
pillary, distinct ;  all  curved  upward  at  the  extremity. 
//;7//r.  miinUe,  roundish,    (icrni.  linear,  comjiressed.    S/i/U' 

vol..   III.  I 


290  DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Hippocrepis. 

slender,  ascending.  Stigma  capitate,  naked.  Legume 
curved,   compressed,  jointed,   separating  finally  at  the 

•  joints,  each  of  which  remains  closed,  containing  a  solitary 
roundish  seed. 

Small,  mostly  annual,  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  an  odd 
leaflet;  rarely  ternate  only.  Stipulas  undivided.  FL  either 
capitate  or  umbellate,  reddish  or  yellow,  minute. 

1.  O.perpusillus.    Common  Bird's-foot. 

Leaves  pinnate.  Flowers  capitate,  accompanied  by  a  leaf. 
Legumes  incurved,  beaded. 

O.perpusillus.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1049.   Willd. v.  3. 1155.    FI.Br.777. 
Engl.Bot.v.6.t.369.  €urt.  Lond.fasc.6.t  53.  Hook.Scot.2\6. 
Ornithopodium  n.  393.    Hall.  Hist.  v.lA7  . 
O.  radice  nodosa.    Rati  Syn.326. 
O.  minus.     Ger.  Em.\24\.f. 
O.  tuberosum.    Dalech.  Hist.4S6.f. 

In  sandy  or  gravelly  pastures. 

Annual.    May. 

Root  fibrous,  annual,  though,  as  Dillenius  in  Ray's  Sy^iopsis  re- 
cords, after  Mr.  Doody,  it  is  sometimes  propagated  by  subterra- 
neous lateral  granulations,  or  knobs,  in  the  manner  of  a  potatoe, 
in  which  case  the  seeds  are  abortive.  Similar  knobs  occur  in 
ricia  lathyroides,  and  other  papilionaceous  plants.  The  stems, 
often  numerous,  are  procumbent,  from  3  to  10  or  12  inches  long, 
furrowed,  downy,  leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  of  from  5  to  10  or  12 
pair  of  small,  uniform,  elliptical  leajlets,  hairy,  especially  at  the 
back,  with  a  terminal  one  about  the  same  size  and  figure.  Sti- 
pulas very  small,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  or  awl-shaped, 
scarcely  visible;  lower  linear,  acute,  united  laterally  to  Xht  foot- 
stalks. Fl.  3  or  4  in  each  little  head,  or  tuft,  closely  accompa- 
nied by  a  pinnate  leaf,  of  but  few  leaflets.     Cal.  downy,  colour- 

'  ed.  Standard  and  wings  white,  beautifully  veined  with  crimson  -, 
keel  greenish.  Legumes  pointed,  curved  upwards,  finely  hairy, 
wrinkled  lengthwise  when  dry,  their  bead-like  joints  elliptical, 
moderately  compressed. 

0.  majus,  Bauh.  Pin.  350.  Ger.  Em.  1241./.  3,  is  supposed  to  be 
a  larger  variety  of  perpusillus,  difi^erent  from  0.  intermedins  of 
Roth  and  Hoftmann.  Roth  describes  the  latter  as  having  stems 
2  or  3  feet  long,  flowers  thrice  the  size  of  perpusillus,  and  a  very 
hairy  calyx.  Nothing  answering  to  this  account  has  been  ob- 
served in  England. 

363.  HIPPOCREPIS.    Horse-shoe-vetch. 

linn.  Gew. 381.    Juss.3&\.    Fl.Br.777.    Lam.t.630. 
Ferrum  equimim.    Tourn.t.  225. 


DIADELPIIIA— DECANDRIA.  Hippocrepis.    ?9l 

Cal.  hell-shaped,  permanent,  divided,  ahout  half  way  down, 
into  5  acute,  lanceolate  segments ;  the  2  uppermost 
shortest,  and  less  deeply  separated.  Coi:  of  5  petals, 
their  claws  longer  than  the  calyx ;  standard  heart-shaped, 
ascending,  with  a  vaulted  claw;  wings  obovate,  obtuse, 
with  flat  broadiish  claws ;  keel  of  2  combined  petals, 
rounded,  pointed,  with  very  narrow  separate  claws.  Filam. 
10;  9  united  into  a  tube,  open  at  the  upper  edge;  the 
tenth  quite  distinct;  all  curved  upwards  at  the  extremity. 
AntJu  roundish.  Germ,  slender,  compressed,  tapering 
into  an  awl-shaped  ascend ij ig  5/j//6'.  Stigma  linear,  rather 
flattened,  quite  smooth.  Legume  compressed,  partly  mem- 
branous, incurved,  jointed,  notched,  separating  finally  at 
the  joints,  each  of  which  is  nearly  crescent-shaped,  simple 
or  bordered,  closed,  tumid,  containing  a  solitary,  curved, 
oblong  seed. 

Aimual  or  perennial /{6vZ>5,  larger  than  the  last  genus.  Leaves 
})innate,  with  an  odd  leajlet,  uniform.  Stipidas  membra- 
nous, oblong,  undivided.  FL  umbellate,  yellow ;  in  one 
species  solitary.     Legumes  curiously  notched. 

1.   W.  coniosa.    Tufted  Horse  shoe-vetch. 

Legumes  umbellate,  rough;  their  joints  neither  dilated  nor 
bordered. 

H.  comosa.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1050.    M'ilM.  v.  3.  1 159.     FL  Br.  777. 

EngL  Bot.  i\  l.t.Si.  Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fuse.  8.14.  Hook.  Scot.  216. 
Ferrum  equinum  n.39l.    HalL  Hist. v.  1.  170. 
F.  equinum  Gernianicum,  .siliquis  in  summitate.     Bauli.  P//j.3'49. 

Rail  Sijn.  325. 
F.  equinum  comosum.     Riv.  Tetrap.  fir.  t.  97./.  2. 
F.  equinum  capitatum.     Column.  Ecplir.  302.  t.  3(M .  /'.  1.      Moris. 

V.2.  W^.sect.'l.  /.  10./.  3. 
Sferra  cavallo.     Camer.  Epit.  642.  y".  1. 

On  dry  chalky  banks  ;  sometinu-s  on  limestone. 

Plentiful  in  Kent,  Berkshire,  Cambridgeshire,  at  Marham  in  Nor- 
folk, and  in  most  chalk  countries. 

Perennial,     May — Aw^ust. 

Root  woodv,  running  deep  into  the  ground.  Stems  branched  at 
tiie  bottom,  furrowed,  leafy,  smooth,  procumbent,  from  G  to  12 
inches  long.  Leaflets  from  7  to  I  1 ,  obovate,  obtuse  or  abrupt, 
very  minutely  pointed,  somewhat  fleshy  ;  smooth  al)ove  j  more 
or  less  liairv  l)eneatl>.  Stiputas  ovate,  entire,  a  little  spreading. 
FL  about  ()  or  m  )ri"  together,  in  umbels,  rising  high  above  the 
rest  of  the  plant,  oi*  long,  stout,  smootii,  naked,  axillary  or  ter- 
minal, stalks.      Sfamlanl  deep  vellow,  and  striated,   in  front; 

f  2 


^9    DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Hedysarura. 

other  petals  paler.  Legumes  above  an  inch  long,  carved  down- 
ward, bright  bay-coloured,  rough  with  minute  prominent  points  j 
their  joints  crescent-shaped,  nearly  cylindrical,  obscurely  two- 
edged,  but  without  any  of  the  marginal  dilatation  remarkable  in 
other  species. 

3G4.  HEDYSARUM.    Saint-foin. 

Linn.  Gen.  382.  Juss.  362.  K.  Br.  778.  Tourn.  t.  225.  Lam. 
<.  628.     Gcertn.tAbD. 

Onobrychis.    Tourn.  ^  2 1 1 . 

Cal.  tubular,  permanent,  divided  halfway  down  into  5  awl- 
shaped,  straight  segments.  Cor.  of  5  petals  ;  standard 
ovate-oblong,  keeled  at  the  back,  slightly  cloven,  reflexed 
at  the  sides ;  wings  oblong,  straight,  narrower  than  the 
other  petals ;  keel  of  2  united  petals  with  separate  claws, 
compressed  almost  flat,  very  abrupt  and  straight,  almost 
rectangular,  in  front.  Filam.  10;  9  in  one  flattish  tube, 
open  above ;  the  tenth  awl-shaped,  distinct,  usually 
shorter;  all  capillary,  and  bent  upwards,  at  the  extremity. 
Anth.  roundish.  Germ,  ovate,  or  oblong,  compressed. 
Style  awl-shaped,  curved  upwards.  Stigmp.  simple,  acute, 
naked.  Legume  of  one  or  more  roundish,  compressed, 
bivalve  but  close  joints,  each  containing  a  solitary,  kid- 
ney-shaped seed. 

A  very  numerous,  herbaceous  or  shrubby  genus,  w'ith  pin- 
nate, ternate,  or  simple  leaves;  copious,  handsome,  clus- 
tered, crimson  or  purplish^ow^r5;  ?iud  seed-vessels  so  va- 
rious, that  an  over-curious  fabricator  of  genera  might 
here  find  ample  employment,  though  not  to  any  good 
purpose.  Stylosanthes  of  Swartz,  and  Hallia  of  Thun- 
berg,  have  indeed  been  well  removed  from  the  original 
Hedysarum* 

1.  \{,  Onobrychis.  Common  Saint-foin.  Cock*s-head. 

Leaves  pinnate,  nearly  smooth.  Legume  single-seeded, 
toothed  at  the  margin  and  ribs.  Wings  of  the  corolla 
not  longer  than  the  calyx.     Stem  elongated. 

H.  Onobrychis.   L'mn.Sp.  Pl.\Qb9.    Willd.v.?,.\2\b.    Fl.Br.77S. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  2.  t.  96.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  47.    Jacq.  Austr.  f.  352. 
Onobrychis.     Rlv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  2.     Dod.  Pempt.  548./. 
O.  n.  396.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  172. 

O.  seu  Caput  gallinaceum.    Rail  Syn.  327.     Ger.  Em.  1243./. 
O.  major,  siliculis  echinatis  cristatis  in  spica  digestis.    Moris,  v.  2. 

\3\.s€ct.2.t.\\.f.  10. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Astragalus.     293 

Caput  gallinaceum  Belgarum.    Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  81./. 
Polygala  multorum.    Dalech.  Hist.  488.  f. 
Polygalon  Gesneri,    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 335./. 

On  dry  chalky  hills  and  open  downs^  in  various  parts  of  England. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  rather  woody.  Stems  several,  recumbent,  2  or  3  feet  in 
length,  round,  furrowed,  smooth,  leafy,  not  much  branched. 
Leaves  of  many  pairs  of  elliptic-oblong,  uniform,  pointed,  entire 
leaflets  ;  smooth  above  ;  often  a  little  hairy  beneath  ;  the  termi- 
nal one  like  the  rest.  Stipulas  ovate,  pointed,  entire.  Flower' 
stalks  axillary,  ascending,  longer  than  the  leaves,  each  bearing 
a  dense  tapering  spike,  rather  than  a  cluster,  of  handsome,  va- 
riegated, crimson  /lowers,  with  numerous  narrow  membranous 
bracteas  interspersed.  Legumes  erect,  semiorbicular,  hard,  bor- 
dered with  sharp  flat  teeth,  hairy  at  the  sides,  and  strongly  reti- 
culated with  prominent,  partly  spinous,  ribs  or  veins. 

A  well-known  object  of  cultivation,  as  fodder  for  cattle,  on  dry, 
barren,  especially  chalky  or  marly,  ground,  in  open  situations. 
It  fiiils  where  the  soil  is  damp,  or  the  field  overshadowed  with 
trees.  Having  been  first  introduced  to  the  farmer  from  France, 
the  plant  brought  its  French  name  of  Saint-foin  along  with  it ; 
and  Cock's-head,  by  which  it  was  before  known,  as  a  native  of 
England,  is  become  obsolete. 

365.  ASTRAGALUS.    Milk- vetch. 

Linn.  Gen.  385.  Juss.  358.  Fl.Br.779.  Tourn.t.  233.  Lam. 
t.622.     Gcertn.t.\54. 

Cal.  tubular,  permanent,  with  5  acute  teeth  ;  the  lower  ones 
gradually  longest.  Cor.  of  5  petals ;  standard  ovate-ob- 
long, obtuse,  erect,  longer  than  the  rest;  wings  oblong, 
somewhat  half-ovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  standard ; 
keel  of  2  combined  petals,  as  long  as  the  wings,  rounded 
in  front,  their  claws  separate.  Filam.  10;  9  in  one  com- 
pressed tube,  open  above;  the  tenth  capillary,  usually 
shorter,  quite  distinct.  Anth.  roundish.  Germ,  linear- 
oblong,  compressed.  Style  awl-shaped,  ascending.  Stig- 
ma  obtuse.  Legume  variously  shaped,  more  or  less  tumid, 
of  2  longitudinal  cells;  the  })artition  double,  more  or  less 
complete,  from  the  inflexion  of  the  margin  of  each  valve, 
opposite  to  the  reeeptaeles.  Seeds  one  or  more,  kidney- 
shaped. 

A  vast  genus  of  herbaceous  or  shrubby  })lants,  seldom  an- 
nual, natives  of  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  but  mostly  of 
Europe,  or  the  nortfi  of  Asia.  Leaves  alternate,  nume- 
rously pinnate,  uniforn),  entire,  with  a  terminal  leaflet; 


294    DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Astragalus. 

i 

no  tendrils,  Stipdas  simple.  Fl.  spiked,  clustered,  or 
tufted,  purple,  yellow,  or  whitish.  Legumes  of  the  greatest 
variety  of  forms,  even  in  species  otherwise  nearly  allied. 

1.  K.glycyphyllos,  Sweet  Milk-vetch.  Wild  Liquorice. 
Stem  prostrate.    Legumes  obscurely  triangular,  incurved. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  flower-stalks;  leaflets  oval. 

A.  glycyphyllos.  Linn.  %  PL  1067.  WUld.v.S.WQ.  Fl.Br.779. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  3.  t.  203.    Hook.  Scot.  2 1 7. 

A.  n.413.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  ISO. 

A.  luteus  perennis  procumbens  vulgaris,  sive  sylvestris.  Rah  Syn. 
326.    Moris,  v.  2.  107.  sect.  2.  t.  9./.  8. 

Astragalus,    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  103. 

Hedysarum  glycyrrhizatum.     Ger.  Em.  1233./. 

Foenogrsecum  sylvestre.     Trag.  Hist.  599./. 

Glycyrrhiza  sylvestris.    Dalech.  Hist.  25 1 .  /. 

In  woods,  thickets,  the  borders  of  fields,  or  at  the  sides  of  hills,  on 
a  chalky  or  gravelly  soil. 

Perennial.    June. 

Root  perpendicular,  running  deep  into  the  earth,  simple  at  the 
crown.  St€7ns  several,  2  or  3  feet  long,  prostrate  among  grass 
or  other  plants,  leafy,  angular,  nearly  smooth,  scarcely  branched. 
Leaves  a  span  long,  of  9  or  1 1  uniform,  oval,  bluntish,  smooth, 
bright  green  leajiets,  about  an  inch  in  length.  Stipulas  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire.  R.  pale  sulphur-coloured,  in  ovate  spikes, 
on  stout  axillary  stalks,  much  shorter  than  the  adjoining  leaf. 
Bracteas  solitary  under  each  flower,  awl-shaped.  Legumes  full 
an  inch  long,  nearly  cylindrical,  with  a  slight  longitudinal  furrow, 
curved  upwards,  pointed,  smooth  and  even.  Seeds  7  or  8,  yel- 
lowish. 

The  leaves  have  at  first  a  sweetish  taste,  soon  changing  on  the  pa- 
late to  a  nauseous  bitter.  Cattle  are  not  fond  of  them,  nor  is 
this  plant  applied  to  any  agricultural  use. 

2.  A.  hypoglottis.    Purple  Mountain  Milk-vetch. 

Stem  prostrate.    Flow^ers  in  round  heads.    Legumes  ovate, 

deeply  channelled  along  the  back,  compressed,  hairy ; 

hooked  at  the  point.     Leaflets  blunt. 
A.  hypoglottis.   Linn.  Mant.2.  274.  Willd.  v.  3. 12S5.  Fl.Br.780, 

Engl.Bot.v.4.t.274.    Hook.  Scot. 2\7 .    Sibth.227. 
A.  arenarius.    Hiids.323.    Fl.Dan.t.6\4. 
A.  Danicus.    Retz.  Obs.fasc.  3.  41. 

A.  epiglottis,    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  \.\3;  but  not  really  so. 
A.  incanus  parvus  purpureus  nostras.    Pluk.  Almag.  59  j    with 

wrong  synonyms  of  the  Bauhins.    Rail  Syn.  326. 1. 12./  3.    . 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.   Astragalus.     295 

On  open  mountainous  heaths,  in  a  chalky  or  sandy  soil ;  also  on 
the  sea  coast. 

Upon  Newmarket  and  Royston  heaths,  Gogmagog  hills,  &c.  Ray. 
Plentiful  near  Don  caster.  Richardson.  On  Svvaffham  heath, 
Norfolk.  Mr.  Crowe  and  Mr.  Woodward.  On  several  parts  of 
the  sea  coast  in  Scotland.  With.  Beyond  New-baven,  near 
Edinburgh.  •_ 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Root  creeping,  woody,  though  slender.  Stems  several,  prostrate, 
leafy,  zigzag,  but  little  branched,  from  2  to  .")  inches  long,  some- 
what hairy.  Leaves  of  numerous  little  ovate  blunt  dark  green 
leaflets,  coarsely  hairy  on  both  sides.  Stipulas  ovate.  Flower- 
stalks  few,  axillary  or  terminal,  ascending,  usually  longer  than 
the  leaves,  each  bearing  a  round  head,  of  several  oblong,  upright 
flowers,  variegated  with  purplish  blue  and  white.  Legumes  dark 
brown,  clothed  with  white  hairs.  The  hairs  of  the  calyx,  as  well 
as  of  ihe flower-stalks,  are  black  and  white  intermi.\ed  j  a  fre- 
quent circumstance  in  this  genus.  Sometimes  the  corolla  is 
white. 

3.  A.  nralensis.    Hairy  Mountain  Milk- vetch. 

Stem  none.  Stalk  upright,  taller  than  the  leaves.  Legumes 
oblong,  tumid,  pointed,  shaggy,  erect.  Leaflets  ovate, 
acute,  all  over  silky  like  the  calyx. 

A.uralensis.  Linn.  Sp.PL  \i)7\.  Willd.  v.  3.  \3]2.  Fl.  Br.7S0. 
Engl.  Sot.  V.  7.  t.  466.  Lightf.  40\.t.\7.  Hook.  Scot. 2\  6.  Jacq. 
Misc.v.].\bO.     Ic.Rar.  t.\:):). 

A.  n.  410.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  179.  ^  14./.  3. 

A.  alpinus  violaceus,  acuto  sericeo  folio.    Hall.  Ojmsc.  308.  t.  2. 

On  the  Scottish  mountains,  in  a  sandy  soil. 

Perennial,    July. 

Root  woody.  Whole  herb  remarkable  for  its  shining  silky  hairiness, 
which  the  delineator  of  Engl.  Bot.,  generally  so  correct,  has 
scarcely  at  all  expressed.  Leaves  all  radical,  stalked,  with  a 
pair  of  large,  ovate,  pointed,  membranous,  veiny  stipulas,  united 
to  the  base  of  each  footstalk ;  leaflets  numerous,  opposite  or 
alternate,  ovate,  acute,  the  u))|)er  ones  gradually  smaller.  Foot- 
stalks often  permanent  in  a  naked  state,  but  not  hardened  into 
spines.  Flower-stalks  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  erect,  firm,  hairy, 
taller  than  the  leaves.  Fl.  of  a  rich  blueish  purple,  rarely  white, 
in  round  dense  heads,  with  an  oblong  hractea  to  each  flower. 
Cat.  tubular,  clothed  with  dense,  close,  black  as  well  as  white 
hairs  3  its  teeth  short,  bluntish.  Legume  owxiv-ohUmp;,  pointed, 
brown,  silky,  with  a  membranous  j)artition.  Stii^ma  permanent, 
somewhat  capitate. 

A  very  handsome  species,  even  in  a  dry  state,  the  flowers  often 
retaining  much  of  their  colour,  and  the  herbage  all  its  briU 
liancv. 


1^96    DIADELPHIA— BECANDRIA.  Trifolium. 

4.  A.  campestris.    Yellowish  Mountain  Milk-vetch. 

Stem  none.  Stalk  ascending.  Legumes  ovate,  inflated^ 
hairy,  erect.    Leaflets  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  hairy. 

A.  campestris.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  ] 072.  Willd.v.S.lS]?.  Comp.ed.4. 
123.    E7igLBot.v.36.L2522.    Hook.  Scot.  2)7. 

A.  sordidus."   Willd.  v.  3.  1313 ;  with  erroneous  remarks. 

A.  uralensis.    Fl.  Dan.  M041. 

A.  n.  406.    Hall.  Hist. v.\.\77.t.  VS. 

A.  perennis  supinus,  foliis  et  siliquis  hispidis^  flore  luteo.  Buxb. 
Hallens.  32  -,  according  to  Linnceus. 

On  highland  rocks  in  Scotland. 

Upon  a  high  rock,  on  one  of  the  mountains  at  the  head  of  Clova, 

Angusshire,  near  the  White  Water,  in  great  abundance.  Mr.  G. 

Don. 
Perennial.    July. 
In  size  and  habit  much  like  the  last,  but  the  leaflets  are  narrower, 

more  numerous,  much  less  silky,  being  only  besprinkled  with 

shining  hairs,   and   often   quite  smooth,  except   the   mid-rib. 

Flower-stalks  rather  less  upright,  sometimes^  recumbent.     Fl. 

cream-coloured,  or  buff ;  the  keel  and  wings  tmged  with  purple. 

Legume  more  ovate,  with  a  straight  point,  less  oblique  than  in 

J.  uralensis,  covered  like  the  calyx,  with  short, spreading,  black 

as  well  as  white,  hairs. 

366.  TRIFOLIUM.    Trefoil,  Clover,  and  Me- 
lilot. 

Linn.  Gen.  387.  Juss.  355.  Fl.  Br.  781.  Sm.  in  Rees's  Cyclop. 
15.36.     Tourn.t. 228.    Lam.t.6\3.     GcBrtn.t.\i)S. 

Melilotus.    Jmss.356.     Tourn.t. 229.    Lam.  1.6)3. 

Cal.  tubular,  variously  and  unequally  5-toothed,  permanent ; 
the  tube,  cr  the  teeth,  often  greatly  enlarged,  or  changed. 
Cor,  of  4  petals,  all  more  or  less  decidedly  united  by  their 
long  claws,  mostly  permanent,  withering ;  standard  re- 
flexed  ;  wings  oblong,  direct,  shorter  than  the  standard ; 
keel  of  one  petal,  rather  shorter  than  the  wings.  Filam. 
10;  9  in  one  split  compressed  tube;  the  tenth  capillary, 
distinct.  Anth.  roundish.  Germ,  oblong-ovate.  Style 
awl-shaped,  curved  upwards.  Stigma  simple,  smooth. 
Legume  short,  membranous,  rarely  coriaceous,  of  1  valve, 
and  1  cell,  not  bursting,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx  in 
length,  deciduous.  Seeds  1  to  4,  roundish,  very  smooth. 

An  extensive  genus  of  herbaceous  plants,  natives  of  cold  or 
temperate  climates,  either  perennial  or  annual.  Stems 
branched.  Leaves  alternate,  more  or  less  stalked,  uni- 
versally ternate,  in  one  exotic  instance  only,  T.  Lupinas- 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Trifolium.     297 

te)\  quinale ;  leaJJets  equal,  either  toothed  or  entire,  obo- 
vate,  rarely  linear.  Stipulas  membranous,  ribbed,  united 
in  pairs  to  the  bottom  of  e^ch.  footstalk.  FL  terminal  or 
lateral,  either  tufted,  capitate,  spiked,  or  clustered,  gene- 
rally on  a  simple  common  stalk,  rarely  fragrant,  their 
colour  red,  purplish,  pale  blue,  white  or  yellow.  Many 
of  the  species  are  highly  important  as  food  for  cattle, 
either  fresh,  or  in  the  state  of  hay,  often  accjuiring  a  fra- 
grant scent  in  drying. 
Linnaeus  found  Trifolium,  though  a  most  natural  genus, 
extremely  difficult  to  define,  as  every  botanist  must.  He 
thought  it  necessary  to  admit  the  iitfloreacence,  as  "  a  little 
umbel,  or  head,  with  a  common  receptacle,^'  into  his  generic 
character;  but  this  is  neither  correct  in  principle,  nor  in 
fact,  and  I  have  ventured  to  discard  it. 

*  Flowers  iti  clusters  or  spikes.    Seeds  1  or  more,     Melilotus. 

1.  T.  officinale.     Common  Melilot. 

Clusters  unilateral.  Legume  prominent,  acute,  transversely 
wrinkled,  hairy,  with  two  seeds.  Stem  erect.  Stipulas 
awl-shaped. 

T.  officinale.     FL  Br.  781 .     Engl.  Bot.  v.  19.  t.  1340.    Willd.  v.  3. 

135,").    Hook.  Scot.  2\7. 
T.  Melilotus-officinalis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  \07S.     Huds.  323.     Mart. 

Rust.  t.  72.    FL  Dan.  t.  934.    SincL  ed.2.393.    BulL  Fr.  t.2bb. 
T.  odoratum,  seu  Melilotus  fruticosa  lutea  vulgaris  vel  officinarum. 

Moris.  V.  2.  \^\.sect.  2.  t.  16./.  2. 
T.  odoratuni,  sive  Melilotus.    I)od.  Fe)}ipt.o67-f. 
Melilotus  vulgaris.     Raii  Syn.  331.     Trag.  Hist.  591.  /'.     Dalcch. 

Hist.  ■){{./. 
M.  n.  3G2.    HalL  Hist.  i;.  1.  158. 
Saxifraga  lutea.    Fuchs.  Hist.  749./. 
Lotus  sylvcstris.     Fuchs.  Ic  436./ 
L.  urbana.     Matth.  Valgr.  505./     Camcr.  Epit.  893./ 

In  thickets,  hedges,  and  the  borders  of  fields  j  sometimes  among 
corn. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Root  tapering.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  IiIqIi,  erect,  branched,  leafy,  an- 
gular, furrowed,  smooth.  Lcajlefs  obovate,  narrow,  serrated, 
dark  green,  smooth  ;  the  partial  stalk  of  the  middle  one  rather 
the  longest.  Clusters  2  inches  or  more  in  length,  on  long  axil- 
lary stalks.  FL  numerous,  all  drooping  towards  one  side,  of  a 
full  yellow,  veiny.  Standard  folded  and  keeled,  notched,  but 
little  longer  than  the  keel  and  wings,  scarcely  rcflc.xcd.     Stigma 


298    DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Trifolium. 

bluntish.  Legumes  pendulous,  elliptical,  tapering  at  each  end, 
hairy,  less  strongly  wrinkled  than  in  most  exotic  species  of  this 
section,  each  barely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
The  whole  plant  in  drying  acquires  a  scent  like  new  hay,  but  far 
stronger.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  fodder,  and  if  cut  before 
flowering,  will  last  several  years.  The  seeds,  when  mixed  with 
bread  corn,  give  it  a  nauseous  flavour.  Melilot  is  out  of  use  in 
medicine  -,  though  it  served  too  long  to  give  a  green  colour,  and 
an  odious  scent,  to  a  sort  of  plaster  called  by  its  name,  of  no  use 
whatever. 

**  FL  capitate.    Seeds  several. 

2.  T.  ornithopodioides .     Bird's-foot  Trefoil. 

Flowers  about  three  together.  Legume  prominent,  eight- 
seeded,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyjT.     Stems  reclining. 

T.  ornithopodioides.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  10/8.    Willd.v.  3.  1356.  Curt. 

Londfasc.  2.1.53.    Hook.  Scot.  218.    FL  Dan.  t.  36S. 
T.  siliquosum,  loto  affine,  siliquis  ornithopodii.   Pluk.Almag.  375. 

Phyt.t.m.f.l. 
T.  siliquis  ornithopodii  nostras.    Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  195. 
Foenugrsecum  humile  repens,  ornithopodii  siliquis  brevibus  erectis. 

DHL  in  Rail  Syn.  331. 

In  barren  gravelly  grassy  pastures. 

On  several  heaths  about  London.  Curtis.  Near  Tadcaster,  and 
Oxford  ;  also  on  sandy  banks,  by  the  sea,  at  Tolesbury,  Essex. 
Ray.     On  Mushold  heath,  near  Norwich.  Mr.  Pitchfo'rd, 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  fibrous^  with  many  small  fleshy  knobs,  like  those  of  Vicia  la- 
thyroides.  Stems  several,  spreading  flat  on  the  ground,  smooth, 
leafy,  mostly  simple.  Leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped,  more  or 
less  serrated,  smooth,  their  partial  stalks  all  equally  short.  Sti- 
pulas  ovate  with  long  taper  points.  Stalks  numerous,  axillary, 
solitary,^  each  bearing  2  or  3  long,  pale  reddish,  ^ow^-er*^,  the 
claws  of  whose  petals  are  slender,  and  all  distinct.  Calyx-teeth 
also  very  slender,  shorter  than  the  oblong,  moderately  com- 
pressed, obtuse,  transversely  furrowed,  slightly  haiiy,  legume, 
which  usually  contains  8,  Ray  says  sometimes  10,  oval  seeds. 

This  species  has  certainly  as  little  the  character  of  Melilotus  as  of 
Trigonella,  to  both  which  it  has  been  referred.  It  can  scarcely, 
without  violence,  be  retained  in  Trifolium.  The  claws  of  the 
petals  are  all  distinct ;  the  legume  separates  into  2  valves,  without 
falling,  and  the  seeds  are  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  of 
the  present  genus.  Yet  nobody  has  thought  fit  to  make  it  a 
distinct  one,  however  plausible  might  be  the  reasons  for  such  a 


measure. 


_my. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.  Trifolium.     299 

3.  I.repens.     White  Trefoil.     Dutch  Clover. 
Heads  globose.   Flowers  somewhat  stalked.  Legume  within 
the  calyx,  four-seeded.     Stems  creeping,  solid. 

T.  repens.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1080.  mild  v.  3.  1359.  H.  Br.  782. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  25.  t.  1769.  Curt.  Londfasc.  3.  ^.46.  Mart.  Rust, 
t.  34.  Hook.  Scot.  218.  Sincl.  ed.  2.  223.  FL  Dan.  t.  990.  Riv. 
Tetrop.  Irr.  ^  13./.  2.    Ehrh.  PL  Off.  398. 

T.  n.  3 67.    HalL  Hist.  v.\.\ 60. 

T.  pratense  album.  Raii  Syn.  327.  Bauh.  Pin.  327;  with  some 
wrong  references. 

T.  pratense  album  vulgare  odoratum.  Moris,  v.  2.137.  sect. 2.t.\2. 
f.  2. 

T.  pratense.  Ger.  Em.  1 185./3  not  the  description.  Dod.  Pempt. 
565./. 

Tritbliastrum  pratense  corymbiferum  majus  repens.  Mich.  Ge/2.26, 
27.^.1—9.^.25./.  1,  3,  4. 

In  meadows  and  pastures,  very  common. 

Perennial.    May — September. 

Roots  fibrous.  Stems  prostrate,  creeping  extensively  with  nume- 
rous radicles,  branched  chiefly  near  their  origin,  round,  smooth, 
leafy,  internally  solid,  by  which  character  all  the  varieties  are  es- 
sentially distinguished  from  T.  hyhridum  of  Linnaeus.  Leaves  on 
long  \\\W\^\\i  footstalks;  leaflets  on  short,  equal  partial-stalks,  in- 
versely heart-shaped,  or  roundish,  finely  toothed,  smooth,  dark 
green,  variegated,  mostly  with  a  pale,  curved,  transverse  stripe, 
sometimes  with  dark  purple,  or  blackish  stains  ;  the  under  side 
often  reddish.  Flower-stalks  rising  above  the  leaves,  erect,  or 
ascending,  angular,  smooth,  each  bearing  a  dense,  umbellate, 
flattish  head  of  numerous  \\\\\i^ flowers,  turning  brown  as  they 
fade,  the  corolla  remaining  long  in  a  withered  state,  enclosing 
the  little  smooth  oblong  legume,  containing  3  or  4  yellowish 
seeds,  till  they  fall  off  together. 

In  a  rich  moist  soil  the  stems  grow  more  upright,  and  the  whole 
herb  is  more  luxuriant.  Such  a  shape  it  usually  assumes  in  low 
ground,  newly  broken  up,  where  this  Trefoil  is  one  of  the  first 
spontaneous  productions.  As  a  valuable  fodder  in  dry  autumnal 
months,  it  is  well  known,  making  an  excellent  bottom  in  pas- 
tures. The  Melilotus  Parisiensis,  ^c.  of  Wdlant,  t.  22.  /.  1,  is 
now  judged  to  be  a  different  species,  and  is  named  T.  i'aillantii 
by  the  writer  of  this,  in  Uees's  Cyclopa-dui,  n.  23. 

4.   T.  sf/J/uca(////i.      Suffocated  Trefoil. 

Heads  sessile,  lateral,  roundish.  Legume  concealed,  two- 
seeded.  Calyx  nearly  smooth,  with  lanceolate,  acute,  re- 
curved teeth*,  longer  tlian  the  corolla. 

T.  suffocatum.     Lwn.  Mant.2.27C).   Ji'illd.  r.  3.  \37S.   FLBr.790. 


300     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.   Trifolium. 

Comp.  ed.  4.  124.      Engl.  Bot.  v.  15.  t.  1049.      Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc, 
V.  2.357.    Jacq.Hort.  Vinc].v.\.24.  t.60. 
T.  minimum  supinum,  flosculorum  et  seminum  globulis  plurimis 
confertim  ad  radicem  nascentibus.    Raii  Hist.  v.  1 .  942. 

On  the  sandy  sea  coast. 

In  the  loose  sand  of  the  beach  at  Yarmouth.  Mr.  Wigg.  At  Lowes- 
toft. Miss  Temple.  At  Landguard  Fort  plentifully.  Sir  T.  G. 
Cidlum  Bart.,  and  Mr.  W.  R.  Notcutt. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  tapering.  Whole  herb,  except  a  few  leaves,  generally  bu- 
ried in  the  loose  dry  sand.  Stems  several,  horizontal,  short,  zig- 
zag, leafy,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  on  long  footstalks,  with  a 
pair  of  large,  ovate,  combined,  pale,  spreading-pointed  stipu- 
las;  leaflets  wedge-shaped,  smooth,  finely  toothed.  Fl.  nume- 
rous, in  many  round  axillary  heads.  Tube  of  the  calyx  slightly 
hairy ;  teeth  lanceolate  acute,  reflexed,  scarcely  enlarged  after 
flowering.  Cor.  pale  pink,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx-teeth, 
closed,  sheltering  the  organs  of  impregnation  beneath  the  sand. 
Legume  linear-oblong,  containing  2  roundish,  rather  distant, 
yellowish  seeds. 

***  Seeds  single.     Calyx  generalli)  hairy, 

5.  T.  subterraneum.     Subterraneous  Tnefoil. 
Heads  hairy,  of  about  four  flowers.     Involucrum  central, 

reflexed,  Vigid,  starry,  embracing  the  fruit. 
T.  subterraneum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1080.    mild.  v.  3. 1361.    H.  Br. 

783.    Engl.  Bot.v.  15.  1. 1048.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  U  54.    Riv. 

Tetrap.Irr.t.lS.f.l. 
T.  pumilum  supinum,  flosculis  longis  albis.      Raii  Syn.  327.  t.  \3 

T.  blesense.    Dodart  Mem.  4to  ed.  623.  t.  34.  f  2. 

T.  album  tricoccon  subterraneum  Gastonium  reticulatum.  Moris. 
V.2.  138.  sect.  2.  t.\4.f. 5. 

T.  pratense  supinum  kcctm^Xs^,  seu  capite  humi  merso.  Barrel. 
Ic.t.S8\. 

In  dry  gravelly  pastures,  and  barren  heathy  situations. 

Annual.     May. 

Root  fibrous,  with  fleshy  tubercles.  Stems  pressed  close  to  the 
ground,  spreading,  round,  hairy,  leafy,  from  3  to  6  inches  long. 
Leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped,  hairy  on  both  sides,  entire. 
Stipulas  large,  ovate,  pointed,  membranous,  white  or  reddish, 
with  green  ribs.  Fl.  3  or  4  on  each  stalk,  at  first  erect,  but  be- 
fore the  fruit  is  perfected  each  stalk  is  bent  to  the  earth,  throw- 
ing  out  from  its  extremity,  between  the  flowers,  several  thick 
white  fibres,  starry  at  their  tips,  which  partly  fix  themselves  in 
the  ground,  turning  upwards  to  embrace  the  fruit.  Calyx-teeth 
slender  and  hairy.    Pet.  much  longer,  white,  slender,  all  united 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium.     301 

into  a  long  tube.     Legume  in  the  permanent  tube  of  the  calyx, 
roundish,  thin,  containing  a  solitary  seed. 

6.  T.  ochrolcucum.     Sulphur-coloured  Trefoil. 

Flowers  in  a  solitary,  terminal,  hairy  head.  Stem  erect, 
downy.  Lower  leaflets  inversely  heart-shaped.  Lowest 
calyx-tooth  thrice  as  long  as  the  rest. 

T.  ochroleucum.      Linn.  Sijst.  Nat,  ecL  12.  v.  3.  233.      Syst.  Veg. 

ed.  14.  689;  sijn.  wrong,    mild.  v.  3.  13/2.     Fl.  Br.  784,    Engl. 

Bot.v.  17.  t.  1224.     Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  6.  t.  49.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  35. 

Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fasc.  3.  9.     Afzel.  in  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  1 .  229. 

Jacq.  Austr.  t.  40.    Ehrh.  PI.  Select.  1 9. 
T.  squarrosiim.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  \0S2;  excludim^  the  synonyms.  WUld. 

t;.  3.  1370. 
T.  n.378.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.164. 

T.  pratense  hirsutum  majus,  flore  albo-sulphureo.     Raii  Syn.  328. 
T.  lagopoides  annuum  hirsutum,  pallide  luteum  seu  ochroleucum. 

Moris.  V.2.  141.  sect.  2.  t.  12./.  12;  separate  calyx  bad. 

In  pastures,  fields,  and  thickets,  on  a  dry  gravelly,  or  chalky,  soil. 

Perennial  ?     June,  July. 

Root  somewhat  branched  at  the  crown.  Stems  usually  several, 
erect,  12  or  18  inches  high,  scarcely  branched,  leafy,  round, 
clothed  with  numerous,  fine,  upright,  tawny  hairs.  Leaves  re- 
mote, the  two  uppermost  only  opposite  ;  lower  ones  on  very 
long  stalks,  their  leaflets  small,  rounded,  inversely  heart-shaped  ; 
upper  on  shorter  stalks,  with  longer  and  narrower  leafiets ;  all 
entire,  striated,  finely  hairy,  of  a  darkish  green.  Stipulas  lan- 
ceolate, simply  ribbed,  hairy,  long  and  narrow,  combined  some- 
times for  more  than  half  their  length.  FL  pale  sulphur-co- 
loured, in  roundish,  dense,  solitary,  terminal  Jicads,  each  on  a 
hairy  stalk,  between  tlie  two  uppermost  leaves.  Keel  strictly 
of  one  petal.  G//.  cylindrical,  deej)ly  furrowed,  with  slender, 
hairy,  straight  teeth,  all  unequal,  but  the  lowermost  is  thrice 
the  lengtli  of  the  rest,  giving  the  whole  iiead,  when  in  seed,  a 
bristly  aspect.  In  this  state  it  seems  not  to  have  been  much 
noticed  by  Knglisli  botanists  ;  so  that  when  found  in  a  culti- 
vated field,  in  autumn,  by  the  late  Sir  Thomas  (iage,  it  was 
thought  a  newsj)ecies,  but  proved  on  comparison  the  7'.  s(/uar- 
rosum,  as  well  as  ochroleucum,  of  the  Linuiean  herbarium.  Le- 
gume membranous.     Seeds  solitary,  yellow. 

The  synonym  of  Fuclisius,  Hist.  t.  818,  and  /( .  172,  cited  in  77. 
Dr.  belongs  to  the  foreign  7'.  montanum. 

T.  ochroleucum  has  not  been  turned  to  any  agricultural  use,  nor 
does  it  appear  to  possess  any  valuable  pro|)erties.  'i'lie  herbage 
is  very  sparing,  and  not  hLsting.  I  suspect  tlie  plant  to  be  an- 
nual, that  being  tiic  true  reason  why  Mr.  (.'urtis  could  never 
preserve  it  in  his  garden. 


£02     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    TriioUum. 

7.  T.  pratcnse.     Common  Purple  Clover.     Honey- 

suckle Trefoil. 

Spikes  dense.  Stems  ascending.  Petals  unequal.  Calyx 
hairy ;  four  of  its  teeth  equal,  Stipulas  ovate,  bristle- 
pointed. 

T.  pratense.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1082.  M'illd.  v.  3.  1366.  FL  Br.  785. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  25.  t.  1770.  Afzel.  in  Tr,  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  1.  240. 
Mart.  Rust.  t.  3.  Sincl.  ed.  2.  22 \.f.  Hook.  Scot.  2\S,  Matth. 
Valgr.  V.  2.  189./.     Trag.  Hist.  586./.    Ehrh.  PL  Off.  408. 

T.  n,  377.  HalL  Hist.  v.  1. 163j  excluding  the  reference  to  Dodo- 
ncBus. 

T.  pratense  purpiireum.    Rati  Syn.  328.    Fuchs.  Hist.  817./ 

Trifolium.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  tW.f.l, 

/3.  T.  pratense.    Mart.  Rust.  t.  3.    FL  Dan.  t.  989. 

T.  purpureuni  majus  sativum,  pratensi  simile.    Raii  Syn.  328. 

y.  With  a  white  flower.    JfzeL  as  above,  243.    With.  652. 

0.  Trifolium  pratense  purpureuni  minus,  foliis  cordatis.  Dill,  in 
Raii  Syn.  32S.  /.  13./ I. 

In  meadows  and  pastures,  especially  on  limestone  or  gravelly  hills. 

Perennial,     May — September. 

Root  branching  at  the  crown  ;  rather  tap-shaped*and  woody  be- 
low, its  fibres  often  bearing  minute  fleshy  granulations.  Stems 
ascending,  about  afoot  high,  slightly  branched,  unequally  leafy, 
roundish ;  clothed,  in  the  upper  part,  with  close  fine  hairs.  Leaf- 
lets elliptical,  more  or  less  acute,  entire,  nearly  smooth,  with  a 
pale  crescent-like  spot ;  they  become  by  culture  larger,  more 
obtuse,  and  minutely  toothed.  The  upper  pair  of  leaves  are 
mostly  opposite,  and  their  footstalks  very  much  shorter  than  the 
lower  ones.  Stipulas  ovate,  broad,  pale,  with  purple  ribs  inter- 
branching  near  the  margin,  each  stipula  suddenly  terminating 
in  a  bristle-shaped  point.  Heads  terminal,  solitary,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, dense,  of  very  numerous,  sweet-scented,  light  purplej^OM,- 
ers,  rarely  white.  Cal.  hairy,  with  10  prominent  ribs,  and  4 
usually  equal,  narrow  teeth,  the  fifth,  or  lowermost,  being  some- 
what longer  than  the  rest.  Pet.  united  to  each  other  at  the  base, 
as  well  as  to  the  stamens.  Legume  roundish,  small  and  thin, 
with  a  yellowish  seed. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  artificial  grasses,  as  they  are  called,  for 
fodder  or  hay,  being,  according  to  the  observations  of  Mr.  Sin- 
clair, and  other  accurate  inquirers,  one  of  the  most  nutritious 
of  its  tribe. 

8.  T.  medium.     Zigzag  Trefoil. 

Spikes  lax.     Stems  zigzag  and  branching.     Petals  nearly 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Tritblium.     303 

equal.  Stipulas  tapering,  converging.  Two  upper  calyx- 
teeth  rather  the  shortest. 

T.  medium.  Linn.  Faun.  Suec.  ecL  2. 558.  Hiids,  ed.  1 .  284.  mild. 
u.  3.  1367.  FLBr.7S6,  En^l.Bot.  v. 3.  ]90.  Mart.  Rust.  t.  2 
Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fasc.A.lO.  SincLed.2.2\S.f.  Hook.  Scot. 2\8. 
Fl.Dan.  t.]273. 

T.  flexuosum.  Jacq.  Justr.t.386.  Retz.  Prodr.  17 i.  Ehrh.Herb.oS. 

T.  alpestre.    Huds.326. 

T.  n.376.    Hall.  Hist.  \ 63. 

T.  purpureum  majus,  foliis  longioribus  et  angustioribus,  floribus 
saturatioribus.    Rait  Syn.  328. 

T.  folio  longiore,  flore  purpureo.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  12./.  1. 

In  elevated  dry  chalky  pastures,  or  in  gravelly  ones  with  a  clay 
bottom. 

Perennial.    July. 

In  general  appearance  this  is  very  like  the  last  species,  but  its  qua- 
lities are  widely  different,  though  for  some  purposes,  according 
to  Mr.  Sinclair,  not  inferior.  Mr.  Afzelius,  in  his  most  elabo- 
rate paper  in  the  Linnsean  Transactions,  has  clearly  distinguish- 
ed them.  The  root  of  the  present  plant  is  creeping  and  more 
uniformly  perennial  in  cultivation.  The  stems  are  zigzag,  and 
more  branched.  Stipulas  longer,  linear,  tapering  to  a  point, 
and  stand  parallel  to  each  other.  Heads  o^Jlowers  rather  larger 
and  less  dense.  Cal.  slightly  hairy,  except  in  the  mouth  ;  its 
2  upper  teeth  shortest ;  the  rest  gradually,  but  not  very  strik- 
ingly, longer.  Leciflets  elliptical,  various  in  width,  a  little  glau- 
cous underneath,  chiefly  hairy  at  the  margin. 

The  best  properties  of  the  present  kind  of  Clover,  or  Trefoil,  seem 
to  be  its  power  of  resisting  drought,  and  its  thriving  on  cold  te- 
nacious soils.  Yet  Mr.  Sinclair  reports  it  to  be  preferable  to 
T.  pratense  for  permanent  pasture  on  light  soils.  Its  produce 
of  nutritious  matter  however  is  said  to  be  but  half  as  much  as 
that  of  T.  pratense. 

9.  li.niaritituum.     Teasel-headed  Trefoil. 

Spikes  ovate,  somewhat  hairy.     Stipulas   lanceolate,  erect. 

Calyx-teeth  after  flowering  dilated,  leafy,  and  spreading. 

Leaflets  obovate-oblong. 

T.  maritimum.    Huds.  ed.\.28A.     HVld.v.3.  \37().    Fl.  Br.  786. 

Engl.  hot.  V.  4.  t.  220.     Dicks.  //.  Sicc.fasc.  /.  H.     Hook.  Loud. 

t.'^7. 
T.stellatum.     Hnds.  cd.  2.326  ;   nut  of  Linnceus. 
T.  stellatum  glabrum.  Rail  Syn.  329^  Gcr.  Em.  I208.no/.    Vluk. 

Almag.376.     Vhyt.t.  11.}./.  4. 
T.  spicatum  minus,  flore  minore  dilute  })urpurco.    Moris,  v.  2.  sect. 

2.t.  14./;   nodescr. 
In  muddv  salt-marshes. 


304    DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium. 

On  the  east  and  south  coasts  of  England,  from  Norfolk  to  Somer- 
setshire, in  various  places. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  clothed  with  fine,  soft,  more  or  less  spi'ead- 
ing,  hairs.  Stems  spreading,  often  recumbent,  a  foot  or  more 
in  length,  branched,  leafy,  round,  or  bluntly  angular,  striated. 
Leaves  alternate,  except  the  uppermost  pair  ;  the  lower  ones  on 
long  slender/oo^s^a^Ars ;  leaflets  dark  green,  of  a  narrow  obovate 
figure  ;  obtuse,  or  notched,  obscurely  toothed  towards  the  ex- 
tremity, single-ribbed,  hairy  on  both  sides.  Stipulas^  very  long, 
narrow,  straight,  taper-pointed,  hairy.  Spikes  terminal,  stalk- 
ed, solitary,  short,  almost  globular.  Calyx  with  10  strong  ribs, 
and  deep  intermediate  furrows,  hairy  chiefly  at  the  summit  of 
the  tube  ;  its  sharp  teeth  at  first  erect,  awl-shaped,  a  little  un- 
equal, shorter  than  the  corolla,  becoming  after  flowering  much 
enlarged,  leafy,  three-ribbed,  dark  green,  spreading,  and  still 
more  unequal,  the  lower  one  largest.  Pet.  pale  red  ;  standard 
a  little  the  longest.  Legume  thin,  roundish,  in  the  tube  of  the 
calyx.  Seed,  as  far  as  I  have  seen,  always  solitary,  roundish, 
brown,  protuberant  at  one  edge  where  the  radicle  is  lodged. 

This  is  one  of  that  tribe  of  Trefoils  distinguished  by  the  teeth  of 
the  calyx  becoming  remarkably  leafy,  and  much  dilated,  as  the 
Jlower  fades,  and  the  seed  ripens.  In  this  it  agrees  with  the  fol- 
lowing, but  differs  from  pratense  and  its  allies,  as  well  as  from 
arvense,  whose  teeth,  though  permanent  and  rigid,  do  not  become 
leafy  or  dilated.  T.  maritimum  makes  a  part  of  the  food  of  cattle 
in  its  native  marshes,  but  has  not  been  cultivated,  or  particu- 
larly noticed,  by  the  farmer. 

10.  T.  stellatum.     Starry-headed  Trefoil. 

Spikes  hairy,  roundish.  Stipulas  elliptical.  Calyx-teeth 
longer  than  the  corolla ;  after  flowering  dilated,  leafy, 
reticulated  and  spreading;  tube  closed.  Leaflets  in- 
versely heart-shaped. 

T.  stellatum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1083.  Willd.v.  3.  1373.  Engl.  Bot. 
V.  22.  t.  154.5.  Comp.  ed.  4.  123.  Hook.  Lond.  t.  95.  Bauh.  Pin. 
329.     Prodr.  143.     Ger.  Em.  1208. 

T.  stellatum  purpureum  monspessulanum.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.376./. 
Moris.v.  2.  143.  sect.  2. 1. 13./.  9. 

Lagopus  minor  erectus,  capite  globoso  stellate,  floribus  purpureis. 
Barrel.  Ic.  t.  860. 

On  the  south  coast  of  England,  very  rare. 

Between  Shoreham  harbour,  Sussex,  and  the  sea,  in  great  plenty. 
Mr.  Borrer. 

Annual.    July,  August. 

Root  small  and  slender.  Herb  variable  in  luxuriance,  always  con- 
siderably hairy,   especially  the  spreading,   mostly  branching, 


DIADELPHIA— UECANDRIA.     rrifoliiim.     30j 

stems.  Leaflets  wedge-shaped,  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  abrupt, 
toothed,  shorter  than  the  foregoing,  and  of  a  brighter  green. 
Stipulas  remarkably  ditferent,  being  short  and  broad,  elliptical, 
pointed,  white  with  green  ribri,  hairy.  Fl.  in  stalked  round  heads, 
or  somewhat  ovate  spikes,  erect,  crowded,  light  crimson.  Cal. 
densely  clothed  all  over  externally  with  long,  upright,  silky, 
jointed  hairs  5  teeth  nearly  or  quite  equal,  awl-shaped,  erect, 
taller  than  the  corolla  and  twice  the  length  of  the  furrowed  fun- 
nel-shaped tube;  after  flowering  enlarged,  leafy,  spreading  ; 
smooth  and  reticulated  with  veins  at  the  inside,  and  tinged  at 
the  base  with  red  ;  the  mouth  curiously  closed  up,  with  dense, 
entangled,  woolly  hairs.  Legume  concealed,  filling  the  tube, 
oval,  with  a  single  pale  seed. 
T.  alopecurum  majus,  (lore  purpureo,  stellato  capite.  Barrel.  Ic. 
t.  7.35,  which  Linnaeus  thought  the  same  plant,  with  more  ob- 
long heads  or  spikes,  is  rather  T.  incarnalum,  Haller's  «.374. 

11.  T,  arve?hS'e.     Hare's-foot  Trefoil. 

Spikes  cylindrical,  very  hairy.  Stipulas  lanceolate,  bristle- 
pointed.  Calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  corolla,  perma- 
nently brisde-shaped.     Leaflets  lincar-obovate. 

T.  arvense.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1083.  mild.  v.  3.  1 373.  Fl.  Br.  7S7. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  14.  t.  944.  Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  C.  t.  50.  Hook.  Scot. 
21S.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  724.    Ehrh.  PL  Of.A\S. 

T.n.373.    Hall.  Hist. v.\A62. 

T.  arvense  humile  spicatum,  seu  Lagopus.     Raii  Sij}i.  330. 

T.  lagopoides  purpureum  arvense  humile  annuum,  seu  Lagopus 
minimus  vulgaris.     Moris,  v.  2.  141 .  sect.  2.  t.  1  3./.  8. 

Lagopus.  Fuchs.  Hist.  494./.  Ic.  28 1 . /.  Riv.  Tetrap.  Lr.  f.  1 .5. 
Matlh.  Falgr.v.  2.332.  f.     Camer.  Epit.72\.f. 

L.  trifolius  (juorundam.     Bank.  Hist.  v.  2.377 .f. 

L.  vulgaris.     Dakch.  Hist. 44 1 ./, / 

L.  angustifolia  minor  erectior.     Barrel.  Ic.  /.  90! . 

Lagopodium,  Pes  kporis.     Gcr.  Em.  1  193. /*. 

Lotus  campestris.     Trag.  ///.s7.  59")./. 

/3.  Lagopus  perjnisillus  supinus  perelegans  maritimus.  Dill,  in 
Raii  Syn.  33i).  t.  14./ 2. 

In  sandy  barren  fields,  vcrv  common,  a  useless,  if  not  troublesome, 
weed. 

Annual.    Juhf,  August. 

Root  small,  slender.  Herb  extremely  variable  in  luxuriance,  all 
over  finely  hairy,  of  a  dull  green.  Stem  erect,  in  the  small  ma- 
ritime variety  p  i)rocumbent,  much  branched,  round,  leafy, 
very  hairy.  Leaflets  narrow,  somewhat  obovate,  abrupt,  ob- 
scurely serralcd'at  the  end,  with  a  small  bristly  point.  Foot- 
stalks shorter  than  the  leallets.  Slipulas  ovate,  oblique,  mem- 
branous. witi»  red  libs,  and  each  ending  in  a  long,  green,  taper 

VOL.   III.  X 


306     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium. 

point.  Spikes  numerous,  terminal,  stalked,  solitary,  erect,  an 
inch,  more  or  less,  in  length,  cylindrical,  dense,  obtuse,  hoary, 
with  a  purple  tinge.  Cal.  very  hairy,  especially  its  bristle-shaped 
teeth,  which  are  twice  the  length  of  the  tube,  much  exceeding 
the  corolla,  equal ;  reddish  in  the  flower  ;  spreading  as  the  seed 
ripens,  but  though  somewhat  hardened,  always  continuing  slen- 
der. Pet.  white,  or  pale  pink,  their  claws  scarcely  combined  ; 
standard  broad,  ovate.  Legume  minute,  membranous,  with  a 
single  seed. 
Sometimes  very  dwarfish,  and  densely  silky,  on  barren  sands  near 
the  sea,  when  the  root  becomes  elongated  in  search  of  nourish- 
ment, but  never,  I  believe,  perennial.     See  variety  ^. 

12.  T.  scadru??i.     Rough  Rigid  Trefoil. 

Heads  sessile,  axillary,  ovate.  Calyx-teeth  unequal,  lan- 
ceolate, rigid ;  finally  recurved.     Stems  procumbent. 

T.  scabrum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1084.  Willd.  v. 3.  1374.  Fl.  Br.  788. 
Engl.Bof.v.  13.  t.  903.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  48.  Hook.  Scot. 
219. 

T.  n.  371.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\6\. 

T  flosculis  albis,  in  glomerulis  oblongis  asperis,  cauliculis  proximo 
adnatis.    RaiiSyn.329.     Vaill.  Par.  196.  t.  33.  f.  \. 

T.  minus,  capite  subrotundo  parvo  albo  et  echinato.  Barrel.  Ic. 
i.  870. 

T.  cujus  caules  ex  geniculis  glomerulos  oblongos  proferunt.  Bank. 
Hist.v.2.37S.f. 

In  chalky,  or  dry  sandy,  fields. 

On  Newmarket  heath.  Ray.  Between  Northfleet  and  Gravesend. 
'  Dill.  About  Croydon.  Curt.  Near  Bungay.  Mr.  Woodward. 
On  Snettisham  beach,  and  in  an  old  chalk-pit  near  Wells,  Nor- 
folk. Mr.  Crowe.  At  Wick  clifts  j  Mr.  Swayne.  M^ith.  On 
Cromer  cliffs,  Norfolk. 

Annual.    May,  June. 

Root  tapering.  Whole  herb  very  rigid,  and  harsh  to  the  touch, 
especially  when  in  seed.  Stems  several,  from  3  to  9  inches  long, 
procumbent,  rigid,  round, sometimes  zigzag,  leafy,  hairy,  scarcely 
branched  except  from  the  bottom.  Leaflets  obovate,  or  some- 
what heart-shaped,  with  many  prominent  transverse  ribs,  hairy, 
minutely  but  sharply  toothed,  longer  or  shorter  than  their  com- 
mon/oo^s/aZ/i:.  Stipulas  membranous,  ribbed,  ovate,  pointed. 
Heads  numerous,  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary,  sessile,  ovate, 
dense,  hairy.  Cal.  furrowed  3  its  teeth  green,  lanceolate,  spi- 
nous, a  little  unequal,  always  spreading,  but  when  ripeningseed 
strongly  recurved,  which  gives  the  harshness  above  described. 
Legume  membranous,  whitish,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube.  Seed 
solitary,  yellowish.     A  useless  weed. 


DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA.    Trifolium.     307 

13.  T,  glomeratum.  Smooth  Round-headed  Trefoil. 

Heads  sessile,  axillary,  hemispherical,  smooth.  Calyx- 
teeth  heart-shaped,  reflexed,  veiny.     Stems  prostrate. 

T.  glomeratum.  Linn,Sp.Pl.\OSA.  milclv.3A375.  Fl.Br.789. 
Engl.Bot.  V.  15.  t.  1063.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  ^.51. 

T.  cum  glomerulis  ad  caulium  nodos  rotundis.    Rail  Sijn.  329. 

T.  supinum  cum  glomerulis  ad  caulium  nodos  globosis,  floribus 
purpurantibus.  Rail  Hist.  v.  I.  948.  Pliik.  Almag.377.  Phyt, 
t.\\3.f.b. 

T.  parvum  rectum,  flore  glomerate  cum  unguiculis.  Bauh,  Hist. 
V.  2.  378./. 

T.  arvense  supinum  verticillatum.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.  882 . 

In  gi-avelly  fields  and  pastures,  chiefly  in  the  east  and  south  of 
England. 

About  Saxmundham,  Suffolk,  and  about  London.  Ray.  In  the 
isle  of  Shepey.  Huds.  On  Kevv  Green,  and  Han  well  Heath, 
Middlesex.  Bishop  of  Carlisle.  On  the  bath  hills  near  Bungay, 
Suffolk.  Mr.  Woodward.  At  Yiwmouth.  Mr.  D.  Turner.  In  a 
pasture  adjoining  to  Mackerel's  tower,  Norwich. 

Annual.     June. 

Whole  herb  very  smooth,  with  a  tapering,  branching,  tuberculated 
root.  Stems  quite  prostrate,  straight,  slender,  striated,  but  little 
branched,  from  3  to  12  inches  long.  Leaves  rather  distant,  on 
footstalks  of  various  lengths  ;  leaflets  obovate,  abrupt,  finely 
toothed,  veiny,  sometimes  marked  with  a  pale  transverse  spot. 
Stipulas  ovate  or  oblong,  membranous,  ribbed,  taper-pointed. 
Heads  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary,  sessile,  hemispherical,  or 
nearly  globular,  many-flowered,  quite  smooth  in  every  part.  Cal. 
bell-shaped,  strongly  furrowed,  with  ten  ribs,  pale  or  reddish  3 
the  teeth  nearly  equal,  heart-shaped,  pointed,  reflexed,  veiny, 
green  and  leafy.  Cor.  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  standard  rose- 
coloured,  striated  ;  wings  and  keel  shorter  and  paler.  Legume 
round,  very  small,  with  a  solitary  seed. 

This  is  neither  a  Scottish  nor  a  Swiss  plant.  The  small  reflexed 
cahjx-tecth,  leafy  in  colour  and  texture,  always  quite  smooth, 
readily  distinguish  it  from  all  our  other  species. 

14.  T.striatujii.     Soft  Knotted  Trefoil. 

Heads  sessile,  axillary  and  terminal,  ovate.  Calyx  ellipti- 
cal, furrowed,  hairy ;  with  straight  bristle-shaped  teeth. 
Stems  procumbent. 

T.  striatum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1085.     mild.  v.  3.  13/6.    Fl.  Br.  790. 

En-l.Bot.v.2G.t.\S\3.    Hook.  Scot. 2\9.    Ehrh.  Hrrh.  SS. 
T.  pai-vum  hirsutum,  floribus  parvis  (lilutL^  purpurcis,  in  glomeruhs 

mollioribus  et  oblont^is,  seminc  mugno.      Rail  Sijn.  329.  t.  13. 

f.3.     Vaill.  Par.  19G.  t.33.f2. 


308     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium. 

T.  minus  villosum,  purpureo  capite  parvo  echinato.  Barrel.  Ic. 
i.  865. 

In  dry,  barren,  sandy  fields  and  pastures. 

Annual.    June. 

Root  slender,  tuberculated.  Sfenis  several,  procumbent,  various 
in  length  and  luxuriance,  round,  branched,  leafy,  downy,  often 
zigzag.  Lcajlets  obovate,  sometimes  acute,  or  somewhat  point- 
ed, finely  toothed,  downy.  Stipulas  ovate,  broad,  pointed,  mem- 
branous, ribbed.  Heads  some  axillary,  more  terminal,  ovate. 
Cal.  elliptical,  tumid,  with  10  deep  furrows,  and  clothed  with 
fine  soft  hairs  j  the  teeth  unequal,  not  half  the  length  of  the 
tube,  awl-shaped,  green,  spinous-pointed,  fringed,  somewhat 
lengthened  out  after  flowering,  but  always  continuing  straight. 
Cor.  pale  rose-coloured,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Legume 
membranous,  with  the  rudiments  of  2  seeds  in  an  early  state, 
one  of  which  only  comes  to  perfection,  and  fills  the  tube  of  the 
calyx,  being  thrice  as  large  as  the  last. 

These  three  procumbent  species  oi  Trifolium  are  clearly  distinguish- 
ed by  their  calyx-teeth,  and  the  present  is  readily  known  by  the 
touch  from  T.  scabrum.  Having  rudiments  of  2  seeds  in  the 
germen,  it  so  far  agrees  with  the  suffocatum,  hitherto  arranged 
near  it,  and  forms  some  exception  to  the  proper  character  of 
this  section  ;  but  only  one  seed  being  perfected,  it  is  best  placed 
with  othevs  so  circumstanced,  to  which  it  is  mosi  closely  allied. 

****  Calyx  of  the  fruit  inflated.^  hladderi/. 

15.  l^.fragiferum.     Strawberry-headed  Trefoil. 

Heads  roundish.   Calyx  finally  inflated,  deflexed,  with  two 

terminal  teeth.     Stems  creeping. 
T.  fragiferiim.    Li««.  %  P/.  108G.    Willd.v.3.\:^^0.  FLBr.m. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  15.  t.  1050.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  t.  55.    Hook.  Scot. 

219.      RaiiSyn.  329.      Fl.Dan.  t.  1042.     Clus.Cur.Post.39.f. 

Moris.v.  2.  144.  n.  13,  14.  sect.  2.  t.\3.f.  14.     Ger.  Em.\2{)8.f. 

Vaill.Par.  195.  t.22.f.2. 
T.  n.  370.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  161. 
T.  caule  nudo,  glomerulis  glabris.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  379./. 

In  moist  meadows,  pastures,  and  osier  holts,  in  a  black  boggy 
soil. 

Perennial.    Jidy,  August. 

Root  tapering,  its  fibres  beset  with  fleshy  granulations.  Herb 
smooth,  much  resembling  T.  repens.  Stems  quite  prostrate, 
creeping  extensively  with  several  fibrous  radicles,  round,  leafy, 
many-flowered.  Leaves  on  long  spreading  footstalks;  leaflets 
dark  green,  unspotted,  obovate,  or  inversely  heart-shaped,  finely 
toothed,  striated  with  numerous  transverse  ribs.  »S^^pw/<7.s  large, 
whitish,  with  green  veins,  ovate,  tapering  into  a  long  slender 
point.     Flower-stalks  axillary,  solitary,  erect,  stout,  angular. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium.     309 

taller  than  the  leaves.  Heads  oi flowers  small,  solitary,  erect. 
Pet.  rose-coloured,  small  and  slender.  Cal.  2-lip])ed,  downy  -, 
the  upper  side,  after  flowering,  becoming  greaily  enlarged,  mem- 
branous, reticulated,  inflated,  and  bent  downward,  terminating 
in  2  teeth,  and  assuming  a  blood-red  colour^  so  tliat  the  whole 
head,  in  that  state,  much  resembles  a  Hautboy  Strawberry.  Le- 
gume roundish,  small,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  containing 
2  seeds. 
Cattle  eat  the  herbage,  but  its  produce  is  late  and  inconsiderable. 

*****  Standards  deflexed,  dry  and  membranous. 

16.  T,  procumbens.     Hop  Trefoil. 

Heads  oval,  many-flowered.  Standard  finally  deflexed,  fur- 
rowed. Stems  spreading  or  procumbent.  Common  foot- 
stalk longest  at  the  base. 

T.procnmbens.   Linn.  Sp.Pl.XmS.   JVilld.  v.  3.  ]383.    Fl.Br.792 

and  1403.     Conip.  ed.  4. 124.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  14.  f.  945.     Hook. 

Scot.  219.     Grev.  Edin.  1 62.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  796.    Elirh.  Herb.  39. 
T.  agrarium.    Huds. 32S.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.3.  t.  45.     Mart.  Rust. 

t.  121. 
T.  n.363.    Hall. Hist.v.]. 159. 
T.  pratense  luteum,  capitulo  lupuli,  vel  agrarium.     Rail  S//n.  330. 

raiU.Par.\96.t.22.f.3. 
T.  pratense  luteum  foemina,  flore  pulchriorc,  sivc  lui)ulino.   Rau/i. 

Hist.  V.  2.  3^1.  f. 
T.  agrarium  luteum,  capitulo  lupuli  majus.  Moris,  v.  2.  142.  sect.  2. 

t.\3.j:\. 

Lupulinum.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  f.  10./.  1. 

In  dry  gravelly  fields  and  pastures. 

Annual,    .fune,  July. 

Root  short,  but  strong  and  woody.  Stems  spreading  widely,  |)art 
of  them  procumbent,  the  central  one,  if  not  cropped  by  cattle, 
according  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  lieeke's  observations,  erect,  but  this 
1  have  seldom  been  able  to  verify  j  they  are  leafy,  hairy,  but 
little  branched,  from  4  to  10  or  12  inches  long  j  round  below; 
angular  above,  where  they  turn  more  or  less  upwards.  Leaf- 
lets obovate,  notched,  toothed,  veiny,  smooth,  a  little  glaucous. 
Common  footstalks  smooth  or  a  little  hairy,  various  in  lengtii, 
but  alwavs  longer  than  the  partial  stalk  of  the  central  leaflet. 
.S7i/)///r/.s  half-ovate,  acute,  entire,  ribbed,  often  fringed.  Heads 
a.xillary,  solitary,  ovate,  or  roundish,  erect,  on  partly  hairy  stalks, 
which  are  angular,  not  very  stout,  often  reaching  beyond  the  ad- 
joining leaf.  Fl.  about  50.  Cal.  a  little  hairy,  bell-shaped,  with 
very  unecpial,  direct,  awl-shaped  teetli.  Pet.  bright  yellow, 
turning  tawny  as  the  seed  ripens,  all  permanent  ,  standard  finally 
deflexed,  dilated,  strongly  furrowed,  dry  and  membranous,  shel- 


310     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium. 

tering  the  legume,  which  is  small,  elliptical,  pointed  at  each  end. 
Seed  solitary,  kidney-shaped. 
For  the  real  T.  agrarium  of  Linnaeus,  see  Ehrh.  Herb.  29,  Dick- 
son's Dried  Plants  n.  80,  and  Barrel.  Ic.  t.  1024.  This  is  al- 
ways upright,  much  larger  than  the  procwnbens,  withlonger 
Jlower- stalks,  and  very  large  heads  ;  being  T.  aureum  of  Pollich  j 
spadiceum  of  Villars,  not  of  Linnaeus  ;  and  T.  n.  365  of  Haller  j 
but  this  fine  species  is  not  a  native  of  Britain. 

17.  T.  7?iinus.     Lesser  Yellow  Trefoil. 

Heads  hemispherical.  Flower-stalks  straight,  rigid.  Stand- 
ard nearly  even.  Stems  prostrate.  Common  footstalk 
very  short. 

T.  minus.    Relh.  290.  Fl.  Br.  1403.  Comp.ed.  4.  124.    Engl.  Bot. 

v.]8.  t.  1256.    Hook.  Scot.  220. 
T.  filiforme.     Ehrh.  Herb.  49. 
T.  filiforme /3.    FLBr.793. 

T.  procumbens.    Huds.32S.    Curt.  Land.  fasc.  b.  i.  53. 
T.  dublum.    Sibth. 23\.    Abbot  163. 
T.  n.  364.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  \.  ] 59. 
T.  lupulinum  alterum  minus.    Rail  Sijn.  330.  i.  14./.  3.   Hall.  It. 

Helv.  \.  sect.  13. 
T.  luteum  minimum.     Ger.  Em.  1 186./.    Lob.  Ic.  v.  2.  29.  f. 

In  dry  gravelly  fields  and  pastures,  with  the  last. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  small,  its  fibres  often  furnished  with  little  knobs.  Stems  nu- 
merous, procumbent,  scarcely  branched,  round,  a  little  hairy, 
usually  from  3  to  9  inches  long  ;  but  in  the  larger  variety,  Engl. 
Bot.f.  1,  extending  to  2  feet,  and  stouter,  more  brittle  and  suc- 
culent. Common  footstalks  generally  very  short,  except  those 
near  the  root,  while  the  partial-stalk  of  each  central  leaflet  is 
much  more  considerable  than  in  the  preceding  or  following  spe- 
cies. Leajiets  inversely  heart-shaped,  striated,  toothed,  smooth  3 
the  lateral  ones  almost  sessile.  Stipulas  half-ovate,  veiny,  acute. 
Flower-stalks  axillary,  straight,  firm  and  rigid,  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Fl.  from  12  to  15  in  each  little  hemispherical  head,  al- 
most perfectly  sessile,  yellow  5  at  length  becoming  brown  and 
deflexed.  Calyx-teeth  very  unequal,  hairy  towards  the  points. 
Standard  obscurely,  if  at  all,  furrowed,  narrower  than  in  T.  pro- 
cumbens. Legume  obovate,  as  long  as  the  faded  corolla,  which 
it  fills.     -Seed  1,  rarely  2. 

18.  T.Jiliforme,     Slender  Yellow  Trefoil. 

Clusters  lax,    of  few  flowers.     Common-stalks   capillary, 
wavy.     Standard  even.     Stems  prostrate.     Leaflets  all 
^nearly  sessile. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Trifolium.     3J1 

T.  filiforme.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1088.    TVilld.  v.  3.  \384.  Fl.  Br.  \404  ; 

also  792,  excluding  the  variety.      Comp.ed.  4.  124.     Engl.  Bot. 

V.  18.  t,  1257.     Relh.  290.    Hook.  Scot.  220. 
T.  lupulinum  minimum.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn. 33] .  t.  14.  f.  4. 
T.  luteum  lupulinum  minimum.    Moris,  v.  2.  142  ;   not  the  figure. 

In  sandy  or  gravelly  grassy  pastures^  whether  dry  or  moist. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  tapering,  small,  the  fibres  bearing  several  fleshy  tubercles. 
Whole  herb  usually  much  smaller  than  the  foregoing,  quite 
smooth,  except  a  slight  hairiness  on  thejlower-stalks,  and  some- 
times on  the  upper  part  of  the  steins,  which  latter  are  quite 
prostrate,  very  slender,  3  or  4  inches  long,  sometimes  10 
or  12,  much  branched  at  the  bottom.  Leaflets  small,  inversely 
heart-shaped,  toothed.  Common  footstalks  very  short,  scarcely 
a  quarter  so  long  as  the  leaflets  ;  partial  ones  still  shorter,  all 
nearly  equal  and  uniform,  that  of  the  middle  leaflet  not  being, 
as  in  the  last  species,  an  apparent  continuation  or  elongation 
of  the  common  stalk.  Stipulas  small,  ovate,  membranous,  some- 
what fringed.  Fl.  very  small,  yellow,  in  real  clusters,  each 
having  a  capillary  partial  stalk,  full  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube  ; 
they  are  usually  from  3  to  o  in  each  cluster  j  sometimes  only  2, 
or  even  solitary  ;  sometimes  7  or  8  3  leaning  all  one  way, 
finally  pendulous.  Teeth  of  the  calyx  rather  less  unequal  than 
in  T.  minus,  quite  smooth,  for  I  believe  the  hairs  represented  in 
Engl.  Bot.  are  an  error.  Legume  obovate,  scarcely  covered 
by  the  withered  corolla,  which  turns  pale  in  that  state,  and  the 
standard  is  perfectly  even.  Seed  large,  almost  always  solitary, 
1  have  very  rarely  seen  2. 

This  species  is  clearly  and  most  scientifically  distinguished  from 
the  last  by  its  i;?^ore5cewce,  which  Linnaeus,  in  P/ii/.  Bot.  sect.  279, 
prefers  to  every  other  part  for  sound  specific  diff"erences.  He 
has  adverted  to  the  "  manifest  and  distinct"  partial  flower-stalks 
of  T.  filiforme  in  his  Sp.  PL,  which  in  fact  render  the  inflores- 
cence of  this  plant  a  racemus,  not,  as  in  the  foregoing,  a  spica  or 
capilulum.  Haller  in  his  Iter  Ilelvcticum,  sect.  13,  highly  extols 
Dillenius  for  ascertaining  these  two  species  ;  and  yet  in  his 
Ilistoria,  under  n.  3(14,  he  records  thatDillenius found  the  seeds 
of  T.filif()rmt:\m)ducQd  n.  3G3,ouTprocumbens.  This  proves  too 
mucii,  and  oversets  all  the  authority  of  tlie  relator.  Vet  the 
great  Oxford  Pnjfessor  is  the  first  who  clearly  discriminated  tiie 
three  species  which  form  our  .')th  section,  and  his  figures  of  the 
two  latter  preclude  all  doubt  as  to  what  he  meant.  Linnseus 
seems  to  liave  considered  our  viitius  as  a  variety  ol'  procumbms ; 
his  |)u))il  Khriiart  referred  it  to  filiforme.  I  have,  too  heedlessly, 
been  led  into  the  latter  error  in  the  second  volume  of  FL  lir.  ; 
but  the  accurate  in(iuiries  of  the  Hev.  Dr.  Heeke,  now  Dean  ot 
Hrfstol,  enabled  me  to  correct  my  mistake,  in  the  tiiird  volume, 
riiis  gentleman  favoured  me  with  specimens  of  the  plants  in 


312     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Lotus. 

question  from  the  same  ^'^very  dry  flinty  gravelly  natural  pas- 
ture," at  Ufton,  near  Reading,  where  the  larger  variety  of  the 
minus  J  with  its  succulent  brittle  stem,  retained  all  its  diversity  of 
habit,  and  remained  constant  when  propagated  by  seed.  Still 
there  is  no  positive  specific  character.  Cattle  and  sheep  are  so 
fond  of  this  variety,  that  it  can  scarcely  be  gathered  in  any 
pastures  to  which  they  have  access.  1  have  not  heard  the  result 
of  the  experiments  made  upon  it  for  cultivation. 

:W.  LOTUS.    Bird's-foot-trefoil. 

Linn.  Gen.  388.     Juss.  356.     Fl.  Br.  793.     Tourn.  t.  227.      Lam. 
i.  611.     G(Ertn.t.\5?>. 

Cal.  tubular,  with  5  direct,  acute,  nearly  equal  teeth,  per- 
manent, unchanged.  Cor.  of  5  petals,  deciduous ;  stand- 
ard obovate,  ascending,  with  a  broad  vaulted  claw ;  wings 
oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  standard,  converging  at 
their  upper  edges ;  keel  of  2  united  petals,  protuberant 
underneath,  closed  above,  with  an  ascending  point,  and 
narrow,  short,  distinct  claws.  Filam,  10;  9  in  one  split 
compressed  horizontal  tube,  the  separate  portion  of  each 
erect,  a  little  dilated  towards  the  top ;  the  tenth  capillary, 
distinct.  Anth.  small,  roundish.  Germ,  cylindrical,  ra- 
ther compressed.  Style  ascending  at  a  right  angle,  thread- 
shaped.  Stigma  simple.  Legume  cylindrical,  straight, 
simple  or  winged,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  of  2  valves, 
and  1  cell,  separated,  by  more  or  less  of  a  spongy  sub- 
stance, into  several,  spurious  or  incomplete,  cells,  each 
lodging  a  globular,  or  somewhat  cylindrical,  seed. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubby.  Leaves  ter- 
nate,  with  a  pair  of  large  leafy  stiptilas,  and  thence  by 
some  termed  quinate.  Fl.  solitary  or  capitate,  on  long 
axillary  stalks.  Cor.  yellow,  often  mixed  with  red,  or 
crimson,  or  almost  black ;   rarely  whitish. 

1.  \t.  corniculatus .    Common  Bird's-foot-trefoil. 

Heads  depressed,  of  few  flowers.  Stems  recumbent,  pithy. 
Legumes  spreading,  nearly  cylindrical.  Claw  of  the 
standard  obovate.     Filaments  all  dilated. 

L.corniculatus.    Li7in.Sp.Pl.\092.   Willd.v. 3. 1395.   Fl.Br.793. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  30.  t.  2090.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  i.  56.    Mart.  Rust. 

t.  53.  Hook.  Scot.  220  ;  excluding  the  varieUj,   Fl.  Dan.  ^  991. 

Ehrh.  Herb.  428. 
L.  n.  385  /3.    Hull  Hist.  r.  1.  167. 


DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA.     Lotus.      313 

L.  corniculata  glabra  minor.    Rail  Syn.  334.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 354. 
/.  3:)5. 

L.  sativa.     Dalech.  Hisf.bO?. 

Trifolium  siliqiiosum  minus.     Ger.  Em.  1 190./. 

T.  corniculatum  primum.     Dod.  Pempt.  5/3./. 

Melilotus  gcrmanica.     Fuchs.  Hint.  b27.f. 

M.  nobilis.     Trag.  Hist.  594./. 

Meliloti  tertium  genus.    Fuchs.  Ic.  299./. 

/3.  Lotus  corniculata  minor,  foliis  subtiis  incanis.     Ddl.  in  Rail 
.S//;/.334. 

L.  corniculatus  g.    Fl.  Dr.  794. 

In  open  grassy  pastures,  common. 

Perennial.     June — September. 

Rout  branching,  somewhat  woody  ;  the  fibres  beset  with  small  gra- 
nulations.    Stems  several,  spreading  on  the  ground  in  every  di- 
rection, varying  in  length  from  3  to  10  inches,  simple  or  branched, 
solid,  filled  with  pith,  angular,  leafy,  sometimes  quite  smooth, 
but  for  the  most  part  clothed,  like  the  glaucous  backs  of  the  /eares, 
with  close-pressed  hairs.     Leaflets  obovate,  acute,  entire,  on 
.short  partial  stalks  5  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  or  inequilateral. 
Common /oo^7«/A:  channelled,  about  the  length  of  the  leaflets, 
having  at  its  base  a  pair  of  ovate  stipulas,  resembling  them,  but 
rather  smaller.    Flower -stalks  axillary,  solitary,  erect  or  recum- 
bent, angular,  5  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  each  bearing  from 
2  or  3  to  5  bright  yellow/oiter*^  dark  green  when  dried,  in  a 
flat  head  or  umbel,  accompanied  by  a  small  ternatc  leaf.     They 
change  to  orange  in  verging  towards  decay.    The  standard  (not 
keel,\is  by  a  slip  of  the  pen  in  Fugl.  Dot.)  striped  with  red  at  the 
base  in  front ;   its  claw  much  dilated  and  vaulted.     Keel  pale 
yellow.     Filaments  in  their  separate  i)art  all  dilated  under  the 
anthers.  Interstices  of  the  calyx-teeth  rounded.    Legume  smooth, 
of  a  shining  purplish  brown,  a  little  depressed  and  channelled 
along  the  upper  side. 
Recommended  for  cultivation,  though  under  the  erroneous  names 
of  Milk-vetch  and  Astragalus  glycyphyllos,  by  the   late  worthy 
Dr.  Anderson,  in  his  Agricidtural  Essays,  as  being  excellent  for 
fodder,  as  well  as  for  hay. 

2.   L.  major.     Greater  Bircrs-foot-trefoll. 

Heads  depressed,  many-flowered.  Stems  erect,  liihiiiar. 
Legumes  (Iroopiiii^s  cylindrical.  Claw  of  the  standard 
linear.      Shorter  filaments  not  tlilateil. 

L.  major.    Scop.  Cam.  r.  2.  8(5.    Comp.  r.d.  I.  1 24.     Engl.  But.  r.  30. 

/.  209  1 .     I'urt.  V.  1 .  342.     Forst.  Toubr.  8(1.     ^'/•^^.  Edin.  1  (i3. 
L.  corniculatus  y.     Fl.  Br.  794. 
Ji.  corniculatus  /3.     Hook.  Srof.  22(». 
L.  n.385  a.     Halt.  Hi.>f.r.  I.  1(37 


314       DIADELPHIA—DECANDRIA.    Lotus. 

Loti  corniculatae  major  species.    Rail  Syn.  334.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 

355./.  356. 
Lotus.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  7Q.f.  1. 

/3.  L.  pentaphyllos  medius  pilosus.    Dill,  in  Uaii  Syn.  334. 
L.  corniculatus  8.    Fl.  Br.  794. 

In  wet  bushy  places,  osierholts,  and  hedges. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Very  different  from  the  foregoing  species  in  general  habit,  and  now 
technically  distinguished  by  several  clear  and  sufficient  charac- 
ters, for  most  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  the  worthy  Dean  of 
Bristol.  Every  botanist  had  been  struck  with  the  aspect  of  the 
plant,  and  Scopoli  long  ago  proposed  it  as  a  species,  but  without 
a  sufficient  specific  definition,  except  that  of  the  shorter  separate 
filaments  not  being,  like  the  longer  ones,  dilated  under  their  an- 
thers. The  stems  are  from  I  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  upright,  clothed, 
more  or  less,  with  long  loosely-spreading  hairs,  rarely  quite 
smooth  ;  internally  hollow,  or  tubular,  with  little  or  no  pith  in 
any  part,  which  I  take  to  be  an  important  character.  Leaves 
fringed  or  clothed  with  similar  hairs.  Fl.  from  6  to  1 2  in  each 
head,  of  a  duller  orange  than  the  former.  Calyx-teeth  stellated 
in  an  early  state ;  their  interstices,  when  fully  expanded,  acutan- 
gular,  not  rounded.  Claw  of  the  standard  almost  linear,  though 
vaulted.  Legumes  not  horizontal,  but  droopir>g,  slender  and 
exactly  cylindrical. 

Whether  there  may  be  any  difference  in  the  agricultural  qualities  of 
these  plants,  and  whether  the  present  might  be  capable  of  culti- 
vation in  very  wet  meadows,  nobody  has  hitherto  inquired. 

3.  L.  decumbens.    Spreading  Bird's-foot-trefoil. 

Heads  of  few  flowers.  Stems  recumbent,  nearly  solid.  Le- 
gumes somewhat  spreading,  cylindrical,  two-edged.  Ca- 
lyx hairy ;  its  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube. 

L.  decumbens.    Forst.  Tonbr.  86. 

In  fields  and  meadows. 

At  Hastings,  Sussex,  near  Bulverhithe  ;  also  in  meadows  near 
Tonbridge.  Forsier.  In  fields  near  Forfar,  North  Britain.  Mr. 
G.  Don. 

Perennial.    July. 

Stems  widely  spreading,  partly  quite  prostrate,  a  foot  or  more  m 
length,  branched,  filled  with  light  pith,  angular,  leafy,  smooth, 
somewhat  glaucous.  Leaves  glaucous,  smooth  above  j  occa- 
sionally clothed  beneath  with  short,  close,  bristly  hairs.  Leaf- 
lets and  stipulas  similar,  lanceolate,  pointed,  oblique,  except  the 
terminal  one,  which  is  obovate-lanceolate.  Common  footstalk 
but  half  the  length  of  the  leaflets,  channelled,  slightly  bordered. 
Flower-stalks  axillary,  4  or  5  times  the  length  of  the  leaves. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.     Lotus.      315 

smooth,  stout  and  firm,  obscurely  angular,  each  bearing  an  itm- 
bel  of  from  3  to  6  bright  y eWow  Jiowers,  accompanied  by  a  ter- 
nate  leaf  without  stipulas.  In  starved  plants  the  Jiowers  are  so- 
litary. Partial  stalks  and  calyx  all  over  silky,  with  more  or  less 
abundant,  short,  close  hairs  ;  the  calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  tapering, 
spreading,  shorter  than  the  tube,  somewhat  hairy,  with  wide 
rounded  interstices.  Separate  portion  of  each  filament  o{  cow - 
siderable  length,  the  longest  dilated  upwards.  Legumes  nearly 
erect,  or  but  slightly  sj)reading,  smooth,  dotted,  cylindrical, 
without  any  depression  or  channel,  both  sutures  rather  promi- 
nent, forming  a  ridge  along  each  margin. 
I  can  find  no  account  of  any  thing  approaching  this  species  except 
L.  pedunculatus,  Cavan.  Ic.  t.  164,  the  plate  and  description  of 
which  are  not  very  discriminative,  but  its  stem  is  said  to  be 
erect,  3  feet  high,  and  every  part  of  the  plant  is  perfectly  smooth. 
L.  decumbens  grows  in  Switzerland  and  the  Levant,  as  well  as 
on  the  sandy  shores  of  Sicily.  Most  botanists  have  supposed  it  a 
variety  of  the  corniculatus ;  Linnaeus  and  Solander  confounded  it 
with  the  following. 

4.  L.  a?igiiistissimiis.     Slender  Bird's-foot-trefoil. 

Flowers  solitary,  or  in  pairs.  Stems  much  branched,  pros- 
trate, tubular.  Legumes  two-edged,  very  slender,  some- 
what compressed.  Calyx  loosely  hairy ;  teeth  fringed, 
twice  the  length  of  the  tube. 

L.  angustissimus.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 090.    mild.  v.  3.  1389.    Marsch. 

Taur.-Cauc.  v.  2.  220 ;  from  the  author. 
L.  diffusus.    Fl.  Br.  794.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  13.  L  92:).    Comp.  ed.  4.  1 24. 

MVld.v.3.  1389. 
L.  corniculata,  siliquis  singularibus,  vel  binis,  tenuis.     Bavh.  Ilist. 

V.  2.  336./;  good. 
L.  annua  oligoceratos,  siliquis  singularibus  binis  ternisve.    Moris. 

V.2.  \7D.sect.2.t.  18./.  1. 
L.  pentaphyllos  minor  hirsutus,  sirujua  angustissima.     Bauh.  Pin. 

332. 
Trifolium  corniculatum  minus,  pilosum.    Bauh.  Prodr.  I44j   with 

an  excellent  descriptioti. 
In  meadows  towards  the  sea,  on  tlic  south  and  western  coasts  of 

Kngland. 
On  the  rocky  beach  at  Hastings,  Sussex.   Mr.  Dickson.    At  Kings- 

teignton  and  Bishopsteignton,  Devonshire.   Dean  of  Bristol.    In 

a  meadow  near  St.\'incent's  rocks,  Bristol,  plentifully.  Mr.  I). 

Turner  and  Mr.  Sowerby. 
Annual.     May,  June. 
Smaller  in  general  than  any  of  the  foregoing,  its  pubescence  con- 

bisting  of  fine,  long^  loose  and  spreading  hairs,  like  those  of 

L.  major,  but  far  more  constant  and  abinidant.    Root  branched, 

fibrous,  l.ieset  with  ^uvaW  tubercles,  cirtaiiily  ;uinu:il.  not  peren- 


316      DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Medicago. 

nial.  Stems  procumbent,  or  )3artly  ascending,  roundish,  branch- 
ed, densely  leafy,  very  hairy,  from  6  to  10  inches  long,  with  a 
small  internal  cavity  destitute  of  pith.  Leaflets  and  siipulas 
ovate,  pointed,  rather  glaucous,  hairy  on  both  sides.  Flower- 
stalks  spreading,  weak  and  slender,  once  or  twice  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  hairy,  each  bearing  for  the  most  part  two,  rather  small, 
bright  yellow,^ower5,  sometimes  but  one,  very  rarely  three,  with 
a  ternate  leaf  at  the  base  of  their  partial  stalks.  Cal.  widely 
funnel-shaped  j  its  teeth  linear,  narrow,  green,  twice  as  long  as 
the  tube,  copiously  fringed  with  long  spreading  hairs,  totally 
unlike  the  calyx  of  the  last  species.  Fdam.  all  rather  dilated 
upward.  Legumes  spreading,  cylindrical,  or  slightly  compressed, 
with  prominent  sutures,  smooth,  of  a  shining  brown,  very  slen- 
der, often  transversely  undulated,  from  the  projection  of  their 
numerous  orbicular  seeds. 
A  Montpellier  specimen  of  this  plant  from  Sauvages,  bearing  the 
synonym  of  C.  Bauhin,  is  the  original  authority  for  L.  angustis- 
simus.  To  this  Linnaeus  had  pinned  a  nearly  smooth  one  of  the 
last  species,  which  Solander  in  the  Banksian  herbarium  has  taken 
for  the  true  angustissimus,  calling  our  present  plant  L.  diffusus, 
and  this  great  authority  misled  me.  A  scrutiny  of  the  Linnsean 
specimens,  and  their  marks,  with  the  descrij)tions,  synonyms, 
and  history  of  L.  angustisswius,  have  satisfied  m^e  that  this  is  our 
diffiisus;  and  it  is  never  too  late  to  correct  a  manifest  error, 
especially  as  the  original  name  is  much  the  best. 

368.  MEDICAGO.     Medick. 

Linn.  Gen.  389.    Juss.  356.    Fl.  Br.  795,    Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl.  v.  23. 

Tourn.  t.23l.    Lam.  t.  612.     Gcertn.  t.  155. 
Medica.     Tourn.  t.  231. 

Cal.  tubular,  with  5  direct,  acute,  nearly  equal  teeth,  per- 
manent, unchanged.  Cor.  of  5  petals,  deciduous;  stand- 
ard ovate,  ascending,  undivided,  with  a  short  broad  claw; 
wings  obovate,  cohering  by  their  lower  edges ;  keel  of  2 
combined  petals  with  separate  claws,  oblong,  obtuse,  de- 
pressed by  the  swelling  germen,  and  finally  spreading 
widely  from  the  standard.  Filam.  10 ;  9  united  almost  to 
their  summits  into  one  split  compressed  tube ;  the  tenth 
capillary,  distinct.  Anth.  small,  roundish.  Germ,  stalked, 
oblong,  compressed,  incurved  or  spiral,  enfolded  by  the 
filaments,  starting  elastically  from  the  keel,  and  forcing 
back  the  standard,  terminating  in  a  short,  awl-shaped, 
straight,  ascending  style.  Stigina  terminal,  minute,  sim- 
ple. Legume  compressed,  inflexed,  falcate,  or  spiral  with 
numerous  convolutions,  of  1  cell  and  2  valves.  Seeds  se- 
veral, often  numerous,  kidney-shaped,  smooth. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Medicago.     317 

A  numerous  genus  of  herbaceous,  rarely  a  little  slu'ubby, 
mostly  procumbent,  plants,  with  stalked,  ternate  leaves; 
stlpidas  unlike  the  leaflets;  and  small,  clustered,  or  spiked, 
axillary,  yellow,  rarely  blueish,^otti^r5.  Legumes  various, 
very  peculiar,  smooth  or  prickly,  often  remarkably  con- 
voluted. 

*  1.   M.  saliva.     Purple  Medick,  or  Lucerne. 
Clusters  upright.     Legumes  spiral.     Stem  erect,  smooth. 

M.  saliva.      Linn,  Sp.  PL  109C.      JVilld.  v.  3.  1404.     Fl.  Br.  795. 

Engl.  Bot  V.  25.  t.  1 7-19.    Mart.  Rust.  t.4S.     Hook.  Scot.  220. 
Medica.    Dod.  Penipf.  oJG.f. 
M.  n.382.     Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  \6G. 
M.  sativa.     Dalech.  Hist.r)02.f. 
M.  sativa,  sive  Tiifoliiim  sativum,  siliquii  cornuta,  magis  tortili. 

Moris.  V.  2.  158.  sect.  2.  t.  I  G./.  2. 
M.  legitima.  Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  242./. 
M.  major  erectior,  floribus  purpurascentibus.     Bauh.  [list.  v.  2. 

382./.  383. 
Trifolium  Burgundiacum.     Ger.  Em.  1189./. 
Foenum  Burgundiacum.    Loh.  Ic.  v.  2.  36./. 

In  hedges,  pastures,  and  the  borders  of  fields,  in  dry  calcareous 
soils,  but  scarcely  a  native. 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Root  woody,  seldom  lasting  long.  Stems  erect,  or  somewhat  re- 
clining, al)out  2  feet  high,  branched,  leafy,  roundish,  smooth. 
Leaflets  oblong,  inclining  to  wedge-shaped,  more  or  less  acute, 
sharply  serrated  towards  the  end,  clothed  with  close  silky  hairs 
on  both  sides,  but  especially  beneath.  Stipulas  lanceoh'ue,  or 
half-arrow-shaped,  pointed,  sometimes  toothed.  Clusters  Qxcci, 
of  many  blueish-))ur])le//ou;<?'ri',  with  a  small  bristle-like  hractca 
under  each  partial  stalk.  Legume  ^m\x\,  with  rarely  more  than 
2  or  3  turns,  silky  while  young.     Seeds  several,  flattish. 

Lucerne  has  often  been  recommended  for  fodder,  or  for  hay  ;  its 
(jualities  and  mode  of  culture  may  be  seen  in  the  Flora  Rustica. 
(ierarde  mentions  it  as  increasing  much  in  his  garden,  I  have 
often  sus|)ected  it  to  be  a  variety  of  the  following,  originatiu"- 
from  cultivation,  but  they  do  not  a])])ear  ever  to  run  into  each 
other. 

2.   M./a/cala.     Yellow  Sickle  Medick. 

Clusters  upright.     Legumes  sickle-sha]K'tl.     Stiin  proeuin- 

bent. 
M.  falcata.      Linn.  Sp.  I'l.  lO'.Hi.     Ifdhl.  r.y,.  I  lo;,.      /■/.  /;,.  ;i)ii 

F.ugl.  Rot.  V.  1  5.  /.  I  0  I  ().   Mart.  Rust.  t.  Hi]  and  N7.   FL  Dan.  t  233 
.Medica  n.  3S I.     Halt.  Hist.  v.  \.\ 05. 


318     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Medicaffo. 

D 

M.  sylvestris.    Rail  Syn.  333.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  383./. 

M.  sylvestris  frutescens,  &c.    Moris,  v.  2.  157.  sect.  2.  t.  16./.  J. 

M.  flavo  flore.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  243.  f. 

M.  flore  luteo.    Clus.  Pann,  7^9.  f.  '* 

Falcata.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  84. 

Tri folium  luteum,  siliqua  cornuta.     Ger.  Em.  1191./ 

On  dry  gravelly  banks  and  old  walls. 

Betw^een  Watford  and  Bushy-hill,  by  the  foot-way.  Doody.  In 
Cambridgeshire.  Relhan.  Common  about  Norwich,  in  dry  gra- 
velly fields,  and  on  many  parts  of  the  city  walls  -,  also  about 
Bury  St.  Edmund's. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  long  and  woody.  Habit  like  the  preceding,  but  the  nume- 
rous stems  are  procumbent,  spreading  every  way,  hairy.  Leaves 
and  stipulas  much  like  M.  sativa.  The  clusters  are  usually 
shorter  and  more  dense,  but  this  varies  according  to  exposure 
or  luxuriance.  Fl.  generally  pale  yellow,  but  occasionally  vio- 
let, and  more  frequently  green,  evidently  from  a  combination  of 
these  two  colours.  Legumes  black,  downy,  sickle-shaped,  not 
twisted  into  a  screw,  as  in  the  sativa.  Seeds  from  4  to  8,  kid- 
ney-shaped, yellowish.  The  growing  germen  liberates  itself 
with  a  spring  from  the  keel,  by  which  the  pollen  is  dashed  about 
the  stigma  by  the  time  the  rudiments  of  the  seeds  are  perfected. 
This  species  is  perhaps  as  good  fodder  as  Luc^ne,  though  less 
succulent,  and  from  its  position  less  accessible  to  the  scythe. 

3.  M.  lupulina.    Black  Medick,  or  Nonesuch. 

Spikes  ovate,  erect.     Legumes  kidney-shaped,  rugged  and 
veiny,  smgle-seeded.     Stem  procumbent. 

M.  lupulina.    Li)i?i.  Sp.Pl.\097.    Mllld.v.3.\406.    Fl.Br.796. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.  14.  ^.  971 .     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.t.57.    Mart.  Rust, 

t.  19.    Sincl.  ed.  2.  323.    Hook.  Scot.  220.    FL  Dan.  t.  992. 
Medica  n.380.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  165. 
Melilotus  minima.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  8. 
M.  lutea  minima  hirsuta  procumbens,  spica  breviore  densissime 

disposita,  seminis  pericarpio  renali  nigro,    Moris,  v.  2.  162.  sect. 

2.  t.  16./8. 
M.  minor.     Trag.  Hist.  593./ 

Trifolium  luteum  lupulinum.    Raii  Syn.  331 .     Ger.  Em.  1 186./ 
T.  pratense  luteum.    Fuchs.  Hist..8\9.f.    /c.  473./    Bauh.  Hi^t. 

V.  2.  380./    Dalech.  Hist.  1355./ 
T.  agrarium.    Dod.  Pempt.  576./. 
/S.    Fl.Br.797. 
Medica  polycarpos,  fructu  minore  compresso  scabro.  Raii  Syn.  333. 

In  meadows,  pastures,  and  cultivated  fields,  very  common. 
/3.  Among  corn  in  Peckham  fields,  plentifully.  Doody.    Near  Pad- 
dington,  and  behind  Pindai-'s-end,  near  Enfield.  DUknius. 


DIADELPHIA-DECANDRIA.    Medicago.     319 

Annual.    May — August. 

This  has  the  habit  of  some  of  the  procumbent  yellow  Trefoils.  The 
root  is  tapering  and  fibrous.  Stems  angular,  downy,  leafy,  va- 
rious in  length,  spreading  widely  on  the  ground,  not  branched, 
except  at  the  bottom.  Leaflets  roundish-obovate,  or  rhomboid, 
veiny,  smoothish,  unspotted,  serrated  at  the  anterior  margin. 
Stipulas  lanceolate,  toothed.  Spikes  dense,  ovate,  erect,  on  long 
axillary  stalks,  each  of  numerous  yeWowJlowers.  Legumes  kid- 
ney-shaped, wiih  many  branching  proijiinent  veins,  and  traces 
of  a  spiral  structure  ;  finally  black,  sometimes  slightly  downy. 
Seed  kidney-shaped,  solitary. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  of  artificial  grasses,  affording  excellent 
fodder  for  sheep. 

/3  has  not  been  well  ascertained.  The  references  in  Ray's  Syjiop- 
sis  are  in  several  respects  erroneous.  By  the  description  of 
"about  10  seed-vessels  on  each  stalk"  it  appears  to  be  akin  to 
this  species,  and  not  to  any  of  the  distinctly  spiral,  many-seeded 
kinds,  which  never  bear  half  that  number  of  legumes. 

4.  M.  maculata.     Spotted  Medick. 

Stalks  two-  or  three-fiowered.  Leaflets  inversely  heart- 
shaped,  spotted.  Stipulas  dilated,  sharply  toothed.  Le- 
gumes spiral,  depressed,  fringed  with  long  spreading 
bristles. 

M.  maculata.    Sibth.232.    Willd.  Sp.  Pl.v. 3.  \4\2.    Sm.hiRees's 

Cud.  n.  22.    Camp.  ed.  4.  125.     Hull  219. 
M.  polvmorpha.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 098  ^.    Fl.  Br.  797  a.    Engl.  Bot. 

V.  23.  /.  Hi  1 6.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  47.     Marl.  Rust.  t.  70. 
M.  arabica.     H'illi.  (560.    Sym.  1 07. 
M.  hispida.     Gcertn.  v.  2. 349.  t.  \ :>:)./. 
Medica  arabica.     Camer.  Hart.  97.  t.  27. 
M.  cochleata  minor  ])olycarpos  annua,  capsuhl  majore  alba,  folio 

cordalo  macula  fusca  notato.    Moris,  v.  2. 1  ^)4.sect.  2.  f.  IT).  /'.  1 7. 
Trifolium   cochlcatum,   folio   cordato    maculato.      Raii  Syn.  333. 

Bauh.  Pin.  329. 
T.  cordatum.     Gar.  Em.  1  l!)U./. 

Cochleata  fructu  longius  echinato.     Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  SS.f.  12. 
/3.  Medica  marina  supina  nostras,  foliis  viridibus,  ad  summos  ra- 

mulos  villosis.      Plu/i.  Almag.  24.").     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  .33  I. 
M.  folliculo  spinoso.     Lob.  fc.  v.  2.  37./. 

On  a  gravelly  soil  in  the  southern  parts  of  England. 

Annual.     May,  June. 

Root  fibrous,  beset  witli  little  lleshy  knobs.  Stems  j)rostrale,  va- 
rious in  length,  leafy,  angular,  branched  and  sj)reading  ;  .some- 
times downy  towards  the  extremity.  Ltarcs  on  \on^  footstalks ; 
lenjlcts  inversely  heart-sha|)ed,  ecjual,  sharply  but  not  deeply 
toothed,  either  nearly  smooth,  or  somewhat  silkv,  e;K'h  marked 


320     DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.   Medlcao-o. 


o 


in  the  centre,  especially  the  earlier  ones,  with  an  irregular 
blackish  spot ;  the  middle  one  on  a  rather  longer  partial  stalk 
than  the  rest.  Stipulas  half-ovate,  with  several  deep  pointed 
teeth.  Fl.  yellow,  rather  small,  2  or  3  together,  in.  cultivated 
specimens  4  or  5,  on  each  axillary  stalk,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Legumes  orbicular,  depressed,  smaller  than  a  pea,  with  several 
spiral  turns,  marked  with  concentric  ribs,  the  margin  fringed 
with  two  rows  of  long,  spreading,  slender,  weak,  partly  hooked, 
bristles,  the  whole,  when  ripe,  brown,  not  black.  Seeds  several, 
kidney-shaped. 

This  has*  been  mentioned,  but  not  much  recommended,  as  a  fodder 
for  cattle. 

I  have  specimens  gathered  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bryant  at  Cley,  Nor- 
folk, which  may  possibly  be  the  variety  /3.  They  agree  exactly 
with  the  figure  of  Lobel  above  cited,  but  Dillenius  in  his  blind 
account  of  this  plant,  taken  from  Plukenet,  does  not  advert  to 
that  figure.  The  spines  of  the  legumes  are  shorter  and  more 
rigid  tTian  in  our  common  M.  maculata,  and  the  leaflets  are  with- 
out spots,  I  had  suspected  this  might  be  M.  deiiticulata,  Willd. 
V.  3.  1414,  Rees's  CijcL  n.  26,  but  the  legumes  have  sometimes 
3  or  4  convolutions,  and  the  leaflets  are  not  obovate.  It  seems 
a  variety  of  the  maculata,  and  may  or  may  not  be  the  plant  of 
Plukenet  or  Dillenius. 

5.  M.  muricata.    Flat-toothed  Medick. 

Stalks  barely  three-flowered.  Stipulas  deeply  toothed, 
hairy  as  well  as  the  obovate,  somewhat  rhomboid,  leaf- 
lets. Legumes  even,  with  short,  depressed,  radiating 
teeth,  in  a  single  row. 

M.  muricata.  Wilkl  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1414.  Sm.  in  Rees's  Cijcl.  n.  27. 
Comp.ed.4.\25.     M'ith.6G\.    Hull2\9. 

M.  polymorpha  muricata.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1098  ^.    Fl.  Br.  798  y. 

M.  minor,  orbiculato  compresso  fructu,  circum  oras  spinis  mollius- 
culis  echinato.    Pluk.  Almag.  243. 

Trifolium  cochleatum,  modiolis  spinosis.  Raii  Sijn.  333.  Pluk. 
Phyt.t.  113./.  6. 

On  the  sea  coast. 

At  Orford,  Suffolk,  on  the  sea  bank  plentifully.    Ray. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Stems  procumbent.  Leriflets  inversely  heart-shaped,  or  somewhat 
rhomboid,  clothed  with  silky  hairs.  Fl.  often  solitary.  I  have 
seen  no  native  specimens,  and  have  doubts  concerning  this  spe  ■ 
cies,  which  I  hope  future  inquiry  may  remove.  The  legumes  of 
foreign  specimens  are  more  cylindrical,  and  less  depressed,  with 
shorter  teeth,  or  spines,  than  in  Plukenet's  figure. 


DIADELPHIA— DECANDRIA.    Medicago.     321 

6.  M.  minima.    Little  Bur  Medick. 

Stalks  many-flowered.  Stipulas  half-ovate,  nearly  entire. 
Leaflets  obovate,  hairy.  Legumes  orbicular,  with  a  double 
row  of  hooked  spines. 

M.  minima.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1418.     Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl.  n.  35. 

Comp.  ed.  4.  125.     Mlth.  660.    Hull  219. 
M.  polvmorpha  minima.      Lhm.  Sp.  PL  1099  /x.      Fl.  Br.  798  /3. 

FLban.t.2\\. 
Medica  n.  383  a.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\66. 

M.  echinata  minima.    Rail  Syn.  333.     Baith.  Hist.  v.  2.  38G./. 
Cochleata  fructu  echinato  minimo.    Riv.  Tetrap.  Irr.  t.  88./.  14. 

In  sandy  fields,  but  rare. 

At  Narburgh,  Norfolk.  Mr.  Woodward.  Near  Newmarket.  iMr. 
D.  Turner. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

A  small  prostrate  species,  clothed  in  every  part  with  fine,  soft, 
rather  silky  hairs.  Stipulas  either  quite  entire,  or  with  a  few 
shallow  teeth.  Leaflets  obovate.  or  roundish,  with  a  few  teeth 
at  the  extremity  only.  Fl.  4,  5,  or  more,  in  each  cluster,  yellow, 
with  a  very  hairy  calyx.  Legumes  either  hairy  or  smooth,  glo- 
bular, small,  of  3  or  4  convolutions,  bordered  with  a  double  row 
of  hooked  spines,  spreading  in  opposite  directions. 


Class  XVIII.    POLYADELPHIA. 

Filaments  combined,  in  more  than  two 

sets. 

Order  I.    POLYAJ^DRIA.    Stamejis  nume- 
rous, 

369.  HYPERICUM.  Cal.  inferior,  in  5  deep  divisions. 
Pet.  5.  Fllam.  united  at  the  base,  into  3  or  5  par- 
cels.    Caps,  with  many  seeds. 


POLYADELPHIA  POLYANDRIA. 
369.  HYPERICUM.     St.  John's-woit. 

Lin7i.  Gen.  392.   Juss.2dj.   FL  Br.  800.  DeCand.  Procbw.  \ .  543^. 

Tourn.  t.\3\.    Lam.  t.  G43.     Gcertyi.  t.  62. 
Androssemum.      Toiirn.  t.  128,      Geertn.  t.  59.      DeCand.  Prodr. 

V.  1.543.    Capsule  pulpy. 
Ascyrum.     Tourn.  t.\3\  ;  not  of  Linnaeus. 

Nat.  Ord.  Rotacece.  Linn.  20.  Hyperica.  Jiiss.  68.  Hype- 
ricinece.  DeCand.  84. 

Cal.  inferior,  of  1  leaf,  in  5  deep,  nearly  ovate,  concave, 
somewhat  unequal,'  permanent  segments.  Pet.  5,  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  spreading,  obliquely  imbricated.  Filam. 
numerous,  capillary,  united  at  the  base,  more  or  less  ac- 
curately, into  3  or  5  sets.  Anth.  small,  roundish,  tremu- 
lous. Germ,  superior,  roundish  or  ovate.  Styles  termi- 
nal, simple,  usually  3  or  5,  distant,  the  length  of  the  sta- 
mens, sometimes  only  1  or  2.  Stigmas  simple.  Caps. 
roundish,  witli  as  many  cells  as  there  are  styles.     Seeds 


POLYADELPHIA—POLYANDRT A.  Hypericum.  323 

very  numerous,  generally  oblong,  roughish,  without  al- 
bumen. 
Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.     Leaves  simple^  \\\\\\o\xi  stipulas^ 
opposite  and  entire,  full  of  pellucid  dots,  lodging  an  es- 
sential oil.     Pet.  yellow,  often  glandular,  deciduous. 

1.  H.  calycinum.     Large-flowered  St.  John*s-wort. 

Styles  five.  Flowers  solitary.  Stem  shrubby,  branched, 
(juadrangular.  Segments  of  the  calyx  obovate,  obtuse, 
permanently  spreading.     Leaves  oblong. 

H.  calycinum.  Linn.MantA^^u  JVllld.  v.  3.  1442.  Cothp.ed.4. 
12:}.  Ir.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  10.  2GC.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  29.  t.  2017. 
Curt.  Mag.  ^.146;  excl.  Baiihm's  sijn.  IIoo/c.  Scot.  22 1 .  DcCand. 
Prodr.  V.  I.  r)4G.     Jacq.  Fragm.  10.  /.  G.  /.  4. 

Androsaenium  constantinopolitanum  flore  maximo,  tl'hdcr's  Jour- 
ney 205.  t.  9. 

A.  flore  et  theca  seminal!  quinquecapsulari  omnium  maximis,  Mo- 
ris.v.  2.  sect.  5.  t.  35. y.  2;  descr.  erroneous. 

In  bushy  places  in  the  west  of  Ireland  and  Scotland. 

Tin-ee  miles  from  Cork,  in  the  way  to  Bandon,  very  abundantly, 
and  undoubtedly  wild.  Mr.  Drunimond.  Woods  above  Largs, 
on  the  western  coast  of  Scotland,  perfectly  indigenous  ;  Nlr. 
Hopkirk.  Hooker. 

Shrub.    July — September. 

Hoot  creeping.  Stems  shrubby,  erect,  12  or  18  inches  high,  with 
simple  leafy  square  branches,  smooth  like  every  other  part. 
Leaves  ovate-oblong,  varying  in  bluntness,  coriaceous,  ever- 
green, about  2  inches  long,  on  very  short  stalks.  ^7.  2  or  3 
inches  wide,  of  a  bright  golden  yellow,  with  innumerable,  red- 
dish, tremulous  anthers.  Pet.  often  lobed  at  one  side.  Styles 
sometimes  but  4. 

A  great  ornament  to  shrubberies  and  parks,  excellent  as  a  shelter 
for  game,  and  bearing  any  cold  of  our  climate. 

2.  H.  Amlrosectiudn.     Tutsan,  or  Park  leaves. 
Styles  three.     Capsule  pulpy.     Stem  .shrubby,  comju'cssed. 

H.  Androsaemum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 1 02.    II  Hid.  v.  3.  1 44(J.    Fl.  Br. 

800.    Fni:l.  Bot.  V.  1 8.  /.  1225.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  18.    Ilooli. 

Scot.  22  \. 
H,  maximum,  Androsapmum  vulgare  dictum.     Baii  Syn.  343. 
Androsa*mum.     I)od.  Pempt.  7f^.f.     Dalcch.  I  list.  1  15()./.  2. 
A.  maximum,  (piasi  frutescens,  bacciferum.   Moris.  i\  2.  472.  sect.  J. 

t.G.f.  12. 
A.  maximum  frutescens.     Jianh.  Pin.  2S0. 
A.  oflieinale.    /Illion.  I'ed.  v.  2.  47.     I)c(  and.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  543. 
("Ivinenon  Ilalorum.     Cur.  Km.  543.  f.    Lob.  Ic.  632./. 

V  2 


324  POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.  Hypericum. 

Tutsan,  or  Park  leaves.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60.  f.  9. 

In  moist  shady  lanes,  thickets  and  woods,  not  very  general. 

About  North  Walsham,  Norfolk.  Rev.  Mr.  Hepworth.  At  Field 
Bailing,  Norfolk,  and  very  plentifully  at  Asheridge,  Herts.  Mr. 
Woodward.  Not  uncommon  in  woods  in  Ireland.  Rev.  Mr. 
Butt.     In  the  western  part  of  Scotland  chiefly.  Hooker. 

Shrub.    July,  August. 

Rather  taller  and  more  branched  than  the  preceding,  its  branches 
quadrangular,  more  or  less  compressed.  Leaves  ovate,  or  some- 
what heart-shaped,  sessile,  widely  spreading.  Panicles  terminal, 
erect,  forked,  many-flowered,  with  angular  or  winged  smooth 
stalks.  Fl.  an  inch  wide,  yellow,  with  3  sets  of  stamens,  and  as 
many  styles.  Caps,  finally  pulpy,  purplish-black,  imperfectly 
3-celled,  as  are  many  of  the  dry  capsules  of  other  species. 

The  leaves  and  other  parts  have  an  aromatic  scent  when  rubbed. 
This  species  is  said  not  to  have  been  found  out  of  Britain  and 
Ireland,  except  in  Italy  and  the  South  of  France  j  but  Dr.  Sib- 
thorp  gathered  it  in  Greece. 

3.  H.  quadrangulum.     Square  St.  John's-wort.     St. 
Peter's-wort. 

Styles  three.  Stem  herbaceous,  with  four  sharp  angles. 
Leaves  with  copious  pellucid  dots.  Segments  of  the  ca- 
lyx lanceolate. 

Hypericum  quadrangulum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 104.    Willd.  v.  3.  1459. 

'fl  Br.  801.    EngL  Bot.  v.  6.  t.  370.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  52. 

Hook.  ScoL  22 1 .    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  548.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  640. 
H.  n.  1038.    HalLHist.v.2.5. 

H.  Ascyron  dictum,  caule  quadrangulo.    Rail  Syn.344. 
H.  in  dumetis  nascens.     Trag.  Hist.  73. f.  I. 
Androssemum  Ascyrum  dictum,  caule  quadrangulo  glabro.    Moris. 

v.2.47\.secLD'.t.6.f.  10. 
St.  Peter's-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60./.  1  I3  calyx  had. 

Common  in  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  and  about  the  banks  of 
rivers. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

1^00^  somewhat  woody,  creeping.  Hier6  smooth,  light  green.  Stems 
several,  from  1  to  2  feet  high,  erect,  leafy,  acutely  quadrangular 
with  convex  interstices,  beset  from  top  to  bottom  with  short, 
opposite,  axillary,  leafy  branches.  Leaves  crossing  each  other 
in  pairs,  sessile,  elliptical,  or  ovate,  obtuse,  many-ribbed,  veiny, 
full  of  minute,  colourless,  pellucid  dots,  and  bordered  with  a 
more  or  less  perfect  row  of  dark-coloured  ones,  yielding  a  blood- 
red  liquor.  The  uppermost  branches  form  a  leafy  dense  panicle, 
of  numerous  lemon-coloured  flowers,  about  half  the  size  of  the 
last.  Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  narrow,  acute,  ribbed, 
entire,  without  marginal  glands.  Pet.  oblique,  sometimes  dotted 


POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.  Hypericum.  S25 

and  streaked  with  dark  purple,  but  not  so  much  as  in  the  next. 
Anth.  each  tipped  with  a  dark  purple  gland.  Styles  short,  erect. 
Caps.  oval. 

The  whole  plant,  when  bruised,  has  a  light  aromatic  lemon-like 
odour. 

Petiver's  figure  is  copied  from  the  wooden  cuts  which  really  re- 
present H.  hirsutum,  though  generally  quoted  for  this. 

4.  H,  perforatum.    Common  Perforated  St.  Job n's- 

wort. 
Styles  three.     Stem  two-edged.     Leaves  obtuse,  with  co- 
pious pellucid  dots.     Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate. 

H.  perforatum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  \\05.  WUld.v.3.\460.  Fl.Br.SO]. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  5.  t.  295.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1.  t.b7.    Woodv.  I.  10. 

Hook.  Scot.  221 .     DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  549.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  1043. 
H.  n.  1037.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.  4. 
Hypericum.      Raii  Syn.  342.      Ger.  Em.  539./.     Lob.  Ic.  398.  /. 

Fuchs.  Hist.  831.  /.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  286./.     Cavier.  Epit. 

675./   Dod.  Pempt.76.f.    Dalech.  Hist.  1)53.  f.    LonicKreu- 

terb.\5S.f.]. 
H.  vulgare.     Bank.  Pin.  279.     Moris,  v.  2.  469.  sect.  5.  t.  6./  1 . 

Trag.  Hist.  73.  f. 
Herba  perforata.  ^  Trag,  Hist.  72.  f. 
Common  St.  John's-wort.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60./  5. 

In  groves,  thickets,  and  hedges,  abundantly. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  woody,  tufted,  somewhat  creeping.  Stem  taller  than  the  last, 
and  much  more  bushy,  in  consequence  of  tlie  much  greater 
length  of  its  axillary  leafy  branches  j  its  form  round,  with  only 
2  opposite  ribs  or  angles,  not  so  acute  as  those  of  //.  quadran- 
gulum.  The  whole  herb  is  moreover  of  a  darker  green,  with  a 
more  powerful  scent  when  rubbed,  staining  the  fingers  with 
dark  purple,  from  the  greater  abundance  of  coloured  essential 
oil,  lodged  in  the  herbage  and  even  in  the  petals.  Leaves  very 
numerous,  smaller  than  the  last,  elliptical  or  ovate,  obtuse,  va- 
rious in  width.  Fl.  bright  yellow,  dotted  and  streaked  with 
black,  or  dark  purple,  numerous,  in  dense,  forked,  terminal  pa. 
nicies.     Cat.  narrow.     Styles  short,  erect.     Caps,  large,  ovate. 

As  this  plant  was  found  to  bleed  at  the  slightest  touch,  it  was  sup. 
posed  to  have  a  vulnerary  quality,  and  became  the  "balm  of  the 
warriors  wound,"  giving  a  blood. red  colour  to  every  com))Osi- 
tion,  whether  of  a  spiritous  or  oily  nature,  into  which  it  entered. 
The  essential  oil,  the  scat  of  this  colour,  is  aromatic,  and  pos- 
sibly tonic  or  stimulating,  without  much  acrimony. 


326  POLYADELPHI  A— POLYANDRI  A.  Hypericum. 

t),  H,  dzidhim.     Imperforate  St.  John's-wort. 

Styles  three.  Stem  obscurely  quadrangular.  Leaves  ob- 
tuse, nearly  destitute  of  pellucid  dots.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  elliptical. 

H.  dubium.  Leers  165.  Wilkl.  Sp.  PI  v. 3.  1460.  Fl.  Br.  802, 
Engl.  Bot.v.5,L  296.  m.th.664.  Abbot  \67.  Hook.  Scot.  221. 
Ehrh.Herb.  150. 

H.  delphinense.     Miliars  Dauph.  v.  3.  497.  t.  44  ;  from  the  author^ 

H.  maculatum.  Crantz  Austr.fusc.  2.  64.  Allion.  Pedem,  v.  2.  45. 
/.83./.  1. 

H.  quadrangulum  p.    DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1 .  548. 

In  rather  mountainous  groves  and  thickets. 

About  SajDcy,  near  Clifton,  Worcestershire.  Dr.  John  Seward, 
Luton,  Bedfordshire.  Mr.  Vaux.  North  Mimms,  Herts.  Mr.  Sa- 
bine, At  Downton  castle,  near  Ludlow,  and  Hafod,  Cardigan- 
shire, very  abundantly. 

Perennial.    Jidi/f  August. 

Habit  like  the  last,  with  long,  leafy,  lateral  branches,  but  the  leaves 
are  larger,  paler  beneath,  with  few  or  no  colourless  pellucid  dots, 
though  there  is  commonly  a  broken  row  of  dark. coloured  ones 
close  to  the  margin.  Young  radical  shoots  bright  red.  Stem 
quadrangular  in  the  upper  part,  but  not  winged  or  bordered.  Fl. 
bright  yellow,  in  large,  forked,  leafy,  terminal  pfl;?ic/e5.  Seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  elliptical  and  obtuse,  broader  than  in  either 
of  the  foregoing,  by  which  this  species  is  essentially  distin- 
guished from  them  both.  The  petals  and  calyx  are  dotted  and 
blotched  with  dark  purple. 

6.  H,  humifusum.    Trailing  St.  John's-wort. 

Styles  three.  Flowers  somewhat  cymose.  Stem  compressed, 
prostrate.  Leaves  elliptical,  smooth.  Segments  of  the 
calyx  ovate,  leafy. 

H.  humifusum.  Linn.Sp.Pl.W^h.  Mllld.v.3.  \46].  Fl.Br.S02. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  18.  t.  1226.  Curt.  Loud.fasc.  3.  t.  50.  Hook.  Scot, 
222.  DeCand. Prodr.  v.\. 549.  FL  Dan.  t.U\.  Ehrh.  Herb.  1 1 7. 

H.  n.  1039.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  b. 

H.  minus  supinum.     Raii  S?in.  343. 

H.  minus.    Dod.  Pempt.  1(S.f.    Moris,  v.  2.  469.  sect.  5.  t.  6./.  3. 

H.  minimum  supinum.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  386./.    Lob.  Ic.  400./. 

H.  exiguum.     Trag.  Hist.  72.  f. 

H.  supinum  glabrum.     Ger.  Em.  541./ 

H.  supinum  tertium  minimum.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  181./. 

H.  humistratum.     Dalech.  Hist.  1 154  ;f.  bad. 

Ground  St.  John's-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit,  t,  60./  8, 

In  sandy  or  gravelly,  heathy,  rather  boggy,  pastures,  frequent. 

Perennial.    July. 


POL  YADELPHIA—POLYANDRIA.  Hypericum.  327 

A  pretty  little  procumbent  smooth  species,  with  the  lemon-like 
scent  of//,  duhium  iind  perforatum.  Root  fibrous.  Stems  va- 
riously branched,  compressed,  or  two-edged,  slender.  Leaves 
elliptical,  obtuse,  pliant,  various  in  breadth,  their  margin  dotted 
with  black.  Ft.  few,  bright  yellow,  somewhat  corymbose.  Cal, 
remarkably  leafy  and  large,  dotted  at  the  edges,  sometimes 
furnished,  like  the  petals,  with  marginal  glands.  Caps,  red  in 
ripening,  a  colour  which  the  leaves  assume  in  decay. 

7.  H.  montanum.    Mountain  St.  John's-wort. 

Styles  three.  Calyx  with  dense,  prominent,  glandular  ser- 
ratures.  Stem  erect,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  ovate,  naked, 
clasping  the  stem. 

H.montanum.    Li«;?.  %  P/.  1105.    ^iZW.f.3. 14G3.    Fl.  Br. 803. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  6.  #.371.     Hook.  Scot.  222.     Dkks.  H.  Sice,  fasc, 

18.19.    DeCand.Prodr.v.  1.552.    Fl.  Dan.  t.l73. 
H.  n.  1042.    Halt.  Hist.  v.  2.  6. 
H.  elegantissimum  non  ramosum,  folio  lato.    Rail  Syn.  343.    Bauh. 

Hist.  V.  3.  p.  2.  383./. 
Androssemum.  Mattli.Valgr.v.2.2SS.f.  Fuchs.Hist.76.f.  Camer. 

Epit.  677  ? 
A.  campoclarense.    Column.  Ecphr.  73.  t.  74. 
Tway-blade  St.  John's-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60./.  7. 

On  wild  bushy  hills,  on  a  gravelly  or  chalky  soil. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  fibrous,  scarcely  creeping.  Stems  very  straight  and  upright, 
about  2  feet  high,  simple,  round,  smooth,  most  leafy  in  the 
lower  part.  Leaves  IJ-  or  2  inches  long,  sessile,  clasping  the 
stem,  ovate,  generally  rather  acute,  smooth,  besprinkled  with 
small  j)ellucid  dots  ;  the  under  side  paler,  marked  at  the  edge 
with  black  dots.  Panicle  dense,  of  a  few  elongated  forked 
branches,  not  leafy.  Brae  teas  opposite,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 
fringed,  like  the  lanceolate  calyx,  witli  numerous,  dark,  stalked, 
viscid  glands.  Pet.  pale  lemon-coloured,  elliptical,  entire, 
without  spots  or  glands. 

Though  not  an  ostentatious  j)lant,  this  species  well  deserves  John 
Bauhin's  epithet  of  "  most  elegant."  The  glutinous  dark  fringes 
of  its  calyx  and  hracteas  reseml)le  the  glands  of  a  Moss  Hose. 

8.  H.  barbatiun.     Bearded  St.  John's-wort. 

Styles  three.     Calyx  and  ))etals  iVingcd  and  dotted.     Stem 

erect,  somewhat  angular.      Leaves  ovate,  nuked,  dotted 

and  glandular,  clasping  the  stem. 
H.  barbutum.   ,}nv>i.  Anstr.  v.  3.  33.  t.  25').    Linn.  Hyper.  C.    Anuru. 

Acad.  V.  8.  323.      VVilld.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1462.      Cinnp.  ed.  4.  126. 

/•:/;-/.  Bot.  V.  28.  /.  1 086.     Hook.  Scot.  222. 


528POLYADELPHIA~POLYANDRIA.Hypericum. 

In  bushy  places  in  Scotland. 

By  the  side  of  a  hedge,  near  the  wood  of  Aberdalgy  in  Strath 
Earn,  Perthshire.  Mj\  G.  Don, 

Perennial.    September,  October. 

Stems  herbaceous,  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  erect,  straight,  leafy, 
simple,  except  at  the  top,  smooth,  round  j  slightly  quadrangular 
in  the  upper  part  3  purplish  below.  Leaves  sessile,  clasping  the 
stem,  ovate,  entire,  slightly  revolute,  smooth,  veiny,  besprinkled 
with  pellucid  dots,  and  less  regularly  with  dark  glandular  spots, 
a  little  prominent  on  both  sides  in  the  dried  specimen  ;  the  lower 
ones  most  obtuse  ;  upper  somewhat  pointed.  Ft.  bright  yellow, 
in  a  terminal,  upright,  forked,  somewhat  leafy  panicle.  Brae- 
teas,  as  well  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  ovate,  acute,  plenti- 
fully streaked  and  dotted  with  dark  purple,  the  edges  of  both 
densely  and  elegantly  fringed  with  long  pale  hairs,  not  tipped 
with  black  glands  like  the  preceding  species.  Pet.  obovate,  mi- 
nutely fringed  or  toothed,  especially  at  the  extremity,  and  mark- 
ed with  black  glandular  dots.  Stam.  in  3  sets.  Caps,  covered 
with  resinous  dots,  but  not  wrinkled. 

Dr.  Hooker  well  observes  that  the  long  hairs  of  the  margin  of  the 
calyx  render  this  species  very  distinct.  No  botanist  has  remark- 
ed its  great  affinity  to  H.  perfoliatum  of  Linnaeus,  or  to  Willde- 
now's  ciliatum,  to  the  latter  of  which  belongs  the  hitherto  neg- 
lected synonym  of  Columna,  Androscemum  alterum  apulum, 
Ecphr.  77.  t.78.f.l.  In  both  these  the  calyx  is  fringed  with 
short  glandular  bristles,  and  in  the  former  of  them  the  capsule 
is  strongly  wrinkled  transversely.  DeCandolle  seems  to  have 
omitted  this  species. 

9.  H.  hlrsutum.     Hairy  St.  John's-wort. 
Styles  three.     Calyx  lanceolate,  w  ith  glandular  serratures. 
Stem  erect,  round.    Leaves  ovate,  downy. 

H.  hirsutum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 105.    mild.  v.  3. 1465.  Fl.  Br.  804. 

Engl.  Bot.  V,  17.  t.  1 156.   Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  ^.49.  Hook.  Scot. 

222.    DeCand.Prodr.v.\.55].    Fl.  Dan.  t.  802.     Ehrh.  Herb. 

160. 
H.  n.  1043.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  2.7. 
H.  Androseemum  dictum.    Rail  Syn.  343.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2. 

382. f. 
H.  in  dumetis  nascens.     Trag.  Hist.  73.  f.  2. 
Androssemum  Ascyron  dictum,  caule  rotundo  hirsuto.  Moris,  v.  2. 

47\.sect.5.  t.  6.f.  11. 
A.  alterum  hirsutum.    Column.  Ecphr.  75.  t.  74.  f.  2. 
Ascyrum.      Fuchs.  Hist.  74.  f.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  287.  f.    Camer. 

Epit.676.  larger/.    Dod.  Pempt.78.f.    Ger.Ein.  542./.    Lob. 

Ic.  399./.    Dalech.  Hist.  1155./. 
Tutsan  St.  John's-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60./.  10. 

In  thickets  and  hedges,  chiefly  on  a  dry  chalky  soil. 


POLYADELPHIA— POLYANDRIA.Hypericum.S29 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  branching  at  the  crown,  sending  up  several  erect  stems,  which 
are  about  2  feet  high,  straight,  round,  leafy,  panicled  at  the  top, 
with  or  without  short  axillary  branches,  and  clothed,  like  the 
foliage  and  stalks,  with  short  downy  hairiness,  very  soft  to  the 
touch.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  bluntish,  furnished  with  pellucid 
dots,  intermixed  with  a  few  dark  ones  ;  paler  and  most  downy 
beneath,  with  many  lateral  ribs.  FL  very  numerous,  of  a  uni- 
form bright  yellow,  about  the  size  of  //.  perforatum.  Segments 
of  the  cali/x  lanceolate,  ribbed,  smooth,  fringed,  like  the  brac- 
teas,  with  numerous  black  viscid  glands  on  shortish  stalks,  such 
as  also  terminate  the  petals.    Caps,  smooth  and  even. 

The  Ascijrum  of  the  old  herbalists  appears,  by  their  representation 
of  the  calyx,  to  be  this  plant,  and  v\otH.  qua rlr unguium,  to  which 
last  some  of  their  synonyms  have  been  referred.  If,  instead  of 
copying,  from  Dioscorides  and  each  other,  various  futile  accounts 
which  afford  no  information,  they  had  plainly  told  us  whether 
their  plant  were  smooth  or  downy,  with  a  round  or  four- wing- 
ed stem,  all  would  have  been  clear  and  satisfactory. 

10.  Yi.  pulchrum.     Small  Upright  St.  John's-wort. 

Styles  three.   Calyx  ovate,  with  glandular  serratures.   Stem 

erect,  round.     Leaves  clasping  the  stem,  heart-shaped, 

smooth. 
H.  pulchrum.    Linn.  Sp.Pl.\\{)Q.    fVilld.  v.  3.  146S.  FL  Br. 804. 

Engl.Bot.v.  18.  t.  1227.   Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1.  t.b&.  Hook.  Scot. 

222.   Trag.  Hist.  74./.  DeCand.  Prodr.  v.  1.551.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  lb, 

not  73.     Elirh.  Fhytoph.  36. 
H.  n.  1041.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  2.  6. 

H.  pulchrum  Tragi.    Raii  Syn.  342.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  2.  383./. 
Anflrosaemum.     Louie.  Kreuterb.  158./.  3. 
Upright  St.  John's-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60./.  6. 

In  woods  and  bushy  heathy  places,  on  a  clay  soil,  frequent. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  branching,  woody  and  tough.  Herb  very  smooth.  Stem  1 2 
or  IS  inches  high,  erect,  straight,  slender,  round,  rigid,  leafy, 
panicled  at  the  top,  and  with  many  short  leaty  axillary  branches 
all  the  way  up.  Leaves  firm  and  rigid,  sessile,  often  deflexed, 
heart-shaped,  or  ovate,  short,  convex  :  dark  green,  with  a  glau- 
cous tinge,  above  ;  paler  beneath  -,  the  lower  ones  soon  be- 
coming yellow,  or  more  frequently  bright  red,  which  combined 
with  the  goldeny/o^fer.s-,  ti])ped  externally  with  scarlet,  and  the 
red  anthers,  gives  the  ))lant  a  peculiarly  gay  as})ect,  rendering 
it  worthy  of  the  a])pellation  o( pulchrum,  adojjted  originally  by 
the  venerable  Tragus.  The  segments  of  the  calyx  are  ovate, 
and  their  black  glandular  fringes,  like  those  of  the  petals,  add 
also  to  the  beauty  of  [hvjlowrrs.  Tiie  capsule  is  ovate,  smooth 
and  even. 


330  POLYADELPHIA—rOLYANDRIA. Hypericum. 

11.  H.  e/odes.     Marsh  St.  John's-vvort. 

Styles  three.   Calyx  obtuse^  glandular.    Stem  procumbent, 

creeping,  round,  shaggy,  like  the  roundish  obtuse  leaves. 

Panicle  of  few  flowers. 
H.  elodes.  Linn.  Sp.Pl\\06.  WiUd.v.SAAQD.  Fl.  Br. S05.  Engl 

Bot.v.2.  t.  109.  Dicks.  H.  Sice,  fasc.2.  13.  Hook. Scot.  223. 
H.  tomentosum.     Lob.  Ic.  400./.  ^  Ger.  Em.  540./. 
Ascyron  su}oinum  villosura  palustre.    Rail  Sijn.  344. 
A.  supinum  elodes.     Clus.  Exot.  app.  2.  auctuar.  7.     Ger.  Em.  542. 
Caryophyllus  palustris,  foliis  subrotundis  incanis,,  floribus  aureis. 

Mentz.  PugilL  t.  7. 
Hoary  St.  Peter's-wort.    Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  60.  f.  12. 

In  spongy,  especially  rather  mountainous^,  bogs. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  of  many  long  fibres.  Stems  procumbent  or  prostrate,  among 
wet  mosses  or  grass,  branched  at  the  bottom  only,  where  they 
throw  out  several  radicles  ;  they  are  round,  or  obscurely  an- 
gular, about  a  span  long,  regularly  leafy,  of  a  spongy  texture, 
and  shaggy  with  soft  deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  soft  and  shaggy  also, 
roundish,  or  nearly  orbicular,  with  several  radiating  ribs.  Pa- 
nicle at  first  terminal,  becoming  subsequently  lateral,  imperfect- 
ly forkedj  of  fewjlowers,  whose  partial  stalks  are  smooth.  Brac- 
ieas  minute,  ovate,  fringed  with  stalked  glands.  Cal.  divided 
scarcely  more  than  half  way,  into  5  obtuse  ovate  segments, 
fringed  with  glands.  Pet.  expanding  in  sunshine  only,  pale  yel- 
low, with  green  ribs.  Filmn.  much  less  deeply  subdivided  than 
in  our  other  species.     Caps,  ribbed. 

Some  of  the  earlier  writers  confound  this  species,  chiefly  growing 
in  England,  Holland,  and  the  north  of  France,  with  H.  tomen^ 
tosmu  of  Linnaeus,  a  native  of  Spain  and  the  south  of  France. 
This  latter  is  H.  supinuyn  tomentosum  hispanicum  of  Clusius, 
in  his  Hist.  v.  2.  181./.  1,  though  the  inflorescence  is  incorrect ; 
while  his  alterum,f.  2,  is  our  elodes,  the  cut  being  thatof  Lobel 
and  Gerarde  above  cited.  The  tomentosum  has  longer,  more 
upright,  stems ;  oblong  leaves ;  a  forked  panicle  of  m2ix\y  flowers, 
with  racemose  branches;  downy  partial  flower-stalks,  bracteas 
and  calyx,  the  segments  of  the  latter  being  deep  and  acute,  the 
bracteas  lanceolate,  and  taper-pointed. 


ClassXIX.    SYNGENESIA. 

Anthers  united  into  a   tube.     Flowers 
compoumL 

Order  L  FOLYGAMIA  MQVALIS.  Flo^ 
rets  all  perfect^  each  liav'mg  5  stamens  and 
1  pistil^  and  producing  1  seed, 

*  Corolla  of  each  Jloret  ligidate.  Semiflosadosi  of  Tournefort, 

379.  HYPOCH.^RIS.  Receptacle  cliaffy.  Seed-down 
feathery.     Calyx  somewhat  imbricated. 

381.  CICHORIUM.  jR^-c^;;/.  slightly  chaffy.  Z)ott7/ chaf- 
fy, shorter  than  the  seed.     Cal.  double. 

378.  CRP^PIS.  Recept.  roughish.  Doiim  simple,  partly 
stalked.  Cal.  double;  outermost  lax,  tumid,  deci- 
duous. 

377.  niERACIUM.  T^^c^;;/^.  almost  naked,  dotted.  Doxim 
simple,  sessile.     Cal.  imbricated,  ovate. 

376.  APARGIA.  T^my^/.  naked,  dotted.  Z)ocO«  feathery, 
sessile,  unequal  and  various.  Cat.  double ;  inner- 
most imbricated. 

371.  PICRIS.  Recept.  naked.  Dcrjcn  feathery.  Seeds 
furrowed  transversely.  Cal.  double  ;  innermost 
ecjual ;  outer  lax. 

370.  TRA(K)1H)G()\.  Recept.  naked.  D(n^n  stalked, 
feathery.  Cal.  simple,  of  several  ccjual  scales,  in 
2  rows. 

375.  LEOxNTODOX.  Recept.  naked.  nnvn  stalked, 
simple.  Cal.  imbricated,  double;  scales  of  llic  outer- 
most lax. 

373.  LACTUCA.  Recept.  naked.  />AC7/  stalked,  simple. 
Cal.  imbricated,  simple,  cylindiieal ;  scales  membra- 


332 

374.  PRENANTHES.  Recepf.  naked.  Down  nearly  ses- 
sile, simple.     CaL  double.     Florets  in  a  single  row. 

372.  SONCHUS.  Recept.  naked.  Down  sessile,  simple. 
CaL  simple,  imbricated,  swelling  at  the  base. 

380.  LA  PS  ANA.  Recept.  nsiked.  Down  none.  Cal.  dou- 
ble ;  innermost  of  equal  channelled  scales. 

**  Florets  all  tnbidar,  lax  and  spreading  in  the  limb, 
Capitati. 

387.  CARLINA.      Calyx  swelling;  outer  scales  spinous ; 

inner   coloured,   polished,  radiant.     Recept.  chaffy, 
Dow?i  feathery. 

382.  ARCTIUM.     CaZ.  globose  ;  scales  spinous,  hooked, 

inflexed. 

384-.  CARDUUS.  Cal.  tumid,  imbricated ;  scales  spi- 
nous. Recept.  hairy.  Down  deciduous,  capillary, 
roughish. 

385.  CNICUS.     Cal.  tumid,  imbricated;  scales  spinous. 

Recept.  hairy.     Down  deciduous,  feathery. 

386.  ONOPORDUM.  Ca/.tuniid;  scales^pinous,  spread- 

ing.    Recept.  cellular,  somewhat  chaffy. 

383.  SERRATULA.  C«^.  nearly  cylindrical,  imbricated; 

scales  unarmed.     Down  permanent. 

Centaur  ea.  1 . 

***  Carets  all  tubular^  parallel^  crowded^  neardy  on 
a  level  at  the  top.     Discoid. 

389.  EUPATORIUM.      Recept.    naked.     Down  rough. 

Cal.  imbricated,  oblong.  Style  cloven  halfway  down, 
prominent. 

390.  CHRYSOCOMA.     Recept.  naked.     Down  rough. 

Cal.  imbricated,  hemispherical.  Style  scarcely  longer 
than  the  florets. 

388.  BIDENS.     Recept.  chaffy.     Down  rough  with  re- 

versed prickles.     Cal.  of  many  parallel,  channelled 
scales.     Cor.  occasionally  radiated. 

391.  DIOTIS.     Recept.  chaffy,  with  hairy-tipped  scales. 

DoW7i  none.     Cal.  imbricated,  hemispherical.    Flo- 
rets  with  2  spurs,  which  border  the  seed. 

Tanacelum .  Senecio  1.  Jster  1.  Anthemis  2. 


333 


Order  11.    POLYGAMIA  SUPERFLUA. 

Florets  all  perfect  arid  fertile,  though  those 
of  the  circumference  have  no  stamens. 

*   Corolla  of  the  marginal  Jiorets  obsolete,  or  wanting. 
Discoid. 

392.  TANACETUM.    Recept.  naked.    Seed  with  a  mem- 

branous crown.  Cal.  imbricated,  hemispherical. 
Florets  of  the  circumference  3-cleft,  obsolete,  some- 
times wanting. 

395.  CONYZA.  Recept.  naked.  Down  rough.  Cal.  im- 
bricated, roundish.  Fl.  of  the  circumference  3-cleft. 

394.  GNAPHALIUM.  Recept.  naked.  Down  rough, 
or  feathery.  Cal.  imbricated  ;  scales  filmy,  coloured. 
Fl.  of  the  circumference  awl-shaped. 

393.  ARTEMISIA,  i?^^^/*/.  either  naked  or  hairy.   Down 

none.  Cal.  imbricated ;  scales  rounded,  converging. 
Fl.  of  the  circumference  awl-shaped,  entire. 

Tussilago  2. 

**   Corolla  of  the  marginal  florets  ligulate.      Radiant. 

404.  BELLIS.    Recept.  naked,  conical.  Down  none.    Cal. 

hemispherical ;  scales  equal.     Seed  obovate. 

407.  MATRICARIA.  Recept.  naked,  nearly  cylindrical. 
Down  none.  Cal.  nearly  flat,  imbricated  ;  scales 
membranous  at  the  edoes. 

o 

405.  CHRYSANTHEMUM.  7?ray)/.  naked,  rather  con- 

vex. Down  none.  Cal.  hemispherical,  imbricated; 
scales  with  a  dilated  membranous  border. 

40G.  PYRETHRUM.  /j^myV.  naked.  .Sr^r/ crowned  with 
a  border.  (\d.  hemis])herical,  imbricated  ;  scales 
rather  aculi',  meuibranous  at  the  edires. 

403.  DOKONICrM.  Rerrpt.  naked.  Down  simple; 
wanting  on  the  seeds  of  the  radius.  Cal.  a  double 
row  of  equal  scales,  hunger  than  the  disk. 

401.  INV^LA.  Rerrj)t.  naked.  Doxcn  siuiple.  C/i/.  im- 
bricated. Florets  of  the  ra(nus  very  nunuTons,  linear. 
Anthers  with  2  bristles  at  the  base. 

39G.    ERICiEROX.     Rrcepf.  naked.     Down  sim[)le.     Cnl. 


334 

imbricated.  Flor.  of  the  radius  numerous,  linear, 
very  narrow.     Anth.  simple. 

400.  SOLIDAGO.  Recept.  naked,  pitted.  Domi  sim- 
ple. Cal.  imbricated,  with  close  scales.  Flor.  of 
the  radius  about  5. 

399.  ASTER.  Recept.  naked.  Doim  simple.  Cal.  im- 
bricated ;  lowermost  scales  spreading.  Flor.  of  the 
radius  more  than  10. 

398.  SENECIO.  Recept.  naked.  Doun  simple.  Cal. 
double ;  the  innermost  cylindrical,  of  numerous 
equal  scales  ;  outer  of  several  minute  ones ;  scales 
all  withered  at  the  extremity. 

397.  TUSSILAGO.  Recept.  naked.  DoKim  simple.  Cal. 
simple,  tumid  at  the  base ;  scales  numerous,  equal, 
somewhat  membranous.    Seed  obovate,  compressed. 

402.  CINERARIA.  Recept.  naked.  Do'uon  simple.  Cal. 
simple,  cylindrical;  scales  numerous,  equal.  Seed 
quadrangular. 

408.  ANTHEMIS.     Recept.  chafFy.     Seed  crowned  with 

a  slight  border.  Cal.  hemispherical ;  scales  nearly 
equal.     Flor.  of  the  radius  numerous,  oblong. 

409.  ACHILLEA.     Recept.  chaffy.     Doxm  non-e.     Cal. 

ovate ;  scales  imbricated,  unequal.  Flor.  of  the 
radius  5 — 10,  roundish,  somewhat  heart-shaped. 

Bidens  2, 

Order  III.  POLYGAMIA  FRUSTBANEA, 

Florets  of  the  disk  perfect  and  fertile;  those 
of  the  circumference  neuter. 

410.  CENTAUREA.    Recept.  bristly.    Boxmi  simple,  or 

feathery,  rarely  wanting.  Flor.  of  the  radius  funnel- 
shaped,  dilated,  irregular,  without  stamens  or  style. 


A  natural  tribe,  consisting  of  the  genuine  Compound  Flo^m- 
ers,  having  a  common  calyx,  and  ccmibined  anthers. 

Composite.  Linn.  49.  Cinarocephalce,  5^',  Cichoracet^,  53; 
and  Corijmhifcree,  55,  of  Jussieu.  See  Grammar  1 20 — 1 25. 


335 

Common  Calyx  inferior,  containing  numerousy/o/-^/.?,  seated 
on  a  common  receptacle.  It  contracts  after' flowering,  but 
becomes  reflexed,  in  general,  when  the  seeds  are  ripe.  It 
is  either  simple,  consisting  of  a  single  row  of  scales  en- 
compassing the  florets ;  or  imbricated,  when  the  nume- 
rous scales  lie  one  over  another,  the  outer  ones  being 
gradually  smaller ;  or  double^  when  one  row  of  equal 
scales,  united  at  the  base,  surrounds  the  florets,  and  is 
accom})anied  by  a  much  smaller  external  set  of  scales  at 
the  bottom,  often  of  a  very  different  texture,  habit,  or 
duration  from  the  inner  and  larger  ones. 

Compound  Flox^er  consisting  of  various  descriptions  o{  Jlo- 
rets,  each  monopetalous,  very  rarely  wanting  the  corolla 
entirely,  but  various  as  to  stamens,  pistil,  or  seed. 

1.  Ligulate  Florets,  tubular  at  the  base;  ligulate,  or  strap- 
shaped,  and  unilateral,  in  the  limb  ;  furnished  with  both 
stamens  and  pistil,  or  only  with  the  latter,  in  a  more  or 
less  perfect  state. 

2.  Tubular  Florets,  cylindrical,  with  a  regular  equal  limb, 
almost  invariably  5-cleft ;  furnished  generally  with  sta- 
mens and  pistil,  and  usually  producing  perfect  seed. 

3.  Neuter  Florets,  funnel-sha})ed,  spreading  ujnvards,  with- 
out stamens  or  style,  mostly  irregular,  entirely  inellicient. 

Nectary  altogether  wanting,  the  honey  lodged'in  each  flo- 
ret being,  a}i])arently,  secreted  by  llie  tube  of  its  corolla. 

Stamens  5,  very  rarely  or  accidentally  t  only  ;  filaments  cti- 
pillary,  from  the  mouth  of  the  tube  of  each  floret,  equal, 
sometimes  irritable.  Anthers  vertical,  linear-oblong, 
united  laterally  into  a  cylinder,  \eYy  rarely  separate,  per- 
manent. 

Germeii,  with  respect  to  its  floret,  inferior,  simple,  olteii 
crowned  with  a  partial  calyx,  which  becomes  tlie  croxvn, 
border,  or  <'/otcv/ of  the  seecl.  .S'////c' solitary,  thread-sliaped, 
about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Sti<^ma  sim})Ie,  or  cloven, 
sometimes  thickened,  and  in  that  case  less  perfect,  or  to- 
tally ineflicitnt. 

Seed'7'essel  none,  the  common  calyx  s(.'i-ving  to  shelter  the 
seeds  till  ripe,  and  then  spreading  widely,  especiallv  in 
dry  weather,  to  let  them  escape. 

Seed  one  to  each  floret,  sonietimes  a  mere  rudiment ;  w  hen 
perfect  obloiig,  or  obovate,  angular  oi-  compressed  ;  ei- 
ther simple  and  naked  at  the  summit  ;  or  ciowned  witli 
an  elevated,  entire  or  lobed,  l)c)r(hr  :  or  with  scrd-drmft, 
consisting  of  simple,  ii->n:illy  loiigli,  hairs;    or  of  ieatherv 


3SQ    SYNGENESIA-POLYGAMIA-^QUALIS. 

tufts ;  or  of  variously  proportioned  bristly  scales,  all 
mostly  permanent,  sometimes  deciduous.  Albumen  none. 
Cotyledons  2.     Radicle  inferior. 

The  CichoracecB,  Juss.  53,  have  ligulate/or^/s  only,  all  per- 
fect and  fertile.  The  plants  are  herbaceous,  milky,  bit- 
ter ;  with  alternate  leaves^  and  generally  ^j^\o\\ Jioxmrs^ 
open  chiefly  in  a  morning.  CiriarocephalcB,  Juss.  54,  have 
tuhn\?iv  Jlorcts  only,  regular  when  perfect,  but  sometimes 
neuter  and  irregular.  Plants  with  generally  prickly  foliage, 
and  red  or  purple  ^ow^r5.  Corymhiferce^  Juss.  SS^  have 
tubular  j^or^/s  in  the  disk,  which  is  usually  yellow,  some- 
times white;  and  ligulate  ones  in  the  radius  or  circum- 
ference, various  in  colour.  Leaves  in  some  opposite.  Flo- 
rets variable  as  to  their  degree  of  perfection.  Qualities 
various,  but  generally  not  noxious. 

For  irregularities  and  exceptions,  which  are  very  few,  and 
chiefly  concern  exotic  plants,  see  Grammar. 

Some  recent  botanists  of  the  French  school,  rejecting  the 
idea  of  a  compound  Jlo^er,  have  given  the  name  of  invo- 
lucrum  to  what  has  hitherto  been  denominated  by  Jus- 
sieu,  as  well  as  Linnaeus,  a  common  calyx.  I  cannot  sub- 
scribe to  the  theory,  nor  to  the  alteration  founded  upon 
it ;  nor  can  I  deny  these  plants  a  nak'ed  seed,  any  more 
than  the  umbelliferous  tribe,  the  grasses,  or  the  Didyna- 
mia  Gymnospermia.  The  student  may  judge  for  himself ; 
but  if  he  enters  prematurely  into  such  speculations,  he  will 
soon  find  himself  bewildered  in  a  labyrinth  of  doubts  and 
theories.  It  will  be  still  worse  if^  by  neglecting  the  prac- 
tical study  of  nature,  and  adopting  innovations,  which 
are  generally  long-exploded  fancies  in  a  new  form,  he 
throws  away  his  clue,  and  follows  blindfold,  while  he 
imagines  he  is  taking  the  lead. 


SYNGENESIA—POLYG.-^QUALIS. 

*  Florets  all  ligidate ;  an  entirely  natural  order. 

Compositde^^^semijlosculosce.  Linn.  49.  Cichorace<s.  Juss.  53. 
See  Grammar  120. 


SYNX^KXESIA— POI.YGAM.-.EQr.Tnioopogon.S^T 
370.  TRAGOPOGON.     Goat's-W  nl. 

Linn.  Gen.  3i)8.  Juss.  1  70.  Fl.  Br.  8  1  2.  Tourn.  /,  270.  L«m, 
^646.     Gcrrhi.(.]r}9. 

Common  Cal.  sim})le,  of  several  lanceolate  equal  scales, 
ranged  altei-nately  in  two  rows,  all  connected  at  the  base, 
permanent.  Cor.  compound,  imbricated,  unitbrm  ;  flo- 
rets numerous,  all  perfect,  unitbrm,  ligulate,  abrupt,  with 
5  teeth  ;  the  outer  ones  rather  the  longest.  Filam.  j, 
troni  the  tube,  capillary,  very  short.  AnlJi.  in  a  cylin- 
drical tube.  Germ.,  obovate*.  Style  thread-shaped,  as 
long  as  the  anthers.  Sti^j^m.  2,  revolute.  Sccd-ve.^sel  none, 
except  the  converging,  })ointed  common  ccdij.v,  about  as 
long  as  the  seeds,  tumid  at  the  base,  finally  reflexed.  Seed 
1  to  each  floi-et,  oblong,  angular,  striated,  rough,  taper- 
ing at  each  Qm\,  crovvned  by  the  orbicular  flattish  seed- 
doicn,  consisting  oi'about  HO  spreading  feathery  rays,  on 
a  long  awl-shnped  stalk.  Rerept.  flat,  naked,  minutely 
cellular. 

Biennial,  nearly  smoodi,  herbs,  with  long,  undivided,  ta- 
pering leaves^  sheathing  at  the  base.  Fl.  terminal,  soli- 
tary, large,  erect,  yellow  or  puri)le,  closing  before  noon. 

I.  T.  j)rale/isis.      \'ellow  (loat's  beard. 

Calyx  about  ecjual  to  the  corolla.  Leaves  keeled,  tapering; 
dilated  and  somewhat  undulated  at  the  base.  Flower- 
stalk  cylindrical. 

T.  pratensis.  Linn.  S/,.  PL  I  lOlh  UUUl.  v.  3.  I  192.  77.  Br.  812. 
Engl.  Bnl.  V.  7.  /.  13  J.  Hook.  Scot.  22(1.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  yOO.  Bull. 
Fr.  f.  2(10. 

T.  n.  8.     Jinll.  IFisf.v.  1.  :>. 

T.  luteum.     Rnii  Si/n.  171.     Gcr  Km.  7.>.">../. 

Tra^o|)ot,^()n.     Fnr'h<.  Hist.  .s2  1 .  /".     .Matth.  I  algr.  v.  1 .  190.  /: 

T.  flori'  lutiM).     Bnnh.  Hist.  v.  2.'  10:)8.7:  1.  10,-,l). 

liarbula  liirii.     Trn-.  H,st.  IM).  /'.     < \nnrr.  F.jut.  ?,  1 2.  /'. 

Hirei  barha.     (  »nl.  Hist.  \:,G. / 

Narrow  and  Common  (ioat's-bearil.     P»'tk\  //.  I'nH.  I.  l."i./.  (),  7- 

In  gras.^y  pastures  and  meadows. 

Biennial.    June. 

Ruot\ii]KTin^.  \\hole/ir//yVi  TV  smooth,  aboundinu,  wit  hmilkyjiiiio, 
ratlier  bitter,  but  not  acrid.  .S7fmA  several,  branciiinn,  erect,  round, 
leafy,  1 1  or  2  feet  hif;h,  often  purplish.  Lrares  alternate,  long 
anff  taper-pointed,  often  flaccid,  or  curling,  at  the  extremity; 
inflated  at  the  base  ;  several  of  them  radical.  //.  large, 2  inches 
wide,  bri-'ht  velhnV.  solitarv.  on  terminal  stalks,  opening  early 


33S     SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA^^QU.    Picris 

in  the  morning,  and  closing  before  noon,  except  in  very  cloudy 
weather.  Florets  as  long  as  the  calyx,  sometimes  longer.  AiiUi. 
brown  or  purplish.  Germ,  crowned  witii  hairs.  Seeds  large, 
curved,  furrowed,  light  brown,  their  feathery  crowns  lightly  co- 
hering in  the  form  of  a  large  cobweb-like  ball. 

2.  T.  pomfolkis .    Purple  Goat's-beard. 

Calyx  half  as  long  again  as  the  corolla.  Leaves  tapering, 
straight.     Flower-stalk  swelling  upwards. 

T.  porrifolius.    Lhm.  Sp.VlAW^.    WUld.v.3.\493.    Fl.Br.S\3. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  t.  638.      Hook.  Scot.  226.      Hopidrk  Glott.  97. 

Jacq.  Coll.  V.  1.  99.    Ic.  Rar.  t.  1.59.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  797. 
T.  n.  9.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.^. 

T.  purpureum.     RailSijn.  1/1 .     Ger.  Em.  735./. 
T.  flore  purpureo.    Dauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1058./.  2.  1059. 
T.  alterum.    Matth.  Falgr.v.  \.49\.f. 
Barbula  hirci  altera.     Camer.  Epit.  313./ 
Purple  Goat's  beard.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  ^  1 5./.  8. 

In  moist  meadows,  near  great  rivers. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Chalder,  near  Whalley,  Lancashire.  Gerarde. 
In  many  parts  of  Cornwall,  according  to  Dr.  Gunthorp.  Merrett. 
About  Carlisle  and  Rose  Castle  ;  Mr.  Nicholson.  Dill.  In  the 
marshes  below  Woolwich,  and  near  Edmonton.  Blackstone.  At 
North  Benfleet,  near  Billcricay,  Essex.  Rev.  R.  B.  Francis.  In 
the  meadows  below  St.  Vincent's  rocks,  Bristol.  Mr.  D.  Turner 
and  Mr.  Sowerby. 

Biennial.    Mai/,  June. 

Root  tapering,  alx>unding  with  milky  juice,  on  which  account  the 
plant  was  formerly  much  cultivated  for  boiling  or  stewing  ;  but 
its  place  is  now  generally  supplied  by  the  Scorzonera  hispanica. 
Herb  smooth,  3  or  4  feet  high,  glaucous.  Leaves  neither  undu- 
lated at  the  base,  nor  curled  at  the  point.  Flower-stalks  hollow 
and  swelling  gradually  upward.  Fl.  dull  purple,  with  still  darker 
anthers,  the  nearly  equal  calyx  extending  much  beyond  the 
forets.     They  close  before  noon. 

371.  PICRIS.     Ox-tongue. 

Linn.Gen.399.     Juss.  \70.     Fl.  Br.  S\4.    Lam.  t.  648.     Gcertn- 

t.  159. 
Helminthotheca.    Vaill.  Mem.  de  VAc.  des  Sc.  73 1 .  /  25, 26,51. 
Helmintia.    Juss.  170.     mild.  v.  3.  \607.    Lam.  f.  648.     Gcerfn. 

t.\59. 

Common  Col.  double ;  the  outer  of  several  flat,  lax,  con- 
verging scales ;  inner  ovate,  of  many  equal,  parallel, 
close  leaves,  permanent.  Cor.  compound,  imbricated, 
uniform;    florets    numerous,   perfect,   uniform,    ligulate, 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.EQU.  Picris.     339 

abrupt,  with  5  teeth.  Filam.  5,  capillary,  very  short. 
Anl/i.  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  nearly  ovate.  Siyle 
thread-shaped,  the  length  of  the  stamens.  Stigm.  2,  re- 
flexed.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  permanent  calyx, 
finally  reflexed.  Seed  swelling,  obtuse,  transversely  wrin- 
kled. Down  feathery,  either  sessile  or  stalked.  Recepf, 
naked,  dotted. 
Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  upright  branching  leafy 
herbs,  rough  with  rigid  or  bristly  hairs,  and  exti*emely 
bitter,  as  the  generic  name  imports.  Leaves  oblong : 
toothed  or  sinunted.      FI.  yellow. 

1 .   P.  echioides.      Bristly  Ox-tongue. 

Outer  calyx  of  five  broad  prickly  scales.  Down  stalked. 
Leaves  wavy. 

P.  echioides.     L'mn.  Sp.  PI.  1 1  14.     Fl.  Br.  814.     Engl.  Hot,  v.  14. 

t.  972.     Curt.  Lond.fasc. 3.t.5\. 
Helmintia  echioides.    'fVilld.  v.  3.  1 607.     Gcertn.  v.  2.  368. 
Hieracium  echioides,  capitulis  cardui  benedicti.     Bauh.  Pin.  128. 

Raii  Syn.  166.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1028./.  1029. 
Buglossum  luteum.     Ger,  Em.  798./. 
B.  echioides  luteum,  Ilieraciocognatum.    Lob.  Ic.  ^)77.f. 
0\-tongue  Hawkweed.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  1. 12./.  1 2. 

About  hedges,  the  borders  of  fields,  and  in  ground  newly  cleared^ 
on  a  clay  soil. 

Annual.     Junti,  July. 

Root  tapering,  and,  like  the  wliole  plant,  abounding  with  a  some- 
what milky,  extremely  bilter,  juice.  Herb  bright  shining  green, 
beset  with  rigid  very  pungent  bristles,  each  springing  from  a 
white  tubercle  or  wart.  Stem  round,  furrowed,  solid,  branched, 
leafy,  2  or  3  feet  high.  Lower  leaves  lanceolate  ;  upper  heart- 
shaped,  clasping  the  stem.  Fl.  an  inch  broad,  of  a  bright  golden 
yellow.  Outer  ealy.v  of;")  broad,  heart  shaped,  loosely  spreading 
leaves,  or  scales,  as  long  as  the  inner  one,  and  fringed  with 
prickles.  Seeds  curiously  wrinkled  or  furrowed  transversely,  a 
more  striking  and  important  character  of  the  genus  than  the  in- 
sertion of  their  feathery  donn,  which  in  this  species  is  elevated 
on  a  stalk  about  its  own  length. 

M.  Revnier  gathered  P.  echioides  in  Switzerland,  but  it  is  not  in 
Haller. 

A  nearly  smooth  variety  of  tlie  j)lant  before  us  is  represented 
Hermann's  Paradisus,  p.  IS,*). 


in 


2.   P.  Iiieracioulcs .      Iliuvkweed  Ox-tongue. 

Oiitf'V  calvx   of  niinicioiis  scales,  much   slioiter    tliau   the 


z 


340  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Sonchus. 

inner.     Leaves  lanceolate,   wavy  ;  radical  ones  toothed. 
Down  sessile.     Stem  rough. 

p.  hieracioides.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1  la.  mild.  v.  3.  15.56.  /I  Br.8\5, 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  3.  /.  1 96.    Hook.  Scot.  226.    Fl.  Dan.  t,  1522. 

P.  n.24.    Hall.  Hist. v.\.\\. 

Hedypnois  hieracioides.    Huds.  342. 

Hieracium  asperum  majori  flore,  in  agrorum  limilibus.  Baii  Syn. 
\67.    Bauh.Hisi.v.2.  1029./. 

H.  asperum.     Ger.  Em.29S.f. 

Curled  Hawkweed.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  12./.  11. 

On  dry  banks,  or  in  the  borders  of  fields,  on  a  gravelly  or  chalky 
soil. 

Biennial.     July.  August. 

Herb  dark  green,  rough  with  short,  coarse,  not  bristly  or  pungent 
hairs.  Stem  3  feet  high,  with  many  spreading  leafy  branches, 
furrowed,  solid,  often  purplish  ;  the  ultimate  subdivisions  un- 
equally corymbose.  Leaves  acute,  wavy,  lanceolate  3  the  ra- 
dical ones  unequally  and  broadly  toothed,  on  bordered/oof s/«/A-s  ; 
upper  somewhat  heart-shaped,  and  clasping,  at  the  base.  Fl. 
bright  yellow,  rather  larger  than  the  last,  solitary,  on  bracteated 
stalks  ;  the  bracteas  scattered,  lanceolate.  Cal.  rough  with,  often 
forked,  prominent  bristles,  among  soft  cobvveb-like  hoariness  ; 
the  outer  one  loosely  spreading,  of  similar  scales  to  the  inner, 
but  unequal,  and  all  much  shorter.  Seeds  furrowed  and  trans- 
versely wrinkled  like  the  foregoing.  Doan  sessile,  spreading, 
unequal,  slightly  feathery. 

872.  SONCHUS.     Sovv-thihtle. 

Linn.  Gen.  \00.  Juss.  \69.  F/.  Br  815.  Tourn.t.26S.  Lr.m. 
/.  649.     r;rf>r/M. /.  158. 

Common  Cal.  swelling  at  the  base,  of  numerous,  linear,  im- 
bricated, unequal,  acute  scales.  Cor.  compound,  imbri- 
cated, uniform;  ^o;-^/5  numerous,  perfect,  equal,  lign- 
late,  abrupt,  with  4  or  5  teeth.  Filam.  5,  capillary.  Anth. 
in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Genu,  rather  obovate.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  full  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Stigm.  2,  refiexed. 
Seed-vessel  none,  the  permanent  calyx  converging  into 
a  depressed,  orbicular, pointed  form.  Seed  oblong,  rough- 
ish.  Doiim  of  many  simple  hairs,  sessile.  Becept,  naked, 
doited. 

A  rather  large  and  very  natural  genus,  of  annual  or  peren- 
nial, rarely  shrubby,  generally  tall,  milky,  bitter  plants, 
with  hollow  stems;  and  more  or  less  pinnatifid  or  lyrate 
leaves,  toothed  or  prickly  at  their  edges.  The  surface  of 
the  herbage  is  usually  smooth  ;  that  of  the  inflorescence 
hairy,  or  glandular,  often  viscid.   FL  yellow,  rarely  blue. 


SVNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.EQU.  Soudim.  3U 
I.    '^.  ccrruleus.      Blue  Sow-thistle. 

Flower-stalks  ami  calyx  bristly,  racemose.  Leaves  some- 
what lyrate;  their  terminal  lobe  triangular  and  very 
lartre. 

o 
S.  cseruk'Lis.   Camtr.  Epit.  28  I .  /:      /7.  Br.  SIT).     LniiL  Dot.  v  31. 

t.242:K    Hull  227.     IIoo/c.  Seal.  22(1. 
S.  Ci^ruleus  lutifolius.     Baah.  Uhl.  v.  2.  100.").  f.  lOOO. 
S.  canadensis.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  1  I  1.^.     IfUh.  674.      Original  sped- 

men  from  Kahn  in  I  lie  Linncean  Uerburiuui. 
S.  alpinus.      iraid.  V.  3.  1.5  1  9.      IValdenb.  Lapp.  191.     Huds.  336. 

FL  Dun.  t.  182.     Fnelich  in  ist.  Jnnnl.  v.  1.  24. 
S.  n.20.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.9. 
S.  flore  caeruleo.     Ger.  Em.  29-1.  f. 
On  the  Highland  mountains  of  Scotland,  but  rare. 
On  Loch-na-gore,  Aberdeenshire,  and   on  the   Clova  mountains. 

Mr.  G.  Don. 
Perennial.    July,  Augusi: 

Root  tuberous  and  woody,  slightly  creeping.     Stems  upright,  a 
yard  high,  round,  simple,  leafy,  furrowed  -,  smooth  in  the  lower 
part ;  besprinkled  above  with  prominent,  brown,  glandular,  viscid 
hairs.      Leaves  smooth,  pliant,  variously  Ivrate  ;   arrow-shaped 
at  the  base,  with  a  Wm^^A  footstalk  ;  their  terminal  lobe  large, 
triangular,  somewhat  toothed  ;   their  under  side  a  little  glaucous. 
Fl.  large,  numerous,  and  handsome,  of  a  fine  blue,  composinga 
simple,  terminal  dusler,  whose  stalks,  n^^  well  as  the  linear  brac- 
feas,  and  the  ral/jx,  are  clothed  with  copious,  brown,  glutinous, 
bristly  hairs.     Juth.  red.      Seeds  compressed,  striated.     Down 
rough. 
W'allis,  by  a  strange  mistake  in  iiis  Historv  of  Northumberland, 
was  the  cause  of  this  fine  alpine  plant  being  reckoned  by  Hud- 
son a  native  of  Britain  ;  but  what  W'allis  took  for  it  is  the  Ci. 
chorium  Intybus.  The  Blue  Sow-thistle  however  remains  on  our 
list,  having  been   discovered  in  the  Highlands  by  the  late  Mr. 
Don.     It  abounds  on  the  principal  mountains  of  Europe,  from 
Lapland  to  Switzerland.     Some  botanists  cotitend   that  this  is 
the  real  .S.  alpinus  of  Linn.Tus,  and   the  accurate  Dr.  W'ahlen- 
berg  declares  it  to  be  the  Lapland  plant  so  denominated  ;   what 
IS  preserved  under  that  name  in   the  Linniean  herbarium,  and 
fiQ:ure(lin  Sm.  Plant.  Ir.  /.  21,  not  being   known    to  him   as  a 
native  of  Lapland.     This  last  species  however  alone  answers  to 
the  character  in  the  Sp.  Plantaruni,  and  cannot  but   remain  .-w 
the  real  .S.  alpinus.     All  ambiguity  is  avoided  bv  retaining  the 
ol<l  appellation  o(  ((Crulrus  for  our  plant. 

'2.   S,  /jf//f/s/ris.      Tall  Marsh  Sow-thistle. 
Flowrr-^ialks  and  calyx  bristly,  somewhat  umbellate.  Leaves 
rniicinate,  rough-edged;   arrnw->shnped  at  the  base. 


342  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.^QU.  Sonchus. 

S.  paliistris,  Linn.  Sp.  PL  11 IG.  JVilld.  v.  3.  1512.  FL  Br.  816. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  13.  ^.935.     Curt.  Lond.fusc.  5.  t.  59. 

S.  arvensis.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  606. 

S.  tricubitalis,  folio  cuspidato.    Merr.  Fin.  1 15.    Raii  Sijn.  163. 

S.  arborescens  alter.     Ger.  Em.  204.  f. 

S.  laBvis  lanceatus  acutifolius.     Locs.  Pruss.  258.  t.  79. 

S.  laevior  austriacus,  vel  altissimus.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  1 47./. 

S.  tertius.    Clus.  Pann.  654./.  653. 

S.  paludosus  altissimus,  hastato  folio.     Moris,  v.  3.  61 . 

Tall  Marsh  Sow-thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  11./.  7. 

In  marshes  near  the  banks  of  large  rivers. 

About  Greenwich  and  Blackwall.  Ray,  Curtis.  Near  Streatham 
ferry,  in  the  isle  of  Ely.  Relhan. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

One  of  our  largest  herbaceous  plants,  being  from  6  to  8  feet  high. 

.  Root  fleshy,  branching,  not  creeping,  by  which,  as  Mr.  Curtis 
very  correctly  observes,  it  differs  essentially  from  the  following 
more  common,  species  j  the  whole  herh  being  moreover  twite 
or  thrice  as  large,  though  ihejlowers  are  smaller,  and  usually  a 
little  paler.  Stem  cylindrical,  though  angular  and  furrowed, 
scarcely  branched,  leafy,  hollow,  with  many  transverse  internal 
partitions.  Leaves  large,  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth,  except  at 
the  edges,  where  they  are  fringed  with  copious,  short,  rigid, 
bristly  hairs  ;  their  lobes  narrow,  acute,  for  the  most  part  di- 
rected downwards  j  the  uppermost  leaves  simply  hastate,  ses- 
sile, linear,  serrated.  Panicles  terminal,  umbellate  or  cymose, 
their  stalks  rough  with  black,  bristly,  glandular  hairs,  as  is  like- 
wise the  calyx.  Cor.  lemon-coloured.  Seeds  furrowed.  Down 
simple,  smooth. 

Haller  only  guessed  this  to  be  a  variety  of  S.  arvensis,  without 
-  having  compared  them  ;  a  rather  rash  mode  of  judging,  calcu- 
lated to  mislead  all  who  practise  it. 

3.  S.  ai'vensis.     Corn  Sow-thistle. 

Flower-stalks  and  calyx  bristly,  somewhat  umbel  late.  Leaves 
runcinate,  finely  toothed,  heart-shaped  at  the  base.  Root 
creeping. 

S.  arvensis.    Linn.  Sp.Pl.XW^.      Willd.v.3.\b\2.     FLBr.8\7. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  10.  t.  674.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  53.     Hook.  Scot. 

226. 
S.  n.  23.    Hall.Hist.v.l.W. 
S.  repens,  multis  Hieracium  majus.     Raii  Syn.  163.     Bauh.  Hist. 

r.  2.  1017./  1018. 
S.  arborescens.     Ger.  Em.  204.  f. 
S.  hieracites  major  repens,  calyculo  hirsuto  inter  segetes.     Moris. 

v.2,.6\.sect.7.t.6.f.\2. 
Hieracium  majus,    Fuc/is.  Hist.  3\9.f.    /r.  182./. 


SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-.^QU.  Soncluis.  3i3 

Corn  Sow-thi.stlc.     Pelic.  JI.  Brit.  t.  14./.  6. 

In  corn  fields  and  hudges,  on  a  clay  soil. 

Perennial.     August. 

Root  fleshy,  milky,  creeping  widely,  with  oblong,  tuberous,  white 
branches,  which  often  render  it  very  difficult  of  extirpation.  Stem 
3  or  1  feet  high,  not  much  branched,  round,  leafy,  hollow,  rough 
towards  the  top,  with  viscid,  black  hairs.  Leaves  runcinate,  heart- 
shaped,  rather  than  arrow-shaped,  at  the  base,  and  bordered 
withlittle  sharp  unequal  teeth,  not  with  bristly  hairs  like  the  pre- 
ceding ;  the  upper  ones  undivided  and  entire.  Panicle  cymose, 
or  imperfectly  umbellate,  rough  with  dark  glandular  hairs ; 
sometimes  it  is  compound  and  many-flowered.  Cal.  in  like  man- 
ner hairy.  Fl.  deep  yellow,  often  2  inches  wide,  and  very  con- 
spicuou.s  J  frequently  reddish  underneath.  Tube  of  each Jlorel 
hairy.     Seed  furrowed.     Down  smooth. 

4.  S.  oleraceus'.     Common  Sow-thistle. 

Flower-stalks  cottony.  Calyx  smooth.  Leaves  runcinate, 
toothed. 

5.  oleraceus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  \\\6,  mUd.v.S.\D\4.  Fl.Br.8\7. 
Engl.  hot.  V.  12.  ^843.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  /.  58.  Hook.  Scot. 
227. 

S.  n.  21  y.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.  10. 

S.  laevis.      Rail  Syn.  162.      Ger.  Em.  292./.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1. 

4o2./     Cnmer.  Epit.279.f.    Dod.  Pempt.6A3.f. 
S.  laevis  vulgaris,  foliis  laciniosis.    Loh.  Ic.  235./ 
8.  laevis,  laciniatis  foliis.    Dalech.  Hist.  572./ 
S.  laciniatus  non  spinosus.     Bauh.  Hist.  r.  2.  1016./ 
Smooth  Jagged  Sow-thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  14./  9  ;  also  f.  10. 
(^.  Sonchus  oleraceus.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  682, 
8.  n.  21  /3.     Hall  Hist.  V.  1.  10. 
S.  laevis  minor,  paucioribus  laciniis.      Rail  Syn.  163.      Bauh.  Pin. 

124. 
S.  Icevis  latifolius.     Ger.  Em.  292.  f.    Moris,  sect.  7.  t.  3./  2. 
Smooth  Broad  Sow-thistle.    Peiiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  14/  8. 
y.  Sonchus  n.22  (3.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  \.\ 0. 
S.  asper  laciniatus.     Raii  Syn.  163. 

S.  as|)cra.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1 .  45  1 ./    Dalech.  Hist.  572. / 
S.  asperior.     Ger.  Em.  291./ 

I^rickly  Jagged  Sow-thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1  4./  5. 
S.  Sonchus  n.  22  a.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  10. 
S.  asj)er  non  laciniatus,     Raii  Syn.  163. 
S.  asper  dentatus.    J)Ul.  i)i  Raii  Syn.  1  ()3,  ;/.  9. 
S.  asper.     Ger.  Em.  29 1 ./     Dod.  Pcmpt.  643./ 
S.  asper  laciniatus  latifolius.     Loes.  Pruss.  257.  /.  77. 
S.  a.spcra.    Lob.  IclSA.f.    Fnrhs.IIist.67\.f. 
S.  tertius  asperior.     Dod.  Pcmpt.  6  1.*^.  /'.  3. 


.341  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.EQU.    Lactuca, 


Andrvala  major.    Dalech.  Hist.  56."^.  f. 

Broad  Sow-thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit,  i  J  4,/.  2. 

Prickle-dented  Sow-thi.stle.    Petiv.  11.  Brit.  t.  14./.  4  3   copied  from 

Dad.  Pempt.  643.  /.  3. 
B.  Sonchus  subrotundo  folio  nostras,   levissimis  spinulis  circa  fo- 

lioriim  oras  exasperatus.     Pluk.  Abuag.o^A.     Phtjt.  t.  Gl./.  5. 

Dill,  in  Rnii  Syn.  IfiS. 
Ruimd-leaved  Sow-thistle.     Petiv.  II.  Brit.  i.]4.f.\. 
^.  Sonchus   a^'jAX&y.auXof,  angusto  ct  oblongo  folio  nof^tras,  per 

foliorum  ambitum  creberrimis  spinulis  asperatus.    Pluk.  Almag, 

354.     Phyt.  t.  r.2.  f.  1.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  I  63. 
Narrow  Sow-thistle.'    Petiv.  H  Brit.  t.  14./.  3. 

In  cultivated  and  waste  ground  every  M'here. 

Annual.     July  —September. 

Root  tapering,  milky  and  bitttr  like  the  whole  herb,  which  as- 
sumes a  number  of  different  but  evanescent  forms,  insomuch 
that  the  several  varieties,  depending  on  richness  or  poverty  of 
soil,  can  hardly  he  traced  with  any  certainty.  Ray  doubted 
whether  any  of  them  were  species  or  not.  Hill  persuaded  Hal- 
ler  that  the  prickly  varieties  constituted  a  distinct  specits  from 
the  smooth  ones  3  but  this  opinion  is  not  confirmed  by  obser- 
vation or  experience.  The  stem  in  all,  except  very  poor  spe- 
cimens, is  branched,  erect,  round,  smooth,  hollow,  leafy,  very 
brittle.  Leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  variously  pinnatifid,  or 
runcinate,  toothed,  sometimes  very  prickly  at  the  edges,  the 
terminal  lobe  generally  large  and  triangular  j  in  s  and  ^,  starved 
varieties,  they  are  undivided.  Floicer-stalks  cymose,  axillary 
and  terminal,  clothed,  more  especially  near  the  flowers,  with  a 
peculiarly  soft,  white,  cottony  web,  which  after  a  while  falls  off^ 
leaving  them  smooth  and  naked.  Bracteas  few, lanceolate,  partly 
toothed  Cal.  smooth,  glaucous.  Cor.  pale  yellow,  closing  at 
night,  and  in  bad  weather  ;  reported  to  be  sometimes  while, 
but  this  I  have  never  seen.  Seeds  angular,  furrowed  and  finely 
notched.     Down  copious,  smooth,  very  white  and  silky. 

Dr.  Withering  mentions  a  maritime  variety  without  a  sian,  found 
on  Portland  island. 

Hares  and  rabbits  are  very  fond  of  this  herb. 

373.  LACTUCA.     Lettuce. 

Linn.  Gen.  400.  Juss.\G9.  Ft.  Br.  819.  Tonrn.t.267.  Lam. 
t.  649.     Gcprtn.  t.  158. 

Common  Cal.  cylindrical,  of  numerous,  pointed,  imbricated, 
unequal,  flat  scales,  membranous  at  the  margin.  Cor. 
compound,  imbricated,  uniform  ;  Jlorets  numerous,  per- 
fect, equal,  ligulate,  abrupt,  with  4  or  .5  teeth.  Filcnn. 
capillary.  Anth,  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  obovate- 
oblong.     Style  thread-shaped,  longer  than  the  stamens. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Lacluca.  ;J4j 

Stigm.  2,  revoliite.  Seed-vessel  none,  exce})t  the  uiinltered 
closed  calyx.  Seed  obovate,  Jiirrovved,  roiighish,  com- 
pressed. Doxvn  capillary,  verv  slender,  elevated  on  a  stalk 
about  its  own  length.  Recept.  narrow,  naked,  dotted. 
Milky,  fetid,  bitter,  upright,  biennial  or  animal  herbs,  with 
solid,  leafy  stems.  Leaves  undivided  or  pinnatifid,  some- 
times toothed,  or  prickly.  Fl.  numerous,  })anicled,  yel- 
low, pale,  and  rather  small.  L.  perefinis  haa  blue  and 
rather  large y/oicrr.v,  with  deej^ly  pinnatifid  smooth  leaves. 

1 .   L.  virosa.     Strong-scented  Lettuce. 

Leaves  horizontal,  finely  toothed ;  the  keel  })rickly. 

L.  virosa.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1119.  miU.  v.  3.  152(j.  FL  Br.  819. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  28.  t.  19.")/.  Jroodv. suppL  t.  2.i0.  Hook.  ScoL  227. 
Ehrfi.  PL  Of.\37. 

L.  n.  1.5.     HulL  Hist.  v.  1.7. 

L.  sylvcstris  major,  odore  opii.     Rail  Sijn.  Hi  I.     Ger.  Km.  309./. 

L.  sylvestris,  opii  odore,  vehementer  soporifero  et  viroso.  Moris. 
V.  3.  ^jS.ficct.  7.  t.  2./.  16. 

L.  sylvcstris,  lato  folio,  succo  viroso.     Banli.  HisLv.  2.  1002./. 

L.  sylvcstris  vera.    Dalech.  Hist.  547 •  f.  2. 

L.  ap^restis.     Cord.  Hist.  157.  2./.    Loh.  Ic.  21  \.J. 

Endivia.     Trag.  nist.2GH.  f. 

Thesion.     DaUrh.  Hist.  .">G4.  f. 

Broad,  also  Cut,  Lettuce.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  I.')./  1 ,  2. 

(5.  Lactuca  sylvcstris,  folio  non  laciniato.  Rail  Syn.  ed.  2.  70. 
ed.3.  162. 

L.  sylvestris  n.  2.     Ger.  Em.  309;  nof. 

About  hedges,  old  walls,  and  the  borders  of  fields,  on  a  chalky 
soil,  not  uncommon. 

Biennial.     Augnst,  Septeuiher. 

Wliole  herb  aboundinj^  with  an  acrid  fetid  milky  juice,  having  the 
smell  and  narcotic  proj)crtics  of  Opium.  This  juice  sj)rings  out 
suddcnlv,  in  large  droj)s,  on  the  slightest  touch,  from  tiic  calyx 
and  tender  Icavf^s,  evincing  a  considerable  degree  of  irritability 
in  the  plant.  The  root  is  ta])-sha})c(l.  Stem  solitary,  2  or  3  feet 
high,  erect,  round,  smooth,  sparingly  leafy,  scarcely  branched  ; 
panicled  at  the  top  ;  a  little  prickly  below.  Leaves  horizontal, 
nearly  smooth,  finely  toothed  ;  radical  ones  numerous,  obovate, 
undivided,  depressed  ;  those  of  the  stem  smaller,  often  lobed  ; 
arrow.shaj)ed  and  clasping  at  their  base  ;  the  mid-rib  of  all  more 
or  less  beset  underneath  with  prominent  prickles,  such  as  often 
occur  on  the  margin  also.  Fl.  numerous,  panicled,  with  abun- 
dance of  small,  heart-shaped,  pointed  hrnrtcas.  Calyx. scales 
downv  at  the  tip,  destitute  of  an\-  keel  or  ribs.  Cn  .  small,  light 
vrllow.      Seed  down  rough. 


34()  8YNGENESIA— POLYGAM1A-.12QU.  Lactuca. 

Respect  for  Ray  and  Gerarde  may  lead  us  to  suppose  our  f3  differs 
in  some  degree  from  the  plant  in  its  ordinary  state,  with  which 
Ray  says  it  is  found,  though  rarely.  Its  scent  is  reported  to  be 
milder.  Gerarde  cites  the  above  synonyms  of  Tragus  and  Dale- 
champ  for  this  variety ;  but  neither  their  figures,  nor  Petiver's 
f.  1 ,  indicate  any  thing  but  the  most  common  appearance  of  the 
leaves,  which  are  liable,  on  the  same  plant,  to  be  wavy  or 
slightly  lobed  5  a  difference  which  cannot  be  attended  with  any 
change  of  quality.  Ray,  and  Dillenius  who  merely  copies  him, 
mention  this  variety  as  if  it  belonged  to  L.  Scaiiola ;  but  Gerarde 
certainly  takes  it  for  L.  virosa.  C.  Bauhin  confounds  some  of 
its  synonyms  with  the  following. 

2.  L.  Scar  tola.    Prickly  Lettuce. 

Leaves  perpendicular,  sinuated,  finely  toothed  ;  the  keel 
prickly. 

L.  Scariola.     Linn.  Sp.  PL\\\  9.     mild.  v.  3.  1526.     Fl.  Br.  820. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  4.  t.  268.    Fl  Dan.  1. 1227. 
L.  n.  14.     Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.7. 

L.  sylvestris,  costa  spinosa.    Bauh.  Pin.  123.    Rati  Syn.  161. 
L.  sylvestris  laciniata.    Moris,  v.  3.  58.  sect.  7.  t.  2.  /.  1 7. 
L.  sylvestris,  foliis  dissectis.     Ger.  Em.  309./, 
L.  sylvestris.     Trag.  Hist.  259./.    Fuchs.  Hist.  301 ./     Ic.  1  72./. 

Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1.  476./.     Camer.  Epit.  300./     Dalech.  Hist. 

5^47./ 1. 
L.  sylvestris,  sive  Endivia  multis  dicta,  tolio  laciniato,  dorso  spi- 

noso.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1003./ 
Endivia  major  lactucina  spinosa.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  [3d. 
Jagged  Lettuce.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.\5.f.3. 

In  waste  ground,  and  dry  stony  borders  of  fields. 

In  several  parts  of  the  isle  of  Ely.  Relhan.  Sent  by  Rev.  Mr. 
Hemsted  from  Denny  abbey,  between  Cambridge  and  Ely. 
Engl.  Bot. 

Biennial.    August. 

Whole  herb  glaucous,  milky,  bitter,  but  less  fetid  than  the  pre- 
ceding. Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  leafy,  panicled.  Leaves  nu- 
merous, vertical,  not  horizontal,  variously  pinnatifid  and  toothed  ; 
their  mid-rib  furnished  underneath  with  a  close  row  of  prominent 
prickles  3  their  base  clasping  the  stem.  Floral-leaves,  or  hrac- 
teas,  heart-shaped,  entire.  VI.  small,  pale  lemon-coloured,  all 
their  parts  much  like  the  last. 

3.  L.  saligna.    Least  Lettuce. 

Leaves  linear;   hastate  or  pinnatifid,   entire,   sessile;  the 

keel  prickly. 
L.  saligna.     Linn,  Sp.  PL  1119.     mild.  v.  3.  1528.     Fl.  Br.  820. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU.  rreiianthes.  :J17 

Engl.  Dot.  V.  10.  t.  707.  Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  17.  16.  Jacq.  Austr. 
t.  250. 

L.  n.  13.    Hall.  HisL  v.  1.7. 

L.  sylvestris  minima.     Hdii  Srjn.  162.     Omf.  83. 

L.  svlvestiis  altera,  angiisto  saligno  folio,  costA  albican te.  Hupp. 
Jen.  ed  Hall  207.  t.  4. 

L.  sylvestris  annua,  costa  spinosa,  folio  anguslissimo  glauco.  Mo- 
m.r.3.:)S.  5cc^.7.  /.  6./.  18. 

Chondrilla  viscosa  humilis.  Bank.  Pin.  \?A).  Prodr.  i]S.f.  Ger. 
Km.  287. 

Endivia  minor  lactucina  Sjiinosa.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.  136. 

Small  Jagged  Lettuce.    Petiv.  11.  Brit.  t.  15./.  4. 

In  chalky  waste  ground,  or  about  salt  marshes. 

Near  Cambridge.  Rmj.  .^bout  Pancras  church,  T.  IVtliml.  J^e- 
hind  the  Small-pox  hospital.  Sir  .J.  Banks.  In  shady  lanes  in 
Dorsetshire,  but  rare.  Dr.  Pultency.  At  Southend,  Essex.  Rev. 
R.  B.  Francis.     In  marshes  in  Kent.  Dickson. 

Biennial.    August. 

Whole  plant  very  slender.  Stem  2  feet  high,  wavy,  pale  brown  or 
whitish,  somewhat  branched,  leafy  throughout.  Leaves  glau- 
cous, smooth  except  the  mid-rib  beneath,  entire  at  the  edges, 
sessile,  very  narrow,  acute,  clasping  at  the  base  ■  some  linear  j 
others  hastate  ;  a  few  of  the  largest  deeply  pinnatifid.  Fl.  in 
small  alternate  tufts  composing  long  clusters.  Cat.  glaucous. 
('or.  very  small,  pale  yellow,  open  in  sunshine  only,  and  soon 
fading.      Down  rough.  ... 

The  mid-rib  is  occasionally  smooth  on  both  sides.  In  (pialitics  this 
species  most  resembles  the  last. 

374.  PRENANTHES.     AVall-lettuce. 

Linn.  Gen.  40 1 .  Jnss.  I  6S.  Fl.  Br.  82  1 .  /  aill.  Mrm.  dv  I' Ac.  dcs  Sc. 
717./.  2.     Gccrtn.  t.  158. 

Common  Cal.  cylintlrical,  smooth,  double:  the  innermost  of 
as  many  linear,  ecpial  scales  as  there  are  florets ;  outer  ol 
a  few  very  short  unecpial  ones  at  the  base.  Cor.  com- 
pound, of  a  simple  row  of  perfect,  ecjual,  ligulate,  abrupt, 
4--  or  .'^-toothed  /lords.  Filam.  capillary.  Anth.  in  a 
slender  cvlinclrical  tube.  Germ,  oblong.  Slylc  capillary, 
prominent.  Sliii^m.  2,  revolute.  Srnl-rrssr!  none,  except 
the  converging  calyx.  Scrd  obovate-oblong,  furrowed  or 
angular.  Donn  capillary,  roughisli,  nearly  or  (piite  ses- 
sile.    Rccrpt.  naked,  very  narrow. 

Ainmal  or  perennial,  milky,  smooth  hrrhs,  various  n\  foliage, 
with  uprighl  panicled  .s7r;//.s\  and  small  yellow,  purple,  or 
uhitey/'ncr/.s. 


PAS  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-/EQU.  Leontodon. 

1.  P.  maralis.     Ivy-leaved  A\'all- lettuce. 
Florets  five.     Leaves  runcinate. 

P.  muralis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1121.     miUL  v.  3.  \54S.     FL  Br.  S2\, 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  7.  t.  4d7.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t  yS  Hook.  Scot.  227. 

Fl.  Dan.  f.  509. 
P.  n.  18.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.9. 
Lactuca  sylvestris  murorum   flore  lutco.     Baii  Sijn.  162.      Daiih. 

Hist.  V.  2.  1004./. 
Sonchus  IcEvis  muralis.     Ger.  Em.  293  / 
S.  laevior  vulgaris  secundus,     Clus.  Hist  v.  2.  14(5./. 
S.  laevis  laciniatus  muralis,  parvis  floribus,    Moris,  v.  3.  61.  sect.  7. 

t.3.f.\4. 
Ivy  Lettuce.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1.5./  5. 

On  old  walls,  or  in  woods  on  a  chalky  soil. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  rather  woody,  with  several  long  fibres.  Herb  slender  and  not 
inelegant,  smooth  in  every  part,  tender  and  brictle,  with  a  milky 
bitter  juice.  Stem  a  foot  high,  round,  hollow,  leafy,  simple 
below.  Leaves  runcinate,  toothed,  clasping  at  the  base  ;  sud- 
denly terminating  ih  a  large,  ivy-like,  toothed  lobe  :  their  under 
side  more  or  less  purple,  like  the  leaves  of  a  Cyclamen  j  radical 
ones  stalked.  Panicle  much  branched,  and  singularly  divari- 
cated in  all  directions.  Bracteas  small,  ovate,  acute.  FL  erect, 
bt-ight  yellow,  with  a  slender  purplish  calyx.  Seed  obovate, 
striated,  black.  Down  raised  on  a  short  stalk  as  the  seed  ripens. 
The  upper  leaves  are  sometimes  undivided. 

375.  LEONTODON.     Dandelion. 

Lmn.  Gen.  402.    FL  Br.  822.     Gcertn.  t.  158. 

Taraxacum.    HalL  Hist.  v.  1.23.    Juss.  \69.    Lam.t.6:i3. 

Dens  Leonis.    Tourn.  t.  266. 

Common  Col.  oblong,  double ;  innermost  of  several  linear, 
equal,  parallel  scales  ;  outer  of  fewer  and  shorter,  lax  or 
reflexed  ones,  at  the  base.  Cor.  compound,  of  very  nu- 
merous, imbricated,  equal,  perfect,  ligulate,  abrupt,  5- 
toothed^or^/5.  Filam.  capillary,  short.  Anth.  in  a  cy- 
lindrical tube.  Germ,  obovate,  furj-owed.  Style  cylin- 
drical, prominent.  Stigm.  2,  revolute.  Seed-vessel  none, 
the  calyx  converging,  finally  altogether  reflexed.  Seed 
obovate,  furrowed,  rough.  Do'wn  capillary,  radiating,  on 
a  long  cylindrical  stalk.   Recept.  naked,  convex,  dotted. 

Stemless  milky  herbs^  with  radical  runcinate  leaves,  and 
large  yellow  Jlowers,  on  simple,  naked,  hollow  stalks. 
Aggregate  doxai  of  the  seeds  forming  a  light  globe,  as  in 
Tragopogon^  soon  dispersed  by  the  wind. 


SYNGENESIA~POLYGAM.-.¥.QU.  Lcontodon.  349 

1.  L.  Taraxacum,     Common  Dandelion. 
Outer   scales  of  the    calyx    reflexed.      Leaves    runclnate, 
toothed,  smooth. 

L.  Taraxacum.    Lmn.Sp.lH.Wn.   Wdld.v.3.  \o4A.    Fl.Br.S22. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  8.  /.  5 1 0.      Curt,  Loud.  fuse.  1 .  /.  ^iS.     Woodv.  t.  3. 

Mill.  Ulustr.  t.  GG.     Hook.  Scot.  227*    Fl.  Dan.  t.  574.     Drevea 

Bilderb.  f.  4.     Bull.  Fr.  t.2\7.     Ehrli.  PL  Of.  438. 
L.  officinalis.     With.  679.    Hull  \73. 
Taraxacum  n.  oG.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  23. 
T.  officinale.    Sibth.  239. 
Dens  leonis.     Raii  Sijn.  170.     Ger.  Em.  290./.    Matlh.  Valgr.  v.  I . 

461./.     Camer.  Epit.  28G. / 
D.  leonis  vulgi.    Lob.  Ic.  232.  f.    Moris,  v.  3.  74.  sect.  7.  t.  8./  1 . 
Hieracium  majus.     Trag.  Hist.  262.  f. 
Hedypnois.    Fuchs.  Hist.  680.  f.    Ic.  391 ./.   Dalech.  Hist. 564./. 

Bauh.  Hist.v.  2.  1035./. 
H.  Taraxacum.     .Scop.  Cam.  v.  2.99. 
Common  Dandelion.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 1./.  7. 
/3.  Dens  leonis  angustioribus  foliis.     Raii  Syn.  171. 
Narrow  Dandelion.    Petw.  H.  Brit.  t.  11./  8. 

In  meadows,  pastures,  waste  and  cultivated  ground,  every  where. 

/3.  On  dry  grassy  hills,  or  the  tops  of  walls.  At  Matlock  bath,  Der- 
byshire. 

Perennial.    April — July. 

Root  tap-shaped,  very  milky,  externally  black,  difficult  of  extirpa- 
tion. Lery I- e.v  numerous,  spreading,  of  a  bright  shining  green, 
quite  smooth,  tapering  downwards,  sessile,  pinnatifid,  with  sharj), 
unequally  toothed  lobes,  pointing  downward,  or,  in  botanical 
language,  runcinate,  of  which  these  leaves  are  a  perfect  example. 
They  may  also  be  called  lion -toothed.  Flower-stalks  one  or 
more,  rather  longer  than  the  leaves,  erect,  very  smooth,  brittle, 
quite  naked.  Fl.  I .}  inch  wide,  of  a  uniform  golden  yellow,  ex- 
panded in  the  morning  and  in  tine  weather  only.  Outer  scaler 
of  the  calyx  several,  linear-oblong,  loosely  recurved  and  wavy. 
As  the  stvds  ripen,  the  inner  calyx  becomes  rellexed  close  to  the 
stalk,  leaving  the  light  globe,  near  2  inches  in  diameter,  furnicd 
by  their  radiating  don-n,  (piite  exposed,  lill  dispersed  by  the 
wind. 

By  culture,  and  especially  by  blanciiing,  tiiis  herb,  though.  lilxcthe 
garden  Letluce  and  I'^lndive, originally  fuliof  bilter  milk,  bei-omes 
sufliciently  mild  to  be  eaten  in  a  salad,  nor  is  its  bitterness  u\  a 
disagreeable  kind.      It  is  reported  to  be  powerlally  diuretic. 

/3  is  much  smaller  in  every  part  than  usual,  the  segments  of  tiie 
leaves  being  deej)  and  very  narrow,  but  tlie  calyx  scales  retain 
their  due  proportion  and  posit'on.  Some  botanists  appear  to 
confoimd  this  variety  with  the  following  species,  but  the  latter  is 
nalnrallv  (|tiite  a  bog  plant  ;    whereas  Hu-  Comnion    Dandelion 


350  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Apargia. 

becomes  diminutive  from  drought  and  starvation  only,  retaining, 
in  every  state,  the  proper  character  of  its  calyx, 

2.  \j.  palustre.     Marsh  Dandelion. 

Outer  scales  of  the  calyx  shorter,  imbricated,  ovate.   Leaves 

sinuated  and  toothed,  not  quite  smooth. 
L.  palustre.    Lyons  Fasc.  48.    Fl.  Br.  823.    Engl.  Hot,  v.  8.  /.  553. 

Relfi.SQ7.    Hook.  Scot.  227. 
L.  Taraxacon.    With.  ^79.    HuU]7S. 
L.  Taraxacum  $.    Huds.  339. 
Hedypnois  paludosa.    .Scop.  Cam.  v.  2.  1 00.  t.  48. 

In  low  boggy  meadows. 

On  Hinton  and  Teversham  moors,  Cambridgeshire.  Uelhan.  On 
the  Lower  Common  at  Heydon,  Norfolk.  Rev.  H.  Bryant.  In 
several  places  about  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow.  Hooker. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Rather  smaller  than  the  general  size  of  the  foregoing,  from  which 
it  is  doubtless  very  distinct.  The  leaves  are  less  runcinate  than 
in  any  of  its  most  starved  varieties,  and  are  frequently  besprin- 
kled, or  fringed,  with  longish  hairs ;  sometimes  however  they 
are  quite  smooth.  Outer  calyx  constantly  and  essentially  dif- 
ferent from  every  variety  of  the  last,  consisting  of  ovate,  pointed 
s*cales,  regularly  imbricated  and  erect,  or  close-pressed,  the  inner 
ones  gradually  longest,  and  full  half  the  length  of  the  inner  ca- 
lyx. In  seed  all  the  scales  are  reflexed,  like  the  former.  Cor. 
bright  yellow  j  the  external^^ore/^  striated  or  stained  underneath 
with  red.  Head  of  seeds  about  hulf  as  broad  as  that  of  L.  Ta- 
raxacum. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Hemsted  has  found  this  species  undergo  no  change 
when  propagated  by  seed. 

Haller  misquotes  this  plant  under  his  Ficris  n.  26,  which  \^  Apar- 
gia hastilis,  Leontodon  hastile  of  Linnaeus. 

376.  APARGIA.     Hawkbit. 

Schreb.  Gen.  527.  Sm.  in  Rees's  Cycl.  v.  35,  after  Thrincia.  Prodr. 
Fl.  GrcEC.  Sihth.  v.  2.  130.     Comp.  ed.  4.  1 27. 

Hedypnois.    Huds.'dAO.    H.  Br.  823. 

Leontodon.    Juss.  170. 

Thrincia.     RothCatal.v.  1.97. 

Taraxaconoides.     f^aill.  Mem.  de  V  Ac  des  Sc.  700./.  21. 

Virea.     Gcertn.  t.\59. 

Common  Cal.  double ;  the  innermost  oblong,  imbricated,  of 
several  linear,  parallel,  unequal,  incumbent  scales ;  outer- 
most very  small,  irregularly  scattered.  Cor.  compound, 
of  numerous,  imbricated,  uniform,  perfect,  ligulate,  ab- 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAxMIA-.EQU.  Apargia.  S5I 

rupt,  5-toothecl  Jiorcts,  Filmn.  capillary,  very  short. 
Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  oblong.  Stijle  thread- 
shaped,  prominent.  Sti^m.  ^,  recurved.  Seed-vessel  none, 
except  the  converging,  finally  spreading,  calyx.  Seed 
oblong,  striated.  Don-u  sessile,  feathery,  rather  chaffy  at 
the  base  ;  often  scaly  or  unequal  in  the  marginal  seeds  ; 
occasionally  somewhat  stalked  in  the  central  ones,  fre- 
quently accompanied  by  shorter  hairs  or  plumes.  Bccept. 
dotted,  naked,  or  very  sligluly  hairy. 
Milky  herh.<^  generally  stemless,  with  single-flowered  ra- 
dical stalks.  Root  almost  without  exception  perennial. 
Leaves  variously  toothed  or  sinuated,  mostly  liairy.  /'/. 
of  a  full  yellow,  with  a  hairy  or  downy  eahjx. 

1.  A.  hispida.     Rough  Havvkbit. 

Stalks  naked,  single-flowered.  Leaves  runcinate,  rough. 
Florets  hairy  at  their  orifice  ;  glandular  at  the  tip.  Seeds 
scarcely  beaked,  all  with  feathery  down. 

A.  hispida.    IVilld.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1  j.V2.   Comp.  ed.4. 1 20.    Ci/rl.  ,i.\\. 

Hook.  Scot.  227. 
Hedypnois  hispida.    Fl.  Br.  S23.    Engl.Bot.v.S.t.b:A.   Relli.307. 
Leontodon  hispidum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1  124.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.3.  t.  56. 

FL  Dan.  t.  802. 
Picris  n.  25.     HalL  Hist.v.l.  11. 

Dens  leonis  hirsutus  leptocaulos,  Hieraciumdictus.    Bdii  Sf/n.  171. 
Hieracium  caule  aphyllo  hiisutum.     Banh.  Hist.  r.  2.  1037.  /'.  103S. 
H.  dentis  leonis  folio  hirsutum.      Gcr.  Em.  303./, 
H.  foliis  et  floribiis  dentis  leonis  bidbosi.    Lob.  /c.  238,  /". 
Common  Rough  Dandelion.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1  1./. !). 

In  pastures,  especially  on  chalk  or  limestone,  j)lentiful!v. 

Perennial.    Jitlt^. 

Root  taperino-,  lonu;  and  slender,  externally  blackish.  Lcdvcs  lan- 
ceolate-ohlontj^,  with  reversed,  nearly  ecjiial  and  regular,  teeth  ; 
their  base  tapering  and  more  entire.  Tiiev  are  elotlu'd  on  both 
sides  with  prominent  hairs,  generally  forked,  randy  siiuplt-  or 
three-cleft.  .S7r///.,v  erect,  talk-r  than  the  leaves,  simple,  round, 
hollow,  rough  with  similar  hairs,  without  hnirhuis.  Fl.  droo])ing 
ill  tlie  bud,  erect  when  expanded,  bright  vellow,  smaller  than 
the  Common  Dandelion.  Ctd.  ovate,  hairy.  Florets  ilotiied  with 
long,  yellow,  upright  hairs,  at  the  top  of  the  tube  externally,  aiul 
bearing,  at  the  back  of  eaeh  of  their  .'t  teeth,  a  small  triangular 
tuft  of  brown  glands,  (irst  noticed  by  tlu-  late  Mr.  Sowerbv. 
Seeds  uniform,  slender,  sliglitly  beaked.  /)()?<•;<  sessile,  of  nu- 
merous, feathery  rays  unecpud  in  length.  A  report  of  the  seed- 
down  being  stalked,  arising  from  a  mistaken  reference  of  Haller 
to  Herkhey's  Flares  Ctnnpnsiti,  and  pr<»p;i'j;;ited  bv  Ihichard  and 


S.52  SYXGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.^QU.  Apargiu. 

Willdenow,  as  explained  in  Kees's  Cydopcvdia,  has  no  founda- 
tion in  truth. 
The  exotic  ^.  crispa,  which  likewise  has  hairy forets,  is  most  akin 
to  this  species  ;  but  the  long  tapering  rough  beak  of  its  seeds 
affords  a  clear  distinction.  This  beak  is  different  from  the  proper 
stalk  of  a  seed-down. 

2.  A.  hh'fa.     Deficient  Hawkbit. 

Stalks  naked,  single-flowerecl.  Leaves  toothed,  rough.  Ca- 
lyx nearly  smooth.  Outer  row  of  seeds  crowned  with 
scales  only. 

A.  hirta.  Hojm.  Germ,  for  1/91.  274.  Sm.  in  Rees's  Ci/cl.  )i.  12. 
Comp.ed.  4.130.    Hook.  Scot.  228. 

Thrincia  hirta.    Roth  Catal  v.  1.  98.     mild.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1554. 

Hedypnois  hirta.    F/.J5r.824.     Engl.  Bot.v.S.  1.554.    Relh.3()7.  ^:^^ 

H.  hispidum /3.     Huds.  340.  -— ^    *- 

Leontodon  hirtum.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 123.  fVith.  G82.  Curt.  Lond. 
fasc.  6.  ^.  59. 

Rhagadiolus  n.  7.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.5. 

Hieracium  pumilum  saxatile  asperum,  praemorsa  riidice.  Raii 
Syn.  167. 

H^  dentis  leonis  folio,  hiryutie  asperum,  minus.    Dauh.  Prodr.  (i3.  f. 

Sandy  Rough  Dandelion.     Petic.  H.  Brit.  t.\\.f.\ 0. 

On  gravelly  heatlis  and  commons  frequent. 

Perennial.    July,  Augu.st. 

Smaller  than  the  last.  Root  abrupt,  not  tapering.  Leaves  often 
but  slightly  toothed,  and  not  runcinate.  Pubescence  often  sim- 
ple, but  on  the  whole  not  materially  different  from  that  of 
J.  hispida.  Fl.  but  half  the  size  of  that  species,  red  underneath. 
Cat.  almost  entirely  smooth.  Florets  destitute  of  iiairs  on  the 
tube,  as  well  as  of  glands  under  their  tips;  the  inner  ones  with 
a  less  perfect  corolla  than  the  outer  row.  The  5ee</is  of  the  latter 
are  crowned  with  a  row  of  short,  flat,  toothed  scales  only,  while 
those  of  the  former  bear  sessile  feathery  down.  These  charac- 
ters abundantly  distinguish  this  long-doubtful  species  from  the 
last,  and  the  exotic  A.  crispa  is  known  from  both  of  them  by  the 
long  beaks  of  its  seeds,  all  bearing  feathery  down. 

3.  A    Tarnxuci.    Dandelion  Hawkbit. 

Stalks  mosdy  single-fiowered  ;  tumid  and  haiiy  at  the  sum- 
mit.    Leaves  smooth,  runcinate.     Calyx  shaggy. 

A.  Taraxaci.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1550.    Sm.  in  Rees's  C'ycl.  n.  8. 

Comp.  ed.  4. 130.     Hook.  Scot.  228.     FL  Dan.  f.  1523. 
Hedypnois  Taraxaci.     f  illars  TJauph.  v.  3.  80.  t.  2().     Fl.  Br.  825. 

excL  Gouan\s  syn.      Engl.  Bot.v.  IC.  /,  I  109. 
H.  autumnale  s.     Huds.  31  j . 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Apargia.  353 

Hieracium  Taraxaci.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 125.     With.  683.    Hull  I7o. 

Lightf.43D.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  17.  15.    Retz.  Obs.fasc.  4.  30. 

t.2.  " 
Picris  n.  27.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  12. 
P.  Taraxaci.    Allion.  P'edem.v.  \.2\\  .t.Sl./A. 
Dens  leonis  alpinus,  foliis  oblongis  raro  dentatis,  calyce  hispido 

nigrescente.    Segu.  Veron.  suppl.  266. 

On  the  Highland  mountains  of  Scotland  and  Wales,  in  moist  si- 
tuations. 

In  the  isle  of  Skye.  Light/.  In  Wales  as  well  as  Scotland.  Huds. 
On  many  of  the  Highland  mountains.  Mr.  J.  Mackaij. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  abrupt,  blackish,  with  many  long,  simple,  lateral  fibres. 
Leaves  radical,  smooth,  erect,  either  lanceolate  and  almost  li- 
near, or  spatulate  and  obovate  ;  their  teeth  unequal,  pointing 
backward  ;  the  base  tapering.  SUilk.s  one  or  more,  erect  or  as- 
cending, from  3  to  6  inches  high,  swelling  and  very  hairy  at  the 
top,  mostly  simple  and  single- dowered,  but  now  and  then  di- 
vided, ^rac^ff/i- few  or  none,  scattered,  linear,  smooth.  Cat. 
clothed  with  long,  black  or  greyish,  soft,  shaggy  hairs.  Cor. 
bright  yellow,  twice  the  breadth  of  the  calyx,  the  teeth  (not  feet, 
as  is  carelessly  printed  in  the  Cijclop.)  of  the  Jlorets  brownish. 
Seeds  oblong,  angular,  rough.  Down  uniform,  sessile,  conspi- 
cuously feathery,  so  that  the  plant  ought  never  to  have  been 
taken  for  a  Hieracium ,  nor  is  there  any  reason  to  suppose  it  a 
mule,  as  Dr.  Solander,  by  the  only  specimen  he  ga'hered  in 
Lapland,  in  1753,  was  induced  to  believe,  and  to  persuade  Lin- 
naeus. 

4.  A.  autii7)malis .    Autumnal  Havvkbit. 

Common  stalk  branched  ;  partial  ones  scaly.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, toothed  or  pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth. 

A.  autumnalis.     Ullld.  Sp.  PI  v.  3.  l.").")0.    Sm.  in  Rees  s  Cijtl  n.  9. 

Comp.  ed.  4.  130.     Hook.  Scot.  22S. 
Apargia.     Dalech.  Hist.5C)2.f. 
Hedypnois  autumnalis.    Huds.  311.    Fl.  Br.  S26.    Engl.  Hot.  v.  12. 

/.83().     Relh.'M^. 
Leontodon  autumnale.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  \\i:\.   Willi.  6^0.    Hull  \7^. 

Sibth.  238.    Jhbot  170. 
Picris  n.28.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  12. 
Hieracium  minus,  prtemorsa  radicc.     Raii  Si/n.  1()4.     limih.  Uist. 

V.2.  1031.  Z'. 
H.  minus.     Fuclis.  I  list.  320.  /'.     /< .  183.  f. 
H.  minus,  sive  lejjorinum.     dcr.  l'.ni.29i)./. 

H.  chondrillie  folio  glabro,  radicc  succisa,  minus.     Rank.  Pin.  128. 
Lagopus.     Trag.  I  list.  2  (»."».  /" 
Common  Hawkbit.     I'ctir.  II.  lint.  t.  12.  /.I. 


354  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU.  Hieracium. 

/3.  Hieracium  prsemorsum  laciniatum.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  164. 

Jagged  Hawkbit.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  J  2./.  2. 

y.  Hieracium  folio  acuto  minus.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  164. 

Small  Jagged  Hawkbit.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.\2.  /."S. 

B.  Hieracium  folio  obtuso  minus.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  164. 

Dandelion  Hawkbit.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  12./.  4. 

In  meadows  and  pastures  very  common. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  abrupt,  with  very  long,  simple,  lateral  fibres.  Leaves  several, 
almost  entirely  radical,  lanceolate,  deeply  and  unequally  toothed, 
or  pinnatifid  3  tapering  at  the  base  ;  often  quite  smooth  j  some- 
times rough,  with  variously  scattered  hairs.  Stalks  several,  as- 
cending or  spreading,  branched,  from  6  to  18  inches  high,  round, 
curved  or  wavy  ;  naked  in  the  lower  part,  but  not  quite  smooth  j 
the  ultimate  divisions,  or  partial  stalks,  scaly,  with  many  scat- 
tered linear  6/Y/c^e(/5.  Each  stalk  is  hollow  internally,  containing 
a  loose,  white,  cottony  tuft,  first  noticed  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Holme, 
a  most  accurate  and  observing  naturalist.  Cal.  slender,  a  little 
downy,  as  well  as  the  top  of  the  stalk.  Fl.  bright  yellow,  not 
large,  often  reddish  underneath  j  once  found  in  a  proliferous 
state  at  the  margin,  by  the  late  Rev.  H.  Bryant.  Seeds  slender, 
all  crowned  with  sessile  feathery  down. 

This  plant  has  not  been  applied  to  any  particular  use,  nor  is  it, 
though  common,  a  very  troublesome  weed.  It  varies  much  in 
luxuriance,  and  is  often  found  thriving  in  extremely  poor  land 
newly  turned  up. 

The  figure  in  Fl.  Dan.  t.  501  appears  rather  doubtful. 

377.  HIERACIUM.     Hawkweed. 

Linn.  Gen.  402.  Juss.  169.  Fl.Br.827.  Tourn.t.267.  Lam.  i.  652. 
Gcertn.t.  158. 

Common  Cal.  ovate,  imbricated,  with  numerous,  linear 
scales,  very  unequal  in  length,  spreading  moderately 
when  in  seed,  sometimes  finally  reflexed.  Cor.  compound, 
of  numerous,  imbricated,  uniform,  perfect,  ligulate,  linear, 
abrupt,  5-toothed  Jlorets.  Filam.  capillary,  very  short. 
Arith.  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  much  shorter  than  the  floret. 
Germ,  ovate.  Style  thread-shaped,  a  little  prominent. 
Stigm.  2,  recurved.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  mode- 
rately spreading,  or  converging,  rarely  reflexed,  perma- 
nent calyx.  Seed  ovate  or  oblong,  angular,  various  in 
length,  not  beaked.  Down  sessile,  copious,  uniform, 
simple,  often  minutely  rough.  Recepf.  convex,  naked, 
or  nearly  so,  dotted,  sometimes  a  little  scaly. 

A  numerous  perennial  genus,  generally  inhabiting  moun- 
tainous or  woody  situations.     Stem  erect,  panicled,  and 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^QU.  Hicracium.  355 

leafy;  in  some  species  wanting,  the  Jto-wer-stalks  being 
radical  and  naked,  bearing  one  or  morejlowers.  Leaves 
simple,  various  in  breadth ;  either  undivided,  entire, 
toothed,  or  pinnatifid  ;  mostly  rough  or  hairy ;  sometimes 
smooth.  FL  yellow,  very  seldom  reddish.  The  herbage 
in  general  is  milky,  and  more  or  less  bitter,  but  these 
qualities  are  in  some  instances  hardly  perceptible. 

*  Stalk  radical^  naked ^  sijigle-^owered. 

1.  H.  a/pmum.     Alpine  Single-flowered  Hawkweed. 

Leaves  oblong,  undivided,  somewhat  toothed.  Stalk  almost 
leafless,  single-flowered.     Calyx  shaggy. 

H.  alpinum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1124.    miUL  v.  3.  1561 .    FL  Br.  827. 
•  EngL  But.  V.  16.  ^  1 1 10.     Light/.  434.  ^  18.     Hook.  Scot.  228. 

Ailion.  Pedem.  v.\.2\  2.  t.  14.  f.  2. 
H.  n.49.    H(dL  Hint.  v.  1.21. 
H.  villosum  alpinum,  flore  magno  singulari,  caule  nudo.     DHL  in 

Rail  Syn.  169.  t.6.f.2. 
H.  villosum  alpinum  latifolium,  magno  flore.     Raii  Syn.  cd.  2.  75, 

excl.  the  reference  to  Clusius. 
H.  aiterum  pumilum.    Column.  Ecphr.  v.  2. 29.  t.  30,/.  2.   Raii  Hist. 

'v.  1.241. 
Welsh  Mouse-ear.  Petiv.H.  Brit.  ^  1  1 ./.  2  ;  copied,  with  purposed 

variation,  from  Columna. 

On  dry  rocky  mountains,  in  Wales  and  Scotland. 

First  observed  by  Mr.  Lhwyd,  on  some  of  the  loftiest  rocks  about 
Snowdon.  Ray.  On  many  of  the  Highland  mountains.  Light/. 
Hooker. 

Perennial.    Jidy. 

Root  blackish,  rather  woody.  Herb  clothed  with  prominent,  hoary, 
rigid  hairs,  tawny  at  their  base.  Leaves  almost  entirely  radical, 
a  solitary  one  being  only  now  and  then  elevated  a  little  way  up 
the  stalk,  all  of  them  of  a  narrow  obovate  figure,  tapering  at  the 
base,  either  quite  entire,  or  slightly  and  distantly  toothed,  about 
2  inches  long,  dark  green  and  equally  liairy  on  both  sides.  Stalk 
solitary,  erect,  bearing  a  large,  bright  yellow  //oit-er,  whose  calyx 
is  black  and  very  hairy.  Tube  of  each //ort7  externally  hairy. 
Seeds  minutely  dotted,  angidar,  reddish-brown.     Doicn  rough. 

//.  alpinum,  Khrh.  Herb.  70,  and  especially  his  strongly  and  sharply 
toothed  variety  89,  with  a  divided  sddk,  iuive  indeed  the  shaggy 
dark  c(dyx,  and  hairv7^""''S  of  our  j)lant,  but  they  are  far  more 
gigantic  than  any  specimens  of  British  growth  that  1  have  seen. 
This  /i.S9  may  |)erhaps  be  //.  HalUri,  Hook.  Scot.  229,  but  it  is 
not  //.  vdlosum  of  Lnij;!.  Bof.  t.  2379,  nor  //.  pumilum  of  U'ill. 
denow^  both  of  whleh  are  caulescent. 

2  A  2 


Sm  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^QU.  Hieracium. 

2.  H.  PUosella,     Common  Mouse-ear  Hawkweed. 

Leaves  elliptical,  entire;  cottony  beneath.  Scions  creep- 
ing.    Stalks  single-flowered,  naked. 

H.  Pilosella.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 25.  Willd.  v,  3.  1563.  Fl.  Br.  82S. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.\6.t.\  093.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.54.  Hook.  Scot. 
229.    Dreves  Bilderb.t.\7.     FL  Dan.  t.  \[\0.     BulL  Fr.  t.279. 

H.  n.  55.     HalLHist.vA.23. 

Pilosella.  Matth.  Valgr.  v,  2.  316./.  Camer.  Epit.  708.  /.  Lob, 
Ic.  479.  f. 

P.  repens.    Raii  Syn.  1 70.    Ger.  Em.  638./. 

P.  major.  F^ichs,  Hist.GOo.f.  Bod.  Pempt.  67.  J.  Dalech.  Hist, 
1098./. 

Auricula  muris  minor.     Trag.  Hist.  278./. 

Common  Mouse-ear.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  ^  11./.  1. 

In  dry  open  pastures,  and  on  banks,  park  walls,  cottage  roofs,  &c., 
common . 

Perennial.    May — July. 

Root  rather  woody,  throwing  out  many  long,  creeping,  leafy  scions. 
Leaves  spreading,  elliptic-oblong,  tapering  at  the  base,  entire  j 
numerous  at  the  root  j  smaller  and  alternate  on  the  scions  j 
their  upper  surface  green  and  smooth,  besprinkled  with  long 
,coarse  hairs,  such  as  are  found  on  every  part  of  the  herbage  ; 
'their  backs  densely  covered  with  white  cottony  pubescence. 
After  drying  these  hairs  become  tawny.  Stalks  generally  soli- 
tary, erect,  a  finger's  length,  round,  downy  and  hairy,  destitute 
of  leaves  and  bracteas,  each  bearing  a  solitary^o2i?er,  of  a  most 
elegant  pale  lemon-colour,  with  a  red  central  stripe  at  the  back 
of  each  ^ore^.  Cal.  rough  with  black  hairs,  intermixed  with  white 
ones  -J  its  inner  scales  membranous.  Seed-down  rough  with  very 
minute  teeth.  The  receptacle  is  clothed  with  short  bristles,  a 
slight  deviation  from  the  proper  generic  character,  of  which  there 
are  other  examples. 

Old  authors  esteem  the  Pilosella  powerfully  astringent,  and  assert 
it  to  be  noxious,  on  that  account,  to  sheep,  while  they  recom- 
mend it  for  the  cure  of  wounds,  and  of  internal  weaknesses. 
We  might  place  some  confidence  in  their  prescriptions,  if  they 
did  not  at  the  same  time  declare  that  the  juice  of  the  herb,  used 
for  tempering  steel,  renders  it  capable  of  cutting  stone  and  iron, 
such  a  property,  as  founded  on  the  astringency  of  the  herb, 
being  purely  hypothetical,  if  not  evidently  incredible. 

**  Stalk  radical,  naked,  many-jlo'wered. 

3.  H.  djfbifim.     Branching  Mouse-ear  Hawkweed. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  nearly  entire,  besprinkled 
with  coarse  hairs;    rather   glaucous  beneath.      Scions 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU.  Hieracium.  357 

creeping,  elongated.     Stalk  nearly  smooth,  loosely  co- 
rymbose.    Calyx  bristly. 

H.  dubium.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1125.  Willd.  v.  3.  1563.  FL  Br.  828. 
Ertgl.Bot.v.  33.  t.  2322.  Tr.ofLmn.Soc.v,9.226.  Huds.  344. 
With.  684. 

H.  Auricula.    Ft.  Dan.  t.  WW. 

H.  n.  53.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  22. 

Pilosella  major  prima.     Tahern.  Kreuterb.  b07 .f.    /c.  196./. 

Pilosella.     Tillands  Ic.  14./.  bad  3  copied  from  Tabernaemontanus. 

On  mountains,  in  rather  moist  situations,  rare. 

On  Fairfield  mountain,  near  Rydall,  Westmoreland.  Huds.  Jirought 
from  the  north  of  England.  Mr.  Woodward.  Sent  from  Scotland 
to  the  Cambridge  garden.  Mr.  James  Donn.  Gathered  in  Scot- 
land by  Mr.  G.  Don.  Hooker. 

Perennial.    July, 

Larger  than  the  last,  but  of  a  similar  habit,  though  the  herbage  is 
far  less  hairy,  and  there  is  no  cottony  down  about  the  plant, 
except  a  small  quantity  on  the  Jlower-stalks.  The  leaves  are 
glaucous  underneath,  tapering,  and  fringed  with  coarse  hairs,  at 
the  base.  Stalks  solitary,  beset  with  scattered^glandular  hairs, 
and  bearing  3  or  4  corymbose,  or  imperfectly  urmyeWate, Jlowers, 
whose  partial  stalks,  like  the  calyx,  are  dowr^with  short  black 
glandular  bristles  interspersed.  Cor.  smaller  than  the  preceding, 
lemon-coloured  on  both  sides.  Seed  down  rough?  There  are 
several  scattered,  small,  lanceolate  bracteas,  with  membranous 
edges,  about  the  partia]  Jlower-stalks. 

-|~4.  Y{.  Auricula.     Orange  Mouse-ear  Hawk  weed. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  entire,  coarsely  hairy ; 
green  on  both  sides.  Scions  scarcely  so  long  as  the 
leaves.  Stalk  downy  and  hairy,  corymbose.  Calyx 
shaggy. 

H.  Auricula.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 126.  Willd.  v.  3.  1564.  Huds.  344  > 
Fl.  Br.  829.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  33.  /.  2368.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9. 230. 
Comp.  ed.  4.  131. 

H.  dubium.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  \044. 

H.  n.  52.     Hill.  Hist.  v.  1.22? 

In  mountainous  situations. 

On  Dalehead,  not  far  from  Grass-mere,  Westmoreland,  but  spa- 
ringly.   Hudson. 

Perennial.    July. 

The  most  uncertain  plant  perhaps  in  our  whole  British  catalogue, 
whose  i)lace  in  the  Kniilisli  Flora  (lei)en(ls  on  Mr.  Hudson's  au- 
thority alone,  for  no  other  person  has  met  with  any  thing  in 
Britain  answering  to  his  description,  which  is  as  follows. 

"Root  abrupt,  with  nuiner()u«;  simple  rndulcs.     Scions  creeping. 


358  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.  Hieracium. 

leaty.  Stalk  radical,  erect,  naked,  somewhat  hairy,  with  scat- 
tered hairs,  its  height  scarcely  six  inches.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
nearly  entire,  acute,  naked.  FL  panicled,  from  3  to  6,  yellow. 
Calyx-leaves  linear,  hairy." 
As  Mr.  Hudson  knew,  and  lias  clearly  described,  H.  duhium,  we 
cannot  but  presume  his  H.  Auricula  to  have  been  something 
different.  He  quotes  Haller's  n.  52,  with  synonyms  of  Columna 
and  C.  Bauhin  copied  from  that  author,  but  these  do  not  agree 
so  well  with  the  Linnasan  plant  as  the  above  description,  which, 
except  the  "  naked  leaves,"  answers  perfectly  to  the  true  H.  Au- 
ricula, figured,  from  foreign  dried  specimens,  in  Engl.  Bot.  This 
cannot  be  mistaken  if  it  should  ever  be  met  witli  in  Britain,  it 
is  a  native  of  very  lofty  mountains,  near  the  glaciers  of  Switzer- 
land and  Savoy,  and  is  most  assuredly  no  variety  of  H.  duhium. 
The  leaves  are  green  on  both  sides,  more  or  less  hairy,  truly  lan- 
ceolate and  acute  ;  the  scions  short ;  Jiower-stalk  clothed  with 
white  down,  intermixed  with  black  glandular  hairs  ;  partial 
stalks  more  densely  downy,  with  a  few  scattered,  hairy,  awl- 
shaped  bracteas.  Cal.  more  or  less  clothed  with  long,  black  and 
tavvnv,  shaggy  hairs.     Cor.  full  yellow,  inclining  to  orange. 

5.  H.  aurantiaciim.     Orange  Hawkweed. 

Leaves  elliptical,  acute,  entire.  Stalk  almost  leafless,  hairy, 
densely  corymbose,  many-flowered.     Calyx  shaggy. 

H.  aurantiacum.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 26.      mild.  v.  3.  1 569.     Co7np. 

ed.  4.  131.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  21.  t.  1469.     Don  Herb.  fasc.  2.  41. 

Hook.  Scot.  229.    Jacq.  Austr.  i.  4 1 0. 
H.  n.  50.    Hall.  Hist v.\.  21. 

H.  germanicum  primum  F.  Gregorii.    Column.  Ecphr.  v.  2. 28.  t.  30. 
H.  hortense  latifohum,  sive  Pilosella  major.     Ger.  Em.  305./. 
Pilosella  polyclonos  repens  major  syriaca,  flore  amplo  aurantiaco. 

Moris.  V.  3.  7^.  sect.  7.  t.  8./.  7. 
P.  major.    Park.  Parad.  300.  t.  297./.  5. 

In  rather  mountainous  woods. 

In  several  woods  in  Banffshire,  and  at  Craigston,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Turref.  Mr.  G.  Don.  Coalston  woods.  East  Lothian  ^ 
Mr.Walker  ;  and  woods  to  the  east  of  Kenmorej  Mr.  Maughan. 
Hooker.  At  Failsworth,  four  miles  north-east  of  Manchester,  in 
great  abundance.  Mr.  John  Bradbury. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  slightly  creeping,  with  many  long  stout  fibres,  sending  forth 
from  its  crown  a  few  tufted  leafy  offsets,  but  no  long  trailing 
scions.  Leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  elliptical,  acute  at  both  ends, 
entire,  except  in  very  luxuriant  specimens  like  the  figure  of 
Jacquin ;  rough  with  short  hairs  on  both  sides,  especially  the 
mid-rib  3  bright  green  above;  slightly  glaucous  underneath  3  ta- 
pering at  the  base  into  a  bordered /oo^s^o^^.     Flower-stalk  cen- 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU.  Hieracium.  359 

tral,  erect,  round,  very  hairy,  solid,  often  bearing  a  leaf  or  two 
near  the  bottom,  sometimes  a  leafy  hractea  higher  up,  and  ter- 
minating in  a  dense  corymbose  tuft  of  many  deep  orange-co- 
\owve{\  Jiowers,  not  red  enough  in  Engl.  Bot.,  neither  are  the  hairs 
of  the  calyx  sufficiently  long  and  shaggy.  Partial  stalks  cot- 
tony, with  short  black  glandular  hairs,  and  long  tapering  tawny 
ones,  interspersed.  Recept.  slightly  scaly.  Seeds  ovate,  abrupt. 
Frequent  in  rustic  gardens,  thriving  best  in  the  shade,  and  called 
Grim  the  Collier,  from  the  blackness  of  the  calyx  and  Jiower- 
s  talks. 

***  Stem  leafy. 

6.  H.  inuroruTiu    Broad-leaved  Wall  Hawkweed. 

Stem  corymbose,  with  a  solitary  leaf.  Leaves  ovate-heart- 
shaped,  wavy,  with  radiating  teeth  chiefly  at  the  base. 

H.  murorum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 128.    Willd.  v.  3. 1577.    Comp.  ed.  4. 

131.      Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  236.      Engl.  Bot.  v.  29.  t.  2082. 

Hook.  Scot.  230,  a.    Fl.  Br.  830,  (S. 
H.  n.46,  a.    Hall.  Hist.v.  \.\9. 

H.  macrocaulon  hirsutum,  folio  rotundiore.    Raii  Syn.  169. 
H.  murorum  folio  pilosissimo,  Bauh.  Pin.  1 29.  Moris,  sect.  7.  t.  54 ; 

letter-press  confused. 
Auricula  maris  major.     Trag.  Hist.  276.  f 
Pulmonaria  gallica,  sive  aurea.     Taberncem.  Ic.  194./.  good. 
P.  gallica  mas.     Taberncem.  Kreuterb.  504.  samef. 
P.  gallica,  sive  aurea  latifolia.     Ger.  Em.  304./. 
P.  gallorum,  sive  Auricula  muris  major  Tragi.  Dalech.  Hist.  1328./. 
Corchorus.    Dalech.  Hist.  565.  samef 
Pilosella  major  quibusdam,  &c.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1033.  /  copied 

from  Gerarde. 
Round  Hawklung.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  13./  2. 
/3.  H.  murorum  /3.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 128. 
H.  n.  46,  ^.    HalL  Hist.v.  \.  20. 

H.  murorum  laciniatum,  minus  pilosum.    Bauh.  Pin.  129. 
Pulmonaria  gallica  fccmina.  Taberncpm.  Ic.  195./  Kreuterb.  504.  f. 
PilosellcB  majoris,  sive  Pulmonariae  luteoe,  species  magis  laciniata. 

Bauh.  Hist.  V.  2.  1034./ 
Broad  dented  Hawklung.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  13./  3. 

On  rocks  and  old  walls. 

In  Edinburgh  i)ark  ;  Mr.  Newton  ;  near  Buckbarrow  well  in  Long 
Sledale,  Westmoreland  ;  Mr.  Lawson.  Ray.  On  Chcddcr  cliffs, 
Somersetshire.  Mr.  E.  Forster.  On  the  walls  of  tlie  castle  at 
Castlcton,  Derbyshire.  Mr.  D.  Turner. 

Perennial.    June. 

Root  somewhat  woody,  with  long  simple  stout  fibres,  destitute  of 
scions  or  runners.  Stems  one  or  more,  erect,  12  or  18  inches 
high,   round,   slightlv  hairy,  furrowed,   internallv  spongy,  but 


360  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU.  Hieracium, 

hollow  in  the  centre,  seldom  quite  leafless^  branched  in  a 
corymbose  manner,  and  bearing  from  4  to  6  large  yeWow  Jlow- 
ers,  on  glandular  and  hairy  blackish  stalks.  Bracteas  few,  scat- 
tered, awl-shaped  or  linear,  hairy.  Leaves  on  long  hairy  foot - 
stalksy  broadly  ovate,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  variously  hairy, 
wavy,  more  or  less  toothed  about  the  base,  their  teeth  radiant, 
or  spreading  every  way,  the  lowermost  pointing  backward,  and 
in  (3  remarkably  elongated  or  dilated  j  the  upper  surface  of  an 
elegant,  opaque,  rather  glaucous  green  ;  under  paler,  often  pur- 
plish, but  the  leaves  are  never  stained  with  black  ;  they  are  nu- 
merous, and  for  the  most  part  radical,  one  only,  much  toothed, 
being  situated  about  the  middle  of  the  stem,  sometimes  lower 
down.  Cal.  rough  with  short,  black,  glandular  hairs.  Recept. 
convex,  toothed. 
The  stein  in  this  species  is  not  more  copiously  leafy  than  in  some, 
native  or  exotic  ones,  of  the  former  section,  but  with  them  it  has 
no  natural  affinity,  and  is  therefore  placed  with  those  to  which  it 
is  most  nearly  allied. 

7.  H.  maculatimi.     Stained-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Stem  cymose,  many  leaved,  tubular.  Leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, strongly  toothed  ;  teeth  pointing  forward. 

H.-maculatum.    Comp.  ed.  4.  \3\.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  SO.  t.  2121. 

H.  sylvaticum.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  1113. 

H.  sylvaticum  /3.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  240,  erasing  the  syn,  of 
Ray,  Dillenivs  and  Villars. 

H.  sylvaticum  y  and  perhaps  J.    Hook.  Scot.  231. 

H.  murorum  y.    Fl.  Br.  830. 

H.  Pulmonaria  dictum  angustifolium.  Richardson  and  Dill,  in  Rati 
Syn.  1  68 ;  but  not  the  original  plant  of  Ray,  Gerarde,  and  Lobel, 
which  Dr.  Lamb  of  Newbury  proved  to  be  Cineraria  integrifo- 
lia;  and  this  remarkable  fact  the  old  figure  of  the  two  last- 
mentioned  authors,  copied  by  Petiver,  t.  13./.  5,  confirms.  Yet 
Lobel's  figure,  Ic.  587.  /.I,  is  still  quoted  by  some  authors  for 
H.  sylvaticum. 

On  the  mountains  of  Wales,  Westmoreland,  and  Scotland. 

Near  the  lake  Lhyn  y  cwni,  not  far  from  the  church  of  Llanberis, 
North  Wales.  Dr.  Richardson,  according  to  his  herbarium.  On 
Breidden  hill,  Montgomeryshire.  Mr.  Bowman.  Brought  from 
Westmoreland,  in  1781,  by  Mr.  Crowe,  in  the  site  of  whose 
garden  at  Norwich,  and  that  neighbourhood,  the  plant  is  now 
naturalized,  as  well  as  on  several  old  walls  about  the  cathedral. 

Perennial.    June — September. 

The  great  difficulty  of  the  subject,  and  the  many  errors  of  the  most 
able  botanists,  will  I  hope  plead  my  excuse  for  having  at  any 
time  confounded  this  very  distinct  species  with  the  preceding  or 
the  following.  Though  variable  in  height,  from  1  foot,  as  in  Mr. 
Bowman's  specimen,  to  2  or  3  on  our  walls,  it  has  always  a 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-^QU.  Hieracium.  361 

taller,  more  erect  and  straight  stem  than  the  last,  bearing  several 
scattered,  nearly  sessile,  leaves,  and  more  amply  and  decidedly 
hollow.  The  hairy  leaves  are  longer,  ovate-lanceolate,  not  at  all 
heart-shaped,  but  rather  tapering  at  the  base  ;  their  usually 
strong,  deep,  distinct  teeth  all  porliting  forward,  not  backward  ; 
their  colour  dark  green  above,  more  or  less  speckled  with  black, 
or  dark  purple  ;  the  under  side  paler ;  radical  ones  on  long 
hairy  footstalks.  The  Jiower-stalks  are  numerous,  clothed,  like 
the  caltjx,  with  short,  dense,  rather  cottony,  down,  intermixed 
with  short,  black,  glandular  bristles,  and  they  form  an  irregular, 
sometimes  compound,  cymose  panicle,  bearing  several  scattered, 
linear,  hairy  bracteas.  Fl.  about  an  inch  wide,  of  a  full  bright 
yellow.  Seeds  slender,  angular.  Recept.  slightly  scaly,  or  cel- 
lular. 

8.  H.  sylvalicum.     Wood  Hawkvveed. 

Stem  simply  racemose,  many-leaved,  solid.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  toothed  chiefly  about  the  base  ;  teeth  pointing 
forward. 

H.  sylvalicum.    Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  239,  a.  Comp.  ed.  4.  131 . 

Engl.  Bot.v.  29.  t.  2031.  With.  687.    Hook.  Scot.  23  \,  a.   Gouan 

Illustr.56.    mild.  Sp.Pl.  V.3. 1578. 
H.  murorum.     Ehrh.  Herb.  147.    Fl.  Br.  830,  a. 
H.  n.4G,  S.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.20. 

II.  murorum,  folio  pilosissimo.     Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  74.  ed.  3.  168. 
Pulmonaria  gallica  tenuifolia.      Taberncem.  Ic.  195./.     Kreuterb. 

505./. 
Pilosellie  majoris,   sive   Pulmonariae   lutese   species    angustifolia. 

Bank.  Hist.  V.  2.  1034./ 
French  Ilawklung.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  13./  4. 

In  dry  chalky  woods,  and  on  dry  bank<,  or  especially  old  park 
walls,  frequent. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  .-slender,  slightly  creeping,  with  long,  rather  stout,  fibres. 
Herb  hairy,  of  a  pale,  unspotted,  grass  green.  Stem  erect,  12 
or  18  inches  high,  striated  or  slightly  angular,  very  nearly,  if  not 
quite,  solid  throughout,  leafy,  panicled  at  the  top  in  a  regular, 
alternate,  or  racemose,  manner.  RadicalamX  lower  stun-leaves 
on  long  hairy  stalks  j  ui)|)er  nearly  sessile  ;  all  ovate-lanceolate, 
or  oblong,  acute,  most  toothed  about  their  lower  half,  the  teeth 
various  in  size,  all  i)()inting  forward  or  outward,  not  backward. 
Fl.  smaller  than  thf  last,  and  much  fewer,  often  but  2  or  3  in  the 
panicle,  always  simply  racemose,  not  cymose  ;  their  colour 
bri-^ht  yellow.'  Flowcr'-stnlks  and  calyx  rough  with  short  black 
hiii^s,  and  sometimes  a  little  cottony.  Rcccpt.  roughish  or  mi- 
nutely scalv. 

The  iiiimeofy/.  mnronnn  so  well  agrees  with  this  common  species, 


362  SYNGENESIA--POLYGAM..^QU.  Hieiacium, 

that  it  was  taken  for  that  plant,  without  much  examination,  in 
the  Fl.  Brit.,  and  I  am  obliged  to  Mr.  E.  Forster  for  leading  me 
to  study  this  and  some  of  the  neighbouring  species,  whence  I 
trust  they  have  been  better  explained  in  the  Lvuicean  Transac- 
tions, though  in  the  present  work  I  have  found  further  correc- 
tions requisite. 

9.  H,  puhnonariu?n.     Lungwort  Hawkweed. 

Stem  somewhat  corymbose,  solid,  slightly  leafy.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  deeply  and  unequally  toothed  throughout; 
teeth  pointing  forward. 

H.  pulmonarium.     Camp.  erf.  4.  131 .    Engl.  Bot.  v.  33.  t.  2307. 
H.  pulmonarioides.     Villars  Dauph.  v.  3.  133.  t.  34  ;  from  the  au- 
thor. 

On  rocks  about  rivers  in  Scotland,  as  in  Dauphiny. 

On  the  banks  of  the  river  Nivis,  near  the  bridge.  Mr.  Borrer. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  woody.  Stem  not  much  above  a  foot  high,  round,  striated, 
full  of  pith,  bearing  2  or  3  leaves  only,  which  are  nearly  sessile. 
Radical  leaves  several,  on  bordered  footstalks,  erect,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  acute,  bright  green,  rough  with  rather  short  hairs, 
and  clouded  with  faint  blotches  of  purplish  brown  ;  their  teeth 
numerous  and  unequal,  largest  and  most  abundant  about  the 
lower  half  of  each  leaf,  and  generally  wanting  toward  the  ex- 
tremity, all  directed  forward,  each  having  a  small  incurved 
point.  Panicle  of  from  2  to  QJiowers,  truly  corymbose,  the  first 
partial  stalk  remaining  always  much  lower  than  the  rest,  all  of 
them  rough  with  black  glandular  hairs,  as  is  likewise  the  calyx. 
Cor.  bright  yellow,  broader  than  the  last.  Seeds  slender,  an- 
gular. 

I  have  Highland  specimens,  from  the  late  Mr.  G.  Don,  and  Mr.  J. 
Mackay,  of  what  seems  to  be  a  broader-leaved,  and  more 
strongly  toothed,  variety  of  the  present  species. 

10.  H.  Lawsoni.     Glaucous  Hairy  Hawkweed. 

Stem  remotely  and  simply  branched,  solid,  slightly  leafy. 
Radical  leaves  stalked,  elliptic-lanceolate,  decurrent, 
glaucous,  fringed,  nearly  entire. 

H.  Lawsoni.     Villars  Dauph.  v.  3.  1 18.  t.  29.     H'illd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3. 

J569.    Cornp.€dA.]3].   Engl.  Bot.  v.  29.  t.  2083.    Tr. of  Linn. 

Soc.v.9.2A\. 
H.  leptocaulon  hirsutum,  folio  longiore.     Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  74.  ed.  3. 

169. 
H.  glaucum  pilosum,  foliis  pariim  dentatis.    Dill.  Elth.  180. 1. 149. 

On  the  mountains  of  Westmoreland,  Craven,  and  Scotland. 
Upon  rocks  by  the  rivulet  between  Shap  and  Anna  well.  West- 


SYNGENESIA-:P_OLYGAM.-^QU.  Hieracium.  363 

moreland.  Mr.  Lawson.  On  the  sloping  side  of  a  hill  called 
Gordil,  near  Malham  in  Craven.  Dr.  Richardson.  At  the  foot 
of  the  Highland  mountain  Ben  Cruachan,  and  on  a  rock  in 
Corrie  Cruachan.  Dr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Borrer. 

Perennial.    Juhj. 

Roof  rather  woody,  black  externally,  with  long  simple  fibres.  Herb 
glaucous,  abounding  in  every  part  with  bitter  milk.  Sterns  one 
or  more,  filled  with  pith,  erect  or  spreading,  a  foot  high,  in  cul- 
tivated specimens  twice  as  much,  round,  smooth,  bearing  one, 
two,  or  three  sessile  oblong  leaves,  and  terminating  in  from  one 
to  four  bristly  and  downy,  slightly  bracteated,  alternate,  elon- 
gated _/o?fer-5^a//i:6",  each  supporting  a  very  large  and  handsome 
lemon -coloured  ^OM;er,  whose  calyx  is  clothed  with  short,  tawny, 
as  well  as  blackish,  hairs.  The  leaves  are  chiefly  radical,  on  long 
dilated /oo^.s'^rt//t5,  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  much  extended 
at  the  base,  where  they  are  copiously  hairy  -,  their  margins  ge- 
nerally quite  entire,  fringed  with  pale  hairs. 

This  is  a  most  distinct  species,  propagating  itself  plentifully  by 
seed  in  a  garden,  where  it  differs  only  in  luxuriancy  from  a  Py- 
renean  specimen  in  my  possession,  the  only  wild  one  I  have  ever 
seen.  The  figure  in  Engl.  Bot.  was  of  necessity  taken,  like  that 
of  Dillenius,  from  a  cultivated  plant,  but  it  is  very  characteristic. 

1 1.  Yi.  paludosum.  Marsh  Succory-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Stem  angular,  tubular,  leafy,  smooth,  corymbose.  Leaves 
smooth,  toothed,  clasping  the  stem  with  their  heart- 
shaped  base.     Calyx  hairy. 

H.paludosum.    Linn.  Sp.Pl.Wl^.    mild.  v. 3.  \d79.  H.  Br.  S3\. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  16.  t.  1094.     Hook.  Scot.  232.      Fl.  Dan.  t.  928. 

Mlion.Pedem.v.\.2\^.t.2S.f.2.andt.3\.f.2.   Villars Dauph. 

r.3.  129. 
H.  n.  4.-).    Hall.  Hist.  v.].\9. 

H.  montanum,  cichorei  folio  nostras.     Raii  Syn.\66. 
H.  montanum  latifolium  minus.     Ger.  Em.  300./. 
H.  Hiitannicum.     Clus.  rann.G43. 
H.  latifolium  glabrum  ex  valle  (iriesbachiana.      Bank.  Hist.  v.  2. 

\033.f. 

In  watery  shady  jjlaccs  in  W^ales,  the  north  of  England,  and  low- 
lands of  Scotland. 

Abundant  in  moist  meadows,  and  about  mountain  rivulets,  in 
Craven.  Dr.  Richardson.  Plentiful  in  Westmoreland  •  as  well  as 
near  Moffat  and  elsewhere  in  Scotland. 

Perennial.    Jul;/. 

Root  fibrous.  Hcrha'^c  (juitc  smooth,  of  a  full  deep  shining  green, 
intensely  bitter.  Stem  erect,  angular,  hollow,  leafy,  about  2  feet 
high,  uJibranched,  but  terminating  in  a  corymbose  panicle  of 
several  bright  yellow  //o(/«  rv,  scarcely  nn  inch  in  diameter ;  their 


S64  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU.  Hieracium. 

stalks  smooth.  Calyx  rough  with  black  prominent  hairs,  parti- 
cularly at  its  base.  Leaves  elliptic-oblong,  taper-pointed,  co- 
piously toothed,  the  lower  teeth  often  hooked  backward ;  the 
base  elongated,  dilated,  and  clasping  the  stem  ;  radical  ones  few, 
somewhat  stalked.     It  is  one  of  our  best-defined  species. 

12.  H.  molle.     Soft-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Stem  angular,  tubular,  leafy,  downy,  corymbose.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  hairy,  clasping  the  stem  ; 
lower  ones  stalked,  elliptical  and  obtuse. 

H.  molle.  Jacq.  Austr.  tj.  2.  12.  M  19  ;  from  the  author.  Willd. 
Sp.  PL  V.  3.  1577.  Dicks.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  2.  288.  H.  Sice, 
fasc.  11.13.  Fl.  Br.  832.  Engl.  But.  v.3\.  t.  2210.  With.  688. 
Hook.  Scot.  232  j  excluding  the  sijnomjm. 

In  woods  in  the  south  of  Scotland.  Dickson. 

Among  bushes  in  meadows,  to  the  north  of  Forfar  j  Mr.  G.  Don  j 
and"  by  the  lower  fall  of  the  Tummel,  Glen  Luss  ;  Mr.  Borrer. 
Hooker. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  abrupt,  with  many  long  fibres.  Whole  herb  clothed  with  scat- 
tered, short,  soft,  simple  hairs,  which  on  the  angular  flower- 
stalks  are  glandular  and  viscid.  Stem  12  or  18  inches  high, 
erect,  leafy,  angular,  perfectly  tubular  and  hollow,  unbranched 
except  at  the  summit.  Radical  leaves  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse, 
very  obscurely  and  minutely  toothed,  often  quite  entire  j  paler 
beneath  -,  tapering  at  the  base  into  long,  narrow,  bordered /oo^ 
stalks;  upper  ones  several,  sessile,  clasping  the  stem,  more  lan- 
ceolate and  less  blunt.  Panicle  corymbose.  Fl.  not  numerous, 
about  an  inch  broad,  of  a  full  golden  yellow.  Cal.  clothed  with 
short,  brownish,  spreading,  scarcely  glandular  hairs,  intermixed 
with  a  little  cottony  down.  Seeds  light  brown,  furrowed.  Down 
rough. 

Mr.  Davall  found  this  species  in  Switzerland,  but  he  did  not,  like 
Willdenow,  confound  it  with  Hallefs  w.47,Willdenow's  integri- 
folium,  under  which  this  author  also  quotes  Haller's  47.  The 
'latter  is  a  most  distinct  species,  perfectly  smooth,  glaucous,  well 
compared  by  Haller  to  a  Bupleurum,  and  resembling  also  some 
of  the  smooth  species  of  Solidago.  The  leaves  are  lanceolate  -, 
those  of  the  stem  numerous,  narrow,  taper-pointed,  quite  en- 
tire, sessile,  hardly  clasping.  Stem  round,  strongly  furrowed, 
perfectly  solid,  not  tubular,  a  character  too  much  overlooked  by 
authors  who  have  attempted  to  discriminate  the  species  of  Hie- 
racium. The  Jiowers  are  nearly  twice  the  size  of  R  molle.  Calyx 
very  slightly  hairy,  cottony  at  the  base,  like  the  summit  of  each 
Jiower  stalk.  The  panicle  is  otherwise  smooth,  not  bristly  nor 
glandular,  and  bears  several  diminished  leaves,  resembling  those 
of  the  stem,   but  much  smaller.     Willdenow's  definition  and 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^QU.  Hieracium.   S6d 

description  of  this  plant  but  ill  accord  with  my  Swiss  specimens. 

There  seems  no  reason  to  suppose  it  a  native  of  Britain,  but  I 

subjoin  its  character  and  synonyms.     The  name,  taken  from 

Vaillant,  is  not  apposite. 
H.  succiscefolium.  Stem  solid,  furrowed,  leafy,  corymbose,  smooth, 

like  the  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  entire  leaves.  Calyx,  and  top 

of  the  flower- stalks,  somewhat  downy. 
H.  succisaefolium.     AlUon.  Pedem.  v.  1.  205,  without  character, 

figure,  or  description.    DeCand.  Fr.  v.  4.  28.     H.  inlegrifolium. 

mnd.v.3.\56S.     H.n.47.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  \.  20.     H.  glabrum, 

Succisae  folio,  prorsus  integro.     Vaill.  M^m.  de  VAc.  des  Sc.  710. 

n.  40.    Le  Monnier  Obs.  157. 

13.  H.  cerinthoides .     Honey  wort-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Stem  solid,  leafy,  corymbose,  somewhat  angular.  Leaves 
hairy,  slightly  toothed ;  the  uppermost  ovate,  pointed, 
clasping;  radical  ones  elliptic-oblong,  with  shaggy  fringed 
footstalks. 

H.  cerinthoides.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 129.     IVilld.  v.  3.  1580.     Sni.  Tr. 

of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  9.  242.      Comp.  ed.4.  131.      Engl.  Bot.  v.  34. 

t.  2378.   Hook.  Scot.  232.    GouanlUustr.  58.  t.  22./.  4.    Villars 

Dauph.v.2>.\\0.t.32} 
H.  pyrenaicum,  folio  cerinthes,  latifolium,  et  angustifolium,  Schola 

Bot.  189.      Vaill.  Mem.  de  VAc.  des  Sc.  707.  n.  16,  1  7.     Tourn. 

Inst.  472. 

On  rocks  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  not  uncommon.  Mr.  G. 
Don. 

Perennial.     August. 

Root  somewhat  woody,  blackish.  Herb  rather  glaucous.  Stem  1| 
or  2  feet  high,  erect,  stout,  cylindrical,  with  several  slight  an- 
gles, smooth,  or  nearly  so,  quite  solid,  corymbose,  leafy.  Ra- 
dical leaves  on  long,  flat,  very  shag;gy  footstalks,  elliptic-oblong, 
or  obovate,  from  3  to  5  inches  in  length,  acute,  sometimes  ob- 
tuse, either  nearly  entire,  or  beset  with  small  distant  teeth,  the 
surface  bes))rinkled  with  dots,  a  little  like  those  o(  Ccrint he,  but 
these  are  often  very  slight,  and  the  long  hairs  which  accompany 
them  are  variable  in  quantity  ;  stem-leaves  sessile,  ovate,  entire, 
taper-pointed,  fringed,  gradually  diminished  to  copious  leafy 
bracteas  on  the  rough  stalks  of  the  panicle.  Fl.  rather  large, 
pale  yellow,  on  bristly  glandular  stalks.  Cal.  covered  with 
shaggy,  but  short,  hairs.  Seeds  furrowed,  dark  brown.  Down 
minutely  rough. 

Our  plant  is  certainly  tliat  of  Linnieus,  and  a|)parently  of  DeCan- 
dolle.  It  accords  well  witii  (iou.ms  plate,  but  not  with  that  of 
Villars,  nor  with  specimens  from  Dau])hinv,  which  yet  may  pos- 
BJbly  be  but  varieties  of  the  same  species. 


366  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-..EQU.  Hieraciumi 

14.  Yi,villosum.     Shaggy  Alpine  Havvkweed. 

Stem  tubular,  leafy,  shaggy,  with  very  few  flowers.  Leaves 
oblong,  wavy,  unequally  toothed,  shaggy  as  well  as  the 
calyx.     Seeds  angular. 

H.  villosum.    Linn.  Sp.Pl.  1130.    milcl  v.  3.  1585.    J^.  Pr.  833. 

Engl  Bot.  V.  34.  t.  2379  ;  not  good.  Dicks.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  2. 

288.    Jacq.Justr.t.87. 
H.  n.  44.    Hall.  Hist.  v.l.lS. 
H.  n.  971.    Hall.  Enum.Rar.D4. 
H.  alpinum  hirsuto  folio  quintum.     Clus.  Pann.  643./.  644.    Hist. 

r.  2.  111./.  112.    Bauh.Hist.v.2.  1027.  f. 
H.  quintum  Clusii.     Ger.  Em.  301.  f. 
H.  alpinum,  latiore folio,  pilosum,  flore  majofe.    Pluk.  Almag.  184. 

Phyt.  t.\M.f.2. 
H,  alpinum  latifolium  villosum,   magno   flore.      Bauh.  Pin.  128. 

Moris.  V.  3.  70.  n.  62.  sect.  7.  t.  5./.  58. 
Welch  Hoary  Hawklung.  Petiv.  H.  Brit.  ^.  13./.  6  ;  cbpied  from  the 

figure  of  Clusius,  which,  through  the  mistake  of  Ray,  was  applied 

to  H.  alpinum. 

On  moist  alpine  rocks. 

On  Ben  Nevis.  Mr.  Dickson.  Ben  Lawers,  and  other  Scottish 
mountains.  Mr.  J.  Mackay.  Near  Meer  Gill,  at  the  foot  of  In- 
gleborough,  Yorkshire ;  Mr.  Caley.    Withering. 

Perennial.     August. 

Root  woody,  with  several  fibres.  Stem  upright,  a  foot  or  more  in 
height,  round,  striated,  hollow,  leafy,  unbranched,  often  quite 
simple  and  single-flowered,  but  not  unfrequently  divided  at  the 
summit,  and  bearing  2  or  more  flowers  which  are  very  large, 
near  2  inches  wide  when  fully  expanded,  lemon-coloured.  Leaves 
elliptic-oblong,  acute,  wavy,  with  shallow  unequal  teeth,  a  little 
glaucous,  and,  like  the  stem  and  calyx,  remarkable  for  their 
clothing  of  long,  shaggy,  hoary  hairs,  which  become  tawny  by 
keeping.  These  copious  long  hairs,  and  the  large  lemon-co- 
loured 3^ow;er5,  distinguish  this  species  from  every  other  of  Bri- 
tish growth.  The  seeds  are  chesnut-coloured,  more  angular 
than  striated,  with  a  very  smooth  surface.  Down  rough,  rather 
short. 

The  figure  in  Engl.  Bot.  taken  from  an  ill-chosen  garden  specimen, 
is  so  unlike  the  wild  plant,  that  I  cannot  wonder  if  Dr.  Hooker 
thought  it  a  difterent  species.  Our  H.  villosum  has,  however, 
little  affinity  to  H.  Halleri  of  Villars,  named  hybridum  in  his 
t.  26  ;  {DeCand.  Fr.  i;. 4. 1 9.  fVilld.  v.  3. 1 587,)  and  still  less  to 
H.  alpinum.  This  plant  of  Villars  is,  moreover,  pumilum  of 
Willd.  V.  3. 1562,  under  which  name  Mr.  Sieber  sent  specimens 
from  Styria.  It  does  not  clearly  appear  from  the  Fl.  Scot,  whe- 
ther this  or  villosum  was  gathered  on  Ben-y-more. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^iQU.  Hieracium.  367 

15.  Yi,  sabaudum.   Shrubby  Broad-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Stem  erect,  copiously  leafy,  many-flowered.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  sharply  toothed,  rough-edged,  somewhat 
clasping ;   hairy  beneatli. 

H. sabaudum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL\U\.  FL  Suec.27-i.   mild.v.3.  1589, 

FI.Br.S34.    EngLBot.v.5.t.3A9.    Hook.  Scot.  233.    FL  Dan. 

t.S72.  AIlion.Pelem.v.\.2\8.t.27.f.2.  Bauli.  Hist. v.  2.1030. 

/2. 
H.  n.  33.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  I.  15. 
H.  n.30.     Gmel.  Sib.v.2.  3^.t.  lA. 

H.  fruticosum  latifolium  hirsiitum.  Bank.  Pin.  129.    Raii  Sijn.  167. 
Broad  Hairy  Hawkkmgj  also  Narrow  Hairy  Hawklung.    Petiv.  H. 

Brit.  t.  13./.  7,  8. 
/3.  Hieracium  fruticosum  latifolium  glabrum.     Raii  Sijn.  168. 
Broad  Smooth  Hawklung.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  13./.  9. 
y.  Hieracii  seu  Pilosellaj  majoris  species  humilis^  foliis  longioribua 

rariiis  dentatis  plurimis  simul,  flore  singular!,  nostras.  Raii  Syn. 

ed.  2.  73.  ed.  3.  1 70.    Pluk.  Alniag.  1 83.    Phijt.  t.  37.  f.  3. 
Plukenefs  Mouse-ear.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 1 ./  6. 

In  coppices,  groves  and  thickets,  frequent. 

j5.  Near  Ulsvvater,  Westmoreland.     Ray. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

This  species,  in  its  usual  state,  is  very  distinct,  and  readily  known. 
The  stems,  though  annual,  have  a  shrubby  aspect,  and  are  far 
more  abundantly  leafy  than  any  of  the  preceding.  Thev  are  2  or 
3  feet,  or  more,  in  height,  erect,  wand-like,  stout,  roundish,  fur- 
rovved,  obscurely  angular,  rough  to  the  touch,  nearly  filled  with 
pith,  though  somewhat  tubular  in  the  upper  part,  which  is 
branched  and  panlcled  ;  the  lower  most  hairy.  Leaves  alternate, 
almost  or  quite  sessile,  and  partly  clasping  the  stem,  lA  or  2 
inches  long,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  ))ointed,  rough-edged,  sharply 
an(5  regularly  toothed  ;  dark  green  and  almost  smooth  above  j 
paler,  somewhat  glaucous,  and  hairy  or  rough,  beneath  •  the 
lower  ones  elliptical,  lengtliened  out  at  their  base.  Fl.  nume- 
rous, full  yellow,  oj)en  in  the  forenoon  only,  like  most  of  this 
tribe,  on  corymbose,  hairy  or  downy,  stalks,  forming  a  variously 
compound,  often  cymose,  jxuiiiie,  accom|)anied  by  many  small, 
ovate,  leafy  bracteas.  Cul.  brownish,  downy  and  hairy,  the 
outer  scales  lax.  Anth.  greenish.  Stigma  beset  with  blackish 
hairs.  .SVt'f/ angular  and  roughish,  dark  chesnut-coloured.  Doun 
rough.     Reccpf.  a  little  cellular,  and  hairy.    Whole  htth  milky. 

With  the  varieties  above  indicated  I  am  not  well  acquainted.  A 
nortii-country  plant  from  Mr  E.  Forstcr,  which  remains  unalter- 
ed by  culture,  seems  to  answer  to  the  f3 ;  but  of  thiw  1  have  no 
certain  evidence,  nor  can  I  clearly  define  it  us  a  species.  It  is 
smoother,    and    of   more    humble  stature,    than   our   common 


S68  SYNGENESlA-POLYGAM.-iEQU.  Hieracium. 

sabaudum,  of  which  there  is  in  Switzerland  a  smooth  as  well  as 
a  rough  variety. 

16.  \{.  denticulatum.     Small-toothed  Havvkweed. 

Stem  erect,  leafy,  solid,  many-flowered,  cymose,  with  downy 
glandular  stalks.  Leaves  sessile,  elliptic-lanceolate,  finely 
toothed,  smoothish  ;  glaucous  beneath. 

H. denticulatum.    Engl.Bot.v.3().t.2\22.  Comp.ed.4A32.  Hook. 

Scot.  23 1 . 
H.  prenanthoides.  FT.  Br.  835  ;  excl.  all  the  synonyms,  except 
H.  Kalmii.    Sym.U'S. 

In  woods  in  the  south  of  Scotland. 

About  Loch  Rannach,  Perthshire.  Mr. G.Don  and  Mr.  J.  Mackay. 
In  Harehead  wood,  near  Selkirk.  Mr.  Dickson. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Stem  a  yard  high,  much  more  slender  than  the  last,  upright,  round, 
striated,  roughish  to  the  touch,  nearly  or  quite  filled  with  pith, 
leafy  from  top  to  bottom.  Leaves  twice  the  size  of  the  preceding, 
much  thinner  and  more  pliant,  sessile,  but  scarcely  at  all  clasp- 
ing 3  minutely  toothed  at  the  edges,  and  somewhat  wavy  ;  glau- 
cous beneath,  with  a  hairy  mid-rib,  and  often  sparingly  besprin- 
kled on  both  sides  with  short  hairs  ;  the  edges  smooth,  or  not 
rougher  than  any  other  part.  FL  bright  yellow,  not  an  inch 
broad,  in  a  cymose  panicle,  whose  branches  are  downy,  and 
partly  glandular.  Bracteas  few  and  small.  Cal.  downy,  and 
clothed  with  short  taper  hairs,  a  little  viscid.  Seeds  angular, 
very  smooth.     Down  rough.     Recept.  cellular. 

On  comparison  with  Dauphiny  s})ecimens,  this  Hieracium  proved 
different  from  the  tcue  prenanthoides  of  Villars,  for  which  it  had 
been  taken,  and  it  is  still  more  unlike  the  American  H.  Kalmii. 

17.  \i  prenantJioides.     Rough-bordered  Hawkweed. 

Stem  erect,  leafy,  solid,  many-flowered,  corymbose,  with 
downy  glandular  stalks.  Leaves  somewhat  toothed, 
clasping,  rough  near  the  edge ;  glaucous  beneath ;  upper 
ones  heart-shaped. 

H.  prenanthoides.     Villars  Dauph.  v.  3.  1 08.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3. 

1590.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  32.  t.  2235.    Comp.ed.4. 132.    Hook.  Scot. 

232. 
H.  spicatum.    Allion.  Pedem.  t;.  1.  218.  f.  27,/.  1,  3.    Dicks.  Tr.  of 

Linn.  Soc.  v.  2.  288.    Crypt,  fasc.  2.  29. 

In  woods  and  thickets  in  the  south  of  Scotland.  Dickson. 
On  the  banks  of  the  Esk,  near  Forfar.  Mr.  G.  Don.     Near  Pit- 
main.  Mr.  J.  Mackay. 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-.^QU.  Hieracium.  Em 

Perennial.    Anguat. 

Like  the  last  in  size  and  general  habit,  but  essentially  distinct. 
The  stem  is  entirely  solid.  Leaves  clasping  the  stem  with  their 
dilated  rounded  base ;  rough  towards  the  margin,  and  at  the 
very  edge,  with  rigid  tawny  hairs.  FL  not  cymose,  but  covym- 
bosely  panicled,  their  stalks,  like  the  calyx,  rough  with  very  co- 
pious glandular  hairs. 

I  cannot  refer  this  or  the  last  to  any  of  Haller's  species,  many  of 
which  have  not  yet  been  detected  in  Britain. 

18.  H.  umhellatiun.    Narrow-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Stem  erect,  leafy,  almost  solid,  imperfectly  umbellate.  Leaves 
scattered,  linear,  slightly  toothed,  nearly  smootlC  as  well 
as  the  calyx. 

H.  umbellatum.    Lhm.^p.Vl.WZX.   «7//f/.  y.  3. 1.591.   /7./?r.835. 

Engl,  Bot.  V.  2.').  M  77 1 .    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  C.  t,  58.    Hook.  Scot. 

233.    Fl.Dan.f.eSO. 
H.  n.34.     Hall. Hist.  vA.\:y. 

H.  fruticosum  angustifolium  majus.  Bauh.  Pin.  129.   Rail  Syn.  1 68. 
H.  intybaceum.     Ger.  Em.  29S./. 
H.  primum.    Dod.  Pempt.  638.  f. 
H.  sabaudum.     Lob.  Jdvers.SS.    Dalech.  Hist.  570.  f. 
H.  alterum  grandius.    Lob.  Ic.  2A0.f. 

H.  rectum  rigldum,quibusdam  sabaudum.   Bauh.  Hist. v.  2.  1030./. 
Long  Hairy  Hawklung.      Pcfiv.  H.  Brit.  f.  13./.  8  j  and  Narrow 

Hairy  Hawklung.  /  10. 
/S.  Pulmonaria  angustifolia  glabra.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  168. 
Narrow  Smooth  Hawklung.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  13./  1  1 . 
y.  Pulmonaria  graminea.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  168. 
Gra.ss  Hawklung.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  13./.  12. 

In  groves,  gravelly  thickets,  and  shady  rocky  situations. 

Perennial.     Augu.^t,  September. 

Root  with  many  simple  fibres.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  but 
not  very  straight,  leafy,  round,  unbranchcd,  pithy,  with  a  small 
cavity  in  the  centre,  either  slightly  hairy,  or  quite  smooti),  co- 
rymbose, or  more  generally  inaccurately  umbellate,  at  the  sum- 
mit, in  which  part  it  is  often  attacked  by  insects,  producing  an 
oval  tumour,  as  represented  by  .John  PauKin.  Leaves  nume- 
rous, sessile,  linear,  or  linear-lanceolate,  distantly  toothed  ;  in  y 
very  narrow  and  quite  entire  ;  thev  are  often  roufiliish,  espe- 
cially at  the  margin,  and  slightly  hairy  ;  sometimes  quite  smootli ; 
always  bright  green  above  ;  paler  beneath.  /'/.  bright  yellow, 
not  very  numerous,  about  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  tiieir  stalks  mi- 
nutely downy.  Brarteas  linear,  few  and  small.  ( '<//.  dark  green, 
almost  perfectly  smooth,  except  at  the  very  base  j  the  tips  of  it.s 
scales  a  little  spreading  or  recurved.  Seeds  angular,  brown, 
finclv  dotted.      Down  rough.      Rt>cfj>l.  slightly  cellular. 

vol,.   III.  1    \i 


370     SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU.  Crepis. 

Several  doubtful  or  imperfect  specimens  of  Hierac'mm,  sent  from 
Scotland  by  the  late  indefatigable  and  sagacious  Mr.  George 
Don,  lead  me  to  concur  in  the  wishes  of  my  friend  Dr.  Hooker, 
that  an  accurate  examination  of  this  difficult  genus,  on  its  native 
mountains,  might  be  undertaken  by  competent  practical  bota- 
nists. One  of  these  specimens  leads  me  to  doubt  whether  it 
may  not  have  been  mistaken  for  H.  amplexicaule,  a  species  which, 
without  more  information,  I  scruple  here  to  admit.  Whoever 
wishes  to  render  himself  master  of  this  subject  should  have 
abundant  leisure  and  patience,  to  investigate  each  wild  species 
in  different  soils  and  situations,  and  to  cultivate  each  under  his 
own  continual  inspection.  They  might  then,  by  a  good  botanist, 
be  probably  cleared  up  without  much  uncertainty. 

378.  CREPIS.     Hawk's-beard. 

Linn.GenA03.  JussA69.  Fl.Br.SSG.  Lam.t.GrA.   Gcertn.t.\58. 
Hieracioides.     Vaill.  Mem.  de  VAc.  des  Sc.  712./.  47,  52. 

Common  Cal.  double ;  outermost  very  short,  lax,  tumid,  de- 
ciduous; inner  ovate,  simple,  furrowed,  permanent,  of 
several  linear  converging  scales.  Cor.  compound,  of  nu- 
merous, imbricated,  uniform,  perfect,  ligulate,  abrupt,  5- 
toothed  florets,  Filam.  capillary,  very  short.  Anth.  in 
a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  obovate-oblong.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  slightly  prominent.  Stigm.  ^,  spreading.  Seed- 
vessel  none,  the  inner  calyx  converging,  hardened.  Seed 
oblong,  acute.  Down  capillary,  radiating,  either  on  a 
roughish  stalk,  or  sessile.  Recept,  slightly  cellular,  or 
scaly,  with  a  few  bristly  hairs  interspersed. 

Annual,  biennial,  or  perennial,  upright,  branching,  bitter, 
more  or  less  milky,  herbs ;  with  pinnatifid,  sinuated,  or 
toothed,  leaves;  and  yellow,  rarely  reddish,  Jlowers.  The 
elevated  seed-down,  and  lax  external  calyx,  distinguish 
this  genus  from  Hieracium. 

1.  CfcEtida.     Stinking  Hawk*s-beard. 

Leaves  hairy,  pinnatifid,  with  reversed  teeth ;  on  toothed 
footstalks.     Stem  hairy.     Calyx  downy. 

C.  foetida.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 133.  TVilld.  v.  3.  1598.  Fl.  Br.  837. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  6.  t.  406.    Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fasc.  1 8.  20. 

C.  n.  29.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\2. 

Hieracium  castorei  odore,  monspeliensium.    Bail  Syn.  1G5. 

H.  luteum,  cichorii  sylvestris  folio,  amygdalas  amaras  olens.  Mo- 
ris, v. 3.  63.  sect.  7.  t.  4.f.  4. 

H.  foliis  cichorii  sylvestris  villosis,  odore  castorei.  Magnol  Monsp. 
129./: 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU.  Crepis.    S71 

Erigeron  tertium.    Dod.  Pempt.  041./. 

E.  tomentosum  alterum.     Ger.  Em.  279.  f. 

Erygeron  tomentosum.     Lob.  Ic.  226./. 

Senetionis  species  Dodonaei.    Dalech.  Hist.  577./. 

Castor  Hawk  weed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 2./  8. 

On  dry  chalky  ground,  but  rare. 

In  Cambridgeshire.  Ray,  Relhan.  In  Charlton  chalk-pits,  Kent. 
Petiver.  At  Barton,  Norfolk.   Rev.  Mr.  Forhy,  and  Mr.  Pitchford. 

Biennial.    June,  July. 

Root  tapering.  Herb  light  green,  moderately  hairy  all  over,  very 
milky,  with  a  strong  smell  of  bitter  almonds.  Stems  several, 
spreading,  a  foot  or  more  in  height,  the  central  one  only  being 
quite  erect  J  all  round,  solid,  leafy,  more  or  less  branched. 
Leaves  deeply  and  unequally  runcinate,  running  down  into 
winged  and  too{\\e<\  footstalks ;  the  terminal  lobe  large,  acutely 
triangular.  Fl.  several,  solitary,  on  long,  terminal,  furrowed, 
rough  stalks,  rather  swelling  upward.  Outer  Cal.  of  a  few  lan- 
ceolate scales,  shrinking  as  the  flower  fades ;  inner  hairy  and 
downy,  hardened  by  age,  and  permanently  erect.  Cor.  pale 
yellow  ;  of  a  delicate  red  underneath.  Seeds  tawny,  furrowed. 
Down  simple,  roughish,  on  a  long  rough  stalk.  Recept.  furnished 
with  short  hair,  fringing  its  shallow  cells.  The  Jiowers  droop  in 
the  bud,  and  after  expansion  close  very  early  in  the  day  ^  but  I 
believe  they  open  for  several  successive  mornings,  like  the  exotic 
C.  rubra.  This  last  is  Chondrilla  purpurascens  fcclida.  Bauh. 
Prodr.OS.f;  quoted  by  W'illdenow  for  Crepis  footida. 

2.  Cpulc/ira.     Small-flowered  Havvk's-beard. 

Leaves  downy,  toothed ;  radical  ones  obovate ;  the  rest 
somewhat  arrow-shaped  and  clasping.  Panicle  corym- 
bose, spreading.     Calyx  pyramidal,  smooth. 

C.  pulchra.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  ed.  1 .  806.  ed.  2.  1 134.    Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn. 

Soc.  V.  10.  34  1.      Comp.  ed.  4.  132.      Engl.  Dot.  v.  33.  t.  2325. 

Hook.  Scot.  233. 
Frenanthes  hicracifolia.     Ji'illd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  1541. 
P.  pulclira.     DeCand.  Fr.  v.  4.  7. 
Hieracium  pulchrum.    Bauh  Hist. v.  2.  1025./. 
H.  montanum  alterum,  leptomacrocaulon.     Column.  F.cphr.  248. 

/.  219. 
II.  annuum  montanum  frutirosius,  caule  canaliculato.    Mi)ris.  v.  3. 

C)H.  scct.7.  t.  :>.f.37. 
Lapsana  chondriiloides.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  I.  SI  2. 

On  rocky  hills  in  vScotland,  rare 

Amonj^st  cnunbling  rocks,  on  the  hill  of  Turin,  near  Fortar.    Mr. 

a.    I)n,i. 
Annual.     Junr  — September . 

Root  tapering.    /A  / A  finelv  downv,  milKv,  varying  miuli  in  lu\»ni- 

2  'n  J        ' 


37i    SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.^QU.  Crepis. 

ance.  Stem  from  I  to  2  feet  high,  eiect,  round,  furrowed,  hol- 
low, leafy  j  unbranched  below  5  panicled  above.  Leaves  with 
sharp,  shallow,  partly  reversed,  teeth  -,  radical  ones  obovate, 
tapering  down  into  twinged  footstalk ;  upper  ones  sessile,  acute, 
clasping  the  stem  with  their  arrow-shaped,  or  heart-shaped, 
bases.  Panicle  corymbose,  with  many  long,  wide-spreading, 
striated  branches.  'Bracteas  small,  acute,  solitary  at  the  base  of 
each  branch  or  flower-stalk.  Fl.  solitary  at  the  extremities  of 
the  branches,  erect,  small,  yellow,  closing  about  noon.  Cal. 
truly  that  of  a  Crepis,  the  scales  composing  the  outer  one  small, 
membranous  and  lax,  finally  withering,  if  not  deciduous  ;  those 
of  the  inner  parallel,  linear '5  at  first  smooth,  even,  and  flat,  but 
acquiring,  as  the  seed  ripens,  a  strong,  hard,  rounded,  prominent 
mid-rib,  which  last  is  a  peculiar  character.  Florets  downy  ex- 
ternally. Seed  slender,  finely  striated,  beaked.  Down  rough, 
sessile  on  the  summit  of  the  beak,  and  wanting  a  real  stalk; 
but  it  seems  to  me  that,  as  the  stalk  varies  in  length  in  several 
species,  this  part  is  of  less  weight  in  the  generic  character  than 
the  calyx,  which  is  so  peculiar.  The  florets  being  rather  nume- 
rous, in  several  rows,  agree  too  ill  with  the  essential  and  very 
peculiar  character  of  Prenanthes.  The  receptacle  is  small, 
slightly  cellular. 

3.  C.  tectorum.  Smooth  Hawk's-beard.  Smooth  Suc- 
cory Hawkweed. 

Radical  leaves  runcinate  ;  the  rest  clasping,  lanceolate  and 
toothed.   Stem  smooth.  Calyx  rough.  Seed-down  sessile. 

C. tectorum.    Linn.Sp.Pl.WZh.    Willd.v.Z.\^^\.    FLBr.837. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  16.  M 1 1 1.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  55.    Hook.  Scot. 

233.    FL  Dan.  t.  ^01. 
C.  n.33.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.\4. 
Hedypnois  tectorum.    Huds.  34 1 . 
Hieracium  luteum  glabrum,  sive  miniis  birsutum.    Rail  Syn.  165. 

Bauh.Hist.v.2.\024.f.\. 
H.  lactucae  folio.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  1 64. 
H.  aphacoides.     Ger.  Em.  297./. 
H.  foliis  et  facie  Chondrillse.     Lob.  Ic.  239./ 
H.  secundum.     Tahern.  Kreuterb.  491./ 
H.  Chondrillse  folio  glabrum.   Bauh.Pln.  127.  M  oris.  v. Z. ^7.  sect. 7 . 

t.7.f.29. 
Cichorium  pratense  luteum  Isevius.     Bauh.  Pin.  126. 
Hawkbeard.    Peiiv.  H.  Brit.  1. 12./  5,  6,  7, 

In  dry  pastures,  meadows,  and  waste  ground,  as  also  on  cottage 
roofs,  old  walls,  and  banks,  every  where. 

Annual.     June — September. 

A  very  variable  herb  in  shape  and  luxuriance,  as  well  as  smooth- 
ness, generally  of  a  fine  deep  shining  green,  nearly  smooth,  ex- 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-^QU.  Crepis.    373 

cept  the  calyx,  which  is  more  or  less  downy,  and  glanduhir.  Root 
tapering,  milky  like  the  rest  of  the  plant.  Stem  from  1  to  2  feet 
high,  leafy,  upright,  branched,  furrowed,  sometimes  slightly 
hairy,  always  stained  with  pur[)le  near  the  ramifications.  Leaves 
smooth,  variously  runcinate,  or  jagged,  the  upper  ones  dilated 
and  clasping  at  the  base,  where  also  they  are  most  toothed. 
Panicle  slender,  lax,  corymbose,  roughish,  with  awl-shaped 
hracteas.  FL  bright  yellow,  much  smaller  than  those  of  any 
other  common  plant  of  this  tribe,  except  Lapsana.  Outer,  as 
well  as  inner,  calyx  glandular,  and  rough  ;  the  former  of  several 
membranous,  withering,  but  scarcely  deciduous,  scales  ;  the 
atter  not  much  altered  after  flowering.  Seeds  furrowed.  Down 
rough,  sessile  like  the  last.  Recept.  with  shallow  rough-edged 
cells. 

4.  C.  bioinis.     Rough  Hawk's-beard. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  runcinate,  rough ;  their  lobes  toothed  in 
front.     Calyx  somewhat  bristly  and  downy. 

C.  biennis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 13G.      frdld.  v.  3. 1603.     FL  Br.  S3S. 

EngLBot.v.?>.t.  149. 
C.  n.  30.    IlalLHist  v.\.]3.    Davall. 
Hedypnois  biennis.     LIuds.  342. 
Hieracium  maximum,  Chondrillse  folio,  asperum.     Raii  Syn.  ir>6. 

Bank.  Prodr.  64;  according  to  his  herbarium.   Haller. 
H.  erucaefolium  hirsutum.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1025.^. 
Tall  Succory  Hawkweed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  12./.  10. 
/3.  Hieracium  Cichorei  folio  minus.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  165. 
Small  Succory  Hawkweed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  12./.  9. 

In  chalky  pastures. 

Plentiful' in  several  parts  of  Kent.  Ray,  Huds.  Near  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's. Mr.  Mathew. 

Biennial.     June,  July. 

Root  spindle-sliaped.  Stern  3  or  4  feet  high,  erect,  stout,  hollow, 
leafy,  corymbose,  very  strongly  furrowed ;  roughish  above ; 
purjjlish  below.  Radical  leaves  stalked,  obovatc,  unequally 
toothed  ;  those  about  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  pinnatifid,  or 
runcinate,  likewise  on  pur])lish  stalks;  uppermost  sessile,  clasp- 
ing, more  deeply  pinnatifid,  their  lobes  strongly  toothed  in 
front,  the  terminal  one  large;  all  rough  with  bristly  hairs,  espe- 
cially the  mid-rib  beneath.  FL  large,  lemon-coloured,  reddish 
underneath,  on  furrowed  stalks,  with  linear  hracteas.  Outer 
calyx  of  lax,  partly  membranous,  scales  ;  inner  of  longer  and 
more  downy  ones,  often  glandular  and  bristly,  at  first  flat,  but 
subsequently  ac(|iiiring  a  stout,  or  turgid,  mid-rib,  like  every 
true  Crepis'  .V<v/.v  striated,  crenate,  beaked.  7)()/r;j  roughisli, 
sessile  on  the  summit  of  the  beak,  so  as  to  appear  almost  stalked 
Ucccpt.  with  fringed  cells. 

;3  is  a  very  trifling  variety,  of  somewliat  liumbler  growth. 


374  SYNGENESIA—POLYGAM.-^QU.Hypocha^ris. 
379.  HYPOCHCKRIS.     Cat'sear. 

Linn.  Gen.  405.    Juss.  1/0.    Fl.  Br.  840.     Faill.  Mem.  de  VAc.  des 

.Sc.  740./.  21,  28.    Law./.  6.56.    Gcertn.t.lQO. 
Achyrophorus.    Gcertn.t.  ]d9. 

Common  Cal.  ovate,  imbricated,  with  lanceolate  acute  scales, 
the  outer  ones  gradually  smaller,  all  permanent,  un- 
changed. Cor.  compound,  of  numerous,  imbricated, 
uniform,  perfect,  ligulate,  abrupt,  S-tooihediJiorets.  Filam. 
capillary,  very  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ, 
obovate.  Style  thread-shaped,  prominent.  Stigmas  re- 
curved. Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  permanent,  finally 
spreading,  or  reflexed  calyx.  Seed  oblong,  acute,  fur- 
rowed, rough.  Doxim  feathery,  stalked,  or  partly  sessile. 
Recept.  chaffy,  with  linear-lanceolate  smooth  scales,  as 
long  as  the  seeds,  or  longer. 

Milky  herbs,  with  or  without  a  simple  or  branched  stem. 
Leaves  undivided,  toothed,  rough  or  smooth.  FL  various 
in  size,  yellow. 

1.  H  macidata.     Spotted  Cat's-ear. 

Stem  solitary,  nearly  naked,  mostly  simple.  Leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  undivided,  toothed. 

H.  maculata.    Linn.^p.Pl.WAO.    mild.  v.  3. 1620.    H.  Br.  840. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  4.  /.  225.    Hook.  Scot.  234.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  1 49. 
Hieracium  primum  latifolium.     Bail  Syn.  167.      Ger.  Em.  301./. 

Clus.  Hist.  V.  2.  139./.    Pann.  640./  641. 
H.  alpinum  latifolium  hirsutum  incanum,  magno  florc.  Moris,  v.  3. 

69.  sect.  7.  <.5./.53. 
Broad  Mouse-ear.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 1 ./  4. 

In  open  high  chalky  pastures. 

On  Newmarket  heath  and  Gogmagog  hills.  Ray,  Relhan.  On 
Bernuk,  or  Bernack,  heath,  Northamptonshire.  Bay.  On  Om- 
pherhead,  by  Cartmel  wells,  Lancashire,  very  plentifully  ;  Mr. 
Hall  5  and  near  Settle,  Yorkshire  ;  Mr.  Caley.  MVh.  At  Ick- 
lingham,  near  Bury,  Suffolk.  Sir  T.  G.  Ciillnm,  Bait.  In  dry 
woods  to  the  east  of  Forfar.  Mr.  G.  Don. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  externally  black,  thick,  running  deep  into  the  ground,  very 
milky,  like  the  herbage.  Leaves  all  radical,  except  in  luxuriant 
plants,  oblong,  very  irregularly  toothed,  rough  with  short  hairs, 
dark  green,  blotched  with  brown,  or  dark  red.  Stem  usually 
simple  and  single-flowered,  rarely  divided,  round,  roughish, 
hollow,  bearing  one  or  two  small  lanceolate  leaves,  which  might 
be  termed  hracteas,  and  the  stem  a  radical  stalk,  were  there  not 
sometimes  a  con.siderable  leaf  or  two  on  the  latter.     Fl.  large. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.  Hypochceris.  375 

yellow,  closing  in  the  afternoon.  Cal.  rough  with  black  as  well 
as  white  bristles.  Scales  oftherecep^ac/elong,  narrowband  mem- 
branous. Seeds,  according  to  Linnaeus,  wrinkled. 
Linnaeus,  as  well  as  Haller,  confounded  this  species  with  H.  helve- 
tica of  Jacquin,  Hallcr's  n.  2;  but  the  real  maculata  was  also 
found  in  Switzerland  by  Mr.  Davall. 

2.  H.  glabra.     Smooth  Cat's-ear. 

Nearly  smooth.  Calyx  ohlong,  regularly  imhricated.  Stems 
branched,  somewhat  leafy.  Leaves  toothed  or  sinuated. 
Down  of  the  marginal  seeds  sessile. 

H.  glabra.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 140.      IVilld.  r.  .3.  1621.     Fl.  Br.  841. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  8.  i.  575.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  53.      Hook.  Scot. 

234.    Fl.Dan.t.42A. 
H.n.*3.    IJall.Nomencl.X. 
Hieracium  parvum  in  arenosis  nascens,  seminum  pappis  densius 

radiatis.     RaiiSijn.  160. 
H.  alterum  laevius  minimum.     Column.  Ecphr.  v.  2.  28.  t,  27./.  2. 

On  heaths,  and  gravelly  ground  j  also  in  arable  land  where  the 
soil  is  sandy. 

On  the  gravelly  grounds  near  Middleton, Warwickshire.  Ray.  In 
Bedfordshire.  Abbot.  On  Cawston  heath,  Norfolk.  Rev.  H. 
Brijant.  In  turnip  fields  about  Norwich.  Mr.  Crowe.  Under 
Greenwich  park  wall,  on  Blackheath.  Curtis. 

Annual.    .June — August. 

Herb  milky  and  bitter,  extremely  variable  in  luxuriance,  of  a  bright 
shining  green,  and  almost  perfectly  smooth.  Stems  numerous, 
hollow,  smooth  ;  the  first  or  central  one  simple,  straight,  leaf- 
less, bearing  a  solitary  flower  j  the  rest  rather  spreading,  or 
partly  recumbent,  branched,  wavy,  slightly  leafy,  from  G  to  12 
or  IS  inches  higli.  Z.e«re.v  numerous  at  the  root,  oblong,  or 
tongue-shaped,  deeply  toothed,  or  slightly  sinuated,  occasion- 
ally fringed  or  partially  hairy  ;  those  on  the  stem  smaller,  alter- 
nate, sessile.  Ft.  on  terminal  stalks,  solitary,  small,  bright  yel- 
low, open  in  the  morning  only.  Cal.  slender,  smooth,  glaucous 
or  purplish ;  the  scales  flat,  regularly  imbricated,  finally  re- 
flexed.  Seeds  slender,  dark  brown,  finely  striated,  rougli  like  the 
doicn  and  its  stalky  v.'liich  latter  part  is  wanting  in  tliose  of  the 
circumference.  Scales  of  the  receptacle  very  thin  and  membra- 
nous, with  tajHT  ])oints  on  a  level  with  the  seed-down,  deciduous. 

Ilallcr  long  overlooked  this  sjiecies  in  Switzerland,  nor  was  it  at 
all  well  known  to  Hritisji  botanists  till  Mr.  Courtis's  excellent 
figure  and  deseiii)ti()n  a|)peared.  In  the  early  j)art  of  the  day, 
turnip  fields  are  visii)ly  bespangled  with  its  bright  l)lossoms  ■ 
but  after  they  close  it  is  less  readily  observable.  The  synonym 
(.f  Colunina,  though  cittd  l)y  Hay.  lias  l)ecn  generally  neglected. 


316  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-iEQU.  Lapsana. 

3.  H.  radkata.     Long-rooted  Cat's-ear. 

Leaves  runcinate,  bluiuish,  rough.  Stems  branched,  naked, 

smooth.     Flower-stalks  scaly.     Down  of  all  the  seeds 

stalked. 
H.  radicata.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1  40.     mild  v.  3.  1  622.     FL  Br.  842. 

Engl  Bot.  v.  1 2.  /.  83  1 .     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  52.    Hook.  Scot. 

234.     Fl.Dan.tAoi). 
H.  n.  3.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.3. 
Hieracium  longius  radicatum.     Rail  Syn.  165.     Ger.  Em.  298./. 

Lo6./c.  238./. 
H.  dentis  leonis  folio  obtuso  majus.    Bauh.  Pin.  127.    Moris,  v.  3. 

66.  sect.  7.  t.A.f.  27. 
H.  tertium.    Dod.  Pempt.  639./. 
Rough  Branched  Dandelion.    Petiv. H.  Brit.  t.W.f.W. 

In  pastures  and  waste  ground  every  where. 

Root  brown  externally,  tapering,  running  deep  into  the  ground  j 
internally  white  and  milky.  Steins  several,  branched,  spread- 
ing, round,  smooth,  rather  glaucous,  about  a  foot  high,  hollow, 
without  leaves,  except  the  small  lanceolate  scales,  solitary  un- 
der each  branch,  might  so  be  called  -,  but  they  rather  resemble 
hracteas,  and  were  it  not  for  the  close  analogy  of  the  last  spe- 
cies, whose  stems  are  in  part  truly  leafy,  the  present  might  be 
thought  to  have  only  radical  flower-stalks.  The  proper  leaves 
are  numerous  at  the  root,  pressed  close  to  the  earth,  choking 
all  plants  within  their  reach,  oblong,  bluntish,  runcinate,  rough 
with  rigid  hairs.  Fl.  large,  bright  yellow,  solitary  on  terminal, 
hollow^  swelling  stalks,  clothed  with  small,  scattered,  close,  awl- 
shaped  hracteas.  Calyx-scales  roughish  at  the  keel,  v.ith  pale, 
not  glandular,  bristles.  Scales  of  the  recepi.  thin,  awl-shaped, 
channelled.  Seeds  angular  and  rough.  Down  of  all  of  them 
stalked,  feathery. 

380.  LAPSANA.     Nipple-wort. 

Linn.  Gen.  405.    Fl.Br.  842.    Lam.  t.  655.     Gartn,  t.  157. 

Lampsana.    Jtm.  168.    Tourn.t.272. 

Common  Cal.  double,  ovate  ;  outermost  of  a  few  small,  short, 
ovate  or  linear,  scattered,  close  scales ;  inner  of  rather 
more  numerous,  linear,  channelled,  keeled,  acute,  nearly 
equal,  permanent  ones.  Cor.  compound,  of  several  im- 
bricated, uniform,  perfect,  ligulate,  broadish,  abrupt,  5- 
toothed j^ore/5.  Filam.  capillary,  extremely  short.  Anth, 
in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  obovate,  small.  Style  scarcely 
prominent.  Stigmas  spreading.  Seed-vessel  none,  ex- 
cept the  permanent-  converging,  inner  calyx.     Seed  ob- 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-/EQU.  Lapsana.  377 

long,  angular,  furrowed,  sniootli.     Duison  none.    Recept. 
naked,  flat,  narrow. 
Herbs  various  in  habit,  more  or  less  milky,  with  or  without 
a  leafy  stem.     Leaves  toothed,  or  pinnatifid.     Fl.  small, 
yellow. 

1.   L.  communis.     Common  Nipple-wort. 

Calyx  of  the  fruit  angular.  Stem  branched,  panicled,  leafy. 
Leaves  ovate,  stalked,  toothed.  Flower-stalks  cylindri- 
cal, even. 

L.  communis.  Linn.Sp.Vl.WW.  Jrilld.v.S.  \624.  FI.Br.842. 
En^L  Bot.  r.  1 2.  ^  844.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1 .  <.  59.  Hook.  Scot. 
234.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  500. 

L.  n.6.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  4. 

Lampsana.  Rail  %«.  173.  Ger.  Em.  255./.  Dod  Pempt.  67^  f. 
Bank.  Hist.  v.±  1028./.  Lob.  Ic.207.f.  Dalech.  Hi.i.  54\  .f.2. 

Nipple- wort.     Petiv.H.  Brit.  t.  14./  12. 

In  waste  as  well  as  cultivated  ground,  freqs  ent. 

Annual.    Jime,  July. 

Root  branching,  with  many  fibres  ;  simple  at  the  crown.  Herb 
deep  green,  a  little  hairy.  Stem  solitary,  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect, 
round,  branched,  leafy,  almost  solid,  nearly  or  quite  smooth. 
Leaves  ])liant  and  thin,  somewhat  hairy  ;  radical  ones  lyrate  ; 
upper  alternate,  stalked,  ovate,  acute,  toothed.  Panicle  re- 
peatedly divided,  erect.  Flower-stalks  round,  naked,  smooth, 
of  equal  thickness  throughout,  with  a  linear-lanceolate,  pointed 
bractea  at  the  base  of  each.  Fl.  very  small,  bright  yellow.  Cal. 
smooth,  hardened  when  closed  about  the  seeds,  wliich  are  few, 
angular,  without  any  down,  or  crown  of  any  kind. 

The  ICnglish  name  alludes  to  an  old  idea  of  the  herb  curing  sore 
breasts,  for  which  Camerarius  reports  that  it  has  been  used  in 
Prussia . 

2.   \j.  pusilla.  Dwarf  Nipple-wort.    Swine's  Succory. 

Stalks  radical,  leafless,  subdivided;   swelling  and  tubular  at 

the  sunnnit.      Leaves  obovate,  rough-edged,  toothed. 
L.  pusilla.   Jnild.Sp.Pl.v.'3.\623.   Comp.  ed.  4.  ]'A3.   Hook.  Land. 

t.  (J5. 
L.  minima.     Hook.  Scot.  234. 
L.  n.  4.     Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  4. 
Ilvoscris  minima.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1  138.     Huds.  3  If).      Fl.  Br.  839. 

'Fnirl.  Bot.  V.  2.  t.  95.     Fl.  Dan.  t.  20 1 .     Fhrh.  Herb.  30. 
H.mascula.    Ger.  Am.  28H./. 
Arnoscris  pusilla.     Gccrtn.  v.  2.  355.  t.  157.7.  •^• 
liiiiiuium    minimum  Clusii,   Ilvoscris   TaberiuiMuonlaiu    cJ   (m - 

r.«r(h.     Bn>\  Si/n.  I  73. 


378  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.  Cichorium. 

H.  minimum.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  143./.     Pann.  647./.  649. 
Intybus,  sive  Endivia  lutea  minima,  &c.     Moris,  v.  3.  53.  sect.  7. 

t.  ].f.8. 
Small  Swine's  Succory.    Peiiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  15./.  9. 

In  gravelly  fields. 

About  Hampton  Court.  Doody.  AtWalthamstow.  Sir  W.  Watson, 
and  Mr.  E.  Forster.  Dorsetshire.  Dr.  Pulteney.  Bedfordshire. 
Rev.  Dr.  Abbot.  Near  Arminghall  wood,  3  miles  south  of  Nor- 
wich. 

Annual.    June. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Leaves  all  radical,  depressed,  obovate-ob- 
long,  strongly  toothed,  scarcely  hairy,  but  rough  at  the  edges. 
Stalks  several,  more  or  less  branched  and  swelling  above  ;  slen- 
der and  purplish  below  )  round,  smooth,  terminating  in  a  few 
hollow,  tumid  partial-stalks,  each  bearing  a  small,  bright,  yet 
not  full  yellow,^oit'er.  Cal.  smooth  ;  its  scales  all  linear,  point- 
ed ;  the  inner  ones  finally  channelled  and  hardened.  Seeds  an- 
gular, smooth,  each  crowned  with  an  elevated  border,  as  ex- 
pressed in  Engl.  Bot.  and  well  magnified  by  Gaertner,  though 
less  obvious  in  Dr.  Hooker's  otherwise  excellent  plate.  The  re- 
ceptacle is  smooth,  slightly  cellular. 

Dr.  Hooker  justly  adverts  to  an  erroneous  passage  in  Engl.  Bot., 
"  seeds  crowned  with  an  elevated  rim,  more  rarely  with  short 
simple  do?t-w."  The  first  part  of  this  sentence  is  correct  j  the 
latter  originated  in  the  generic  character  given  by  Linnaeus,  ap- 
plied by  him  to  the  present  plant,  in  consequence  of  a  mistaken 
specimen  in  his  herbarium,  whose  origin  I  cannot  trace,  but 
which  he  marked  minima,  affixing  it  to  an  authentic  one.  The 
description  in  Fl.  Brit,  is  nevertheless  accurate. 

381.  CICHORIUM.     Succory. 

Linn.  Gi^n. 406.  Juss.\7\.  FL  Br.  84S.  Tourn.t.272.  Lam. 
t.  658.     Gcertn.  1. 157. 

Common  Cal.  double,  cylindrical  ;  outermost  of  a  few  ob- 
long, rather  lax,  shortish  scales ;  inner  of  8  or  more, 
longer,  converging,  linear,  equal  ones,  permanent,  at 
length  recurvecl.  Cor.  com  pound,  of  about  20  spread- 
ing, somewhat  imbricated,  ligulate,  abrupt,  deeply  .5- 
toothed,  perfect  florets.  Filam.  capillary,  very  short. 
Anth.  in  a  pentagonal  tube.  Germ,  obovate.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  equal  with  the  stamens.  Stigmas  revolute.  Seed- 
vessel  none,  except  die  converging  calyx.  Seed  obscurely 
5-sided,  abrupt.  Doxvn  of  several  chaffy  upright  bristles, 
shorter  than  the  seed.  Hccept.  slightly  chaffy,  beset  with 
a  few  upright  slender  scales,  shorter  than  the  seed. 

Milky,  bitter,  perennial  or  biennial,   upright,  leafy  herbs, 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.  Arctium.   379 

rendered  mild  and  eatable  by  culture.     Leaves  oblong, 
pinnatifid  and  toothed.     FL  blue,  large  and  handsome. 

1.  C.  Intyhus.     Wild  Succory. 

Flowers  in  pairs,  both  nearly  sessile.     Leaves  runcinate. 

C.  Intybus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 42.  milcL  v.3.\  628.  Fl.  Br.  843. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  8.  t.  .539.  Curt.  Land.  fuse.  4.  t.  5G.  Mart,  Rust. 
1. 144.    Jroodv.  suppl.  t.  248.    UooL  Scot.  234.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  907. 

C.  n.  1.    Hall.  Ilist.v.  1.1. 

C.  sylvestre.  RaiiSyn.\72.  Ger.Em.2Si.f.  Matth.  Falgr.v.  \. 
458./    Bauh.  Hist.  r.  2. 1007./.  1008. 

C.  sylvestre,  sive  officinarum.    Bauh.  Pin.  125. 

Cichovea.     Trag.  Hist.  272.  f. 

Intubus  sylvestris.    Camer.  Epit.  285./ 

Intubum  sylvestre.    Fuchs.  Hist.  679./    Ic.  390./ 

I.  sylvestre  angustifolium,    Dalech.  Hist.  557./ 

Wild  Succoiy.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  1. 14./  1 1 . 

About  the  borders  and  ridges  of  fields,  and  by  road  sides,  chiefly 
on  a  gravelly  or  chalky  soil,  frequent. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

jRoo<  spindle-shaped,  fleshy,  whitish,  milky.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high, 
either  erect  or  oblique,  solid,  round,  furrowed,  rough  with  bristly 
hairs,  leafy,  alternately  branched,  very  tough.  Radical  leaves 
numerous,'  spreading,  above  a  span  long,  runcinate,  toothed, 
roughish  ;  those  on  the  stem  much  smaller,  sessile,  less  lobed, 
the  upper  ones  heart-shaped,  taper-pointed,  entire.  Fl.  large  and 
luindsome,  of  a  beautiful  bright  blue,  axillary,  in  pairs,  all  nearly 
or  quite  sessile.     Cal.  roughish,     Anth.  and  stigm.  blue. 

The  root  roasted  is  a  substitute  for  Coftee  in  some  parts  of  Ger- 
many, and  is  said,  when  simply  dried,  to  have  served  to  make 
bread.  The  herb,  in  a  luxuriant  cultivated  state,  is  an  excellent 
early  fodder  for  horses  and  cows.  Prof.  Miu-tyn  has  detailed  all 
its  agricultural  j)ropertics. 

Sometimes  the Jlou-ers  are  found  of  a  brilliant  white. 

**   Florefs  allfuhuhn;  xvil/i  a  Jivr-r/r/'f  sprcddiu^j^  limb  ;   an 

enlirclij  natural  order. 
Composita:,  a,  eapitat(r.  Linn.  \-9.   V'lnarocephaUc.  Juss.  .54. 
See  Grammar  121. 

Wm.   AUCTIUx\r.      Burdock. 

Lauh.  GV'/j.407.     fl  /?r.Sll. 

J/ippa.     Juss.\'j:\.     Tourti.  t  2:>C}.     Lam.  t.  GCki.     iiintn.t.MVZ. 

Common  Cat.  globular,  injbricated,  of  luuiu  rous,  lanceo- 
late, tapering  scales,  ending  in  aul->li;i|>((l,   liooktd,   irj- 


3S0   SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.  Arctium. 

flexed,  spinous  points,  permanent.  Cor.  compound,  uni- 
form ;  Jlorefs  numerous,  all  perfect,  equal,  tubular ;  the 
tube  very  long  and  slender ;  limb  wider,  ovate,  in  5  li- 
near, regular,  spreading  segments.  Filam,  5,  from  the 
tube,  capillary,  very  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  5- 
toothed  tube,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Germ,  oblong, 
downy  at  the  summit.  Style  thread-shaped,  longer  than 
the  stamens.  Stigm.  2,  reflexed.  Seed-vessel  none,  ex- 
cept the  permanent  closed  calyx,  falling  off  entire.  Seed 
1  to  each  floret,  inversely  pyramidal,  with  4  unequal 
blunt  angles,  abrupt.  DoW7i  a  tuft  of  simple  rough  bris- 
tles, shorter  than  the  seed.  Recept.  flat,  covered  with 
narrow,  linear,  chaffy  scales,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Large,  branching,  downy,  biennial  herbs;  with  alternate, 
undivided  leaves;  and  numerous,  terminal,  purple^ow^rs. 

1.  A.  Lappa,     Common  Burdock,  or  Clot-bur. 

Leaves  stalked,  heart-shaped,  wavy,  without  prickles.  Calyx 
when  in  seed  nearly  smooth. 

A.  Lappa.      Linn.  Sp.  PL  1143.      Willd.v.3.  1631.      Fl.  Br.  844. 

Comp.  ed.  4.  1 33.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  1 8.  L  1228.   Curt.  Lond.  fasc.  4. 

t.  55.    Woodv.  t.\D.    Hook.  Scot.  235. 
Lappa  n.  1 6 1 ,  |S.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  70. 

L.  major,  Arcium  Dioscoridis.    Bauh.  Pin.  198.    Raii  Syn.  197. 
L.  major.     Trag.  Hist.  837. /.    DeCand.  Fr.  v.  4.  77. 
Personata  sive  Lappa  major.      Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  497./.     Camer. 

Epit.  887./.    Dalech.  Hist.  1055./ 
P.  Lappa  major,  Bardana.    Lob.  Ic.  588./ 
Bardana  major.    Ger.  Em.  809./ 
Burdock.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  23./  1. 

/S.  Lappa  major,  capitulo  glabro  maxirno.    DHL  in  Raii  Syn.  196. 
y.  L.  vulgaris  major,  capitulis  foliosis.     Pluk.  Almag.  205.     DHL 

in  Raii  Syn.  197. 
L.  rosea.     Bauh.  Prodr.  102,  not  210. 
Rose  Burdock.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  23./  2. 

h.  Lappa  major,  capitulis  parvis  glabris.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  197. 
L.  n.  161,7.    HalLHisLv.\.70. 
Small-headed  Burdock.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  L  23.  f.  3. 

In  waste  ground,  by  way  sides,  and  on  dunghills,  common. 

The  varieties  I  have  not  met  with. 

Biennial.     July,  August. 

Root  tapering,  fleshy.  Stem  erect,  3  feet  or  more  in  height,  solid, 
leafy,  round,  furrowed,  with  many  wide-spreading  branches. 
Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  broad,  heart-shaped,  undulated,  veiny  j 
three-ribbed  at  the  base  ;  somewhat  hoary  and  downy  beneath. 


SYNGENESIA— P0LYGAM.-.T:QU.  Arctium.   581 

Fl.  axillary,  either  sessile  or  stalked,  generally  globose,  with 
little  or  no  woolliness  about  the  calyx ;  in  y  encompassed  with 
a  few  small  leaves  ;  in  S  said  to  be  rather  ovate,  not  larger  than 
filberds.  F/ore/*',  with  their  ajithers  and  stigmas,  purple.  The 
calyx,  when  in  seed,  easily  breaks  from  its  stalk,  and  is  well 
known  by  the  name  of  a  Bur,  sticking  to  the  coats  of  animals, 
and  the  hair  or  clothing  of  young  rustics,  which  can  hardly  be 
cleared  of  such  incumbrances  without  breaking  the  scales 
asunder  and  scattering  the  seeds. 
The  surface  of  the  herbage  leaves  a  slightly  viscid,  very  bitter, 
exudation  on  the  fingers.  The  plant  itself,  a  very  cumbrous 
weed,  is  removed,  the  first  year  of  its  growth,  by  stubbing,  like 
other  things  comprehended  by  farmers  under  the  name  of  docks, 
and  paid  for  accordingly  to  tlie  weeder. 

2.   A.  Bardana,     Woolly-headed  Burdock. 

Leaves  stalked,  heart-shaped,  nearly  entire  and  even,  with- 
out prickles.     Calyx  when  in  seed  cottony. 

A.  Bardana.  WilU.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1 632.  Comp.  ed.  4.  133.  Engl. 
Bot.v.35.  L247S. 

A.  Lappa.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 143  /3.    FL  Dan.  t.  642. 

Arction  montanum,  et  Lappa  minor  Galeni.    Lob.  Ic.  587./. 

Lappa  n.  161,  a.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  70. 

L.  tomentosa,    JUion.  Pedem.  v.  1.  144.     DeCand.  v.  A.  77. 

L.  major  montana,  capitulis  tomentosis.      Raii  Syn.  197. 

Personata,  sive  Lappa  major,  altera.  Matth.  J  algr.  v.  2.  4dS./. 
Dalech.HisLXOo.'y.f. 

Personalia.    Fuchs.  Hist.  72.  f.     /c.  4 1 .  f. 

Great  Woolly-headed  Burdock.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  23./.  o. 

/S.  Lappa  major  montana,  capitulis  minoribus,  rotundioribus  et 
magis  tomentosis.     Raii  Syn.  11)7. 

Personata  altera,  cum  capitulis  villosis.     Bauh.  Hist.  r.  3.  ,571.  /'. 

Small  Woolly -headed  Burdock.    Pttiv.  //.  Brit.  t.  23./.  4. 

y.  Lappa  major  ex  omni  parte  minor,  capitulis  parvis,  elegant^r 
reticuUitis.     Pink.  Alma '^.20:).     Raii  Sun.  l!)7. 

Cobweb-headed  Burdock.  '  Petw.  //.  Bnl.  t.  23./.  6. 

In  waste  ground,  by  way  sides,  and  among  rubbish,  common. 

^.  On  mountains  in  the  north  of  England. 

Biennial.    .//////,  Ai/oust. 

Like  the  foregoing  in  size  and  habit,  but  the  leaves  are  less  undu- 
lated, more  downy  beneath.  Stem  of  a  dull  red.  Cal.  globose  ; 
in  (S  smaller  and  more  deijrcBsed  ;  in  all  the  varieties  the  scales 
are  interwoven  with  dense,  white,  cottony  down. 

Professor  U'illdenow  declares  that  he  has  often  raised  this  second 
sj)ecies  from  seed,  and  found  it  con>tant.  In  deference  to  his 
autliority,  1  have  distinguished  these  two  species,  enumerating 
the  rej)uted  varieties  of  each,   that  botanists,  who  wish  to  pur- 


3S2  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^.QU.  Serratula. 

sue  the  inquiry,  may  ascertain,  by  culture  and  observation,  how 
far  any  of  them  are  entitled  to  rank  as  species.  I  do  not  pro- 
fess to  have  investigated  the  subject. 

383.  SERRATULA.     Saw-wort. 

Linn.  Gen.  408.  Juss.  174.  Fl.  Br.  845.  Dill.  Gen.  138.  t.  8. 
Lam.  t. 666.     Gcertn.  t.\62. 

Common  CaL  oblong,  nearly  cylindrical,  imbricated,  of 
numerous,  lanceolate,  unarmed  scales,  permanent,  un- 
changed. Cor.  compound,  uniform  ;  florets  rather  nu- 
merous, perfect,  equal,  tubular,  funnel-shaped ;  the  limb 
in  5  deep  equal  segments.  Filam.  capillary,  very  short. 
Anth,  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  the  length  of  the  corolla. 
Germ,  obovate.  Stfle  thread-shaped,  scarcely  promi- 
nent. Stigm,  oblong,  reflexed.  Seed-vessel  none  but  the 
unaltered  calyx.  Seed  obovate,  somewhat  angular.  Dow7i 
sessile,  rough,  or  feathery,  permanent.  UecepU  chaffy, 
or  hairy,  flat. 

Perennial  upright  herbs;  with  serrated  or  pinnatifid,  rarely 
entire  leaves,  Fl.  corymbose,  terminal,  erect,  crimson 
or  purple,  in  some  incompletely  dioecious.  Seed-doum  in 
some  merely  rough  ;  in  others  finely  feathery. 

1.  S.  ttnctoria.     Common  Saw-wort. 

Leaves  with  copious  bristly  serratures,  pinnatifid,  some- 
what lyrate;  terminal  lobe  largest.  Seed-down  roughish. 

S.  tinctoria.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 144.  tVilld.  v.  3. 1638.  FL  Br.  845. 
E7igl.Bot.v.\.t.38.  Hook.  Scot.  235.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  281.  Besl. 
Hart.  Eyst.  cBstiv.  ord.  W.  t.4.f.  2. 

Serratula.  Raii  Syn.  196.  Bauh.  Pin.  235.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2. 
295.  /.  Camer.  Epit.  682.  f.  Ger.  Em.  713.  f.  Lob.  Ic.  534./. 
Bauh.  Hist.  V.3. 23./.  Dod.  Pempt.  42.  f.  Dalech.  Hist.  1357./. 

Carduus  n.  163.    Hall, Hist. v.\.7]. 

Common  Saw-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  22.  f.  6. 

(3.  Broad  Saw-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  22.  f.  5. 

In  groves,  thickets,  and  grassy  pastures. 

Perennial.     July,  August. 

Root  rather  woody.  Herb  rigid,  smooth  and  shmmg.  Stem  erect, 
straight,  2  or  3  feet  high,  angular,  striated,  solid,  often  reddish, 
not  branched,  except  at  the  summit.  Leaves  variously  pinna- 
tifid, in  more  or  less  of  a  lyrate  manner  ;  in  (5  all  undivided  j 
always  acute,  with  fine,  copious,  bristly  serratures ;  now  and 
then  downy  beneath.  FL  corymbose,  handsome,  of  a  purplish 
crimson.  CaL  somewhat  coloured  ;  the  edges  of  its  scales  downy. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-yEQU.  Serratula.  383 

Seed-down  shorter  than  thejlorets,  bristly,  unequal,  yellowish, 
partly  rough,  not  feathery. 

This  plant  gives  a  yellow  colour  to  wool,  for  which  purpose  Lin- 
naeus says  it  is  much  used  in  Sweden,  Haller  records,  on  the 
authority  of  some  foreign  writers,  that  the  above  colour,  fixed 
by  means  of  alum,  is  both  beautiful  and  permanent,  and  with 
the  addition  of  blue,  makes  a  better  green  than  either  Reseda 
Luteola,  or  Genista  thictoria,  for  dyeing  wool  or  silk. 

The  Rev.  R.  Bree,  Mr.  R.  Brown  and  the  late  Mr.  T.  Smith  have 
observed  the  flowers  of  this  species  to  be  in  effect  dioecious, 
those  on  one  plant  having  imperfect  anthers,  those  on  another 
abortive  stigmas.     See  Tr.  of  Linn.  Sac.  v.  12.  123.  v.  13.593. 

2.  S.  alpina,     Alpine  Saw-wort. 

Leaves  undivided,  distantly  toothed ;  cottony  beneath. 
Calyx  rather  ovate,  finely  downy.   Seed-down  feathery. 

S.  alpina.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1145.  IVilld.  v.  3.  1641.  Fl.  Br.  84G. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  t.  599.    Light/.  448.  t.  1 9.    Hook.  Scot.  235. 

Cirsium  n.  1/9.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  77.  t.  6. 

C.  humile  montanum,  Cynoglossi  folio,  polyanthemum.  Raii  Syu. 
193.    Dill.  Elth.  82.  t.  70. 

C.  alpinum,  Boni  Henrici  folio.     Tourn.  Inst.  448. 

Carduo-cirsium  minus,  cambro-britannicum,floribusplurimis  sum- 
mo  caule  congestis.     Pluk.  Abnag.  83.    Phijt.  t.  154./.  3. 

Carduus  mollis,  foliis  lapathi.     Ger.  Em.  1184./. 

C.  mollis,  lapathi  folio.  Bauh.  Hist.  f.  3.  46./.  47.  Clus.  Pann. 
663./.  664. 

/3.  Serratula  alpina.     Fl.Dan.  t.  37. 

Cirsium  montanum  polyanthemum,  salicis  folio  angusto  denticu- 
lato.     Raii  Si/n.  193. 

In  the  fissures  of  alpine  rocks. 

On  Snowdon,  and  other  high  mountains  of  North  Wales.  Ray. 
In  several  parts  of  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Light/.  Hooker. 

Perennial.     Juhj,  August. 

Root  rather  woody,  bJackisii.  Stems  simple,  erect,  round,  downy, 
from  3  to  12  inches  high.  Leaves  very  various  in  length  and 
breadth,  usually  ovate,  inclining  to  heart-shaped;  in  /3  lanceo- 
late, or  linear;  always  acute,  witli  unerpial,  sharp,  spinous 
teeth,  not  sufhciently  expressed,  as  Haller  observes,  in  the 
wooden  cuts  of  (lusius  and  others  ;  the  upper  side  of  a  fine 
green,  and  nearly  smooth;  under  cottony,  very  white;  the 
lower  leaves  on  longish  channelled /oo/i7(///i,v.  Fl.  few,  in  a  co- 
rymbose tuft,  pink  with  blue  (inthcrs,  very  liandsome,  the  partly 
downy  calyx-scales  tipped  witii  purple  or  brown.  Sted-douii  im 
lung  as  the  corolla,  copiously  leathery. 


384  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-.^LQU.  Carduus. 
384.  CARDUUS.     Thistle. 

Linn.  Gen.  408.  Jim.  1 73.  Fl.  Br.  847.  sp.  2, 3,  4, 7.  Lam.  t.  663. 
Silybum.     Gcertn.  t.  163. 

Common  Cal.  tumid,  imbricated,  of  numerous,  lanceolate, 
spinous-pointed  scales,  permanent.  Cor.  compound,  near- 
ly or  quite  uniform  ;  Jlorets  very  numerous,  perfect,  equal, 
tubular,  funnel-shaped ;  tube  slender,  recurved ;  limb 
ovate  at  the  base,  with  5  linear  segments,  one  of  which 
is  a  little  distant  from  the  rest.  Filam.  capillary,  very 
short.  Anth.  in  a  5-toothed  cylindrical  tube,  about  equal 
to  the  corolla.  Germ,  obovate.  S/j/le  thread-shaped,  pro- 
minent. Stigma  simple,  or  cloven,  oblong,  naked.  Seed- 
vessel  none  but  the  converging  unaltered  calyx.  Seed  po- 
lished, obovate,  with  4-  slight  unequal  angles,  and  a  slen- 
der, terminal,  cylindrical  point.  Down  sessile,  capillary, 
rough,  very  long,  annular  at  the  base,  embracing  the 
point  of  the  seed,  and,  when  that  shrinks,  deciduous. 
Recept.  flat,  hairy. 

Herbage  beset  with  innumerable  straight  spines,  on  the 
margins  and  teeth  of  the  leaves,  and  wings  of  the  stem. 
Fl.  crimson  or  purple,  terminal,  solitary  or  aggregate  ; 
casually  white  ;  often  imperfectly  dioecious.  Root  mostly 
annual  or  biennial. 

*  Leaves  deeiirrent. 

1.  Q.  nutans.     Musk  Thistle. 

Leaves  interruptedly  decurrent,  spinous.    Flowers  solitary, 

drooping.       Calyx-scales    lanceolate;    their  upper  part 

spreading. 

C.  nutans.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 150.      IVilld.  v.  3.  1  648.      Fl.  Br.  848. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.\6.  t.  1112.      Hook.  Scot.  235.      Fl.  Dan.  t.  675. 

Rail  Syn.  1 93.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1 .  56./. 
C.  n.  167.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.73. 
C.  muscatus.     Ger.Em.  1174;  descr.  only. 
Acanthium  sylvestre.     Besl.  Hort.  Eyst.cestiv.  ord.  11.  t.S.f.  2. 
Onopyxos  tertius.    Dalech.  Hist.  1472.  f. 
Musk  Thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.2\.f.\. 
In  waste  ground,  fallow  fields,  and  dry  barren  pastures,  on  a  chalky 

or  gravelly  soil. 
Annual.    July,  August. 
Root  spindle-shaped.     Stem  erect,  2  or  3  feet  high,  solid,  more 

or  less  branched,  many-angled,  with  narrow,  leafy,  sinuated, 

spinous  wings,  running  down  from  the  pinnatifid,  slightly  hairy 


SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Carduus.  385 

and  cottony,  likewise  toothed  and  spinous,  leaves.  FL  on  downy, 
round,  terminal  stalks,  solitary,  drooping,  crimson,  large  and 
handsome,  with  a  sweet  musky  scent  at  all  times  of  the  day, 
in  warm  weather.  Calyx-scales  spreading,  sharply  spinous, 
somewhat  leafy.  Seeds  compressed,  polished,  marked  with  dot- 
ted lines.     Down  minutelv  rough. 

2.  C  acanthoides.     Welted  Thistle. 

Leaves  decurrent,  sinuated,  very  spinous.  Flowers  aggre- 
gate, somewhat  stalked.  Calyx  globose  ;  scales  linear, 
partly  recurved. 

C.  acanthoides.  Lbm.  Sp.  Pl.UbO.  Willd. v.  3.1650.  FZ.Pr.848. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  14.  t.  973.  With.  698.  Hull  235.  Hook.  Scot.  236. 
J  acq,  Aiis.tr.  <.  249. 

C.  crispus.     Huds.  3o0.    Light/.  452. 

C.  polyacanthos.     Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  54.    Schreb.  Lips.  15. 

C.  caule  crispo.     Raii  Syn.  194.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.p.\.  59./. 

C.  spinosissimus  vulgaris,  Polvacantha  Theophrasti.  Lob.  Ic.  v.  2. 
21./ 

Polyacanthos.     Ger.  E)n.  \\73.f.    Dalech.  Hist.  1473.  f. 

Welted  Thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.2\.f.2. 

About  hedges  and  in  dry  waste  ground,  not  very  common. 

Annual.    JunCy  July. 

Root  long  and  tapering.  Stem  about  a  yard  high,  much  branched, 
with  copious,  wavy,  continuous,  spinous  wings.  Herbage  green, 
scarcely  at  all  downy.  Lec/t^esdeeplypinnatifid  and  sinuated,  green 
on  both  sides,  very  spinous,  decurrent ;  radical  ones  stalked. 
FL  crowded  at  the  tops  of  the  branches,  purplish-crimson,  not 
half  the  size  of  the  last,  being  hardly  an  inch  broad.  Cal.  very 
slightly  downy  ;  its  scales  narrow,  evidently  spinous,  some  of 
the  inner  ones  recurved  at  the  tips,  especially  at  an  advanced 
period.  Anth.  imperfect  in  some  flowers,  stigma  in  others.  Seed- 
down  minutely  rough. 

This  species,  before  the  herbarium  of  Linnaeus  came  to  England, 
was  generally  taken  for  his  crispus,  but  the  leaves  of  the  latter 
ai-e  white,  and  mostly  cottony,  underneath  ;  its  calyx-scales 
more  leafy  and  erect,  the  inner  ones  coloured.  This  latter,  n.  165 
of  Haller,  who  wrongly  quotes  J.  BauhLn,  is  a  stranger  in  Bri- 
tain, as  our  acanthoides  appears  to  be  in  Switzerland. 

IS.   C.  tcnuijlorus .     Slender-Hovvered  Thistle. 

Leaves  decurrent,  sinuated,  spinous.      Flowers  aggregate, 

sessile.     Calyx  nearly  cylindrical;  scales  ovate  at  the 

base  ;  somewhat  recurved  at  the  point. 
C.  tenuiflorus.     Curt.  Land.  fuse.  6.  t.  55.  FL  /i;-.8-19.    EngL  Bot. 

»;.  6.  ^  412.     U'illd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1652.     mth.  60S.   Hook.  ScoL 

236.     Pulten.  Dorset.  80. 

VOL.   III.  2  C 


386  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Carduus. 

C.  acanthoides.     Huds.  35 1 .    Light/.  45 1 .    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1 . 

56./. 
C.  n.  166.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.72. 

C.  spinosissimus,  capitulis  minoribus.     Raii  Syn.  194. 
Gray  Thistle.    Petiv.H.  Brit.  L  21./.  3. 

In  drv  sandy  ground,  chiefly  near  the  sea. 

Not  uncommon  on  hedge  banks  in  the  outskirts  of  London  5  but 
more  frequent  about  maritime  towns  and  villages,  in  England 
and  Scotland. 

Annual.     June,  July. 

Root  tapering,  small.  Herbage  all  white  with  cottony  down.  Stem 
erect,  straight,  slightly  branched,  3  or  4  feet  high,  angular,  with 
broad,  deeply  lobed,  strongly  spinous,  leafy  wings.  Leaves 
broadish,  pinnatifid  and  sinuated,  most  cottony  beneath,  with 
strong  yellowish  spines,  less  numerous  than  in  the  last.  Fl. 
sessile  at  the  tops  of  the  branches,  several  together,  pale  rose- 
coloured,  with  much  hwerforets,  and  consequently  a  narrower, 
more  oblong,  calyx,  than  any  of  our  other  species  of  this  or  the 
following  genus.  Calyx-scales  dilated  and  ovate,  rather  mem- 
branous, at  the  base  ;  the  upper  part  finally  spreading,  and  tip- 
ped with  a  yellowish  spine.  Seeds  grey,  compressed,  shining. 
Dovm  minutely  rough. 

Very  distinct  from  C.  acanthoides  and  crispiis,  and,  I  believe,  from 
every  other  Linngean  species.  It  must  surely  be  what  Haller 
intended  under  his  n.  166,  though  I  have  no  positive  evidence, 
and  he  marks  it  as  a  doubtful  native  of  Switzerland.  The  true 
C.  crispus  may  be  seen  in  Loes.  Priiss.  t.  5.  Its  calyx  is  globose. 

*^  Leaves  sessile. 

4.  C.  marianus.     Milk  Thistle. 

Leaves  wavy,  spinous,  clasping  the  stem  ;  radical  ones  pin- 
natifid. Calyx-scales  leafy,  recurved,  channelled ;  spi- 
nous at  the  margin. 

C.  marianus.  Xijm.Sp.  PL  1153.  Willd.v.Z.X^^^.  Fl.Br.SoL 
Engl.  Bat.  v.  14.  t.  976.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  t.  54.  Hook.  Scot. 
236.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  S.p.l.  52./. 

C.  Mariae.  Raii  Syn.  195.  Ger.  Em.  1 150./.  Trag.  Hist.  850./. 
Fuchs.Ic.32.f. 

C.lacteus.  Matth.  Falgr.  v.  2.38.  f.  Corner.  Epit.  445.  f.  Da- 
lech.  Hist.  1464.  f. 

Leucographis  Plinii.    Dalech.  Hist.  1475./. 

Silybum  marianum.     Gcertn.v.2.378.  t.  162. 

S.n.  181.    HallHist.v.  i.  78. 

Spina  alba  hortensis.    Fuchs.  Hist.  56./. 

Milk  Thistle.    Petiv.H.  Brit.  t.2\.f.  9. 

)3.  Carduus  Mariae  hirsutus  non  maculatus.    Raii  Syn.  195. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.    Cnicus.   3S7 

In  waste  ground,  and  on  the  banks  of  ditches. 

/3.  About  London,  in  several  places,  but  not  common. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Root  tap-shaped.  Herb  very  large  and  spreading,  to  the  exclusion 
of  all  other  plants,  for  the  most  part  not  hairy  nor  downy.  Stem 
4  or  .5  feet  high,  in  a  manured  soil  more  lofty,  branched,  round, 
solid,  leafy.  Leaves  of  a  dark  shining  green,  all  their  veins  beau- 
tifully bordered  with  white,  except  in  the  variety  /3  -,  their  edges 
spinous.  Fl.  purple,  large,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
erect ;  the  stout  spines  of  their  cahjx-scalea  very  conspicuous. 
Seeds  large,  polished.     Down  rough. 

385.  CNICUS.     Plume-thistle. 

Linn.  Gen.  409.    Juss.  172.     Camp.  ed.  4.  127. 

Cirsium.     Tourn.  t.  255.     Gcertn.  t.  103. 

Common  Cat.  tumid,  imbricated,  of  numerous,  lanceolate, 
spinous-pointed  scales,  permanent.  Co?:  compound,  near- 
ly uniform  ;^orets  very  numerous,  equal,  tubular,  funnel- 
shaped  ;  tube  slender,  recurved  ;  limb  ovate  at  the  base, 
with  5  linear,  nearly  equidistant,  segments.  Filam.  ca- 
pillary, very  short.  Ant/i.  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ. 
obovate,  short.  Sti/le  thread-shaped,  slightly  prominent. 
Stigma  oblong,  more  or  less  cloven,  naked.  Seed-vessel 
none  but  the  converging  unaltered  calyx.  Seed  polished, 
obovate,  with  a  slender,  terminal,  short,  cylindrical  point. 
Do\i)n  sessile,  feathery,  very  long,  annular  at  the  base, 
embracing  the  point  of  the  seed,  and,  when  that  shrinks, 
deciduous.  Recept.  nearly  flat,  beset,  with  brisdy,  or  very 
narrow  chaffy,  scales  or  hairs,  as  long  as  the  tubes  of  the 
florets. 

Prickly  herbaceous  plants,  like  those  of  die  last  genus,  from 
which  die  present  differs  chiefly  in  die  doxicn  of  the  seeds 
being  evidently  feathery,  not  merely  rough.  Some  spe- 
cies are,  as  \nCarduus^  imperfectly  dioecious,  either  ac- 
cidentally or  constantly.  Perhaps  these  two  genera  ought^ 
to  be  united,  the  distinction  above  mentioned  being  ol 
no  more  real  importance  than  in  Serra/ida,  where  it  is 
not  regarded.  But  die  great  number  of  species  in  Car- 
dims  and  Cnicus  makes  it  commodious  to  seinirate  them, 
even  by  an  artificial  character,  which  in  itself  is  easy  and 
obvious. 

*   Leaves  deciirreut.     Stem  xvinged. 

1 .   C.  lanvcolatus.     Spear  Pliiiiie-thistle. 

Leaves  decurrenl,  i)innatifid,  hispid,  with  variously-spread- 

2  r  2 


388  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU.  Cniciis. 

ing  spinous  lobes.  Calyx  ovate,  shaggy.  Stem  furrow- 
ed, hairy. 

Q.  lanceolatus.  Willd.Sp.Pl.v.3.\666.  Comp.  eclAASA.  Hook., 
Scot.'236. 

Carduuslariceolatus.  Zmw.  %PZ.  1149.  Fl.Br.S47  Engl.  Bot. 
v.2.L\07.    Mart.  Rust.  t.\3\.    Ft.  Dan.  t  \\73. 

C.  lanceolatus,  sive  sylvestris  Dodonaei.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. p.  1 .  58./. 

C.  lanceatus.    Rail  Syn.  1 95.     Ger.  Em.  1 1  74./. 

d  lanpeatus  latifolius.  Bauh.  Pin,  385.  Moris,  v.  3.  153.  sect.  7. 
'<.31./>. 

Cirsium  n.  1 69.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  74. 

Spear  Thistle.    Petiv.  H.Brit,  t.  21 ./.  7^ 

/3.  Carduus  lanceatus,  fiore  et  capite  minoribus.  Merr.  Pin.  21.. 
JDiJl.  in  Raii  Sijn.  195. 

y.  C.  lanceatus  major.     Dill,  in  Raii  Sijn.  195. 

In  waste  ground,  and  on  banks  by  road  sides,  common. 

Biennial.     June — September. 

Root  branching.  Herb  very  prickly,  of  a  greyish  green.  Stem  up-, 
right,  about  4  feet  high,  stout,  solid,  branched,  angular,  furrow- 
ed, leafy,  hairy  or  downy,  many-flowered,  copiously  winged 
with  the  decurrent  lobed  and  st)inous  bases  of  the  leaves,  which 
are  alternate,  long,  spreading,  hairy  above,  whiter  and  cottony 
beneath,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  their  lobes  spreading  alternately, 
somewhat  palmate,  armed  with  stout  yellowish  spines,  Fl.  large, 
crimson,  solitary,  or  not  much  crowded,,  at  the  tops  of  the 
branches.  Cal.  of  innumerable  spinous-tipped  scales,  entangled 
with  fine  cobweb-like  threads.  Florets  uniform,  regular.  Anth. 
yellow.  Seeds  brown,  polished,  their  large  feathery  dotmi  losing 
its  hold  by  the  shrinking  of  the  point,  or  peg,  at  the  top  of  the 
seed,  as  in  all  of  this  genus  and  the  last. 

The  incurious  and  negligent  farmer  would  do  well  to  observe  that 
this  cumbrous  weed,  being  biennial,  is  readily  destroyed,  by 
mowing  before  its  flowers  form  seed. 

2.  Q.  palustris.     Marsh  Plume- thistle. 

Leaves    decurrent,    pinnatifid,    toothed,    spinous,    rough. 

Flowers    aggregate.     Calyx    ovate,    minutely    spinous, 

nearly  smooth. 
C.  palustris.     Willd.  Sp.Pl.v.3.\Q^2.     Comp.ed.A.\3\.    Hook. 

Scot.  236. 
Cardiuis  palustris.    Linn.  Sp.Pl.Wb].    Fl.  Br.  850.     Engl.  B'ot. 

V.  14.  t.  974.    Curt.  Lond.fasc,  6.  t.  56.    Raii  Syn.  194.     Baulu 

Pin,377.    Prodr.\56.  .  .  ♦„ 

C.  spinosissimus  erectus  angustifolius  palustris.    Moris,  v.  3.  \53\ 

sect.  7.  t.  32.  f.  13. 
Cirsium  n.  170.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.74  ;  excl.  LoeseVs  syn. 
R^arsh  Thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  21./.  4. 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAMIA-^QU.  Cnicus.  SS9 

In  moist  meadows  or  pastures,  and  watery  spots  by  road  sides, 
common. 

Biennial.     July,  August. 

/ioo^  branching.  //(?r6  very  prickly,  of  a  deep  green.  -5?^em' so- 
litary, erect,  straight,  somewhat  branched,  from  3  to  5  or  6 
feet  high,  angular,  solid,  clothed  in  every  part  with  leafy,  spi- 
nous, interrupted  wings.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  running  down 
into  the  wings,  rough  with  short  hairs,  fringed  with  numerous 
prickles  j  slightly  cottony  beneath.  Fl.  deep  crimson,  frequently 
white,  sessile,  crov.'ded  about  the  tops  of  the  stem  and  branches, 
and  not  a-third  the  size  of  the  last.  Cal.  almost  globular  ^  its 
scales  smooth,  close,  abrupt,  keeled  in  the  upper  part,  each 
bearing  a  small  harmless  spine  ;  the  innermost  with  leafy  un- 
armed points.  Seeds  very  smooth  and  even.  Down  finely  fea- 
thery. 

"**  Leaves  sessile,  or  partially  deciirrent.    Stem  not  winged, 

3.  C.  arvensis.     Creeping  Plume-thistle. 

Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  spinous,  nearly  smooth.  Stem 
panicled,  solid.  Calyx  ovate;  outer  scales  spinous.  Root 
creeping,  tuberous. 

C.  arvensis.    Comp.ed.AAM.     Hook.  Scot, 237.     Hosack  in  t/w 

American  and  Philos.  Register,  v.  I.  211./. 
Carduus  arvensis.    Curt.  Land.  fuse.  G.  /.  ^7.     Fl,  Br.  850.    En<fL 

Bot.v.\4.  t.97D.    Sibth.  245. 
C.  vulgatissimus  viarum.    Bali  Syn.  191.     Ger.  Em.  1  1/3./. 
Serratula  arvensis.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  W  49.   PVilld.v.3.  1646.    Huds. 

349.    With.  696.    Mart.  Bust.  t.  132.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  644. 
Cirsium  n.  1/1.    Hall. Hist.  v.  1.  74. 
Ceanothos  Theophrasti.    Column.  Ecphr.  v.  1.45.  t.  46. 
Common  Thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.2\./.5. 

Irv cultivated  fields  and  by  way  side.s,.a  very  troublesome  weed. 

Perennial.     July. 

Boot  fleshy,  creeping  deep  in  the  earth  to  a  great  extent,  and  very 
tenacious  of  life.  Stems  erect,  3  or  4  feet  high,  round,  furrow- 
^d,  full  of  ])ith,  branched  and  panicled,  leafy,  but  not  winged, 
occasionally  more  or  less  downy.  Leaves  numerous,  alternate, 
sessile,  rarely  a  little  decurrcnt,  pinnatifid  or  sinuated,  smooth, 
or  slightly  downy,  armed  with  numerous,  strong,  spreading 
spines.  Fl.  numerous,  stalked,  panicled,  erect,  j)ale  |Hirple, 
sometimes  white,  for  the  most  part  dioecious  in  effect,  though 
incompletely  so  in  structure,  as  the  late  Mr.  T.  Smith  F  L.S.  has 
well  e\])l:iine(l  in  7V.  of  Linn.Soc.  v.  13.592 — ()()3.  (V//.  ovate  j 
its  outer  scales  broadly  lanceolate,  decidedly  s])inous,  woolly  at 
the  edges  ;  inner  much  longer,  with  leafy  points,  as  in  many 
otluM  undoubted  species  of  Cnicus  or  Carduus.  Seed-down  co- 
pious, delicately  feathery. 


390  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU.  Cnicus. 

4.   C.  Forsteri,     Branching  Bog  Plume-thistle. 

Leaves  shghtly  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  spinous ;  dowiiy  be- 
neath. Stem  panicled,  hollow.  Calyx  ovate,  rather  cot- 
tony ;  outer  scales  spinous. 

In  boggy  woods. 

Near  Frant,  Sussex^  two  miles  from  Tonbridge  Wells.  Mr.  T.  F. 

*     Forster. 

Perennial.     Juhj,  August. 

Root  tapering,  not  creeping.  Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  erect,  leafy, 
angular,  furrowed,  not  winged  ;  more  or  less  branched  and  pa- 
nicled at  the  top.  Leaves  rather  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  partly 
palmate,  spreading  lobes,  tipped  and  fringed  with  rather  small 
spines  ;  the  lowermost  tapering  at  the  base,  and  hairy  or  downy 
on  both  sides  ;  those  about  the  middle  of  the  stem  decurrent  to 
a  small  extent,  cottony  beneath  ;  uppermost  gradually  smaller 
and  narrower,  oblong,  undivided,  heart-shaped  and  clasping  at 
the  base.  FL  2  or  3  together  at  the  end  of  each  branch,  on 
downy  stalks,  erect,  rather  larger  than  the  preceding,  and  of  a 
fine  deep  crimson.  Cal.  ovate,  beset  with  a  small  portion  of 
loose  deciduous  web  ;  outer  scales  spinous,  with  downy  edges, 
like  the  last ;  inner  tapering  to  a  long,  narrow^  coloured  point. 
Seed-down  delicately  feathery. 

The  fructification  of  this  plant  most  accords  with  that  of  the  two 
last  species  j  while  the  herbage  and  habit  approach  some  of  the 
following,  or  rather  the  exotic  Cnicus  rivular'is,  Willd.  n.  30, 
though  very  distinct  from  that,  and,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to 
determine,  from  all  other  described  species  of  Cnicus  or  Carduus. 
Mr.  Forster  observes  that  it  increases  in  his  garden  by  the  root, 
very  sparingly  by  seeds  •  perhaps  from  some  partial  imperfec- 
tion in  the  flowers  of  the  plants  he  happened  to  introduce. 

5.  C.  eriophorus.     Woolly-headed  Plume- thistle. 
Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  with   two-ranked  spinous   seg- 
ments ;  bristly  above.     Calyx  globular,  densely  woolly, 

leafy  at  the  base. 
C,  eriophorus.    Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3. 1669.   Comp.  ed.  4. 134.  Hook. 

Scot.  237. 
Carduus  eriophorus.    Litin.  Sp.  PL  1 153.  FL  Br.  852.    EngL  BoL 

v.6.t.SS6,     Huds.'S54.     With.  700.     MilL  Ic.  t.  293.     Jacq. 

Austr.  t.  1/1. 
C.  tomentosus.  Corona  fratrum  dictus.      Baii  Syn.  195.    Loh.  Ic, 

V.  2.  9./. 
C.  eriocephalus.   Ger.  Em.  1152./.     Clus.  Pnnn.  666.  f.  Hist.  v.2. 

154./.    Dod.Pempt.723.f. 
C,  capite  tomentoso.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1.57./. 
Cirsium  n.  168.    HalL  Hist.  v.  1.  73. 
Onopordon.    Dalech.  Hist.  \  472.  f ;  h^]. 


SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-.EQU.  Cnicus.  391 

Acanthium  montanum.    Ibid.  1446,/;  worse. 

Jacea  lutea  Clusii.    Ibid.  \ 474.  f-,  good.     Name  erroneous. 

Fryar's  Thistle.    Petiv. H.Brit,  t.  21./.  8. 

In  waste  mountainous  ground,  and  by  road  sides,  on  a  limestone  or 
chalky  soil. 

In  the  counties  of  Worcester,  Huntingdon  and  Cornwall.  With. 
In  a  gravel  pit  at  North  Pickenham,  Norfolk.  Rev.  Mr.  Watts. 
Oxfordshire.  Sibth.  Cambridgeshire.  Relh.  ('ommon  in  Bed- 
fordshire. Abbot,  in  Hampshire.  Mr.  Rayer.  Between  Stam- 
ford and  Grantham  plentifully  3  also  about  the  zigzag  walk 
at  Matlock  bath. 

Biennial.    August. 

A  large  and  conspicuous  plant,  not  easily  overlooked.  Root  tap- 
shaped.  Stem  3  feet  high,  with  numerous  wide-spreading 
branches,  leafy,  round,  strongly  furrowed,  slightly  hairy,  full  of 
pith.  Leaves  sessile,  not  decurrent  -,  covered  with  close  bris- 
tles on  the  upper  side,  and  with  cottony  down  at  the  back  ;  their 
lobes  each  tipped  with  a  strong  spine,  and  spreading  alternately 
in  two  directions,  afford  a  singular  and  striking  character.  Fl. 
numerous,  very  large,  purple,  solitary  at  the  end  of  each  branch, 
with  a  smaller  leaf  or  two  close  underneath.  Cat.  often  about 
3  inches  in  diameter,  globose,  or  rather  depressed,  the  purplish 
tips  of  its  scales  projecting  out  of  the  mass  of  cottony  wool, 
which  envelopes  the  whole  calyx  like  a  dense  cobweb.  Seeds 
'obovate,  polished,  with  a  feathery  down.  The  radical  leaves 
are  frequently  2  feet  in  length,  and  their  lobes  are  disposed  in 
double  ranks  with  singular  exactness.  Fl.  occasionally  white. 

6.  C.  tuberosum.     Tuberous  Plume-thistle. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnalifid,  lobed,  fringed  with  prickles  ; 
lower  ones  on  long  stalks.  Stem  almost  single-flower- 
ed, without  wings  or  prickles.  Calyx-scales  minutely 
spinous,  nearly  smooth.      Root  creeping,  tuberous. 

C.  tubcrosus.     WilUl.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  ICSO.    Comp.  ed.  4.  134.    Engl. 

Bot.  V.  36.  t.  2.') 62  3   omitting  the  reference  to  Gerarde. 
Carduus  tuberosus.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 154. 
C.  bulbosus  monspcUiensium.    Lob.  Advcrs.  o7\.  f.    Ic.  v.  2.  10./ 

Bauh.lIist.v.S.p.  1.43./ 
C,  pratensis  asphodeli  radicc,  latifolius.     Bauh.  Pin.  377. 
Cirsium  n.  177.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  76. 
C.  latioribus  foliis  viridibus  laciniatis,  radicibus  asphodeli.     Moris. 

r.  3.  151.  sect.  7.  /.  29./ 27. 
Cirsio  quinto  congener.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  149./ 
Acanthus  sylvcstris  alter.     Dalcch.  Hist.  1114./, 

In  thickets  on  the  downs  of  Wiltshire. 

In  a  truly  wild  thicket  of  brusli-wood,  called  (ircat  Hidge,  on  the 


392  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Cnicus. 

Wiltshire  downs,  between  Boyton  house  and  Fonthill,  abuir- 
dantly.  ud.  B.  Lambert,  Esq.     There  1  gathered  it  in  1819. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  woody,  creeping,  sending  down  perpendicularly  many  ellip- 
tical, tapering,  fleshy  knobs,  externally  blackish.  Stem  about 
2  feet  high,  erect,  straight,  nearly  soUd,  round,  furrowed,  hairy^ 
leafy,  not  at  all  winged  ;  either  quite  simple  and  single-flowered, 
or  dividing  with  a  branch  or  two  near  the  top.  Leaves  green 
and  downy  above  ;  pale  and  cottony  beneath  ;  all  deeply  pin- 
natifid,  with  divided  spinous-pointed  lobes,  fringed  with  fine 
prickles  3  the  lower  ones  on  long,  slightly  winged /oofs^a^Ars; 
upper  nearly  sessile  j  none  decurrent.  Fi.  solitary  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem  or  branch,  erect,  bright  purple,  twice  the  size 
of  C.  palustris  or  arvensis,  and  more  resembling  heterophyllus, 
but  smaller.  Cal.  ovate,  with  spreading,  leafy  scales,  a  little 
cottony,  several  of  the  outermost  tipped  with  small  spines.  Seeds 
short,  obovate,  with  long,  slender,  feathery  down. 

Gerarde's  figure,  p.  728./.  6,  cannot  be  intended  for  this  plant. 

7.  C.  heterophyllus.     Melancholy  Plume-thistle, 

Leaves  clasping  the  stem,  fringed ;  undivided  or  pinnati- 
fid  ;  very  smooth  above  ;  densely  cottony  beneath.  Stem 
downy,  almost  single-flowered. 

C.  heterophyllus.    W'dtd.  Sp.  PI.  16/3.     Comp.  ed.4.  134.   Hook, 

Scot.  237.     Lond.  t.  27. 
Carduus  heterophyllus.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 154.     Fl.  Br.  853.     Engl. 

Bot.v  10.  t.  67r>.    Hull  V.  1.  235.    FL  Dan.  t.  109. 
C.  helenioides.    Huds.  352.    Light/.  457.     fVith.  702. 
Cirsium  n.  180.    HalLHisL  v.  \.11.  t.  7. 
C.  anglicum  secundum.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  148,/.    Ger.  Em.  1 1 83./. 

Pennei. 
C  britannicum.    Clus.  Pann.  657./  658. 
C.  britannicum  Clusii  repens.      Raii  Sijn.  193.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 

p.  1.46.  f.    MilLIc.63.  <.  94. 
Northern  thistle.    Pefiv.  H.  BriL  t.  22.  f.  2. 

In  moist  mountain  pastures  in  the  north. 

in  the  mountainous  parts  of  Yorkshire,  Westmoreland  and  Wales. 
Ray  arid  DiUenius.  In  the  inland  Highlands  of  Scotland,  not 
unfrequent.  Light/.  In  some  parts  of  the  Lowlands.  Hook.  A 
little  way  up  Ben  Lomond. 

Perennial.     Jul^,  August. 

Root  creeping.  Stem  3  feet  high,  erect,  hollow  in  the  centre, 
leafy,  round,  cottony,  mostly  simple  and  single-flowered,  some- 
times divided  and  bearing  a  smaller  lateral  flower.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, pointed,  fringed  with  copious,  unequal,  fine,  bristly  ra- 
ther than  prickly,  serratures  j  bright  green   and  very  smooth 


SYNGENESIA— POLYOAMIA.^QU.  Cnictis.  393 

above  ;  snow-white  and  densely  cottony  beneath  ;  heart-shaped 
and  clasping  at  the  base  ;  the  lowermost  tapering  down  into  a 
footstalk;  some  of  the  leaves  are  deeply  and  regularly  pinna- 
tifid  occasionally,  to  which  the  specific  name  alludes,  but  which 
none  of  the  figures,  except  Dr.  Hooker's,  express.  Fl.  stalked, 
terminal,  erect  when  expanded,  large  and  handsome,  of  a  fine 
purple.  Cal.  ovate,  green,  slightly  downy  ;  scales  leafy,  smooth 
except  at  the  edges,  most  of  them  tipped  with  a  very  decided, 
though  small,  prickle.  Down  of  the  marginal  seeds  rough  only ; 
that  of  the  rest  feathery,  partly  simple  at  the  point,  as  in  seve- 
ral other  species,  but  this  is  not  universal  in  any. 
The  colouring  of  the  whole  plant,  correctly  expressed  in  Eiigl  BoL, 
is  peculiarly  elegant.  Carduus  helenioides  of  Linnaeus,  likewise 
a  Cnlciis,  to  which  Hudson  and  his  followers  referred  this  species, 
is  very  distinct,  twice  or  thrice  as  tall,  v;ith  numerous,  always 
undivided  leaves,  and  several  aggregate,  sessile,  niuch  smaller 
flowers.     It  is  not  known,  either  wild  or  cultivated,  in  Britain. 

8.  C.  pratensis.     Meadow  Plume-thistle. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  wavy  or  lobed,  fringed  with  prickles  ; 
loosely  cottony  beneath.  Stem  downy,  slightly  leafy, 
single-flowered.  Calyx  cottony,  with  tapering  sharp 
scales. 

C.  pratensis.  ffilld.  Sp.  PL  v.  3.  1 672.  Comp.  ed.  4.  131.  Hook. 
Scot.  237. 

Carduus  pratensis.  Hiids.  353  ;  excl.Jacq.  sjjn.  FL  Br.  8:)4.  Engl. 
Mot.  V.  3.  t.  \77.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  18.  21. 

C.  dissectus.  Huds.  ed.  1 .  307.    Villars  Dauph.  v.  3. 1 5  ;  720I  of  Linn. 

C.  heterophyllus.     Lighff.^^Cy. 

Cirsium  anglicum.  Raii  Syn.  \93.  Lob.  Ir  r)S3.f  ()hs.3\4.f 
Dalech.  Uist.  584../:     Ger.  Em.  1  183./.  LohcL  _ 

C.  anglicum,  radiceHellebori  nigri  modo  fibrosa,  folio  longo.  Bank. 
Hist.  V.3.]).  1.4.5./. 

C.  montanum  anglicum.     Ger.  Em.  1 183.^.  ."». 

C.  pannonicum  primum  pratense.  Cltis.  Pann.  055./.  (306.  Hist. 
r.  2.  148./: 

Teckham  Thistle.    Petiv.  //.  Brit.  t.  22.  f.  1 . 

|3.  Carduus  palustris  mitior,  Bardanae  capitulo,  suinmo  caule  sin- 
gulari.     Pluk.  Almag.  82.     Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  194. 

In  low  wot  pastures  and  meadows,  especially  among  trees. 

Perennial.    June. 

Root  of  several  sim))le,  fleshy,  black  fibres,  not  creeping.  Herb- 
age greyish  green,  more  or  less  cottony.  Stem  12  or  18  inches 
high,  simple,  round,  furrowed,  cottony,  hollow  in  the  centre, 
slightly  leafy,  very  rarely  bearing  more  than  one  (lower.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  either  wavy,  or  uneciually  toothed,  or  sometimes  si- 
nuated,  almost  pinnatifid.  copiously  fringed  with  imequal  briv^ly 


394  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU.  Cnicus. 

prickles  ;  minutely  hairy  or  downy  above  j  loosely  cottony,  but 
not  very  white,  beneath  ;  radical  ones  several,  stalked,  erect ; 
those  on  the  stem  few,  small,  clasping  at  the  base.  Fl.  smaller, 
and  of  a  paler  purple  than  the  preceding.  Cal.  loosely  clothed 
with  cobweb-like  down  ;  its  outer  scales  obscurely  ribbed,  ovate, 
tapering  to  a  spinous  point  ;  inner  long  and  narrow,  coloured, 
taper-pointed,  scarcely  spinous.  Seed-down  feathery,  with  sim- 
ple tips. 
The  variety  /3,  as  far  as  can  be  judged  from  its  short  description, 
appears  rather  to  belong  to  this  species  than  to  C.  palustris,  un- 
der which  it  is  placed  in  Fl.  Brit.  Plukenet  found  this  plant  in 
the  isle  of  Ely,  and  Dillenius  appears  not  to  have  seen  a  spe- 
cimen. 

9.  C.  acaulis.     Dwarf  Plume- thistle. 

Stalks  radical,   single-flowered,   shorter  than  the   smooth 

calyx. 
C.  acaulis.   WiM.Sp.Fl.v.ZA^'^X.  Cowzp.  eJ. 4.  134.  Hook.  Scot. 

237. 
Carduus  acaulis,    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  115G.  Fl.  Br.  855.  Engl.  Bot.v.3. 

t.\6\.    Jacq.Ic.Rar.t.579.    Fl.  Dan.  t.\  114. 
Cirsium  n.  178.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  77. 
Carlina  acaulis,  minore  purpureo  flore.    Raii  Sijn.  195. 
C.  acaulos  minor,  flore  purpureo.     Ger.  Em.  1158./. 
C.  minor  purpureo  flore.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  156. 
C.  montana  minor  acaulos.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.493. 
Chamseleon  exiguus.      Trag.  Hist.  852./.     Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1. 

62./  63. 
Dwarf  Thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  21./  6. 

In  pastures  and  meadows,  on  a  gravelly  or  chalky  soil. 

Too  abundant  in  many  fields  and  upland  grounds  in  Dorsetshire. 
Dr.  Pulteney.  Very  frequent  on  commons  in  Norfolk  and  se- 
veral other  counties.  In  the  time  of  Gerarde  it  grew  on  Black- 
heath.     C>li}V(n\  DoTi'Txo 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  woody,  stout,  blackish,  simple,  running  deep  into  the  ground. 
Stem  entirely  wanting.  Leaves  several,  spreading  close  to  the 
ground,  in  a' circle  near  a  foot  in  diameter,  choking  all  other 
herbage,  stalked,  pinnatifid,  bright  green,  smooth ;  their  seg- 
ments somewhat  palmate,  abundantly  prickly.  Fl.  one  or  more, 
either  quite  sessile,  or  on  short,  simple,  downy  stalks,  of  a  fine 
crimson,  as  large  as  those  of  Cnicus  lanceolatus.  Cal.  ovate^ 
green,  without  any  web  or  hairs,  but  the  scales  are  a  little  downy 
at  the  edges.     Seed- down  feathery. 

When  cultivated  in  the  fertile  soil  of  a  garden,  this  plant,  like 
Carlina  acaulis,  and  several  of  the  next  genus,  acquires  a  stem, 
3  or  4  inchG,'>  in  height,  bearing  3  or  AJlowers. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.Onopordiim.395 
386.  ONOPORDUM.     Cotton  thistle. 

Linn.  GenAOO.  Juss.  173.  FL  Br.  856.  Vaill.  ]\Um.  de  VAc.  des 
^Sc.  152./.  39.    Lam.t.QQA.     Gcertn.  t.\Q\. 

Common  Col,  orbicular,  tumid,  imbricated,  of  numerous, 
lanceolate,  spinous-pointed  scales,  spreading,  or  erect, 
permanent.  Cor.  compound,  uniform  ;  Jiorets  very  nu- 
merous, equal,  tubular,  funnel-shaped ;  tube  very  slen- 
der ;  limb  in  5  deep,  linear,  equal  segments.  Filam,  ca- 
pillary, very  short.  Anth,  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  with  5 
teeth.  Germ,  obovate,  short.  Style  thread-shaped,  pro- 
minent. Stigma  oblong,  notched.  Seed-vessel  none,  ex- 
cept the  somewhat  spreading  calyx.  Seed  obovate,  point- 
ed, smooth.  Doxtm  sessile,  capillary,  rough,  annular  at 
the  base,  embracing  the  point  of  the  seed,  and  finally 
deciduous.  Recej)t.  convex,  fleshy,  deeply  cellular,  the 
membranous  edo-es  of  the  cells  uneven,  jaffored,  or  frinof-ed. 

Very  large,  hoary,  spmous,  annual  or  biennial  herbs ;  ge- 
nerally with  winged  stems;  in  some  species  without  any. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  wavy,  toothed  and  spinous.  FL  pur- 
ple, solitary  and  terminal,  or  aggregate  and  radical. 

The  honey-comb  receptacle  characterizes  the  genus,  and 
its  habit  also  is  appropriate. 

1.  O.  Acanthium.     Common  Cotton-thistle. 

Calyx-scales    awl-shaped,    spreading   in    every    direction. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  sinuated,  woolly  on  both  sides. 
O.  Acanthium.   Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 158.   WiUd.  v.  3.  1686.  FL  Br.  856. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  14.  t.  977.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  57.  Hook.  Scot. 

238.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  909. 
O.  n.  159.     IJalLIIist.v.\.6S. 

Carduus  tomcntosus  Acanthium  dictus,  vulgaris.      Rail  Syn.  196. 
C.  alutus  tomentosus  latifolius  vulgaris.    Moris.  i\  3.  152.  sect.  7 

t.30.f.  1. 
Acanthium.  Dad.  Pempt.72\.f.  Matfh.  J'algr.  v.2. 'Si.f.  Camcr. 

Fpit.AW.f.    Lub.lc.v.2.\.f. 
A.  album.     Ger.  Em.  l\ 49./. 
Spina  alba  sylvestris.     Fiichs.  nist.i>7.  f.     Jc.  33./.      BauJi.  Hist 

f.  3.  p.  1.5  1./. 
S.  alba  tomcntosa  latifolia  sylvestris.     Locs.  Pruss.2()\.  t.  82. 
Silibum,  sive  Leucantha  Loniccri.  Dalech.  Hist.  \A(J6.  f.  not  dcscr. 
Cotton  Thistle.     Pclir.  //.  Brit.  t.  21./  10. 

In  waste  ground,  on  hedge  banks,  and  by  road  sides,  in  a  gravelly 

soil,  frequent. 
Biennial.    Jitli/,  August. 


S96  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMlA-iEQU.    Carlina. 

Root  tap-shaped.  Whole  herb  covered  with  white  cottony  pu- 
bescence, which  is  easily  rubbed  off,  and  according  to  Gerarde 
is  used  by  the  poor  to  stuff  pillows  or  cushions  5  as  well  as  to 
mix  with  feathers,  for  the  same  purpose,by  deceitful  upholsterers. 
But  it  seems  very  inadequate  in  quantity,  as  well  as  quality, 
having  no  elasticity,  and  shrinking  to  nothing  under  the  touch. 
The  stew  is  4  or  5  feet  high,  branched,  and  when  in  a  growing 
state,  may  be  peeled  and  boiled  for  the  table  ;  but  it  has  little 
'flavour  except  some  bitterness,  which  it  loses  by  being  steeped 
in  cold  water.  Leaves  oblong,  spreading,  lobed,  notched  and 
spinous,  running  down  into  the  numerous  prickly  wings  of  the 
stem  ;  radical  ones  very  large.  Fl.  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  large,  of  a  blueish  rose-colour,  the  calyx  cottony,  very 
prickly. 

The  large  brown  seeds  are  eaten  by  goldfinches  ;  and  the  bird- 
catchers  about  London  provide  themselves  with  heads  of  this 
Thistle  and  the  Carduus  marianus,  to  entrap  these  and  other 
birds,  in  bright  autumnal  mornings. 

387.  CAKLINA.     Cailine-tbistle. 

'Linn.  Gen A\0.  JussA72.  FLBr.SiJ7.  Tourn.L28D.  Lam.  t. 662. 
Gcertn.t.  163. 

Commo7i  Cal.  cylindrical,  somewhat  tumid,  radiated,  imbri- 
cated, of  numerous,  lax,  acute,  permanent  scales;  the 
innermost  much  the  longest,  coloured,  polished,  linear, 
spreading  horizontally  in  a  circle,  forming  a  set  of  rays 
to  the  fiat  disk  of  the  flower.  Cor.  compound,  uniform, 
;flat;  ^6>7r/5  numerous,  tubular,  equal,  all  on  a  level,  fun- 
nel-shaped, perfect ;  limb  in  5  deep,  upright  segments. 
Filam,  capillary,  very  short.  Antli,  in  a  cylindrical  tube, 
easily  separating,  each  with  2  deflexed  bristles  at  the 
base.  Germ,  obovate.  Style  thread-shaped,  scarcely  ex- 
tending beyond  the  anthers.  Stigma  oblong,  either  di- 
vided or  entire.  Seed-vessel  none  but  the  unaltered  calyx. 
Seed  conical,  roughish,  abrupt.  Down  partly  chaffy  and 
jagged,  partly  feathery,  permanent.  Recept.  flat,  beset 
vf\\h.  linear  chaffy  scales,  many-cleft  at  the  top,  and  some 
bristles. 

Very  prickly  herbs,  of  a  dry  and  rigid  habit.  Fl.  handsome ; 
the  red,  yellow,  or  white,  radiating,  everlasting,  internal 
scales  of  their  calyx,  imitating  the  ligulate^o;-^^5  of  the 
discoid  tribe  of  Comjpositce,  afford  good  specific  charac- 
ters, even  in  their  colours. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Bidens.  397^ 

1.  C.  vulgaris.     Common  Carline-thistle. 

Stem  corymbose,  many-flowered.  Flowers  terminal.  Outer 
calyx-scales  pinnatifid  ;  inner  whitish. 

C.  vulgaris     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 G 1 .     M'illd.  v.  3.  1  696.    Fl.  Br.  857. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  \6.t.\\4A.    Hook.  Scot.  238. 
C.  n.  182.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.79. 
C.  sylvestris  quibusdam,  aliis  Atrac.tYlis,      Rail  Syn.  175.     Bauh.. 

Hii^t.v.S.p.l.Sl.f. 
C.  sylvestris  major.     Ger.  Em.  1 159./. 
Carduus.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  2.  65./. 
C.  vulgaris.     Maith.  Valgr.  v.  2.  32./ 
C.  sylvestris.     Camer..  Epit.  439./ 
C.  vulgatissimus  viarum.     Lob.  lev.  2.  20./ 
Atractylis  mitior.    Fuchs.  Hist.  121./ 
A.  vulgaris  minor.    Fuchs.  Ic.  66.  f. 
Acarna.    Dalech.  Hist.  1484./ 
Common  Carline.    Peliv.H.  Brit.  t.  15./  10. 

In  dry  sandy  heathy  pastures  and  fields. 

Biennial.    June. 

Root  tapering,  small.  Stem  erect,  firm,  round,  10  or  12  inches 
high,  leafy,  downy,  somewhat  corymbose.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
sinuated  and  wavy,  green,  veiny,  rigid,  copiously  bordered  witii 
prickles  ;  sometimes  quite  smooth,  but  more  commonly  downy 
or  woolly  beneath.  Fl.  terminal,  solitary,  of  a  singular  aspect, 
and  not  inelegantly  variegated  ;  ihe^florels  red,  with  yellow  an- 
thers and  stigmas;  the  radiating  scales  of  the  calt/x  cream-co- 
loured, polished,  hygrometrical,  changing  their  position  accord- 
ing to  the  mpi/Sture  of  the  atmosphere. 

This  genus  was  named  after  the  Emperor  Charlemagne,  because, 
according  to  report,  one  of  its  species,  C.  acaulis,  was  pointed 
out  to  liim  by  an  angel,  to  cure  his  army  of  the  plague.  Its  root, 
is  pungent,  bitter  and  tonic  ;  but  the  large  white  everlasting 
flower  is  perhaps  most  useful,  when  nailed  upon  cottage  doors^ 
in  Germany,  France  or  Italy,  by  way  of  a  hygrometer,  as  it 
closes  before  rain. 

***  Florets  all  tubulcrr,  crowded,  erect  ajid  parallel,  lex^el- 
to})ped,  forming  a  d/.scoidjloiver,  Xii't/ioid  a  radius  of, 
anij  kind,  except  casualljj. 

388.  BIDENS.     Bur-marigold. 

Linn.  Gen. '\\2.  J/m.  188.  Fl.  Br.^oS.  Tourn.  t.  262.  Lam., 
t.66S.     GcErtn.t.\67. 

Nat.  Ord.  Composif(r,  e,  oppositifoliir.  Linn.  \\).  Corymb:- 
Jenr,  sect.  6.   Jiiss.  55.      Sec  Gramniat    124. 


398  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU.  Bidens. 

Comynon  CaL  erect,  of  several  oblong,  nearly  equal,  parallel 
scales,  concave,  or  channelled,  at  the  back.  Cor.  com- 
pound, of  several,  parallel,  level-topped,  perfect,  tubu- 
lar, regular  and  equal  Jlorets;  their  limb  ovate,  with  5 
marginal,  spreading  segments.  Filam.  from  the  tube, 
capillary,  very  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  tube, 
slightly  prominent.  Germ,  oblong,  compressed,  with  2 
or  more  bristly  upright  points,  about  equal  to  the  tube 
of  the  floret,  on  its  outside.  Sti/le  thread-shaped,  within 
the  tube.  Stigmas  oblong,  spreading  beyond  the  an- 
thers. Seed-vessel  none  but  the  unaltered  close  calyx. 
Seed  compressed,  abrupt,  angular,  rough  at  the  edges, 
and  beaked  with  2  or  more  bristles,  rough  with  minute 
reflexed  prickles.  Recept.  flat,  beset  with  upright,  chaff'y, 
oblong,  deciduous  scales  as  tall  as  the  florets. 

Most  species  are  occasionally  liable  to  acquire  marginal  ra- 
diant fertile  florets^  destitute  of  stamens^  which  consti- 
tutes the  character  of  Coreopsis.  Such  a  change  is  nearly 
analogous  to  becoming  double  in  the  generality  o^Jlowers^ 
and  is  not,  as  some  have  thought,  a  more  perfect  state 
of  the  compound  tribe,  but  rather  the  contrary. 

Herbaceous,  mostly  annual,  upright  plants,  with  opposite, 
simple  or  compound,  lobed  or  serrated  leaves.  FL  stalk- 
ed, somewhat  corymbose,  erect  or  drooping,  terminal  or 
axillary,  the  base  of  the  cali/j:  encompassed  with  a  circu- 
lar row  of  spreading  leafy  hracteas ;  disk  yellow;  the  ra- 
^\a\\X.Jiorets^  when  they  occur,  are  in  some  species  white. 
Willdenow  considers  the  bracteas  as  an  outer  calyx^  in 
which  he  may  perhaps  be  correct. 

1.  ^.tripartita.     Three-lobed  Bur-marigold. 

Leaves  in  three  segments.  Bracteas  unequal.  Bristles  of 
the  seeds  two  or  three,  erect. 

B.  tripartita.    Linn.  Sp.PlAUD.    Willd.v.3A7\5.    FlBr.SoS. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.\Q.  t.W  13.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  4.  t.  57.  Hook.  Scot. 

238. 
B.  n.  121.    Hall  Hist.  V.  1.51. 
Verbesina,  seu  Cannabina  aquatica,  flore  minus  pulchro,^  elatior 

et  magis  frequens.    Rail  Syn.  187.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 1073. 
Chrysanthemum  cannabinum   bidens,  folio  quinquepartito,  sive 

vulgare.    Moris,  v.  3. 17.  sect.  6,  t.5.f.  20. 
Eupatorium  cannabinum  foemina.   Ger.  Em.  711./.  Lob.  Ic.  529,/j 

bad. 
Hepatorium  aquatile.    Dod.  Pempt.  595./. 
Hydropiper  alterum.    Dakch.  Hist.  ]  039.  f. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-iEQU.  Bideiis.  399 

/3.  With  radiant,  three-toothed,  marginal  florets. 

Conyza  palustris,  foliis  tripartite)  divisis.    Loes.  Pruss.iiS.  1. 10. 

Trifid  Bur  Marygold.     Petiv.  H.  Brit,  t.  20.  f.  7. 

In  watery  places,  and  about  the  sides  of  ditches  and  ponds,  fre- 
quent. 

Annual.    Jugust,  September. 

Root  tapering,  with  many  fibres.  Stejn  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  an- 
gular, solid,  smooth,  leafy,  with  opposite  axillary  branches. 
Leaves  opposite,  on  winged  footstalks,  dark  green,  smooth, 
strongly  serrated,  acute,  in  3  deep  segments,  sometimes  5  ;  the 
uppermost  or  lowermost  generally  undivided.  Fl.  terminal,  so- 
litary, of  a  brownish  yellow,  somewhat  drooping,  devoid  of 
beauty  and  of  fragrance,  each  surrounded  by  about  8  spreading, 
lanceolate,  serrated  or  entire  hracteas,  unequal  in  size,  but  all 
extending  much  beyond  the  flower.  Seeds  with  2  or  3  prickly 
angles,  and  as  many  erect  bristles,  likewise  prickly  with  reflexed 
hooks,  by  which  the  seeds  stick  like  burs  to  any  rough  surface, 
and  are  said  sometimes  to  injure  fish,  by  getting  into  their  gills. 

The  herb  gives  a  yellow  colour  to  woollen  or  linen. 

2.  B.  cernua..    Nodding  Bur-marigold. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  serrated.  Flowers  drooping.  Bracteas 
nearly  equal,  entire.  Bristles  of  the  seeds  about  four, 
erect. 

B.  cernua.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 IG5.  Willd.  z^.  3. 1 71G.  Fl.  Br.  858. 
Engl  Bot. V.  \Q).t.  1114.  Curt.  Lond.fasc. S.t.  do.  Hook.  Scot. 
238.    FLDan.t.S4\. 

B.  n.  120.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  I.  :yO. 

Verbesina  pulchriore  flore  luteo.  Raii  Sijn.  187.  Bauh.  Hist,  v  2. 
1074./. 

Hydropiper  aliud.    Dalecli.  Hist.  10 10./. 

(S.  With  radiant,  three-toothed,  marginal  florets. 

Coreopsis  Bidens.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 28 1 . 

Chrysantlieraum  cannabinum  bidens,  foliis  integris  oblongis.  Mo- 
ris.  V.  3.  17.  sect.  G.  L.j./ 22. 

Conyza  palustris,  foliis  serratis.    Loes.  Pruss.  54.  ^.11. 

Eupatorium  cannabinum  chrysanthemum.     Barrel.  Ir.  1. 1209. 

y.  Bidens  minima.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  WGj.  Huds.  e(L  \. '3\0.  Abbot 
178.     FLDan.  L2>\2. 

B.  tripartita  /3.    Huds.  cd.  2.  355. 

Verbesina  minima.  Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  188.  /.  7./.  2.  Giss,  1 67.  ap- 
pend. 66. 

Eupatorium  cannabinum  palmare  et  angustifolium.  Mcrr.Pin.37. 

In  ditches  and  ponds. 

/3,  Frequent  in  Ireland,  and  not  rare  in  England.  S/urard.  Che- 
shire. JIuds.  Norfolk,  but  not  connnon.  Mr.  IVoodward.  In 
Thorpe  meadows,  Norwich, 


400SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-^QU.Eupatorium. 

y.  In  dry  places  where  water  has  been,  or  about  the  margins  of 
ponds. 

Annual.     September. 

Root  with  many  stout  fibres.  Herb  more  erect,  and  taller,  with  less 
extended  branches  than  the  foregoing  species.  Leaves  undivided,  _ 
pointed,  less  deeply  serrated  ;  the  upper  ones  dilated  at  the 
base  and  often  com'bined,  embracing  the  stem.  FL  drooping, 
though  their  -talks  are  quite  straight  to  the  very  summit,  larger 
and  handsomer  than  the  last,  especially  when  furnished  with 
their  spreading  golden  rays  in  the  variety  /3.  The  seeds  are  often 
smooth,  and  their  bristles,  always  rough,  are  4. 

y  is  certainly  nothing  more  than  a  starved  plant  of  this  species, 
growing  out  of  the  water.  Thejiowei-  is  drooping  in  my  speci- 
men from  Miller's  herbarium,  though  drawn  erect  by  Dillenius. 
I  have  an  analogous  small  variety  of  B.  tripartita  from  Switzer- 
land. 

:^9.  EUPATORIUM.     Hemp-agrimony. 

Linn.  Gen.  4\3.  Juss.\7S.  FL  Br.859.  Tourn.t.  259.  Lam. 
t.672.    Gcertn.t  166. 

Nat.  Orel.  CompositcE,  e,  oppodtifolicje.  Linn.  49.  Linn.  MS.t 
Corymhiferce,  sect.  1.  J  ass.  55. 

Gommon  Cal.  oblong,  imbricated;  scales  lanceolate,  erect, 
unequal,  unarmed.  Cor.  compound,  uniform,  of  a  few,, 
parallel,  level-topped,  perfect,  funnel-shaped,  regular 
Jiorets;  their  limb  in  5  equal  spreading  segments.  Filam.  5, 
capillary,  very  short.  Antk.  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  not 
prominent.  Germ,  oblong,  angular,  small.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  prominent,  cloven  as  far  as  the  top  of  the  anthers. 
Stigmas  spreading,  oblang,  downy,  bluntish.  Seed-vessel\ 
none,  except  the  slightly  spreading  calyx.  Seed  oblong, 
angular.  Down  sessile,  rough  or  feathery,  permanent. 
Mecept.  small,  naked. 

Perennial  roughish  herbs,  in  some  instances  shrubby,  chiefly 
American.  Leaves  opposite,  mostly  simple  and  strongly 
serrated ;  in  our  solitary  species  deeply  divided.  FL  ter- 
minal, small,  numerous,  densely  corymbose,  white,  blueish. 
or  reddish.     Qualities  bitter,  aromatic  and  tonic. 

h  E.  cannabinmn.    Common  Hemp-agrimony. 

Leaves  in  three,  or  five,  deep,  lanceolate  segments ;  the  mid- 
dle one  longest. 

E.cannabinum.  Linn.Sp.Pl\\72>.  mild.v.SA7D6.  FLBr.SQO.. 
Engl.  Bot.  V,  6.i.  428.  Hook.  Scot.  238.  FL  Dan.  t.  745.  Rati 
Sijn.  179. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-.EQU.CIiiysocoma.40l 

E.  n.  13G.     riall.  Hlsf.v.l.rjO, 

E.  cannabinum  mas.     Gcr.  Eui.  71  l.y. 

E.  cannabinum  vulgare,  foliis  trifidis  et  profundi  dentatls.  Mori^. 
U.S.  97.  sect.7.t.]3.  f.  1. 

E.  adulterinum.  Fuchs.  Hist.  265./.  Ic.  148.  f.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 
1065./. 

E.  vulgare.    Matth.  Vulgr.  v.  2.  363./    Camer.  Epit.  "i'ol.f. 

Herba  sanctae  Kunigundis.     Trag.  Hist.  491 . /. 

Hemp  Agrimony.     Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.lS.f.  2. 

/3.  Eupatorium  cannabinum,  folio  integro,  seu  non  digitato.  Dill, 
in  Raii  Sij)i.  180. 

In  watery  boggy  places,  about  the  banks  of  rivers  especially. 

Perennial.    Jidij,  August. 

Root  tufted,  somewhat  creeping,  with  many  long  fibres,  litems 
several,  2  or  3  feet  high,  erect,  branched,  leafy,  round,  downy, 
often  brown  or  purplish,  filled  with  pith.  Leaves  on  short  stalks, 
deep  green,  downy,  but  rather  rough  to  the  touch,  for  the  most 
part  in  3  deep,  lanceolate,  strongly  serrated  lobes,  sometimes 
iti  5,  when  they  assume  a  pinnate,  rather  than  digitate  form  ; 
the  upper  ones  only,  according  to  the  confession  of  Dillenius 
himself  under  the  variety  /3,  are  in  that  variety  simple.  This 
often  happens  in  the  wild  plant.  Th^  flowers  form  dense,  pale 
purplish,  convex,  corymbose  tufts,  at  the  top  of  the  stem  and 
upper  branches.  Florets  not  more  than  5  or  6.  Gcrmen  be- 
sprinkled with  minute  shining  globules.  Seed-doivn  rough,  ra- 
ther than  feathery,  prominent  between  the  florets.  Whole  herb 
slightly  aromatic. 

390.  CHRYSOCOMA.     Goldylocks. 

Linn.  Gen.  4\:).    Juss,  ]60.  Comp.ed.4.  ]27.  Lam.  t.  69S.   Grtrtn. 

t.  16G. 
Chrysocome.    Dill.  Gen.  suppt.  167.  t.  14. 

Nat.  Orel.  Composite,  y,  discoidccr.  Linn.  49.  Corxjmhifercc, 
sect.  1.  Juss.  6S. 

Common  Cal.  hemisplierical,  imbricated  ;  scales  linear-laii- 
ccolale,  convex,  pointed,  unarmed.  Cur.  compound, 
uniform,  of  several  tubular,  level-topped,  perfect,  regular 
Jlorets,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  their  limb  in  5  deep,  equal, 
acute  segments.  Filam.  .5,  capillary,  very  short.  Ant/i. 
in  a  cylindrical,  .5-i)()inted  tube,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
Germ,  oblong.  Style  thread-shaped,  not  longer  than  the 
corolla.  Stiii^mas  %  oblong,  spreading,  rather  tuniid. 
Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  scarcely  altered  calyx.  Seed 
obovate,  conipressed.  Down  sessile,  copious,  rougli, 
permanent.  Recept.  flat,  slightly  cellular,  or  tuberculated, 
without  scales  or  liair<<. 

VOL.  111.  •^    " 


40^2  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-^QU.  Diotis, 

Shrubby  or  herbaceous,  with  copious,  simple,  generally  nar- 
row, leaves ;  and  terminal,  erect,  solitary  or  corymbose, 
y qWow  Jlo^ers  without  rays.  Most  of  the  species  are  na- 
tives of  southern  Africa. 

1.  Ch.  Linos y rib'.     Flax-leaved  Goldylocks.    . 

Herbaceous.  Leaves  linear,  smooth.  Calyx-scales  loosely 
spreading. 

Ch.  Linosvris.   Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 78.  Fl.  Suec.  283.  mild.  i;.  3. 1 79 1 . 

Comp.  ecL  4.  135.     Engl,  Bot.  v.  35.  /.  2505.     Prodr.  Fl.  Grcec. 

»j.2.  165. 
Ch.  n.  144.     Hall.  Hist. V.  I.  63. 

Chrysocome  Dioscoridis  et  Plinii.    Column.  Ecphr.  v.l.Sl.t.  82. 
Osyris  Austriaca.    Clus.  Pann.  311./.    Hist.  v.  1 .  325./. 
Linarise  tertium  genus.     Trag.  Hist.  358./. 
Linaria  aurea  Tragi.     Ger.  Em.  5rA.f. 
Virga  anrea,  linaviae  folio^  floribus  congestis  et  umbellatim  dispo- 

sitis.     Moris.  V.  3.  125.  sec^.  7.  i.  13./.  29. 

On  rocky  cliffs,  on  the  southern  sea  coast,  rare. 

Amongst  coarse  grasses,  on  the  rocky  cliff  of  Berryhead,  Devon. 
Rev.  Charles  Holbech.   uyr77*^^f'f'fi7^7c  77 /^.-A^,  ^^f^A-*  ^l .^Qrrrjf^.r^ 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Root  creeping,  with  long  stout  fibres.  Herb  smooth.  Stems  erect, 
a  foot  high,  leafy,  blender,  simple,  rigid,  unbranched.  Leaves 
numerous,  scattered,  spreading,  linear,  entire,  acute  at  each  end, 
nearly  U  inch  long,  scarcely  stalked,  a  little  fleshy.  F/.  bright 
yellow,  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  in  a  corymbose  tuft,  various  in 
number.  Florets  about  30.  Seeds  hairy,  with  long,  copious, 
rough  down. 

391.  DIOTIS.     Cotton-weed. 

Desfont.  Atlant.  v.  2.  260.    DeCand.  Fr.  v.  4.  201 . 
Gnaphalium.     Tourn  ^26!.    Gcertn.  t.  165. 
Santolina.     Fl.  Br.mO.    Comp.  ed.A.\27 . 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  390. 

Common  Cal.  hemispherical,  imbricated,  scales  oblong,  con- 
vex, obtuse,  unarmed.  Cor.  compound,  uniform,  of  nu- 
merous tubular,  level-topped,  perfect,  regular  Jlorets^ 
about  the  length  of  the  calyx ;  their  limb  in  5  broadish, 
equal,  spreading  segments ;  tube  contracted  at  the  sum- 
mit; elongated  at  the  base  on  each  side,  below  its  inser- 
tion, into  2  opposite,  compressed,  equal,  nectariferous 
spiers^  which  finally  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  tube  and 
remain  attached  to  the  germen.  Filam.  capillary,  very 
short.     Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  equal  to  the  corolla. 


SYNGENESIA— P0I.VGAM1A-.^:QU.  Diotls.    40J 

Germ,  oblong,  slender,  between  the  spurs.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Stigmas  2,  spreading, 
obtuse.  Seed-vessel  none  but  the  unchanged  calyx.  Seed 
oblong,  compressed,  taperhig  at  the  base,  bordered  at 
each  side  with  the  compressed,  obtuse  spurs  of  the  co- 
rolla. *Down  none.  Recept.  convex,  nearly  globular, 
small,  beset  with  oblong,  concave,  downy-tipped  scales, 
neaily  as  tall  as  the  flowers. 
Only  one  species,  a  densely  cottony,  perennial,  corymbose 
herb,  with  simple  crenate  leaves,  and  tufted,  yellow,  dis- 
co id  j^oic'^;-.*;.  It  is  generally  taken  tor  the  original  an- 
cient GnapJialiiim  of  Dioscorides,  being  frequent  on  all 
the  shores  of  the  Archipelago;  and  Tournefort,  who  con- 
firms this  opinion  in  his  Voyage  v.  1.  10,  detected,  with 
great  sagacity,  an  essential  generic  character  in  the  2 
spurs  of  each  ^or^/,  which  form  a  sort  of  wings  to  the 
seed,  Grortner,  Desfontaines,  and  other  able  botanists, 
have  confirmed  this,  and  1  can  no  longer  refuse  to  ad- 
mit the  genus,  though  its  original  name  is  transferred  to 
another  well-known  and  very  ample  one,  from  which  it 
could  not,  without  great  inconvenience,  be  removed. 
Uiotis,  invented  by  Desfontaines,  well  expresses  the  es- 
sential character,  of  a  pair  of  ears  to  the  seed.  Still  I 
cannot  but  wish  that  the  habit  were  more  distinct  from 
Se(?{toli?ia. 

1.  T).  inaritima.     Sea  Cotton-weed. 

D.  maritima.    Hook.  Lond.  t.  1 37. 

D.  ciuulidissima.   Dcsfont.  Ailunt.  v.2.26\ .   DeCand.  Fr.vA. 20\. 

Santolina  maritima.    Linu.  Ms.  in  Sp.  PI.  1 1H2.    IVilld.v.  3.  1 799. 

Fl.  Jh. 8 GO.    Engl.  Dot.  v.2.t.\4\.  Comp.  cd.  4. 135.   Huds.SoG. 

Dic/iS.  II.  Sice,  f (ISC.  G.  1 1.    Pultcn.  Dorset.  80. 
Athaniisia  maritima.    Linn.Sj).  PI.  1 182. 
Filac^o  maritima.     IJnn.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  1 .  927-    Mill.  Ic  90.  /.  135. 
Gna))luilium.     Matlh.  I'ulgr.  v.  2.  213.  f.   Onner.  l.pit.  60d.f.  Da- 

Lecli.UislAWb.f. 
G.  maritimum.    Bank.  Pin.  2i\'S.     liaii  Si/u.lSO.     Buuh.  IIisl.v.3. 

^  1.157./ 
G.  marinum.     Ger.  Em.  6  K).  f.     Lob.  Ic.  480./ 
G.  msirinum  tomentosum.     Didnh.  Hist.  1387.  /". 
G.  legitimum.     Gtrrtn.  v.  2.  391.  /.  1C5.    Clus.  Ilist.  v.  1.329./ 
Chrysanthemum  percnne  gnaphaloides  maritimum.   .Moris,  v.  3.21. 

sect.  f).  /.I./  17. 
Polium  gnaphaloides.     Alpin.  Eiot.  147.  '•  140. 
Sea  Cofton-weed.     Pefir.  H.  Hrit.  t.  20.  f.  8. 

2  V  2 


404  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Tanacetum. 

On  the  sandy  sea  coast,  rare. 

In  Anglesea  and  Cornwall.  Ray.  Dorsetshire  and  the  isle  of  She- 
pey.  Huds.  Pulteney.  On  the  beach  just  above  high-water 
mark,  one  mile  north  of  Landguard  fort,  Suffolk,  1793  j  also 
between  Lowestoft  and  Pakefield,  and  on  other  parts  of  the 
Suffolk  coast. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Root  branched  and  tufted,  running  very  deep  into  the  sand.  Whole 
herb  densely  cottony  and  singularly  white.  Stems  scarcely  a 
foot  high,  recumbent  at  the  base,  branched  and  corymbose  above, 
round,  copiously  leafy.  Leaves  scattered,  in  four  rows,  sessile, 
oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  crenate,  withering,  permanent,  being  held 
together  by  their  cottony  coating.  Fl.  yellow,  in  terminal  co- 
rymbose tufts.     Cal.  densely  woolly.     Seeds  brown. 

My  friend  Dr.  Hooker  has,  like  the  learned  M.  Cassini,  well  re- 
sisted the  gratuitous  change  of  the  excellent  and  original  spe- 
cific name. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF, 
392.  TANACETUM.     Tansy. 

Linn,Gen.4]7.  Juss,\84.  Fl.Br.S62.  Tourn.  t.26\.  Lam. 
t.696.     Gcprtn.t.\65. 

Nat.  Ord.  Cojnjjositce,  y,  discoidece,  Linn.  49.  Coryynhiferce, 
sect.  4.  Juss.  55. 

Common  Cal.  hemispherical,  imbricated ;  scales  elliptic-ob- 
long, compact,  the  innermost  membranous  at  the  margin. 
Cor,  compound,  of  two  kinds  oijlorets;  those  oOhedisk 
numerous,  tubular,  regular,  level- topped,  with  a  5-cleft 
limb,  perfect ;  of  the  radius  few,  sometimes  wanting,  tu- 
bular at  the  base,  their  limb  flat,  spreading,  slightly  pro- 
minent, 3-cleft,  without  stamens.  Filam.  in  the  florets  of 
the  disk  only,  capillary,  very  short.  Antli.  in  a  cylindri- 
cal tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  obovate,  compressed. 
Style  thread-shaped.  Stigmas  2,  a  little  prominent,  re- 
curved, obtuse.  Seed-vessel  none  but  the  permanent  ca- 
lyx. Seed  oblong,  angular,  crowned  with  a  slight  mem- 
branous border.     Recept.  convex,  dotted,  naked. 

Bitter,  strongly  aromatic  herhs^  with  alternate,  or  scattered, 


SYNGENESIA^POLYG.-SUPERF.  Artemisia.  405 

simple,  pinnate,  or  bipinnate  leaves,  and  corymbose,  yel- 
low, scarcely  radiated, ^ower5. 

1.  T.  vidgare.     Common  Tansy. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  deeply  serrated,  naked. 

T.  vulgare.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 84.     mild,  v.  3. 1 8 1 4.     FL  Br.  862. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  18.  t.\229.   fVoodv.t.\\5.   Hook.  Scot. 239.    Bull. 

Fr.t.  187. 
T.  n.  132.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  57. 
Tanacetum.    Raii  Sijn.  ]S8.    Ger.  Em.6:)0.f.    Matth.  Valgr.v.2. 

259./.    Camer.Epit.650.f.    Brunf.  Herb. v. \. 250.  f.v. 2. 87./. 

Trag.Hist.  158./. 
T.  millefolii  foliis.     Lob.  Ic.  749./. 
Artemisia  monodono.s.    Fuchs.  Hist.  46./ 
A.  tenuifolia.     FucJis.  Ic.  27./ 
Athanasia,  seu  Tanacetum.    Dalech.  Hist.  955./. 
Tansy.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  20./  9. 

/3.  Tanacetum  foliis  crispis.  Bank.  Pin.  132.  Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  188. 
T.  crispum  anglicum.     Ger.  Em.  650./ 
T.  cristatum  anglicum  speciosum.    Lob.  Ic.  749,/    Dalech.  Hist. 

956./ 
Curled  Tansy.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  20.  f.  10. 

In  hilly  pastures,  hedges,  and  by  road  sides. 

Perennial.    Jul//,  August. 

Root  moderately  creeping.  Stems  1^  or  2  feet  high,  erect,  rather 
angular,  leafy,  solid,  unbranched,  smooth.  Leaves  doubly  and 
deeply  pinnatifid,  and  sharply  cut,  dark  green,  smooth.  Fl.  nu- 
merous, of  a  golden  yellow,  terminal,  densely  corymbose,  the 
marginal  Jiorets  scarcely  apparent,  and  often  wanting.  Seeds 
with  a  quadrangular  entire  crown. 

Every  part  is  very  bitter,  with  a  strong,  but  not  unpleasant,  scent. 
The  qualities  are  esteemed  of  a  tonic  and  cordial  nature,  ex- 
pelling intestinal  worms,  and  strengthening  the  digestive 
powers.  The  plant  however  does  not  agree  vvitli  every  stomach. 
The  curled  variety,  /3,  first  noticed  in  England,  is  kept  for  use 
in  gardens,  as  being  more  wholesome,  or  milder,  than  the  wild 
sort  3  but  Tansy  j)udding  is  now  out  of  fashion. 

393.  ARTEMISIA.  Wormwood,  Southernwood, 

and  Mugwort. 

Linn.  Gen.A\8.     Juss.  184.     Fl.  Br.  863.      Tourn.  t.  260.     Lam. 

/.695.    GcErtn.t.XCA. 
Absinthium.    Tourn.  t.  260.     Lam.  t.  695.     Gcrrtn.  t.  1  64. 

Nat.  Ord.  Composifrr,  ^,  tnicamrntacnr.  Linn.  If).  Corijm- 
h'\f\i(V.)  sect.  4.   Jiiss.  55. 


406   SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Artemisia. 

Common  Cal.  roundish,  imbricated ;  scales  rounded,  convex, 
compact,  membranous  at  the  edges.  Cor.  compound ; 
Jlorets  of  the  disJc  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  their  limb 
5-cleft ;  those  of  the  ciramifereiice  few,  with  or  without  a 
small,  tubular,  tongue-shaped,  undivided  petal,  but  no 
stamens.  Filam.  m  the  florets  of  the  disk  only,  very 
short.  Anth.  in  a  5-toothed  tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  flo- 
rets small,  obovate.  Style  prominent,  deeply  divided. 
Stigmas  cloven  or  notched,  recurved.  Seed-vessel  none, 
except  the  scarcely  altered  calyx.  Seed  obovate,  naked. 
llecept.  rather  convex,  either  naked  or  hairy. 

A  numerous  genus,  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  bitter,  or  in 
some  degree  aromatic,  almost  without  exception  peren- 
nial. Leaves  alternate,  more  or  less  divided,  or  pinnati- 
fid.  Fl.  in  panicled  clusters  or  tufts,  small,  not  showy. 
Herbage  often  hoary,  or  silky. 

No  genus  can  be  more  natural,  in  spite  of  the  differences 
of  the  receptacle,  which  in  some  species  is  smooth,  in 
others  hairy,  affording  an  example  of  aberration  in  that 
part,  which  is  not  accompanied  by  any  natural  or  charac- 
teristic distinction  in  any  other.  Linnanis,  Jussieu,  De- 
Candolle,  and  most  leading  botanists  besides,  have  there- 
fore happily  preserved  this  genus  entire. 

1.  K.campestris.     Field  Southernu^ood. 

Leaves  in  many  linear  segments.  Stems  procumbent  before 
flowering,  wand-like. 

A.  campestris.    Linn.  Sp.Fl.\\S:y.    mild. v.  3.  \S27.    FLBr.S63. 

Engl.Bot.v.D.  t.3oS. 
A.  n.  131.    HcUl.  Hisl.  v.\.d7. 
A.  tenuifolia,  slve  leptoplivllos,  aliis  Abrotanum  svlvestre.    Bauh. 

Hist  V.  3.  p.  1.  19-1./  ' 
A.  tenuifolia  altera.    Clas.  Hist.  v.  1 .  340./. 
Abrotanum  campestre.    Bauh.  Pin.  136.    Raii  Syn.  \bO. 
A.  inodorum.     Ger.  Em.  1 106./     Lob.  Ic.  769./     Dalech.  Hisi. 

939.  / 
Wild  Southernwood.    Peliv.  H.  Brit.  t.  20.  f.  4. 

On  dry  open  sandy  heaths,  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  rare. 

About  Barton  mills  and  Elden,  Suffolk,  plentifully  j  T.  Willisell. 
Ray.  About  a  mile  north  of  Thetford,  Norfolk.  Mr.  Crowe.  On 
Icklingham  heath,  near  Bury,  Suffolk.     Sir  T.  G.  Cullurn. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  tapering.  Whole  herb  without  any  aromatic  or  bitter  flavour. 
Stems  at  first  prostrate,  becoming  more  or  less  upright  as  the 
flowers  ap})ear,  branched,  leafy,  straight  and  wand-like_,  smooth. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPEHF.  Artemisia.  407 

often  reddish,  near  2  feet  high.  Leaves  irregularly  and  doubly 
pinnatifid,  with  narrow,  linear,  blunt  segments ;  clothed  beneath 
with  close  silvery  hairs  ;  smooth  above  ;  the  radical  ones  nume- 
rous the  first  year,  on  long  footstalks,  spreading  close  to  the 
ground.  Ft.  drooping,  small,  ovate,  yellow,  with  a  purplish 
cabjx,  forming  numerous,  slender,  leafy  clusters,  at  the  ends  of 
the  stem  and  branches,  Calt/x. scales  roundish,  with  a  broad, 
membranous,  shining,  jagged  margin.  Recept.  small,  naked. 
Florets  of  the  disk  about  15,  tipped  with  purple  ;  of  the  circum- 
ference 2  or  3,  awl-shaped^  entire,  yellow. 

2.   A.  inaritima.     Drooping  Sea  Wormwood. 

Leaves  downy,  pinnatifid;  uppermost  undivided.  Flowers 
drooping,  oblong,  downy,  sessile.     Receptacle  naked. 

A.  maritima.  Lmn.  Sp.  PL  1 1 80.  JVilld  v.  3.  1833.  Fl.  Br.  864, 
a  and  ^.  Comp.  ed.  4.  135.  Huds.  358.  Hook.  Scot.  239. 
Woodv.  t.  122.    Ehrh.  PL  Of.  90. 

Absinthium  marinum  album.  Rati  Syu.  ed.  2.  94.  ed.  3.  188.  Ger. 
Em.]  009./. 

A.  marinum. '  Mattlt.  Falgr.  v.  2. 48./.  ?    Camer.  Epit.  4oD.f. 

A.  maritimum  nostras.    Dill,  in  Rati  Syn.  1 89.    Raii  Hist.  r.  3.  23 1 . 

/3.  A.  maritimum,  Seri])hio  Belgico  simile,  latiore  folio,  odoris 
grati.     Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  94,  ed.  3. 188. 

French  Sea  \\^ormwood.     Pctiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  20./.  3.  DHL 

y.  Absinthii  maritimi  species,  latiore  folio.  Raii  Syn.  ed.  2.  94. 
ed.  3.  189. 

On  the  sea  shore,  or  about  the  mouths  of  large  rivers,  in  a  muddy 
soil,  frequent. 

Perennial.     Jugust. 

Root  rather  woody.  Herb  hoary  with  fine  white  cottony  down, 
having  a  more  agreeably  aromatic  resinous  odour,  and  less  bitter 
taste,  than  Common  V\'ormwood.  Stems  erect  or  recumbent, 
woody,  furrowed,  solid,  copiously  and  alternately  branched, 
densely  leafy.  Leaves  pinnatifid  with  3.cleft  segments,  various 
in  breadth  and  hoariness  ;  the  uj)pcr  ones  linear,  undivided.  Fl. 
in  unilateral  leafy  clusters,  all  nearly  sessile,  drooping  or  pen- 
dulous, externally  cottony,  ovate-oblong,  not  hemispherical. 
Inner  scales  of  the  calyx  almost  naked,  with  a  broad  membra- 
nous edge.  Florets  tawny  j  those  of  the  circumference  very 
few.      Recept.  naked,  small. 

Our  variety  y,  found  by  Dale,  was  susi)ected  by  Ray  himself  to  be 
either  the  same  with'  3,  or  with  the  following  species  j  so  that  it 
appears  to  have  been,  at  any  rate,  very  little  known,  and  hardly 
entitled  to  rank  even  as  a  variety. 


408    SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Artemisia. 

3.  A.  gallica.    Upright-flowered  Sea  Wormwood. 

Leaves  downy,  pinnatifid ;  radical  ones  capillary ;  upper- 
most undivided.  Flowers  erect,  oblong,  downy,  partly 
stalked,  of  few  florets.     Receptacle  naked. 

A.  gallica.  Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3. 1834.  Comp.  cdA.  135.  Engl.  Bot. 
V.  24.  p.  1 706,  at  the  bottom.  Hook.  Scot.  239 ;  in  the  quotation, 
for  drooping  read  erect. 

A.  maritima.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  \4.  t.  \00\.    FLBr.S6i,y. 

Absinthium  seriphium  tenuifolium  marinum  narbonense.  Dill,  in 
Rail  Syn.  1 89.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  \.  177.  f. 

About  the  banks  of  large  rivers  near  the  sea,  in  a  muddy  soil. 

Perennial.    August. 

This  has  much  of  the  habit  of  the  preceding,  and  like  that  varies  in 
the  degree  of  hoariness,  and  in  the  breadth  of  its  foliage  ;  but  the 
radical  leaves  are  usually  more  narrow,  almost  capillary  -,  and 
when  in  bloom  the  two  species  differ  conspicuously,  the Jlowers 
of  the  present  being  more  abundant  and  crowded,  partially 
stalked,  and  all  of  them  upright.  In  their  sensible  qualities 
there  seems  little  difference. 

4.  K,  Ahshithium,    Common  Wormwood. 

Leaves  in  many  deep  segments,  clothed  with  close  silky 
down.  Flowers  drooping,  hemispherical.  Receptacle 
hairy. 

A.  Absinthium.  Lmw.  %PZ.  1 188.  Willd.v.3.\^\\.  Ft.  Br.S64. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  18.  t.  1230.     Woodv.  t.  120.    Hook.  Scot.  239. 
Apsinthium  n,  1 24.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  53. 
Absinthium.   Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  47./.    Camer.  Epit.  452.  f.    Trag. 

Hist.  335.  f. 
A,  vulgare.    RaiiSyn.\SS,   Dalec/i,  Hist.  943.  f.    Fuclis.  Hist.l.f. 

lc.2.f. 
A.  latifolium  sive  ponticum.     Ger.  Em.  1096./. 
A^z/ySiOv.    Diosc.Ic.  t.  16. 
Common  Wormwood.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  20.  f.  1 , 

In  waste  ground,  and  about  villages  frequent. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  woody,  branched  at  the  crown,  with  numerous  fibres  below. 
Whole  herb  covered  with  close  silky  hoariness,  intensely  bitter, 
to  a  proverb,  with  a  peculiar,  strong,  aromatic,  not  disagreeable 
odour.  Stems  numerous,  bushy,  about  a  foot  high,  furrowed, 
leafy.  Leaves  alternate,  doubly  pinnatifid,  with  broadish,  blunt- 
ish,  entire  segments,  rather  greener  on  the  upper  side ;  lower 
ones  on  \on^  footstalks ;  upper  on  shorter,  broader,  somewhat 
winged  ones.  Fl.  in  aggregate  leafy  clusters,  stalked,  droop- 
ing, hemispherical,  of  numerous,  p;ilc  yellow,  or  hui\',  ^florets. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Artemisia.  409 

Styles  very  deeply  cloven.  Recept.  convex^  clothed  with  fine 
upright  hairs. 

Sometimes  the  leaves  which  accompany  the  flowers  are  much 
larger  and  broader  than  usual,  and  most  of  them  undivided. 
Such  a  variety  has  been  sent  me  for  A.  ccorulescens,  from  Gara- 
lingay,  near  Cambridge ;  but  it  has  no  relationship  to  that  spe- 
cies. 

Common  Wormwood  is  a  powerful  bitter,  much  extolled  by  Haller, 
on  various  authorities,  as  a  stomachic,  and  recommended  by 
him  for  keeping  oft"  fits  of  the  gout,  for  which  it  is  said  to  have 
served  the  Emperor  Charles  the  Fifth.  The  plant  is  thought  to 
drive  away  insects  from  clothes  and  furniture,  for  which  purpose 
it  is  often  laid  into  drawers  and  chests  in  the  country.  The  ve- 
getable alkali  of  the  shops  has  been  usually  procured  from  this 
herb,  and  called  Salt  of  Wormwood,  though  retaining  none  of 
its  peculiar  qualities. 

5.  A.  vulgaris,     Mugwort. 

Leaves  pinnatificl,  flat,  cut;  downy  beneath.  Clusters  sim- 
ple.    Flowers  ovate.     Receptacle  naked. 

A.  vulgaris.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  W^S.    mild.  v.  3A84:>.    E.Br.  863. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  14.  t.  978.    IVoodv.  t.\2\.    Hook.  Scot.  240.    Bull. 

Fr.  t.  350.    Rail  Syn.  1 90.   Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1 . 1 84./.  Dalcch. 

Hist.  950./. 
A.  n.  130.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  L.'iG. 
Artemisia.     Trag.  Hist.  344./     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  2.  83,  by  mistake 

41,/.    Matth.Valgr.v. 2. 202,/.    Camer.  Epil.  593.  f. 
A.  mater  herbarum.     Ger.  Em.  1 103./ 
A.  hitifoha.     Fnchs.  Hist.  44./. 
Mugwort.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  20./  5. 

In  waste  ground,  about  hedges,  and  in  the  rougli  borders  of  fields, 
common. 

Perennial.    Aiv^nst. 

Root  woody.  Stems  3  or  4  feet  high,  erect,  branched,  panicled, 
leafy,  furrowed,  smooth,  often  reddish.  Leaves  alternate,  deeply 
])innatifid  and  cut,  somewhat  lyrate  j  dark  green  and  smooth 
al)ovc  ;  downy  and  snow-white  underneath  ;  the  lower  ones 
stalked ;  upj)cr  sessile.  Clusters  upright,  leafy,  sirnple.  Fl. 
more  or  less  inclining,  or  droopincs^,  partly  sessile,  variously  dis- 
posed, ovate,  woolly.  Florets  reddish  or  brown  ;  in  the  disk  not 
numerous;  in  the  margin  5,  very  slender.  Racpt.  naked, 
small. 

This  species,  weakly  aromatic  and  bitterish,  has,  from  remote  an. 
tiquity,  been  esteemed  good  in  certain  obstructions,  for  which 
Kay  .says  it  is  much  used.  Whatever  may  be  its  supposed  efii- 
cacy,  the  sensible  qualities  arc  bui  slight,  and  its  virtues  arc 
rather  traditionarv  than  certain.     The   cottonv  coverinc;  of  tlu- 


410SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalium. 

herbage,  separated  by  rubbing,  makes  the  Moxa  of  the  Ja- 
panese, a  famous  material  for  performing  actual  cautery  in  that 
country. 

-fS.  A   c(Frulescens .     Blueisb,    or  Lavender-leaved 
Mugwort. 

Leaves  hoary ;  most  of  them  lanceolate,  undivided,  tapering 
at  the  base ;  lower  ones  variously  divided.  Flowers  erect, 
cylindrical.     Receptacle  naked. 

A.  cserulescens.  Lm?i.  6>.  PZ.  1 189.  WiUd.v.ZA^AI ,  FLBr.86C}. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  34.  t.  2426.    Huds.  359. 

A.  marina.   Ger.  Em.  1 104./.  Lob.  Ic.  765.f.   Dalevh.  Hist.  951./. 

Absinthium  marinum.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.2.49  f.  Camer.  Epit.  455, 
456.  f,f. 

A.  maritimum  lavendulae  folio.  Bauh.  Pin.  \39.  Moris,  v.  3.7. 
sect.G.t.i.f.D.    Duham.  Arb. v.\.  24.  t.  7. 

A.  latifolium  rarius,  Artemisiag  folio.    Column.  Ecphr.  v.  2. 75.  t.  76. 

A.  angustifohum.    Dod.  Pempt.  26.  f. 

On  the  sea  coast ;  a  very  doubtful  native. 

Near  Boston,  Lincolnshire  ;  Mr.Tofield.  Huds.  No  other  person 
has  ever  met  with  it,  and  the  late  Sir  Joseph  Banks  repeatedly 
searched  the  neighbourhood  of  Boston  in  vain.  In  the  isle  of 
Wight.   Gerarde.    But  it  has  not  been  found  by  recent  botanists. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Plant  rather  shrubby,  with  round,  slender,  smooth,  leafy  branches, 
downy  when  young.  Leaves  of  a  blueish  hoary  hue,  finely  silky 
in  an  early  state,  especially  beneath,  all  tapering  at  the  base, 
and  somevvhat  stalked  ;  many  of  them  obovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
entire  J  floral  ones  smaller,  and  more  linear  ;  several  about  the 
lower  part  of  the  stem  three-cleft,  or  pinnatifid.  Fl.  ovate-ob- 
long, small,  mostly  erect,  in  copious,  aggregate,  leafy  dusters  or 
spikes.  Recepi.  naked,  small.  Frcm  garden  and  exotic  speci- 
mens. 

394.  GNAPHALIUxM.    Cudweed. 

Linn.  Gen. 4\9.    Jim.  179.    FLBr.867. 

Elichrysum.     Tourn.  t.  259.    Lam.  t.  693.    Gccrtn.  1. 166. 

Antennaria.     Gcertn.  t.\67 . 

Filago.    Linn.  Gen.  450.    Juss.  179.    Tourn.  t.  259.    Gcertn.  1. 1 66. 

Nat.  Ord.  Covipositce,  ^,  nucamentacece,  Linn.  49.  Corym- 
hifercJB,  sect.  1.  Juss.  55. 

Common  Cat.  roundish,  imbricated ;  scales  filmy,  coloured, 
converging.  Cor,  compound ;  florets  of  the  disk  perfect, 
tubular,  their  limb  5-cleft ;  some  destitute  of  stamens, 
often  of  corolla  also,  either  marginal  or  interspersed  in 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalium.  411 

the  circumference  of  the  disk ;  their  corolla,  if  present, 
slender,  or  awl-shaped,  mostly  undivided.  Filam,  5, 
capillary,  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ. 
obovate,  angular.  Shjle  thread-shaped,  the  length  of  the 
floret.  »S7?V???f/5  2,  sprending,  notched.  Seed-vessel  ncney 
except  the  permanent  shining  calyx,  variously  coloured. 
Seed  obovate,  small,  alike,  and  usually  perfect,  in  all  the 
florets.  Down  either  sim})le,  or  variously  feathery.  Re- 
cept.  naked. 

Some  ^{^w  Jloreis,  in  the  very  centre  of  the  disk,  are  occa- 
sionally abortive.  Antennaria  of  Gaertner  has  dioecious 
Jlowers,  and  a  diversity  of  feathery  seed-down ;  yet  it  is  not 
a  natural  genus.  In  Filago  the  Jlorets  of  the  disk  arc 
described  by  Linnaeus  as  4-cleft,  with  4  stamens  only ; 
but  this  is  rarely,  if  ever,  the  case.  There  are  many 
aberrations,  as  to  the  Jlorets  being  more  or  less  perfect,  in 
different  species,  but  nothing  can  be  liable  to  more  va- 
riations than  this  circumstance. 

A  vast  genus,  overburthened  with  species,  among  which 
there  is  great  diversity  of  habit,  and  the  exotic  ones, 
chiefly  African,  undoubtedly  require  skilful  investigation. 
The  roots  are  annual,  or  more  generally  perennial. 
Herbage  cottony.  Stem  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  round, 
leafy.  Leaves  simple,  undivided,  and  entire.  Ft.  corym- 
bose, or  capitate;  yellow  in  tlie  disk.  Calyx  yellow,  red, 
white,  brown,  or  blackish,  never  blue. 

*  Calyx  yellom. 

1.   G.  lulco  albian.     Jersey  Cudweed. 

Herbaceous.  Leaves  half-clasping,  linear-oblong,  wavy, 
woolly  on  both  sides  ;  lower  ones  blunt.  Flowers  densely 
tufted. 

G.  lutco-album.     Liun.  Sp.  PL  1  190.     irutd.  v.  3.  IS7J .      Fl.  Br. 

HG7.      En^l.  Hot.  V.  II.  /.  lOO'J.      Dicks.  11.  Sice.  fuse.   ").  1;^ 

Khrh.Ilerb.  IIS. 
G.  majus,  lato  oblongo  folio.    Bauh.  Pin.3C)?>.    Phik.  Alm'ii:.  171 

Phyt.t.'M.fJ\. 
G.  Plateau  secundum.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  1 .  329./. 
(i.  oblonj^o  folio.     Crr.  /Cm.  (i  13./. 

Cr.  ad  Hta-chadem  citrinam  arcedcns.   Bauli.  Ilisi.  r.3.  p.  I.  \C)0.f 
Fila^'o  n.  I  17.     Hall.  Ili.st.  r.  \ .  G\. 
Klirhrvsum  sylvcstrc  latifolium,  rapitulis  conglobatis.     Bnii  Si/n 

IB'J. 


412SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnapluilium. 

Helichrysum  seu  Chrysocome  annua  sylvestris,  capitulis  minori- 

bus  conglobatis.    Moris,  v.  3.  88.  sect.  7.  t.  1 1./. 
Chrysocome  citrina  supina  latifolia  italica.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  36/ . 
Jersey  Live-long.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  18./.  5. 

In  dry  sandy  ground,  in  the  south. 

On  dry  banks  and  walls  in  Jersey,  very  common.  Sherard.  Be- 
tween Hanxtown  and  Little  Shelford,  Cambridgeshire,  indubita- 
bly wild.   Rev.  R.  ReJhan. 

Annual.    July^  August. 

Root  small  and  slender.  Herb  entirely  covered  wiih  white  cot- 
tony down.  Stems  generally  several,  from  3  to  12  inches  high, 
unbvanched,  leafy  -.  recumbent  at  the  bottom  j  then  upright. 
Leaves  numerous,  alternate,  sessile,  clasping  the  stem  with 
their  dilated  base,  oblong,  undulated  ;  the  lower  ones  obovate 
at  the  extremity ;  upper  acute.  Ft.  in  crowded  heads,  on  co- 
rymbose stalks.  Cat,  of  a  delicate,  shining,  pale  yellow.  Mar- 
ginaljlorets  often  reddish,  as  are  sometimes  the  few  which  com- 
pose the  disk.  Recept.  tuberculated.  Seeds  fertile  in  all  the 
florets.     Down  rough. 

These  Jlowers  are  of  the  kind  termed  Everlasting,  but  scarcely  con- 
spicuous enough  to  make  a  figure  in  winter  nosegays,  or  to  find 
a  place  in  the  flower-garden. 

**  Calyx  white,  or  reddish. 

2.  G.  margaritaceum,  American  Cudweed.  Pearly 
Everlasting. 

Herbaceous.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sharp-pointed,  al- 
ternate ;  loosely  cottony  on  the  upper  side ;  densely  un- 
derneath. Stem  branched  in  the  upper  part.  Panicles 
corymbose,  level-topped. 

G.  margaritaceum.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 198.     Willd.  v.  3.  1881.     Fl. 

Br.  868.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  29.  t.  2018.    Dicks.  H.  Sicc.Jasc.  8.  15. 
G.  americanum.     Rail  Syn.  182.      Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1.  162./. 

Clus.Hist.v.  1.327./. 
Filago  n.  146.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  64. 
American  Live-long.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.t.  18,/,  3. 

In  moist  meadows,  rare. 

Plentifully  near  Docking,  Essex,  Mr  Dale  ;  but  perhaps  not  wild. 
Ray.  On  the  banks  of  Rymny  river.  South  Wales,  for  at  least 
twelve  miles  ;  Mr.  Lhwyd.  Dillenius.  By  a  rivulet  in  the  heart 
of  Wire  forest,  Worcestershire.  Rev.  T.  Butt.  At  Longdon, 
near  Litchfield.  Dr.  Salt. 

Perennial.     August. 

Root  somewhat  creeping.  Stems  erect,  2  feet  high,  copiously  leafy, 
solid,  densely  cottony  j  as  is  the  under  side  of  the  leaves ;  while 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Gnaplmlium.  413 

the  upper  is  green,  even,  covered  with  a  thin  web  of  cotton  ea- 
sily rubbed  off.  FL  numerous,  corymbose,  on  cottony  stalks, 
terminating  the  stem  and  branches.  Cal.  of  a  most  pure,  ra- 
ther opaque,  paper-like  white,  globose  before  it  expands,  giving 
an  elegant  pearly  aspect  to  the  ample  panicles,  and  remaining 
unchanged  after  gathering.  Hence  these ^ou;er5  serve  to  de- 
corate chimney-pieces  in  winter,  especially  in  the  country.  In 
South  Wales,  where  the  plant,  though  reckoned  of  American 
origin,  is  to  all  appearance  wild,  they  afford  "  Amaranthine 
wreaths"  for  the  graves  of  the  departed.  The  perfect  ^ore^s  of 
the  disk  are  numerous  ;  the  half-ligulate  ones  of  the  circumfe- 
rence very  few.  Seed-down  obtuse,  rough.  Recept.  tuberculated. 

3.   G.  dioicmn.     Mountain  Cudweed. 

Shoots  procumbent.  Stem  unbranched.  Corymb  simple, 
terminal.  Flowers  dioecious.  Seed-down  feathery,  va- 
rious. 

G.  dioicum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  11 99.    HVld.  v.  3.  1882.     FL  Bi\  8G9. 

EngL  hot.  V.  4.  /.  267.  Lightf.  4/0.  /.  20./.  1 .    Flook.  Scot.  240. 

FL  Dan.  t.  1228.    BulL  Fr.  L  325. 
G.  montanum  album.     Raii  Syn.  181. 

G.  longiore  folio  et  flore.    DHL  in  Raii  Syn.  182.     Bauh.  Pin.  263. 
G.  montanum  purpureum  et  album.      Ger.  Em.  640./.     Lob.  Ic. 

482,483.// 
Filago  n.  157.    HulL  Hist.  v.  1.  (j7 . 
Elichrysum  montanum,  longiore  et  folio,  et  flore  purpureo.    Garid. 

Prov.  157.  ^.30. 
Lagopus.     Trag.  Hist.  332.  /'. 
rilosellu  minor.  Dod.  Pempt.  68./  Fuchs.  Hist.  606.  f.  Tc.  317.  /'. 

Dalech.Hist.\008.f. 
Antennaria  dioica.     Gcertn.  v.  2.  4 1 0.  ^  1 67. 
Cat's.foot.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  18./  4. 

In  dry  mountainous  or  heathy  })astures. 

On  Newmarket  heath  ;  and  on  Stratton  Strawless  heath  near  Nor- 
wich.    Frequent  in  the  mountainous  counties. 

Perennial.     June,  July. 

Roots  with  many  long  sim))le  fibres.  Stems  .solitary,  simple,  up- 
rigiU,  generally  from  4  to  6  inches  high,  cottony,  leafy,  accom- 
panied at  the  base  by  several  prostrate  leafy  runners,  by  which 
the  plant  is  increased.  Leaves  scattered  ;  obovate  on  the  rtin- 
ners  j  lanceolate  on  the  stems  ;  green,  smooth  and  naked  above  ; 
very  white  and  cottcmy  beneath.  FL  4  or  5,  terminal,  erect, 
simj)ly  corymbose,  white,  witli  more  or  less  of  a  rose-coloured 
tint,  everlasting,  and  very  elegant ;  those  on  one  root  most  per- 
fect in  their  anthers,  on  another  in  their  pistils,  so  that  tlie  j)lant 
is  incompletely  dia'cious  ;  but  this  varies,  and  the  seeds  of  the 
latter  kind  are  often  abortive, as  in  most  vegetables  that  increase 
much  by  root.  The  cahj.i  scales  have  a  membranous  termina- 
tion, either  rounded  or  acute.     Sefd-doun  partlv  rouuh.  j)artly 


4I4SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalhim. 

feathery  and  somewhat  tufted.  The  redder  Jl or cts  in  general  have 
the  most  perfect  pistU,  without  even  the  rudiments  oi stame)2s. 
A  very  fine  variety,  almost  twice  the  size  of  the  common  sort,  with 
the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  downy,  at  least  while  young,  was 
gathered  on  Breeze  hill  in  the  isle  of  Skye,  by  the  late  Mr.  J. 
Mackay,  which  some  have  thought  a  new  species.  But  it  seems 
a  mere  variety,  becoming  still  larger  in  a  garden,  and  having,  as 
far  as  I  can  make  out,  no  specific  mark  of  distinction. 

***   Calyx  hroimi^  and  less  ornamental. 

4.  G.  sylvaticum.     Highland  Cudweed. 

Stem  simple,  erect.  Spike  leafy,  somewhat  compound. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base,  cottony  on  both 
sides. 

G.  sylvaticum.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1200.  JVilld  v.3.  1884.  Fl.  Br.  869. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  13.  f.  913.  Hook.  Scot.  240.  Scop.  Cam.  v,2.  151. 
t.56.    M'ahlenb.  Lapp.  203  (5. 

Gnaphalium.     FL  Dan.  t.  254. 

G.  norvegicum,  Retz.  Prodr.  193.  Hcenke  in  Jacq.  Coll.  v.2.2\. 
Gunn.  Norveg.  105. 

Filago  n.  148,  variety  from  Mount  Fouly.    HalL  Hist.  v.  1.  65. 

Chrysocome  lanuginosa.    Dalech.  Hist.  1  125./. 

In  pastures  and  thickets,  on  the  Highland  mountains  of  Scotland, 

On  mountains  to  the  north  of  Blair  in  Athol,  above  Loch  Erruch, 
and  on  Ben  Wyvis,  Ross- shire  ;  but  not  in  woods.  Mr.  J, 
Mackay. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  with  many  long,  simple,  blackish  fibres.  Stem  solitary,  sim- 
ple, from  3  to  12  inches  high,  leafy,  cottony  as  well  as  both 
sides  of  the  leaves,  which  are  lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  at  the 
base  into  short  footstalks.-  FL  in  a  dense  leafy  spike,  an  inch 
or  two  long,  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  slightly  compound,  or  sub- 
divided in  the  lower  part ;  but  its  lower  branches  become  mul- 
tiplied by  culture,  forming  stalked  axillary  spikes,  along  the 
upper  half,  or  more,  of  the  leafy  stem.  CaL  cylindrical,  with 
numerous,  oblong,  round-pointed,  naked  scales,  of  a  dark  shi- 
ning brown,  nearly  black,  in  the  upper;  or  exposed,  half;  straw- 
coloured  below.  Florets  yellowish  :  those  of  the  circumference 
numerous,  slender,  tubular,  with  a  short,  undivided,  ligulate 
border;  of  the  disk  few,  regular,  5 -cleft.  Seed-down  uniform, 
rough.  Recept.  minutely  cellular.  Some  very  dwarf  alpine  spe- 
cimens bear  solitary /owers. 

The  differences  between  this  plant  and  the  following  seem  pretty 
constant,  in  their  respective  natural  situations,  and  there  no 
person  can  mistake  them.  Cultivation  renders  the  present  spe- 
cies more  luxuriant,  with  far  more  numerous  and  dispersed^oz/;- 
ers,  than  the  humble  wild  specimens  of  the  Highland  mountains  ; 
but  the  upper  surface  of  tiie  leaves   continues  equally  covered 


SYNGENESI  A— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Gnaphalium.4 1.5 

with  cottony  (iown  ;  the  calyx  remains  blacker,  and  ihejiorets 
more  dusky  than  in  G.  rectum.  I  concur  therefore  with  the  most 
eminent  practical  botanists,  who  have  kept  them  distinct.  In  a 
wild  state,  though  the  stem  of  G.  sijlvaticum  is  often  drav/n  up, 
to  above  the  height  of  a  footj  among  bushes,  the  spike  remains  as 
compact,  and  nearly  as  short,  as  in  the  most  exposed  situations. 

5.   G.  rectum.     Upright  AVood  Cudweed. 
Stem   erect,   paiiicled,    many-flowered,    leafy.     Leaves  li- 
near-lanceolate, naked  on  the  upper  side ;  silky  beneath. 

G.  rectum.     FL  Dr.  8/0.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  2.  t.  124.     IVilld.  Sp.  PL 

v.3.1885.    Fl.Dan.t.  \229.    BauluHist.v.3.  p.  \ .  160./.  Ber- 

tolon.  Am.  Ital.  406. 
G.  sylvaticum.    Iluds.  360.   Hook.  Scot.  340  /3.     Refz.  Prodr.  1 93. 

Ehrh.  Herb.  50.     Wahlenb.  Lapp.  203  a. 
G.  anglicum.     Thai  Syn.  180.     Ger.  Em.  G39./. 
G.  anglicum  vel  belgicum,  folio  longiore.    Lob.  Ic.  482.  f. 
Fdagon.  148.    Hall.Hist.v.\.6j. 
Pseudoleontopodium.     Matth.  Valgr.v.2.boo.f.     Dalech.  ITist. 

1344./. 
Rhuikraut.     Trag.  Hist.  33 1  ;   tallest  f. 
English  Live-long.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  18./.  G. 

In  groves_,  thickets  and  pastures,  where  the  soil  is  liglit  and  sandy, 
or  gravelly  ;   rarely  in  corn  fields. 

Perennial.     August. 

This  may  be  known  from  the  last  by  its  many. flowered,  punicled, 
generally  much  taller,  stem,  but  more  certainly  by  the  naked 
and  very  smooth  u})per  side  of  its  leaves,  and  their  silvery  under 
surface.  The  calyr,  though  brown,  has  a  blush-coloured  rather 
than  black  hue,  and  the//or6/i'  are  of  a  brighter  yellow,  though 
in  structure  like  those  of  G.  sylvaticum.  In  generid  G.  rectum 
is  li  or  2  feet  high,  copiously  branched,  with  abundance  of  not 
meh'g-dnt  Jloivers  ;  thougii  I  have  dwarf  specimens  from  the  Ha- 
fod  woods,  Cardiganshire,  not  a  foot  in  height,  with  the  irj/lo- 
rescenre  as  little  branched  as  in  G.  sylvaticum.  But  the Jlotvers 
are  dispersed  among  the  foliage,  having  their  proper  reddish 
hue,  and  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  smooth  anrl  naked, 
while  their  backs,  like  the  stem,  are  beautifidly  silvery.  These 
specimens,  accurately  observed,  cannot  but  remove  all  doubt. 

G.   G.  ,st/jji//f/jji.     Dwarf  Alpine  Cudweed. 

Stem  recumbent,  quite  simple,  with  a  simple  cluster  of  very 
few  flowers.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  Si)mewliat  cottony 
on  both  sides. 

G.  supinum.  Linn.  Si/sf.  Nat.  cd.  12.  v.  3.23  I.  Ji'illd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3 
\HHH.  Fl.  Br.  8/  T.  /:;/,;'/.  Bot.  v.  I  ".  /.  1  I  93.  Hook.  Scot.  240. 
Dicks.  //.  Sicc.fasc.  2.  I  7.     Jf'ahU  uh.  Lapp.  202. 


416SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.Gnaphalium. 

G.  alpinum.    LightfAJO.  t.  20.  f.  2.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  332. 

G.  fecum.    -Scop.  Carn.  v.  2.  152.  t.D7. 

G.  alpinum  nanum,  seu  pumilum.     Bocc.  Sic.  40.  t.20.f.  1.    Sm. 

Tour  on  the  Continent,  ed.  2.  v.  3.  101. 
Filago  n.  149.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  65. 
Elichrysum  alpinum  minimum,  capillaceo  folio.    Tourn.  Inst.  454  ; 

according  to  his  herbarium. 

On  the  micaceous  summits  of  the  Highland  mountains. 

Near  the  top  of  Ben  Lomond  plentifully,  1782. 

Perennial.    Jubj. 

Root  slender,  creeping,  black.  Stems  from  2  to  4  inches  long, 
very  slender,  quite  simple,  cottony,  sparingly  leafy,  seldom 
quite  erect,  and  often  nearly  prostrate  -,  sometimes  bearing  only 
one  solitary  terminal^oz^Tr,-  but  most  usually  ending  in  a  sim- 
ple, lax  cluster,  of  from  3  to  5  or  6  Jlowers,  whose  stalks  are 
clothed  with  an  abundant  lax  cottony  web.  Leaves  very  nar- 
row, almost  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long,  finely  cottony  on  both 
sides  5  crowded  about  the  root ;  scattered  on  the  stem.  Cat. 
rather  ovate  than  cylindrical,  generally  spreading  even  while  in 
flower,  smooth  ;  its  scales  brown,  of  a  narrower  and  more  acute 
form  than  either  of  the  preceding,  from  which  this  species  may, 
I  think,  by  that  mark  be  known,  while  the  conspicuous  partial 
stalks  of  the  flowers,  often  considerably  elongated,  afford  a  good 
scientific  distinction.  There  are  indeed  dwarf  alpine  states  of 
G.  sylvaticum,  which  approach  the  supinum,  one  of  which  is  G. 
supinum  lavendulce  folio,  Bocc.  Mus.  107.  t.  85  -,  but  the  dense 
tufted  ?it^&\\Q flowers  indicate  the  true  sylvaticum.  The  recepta- 
cle of  all  these  species  is  alike,  slightly  cellular.  Seed-down  rough. 
Marginal  florets  of  the  present  less  ligulate  than  in  the  others, 
and  unequally  notched.     See  Engl,  Bot.  1. 1 193,  and  Fl,  Br, 

7 .  G.  uHginosiwi.     Marsh  Cudweed. 

Stem  much  branched,  spreading.  Leaves  hnear-lance- 
olate,  cottony  on  both  sides.  Flowers  in  dense  terminal 
tufts. 

G.  uliginosum.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1200.     Willd.  v.  3.  1891 .     Fl.  Br. 

872.  EngLBoLv.\7.t.\\94.  Hook.  Scot.  2  A\.  Fl.  Dan.t.S59. 

Ehrh.  Herb. 99. 
G.  longifolium  humile  ramosum,  capitulis  nigris.    Raii  Syn.  181, 
G.  vulgare.     Ger.  Em.  639./. 

G.  medium.    Bank.  Pin.  263  j  according  to  his  herbarium.    Haller. 
G.  annuum  serotinum  capitulis  nigricantibus,  in  humidis  gaudens. 

Moris.v.  3.  92.  sect.  1. 1.  11./.  14. 
Filago  n.  151.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  65. 
F.  minor.    Dod.  Pempt.66.f.    Lob.  Ic.  43\,f. 
Long  Cudweed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 8./  7- 
In  sandy  watery  places,  or  where  water  has  stood  during  winter. 


SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-8UPERF.Gnaphalium.417 

Annual.    August. 

Root  tapering,  slender.  Stems  4  or  .i  inches  long,  generally  nu- 
merous, branched,  spreading  or  recumbent  in  every  direction, 
many-flowered,  densely  cottony,  leafy,  sometimes  single,  with 
nriany  small  axillary  branches.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  on  both 
sides  much  less  cottony,  alternate,  spreading,  tapering  very  gra- 
dually at  the  base.  Ft.  in  dense,  terminal,  leafy  tufts,  small.  Cat. 
ovate,  of  a  shining  yellowish  brown,  smooth.  Florets  yellow, 
all  fertile.  Seed-down  rough.  Recept.  reticulated.  The  whole 
herb  is  remarkably  tender,  and  when  handled  seems  to  hold  to- 
gether chiefly  by  its  cottony  covering. 

8.  G.  gallicum.     Narrow-leaved  Cudweed. 

Stem  erect,  branched.  Leaves  linear,  re  volute,  acute.  Flow- 
ers awl-shaped,  axillary,  tufted. 

G.  gallicum.  Buds.  3G1.  Ft.  Br.  872.  E?igl.  Bot.  v.  33.  t.  2369 
mild.  Sp.  PL  V.  3.  \S9o.  Hook.  Scot.  24 1.  Dicks.  H.  Sice  fasc 
11.10.  '-^     ' 

G.  parvum  ramosissimum,  foliis  angustissimis,  polyspermon  Rail 
Stjn.lSl.    Pluk.Phyt.t.208.f.2. 

G.  minimum  alteram  nostras,  Stoechadis  citrinae  foliis  tenuissimis 
Pluk.Almag.  1/2. 

Filago  gallica.     Linn.  Sp.  P/.  1312. 

F.  n.  150.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  I.  67. 

Grass  Cudweed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  18./.  12. 

In  gravelly  corn  fields,  but  very  rare. 

Among  corn,  in  sandy  grounds,  about  Castle  Heveningham,  Essex, 
plentifully  ;  Mr.  Dale.  Ray.  On  heaths  in  Derbyshire  ;  Mr! 
Woodward.   Withering. 

Annual.     JuJij,  August. 

Root  small,  tapering.  Stems  one  or  more,  a  span  hish,  erect, 
leafy,  cottony ;  simple  below  ;  forked  and  subdivided  in  the 
upper  part.  Leaves  scattered,  nearly  upright,  an  inch  long,  very 
narrow,  acute,  covered  on  both  sides  with  thin,  close,  cottonv 
down.  Fl.  small,  aggregate,  sessile,  forming  round  tufts  at  the 
forks  of  the  stem,  or  in  the  bosoms  of  the  leaves.  Cat.  ovate  at 
the  base,  tapering  upwards  to  a  point ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute, 
green  and  downy,  with  a  white,  filmy  border.  Florets  of  the 
disk  about  3,  tubular  and  .^-cleftj  of  the  circumference  more 
numerous,  very  slender,  but  much  the  same  in  shape  ;  all  fer- 
tile. Seed-down  rougli.  Rece])t.  small,  convex,  granulated,  re- 
maining exposed  after  the  seeds  are  gone,  the  cali/.v  sjjreadino- 
and  permanent. 

9.  G.  juinitman.      Least  Cudweed. 

Stem  erect,  branched.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  0at.  Flow- 
ers conical,  in  lateral  and  terminal  tufts. 

VOL.   Ilf.  2  E 


418  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Gnaphalium. 

G.  minimum.     Fl.  Br.  873.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  17. 1. 1157.    Willd.  Sp. 
FLv.  3.1896.     Hook.  Scot.  241.     Relh.  324.     RaiiSyn.  181. 
Lob.lc,4Sl.f.    Bauh.mst.v.3.p.\.  159./. 
G.montanum.    Huds.362.    With.  715.    Hullv.  1.239. 
G.  minimum  erectum,  in  arenosis  nascens.    Moris,  v.  3.  92.  sect.  7. 

t.]\.f.3. 
Filago  montana.    Sibth.  262.    Abbot  189  j  6«i  woi  of  Linn. 
F.  minor.     Ger.  Em.  641 ./. 
F.  arvensis.    £/ir/i.  Herb.  100  5  noi  of  Linn. 
Least  Cudweed.     Pe^iy.  H.  i^ri^  ^.  1 8./.  1 1 . 
In  barren  sandy  and  gravelly  ground,  common. 
Annual.    July. 

Root  small  and  slender.  Herb  all  over  sparingly,  not  densely,  cot- 
tony, of  a  greyish  hue.     Stems  one  or  more,  from  3  to  6  inches 
high,  various  in  direction  and  luxuriance,  slender, branched, leafy. 
Leaves  scattered,  numerous,  small,  sessile, lanceolate,  flat,  point- 
ed, equally  downy  on  both  sides,  from  one-fourth  to  one-third  of 
an  inch  long.     Ft.  3  or  more  together,  sessile,  in  small  heads 
or  tufts,  partly  terminal,  partly  at  the  sides,  or  in  the  forks,  of 
the  branches.     Cal.  ovate  at  the  base,  conical  upwards  j  scales 
lanceolate,  convex,  acute,  green,  downy,  with  narrow  membra- 
nous edges }  inner  ones  entirely  membranous.    Florets  yellow  j 
those  of  the  disk  from  4  to  8,  tubular,  5 -cleft  j  of  the  circumfe- 
rence about  as  many,  likewise  tubular,  extremely  slender,  mi- 
nutely notched,  with  prominent  stigmas.     Seed  perfect  in  both. 
Downrough.    Recept.  extremely  small,  tuberculated,  surround- 
ed by  the  permanent  half-spreading  calyx. 
Linnaeus  did  not  know  this  species.     Hudson  and  others  took  it 
for  his  Filago  montana,  a  much  larger  and  more  woolly  plant, 
not  found  in  Britain.     Both  are  natives  of  Switzerland,  and  ap- 
pear to  be  confounded  by  Haller  under  his  Filago  n.  155  ;  though 
the  real  F.  montana,  which  is  likewise  a  Gnaphalium,  was  what 
he  principally  intended.     Hence  he   finds  fault  with  Lobel's 
figure,  as  not  well  agreeing  therewith,  being  in  fact  designed 
for  a  different  plant,  of  which  Haller  had  no  suspicion. 

10.  G.  germanicum.     Common  Cudweed. 

Stem  erect,  proliferous.  Leaves  lanceolate.  Heads  glo- 
bose, many-flowered,  lateral  as  well  as  terminal.  Calyx- 
scales  bristle-pointed. 

G.  germanicum.    Huds.  362.  Fl.  Br.  874.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  14.  t.  946. 

Willd.Sp.Pl.v.3.\S94.    Hook.  Scot.  24\.     Loiid.t.  43.     Relh. 

324.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1 .  158./. 
G.  minus,  seu  Herba  impia.    Raii  Syn.  180. 
Gnaphalium.    Fuchs.  Hist.  222.  f     fc.  126./. 
G.  vulgare.    Matth.  Valgr.v.  2.  214.  f    Camer.  Epit.  606./  Lob. 

Jc.  480./.    Dalech.Hist.UXo.f  .     .        . 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Conyza.  419 

G.  annuum  vulgare,  capitulis  rotundis  sessilibus  ad  angulos  flori- 

dum.     Moris,  v.  3.  92.  sect.  7.t.l\.f.\0. 
Filago  germanica.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  131 1.     Sibth.  262.     Abbot  189. 

Fl.Dan.t.997. 
F.  n.  1.53.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.66. 

F.  sive  Herba  impia.     Ger.  Em.  642.  f.    Dod.  Pempt.  66.  f. 
Rhurkraut.     Trag.  Hist.  33\ -,   lowest  f. 
Childing  Cudweed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  ^.  18./.  9,  10. 

In  pastures,  fields,  and  waste  ground,  on  a  barren  gravelly  soil, 
common. 

Annual.    July,  August. 

Root  small,  tapering,  tough,  mostly  crooked.  Steins  one  or  more, 
from  6  to  18  inches  high,  upright,  straight,  copiously  leafy,  flow- 
ering at  the  top,  and  sending  forth,  from  below  the  head  of  flow- 
ers, two  or  more  ascending  branches,  in  like  manner  generally  re- 
peatedly proliferous  ;  so  that  as  the  children  rise  above  their 
parents,  the  name  of  Herba  impia  was  sagely  bestowed  on  the 
innocent  and  unconscious  plant.  The  whole  herb  is  grey  and 
cottony.  Leaves  very  numerous,  regularly  scattered  over  the 
stem  and  branches,  erect,  lanceolate,  acute,  wavy,  equally  woolly 
on  both  sides  ;  clasping  at  the  base.  Fl.  cylindrical,  many  to- 
gether, in  solitary,  globular,  dense,  sessile  heads,  terminating 
the  stem,  as  well  as  each  branch  in  its  turn.  Cali/x-scales  smooth, 
lanceolate,  bristle-pointed,  flat,  the  outer  ones  with  each  a  strong 
mid-rib,  and  a  membranous  margin.  Florets  yellow  ;  those  of 
the  disk  very  few,  regular,  5-cleft  3  of  the  circumference  nume- 
rous, more  or  less  ligulate  •  both  kinds  producing  perfect  seed, 
whose  down  is  rough.  Recept.  small,  tuberculated,  surrounded 
by  the  spreading  calyx,  which,  when  old,  turns  of  a  reddish 
brown . 

395.  CONYZA.     Spikenard. 

Linn.  Gen.  422.  Juss.  \80.  Fl.Br.S7r>.  Toiirn.f.  2^9.  Lam. 
t.697.     GcBrtn.t.  166. 

Nat.  Orel.  CompositcCy  y,  discoidece.  Linn.  49.  Corijmbijh'cv, 
sect.  1.  Juss.  55. 

Common  Cal.  imbricated,  ovate ;  scales  acute,  rigid,  with 
spreading  prominent  points,  especially  tlie  outer  ones. 
Cor.  compound  ;  //(9;r/5  tubular;  those  of  the  disk  nu- 
merous, funnel-shaped,  with  5  equal  segments,  perfect, 
all  fertile  ;  of  the  circumference  cylindrical,  slender,  with 
an  oblicjue,  short,  ligulate,  .S-cleft  limb,  no  stamens,  only 
a  pistil,  which  is  fertile.  Filam.  5,  capillary,  very  short. 
yhith.  in  a  cylintlrical  tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  ob- 
long. St_i)le  thread-shaped,  the  length  of  tlie  corolla. 
Stigmas  2,  spreadijig,  more  slender  in  the  mari^inal  flo- 
2  E  2 


420  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Conyza. 

rets.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  permanent,  conver- 
ging, dry  calyx,  beset  with  the  prominent  tips  of  the 
scales.  Seed  oblong,  uniform  and  perfect  in  all  the  florets. 
Down  simple,  sessile.  Recept.  slightly  convex,  tubercu- 
lated. 
A  numerous,  herbaceous  or  shrubby  genus,  of  which  our 
only  British  species  is  the  type,  many  of  the  foreign  spe- 
cies requiring  examination.  Gaertner  remarks  that  if 
this  genus  had  radiant  marginal^o;-^^^,  it  would  not  differ 
from  Aster. 

1.  C.  squarrosa.     Plowman's  Spikenard. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  downy,  crenate.  Stem  herbaceous, 
corymbose.     Calyx-scales  leafy,  recurved* 

C.  squarrosa.    Lin/i.  5p.  P/.  1205.    ^''i/W.u.  3.  1918.    Fl.  Br.S7o. 

Engl.Bot.vA7.t.\\9D.    Hook.  Scot.  241.    Fl.Da7L  t.622. 
C.  vulgaris.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  342. 
C.n.l 35.    Hall.  Hist. v.\.d9. 
C.  major.    Matth.  Falgr.  v.  2.222.  f.     Camer.Epit.6l2.f.    Bauh. 

Hist.v.  2.1051./.     Dalech.Hist.  1044./. 
C.  major  altera.    Dod.  Pempt.  5 1 ./. 
C.  Helenitis.    Cord.  Hist.  160,  2./. 
Baccharis  monspeliensium.     RaiiSynA79.   Ger.  Em.792.f.  Lob. 

Ic.D74.f. 
Montpelier  Fleabane.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.lS.f.l. 

In  chalky  or  limestone  countries  frequent,  or  in  woods  on  a  marly 
soil. 

Biennial.    Jidy,  August. 

Root  tapering,  fleshy,  much  subdivided  underground,  though  sim- 
ple at  the  crown.  Herb  soft  and  downy,  bitter,  somewhat  aro- 
matic, with  a  portion  of  mucilage.  Stem  upright,  angular,  leafy, 
2  or  3  feet  high,  terminating  in  a  corymbose,  leafy,  many-flow- 
ered panicle.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  veiny,  variously  cre- 
nate ;  radical  ones  large,  tapering  down  into  bordered  foot- 
stalks j  the  uppermost  often  entire.  Fl.  dull  yellow.  Tips  of 
the  cahjx. scales  green,  leafy,  recurved. 

The  radical  leaves  bear  some  resemblance  to  those  of  Foxglove, 
but  when  rubbed,  are  readily  distinguished  by  their  "aromatic 
scent. 

The  name  of  Flea  bane,  more  properly  Fly-bane,  has  been  applied 
to  this  plant ;  but  the  still  more  correct  synonym  of  its  Latinized 
Greek  appellation  would  be  Gnat-bane.  The  genus  Erigeron  is 
however  the  real  Fly-bane,  some  of  its  viscid  species,  dipped  in 
milk,  being  used  in  the  south  of  Europe  to  catch  the  various  little 
winged  insects,  so  troublesome  in  warm  climates. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Erigeron.  421 

396.  ERIGERON.     Flea-bane. 

Linn.  Gen.  422.  Juss  1 80.  FL  Br. 8/6.  Lam.  t.6S\.   Gcertn.  1. 1 70. 
Conyzella.    Dill  Gen.  142.  t.  8. 
Conyzoidcs.     Ibid. 

Nat.  Ord.  Comjwsit.ce,  y,  discoidece.  Linn.  49.  Corymhiferce^ 
sect.  2.  Juss.  55.     7  following  genera  the  same. 

Common  Cat.  imbricated,  ovate-oblong ;  scales  linear,  erect ; 
the  innermost  longest,  and  all  nearly  equal.  Cor.  com- 
pound, radiated ;  Jiorets  of  the  disk  numerous,  perfect, 
funnel-shaped,  regular,  their  limb  in  5,  sometimes  said 
to  be  but  4,  equal  segments ;  those  of  the  radius  imme- 
rous,  tubular  at  the  base,  the  limb  liguiate,  tapering, 
nearly  erect,  either  entire  or  slightly  toothed.  Filam.  in 
the  florets  of  the  disk  only,  capillary,  very  short.  Anth, 
in  a  cylindrical  tube,  simple.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets, 
fertile,  small,  obovate,  angular.  Style  thread-shaped. 
Stigmas  2,  oblong,  a  little  prominent,  slightly  spreading. 
Seed-vessel  none  but  the  converging  calyx.  Seed  small, 
obovate.  Down  sessile,  simple,  rough,  as  long  as  the 
florets.     Recept.  flat,  naked,  slightly  cellular. 

Herbaceous,  either  annual  or  perennial,  natives  of  Europe, 
North  America,  or  Southern  Africa.  Stem  erect.  Leaves 
simple,  either  entire  or  toothed,  roughish  or  down}-.  FL 
panicled  or  corymbose,  rarely  solitary,  with  very  narrow, 
whitish  or  purplish,  rays,  and  a  yellow  disk.  The  ge- 
neric name,  retaining  its  Greek  termination,  ought  to  be 
of  the  masculine  gender,  as  well  as  Tragojwgon,  and  I 
therefore,  at  the  suggestion  of  my  friend  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Holme,  venture  to  correct  this  error  in  the  specific  names. 

*  1 .  E.  canadensis.     Canada  Flea-bane. 

Stem  hairy,  panicled,  many-flowered.  Leaves  lanceolate ; 
lower  ones  toothed. 

E.  canadense.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1210.   mild.  v.  3.  ]9:)4.    FL  Br.  876. 

KngL  But.  V.  29.  t.  20 1 9.    Dicks.  U.  Sicc.fasc.  10.16.     FL  Dan . 

t.  1274. 
E.  n.  84.    HaU.  Hist.  v.  1.3."i. 
Conyza  canadensis  annua  acris  alba.  linaii.T  foliis.    Raii  Syn.  \7o. 

Boer.  Sic.  S:}.  t.  \C). 
C.  acris,  flore  albo.     Merr.  Pin.  29. 
C.  annua  acris  alba  elatior,  linariiu  t'oliib.     Moris,  v.  3.  1  15.  sect.  7. 

/.  20./.  29. 
\*irga  aurca  virginiann  irsiita  annua,  di  lioro  pallido.   Zan.  I.sl.  20  1. 

/.78. 


422  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Erigeron, 

White  Golden  Rod.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.\6.f.  12. 

In  cultivated,  as  well  as  waste  ground,  but  in  the  opinion  of  Ray, 
not  indigenous. 

About  London  frequent.  Raij,  Huds.  On  the  ballast  hills  of  the 
Northumberland  coast.  Mr.  E.  Robson.  On  sandy  ground,  be- 
low the  bridge  at  Neath,  Glamorganshire,  to  all  appearance  per- 
fectly wild.  Mr.  Middleton.  On  St.  Vincent's  rocks,  Bristol. 
With. 

Annual.     August,  September. 

Root  tapering,  whitish.  Stem  wand-like,  erect,  angular,  leafy, 
hairy,  from  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  panicled,  beset  with  innume- 
rable, pale,  yellowish/ozt'ers  on  short,  lateral,  compound,  leafy 
stalks.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  pale  green,  rough- 
edged,  entire  ;  the  lower  ones  more  or  less  toothed.  Cal.  finally 
spreading.  Recept.  convex,  very  obscurely  reticulated.  Seeds 
white,  silky.     Florets  externally  rough,  or  glandular. 

2.  E.  acris.    Blue  Flea-bane. 

Stem  racemose.  Stalks  mostly  single-flowered.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  tongue-shaped,  sessile.  Radius  erect,  scarcely 
taller  than  the  seed- down. 

E.acre.  Linn.  Sp.  Pl.\2\\.  Willd.  v.  3.  \959.  Fl.Br.S77.  Engl 
Bot.  i;.  17.  ^.  1 158.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1. 1.  60.  Hook.  Scot.  242. 
Dreves  Bilderb.  t.  27. 

E.n.85.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\. 35. 

E,  quartum.    Dod.  Pempt.  641 ./. 

Aster  arvensis  caeruleus  acris.    Raii  Sijn.  \7o. 

Conyza  cserulea  acris.  Ger.  Em. 484.  f.  Bauh.Pin.265.  Moris. 
v.3.\\5.sect.7.  t.20.f.25. 

C.  odorata.    Dalech. Hist.  1045.  f. 

Amellus  montanus  aequicolorum.     Column.  Ecphr.  v.  2.  25.  t.26. 

Blue  Flea-bane.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  16./.  4. 

In  dry  gravelly  or  chalky  pastures. 

Biennial.    July,  August;  sometimes  early  in  the  spring. 

Root  with  many  stout  fibres.  Stem  erect,  straight,  angular,  leafy, 
I  to  2  feet  high,  hairy  like  the  rest  of  the  herbage,  often  purple  ; 
somewhat  corymbose  at  the  top  j  racemose,  with  axillary,  mostly 
simple,  branches,  all  the  way  up.  Leaves  scattered,  chiefly 
hairy  at  the  edges  ;  most  of  them  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate, 
and  entire  ;  radical  ones  largest,  obovate,  or  tongue-shaped, 
somewhat  toothed,  tapering  down  into  bordered /oofs^aZ/cs.  Fl. 
yellow  in  the  disk,  hoary  from  the  prominent  tawny  seed-down ; 
marginaljiorets  tallest,  narrow,  blue,  nearly  erect.  Seeds  a  little 
hairy. 

There  is  some  degree  of  acrimony  in  the  whole  plant,  on  which 
account  Haller  says  it  is  given  in  Germany  for  disorders  in  the 
chest,  as  promoting  expectoration  5  but  surely  there  are  many 
more  efficacious  medicines  of  that  kind. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Erigeron.   423 

3.  E.  alpinus.     Alpine  Flea-bane. 

Stem  mostly  single-flowered.  Calyx  hairy.  Radius  spread- 
ing, twice  the  length  of  the  seed-down. 

E.  alpinum.  Lm/i.  %  P/.  121 1.  ^?//d.t;.3. 1959.  Dicks.Tr.of 
Linn. Soc.v. 2.  28S.  H.Br.  877.  Engl.  Bot.v.7.tA64.  Hook. 
Scot.  242.    FL  Dan.  t.  292. 

E.n.  86.    Hall.Hist.v.\.3o. 

Conyza  cserulea  alpina  major  5  a/so  minor.  Baufi.  Pin.265.  Prodr. 
124.    Mom.  r.  3. 115. 

Asteri  montano  purpureo  similis,  vel  Globulariae.  Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 
1047./ 

On  moist  rocks  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

On  Ben  Lawers.  Mr.  Dickson  and  Mr.  J.  Mackay. 

Perennial.    July. 

Root  somewhat  woody,  with  many  fibres.  Stems  from  4  to  6  inches 
high  ;  sometimes,  on  the  Alps  of  Switzerland,  taller,  with  3  or 
more  flowers  -,  but  on  the  Scottish  mountains  mostly  simple 
and  single-flowered,  leafy,  striated,  most  hairy  in  the  upper 
part,  frequently  purplish.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  lanceolate, 
dilated  at  the  base,  entire,  hairy  on  both  sides  3  the  radical  ones 
numerous,  more  obovate,  and  larger,  tapering  down  into  bor- 
dered/oofs^aZA-s,  like  the  foregoing.  Fl.  twice  the  size  of  that 
species,  generally  solitary,  erect,  on  a  naked  stalk.  Cal.  more 
or  less  hairy,  sometimes  as  much  so  as  in  the  following.  Florets 
of  the  disk  yellow  ;  those  of  the  radius  numerous,  light  purple  ; 
the  tube  us  long  as  the  seed-down  3  limb  the  length  of  the  tube, 
ligulate,  narrow,  spreading,  very  slightly  curved  upward.  Stig- 
mas of  these  florets  more  slender  than  those  in  the  disk.  Seeds 
of  all  the  florets  hairy,  to  all  appearance  perfect,  but  no  experi- 
ments have  been  made  to  ascertain  this  point. 

4.  E.  uniflorus.     Pale-rayed  Mountain  Flea-bane. 

Stem  single-flowered.     Calyx  woolly.     Radius  erect,  twice 

the  length  of  the  seed-down. 
E.  uniflorum.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1211.     Fl.  Lapp.  ed.  2.250.  /.  O.f.  3. 

mild.  V. 'A.  I960.  Sm.  Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.v.  \0. 346.  Comp.ed.4. 

137.    Engl.  Bot.v.  34.  t.  24 1 6.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  1397.    Bertolon.  Am. 

Ital.  44. 
E.  n.87.    Hall.  Hist.v.  1.3G. 

On  the  mountains  of  Scotland.  t  •    1     u 

On  Ben  Lawers,  and  on  rocks  by  the  river  Almond,  near  Lnuloch, 
7  miles  from  Perth.   Mr.  G.  lh»i. 

Perennial.     July. 

This  agrees  in  size  with  the  smaller  specimens  ot  the  last,  witli 
which  it  closely  accords  likewise  in  every  part  of  the  herbage, 
but  I  believe  the  sfnu  very  seldom,  if  ever,  |)roduces  more  than 


424  SYNGENES  lA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Tussilago. 

onejlower.  The  calyx  is  uniformly  very  densely  and  copiously 
woolly  rather  than  hairy.  Florets  of  the  disk  tipped  with  dark 
purple,  or  brown  ;  those  of  the  radius  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx  or  seed-down,  more  lanceolate  than  in  the  former,  and 
more  upright,  their  colour  white,  except  the  inside  of  their  tu- 
bular part,  and  the  stigmas.  Seeds  hairy.  Down  rough. 
Linnsus  for  a  long  time  confounded  these  two  last  species,  so  that 
his  accounts  of  them,  his  synonyms,  and  even  his  figure  of  the  pre- 
sent in  Fl.  Lapp.,  made  in  Holland  from  a  dried  specinien,  alto- 
gether require  correction.  Not  having  compared  them  in  a  living 
state,  1  trust  to  Haller,  Bertoloni,  and  other  able  botanists  who 
have,  rather  than  to  any  theoretical  opinion  of  my  own.  Nobody 
who  has  seen  them  can  fail  to  distinguish  them  at  first  sight, 
whether  their  differences  be  permanently  specific  or  not.  Some 
have  veiy  unadvisedly  confounded  E.alpiuus,in  a  luxuriant  state, 
with  our  common  E.  acris.  The Jlowers  of  the  latter,  always 
numerous,  are  not  half  so  large,  and  the  blue  upright^ore/i-  of 
the  radius  are  but  the  length  of  the  seed-down.  The  near  ap- 
proach of  these  two,  and  of  many  foreign  species,  to  each  other, 
though  certainly  distinct,  may  teach  us  caution  with  regard  to 
E.  uniflorus. 

397.  TUSSILAGO.  Colfs-footand  Butter-bur. 

Linn.  Gen.  423.    Juss.  181.     Fl,  Br.  878.      Touryi.  t.  276.     Lam. 

t.674.     Gartn.t.\70. 
Petasites.     Tourn.f.25S.     Gcerin.  t.  \66. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  7i.  396. 

Commo7i  Cal.  simple,  cylindrical ;  scales  from  1 5  to  20,  li- 
near, erect,  close,  parallel,  equal.  Cor.  compound,  va- 
rious ;  Jiorets  in  some  all  tubular,  with  5,  rarely  but  4, 
equal  segments,  furnished  with  stamens  and  pistils  which 
are  more  or  less  perfect,  the  latter  chiefly  fertile  in  the 
florets  of  the  circumference,  which  in  some  species  are 
ligulate  and  radiant,  very  narrow,  without  stamens.  Fi- 
lam.  in  the  perfectly  formed,  seldom  fertile,  florets,  awl- 
shaped,  very  short.  Antli,  either  united,  or  converging, 
in  the  form  of  a  tube.  Genu,  in  all  the  florets  obovate, 
short,  often  imperfect.  Sti/le  thread-shaped.  Stigmas  2, 
prominent;  linear  when  perfect  and  eflicient;  thick  and 
short  when  abortive.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  hardly 
altered,  finally  reflexed,  calyx.  Seed  obovate-oblong, 
compressed,  rarely  perfected.  Doison  sessile,  (not,  as 
Linnaeus  says,  stalked,)  copious,  simple,  silvery,  scarcely 
roughish,  permanent.     Recept.  naked. 

Herbaceous  plants,  with  perennial,  fleshy,  widely  creeping 
roots^  no  stem.     Leaves  simple,    variously  heart-shaped, 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Tussilago.  425 

on  radical  footstalks,  toothed  or  entire,  most  downy  be- 
neath. Fl.  on  simple  or  panicled,  bracteated,  radical 
stalks,  yellow,  white  or  purplish.  Marginal /o;t/5  either 
radiant,  occasionally  naked,  or  deprived  of  their  corolla; 
or  tubular,  with  the  same  part  only  4<-cleit,  or  otherwise 
imperfect.  The  plants  always  increase  so  much  by  root, 
that  seeds  are,  in  the  Butter-bur  tribe  especially,  very 
seldom  ripened  ;  hence  great  difficulty  exists  in  ascer- 
taining the  true  nature,  or  natural  relative  perfection,  of 
the  organs  of  \\\e  flower. 

1.  T.  Farfara.     Colt's-foot. 

Stalks  single-flowered,  clothed  with  scaly  bracteas.  Flowers 
radiant.     Leaves  heart-shaped,  angular  and  toothed. 

T.  Farfara.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1214.  mUd.  v,  3. 19C;.  FL  Br.  878. 
Engl.  Bol.  V.  6.  t.  429.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  2.  /.  GO.  Woodv.  t.  13. 
Hook.  Scot.  242.  Bull.  Fr.  t.  329.  Dreves  Bilderh.  t.  49.  Fl. 
Dan.  t.  595.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.  187.     Loh.  Ic.  589./ 

Tussilago.  Raii  Syn.  1  73.  Ger.  Em.  811./  Mnttli.  Falgr.  v.  2. 
198./  Corner.  Epit.  590,  591./  Fuchs.  Hist.  140./  Ic.  76.  f. 
Bank.  Hist  V.  3.  p.2.  563./  Moris,  r.3.  130.  sect.  7.  t.  12./  1. 
Dalech.Hisf.  1051./ 

Petasites  n.  1 43.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  62. 

Ungiila  caballina.     Trag.  Hist.4\S.f.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1.42./  41. 

Bechium.     Tillands  Ic.  2A.f.    Cord.  Hist.  93.  2./ 

Colt's-foot.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  f.  \7.f.  7,  S. 

In  moist  shady  situations,  on  a  chalky  or  marly  soil,  common. 

Perennial.    March,  AjyriL 

Root  mucilaginous,  bitterish,  creeping  horizontally,  with  many 
» fibres.  FL  coming  before  the  leaves,  drooping  in  the  bud,  bright 
yellow,  about  an  inch  broad  ;  their  rays  spreading,  copious, 
very  narrow  ■  each  flower  on  a  simple,  round,  woolly,  radical 
static,  scaly  with  numerous,  reddish,  smooth,  scattered  hractcas, 
crowded  unckr  the  flower,  like  ati  e.vterior  calyx.  Leaves  erect, 
on  furrowed  ciianncllcd  /bo/.s/a/Aw,  heart-shaped,  slightly  lobed, 
copiously  and  sharply  toothed  3  very  smooth,  of  a  slightly  glau- 
cous green,  above  ;  pure  white  and  dtrnsdy  cottony,  with  pro- 
minent veins,  beneath  ;  when  young  they  are  revolute,  and 
thickly  enveloped  in  cottony  down. 

The  cotton,  impregnated  with  ssalt-petrc,  makes  excellent  tinder. 
The  leaves,  either  smoked  like  tobacco,  or  taken  in  infusion,  are 
reputed  good  for  coughs,  whence  the  generic  name. 

'1.  T.  Pc(nsif(s.      Butter-bur. 

Panicle  dense,  ovate-oblong.  Flowers  flosculous.  Leaves 
hrai(-^liMp(  (1.  unerjuallv  tocuhed.  tbrce-rilibed  at  tlie  base. 


426  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Tussilago. 

T.  Petasites.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1215.  Willd.  v.  3. 1971 .  FL  Br.  880. 
Engl.Bot.v.6.t.43l.  Curt.Lond.fasc.2.t.59.  Hook.  ScoL242. 
Fl.  Dan,  t.  842.  DeCand.  Fr.v.4.  \5S.  Bull.  Fr.  t.  391.  Ehrh. 
PI.  Of.  197. 

T.  major.    Matih.  Valgr.  v.  2.  199./.     Camer.  Epit.  592.  f. 

Petasites.  Rail  Sijn.  179.  Ger.Em.8\4.f.  Trag.  Hist. 415.  f. 
Fuchs.  Hist.  644./.  Ic.  370./  Dod.  Pempt.  597.  f.  Dalech. 
Hist.  1053./     Tillands  Ic.  150./ 

P.  n.  138.    Hall.  Hist.  v.].6\. 

Butter-bur.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  15./  1 1, 12. 

/3.  Tussilago  hybrida.  Linn.Sp.  PL  1214.  FL  Br.  879.  EngL  BoL 
V.  6.  t.  430. 

T.  Petasites  foemina.  Willd.  Sp.  PL v.3.\97\.  Br.  in  Ait.  H.  Kew. 
v.5.36.    Hook.  Lond.t.  \29. 

Petasites  n.  140.    Hall.  Hist.  ?;.  I.  61. 

P.  major^  floribus  pediculis  longis  insidentibus.  Dill,  in  Raii  Syn. 
179.    Hart  Elth.  309.  t.  230. 

P.  major  et  vulgaris  prima.    Rupp.  Jen.  ed.  1.  180. 

P.  flore  minore,  elatior.    Rupp.  Jen.ed.  Hall.  190. 

P.  flosculis  in  medio  majoribus,  reliquis  minoribus.  Buxb.  Hallens. 
258. 

In  moist  boggy  meadows,  about  rivulets,  and  the  margins  of  rivers, 
common.     /3  occurs  in  the  same  places,  but  very  rarely. 

Perennial.    April. 

Root  thick  and  fleshy,  creeping  extensively,  with  many  long  fibres ; 
its  reputed  virtues  sudorific  and  antipestilential ;  externally  ap- 
plied it  is  recommended  for  malignant  sores  and  ulcers,  and  the 
strong  aromatic  scent,  as  well  as  bitter  flavour,  indicate  some 
powerful  qualities,  however  what  is  so  easily  obtainable  may  be 
neglected  in  modern  practice.  The  leaves  are  perhaps  the  largest 
of  any  British  plant ;  when  full  grown,  long  after  the  flower- 
ing, they  are  often  a  yard  in  diameter,  standing  on  very  thick 
upright/oo^s^aiA:*,  and  of  a  rounded  heart-shaped  figure,  cut 
away  at  the  base  close  to  the  lateral  ribs,  doubly  or  unequally 
toothed  along  the  margin  ;  dark  green  above ;  downy,  not  very 
white,  beneath.  Flower-stalks  stout,  hollow,  clothed  with  con- 
cave tumid /oo^s/aZA:s,  bearing  rudiments  of  leaves  in  their  lower 
half,  which  gradually  become  lanceolate  bracteas  above.  FL 
very  numerous,  in  a  dense,  ovate,  or  oblong,  panicle,  consti- 
tuting a  true  thyrsus,  all  flosculous  or  discoid,  flesh-coloured, 
always  destitute  of  any  radiant  or  ligulate^^ore^s ;  their  stalks  a 
little  downy  ;  bracteas  and  calyx  smooth.  All  the Jiorets  are 
tubular,  regularly  5 -cleft,  mostly  perfect  in  structure,  except  a 
thickness  in  the  stigma,  indicative  of  a  defect  in  that  organ,  and 
except  a  few  found  occasionally  towards  the  centre,  whose  a?i- 
thers  are  imperfect  or  wanting,  and  v;hich  alone  ever  produce 
good  seeds. 

jS  differs  in  no  respect  from  the  common  Petasites  in  its  foliage, 
but  the  panicles  and  their  stalks  are  twice  as  tall  when  in  seed. 


SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF.    Senecio.    427 

making  a  very  elegant  appearance.  The  Jlowers  are  essentially 
different ;  Jlorets  all  tubular,  generally  with  5  segments,  occa- 
sionally with  4  only,  most  of  them  destitute  of  stamens,  but  with 
perfect  germen, style  ands^i^m<75,the  latter  being  slender  and  awl- 
shaped.  Their  seeds,  crowned  with  silvery,  simple,  sessile,  rough- 
ish  clown,  are  all  perfect,  at  least  in  appearance.  In  the  centre 
of  the  disk  are  one  or  two,  scarcely  more,  barrenjiorets,  having 
a  more  conspicuous  reddish  coro//a,  with  5  segments,  and  as  many 
stamens,  whose  anthers  are  very  slightly,  if  at  all,  combined, 
and  whose  stigmas  are  short  and  thick,  totally  inefficient,  there 
being  only  the  rudiments  of  a  germen,  and  no  seed.  This  plant, 
known  by  the  name  of  T.  hybrida,  I  ventured  to  hint  in  Engl. 
Bot.  430,  published  in  1/97,  might  be  the  true  fertile  plant  of 
r.  Petasites.  It  is  more  correct  to  term  it  a  variety  of  the  latter, 
in  which  the  fertile,  or  seed-bearing,  organs  predominate.  As 
to  the  actual  perfecting  of  the  seed,  we  know  nothing,  the  But- 
ter-bur being  one  of  those  herbs  whose  immoderately  prolific 
roots,  like  those  of  Mints,  hardly  allow  them  to  produce  seeds. 
We  therefore  can  judge  of  their  apparent  perfection  only.  I 
did  not  know  that  my  supposition  had  been  anticipated  by  the 
ingenious  and  acute  Ehrhart,  whose  remarks  on  several  species 
of  Tussilago,  to  the  same  effect,  I  have  recently  found  in  his 
Beitriige,  vol.  iii.  p.  64 — 66.  My  ideas  were  thought  so  bold 
and  unauthorised  in  England,  that  I  have  ever  since,  till  now, 
confined  them  to  a  mere  suggestion.  They  have  neverthe- 
less been  adopted,  in  their  original  form,  by  the  late  Prof. 
Willdenow  and  by  Dr.  Hooker,  but  without  reference  to  me. 
Willdenow  mentions  Ehrhart's  name,  and  cites  Hoppe's  Tas- 
chenbiich,  for  the  year  1803  ;  not  having  access,  as  it  seems,  to 
my  English  Botany,  though  he  generally,  after  the  Didyna- 
mia  class,  refers  to  the  El.  Brit,  where  he  might  have  found  the 
same  remark.  The  observations  and  opinions  of  these  excellent 
botanists  give  the  more  support  to  my  theory,  as  being  inde- 
pendent of  it,  and  I  no  longer  scruple  to  reduce  T.  hybrida  to 
Petasites,  not  as  its  proper  fertile,  or  seed-bearing,  individual, 
but  as  a  casual  variety.  Several  foreign  species  are  in  tlie  same 
predicament  with  regard  to  others.  Hec  Engl.  Bot.  V3\,  ami 
mild.  Sp.  PL  V.  3.  1973  ;  also  DeCandoUe's  El.  Francaise,  v.4. 
\j8,  where  the  same  opinion  is  followed. 

398.  SENECIO.     Groundsel  or  Ragwort. 

Linn.Gen.42A.  Juss.\8\.  Fl.Br. S8\.   Tourn.t.2G0.  Lam.t.67t). 

Gartn.  t.  166. 
Jacobaea.     Tourn.  1.270.    Gccrtn.  t.  1/0. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  396. 

Commo}i   Cal.   double;  the   inner   rather  conical,   abrupt, 
of  numcroub,   cquul,  parallel,  lliu-ar.  conliguous  scales : 


428  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio. 

outer  of  a  smaller  number  of  minute  imbricated  scales,  at 
the  base  of  the  former,  and,  like  those,  all  withered, 
mostly  black,  at  the  tips.  Cor.  compound,  taller  than 
the  calyx ;  Jlorets  of  the  disk  numerous,  all  perfect,  tu- 
bular, with  5  equal  segments ;  those  of  the  radius  ligu- 
late,  slightly  toothed,  various  in  length,  without  stamens, 
sometimes  wanting.  Filam.  slender,  short.  Anth.  in  a 
cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets,  obovate,  small. 
Style  thread-shaped,  the  length  of  the  stamens.  Stigmas 
%  oblong,  spreading.  Seed-vessel  none,  but  the  unchanged, 
finally  spreading,  calyx.  Seed  obovate,  rather  angular. 
Do\son  sessile,  capillary,  roughish.  Recept.  naked,  tes- 
sellated, slightly  convex. 
A  very  extensive  genus,  of  caulescent,  herbaceous  or  shrub- 
by plants,  natives  chiefly  of  Europe  or  Africa,  though 
found  also  in  America,  and  very  sparingly  in  China  and 
Japan.  Stera  erect,  leafy.  Leaves  either  variously  pin- 
natifid,  or  undivided,  serrated,  smooth  or  downy.  Fl, 
corymbose ;  yellow  in  the  disk,  and  mostly  so  in  the 
radius ;  rarely  purple  in  one  or  the  other.  The  black 
withered  tips  of  the  calyx-scales  afford  an  obvious  and 
constant  generic  character. 

*  Flowers  *uoiiJiout  rays. 

1.  S.  vulgaris.     Common  Groundsel,  or  Simson. 

Flowers  dispersed,  without  rays.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed, 
obtuse,  smoothish  ;  clasping  at  the  base. 

S.  vulgaris.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1216.  Willd.v.  3.  1973.  Fl.  Br.  881. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.]\.  t.  7^7.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  1 .  ^.  6 1 .  Hook.  Scot. 
243.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  513.  Bull.  Fr.  t.  197.  Dreves  Bilderb.  t.  26. 
Raii  Syn.  178. 

S.  n.  58.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.25. 

Senecio.  Fuchs. Hist.  286.  f.  Ic.  162./.  Matth.  Falgr.  v.2A76.f. 
Dalech.  Hist.  575./.     Lob.  Ic.  225.  f.     Trag.  Hist.2S5.f. 

Erigerum.     Ger.Em.278.f. 

E.  minus.    Dod.  Pempt.64\.f. 

Verbena  foemina.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1.  120./.  excellent. 

Common  Groundsel.    Petiv.H.  Brit.  t.  17./ 5. 

In  cultivated  or  waste  ground,  on  dry  banks,  and  the  tops  of  walls, 
every  where. 

Annual.     At  all  seasons. 

Root  simple,  with  many  long  fibres.  Herb  various  in  size,  mostly 
smooth  ;  sometimes  loosely  woolly  or  downy,  though  verv  spa- 
ringly. Stem  erect,  more  or  less  branched,  leafy,  round,  striated, 
pale  or  purplish.  Leaves  bright  green,  slightly  succulent,  blunt- 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio.  429 

ish  3  the  lower  ones  mostly  obovate,  jagged,  tapering  into /oof- 
stalks ;  upper  sessile,  clasping  the  stem,  pinnatifid  and  toothed. 
FL  on  corymbose,  terminal  and  axillary,  leafy  branches,  consist- 
ing of  a  yellow  disk  only,  without  rays,  of  no  attractive  aspect  or 
scent.  Cat.  smooth,  striated.  The  seed-down  forms  small  white 
balls,  soon  blown  away. 
Birds  kept  in  cages  are  fed  with  the  young  buds  and  leaves,  which 
have  a  saltish  herbaceous  flavour.  Haller  suggests  a  degree  of 
affinity  between  this  genus  and  the  Succory  tribe ;  but  1  do  not 
perceive  it  either  in  their  structure  or  qualities. 

**  FL  with  speedily  revoltUe  rays, 

2.   S.  viscosus.    Stinking  Groundsel. 

Rays  revolute.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  viscid.  Outer  calyx  lax, 
almost  as  long  as  the  inner.  Stem  with  many  spreading 
branches. 

S.  viscosus.  Linn,  Sp.Pl.\2\7.  WiUd.v.ZA^QA.  FL  Br.  882. 
En^L  Bof.  V.  I .  t.  32.    Hook.  Scot.  243.    Ehrh.  Herb.  70. 

S.  n.'cO.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.26. 

vS.  hirsutus  viscidus  major  odoratus.  Rali  Sijn.  1  78.  Bauh.  Hist. 
V.2.  1042./. 

S.  hirsutus  viscidus  graveolens.    Dill.  Ellh.  347.  ^258./.  336. 

Erigerum  tomentosum.     Ger.  Em.  278.  f.  not  descr. 

E.  tomentosum  alterum.    Lob.  Ic.  226./. 

E.  majus.    Dod.  Fempt.  64\.f. 

Cotton  Groundsel.    Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  \7.f.  6. 

In  waste  ground,  on  a  chalky  or  sandy  soil. 

On  the  fen  banks  in  the  Isle  of  Ely.  Ray.  At  Gam.lingay,  Me- 
pole,  and  Chatteris,  Cambridgeshire.  Rellian.  Near  Baldon, 
Oxfordshire.  Sibthorp.  By  the  sea  side  at  New  Haven,  and  in 
the  King's  park,  Edinburgh  ;  also  about  the  chalk-])its  at  Dart- 
ford.  Kent.  ^dlCcn^  U  TTlexrt'J. 

Annual.    Jnhj  —October. 

Whole  fierh  larger  in  all  its  parts  than  the  preceding,  downy,  soft 
and  glutinous  to  the  touch,  with  a  strong  disagreeable  smell. 
Stem  generally  more  .spreading.  Leaves  deeply,  and  in  some 
measure  doubly,  pinnatifid,  with  bluntish  irregular  notches,  or 
teeth.  Fl.  on  terminal,  solitary  or  aggregate,  stalks.  Col. 
hairy,  and  very  glutinous  ;  the  outer  scales  few,  lax,  long  and 
narrow.  Cor.  bright  yellow  j  disk  convex  ;  radius  of  several  li- 
gulate,  linear,  .">  tootlu'd  //(^rc/.s,  soon  revolute  after  their  expan- 
sion.    All  the Jiorcts  are  fertile.     Seed  down  rough. 

3.   ^.  /ivida,s\     Green-scaled  (iroundsel. 

Ravs  rev()liitt\     Loaves  chl^J)i^<^  the  stiin,  hmeeolate,  pin- 


430  SYNGENESIA—POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio. 

natifid  and  toothed.     Outer  calyx  short,  with  sharp,  not 
discoloured  points. 

S.  lividus.    Linn.  Sp.  PZ.  1 2 1 6.   MWd.  v.  3. 1 983.  Comp.  eel.  4. 1   7. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  35.  t.  25 15.    Hook.  Scot.  243. 
S.  corollis  revolutis,  foliis   amplexicaulibus  lanceolatis  dentatis, 

squamis  calycinis  brevissimis  intactis.     Linn.  Hort.  Ups.  261. 
Senecio.     Linn.  It.  Scan.  225. 
Jacobaea  annua,  senecionis  folio,  foeniculi  odore.  Till.  Pis.  86,  ^.28. 

/.  2.     From  Prof.  Arduino. 

On  barren  heaths,  and  newly  enclosed  moor  land  in  the  North. 

At  Sneaton,  near  Whitby,  Yorkshire.  Mr.  Middleton.  AtThu-kle- 
by,  near  York.  Sir  T.  Frankland,  Bart.  About  Newcastle,  a 
common  weed.  Mr.  Winch.  On  the  hill  of  Tenhaven,  Angus- 
shire,  abundantly  j  Mr.  G.  Don.  Hooker.  On  hills  between 
Norwich  and  Thorpe. 

Annual.     September,  October. 

Taller  than  either  of  the  former,  having  more  the  habit  of  .S.  sylva- 
ticus.  Root  of  several  stout  fibres.  Herb  downy,  rather  gluti- 
nous, with  a  slightly  aromatic  odour,  compared  by  Tilli  to  jthe 
scent  of  fennel,  something  of  which  remains  in  the  dried  speci- 
mens. Stem  erect,  copiously  leafy,  panicled  and  corymbose  at 
the  top,  with  numerous  \Q\\owJiowers,  whose  disk  is  small,  the 
rays  short,  gradually  becoming  revolute.  Leaves  variously  pin- 
natifid ;  remarkably  dilated,  rounded,  and  clasping,  at  their 
base ;  the  segments  toothed  ;  bluntish  in  the  lower  ones  ;  acute 
in  the  upper,  which  gradually  diminish  into  narrow  linear  brac- 
teas.  Caltjx-scales  fringed  at  the  tips,  not  blackened  and  wither- 
ed as  in  perhaps  every  other  Senecio;  but  green  or  pale,  at  least 
while  in  blossom  ;  though  they  subsequently  assume  a  withered 
appearance.  The  outer  ones  are  very  small,  but  acute.  Seeds 
furrowed,  slightly  silky.     Down  roughish. 

4.  S.  sylvaticus.    Mountain  Groundsel. 

Rays  revolute.  Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  lobed  and  tooth- 
ed.    Outer  calyx  short,  with  bluntish  discoloured  tips. 

5.  sylvaticus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL\2\7.  Willd. v.  3. 1 985.  Fl.  Br.  882. 
Engl  Bot.  v.W.t.  748.    Hook.  Scot.  244. 

S.  viscosus.    17.  Dan.  t.  1230. 

S.  viscosus /3.    Huds.365, 

S.  n.59.    Hall.  Hist.  v.].  25. 

S.  minor,  latiore  folio,  sive  montanus.      Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  1 78. 

Elth.  347.  ^.258./.  337. 
Jacobfea senecionis  folio  incano  perennis.  Rupp.  Jen.  ed.  Hall.  \77. 

t.  3  ;  but  not  of  Ray's  Hist.  v.  1.  285. 
In  bushy  heathy  places,  on  a  gravelly  or  sandy  soil. 
Annual.    July. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio.  431 

Root  and  herbage  so  like  the  last,  which  is  perhaps  equally  common, 
that  the  two  species  have,  by  most  botanists,  been  confounded. 
They  are  both  downy,  unpleasantly  scented,  and  agree  in  their 
upright,  wand-like,  furrowed  stem,  clothed  with  numerous  leaves, 
beset  with  small,  short,  axillary  branches,  panicled,  corymbose, 
and  many-flov/ered,  at  the  summit,  3  or  4  feet  in  height.  But 
the  leaves  of  the  present  are  not  so  remarkably  dilated  at  the 
base,  nor  so  much  subdivided.  Thejlowers  are  similar,  except 
that  the  calyx  of  S.  sijlvaticus  has,  in  all  its  scales,  the  black 
withered  tips  characteristic  of  the  genus,  and  the  outer  ones, 
besides  that  difference,  are  much  shorter,  closer,  blunter,  and 
broader,  than  in  S.  lividus. 

The  perennial  plant,  of  which  Ruppius  adopts  the  definition  from 
Ray,  is  our  S.  tenuifolius. 

*#*  i^/.  "doith  spreadmg  rays.    Leaves  pinnatifid, 

*5.   S.  squalidus.     Inelegant  Ragwort. 

Rays  spreading,  elliptical,  entire.  Leaves  smooth,  pinna- 
tifid, with  distant,  and  somewhat  linear,  segments. 

S.  squalidus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1218.  Willd.v.  3.  1991.  FL  £r.883. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  9.  t.  600.    Bertolon.  Am.  Ital  45. 

S.  coroUis  radiantibus  planis  calyce  longioribus  integris,  foliis  pin- 
natifidis  :  laciniis  lanceolatis  distantibus.     Linn.  Hort.  Ups.  260. 

S.  chrysanthemifolius.  Bivona  Bernardi  Cent.  2.  52  ;  from  the  au- 
thor. 

Jacobaea  sicula,  chrysanthemi  facie.    Bocc.  Sic.  (j(j.  t.  36. 

J.  chrysanthemi  facie.    Ciipan.  Panph.  ed.  2.  t.  162./.  1. 

J.  minor,  abrotani  foliis.     Barrel.  Ic.  t.  262./.  2. 

On  walls  at  Oxford. 

Very  plentiful  on  almost  every  wall  in  and  about  Oxford,  where  it 
was  first  noticed  by  Sir  Joseph  Banks.  Dillenius  sent  seeds  to 
Linnaeus,  but  whether  he  gathered  them  from  the  Oxford  garden, 
or  from  the  walls  of  the  town,  no  memorial  appears.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  the  plant  was  originally  naturalized  there  from 
the  garden,  being  really  a  native  of  Sicily. 

Annual.     June — October. 

Root  fibrous.  Stem  erect,  branched,  leafy,  smooth,  or  a  little 
hairy,  1 2  or  18  inches  hiL';h.  Leaves  nearly  or  quite  smooth, 
bright  green,  either  sessile,  or  somewhat  clasping,  all  variously 
j)innatifid,  jagged,  and  shari)ly  toothed  ;  the  lower  ones  stalked, 
and  less  dividt-d  ;  the  upper  often  much  dilated  and  rounded  at 
the  base  ;  the  under  side  often  accpiircs  a  violet  hue.  FL  loosely 
corymbose,  terminal,  erect,  not  numerous,  accompanied  with 
small  awl-shaj)ed  brnctras  on  the  partial  stalks,  Cnl.  broad, 
almost  hemispherical,  smooth  j  the  inner  scales  })ale  at  the 
point  ;  outer  ratlier  few,  small,  lax,  tipped  with  black.  Florets 
all  t)f  a  bright  golden  yellow  ;  those  of  the  disk  very  numerous  ; 


43^2  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio. 

of  the  radius  near  a  dozen,  more  or  less,  oval,  broad,  entire  at 
the  extremity,  for  the  most  part  spreading,  but  as  they  fade  they 
become  revolute.  Seeds  a  little  silky.  Down  roughish.  The 
scent  of  the  herb  is  like  Tansy  or  Mugwort. 
Baron  Bivona  Bernardi  has  sent,  along  with  specimens  agreeing 
precisely  with  our  Oxford  plant,  others  with  perfectly  undivided, 
entire  or  toothed,  leaves,  always  indeed  clasping  the  stem;  such 
as  are  figured  in  Bonanni's  edition  ofCupani,  t.  168./.  Ij  ^.161. 
f.2',  and  t.  160./.  1  ;  as  well  as  in  Cupani's  original  publica- 
tion, one  of  the  rarest  books  on  Botany.  Our  plant  does  not 
show  any  disposition  to  vary  in  this  extraordinary  manner, 
whatever  may  be  the  case  in  Sicily.  The  above  authority  how- 
ever is  indisputable,  nor  are  intermediate  specimens  wanting, 
which  strongly  confirm  it.  The  Baron  had  no  means  of  know- 
ing that  his  plant  was  .S.  squalidus  of  Linneeus,  nor  does  it  de- 
serve so  opprobrious  a  name. 

6.  S.  termifoVms.    Hoary  Ragwort. 

Rays  spreading,  oblong.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  somewhat  re- 
volute  ;  paler  and  shaggy  beneath.  Stem  erect,  loosely 
cottony. 

S.  tenuifolius.  Jacq.  Austr.  t.  278 ;  from  himself.  Wilkl  Sp.  PL 
V.  3.  1996.  With.  723.  FL  Br.  884.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  8.  t.  574. 
Sibth.2r>3.    Relh.  328. 

S.  erucifolius.    Huds.366.    Curt.  Lotid.fasc.  5.t  64.    Abbot  182. 

S.  n.  62,  8.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.27. 

Jacobaea  senecionis  folio  incano  perennis.  Raii  Syn.  \77.  Hist. 
V.  1.285. 

Groundsel  Ragwort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  M  7./  3. 

In  woods,  hedges,  and  by  road  sides,  in  the  chalky  or  gravelly 
counties. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  somewhat  creeping,  with  long  stout  fibres.  Stem  erect, 
straight,  unbranched,  usually  2  or  3  feet  high,  leafy,  furrowed, 
covered  slightly  with  loose  cottony  down  ;  corymbose  at  the 
top,  with  several  bright  yellow  Jiowers,  on  bracteated  stalks. 
Xeftt'es  numerous,  alternate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  sparingly  toothed, 
sessile,  often  with  several  clasping  lobes  at  the  base  3  dark  green 
and  nearly  smooth  above  5  downy  or  cottony,  often  snow-white, 
beneath  j  their  segments  either  flat  or  revolute,  extremely  va- 
rious in  width.  Inner  scales  of  the  calyx  much  fewer  than  in 
any  of  the  preceding,  broader  and  flatter,  with  a  membranous 
border,  blackish  at  the  tip  j  outer  spreading,  linear-lanceolate, 
pale  at  the  point,  and  much  resembling  the  6r«c/ea5  immediately 
below  them.  Florets  of  the  radius  linear-oblong,  minutely  3- 
toothed,  revolute  in  fading.     Seeds  hairy.     Down  rough. 

5.  erucifolius  of  Linnaeus,  found  by  him  in  Scania^  and  described 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio.  433 

in  both  editions  of  Sp  PL,  though  with  wrong  synonyms,  is  evi- 
dently distinct  from  this  species,  appearing  to  be  S.  Uvidus,  ra- 
ther than  sylvaticus,  to  which  latter  it  is  referred  in  Engl.  Bot. 
p,574. 

7.  S.  Jacobma,     Common  Ragwort. 

Rays  spreading,  oblong,  toothed.  Leaves  doubly  pinnati- 
fid,  somewhat  lyrate,  with  spreading,  toothed,  smooth 
segments.     Stem  erect.     Seeds  of  the  disk  silky. 

S.  Jacobaea.     Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  1219.     mild,  v.  3.  1997.     Fl.  Br.  885. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  \6,t.i  130.    Mart.  Rust.  t. 85.    Hook.  Scot.  244. 
S.  n.  62,  a,  /3,  y.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.26. 
S.  major, sive  Flos  Sancti  Jacobi.  Ma'.th.  Falgr.v. 2,477, f.  Corner. 

Epit.  870.  f.    Dolech.  Hist.  575./.  576./. 
Jacobaea.    Ger.  Em.  280./.    Lob.  Ic.  227./ 
J.  vulgaris.     Rail  Syn.  \77 .    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1057./. 
Sancti  Jacobi  herba.    Fuchs.  Hist.  742./    Brun/.  Herb.  v.  2.56.  f. 
Flos  Sancti  Jacobi.     Trag.  Hist.  287./ 
Common  Ragwort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  17./.  I. 

In  pastures,  waste  ground,  and  by  road  sides,  very  common. 

Perennial.    Julyy  August. 

Root  rather  fleshy.  Herb  for  the  most  part  quite  smooth,  of  a  deep 
shining  green,  sustaining  uninjured  the  greatest  drought,  and 
most  scorching  heat,  at  least  of  our  temperate  climate.  Stem 
upright,  branched  in  a  corymbose  manner,  about  the  height  of 
the  last,  but  rather  more  bushy,  striated.  Leaves  alternate  ; 
lower  ones  stalked,  broad,  doubly  pinnatifid,  with  wedge-shaped, 
spreading,  notched,  toothed  segments  ;  upper  less  compound, 
sessile,  more  acute,  their  lower  segments  crowded  and  clasping 
the  stem.  Fl.  numerous,  bright  yellow,  facing  the  sun,  in  ter- 
minal corymbose  panicles,  whose  stalks  are  more  or  less  cot- 
tony. Calyx  nearly  hemispherical,  its  scales  tipped  with  black. 
Disk  of  many  tubular  florets  ;  radius  of  several  linear  ligulate 
ones,  toothed  at  the  end,  rolled  back  and  tawny  in  decay.  Seeds 
of  the  disk  thickly  clothed  with  short  silky  hairs  ,  those  of  the 
radius  .smooth.     Down  of  all  rough. 

The  herbage  is  fetid  when  bruised,  and  generally  remains  \m- 
touched  by  cattle  whilst  any  thing  else  is  to  be  had,  though  often 
devoured  entirely  by  the  black-  and  yellow-ringed  cater))illars  of 
PJialcena  Jacohcea.  It  has  been  recommended  as  an  application 
for  cancers,  by  the  name  of  Swine's  Cresses,  which  it  bears  in 
Yorkshire. 

Sherard  observed  tliat  the  radius  is  sometimes  wanting  in  sandy 
situations.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Holme  found  between  Clayhithe  and 
Horningsea,  Cambridgeshire,  a  very  extraordinary  variety,  in 
which  the  calyx-scales  and  bractcas  are  multii)lie(l  excessively, 
the  radius  obliterated,  and  the  tumid  disk  apparently  a  mass  of 
confusion. 

VOL.   III.  2  F 


434  SYNGENESIA--POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio. 

8.  S.  aquaticus.    Marsh  Ragwort. 

Rays  spreading,  elliptic-oblong.     Leaves  lyrate,  serrated ; 
the  lowermost  obovate  and  undivided.     Seeds  all  smooth. 

S.aquaticus.  Huds.2>C)Q.  FI..Br.SS5.  Engl.  Bot.vAG.  t.  \\3l. 
mild.  V.  3.  1 997.    Hook.  Scot.  241.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  784. 

S.  n.  62,  £.    Hall.His(.v.l.27. 

Jacobsea  latifolia  palustris  sive  aquatica.    Rail  Sijn.  1 78. 

J.  latifolia.    Baiih.  Hist.  v.  2. 1057./. 

J.  barbarege  instar  laciniata.    Loes.  Priiss.  129.  t.  35. 

Marsh  Ragwort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  \7.f.2. 

In  marshes  and  watery  places,  near  rivers  and  brooks,  common. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Akin  to  the  last,  of  which  Linnaeus,  Haller  and  others  have  consi- 
dered it  as  a  variety  ;  while  many  have  confounded  herewith  an 
Austrian  and  Swiss  plant,  Jacohcea  tertia,  latifolia  prima,  Clus. 
Hist.  V.  1.  23./;  which  is  Haller's  Senecio  n.  63)  and  the  alpiiius 
of  Linn.  Suppl.  371,  where  all  the  synonyms  are  wrong.  Our 
aquaticus,  first  distinguished  and  named  by  Hudson,  is  generally 
very  smooth,  rarely,  in  accidentally  dry  situations,  a  little  cot- 
tony, of  a  lighter  green  than  the  preceding,  and  its  leaves, 
though  very  variable,  always  much  less  divided  ;  the  lower  ones 
stalked,  ovate,  nearly  entire  5  upper  pinnatifid  in  a  lyrate  man- 
ner, having  a  few  parallel  lobes  at  the  base,  and  a  large,  ovate, 
serrated  termination.  Fl.  few  and  larger,  though  of  the  same 
golden  hue,  with  more  elliptical  radiant  florets.  Seeds  of  the 
radius,  as  well  as  of  the  disk,  destitute  of  the  hairy  or  silky 
clothing  which  is  nearly  universal  in  the  whole  genus,  and  which 
essentially  distinguishes  the  seeds  of  the  disk  of  S.  Jacohcea  from 
the  present,  whose  marginal  seeds  only  have  a  slight  roughness 
at  the  edges,  near  the  top.  The  scales  of  the  outer  calyx 
moreover  are  very  few.  Mr,  Woodward  remarked  that  the  ra- 
dius is  sometimes  wanting.  The  lower  part  of  the  stem  often 
assumes  a  violet  hue,  but  such  is  frequently  the  case  with  S.  Ja- 
cohcea. 

****  FL  radiant.    Leaves  undivided. 

9.  ^.paludosus.  Great  Fen  Ragwort.  Bird's-tongue. 

Rays  spreading,  toothed.  Flowers  corymbose.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, tapering,  sharply  serrated,  somewhat  cottony 
beneath.     Stem  perfectly  straight,  hollow. 

S.  paludosus.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1220.    fVilld.  v. 3.  2002.    Fl.Br.  886. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  10.  t.  650.     Tour  on  the  Continent,  ed.  2.  v.  1 .  48. 

Fl.  Dan.  t.  385. 
S.  n.  66.    Hall  Hist.  v.\.  28. 
Virgae  aureae,  sive  Solidagini  angustifolise  affinis.  Lingua  avis  Dale- 

champii.    Raii  Sun.  176.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2.  1063./. 
Lingua  major.    Dalech.  Hist.  1037./ 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Senecio.  435 

Conyza  aquatica  maxima  serratifolia.    Thai.  Harcyn.  21.^3, 
C.  palustris  serratifolia.     Ger.  Em.  483./. 
Marsh  Golden  Rod.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 6./.  8. 

In  the  ditches  and  fens  of  the  east  part  of  England,  very  rare. 

Near  Streatham  ferry  in  the  isle  of  Ely.  Ray.  In  Lakenheath 
fen,  near  Wangford,  Suffolk.  Mr.  Francis  Eagle.  On  the  banks 
of  ditches,  near  Braford  water,  half  a  mile  from  Lincoln.  Rev. 
Mr.  WooUaston. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  somewhat  creeping,  with  many  long,  simple,  stout  fibres. 
Stems  erect,  straight,  roundish,  furrowed,  hollow,  leafy,  simple 
except  at  the  summit,  from  3  to  G  feet,  or  more,  in  height, 
loosely  clothed  with  deciduous  cottony  down.  Leaves  nume- 
rous, sessile,  scattered,  lanceolate,  taper-pointed,  sharply  ser- 
rated j  smooth  above  j  paler^  as  well  as  downy  or  cottony,  be- 
neath ;  the  upper  ones  contracted  and  entire  at  the  base  3  lower 
dilated,  clasping,  and  equally  serrated  in  that  part.  Ft.  corym- 
bose, not  very  numerous,  but  large  and  conspicuous,  bright  yel- 
low, with  many  oblong,  toothed,  spreading  rays.  Bracteas  awl- 
shaped,  scattered.  Cal.  hemispherical,  nearly  smooth  3  scales 
of  the  outer  one  linear.  Seeds  clothed  with  short  hairs.  Down 
roughish.  Recept.  beset  with  very  short  hairs  between  the  seeds, 
but  not  chaffy. 

10.   S.  saracenicus.    Broad-leaved  Ragwort. 

Rays  spreading,  nearly  entire!  Flowers  corymbose.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  serrated,  minutely  downy.     Stem  solid. 

S.  saracenicus.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  \22l.  mild.  v. 3.  2004.  Fl.Br.SS7. 
Engl.  Bot.v.Si.t. 22\l.    Hook.  Scot.244.    Jacq.  Austr.  t.\S6. 

S.  n.  (J5.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.28. 

Virga  aurea  maxima,  radice  repente.  Raii  Sun.  1 77.  Moris.v.  3. 123. 

V.  aurea  angustifolia  serrata,  sive  Solidago  sarracenica.  Bank. 
Hist. V. 2.  1063./. 

Solidago  sarracenica.  Fuchs.  Hist.  728.  f.  Ic.423.  f.  Trag.Hisf. 
4S7.f.     Ger.  Em.  420./.    Dod.Pempt.\4\.f.    Lob.  Ic.  299. f. 

In  moist  meadows  and  i)asturcs,  or  watecy  lanes,  rare. 

Plentifully  by  a  rivulet  between  M^lls  and  (Jlastonbuiy.  Bobarf. 
Near  Halifax.  Mr.  Newton.  \'ery  common  in  the  fields  at  Sal- 
keld,  Cumberland  ;  Mr.  Nicholson.  Dill.  Near  Chester.  .1/;-. 
Okcll.  About  Settle,  Yorkshire.  .Mr.  J.  Windsor.  In  a  moist  lane 
near  Prcbton  hall,  between  Kirkby  Lonsdale  and  Kendall,  West- 
moreland J  also  in  the  King's  park,  Edinburgh.  I  iiad  siijjposed 
it  might  have  been  planted  in  the  last-mentioned  place,  but  Dr. 
Hooker,  in  his  fVorr/,  mentions  many  stations  of  this  plant  in  the 
Lowlands  of  Scotland.    JXof'ci'cn  r/ilL    j/i-'\rktifrt  '-j. 

Perennial.    July,  Augwit. 

Roof  creeping.    Stems  erect,  from  3  to  .">  feet  high,  full  of  pith,  an- 

2  F  J 


436  SYNGENESIA—POLYGAMIA-SUPERF.  Aster. 

gular^  leafy,  smooth,  scarcely  branched  ;  corymbose  and  many- 
flowered  at  the  summit.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  copiously  serrated,  or  somewhat  toothed,  bright 
green,  shining,  and  apparently  smooth,  but  when  closely  exa- 
mined they  are  found  covered  with  extremely  minute,  short,  not 
cottony  or  hoary,  pubescence ;  the  upper  ones  gradually  diminish 
to  narrow,  or  awl-shaped,  hracteas.  Fl.  bright  yellow,  on  se- 
veral, corymbose,  often  subdivided,  angular,  downy  stalks.  Cal. 
somewhat  downy,  the  scales  fringed  and  blackened  at  the  tips  ; 
outer  ones  lanceolate.  Florets  of  the  radius  several,  but  not 
numerous,  elliptic-oblong,  scarcely  more  than  simply  notched 
at  the  point.  Seeds  smooth,  or  slightly  silky,  short,  obovate, 
angular.  Down  copious,  minutely  rough. 
The  herb  is  astringent  and  acrid.  How  far  it  might  serve  the  Sa- 
racens as  a  vulnerary  we  know  not,  but  it  is  not  regarded  as  an 
article  of  our  Materia  medica.  Some  foreign  species,  as  S.  Do- 
ria  and  iiemorensis,  come  near  the  present,  rendering  its  syno- 
nyms in  old  writers  precarious,  particularly  when  their  cuts  are 
copied  or  borrowed  from  each  other.  Petiver's  1. 16./.  7,  bor- 
rowed from  Gerarde,  belongs  to  S.  Doria,  known  by  the  very 
few  radiant^ore^5. 

399.  ASTER.    Star- wort. 

Linn.  Gen.  424.  Juss.  181.  Fl.  Br.  888.  Tonrn.  t.  274.  Lam. 
t.dSl.     Gccrtn.  t.l70. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  7i.  396. 

Common  Cal.  imbricated ;  innermost  scales  with  prominent 
points;  lowermost  spreading.  Co7\  compound,  radiant; 
Jlorets  of  the  disk  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal 
spreading  segments;  those  of  the  radius  more  than  10, 
ligulate,  oblong,  3-toothed,  finally  revolute.  Filam.  in  the 
tubular  florets  only,  capillary,  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylin- 
drical tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  fertile,  oblong.  Style 
thread-shaped.  Stigmas  2^  oblong,  spreading;  those  of 
the  disk  rather  larger  and  thicker.  Seed-vessel  none,  but 
the  scarcely  altered,  spreading  calyx.  Seed  obovate. 
Doivn  sessile,  capillary.     Recept.  naked,  almost  flat. 

A  vast  American  genus,  chiefly  perennial,  of  which  several 
other  countries  possess  a  few  species.  The  leaves  are 
simple.  Radius  blue,  rarely  white.  We  have  only  one 
wild  Aster. 

1.  A,  Tripolkim.    Sea  Star-wort. 

Herbaceous,  corymbose.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  fleshy, 
smooth,  obscurely  three-ribbed.  Calyx-scales  obtuse, 
somewhat  membranous. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Solidago.    437 


o 


A.  Tripolium.    Lmn.Sp.PlA22G.    mild.  v.  S.  2039.    Fl.Br.888. 

Engl.  But.  V.  2.  t.  87.    Hook.  Scot.244.    Ft.  Dan.  t.  6\d. 
A.  marilimus  ceeruleus,  Tripolium  dictus.     Raii  Syn.  175. 
A.  cseruleus  glaber  littoreus  pinguis.  Moris,  v.  3.  121 .  n.  37  and  38. 

sect.  7.  t.22.f.37,  38. 
Tripolium.    J)od.  Pempt.  379.  f.    Dalech.  Hist,  \389.f. 
T.  vulgare.    Lob.  Ic.  296.  f.    Dalech.  Hist.  1390./. 
T.  vulgare  majus  et  minus.     Ger.  Em.  413./,/    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  2. 

1064./  10G5./: 
T.  minus.    Lob.  Ic.  296.  f.    Dalech.  Hist.  1390./ 
Great  and  Small  Sea  Star-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  \7.f.  10,  \L 

On  the  muddy  sea  coast,  and  in  salt  marshes,  plentifully. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Root  of  many  long  stout  fibres.  Herb  smooth,  rather  glaucous, 
varying  extremely  in  size,  and  in  quantity  of  flowers,  but 
scarcely  so  distinctly  differing  in  any  case  as  to  make  a  well  de- 
fined variety.  Stem  round,  hollow,  generally  erect,  2  or  3  feet 
high,  leafy  and  many-flowered  -,  often  recumbent,  or  partly  as- 
cending, slightly  leafy,  with  3  oi  4  flowers  only,  and  those  often 
destitute  of  rays.  Leaves  very  smooth,  coriaceous  ;  the  upper 
ones  sessile,  linear-lanceolate  3  radical  ones  stalked,  larger, 
more  elliptic-oblong,  tapering  at  each  end,  always  entire  as  far 
as  I  have  observed,  though  Willdenow  describes  some  slight  ser- 
ratures  near  the  point.  Fl.  large  and  liandsome,  with  a  yellow 
or  orange  disk,  and  numerous,  spreading,  elliptic- oblong  rays, 
3-toothed  at  the  extremity,  generally  of  a  bright  blue,  occa- 
sionally white,  never  revolute.  Seeds  compressed,  fringed  at 
the  edges.     Down  reddish,  minutely  rough. 

400.  SOLIDAGO.     Golden -rod. 

Linn.  Gen.  42.5.     Juss.\8\.     Fl.  Br.  889.     Law.  t.  680.     Gccrtn. 

t.  170. 
Virga  aurea.    Tourn.  t.  275. 

Nat.  Old.  see  11.  396. 

Common  Cal.  oblong,  imbricated  ;  scales  oblong,  narrow, 
pointed,  straight,  converging.  Cor.  comjiound,  ratliant; 
Jiorctsoi'  the  disk  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal 
spreading  segments;  those  of  the  radius  from  5  to  10,  li- 
gulate,  elliptic-oblong,  S-toothed.  Filam.  in  the  tubular 
florets  only,  capillary,  short.  ///////.  in  a  cylindrical  tube. 
Germ,  in  all  the  florets  fertile,  oblong.  ^l}jJ^'  thrcacl- 
shajied.  Sfi>^n/as  2,  revolute  ;  those  of  the  disk  rather 
thicker-.  Si'i'd-vcssi'l  none,  but  the  unchanged  calyx. 
Seed  obovate-oblong.  J)oxi:n  sessile,  capillaiy.  liccrpl. 
naked,  almost  flat,  slightly  cellular. 

A  less  nunurous  irenus  than  the  la^t,  chieflv  Norlh-Aincri- 


438   SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Solidago. 


o 


can,  differing  from  Aster  in  having  a  yellow,  never  blue 
radius,  whitish  in  S.  bicolor.  The  habit  agrees  with  the 
upright,  panicled,  oblong-leaved  species  of  ^5^^r,  and  the 
principal  generic  distinction  rests  on  the  calyjc-scales  being 
closely  imbricated,  not  spreading.  The  ligulate^or^/5  of 
the  radius  are  properly  fewer  than  in  Aster,  but  such  a 
character  must  be  variable.  The  receptacle  is  slightly 
cellular  in  our  solitary  species,  but  I  know  not  whether 
that  character  runs  through  the  whole  genus,  and  accord- 
ing to  Gaertner  it  exists  in  some  species  of  Aster, 

1.  S.  Vi7'gaurea.     Common  Golden-rod. 

Stem  slightly  zigzag,  angular.  Clusters  downy,  panicled, 
crowded,  erect.     Leaves  partly  serrated. 

S.  Virgaurea.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 235.    WillcL  v.  3. 2065.   FL  Br.  889. 

Engl.  Bot.v.b.t.  301.    Hook.  Scot.  244.    Fl.Dan.  t.663. 
S.  n.  69.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\. 29. 
Virga  aurea.    Raii  Syn.  1 76.    Ger.  Em.  430.  f.   Matth.  J'algr.  v.  2. 

354.  /     Camer.  Epit.  748,  749.  /,  /.     Dod.  Pempt.  142.  /,/. 

Dalech.  Hist.  1272./,/.    Lob.  Ic.  298,  299./,/ 
V.  aurea  vulgaris  latifolia.    Bank.  Hist.  v.  2. 1062.  / 
Narrow  and  Common  Golden  Rod.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  16./  9,  10. 
/3,  Virga  aurea  vulgari  humilior.     Rcdi  Syn.  176.    Dill.  Elth.  414. 
y.  Solidago  cambrica.     Huds.  367.     Ait.  H.  Kew.  ed.  2.v  5.  70. 

Willd.Sp.  PL  V.  3.2066. 
Virga  aurea  montana,  folio  angusto  subincano,  flosculis  conglo- 

batis.    Raii  Syn.  \77. 
V.  aurea  cambrica,  floribus  conglobatis.     Dill.  Elih.  4\3.  ^.306. 

/.393. 
§.  V.  aurea  montana  biuncialis  pumila.    Pink.  Almag.  390.    Phyt. 

L23o.f.7,S. 

In  groves,  thickets,  grassy  lanes,  as  well  as  on  heaths,  and  moun- 
tains, at  every  degree  of  elevation. 

Perennial.    July — September. 

A  very  variable  plant  in  magnitude,  number  and  size  o(  Jlowers, 
and  serratures  of  the  leaves ;  nor  do  these  varieties  altogether 
depend  on  situation,  except  that  in  alpine  specimens  the  Jlow- 
ers  are  larger  and  fewer.  The  root  is  woody,  with  long,  stout, 
simple  fibres.  Stem  usually  from  1  to  3  feet  high,  erect,  va- 
riously zigzag,  never  quite  straight,  leafy,  angular,  solid  j  purple 
below :  most  downy  in  the  upper  part,  where  it  terminates  in  a 
leafy  cluster,  either  simple  or  compound,  of  bright  yellow^ouj- 
ers.  Lower  leaves  stalked,  elliptic-oblong,  more  or  less  acute, 
very  rough  or  harsh  at  the  edges,  v,  hich  are  closely  serrated, 
rarely  altogether  entire  ;  upper  smaller,  gradually  diminishing 
to  bracfeas,  which  are  downy  like  the Jtoii-er'Stalks.  Calyx-scales 


SYNGENESI A—POLYGAMIA-SUPERF. Inula.  439 

erect,  lanceolate,  downy,  membranous  at  the  edges,  and  finely 
fringed.  Marginal  Jiorets  from  6  to  10,  elliptic-oblong,  un- 
equally 3-toothed,  spreading  3  in  decay  becoming  revolute  and 
tawny  :   disk  prominent.     Seeds  minutely  hairy.     Down  rough. 

When  l^ruised,  the  whole  herb  smells  like  Wild  Carrot.  Its  qua- 
lities are  astringent,  perhaps  tonic,  and  it  has  been  recom- 
mended as  a  vulnerary,  both  externally  and  internally. 

What  the  above  variety  /3,  gathered  by  Sherard  in  Ireland,  maybe, 
1  have  not  precisely  ascertained.  Its  short  description  in  Ray's 
Synopsis  answers  very  nearly  to  y,  which  Hudson  and  VVilkie- 
now  reckoned  a  permanent  species,  but  which  I  could  never  de- 
termine to  be  so.  0  is  merely  a  dwarf  variety,  growing,  accord- 
ing to  Dillenius,  on  barren  sandy  hillocks,  and  not  much  like 
.S,  minuta  of  Linnaeus,  whose  synonyms  are  greatly  confused, 
but  which  seems,  by  the  original  specimen,  a  variety  of  *S'.  t'ir- 
gaurea.  Swiss  specimens  of  .S.  Virgaurea,  in  the  collections  of 
Reynier  and  Davall,  are  even  more  various  than  those  of  Bri- 
tain, especially  in  the  size  of  their  flowers. 

401.  INULA.     Elecampane,  and  Flea-bane. 

Linn.  Gen A2Q.  Juss.\S\.  Fl.  Br.  H90.  Lam.  t.  680.  Gccrtn. 
t.  170. 

Nat.  Orel,  see  71,  396. 

Common  Cal.  hemispherical,  imbricated ;  scales  loosely 
spreading  at  the  points,  various  in  form  and  j^roportion. 
Cor.  compound,  radiant,  broad ;  florets  of  the  disk  very 
numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal,  u]n-ight  or 
spreading  segments;  those  of  the  radius  numerous,  crowd- 
ed, ligulate,  linear,  3-toothed.  Filam.  in  the  tubular  flo- 
rets only,  thread-shaped,  short.  Auth.  united  into  a  cy- 
lindrical tube,  with  5  sharp  teetli  at  the  summit,  and  10 
straight  bristles  at  the  base,  equal  in  length  to  the  fila- 
ments. Germ,  in  all  the  florets  fertile,  oblong.  Stijle 
thread-shaped,  cloven.  Stigmas  spreading,  oblong,  ra- 
ther obtu.se.  Seed-vessel  none,  but  the  unaltered  calyx. 
Seed  linear,  quadrangular.  JJoxv/i  simple,  sessile,  as  long 
as  the  seed,  or  longer.  Jleeept.  nearly  flat,  either  (juite 
•naked,  or  sh'irhtlv  scalv. 

A  innnerous  genus,  tolerably  natural,  well  marked  by  tlie 
bristles  at  the  base  of  the  atithers.  The  roots  are  for  tlie 
greater  part  perennial.  Stem  erect,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  sim})le,  undivided,  more  or  less  downy,  rarely 
(juite  snu)()th.  /•'/.  large,  yellow.  Qualities  aromatic, 
hitter,  often  nuicilnL'inous. 


440  SYNGENESIA-POLYGAMIA-SUPERF.  Inula. 

1.  \.  Heleiiium.     Elecampane. 

Leaves  ovate,  rugged,  clasping  the  stem  ;  downy  beneath. 
Calyx-scales  ovate,  leafy. 

I.  Helenium.    Linn.  Sp.  PIA2?>Q.    WiUd.  v.  3.  2089.    Fl.Br.89]. 

Engl.  Bot.v.  22.  t.  1546.    fVoodv.  1. 108.    Hook.  Scot.  245.    Fl. 

Dan.  t.  728. 
Aster  n.  72.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.31. 
Helenium.    Rail  Sijn.  176.     Ger.  Em.  793./.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1. 

65./.    Camer.Epit.3b.f.   Fuchs.  Hist.  242.  f.   Zc.  135./.    Lob. 

Ic.  574./ 
H.  vulgare.    Baiih.  Pin.  276,  not  267. 
H.  majus.    Cord.  Hist.  142./ 
EAsvioy.    Diosc.  let.  141, 
Elecampane.    Fetiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  16,/  1. 

In  moist  meadows  and  pasturet^,  not  common,  though  certainly 
wild,  which  Haller  thought  was  not  the  case  in  Switzerland. 

Frequent  in  Essex;  about  St.  Ives,  Cornwall,  and  Bugden,  Hun- 
tingdonshire ;  also  between  Denbigh  and  St.  Asaph.  Huds.  In 
several  parts  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  and  on  Warboys  Common, 
Huntingdonshire.  Mr.  Woodward.  Near  Dalton,  Lancashire. 
Mr.  Atkinson.  Between  Ulverstone  and  F'oulness.  Mr.  Crowe. 
1  noticed  it  in  1 795  between  Worcester  and  Ludlow,  and  be- 
tween Bishop's  Castle  and  New  Town,  Montgomeryshire. 

Perennial,    Julij,  August. 

Root  thick,  branching,  aromatic,  bitter  and  mucilaginous.  Stetn 
3  feet  high,  leafy,  round,  furrowed,  solid  ;  branched,  and  most 
dow^ny,  in  the  uJDper  part.  Leaves  large,  ovate,  serrated,  veiny ; 
downy  and  hoary  at  the  back ;  radical  ones  stalked  ;  the  rest 
sessile,  clasping  the  stem.  Fl.  solitary  at  the  downy  summits  of 
the  branches,  2^inches  broad,  bright  yellow.  Scales  of  the  calyx 
broad,  recurved,  leafy,  finely  downy  on  both  sides.  Rays  very 
numerous,  long  and  narrow,  each  terminating  in  3  unequal 
teeth.  Seeds  quadrangular,  smooth.  Down  roughish.  Recept. 
reticulated,  not  quite  smooth  or  naked. 

Various  preparations  of  the  boiled  root,  mixed  with  sugar,  have 
been  recommended  to  promote  expectoration,  and  to  strengthen 
the  stomach.  Some  think  a  spirituous  extract  contains  more  of 
its  aromatic  and  tonic  properties.  The  plant  is  generally  kept 
in  rustic  gardens,  on  account  of  many  traditional  virtues. 

2.  I.  dysenterica.    Common  Flea-bane. 

Leaves  oblong,  downy,  clasping  the  stem  with  their  heart- 
shaped  base.  Stem  woolly,  panicled.  Calyx-scales  bris- 
tle-shaped, hairy. 

L  dysenterica.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1237-   mild.  v.  3.  2091.   FLBr.89\. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-SUPERF.  Inula.  441 

Engl  Boi.v.  \6.t.  1115.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  3.  ^5G.  Hook.  Scot. 

245.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  410.    Bull.  Fr.  i.  299.    Ehrh.  PL  Of.  128. 
Aster  n.  79.    Holl.  Hist.  v.  1.33. 
Conyza  media.     Rail  Syn.  174.     Ger.  Em.  482./.     Matth.  Valgr. 

V.  2.  224./.    Loh.  Ic.  345./.   Dalech.  Hist.\04o.f.    Bauh.  Hist. 

V.2.  1050./. 
C.  media  vulgaris.    Clus.  Hist. v.2.2\.f.    Pann.  526. 
C.  tertia.     Comer.  Epit.  614./ 

Calaminthee  tertium  genus.    Fuchs.  Hist.  436./.     Ic.  246./. 
Common  Flea-bane.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  16,/  2. 

In  watery  places  by  road  sides,  and  in  clear  ditches,  common. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  creeping.  Herb  more  or  less  woolly  or  cottony,  glutinous, 
with  a  peculiar  acid  aromatic  scent,  somewhat  like  the  flavour  of 
peaches.  Stem  12  or  18  inches  high,  round,  branched,  leafy, 
cottony,  corymbose  at  the  summit,  with  many  bright  yellow 
Jiowtrs,  whose  disk  is  of  rather  a  deeper  hue  than  their  numerous 
narrow  spreading  rays.  Leaves  spreading,  acute,  veiny  and 
wrinkled,  slightly  toothed  or  serrated,  an  inch  or  two  long,  ses- 
sile, clasping  the  stem  with  their  heart-shaped,  or  arrow-sha])ed, 
base  ;  the  under  side  cottony.  Cabjx-scales  numerous,  very 
narrow  and  acute,  woolly.  Seeds  bristly,  obovate.  Down  rough. 
Recept.  slightly  cellular,  unequally  toothed,  or  scaly.  Mr.  Rel- 
han  mentions  a  variety  with  very  short  rays. 

Haller  speaks  contemptuously  of  the  medical  virtues  of  this  plant 
because,  as  he  says,  it  abounds  with  earthy  matter.  Linnaeus,  in 
Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2.  294,  records,  on  the  authority  of  General  Keith, 
that  it  cured  the  Russian  army  of  the  dysentery  ; — hence  the 
specific  name. 

3.  I.  pidicaria.    Small  Flea-bane. 

Leaves  clasping  the  stem,  wavy.  Stem  much  branched, 
hairj'.  Flowers  hemispherical ;  radius  scarcely  longer 
than  the  disk. 

I.  pulicaria.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 238.     inild.  v.  3.  2093.     FL  Br.  892. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  \7.  t.\  196.      Hull  ed.  2.  v.  1.  244.      Curt.  Loud, 
fasc.  3.  /.  57.     Ehrh.  PL  Of.  458.    FL  Dun.  /.  613. 
I.  uliginosa.     Sihfh.  256. 
I.  cvfmdrica.     /n/A.731. 
Aster  n.  80.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  33. 

Conyza  minor.    Rati  Si^n.  \7\.    Matth.  Valgr. v. 2.223.  f.    Comer. 
'  Epit.0\3.f.     Trog.^Hist.  166./ 
C.  minima.     J)od.  Pnnpt.'t2.f.    Ger.  Em.  AS2./.    Lo/>. /r.  345./ 

Dalech.  Hist.  lOA')./. 
C.  media?  minor  species,  florc  vi\  rachato.     Puiuh.  ilist.  v. 2.  1050; 

dcsvr.  onlif. 
Psvllium.     Cord.  II, St.  15  1./. 


M2  SYNGENESIA— POLYGAMIA-SUPERF.  Inula. 

Small  Flea-bane.    Petiv.  IL  Brit.  t.  \6.f.3. 

In  moist  sandy  heathy  spots,  especially  where  water  has  stagnated 
during  winter. 

Annual.    September. 

Root  tapering,  branched.  Stem  about  a  span  high,  upright, 
spreading,  sometimes  decumbent,  a  little  zigzag,  branched,  co- 
rymbose, leafy,  roundish,  hollow,  finely  hairy,  often  purplish. 
Leaves  scattered,  elliptic-oblong,  recurved,  acute,  nearly  or 
quite  entire,  wavy,  hairy  on  both  sides  5  contracted  at  the  base, 
slightly  embracing  the  stem.  Fl.  solitary  at  the  end  of  each 
branch,  soon  overtopped  by  lateral  ones,  much  smaller  than  the 
last,  being  scarcely  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  dull  pale  yel- 
low, with  very  short  recurved  rays,  sometimes  entirely  wanting. 
Calyx-scales  Unear,  acute,  hairy,  all  nearly  of  equal  length.  Seeds 
of  all  the  florets  quadrangular,  silky,  crowned  with  5  small 
teeth,  besides  the  same  number,  or  a  few  more,  of  rough  spread- 
ing bristles,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  The  anthers  are  spurred  at 
the  base,  as  in  the  rest  of  the  genus.  Recept.  tuberculated, 
besprinkled  with  a  very  few  short  hairs. 

Here  is  a  fine  opportunity  for  the  lovers  of  artificial  genera  to  es- 
tablish one,  as  unnatural  as  possible,  by  a  technical  character  of 
no  importance  whatever.  Nothing  can  be  more  truly  an  Inula 
than  this  plant,  nor  is  there  any  doubt  of  its  being  the  Linnsean 
I.  piilicaria,  though  a  suspicion  to  the  contrary  was  communi- 
cated, by  an  able  friend,  to  Dr.  Withering. 

4.  I.  critJmioides ,    Saniphire-leaved  Flea-bane. 
Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  partly  three-pointed.     Calyx  smooth. 

1.  crithmoides.    Linn.  Sp.  PIUAO.    Fl.Br.  S93.    Engl.  Bot.v.]. 

t.68.    Huds.369.    Hulled.  2. v.  ].2A4, 
I.  crithmifolia.     Linn.  Syst.  Veg.  ed.  14.  7^7,     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3. 

2101.    With.  732. 
Aster  maritimus  flavus,  Crithmlim  chrysanthemum  dictus.    Raii 

Syn.\74. 
A.  littoreus  luteus,  folio  angusto  spisso,  ad  extremitatem  trifido. 

Mori<i.v.3.  \19.  sect.  7.  t.  21.  f.  16. 
Crithmum  chrysanthemum.   Dod.  Pempt.  706.  f.    Ger.  Em.  533./. 
C.  tertium.     Matth.  Falgr.  v.  1.  446. /j  not  good.     Camer.  Epit. 

274./. 
Chrysanthemum  littoreum.    Lob.  Ic.  395./. 
Golden  Sampire.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  \7.f.  9.  . 

On  the  sea  coast  in  a  muddy  soil,  chiefly  in  the  south. 

In  a  marsh  near  Hurst  castle,  over  against  the  isle  of  Wight, 
plentifully;  on  rocks  at  Llandwyn,  Anglesea  3  and  on  the  bank 
of  the  river  near  Maldon,  Essex.  Ray,  In  Shepey  island.  She- 
rard.  Portland  island.  Rev.  Mr.  Baker.  On  the  Cornish  coast, 
but  sparingly.  F.  Borone. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Cineraria.   443 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  creeping.  ^Vhole  plant  smooth.  Stem  round,  leafy,  nearly 
filled  with  ))ith.  Leaves  numerous,  crowded,  sessile,  linear- ob- 
long, extremely  succulent,  mostly  with  3  blunt  teeth  at  the  end. 
Ft.  terminal,  few,  solitary,  on  stalks  clothed  with  awl-shaped 
bracteas.  G//.  of  many  smooth,  flat,  taper-pointed  scales.  Disk 
orange-coloured.  Rays  spreading,  of  a  golden  yellow.  Seed- 
do  ivfi  rough. 

402.  CINERARIA.    Flea-wort. 

Linn.  Gen .426.  Jiiss.lHl.  Ft.  Br.  804.  Lam.  t.  675.  Gccrtn. 
t.\7Q. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  396. 

Common  Cal.  simple,  cylindrical,  of  numerous,  equal,  pa- 
rallel, permanent  scales.  Cor.  compound,  radiant  \Jiorcts 
of  the  disk  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal  up- 
right segments  ;  those  of  the  radius  as  many  as  the  scales 
of  the  calyx,  ligulate,  elliptic-oblong,  toothed  at  the  ex- 
tremity. Filam.  in  the  tubular  florets  only,  thread- 
shaped,  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical  tube,  with  5  notches 
at  the  summit.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  fertile,  oblong. 
Stijlc  thread-shaped,  not  prominent.  Stigmas  spreading, 
oblong,  bluntish.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  unchanged 
calyx.  Seed  quadrangular,  striated.  Doxan  copious, 
sessile,  capillary,  roughish,  longer  than  the  seed,  lieeepf, 
naked,  pitted,  slightly  convex. 

Downy  or  cottony  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby,  more  nume- 
rous in  Southern  Africa  than  elsewhere.  Leaves  simple, 
oblong  or  heart-shaped,  entire  or  toothed,  sometimes  ly- 
rate,  or  bipinnate.  Fl.  corymbose,  or  paniclcd,  or  soli- 
tary ;  yellow  or  purple ;  some  of  them  white  in  the  ra- 
dius; some  discoid  only. 

1.  Cpalustris.     Marsh  Flea-wort. 

Flowers  corymbose.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  toothed  or 
sinuated.     Stem  shaggy,  leafy,  hollow. 

C.  palustris.     Lmn.  Sp.  PI.  I  J  13.     If'illd.  v.  3.  '20S0.    Fl.  Br.  S<M. 

Kngl.  Bot.  V.  3.  /.  I  r>  I .     Jluds.  1 86.     Ft.  Dan.  t.  j73. 
Othonna  palustris.     Linn.  Sp.  Fl.  cd.  1 .  921.     Fl.  Succ.  cd.  2.  302. 

lIiKls.  cd.  1 .  327. 
Solidago  n.  131.     Gmcl.  Sih.  v.  2.  138.  t.72. 
Conyza  foliis  lariniatis.     Raii  Sijn.  1/4.    Gvr.  Em.  lS3.f. 
V.  htloniiis  foliis  laciniatis.     Lob.  Ic.  3  17./. 
.lacobiini  acpiatica  elalior,  foliis  magis  dissectis.     Moris,  v.  3.  110. 

.^rrf.  7.  t.  If).  /'.  21. 


444    SYNGENESIA— POLYG..SUPERF.  Cineraria. 

Marsh  Flea-bane,  and  Jagged  Flea-bane,  Petiv.  H.  Brit.t.\6. 
/  5,  6. 

In  ditches,  and  the  boggy  margins  of  deep  pools,  chiefly  in  the 
east  parts  of  England. 

In  the  fen  ditches  about  Merch  and  Chatteris,  in  the  isle  of  Ely  j 
also  in  the  ditches  about  Pillin  moss,  Lancashire ;  and  about 
Aberavon,  Merionethshire.  Ray.  Near  Acle,  Norfolk.  Sherard. 
Near  Haddiscoe.  Mr.  Woodward.  In  the  borders  of  Skoulton 
meer,  near  Hingham.  Mr.  Crowe.  On  St.  Faith's  Newton  bogs, 
Norfolk. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  of  many  long  fibres,  running  deep  into  the  mud.  Herb  of  a 
light  greyish  green,  finely  downy  all  over  with  jointed  hairs, 
clammy  to  the  touch.  Stem  a  yard  high,  stout,  hollow,  simple, 
erect,  leafy,  angular,  corymbose  at  the  top.  Leaves  erect,  scat- 
tered, sessile,  lanceolate,  ribbed,  soft,  variously  toothed,  wavy, 
and  often  pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  ones  most  pointed.  Fl.  nume- 
rous, of  a  bright,  but  not  deep,  lemon-colour,  erect,  on  shaggy 
corymbose  stalks.  Cal.  hairy,  pale  green,  cylindrical,  not 
swelling  at  the  bottom.  Bracteas  none.  Rays  rather  short, 
numerous,  spreading.  Seeds  furrowed,  smooth.  Down  snow- 
white,  long  and  plentiful. 

2.  C.  integrifolia.     Mountain  Flea-wort. 

Flowers  simply  and   imperfectly  umbellate,  with  several 

lanceolate  bracteas.     Radical  leaves  elliptical,  obscurely 

toothed;    the  rest  lanceolate;    all  shaggy.      Stem  un- 

branched. 
C.  integrifolia.     With.  729.     -F7.  Br.  895.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  3. 1. 152. 

Sibth.  255.    Relh.  332. 
C.  integrifolia  /S,  pratensis.     Linn.  Syst.  Veg.  ed.  14.  764.     Jacq. 

Austr.  t.  180.    Herb.  Linn. 
C.  alpina  /,  integrifolia.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1243. 
C.  alpina.     Huds.  3/0.      Relh.  ed.  1.  320.  t.  4.      Dicks.  H.  Sice. 

fasc.  \  6. 12. 
C.  campestris.     Willd.  Sp.  PL  v.  3. 2081 .    Hook.  Lond.  t.  75.   De- 

Cand.Fr.v.A.Ud. 
Senecio  n.  68.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  29. 
Jacobsea  Pannonica,  folio  non  laciniato.     Raii  Syn.  178.     Bauh. 

Hist.v.2.\056.f.     Clus.  Pann.  574.  f.  573.    HisL  v.  2.  22.  f.  2. 
J.  angustifolia.     Ger.  Em.  280./, 
Cambridge  Ragwort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 7./.  4. 
/3.  Cineraria  alpina.    Jllion.  Pedem.  v.  1 .  203.  t.  38./.  2  3  with  some 

doubtful  synonyms. 
C.  maritima,  integrifoha.    Davies  Welsh  Botanol.  79. 

On  chalky  downs,  or  limestone  cliffs. 

On  Gogmagog  hills,  Newmarket  heath,    and   other  like   i)laccs. 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Doronicum.  445 

Ray.     Near  Basingstoke  and   Andover.    Huds.    Near  Tring, 
Herts.  Dickson.     On  the  downs  of  Dorsetshire  and  Oxford- 
shire. Hooker. 
/3.  On  cliffs  near  Holyhead,  Anglesea.   Rev.  II.  Davies. 
Perennial.    May,  June. 

Root  of  several  long  simple  fibres.     Herb  clothed,   more  or  less, 
with  a  shaggy,  deciduous,  cottony  web,  most  dense  and  perma- 
nent on  the  backs  of  the  leaves.     Stem  simple,  erect,  6  or  8 
inches  high,  leafy,  terminating  in  an  imperfect  umbel,  of  3  or  4, 
rarely  only  1  or  2,  bright  yQWowJiowers,  with  several  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  woolly  hracteas  at  the  base  of  their  partial 
stalks.     Radical  leaves  several,  close  to  the  ground,  elhptic-ob- 
long,  tapering  at  the  base,  sometimes  stalked,  somewhat  revo- 
lute,  variously  toothed,  often  entire  ;  loosely  cottony  above  ; 
more  copiously  beneath  3  stem-leaves  scattered,  erect,  lanceo- 
late, revolute,  entire,  most  cottony.     Cal.  somewhat  woolly ; 
the  upper  half  of  its  scales  pale  and  rather  membranous.  Florets 
of  the  radius  nearly  oval,  obtuse,  with  3  teeth.     Seeds  silky. 
Down  rough. 
Such  is  the  common  appearance  of  our  chalk-country  Cineraria,  a 
slight  variety  of  which,  with  longer-stalked  leaves,  is  figured  in 
Ger.  Em.  304.  f.  2,  and  Lob.  /r.  587. /.  1,  copied  in   Petiver, 
t.  13./.  5,  as  a  sort  of  Hawkweed.     As  one  of  that  genus,  no 
wonder  it  could  never  be  determined.     Dr.  Lamb  of  Newbury, 
directed  by  Gerarde,  sought  out  the  plant,  in  its  original  phice 
of  growth,  near  the  Roman  camp  at  Sidmonton,  10  yards  soutli 
of  the  Decuman  Port,  and  a  specimen  sent  by  him,  drawn  up  a 
little  perhaps  amongst  grass,   is  so  like  the  wooden  cut  above 
indicated,  that  it  leaves  no  doubt  on  the  subject.    See  the  syno- 
nyms of  Ilieracium  maculatum,  p.  3fi0  of  the  present  volume. 
/3  is  a  still  more  remarkable  plant,  thrice  the  size  of  the  above, 
with  numerous  broad  teeth  to  some  of  its  radical  leaves,  from  4 
to  GJiowers  in  the  umbel,  nearly  twice  the  size  of  those  on  tlie 
Newmarket  heath  specimens,  and  it  is  altogether  so  different  in 
aspect,  that  were  not  tlie  variableness  of  the  present  Cineraria, 
and  some  of  its  allies,  so  well  known  to  alpine  botanists,  any 
bodv  might  think  this  a  species.     I  cannot  however  detect  a 
specific  character.     Mr.  Davies  points  out  its  particular  attach- 
ment to  a  maritime  situation.     Yet  some  Swiss  specimens  of 
Mailer's  n.  OS,  from  Mr.  Schleicher,  connect  it  with  7-;/;.'/.  Rot. 
t.  102,  and  identify  Mailer's  description  with  our  English  plant. 

403.  IX3ROMCi:iM.     Lcoparcrs-bane. 

Linn.  Cen.  4'27.    .///v\.  lS2.     i7.  /?/-.  SIKJ.     Tourn.t.277.     Law. 
1.679.     Gcertn.  t.  173. 

Nat.  Orel,  see  ;/.  39G. 

Common  Cal.  of  about  20  liiiear-awl-sjiaiud,  ((lual,  iiprli^rlit 


416  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Doronicum. 

scales,  in  a  double  row,  generally  nearly  as  long  as  the 
radiant  florets.  Cor.  compound,  radiant ;  Jlorets  of  the 
disk  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal,  rather 
spreading  segments ;  those  of  the  radius  as  many  as  the 
scales  of  the  calyx,  or  more,  ligulate,  linear,  spreading, 
with  3 — 5  terminal,  equal  teetli.  Filam.  in  the  tubular 
florets  only,  capillary,  very  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical 
tube,  with  5  notches.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  fertile, 
obovate.  Style  thread-shaped,  rather  prominent.  Stig- 
mas small,  spreading.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  slightly 
converging,  withering  calyx.  Seed  obovate,  a  little  com- 
pressed, furrowed.  Down  sessile,  capillary,  rough,  on 
the  seeds  of  the  disk  only,  which  are  hairy ;  wanting  on 
those  of  the  radius,  which  are  smooth.  Recept.  naked, 
pitted,  somewhat  convex. 
Large,  perennial,  tuberous-rooted  herbs,  rather  downy,  with 
upright  corymbose  ster.is,  broad,  heart-shaped  or  oblong, 
mostly  toothed  leaves,  and  a  few  solitary,  great,  yellow 
Jlowers,  earlier  than  most  of  this  tribe. 

1.  D.  Par daliaiic lies.     Great  Leopard's-bane. 

Leaves  heart-shaped,  toothed ;  radical  ones  stalked  ;  the 
rest  clasping  the  stem. 

D.  Pardalianches.    Linn.  Sp.  Pl.\247,    M'illcL  v.  3.  2\\3.    Light/. 

485.  FLBr:896.  Engl.  Bot.v.d.t. 630,  Hook.  Scot.  245.  Hopk. 

Glott.  104.    Mill.  /c.  85.  t.  128.   Jacq.  Austr.  t.  350. 
D.  n.  88.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.  36. 
D.  majus  officinarum.     Ger.  Em.  759./. 
D.  latifolium.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  2. 1 6./. 
D.  tertii  varietas.    Lob.  Ic.  649./. 
Aconitum  Pardalianches  minus.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.2A29.f.   Camer, 

Epit.  824./. 

In  mountainous  pastures  or  meadows. 

Gathered  in  the  cold  mountains  of  Northumberland,  by  Dr.  Penny. 
Gerarde.  In  several  places  in  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland,  as 
about  Hoddam  castle,  in  Annandale,  &c,,  but  always  near 
houses.  Light/oot.  In  fields  and  hedges  about  Hamilton, 
scarcely  indigenous.  Hopkirk.  In  several  other  parts  of  the 
Lowlands.  Hooker.  On  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  below  Bridg- 
north. With.  In  a  hedge  by  the  road  from  Much-Wenlock, 
Shropshire,  to  the  iron  bridge.  Rev.  S.  Dickenson.  Near  Sahng 
hall,  Essex.  Mr.  Wal/ord. 

Perennial.    May. 

Root  of  several  knobs,  connected  by  long  fibres,  creeping  j  woolly 
at  the  crown.     Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  hollow,  round,  obscurely 


SYNGENESIA-POLYGAM.-SUPERF.  Bellls.  447 

angular,  leafy,  hairy ;  branched  and  glutinous  at  the  upper  part. 
Leaves  rather  soft  and  downy,  heart-shaped,  more  or  less  regu- 
larly toothed,  or  wavy  ;  the  radical  ones  large,  obtuse,  on  long 
footstalks  3  those  about  the  middle  of  the  stem  sessile,  and  clasp- 
ing ;  upper  ones  much  smaller,  pointed.  FL  solitary  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  2  inches  wide,  of  a  uniform  bright  yellow,  the 
earliest  overtopped  by  succeeding  ones.  Calyx-scales  downy, 
with  long  taper  points.  Seeds  furrowed  ;  those  of  the  marginal 
florets  smooth,  and  quite  destitute  of  a  crown  3  those  of  the  disk 
hairy,  crowned  with  copious  rough  down.  Recept.  convex, 
pitted. 
The  characters  of  the  various  species  are,  as  Dr.  Hooker  observes, 
not  discriminative.  The  plants  themselves  are,  nevertheless, 
abundantly  distinct,  especially  D.  jAantagineum.  I  apprehend 
some  mistake  concerning  the  Doronicum  in  FL  Loud.  t.  88. 

404.  BELLIS.     Daisy. 

Linn.  Gen.  429.  .Juss.  1 83.  FL  Br.  897.  Tourn.  t.  280.  Lam. 
t.&77.     Gcertn.t.Xm. 

Nat.  Orel.  Compositcv^  y,  discoidecc.  Linn.  49.  Cori/mhiferdc, 
sect.  3.  Juss.  oS.     Three  following  genera  the  same. 

Common  Cal.  simple,  erect,  of  from  10  to  20  lanceolate, 
equal  scales,  in  2  rows.  Cor.  compound,  raiWixnt',  Jlorcts 
of  the  disk  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal 
spreading  segments  ;  those  of  the  radius  ligulate,  lanceo- 
late, slightly  notched  at  the  end,  more  numerous  than  the 
scales  of  the  calyx.  Filam.  in  the  tubular  florets  only, 
capillary,  very  short.  Anth.  in  a  cylindrical,  notched 
tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  fertile,  obovate.  Slijle  thread- 
shajied.  Stigfnas  spreading,  oblong,  rather  shorter  and 
thicker  in  the  florets  of  the  disk.  Seed-vessel  none,  but 
the  spreading  unaltered  calyx.  Seed  ohowate,  compressed, 
without  any  margin,  crown  or  seed-down.  Beeept.  co- 
nical, hollow,  naked. 

Species  few,  of  humble  growth,  with  simple,  obovate, 
ciiiefly  radical,  leaves.  FL  in  Europe  with  a  white  or 
reddish  radius,  on  simple  stalks.  Several  caulescent  spe- 
cies have  been  iound  in  New  Holland,  with  blue  or  pur- 
ple flowers. 

1.  \i.  perenfiia.    Common  Daisy. 

Root  creeping.     Flower-stalks  radical,  naked. 

H.  perennis.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  12-18.  mild.  v.  3.2121.  FL  lh.Hi)7. 
FncrL  But.  V.  ().  /.  424.  Curt.  Land.  fuse.  I .  /.  G2.  Hook.  Scot. 
2  Hi.     FL  Dan.  t.  :>{)3.    IhtlL  Fr.  t.  I  7'^. 


448SYNGENESIA— POL.-SUPERF.Cluysanthemum. 

B.  n.  93.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.39. 

B.  sylvestris  minor.    RaiiSyn.  184.    Ger.Em.636.f.Fuchs.Hist. 

147./     /c.  80./.    Dalech.  Hist.  855./. 
B.  minor.    Matth,  Valgr.  v.  2.  263./ 
Eellidis  species.     Camer.  Epit.  656./ 
Primula  veris.     Trag.  Hist.  161./ 
Solidago.     Brunf.  Herb.  v.  2.  25./ 
Common  Daisie.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  19./  2. 

In  pastures  and  meadows  every  where. 

Perennial.    March — November. 

Root  of  numerous  fibres,  branching  at  the  crown  and  somewhat 
creeping.  Leaves  numerous,  all  radical,  depressed,  obovate, 
crenate,  single-ribbed,  deep  green,  slightly  hairy  ;  tapering  at 
the  base.  Flower-stalks  several,  radical,  ascending,  simple, 
round,  hollow,  hairy,  entirely  leafless,  each  bearing  a  solitary 
flower,  most  open  in  bright  weather,  yellow  or  orange-coloured 
in  the  disk,  the  white  rays  beautifully  tinged  with  crimson.  The 
receptacle  is  hollow,  and  remarkably  convex,  or  pointed.  Seeds 
sometimes  fringed  at  the  sides. 

Double,  as  well  as  proliferous.  Daisies,  red,  white  or  speckled,  are 
common  in  gardens,  and  the  proliferous  variety  is  now  and  then 
found  wild.  Domestic  cattle  scarcely  touch  this  plant.  Not- 
withstanding its  beauty,  and  its  celebration  by  poets,  the  Daisy 
is  thought  a  blemish  or  intruder  in  neat  grass-plats,  and  can  be 
overcome  by  perpetual  stubbing  only. 

405.  CHRYSANTHEMUM.     Ox-eye. 

Liyin.  Gen.  432.    Juss.  \83.    H.  Br.  898.    Tonrn.t.280.    Gcertn. 

i.  168. 
Matricaria.    Lain.  t.  678.  f.  3 — 6. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n,  404. 

Common  Cat.  hemispherical,  closely  imbricated,  with  nu- 
merous, roundish,  convex  scales,  membranous  and  di- 
lated at  their  margin,  especially  the  innermost,  which 
terminate  in  more  or  less  of  a  dry,  filmy,  often  jagged, 
appendage.  Cor,  compound,  radiant ;  jiorets  of  the  disk 
very  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  level-topped,  with  5 
equal  spreading  segments  ;  those  of  the  radius  more  than 
12,  ligulate,  spreading,  elliptic-oblong,  with  3  terminal 
teeth.  Filam.  in  the  tubular  florets  only,  capillary,  short. 
Anth,  forming  a  notched  tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets 
obovate.  Style  a  little  prominent.  Stigmas  spreading, 
oblong,  bluntish,  generally  uniform.  Seed-vessel  none, 
except  the  dry,  spreading  calyx,  a  little  inflexed  at  the 
margin.     Seed  in  all  the  florets  oblong,  or  obovate,  stri- 


SYNGENESIA— POL.-SUPERF.Chrysanthemum.449 

ated,  obtuse,  without  clown  or  border.  RecejH,  naked, 
rather  convex. 
Species  numerous,  in  various  parts  of  the  globe,  herbaceous; 
in  some  instances  shrubby.  Leaves  simple  or  compound, 
smoothish,  variously  jagged,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnate.  Fl. 
terminal,  with  a  yellow  disk,  and  yellow,  white,  or  reddish 
rays ;  not  pleasantly  scented. 

*  Rays  "johite. 

1.  Q\\.  Leucanthemum.  Great  White  Ox-eye.  Moon 

Daisy. 

Leaves  clasping  the  stem,  oblong,  obtuse,  cut ;  pinnatifid  at 
the  base ;   radical  ones  obovate,  stalked. 

Ch.  Leucanthemum.     Unn.  Sp.  PL  1251.    mild.  v.  3.  2142.    Fl. 

Br.  898.      Engl.  Bot.  v.  9.  t.  COl.      Curt.  Lond.  fuse.  5.  t.  02. 

Mart.  Rust.  t.  109.     Hook.  Scot.  246.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  994.    Bull. 

Fr.L  21].    Ehrh.  PL  Of  .  \3S. 
Matricaria  n.  98.    Hall.  Hist.  v.\.4\. 
Leucanthemum  vulgare.    Rati  Syn.  184. 
Bellis  major.    Ger.  Ein.  634./.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  26 1 ./.   Camer. 

Epii.GDS.f.   Fuchs.HistA4S.f.    /c.  81./   Datech.  Hist.SoS.f 

Lob.  Ic.  478./    Trag.  Hist.  144./ 
Buphthalmon.    Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1 .  258./ 
Great  Daisie.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  1. 19./  1. 

In  pastures,  fields  and  by  way  sides,  common. 

Perennial.    June,  July. 

Root  branched,  tough  and  woody,  with  many  fibres.  Stem  erect, 
simple  or  branched  according  to  the  soil,  from  1  to  2  feet  high, 
leafy,  slightly  hairy,  furrowed,  with  red  intermediate  ribs. 
Lower  leaves  stalked,  obovate,  serrated  or  deeply  cut ;  upper 
variously  pinnatifid,  especially  at  the  base,  clasping  the  stem  ; 
all  deep  green,  nearly  smooth.  FL  large,  terminal,  solitary, 
not  inelegant,  with  a  broad  yellow  disk,  and  brilliant  white  ra- 
dius. Cahjx-scales  brown  or  blackish,  with  a  shining,  membra- 
nous, white  border.  Seeds  black,  witii  white  ribs.  The  flavour 
of  the  whole  plant  is  herbaceous,  slightly,  not  pleasantly,  aro- 
matic. Its  properties  arc  not  important.  Like  many  other 
herbs,  mixed  witli  grasses,  it  makes  a  part  of  tlie  hay  crop. 

**   Raijs  ijc/laic, 

2.  Ch.  s(ii;('l/f)n.     ^'ellow  Ox-t'yc.     Corn  Marigold. 
Leaves    clasping    the    stem,    ghuicous ;    jaggi'd    upwards; 

toothetl  at  tiie  base. 
Ch.  segetum.    Linn.  Sp.  VLV1:A.     //'///</.  r.  3  2  I  18.     Flfh.Si^). 


450  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Pyrethrum. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  8.  t.  540.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  60.  Mart.  Rust. 
t.nO.  Hook.  Scot.  246.  Raii  Syn.  182.  Ger.  Em.  743./.  Fl. 
Dan.  t.  995.  Bull.  Fr.  t.  339.  Clus.  Hist.  v.  1 .  334./.  Lob.  Ic. 
552./ 

Ch.  minus.    Camer.  Epit.  794.  / 

Ch.  segetum  vulgare  glaucum.    Moris,  r.  3. 1 5.  sect.  6.  t.  4./  1. 

Bellis  liitea^  foliis  profunde  incisis,  major  et  minor.  Bmih.  Pin.  262. 

Corn  Marygold.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  1. 1 9./  6. 

/3.  Chrysanthemum  segetum  nostras,  folio  glauco  multiscisso  ma- 
jus,  flore  minore.    Raii  Syn.  \83. 

In  corn  fields,  turnip  fields,  &c.  a  troublesome  weed. 

Annual.    Jime — August. 

Root  tapering,  rather  small.  Herb  smooth,  of  a  glaucous  green. 
Stem  alternately  branched,  busby,  leafy,  angular.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, oblong,  variously  toothed  or  cut,  rather  succulent  j  clasp- 
ing at  the  base.  Fl.  numerous,  large,  terminal,  solitary,  on 
naked  hollow  stalks  swelling  upward,  their  colour  a  uniform 
brilliant  yellow.  Calyx-scales  green,  with  a  broad  membranous 
border.  Florets  of  the  radius  obovate,  two-ribbed,  abrupt.  Seeds 
compressed,  grooved,  smooth,  without  any  crown  or  membra- 
nous border,  which  is  erroneously  attributed  to  them  by  the 
description  in  Engl.  Bot.,  the  plate  of  which  is  correct. 

/3,  a  variety  with  more  jagged  leaves,  and  smaller^oit'ers,  was  no- 
ticed near  Glastonbury  by  Plukenet.  No  other  person  seems 
to  have  met  with  it. 

However  odious  to  the  farmer,  especially  in  his  turnip  fields,  this 
is  indisputably  a  splendid  weed,  almost  as  handsome  as  Chry- 
santhemum coronarlum.  It  can  only  be  eradicated  by  hand,  be- 
fore the  seeds  ripen. 

406.  PYRETHRUM.     Feverfew. 

Hall.  Hist.  V.  I.  40.  Fl.  Br.  900.    M^d.  Sp.  Pl.v.  3.  2\^0.   Gccrtn. 

^.169. 
Matricaria.    Toarn.  t.2S\.     Lam.  t.  678.  f.\. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  w.  404. 

Common  Cal.  hemispherical,  closely  imbricated,  with  several 
oblong,  nearly  equal,  bluntish  scales,  bordered  wath  an 
equal  membrane  all  round.  Co7\  compound,  radiant; 
Jlorets  of  the  disk  numerous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal 
spreading  segments;  those  of  the  radius  numerous,  Hgu- 
late,  spreading,  elliptic-oblong,  with  3  terminal  teeth. 
Filam,  in  the  tubular  florets  only,  capillary,  short.  Anth. 
m  a  cylindrical  tube.  Gertn.  in  all  the  florets  angular, 
abrupt.  Style  thread-shaped,  not  prominent.  Stigmas 
spreading,  obtuse,  somewhat  notched.  Seed-vessel  none, 
the  calyx  remaining  unchanged.     Seed  in  all  the  florets 


SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF.  Pyrethrum.  451 

oblong,  angular,  abrupt,  furrowed,  crowned  with  an  ele- 
vated membranous  border.  Recept.  naked,  convex. 
Herbaceous,  very  rarely  shrubby ;  either  perennial  or  an- 
nual. Leaves  either  simple  and  oblong,  or  repeatedly 
compound,  or  variously  cut.  Fl.  terminal,  with  a  yellow 
disk  and  white  rays ;  generally  smaller  than  in  the  last 
genus,  from  which  the  [present  is  distinguished  by  the 
crown  of  the  seed,  and  by  the  narrower,  more  simple, 
border  of  the  more  oblong  and  equal  calijx-scales.  Fla- 
vour bitter,  often  unpleasantly  aromatic.  Haller  seems, 
by  his  own  account,  to  have  chosen  the  above  generic 
name  in  allusion  to  the  acrid  roots  of  his  n.  96.  P.  alpi- 
num  of  Willdenow,  which  agree  with  the  plant  of  the  an- 
tients  to  which  he  refers. 

1.  P.  Partheniwn.     Common  Feverfew. 

Leaves  stalked,  compound,  flat;  leaflets  ovate,  cut;  the  up- 
permost confluent.  Flower-stalks  corymbose.  Stem 
erect.     Rays  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk. 

P.  Parthenium.  Fl.  Br.  900.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  J  8. 1. 123 1 .  Willd.  Sp. 
PI.v.3.2\5d.    Relh.334.    Hook.  Scot.  246. 

Matricaria  Parthenium.  Linn.Sp.Pl.VZbD.  Huds.37\.  With.  735. 
Woodv.suppl.t.  249.  FLDan.t.674.  Bull.  Fr.t.  203.  Dalech. 
Hist.  954.  f. 

M  n.  100.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.42. 

Matricaria.  Rail  Sijn.  1 87.  Ger.  Em.  652./.  Dod.  Pempt.  35.  f, 
Trag.  Hist.  156.  f.    Briuif.  Herb.  v.  1 .246./.  245. 

M.  nostras.    Lob.  Ic.  75\.f. 

Parthenium  sen  Matricaria.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  258./  Camer, 
Epit.  649./. 

Artemisia  tenuifoHa.     Fuchs.  Hist.  45,/ 

A.  ramosae  altera  species.     Fuchs.  Ic.  26.  f. 

?>verfevv.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  19./ 5. 

In  waste  ground,  and  about  hedges,  frequent. 

Biennial.    June,  Juhj. 

Root  tapering.  Stem  erect,  branched,  leafy,  round,  furrowed, 
many-flowered,  about  2  feet  high,  or  more.  Lcorcs  stalked,  of 
a  hoary  green,  once  or  twice  i)innate,  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  leaflets, 
or  segments,  inclining  to  ovate,  dccurrent,  cut.  Pmiicle  corym- 
bose,  sometimes  comj)ound ;  ihcJ/owcrstaUis  long,  naked,  sin- 
gle-flowered, swelling  u))war(ls.  Fl.  erect,  about  luilf  an  inch 
broad,  with  a  convex  yellow  disk,  and  numerous  short,  broad, 
abrupt,  two-ribbed,  white  rays  j  often  wanting;  sometimes  mul- 
tiplied, and,  the  disk  being  obliterated,  constituting  a  double 
flow(y.     The   stcds   are  certainly  crowned   with  a  short  mem- 


452  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Pyrethrum. 

brane,  overlooked  by  Haller,  though  he  founded  his  genus  Py- 
rethrum  on  that  character. 
The  whole  plant  is  bitter  and  strong-scented^  reckoned  tonic,  sti- 
mulating, and  anti-hysteric. 

2.  V.  inodorum.  Corn  Feverfew.  Scentless  Mayweed. 

Leaves  sessile,  pinnate ;  in  numerous,  capillary,  pointed 
segments.  Stem  branched,  spreading.  Crown  of  the 
seeds  entire. 

P.  inodorum.  Fl.  Br.  900.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  10.  L  676.  Willd.  Sp.  PI. 
V.  3.  2157.    Hook.  Scot.  246.    Lond.  t.  101.     Relh.335. 

Chrysanthemum  inodorum.  Linn.  Sp,  PL  1253.  With.  734.  Fl. 
Dan.  t.696. 

Matricaria  inodora.    Linn.  Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2.  297.    Huds.  372. 

Chamaemelum  inodorum  annuum  humilius,  foliis  obscurfe  virenti- 
bus.  Dill.in  RaiiSyn.\86.  Moris.v.3.36.n.  \d.  sect.  6.  t.\2. 
f.8. 

Ch.  inodorum,  sive  Cotula  non  foetida.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. 120./. 

Buphthalmum.    Fuchs.  Hist.]  44.  f.    Ic.7S.f. 

Mayweed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 9./  12. 

In  cultivated  fields,  and  by  way  sides,  especially  on  a  gravelly  soil, 
very  common. 

Annual.    August,  September. 

Root  tapering,  rather  large.  Herb  nearly  destitute  of  scent,  at 
least  of  the  peculiar,  agreeable  or  disagreeable,  odours  of  its 
tribe.  Stem  branched,  spreading,  leafy,  angular,  smooth.  Leaves 
sessile,  pinnate  in  a  lyrate  manner ;  leaflets  in  numerous,  very 
narrow,  smooth,  acute  segments,  each  tipped  with  a  minute 
point.  Fl.  on  long,  terminal,  naked  stalks,  large,  with  a  con- 
vex yellow  disk,  and  numerous,  large,  oblong,  abrupt,  pure 
white  rays.  Calyx-scales  smooth,  and  compared  with  those  of 
a  Chrysanthemum,  rather  acute,  as  wanting  the  dilatation,  or 
appendage,  characteristic  of  that  genus,  and  having  a  narrow 
membranous  border  along  the  whole  margin.  The  membranous 
crown  of  the  seed  however  stamps  the  genus,  and  this  is  entire^ 
not  lobed,  in  the  present  species.  The  receptacle  is  naked,  very 
convex,  but  not  acute. 

A  double  variety,  having  a  multiplied  radius,  and  an  obliterated 
contracted  disk,  was  found  in  Norfolk  by  the  late  Mr.  Crowe. 

I  am  still  in  the  dark  about  Chamcemelum  majus,  folio  tenuissimo, 
caule  ruhente,  Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  186 3  found  about  Battersea 
and  Putney. 

3.  P.  rnaritimum.     Sea  Feverfew. 

Leaves  sessile,  doubly  pinnate,  fleshy,  pointless;  convex 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Matricaria.  i53 

above;  keeled  beneath.  Crown  of  the  seeds  lobed.  Stems 
diffijse. 

P.  maritimum.     Fl.  Br.  901.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  14.  t.  979.     WiUd.  Sp. 

PI.v.3.2\d7.    Hook.  Scot.  24(j. 
Matricaria  maritima.  Lmn.  Sp.  PL  125G.    Light/,  491.   With.  73 G. 
M.  inodora  y.    Iliids.  3  73 . 
Chamaemelum  maritimum  perenne  humilius,  foliis  brevibus  crassis, 

obscure  virentibus.    Dill,  in  Raii  Syn.  ]  SQ.  t.  l.f.  1 . 

On  the  sea  coast,  in  sandy  as  well  as  stony  ground. 

At  Cockbush  on  the  Sussex  coast,  7  miles  from  Chichester,  in 
plenty.  Bill.  At  Weymouth.  Rev.  Archdeacon  Gooch.  At 
Whitburn,  Durham.  Mr.  E.  Robson.  In  the  isle  of  Bute,  and 
on  the  western  side  of  Cantire.  Light/.  In  the  loose  sand  of 
the  shore  of  Manorbia  bay,  G  miles  from  Pembroke.  Mr.  Adams. 
I  have  gathered  it  on  the  coast  of  the  Mersey,  above  Liverpool} 
and  have  received  it  from  the  rocks  at  Doun,  near  Bamff.  Se- 
veral Scottish  situations  are  mentioned  by  Dr.  Hooker. 

Perennial.     Jul//,  August. 

Abundantly  distinct  from  the  last,  to  which  Hudson  referred  it, 
notwithstanding  the  excellent  description  and  remarks  of  Dille- 
nius.  The  thick,  woody,  long-enduring  root  runs  deep  into  the 
ground,  producing  a  number  of  procumbent,  branched,  leafy, 
smooth,  angular,  hollow  sterns,  spreading  circularly  on  the  ground, 
often  tinged  with  purple.  Leaves  crowded,  sessile,  of  a  dark 
shining  green,  fleshy,  doubly  pinnate,  with  short  blunt  segments, 
destitute  of  any  terminal  point,  or  minute  bristle  ;  they  are  con- 
vex on  both  sides,  but  especially  at  the  back.  Fl.  not  quite  so 
broad  as  those  of  P.  inodorum,  for  though  the  very  convex,  yel- 
low or  reddish,  disk  is  often  broader  than  in  that  species,  the 
white  rays  are  shorter.  CaUjx-scales  bordered  with  a  very  nar- 
row, brown  or  blackish  membrane  j  the  outer  ones  acute  ;  inner 
rounded,  but  not  dilated,  nor  furnished  with  any  additional  scale. 
Seeds  crowned  with  a  cup-shaped,  deeply  four-lobcd,  cartilagi- 
nous rather  than  membranous  border,  especially  2  or  3  rows  of 
the  outermost,  which  seem  to  have  belonged  to  radiant  florets, 
the  seeds  in  the  middle  of  the  disk  having  smaller,  more  unequal, 
borders.  This  part  is  not  so  well  represented  In  Engl.  Bot.  as 
it  ought  to  have  been.     The  whole  herb  is  slightly  aromatic. 

407.  MATRICARIA.     Wild-Chamomile. 

Linn.  Gen.  Ao^.  J/^s^^^  I  S3.  11 .  Br .  [HVl .  Lam.  t.(\7^.  f.'l.  GiCrtn. 
MG3. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  l-Ol'. 

Common  Cal.  sli«^htly  convex,  closely  imbricated,  with  se- 
veral oblongs  nearly  e(|ual,  nK'nil)ranous-(.'d<^ed  scales. 
C())\  compound,  radiant  :  fiords  of  the   conical  disk  nu- 


454  SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Matricaria. 

merous,  perfect,  tubular,  with  5  equal  spreading  seg- 
ments; those  of  the  radius  numerous,  ligulate,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed,  abrupt,  with  3  terminal  teeth.  Filam. 
in  the  tubular  florets  only,  capillary,  very  short.  Arith. 
in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ,  in  all  the  florets  obovate, 
angular.  Style  thread-shaped,  not  prominent.  Stigmas 
spreading,  obtuse.  Seed-vessel  none,  but  the  unchanged 
expanded  calyx.  Seed  in  all  the  florets  obovate,  angular, 
without  any  border  or  crown.  Recept,  naked,  almost 
perfectly  cylindrical,  hollow. 
Habit  like  the  more  fine -leaved  species  of  the  last  genus, 
from  which  the  present  differs  in  the  total  want  of  a  crown 
to  the  seed^  and  in  the  sharply  conical,  nearly  cylindri- 
cal, receptacle.     Disk  yellow.     Radius  white. 

1.  M.  Chamomilla.     Common  Wild-Chamomile. 

Leaves  smooth,  pinnate ;  leaflets  linear,  simple  or  divided. 
Rays  spreading.     Calyx-scales  dilated,  bluntish. 

M.  Chamomilla.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1256.  mild.  v.  3.  21(51.  FL  Br. 
902.  Engl.  Bot.  v.  18.  t.  1232.  Curt.  Loud.  fuse.  5.  t.  63.  Mart. 
Rust.  t.  74.    Hook.  Scot.  246.    Ehrh.  PI.  Off.  58. 

M.  n.  101.     Hall.Hist.vA. 43. 

Chamsemelum.     Rail  Syn.  \S4.     Ger.Em.754.f. 

Ch.  vulgare.    Dod.  Pempt.  257.  f.    Bauh.  Pin.  135. 

Ch.  vulgare  leucanthemum  Dioscoridis.  Moris,  v. 3. 35 .  sect.  6.  ^.  1 2. 
/.  7. 

Ch.  leucanthemon.    Fuchs.  Hist.  25./. 

Chamomilla  vulgaris.     Trag.  Hist.  148,/. 

Anthemis,  sive  Chamsemilla.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  256./ 

A.  vulgatior,  sive  Chamsemilla.    Lob.  Ic.  770.  f. 

Bitter  Camomile.    Petiv,  H.  Brit.  1. 19./  9. 

In  cultivated  and  waste  ground,  on  dunghills,  and  by  road  sides. 

Very  common  about  London  j  rare  in  Norfolk.  At  St.  Faith's 
Newton,  near  Norwich. 

Annual.     May — July. 

Root  rather  large  and  woody.  Stem  a  foot  high,  erect,  copiously 
branched,  leafy,  smooth,  striated,  somewhat  angular,  solid. 
Leaves  sessile,  clasping  the  stem,  smooth,  deep  green  j  the  up- 
per ones  simply,  the  rest  doubly,  pinnate,  or  rather  pinnatifid, 
with  linear,  narrow,  minutely  pointed,  segments.  Fl.  nume- 
roi  s,  terminal,  solitary,  stalked,  about  the  size  of  the  Common 
Sweet  Chamomile,  Anthemis  nohilis,  and  with  some  portion  of 
the  same  scent,  of  which  the  herbage,  though  faintly,  partakes. 
The  rays  are  white,  reflexed  at  night,  elliptic-oblong,  with  3 
teeth.  Disk  yellow,  conical,  and  very  prominent.  Calyx-scales 
dilated  outwards^  rounded,  and  bluntish.    Recept.  very  different 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.  Anthemis.  455 

in  shape  from  either  of  the  two  last  genera,  though,  like  them, 
quite  naked  j  while  on  the  other  hand  the  calyx  is  much  more 
flat,  not  hemispherical.  Seeds  angular,  oblique,  quite  destitute 
of  any  crown  or  border. 
M.  siiaveolens,  once  reckoned  a  British  plant,  has  less  compound 
leaves;  Jlowers  not  half  so  large  ;  and  rather  more  acute,  or  li- 
near, calyx-scales.     It  grows  in  the  south  of  Europe  only. 

408.  ANTHEMIS.     Chamomile. 

Linn.  Gen.  434.  JussASd.  Fl.Br.903.  Lam.t.6S3.  Gcprtn.tA69. 

Chamsemelum.    Toimi.  ^.  281 .     GcBitn.  ^  1 68. 

Buphthalmum.     Tourn.  t.282. 

Nat.  Ord.  Composites,  y,  discoidece.  Linn.  49.  Cot-ymbifera. 
sect.  5.  Juss.  56.     Next  genus  the  same. 

Common  Cal.  hemispherical,  closely  imbricated,  with  seve- 
ral oblong,  nearly  equal  scales.  Cor.  compound,  ra- 
diant  ijiorets  of  the  convex  disk  numerous,  perfect,  tu- 
bular, with  5  equal  spreading  segments ;  those  of  the 
radius  numerous,  ligulate,  spreading,  abrupt,  generally 
with  3  teeth.  Filam.  in  the  tubular  florets  only,  very 
short,  capillary.  Ajith.  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Ger?n.  in 
all  the  florets  obovate.  Sti/le  thread-shaped,  not  promi- 
nent. Stigmas  spreading,  oblong,  simple  or  /livided. 
Seed-vessel  none  but  the  unaltered  calyx.  Seed  in  all  the 
florets  obovate,  rather  compressed,  generally  with  a 
slicrht  border,  or  crown.  Recept.  more  or  less  convex, 
or  conical,  beset  with  lanceolate,  acute,  chaffy  scales,  one 
to  each  tubular  floret,  and  generally  about   the  same 

height.  .  ,  - 

Habit  much  like  the  last,  but  with  more  of  an  aromatic  or 
bitter  flavour.  The  species  are  rather  numerous  ;  some- 
what various  in  their  foliage  ;  natives  ot  Europe  and  the 
north  of  Africa,  some  of  America.  Disk  yellow  Bai/s 
yellow,  or  white.  The  scaly  receptacle  distinguishes  .4;/- 
themis  from  all  the  foregoing  genera,  with  some  ot  which 
it  agrees  in  other  respects. 

*  Bai/s  white. 

1.  A.  maritima.     Sea  Chamomile. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatKid,  acute,  fleshy,  dolled,  somewhat 
hairy.  StJm  prostrate.  Scales  of  the  receptacle  promi- 
nent, shaip-poiiilcd. 


456    SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.    Antbemis. 

A.  maritima.    Linn.  Sp.  PL  1259.    Hllld.  v.  3.  21/5.    FL  Br.  904. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  33.  t.  2370. 
A.  maritima  annua  odorata  preecox,,  florealbo,  caulepurpurascente. 

Mich.  Gen.  33. 
Chamgemelum  maritimum  latifolium  procimibcns  ramosissimum, 

flore  albo.     Pliik.  Almag.  97.    Dill,  in  Raii  Sijn.  186. 
Ch.  maritimum  odoratum  praecox,  flore  albo,  caule  purpurascente. 

Ti//.  Pi5.39.  ^.19./.3. 
Ch.  maritimum.    Dalecfi.  Hist.  1394./j  bad, 
Ch.  marinum.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  S.p.i.  \22.f;  better. 
Parthenium  maritimum  minimum.     Dalech.  Hist.  1395./. 
Cotula^  sive  Parthenion  marinum  minimum.    Lob.  Ic.  774./. 

On  the  sea  coast,  in  rocky  or  stony  ground,  but  rare. 

At  Sunderland,  Durham.  'Mr.  E.  Kobson. 

Annual.    July. 

Stems  prostrate,  a  span  long,  leafy,  angular,  branched,  hoary  with 
loose  cottony  down,  sometimes  purplish.  Leaves  sessile,  fleshy, 
loosely  hairy,  especially  beneath,  deeply  cut  into  many  sharply 
pinnatifid  segments  ;  flat  and  bright  green,  marked  with  de- 
pressed dots,  on  the  upper  side.  Fl.  terminal,  solitary,  on  fur- 
rowed, hairy  or  cottony  stalks.  Cal.  in  like  manner  hairy  j  its 
inner  scales  elongated,  torn,  and  almost  feathery  ;  outer  ones 
acute,  much  shorter.  Disk  convex,  not  conical,  bright  lemon- 
coloured  ;  the  points  of  the  scales,  of  the  same  colour,  visible 
between  the  florets,  especially  before  the  latter  expand.  Radius 
of  many  cream-coloured,  oblong,  3-toothed,  horizontal  florets. 
Stigmas,  in  the  fl.  of  the  disk  at  least,  deeply  cloven.  Seeds 
oblong,  crowned  with  an  extremely  narrow  entire  border. 

Thejlowers  smell  like  Tansy  ;  the  leaves  lilce  Mugwort, 

2.  A.  nodi/is.     Common  Chamomile. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnate,  semicylindrical,  acute,  a  little  downy. 
Stem  procumbent.  Scales  of  die  receptacle  membranous, 
obtuse,  shorter  than  the  florets. 

A.  nobilis.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 260.     Willd.  v.  3. 2 1 80.     Fl.  Br.  904. 

Engl  Bot.  V.  14.  t.  980.   M^oodv.  t.  103.    Hook.  Scot,  247.  Ehrh. 

PL  Of.  238. 
A.  seu  Leucanthemis  odorata.    Lob.  Ic.  770./. 
Chamaemelum  n.  102.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  44. 
Ch.  odoratissimum  repens,  flore  simplici.    Raii  Syn.  185.     Bauh, 

HisLv.3.p.\.  118./ 
Ch.  romanum.    Ger.Em.7oD.f.    Camer.  Epit.646.f. 
Ch.  odoratum.    Dod.  Pempt.  260./ 
Sweet  Camomile.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  19./  10. 

On  open  gravelly  pastures,  or  commons. 

In  Cornwall  very  plentiful.  Ray.  At  Oatlands,  Surrey.  Mr.  IVood^ 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.    Anthemis.   457 

ward.  Staflbrdshire  3  Mr.  Pitt.  IVithering.  On  Blackheath, 
and  on  Hounslow  heath  in  abundance ;  also  near  Lowestoft 
Suffolk,  and  in  several  parts  of  Norfolk. 

Perennial.    August,  September, 

The  roots  are  strong,  with  long  fibres.  Stems  in  a  wild  state  pros- 
trate, in  gardens  more  upright,  a  span  long,  branched,  leafy, 
hollow,  round,  furrowed,  downy.  Leaves  doubly  pinnate,  with 
narrow  linear  segments,  not  truly  thread-shaped  or  cylindrical, 
but  rather  flat  or  channelled  above,  convex  beneath  ;  all  acute, 
often  bristle-pointed,  a  little  hairy.  Ft.  terminal,  solitary,  ra- 
ther larger  than  a  Daisy,  with  a  convex  yellow  disk,  and  nume- 
rous, white,  si)reading  or  reflexed,  rays.  The  scales  of  the  re- 
ceptacle do  not  a))pear  till  the  florets  of  the  disk  are  turned  to 
one  side,  and  the  innermost  are  gradually  narrowest ;  all  thin 
and  membranous,  not  sharp.  Cat.  with  shining  membranous- 
bordered  scales,  rather  downy.  Becept.  obtusely  conical.  Seeds 
very  obscurely  bordered  at  the  summit. 

Varieties  witli  {\o\\h\^Jiowers,  whose  yellow  tubular  florets  are,  en- 
tirely or  partially,  transformed  into  white  ligulate  ones,  are  com- 
mon in  gardens  5  the  discoid  variety,  destitute  of  rays,  is  more 
rare.  The  latter  perhaps  ought  to  be  preferred  for  medical  usej 
the  double  white  flowers  being  now  acknowledged  to  be  weaker 
than  those  in  a  natural  state.  Every  part  of  the  plant  is  in- 
tensely bitter,  and  gratefully  aromatic,  especially  the  Jlowers^ 
whose  stomachic  and  tonic  powers  are  justly  celebrated. 

3.  A.  arvensis.     Corn  Chamomile. 

Receptacle  conical ;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  keeled,  pro- 
minent. Seeds  crowned  with  a  quadrangular  border. 
Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  hairy  ;  seoinents  parallel. 

A.  arvensis,  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1 2G 1 .  Willd.  v.  3.  2 1 80.  Fl.  Br.  905. 
Enirf.  Bot.  r.  0.  t.  602.    Mart.  Bust.  t.  73.     Hook.  Scot.  247. 

ChanitEmelum  n.  103.     Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  44. 

Ch.  inodorum.     Dill,  in  Bad  S/jn.  KSa.    Bauh.  Pin.  I3."»  ? 

White  Ox-eye.     Pctiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1  [)./.  S. 

In  cultivated  fields,  as  well  as  waste  ground,  chiefly  on  a  gravelly 
soil. 

About  London,  towards  Peckham  and  Kltham.  S/icrard.  At  Wal- 
thamstow.  Mr.  Ji.  M.  Forstcr.  In  various  parts  of  Norfolk  oc- 
casionally. Mr.  Crowe. 

Annual,  or  liieiinial.     Ju)ic,  Jul//. 

Boot  tapering,  rather  small.  Stem  erect,  much  branched,  leafy, 
hollow,  many-flowered,  hoary  with  fine  .soft  shaggy  hairs,  often 
purplish,  from  12  to  IS  inches  high.  Lfwrt'jf  sessile,  doubly  and 
regularly  pinnatifid,  hairy,  of  a  greyish  green  ;  their  segments 
uniform,  ))aralKl  aiul  ecpiai,  lanceolate  rather  than  linear,  acute, 
each  li|)ped  witii  a  small  bristle  ;    dotted  at  tin-  bark  ;    when  drv 


458   SYNGENESIA—POLYG.-SUPERF.    Anthemis. 

all  converging  inwards.  Fl.  solitary,  on  long,  terminal,  furrow- 
ed stalks,  very  downy  at  the  summit.  CaL  downy,  its  scales 
nearly  equal,  slightly  bordered.  Disk  convex,  bright  yellow  j 
the  yellow,  sharp,  keeled  scales  of  the  receptacle  visible  just 
above  the  florets,  and  remaining  after  they  and  their  seeds  are 
gone.  Rmjs  numerous,  finally  recurved,  pure  white,  elliptical, 
unequally  toothed,  their  length  exceeding  the  diameter  of  the 
disk,  which  as  the  seeds  ripen  becomes  conical.  Seeds  curved, 
striated,  abrupt,  crowned  with  a  quadrangular  border. 
The  herbage  has  little  or  no  smell,  but  thejlowers  are  pleasantly 
scented.  The  synonyms  of  old  writers  are  with  difficulty  appli- 
cable to  this  plant  or  its  allies,  the  receptacle,  whether  scaly  or 
naked,  not  being  noticed  by  them.  That  of  Bauhin  is  very  doubt- 
ful, on  account  of  the  authors  he  quotes,  and  especially  his  ob- 
servation, that  the  present  species  difiers  from  ChamcBmelum 
vulgare,  Matricaria  Chamomilla,  only  with  respect  to  the  smell. 
Few  plants  of  the  same  tribe  differ  more  essentially  and  ob- 
viously. In  the  regularity  of  the  segments  of  its  leaves^  charac- 
teristic of  a  true  Anthemis,  this  species  approaches  A.  tinctoria. 

4.  A.  Cotula.     Stinking  Mayweed,  or  Chamomile. 

Receptacle  conical;  scales  bristle-shaped.  Seeds  without 
any  border.  Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  slightly  hairy  ; 
segments  spreading. 

A.  Cotula.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1261.  JVilld.  v.  3.  2181.  FL  Br.  906. 
EngL  Bot.  V.  25.  t  1772.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.t.6l.  Hook.  Scot, 
247. 

Chamaemelum  n.  104.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1.  44. 

Ch.  fcEtidum.    Raii  Sijn.  185.    Bauh.  Pin.  135. 

Ch.  foetidum,  sive  Cotula  foetida.    Bank.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1.  120./. 

Cotula  foetida.  Brunf.  Herb.  v.  1.  255./.  Ger.  Em.  7o7.f.  Lob. 
Ic.  773.  f.    Dalech.  HisL  1345./ 

C.  alba.     Dod.  Pempt.  258.  f. 

Parthenium.    Fuchs.  HisL  583.  f.    /c.335./. 

Stinking  Camomile.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  1.19.  f.  11. 

In  corn  fields,  and  waste  ground,  common. 

Annual.    June,  July. 

Root  tapering,  twisted.  Stems  one  or  more,  erect,  branched,  bushy, 
leafy,  angular  and  furrowed,  smooth,  solid.  Leaves  sessile, 
bright  green,  smooth,  or  slightly  hairy,  doubly  pinnatifid,  and 
cut ;  the  segments  narrow,  flat,  a  little  succulent,  spreading  and 
rather  distant,  not  crowded  or  parallel,  somewhat  bristle-point- 
ed. Fl.  solitary,  on  terminal,  striated,  slightly  downy  stalks. 
CaL  more  or  less  hairy,  its  scales  almost  equal,  obtuse,  slightly 
bordered.  Disk  convex,  lemon-coloured,  the  slender  bristle- 
shaped,  or  awl-shaped,  greenish  scales  not  quite  so  tall  as  the 
opening  florets.   Rays  white,  elliptical,  3-toothed,  deflexed^close 


SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.    Anthemis.   459 

to  the  stalk  at  night.  Seeds  obovate,  furrowed,  entirely  without 
any  border,  or  crown,  but  sometimes,  as  Haller  describes  them, 
rough  with  minute  tubercles.  This  however  is  not  invariable. 
Recejjt.  highly  conical,  almost  cylindrical,  beset  with  slender 
permanent  scales. 
Every  part  of  the  plant  is  fetid  and  acrid,  blistering  the  skin  when 
much  handled,  which  Dr.  Hooker  justly  attributes  to  the  minute 
resinous  dots  sprinkled  over  its  surface.  Dillenius  has  noticed 
a  variety  with  double  flowers. 

**  Ra^s  1/elloxa  like  the  disk. 

5.  A.  tinctoria.     Ox-eye  Chamomile. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatificl,  serrated  ;  downy  beneath.  Stem 
corymbose,  erect.  Seeds  crowned  with  a  membranous 
undivided  border. 

A.  tinctoria.  Liww.  %  P/.  1263.  Willd.v.Z.2\%^.  Fl.Br.907. 
Engl.  Bot.  v.2\.t.\A72.  Dicks.  H.  Sice.  fuse.  17.17.  Don  H. 
Br.fasc.  2.  42.    Hook.  Scot.  247.    Fl,  Dan.  t.  741. 

Chamsemelum  n.  105.    Hull.  Hist.  v.  1.  45. 

Ch.  chrvsanthemon.  FucJis.  Hist.26.f.  Ic.lj.f.    Bauh.  Hisf.v.S. 

p.\.\22.f. 
Buphthalmum.     Matth.  I'algr.  v.  2.  260./.     Comer.  Epit.  (io\.f. 

Trag.Hist.  152./. 

B.  vulgare.     Raii  Sijn.  183.     Ger.  Em.  747./. 
Chrysanthemum  foliis  tanaceti.    Loes.  Pritss.  47.  t.  9. 
Ch.  tanaceti  foliis,  flore  aureo.    Barrel.  Ic.  t.  465. 
Yellow  Ox-eye.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  i.  1 9./  7. 

In  stony  mountainous  places,  or  in  fields,  very  uncommon. 

On  a  bank  by  the  river  Tees,  not  far  from  Sogburn,  Durham. 
Ray.  Not  now  to  be  found  there.  Mr.  E.  Robson.  In  Essex. 
Dickson.     Near  Forfar.  Mr.  G.  Don. 

Biennial  ?    July,  August. 

Stem  bushy,  corymbose,  erect,  18  inches  high,  leafy,  angular,  solid, 
downy  or  cottony,  especially  in  the  up))er  part.  Leaves  sessile, 
doubly  and  accurately  piunatifid,  with  sharp,  partly  notched, 
parallel,  (lecurrent  segments  •  green,  rough,  or  hairy,  above  j 
white  and  cottony  beneath.  Fl.  on  long,  terminal,  striated, 
downy  stalks,  solitary,  large,  of  a  bright  yellow  in  the  rays  as 
well  as  disk.  Cal.  downy,  or  shaggy,  especially  the  inner  scales. 
Seeds  oblong,  cpiadrangular,  striated,  each  crowned  with  a  nar- 
row, undivided,  cjuadrangular  rim.  Scales  of  the  rtceptacle 
j)ermanent  ;  broad  and  chafly  in  their  lower  half;  awl-shaped, 
sharp  and  yellow  above,  on  a  level  with  the  florets  of  the  disk. 
The//o//v,';.v  attbrd  a  fine  yellow  dye,  for  which  Linnieus  Buys 
they  are  much  used  in  Sweden.  Sometimes  the  radius  varies 
to  a  pale  straw-colour.  There  are  several  handsome  e.xotic  spe- 
cies nearly  akin  to  thi«j. 


4<)0    SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF.    AchiUea. 
409.  ACHILLEA.     Yarrow. 

Linn.  Gen. 435.    Juss.\86.    Fl.Br.908.    Vaill.  Mim.  deVAc.des 

^V.  593./.  2,  10,36.    Lam.^.683.     GcBrtn.t.lQS. 
Millefolium,  and  Ptarmica.    Tourn.  t.  283. 

Nat.  Ord.  see  n.  40B. 

Common  Cat.  ovate,  imbricated,  with  several  ovate,  acute, 
converging  scales.  Coy\  compound,  radiant ;  Jlorets  of 
the  disk  not  very  numerous,  all  perfect,  tubular,  with  5 
equal  spreading  segments ;  those  of  the  radius  from  5  to 
10,  ligulate,  but  peculiarly  short  and  rounded,  broader 
than  long,  inversely  heart-shaped  with  a  small  interme- 
diate lobe  or  tooth.  Filam.  in  the  tubular  florets  only, 
very  short,  capillary.  Anth,  in  a  cylindrical  tube.  Germ. 
in  all  the  florets  small,  obovate.  Style  thread-shaped,  not 
prominent.  Stigmas  spreading,  obtuse.  Seed-vessel  none, 
but  the  upright,  scarcely  altered,  calyx.  Seed  in  all  the 
florets  obovate,  abrupt,  without  any  border  or  crown. 
jRecept.  narrow,  slightly  elevated,  beset  with  lanceolate, 
chafly,  acute,  deciduous  scales,  as  tall  as  the  florets  of 
the  disk. 

A  very  natural  genus  of  perennial  herbs,  with  simple,  ser- 
rated, pinnatifid,  or  doubly  pinnatifid  leaves,  either  smooth 
or  downv.  FL  numerous,  small,  corymbose,  erect,  white, 
reddish,  "^  buff'-coloured,  or  yellow.  Qualiti-es  aromatic, 
bitter,  tonic  and  stimulating. 

The  above  generic  character  will  be  found  to  differ,  in  some 
particulars,  from  that  of  Linnaeus,  especially  with  regard 
to  the  shape  of  the  receptacle.  Achillea,  though  different 
in  habit  from  Anthemis,  comes  very  near  that  genus  in 
character ;  but  the  short,  broad,  rounded^or^/5  of  the 
radius  afford  a  good  distinction. 

1.  K.  Ptarmica.  Sneeze-wort  Y^arrow.  Goose-tongue. 
Leaves  linear,  pointed,  equally  and  sharply  serrated,  smooth. 

A.  Ptarmica.    imri.  %  P/.  1266.    ^i/M.i;.3.  2191.    F/.J5r.908. 

'Engl.  Bot.v.  W.  t.  757.    Curt.  Lond.fasc.  5.  t.  60.    Hook.  Scot. 

248.    Fl.Dan.t.643. 
A.n.  117.    Hall.  Hist.  V.].  49. 
Ptarmica.     Raii  Syn.  183.     Ger.  Em.  606./.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  1. 

.535./.     Camer.  Epit.  354./.     Fuchs.  Hist.  639. f.     Ic.367.f. 

Dalech.Hist.WeS.f. 
P.  vulgaris,  folio  longo  serrato,  flora  albo.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1, 

147./ 
Tanacetum  album  seu  acutum.     Trag.  Hist.  159.  f. 


SYNGENESIA-POLYG.-SUPERF.    Achillea.   4G1 

Dracunculus  pratensis,  serrato  folio.    Bauh.  Pin.  98. 
Sneez-wort.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  1 9./.  3. 

In  wet  hedges  and  thickets,  or  about  the  banks  of  rivers. 

Perennial.    Jiiliji  August. 

Root  creeping  widely,  difficult  of  extirpation  where  the  soil  i^ 
moist.  Stems  upright,  about  2  feet  high,  angular,  smooth,  hol- 
low, leafy,  with  small  axillary  rudiments  of  branches  j  corym- 
bose at  the  top.  Leaves  sessile,  linear,  or  slightly  lanceolate, 
acute,  closely,  very  minutely  and  sharply  serrated,  with  bristly 
teeth  J  smooth  on  both  sides,  of  a  dark  somewhat  glaucous 
green.  Ft.  milk-white  in  the  disk  as  well  as  radius,  larger  than 
in  most  of  their  genus,  and  with  a  greater  number  of  ligulate 
florets.  A  double  variety,  whose  disk  consists  entirely  of  such, 
is  frequent  in  country  gardens.  Cal.  rather  hemispherical.  Seeds 
compressed,  dilated  at  the  edges,  but  not  crowned  at  the  top. 

The  whole  plant  has  u  pungent  flavour,  provoking  a  flow  of  saliva, 
and  this  flavour  perhaps  renders  it  acceptable,  as  Schreber  as- 
serts, to  sheep,  who  delight  occasionally  in  saltish  food.  The 
sneezing,  caused  by  the  dried  and  powdered  leaves^  is  rather 
owing  to  their  little  sharp  marginal  prickles. 

2.  A.  serrata.     Serrated  Yarrow. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  downy,  deeply  serrated ; 
laciniated  at  the  base.  Flowers  almost  simply  corym- 
bose. 

A.  serrata.  Retz.  Obs.fasc.  2.  25.  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  2191.  Cowp. 
ed.  4. 140.    Engl.  Bot.  v.  36.  t.  2531. 

Dracunculus  alpinus,  Agerati  foliis  incanis.     Raii  Hist.  r.  1 .  344. 

In  mountainous  limestone  countries,  rare. 

Not  far  from  Matlock,  Derbyshire.  Mr.  Rupp  and  Mr.  JViliuims. 
Engl.  Bot. 

Perennial.    August. 

Root  fibrous,  or  somewhat  creeping.  Stem  about  18  inches  high, 
round,  downy,  leafy,  witli  axillary  leafy  tufts,  as  in  the  preceding. 
Leaves  linear-lauceolate,  downy,  bluntish,  sharply  and  strongly 
serrated  ;  pinnatifid,  spreading,  and  clasping  the  stem,  at  their 
base.  Corymbs  simple,  or  slightly  compound,  leafv,  with  downv 
stalks,  hi.  few,  of  a  yellowish  white,  or  bufl- colour,  not  half 
the  size  of  the  foregoing,  their  disk  much  narrower  in  propor- 
tion. Whole  herb  with  a  powerful  aromatic  scent  and  bitter 
flavour,  somewhat  like  Tansy,  but  agreeing  more  with  A.  Age- 
rat  um,  often  preserved  in  country  gardens.  The  latter  however 
has  (lill'erently  shaped  /t'urt'A,  and  very  al)undant,  cpiite  yellow 
/lowers,  not  a  fifth  i)art  .so  large  as  those  of  the  plant  before  us. 

I  have  seen  no  Swiss  specimens  answerable  to  this  species.  It  is 
certainly  not  the  y  of  Haller's  u.  I  IT,  figured  in  Boccone's  Mu- 


462    SYNGENESIA— POLYG.-SUPERF.    Achillea/ 

seum,  t.Ho,  nor  is  there  any  evidence  of  its  having  been  known 
to  Linnaeus. 

3.  A.  Millefolium.     Common  Yarrow,  or  Milfoil. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  hairy ;  segments  linear,  toothed, 
pointed.     Stem  furrowed. 

A.  Millefolium.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1267.  mild.  v.  3.  2208.  Fl.  Br. 
908.  Engl.Bot.  v.W.  LTdS.  Curt.  Lond.fasc.  6.  t.  61.  Mart. 
Rust.  t.  123.  Woodv.  t.  64.  Hook.  Scot.  248.  Fl.  Dan.  t.  737. 
Bull.Fr.t.  163. 

A.  n.  107.    Hall.  Hist.  vA.AQ. 

Millefolium.   Tillands  Ic.  74./. 

M.  vulgare.    Raii  Sijn.  \83.    Trag.  Hist.  477. f. 

M.  terrestre  vulgare.     Ger.  Em.  1072.  f.  not  good. 

Stratiotes  millefolia.    Fuchs.  Hist.  727.  f.    Ic.  422.  f. 

Yarrow,  or  Nose-bleed.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  19./.  4. 

In  meadows  and  pastures  abundantly. 

Perennial.    June — August. 

Root  creeping,  with  smooth,  reddish,  subterraneous  shoots,  which 
are  warm  and  agreeably  pungent,  partaking  of  the  flavour  and 
salivating  quality  of  Anthetnis  Pijrethrum,  or  Pellitory  of  Spain. 
Stems  erect,  a  foot  high,  or  more,  slightly  branched,  leafy,  fur- 
rowed, downy,  corymbose  and  many-flowered.  Leaves  doubly 
pinnatifid,  and  deeply  subdivided,  with  numerous,  linear-wedge- 
shaped,  bristle-pointed  segments,  most  hairy  beneath.  Fl.  nu- 
merous, white,  occasionally  reddish,  or  purple,  represented  with 
much  too  broad  a  disk  in  the  plate  of  Etigl.  Bot.  The  whole 
herb  is  astringent,  and  weakly  aromatic.  The  leaf  loosely  rolled 
together,  and  put  up  the  nostrils,  causes,  by  an  external  blow 
of  the  finger,  a  bleeding  at  the  nose,  which  proves  more  or  less 
copious  according  to  the  state  of  the  vessels  within.  The  cuts 
of  old  authors  in  general  do  not  well  express  the  foliage,  Ge- 
rarde's  figure  of  the  red-flowered  variety  is  better  than  what  he 
gives  for  the  common  kind.  Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  /.  485,  486, 
though  probably  intended  for  our  Yarrow,  convey  no  just  idea 
of  it ;  and  Camer.  Epit.f.  876,  877,  are  still  worse. 

4.  K.tomentosa.  Woolly  Yellow  Milfoil,  or  Yarrow. 

Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  woolly ;  segments  crowded,  li- 
near, acute.     Corymbs  repeatedly  compound. 

A.  tomentosa.  Linn.  Sp.  PL  1264.  Willd.v.  3.  2209.  Comp.  ed.  4. 
140.  EngLBot.v.3Q.L2b32.  Hook.  Scot.  248.  Hopkirk,  Glott. 
106.    CurL  Mag.  t.  498.    DeCand.  Fr.  v.  4.210. 

A.  n.  106.    HalLHisLv.  1.45. 

Millefolium  luteum.    Ger. Em.  1073./.    Lob.  Ic.748.f. 


SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.  Centaurea.  463 

M.  tomentosum  luteum.     Baiih.  Pin.  140.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.».  1. 

138./. 
Helichrysum  alteram.    Matth.  Falgr.  v.  2. 392./. 
H.  italicum.     Camer.  Epit.  7S8.f.    Dalech.  Hist.  776./. 
Stratiotes  lutea.     Clus.  Hisp.  371./.    Dalech.  Hist.  771./ 
S.  millefolia,  flavo  flore.    Clus.  Hist.  v.  1.  330. 

In  dry  hilly  pastures  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

On  Spittle  hill  to  the  north-west  of  Balvie^  where  it  was  found 
"by  the  gardener  at  Balvie,"  and  on  hills  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Paisley,  near  Glasgow.  Hopkirk.  Sent  to  Mr.  Sowerby  from 
Ireland.  Engl.  Bot. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  woody,  slightly  creeping,  with  many  long  fibres.  Stems 
scarcely  a  foot  high,  curved  at  the  base,  then  erect,  round,  leafy, 
simple,  woolly.  Leaves  doubly  pinnatifid,  woolly  on  both  sides, 
especially  when  young  j  their  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
simple  or  notched,  crowded.  Cal.  woolly,  its  scales  obovate, 
edged  with  brown.  Fl.  densely  corymbose,  on  woolly  stalks  j 
the  radius,  as  well  as  disk,  of  a  golden  yellow.  The  whole  herb, 
as  well  as  the  flowers,  has  an  aromatic  scent  when  rubbed.  It 
serves  to  decorate  rock -work  in  gardens,  but  will  not  bear  wet 
or  shade. 


SYNGENESIA.    rOL.^FJWSTRANEA. 

410.  CENTAUREA.     Knapweed,  Blue-bottle, 
and  Star-thistle. 

Linn.  Gen.  442.     Juss.  1/4.     Fl.  Br.  909.      DeCand.  Fr.  v.  4.  88. 

Lam.  t.  703. 
Jacea.    Juss.\7'S.     Tourn.  t.  254. 
Cyanus.    Juss.\74.     Tourn.  t.  254.     (ucrhi.  t.\G\. 
Seridia.    Juss.  173. 
Calcitrapa.    Juss.\7'S.     G(crtn.  t.  163. 

Nat.  Ord.  Covipositcc^  a,  capita ta:  Liim.  19.  Ciiiaroccpha^ 
lev,  sect.  1,  2,  vc)(C.  Juss.  55. 

Common  Cal.  roundish,  iiuhricattxi,  with  closely  coiivrri^ing 
scales,  tenninatiii«j;  variously.  Car.  L\)\\\\Knn\(\:  Jturcts 
all  tubular,  of  2  kinds  ;  those  of  the  disk  perfect,  regu- 
lar, with  5  ecjual  spreading  segments  in  their  oblong  tu- 
mid limb,  and  a  ^lender  tube  :   those  of  the  radius  fewei-, 


464  SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.  Centaurea. 

with  the  rudiments  of  a  pistil  only,  abortive,  lax,  spread- 
ing, often  wanting,  their  slender  tube  gradually  dilated 
upwards,  into  an  unequally  funnel-shaped,  very  large 
limb,  with  5  or  more  sharp  segments.  Filam.  in  the  flo- 
rets of  the  disk  only,  capillary,  very  short.  Anth,  in  a 
cylindrical  tube,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Germ. 
in  the  florets  of  the  disk,  small,  oblong.  Style  thread- 
shaped,  about  equal  to  the  stamens.  Stigma  with  a  pro- 
minent, often  cloven,  point.  The  radiant  florets  have 
only  the  rudiments  of  a  germen^  with  scarcely  any  style 
or  stigma.  Seed-vessel  none,  except  the  permanent  closed 
calyx.  Seed  in  the  florets  of  the  disk  only,  various  in 
shape,  mostly  very  smooth.  Doxim  generally  short,  bristly, 
or  feathery,  in  some  wanting,  llecept.  bristly. 
A  large  herbaceous  genus,  which  Jussieu,  after  Tourne- 
fort,  has  divided  into  several,  by  the  structure,  or  ter- 
mination, of  the  calyx-scales.  Linnaeus  has  kept  it  en- 
tire, and  as  DeCandolle  has  not  disturbed  it,  I  shall 
make  no  such  attempt.  Centaurea  is  most  naturally  allied 
to  Cardials^  Cirsium  and  Serratida,  to  one  or  other  of 
which  some  of  its  species  might  be  referred,  as  differing 
only  in  the  presence  of  abortive,  tubular,  dilated,  radiant 

Jlorets.  But  those  with  either  simple  or  fringed  calyx- 
scales,  whether  furnished  with  an  abortive  radius  or  not, 
must  be  kept  separate.  The  presence  of  such  a  radius 
is,  in  this  case,  an  approach  towards  a  double  flower. 
The  leaves  are  either  undivided,  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or 
pinnate;  not  spinous  in  any  genuine  species.  Fl.  erect, 
terminal,  or  lateral,  solitary,  or  corymbose  ;  red,  blue, 
yellow,  or  whitish.     Cal.  either  unarmed,  naked,  beauti- 

.  fully  fringed,  feathery,  or  unequally  spinous. 

*  Calyx-scales  jagged,  or  fringed. 

1.  C.  Jacea.     Brown  Radiant  Knapweed. 

Calyx-scales  membranous,  torn ;  lower  ones  pinnatifid. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  radical  ones  elliptic-lanceolate, 
toothed.  Flowers  radiant.  Seed-down  very  she4rt,  in 
a  simple  row. 

C.  Jacea.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1 293.     Fl.  Suec.  300.    MVld.  v.  3. 2309. 

Comp.  ed.  4.  140.     Engl.  Bot.  v.  24.  t.  1 678.     Hook.  Scot.  248. 

DeCand.Fr.v.4.9\.    Bull.  Fr.  t.  227.    Fl.  Dan.  t.  5\9. 
Rhaponticum  n.  195.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  84. 
Jacea.     Tillands  Ic.WX.f. 


SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.   Centaurea.  465 

In  meadows  and  groves,  where  the  soil  is  tenacious  and  moist. 

Sent  from  Ireland  in  1796,  by  Mr.  Templeton.  In  Sussex.  Mr. 
Borrer. 

Perennial.    August,  September. 

Root  rather  woody,  with  many  long  fibres.  Stem  erect,  a  foot 
high,  branched,  angular,  furrowed,  roughish,  leafy,  solid.  Leaves 
light  green,  rough  with  short  hairs  j  radical  ones  largest,  stalk- 
ed, toothed  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  rest  scattered,  sessile,  oblong, 
or  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  toothed  near  the  base.  FL  soli- 
tary at  the  tumid,  deeply  furrowed,  end  of  each  branch,  accom- 
panied by  a  few  leaves  close  to  the  calyx,  which  is  brown,  not 
black  }  the  inner  scales  terminating  in  a  light-brown,  orbicular, 
variously  jagged  lobe  3  outer  more  distinctly  fringed,  or  pecti- 
nate, often  with  rough  teeth.  Radiant  florets  numerous,  large, 
light  crimson,  spreading  5  those  oi  i\\e  disk  much  shorter,  ra- 
ther darker.  Seeds  to  the  latter  only,  inversely  conical,  crowned 
with  a  simple  row  of  very  short  black  bristles. 

Linnaeus  says,  the  herb  steeped  in  water,  with  alum,  before  the 
flowers  expand,  dyes  silk  of  a  fine  yellow. 

The  German  plant  described  by  Dillenius,  in  Ray's  Synopsis  199, 
is  evidently  C.  Jacea,  which  he  well  distinguishes  from  the  nigra, 

2.  C.  nigra.     Black  Knapweed. 

Calyx-scales  oval,  fringed  with  upright  capillary  teeth. 
Lower  leaves  somewhat  lyrate,  with  angular  lobes ;  upper 
ones  ovate.  Flowers  discoid.  Seed-down  very  short, 
tufted. 

C.  nigra.     Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1288.     mild.  v.  3.  2287.     FL  Dr.  910. 

Engl.  Bot.  V.  4.  t.  278.     Mart.  Rust.  t.  130.     Hook.  Scot.  248. 

FL  Dan.  t.  996. 
Cyanus  niger.     Gcertn.  v.  2.  382.  t.  161. 
Jacea  n.  184.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  I.  80. 

J.  nigra.     Raii  Syn.  198.     Ger.  Em.727.f.    Dod.  Pempt.  124./. 
J.  nigra  vulgaris.    Lob.  Ic.  ,041.y. 

J.  cum  squamis  cilii  instar  pilosis.    Dauh.  Hist.  v. 3.  p.  I.  28./. 
J.  austriaca  tertia.    Clus.  Pann.  .543./.  r)4o. 
J.  austriaca  sexta.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  7./ 

Common  and  Jagged  Knapweed.    Petiv.  H  Brit,  t,  22./.  8.  9, 
/3,  with  radiant  flowers.     Raii  Syn.  199. 
Cyanus  n.  185.    HalLHist.v.  1.  80. 
y.  Jacea  nigra  minor  tomentosa  laciniata.    Ddl.  in  Raii  Syn.  199. 

In  piustures,  and  by  road  sides,  very  common. 

/3.  Common  in  the  west  of  England.  Ray.     Near  Oxford.   Dill. 

y.  Yowx  miles  on  this  side  Malton,  in  the  road  to  York,  on  a  stony 

bank  by  a  rivulet.  Dr.  Richardson. 
Perennial.    June — August. 
Habit  like  the  last,  but  the  stem  is  taller,  more  bushy,  more  deeply 

VOL.  HI.  2  II 


^66  SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.   Gentaurea, 

furrowed,  and  rather  less  rough.  Lower  leaves  somewhat  ly rate, 
partly  stalked,  finely  toothed  ;  upper  sessile,  either  partly  tooth- 
ed near  the  base,  or  quite  entire ;  sometimes  clasping  the  stem 
with  their  heart-shaped  base  ;  sometimes  only  ovate  in  that 
part :  their  colour  is  always  darker  than  that  of  C.  Jacea.  Fl. 
of  a  deeper  crimson,  commonly  without  any  radiant  or  abortive 
Jiorets,  and  the  latter  when  present  are  smaller  than  in  C.  Jacea. 
Cal.  essentially  different,  much  blacker,  though  pale  and  downy 
at  the  base  ;  each  scale  terminating  in  a  heart-shaped,  or  ovate, 
black  appendage,  regularly  fringed  with  parallel,  mostly  paler, 
teeth,  the  inner  ones  only  being  irregularly  torn.  Seeds  obo- 
vate,  each  crowned  with  a  dense  tuft  of  pale,  rough,  scaly  bristles. 
The  floivers  are  occasionally  white.  Ray  describes  a  double  va- 
riety, shown  him  by  Thomas  Willisel,  in  which  the  proper^o- 
rets  of  the  disk  were  all  changed  to  handsome  radiant  ones. 

3.  C.  Cyanus,     Corn  Blue-bottle. 

Calyx-scales  serrated.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire ; 
lower  ones  toothed  towards  their  base. 

C.  Cyanus.    Lin w.  5/>.P/.  1289.    WiUd.  v.  3.  229].    FLBr.9\\. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.A.t.  277.     Curt.  hond.  fasc.  6.  t.  62.    Mart.  Rust. 

t.lW.    Hook.  Scot.  249.    Fl.  Dan.  i.  993.    Bull.  Fr.  t.22\. 
Cyanus.    Rail  Syn.  1 98.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3. p.  1.21./.  Fuchs.  Hist. 

428./. 
C.  n.  191.    Hall.  Hist.  V.  1.82. 
C.  vulgaris.     Ger.  Em.  132.  f.    Loh.  Ic.  546./. 
C.  minor.    Matth.  Valgr.  v.  \ .  463./.    Camer.  Epit.  289./. 
C.  sylvestris.    Fuchs.  Ic.  241.  f. 
C.  segetum  vulgaris  minor  annuus.    Moris,  v.  3. 134.  sect.  7.  t.  25. 

Baptisecula.     Trag.  Hist.  566.  f. 

Papaver  Heracleum.    Column.  Phijtoh.  93.  t.  92.  ed.  2.  74.  ^  2  i . 

Blue  Bottles.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  22.  f.  4. 

In  corn  fields,  a  common  weed. 

Annual.    July,  August. 

Root  tapering,  with  many  rigid  fibres.  Herb  loosely  cottony,  of 
a  greyish  hue.  Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  copiously  branched,  leafy, 
angular.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pointed,  entire  ;  the  lower 
ones  broader,  mostly  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  but  the  radical  ones 
are  entire.  Fl.  numerous,  solitary,  on  naked  stalks.  Cal.  ovate  j 
its  scales  smooth,  serrated,  with  sharp,  white,  or  partly  brown, 
teeth.  Radiant  Jiorets  large  and  spreading,  generally  with  more 
than  5  segments,  of  a  bright  sky-blue  j  those  of  the  disk  pur- 
plish, with  dark  anthers.  Seeds  obovate,  rather  compressed,  a 
little  downy,  abrupt,  each  crowned  with  a  dense  conical  tuft, 
of  very  unequal,  tawny,  rough  bristles. 

White  and  dark-purple  varieties,  sometimes  with  a  multiplied  ra- 


SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.   Centaurea.  467 

dius,  are  commonly  raised,  amongst  other  hardy  annuals,  in 
flower-gardens.  They  have  no  scent.  The  wild  flowers  aftord 
a  blue  for  painting  in  water-colours,  the  expressed  juice  requi- 
ring only  to  be  mixed  with  cold  alum  water.  The  separate^ore^ 
in  Engl.  Bot.  coloured  with  this,  by  way  of  experiment,  has  now 
stood  well  for  30  years. 

4.  C.  Scabiosa.     Greater  Knapweed. 

Calyx-scales  ovate,  fringed,  somewhat  downy.  Leaves  pin- 
natifid  ;  segments  lanceolate,  roughish,  partly  toothed. 

C.  Scabiosa.     Linn.  Sp.  PL  1291.    mihl  v.  3.  2296.   Fl.  ^r.  91 1. 

Engl  Bot,  v.l.f.  50.    Hook.  Scot.  249. 
Cyanus  n.  18G.    Hall.  Hist.  t;.  1.  81. 
Jacea  major.     Raii  Syn.  198.     Ger.  Em.  727.  f. 
J.  nigra  laciniata.    Moris,  v.  3.  140.  sect  7.  t.  28.  f.  10. 
Scabiosa  major.     Matth.  Valgr.  v.  2.  318./.     Camer.  Epit.  710./. 

Dalech.Hist.  lOGG./. 
Matfellon.     Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.  22.  f.  7. 

In  the  borders  and  ridges  of  corn  fields,  and  by  way  sides,  com- 
mon. 

Perennial.    July,  August. 

Root  rather  woody.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  erect,  branched,  an- 
gular, furrowed,  leafy,  smooth  to  the  touch.  Leaves  darkgi-een, 
slightly  hairy  on  both  sides,  rough-edged,  deeply  and  very  variously 
pinnatifid,  the  segments  acute,  unequal,  sometimes  ovate,  some- 
times lanceolate,  and  in  the  latter  case  more  toothed  or  sharply 
serrated.  Fl.  terminal,  stalked,  solitary,  large  and  handsome, 
crimson,  rarely  white  ;  their  radiant ^/Zor<?/6- large,  each  with  5 
deep,  long  and  narrow  segments.  Calyx-scales  green  and  some- 
what downy  in  their  lower  half,  bhick  and  triangular  above, 
fringed  with  fine  parallel  teeth,  or  bristles  |)ale  at  the  ends. 
Seeds  crowned  witli  many  reddish  bristles.  The  calyx  becomes 
reflexed  after  the  seeds  are  blown  away,  and  is  rendered  con- 
spicuous by  the  shining  silvery  hue  of  its  inside, 

A  variety  was  gathered  on  dry  banks,  near  the  sea  coast  of  ;\n- 
gus-shire,  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  Don,  which  lie  thought  distinct, 
and  took  forV'.  intyhacca  of  Lamarck' and  DeCandolle.  It  has 
decj)ly  and  narrowly  divided  foliage,  the  radical  leaves  being 
interruptedly  pinnate,  but  has  no  specific  mark.  Anotlier  va- 
riety jis  I  presume,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Hooker,  gatliered  in 
Scotland  by  Mr.  David  Don,  has  the  leaves  less  deeply  divided  ; 
the  radical  ones  very  large.  This  was  taken  by  its  discoverer 
for  i  .  coriaren,  H'illd.  Sp.  PI.  v.  3.  229(),  which  it  may  |)robably 
be,  as  W^illdenow  says  the  latter  is  but  too  near  akin  to  ('.  Sea- 
biosa.  Several  exotic  s])ecies  of  Centaurea  may  be  observed  to 
vary  extremelv  in  the  breadth  and  subdivision  of  their  leaves. 

2  n  2 


468  SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.  Centaurea. 

**  Calyx-scales  palmate  arid  spiiious. 

5.  C.  Isnardi,     Jersey  Star-thistle. 

Calyx-scales  with  palmate  spines.  Leaves  toothed,  some- 
what lyrate,  roughish,  slightly  clasping  the  stem.  Flow- 
ers terminal,  solitary;  leafy  at  the  base. 

C.  Isnardi.  Linn.  Sp.  PlA29b.  Willd.  v. 3.  2312.  Fl.  Br.  9\2. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  32.  t.  2256.  Dicks.  H.  Sicc.fasc.  16,  10.  Hull 
ed.2.v.  1.247. 

Calcitrapoides  procumbens,  Cichorii  folio,  flore  purpurascente. 
Danti  cV Isnard  Mem.  de  VAc.  des  Sc.  378. 1. 19. 

In  meadows  or  pastures  in  the  isle  of  Jersey.  Dicksm. 

Perennial.    Julij,  August. 

Root  branching,  with  numerous  fibres ;  simple  at  the  crown. 
Stems  several,  recumbent,  branched,  leafy,  angular,  furrowed, 
roughish,  scarcely  a  span  long.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  clasp- 
ing the  stem  more  or  less,  oblong,  variously  toothed  or  pinna- 
tifid  in  a  lyrate  manner,  minutely  rough  on  both  sides,  but  es- 
pecially at  the  edges,  not  downy  nor  hoary  ;  their  lobes  tipped 
with  small  spines  ;  lower  ones  largest,  and  somewhat  stalked  j 
uppermost  crowded  under  each  flower,  tapering  at  the  base,  and 
not  clasping.  Fl.  light  purple  ;  the  radian t^ore^s  much  smaller 
in  proportion  than  the  foregoing  ;  disk  convex.  Anth.  dark  pur- 
ple. Cal.  globose  ;  scales  ovate,  smooth,  green,  each  tipped 
with  5  yellow  spreading  thorns,  united  in  a  palmate  manner, 
shorter  than  the  scale.  Mr.  J.  D.  Sowerby,  in  drawing  the 
flower,  observed  a  degree  of  irritability  in  the  Jilaments,  which 
contracted  when  the  anthers  were  touched.  The  same  has  been 
noticed  by  several  persons  in  C.  Calcitrapa.  The  seeds  are  obo- 
vate,  abrupt,  each  crowned  with  a  tuft  of  bristles. 

***  Calyx-scales  mill  double,  or  compound,  spines. 

6.  C.  Calcitrapa.     Common  Star-thistle. 

Flowers  lateral,  sessile.  Calyx-scales  doubly  spinous. 
Leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed.  Stem  hairy,  widely  spread- 
ing. 

C.  Calcitrapa.  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1297.  WiUd.v.3.23\7.  n.Br.9\2. 
Engl.  Bot.  V.  2.  t.\2b. 

Calcitrapa  n.  194.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  84. 

Carduus  stellatus.  Raii  Syn.  196.  Ger.  Em.  1 166./.  Dod.  Pempt. 
733. f.    Lob.Ic.v.2.\\.f. 

C.  stellatus,  sive  Calcitrapa.    Bauh.  Hist.  v.  3.  p.  1.  89./. 

C.  muricatus,  vulgo  Calcitrapa  dictus.     Clus.  Hist.  v.  2.  7.f. 

Hippophsestum.    Column.  Phytoh.  105.  t.  107. 

Polyacantha.    Cord.  Hist.  91 .  2./ 


SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.   Centaurea.  469 

Myacanthos.    Dalech.  Hist.  1474./. 
Star- thistle.    Petiv.  H.  Brit.  t.2\.f.  11. 

In  waste  gravelly  ground,  or  in  sandy  plains  near  the  sea,  chiefly 
in  the  more  temperate  parts  of  England. 

Annual.    July,  August. 

Root  tapering,  whitish.  Stem  low  and  widely  spreading,  very 
much  and  repeatedly  branched,  leafy,  furrowed,  solid,  hairy,  or 
rather  downy.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  hairy,  unequally  pin- 
natifid,  various  in  breadth,  beset  with  prickly  teeth  ;  upper  ones 
less  divided,  crowded  under  the  flowers  ;  lowermost  stalked. 
Fl.  rose-coloured,  lateral,  solitary,  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  en- 
compassed with  a  few  leaves.  Cal.  ovate,  each  scale  terminating 
in  a  large,  sharp,  channelled,  spreading  spine,  fnnged  at  its 
base  with  smaller  prickles.  Radiant  Jlorets  small,  nearly  re- 
gular. Disk  convex,  with  pale  red  anthers  and  stigmas.  Seeds 
obovate,  polished,  particoloured,  with  scarcely  any  crown.  The 
irritability  of  the  Jilaments  has  been  described  by  several  authors. 
When  handled  the  herbage  leaves  a  glutinous  matter  on  the 
fingers,  which  is  very  bitter. 

7.  C.  solstitialis.     Yellow  Star-thistle.  St.  Barnaby's 
thistle. 

Flowers  terminal,  solitary.  Calyx-scales  doubly  spinous. 
Stem  winged,  from  the  decurrent,  lanceolate,  unarmed 
leaves  ;  radical  leaves  lyrate. 

C.  solstitialis.    Linn.  Sp.  PI.  1297.    Wilhl.v.  3. 2309.  R.  Br.  913. 

Engl.  Bot.  v.4.t.  243.     Tr.  of  Linn.  Soc.  v.  2.  236. 
Calcitrapa  n.  193.    Hall.  Hist.  v.  1 .  83. 
Jacea  lutea  annua  stellata  et  alata,  foliis  Cyani.    Moris,  v.  3.  145. 

sect.  7.  t.  34./.  27. 
Carduus  stellatus  luteus,  foliis  Cyani.    Raii  Syn.  196.  Bauh.  Pin, 

387. 
C.  stellatus  mitior  apulus.  Spina  solstitialis  altera.  Column.  Ecphr. 

V.  1.30.  t.3\. 
C.  solstitialis.     Ger.  Em.  1 166./. 
Spina  solstitialis.    Dod.Pempt.734.f.    Lob.  Ic.v.2.  \2.f.  Bauh. 

Hist.  v.3.p.  I.  90./.  91. 
Leucacantha  quorundam.    Dalech.  Hist.  1461./. 
Yellow  Thisde.    Peliv.  //.  Brit.  /.  2 1 ./  1 2. 
In  cultivated  fields,  and  about  hedges,  rare. 
By   hedges  not  far   from  Cirencester,  Gloucestershire.     Bohart. 

Near  Nortlifleet,    Kent.  Hudson.      At  Arminghall,  near  Nor- 

wicii.  Mr.  CroiL'c.     In  a  grassy  field  near  Dartford,  Kent.   Mr. 

Charles  Sinclair  Cntlen. 
Annual.     July — September. 
Root  tapcri^^^  whitish.      Hcrh  of  a  hoary  green,  slightly  clothed 

with  cottony  down,   a  litde  glutinous,   intensely  bitter.     Stem 


470  SYNGENESIA— POL.-FRUSTRAN.   Centaurea. 

14  or  2  feet  high,  branched,  moderately  spreading,  leafy,  unin- 
terruptedly winged,  from  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  lanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  wavy  leaves  of  the  branches.  Radical  leaves  4  or  5 
inches  long,  lyrate  j  their  lobes  alternate,  acute,  toothed  or 
jagged  3  terminal  one  large.  FL  solitary  at  the  end  of  each 
branch,  bright  yellow.  Calyx-scales  downy,  each  of  the  middle 
ones  terminating  in  a  large,  spreading,  needle-shaped,  yellowish 
thorn,  accompanied  at  the  base  by  4  or  more  small,  slender, 
spreading  bristles  ;  several  of  the  lower  scales  bearing  only  such 
bristles,  with  a  rudiment  of  the  central  thorn.  Radiant  florets 
not  much  larger  than  those  of  the  disk.  Seeds  obovate,  smooth. 
Down  unequal,  rough,  shorter  than  the  hairs  of  the  receptacle, 
which  are  extremely  slender. 


INDEX 


OF    THE 


NATURAL   ORDERS 

IN  VOL.  III. 


AcGREGATiE page  I  41 

Capitate 379-397,  463 

Caprifolia   141 

Cichorace* 336-379 

Cinarocephalse  .  379-397,  463 

Cisti   22 

Columniferse. ...    17,  244-249 

Compositae 331-470 

Corydales 252 

Corymbifer«   397-463 

Crucifer* 151-227 

Discoideae  .  401-404,  419-463 

P'umariacese    252 

Gerania 229-243 

Geraniacese 229-243 

Gruinales 229-243 

Hydrocharides....     13-16,33 

Hyperica     322 

Hypcricineae 322 

Labiatte 63-114 

Lcguminosae 259-321 

Lomcntaceae 258 

Luridae    140 

Malvaceae 244-249 


Melampyraceae. .  page  1 15,  123 
Multisiliquse  3,  2S-33,  35-60 
Nucamentaceae  ....    405-419 

Nymphaeaceae 13-16 

Nymphaeeae    13-16 

Oppositifoliae 397-401 

Orobanche^  ..    115,  126,  146 

Palmae 33 

Papaveraceae 4-13,  252 

Papilionaceae 259-321 

Pediculares. .  . .  115-128,258 
Personate  .  115-139,  143-150 

Polygaleag 258 

Ranunculaceae.  .3,  28-33,  35- 

60 

Rhoeadeae 4-16 

Rotaces 22,  322 

Scrophularite  . .   115,  130-140, 
143-145 

Scrophularinae 115,  116 

Semiflosculosae. .  331,  336-.379 

Siliquoss 151-227 

Tiliaceae 17 

Verticillatae 63-114 


INDEX 

OF    THE 

LATIN,  GREEK,  FRENCH,   OR  OTHER 
FOREIGN  NAMES 

IN  VOL.  III. 

Tlie  synonyms,  as  well  as  the  names  of  ]}la7its  incidentally  nie7itioned,  are  in  lialicSf 
those  of  the  genera  in  capitals. 


Ahrotanum  campestre  page  406 

A.  inodorum    406 

Absinthii  maritimi   species^ 

latiore folio 407 

Absinthium 405,  408 

A.  angustifolium 410 

—  latifolium  sive  ponticum  408 

—  ■  rariuSj  Arteme- 

sice folio 410 

—  marinum   407,410 

•— album 407 

—  maritimum      lavenduke 
folio 410 

nostras 407 

Serip/iio  Bel- 

gico  simile  J  latiore  folio, 
odoris  grati 407 

—  seriphium   tenuifoUum 
marinum  narbonense   . .    408 

—  vulgare 408 

Acanthium 395 

A.  album     395 

—  montanum 39 1 

—  sijlvestre    384 

Acanthus  sylvestris  alter  . .  39 1 

Acarna   397 

ACHILLEA  . .   334,  460-463 
A.  Ageratum 461 

—  Millefolium   462 

—  Ptarmica    460 


Achillea  serrata. .  . .  page  461 

A.  tomentosa 462 

Achyrophorus 374 

Acinos    105,  107,109 

A.  multis 109 

ACONITUM 2,31,32 

A.  Napellus    31 

—  Pardalianches  minus. .    446 

—  racemosum 3 

—  vulgare 31 

ACTiEA 1,3 

A.  spicata 3,  4 

Acus  muscata 230 

Acynos    105 

ADONIS 2,43,44 

Adonis    43 

A.  cestivalis 43 

—  autumnalis    43 

— Jlammea 44 

—  miniata 44 

Aizoon  palustre 34 

A.  Telephium 210 

AJUGA &\,  64-67 

A.  alpina     65 

—  Chamaepitys QJ 

—  genevensis 66 

—  pyramidalis 66 

—  pyramidalis 65,  66 

—  reptans 65 

Alcea 244 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


473 


Alcea  folio   rotundo   laci- 

niato    page  247 

j1.  tenuifolia  crispa 247 

—  vulgaris 247 

Alectorolophos   italica  lu- 

teo-pallida .    118 

Alectorolophus 120,  121 

AUiaria 200,  201 

A.  officinalis    20 1 

Aloe  sive  Aizoon  palustre  .  34 
Alsine  Hederula  altera  .  .  92 
A.  palustris  exigua,  foliis 

lanceolatis,  &c 145 

repens,  foliis  Ian  - 

ceolatis,    Jloribus     albis 

perexiguis    145 

—  spuria   pusilla    repens^ 
foliis  saxifrages  aurece    .  143 

ALTHiEA 228,244 

Althcsa    244 

A.  Ihiscus    244 

—  officinalis   244 

—  vulgaris 244 

—  vulgari  similis,  folio  re- 
iuso  brevi    244 

ALYSSUM    151,  162 

Alyssum 1 64 

A.  halimifolium 163 

—  maritimum     162 

—  minimum    1 63 

—  sativum 164 

Ambrosia     179 

A.  campestris  repens  ....    179 
Amellus  montanus  cequico- 

lorum 422 

Anblatum    127 

A.  Cordi  sive  Aphyllon    .  .     127 

AndroscBmum.  .  322,  323,  327, 

329 

A.  altcrum  apulnm 328 

hirsutum        ....    328 

—  Ascyron   dictum,   caule 
rotundo  hirsuto    328 

—  Ascyrum   dictum,   caule 
quadrangulo glubro .  .  .  .    324 

—  campoclarciise    327 

—  constantinopolitanum  /lo- 
re maximo 323 


Androscemumjlore  et  thecd 
seminali    quinquecapsu- 
lari  omnium  maximis .  p.  323 
A.  maximum  frutescens  . .    323 

quasi  frutescens, 

bacQiferum 323 

—  officinale    323 

Andryala  major 344 

ANEM(3NE 2,  35-38 

A.  apennina    37 

—  geranifolia 37 

—  horteyisis  tenuifolia,  sim- 
plici  /lore,  prima 37 

—  nemorosa 36 

—  nemorum  alba    36 

lutea     38 

—  pratensis    3Q 

—  Pulsatilla 35 

—  quinta    36 

—  ranunculoides    38 

—  ranunculus 35 

—  secunda 37 

—  tuber osa  geranifolia  .  .      37 

Anemonoides 35 

Anonis    266, 267 

A.   maritima    procumbens, 

foliis  hirsutie  pubescenti- 
bus 267 

—  7ion  spinosa  purpurea.  .    267 

—  procumbens  maritima,kc.  267 

—  spinosa, Jiore  purpureo .  267 

Antennaria 410 

A.  dioica 413 

ANTHEMIS  . .  334,  455-459 
A.  arvensis 457 

—  Cotula 458 

—  maritima    455 

—  annua    odorafa 

prcecoXfJlorc  albo,  caule 
purpurascente 456 

—  nobilis   456 

—  seu  Lcucanthemis  odo- 
rata     456 

—  sive  CliamamUla    ....    454 

—  vulgatior,  sive  Chatmr- 
milla 454 

—  tinctoria    459 

ANTHYLLIS  .  250,  268,  269 


474 


INDEX   OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


Anthyllis    page  269 

A.  leguminosa     269 

—  lenti  similis    269 

—  prior  Dodoncei 269 

—  vulneraria 269 

ANTIRRHINUM  . .  63,  J30- 

136 

Antirrhinum   135 

A.  alterum  minimum  ....    135 

—  angustifolium  sylvestre    136 

—  arvense 134,  136 

—  Cymbalaria   131 

—  Elatine 132 

—  Elatine 131 

—  Linaria 134 

—  majus    1 35 

—  minimum    136 

repens       1 35 

—  minus    135 

—  minus 136 

—  monspessulanum    ....    133 

—  Orontium 136 

—  prinium  et  secmulum  .  .    135 

—  purpureum  sive  album  .   135 

—  quartum     136 

—  repens    1 33 

—  spurium 131 

— -  tertium 135 

APARGIA....   331,350-354 

Apargia 353 

A.  autumnalis 353 

—  crispa     352 

—  hastilis 350 

—  hirta 352 

—  hispida 351 

—  Taraxaci    352 

Aphaca 273,274,281 

A.  vera,  Vicia  Matthiolo  .  281 

Aphace 286 

Aphyllon    127 

k^ivQiov 408 

Apsinthium 408 

AQUILEGIA. 2,32,33 

Aquilegia    33 

A.  alpina    33 

—  ccerulea 33 

'—Jlore  simplici 33 

-^  vulgaris 33 


Aquilina P^ge  33 

ARABIS 152,209-215 

Arabis 215 

A.  ciliata    212 

—  crantziana     211 

—  hirsuta 213 

—  hispida 21 1 

—  hispida  ........;...    210 

—  nutans    210 

—  pendula 215 

—  petrcea   211 

—  pumila 210 

—  stricla    210 

—  thaliana     209 

—  thaliana 211 

— -Turrita 214 

—  umbrosa 214 

Aracus    major,    an    Vicia 

Lathyroides,  siliquis  in 
eodem  pediculo  binis  . .  287 
A.  sive  Cracca  minima  . .  289 
Archangelicajlore  albo  .  .  89 
Arcium  Dioscoridis  ....  380 
Arction  montanum,  &c.  . .  381 
ARCTIUM. .  . .  332,  379-383 

Arctium  Bardana    381 

A.  Lappa    380 

—  Lappa    381 

Argemone    11 

A.  cambrobritannica  lutea, 

&c 12 

—  capitulo  breviore  hispido       9 

—  —  longiore    ......      10 

—  —  —  glabra  ....       10 
torulis  canulato . .        9 

—  ~  torulo   9 

—  mexicana   J  3 

—  minor,   capitulis   hrevi- 
oribus 9 

ARTEMISIA 333,  405- 

410 

Artemisia    409 

A.  Absinthium    ........    408 

—  campestris 406 

—  cserulescens 410 

—  ccerulescens    409 

—  gallica 408 

—  latifolia 409 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


475 


Artemisia  marina  ..    page  410 
A.  maritima    407 

—  maritima    408 

—  mater  herbarum 409 

—  monodonos     405 

—  tenuifolia 405,  451 

altera    406 

sive  leptophyllos, 

aliis  Ahrotanum  sylvestre  406 

—  vulgaris 409 

Artemisice   ramvsce  altera 

species 451 

Ascyrum 322,328,330 

A.  supinum  elodes 330 

—  —  tomentosum     his- 
panicum 330 

villosum  palustre    330 

ASTER 334,  43G,  437 

Aster 440-442 


422 
437 

442 
437 


442 
437 


A.  arvensis  cceruleus  acris 

—  cceruleus  glaher  litto- 
reus  pinguis    

—  littoreus  luteus,  folio  an- 
gusto  spisso,  ad  extremi- 
tatem  trifido    

—  mnritimus cceruleus,  Tri- 
polium  dictus 

—  -  Jlavus,    Crith- 
mum      chrysanthemum 
dictus  

—  Tripolium 

Asteri   montano    purpureo 

similis  vcl  Globularicc .  .  423 
ASTRAGALUS  251,293-296 

Astragalus 294-29(» 

A.  alpinus  violaccus,  acuto 

scriceo  folio 295 

—  arcnarius   294 

—  campcstris 296 

—  Danicus 29-1 

—  ipiglultis    29  1 

—  glycyphyllos  ....    294,313 

—  Iiypoglottis    294 

—  incanus  parvus  purpu- 
reus  nostras 294 

—  luteus  perennis  procum- 
bcns  vulgaris,  sive  syU 
vcstris '       29  1 

—  perennis  supnius,   foius 


et  siliquis  hispidis,  Jlore 

luteo   page  296 

Astragalus  sordidus  ....  296 
A.  sylvaticus 272 

—  uralensis    295 

—  uralensis    296 

Athanasia  maritima    ....    403 

A.  seu  Tanacetum 405 

Atractilis  mitior 397 

A.  vulgaris  minor    397 

Auricula  muris  major .  .  .  .    359 

'  A. viinor    356 

Baccharis  monspeliensium  420 
BALLOTA  ...  61,  101,  102 
Ballotaalba    101 

:  B.Jlore  albo   101 

—  nigra 101 

—  nigra 102 

I   Ballote   101,  102 

I   B.  crispa     92 

, major    91 

I   Ballotte 101 

I   Balsamita  officinarum     .  .      84 

i   Baptisecula 466 

i  BARBAREA..    152,198-200 

!   Barbarea     199 

B.foliis  minor ibus   et    fre- 
quentius  sinuatis 199 

—  muralis 213 

—  praecox 1 99 

—  vulgaris 198 

Barbula  hirci 337 

B. altera    338 

Bardana  major 380 

BARTSIA 62,  1  16-119 

B.  alpina    117 

—  Odontites 119 

—  viscosa 1 18 

'   Bechium 425 

Bellidis  species    4^8 

BELLIS 333,447,  448 

B.  luteajoliisprofunde  in- 
j       cisis,  major  et  minor   . .    450 
— '  major 419 

—  minor 148 

j  —  percnni.s     447 

—  sylvcstris  minor 448 

BETONICA 61,97 

n.fxn:.,, 07 


476 


INDEX    OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


Betonica  aquatica  . .  page  138 
B.  hirta 94 

—  officinalis 97 

BIDENS 332,  397-400 

B.  cernua   399 

—  minima 399 

—  tripartita    398 

—  tripartita 399,  400 

Brachiolobos  sylvestris    . .    1 93 
BRASSICA  ..     153,216-220 

Brassica  austriaca 202 

B.  campestris 218 

perfoliata,flore 

alho     202 

prima   202 

—  Erucastrum   223 

—  marina  anglica 1 84 

—  maritima  arhorea,  seu 
procerior,  ramosa    ....    219 

—  monensis 220 

—  monospermos  anglica. .    184 

—  muralis 223 

— -Napus   217 

-^Napus    219 

—  oleracea 219 

—  oleracea 218 

—  orientalis 202 

—  Rapa 217 

-^sylvestris   217,219 

— albidojlore,  nu- 

tante  siliqud    214 

— foliis  circa  radi- 

cem  cichoraceis  asperis, 
&c 216 

—  spuria  exilis,  non  laci- 
niata,  caule  magtsfolio- 
so,&c 210 

— minima,  caule  ma- 

gisfolioso  hirsutior. ...    210 

Braun  FleyschblUm 1 24 

Brunella 114 

B.  minor 114 

Buglossum  luteum 339 

B.  echioides  luteum,  Hiera- 

cio  c.ognatum 339 

Bugula   64-  67 

B.  ccerulea  alpina QQ 

—  montana    66 

i—  ruhrifolia 66 


Bunias    page  2 1 7 

B.Cakile 183 

—  sativus 217 

—  sylvestris    217 

Buphthalmon 449 

Buphthalmum. .  452,  455,  459 

B.  vulgare 459 

Bursa  pastoria  minima    ..    170 

B.pastoris 171,  173,209 

alpina  hirsuta  . .    160 

rosea     lu- 

tea  kc 158 

major   loculo  oh- 

longo 161 

CAKILE 151,183 

C.  maritima    183 

—  quibusdam,  &c 183 

—  Serapionis 183 

Calamenthce  arvensi  verti- 

cillatce  similis,  sed  multb 

elatior 80 

Calamintlia 109 

C.  aquatica 86 

— folio  incano    110 

—  humilior , folio  rotundiore    88 

—  montana 109,  1 10 

vulgaris    109 

—  odorepulegii 1 10 

—  tertia  Dioscoridis,  men- 
thastrifolia  aquatica  hir- 
suta          79 

—  vulgaris 109 

officinarum   ....    109 

Calaminthce  tertium  genus  441 

Calceolaria 140 

Calcitrapa 463,  468 

Calcitrapoides  procumhens, 

Cichorii  folio, Jlore  pur- 

purascente 468 

CALTHA 2,59,  60 

C  asarifolia 59 

—  leptopetala ^. .  . .      59 

—  major     59 

—  minor     59 

—  palustris    59 

major    59 

—  radicans     60 

—  Vergilii 59 

CAMELINA..  152,  163,164 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


477 


Camelina    page  201 

C.  Myagrum  alterum,  thlas- 
pi  effigie 20 1 

—  sativa     164 

—  s'vce  Myagrion    1 04 

Campanula   sylvestrisy  seu 

Digitalis 141 

C.  serpyUifolia    142 

Cannabis  spuria 94 

Jiore  albo  magno, 

staminibus  liiteis 94 

Jlore  majore  ....      95 

angustifolia ,    va- 

riegato  Jiore    95 

Jlore  albo  magno 

eleganti 95 

Capnoides   252 

C.  lutea 254 

Capnos    255 

C.  alba  lafifolia 255 

—  altera     253 

— Jabaced  radice    253 

Capsella 171 

C  Bursa  pastoris    173 

Caput  gallinaceum  Belga- 

rum     293 

CARDAMINE  .  152,  186-191 

Cardamine 186-190 

C.amara    190 

—  amara    1 89 

—  bellidifolia 186 

—  bulbifera    180 

— Jlexuosa 188 

—  flora  majore  elatior    ..    190 

—  hastulata    211 

—  hirsuta 188 

^  lursuta 191,226 

—  impatiens 187 

—  impatiens 188,  189 

altera  hirsutior.  .     188 

vulgo  Sium  minus 

impatiens     187 

—  parvjlora 188,  189 

—  pctrcea 211,212 

—  petr.  cambrica,  nasturtii 
facie    211 

—  pratcnsis    189 

—  pnttcnsis     191 


Cardamine  pumila,  bellidis 

folio,  alpina    ....  page  210 
C.  pusilla  saxatilis  monta- 
na  discoides 168 

—  quarta    188 

—  sylvatica    189 

—  umbrosa 189 

Cardiaca..  ..  96,98,  103,  104 
CARDUUS  ..    332,384-387 

Carduus 382,  388-397 

C.  acanthoides    385 

—  acanthoides     386 

—  acaulis 394 

—  alatus  tomentosus  lali- 
folius  vulgaris. 395 

—  arvensis 389 

—  bulbosusmonspelliensium  39 1 

—  capite  tomentoso    ....    390 

—  caule  crispo    385 

—  crispus   385,  386 

—  dissectiis    393 

—  eriocephalus 390 

—  eriophorus 390 

—  helenioides 392 

—  heterophyllus 392, 393 

—  lacteus 386 

—  lanceatus 388 

Jlore  et  capite  mi- 

noribus    388 

latifolius 388 

major   388 

—  lanceolatus    388 

sive  sylvestris  Do- 

donai 388 

—  marianus 386 

—  marianus    396 

—  Marice 386 

hirsutus   non   ma- 

culatus    386 

—  mollis  foliis  Lapathi  . .    383 

—  muricatus,  vulgh  Calci- 
trapa  diet  us    468 

—  muscatus    384 

—  nutiins 384 

—  palustris     38S 

•  mitinr,  Bar- 
dance  rapitulo,  summo 
caulc  sin^ulari    393 


478 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Cardans  poly accintlms  page  384 

C.pratensis     393 

asphodeli     ra- 

dice,  latifolius 391 

—  solstitialis 469 

—  spinosissimus^    capituUs 
minorihus    386 


folius  palustris    388 

—  . vulgaris   Pohj' 

acantha  Theophrasti   .  .    385 

—  stellatus 468 

luteus  foliis  Cya- 

ni    '469 

—  — —  mitior  apulus.  Spi- 
na solstitialis  altera    . .    469 

sive  Calcitrapa.  .    468 

—  sylvestris    397 

—  tenuiflorus 386 

—  tomentosus    Acanthium 
dictiis  vulgaris 395 

Corona  frafrum 

dictus 390 

—  tuberosus 391 

—  vulgaris 397 

^■^  vulgatissimus  viarum .  .  389, 

397 
CARLINA  ....  332,  396,  397 

C.acaulis 394,397 

minore  purpureo 

Jlore    394 

—  acaulosminor,  Jlore  pur- 
pureo      394 

—  minor,  purpureo  Jlore.  .    394 
•—  montana  minor  acaulos    394 

—  sylvestris  major 397 

•  quibusdam,  aliis 

Atractylis    397 

—  vulgaris 397 

Carrichtera 155 

Caryophyllus  palustris,  Jo- 

liis  subrotundis  incanis, 

Jlorlbus  aureis 330 

Cassida    112,  113 

C.  palustris  minima,  Jlore 

purpurascente 113 

— vulgafior     Jlore 

cceruleo 113 


Catananclie page  2/5 

C.  leguminosa  quorundam  .  275 

Cataria 70 

C.  herba 70 

Cattaria 70 

Ceanothos  Theophrasti  , .  389 
CENTAUREA  334,463-470 
C.  Calcitrapa 468 

—  coriacea 467 

—  Cyanus 466 

—  Jacea     464 

—  Isnardi 468 

—  nigra 465 

—  Scabiosa    467 

—  solstitialis 469 

Chamcocissos 88 

Chamcecistus  luteus,  thy  mi 

durioris  folio  ........      23 

Ch.  montanus,  polii folio. .      27 

—  vulgaris,  Jlore  luleo  .  .      26 

Chamcpclema   88 

Ch.  vulgare 88 

Chamcedri    vulgari   falsce 

aliquatenus affinis  alpijia  1 1 7 

Chamcedrys 67-69 

Ch.  major  latifolia 69 

—  vera  mas    69 

—  vulgaris 69 

sen  sativa 69 

Chamce genista  pannonica  .  264 

Ch.  prima   264 

Chain celeon  exiguus  ....  394 
Chamcemelum  . .  454,  455-459 
Ch.  chrysanthemon 459 

—  eranthcmon    30 

— foetidum 458 

—  inodorum   457 

annuuni      hu- 

milius,  foliis  obscur^  vi- 

rentibus 452 

— ,  sive  Cotula  non 

foetida 452 

—  leucanthemoii 454 

—  majus,  folio  tenuissimo, 
caule  rubente 452 

—  marinum 456 

—  maritimuvi 456 

latifolium  pro- 


NDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


479 


cumhens,  ramosissimi(m, 
Jlore  albo page  456 

Chamcemelum  maritimum 
odoratum  pr<^cox,  Jlo- 
re nlbo,  caule  purpu- 
rascente 4.jG 

Ch. perenne  hurni- 

l'ms,foliis  brevibus  eras- 
sis,  obscure  virentihus  .  .    453 

—  odoratissimum     repens, 
Jlore  simpUci    456 

—  odoratum 456 

—  romanum 456 

—  vulgare 454,  458 

—  .— ^—  leucanthemum 
Dioscoridis 454 

Chamcepitys 64,  67 

Ch.  mas 67 

—  vulgaris 7 .  .      67 

Chamomilla  vulgaris  ....    454 
CHEIRANTHUS. .  152,  202- 

204 
Ch.  Cheiri 203,  204 

—  enjsimoides    201 

—  frwticulo.sus   203 

—  incanus 205 

—  sinuatus     206 

—  fenuifolius 203 

..    206 

4 

..    1-4 

5 

7 

5 

6 

7 

5 

4 

..      47 

..      71 


—  tricuspidatus  .  . 

Chelidonia 

CHELIDONIUM 
Chelidonium  .... 
Ch.  corniculatum  ^ 

—  folio  laciniato .  . 

—  glaucium    .... 

—  hybridum   .... 

—  laciniatum. .  .  . 


—  majus     

—  minus 

Chenopodium 

Chondrilld     pnrpnrascnis 

fcetidii 371 

Ch.  viscosa  hu))iilis 317 

Christojjhoriaiia 3 

('HHVSANTHKMl'M..  333, 
1  18-150 

Chrys'tnthinumi 52 

Ch.  raunabinum  buiens, fo- 
lds inlfiiri^  <>bU>}t'is     .  ,    31)'.) 


Chrysanthemum  cannabis 
num  bidens  folio  quinque- 
partito  sive  vulgare  page  398 

Ch.  coronarium 450 

—^  folds  tanaceti     459 

—  inodorum    452 

—  Leucanthemum. .....    449 

—  littoreum    442 

—  minus     450 

—  perenne    gnaphaloides 
maritimum 403 

—  segetum 449 

—  —  nostras ,  folio  glau- 
co  multiscisso  majus, Jlore 
minore    450 

vulgare  glaucum  .  450 

—  tanaceti  folds  Jlore  aureo  459 
CHRYSOCOMA..  332,401, 

402 

Ch,  Linosyris 402 

Chrysocome     401 

Ch.  citrina  supina  latifolia 
italica 412 

—  Dioscoridis  et  Plinii. .    402 

—  lanuginosa 414 

Cichorea 379 

CICHORIUM     331,378,379 
C.  Intybus 379 

—  Intybus 341 

—  pratense  luteum  Icevius  372 

—  sylvestre     379 

sive  officinarum   .  379 

CINERAR1A..334,  443,  445 
C  alpina     444 

—  campestris 444 

—  integrifolia     444 

—  integrifolia     3 GO 

—  marilima,  integrifolia.  .    444 

—  palustris     443 

—  prateiisis     444 

Cirsio  quinto  congener.  ...    391 

Cirsium 387-394 

C.  anglicum     [i[)ii 

radire  Ihtlebo. 

ri  nigri  modoJibrosd,fu. 

lio  longo 393 

secundum  ....    392 

—  britannicum    39J 

—  liilinribus  folii/viridibus 


480 


INDEX    OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


laciniatis,    radicibus   as- 

phodeli page  39 1 

Cirsium  montanum   angli- 

cum 393 

C,  pannonicum     primum 

pratense 393 

CISTUS 1,22-28 

C.  anglicus 23,  28 

—  annuus 25 

alter  Lobelii 24 

Jtore  guttata.  ...      24 

maculato. .      24 

folio  ledi 24 

longif  alius  Lobelii     24 

—  apenninus 28 

—  canus 23,  27 

— Jiore  pallida,  punicante 

maculd  insignita 24 

—  guttatus 24 

—  Helianthemum 26 

—  Helianthemum  ....    25,  27 

—  hirsutus 23 

—  humilis  alpinus  durior, 
polii  nostratis folio  can- 
dicante    27 

—  ledi  folio    24 

—  ledifolius    24 

—  marifolius 23,  28 

—  polifolius    27 

—  salicif alius 24,  25 

—  serratus 24 

—  suffruticasus  pracum- 
bens  stipulatusfoliis  ava- 
tO'OblongissubpilosiSype- 
talis  lancealatis   25 

—  surrejanus 25 

—  tomentosus    27 

Clandestina 1 26 

CLEMATIS 2,  38,  39 

Clematis  altera 39 

C  latifalia,   sen  Atragene 

quibusdam 39 

—  tertia 39 

—  Vitalba 39 

Clematitis 38 

Cleome   153 

Clinapodio  alpina    117 

CLINOPODIUM ....  62,  104 
Cimopadium 105,  109 


Clinapodium  alpinum  page  117 
C. hirsutum    ....    117 

—  origano  simile    1 05 

—  vulgare 105 

—  vulgare 1 09 

Clymenon  lialorum     ....    323 

Clymenum 273 

C.  Bithjnicum,  siliqud  sin- 

gulari,Jlore  minare. .  . .    287 

—  minus 99 

—  parisiense Jtore  cceruleo  278 

Clypeola  maritima 1 63 

CNICUS    ....  332, 387-394 
C.  acaulis   394 

—  arvensis 389 

—  eriophorus 390 

—  Forsteri 390 

—  heterophyllus    392 

—  lanceolatus    387 

—  palustris    388 

—  palustris    394 

—  pratensis 393 

—  rivularis     390 

—  tuberosus 391 

COCHLEARIA  151,  174-178 

Cochlearia    175 

C.  anglica 176 

—  Aremorica 177 

—  Armoracia 177 

—  britannica 176 

—  Coronopus 1 79 

—  danica   177 

— folio  sinuato 176 

—  grcEnlandica 175 

—  grcenlandica 1 75 

—  marina  folia  anguloso 
parvo 177 

—  minima,  erecta  etrepens, 
insulcE  Aalholmiance  ..    176 

—  minor  rotundifolia  nos. 
tras 175 

—  officinalis 175 

—  rotundifolia    175 

Cochleata  fructu  echinato 

yninimo    321 

Consiligo 57 

Consolida  regia 30 

C.  media 65 

—  minor 114 


INDEX   OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


481 


ConsoUda  regalis  .  .  page  30 
CONYZA  ....  333,419,420 
C.  acrisjiore  albo    421 

—  annua  acris  alba  elatior, 
linariijC  folds .    421 

—  aquatica  maxima  serra- 
tifolia 435 

—  ccerulea  acris 422 

alpina  major,  et 

minor 423 

—  canadensis  annua   acris 
alba,  linarKS  foliis  ....    421 

— foliis  laciniatis    443 

—  HeUnitis    420 

—  helenitis  foliis  laciniatis  443 

—  major 420 

altera    420 

—  media 44 1 

vulgaris    44 1 

—  media  minor  species,  Jio- 

re  til  radiatb 441 

—  minima 441 

—  minor     441 

—  odorata 422 

—  palustris,  foliis  serratis  .  399 
— —      tripartitb 

divisis 399 

scrratifoUa    ....    435 

—  fiquarros:i 420 

—  tertia 441 

—  vulgaris 420 

Conijzella    421 

Conyzoides 421 

Coralloides  Cordi     186 

C.  alia  species 18G 

Corcliorus    359 

Coreopsis    398 

C.  Bidens    399 

Coronopus 178,  179 

C.didyma    KSO 

—  rcpcns  Rucllii    179 

—  Rucllii 179 

Cnrydaiis 252 

C.  bulbosa 253 

—  capnoides 25  1 

—  clavunlata 255 

Cotuln  alba     458 

C.fiTtida       458 

\oh.  in. 


Cotula  sive  Partlienion  ma-- 
rinum  minimum  .  .   page  456 

Cracca     2B0 

C.  alterum  genus    289 

— paribus  albis, foliis  circa 
cauleni  denticulatis.  .  .  .    287 

—  major 281 

—  minor 289 

siliquis    gemellis.  288 

singularibusj 

floscuUs  ccurulesceniibus .  288 

CRAMBE 151,184 

C.  maritima    184 

Bratsicce  folio  .   184 

CratcBogonon 125 

C.  album 125 

—  Euphrosine 119 

Cratev^  Siurn 192 

CREPIS 331,370-373 

C.  biennis 373 

—  foetida    370 

—  pulchra 371 

—  rubia 371 

—  tectoruni    372 

Crista  gain 120 

C. angustifolia  mon- 

tana    121 

famina 1  20 

lufea     1 20 

Crithmum   chrysanthemum  442 

C.  tertium   442 

Crus  gain    50 

Cyanus 463,  465-467 

C.  minor 466 

—  niger 465 

—  segetum  vulgaris  minor 
annuus    466 

—  sylvestris    466 

—  vulgaris 466 

Cymbalaria.  .  .  .-. 131 

('.  italica     131 

DELPHINIUM..  ..  2,29,30 

Delphinium     30 

I).  C.'onsoiida 30 

—  elatius,  simplici  flnre  .  .      30 

—  segetum y  flore  ecvruleo  .     30 
Ihns  Lconis 348,  349 

—  ■  alpinus,  foliis  ob- 
I 


48^2 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


longis  rarb  dentatis,  caly- 

ce  liispido  nigrescente  p.  353 
Dens  Leonis  angustioribus 

foliis    349 

D.  — —  Jiirsutus  leptocau- 

los,  Hleracium  dictus  .  .    351 

vulgi 349 

DENTARIA 152,  185 

Dentaria 127,  186 

D.  bulbifera    186 

—  major     127 

Matthioli 127 

—  quarta  baccifera 186 

—  sen  Coralloides  Cordi.  .     186 

Descurea     198 

DIGITALIS..  ..  62,  140,  141 

Digitalis 141 

D.  purpurea    140 

DIOTIS 332,402-404 

D.  candidissima 403 

•—  maritinia    403 

Diplotaxis  muralis 224 

D.saxatilis.. 220 

—  tenui folia 223 

DORONICUM  333,  AA^-U7 
D.  latifolium 446 

—  ma  jus  officinarum  ....    446 

—  Pardalianches    446 

—  plantagineum     447 

—  tertii  varietas     446 

DRABA 151,  157-162 

Draha     , 156 

D.  aizoides. 158 

—  ciliaris    159 

—  corifusa 161 

—  contorta -,  .     160 

—  hirta 159 

—  hirta 160 

—  incana 160 

—  incana    161 

—  minima  muralis   discoi- 

des 161 

—  muralis 161 

—  nemoralis 162 

—  pyrenaica 159 

—  rupestris 159 

—  siliquosa  similis  planta 
prcBcox  annua 210 


Draha  stellata    ....  page  159 

D.  verna 158 

Dracunculus  alpinus,  Age- 

rati  foliis  incanis     ....  461 

D.  pratensis,   serraio   fo- 
lio   461 

Eisen  hutlin    31 

Elatine 132 

E.  altera     132 

— fcemina,  folio  anguloso  .  132 

EXsyiov    440 

Elephas 120 

Elichrysuni 410 

E.  alpinum  minimum,   ca- 

pillaceo folio    416 

—  montanum,  longiore  et 
folio  etflore  purpurea .  .  413 

—  sylvestre  latifolium,  ca~ 
pitulis  conglohatis   ....  411 

Ellehorum  nigrum  alterum  57 
Ellehorus  niger  adulter inus 

horiensis     57 

E. sylvestris  .  .  57 

Endivia 345 

E.  major  lactucina  spinosa  346 

—  minor  lactucina  spinosa  347 
ERIGERON  ..  333,421-424 
E.  acris   422 

—  alpinus 423 

—  canadensis     421 

—  quartum     422 

—  tertium 371 

—  tomentosum    371 

—  _ alterum     .  .  371 

—  uniflorus    423 

Erigerum    428 

E.  majus     429 

—  minus 428 

—  tomentosum 429 

alterum     ....  429 

ERODIUM 228-231 

E.  cicutarium 229 

—  maritimum     231 

—  moschatum    230 

—  pimpinellafolium  ....  230 

Erophila     157 

E,  vulgaris      158 

Eruca 202,-223 


NDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


483 


Eruca  aquatica  ....  page 

E.  hirsuta  siliqua  cauli  ad- 

pressd.   Erysimum  dicta 

—  viarina   

—  inaritima  anglica,  sili- 
qud  fungosd  torosd  ro- 
tundd,foUis  crassis  lati^ 
oribus 

—  viinima  monspessulana 
Jloreluteo,siliqud  unciam 

longd 

—  minimo  Jlore  monspe- 
liensis 

—  monensis   laciniata,  kc. 

—  vwnspeliensis,  Jlore  mi- 
nimo luteo  

—  nasturtio  cognata  tenui- 
folia    

—  quihusdam  sylvestris  re- 
pens,  Jlosculo,  &c 

—  sativa 

—  sylvestris 193, 

—  —  seu  palustris  mi- 
nor procumbens  et  rcpena, 
luteo  parvoque Jlore    .  . 

—  temiifolia  per ennis,  Jlo- 
re luteo    

—  viminea,  iberidis  folio, 
luttojlore    

ERVUM 251,287- 

E.  hirsatum     

—  Lens 

—  sativum 

—  soloniensp 

—  sylvestre 275, 

—  tctraspermum     

ErysimosiniiUs  hirsufa,  non 

liirinidla  nlha 

ERYSIMUM.,    i:.;},  200- 

Erysimum liHi,  !!)<), 

E.  AUiarii 

—  Ihtrbnreii    

—  cheirantlioides   

—  Dioscoridis  Lobclii     .  . 

—  latijulium  mnjus  gtnbrum 
•  ticnpiditanum  . 

—  minimum   (iiinnnm    hir- 


193  I  Erysimum  orientale  .  page 

I  E.  orientale 

196      —  perfoliatum    

1 83  ;  —  prcecox 

—  Sophia  dictum 

—  vul^are 

EUPATORIUM  332,400, 

183  I   E.  adulterinum    

!  —  cannabinum 

chrysanthemum 

224  j  —  • famina 

;    — folio      integro, 

22  1  seu  non  digitato 

220  , mas 

palmare  et  an- 


202 
219 
202 
199 
197 
196 
401 
401 
400 
399 
398 

401 
401 

399 


sutum  .  . 

-  offtrinah. 


224  gustifolium 

vulgare,  foliis 

156  trifidis  et  prqfunde  den- 

talis    ! 401 

193      —  vulgare 401 

223   ^   Euphragia 122 

223  I  EUPHRASIA  ..  62,  121,  122 

Euphrasia 122 

E.  altera 119 

1 93      —  major  lutea  latifolia  pa- 
lustris      118 

223  I  —  Odontites 119 

I  —  officinalis 122 

224  '  —  pratensis  rubra 119 

.289   I   —  rubra    Jf'estmorlandica, 
289   I       foliis  brevibus  obtusis  .  .     117 
288  i    Fabaced  radice,  Capuos  al- 

277  tera 253 

283  I   Falcata   318 

277  !   Ferrum  equinum  ....  290,  291 
288  j   F.  capitatum 291 

I comosu)n   291 

213   ( Germanicum,   si- 

-202  j        liquis  in  summitatc.  .  .  . 

201       Ficaria    4  1 

20  1    I    F.  ranuncnloides 

|(jf)   I   —  rerna 

200      Fdago 1 1  0- 

19(5      F.  arvensis  

Ii)7   i  —  gallica    

197    I    —  germanira  ... 

j   —  maritime  .  . 

J  \;\  \  —  minor  116, 

I  \)C)   '   —  mnntnii 


291 

,  47 

17 

47 

ll!» 

lis 

1 17 
119 
403 
4H 
lis 


484 


INDEX    or    LATIN    N-AMES. 


Filago  sive  Herba  impia    p.  419 

Fistularia    129 

Flos  Adonis 43 

F. Jlore  rubra 43 

—  Cuculi    190 

—  Sancti  Jacohi 433 

—  solis,  seu  Panaces  chi- 
ronium    26 

Fotniculus  aquaticus    .  . , .      55 
Fvenugrcecum    humile    re- 
pens,    orniihopodil    sili- 
quis  brevibus  erectis     .  .    298 
Fcennm  Burgundiacum    ..    317 
FUMARIA  ....  250,  252-257 

Fumaria 255 

F.  alba  latifolia,  &c 354 

—  bulbosa,  &c 253 

—  copnoides 254 

—  capreolata 256 

—  capreolata 257 

—  claviculata 254 

—  clavicidis  donata    ....    254 

—  corydalis    254 

—  exilis  romana 256 

— foliis  tenicissimis,  Jlori- 

bus  albis,  circa  Monspe- 
lium  nascens    256 

—  Halleri 253 

—  intermedia 253 

—  lutea 253 

—  — —  montana   254 

—  major,  Jloribus     diluf^ 
purpureis    257 

—  scan  dens,    Jlore 

pallidiore    257 

—  media     256 

—  officinalis 255 

^officinalis 256,257 

—  parviflora 256 

•-^  Phragmites    257 

—  purpurea    255 

—  solida 253 

—  spicata 256 

—  tenuifoUa 256 

Jlore  niveo    . .    256 

—  tingitana,  radice  Jibrosa 
perennis,  &c 254 

«—  tuberosa  minor,  radice 
nQn  card 253 


Fumariaviticulis  et  capreolis, 
plantisvicinis adhcerens  p,  257 

F.  vulgaris •    255 

Fumus  terra 255 

GALEOBDOLON. . . .  61,96 

G.  Galeopsis 96 

—  luteum 96 

GALEOPSIS 61,92-95 

Galeopsis  ....  90,  96,  97,  137 
G.  angustifolia   93 

—  cannabina 95 

— folio  caulem    ambiente, 

major  et  minor    ......      92 

—  Galeobdolon 96 

—  grandiflora    94 

—  Ladanum 93 

—  latifolia 94 

—  legitima  Dioscoridis    . .      98 

—  7ninor '-^-^^r;i5     :^^ 

—  purpurea    . . . ».,  r^-^^^.^.^..  9} 

—  Tetrahit 94 

—  Tetrahit 95 

—  urticis  similis 104 

—  vera 98 

—  versicolor 95 

—  villosa    94 

Gauchbliim 189 

GENISTA ....  250,  262-266 
Genista  ..  261-263,265,266 
G.  aculeata 264 

—  ■  miuor 266 

—  anglica 264 

—  angulosa  trifolia    ....    262 

—  sermanica 264 

—  minima -^od 

—  minor      aspalathoides, 

sive  G.  spinosa  anglica  .    264 

—  pilosa    263 


scoparia . 


262 


—  spinosa,  &c 265,  266 

—  tinctoria    263 

Genista- Spartium 265 

Genistella 263,  264 

G.  infectoria  vulgi 263 

—  minor  aspalathoides  . .    264 

—  pilosa 264 

—  tinctoria     263 

Genistellce  spinosce  affinis, 

Nepa  quibusdam 265 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


485 


GERANIUM  p.  228,  232-243 

Geranium 229-243 

G.  alterum 238 

montanum  sax- 

atile  rotundifolium  ....    236 

—  batrachioides 234 

alterum     ....    234 

pullojlore 232 

—  batrachoides 235 

montanum  nos- 
tras     234 

—  cicutce  folio  inodorum  .    229 

—  cicutarium 229 

—  columbinum 241 

—  columbinum    237 

—  ■  .  ■  annuum  minus, 
folio  teiiuiiis  laciniato, 
Jiore  pediculo  longissimo 

insistente 242 

— . dissectis  folds, 

pediculisflorum  longissi- 
viis 242 

erectum,  tenui- 

us  laciniatum,Jlore  mag- 
no   242 

humile,  Jiore 

cceruleo  minimo 238 

majus,  dissectis 

foliis   241 

— . Jiore  ini- 

nore  c(cruleo    238 

— folds  imis 

longis,  usque  ad  pedicu- 
lum  divisis 24 1 

— maximum,  folds 

dissectis 241 

—  -  perenne  pyre- 
naicum  maximum    ....    239 

villosum,  peta- 

lisbi/idis 237 

—  (lissectum 24 1 

—  disseclum    242 

—  fo'tens    229 

—  gruinalc,  folio  tenuiter 
divi>;o 242 

—  htrmatodrs,  Sec.       242,  243 

—  liumdc 238 

—  inodu)  uin  dll/inn     ....    230 
•—  lancnsti  irnsf 243 


Geranium  lucidum  .  .  page  236 

G.  lucidum 240 

saxatile,  folds 

Geranii  robertiani  ....    236 

—  magnum,  folio  trijido.  .    233 

—  malvaceum 240 

—  malvcefolium 238 

—  maritlmum 231 

—  minimum    procumbens, 
foliis  betonicce 231 

—  molle 237 

^moUe 238-241 

—  montanum  fuscum  ....    232 

—  moschatum 230 

—  nodosum    233 

—  palustrc 234 

—  parvi/lorum    238 

—  perenne 239 

—  pJuuo,   sive  pullo  Jiore 
Clusii 233 

—  phseum 232 

—  —  sea  fuscum,  peta- 

lis  rejlexis 233 

—  pimpinellcB folio 230 

—  pratense    235 

—  primum 230 

pullojlore    ....    233 

—  prostratum     243 

—  pusillum     238 

supinum    mariti- 

mum,  AlthcecB  aut  Beto- 
nicce folio  nostras  ....    231 

—  pyrenaicum    239 

—  quartum 235,  242 

—  quintum 235,  236 

—  nodosum  Plateau    233 

—  robertianum 235 

—  robcrtidnnm    230 

—  rotundifolium     240 

....    243 


sangunuinum. 
sunguineum  , 

sdintdc  .... 
sirundum    .  .  . 


242 

236 

237 

—  scxtum   . 243 

—  sylvaticum 234 

—  ttrtium 230 

Piinii,  .lius  mus- 

nitu     2.Si) 

(Jiaitum  mitivunt 1^2 


486 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Glastum  sijlvestre  . .    page  182 

GLAUCIUM 1,5-8 

G.  corniculatum 7 

— Jlavum    6 

— Jiore  violaceo 7 

—  hirsutum,Jloreph(£nir.eo       7 

—  luteum 6 

—  violaceum 7 

GLECHOMA 6 J,  88 

G.  hederacea 88 

GNAPH ALIUM  333, 410-419 
Gnaphallum  402,  403,  4 1 4, 4 1 8 
G.  ad  Stcechadem  citr'mam 

accedens 411 

—  alpinum 416 

nanum  seu  pumi- 

lum 416 

—  americanum 412 

—  anglkum    415 

—  —  vel  helgicum,  folio 
longiore 415 

—  annuum  serotinum  ca- 
pitulis  nigricantibus,  in 
humidis  gaudens 416 

—  —  vulgar e,  capitulis 
rotundis  sessilibus  ad  an- 
gulosjioridum 419 

—  dioicum, 413 

— fuscum 416 

—  gallicum    417 

—  germanicum 418 

—  legitimum 403 

—  longifolium  humile  ra- 
mosum  capitulis  nigris. .    416 

—  longiore  folio  et  Jiore. .    413 

—  luteo-album 411 

—  majiis,  lato  oblongo folio  411 

—  margaritaceum 412 

—  viarimim    403 

—  «  ■■       tomentosum  ....    403 

—  maritimmn 403 

—  medium 416 

—  minimum 417 

alterum    nostras, 

Stcechadis   citrince  foliis 
tenuissimis  . 417 

—  — — -  erectum  in  areno- 

sis  nascens 418 

—  minus,  seu  Her ba  impia  418 


Gnaphalium  montanum    p.  418 

G. album 413 

purpureum    et 

album 413 

—  norvegicum    414 

—  oblongo  folio 411 

—  parvuni    ramosissimum, 
foliis  angustissimis,   po- 

lijsperrnon   . , 417 

—  Plateau  secundum  ....    411 

—  rectum 415 

—  supuium 415 

—  sylvaticum 414 

—  sylvaticum 415 

—  uliginosum     41 6 

—  vulgare 416,  418 

Gramen  junceum  hyberni- 

cum  minus  thlaspios  ca- 
pitulis Sherardi 157 

Gram  iuif alia  aquatica,  thla- 
speos  capitulis  rotundis, 
septo  medio  siliculam  di~ 

rimente    157 

Gratiola  latifoUa    114 

Gruinalis    242 

Hallia 292 

Hedera  terrestris 88 

Hedypnois 349,350 

H.  autumnalis 352^  353 

—  biennis   373 

—  hieracioides    340 

—  hirta 352 

--  hispida 351,352 

—  paludosa    350 

—  Taraxaci    352 

—  Taraxacum    349 

—  tectorum    372 

HEDYSARUM  ....251,292, 

293 

H.  Onobrychis   292 

Helenium    440 

H.  majus 440 

—  vulgare 440 

Helianthemum    22 

H.  alpinum,  folio  pilosellce 

minoris  Fuchsii    ......      23 

—  anglicum  luteum  vel  al- 
bum           26 

— ^ore  maculoso    24 


NDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


487 


Helianthemwn  montamim, 
pulii  folio  incano,  Jlore 
candido    paj^e 

H.  serpilli  folio  incano,  Jlo- 
re minore  Inteo  inodoro 

—  vulgare 

petalisjloriun  per- 

angusfis 

Helicfinjsuni  allcruni  .... 
H.  italicum 

—  seu  Chrysocome  annua 
sylvestris,  capitulis  mi- 
nuribiis  conglobatis  .... 

Helleboi'aster  maximus    .  . 

Helleborastrum   

HELLEBORUS..  ..  2,57 
H.  foetidiis 

—  niger 

fcetidus 

hortensis, Jlore  vi- 

ridi 

—  officinalis   

—  viridis    

Helminthotheca 

Helmintia    

H.  ecliioides     

Hepatorium  aquatile   .... 

Herba  Gatfaria 

H.  perforata   

—  Roberti 

—  Roperti 

—  Sanctce  Kunigundis    .  . 

—  sylvestris  ignoti  nominis 
Hcsperidi    alpincv    muria- 

rircve  simiHs  snrrecta  ei 

magna     

HESPERIS..  ..  1.03, 207- 
II.  allium  redo  lens 

—  alpina  minor, Jlore  albo 
silupns  longis 

—  altera  pannonira  inodo- 
ra  sylvestris     

—  inodora  

—  matronalis 

—  pannonira  inodora  .... 

—  sylvestris  inodora    .... 

—  irrtm 207, 

lliberis    


27 

23 
20 

25 
463 
463 


412 

5S 

57 

,58 

58 

58 

^7 

58 

57 

338 

338 

339 

398 

70 

325 

236 

230 

101 

37 


214 

■20!) 
201 

210 

207 
207 
207 
207 
207 
208 
189 


HIERACIUM  p.331,  354-370 
H.  alpinum     355 


—  al 


aipinum. 


hirsuto    folio 


66 


quintuni 366 

latifoimm  hirsutum 

incanum,  magnofiore.  .  374 
villosum, 

magno Jlore    366 

latiorefolio,  pilo- 

sum,Jloremajore 366 

—  alterum  grandius  ....    369 

IcEvius  minimum    375 

- — pumilum   355 

—  amplexicaule 370 

—  annuum  montanumfru- 
ticosius,  caule  canalicu- 
lato 371 

—  aphacoides 372 

—  asperum 340 

majore  Jlore,   in 

agrorum  limitibus    ....    340 

—  aurantiacum 358 

—  Auricula    357 

—  Auricula 357,  358 

—  Britannicum 363 

—  castor  ei  odore,  monspe- 
Uensiuni 370 

—  caule  aphyllo   hirsutum  351 

—  cerinthoide.s 365 

—  chondrilhu  folio  glabro, 
radice  succisd,  minus  .  .    353 

—  Chondrillo' folio glabrum  372 

—  Cichorei  folio  viinus    ..    373 

—  denticulatum 3()8 

—  dentis  leonis  folio,  hirsu- 

tie  asperum,  minus  ...    352 

tinn  . 35  1 

ohtuso 

majus 370 

—  (lubium 356 

—  duhium 357,  358 

—  ecliioides,  capitulis  car- 

dui  bcnidicti    339 

—  crurcrfoiium  hirsutum  .    373 

—  foliis  et  Jloribus  dentis 
Icoms  bulbosi 351 


488 


INDEX    OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


Hieracium  foUis  cichorii 
sylvestris  villosiSj  odore 
castorei page  370 

H.  — «—  et  facie  Chondril- 
Ice 372 

'■ — folio  acuto  minus   ....    354 

—  •  obtuso  minus.  .  . .    354 
. —  fruticosum    angiistifo- 

lium  majus 369 

— latifolium  gla- 

brum 367 

-^ hirsutum  367 

—  germanicum  primum  F. 
Gregorii 358 

— "  glabnwi,  Succisce folio, 
prorsiis  integro    365 

—  glaucum  pilosum,  folii$ 
parum  dentatis    362 

—  Halleri 355, 366 

- —  hor tense  latifolium,   s. 

Pilosella  major 358 

—  hijbridum    366 

—  integrifolium  ....  3 64 _,  365 

—  intybaceum     369 

—  Kalmii 368 

—  lactuccB folio 372 

—  latifolium  glabrum  ex 
valle  Griesbachiand     . .    363 

—  Lawsoni     362 

—  leptocaulon  hirsutum, 
folio  longiore 362 

—  longius  radicatum  ....    376 

—  luteum,  cichorii  sylves- 
tris folio  amygdatas  ama- 

ras  olens 370 

glabrum,  sive  mi- 

71US  hirsutum  ........    372 

—  macrocaulon  hirsutum^ 
folio  rotundiore 359 

- —  maculatum 360, 445 

—  majus 342,  349 

—  maximum,  ChondrillcB 
folio,  asperum .373 

- —  minimum   378 

— Clusii,  Hyose- 

ris   Taberncemontani   et 

Gerardi 377 

i —  mitius     353 


Hieracium  minus  prcemorsd 

radice page  353 

H. sive  leporinum  , .    353 

—  molle 364 

—  montanum  alter um  lep- 
tomacrocaulon     371 

—  —  cichorei  folio 
nostras    363 

— latifolium  minus  363 

—  murorum 359 

—  murorum 360,  361 

folio  pilosissimo  359;> 

361 
laciniatum    mi- 
nus pilosum 359 

—  paludosum 363 

—  parvum  in  arenosis  nas- 
cens,  seminum  pappis 
densiiis  radiatis 375 

—  Pilosella    356 

—  prcemorsum  laciniatum  354 

—  prenanthoides    368 

—  prenanthoides    368 

—  primum 369 

latifolium. .  . .    374 

—  pulchrum    371 

—  Pulmonaria  dictum  an- 
gustifolium 360 

—  pulmonarioides 362 

—  pulmonarium     362 

—  pumilum 355,  366 

—  —  saxatile  asperum, 
prcemorsd  radice 352 

—  pyrenaicum,  folio  cerin- 
thes,  latifolium,  et  an- 
gustifolium 365 

—  quintum  Clusii 366 

—  rectum  rigidum,  quibuS' 
dam  sabaudum    ......    369 

—  sabaudum 367 

—  sabaudum 369 

' —  secundum 372 

—  seu  Pilosellce  majoris 
species  humilis,foliis  Ion- 
gioribus,  rarius  dentatis, 

&c 367 

—  spicatum    368 

—  succiscefoUiim     365 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


489 


Hieraciumsylvaticum. .  p.  361 
H.  sijlvaticum   360 

—  Taraxaci    353 

—  tertium 376 

—  umbellatum .    369 

—  villosum     366 

—  villosum 355 

alpinumjlore  mag- 
no  singularly  caule  nudo  355 


■  latifolium, 


magnojlore 355 

HIFPOCREPIS  251,290-292 

H.  coifiosa 291 

HippophcEstum    468 

Hirci  barba     33/ 

Holarges 161 

HUTCHINSIA  ....  151,168 

H.  petrsea    168 

Hydropiper  aiuid    399 

H.  alterum 398 

Hyoserismascula 377 

H.  minima 377 

HYPERICUM 322-330 

Hypericum 325 

H.  Androsaemum    323 

.  dictum 328 

—  Ascyron  dictum ^  caule 
quadrangulo    324 

—  barbatum 327 

—  calycinum 323 

—  cilialum 328 

—  ddphineiise     326 

—  (lubium 326 

—  eleganlissimum  non  ra- 
mosum  folio  lato 327 

—  elodes    330 

—  exiguum 326 

—  hirsutum    328 

—  humitusum     326 

—  Iiumistratum 326 

—  in  dumetis  nasccns   324,328 


—  maculatum      

—  maximum  Androsdinum 
vulgare.  dictum     

—  minimum  supuium  .... 

—  minus 

— supinum     .... 


326 


nioiitamuu 


< 

323 

326 

326 

326 

327 

Hypericum  perfoliatum  .  p.  328 
H.  perforatum    325 

—  pulchrum 329 

Tragi 329 

—  quadrangulum 324 

—  quadrangulum.  .  .  .  326,  329 

—  aupinum  glabrum  ....    326 
tertium  minimum  326 

—  tomentosum    330 

—  vulgare 325 

HYPOCH^RIS  331,374-376 
H.  glabra    375 

—  helvetica     375 

—  maculata   374 

—  radicata 376 

Hyssopus  campestris    ....      26 

IBERIS 151,  180,  181 

Iberis 1  70 

I.  amara 181 

—  nudicaulis 170 

Intubum  sylvestre   379 

I.  angustifolium.  .    379 

Intubus  sylvestris    379 

Intybus   s.    Endivia    lalea 

minima,  &c 378 

INULA     333,  439-443 

/.  crithmifolia 442 

—  crithmoides   442 

—  cylindrica 44 1 

—  dysenterica   440 

—  Helenium 440 

—  pulicaria    44 1 

—  nliginosa    44 1 

Irio    Icevis  Apulus,   Erucce 

folio     197 

1.  sive  Erysimum  Dioscoridis  1 9 6 

ISATIS 152,  181 

/.  sylvestris 182 

—  tinctoria    182 

Isopyrum  Dioscoridis ....      33 

Jacea 463-465 

./.  (tustriaca  scxta    465 

tcrtia     465 

—  cum  sipianiis  cilii  instar 
pilosis 465 

—  lutca  Clusii     391 

annua  stdlata  et 

(ilatityfoUis  Cyani    ....    469 


490 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Jacea  major    V^g^  ^^7 

J.  nigra 465 

laciniata 467 

minor  tomentosa 

laciniata 465 

-^ vulgaris    465 

JacohcBa 427,  433 

J.  angustifolia    444 

—  annua,  senecionis folio, 
fceniculi  odore      430 

—  aquatica   elatior,  foliis 
magh  dissectis     443 

—  barbarece  instar  lacinia- 
ta        434 

—  chrysanthemi  facie. ...    431 

—  latifolia 434 

palustris  sive  aqua- 
tica     434 

—  minor,  ahrotani  foliis. .    431 

—  Pannonica,    folio    non 
laciniato 444 

—  senecionis  folio   incano 
perennis    430,  432 

—  sicula,  chrysanthemi  fa. 

cie 43 1 

—  tertia,  latifolia  prima. .    434 

—  vulgaris. . 433 

KvvoK£<pocXLov 136 

LACTUCA..  ..  331,344-347 
L.  agrestis 345  [ 

—  perennis 345   ! 

—  saligna 346  ! 

—  Scariola 346  ; 

—  sylvestris 345,  346 

altera,  angusto  sa- 

ligno  folio,   costd    albi- 

cante 347 

annua,  costd   spi- 

nosd,  folio   angustissimo 

glauco 347 

costd  spinosa.  ...    346 

foliis  dissectis    ..    346 

■ folio  non  laciniato  345 

laciniata 346 

lato  folio,    succo 

viroso 345 

major   odore  opii  345 

— minima 347 


Lactuca  sylvestris  muro- 
rum,Jlore  luteo  . .  page  348 

L.  • opii  odore,  vehe- 

menter  soporifero  et  vi- 
roso  ,    345 

sive  Endivia  multis 

dicta,  folio  laciniato  dor- 

so  spinoso    346 

vera 345 

—  virosa    345 

Ladanum  segetuni 93 

L. ^ore  riibro 93 

folio  latiore  ....      94 

Lagopodium,  Pes  leporis.  .    305 

Lagopus 305,  353,  413 

L.  angustifolia  minor  erec- 

tior 305 

—  minor  erectus,  capiteglo- 
boso  stellatOifioribuspur- 
pureis 304 

—  perpusillus  supinus  per- 
ciegans  maritimus   ....    305 

—  trifolius  quorundam  .  .    305 

—  vulgaris 305 

LAMIUM 61,89-92 

L,  album 89 

—  amplexicaule 92 

—  cannahino  folio,  JLore 
amplo  luteo,  lahio  pur- 
pureo 95 

vulgare    . .      94 

—  cannabinum  aculeatum, 
Jlore  specioso   luteo,  la- 

biis  purpureis  ........      95 

Jloribus  albis,  ver- 

ticillis  purpurascentibus     95 

—  dissectum 91 

— folio  caiilem  ambiente, 

majus  et  minus    92 

—  incisum 91 

—  luteum   96 

—  maculatum     90 

— wcymifoliuni 91 

—  pannonicum  primum, 
albo  Jlore     112 

—  — —  versicolore 

fore     Ill 

—  aliud     139 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


491 


Lamium  Plinii page     89 

L.  purpureum     91 

—  purpureum 

—  ■  fcetidum,   folio 
^arvo,  acuminato,  Jiore 


91 


majore 
—  rubrum 


90 
91 


folus  per  ambi- 

tum  nee  serratis  nee  cre- 

natis    

viinus,     foliis 


91 
91 

89 


98 
377 


prof  uncle  iricisis    

—  sive  Archangelica,  flore 
alio     

—  sijlvaticum  spicalum  fi£- 
tidum,  folio  anguloso, 
minus 

Lampsana 376, 

Lappa     379-381 

L.  major 380 

capitulis    parvis 

glabris     380 

—  — - —  capitulo  glabro 
maximo 380 

—  — • —  ex  omni  parte 
minor,   capitulis  parvis, 

&c 381 

montana,  capitulis 

minoribus,  8ic      381 

—  — . —  capitulis 

tomentosis    381 

—  minor  Galeni 38 1 

—  rosea 380 

—  tomentosa 381 

—  luilgaris  major,  capitu- 
lis foliosis    380 

LAPSANA  ....  332,  376-378 
L.  chondril hides 371 

—  communis 377 

—  miiiinia 

—  j)usill:i 

LATIIR.EA  (VI,  I2(i-I28, 
L.  aiandesliud     

—  Squiimiiria 

Lathijri     majoris      sprcirs, 

Jlorc   rubinte    it    albido 

niinorc,  dumctorum    .  .  . 

LATIIVHUS   .  .  'r)l,*J73 


Lathyrus  angustifolius  aU 
tcr page  277 

L.  •  erectus,    folio 

singulari   sine   capreolis  275 

radice  tuberosd    272 

—  Aphaca 274 

—  hirsutus 275 

—  latifolius    277 

—  luteus  sylvestris  dume- 
torum 276 

—  major  latifolius 278 

Jiore  ma- 
jore purpureo  speciosior  278 

—  narbonensis    278 

—  Nissolia 275 

—  palustris     278 

— Jiore  orobi  ne- 

morensis  verni 278 

—  pratensis    276 

—  saticus  latifolius 278 

—  siliqud  hirsuta    275 

—  sylvaticus 277 

—  sylvestris   277 

—  •  et  dumetorum, 
Jiore  lufeo   276 

minor    275 


•S77 
150 
128 
127 


277 

279 


Lathi/rus 


LAVATERA 228,  248 

L.  arborea 248 

LEONTODON  331,348-350 

Leontodon 350-353 

L.  autumnale 353 

—  hastile    350 

—  hirtum    352 

—  hispidum     35 1 

—  officinalis    349 

—  palustre ,■).'»() 

—  Taraxacum     349 

—  Taraxacum    350 

LEONURHS   ..   61,  103,  104 
L.  Cardiacu     104 

—  Gdlcobdolon 96 

Lepidi 1 65 

LKIMDIMM   ..    152.  164-168 

l.cpidium 16."),  16*J,  173 

/,.  anglicum     180 

—  campe.stre 166 

—  didt/mum     KSQ 

—  hirtum .     1 67 

—  iatifi»liiiMi  .  .     1  (')'} 


492 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES, 


Lepidium  Linnai  . .  page 
L.  majus     

—  nudicaule   

—  petrceum     

—  Plinianum 

—  ruderale     

Leucacantha  quorundam.  . 
Leucanthemum  vulgare  . . 
Leucographis  Plinii    .... 

Leucojum 202,  203, 

L.  incanum  majus 

—  luteum  minus fruticans 
vulgo  Cheirifjlore 

simplici   

—  viarinum  majus 

purpureum  Lobelii 

—  maritimum  magnum  la^ 
tifolium 

—  purpureum    

—  sire    Lunaria,    vasculo 
sublongo  intorto 

Limodorum  austriacum  .  . 

LIMOSELLA 144, 

L.  annua,Jlore  albo  mono- 
petalo,  &c 

—  aquatica     

Linaria 130- 

L.  angustifolia,Jlore  caru- 

leo  striata   

—  Antirrhinum  dictum  . . 

—  arvensis  minima 

—  aurea  Tragi 

—  ccerulea,  folds  breviori- 
bus  et  angustioribus    . . 

—  Cymbalaria    

—  Elatine 

dicta,  folio  acu- 

minato    

subro' 

tundo 

—  hederaceo  folio  glabra, 
sen  Cymbalaria  vulgaris 

—  lutea  vulgaris    


—  —  repots  et  inodora 

—  odorata  Monspessulana 

—  repens    

—  spuria    

—  ffntium  senus.  .  . 


168 
165 
170 
168 
165 
165 
469 
449 
386 
214 
205 
203 

203 
206 
206 

206 
205 

160 
149 
145 

145 
145 
■135 

133 
135 
135 
402 

132 
131 
132 

132 

132 

131 
134 
135 
133 
133 
133 
132 
402 


Linaria  vulgaris    .  .    page   134 

Lingua    45 

L.  avis    434 

—  major     434 

LINNiEA 63,  141-1.43 

L.  borealis 142 

Loto  affinis  hirsuia,  Jlore 

subrubente 269 

L. Vulneraria    pra- 

tensis 269 

LOTUS 251,312-316 

Lotus 314 

L.  angustissimus    315 

—  annua  oligoceratos,  si- 
liquis  singularibus  binis 
ternisve 315 

—  campesiris 305 

—  corniculata  glabra  minor  313 
minor,     foliis 

subius  incanis 313 

•  siliquis  singu- 
laribus vel  binis,  te- 
nuis     315 

—  corniculatce  major  spe- 

cies 314 

—  corniculatus 312 

-r-  corniculatus  ....    313-315 

—  decumbens    314 

—  diffusus 315,316 

—  major 313 

—  pedunculatus 315 

—  pentaphyLlos  medius  pi- 
losiis    314 

7ninor  hirsutus, 

siliqud  angustissimd    .  .    315 

—  sativa     313 

—  sylvestris    297 

—  urbana 297 

Lunaria  contorta  major  . .    160 

Lupulinum 309 

Lycoctonum  sativum  tricar- 

P^m    31 

Lysimachia  hirsuta  purpu- 
rea,Jlore  galericulato .  .      99 

L.  galericulata    113 

MALVA 228,  245-247 

Malva 246-248 

M.  Alcea     247 

—  arhorea  marina  nostras  2  18 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


493 


Malva  equina page  246 

M.maritimaarboreanostras  248 

—  microcarpa     246 

—  minor,  Jlorc  parvo  ccs- 
ruleo 246 

—  montana,  sive  Alcea  ro- 
tundijolia  laciniata.  ...    247 

—  moschata 247  | 

—  parvijiora 246  | 

—  piisilla   246  | 

—  rotundifolia    246  ! 

—  sylvestris   245  j 

'. elatior 246  j 

7ninor   246 

pumila 246  , 

—  vulgaris 246  I 

Maratriphyllon 54,  5.') 

Marruhiastrum    102  : 

MARRUBIUM  .61,  102,  103  \ 

Marruhium 103 

M.  album    103 

—  nigrum 101 

—  vulgare 1 03 

—  vulgare 101 

MATl^HIOLA. .  152,  204-206 
M.  incana 205 

—  sinuata 206 

—  tricuspidata    206 

MATRICARIA  .  333,453-455 

Matricaria 448-452 

M.  Chamomilla 454,  458 

—  inodora 452,  453 

—  maritima    453 

—  nostras 45  1 

—  Parthcnium    451 

—  suaveolens 455 

Meconopsis  cambrica  ....       12 

Medtca 316-321 

M.  arabica 319 

—  cochleata  minor  poUj- 
carpos  annuay  aij>suld 
majore  albd,  folio  corda- 

to  maculd  fused   notato  319 

—  echinata  minima 321 

•—-Jlavo  /lore 318 

— Jlore  luleo 318 

— foUiculo  spinoso 319 

—  legit  iina 317 


Medina  major  erectior,JIo' 
ribus  purpurascentibus  p.  317 

M.  marina  supina  nostras, 
foliis  viridibus,  ad  sum- 
?nos  ramulos  villosis    ..    319 

—  minor,  orbiculato  com- 
presso  fructu,  circum 
or  as  spinis  molliusculis 
echinato 320 

—  pohjcarpos,  fructu  mi- 
nore  compresso  scabro .  .    318 

—  sativa 317 

—  sylvestris    318 

frutescens,  &c.  318 

MEDICAGO  ..  251,316-321 
M.  arabica 319 

—  denticulata     320 

—  falcata    317 

—  hispida   319 

—  lupulina 318 

—  maculata    ,    319 

—  minima 321 

—  muricata    320 

—  polymorpha 319-321 

—  sativa 317 

MELAMPYRUM  62,  123-126 
M.  angust  folium  cristatunif 

spica  quadratd,  &c.     .  .    124 

—  arvense 124 

—  barbatum 125 

—  cceruleum   124 

—  cristatum   123 

—  Jlore  albo  et 
purpurea     123 

—  latfoliumjiore  albo,  la- 
bio  inferiore  duabus  ma- 
cutis  luteis  distincto 

—  lutcuni  latifolium   ... 

—  multis,  sive  Triticum 
vaccinum 

—  pratense     1 25 

—  pratense. 1 25 

—  purpurasccnte  cotthj   .  .     124 

—  sylvaticum 126 

—  sylvaticum 125 

—  ■■  — J^^^^  luteo,  sive 
Satureia  lutea  siflvestris    125 


125 
125 


124 


Meliloli  tcrtium  genux 


313 


494 


JNDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Melilotus page  296,  298 

M.  germanica    313 

—  nobilis    313 

—  Parisiensis,  &c 299 

—  vulgaris 297 

Melissa 109,  110 

M.  Calamintha   109 


—  Fuchsii 

Jiore  albo  .... 

piu'pureo 


111 
112 
111 
110 
112 
112 
112 


—  Nepeta 

Melissophyllum  ....    Ill, 
M.  Fuchsii  et  DodoncEi  . 
MELITTIS   ....  62,  110 
M.  grandiflora    112 

—  Melissophyllum    ....    Ill 

—  MelissophijUum 112 

Menta 80,82 

MENTHA 61,  72-88 

Mentha   75 

M.  acutifolia 81 

—  agrestis 87 

—  alopecuroides 73 

—  altera 73,  80 


■  angustifolia  spicata    .  . 

glabra,  fo- 
lio rugosiore,  odore  gra- 
viore    

-  aquatica 79,  86, 

- . exigua 

folio  ohlongo  viri- 

di  glabro  saporisfervidis- 
simi 

-  •  major    


/o 


/o 

101 

80 


79 
79 


jninor    79 

nigricans,  fervido 


scipore 


sive  Sisyrnbriujn 
verticillata, 


odoris  grati. 


gla- 


bra, rotundiore  folio   .  . 

—  arvensis 

—  arvensis 

major,  verticilliset 


76 
/7, 
79 

8! 

80 

^7 


Jloribus  amplis,  fol.  lati- 
nrihus,  &c 86 


Mentha  arvensis  verticilla- 
ta folio  rotundiore,  odore 

aromatico P^g^  ^6 

M. ■ versi- 
color    83 

— ■  austriaca 86 

—  candicans,  foliis  spicis 
et  odore  vulgar i  sativce 
similis 73 

—  cardiaca     85 

—  citrata   78 

—  crispa 74,  82 

verticillata. ...  80,  83 

folio  ro- 
tundiore    82 

— :  cruciata 82 

— felina,  sen  Cattaria  .  .  70 
— fervid  a   nigricans,   bre- 

viore  folio  et  spied  ....  77 

—  fusca  sive  vulgaris  ....  84 

—  gentilis 83 

—  gentilis 84,  86 

—  gracilis 84 

—  gratissima 74 

—  hircina 77 

—  hiisuta 78 

—  hirsuta 77,  189 

—  hortensis  secunda    ....  73 

tertia    75 

verticillata,   Ocy- 

mi  odore 85 

—  lapponica 87 

—  longifolia    73 

—  nemorosa    73 

—  odorata 78 

—  officinalis    7^ 

—  paludosa     .  .  : 79 

—  palustris 79 

— spicata 79 

-  piperita 76 

—  piperita 79,  85 

officinalis 7Q 

sylvcbtris 77 

: —  vulgaris    77 

—  pratensis    84 

—  prcecox 86 

—  prima .  82 

—  Pulcgium 87 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


495 


Mentha  Pulegium  page  70,  1 10 

M.  rivalis 79,  83 

— •  romana 75 

: —  officinarum,     sive 

prcEstantior,    angustifo- 
Via 

—  rotundifolia    

—  rotundifolia    

palustris    .... 

rubra,    auran- 

tii  odore 

—  rotundiore folio  glahro, 
puleoiijlore 

—  rubra 

—  rubra 78,  83, 

—  saliva 70,  82, 

rubra     

—  Sisymbrii facie  et  odore, 
hirsuta  et  verticillata  .  . 

—  Sisymbrium  dicta  hirsu- 
ta, glomerulis  ac  foliis 
minorihus  ac  roiundiori- 
bus 

—  spicata 73, 

angustifolia  gla- 
bra, spied  laliore 

■folio  longiore  acu- 


75 

74 
73 
79 


82 
82 
84 
83 

82 

80 


to  glabro  mgriori    .... 

glabra,  latiore fo- 
lio     v^  . 

nostras,  cardiac  a: 

sativcn  forma  et  odore,  &c. 

—  spicis  brevioribus  et  lui- 
bitioribus,  foliis  M.fus- 
ccc,  sapore  fervido  pi  pe- 
ris     

—  sylvcstris 

—  sylvestris    

longiore  folio.  . 

—  longioribus,  ni- 

grioribus,  et  minus  inca- 
nis  fdiis 

— rotuudiore  folio 

—  variegata 

—  verticillata  ..  79,  Ml,  82, 
aroma  tica,  folio 

li)u^i<)rr  et  acutiore.  .  .  . 
"folio  anguHliore 


79 
7o 

75 

75 

7rt 


Mentha  verticillata  glabra 
odore  Menthce  sativce 
page 

M.  — — — —  '  foliis   ex 

rotunditate  acuminatis.  . 

—  .         —  hortensis,  odore 


Ocymi. 


minima,    odore 


fragrantissimo 

minor     acuta, 

non  crispa,  odore  Ocymi 

— rotundiore  fo- 
lio, odore  Ocymi     .... 

—  verticillatcE  varietas,hir- 
suiie  foliorum  discrepans 

—  villosa    

—  viridis    . 

—  viridis     

Menthastri   aquatici  genus 

hirsutum,  spied  latiore  . 

Menthastrum 

M.  anglicuni    

—  campense    

—  cinereum  velniveum  an- 
glicum,  variegatis  foliis  . 

— folio  rugoso  rotundiore, 
spontaneum,  fiore  spica- 
to,  odore  ii^ravi 


spicaium  LoLelii  . 


—  niveum  anglicuni 

—  spicatum,  folio  crispo 
rotundiore, colore  part) m 
alio,  kc 


// 
73 
74 
73 


73 

■s;} 
83 

81 
84 


—  . ■  longiore 

candicante 

—  sylvrstre,  foliis  latis   .  . 

Milititri^  aizoidcs    

Millefolium !('»{), 

M.  lutciim 

—  sive  Maralriphyllon .fio- 
re et  semine  Ranunculi 
aquatici,  hcpatica- facie  . 

—  lerrcstre  vulgare    .  .     . 

—  tomentnsum  lutmni 

—  vut^arc  .... 
Mwnchia  sativa 
Mnnotropa  Hypopilys 


84 

86 

85 

80 

85 

86 

79 
73 

75 

85 

79 
73 
74 
7o 

74 


74 
79 
79 
74 


71 

73 
73 
31 
Al\2 
[62 


54 
4r.2 
4()3 

IC.J 

1  IS 


49(5 


INDEX   OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Morsus  GallincB,  folio  he- 
derulce  alter      ....  page  92 

Moxa 410 

Myacanthos    4 69 

Mijagro  affinis  plant  a,  sili- 

qiiis  longis 201 

Myagroides  subrotundis  ser- 
ratisquefoliiSfJlore  alho  161 

Myagrum 163,  164 

M.  perfoliatum    1 63 

—  sativum 1 64 

Myrrhida  Plinii,  &c 230 

Napellus 31 

N.  racemosus 3 

—  verus  ccsruleus 31 

Napiis 217 

N.  Bunias  sativus   217 

sylvestris 217 

—  sativus 217 

—  sylvestris 217,218 

Nasturtiolum      montanum 

annuiim  tenuissinie  divi- 

sum 168 

NASTURTIUM  ..    152,  191- 

195 

Nasturtium. .  . .  165,  166,  168, 

171-173,  175,178,192 

N.  agreste 189 

—  amphibium    1 95 

—  aquaticum 1 92 

foliis  minorihus 

prcBcocius    192 

majus  et  ama- 

rum 190 

pinnulis  pauci- 

orihus 192 

simplici,  et  ple- 

no,Jlore 189,  191 

—  — —  supinum    ....    192 

—  minimum  annuum,Jiore 
alho     187 

—  officinale   192 

—  palustre 194 

—  petrcEum 1 70,  2 1 1 

—  — —  annuum  nostras  .    1 68 

—  pratense 189 

—  —  magnojiore  ....    189 

—  pumilvm  vernum    ....    1 68 


Nasturtium  supinum,  cap- 
sulis  verucosis  ....  page  179 

N.  sylvestre    193 

Clusii    156 

erucce  affine . .    156 

— —  Osyridis folio  .   166 

valentinum    . .    156 

—  terrestre    1 93 

Nepa  quibusdam 265 

N.  Theophrasti 266 

NEPETA 61,70 

Nepeta    70 

N.  cataria 70 

—  major  vulgaris 70 

—  muUifida    70 

Nidus  avis  Jlore  et   caule 

violaceo-purpureo  colore  149 
Nissolia  parva,  Jlore  pur- 

pureo 275 

N.  vulgaris 275 

Nummularia  Norwegica  re- 

pens,  folio  dentato,  Jlo- 

ribus  geminis 142 

NUPHAR 2,  14-16 

N.  Kalmiana 16 

—  lutea 15 

—  minima 16 

—  pumila 16 

NYMPHiEA 2,13,14 

Nymphcea    14 

N.  alba   14 

—  altera     15 

—  Candida 14 

—  lutea .  .  . .    15,  16 

—  minima 16 

—  pumila 16 

Ocimasfrum    109 

Ocy mum  sylvestre 109 

Odontites     119 

Onobrychis 292 

O.  major,  siliculis  echinatis 

cristatis,  &c 292 

—  secunda 258 

—  seu  Caput  gallinaceum  292 
ONONIS  ....  250,  266-268 
0.  antiquorum    268 

—  arvensis 267 

—  hircina 268 


NDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMEi 


497 


Ononis  hircina   ....    page  268 
O.  inermis 207 

—  repens    267 

— .  spinosa 267 

mitis .    268 

Onopordon 390 

ONOPORDUM  332,  395,  396 

O.  Acanthium     395 

Onopyxos  tertius 384 

Orchis  abortiva 149 

ORIGANUM  62,  106 

Origanum    106 

O.  anglicum    106 

—  Onites    1 07 

—  sylvestre  sen  vulgare  . .     106 

—  vulgare 106 

—  vulgare 79,  189 

—  —  spontaneum  ....    1 06 

Ornithopodium 289,  290 

().  majus 290 

—  minus 290 

—  radice  nodosa 290 

—  tuberosum 290 

ORNITHOPUS  25 1 ,  289,  290 
O.  intermedius     290 

—  perpusillus     290 

OROBANCHE.,63,  146-150 

Orobanche 147,  150 

O.  altera  Matthioli     ....    146 

—  caerulea 149 

—  canjophyllacea 147 

—  elatior    147 

— Jlore  majore 149 

viinore 148 

obsoleto  majore.  .    149 

—  Icgumen      274 

—  major 146 

—  iiKijor 147,  148 

Garyophyllum  olens  1 46 

—  minor     148 

—  minor     147 

—  purpurea    149 

—  (juarta    149 

—  radice  dcntatd,  altihs  ra- 
du-atu,  foliis  et  Jloribus 
albo-purpureis     127 

—  ■  major   et 

minor I  27 

sqnammatd,  foliis 

VOL.   Ill  ' 


rotundiSj  fiore  pendente, 

&c page  127 

Orobanche  ramosa 150 

O.  ramosa 149 

—  rubra 148 

OROBUS....    250,271-273 
O.  radice  tuber osa 272 

—  .sylvaticus 272 

—  sylvaticus 286 

foliis    oblongis 

glabris     2/2 

—  ■  ■  ■  nostras 2/3 

—  tenuifolius 272 

—  tuberosus 272 

Osyris 134 

0.  Austriaca   402 

Othonna  palustris 443 

P.EONIA 2,  28,  29 

Pceonia   29 

P.  corallina     .  .* 29 

—  foemina 21) 

—  mas    29 

—  officinalis 29 

Panax  chironium,  sive  Flos 

solis    20 

P.  coloni     99 

PAPAVER     1 

P.  Argemone U) 

—  cambricum     12 

—  _  perenne,  fiore 
sulphureo    *      12 

—  corniculatum 0 

Jlore  phicnicco         7 

luteum 4,6 

— phccniceum,  fo- 
lio hirsuto 7 

. —  violaci'um. ...         7 

—  cornutum    6 

Jlort'  lutco.  ...         6 

■  rubra   .  .         7 

—  . violaceo  7 

pluniicco Jlore  .        7 

—  ilubium 10 

—  tralicum     W 

pyrcnaicnm, 

Jlurcjldi'o    I'J 

—  Ilirinlfum      166 

—  hybriduin    '.' 

—  hiciniato  folio,  aipitulo 
K 


498 


INDEX    or    LATIN    NAMES, 


hrev'iore  glahro  anmiitm, 

Rh^eas  dictum     page  1 1 

Papaver  laciniato  folio fCa- 
pifulo  hispido  longiore. .      10 

rotundiore  ....        9 


lo7igio7'e  glahro 10 

—  luteum  perenne,  laci- 
niato  folio,  cambrobri- 
tannicujn 12 

—  maritimum     10 

—  Rhoeas    11 

—  Rhceas    10 

—  sativum 12 

—  somniferum 1 1 

—  sylvestre     12 

Parietaria  sylvestris  sccun- 

da   125 

P. tertia     124 

Paronychia  alsinefolia    . .    158 

P.  vulgaris , .  .  .     158 

Paronychice  similis  sed  ma' 
jar  J,  perennis  alpina  re- 
pens    . . . . , ICO 

Parthenium    458 

P.  maritimum  minimiim  .  .    456 

-<-  sell  Matricaria 45 1 

Pastoria  Bursa 173 

PEDICULARIS    63,128-130 
Pedicularis  . .  . .  119-121,  129 
P.  major  angustifolia   ra~ 
mosissima,  fiore  minore 
luteo,  labello  purpureo  .   121 

—  minor     129 

—  palustris    1 29 

— —  rubra  elatior    .  129 

~~  pratensis  purpurea     ..    129 
rubra  vulgaris  129 

—  sylvatica    129 

Peloria   134 

Perfoliata  siliquosa 202 

Personata  altera,  cum  ca- 

pitulis  villosis 381 

P.  sive  Lappa  major  ....    380 

. altera  38 1 

Personalia 381 

Pes  corvimis 52 

Petas'des .  .  -  .  424-426 


Petasitesjlore  minore,  ela^ 
tior page  420 

P.Jiosculis  in  medio  majo- 
ribus,  reliquis  minoribus  426 

—  major,Jloribus  pediculis 
longis  insidentibus  ....    426 

—  —  et  vulgaris  prima    426 

PICRIS 331,338-340 

Picris 351,  353 

P.  echioides    339 

—  hieracioides    339 

—  Taraxaci   353 

Pilosella 356,357 

P,  major 356,358,359 

—  —  prima    357 

—  majoris,  sive  Pulmona- 
rice  lutecs  species  magis 
laciniata. 359 

—  minor     413 

. —  polyclonos  repens  major 

syriaca,  Jlore  amplo  au- 
rantiaco 358 

—  repens    356 

—  siliquata 209 

—  Siliquosa     209 

Pilosellcc  majoris,  sive  Pul- 

monarice    bit  ecu   species 

angustifolia     361 

Pisa  sponte  nascentia  ....    270 

PISUM 251,270,271 

P.  grcecorum 277 

—  marinum    270 

—  maritimum    270 

—  spontaneum  perenne  re- 
pens humile 270 

Plantaginella 144,  145 

P.  palustris 145 

Polium  gnaphaloides  ....    403 

Polyacantha    468 

Polyacanthos 385 

POLYGALA  . .  250,  257-259 

Polygala 258 

P.  amara    259 

—  multorum 293 

—  vulgaris 258 

Polygalon 258 

P.  Gesneri 293 

Populago    59 

P.  minor, 59 


PRENANTHES        page  332, 

347,  348 

P.  hieracifuUa 371 

—  muralis 348 

—  pulchra 371 

Primula  veris 448 

PRUNELLA 62,  114 

Prunella 114 

P.  vulgaris 114 

Pseudamhrosia    179 

Pseudo-fumaria,  flare  lutco  254 
Pseudo-lcontopodium  ....    415 

PseudO'Viyagrum    164 

Psyllium 441 

Ptarmica    460 

P.  vulgaris,  folio  longoser- 

ralo,jlore  alho    460 

Pulcgium    87 

P.  rcgium 87 

Puhuonaria      angustifolia 

glabra 369 

P.  gallica  ftcmina 359 

mas 359 

sive  aiirea 359 

—  — —  lenuifolia 361 

—  gallorum,  sive  Auricula 
viuris  major  Tragi  ....    359 

—  graminea    369 

Pulsatilla    35, 36 

P.  folio  crassiore  el  majorc 

jlore     36 

—  vulgaris 36 

PYRETHRUM    ..    333,450- 

453 
P.  (ilpinum 451 

—  inodonim 452 

452 
451 
194 

194, 
195 
253 


—  marilimum 

—  Parthcnium    

Radicula 1 1)  I 

71.  si/lvcstris  sive  palustris 

Radix  cava  minor         . 
Ranunculi     qnarla    species 

laclea 

n. luUa     .... 

—  trrtia  sjtccics 

Rannnculo,  sive  Pohjantlie- 

mo  aquatico   alio  a  (fine, 
&c 


NDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES.  499 

RANUNCULUS   .  p.  2,  14-55 

R.  acris 51 

—  alpestris     49 

—  alpinus   humilis    albus, 
folio  snhrotundo 49 

—  aqualicus  albus,  circina' 
lis  tenuissini^  divisis  fo' 

\       His,  SzQ 55 

fceniculi 

':      folio    54 

—  hepalicce  facie  54 

—  aquatilis    54 

—  aquatilis     45,  54 

—  ■              albus 54 

—  —— — . lata  et  fce- 
niculi folio  54 

— angustifolius 

serrafus 45 

—  ■  hederaceus    al- 
bus    54 

--  arvensis. 52 

annuus  hirsufus, 

flare  omnium  minima  lu- 

teo 53 

parvus,     folio 

irifido 50 

—  arvorum 53 

—  auricomiis M,  17 

—  bulbo.sus    19 

—  bulbosus 50 

—  circinatus 55 

—  didcis,  seu  pratensis  .  .  17 

—  Ficaria 47,  51) 

— flammcus    latiori  plan- 

taginis  folio,  margiuihus 

pilosis 45 

— major    1() 

— •  minor    45 

— scrratus     ...  15 

—  Flanimula 45 

folio  serrata  .  .  45 

—  flore  glaboso 56 

—  ftuviaiili^    .  .  5."i 

—  globosus   .  .  56 

I  —  glonnraio  florc [t(\ 

\  —  gramincu.s ,  46 

I  —  hederaceus  54 

I  —  hrtcrophijllus 5  1 

I  —  liirsutus 50 

K  2 


36 
38 
38 


00 


500 


INDEX    or    LATIN    NAMES. 


Ranunculus    hirsutus   an- 

nuus^Jiore  minimo.  .  page  53 

R.  hortensis  secunda    ....  52 

shnplicis  prima 

species 53 

—  Lingua 46 

—  longifolius,  aliis  Flam- 
mula   45 

—  ■■              Lingua   Plinii 
dictus,foliis  serratis    . .  46 

—  longo  folio   maximus, 
Lingua  Plinii 46 

—  luteus 52 

—  minimus  alpinus  albus .  .  49 
—  apulus 50 

—  — —  saxatilis  hirsu^ 

tus 50 

—  montani  prima   species  49 

—  montanus  Jiore  minore, 
etjlore  major  e 49 

—  nemorosus 37 

—  '■             dulcisj  secundus 
Tragi 47 

-—  — ^  Jlore   cceruleo, 

duplex,  Apennini  montis  37 

—  — —  —  purpuro- 
ccuruleo 37 

luteus   38 

—  octavus 52 

—  palustris    48 

Jiore  minimo.  .  48 

—  — —  rotund  if olius. .  48 

—  pantothrix 54,  55 

—  parviflorus. 53 

•^  parvjflorus 50 

—  parvulus    50 

—  Philonotis 50 

—  pratensis  erectus  acris  ..  52 

—  ^— dulcis  . .  48 

—  — —  etiamque  hor- 
tensis    51 

repens 51 

—  — — -    ■          hirsutus  51 

—  ■              surrectis  cauli- 
culis    52 

—  prima  species  sylvestris  47 

—  primus   48 

—  pumilus,  gramineis  fo- 

His 46 


Ranunculus  pyrenceus  page  46 
R.  rectus, foliis  pallidiori- 

bus  hirsutis 50 

—  repens 51 

gramineis  foliis  y  e 

singulis   geniculis  radi- 
ces agens     45 

—  reptans 45 

—  rotundif olius  vernus  syl- 
vaticus    48 

—  sceleratus 48 

—  secunda  species 48 

—  sextus    56 

—  species  duodecima  ....  45 

—  sylvestris  luteus 38 

—  tertia  species 50 

—  trichophyllon  aquaticus 
medio  luteus    54 

—  tubeiosus    50 

—  — — —  major    50 

Rapa 216 

R.  sativa  oblonga,  sen  foe- 

mina   218 

rotunda    218 

Raphanistrum     225 

R.siliqud  articulatd  glabra, 

majore  et  minore  ....  226 
RAPHANUS..   153,225-227 

R.  aquaticus 195 

—  ■        —  alter 195 

foliis  in  profun- 

das  lacinias  divisis   ....  1 94 

—  maritimus 226 

Jlore  luteo,  sili- 

quis  articulatis,    secun- 
dum longitudinem  emi- 

nent^r  striatis 226 

—  minimus  repens  luteus, 
foliis  tenuiter  divisis    . .  1 93 

—  Raphanistrum    226 

—  Raphanistrum . .  . .  226,  227 

—  sylvestris    226 

Rapistrum  arvorum  ....  221 
R.  jiore  albo  striata  , .  . .  226 
luteo     221 

bra  articulatd 226 

Rapu7n 218 

R.  genistce,  sive  Orobanche  146 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


501 


Rapum  longum  ....   page  218 

R.  majus     , .  .  .  218 

—  radice  oblonga    218 

—  rotundum 218 

—  sativum 218 

—  STjlvestre  non  bulbosian  217 

Rcsta  bovis,  &c 267 

Rhagadiolus    352 

Rhaphanus  marinus    ....  183 

R.  Raphanistrum    189 

—  rusticanus 1  78 

—  sijlvestrh    178,  195 

ojjicinarum     165,195 

Rhapoiiticum 464 

RHINANTHUS   ....  62,119 

R.  Crista  gain     120 

—  Crista  galli    121 

—  major      121 

—  minor      120 

—  Trixago 118 

Rhurkraitt.  .'. 415,419 

Roemeria  hybrida     7 

Sagittaria   35 

Salvia  agrestis    68 

S.  sijlvestris     68 

Sanctce  Barbaras  herba  .  .  199 

Sancti  Jacobi  herba    ....  433 

Sanguinaria  radix 243 

Santolina     402 

S.  maritima     403 

Saturcia  lutea  sylvestris  .  .  125 

Saxifraga  lutea 297 

Scabiusa  major    467 

Scordium     68 

,S.  alteram  Flinii 68 

Scorodonia 68 

6\  sen  Salvia  agrestis  ....  6S 

Scorpius  alter 265 

S.  primus    265 

Scnrzourra  /lispnuud  ....  338 

SCROPHUL.ARIA.  .  62,  137- 

140 

Scrophularia 137 

S.  aquatica 138 

—  -         major    138 

—  caulc  alatit 138 

—  /lore  luteo 139 

—  famina I3S 

—  mujin      13/ 


Scrophularia  major,  cauli- 
busfoliis  eljioribus  viri- 
dibus page    137 

S.  minor      137 

—  montanamaxima  latifo- 
Ha,Jlore  luteo     139 

—  nodosa 137 

—  peregrina   138 

—  Scordii  folio 1 39 

—  Scorodonia    138 

—  Scorodonicefoliis   ....     139 

—  vernalis 139 

SCUTELLARIA   62,112-114 

Scutellaria 113 

S.  galericulata    113 

—  minor    1 13 

Sedum  alpiyium  sextum  ..    158 

—  pefrceum    158 

montanum 158 

SENEBIERIA.  .  152,  178-180 
S.  Coronopus 179 

—  didyma 180 

—  pinnatijida 180 

SENECIO  ....  334,  427-436 

Senecio 428,430,444 

S.  alpinus    434 

—  aquaticus   434 

—  chrysanthemifolius.  ...    431 

—  coroUis  radiantibus  pla- 
nis  calyce  longioribus  in- 
tcgris,  foliis  pinnatijidis  : 
laciniis  lanceolatis  di~ 
stantibus 431 

—  ■  revolutis,  foliis 
amplexicaulibus  lancco. 
talis  dentatis,  s(]uamis 
calycinis  brcvissimis  in- 
tactis 430 

—  Doria     436 

—  erncifolius 432 

—  hirsutus  viscidus  graveo- 
Icus 429 

^  .  major  odo- 

rntus    429 

—  Jacobau      133 

—  lividus    429 

—  lividus    433 

—  major,  sivc  Flos  Sancti 
Jiicohi      433 


502 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES* 


Senecio  minor  latiore  folio, 

sive  montanus.  .  .  .  page  430 
S.  nemorensis 436 

—  paludosus 434 

—  saracenicus    435 

—  squalidus    431 

—  sylvaticus 430 

—  sylvaticus 433 

—  tenuifolius 432 

—  viscosus     429 

—  viscosus 430 

—  vulgaris 428 

Senetionis    species    Dodo- 

ncei 371 

Seridia    403 

Seriphium  Absinthium     .  .    198 

S.  germanicum    198 

Serpillum    1  OS 

Serpi/Unm    108 

S.  angustifolium  glabrum     108 

—  citratum     108 

— •  hirsutum  minus  repens 

inodorum     1 08 

—  latifolium  hirsutum    .  .    1 08 

—  majusjlore  purpureo  .  .    1 08 

—  villosum  fruticosiusyjlo- 
rihus  dilute  rubcntihus.  .    108 

—  vulgare 1 08 

Jiore  albo 108 

amplo  ....    1 08 

hirsutum 108 

majus    108 

SERRATULA..  332,382,383 

Serratula    382 

S.  alpina 383 

—  arvensis 389 

—  tinctoria     382 

Sesama   1 04 

Sferra  ravallo 29 1 

SIBTHORPIA..  62,  143,  144 
S.  europsea 143 

—  prostrata    143 

Sideritis  an g lieu,  strumosd 

radice 99 

S.  arvensis  latifolia  hirsiita 

lutea   ^94 

rubra    .  , 93 

—  humilis,  lato  obtuso  fo- 
lio     100 


Silibum,     sive    Leucaniha 

Loniceri page  395 

Silybum 384,386 

S.  marianum 386 

Sinapi 221-223 

S.  alburn..,..^ 216,  222 

siliqua  hirsutd,  se- 

mine  albo  vel  ruffo  ....    222 

—  hortense 222 

—  primum 223 

genus    222 

—  rapcu folio 223 

— ^  sativum  primum 223 

secundum 223 

—  secundum 222 

—  siliqua  latiusculd  gla- 
brd,  semine  ruffo,  sive 
vulgare    223 

SINAPIS 153,220-225 

S  alba    222 

—  arvensis     221 

—  arvensis 226 

—  muralis 224 

—  nigra 222 

—  tenuifolia 223 

Sisymbrii  Cardamines  spe- 
cies qucvdam  insipida  ..    187 

SISYMBRIUM    153,195-198 

Sisymbrium 192-195 

S.  aquaticum 192 

alterum 188,  189 

—  arenosum 211,  212 

—  Cardamine     192 

—  EruccB  folio  glabro,  mi- 
nus et  prcBcocius 199 

—  hirsutum 79 

folio  angustiore  et 

acutiore,  minime  ramo- 
sum 79 

seu     Nasturtium 

aquaticum  Jiore  majore, 
elatius     190 

tertia  Dodoncpi       1 90 

—  hortense     74 

—  Irio    197 

—  monense     220 

—  officinale 196 

—  Sophia   197 

—  syhesirc   79,  193 

—  Tfrpc^Pyc ...    -  -    ^.  JfA 


INDEX   or    LATIN    NAMES. 


b03 


Sisymbrium  tenuifolium  .  p.  223 

Siiim  minimum 187 

S.  minus  impatiens 187 

SOLIDAGO  . .    334,  437-439 

SoUdago 443,  448 

S.  bicolor     438 

—  cambrica    438 

—  minuta 439 

—  sarracenica     435 

—  Virgaurea 438 

SONCHUS. . . .  332,  340-344 
S.  alpinus    34 1 

—  a^pvWoKCCvXos,  angusto 
et  obLongo  folio  nostras, 
creberrimis  spinuUs,  &c.  344 

—  arbor escens    342 

342 
342 
342 
343 
313 
343 
343 
343 
343 
343 


^  alter 

—  arvensis. . 

—  arvensis  . . 

—  asper  .  .  .  .  . 


den  tat  us    .... 
laciniatus  .... 

latifolius 

non  laciniatus 


—  aspera    

—  asperior 

—  canadensis 341 

—  caeruleu.s     34 1 

hitifolius 341 

—  Jlore  cccruleo 341 

—  Iiieracitcs  major  repens 
calyculo  hirsuto,  inter 
segctes     «^  1- 

—  Uiciniatus  non  spinosus    343 

—  Icevior  vulgaris  secundus  348 
343 


343 


—  Iccvis 

■  lacin'uitis  foliis 

—  ■  laciniatus  mura- 

lis,  parvis  Jlorihus    ....    348 

lanceatus  acutifolius  3-12 

latifolius 343 

minor, pnucioribus 

laciniis     

muraiis 

—  .     .  M  vulgaris,  foliis  la- 
ciniosis 

—  oU'raci  u.s    

—  |)aluslvis     


Sonchus  repens,  multis  Hie- 
racium  majus  ....  page 

.S.  subrotundo folio  nostras, 
levissimis  spinulis,S:c. 

—  tertius  asperior 

—  tricubitalis,  folio  cuspi- 
dato     

Sophia  Cfiirurgorum   .... 
SPARTIUM....  250,201 

S.  scoparium 2G1 

Spergula  perpusilla  lancea- 

tis  foliis 

Spina  alba  hortensis    .... 

S,  —  sylvestris    

tomenlosa  latifoUa 

sylvestris 

—  solstitialis 

altera    

Squamaria 

STACHYS 01,97 

Stachys ^^^^^ 


342 

344 
343 

342 

197 

.202 


145 
380 
395 

395 
409 
409 
127 
-100 


S.  alba  latifoha  major 

—  ambigua     

—  arvensis 

minima  .... 

—  Fuchsii   

—  germanica 

—  montana     

—  palustris    99 

—  sylvatica    ^8 

St<chelinia 117,  118 

STRATIOTES 2.33-35 


100 
!)9 
10() 
100 
100 
100 
100 


S.  aloidi 


34 


—  aquaticus    34 

—  foliis  aloes,  scminc  Inngo 

—  lutea 

—  milUfolia    

Jlavo  Jlore 


343 

348 

343 
313 
311 


Sti/losanllics    

SUUULARIA..   151,  150 

S.  acpialica • 

—  i'rccta,juncifoliis  aculis 
moUibus 1 


34 
403 
402 
403 
292 
157 
157 


TANACKTUM 


333,  404, 
405 

Tanacitum 405 

T.  album  sru  aiulum  ....     lOO 
—  I  rispnm  avglicum  105 


504 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Tanacetum   cristatum  an- 

g Ileum  speclosum  . .  page  405 
T.foliis  crispis    405 

—  millefoUi foliis   405 

—  vulgare 405 

Taraxaconoides 350 

Taraxacum 348,  349 

T.  officinale     349 

TEESDALIA   ....     151,169, 

170 
T.  Iberis 1 70 

—  nudicaulis 1 70 

—  regularis     1 70 

Tetrahit 92 

TEUCRIUM 61,67-69 

T.  Chamaedrys    69 

—  Chamcepitijs 67 

—  Scordium 68 

—  Scorodonia    68 

THALICTRUM  . ...  2,  40-42 
T.  alpinum 40 

—  Cordi  tenuifolium   ....      41 

—  flavum 42 

— fcetidum   41 

—  magnum    42 

—  majus 42 

foliis  rugosis  trijidis     42 

—  minimum     montanum 
atro-rubenSf  foliis  splen- 
dentibus 40 

—  minus    41 

—  montanum  minimmn 
prcBcoXj  foliis  splenden- 
tibus    40 

minus, foliis  latio- 

ribus 41 

—  nigricans 42,43 

—  nigriuSj  caule  et  semine 
striato     42 

—  petaloideum 40 

—  seu  Thalictrum  majus        42 

—  stamineum     40 

Thesion 345 

THLASPI  ....   151,170-174 
T.  albi  supini  varietas . ...    173 

—  alpestre 172 

—  alpestre 172 

—  alterum  mitius  roiundi- 


folium,   Burses   pastoris 

fructu page  1 72 

Thlaspi    Ahjssum    dictum 

maritimum 163 

T.  angustifolium 166 

—  arvense 171 

—  —  perfoliatum  majus 

et  minus 172 

—  Bursa  pastoris    1 73 

—  campestre 166 

—  capsulis  hirsutis      ....  167 

—  cordatum    minus,  Jiore 
albo,  insipidum    172 

—  cum  siliquis  latis    ....  171 

—  Dioscoridis 1 71 ,  173 

— foliis  Globularice   ....  173 

—  hederaceum    1 77 

—  hirtum 166, 167 

—  latifolium 166 

—  linifolium  minus  cineri- 
Hum,  Jiore  albo 1 63 

—  maritimum     1 63 

—  mi7ius     1 66 

Clusii     1 72 

—  montanum 173 

secundum  ......  1 73 

—  narbonense  Lobelii 163 

—  perfoliatum    172 

minus    172 

—  primum 1 6& 

—  rotundifoUum     172 

—  secundum   171 

—  tertium  pumilum    ....  172 

—  VaccaricB folio  glabrum  166 
incano  folio  per- 

renne 167 

—  villosum 1 67 

—  —  capsulis  hirsutis  \&7 

—  vulgatissimum    166 

—  vulgatius 166 

Thlaspidii  genus 166 

Thrincia 350 

T.  hirta 352 

THYMUS 62,  107-110 

T.  Acinos    109 

—  Calamintha   109 

—  Nepeta 110 

~  Serpyllum 107 


INDEX    OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


j05 


TILIA page  1,  16,21 

T.  Betulce  nostratis  folio, 
fructic  hexagono 19 

—  coraUina    1 9,  20 

—  cordata .      21 

—  europaea     17 

—  europaa 1 9-21 

— fcemina   1 7?  21 

— folm    molliter  hirsutis, 

viminihus   rubris,  fructu 
tetragono    19 

—  folio  minore    21 

—  grandifolia 1 8-20 

—  grandifolia     20 

—  hirsuta,  Conjli  foliorum 
crmula,  fructu  anguloso       19 

—  intermedia  .  .  .^ 17 

—  inaximo  folio 19 

—  microphylla    21 

—  parvifolia 20,21 

—  platyphylla    19 

—  platyphyllos 19 

—  rubra 19 

—  saliva     19 

—  sylvatica  Jiostras,  folds 
amplis,  hirsutie  pubes- 
centibus,  Sec 19 

—  sylvestris    21 

—  ulmifolia    21 

semine  hexago- 
no         19 

—  vulgaris  platyphyllos   17,19 

Tinctorius  Jlos     2G3 

Tourrete  cilice     213 

TUAGOPOGON  331,337,338 

Tragopogon     337 

T.  alteruvi 338 

— flore  luteo 337 

purpnreo 338 

—  Inteum 337 

—  porrifolius 338 

—  pratcnsis    337 

—  pnrpHrcHm 338 

Trfdidsfrum  praicnse  co. 

nnnlnferum  majus  repcns  299 
TUiFOLHJM  ..251,290-312 

Trfdium    302 

7'.  a 'planum 309,  318 


Trifolium  agrarium  lu- 
teum,  capitulo  lupuli  ma- 
jus page  309 

T.  album  tricoccon  subter- 
raneum  Gastonium  reli- 
culatum 300 

—  alopecurum  majus,  Jio- 
repurpureo,  stellato  ca- 
pile 305 

—  alpestre 303 

—  arvense 305 

humile  spicatum, 

seu  Lagopus   305 

—  ■  supinum  verticil- 
latum 307 

—  aureum 310 

—  blesense 300 

—  Burgundiacum 317 

—  caule  nudo,  glomerulis 
glabris    308 

—  cochleatum,  folio  corda^ 

to  maculato     319 

modiolis  spinosis  320 

—  corniculatum  minus,  pi. 
losum 315 

primum    ....    313 

—  cujus  caules  ex  genicu- 
lis  glomerulos  oblongos 
proferunt     300 

—  cum  glomerulis  ad  cau- 
lium  nodos  rotundis. .  .  .    307 

—  dubium 310 

—  filiforme     310 

—  f  I  forme 310 

— Jiexuosum 303 

—  Jlosculis  albis,  in  glo. 
mcrulis  oblongis  asperis 
caulicul'ui  proximl'  adna- 

tis    30(3 

—  folio  longiore,Jiorc  pur- 
pnreo      303 

—  fragifcrum 308 

—  glomeratum 307 

—  l<igoj>oidcs  annuum  hir. 
sutuni  pallid^  Ititcum  sen 
ochrolcmum     30 1 

—  higopoidcs  jiurpurium 
iiivinac  humdc  annuum. 


506 


INDEX    OF   LATIN    NAMES. 


seu  Lagopus  minimus 
vulgaris page  305 

Trifolium  IwpuUnum  aUe^ 
rum  minus 310 

T. —  minimum  ....    311 

—  luteum  lupulinum  ....    318 

—  — minimum  3 1 1 

minimum 310 

siliqud  cornutd .  .    318 

—  maritimum    303 

■ —  medium 302 

—  minimum  supinum,Jlos- 
culorum  et  seminum 
globulis  plurimis  con- 
ferthnad    radicem    nas- 

centihus 300 

—  minus    310 

—  .  capite  suhrotundo 
parvo  alho  et  echiuato.  .    300 

— « villosum,  purpu- 
rea capite  parvo  ecliinato  308 

—  montanum 301 

—  ochroleucum 30 1 

—  odoratuju,  seu  Melilotus 
fruticosa  lutea  vulgaris 

vel  officinariim    297 

sive  Melilotus  .  297 

—  officinale    297 

—  ornithopodioides    ....    298 

—  parvum  hirsutum,Jlori- 
busparvis  dilute  purpu- 
reisy  in  glomerulis  mol- 
Uoribus  et  oblongis,  se- 
mine  magno    307 

rectum, Jlore  glo- 

merato  cum  unguiculis  . .  307 

—  pratense    302 

—  pratense 299,  303 

album,  &c.     .  .    299 

hirsutummajus, 

Jlore  albo.sulphureo  ..    301 
luteum 318 

—  ■ capitulo 

lupulij  vel  agrarium    . .    3C9 

-fcemina, 

Jlore  pulchriore,  sive  lu- 
pulino 309 

— purpureum    . .    302 


Trifolium  pratense  purpu- 
reum  minus,  foliis  corda- 
tis page  302 

r. supinum  Karco^ 

^\£^,  seu  capite  humi 
merso 300 

—  procumbens 309 

—  procumbens    310 

—  pumilum  supinum, Jios- 
culis  lojigi-s  albis 300 

—  purpureum  majus,  foliis 
longioribus  et  angustiori' 
bus,  Jloribus  saturatiori- 

bus 303 

sativum, 

pratensi  simile     302 

—  repens    299 

—  sativum,  siliqud  cornu- 
td magh  tortili    317 

—  scabrum     306 

—  siliquis  ornithopodii  wo5- 
tras 298 

—  siliquosum,  loto  affine, 
siliquis  ornithopodii.  .  . .    298 

7ninus    313 

—  spadiceum 310 

—  spicatum  minus,  Jlore 
minore  dilute  purpurea  .  303 

—  squarrosum    301 

—  stellatum 304 

—  stellatum   303 

glabrum    ....    303 

—  -^— .  purpureum  mon- 
spessulanum    304 

—  striatum    307 

—  subterraneum    300 

—  suffocatum 299,  308 

—  supinum  cum  glomerulis 
ad  caulium  nodos  globo- 
sis,  Jloribus  purpuranti- 

bus 307 

—  Vaillantii 299 

Trigonella 298 

Tripolimn 437 

T.  minus 437 

—  vulgare 437 

Trissago  sive  Chamcedrijs  . .     69 
Triticum  vaccinum 124 


INDEX    OF   LATIN    NAMEi 


507 


Trua^o page   100 

TROLLIUS 2,56 

T.  europeeus    ^0 

Turr'ita  vulgatior    216 

TURRITIS  . ...  152,215,216 

Turnfis 215 

T.  alpina     212 

—  ciliata    212 

—  glabra    215 

—  hirsuta 212,213 

—  major 214 

—  minor foliosa 210 

—  muralis  minor 213 

—  Raii 210 

—  vulgaris  ramosa 209 

—  vulgatior    216 

TUSSILAGO  .  .  33  1,  424-427 
Tussiiago  altera,  sive  Far- 

fugium    59 

T.'  Furfara 425 

—  hyhrida 426 

—  major 426 

—  Pttasites 425,  426 

ULF.X    250 

U.  europaeus    265 

—  europccus   266 

—  grandiflorus 265 


266 
266 


—  minor     

—  nanus    

Umbilicus     Veneris    Offiei- 

narum 131 

Ungula  cuhalUna    425 

Urtica  iners  (/uarta 94 

U.  mortua  alia  divaricata, 

et  guttalhn  dispcrsa     .  .  90 

—  7ion    mordaXf  vulgaris 
faitens  purpurea 91 

VELLA 151,  155,  15(i 

V.  annua     156 

Veratrum    nigrum     sccun- 

dnm 5S 

/ '.  t(  rtiuni .....  r)S 

/  'crhdscHin 1  15 

VKKBKNA 61,  71 

/  f.rbeua 71 

r.  communis    71 

—fumina    196.  42S 

—  masLula 71 


Verbena  officinalis    .  page 
V.  recta,  sive  mas    

—  vulgaris 

Verhenaca   

Verhesina  minima    

V.  pulchriorejlore  luteo  .  . 

—  sen  Cannahina  aquatica, 
fiore  minas  pulchro,  ela- 

tior,  &c; 

Veronica  fivmina , 

VICIA 251,279- 

Vicici 281, 

V.  angustifolia     

—  angustifolia 281, 

—  bithynica   

—  cassubica    

—  Cracca 

— Jlore  luteo  pallido,  sili- 

quis  propendentibus  hir- 
sutis    

—  folio  angustiore,  Jiore 
rubro   

—  ■  ■  subrotundo  brevi, 
obtus>  mucronato,  Sec.  . 

—  hybrida 

—  hybrida 

—  lajvigata     


—  lathyroides    

—  lathyroides 281- 

nostras,  Sec.  .  . 

—  lutea  

—  luteo  Jlore  sylvestris  .  . 

—  major  species  quce  altius 
consccndit 

—  maritima  Jlore  alho  lon- 


71 
96 
71 
71 

399 
399 


398 
132 

287 
2S9 
282 
283 
287 
273 
280 


281 

282 

286 
284 
285 
285 
283 
■283 
278 
284 
284 

280 


—  maxitna  dumttorunt  .  . 

—  minima 

pru'cox  parisien.. 

sium    

—  minor  stiiclum,  cum  .vi- 
liquis  juiucis  glabris     . . 

— cum  sili- 

quis  plurimis  hirsutis  .  . 

—  multijlora  maxima  per- 
tnnis,  tclro  odorc,Jlori' 
liiis  iilbcntibus,  lincisffV- 
rukis  stnatis 


285 
286 
283 

283 

288 

289 

280 


508 


INDEX   OF    LATIN    NAMES. 


Vicia  parvGj  sive  Cracca  mi' 
nor,  cum  muliis  siliquis 
hirsutis    page  289 

V.  perennis  multiflora  spi- 
cata  ccerulea  sepiaria.  .    280 

—  pratensis  verna,  seu 
prcEcox  Soloniensis  semi- 
ne  c.uhico,  seu  hexciedron 
referente 283 

—  qiice  Pitine  Anguillarce, 
lata  siliqudjjlore  luteo  .  274 

—  sativa    281 

—  sativa 282,  283 

—  segeium,  singularihus 
siliquis  glabris 288 

—  sepiuin  . . . . , 286 

perennis    286 

—  sylvatica    279 

multiflora  maxima  280 

—  sylvestris,Jiore  ruberri- 
mo,   siliqud  tonga  nigra  282 

—  •  lutea  cum  ga- 
lea fused 284 

—   — siliqud 

hirsutd,  nondum  descrip- 
ta    

—  ^— —  sive  Cracca  ma- 
jor . . 


284 


281 


sive     Cracca, 


minima    289 

—  vera,  Aphaca  Matthiolo  281 

—  vulgaris  sativa   281 

sylvestris,    se- 

mine  parvo  et  nigro,fru- 

gum    ..  .'. 281 

VicicB,  sive  Cracca  minimce, 
species  cum  siliquis  gla- 
bris     288 


Fiola  lutea page  204 

V.  >  foliis  convolvuli 
minoris    274 

—  matronalis 208 

purpurea  ....    205 

—  petrcEa  lutea 203 

—  purpurea    208 

Viorna    39 

Virea 350 

Virga  aurea 437,4  38 

V. angustifolia  ser- 

rata,  sive  Solidago  ser- 

racenica 435 

cambrica,Jloribus 

conglobatis 438 

linaricc  folio,  jlo- 

ribus  congestis  et  umbel- 

lathn  disposiiis    402 

maxima,    radice 

repente    435 

montana  biuncia- 

lispumila    438 

folio  au" 

gusto  subincano Jiosculis 

conglobatis 438 

virginiana    irsuta 

annua,  difore  pallido. .    421 

vulgari  humilior  .  438 

vulgaris   latifolia  438 

VirgcB  aurece  sive  Solida- 
gini  angustifolice  affinis 
Lingua  avis  Delechampii  434 

Vitalba    39 

Vitis  nigra 39 

Vulneraria 269 

V.  pratensis    269 

—  rustica   269 

—  supina,Jlore  coccineo. .    269 


INDEX 


OF    THE 


ENGLISH    NAMES 
IN  VOL.  III. 


Adonis-flowi;u    .  .     pfige  43 
Agrimony,  hemp  ....  400,  401 

Alehoof 88 

Aloe,  water 34 

Alyssum 162 

Anemone 35-38 

Archangel 89,  91,  9G 

Awlvvort 156,  157 

Balm,  bastard 110,  112 

Bane-berries 3 

Bartsia 116-119 

Basil-thyme    109 

wild 104,  105 

Bear's-foot     58 

Bee-nettle 95 

Betony,  water    1 38 

wood 97 

Bird's-foot 289,  290 

trefoil  298, 312-315 

tongue 434 

lilue-bottle 463,466 

Broom 261,262 

Broom-rape 146-150 

Bugle    *.  ..64-67 

Burdock    379-381 

Bur-marigold 397-400 

Butter-bur 425-427 

cups 49 

Cabbage 216,219,220 

Calamint 107,  109,  110 

('am mock    267 

Candv-tuft ISO,  181 


Cat-mint    page  70 

Cat's. ear 374-376 

Celandine 4 

Chamomile 455-459 

wild 453,  454 

Charlock     221 

jointed 226 

Christopher,  herb 3 

Cistus 22-28 

Clot-bur 380 

Clover 296,  299,  302 

Cock's-head    292 

Cole,  sea    J  84 

seed 217 

Colt's.foot 425 

Columbine 32,  33 

Coral  wort. 185, 186 

Cotton-weed 402-404 

Cow-wheat 123-126 

Cranes-bill 232-243 

Cress  166-173, 191-195 

rock 209-212 

—  rocket 155,  156 

wall 209,  213,  214 

Crowfoot 44-55 

Cuckoo-llower 189 

Cudweed 410^119 

Daisy 447 

moon 449 

Dame's.violct 207,  208 

Dandelion    ....  348-352,376 
Dead-nettle 89-92 


510 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


Elecampane  ,,....  page  440 
Everlasting,  pearly  ....  412 
Eye-bright  117,  119,  121,  122 

Feverfew 450-453 

Figwort 137-140 

Flea-bane. .  421-424,  439-442 

wort 443-445 

Flix-weed 197 

Fluellin 131,  132 

Foxglove 140,  141 

Fumitory 252-257 

Furze 265,  266 

Germander 67-69 

Gill 88 

Globe-flower 56 

Goat's-beard 337,  338 

Gold-of-pleasure. .  .  .  163,  164 

Golden-rod 437-439 

Goldilocks 47 

Goldylocks 401,402 

Goose-tongue     460 

Green-weed 262-264 

Ground-ivy 88 

Groundsel 427-430 

Hawkbit 350-354 

Hawklung  359,361,366,367, 
369 

Hawkweed 340,  354-371 

succory 372,  373 

Hawk's.beard 370-373 

Hedge-mustard 195-198 

Hellebore .....57,  58 

Hemp-agrimony  ....  400,  401 

Hemp.nettle 92-95 

Henbit    92 

Honeysuckle  Trefoil  ....    302 

Horehound,  black 101 

white  ....  102,  103 

Horned-poppy 5-8 

Horse-mint    73 

radish    177 

shoe.vetch 290,  291 

Hutchinsia 168 

Jack  by  the  hedge 201 

Ivy,  ground , .  .  .      88 

Kale,  sea 184 

Kidney. vetch 268,  269 

Knapweed  ....  463-465,  467 
Ladies'-finsrer     269 


Ladies'  smock,  ,  page  186-191 

Larkspur 29,  30 

Leopard's -bane 446 

Lettuce 344-348 

wall 347,348 

Lily,  water 13-16 

Lime-tree 1 7-21 

Linden-tree    17 

Linnaea 141-143 

Liquorice,  wild 294 

Lousewort 128-130 

Mallow 244-249 

■  marsh     244 

tree    248 

Marigold,  corn 449 

marsh 59,  60 

Marjoram   106 

Marsh -marigold 59,  60 

Matfellon 467 

Mayweed,  scentless    ....    452 

stinking 458 

Meadow-rue 40-42 

Medick 316-321 

Melilot 296,  297 

Milfoil    462 

Milk-vetch 293-296 

wort 257-259 

Mint 72-88 

cat 70 

hood ,  113,  114 

pepper 76 

Mithridate  mustard  ..  170,  1 71 

pe))perwort  166, 167 

Moneywort,  cornish  ....    144 

Motherwort....  . .  ..103,  104 

Mouse-ear  355-357,  367,  374 

Mudwort 144,  145 

Mugwort 409,  410 

Mustard 220-224 

hedge 195-198 

Mithridate  . .  170,  171 

tower 215,  216 

treacle 200-202 

Navevv    218 

Nep    70 

Nettle,  dead     89-92 

hemp 92-95 

Nipplewort 376,  377 

Nonesuch 318 


NDEX    OF    ENGLISH    NAMES. 


511 


Ox.  eye   page  448,  449 

tongue   338-340 

Park -leaves     323 

Pasque-flower     35 

Pea,  everlasting  ....  273,  2/7 

heath 272 

sea 270 

Penny-cress    171 

royal S7 

wort,  Cornwall  ....    144 

Pepperwort 1 G 1-1 68 

Pheasant's -eye    43 

Pilewort 47 

Phie,  ground 67 

Piony 28,  20 

Poppy 8-13 

horned 5-8 

Purse,  shepherd's  . ,  1 70,  1 72- 
174 

Radish 225-227 

horse 177 

water 1 94,  1 95 

Ragwort 427,  431-435 

Rape 219 

Rattle,  red 128,  129 

.yellow 119-121 

Rest-harrow 26G-2G8 

Robert,  herb 235 

Rock-crcss 209-212 

Rocket,  cress 155,  15G 

London 197 

sea 183 

water 193 

Rue,  meadow 40-42 

Sage,  wood     G8 

Saint-foin    292 

Saint  John's. wort   .  .  322-330 

Peter's-wort 324 

Sauce  alone     20 1 

Saw-wort 382,  383 

Scurvy. grass 171-177 

Self-heal      114 

Sctterwort 5S 

Slicplicrd's  purse  170,  172-174 

Sibthorpla 1  13,  144 

Siinson    428 

Skull-cap 112-111 

Slough -heal    Ill 

Snaj)  dragon  1 30-1 32.  1 35,1 3G 


Sneezewort    V^S^  '^^^^ 

Southernwood    400 

Sow-thistle 340-344 

Spikenard,  plowman's    .  .    420 

Star.thistle 4G3,  4G8-470 

Starwort     43G,  437 

Stock 201-20G 

Stork'6-bill    229-231 

Succory 378,  379 

Swine's  cress 179 

succory 377 

Tansy '. 404,405 

Tare 287-289 

Teesdalia 1G9,  170 

Thistle 381-397 

carline 39G,  397 

cotton    395 

plume 387-394 

St.  Barnaby's    . .    4G9 

star 4G3,  4G8-170 

yellow    4G9 

Thyme 107-110 

Toad-flax 130,  133,  134 

Toothwort 12G-128 

Tower-mustard 215,  216 

Traveller's  joy 38,  39 

Treacle. mustard 200-202 

Trefod 29G,  298^311 

bird's-foot  298,  3 1 2-3 1 5 

Turnip    217 

Tutsan    323 

Vervain   71 

Vetch 279-2S7 


horse. slioe 
kidnev.  .  .  . 
milk     .  .  .  . 


.290, 291 
.  2GM,2G!) 
.  293-29(i 


Vetchling 273-276,  278 

\'iolet,  dame's 207,  '208 

Wall-cress 209,213,  214 

flower 202-201 

Wart.cress 178- ISO 

Water-aloe     34 

UIv 13-16 

soldier 33,34 

Weasel -snout      96 

Wheat,  cow 123-126 

Whin,  conmion 265 

' petty 264 


512 


NDEX    OF    ENGLISPr    NAMES. 


Whitlow-grass.  .page  157-162 

Winter-cress 198,199 

Woad   181,  182 

VVolfs-bane    31 


Wood-waxen P^g^  263 

Wormwood  ....  405,  407-409 

Woundwort 97-100 

Yarrow 460-462 


END    OF    VOL.    III. 


LONDON: 
PRINTED  BY  RICHARD  TAYLOR,  SHOE -LANE. 


tiAMtlAAt 


New  York  Botanical  Garden  Library 

QK306  .S62  v.3  gen 

Smith,  James  Edward/The  English  flora 


III  lllllllllll  lllilllllllll  llllllll  IIIIIINII!  Illllllll 

3   5185   00123    1784 


1 

I 

\\ 
m 

1 

11 

1 

1; 

■