Full text of "Entomological news"

See other formats

USISSN 0013-872X
JANUARY & FEBRUARY 2003 No. 1

TOMOLOGICAL NEWS

£83

j Murray- Aaron: Forgotten First Editor of Entomological News

Kirland A . Kenney, Christine G. Galvagna, and Jorge A . Santiago-Blay

ery of the milliped Plenroloma flavipes (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae)
exas, and other records from west of the Mississippi River

Rowland M. Shelley, Chris T. McAllister, and Shelly B. Smith
Possible reproduction of the Comal Springs Riffle Beetle, Heterelmis

comalensis (Coleoptera: Elmidae), in captivity Joe N. Fries

A new species of Pteroptrix (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Argentina,
the first known aphelinid with three-segmented tarsi

Jung-Wook Kim and Serguei V. Triapitsyn

A new species of Leptoglossits (Heteroptera: Coreidae: Anisoscelini) associated
with the Amazonian palm Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidicaryeae)
in Peru Harry Brailovsky and Guy Couturier

Winter aggregation of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a
concrete observation tower Paul W. Schaefer

Review of the Middle American Lace Bug genus Macrotingis (Heteroptera:
Tingidae), with a key and a new species from Mexico Richard C. froeschner

A new Nearctic Paracloeodes (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

W. P. McCafferty and David R. Lenat

Ableptemetes: A new genus of Tricorythodinae (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae)
from Mexico and Central America N.A. Wiersema and W. P. McCafferty

A new species of the genus Tomocerus (Tomocerina) from China
(Collembola: Tomoceridae) with a discussion of the subgenera of
Tomocerus Yi-Tong Ma, Jian-Xiu Chen, and Kenneth Christiansen

A new record of Tomocerus baicalensis from China with its redescription
(Collembola: Tomoceridae)

Yi-Tong Ma, Jian-Xiu Chen, and Kenneth Christiansen

Notes on the distribution of Leuctra carolinensis and L. variabilis

(Plecoptera: Leuctridae) in Maryland, with amended and new state records

Scott A. Grubbs

SCIENTIFIC NOTES:

The bee genus Mydrosoma in Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

Charles D. Michener

Acerpenna sulfurosus, comb. n. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) N.A. Wiersema

A replacement name for Stagetus convexus White (Coleoptera: Anohiidae)

Gianluca Nardi

Otocryptops gracilis Berkeleyensis Verhoef, 1938, A synonym of Scolopocryptops
gracilis Wood, 1862 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopocryptopidae)

Rowland M. Shellev

18
23
29
33

47
51

54
55

BOOK REVIEWS:

Mites of Greenhouses, Identification, Biology and Control by

Zhi-Qiang Zhang Marjorie A . Ho y 58

A Color Handbook of Biological Control in Plant Protection

by Beil Helyer, Kevin Brown, and Nigel I). Cattlin Joanne \\halcn 59

Insects Revealed: Monsters or Marvels? by Jacques de Tonnancour

Lester H. Guthrie and Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 60

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MAILED ON APRIL 9, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1.0

Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomologi-
cal Society which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1900 Benjamin Franklin
Parkway. Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195. United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows:
telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; email aes@acnatsci.org; and website: http://www.
acnatsci .org/hosted/aes .

Subscriptions to and Back Issues of Entomological News. Private subscriptions for personal
use of Members of the Society are US $15 per year prepaid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as
libraries, laboratories, etc. and nonmembers, are US $30 per year prepaid for those located in the
USA and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the USA. Back issues, when available,
are sold by complete volume for US $15 to Members and $30 to nonmembers. Membership / sub-
scription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/
subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed membership form to: Office Manager at
the address above, or email aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561-3978.

Previous Editors of Entomological News: 1890 Eugene Murray-Aaron (1852-1940); 1890-
1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G.
Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 1973-1974 R.W. Lake; 1974-
2002 Howard P. Boyd; 2002-2003 F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue.

New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Version 1.0.

Further guidelines can be found on
http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm

Subject Coverage: Entomology, sensu lato. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution,
morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of
insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology,
among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied,
economic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only
if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields.

Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author although papers
from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that all
prospective authors join the society.

Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the Editor: Address.

All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomol-
ogical News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A.
Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, Distrist of Columbia 20013-7012
U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P.O. Box, please use
this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other
means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: phone (202) 786-2876, Fax (202) 786-2832, web page
http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm, e-mails santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu or
blayj@hotmail.com. Books for review should also be sent to the Editor who will, in turn, give them
to a colleague for review.

Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to: first, not submit in
parallel the same manuscript to another journal, and second, assign the copyright to the publishers of
Entomological News (such assignment taking effect as soon as the author receives written confirma-
tion of acceptance of the manuscript). Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, except for original art-
work and photographs, which will be returned to the authors.

Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceed-
ing two printed pages. The main difference between these type of contributions and longer papers is
that Scientific Notes and Book Reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for
the Acknowledgments and the Literature Cited.

Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to
Faith Kuehn, 3789 Foulk Road, Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, PA 19061 U.S.A.

THIRD CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A.

Vol. 1 14, No. 1 , January & February 2003

EUGENE MURRAY-AARON (1852-1940):
FORGOTTEN FIRST EDITOR OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS1

Kirkland A. Kenney,2 Christine G. Galvagna,' and Jorge A. Santiago-Slav 4

When author JASB took on the editorialship of Entomological News (November
2003), he decided to learn about the early history of the journal. Until recently, Henry
Skinner, Editor from 1890 to 1920, was cited as the first Editor of Entomological
News. However, upon opening the first issue of the journal, we noticed that Eugene
Murray- Aaron, herein abbreviated EM A, got the first two issues (January and Febru-
ary 1890) off the ground when this journal was known as "Entomological News and
Proceedings of the Entomological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia." In addition to entomology, EMA had diverse professional interests including
natural history, geography, cartography, travel, human biology, cycling, government,
etc. Murray- Aaron's literary fiction and scientific journalism writings are direct and
captivating, often reflecting strong views. What follows is an abstract on the life of
EMA taken from a much larger manuscript in preparation.

Eugene Murray-Aaron was born in Norristown, a small city located northeast of
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (United States), on August 4, 1852. Reverend Samuel
Aaron, an ardent advocate of temperance, antislavery, and scholarship in southeast-
ern Pennsylvania and eastern central New Jersey during the middle third of the 19th
century, was his step-grandfather. EMA served as the last Editor of Papilio (1884).
Murray- Aaron's passion in entomology focused on skippers (Hesperiidae), an inter-
est shared with his editorial successor of greater fame, Henry Skinner, with whom he
co-authored only one paper (1889 Canadian Entomologist 21:126-131, 145-149).
During the 1880s and early 1890s, EMA traveled extensively throughout the Carib-
bean, Central, and South America. His major natural history books, entitled Butterfly
Hunters in the Caribbees (1884) and The New Jamaica (with E. M. Bacon. 1890)
were undoubtedly conceived there. While the reasons for his brief tenure as Editor of
Entomological News are not completely clear, there seems to have been differences
of opinion between EMA, Skinner, and Philip Powell Calvert (third Editor of
Entomological News) on the best use of the printed space in Entomological News.
During 1893 and 1894, EMA was columnist for the Sunday science section of The
Los Angeles Times and other major newspapers in the USA. Murray- Aaron served as
geographic editor for the George F. Cram Company from 1899 to 1917. While EMA
did not return to the scholarly study of insects, his love for entomology remained with
him until his later years. At 82, EMA was reported gardening in Chicago (Illinois)
and living with assistance from the government as his investments had become
worthless. Eugene Murray- Aaron died on September 19, 1940.

' Received on March 15. 2004. Accepted on March 16, 2004.

2 Benington College, Bennington, Vermont 05201 . U.S.A. E-mail: grntbuggh (« aol.com.

' Bennington College, Bennington. Vermont 05201 , U.S.A. E-mail: christinegalvai:na«< liotmail.com.

4 Department ol" Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum ol Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Wash-
ington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. E-mail: santiago-blayC" nmnh.si.edu.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NLWS 114(1): I . January & February 2003
Mailed on April 4. 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DISCOVERY OF THE MILLIPED

PLEUROLOMA FLAVIPES (POLYDESMIDA:

XYSTODESMIDAE) IN TEXAS, AND OTHER RECORDS

FROM WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER1

Rowland M. Shelley,2 Chris T. McAllister,' and Shelly B. Smith'

ABSTRACT: Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, the westernmost representative of the east-Nearctic
xystodesmid milliped fauna, is reported from Bowie County, Texas, the first record from this state.
Other new localities from west of the Mississippi River are listed, one being a disjunct site in
Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, approximately 200 mi (320 km) south of the contiguous range; it is
believed to represent an allopatric population. These sites extend the distributions of the species,
genus, tribe Rhysodesmini, and family some 75 mi ( 120 km) westward in Oklahoma; the published
locality in Ellsworth County, Kansas, is the westernmost in the Central Plains for these taxa.

KEY WORDS: Pleuroloma flavipes, Polydesmida, Xysdodesmidae, Mississippi River, Texas, Okla-
homa, Louisiana.

The milliped family Xystodesmidae occupies three areas of North America in
addition to those in east Asia and the Mediterranean region of Europe, Africa,
and the Middle East (Hoffman 1978, Fig. 2; Shelley 1987, Fig. 1): the eastern
United States and southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada, from the Central Plains
eastward; the southern periphery of Texas to El Salvador; and along the Pacific
Coast from southern Alaska to Los Angeles, extending eastward into western
Montana. Two species occur outside these areas in the United States: Stenodes-
mus tuobitus (Chamberlin), in southern New Mexico and Culberson County,
Texas, and Rhysodesmus chisosi Shelley, in Brewster County, Texas (Shelley
1987, 1989, 1992). The species with the greatest distribution in the family is
Pleuroloma flavipes Rafinesque, which is the westernmost representative of the
east-Nearctic fauna from the Oklahoma/Texas border northward. Including the
records herein, its contiguous range encompasses some 985 mi (1,576 km),
north/south, in the west, 584 mi (934 km) in the east, and 1 ,130 mi ( 1 ,808 km),
east/west. The northernmost localities are in Cass County, North Dakota, Ingham
County, Michigan, Essex County, Ontario, and Franklin County, Massachusetts;
the southernmost are in Cleveland County, North Carolina, and Madison Parish,
Louisiana; and the easternmost are from Franklin County, Massachusetts, and the
western shore of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (Shelley 1980, 1988; Hoffman 1999).
Shelley (1980, 1990) predicted eventual discovery in northeastern Texas and
shaded this corner of the state in his distribution map (1980, Fig. 29), and this
prediction can now be confirmed, as the third author collected individuals of both
sexes near Beaver Dams Community, Bowie County, in April 2002. They are de-
posited in the invertebrate collection of the North Carolina State Museum of
Natural Sciences.

1 Received on June 6, 2002; Accepted on November 23, 2003

2 Research Lab., North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 430 1 Reedy Creek Rd., Raleigh,
NC 27607, U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net.

'Biology Department, Texas A&M University-Texarkana, Texarkana, TX 75505, U.S.A.; CTM,
E-mail: chris.mcallister@tamut.edu.

Mailed on April 9, 2004

Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003

Pleuroloma flavipes was described and fully illustrated by Shelley (1980), as
part of a generic revision; the characteristic configuration of the gonopods, the
male copulatory appendages, is shown in Fig. 1 1 . It is a component of the tribe
Rhysodesmini, otherwise represented in Texas by Rhysodesmus texicolem
(Chamberlin), in the Rio Grande Valley (Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, Webb, and
Willacy counties); R. chisosi, in the Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park;
and S. tuobitus, in McKittrick Canyon. Guadalupe Mountains National Park
(Hoffman 1970; Shelley 1987, 1989). Shelley (1990) reported 5. tuobitus from
Hidalgo County, around 984 mi ( 1 ,574 km) southeast of McKittrick Canyon, but
this locality is implausible and is herewith deleted pending confirmation with
fresh material. As in all rhysodesminines, the somatic features of P. flavipes are
highly variable, while the gonopods are relatively constant. It is one of the few
xystodesmids north of the Rio Grande that can be reliably identified from fe-
males as well as males because of the diagnostic lobes on the caudal margins of
the sterna, which are apically broad in the Bowie County specimens, in contrast
to the subtriangular lobes in the North Carolina individual illustrated by Shelley
(1980, Fig. 6). The species exhibits three color patterns - bimaculate, trimaculate,
and banded - and the Texas specimens are bimaculate with a black dorsal base
color and yellow paranota.

New localities for P. flavipes from west of the Mississippi River expand the
distributions of the species, genus, tribe, and family westward by around 75 mi
(120 km) in Oklahoma (Fig. 1). The range west of the Mississippi is shown in
the accompanying map; the westernmost localities are in Noble County, Okla-
homa (cited herein), Ellsworth County, Kansas (Shelley 1980), and Cuming and
Lincoln counties, Nebraska (Kenyon 1893), with that in Kansas, located near the
center of the state, forming the western limits for the species, genus, tribe, and
family. No records are available from South Dakota, but P. flavipes surely occurs
in the eastern periphery, along the Missouri, Big Sioux, and Minnesota Rivers.
The new locality in Louisiana is detached from the contiguous area by around
200 mi (320 km). While P. flavipes may yet be discovered in intervening parish-
es, much of this area, particularly the Kisatchie National Forest in Grant, Natch-
itoches, Rapides, and Winn parishes, has been well collected without the discov-
ery of a single individual. Consequently, we believe that an allopatric population
exists in southern Louisiana. Published records from west of the Mississippi
River are cited by Shelley (1980), and new ones are listed below. Acronyms of
repositories are as follows:

EIL - Zoology Department, Eastern Illinois University. Charleston.

FMNH - Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

FSCA- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville.

ISU - Entomology Department, Iowa State University, Ames.

MCZ -- Museum of Comparative Zoology. Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massachusetts.
NCSM - North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NDSU - Entomology Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo.

NMNH - National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, DC.

OKSU - Emerson Entomological Museum, Oklahoma State University, Still-
water.

OMNH - Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Ok-
lahoma, Norman.

PMNH - Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut.

TBMNH - Thomas Burke Museum of Natural History, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle.

UAAM - University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum, Fayetteville.

UCD - Bohart Entomological Museum, University of California at Davis.

UCO - Biology Department, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond.

UMN - Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.

UMO - Enns Entomological Museum, University of Missouri, Columbia.

VMNH - Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville.

WTAMU - Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas
A&M University, Canyon.

NEW RECORDS

ARKANSAS: Jackson Co., Newport, Cfcf , 99, 2 April 1961 , D. Combs (FSCA). Phillips Co.,
St. Francis Nat. For., Storm Creek Lake Area, 4Cf , 69- 16 June 1999, R. M. Shelley (FMNH, NCSM).
Sebastian Co., Ft. Smith landfill, 4Cf but huge numbers in forest/pasture ecotone, 16 June 1994, C.
E.Carlton (UAAM).

IOWA: Boone Co.. Ledges St. Pk.. Cf, 9, 4 June 1984, R. E. Lewis (NCSM). Delaware Co.,
Delhi, 2cf , 9- date and collector unknown (PMNH). Dickinson Co., Cayler Prairie, Cfcf . 99- date
and collector unknown (ISU). Hancock Co.. Pilot Knob For.. 6Cf . 59- H. W. Levi (MCZ). Henry Co.,
Mt. Pleasant, 2Cf , date and collector unknown (NMNH). Pocahontas Co., Kaslow Prairie. Cfcf , 99
15 June 1966, K. L. Bean (ISU). Story Co., Ames, 9, 1941, collector unknown (NMNH).

KANSAS: Johnson Co.. Bonner Springs, Cf, 10 October 1973. W. S. Graig (UMO). County
Unknown. Tall Oaks, Cf, 12 June 1964, H. S. Dybas (FMNH).

LOUISIANA: Lafayette Co., Lafayette, on ground at night, C?, 22 August 1996, L. A. Baptiste
(UCD).

MINNESOTA: Anoka Co., Coon Creek, Cf , 19 September 1933, A. C. Hodson (UMN). Becker
Co., Pickerel Lake, 2Cf , 9- 3 September 1975, A. Friskop (NDSU). Houston Co.. Mississippi River
bluff, 29, 30 May 1941 , Wing (UMN); Mississippi River bluff N of New Albin Iowa. C?, 9, 23 May
1954, C. E. Mickel (UMN); and 3 mi (4.8 km) NE Eitzen, along Winnebago Cr., tf, 9, 23 May 1954,
collector unknown (UMN). Martin Co.. Fairmont, in cornfield, Cf, 39- juvs., 7 July 1942. 20 June
1944, G.B.Simpson (UMN). Nobles Co. , Worthington, 3Cf, 59, 1 July 1941 , C. E. Slower (UMN).
Wabasha Co.. W of Lake Pepin, 2Cf , 99- 4 July '907, collector unknown (TBMNH). Washington
Co., Scandia, Second Lake, C?, 8 July 1958, L. V. Knutson (VMNH)

MISSOURI: Bollinger Co., Glenallen, 9- date unknown. A. Henderson (UMO). Camdcn Co.,
Camdenton, 2tf, 15 May 1953, G. T. Riegel (EIL). Clay Co., Coolie Lake, Cf, 30 May 1958, J. R.
Heitzman (FSCA). Penis Co., 9 mi (14.4 km) S Sedalia, Friendly Prairie, C/1, 9 June 1978, collector
unknown (UMO). Stone Co., N of Kimberly City, Table Rock Lake, Cf , 25 May 1974. S. E. Thewke
(UMO).

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003

Fig. 1. Distribution of Pleuroloma flavipes west of the Mississippi River.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NEBRASKA: Douglas Co., Waterloo (misspelled as "Wameloo"), 9- 26 February 1949, collec-
tor unknown (NMNH). Sarpv Co., Bellevue, Fontanelle Forest Nature Center, Cf, 22 June 1986,
Dietz & Benedict (NCSM).

OKLAHOMA: Cherokee Co., Greenleaf St. Pk., 99, juvs., date unknown, J. Brooks (UCO).
Larimer Co., locality not specified, O\ 9- 9 June 1931.R. D. Bird (OMNH).Mm>5 Co., Locust Grove,
Cf, 29, 20 May 1972. D. C. Arnold (OKSU). Mclntosh Co., Eufala, by lake, Cf, June 1994, W. D.
Sissom (WTAMU). Noble Co., Perry, 9, 6 June 1965, D. C. Arnold (OKSU) Westernmost Oklahoma
Record. Nowata Co., Lenapah. Cf , 9, 19 May 1965, D. C. Arnold (OKSU). Payne Co., Stillwater, on
golf course greens, cfcf , 99- 26 June 1962, D. E. Howell (OKSU); and Ripley. Ghost Hollow, 9, date
unknown, McKenna (OKSU). Pittsburgh Co., McAlester, Cf , 28 June 1972, J. Sallee (OKSU). Rogers
Co., Foyil, Cf. 3 June 197 1 . D. C. Arnold (OKSU). Sequoyah Co., Gore, Cf , 20 April 1952, A. C. Cohen
(SMUO). Wagoner Co., 3 mi (4.8 km) S Porter, Cf, 25 May 1977, D. C. Arnold (OKSU).

TEXAS: Bowie Co., ca. 9.5 mi (15.2 km) NNW DeKalb, along US Hwy. 259 at Beaver Dams
Community.Cf, 29, 20 and 27 April 2002, S. B. Smith (NCSM). New State Record.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the following professors, curators, and collection managers for loaning specimens, or
providing access to the same, to the first author: R. C. Funk (EIL), D. Summers (FMNH), G. B.
Edwards (FSCA), R. E. Lewis (ISU), H. W. Levi (MCZ), E. U. Balsbaugh (NDSU). J. Coddington
(NMNH), D. C. Arnold (OKSU). H. P. Brown (OMNH). R. J. Pupedis (PMNH), R. Crawford
(TBMNH). J. K. Barnes (UAAM), L. S. Kimsey (UCD), D. Blass (UCO), P. J. Clausen (UMN), R.
W. Sites (UMO), R. L. Hoffman (VMNH), and W. D. Sissom (WTAMU). The first author collected
specimens in Phillips County, Arkansas, during a field trip sponsored in part by National Science
Foundation Partnerships-for-Enhancing-Expertise-in-Taxonomy (PEET) grant number DEB 97-
12438 to P. Sierwald and W. A. Shear. This research was also supported in part by a TAMU-T Faculty
Senate Research Enhancement grant to the second author.

LITERATURE CITED

Hoffman, R. L. 1970. Random studies on Rhysodesmus. I. Notes and redescriptions of miscella-
neous species. Radford Review 24:143-162.

Hoffman, R. L. 1978. On the classification and phylogeny of chelodesmoid Diplopoda. Abhand-
lungen und Verhandlungen des naturwissenschaften Vereins in Hamburg 21/22:21-31 .

Hoffman, R. L. 1999. Checklist of the millipeds of North and Middle America. Virginia Museum of
Natural History Special Publication No. 8:1-584.

Kenyon, F. C. 1893. A preliminary list of the Myriapoda of Nebraska, with descriptions of new
species. Publications of the Nebraska Academy of Science 3:14- 18.

Shelley, R. M. 1980. Revision of the milliped genus Pleurolonui (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae).
Canadian Journal of Zoololy 58:129-168.

Shelley, R. M. 1987. The milliped Stenodesmus tuobitus (Chamberlin) (Polydesmida: Xystodes-
midae) in Texas and New Mexico. National Geographic Research 3:336-342.

Shelley, R. M. 1988. The millipeds of eastern Canada ( Arthropoda: Diplopoda). Canadian Journal of
Zoology 66:1638-1663.

Shelley, R. M. 1989. Rhysodesmus chisosi new species, a biogeographically significant milliped
from the Chisos Mountains, Texas (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Southwestern Naturalist
34:219-224.

Shelley, R. M. 1990. Occurrences of the millipeds Thrinaxorin lanipra (Chamberlin) and Stenodes-
mus tuobitus (Chamberlin) in eastern and southern Texas (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). South-
western Naturalist 35:96-97.

Shelley, R. M. 1992. Occurrence of the milliped, Stenodesmus tuobitus (Chamberlin), west of the Rio
Grande (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Insecta Mundi 6:19-21 .

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003

POSSIBLE REPRODUCTION OF THE COMAL SPRINGS

RIFFLE BEETLE, HETERELMIS COMALENSIS

(COLEOPTERA: ELMIDAE), IN CAPTIVITY1

Joe N. Fries:

ABSTRACT: Endangered Comal Springs riffle beetles have been kept in captivity at the San Marcos
National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center since 1996. In 2000. beetle larvae were found in an
aquarium that previously had only adults. None of the larvae survived for more than 8 months. One
adult beetle survived for 19 months.

KEY WORDS: Heterelmis comalensis, Coleoptera. Elmidae, Texas, reproduction.

The Comal Springs riffle beetle (Heterelmis comalensis Bosse. Tuff, and
Brown) (Coleoptera: Elmidae) occurs in spring-runs of the Comal River (Comal
Springs), New Braunfels, Comal County, Texas (Bosse el al. 1 988), and a single
specimen was found in the headwaters of the San Marcos River, Hays County.
Texas, in 1992 (Barr 1993). The spring ecosystems of both rivers are dependent
upon flow from the Edwards Aquifer which also provides high quality water to
meet an ever-increasing human demand. Heterelmis comalensis was listed as en-
dangered in 1998 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1997), primarily be-
cause of threats to its habitat. Additionally, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(1996) required the development of refugium populations for the listed species
from the spring ecosystems of the San Marcos and Comal rivers.

Since July 1996, the San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology
Center (NFHTC), San Marcos, Texas, has been involved in refugium activities
for H. comalensis. Beetles were collected from rocks in Comal Springs during
1996-1998 and brought to the NFHTC. They were identified as Heterelmis using
Merritt and Cummins (1984) and were presumed to be H. comalensis since the
only other similarly-sized elmids known from Comal Springs are M. pnsillus
(Arsuffi 1993: Barr 1993) and Stenelmis sp. (Bowles et al. 2000). Beetles were
placed in flow-through (Edwards Aquifer water) aquaria with limestone rocks
covered with algae from Comal Springs. Aquarium configuration was modified
several times, changing flow pattern and rate, rock arrangement, and adding tem-
perature-conditioned bio-filtered recirculated water. Although one beetle lived
for 1 1 months, survival was poor and losses averaged about 24% per month.

In January 2000. 43 adult H. comalensis were collected at Comal Springs
among leaf litter and rocks in the springs emerging from the edge of the spring-
runs. Most of the beetles were aggregated on decaying leaves from anacua
(Ehretia anacua), an endemic tree, and had attached protozoans which com-
monly are found on riffle beetles (Brown 1987). The beetles were placed in an
acid-washed aquarium containing a mixture of flow-through water and recircu-

1 Received on December 7, 2001 : Accepted on November 23. 2003

;U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center. 5(K)
East McCarty Lane, San Marcos. TX 78666. U.S.A. E-mail: joe_fries<5 fws.gov.

Mailed on April 9. 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

lated water, anacua leaves that had been air-dried, and limestone rocks from a ter-
restrial source. The aquarium was fitted with a standpipe and small-mesh (about
0.5-mm) screening and was covered with tight-fitting plexiglass to exclude
insects and other animals. IP April 2000, five early instar larvae were found in
this aquarium and removed to a covered, 600-ml plastic beaker for rearing to
adulthood. The beaker was modified for flow-through of well water and con-
tained anacua leaves and a limestone rock for substrate. All of these larvae died
within 5 months.

In September 2000, 33 additional larvae were found, mostly on anacua leaves,
in the aquarium with the adult beetles. One larva was confirmed as Heterelmis
using Merritt and Cummins (1984) and was presumed to be H. comalensis, as
were the remaining 32 larvae. The larvae were removed to the 600-ml flow-
through beaker. By December 2000, only 18 of these larvae survived and by May
2001 all of the larvae had died. Survival of adult Comal Springs riffle beetles
during this same 8-month period also was low (11%). However, three adult bee-
tles lived in captivity for 17 months and one of these lived an additional 2
months. Brown (1973) noted that adults of//, vulnerata can live for several years
and those of M. pusillus can live for at least 9 years in captivity. While it is pos-
sible that eggs or larvae were brought in from the wild and simply developed fur-
ther in captivity, these life stages were never observed during collection. Thus, it
is likely that either female beetles with fertilized eggs had been collected or fer-
tilization and larval development took place in the aquarium. In either case, some
level of early life stage development occurred in captivity. It is demonstrated
here that adult specimens of H. comalensis can survive for at least 1 year, and
possibly reproduce, in captivity.

Captive culture of the Comal Springs riffle beetle may become important for
the short-term if spring-run habitat in the Comal River is degraded by loss of
springflow or pollution. However, survival of//, comalensis can be assured only
if springflow of high quality water is maintained.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Cathy A. Kaczmarek, J. Murry Owen, Paige A. Najvar, and Ruth Stanford for help col-
lecting the beetles. I also thank David E. Bowles for his help in collection and identification of the
beetles and for editorial comments. Thanks go to J. Randy Gibson for discovery of the captive-bred
larvae. I am grateful for the editorial efforts of Loraine T. Fries, William M. Seawell, Paula J. Power,
Thomas M. Brandt, and several anonymous reviewers.

LITERATURE CITED

Arsuffi, T. L. 1993. Status of the Comal Springs riffle beetle (Heterelmis comalensis Bosse, Tuff
and Brown), Peck's cave amphipod (Stygobromus pecki Holsinger) and the Comal Springs dry-
opid beetle (Stygoparnus comalensis Barr and Spangler). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Report.
Austin, Texas. 25 pp.

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003

Barr, C. B. 1993. Survey for two Edwards Aquifer invertebrates: Comal Springs dryopid beetle
Stygoparnus comalensis Barr and Spangler (Coleoptera: Dryopidae) and Peck's cave amphipod
Stygobromus pecki Holsinger (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Report. Austin, Texas. 70 pp.

Bosse, L. S., D. W. Tuff, and H. P. Brown. 1988. A new species of Hcicn-lmis from Texas (Coleo-
ptera: Elmidae). Southwestern Naturalist. 33(21:199-203.

Bowles, D. E., R. Stanford, and C. B. Barr. 2000. Preliminary habitat characterization and phe-
nology of the endangered riffle beetle Heterelmis comalensis and a coexisting species, Micro-
cylloepus pusillus, (Coleoptera: Elmidae) at Comal Springs, Texas, USA. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Report, Austin, Texas. 27 pp.

Brown, H. P. 1973. Survival records for elmid beetles, with notes on laboratory rearing of various
dryopoids (Coleoptera). Entomological News 84:278-284.

Brown, H. P. 1987. Biology of riffle beetles. Annual Review of Entomology. 32:253-273.

Merritt, R. W. and K. W. Cummins. 1 984. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America.
Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co. Dubuque, Iowa. 722 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. San Marcos and Comal Springs and Associated Aquatic
Ecosystems (Revised) Recovery Plan. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 93 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Endangered and threatened wildlife plants; final rule to list
three aquatic invertebrates in Comal and Hays counties. Texas, as endangered. Fed. Reg. Federal
Register 62:66295-66304.

ADDENDUM — In February 2004, larvae (F2) produced from captive-bred adults (Fl) were found,
documenting completion of the Comal Springs riffle beetle's entire lifecycle in captivity.

10 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A NEW SPECIES OF PTEROPTRIX

(HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE)

FROM ARGENTINA, THE FIRST KNOWN APHELINID

WITH THREE-SEGMENTED TARSI1

Jung-Wook Kinr and Serguei V. Triapitsyn2

ABSTRACT: A new species of aphelinid wasp, Pteroptrixfidalgoi, is described and illustrated from
a single female collected in the Province of Misiones, Argentina. This is the first known representa-
tive of the family Aphelinidae with three tarsal segments. The reduction in number of tarsal segments
in Chalcidoidea is briefly discussed.

KEY WORDS: Pteroptrixfidalgoi, Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae, Argertina, three-segmented tarsi.

Trichogrammatidae are defined primarily by having three-segmented tarsi,
and secondarily by the antennal structure, usually S-shaped wing venation, a
broadly jointed petiole, and a short and straight protibial spur. Among Chalcidoi-
dea, three-segmented tarsi occur in Agaonidae and Eulophidae (Delvare and
LaSalle 2000), and also in Mymaridae (Huber and Beardsley 2000). A new spec-
ies described in this paper has three-segmented tarsi and a broad petiole similar
to Trichogrammatidae. However, it clearly belongs to Aphelinidae based on an-
tennal characteristics, structure of the mesosoma and wing venation, and the
presence of a curved and bifid protibial spur.

This unusual specimen of Pteroptrix Westwood (Aphelinidae: Coccophagi-
nae) was collected by Patricio Fidalgo in Loreto, Misiones, Argentina, which is
the type locality of many Argentinean Hymenoptera collected by the late Alejan-
dro A. Ogloblin. All previously known species of Pteroptrix have four tarsal seg-
ments. Other than having three-segmented tarsi, this specimen appears to be a
normal Pteroptrix; it has no indications that it could be an aberrant form. The
new species would key to Pteroptrix (=Archenomus Howard according to Hayat
1983) if we assume that it has four-segmented tarsi.

Generic placement of this species in Aphelinidae relies mainly on the anten-
nal and tarsal segmentation, as well as on the presence or absence of a linea calva
on the forewing (Hayat 1983, 1994). However, taxa with similar morphology, but
with different segmentation of the antenna or tarsi, can be placed in separate gen-
era without knowing their true affinities. For example, possible affinities of
Bardylis Howard to Coccophagoides Girault and Pteroptrix to Encarsia Foerster
have been suggested despite differences in the number of tarsal segments (see
discussion of Hayat 1998). Furthermore, few studies have addressed the rela-
tionships of Pteroptrix and related genera (Prinsloo and Neser 1990, Viggiani
and Garonna 1993). Without convincing characters for supporting Pteroptrix, the
monophyly of this genus cannot be assumed. We provisionally place the new

1 Received on January 10. 2002; Accepted on June 18, 2002.

2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 . U.S.A. E-mail of
author J-W K: argids01@tamu.edu.

Mailed on April 9, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003

species into Pteroptrix, assuming that the 3-segmented tarsi have no distinguish-
ing phylogenetic value. We do not attempt to assess the delimitation of Pterop-
trix, which would require a study of the large number of species groups and a rig-
orous phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, a single individual specimen makes it
difficult to judge the phylogenetic significance of the new species. The support-
ing characters for its generic placement are as follows: one seta on the submar-
ginal vein, costal cell longer than marginal vein, and mesotibial spur longer than
mesobasitarsus (Table 1). While these are diagnostic features of Pteroptrix (Vig-
giani and Garonna 1993), unfortunately these characters evidently overlap with
some other genera. As far as we know, there is no single character that supports
the monophyly of Pteroptrix other than having all tarsi with a reduced number
of segments (four-segmented). Only the combination of character states indicat-
ed in Table 1, including this single species with three-segmented tarsi, can be
used to define Pteroptrix. Additionally, this specimen has a long and slender
'socketed peg-like structure' on the mandible similar to other Pteroptrix (Fig. 1 1 ,
in Heraty and Schauff 1998).

The fauna of Pteroptrix in the Neotropical region is poorly known, with only
three species recorded to date: P. bicolor (Howard) and P. dimidiata Westwood,
both from Argentina, and P. howardi (Dozier) from Haiti and Puerto Rico (Noyes
1998).

Terms for morphological features used in the description follow those of
Gibson (1997). Measurements are given in micrometers ((im) as length or. if
applicable, as length/width. Explanations of measurements follow Hayat ( 1998).
An abbreviation "F" is used: F = funicle segment.

Genus Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833

Pteroptrix Westwood, 1833: 344. Type species: Pteroptrix - dimidiatus Westwood,
1833: 344, by monotypy.

Pteroptrix fidalgoi Kim & Triapitsyn, NEW SPECIES (Figs. 1-5)

Description. Female (holotype). Color. Body and appendages brown except following pans dif-
ferently colored: face, vertex, and head above occipital suture orange; antenna dusky orange; side
lobe and posterior and lateral parts of midlobe of mesoscutum orange: scutellum white: trochanters.
protibia, apical third of mesotibia, apical half of metatibiu, and tarsi orange. Wings hyaline except
forewing blade slightly infuscated below venation, more so helo\\ marginal vein: venation bro\\n.

Head. Head width 1 .5 x of frontovertex width; eye length about 1 .5 x as long as malar space;
torulus below lower margin of eye; distance from torulus to eye margin 4 \ diameter of torulus; a
transverse sulcus on the posterior of the head. Mandible tetradentate, teeth very small: a long and
slender, socketed, peg-like structure present.

Antenna (Fig. 1 ). 8-segmented. sparsely setose; flagellum spindle-shaped. Scape 5 x as long as
broad; pedicel longer than combined lengths of Fl and F2; both Fl and F2 broader than long. Fl I .<•>
\ longer than F2, F2 0.5 x as long as F3, F3 0.6 x as wide as F3, F3 appears to be part of cla\a rather
than of funicle; length of two basal segments of clava as long as scape, basal segment of cla\a slight-
ly longer than wide, two following segments notably longer than wide, distal segment of clava
tapered at apex; funicle segments with I or 2 short longitudinal sensilla each: all three segments of
clava with longitudinal sensilla each.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

(b)

Figs. 1-5. Female of Pteroptrixfidalgoi, new species: (1) antenna; (2) mesosoma;
(3) wings; (4) mesotibia and mesotarsus; (5) ovipositor.

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003

Mesosoma (Fig. 2). Pronotum divided medially, each lobe with cellulate sculpture and 3 setae.
Mesoscutum and scutellum with irregular cellulate reticulation. Mesoscutum much longer than
scutellum; midlobe of mesoscutum with 2 pairs of setae, side lobe with I seta: axilla strongly pro-
jected forward into side lobe of mesoscutum, slightly longer than wide, with 1 seta. Distance from
scutellar placoid sensillum to anterior seta less than its diameter: posterior pair of scutellar setae
much closer to each other than are the anterior setae. Metanotum and propodeum short and smooth
appearing.

Wings (Fig. 3). Forewing (Fig. 3a) 5.6 x as long as broad; submarginal vein with 1 seta: costal
cell with 3 setae medially and 2 longer setae apically: marginal vein 0.8 x length of costal cell, with
6 strong setae on anterior margin. Chaetotaxy of blade irregular, with a small bare area apical to stig-
mal vein. Longest marginal cilia 0.8 x as long as greatest width of wing, marginal cilia on apical quar-
ter of forewing more or less of same length. Hind wing (Fig. 3b) 7 x as long as broad; blade with a
irregular row of microtrichia; longest marginal cilia about 1 .8 x as long as greatest width of wing.

Legs. All tarsi 3-segmented. Mesotibial spur markedly longer than basitarsus (Fig. 4).

Metasoma. Ovipositor (Fig. 5) 1.7 x as long as mesotibia, about 4 x as long as third valvula:
slightly exserted beyond apex of metasoma; external plate of ovipositor with 1 basal seta and 2 dis-
tal setae.

Measurements. Body (length, without head): 582. Head (width): 193. Antenna: scape: 84; pedi-
cel: 44; Fl: 18; F2: 11: F3: 22: clava: 157. Mesosoma (length): 215. Forewing (length/width): 455/
82; longest marginal cilia: 109. Hind wing (length/width): 365/51: longest marginal cilia: 91. Legs
(femur, tibia, tarsus): foreleg: 117, 91. 99: middle leg: 120. 146, 91; hind leg: 110. 153. 99. Meta-
soma: 368; ovipositor: 248.

Male. Unknown.

Type Material. Holotype female on slide: Argentina, Misiones, Loreto, 23.viii.2()()(). P. Fidalgo.
YPT [yellow pan trap] in Ruinas Jesuiticas [deposited in the collection of Fundacion e Institute)
Miguel Lillo. San Miguel de Tucuman. Argentina (IMLA)|.

Etymology. The new species is named after the collector. Dr. Patrick)
Fidalgo.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in the Province of Misiones,
Argentina.

Host. Unknown.

Comments. The new species is unique among Pteroptrix which otherwise
have four tarsal segments. It has a tetradentate rather than tridentate mandible. P.
fukilgoi new species is similar to the species from the lauri group as defined by
Viggiani and Garonna (1993) based on mainly the shape of the antenna and the
forewing, but that species group has the mesotibial spur shorter than the mesob-
asitarsus. The incolns group, suggested by Prinsloo and Neser ( 1990) for Archcn-
omus and later incorporated in the nmritinui group of Pteroptrix by Viggiani and
Garonna (1993), appears to be related to P. fukilgoi based on the presence of a
transverse sulcus on the posterior of the head. However, the unique three-seg-
mented tarsi prevent the placement of the new species in any of the presently rec-
ognized species groups (Viggiani and Garonna 1993). Currently, the monophyly
of each of the five existing species groups of Pteroptrix is not well defined and
we choose not to place this new species into a species group.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

<u
ex

a:
_c

CO
Ui

k.
cS

cs
ex

o
U

-a

-o

•o

•a

•o

m m

•a

.a"

(35

-t

— ri

__,

, ,

•a

-a

'S.

'a.

CM ^

E—

¥ ° 0

•!• r* *^

— *•* ^/^

— e ^*

Otf — S

<~ ^

>•

•^ -c o

eg &£ *-

•3 c U

es ± u

1^1

CM 5

"a>

° ** Efl

O ** r-
3? *• 5

' S —

—

-a

•9

"f "S

•S 13

i O

o
'C

^ "c

-a

•a

C/)

C/3

^ -

— •/•
S -S

<s i s

® S E

5 = 4?

F-« 03 35

1/5

O "c« p
. > —

-p

6 U M

r<~j

T$-

l/^J

1/~1

ZSJ 0*
— C/3

"*•

Ji--

-2?

•S

•~

"P'

J-J

^~-^

•^

9 -2P

O tLi

a So
r3 4

+ H

•£ °^

aj C'
<u ^

-G fi

,—

<u
aj o

I ft

3 _

ex cs

OO ^H

O >— ' *j

g H cs

r'* C

7, ^ HH

1 f |

.•§ E oo

co ^) CN

X) CO C/3
O

. .

E
.

73
C

^ > ON

*CJ 13 -^

a c ^

13 '§> cs

•*— ' Z3 ^>^

c/3 C^ !!^7*

o c =2

u • p-C

u > -s

U S 00

—

°cz

cs ^_;

C ON
DC —

•" CS
«J 73

(U •!_>

73 g
|1

OJ to

; I

.^2 _.

xj C
~ cS

2 I

r" > ' P

5 ^ co -

^ 13 - «

cs S
>> ex

u. cs

C^ ^

~ c

tjq '3

•§ ^

>-.

CS £
O 3

S ~

* kj

Vol. II4.\D. l..laiiuai\ ^ K-hruaiA 21)03 13

DISCUSSION

The reduction of tarsal segments in Chalcidoidea is a phenomenon that is still
poorly understood. In the Mymaridae, for instance, tarsomere number has been
used in the past to subdivide the family into subfamilies and tribes; however,
apparently closely related genera such as Camptoptera Foerster (tarsi five-seg-
mented) and Eufoersteria Mathot (tarsi four-segmented, two apical tarsomeres
likely fused) would end up in different subfamilies if only this character is con-
sidered. As Huber and Lin (1999, p. 38) wrote, "Reduction in tarsomere number
from 5 to 4 has likely occurred several times in Mymaridae . . . Clearly, loss or
perhaps fusion of segments, whether antennal or tarsal, occurs much more fre-
quently than previously realized, necessitating a re-evaluation of generic limits
in several groups. Unfortunately, in the past, too much reliance was placed on the
number and constancy of appendage segments for defining genera, with the
result that several genera, not only in the Camptoptera group, are too narrowly
defined."

We fully agree with the above quote and believe that the recent discoveries of
non-trichogrammatid Chalcidoidea with three-segmented tarsi, such as the genus
Trisecodes Delvare and LaSalle (Eulophidae: Entedoninae) (Delvare and LaSalle
2000), as well as this new species of Pteroptrix, further support the necessity of
reconsidering the practice of using appendage segmentation as the sole or main
basis for definition of some groups.

In some groups of Chalcidoidea, reductions in the number of appendage seg-
ments may be associated with the adaptations for parasitization of smaller hosts.
For instance, in species of the mymarid genus Erythmelns Enock, which are par-
asitoids of eggs of Tingidae, a reduction of funicle segments from six to five is
rather common. This may be due either to the outright loss of a segment or to the
fusion of any two neighboring segments (S. V. Triapitsyn, unpublished data).
Furthermore, the funicle of one species of Erythme his is four-segmented due to
a further fusion of two segments following the initial loss of a funicle segment
(Triapitsyn and Fidalgo 2001 ).

Parasitoids of armored scales (Diaspididae) sometimes have a reduced num-
ber of tarsal segments when compared with taxa from the same family that par-
asitize different, and often larger, hosts. For instance, two of the three known
genera of Encyrtidae that have four-segmented tarsi, Anthemns Howard and
Arrhenophagus Aurivillius (the other is Tetracyclos Kryger, probably parasitiz-
ing Pseudococcidae), belong to two different tribes; both are minute in size and
both are parasitoids of Diaspididae.

As noted above, occasional reductions in the number of tarsal and especially
funicle segments in Chalcidoidea may occur independently, and are not neces-
sarily the result of a single event. There are three genera of Aphelinidae with a
4-4-4 tarsal formula: Eretmoccrus Haldeman, Banlylis, and I'tcroptrix. Banlylis
and Pteroptrix are morphologically similar to Coccophagoides and Encarsia
respectively, and both have been separated from similar genera based on the

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

tarsal segmentation. Hay at (1998) noted the striking similarity between
Pteroptrix and Encarsia, especially the citrina species group of Encarsia (for-
merly Aspidiotiphagus Howard, all tarsi five-segmented, parasitic on Diaspidi-
dae). Additionally, the number of tarsal segments separates tetramerous Bardylis
from pentamerous Coccophagoides despite their possible affinity and similarity
(Hay at 1998). However, correlation of host size and segment reduction is not
clear. The most widely used hosts of Aphelinidae are various Diaspididae and
Aleyrodidae (Hayat 1998). These hosts are utilized by various aphelinid genera
with either non-reduced or reduced tarsal and antennal segmentation. Without a
careful study of the characters of the above genera, it is questionable whether the
biology of parasitism on Diaspididae and a possible correlation with the reduc-
tions in some characters can be used to support the grouping. For example, the
monophyly of the Diaspididae-parasitizing species of Encarsia was not support-
ed by morphological and molecular analyses and they were scattered in three dif-
ferent places on the phylogenetic tree (Babcock et al. 2001).

Nevertheless, reduction of tarsal segmentation within Encarsia has been
shown to be phylogenetically informative (Babcock et al. 2001). For example,
the monophyly of the luteola group (parasitoids on Aleyrodidae) of Encarsia,
with a four-segmented mesotarsus, was strongly supported (Babcock et al.
2001). The phylogenetically informative reduction in this species group is in
direct contrast to the idea that four-segmented tarsi could have evolved multiple
times and could not be informative in Aphelinidae. At the generic level, howev-
er, reduction of tarsal segments has not always proven to be informative within
this family. Due to inconclusive and putative relationships among Aphelinidae
based on different number of tarsal segments, reduction cannot be used by itself
to justify designation of a new genus for this new species.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Patricio Fidalgo (San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina) for collecting the specimen and
making it available for this study, Mohammad Hayat (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India) for
confirming our preliminary identification of the new species as a Pteroptrix, and John Heraty, James
Munro, and Douglas Yanega (University of California, Riverside, USA) for critically reviewing the
manuscript. We also thank an anonymous reviewer for comments. This study was funded in part by
NSF grant (DEB-PEET #9978150).

LITERATURE CITED

Babcock, C. S., J. M. Heraty, P. J. De Barro, F. Driver, and S. Schmidt. 200 1 . Preliminary phy-
logeny of Encarsia Forster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) based on morphology and 28S rDNA.
Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 18(2):306-323.

Delvare, G. and J. LaSalle. 2000. Trisecodes gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae), the
first eulophid with three tarsal segments. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 9(2):305-312.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Chapter 2. Morphology and terminology, p. 16-44. //;: G. A. P. Gibson, J. T.
Huber and J. B. Woolley, eds. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenop-
tera). NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 794 pp.

Hayat, M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 8:63-102.

Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003

Hayat, M. 1994. Notes on some genera of the Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). \\ ith com-
ments on the classification of the family. Oriental Insects 28:81-96.

Hayat, M. 1998. Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision. Mem-
oirs on Entomology, International 13:1-416.

Heraty, J. M. and M. E. Schauff. 1998. Mandibular teeth in Chalcidoidea: function and phyloge-
ny. Journal of Natural History 32:1227-1244.

Huber, J. T. and J. W. Beardsley. 2000. A new genus of fairyfly, Kikiki. from Hawaiian Islands
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 34:65-70.

Huber, J. T. and N. Q. Lin. 1999. World review of the Camptoptera group of genera (Hymenoptera:
Mymaridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 130:21-65.

Noyes, J. S. 1998. Catalogue of the Chalcidoidea of the world. ETI, The Natural History Museum.
CD-ROM.

Polaszek, A. and M. Hayat. 1 992. A revision of the genera Dirphys Howard and Encarsiella Hayat
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Systematic Entomology 17:181-197.

Prinsloo, G. L. and O. C. Neser. 1990. The southern African species of Archenomus Howard
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) with a key to the species of the World. Entomology Memoir Depart-
ment of Agricultural Development, Republic of South Africa 79:1-26.

Triapitsyn, S. V. and P. Fidalgo. 2001 . A new species of Erythmelus Enock, 1909 (Hymenoptera:
Mymaridae), egg parasitoid of Acanthocheila armigera (Stal, 1858) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in
Brazil. Russian Entomological Journal 10(2):163-165.

Viggiani, G. and A. P. Garonna. 1993 (1991). Le specie italiane del complesso Archenomus
Howard, Archenoiuisciis Nikolskaja, Hispaniella Mercet e Pteroptrix Westwood. con nuove com-
binazioni generiche (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia
Agraria "Filippo Silvestri" 48:57-88.

Westwood, J. O. 1833. Description of several new British forms among the parasitic hymenopter-
ous insects. Philosophical Magazine 3:342-344.

18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A NEW SPECIES OF LEPTOGLOSSUS (HETEROPTERA:

COREIDAE: ANISOSCELINI) ASSOCIATED WITH THE

AMAZONIAN PALM MAURITIA FLEXUOSA

(ARECACEAE: LEPIDOCARYEAE) IN PERU1

Harry Brailovsky; and Guy Couturier1

ABSTRACT: A new species, Leptoglossus Hesperus (Heteroptera: Coreidae), collected in the Ama-
zonian palm Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidocaryeae), is described from Peru and compared
with L. lonchoulcs Allen. The hind leg and male genital capsule are illustrated.

KEY WORDS: Li'ptoc\>h>stnis, Heteroptera, Coreidae, Mauritia flexrosa, Arecaceae.

Previous to this paper only one species of Leptoglossus, (L. lonchoides Allen
1969) has been associated with palms (Couturier et al., 1993, Schaeffer and
Panizzi 2000, and Howard et al., 2001 ).

Leptoglossus lonchoides was reported damaging fruits of Bactris gasipaes H.
B. K. (Paltnae), in Central Amazonia. The fruit suffered premature fruit fall that
considerably reduced yields in Manaus, Brazil (Couturier et al. 1993).

In this contribution, we add a second species of Leptoglossus associated with
the Amazonian palm Mauritia flexuosa L. f., in which the fruit is harvested by
the rural population in the Peruvian Amazon to be consumed as fresh product
(Padoch 1988). The presence of both adults and nymphs on the palm trees indi-
cates that L. hesperus, completes its entire life cycle in this palm.

In addition to L. hesperus four other species of Leptoglossus are recorded
from the Peruvian region: L. cinctus (H. S.), L.flavosignatus Blote, L. neovexil-
Icitus Allen, and L. zonatus (Dallas) (Allen 1969, and Brailovsky and Barrera
1998).

Acronyms used is this paper are: Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France (MNHN), Universidad Agraria La Molina, Museo de Entomologfa,
Lima, Peru (UAMP), and Coleccion Entomologica, Instituto de Biologia, Uni-
versidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM). All measurements are given
in millimeters.

Leptoglossus hesperus, NEW SPECIES

Figures 2-3

Description. Male. Dorsal coloration. Head: dark orange with three broad
black stripes, two lateral to midline, the other close to eyes; antennal segment I
black with inner face dirty orange, segments II and III pale chestnut orange with

1 Received on March 26, 2002; Accepted on June 13, 2002.

Department de Zoologfa, Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Apartado Postal No. 70 1 53, Mexico, 045 10
D.F. Mexico. H-mail: coreidae @servidor.unam.mx.

'ORSTOM, Institut trancais de recherche scicntil'ique pour de devcloppement en cooperation. 213,
rue La Fayette, F-75480 Paris Cedex 10, France.

Mailed on April '), 2004

Vol. 114. No. I . January & Fchruary 2003 19_

apical joint black, and IV pale chestnut brown with basal third dark chestnut
orange. Pronotum: anterolateral, posterolateral, and posterior border dirty yel-
low; disc pale reddish brown, tinged with yellow; collar, anterior margin, lateral
portion of calli, anterolateral margin near the border, and humeral angle black.
Scutellum: pale reddish brown with apex yellow. Hemelytra: clavus and corium
pale reddish brown with costal margin yellow; corium with light yellow irregu-
lar, transverse fascia; hemelytral membrane uniformly dark. Abdomen: connex-
ivum pale chestnut orange with anterior third and upper margin yellow; dorsal
abdominal segments black with posterior margin of segments III to VI yellow.
Ventral coloration. Head dirty orange yellow with four discoidal spots, two
close to postocular tubercle, and the other two near middle third and close to pos-
terior margin; rostral segments I and II dirty yellow, and III and IV bright red-
dish orange; thorax and abdomen dirty orange yellow with numerous small black
spots; prosternum, lateral margins of mesosternum, and metasternum black; an-
terior and posterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme yellow; fore and middle legs
bright chestnut orange; hind leg with coxae, trochanters, femur and tarsi bright
chestnut orange; hind tibiae bright chestnut orange with outer and inner dilation
bright reddish brown; genital capsule dirty orange yellow; rim of abdominal spir-
acles dirty yellow.

Structure. Body medium sized. Head: tylus unarmed, rounded apically, ex-
tending anteriorly to the jugae, and slightly raised in lateral view; rostrum reach-
ing anterior third of abdominal sternite VI; rostral segment III extending to at
least posterior margin of metasternum. Pronotum: collar wide; each pronotal
margin entire; humeral angles rounded to obtuse, and not exposed; calli slightly
elevated, impunctate, without two medial tubercles; surface densely punctate;
disc posteriorly with median longitudinal carina obsolete. Legs. Hind tibiae:
outer dilation short, lanceolate, entire, without emarginations, occupying 39% of
the length of hind tibiae, width of outer dilation wider than width of inner dila-
tion; inner dilation lanceolate, entire, without emarginations, shorter than outer,
occupying 37% of the length of hind tibiae; undilated portion of hind tibiae with-
out spine-like teeth (Fig. 2). Scutellum: triangular, longer than wide, flat, with-
out median longitudinal carina; apex subtruncated. Genitalia. Genital capsule:
posteroventral edge with median notch, deep and rounded; dorsal prongs promi-
nently acute, and projecting medially (Fig. 3).

Female. Coloration. Similar to male. Antenna! segment I dirty orange, seg-
ments II and III bright chestnut orange with apical third black, and IV pale chest-
nut brown with basal joint black; rostral segments I to IV dirty yellow; connexi-
val segments VIII and IX dirty yellow; dorsal abdominal segments VIII and IX
black with posterior margin of VIII yellow; hind tibiae bright chestnut orange
with outer and inner dilation bright reddish brown with whitish yellow irregular
maculae near middle third; genital plates dirty orange yellow; rim of abdominal
spiracles light brown to yellow. Structure. Rostrum reaching anterior margin of
abdominal sternite IV; rostral segment III reaching middle third of metasternum.
Legs. Hind tibiae: outer dilation short, lanceolate, entire, occupying 57% of the

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

length of hind tibiae, width of outer dilation wider than width of inner dilation;
inner dilation lanceolate, entire, shorter than outer, occupying 35% of the length
of hind tibiae; undilated portion of hind tibiae with two small spine-like teeth.

Figures 1-3. Leptoglossus spp. 1-2. Hind leg. 1. L. lonchoides Allen. 2. L. Hesperus
Brailovsky and Couturier. 3. Caudal view of the male genital capsule of L. Hesperus
Brailovsky and Couturier.

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003

Measurements, (male, followed by female). Head length 2.35. 2.70. width across eyes 1 .42. 2.30.
interocular space 1.02. 1.35. interocellar space 0.47, 0.67. preocular distance 1.50. 1.67: length of
antennal segments: I. 2.35, 2.75. II. 3.90.4.20, III. 2.65. 3.00. IV. 4.35. 4.66. Pronotum: Length 2.55.
3.70, maximum width across calli 2.10, 2.65, maximum width across humeral angles 3.90, 5.2(1. Hind
tibiae: Total length 7.15, 8.23, length outer dilation 2.85. 4.60, length inner dilation 2.65, 2.90, max-
imum width outer dilation 0.36, 0.61, maximum width inner dilation 0.21 .0.35. Scutellar length 1.65,
2.45, width 1 .50. 2.30. Body length 15.50, 19.30.

Type material. Holotype: Cf . Peru: Departamento Loreto, Iquitos, km 8 carr. Iquitos-Nauta. 6-II-
2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (MNHN). Paratype: I male, same location as holotype (UNAM I. 1
female, Peru: Departamento Loreto, Iquitos, Zungarococha, 25-IX-2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado
(UAMP). 1 male, Peru: Departamento Loreto. Iquitos. km 17.5 carr. Iquitos-Nauta, 25-V-2001. J.
Vazquez and C. Delgado (UAMP). 2 males, Peru: Departamento Loreto, Iquitos, Santa Clara "Simon
Bolivar," 28-VIII-2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (MNHN). 1 female, Peru: Departamento Loreto,
Quisococha. I l-V-2001 , J. Vazquez and C. Delgado (UNAM). All specimens were collected on the
Amazonian palm Mauritiaflexuosa (Arecaceae: Lepidocaryeae).

Biology. Males, females, and nymphs of Leptoglossus Hesperus were collect-
ed on the inflorescences of the Amazonian palm Mauritiaflexuosa (Arecaceae:
Lepidocaryeae), growing in an ecosystem referred to as named "aguaje enano"
or "dwarf aguaje," in the surrounding area of Iquitos. Department of Loreto. in
Peru.

Mauritiaflexuosa is a dioic palm that grows on periodically or permanently
flooded areas. It is distributed throughout northern South America, east of the
Andes (below 500 m), and is recorded from Brazil (from northern Amazonia to
the state of Bahia), Colombia, Ecuador, the Guianas, Peru, Trinidad and Venezu-
ela. The height of the adult plant reaches 25 m, the inflorescences are more than
2 m long, and each female inflorescence can carry 400 to 500 fruits (Henderson
etal., 1995).

Discussion. This species is most similar to L. lonchoides Allen, in having the
thorax and abdomen dirty orange yellow with numerous small black spots, the
corium with yellow irregular transverse fascia, hind tibiae with the outer and
inner dilation lanceolate, entire, without emarginations, and the posteroventral
edge of male genital capsule with deep median notch, and prominent dorsal
prongs (Fig. 3). In L. hesperus new species, the width of outer and inner dilations
of the hind tibiae are smaller (Figs. 1-2), and the rostrum in males extends to the
anterior third of abdominal sternite VI and on to the anterior margin of abdomi-
nal sternite IV in females. In L. lonchoides, the rostrum is shorter, usually reach-
ing only the posterior margin of abdominal sternite III.

Etymology. From the Latin "hesperus" meaning west.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the team of the Institute de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (HAP) working in
the "dwarf amiaje" region who made available specimens of the new species, particularly Joel
Vazquez and C. Delgado, who collected the type series. Also special thanks are given to Ernesto
Barrera (UNAM) for preparing the drawings.

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, R. C. 1969. A revision of the genus Lci>tt>xlt><i.\i<\ Guerin (Hemiptera: Corcidae). Ento-
mologica Americana 45: 35-140.

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Brailovsky, H. and E. Barrera. 1 998. A review of the Costa Rican species of Leptoglossus Guerin,
with descriptions of two new species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae: Coreinae: Anisosce-
lini). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50: 167-184.

Couturier, G., C.R. Clement, and P. Viana Filho. 1993. Leptoglossus lonchoides Allen
(Heteroptera. Coreidae), causante de la caida de los frutos de Bactris gasipaes (Palmae) en la
Amazonia Central. Turrialba 41:293-298.

Henderson, A., G. Galeano, and R. Bernal. 1995. Field guide to the palms of the Americas.
Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, N. J. 352 pp.

Howard, F.W., D. Moore, R.M. Giblin, and R.G. Abad. 2001 . Insects of palms. CABI Publishing,
Wallingford. Oxon, U. K. 400 pp.

Padoch, C. 1988. Aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L. f) in the economy of Iquitos, Peru. Advances in
Economic Botany 6: 214-224.

Schaeffer, C.W. and A.R. Panizzi. 2000. Heteroptera of economic importance. CRC Press. Boca
Raton, FL. 828 pp.

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . Januarv & February 2003

WINTER AGGREGATION OF HARMOMA AXYRIDIS

(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN A CONCRETE

OBSERVATION TOWER1

Paul \V. Schaefer

ABSTRACT: Aggregations of thousands of multicolored Asian lady beetles. Harmonia axyridis.
have appeared each fall since 1993 in a 20.1 m high concrete observation tower at Mt. Gretna.
Lebanon County. Pennsylvania. The tower is located in a clearing on a ridge in otherwise regenerat-
ed oak-maple-birch forests in Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick (326 m elevation.
40 14.78' N. 76" 27.35' \V). Beetles aggregate in the ceiling wall comers on four different levels in
the tower's internal ladder\\a\s. Since the to\\er is open to the public for recreational purposes, one
can visit the tower in late fall and witness these aggregations. During some winters, mortality appears
very high, suggesting that the tower lacks adequate insulative properties for optimum survival.

KEY WORDS: Harmonia axyridis. Coleoptera. Coccinellidae. winter aggregation, lady beatle.
overwintering mortality, fall flight behavior.

Since the multicolored Asian lady beetle. Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) was first
detected in North America (Louisiana) in 1988 (Chapin & Brou 1991). there has
been considerable interest in this beneficial predator of aphids. Although it has
had a positive impact against aphid pests [e.g. on pecan in the Southeast (Tedders
& Schaefer 1994: De Quattro 1995) and apple orchards in West Virginia (Brown
and Miller 1998)]. it has also irritated many homeowners when adult beetles
begin aggregating in the fall, alighting on and entering homes and other build-
ings seeking sites for overwintering (see Kidd ci al. 1995 regarding the human
impact). Nalepa et al. (1996) investigated aspects of H. axyrulis biology (sex
ratio, dimorphism, phenotype. parasitism) in winter aggregations and later aggre-
gation behavior in response to artificial shelters (suggestive of bee hives) and the
utilization of active apiary bee hives as aggregation sites (Nalepa cr al. 2000). I
provide a description of a large observation tower (See web address for illustra-
tion), similar to the silo illustrated in De Quattro (1995). located in south central
Pennsylvania, that appears to meet criteria for successful H. ti.\yruiis aggrega-
tion, and that is readily accessible to the public.

METHODS

Tower Site. Located in Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick.
West Cornwall district near Mt. Gretna. Lebanon Co.. Pennsylvania, a natural!)
regenerated forest, is a cylindrical, reinforced steel and concrete observation
tower (20.1 m high and 4.6 m in diameter) built on the crest of a ridge (326 m
elevation. 40' 14.78' N. 76° 27.35' W) to provide a panoramic \ iew of the sur-
rounding countryside. The tower is reached by a 30-miiuite walk and is used b\
recreational hikers who ascend the tower's internal ladderways to reach the
observation deck on top for a view from above the surrounding forest canop\

1 Received March 2. 2001 . Accepted Ma\ 6. 2001 .

' Beneficial Insects Introduction Research I'nit. ISP \. \KS. 501 S Chapel St . Newark. Delaware
19713. U.S.A. E-mail: pschaefer@biir.ars.usda.gov.

Mailed on April 9. 2004

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

The tower sits in a small clearing that was enlarged in 1996 but is otherwise sur-
rounded by forests of hardwoods and a few conifers.

After first observing the tower in spring 1994, 1 made from one to three annu-
al fall and then some follow-up spring inspections of the tower from 1994 to
2002. During many visits, I photographed the aggregations, collected some or all
available beetles for unrelated studies, and on specific visits (Nov. 2000) took a
GPS fix using a Model GPS III Plus (Garmin Corp., Olathe, Kansas, USA) and
light intensity readings (March 1998) of the external surface and internal ladder-
ways using a Minolta Auto Light Meter IV F, using spherical, flat and mini-
receptor (Minolta Co, Ltd, Japan). I measured the relative light intensity in full
sun away from the tower, on the outer surface, at the entrance level, and in the
four upper levels, both ¥2 m directly inside of the slit window, and in the actual
ceiling comers where the aggregations occurred.

On three consecutive inspections (1995 - 1997), I collected all exposed bee-
tles aggregated on the south ladderway of the tower and isolated samples from
each of the four levels (Figure 1 ). Beetles were brushed into a square plastic fun-
nel, transferred to paper cartons, and returned to the laboratory. Individual con-
tainers from each level were weighed, weight of beetles alone was calculated,
and beetles were then counted.

On many visits the progress of the aggregation formation was noted, pho-
tographed, appreciated, and then left for future visitors or visits.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The tower was first found to contain aggregations of H. axyridis in the fall of
1993. A. G. "Al" Wheeler, Jr. (formerly at Penn. Dept. Agric., Harrisburg, now
Clemson Univ.) first learned of the beetle aggregations from a Harrisburg co-
worker and visited the site that same season. In mid- April 1994, Al and I visited
the tower to find large quantities of dead beetles at all aggregation sites. We
found only a few live beetles crawling about the outer tower surface. We con-
cluded that either beetle survival had been very low or that all other survivors had
already dispersed into nearby forests. We concluded that the intervening winter
had killed large proportions of aggregated beetles. The tower was acceptable for
aggregation but appeared to provide insufficient protection (e.g. low tempera-
tures, desiccation) for optimal overwintering survival.

Based on the 1995 - 1997 beetle collections, mean numbers (based on 15,016
beetles collected), showed a slight but statistically insignificant decrease of bee-
tles with tower height (Table 1 ). Thus beetles flew onto the tower irrespective of
height and entered the slit-like windows (10 x 30 cm) at all levels equally and
tended to avoid the tower entrance. This suggests that beetle flights occur uni-
formly at levels up to ca. 20 m in the vicinity of the tower. Mean calculated
weight of an individual beetle in 1997 was 33.25 mg (n=5,762). Captured bee-
tles were used for various research purposes, including our attempt to identify
possible aggregation pheromones and potentially useful repellants (in collabora-
tion with Jeffrey Aldrich, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD).

Vol. 1 14, No. 1 , January & February 2003

Observation deck (not shown)

LEVEL 4

Aggregation site

Slit windows

LEVELS 2 & 3
(not shown)

LEVEL 1
Aggregation site

Steel ladders

ENTRANCE LEVEL

Unacceptable site

Tower entrance

Figure 1: Observation tower at Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick, Mt.
Gretna, Pennsylvania, where Harmonia axyridis have aggregated annually since first dis-
covery in 1993. The concrete tower is 20.1 m (66 ft) high and 4.47 m ( 15 ft) in diameter
with internal beetle aggregation sites consisting primarily of IS) m of ceiling/wall inter-
face at each of four levels. The west tower entrance (shown) faces 275 from magnetic
north. This entrance level provides a similar area that is generally rejected by beetles. A
corresponding enclosed ladderway, window slits, and entrance on the opposite or east side
(not shown) is used by beetles to a lesser extent than the west side because of the orien-
tation of the sun on mid- to late-afternoon sunny days in October and November when the
beetles take flieht.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Data on light intensity, particularly when considering that no or very few bee-
tles aggregated at the naturally illuminated tower entrance, point to the impor-
tance of diminished light. At 3:30 p.m. on March 26, 1998, the full outside sun-
light measurement was 36,000 lux (hereafter all measurements are converted to
a percentage of this figure); reflectance on the outside concrete surface was 36%;
while l/2 m inside the entrance the light intensity was down to 4.2% and at the
possible aggregation niche it was 2.0%. At upper levels 1 thru 3 the mean light
intensity Vi m from the window slits was much lower (0.13%) and at the ceil-
ing/wall interface (beetle aggregation sites) light intensity was only 28 lux or
0.08%. In contrast to these acceptable aggregation sites (Levels 1-4); the en-
trance level was devoid of beetles, suggesting that the difference between 740
lux and 28 lux made the difference, since the physical structure was similar with
the exception of the brighter door-sized entrance (Figure 1 ). Severely diminished
light intensity appears to act as a behavioral arrestant, and this may be one impor-
tant factor in successful beetle aggregation.

Table 1 . Mean Harmonia axyridis collected in the southwest side of the observation
tower in Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick, Mt. Gretna, Pennsylvania,
during the winters of 1996 through 1998 and survival of beetles at upper and lower two
levels pooled during November-February 2001. Levels refer to potential beetle aggrega-
tion sites, i.e. 2.9 m of ceiling/wall interface (See Figure 1).

Level

Height (m)

3 yr. total

Mean

2001 Survival:

Total No. % Alive

19.8

3,017

l,005.7a

301.3

796 57.4

15.8

3.016

l,005.3a

154.1

11.7

4,056

1,352. la

180.5

1.176 62.6

7.3

4,927

l,642.3a

467.6

Entrance

2.2

Total/Mean 15,016 5.005.3 769.3 1,972 60.5

1. Based on the Student-Newman-Keuls test, means with the same letter are not significantly differ-
ent (P= < 0.05).

In the fall of 1998, 1 discovered that all internal surfaces of the tower had been
painted white. White paint had also been applied to the outside of the tower up
to the 3.4 m level. This seemed to somewhat alter the general behavior of beetles
in comparison to the years before painting, perhaps through differential surface
texture, color, or contact stimuli. On November 1, 2000, I found many beetles
slowly walking on concrete surfaces and only a few had aggregated in corners.

Vol. 114. No. 1 . January & February 2003 27_

Some small clusters were present on the external surface of the tower. Another
inspection 22 days later showed beetles rather loosely organized in clusters.
Some of the small clusters remained on the external surface positioned at the
concrete/white paint interface on the tower's southwest exposure. I also counted
231 H. axyridis positioned on the entrance level, just inside the entrance door
(south side only) and I estimated at least a 5-fold increase on Level 1. 1 assume
that colder temperatures soon thereafter forced all beetles into the darker, inter-
nal recesses of the tower ladderways but no visits confirmed this movement.

Based on collective observations at this tower and experiences at other sites
(i.e. two old silos in Middletown, Delaware, and the Ironmasters House, Pine
Grove Furnace State Park, near Gettysburg, Penn., on October 18, 1994) I pro-
pose the following behavioral sequence: H. axyridis beetles annually fly on
warm, still, fall afternoons and then alight on the tower surface, crawl over the
surface, and enter the slit windows to the internal ladderway 81 cm (32 inches)
wide, and in diminished light aggregate at the ceiling- wall interface (Figure 1).
At first the beetles cluster loosely, with many stragglers, and as colder days occur
beetles progressively cluster together in tighter aggregations. In addition, some
beetles packed tightly into the hollow ends of the steel ladder rungs, and in drain
holes (from the floor above), and others accumulated on the tops of steel ladders
and upright wooden guards opposite each ladder. In all locations, beetles re-
mained nearly motionless or moved very sluggishly. Beetle survival was then de-
pendent on the cumulative exposure to winds and sub-freezing temperatures.

Winter survival of the beetles appears to be very unpredictable. During the
winter of 1994, the majority of beetles in these aggregations apparently died in
situ. Probably the steel and concrete structure of the observation tower provided
too little thermal protection for overwintering survival. Since I removed most
beetles yearly beginning in the fall of 1995, 1 cannot comment further on survival
in those winters, with the exception of the winter of 1997-1998 (an unusually
mild winter). During that winter, when beetles had not been removed the previ-
ous fall, there was no evidence of mass mortality in March 1998. On February
15, 2001, after an unseasonably cold December, I collected beetles and deter-
mined that overall survival was 60.5% (Table 1). The following November
(2002), beetles had aggregated as usual but the overall numbers diminished to
approximately 1/10 that of the winters of 1995 and 1996 based on comparative
photographs.

The observation tower continues to attract H. axyridis, but it is clear that it
sometimes fails to provide sufficient insulation to maximize survival during
unusually cold winters. One can only imagine that in the cracks and crevices of
a natural rock outcropping (where I have observed naturally occurring aggrega-
tions in Hokkaido, Japan), aggregated beetles might experience warmer subsur-
face temperatures (considerably more constant and never so severely cold as
ambient air temperatures), higher moisture levels, and perhaps also the insulat-
ing advantage of snow cover. Optimum winter survival of H. axyridis may occur

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

under these conditions. In conclusion, the Mt. Gretna observation tower has
become a reliable site to observe and collect H . axyridis in late fall even though
the survival of all aggregated beetles is very much dependent on the collective
severity of ambient winter weather. The tower also makes a very convenient site
for the general public to hike up the trails in late fall, enjoy the scenic view, and
witness the annual aggregation of these invasive, yet remarkable lady beetles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank the trustees of the Clarence Schock Memorial Park at Governor Dick for maintaining the
park and providing continued access to the general public. Many thanks to Susan Earth and Philip
Taylor who provided technical help. Thanks also to Christine A. Nalepa (NC Dept. Agric., Raleigh),
Wiliam H. Day (USDA, Newark. DE), and W. Louis Tedders, Jr. (Perry, GA) who provided helpful
comments on earlier drafts and two anonymous reviewers who offered additional suggestions.

LITERATURE CITED

Brown, M. W. and S. S. Miller. 1998. Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in apple orchards of eastern West
Virginia and the impact of invasion by Harmonia a.\\ridis. Entomological News 109: 136-142.

Chapin, J. B. and V. A. Brou. 1991 . Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), the third species of the genus to
be found in the U.S. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Proceedings of Entomological Society of Wash-
ington 93:630-635.

De Quattro, J. 1995. Gotcha. Tiny lady beetles have big biocontrol potential. Agricultural Research

43(3): 4-8.

Kidd, K. A., C. A. Nalepa, E. R. Day and M. G. Waldvogel. 1995. Distribution of Harmonia
axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in North Carolina and Virginia. Proceedings of
Entomological Society of Washington 97:729-731 .

Nalepa, C. A., K. A. Kidd and K. R. Ahlstrom. 1996. Biology of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae) in winter aggregations. Annals of Entomological Society of America 89:681-685.

Nalepa, C. A., K. A. Kidd and D. I. Hopkins. 2000. The multicolored Asian lady beetle
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Orientation to aggregation sites. Journal Entomological Science
35:150-157.

Tedders, W. L. and P. W. Schaefer. 1 994. Release and establishment of Harmonia axyridis (Coleo-
ptera: Coccinellidae) in the Southeastern United States. Entomological News 105(4):228-243.

Web Address: http://www.mbcomp.com/litzonlebanon/governor.htm

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003

REVIEW OF THE MIDDLE AMERICAN LACE BUG

GENUS MACROTINGIS (HETEROPTERA: TINGIDAE),

WITH A KEY AND A NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO1

Richard C. Froeschner2

ABSTRACT: The genus Macmtingis was described by Champion (1897:22) for two species. Later
Drake added another species and a "variety" for one of Champion's species; that variety is herein ele-
vated to full species status. The range of Macrotingis, previously known from Guatemala south into
Panama, is extended a short distance northward into southern Mexico with the present description of
the new species M. schaffneri. A key separates the five included taxa.

KEYWORDS: Macrotingis, Heteroptera, Tingidae, Middle America, Mexico.

Genus Macrotingis Champion
Figure 1

Macrotingis Champion 1897:22. Type species: Macrotingis biseriata Champion, designated by
Drake and Poor 1936:387.

Diagnosis. This genus of Tingidae is readily recognized by the combination
of its first antennal segment being much longer than the width of the head across
both eyes coupled with the presence of a small, elevated, and inflated cyst on the
median carina extending from the anterior slope of the pronotum to the anterior
margin of the collar.

List of Macrotingis species

Macrotingis biseriata Champion 1897:22, REVISED STATUS

Macrotingis biseriata Champion 1897:22. Costa Rica. Honduras. Panama.

Macrotingis biseriata biseriata.- Drake 1928:4.
Macrotingis novicis Drake, NEW STATUS

Macrotingis biseriata novicis Drake 1928:4. Honduras.
Macrotingis schaffneri, NEW SPECIES. Mexico.
Macrotingis uniseriata Champion 1897:22. Guatemala.
Macrotingis ~eteki Drake 1950:299. Panama.

Key to species of Macrotingis

1 . Pronotal disc with lateral carinae extending forward over interhumeral con-
vexity to calli. Occipital spines obliquely elevated, very long, length of one
of them greater than interocular width. Length 4.1 mm ....... M. zetcki Drake

1 Received on September 29, 2001 . Accepted on December 14. 2003.

' Department of Entomology. MRC-0105. United States National Museum of Natural History. Wash-
ington, D.C. 20013-7012. Dr. Froeschner died on May 2,2002. Reprints may be requested I'romT.J.
Henry, Systematic Entomology, Laboratory. ARS. USDA. P.O. Box 37012, National Museum of
Natural History. MRC-0168 Smithsonian Institution. Washington. DC 20013-7012. U.S.A. E-mail:
thenryC" sel.barc.usda.gov.

Mailed on April 9, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

EfiF

Fig. 1 . Macrotingis biseriata, natural size 4.3 mm.

Pronotal disc with lateral carinae, when present, restricted to area posterior
to crest of interhumeral convexity. Occipital spines, when present, much
shorter and decurved onto surface of head.. ..2

2. Lateral carinae of pronotal disc present posterior to interhumeral convexity

..3

Vol. 114. No. I . January & Februan 21)03

Lateral carinae of pronotal discabsent. Length 4.7mm ...................................

..................................................................... M. schaffiieri, NEW SPECIES

3. Costal area with a single row of areolae. Length 4.7 mm .............................

................................................................................. M. uniseriata Champion

Costal area with a partial to complete second row of areolae .................... 4

4. Costal area with two rows of areolae reaching base of costal area. Length
4.2-4.3 mm ................................................................ M. biseriata Champion

Costal area uniseriate basally. Length 4.6-4.9 mm ............ M. novicis Drake

Macrotingis schaffneri, NEW SPECIES

Diagnosis. This species differs from all other members of the genus Macrot-
ingis by lacking lateral carinae on pronotal disc.

Description. Male: Length 4.7 mm. Head with a single dorsal spine, the supraclvpeal. which is
very long, vertically recurved, its apex higher than crest of anterior pronotal cyst: dorsal surface con-
vex, polished. Rostrum slightly passing midlength of mesosternum. Bucculae widened posteriorly.
there slightly projecting under apex of prosternum; anteriorly projecting and meeting across clypcux.

Pronotum. Disc with numerous, close-set, distinct punctures; no discal lateral carinae: anterior
cyst of median carina inflated, as high as median carina over interhumeral convexity, cyst xlightK
projecting above base of head, posteriorly terminated on anterior slope of interhumeral con\e\n>.
median carina elsewhere low, uniseriate. Paranotum slightly wider than an eye, weakly oblique, outer
row of cells much larger than inner row.

Hemelytra. Elongate, costal margins almost parallel. Costal area uniseriate at base and at apical
fourth, elsewhere with two very irregular rows of areolae. Discoidal area confined to basal third of
hemelytron, with six areolae across widest part. Subcostal area regularly biseriate along slightly more
than basal half of discoidal area, thence triseriate to well beyond discoidal area where it narrows to
a uniseriate series. Hypocosta narrow, uniseriate.

Sternal laminae. Distinct: prosternal laminae straight, weakly converging posteriorly, separated
by a space equal to space between anterior coxae: metasternal laminae strongly convexly cur\ed.
more widely separated than mesosternal laminae.

Peritreme. Not differentiated.

Abdomen. Impunctate.

Etymology. This species is dedicated to Dr. Joseph C. Schaffner, leader of the
field parties that collected all except two specimens of the types series, including
the holotype, and for his contributions to our knowledge of the Heteroptera
through publications and field work.

Type specimens: Holotype Cf: Mexico, 2.1 mi. n\v. Totolapan. Jul\ 11-17.
1981 , Bogar, Schaffner, Friedlander. Deposited in Instituto de Biologi'a, Univer-
sidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. (UNAM). . Paratypes:
MEXICO: 3 Cf, 7 99- Chiapas. 5 mi. north Nuevo Tenochtitlan, 3000'. August
7, 1990, J. C. Schaffner (Texas A & M University, Collection Station [T.\M|: 1
Cf. 1 9, Chiapas. 27 km. W.Cintalapa, August 30, 1991 , R. W. Jones (TAM): 21
Cfcf, 19 99, same data as for holotype (TAM, UNAM. and |U.S.| National
Museum of Natural History. Washington. DC |USNM)): 2 Cfcf. Oaxaca: 2.7 mi.
nw. El Cameron. July 21-22, 1974, Clark. Murray. Ashe. Schaffner (TAM): 1.

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Oaxaca, 27 mi. southwest Salina Cruz, July 14, 1987, Kovark, Schaffner (TAM);
2 9< Oaxaca, 10 mi. e. Totalapan, Elev. 4,000 ft., July 20, 1987, Kovarik, Schaff-
ner (TAM); 2 Cftf , 1 9 Oaxaca, 12.4 mi. w. Tehuantepec, August 4, 1980, Schaff-
ner, Weaver, Friedlander (TAM); 6 Cfcf, 1 9- Oaxaca, 2 mi. n.Totolapan, July 17,
1973, Mastro & Schaffner (TAM, USNM); ICf Oaxaca, 10 mi. E. Totolapan,
4000 ft., VII-20-1987, P. Kovarik, and J. Schaffner (TAM).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Elsie Herbold Froeschner for the excellent figure of Macrotingis biseriata, the type
species of the genus, and Joseph C. Schaffner, Texas A & M University, College Station for lending
the types series of M. schaffneri . I also acknowledge the careful manuscript reviews by Thomas J.
Henry, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department Agriculture. United States National
Museum, Washington. D.C. and Paul J. Spangler. Department of Entomology, United States National
Museum, Washington, D.C.

LITERATURE CITED

Champion, G. C. 1897. Rhynchota. Tingitidae //;, Godman and Salvin, Biologia Centrali-Ameri-
cana2:l-32.

Drake, C. J. 1928. Some Tingitidae (Heteroptera) from Honduras. Occasional Papers Museum of
Zoology. University of Michigan 190:1-5.

Drake, C. J. 1 950. A new tingid from the Canal Zone. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Washington 52:299-300.

Drake, C. J. and M. E. Poor. 1936. The genera and genotypes of Tingitoidea of the Western
Hemisphere. Iowa State Journal of Science 10:381-380.

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003 33_

A NEW NEARCTIC PARACLOEODES
(EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)1

W. P. McCallerty- and David R. Lenat1

ABSTRACT: Paracloeodes fleeki, new species, is described from larvae taken from sand substrates
of medium sized streams in the southern outer Piedmont ecoregion of North Carolina. The new
species differs from the closely related and parapatric P. minutux in having a medial lobe of the labi-
al palp that is less rounded, being both distally non protuberant from its base and distomedially more
angulate. Relatively larger gills are also diagnostic of the new species; however, to a large degree, the
color pattern displayed by the new species is encompassed by the extensive pattern variability found
in the ubiquitous and widespread P. minutux.

KEY WORDS: Paracloeodes, Ephemeroptera, Baetidae, mayflies. North Carolina.

The genus Paracloeodes Day was originally established by Day (1955) for
what are now known as the widespread North and Central American species P.
minntiis (Daggy) (see McCafferty and Waltz 1990) and the Puerto Rican species
P. portoricensis (Traver). No other species were known of this Western Hemi-
sphere genus until one species was described from Cuba by Kluge (1991 ); four
species were discovered from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay by Lugo-Ortiz
and McCafferty (1996); and one other was described from Mexico by Randolph
and McCafferty (2000). Because the latter species, P. lugoi Randolph and
McCafferty, is known only from far southern Neotropical Mexico. P. minutus has
remained the only species known to occur in the Nearctic region. Paracloeodes
has been considered an austral genus of Neotropical origin (e.g., McCafferty
1998), and the best taxonomic treatment of the genus was given by Lugo-Ortiz
and McCafferty (1996).

Certain samples of Paracloeodes taken in 1989 and 1993 from small streams
in the Piedmont of North Carolina represent a second and more geographically
restricted Nearctic species of Paracloeodes. The description of this new species
is given herein. The species is named after Eric Fleek, a member of the North
Carolina Division of Water Quality research team studying benthic macroinver-
tebrate fauna of North Carolina and contributing to our growing knowledge of
aquatic insect biodiversity and water quality in the Southeast. All types and other
material examined reside in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection, Pur-
due University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

Paracloeodes fleeki, NEW SPECIES

Larva. Mature body length: 3.2-3.4mm. Mature gill 4 length: 0.7()-0.75mm. Mature caudal fila-
ments length: 1 .4-1 .5mm. Head: Coloration light cream with light brown flecking. Interantennal keel
present. Antennae not marked. Labrum subquadrate with branched setae along distal margin and dor-
sally with one to three long subdistal setae submedially. Planate mandible with weakly feathered

1 Received on April 9. 2003: Accepted December 1 1 . 2003.

'Department of Entomology. Purdue University. West Lafayette. IN 47907, U.S.A. E-mail:

pat_mccafferty <& ent m .purdue .edu .
'North Carolina Division of Water Qualit). Biological Assessment I'nil. 4401 Recdv Creek Rd..

Raleigh. NC 27607, U.S.A.

Mailed on April 9. 2004

34 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

prostheca (feathering often not apparent) and only shallow depression at base of mola. Angulate
mandible with molar triangle nearly perpendicular to distal margin of mandible. Second segment of
labial palpi (Fig. I ) with medial lobe nearly straight distally, not protuberant distally from base, and
more angulate than rounded distomedially, and with row of hairlike setae on dorsal surface poorly
developed. Thorax: Nota generally speckled with light brown. Pronotum usually with medial pair of
short, longitudinal brown bars or spots. Tibiae of mid- and hindlegs with 9- 1 1 marginal spines. Claws
relatively slender, with basal rows of minute denticles. Hindwingpads absent. Abdomen: Dorsal and
ventral patterning in different shades of brown somewhat variable. In well-marked individuals, ter-
gum 1 with anteromedial longitudinal bar; tergum 2 darkest with medial and sublateral markings near
anterior margin, and much of central area pigmented with brown but less so in exact center or medio-
posteriorly; tergum 3 somewhat pigmented with medial and submedial markings near anterior mar-
gin and diffuse light brown laterally; tergum 4 pale except for small lateral and submedial clouds
(each submedial cloud often with smaller posterolateral adjacent cloud); tergum 5 light with small
submedial clouds as in tergum 4 and with small medial light mark near anterior margin; tergum 6 well
pigmented with dark submedial markings and brown over much of the surface except often for small
medioposterior area; tergum 7 light with medial and submedial clouds; tergum 8 generally similar to
7 or unmarked; tergum 9 well pigmented with only small submedial and lateral areas at anterior mar-
gin not pigmented; tergum 10 with medial dot or narrow longitudinal bar near anterior margin. In
lighter individuals, only tergum 2 with considerable diffuse pigmentation and light paired markings
sometimes variously present on terga 3-7 and 9 (with terga 1 ,8 and 10 unmarked). In other individu-
als, tergum 1 with medial pigmented v-shaped area at anterior margin; tergum 2 with diffuse shading
medially; tergum 3 with transverse marking anteriorly in middle two-thirds, and similar but less
developed in tergum 4; terga 5-7 with small marks medially near anterior margin; tergum 8 un-
marked; tergum 9 washed with light diffuse brown; and tergum 10 unmarked. Venter with distinct
dark spot sublaterally on either side of sterna 2-7; some individuals with thin transverse pencil lines
apparent at intersegmental margins of certain sterna; thicker transverse bars and/or lateral spots at
pleural fold not present in known material.

Adult. Unknown.

Type material. HOLOTYPE: larva, NORTH CAROLINA, Guilford Co, South Buffalo Cr at SR
2821 , VII-1993, D. Lenat and T. McPherson. PARATYPES: four larvae, including three slides, same
data as holotype; one larva, NORTH CAROLINA, Gaston Co, unnamed tributary of Crowders Cr at
SR 2416, IX-1989, D. Penrose and D. Lenat.

Additional material examined. Paracloeodes fleeki: NORTH CAROLINA, Gaston Co. un-
named tributary of Crowders Cr at SR 2416, IX-1989, D. Penrose and D. Lenat (larva); Guilford Co,
Richland Cr at SR 1945, VII-1993, D. Lenat and D. McPherson (early instar larvae); same data as
holotype (larva). P. lugoi: MEXICO, Guerrero. Rio Balsas, between Iguala & Chilaparicingo off
Hwy 95, 1800', XI- 16- 1968, RK Allen (larvae, slide-mounted). P. miniitu.s: ARIZONA: Graham Co,
Gila R at rd to San Jose, VII-07-1969 (adults); KANSAS, Douglas Co, Mud Cr, Sec 7 T125, Rt 20
E, KAW Valley Fish Farm, V- 20- 1980, P Liechti (larvae, slide-mounted); NEBRASKA: Buffalo Co,
Platte R at Kearny, VIII- 12-1 982, AV Provonsha (larvae, slide-mounted); NORTH CAROLINA: Ala-
mance Co, Alamance Cr, Haw R, VII-1998; Guilford Co, South Buffalo Cr, VII-1993; Mecklenberg
Co, McAlpine Cr, Little Sugar Cr, VIII- 1997 (all larvae + slide-mounted parts); OHIO, Clermont Co,
E Frk Miami R, P&G-ESF 02082798LTA, VIII-27-1998, J Bowling (adults); QUEBEC, Ottawa R,
nr Gatineau between W end Kettle Island & N shore, 75/40/27.9W 45/28/05.9N, IX-27-2002 (larva,
slide-mounted); WYOMING: Sweetwater Co, Blacks Fork R at 1-80, W Green River, VIII-02-1993,
AV Provonsha (larvae, slide-mounted). Additional larval populations of P. minntits were examined
from Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, New York, Querataro (Mexico), and Texas.

Discussion. Paracloeodes fleeki larvae are similar in several respects to those
of P. minutus. For example, in addition to body size being similar, we did not find
significant differences in the head capsule, antennae, labrum, mandibles, hypo-
pharynx, maxillae, or legs, and thus these structures are not extensively treated
in the formal description of P. fleeki, above. Also, whereas based on the materi-
al available of the new species, the ventral abdominal patterns are limited and
relatively consistent, the examination of a large number of individuals of P. niin-

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003

utus revealed that those patterns were also associated with some individuals of
P. minutus. In general, the dorsal abdominal patterns of the two species are vari-
ations on a similar theme of having pigmentation emphasized in terga 2, 3,6, and
9, although in both species there are lighter individuals, and very early instars of
P. minutus may show no markings. Nevertheless, we have not seen larvae off.
fleeki that exhibit lateral edge spots at the pleural fold of many of the abdominal
segments, which are often evident in both a dorsal and ventral view of P. minu-
tus, nor have we seen any P. fleeki larvae that have thick transverse bars at the
intersegmental margins of sterna (especially sterna 6-8). Some individuals of
both species, however, may demonstrate thin intersegmental lines associated
with a few or most of the sterna.

The fact that larvae of Pseudocentroptiloides Jacob, some Procloeon Bengts-
son such as P. viridoculare (Berner), and some other long-clawed baetids will
demonstrate markings very similar to those described for Paracloeodes above
suggests that habitat may have a strong influence on the similar and probably
adaptive color patterns that are being expressed. All of the above taxa include
very small larvae that are associated with sand-silt substrates in running water.

The most significant structural difference between P. fleeki and P. minutus
involves the shape and development of the medial lobe of segment 2 of the labi-
al palps. This mouthpart has proven useful in discriminating between all known
species of Paracloeodes (see above). Figures 1 and 2 are provided so that a com-
parison can be made between the shapes of this structure in P. fleeki and P. min-
utus. In general, the lobe in P. minutus is relatively rounded or protruding (Fig.
2), and the lobe in P. fleeki is relatively angulate and non protruding. It should be
noted that these shapes can be misinterpreted if only a dissecting microscope is
used for examination. Therefore, slide mounts and compound microscopy are

Figs. 1 -2. Paracloeodes labial palp. 1. P. fleeki. 2. P. minutus.

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

highly recommended. It should also be noted that palps of early instar larvae are
not definitive.

When comparing middle to late instar larvae, those of P .fleeki have larger gills
than those of P. miniitus (e.g., a 0.70mm or larger gill 4 vs. a 0.60mm or smaller
gill 4). This was found consistently in all North Carolina material examined (see
above). Although this is usually only a 15-20% difference in length, it is quite
apparent when one has worked with both species. An important caveat is that
smaller (earlier instar) individuals, including those of P. minutiis, will often
appear to have disproportionately longer gills. Thus, actual gill size differences
in immature larvae are not easily interpreted or are non existent. Among larvae
from North Carolina, the ratio of length to width of gill 7 was found always to
be greater than 2.5 (e.g., 2.72) in P. fleeki, whereas it was always lower that 2.5
(e.g., 2.15) in P. minutiis. However, we have seen larvae off. minutiis from Ne-
braska (see other material examined, above) with a very narrow-elongate gill 7
with a comparative ratio of 3.60. The narrowness of the gills associated with the
latter can give a deceptive impression of long gills. Actual length measurements
indicate that is not the case, and in this latter example from Nebraska, the actual
length of gill 7 was only 0.50mm (compared to a typical 0.68mm gill 7 length
for P. fleeki).

The new species was taken from sand substrates in three medium sized
streams (8. 0-1 3. Om wide) that are found in the southern outer Piedmont ecore-
gion of North Carolina. This area is located between the rocky stream system of
the Slate Belt and the Foothills area of the Mountains. Two of the three streams
had primarily sand substrates at the sites where the new species was collected;
and one had pockets of sand substrate among predominantly mixed substrate.
P aracloeodes fleeki does not appear to be limited by water quality because col-
lecting sites registered only poor to fair water quality ratings.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank L. Sun and A. V. Provonsha (West Lafayette, IN) for technical assistance, and
D. Zaranko (Guelph, ON) for providing material. The research was supported in part by NSF grant
DEB-9901577 and the North Carolina Division of Water Quality.

LITERATURE CITED
Day, W. C. 1955. New genera of mayflies from California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 31: 121-137.

Kluge, N. 1991. Cuban mayflies of the family Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) 1. Genera Callibaetis,
Cloeodes and Paracloeodes. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal 12:128-135. [in Russian].

Lugo-Ortiz, C. R and W. P. McCafferty. 1996. The genus Paracloeodes (Insecta: Ephemeroptera:
Baetidae) and its presence in South America. Annales de Limnologie 32:161-169.

McCafferty, W. P. 1998. Ephemeroptera and the great American interchange. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society 17: 1-20.

McCafferty, W. P. and R. D. Waltz. 1990. Revisionary synopsis of the Baetidae (Ephemeroptera)
of North and Middle America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 1 16: 769-
799.

Randolf, R.P. and W.P. McCafferty. 2000. A new species of Parut -lot-odes (Ephemeroptera: Bae-
tidae) from Mexico. Entomological News 1 1 1:133-136.

Vol. 114. No. 1 . January & February 20(13 37_

ABLEPTEMETES: A NEW GENUS OF TRICORYTHODI-

NAE (EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOHYPHIDAE)

FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA1

N. A. Wiersema: and W. P. McCafferty3

ABSTRACT: Ableptemetes, n. gen., is described for the Mexican and Central American species A.
dicinctus, n. comb., and A. melanobranchus, n. comb., which were previously considered in either
Lcpiahyphes or more recently Tricorythopsis. The new genus is known only from larvae and can be
distinguished among North and Central American genera of the subfamily Tricorythodinae. by the
presence of minute posteromarginal spines on abdominal terga 1-10 along with numerous other char-
acteristics such as a double row of submarginal claw denticles. Tricorythopsis appears to be confined
to South America. The recent keys to the subfamilies and revised genera of North and Central
American Leptohyphidae as well as the larval characterization of the subfamily Tricorythodinae are
slightly modified to accommodate the new genus and new morphological data associated with it.

KEY WORDS: Ableptemetes, Ephemeroptera, Leptohyhiidae, Tricorythodinae. Mexico, Central
America.

Wiersema and McCafferty (2000) in their revision of the North and Central
American genera of the mayfly family Leptohyphidae transferred the species
originally described as Leptohyphes dicinctus Allen and Brusca and L. melano-
branchus Allen and Brusca to the genus Tricorythopsis Traver. These species are
known only as larvae (Allen and Brusca 1973). Their recombination had been
based on the fact that they clearly did not belong to Leptohyphes Eaton, along
with their apparent similarity with the first description of a larval exuviae asso-
ciated with an adult Tricorythopsis from South America by Molineri (1999). This
latter larval representative, although initially ascribed to T.fictilis Molineri, has
proven to be the type of the genus, T. artigas Traver. Wiersema and McCafferty
(2000) cautioned that the placement of the Allen and Brusca species in
Tricorythopsis was contingent on verification from the discovery of their adults,
or at least a study of mature larval specimens that may or may not confirm the
descriptions of Allen and Brusca (1973) and provide additional descriptive data
such as was deemed important in the revisionary work of Wiersema and
McCafferty (2000).

Recently, a more comprehensive review of Tricorythopsis in South America
has become available (Molineri 200 la). Also recently, a large series of mature
larvae of T. dicinctus has been attained from Belize. The study of these larvae as
well as the types of both species in question has revealed numerous characters
that were not treated in the original descriptions and in some instances not even
apparent in the poorly preserved type material. The newly available data make it
obvious that the Allen and Brusca species in question should be removed from
Tricorvthopsis sensu stricto and placed in the newly described genus of the sub-
family Tricorythodinae that follows.

1 Received on May 30, 2002. Accepted November 28. 2003.

'4807 MFG, Inc. .Consulting Scientists and Engineers. Spicewood Springs Rd., Building IV. Austin.
TX 78759. U.S.A. E-mail: Nick.Wicrsema@mfgenv.com.

'Department of Entomology. Purdue University. West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. E-mail:
pat_mccafferty(a entm.purdue.edu.

Mailed on April 9, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Ableptemetes, NEW GENUS

Larva. Body relatively elongate, known species ranging in mature length from 2.8 to 3.5 mm.
Head (Fig. 1 Allen & Brusca 1973) with well-developed frontal shelf, genal projections and fronto-
clypeal projection (all fringed with stout setae); vertex without tubercles. Compound eyes not sexu-
ally dimorphic. Labrum (Fig. 1 ) width nearly one and one-half times length. Mandibles (Figs. 2 & 3)
with reduced molae. Galealaciniae (Fig. 4) with apical denticles pointed in same axis as that of
galealaciniae (crown poorly developed). Hypopharynx with lingua slightly emarginate; superlinguae
broadly rounded. Labium (Fig. 5) with short, defined glossae; submentum with lateral aspect round-
ed basally and constricted distally, with basal three-fourths of margin sparsely fringed with stout,
medium-length setae, and distal one-fourth essentially bare. Thoracic nota without tubercles, fringed
with setae. Hindwingpads absent in both sexes. Legs with anterior and posterior margins with both
long and short, stout, bristlelike setae. Forefemora with short and broad, dorsally with transverse row

Figures 1-7. Ableptemetes dicinctus, n. comb., 1. Labrum. 2. Left mandible. 3. Right
mandible. 4. Maxillae. 5. Labium. 6. Claw. 7. Gill two (ventral view).

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003 39

of stout, bristlelike setae; hindfemora length subequal to that of hindtibiae and hindtarsi combined.
Claws (Fig. 6) with basal denticles, and with two rows of submarginal, subapical denticles, some-
times reduced to one or two denticles on one side. Abdomen more or less triangular in cross-section,
with peaked dorsum; terga 1-10 with long, fine, marginal setae laterally and posterolaterally and with
short, apically truncate or rounded, posteromarginal spines; middle terga each with medioposterior
protuberance fringed with stout setae. Gills present on abdominal segments 2-6; operculate gills (Fig.
7) large, subtriangulate with rounded borders, without submedial or subdistal, unsclerotized bands;
ventral gill lamellae without fringes or flaps, length of inner lamellae approximately one-half that of
out outer lamellae. Caudal filaments with whorls of setae at each segmental joining.

Adult. Unknown.

Type species. Leptohyphes dicinctus Allen and Brusca.

Species included. Ableptemetes dicinctus (Allen and Brusca), NEW COMBINATION; Ablepte-
metes melanobranthus (Allen and Brusca). NEW COMBINATION.

Etymology. From the Greek noun "ableptema" (mistake[n]) and the mascu-
line suffix "etes" (one who [was]).

Distribution. Mexico and Central America.

DISCUSSION

The following combination of characteristics will serve to distinguish Ablep-
temetes larvae from known larvae of other defined genera of Leptohyphidae:
lack of hindwingpads in both sexes; hindtarsi that are three-fourths to subequal
in length to that of their respective tibiae; a mature body length of less than 3.6
mm.; abdominal terga 1-10 with minute posteromarginal spines; an abdomen that
is triangulate in cross-section; operculate gills with an inner ventral lamellae
approximately one-half of the length of the outer lamellae, and with both lamel-
lae lacking fringes or flaps; and operculate gills that are subtriangulate and
devoid of submedial or subdistal, unsclerotized bands.

Couplet 1 of the larval key to the North and Central American genera of
Leptohyphidae (Wiersema an McCafferty 2000:356), and thus the larval charac-
teristics associated with the subfamilies Tricorythodinae and Leptohyphinae in
North and Central America, require modification to accommodate the new genus
and new morphological data presented herein. The modified couplet 1 follows.

1 Posterior margin of abdominal terga 1-6 either without spines, or, in certain small larvae, with

minute spines. Hindtarsi more than one-half length of hindtibiae. Hindwingpads absent

Tricorythodinae 2

1 Posterior margins of abdominal terga 1-6 or 2-6 with spines. Hindtarsi approximately one-half to
much less than one-half length of hindtibiae. Hindwingpads present in males, present or absent in
females Leptohyphinae 7

In addition, in the first half of couplet 4 in the larval key, Tricorythopsis
should be changed to Ableptemetes. In using couplet 1 of the adult key to genera
(Wiersema and McCafferty 2000: 358), users should go directly to couplet 3.
rather than couplet 2 as indicated, if the adult specimen keys to Tricorythodinae.
Couplet 2 can be entirely deleted from the adult key.

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

It is important to reiterate that the key in Wiersema and McCafferty (2000),
and as slightly modified herein, is intended for the North and Central American
Leptohyphidae only. This was stated emphatically by Wiersema and McCafferty
(2000), because of their prediction that numerous genera in South America were
yet to be discovered and described. This prediction is now being borne out with
recent discoveries of additional genera, for example, by Molineri (2001b, 2002).

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, R. K. and R. C. Brusca. 1973. New species of Leptohyphinae from Mexico and Central
America (Ephemeroptera: Tricorythidae). Canadian Entomologist 105:83-95.

Molineri, C. 1999. Revision of the genus Tricorythopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) with the
description of four new species. Aquatic Insects 21:285-300.

Molineri, C. 200 la. El genero Tricorythopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae): nuevas combina-
ciones y descripcions de nuevas especies y estadios. Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica
Argentina 60:217-238.

Molineri, C. 2001b. Traverhyphes: a new genus of Leptohyphidae for Leptohyphes indicator and
related species. Spixiana 24:129-140.

Molineri, C. 2002. A new genus of Leptohyphidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera). pp. 337-345. In, E.
Dominguez (Editor). Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Kluwer Academic/
Plenum, New York.

Wiersema, N. A. and W. P. McCafferty. 2000. Generic revision of the North and Central American
Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera: Pannota). Transactions of the American Entomological Society

126:337-371.

Vol. I 14. No. I . January & February 2003 4_1_

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS TOMOCERUS

(TOMOCERINA) FROM CHINA (COLLEMBOLA:

TOMOCERIDAE) WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE

SUBGENERA OF TOMOCERUS1

Yi-Tong Ma,' Jian-Xiu Chen,' and Kenneth Christiansen4

ABSTRACT: A new species Tomocerus (Tomocerina) yiliensis, from Xinjiang of northwest China
is described. It is distinct from all other members of the subgenus because of the large number of
setae on the trochanteral organ. The presence of more than one trochanteral organ seta forces a re-
examination of the subgenera of Tomocerus, the subgenus Tomocerina, and the role of trochanteral
organ setae in dividing subgenera of Tomocerus.

KEY WORDS: Tomocerus Collembola, Tomocerina, Tomocerinae, China, new species.

The genus Tomocerus was created by Nicolet (1842) and later given the type
species Macrotoma minor Lubbock 1862 (opinion 239 ICZN, 1954:363). The
genus was characterized by long, greatly subdivided antennae with the 3rd anten-
nal segment more than 3 times as long as the fourth; an elongate toothed mucro,
dental spines, 6 + 6 eyes and body scales. Meanwhile, Frauenfeld described a
related genus Tritomurus in 1854, differing primarily in the absence of eyes. In
1896 Schaffer placed these genera in a subfamily of Entomobryidae - Tomo-
cerinae - and in 1913 Borner raised them to family level. Both treatments have
continued to the present day. In 1897 Schaffer created a new genus, Lepido-
phorella with a third antennal segment less than twice as long as the fourth. This
and related taxa were eventually split off as a separate subfamily Lepidophorel-
linae, distinguished from the other Tomoceridae by its relatively much longer 4th
antennal segment. The species with the shorter 4th antennal segment are now
placed in the subfamily Tomocerinae. In addition most genera of Lepidophorel-
linae lack antennal annulations and have much shorter mucrones than do genera
of the subfamily Tomocerinae. Except for a few obvious anthropochore species,
the subfamily Tomocerinae is limited to the northern hemisphere, whereas the
Lepidophorellinae are found only in the southern hemisphere. Others have des-
cribed additional related genera or subgenera in the Lepidophorellinae: by
Womersley Neophorella (1934) and Millsia (1942); by Salmon Antcnmicynns
(1941), and Novocerus (1942); and by Ireson and Greenslade, Lasofimts ( 1990).
In the Tomocerinae, Paclt described Pogonognathellns (1944) and Mills des-
cribed Tomolonus (1949). Most subgenera of Tomocerinae were created by Yosii:
Monodontocerus and Tomocerina (\955),Aphaenomurus and Plutoniums ( 1956)
and Lethenmrus (1970). Yosii (1967) considered most of these as separate gen-
era. Other authors have varied from treating all as valid genera to considering all

1 Received on March IX. 2002. Accepted December 1 1 , 2003.

; Department of Biology, Nantong Teacher's College. Nantong 226000. People's Republic of China.
' Department of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China.
4 Department of Biology. Grinnell College. Grinnell. Iowa 501 1 2. U.S.A. E-mail: christakfp grinnell.edu.

Mailed on April M. 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

f •/ f- ' 1- V
°! • f ' ./? A «x

12A

Figs. 1-15. T.Tomocerinayiliensissp.nov. 1. habitus; 2. labrum; 3. dorsum of head; 4. dor-
sal chaetotaxy of Th. II - Abd. V; 5. trochanteral organ; 6. hind tibiotarsus, showing blunt setae;
7. hind foot complex; 8. tenaculum; 9. anterior face of ventral tube; 10. posterior face of ven-
tral tube; 1 1 . lateral flap of ventral tube; 12 A. manubrium (dorsal view), dotted line represents
mid line; 12B. lateral seta of manubrium; 12C. dorsal seta of manubrium; 13. dental spines;
14. mucro; 15. upper anal flap chaetotaxy.

Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003

12c 12n

as subgenera of Tomocerus but all have considered these supraspecific taxa as
members of the family Tomoceridae. Below we describe a new species of the
subgenus Tomocerina.

Tomocerus (Tomocerina) yiliensis, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-15)

Maximum body length: 3.6 mm.

Color: Ground color pale yellow. Eye patches dark blue to black. Ant. Ill & IV with dark blue
pigment. Pale blue pigment also present on tibiotarsi and anterior margin of Th. II (Fig. 1). Scales
brownish, hyaline and heavily striated.

Head: Eyes 6+6, all subequal. Antennae 0.31-0.42 times as long as body and 1.8 - 2.6 times as
long as head. Third segment 6 - 9 times as long as fourth. Labral setae 4/5.5.4. all smooth; each of
distal 3 rows with clear basal papillae. Anterior margin of labrum with 4 recurved spinules (Fig. 2).

Chaetotaxy: Dorsum of head with 13-23 setae of different size near the antennal bases and 6
anterior interocular macrochaetae in a medial hexagon. 7 macrochaetae directly anterior to median
furrow, 3 + 3 lateral median setae and posterior margin with a row of 36-75 small setae (Fig. 3).
Macrochaetae and bothriotricha of thorax and abdomen as shown in Fig. 4. Upper anal (lap with 14
large setae arranged in 2 irregular transverse rows (Fig. 15). Body macrochacta with 0-3 basal micro-
setae.

Legs: Trochanteral organ with one somewhat larger and 8-22 smaller smooth setae on trochanter
and one large seta on femur (Fig. 5). Two (rarely one) blunt setae on ventral side of tibiotarsus 3, Ink
ly ciliate setae, distributed as shown in Fig. 6. Unguis slender with a paired pseudoiuchia 0.2S-0.52
times as long as inner edge of unguis; inner ungual teeth 6-7. rarely 4 or 5. Unguiculus lanceolate
without inner teeth. Tenent hair spatulate, 0.64-0.96 times as long as inner edge of unguis (Fig. 7).

Tenaculum: rami with 4+4 teeth, corpus unsealed yvith 1 smooth seta (Fig. 8).

Ventral tube: scaled on all sides, anterior face with 27-50 striate setae of different si/es on each
side (Fig. 9); posterior with 37-61 striate setae of different sizes (Fig. 10): lateral flap with 50-96 stn
ate setae of different sizes (Fig. 1 1 ).

Furcula: Dens 1.32 - 2.6 times as long as manuhrium and 4-5 times as long as mucro. Manu
brium scaled dorso-laterally with a row of 8-10 large setae on each side, all weak I \ ciliate and strong-
ly tapering near apex but not spinelike (Figs. 12A & B): dorsally with 2 setaceous stupes, each con
sisting of numerous acuminate, striate setae of different sizes (Fig. I2C). 14-24 of them ver\ large.
Dental spines dark brown, formula l()-12( 13)/4-6, 1. Proximal spines arranged in 2 irregular rou s; .ill
simple with fine longitudinal striations (Fig. 13). Mucro elongate with numerous ciliate setae; outer
dorsal lamella entire with 2-6 intermediate teeth: apical and anteapical teeth suhcqual (Fig. 14t.

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Types: Holotype female, China: Xinjiang, Yili, Narat Prairie, altitude 1500m- 1600m, VIII- 12-
2000, Jian-xiu Chen, Songjie Wang & Fang Wang colls. Locality C9086; paratypes: 15 females.all
on slides, same data as holotype. Deposited in the Department of Biology, Nanjing University.

Ecology: Found under stones and decayed wood in grassland.
Etymology: The new species is named after the locality of the types.

Discussion: The new species shares some characteristics with Japanese T.
Tomocerina aokii Yosii (1972), such as the number of inner teeth on the unguicu-
lus and intermediate teeth on the outer dorsal lamella of the mucro. However, it
differs from aokii in tenaculum setae and in having more than one trochanteral
organ seta. The latter characteristic differentiates yiliensis from all other des-
cribed species of Tomocerina. Over time, a number of features have come to be
considered as distinguishing characteristics of the different subgenera of Tomo-
cerus. In the Tomocerinae, these include the number of basal mucronal teeth, the
presence or absence of a small toothlet on one basal mucronal tooth, the presence
or absence of large spine-like scales on the inner face of the base of the denies,
the presence of large lateral spines on the base of the denies, the presence or
absence of eyes, and Ihe nalure of Ihe Irochanteral organ. In Ihis family this
occurs on Ihe base of Ihe femur as well as Ihe trochanter. Il has been long accepl-
ed lhal there is a sharp dislinction laxa having only a single such sela on femur
and Irochanler (Tomocerus, Pogonognathellus, Monodontocerus, Tomocerina),
ihose wilh more lhan one seta on Ihe femur bul only one on Ihe Irochanter (Apha-
enomurus and Tomolomis) and those wilh more lhan one on both femur and
trochanter (Plutomurus and Lethemurus). Until Ihe presenl sludy, Tomocerina
was considered a member of the first group. The Irochanleral organ setae on T.
yiliensis are different in size and dislribulion from Ihose of other mulliselaceous
Tomocerine trochanteral organs and their analogy wilh ihese remains in doubl.
Assuming lhal these are Irochanleral organ selae we re-examined Nearclic spec-
imens assigned lo species of T. (Tomocerina). This showed thai some populalions
of T. (Tomocerina) lameUiferus may have more lhan one Irochanleral organ sela
on their trochanler and lhal specimens from Colorado previously identified as T.
(Tomocerina) curtus are in fact a species of Tomolomis lacking clear spine-like
ouler basal selae on Ihe dens. In addition, we have recenlly examined specimens
of Tritomnrus scutellatus, and these appear to have one Irochanleral organ seta
on Ihe Irochanler. These discoveries make the distinction between Tomocerina
and Plutoniums less clear cul; however, Ihe number and size of Ihe selae in the
femoral trochanleral organ and the presence or absence of spine-like setae on the
ouler basal denies slill serve lo dislinguish Ihe vasl majorily of Plutomurus and
Tomocerina species. A reassessmenl of Ihe crileria separaling the supraspecific
categories of Tomocerinae is clearly in order. This might result in fusing some of
these subgeneric categories.

Most species of Tomocerina are very close lo Ihe genus Tomocerus (s. s.)
excepl for Ihe absence of a loolhlel on the outer basal tooth of the mucro.
T. (Tomocerina) yiliensis differs from members of the subgenus Tomocerus (s.s.)

Vol. 114. No. I . January & February 2003 45

in having more than one trochanteral organ seta on the trochanter as well as lack-
ing the basal toothlet. Tomocerina is a small subgenus containing only 9-12
species, four of these were described or have been reported from China: ininutits
Tullberg 1876 from Shanxi and (as varius) from Yunnan, calceus and purpu-
rithorus Liu et al. 1999 from Sichuan and yiliensis from Xinjiang.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970097).
Publication of this work was made possible by a grant from Grinnell College. We would give our
thanks to Miss Wang Fang in Nanjing University for her useful help in the collection and preparation
of the specimens for this study. Summer Ventis assisted in the preparation of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Burner, C. 1913. Die Familien der Collembolen. Zoologischer Anzeiger 41:315-322.
Frauenfeld, G. 1854. Note - no title. Gesellschaft Weiner Stitzungberichte 4:15-17.

Ireson, J. and P. Greenslade. 1990. Laxofinns gen. N. (Collembola: Tomoceridae) from Tasmania
and a re-examination of Neophorella duhia Womersley (Tomoceridae). Journal of the Australian
Entomological Society 29(5):205-214.

Lubbock, J. 1862. Notes on Thysanura. Part 1. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London

23(3):429-448.

Liu, Y. Q., Hou, D. and Z. Li. 1999. Four New Species of Tomocerus (Collembola: Tomoceridae)
from China. Entomotaxonomia 21(4):239-245.

Mills H. 1949. New North American Tomocerinae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America
41(3): 353.

Nicolet, H. 1842. Recherches pour Servir a 1'histoirdes Podurelles. Nouvelles Memoires Helvetique
Science Naturelle 6:1-86.

Paclt, J. 1944. A new Name for Pogonognathus Borner. 1908, nee Agassiz, 1846. Entomologicy

Listy 7: 92.

Salmon, J. 1941 . The Collembola Fauna of New Zealand including a discussion of its distribution.
Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 70:343-344.

Salmon, J. 1942. New genera and species of New Zealand Collembola. Records of the Dominion
Museum of Wellington I ( 1 ):55-6().

Schaffer, C. 1896. Die Collembolen der Umgebung von Hamburg und benachtbar Gebeite. Mittei-
lungen Naturhistorsche Museums Hamburg 13:147-216.

Schatt'er, C. 1897. Apterygoten. Hamburger Maghalenische Sammelresise 2:1-48.

Womersley, H. 1934. On some Collembola Arthropleona from South Africa and Rhodesia. Annals
of South African Museum 30(3):464.

Womersley, H. 1942. New genera, species and records of Collembola from Australia. New Zealand
and New Guinea. Transactions Royal Society of South Australia 66( 1 ):26.

Yosii, R. 1955. Meerinsekten derTokara Inseln. VI. Publications Seto Marine Biological Laboratory
4:379-401.

Yosii, R. 1956. Monographic /in Hohlencollenibolen Japans. Contributions trom the Biological
Laboratory Kyoto University 3: 1 - 109.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Yosii, R. 1967. Studies on the Collembolan Family Tomoceridae, with special Reference to Japanese
Forms. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory Kyoto University 20:1-54.

Yosii, R. 1970. On some Collembola of Japan and adjacent countries II. Contributions Biological
Laboratory Kyoto University 23(10): 1-32.

Yosii, R. 1972. Collembola from the Alpine Region of Mt. Poroshii in the Hidaka Mountains,
Hokkaido. Memoirs National Science Museum Tokyo 5:75-99.

Vol. 114. No. I . Januan & February 2(1(13 47

A NEW RECORD OF TOMOCERUS BAICALENSIS FROM
CHINA WITH ITS REDESCRIPTION
(COLLEMBOLA: TOMOCERIDAE)1

Yi-Tong Ma,2-' Jian-\iu Chen,' and Kenneth Christiansen4

ABSTRACT: The Russian species. Tomocerus baicalensis, is reported for the first time from China
and it is redescribed on the basis of these specimens.

KEY WORDS: Tomocerus baicalensis, Collembola, Tomocerina, Tomereninae. China, new record.

The genus Tomocerus (s.s.) is distinguished from other Tomoceridae by a com-
bination of six characteristics: (1) antennal segments III and IV annulate, (2) prox-
imal part of dens lacking large spinelike outer setae and inner basal scale like
appendages, (3) mucro with two basal teeth, (4) a small toothlet present on the
outer basal tooth, (5) 6 + 6 eyes, and (6) a single seta on the trochanteral organ
position on the trochanter and the proximal portion of the femur. There are fifty-
five species of the genus Tomocerus (s.s.), eighteen of them have been described
or reported from China (Zhao et al. 1997): four from Sichuan (emeicus and max-
imus Liu et al 1999), minor Lubbock 1862 and vulgaris Tullberg 1871 (Liu et al.
1998); four from Tibet (monticolus, obscums, pan'us and zayuensis Huang and
Yin 1981); three from Anhui (similis Chen and Ma 1997, spinulus Chen and
Christiansen 1998, cheni Ma and Christiansen 1998); two from Fujian caputivio-
laceus and deogyuensis Lee 1975 (Liu et al. 1998); one,folsomi Denis 1929, from
Yunnan; one, cuspidatus Borner 1909, from Taiwan (Yosii 1940); one, kinoshitai
Yosii 1954, from Hunan; one, ocreatus Denis 1948, from Zhejiang: and, one,
sibiricus Reuter 1891 , from Hebei (Huang and Liu 1995). A species new to China,
Tomocerus baicalensis Martynova 1969, is reported from Xinjing. Northwest
China. This species is redescribed on a basis of Chinese specimens.

Tomocerus (Tomocerus) baicalensis Martynova, 1969 (Figs. 1-16)

Body length: Chinese specimens maximum 3.9 mm.

Color: Ground color pale yellow. Eye patches dark blue. Frons and anterior margin of Th. II with
greenish pigment. Ant. II-IV green or blue. Pale greenish pigment also present on Abd. Ill and IV.
tibiotarsi and dens (Fig. 1 ).

Head: Eyes 6+6, subequal. Antennae 2.4 to 3.8 times as long as cephalic diagonal. Labral setae
4/5, 5, 4, all smooth; each of distal 3 rows on papillae. Anterior margin of labrum with 4 recurved
spinules. Dorsal macrochaetae of head as follows: anterior area (A) 2/4: mid (M) 2/7: lateral (L) 2
(LI . L2). posterior (P) 4. Posterior margin of dorsal head with one row of 48-60 tiny setulae (Fig. 2).

Thorax: Macrochaetae and bothriotricha as shown in Fig. 3. Tibiotarsus with 2-5, 4-6, 4-6 blunt
spiny setae respectively on ventral side of leg I-III (Figs. 5 and 6). Unguis rather slender; a pair of
pseudonychia developed, 0.36-0.48 times as long as inner edge of unguis; inner teeth 5-6, 5-6 and 4-

1 Received on March 24. 2003. Accepted on December 1 1 . 2003.

2 Department of Biology, Nantong Teacher's College. Nantong 226000. China.
' Department Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China.

4 Department Biology. Grinnel College, Grinnell, IA 501 12, U.S.A. E-mail: christak@grinnell.edu.

Mailed on April 9. 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

~r?r- ..- -. -. ^X^^-^p*^

i ^"^S * _ • * fc,^, • ^--^ ^* ^» • » ' • '^C. a •

Figs. 1-16. Tomocerus baicalensis Martynova, 1969. 1 . Habitus; 2. Dorsum of head, A=
anterior microchaetae, M= median macrochaetae, L= lateral macrochaetae, P= posterior
macrochaetae: 3. Chaetotaxy of body; 4. trochanteral organ; 5. hind tibiotarsus, show-
ing blunt setae; 6. enlargement of blunt seta; 7. anterior face of tenaculum; 8. anterior
face of ventral tube; 9. posterior face of ventral tube; 10. lateral flap of ventral tube; 1 1 .
dorsal face left side of manubrium: 12. enlargement of thick dorso-lateral large seta on
manubrium; 13. enlargement of normal large seta on dorsal stripes; 14. dental spines;
15. mucro; 16. upper anal valve.

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003

6 respectively on leg I-III. Unguiculus lanceolate without inner tooth. Tenent hair thick, 0.90-1.08
times as long as inner edge of unguis, apex spatulate.

Abdomen: Macrochaetae and bothriotricha on Abd. I-V as shown in Fig. 3. Tenaculum unsealed,
with 4+4 teeth, 1-9 smooth setae on corpus. Ventral tube scaled; with 25-28 setae on each side of
anterior face (Fig. 8). 46-65 on posterior face (Fig. 9), 45-75 on each lateral flap. Dentes 4.3 to 5
times as long as mucro and 1.4 to 1.78 times as long as manubrium (Table 1). Manubrium scaled,
dorso-laterally with 1 row of 9-11 large setae on each side, all weakly ciliate and strongly tapered
near apex (Fig. 12); dorsally with 2 setaceous stripes, each consisting of numerous acuminate, fine-
ly ciliate setae of different sizes, 20-26 of them large (Fig. 13). Dental spines as shown in table 1 .
dark chestnut brown, each with 1 lateral toothlet near base (Fig. 14). Mucro elongate with numerous
ciliate setae; with 4-10 intermediate teeth; apical and anteapical teeth subequal (Fig. 15). Upper anal
valve of Abd. VI with 14 large ciliate cylindrical setae arranged in 2 irregular transverse rows (Fig.
16). Scales brownish, hyaline and heavily striated. Trunk macrochaetae and bothriotricha surround-
ed by 0-3 setulae.

Table 1 Characteristics of some individual Chinese specimens of Tomocerus
baicalensis.

Locality
number

Ratio
Antenna/
Cephlic
diagonal

Dental

spine
formula

Setae on
tenaculum

Body+
head
mm

Manubrium
length
mm

Dentes

length
mm

Antenna
length
mm

C9077- 1

•>

3-4.1/3.1.2.1

2.1

0.4

0.6

•)

C9077-2

3. S3

5-6,1/5.1.2.1

3.9

0.6

1.0

2.5

C9077-6

3.70

4,1/2.1.2-3.1

2.3

0.3

0.6

1.5

C9077-9

2, SO

4-5,1/3.1,2.1

2 A

0.3

0.5

i.:

C9077-12

• )

4,1/3.1.2,1

2.6

0.5

0.7

C9077-16

2.40

4-4,1/3,1.2.1

•)

2.4

0.3

0.5

1.1

C9077-2

3 20

5,1/2,1,2,]

•> s

(I ^

0 7

1 6

C9077-3

•j

M 3,1,2,1

2.1

0.4

0.5

1.1

50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Ecology: Under stones and in decayed wood in forest.

Chinese locality: China: Xinjiang: Tianshan Mountain: Tianchi Lake, altitude 1980m, VIII-2-
2000, Collection number C9075, C9077, and C9078. Thirteen females, all on slides, collected by
Chen Jian-xiu. Wang Songjie, and Wang Fang. Deposited in the Department of Biology, Nanjing
University.

Remarks: This species was first described by Martynova ( 1969) on a basis of
3 specimens from the southern shores of Lake Baikal. It has not been recorded
from Russia since that time. The Chinese specimens, also taken near the shores
of a lake, agreed with Martynova's (1969) description and figures of this species.
The species belongs to a group of largely East Asian species having the dental
spines with multiple teeth. Both the Russian and Chinese populations of baical-
ensis differ from all other species of the group by having at most one secondary
toothlet on each spine. There are a few differences between the two populations.
These are primarily the body color and pattern and setae on the tenaculum.
Martynova's specimens were considerably larger than ours 3.7-5.4 mm. com-
pared to ours, which were 2.1 - 3.9 mm. and this probably explains a number of
differences such as the tenacular setae number. Michael Potapov examined the
types of baicalensis and could find no significant morphological differences
between them and the drawings of the Chinese specimens we sent him. The dif-
ference in color and pattern may represent geographic variation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The present study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.
39970097). Publication of this work was made possible by a grant from Grinnell College, USA.
Thanks should be given to Mr. Wang Songjie and Miss Wang Fang who collected the specimens used
in this study. Stephanie Peterson assisted in the preparation of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Chen, J-X. and Y. T. Ma. 1997. A New Species of the Genus Tomocerus (S. S.) (Collembola:
Tomoceridae) from China. Entomotaxonomia 19(3): 157- 160.

Chen, J-X. and K. A. Christiansen. 1998. Tomocerus (s.s.) spinulus (Collembola: Entomobryidae),
A New Species of Chinese Springtail. Entomological News 109(l):51-55.

Huang, F. S. and H. Liu. 1995. Three new recorded species of Tomocerus Nicolet in China
(Collembola : Tomoceridae). Sinozoologia 12:192-193.

Huang, F. S. and H-F. Yin. 1981. Collembolla: Tomoceridae - Tomocerus Nicolet. //;, Insects of
Xizang 1:41-46.

Liu, Y. Q., Hou, D. B., and Z. C. Li. 1 998. A Checklist of Collembola Species from China. Journal
South West Agricultural University 20(2): 125- 13 1 .

Liu,Y. Q., Hou,D. B., and Z.C.Li. 1999. Four new species of Tomocerus (Collembola: Tomoceri-
dae) from China. Entotaxonimia 2l(4):239-245.

Ma, Y. T. and K. Christiansen. 1998. A New Species of Tomocerus (S.S.) (Collembola:
Tomoceridae) from China. Entomological News 109( 1 ):47-50.

Martynova, E. F. 1969. Springtails of the Family Tomoceridae (Collembola) in the USSR. Revue
Entomologique USSR. 68(2): 174- 183.

Yosii, R. 1 940. On some Collembola from Formosa. Annotationes Zoologicae Japoneses 1 9( I ): 1 1 4-
118.

Zhao, L. J., H. Tamura, and X. Ke. 1 997. Tentative Checklist of Collembolan Species from China
(Insect). Publications of the Itako Hydrobiological Station 9:15-40.

Vol. 1 14, No. 1 . January & February 2003

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF

LEVCTRA CAROLINENSIS AND L. VARIABILIS

(PLECOPTERA: LEUCTRIDAE) IN MARYLAND,

WITH AMENDED AND NEW STATE RECORDS1

Scott A. Grubbs-

ABSTRACT: The distributions of Leuctra carolinensis and L. variabilis in Maryland are clarified.
The former is a late spring emerging species and known from the Appalachian Plateaus and Blue
Ridge portions of the state while the latter species emerges during late autumn and recorded only
from the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Physiographic Provinces. The status of Yugus hiilbosus in Mary-
land is reevaluated and new state records are reported for five additional species of stoneflies:
Pteronarcys dorsata, Acroneuria frisoni, Agnelimi capitata, Neoperla stewarti, and Isoperla dicala.
A total of 103 species are now known to occur in Maryland.

KEY WORDS: Leuctra carolinensis, L. variabilis, Plecoptera, Leuctridae, Maryland.

Grubbs ( 1997) updated the species list of stoneflies from Maryland by includ-
ing 36 newly recorded taxa. These additions amended previous lists of Stark et
al. (1986) as well as Duffield and Nelson (1990) to 95 species. Grubbs and Stark

(2001) and Nelson et al. (2002) have subsequently added two species of Perlesta
and Alloperla usa Ricker, respectively, to this list.

Nelson et al. (2002) questioned the record of Leuctra variabilis Hanson,
which Grubbs (1997) included with late May collection data, correctly indicat-
ing that this taxon is an autumn-emergent species (Hanson, 1941). Nelson et al.

(2002) provided ample evidence, via scanning electron microscopy, that materi-
al collected from the same or nearby localities was actually of the closely relat-
ed species L. carolinensis Claassen. In addition. Nelson et al. (2002) provided the
first verified records of L. variabilis from Maryland from bogs in the Piedmont
and Coastal Plain Physiographic Provinces.

The primary intent of this note is to clarify the identity of the material report-
ed as L. variabilis by Grubbs (1997). Secondarily, new state records are provid-
ed for five additional species and the distribution of Yugus bulbosus Prison in
Maryland is clarified. All specimens listed below were collected by the author
and are deposited in the personal collection of S. A. Grubbs at Western Kentucky
University (WKU). Consequently, 103 species of stoneflies are now recorded
from Maryland.

Family Leuctridae

Leuctra carolinensis Claassen

Distribution. FREDERICK County (Duffield and Nelson, 1990), GAR-
RETT County.

Notes. All material reported by Grubbs ( 1997) from Garrett County and pre-

1 Received on November 1 1 . 2002. Accepted December 17. 2003.

: Department of Biology, and Center for Biodiversity Studies, Western Kentucky University. Bowling
Green. KY 42101 . U.S.A. E-mail: scott.grubbs@wku.edu.

Mailed on April 4.2004

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

viously identified by the author as L. variabilis is L. carolinensis. Collection
records of the latter species from numerous small spring-fed streams from the
Appalachian Plateaus Physiographic Province in Maryland range from late May
through early September and were first reported from Maryland from the Blue
Ridge Physiographic Province by Duffield and Nelson (1990). At present, the
only known Maryland localities of L. variabilis are from a few sites in Charles
and Prince Georges counties.

Family Pteronarcyidae

Pteronarcys dorsata (Say)

Distribution. ALLEGANY County, Sideling Hill Creek, 1 female, 11 June
1997.

Family Perlidae

Acroneuria frisoni Stark & Brown

Distribution. ALLEGANY County, Sideling Hill Creek, 7 males, 16
females, 1 1-30 June 1997; same but 4 males, 2 females, 30 May 1998.

Agnetina capitata (Pictet)

Distribution. WASHINGTON County, Conococheague Creek, 1 male, 2 fe-
males, 14 July 1998.

Neoperla stewarti Stark & Baumann

Distribution. WASHINGTON County, near confluence of Potomac River
and Tonoloway Creek, at light, 1 1 males, 16 females, 23 June 1997.

Family Perlodidae

Isoperla dicala Frison

Distribution. FREDERICK County, Big Hunting Creek, 1 male, 3 June
1997; WASHINGTON County, Licking Creek, 1 male, 1 female, 15 May 1999.

Yugus kirchneri Nelson

Distribution. GARRETT County.

Notes. Nelson (2001) demonstrated that Y. bulbosus is a complex of three
closely related species. All specimens reported of Y. bulbosus (Frison) from
Maryland by Grubbs (1997) were reexamined and are now considered to be Y.
kirchneri Nelson. The remaining species, Y. bulbosus, Y. kondratieffi Nelson, and
Y. arinus (Frison), are presently known only from the southern Appalachian
Mountains.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Stan Szczytko (University of Wisconsin Stevens-Point) for confirming the identity of
Isoperla dicala, and two anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of this manuscript.

Vol. 1 14. No. 1 . January & February 2003 53_

LITERATURE CITED

Duffield, R. M. and C. H. Nelson. 1990. Seasonal emergence patterns and diversity of Plecoptera
on Big Hunting Creek, Maryland, with a checklist of the stoneflies of Maryland. Proceedings of
the Entomological Society of Washington 92:120-126.

Grubbs, S. A. 1997. New records, zoogeographic notes, and a revised checklist of stoneflies (Ple-
coptera) from Maryland. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 123:71-84.

Grubbs, S. A. and B. P. Stark. 2001. Notes on Perlesta (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from eastern North
America. Aquatic Insects 23:119-122.

Hanson, J. F. 1941. Studies on the Plecoptera of North America, II. Bulletin of the Brooklyn En-
tomological Society 36:57-66.

Nelson, C. H. 2001 . The Yugus bulbosus complex, with a comment on the phylogenetic position of
Yngus within the eastern Perlodini (Plecoptera: Perlodidae: Perlodinae). Proceedings of the Ento-
mological Society of Washington 103:601-619.

Nelson, C. H., R. Hamilton IV, and R. M. Duffield. 2002. Confirmed records ofLeuctra variabilis
and Alloperla usa in Maryland (Plecoptera: Leuctridae, Chloroperlidae). with additional com-
ments on the former species. Entomological News 1 13:137-139.

Stark, B. P., S. W. Szczytko, and R. W. Baumann. 1986. North American stoneflies (Plecoptera):
systematics, distribution and taxonomic references. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 383-397.

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

THE BEE GENUS MYDROSOMA IN COSTA RICA
(HYMENOPTERA: COLLETIDAE)1

Charles D. Michener

The dissoglottine genus Mydrosoma, consisting of rarely collected, moderate
sized to large (10 to 17 mm body length) bees, is known from Mexico to
Argentina, but in Central America it has been reported only from Panama
(M. brooksi Michener, 1986). It is therefore of interest to report a male specimen
of M. brooksi in the collection of InBio (Institute Nacional de Biodiversidad) in
Heredia, Costa Rica, borrowed for study by R. W. Brooks.

The data are as follows: Guanacaste Province: Estacion Pitilla, 9 km south of
Santa Cecilia, 700 m elevation, March 1990 (P. Rios, C. Moraga & R. Blanco),
no. 177060.

The specimen differs from Panamanian specimens of M. brooksi in that the
midbasal projection of sternum 5 is an acute tubercle, not a short transverse
lamella suggesting a tubercle. My first reaction was to think it represented a new
species, but since its other characters including those of the hidden sterna and
genitalia are as in M. brooksi, I think it is that species.

The structure of sternum 5 of the Costa Rican specimen requires a change in
couplet 7 of the key to species (Michener, 1986, p. 199); the second alternative
should read "S V with short, transverse, median basal lamella or acute tubercle;
first flagellomere ..." (italics added).

LITERATURE CITED

Michener, C.D. 1986. A review of the tribes Diphaglossini and Dissoglottini (Hymenoptera,
Colletidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 53:183-214.

1 Received and accepted August 19, 2002.

: Entomology Division, Natural History Museum and Entomology Program, Department of Ecology
and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, U.S.A. E-mail:
michener@ku.edu.

Mailed on April 9, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003 55_

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

ACERPENNA SULFUROSUS, COMB. N.
(EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)1

N. A. Wiersema2

Day (1954) established the species Baetis siilfurosiis Day for a large number
of adult male mayflies collected within the region of Sulphur Creek in Sonoma
County, California. To date, larvae have yet to be associated. Examination of the
holotype and paratype material indicated that this species is more properly
placed within the Nearctic genus Acerpenna Waltz & McCafferty [Acerpenna
siilfurosiis (Day), comb, n.], not Baetis Leach.

Among North American Baetidae fauna only the species of Acerpenna possess
the following combination of features: forewings with double marginal inter-
calaries; relatively narrow hindwings, with an undulate costal border and often
three longitudinal veins; a male subgenital plate roughly in the form of a conical
process (difficult to see in older specimens); and elongate apical segment of the
male forceps (Waltz and McCafferty 1987). Acerpenna siilfurosiis is consistent
in all features outlined above and is therefore transferred from Baetis to Acer-
penna .

Although the reasoning for the above action is essential equivalent to that of
McCafferty (1999), the adult type material of A. sulfurosus has been examined,
allowing a more comprehensive comparison of this species and that of Acer-
penna pygmae a (McDunnough).

I would like to thank W. Pulawski and B. Zuparko (California Academy of
Science) for loan of type material.

LITERATURE CITED

Day, W. C. 1954. New Species of California Mayflies in the genus Baetis (Ephemeroptera). Pan-
Pacific Entomologist 30:29-34.

McCafferty, W. P. 1999. Acerpenna thermophilos, comb. n. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). Entomo-
logical News 110:187-189.

Waltz, R. D. and W. P. McCafferty. 1987. New genera of Baetidae for some Nearctic species pre-
viously included in Baetis Leach (Ephemeroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 80:667-670.

1 Received on March 12. 2002. Accepted December 8, 2003.

: MEG, Inc. Consulting Scientists and Engineers, 4807 Spicewood Springs Rd.. Austin. TX 78759.
U.S.A. E-mail: Nick.Wiersema@mfgenv.com.

Mailed on April 9. 2004

56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

A REPLACEMENT NAME FOR
STAGETUS CONVEXUS WHITE
(COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE)1

Gianluca Nardi2

Stagetus convexus White, 1975: 181 from Mexico is a junior secondary hom-
onym of S. andalusiacus convexus (Pic, 1921: 9) from Algeria (Pic, 1921:g
Espanol, 1969), which was described as Theca (Anomotheca) convexa. No syn-
onym of Stagetus convexus White is known so, according to the ICZN (1999 Art.
60.3), the following replacement name is proposed for it: Stagetus whitei NEW
NAME.
Etymology. The replacement name is a patronym for Richard E. White.

LITERATURE CITED

Espanol, F. 1969. Notas sobre Anobidos (Coleoptera). XXXV. - Los Stagetit.s Well, del Mediter-
raneo occidental. Eos 44( 1968): 103- 1 19.

ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). 1999. International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition adopted by the International Union of Biological
Sciences. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, I-XXIX + 306 pp.

Pic, M. 1921. Notes diverses, descriptions et diagnoses (Suite.). L'Echange, Revue Linne enne
37(405 ):9- 10.

White, R. E. 1975. Sixteen new neotropical Anobiidae with a new genus and keys (Coleoptera).
Proceeding of the Entomological Society of Washington 77(2): 169-188.

' Received on September 7, 2003 . Accepted on February 3, 2004.

2 Centre Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversita Forestale — Corpo Forestale
dello Stato. Strada Mantova 29, 1-46045 Marmirolo (MN), Italy. E-mail: l_nardi@hotmail.com.

Mailed on April 9, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003 57_

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

OTOCRYPTOPS GRACILIS BERKELEYENSIS
VERHOEF, 1938, A SYNONYM OF SCOLOPOCRYPTOPS

GRACILIS WOOD, 1862 (CHILOPODA:
SCOLOPENDROMORPHAiSCOLOPOCRYPTOPIDAE)1

Rowland M. Shelley2

In my study of the North American scolopendromorph centipede fauna
(Shelley 2002), I recognized six species in the genus Scolopocryptops Newport,
1844 (=Otocryptops Haase, 1887), four occurring east of the Central Plains and
two west of the Rocky Mountains, primarily along the Pacific Coast. One of the
latter, S. gracilis Wood, 1862, consists of three allopatric populations, the largest
of which occupies an irregularly shaped area extending from northern California
to an unknown distance in Baja California North with an eastward extension
through the Mojave Desert into southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona. I
placed four species in synonymy under S. gracilis - S. lanatipes Wood, 1862; S.
californica Humbert and Saussure, 1870; Anethops occidentals Chamberlin,
1902; and S. tmindus Chamberlin, 191 1 , the last two being new synonymies at that
time. While recently reviewing a paper by K. W. Verhoeff (1938) on another mat-
ter, I discovered the description of Otocryptops gracilis berkeleyensis that I did
not know existed. This account was based on a specimen from Berkeley, Alameda
County, California, that was collected by A.E. Michelbacher in May of an un-
known year and sent to Verhoeff, who thought it warranted taxonomic recogni-
tion. My conclusions about S. gracilis in 2002 were based upon examinations of
some 700 individuals in 30 samples, of which 76 individuals and 33 samples were
from counties bordering San Francisco Bay, and 17 individuals and 7 samples
were from Berkeley itself. I found no evidence of clinal or geographic variation
in S. gracilis and no reason to recognize subspecies or geographic races. I there-
fore formally place O. g. berkeleyensis in synonymy under S. gracilis (syn. nov.).

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I thank R. L. Hoffman for a prepublication review.

LITERATURE CITED

Shelley, R. M. 2002. A synopsis of the North American centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha
(Chilopoda). Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir 5:1-108.

Verhoeff, K. VV. 1938. Chilopoden-Studien. /ur Kenntnis der Epimorphen. Zoologische Jahrbiicher

71:339-388.

' Received on February 18. 2004. Accepted on February 20. 2004.

-'Research Lab.. North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 4301 Reedy Creek Road.
Raleigh. NC 27607, U.S.A. E-mail: rowland.shelley@ncmail.net.

Mailed on April 9. 2004

58 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

MITES OF GREENHOUSES, IDENTIFICATION, BIOLOGY AND CON-
TROL. Zhi-Qiang Zhang. 2003. CAB I Publishing, CAB International, Walling-
ford, Oxon OX10 8DE, UK. 240 pp. Hardcover. ISBN 085199590X. US$80.00.

Mites are important pests in greenhouses around the world, yet the number of people trained in
mite taxonomy is decreasing. Fewer and fewer entomology departments in the USA provide training
on mite management. Thus, many pest managers will be given the task of managing mites in green-
houses without formal training in the study of mites (acarology).This book thus identifies a real need.
According to the preface, this book is "based on a training manual prepared by the author for a 'Short
Course on Mites of Greenhouses' .... primarily designed to help students, entomologists, pest control
workers, and growers to identify mites that commonly occur on greenhouse crops, although the biol-
ogy and control of major mite pests were also covered. The focus of the course on identification was
warranted because any successful management of pests starts with the correct diagnosis of pest dam-
age and identification of pest species..."

The book is divided into three parts: I. An introduction to greenhouses, crops and mites, mite clas-
sification, morphology and biology, methods for collecting, preserving and preparing mites. Part II
includes identification, biology and control of pest mites, including spider mites, false spider mites,
tarsonemids, eriophyoid mites, acarid mites, and others. Part III covers the identification, biology and
application of beneficial mites in biological control, including chapters on phytoseiids, laelapids and
other predatory mites. The book includes a glossary and an appendix with information about acaro-
logical journals, societies, courses, websites, and an index.

Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the major taxonomic groups of mites, but the line drawings
and keys provided require that the student have cleared, slide-mounted specimens to examine under
a compound microscope. Many pest managers and growers will be unable to use these keys because
they lack the necessary chemicals to process specimens and compound or phase-contrast micro-
scopes to see morphological traits. It is only in Chapter 3 that students are told how to collect, pre-
serve, and prepare mites for microscopic study. The novice is not told that these keys only work on
adults and that key traits may be difficult to discern if the specimens are incorrectly mounted.
However, the keys themselves are useful and concise. Chapters 4-9 describe the morphology, biolo-
gy, and damage caused by plant-feeding mite families. Each includes an illustrated key to the genera
and species found in greenhouses. Without additional training, I doubt a novice could use the keys,
although they are concise and useful for somewhat more experienced workers. Similarly, chapters 10-
12 provide information on the morphology, biology and role each beneficial predatory species plays
in the control of plant-feeding mites in greenhouses. However, anyone requiring details on how to
release, when to release, or how to monitor the effects of such releases won't find this information.
Monitoring methods and information on compatible pesticides (or how to determine which pesticides
are compatible with natural enemies) are lacking.

This book contains a wealth of information particularly useful for entomologists and students with
training in microscopy and monitoring methods. It provides pest managers and growers with a con-
cise summary of useful information on mite biology and damage, as well as information on websites
with color photos and additional information. It is not, however, an adequate source of information
on the "nuts and bolts" of managing mites in greenhouses. The pest manager and grower will need
additional training to identify pest mites and to deploy the available mite management tactics in
greenhouses.

Marjorie A. Hoy, Department of Entomology and Nematology
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261 1-0620. U.S.A.

E-mail: mahoy@ifas.utl.edu

Mailed on April 9, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. I . January & February 2003 59_

BOOK REVIEW

A COLOR HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN PLANT PROTEC-
TION. Beil Helyer, Kevin Brown, and Nigel D. Cattlin. 2003. Timber Press, Inc.
126 pp. Includes 418 color photos, taxonomic and subject indices, and refer-
ences. $39.95 plus shipping and handling, hardcover.

As the authors indicate in the preface, books on the practical use of biological control are uncom-
mon and often address the subject in a very general manner. Overall, this is one of the better hand-
books covering the use of beneficial organisms in crop production systems. It could be used as a ref-
erence guide for consultants, scientists, producers and home gardeners. The color pictures are excel-
lent and provide the most complete listing of a wide variety of beneficial organisms. The book is
divided into four main sections: crop environments, pest profiles, beneficial arthropod profiles and
entomopathogens. One key component of all successful integrated pest management programs is a
good understanding of the plant-insect connection. Although the information contained in the crop
environment section was informative and broadly addressed this connection, this area could have
been addressed in more detail. A minor criticism of this section is that it would be more helpful if the
subsections covered were similar. It appears that the authors were attempting to compare the various
crop environments (arable, fruit production and protected systems); however, they often went in dif-
ferent directions. In addition, the section on practical tips for gardeners was informative but seemed
out of place.

The overall arrangement of the book is very good and demonstrates the authors understanding of
the need for a practical reference guide. The pest profile section is very well done including a color
pest identification guide, description of pest characteristics, cropping systems affected, plant damage
symptoms and common biological control agents for each pest group. The main section of this hand-
book, beneficial arthropod and entomopathogen profiles, is excellent and makes this a must for any-
one interested in applied biological control. It is divided into four areas: species characteristics; life
cycles; crop/pest associations; and influences on growing practices. The last section makes this hand-
book unique because it summarizes when you can make practical use of natural enemies in an inte-
grated system.

In addition to a reference manual. I can see this manual being used for extension training pro-
grams for consultants, certified crop advisers, producers and master gardeners. It is reasonably priced
and is a must for anyone interested in identification of natural enemies and the development of pro-
grams focusing on biological control.

Joanne Whalen

Extension IPM Specialist. Department of Entomology

University of Delaware, Townsend Hall

Newark, Delaware 1 19716-1303. U.S.A.

E-mail: jwhalen@udel.edu

Mailed on April 9. 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

INSECTS REVEALED: MONSTERS OR MARVELS? Jacques de Tonnancour.
Translated from the French by Luke Sandford. Foreword by Sue Hubbell. 2002.
Cornell University Press, Sage House. 512 E. State Street, Ithaca, NY 14850
United States. 166 pp. Hardcover US$35.00.

At times, scientists are asked why they study a subject with so much passion and determination.
One possible answer for entomologists is revealed in the pages of he book Insects Revealed:
Monsters or Marvels? This tome showcases the splendor of the insect world, particularly that of the
most speciose of them all, coleopterans, and of the most popular, lepidopterans. Whether one con-
siders these hexapodans attractive or not, de Tonnancour brings the glory of some of the showiest
insects to life through spectacular photography. The prose, translated from French by Sandford,
makes reading this work inviting and effortless while extending a gentle challenge to learn about the
creepy creatures. Although there are some photos of mounted specimens that remove some of the
charm of in situ-Vike imagery, most portrayed insects, whether butterflies or moths with winged rain-
bows of colors, scarab or lucanid beetles, the gruesome male warriors, bees of metallic colors, or
orthopteroids with deceitful forms and colors, they all stand in a fantastic parade that captures the
reader's interest. The book contains numerous stories about insects, in a style reminiscent of Jean-
Henri Fabre, the great French naturalist of late 19th early 20th century. Some of the topics covered
in the book include: insects and humans (Chapters 1 and 2); morphology (Chapter 5); ecology
(Chapters 9-10), including an example of a "carnivorous" plant, Nepenthes, defenses, including mim-
icry (Chapter 12). The author also interweaves remarks on life histories, biological control, sexual
selection, biogeography, conservation biology, etc. De Tonnancour beautifully embroiders a wide
range of entomological topics with his images, yet some of the information could have been
improved with ease by consulting major serials or journals that review entomology regularly (e.g.
Annual Review of Entomology, Annual Review of Ecologv and Systematics, Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, and others). Also, the reader may have learned more if the author would have included ref-
erences to review papers, an index, and an expanded glossary, for the benefit of those eager to learn
more about these Lilliputians, as well as some photo - or electron micrographs - to add another layer
of beauty. We enjoy and applaud the author's efforts of highlighting insects' appeal to the uninitiat-
ed through extraordinary imagery and simple prose. Judging from some of their colossal scientific
names behind these generally small creatures, a reader could suspect that each species holds a large
stand of equal importance in the world. However, the readers are kept engaged by the interesting nar-
ratives of the lives of these creatures throughout 160 pages of text. While there are a few obvious
mistakes, perhaps due to occasional oversimplification, and a remarkable paucity of information on
topics, such as: genetics and genetic manipulations of insects, speciation, systematics, applied ento-
mology, physiology, and paleoentomology, to name a few, we savored this book with gusto. For this
relatively inexpensive volume on this subject (by current standards for a well constructed, hard cover
book, printed on glossy paper), we consider it a good value, an elegant addition to a book collection,
and a delicious liors d'oeuvre inviting readers to devour more knowledge about the insect world.

Lester Humberto Outline
Montgomery College
Rockville, Maryland 20850, U.S.A.
E-mail: lestercito@hotmail.com

Jorge Alberto Santiago-Blay

National Museum of Natural History,

Paleobiology

Washington. District of Columbia 20560. U.S.A.

E-mail: santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu

Mailed on April 9, 2004

Reviewers. When submitting papers, all authors are requested to provide the names of two qual-
ified individuals who have critically reviewed the manuscript before it is submitted to Entomological
News. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged and, if accepted, they will be published as soon
as possible.

All papers, except Book Reviews, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In
order to expedite the review process, authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, email, tele-
phone and fax of at least three experts in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be forward-
ed for additional review within 30 days. The Editor reserves his prerogative of sending the manu-
script to other reviewers. Authors are also welcomed to list the names of reviewers to whom the arti-
cle should not be sent, with a brief explanation.

Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify or rewrite their texts to accommodate
suggestions of the reviewers and the Editors as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological
News. If authors do not modify their texts, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis,
why they are not doing that.

Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the Editor and the Business Editor. Then, the
proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as .pdf file, together with the reprint order form as .rtf
file. Authors must process proofs within 72 hours and return them to the Editor and to the Business
Editor by air mail or email (attachment). Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to provide
forwarding orders or to provide temporary addresses (with dates). Proofs not approved within one
week will be published as is. The Editor will collect the page proofs and send them to the printer.

Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are $25.00 per
printed page (or part) for members and $30.00 per printed page (or part) for nonmembers Authors
will be charged for all text figures and half-tones at the rate of $30.00 each, regardless of size. These
charges were approved by the American Entomological Society Council for the 2003-2004 United
States Fiscal year. Authors will pay for color printing at the going rate. There are no discounts. There
are no page charges for Book Reviews. Page and reprints charges will be billed by Faith Kuehn, to
whom communications and remittances of page charges and reprints should be sent. FK address is:
3789 Foulk Road, Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 19061 U.S.A. Email: fbkuehntS'yahoo.com

Articles longer than 13-16 printed pages of Entomological News may be published in two or more
installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire cost of a sufficient number of additional
pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division.

II hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. They will be
billed in advance together with page charges. The following rates, all in US dollars, apply.

Reprints: 100 200 300 400 500
Pages

1 44 48 50 52 54

2 46 50 52 54 56

3 48 52 54 56 58

4 50 54 56 58 60

5 76 86 96 106 116

6 78 88 98 108 118

7 80 90 100 110 120

8 82 92 102 112 122
9-12 120 130 145 160 180
13-16 160 170 185 200 220

Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company. 1211 North DuPont Highway,
Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211; fax (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone
(800) 366-9132. Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recogni/ed by DENREC and
DELRAP Green Industries as "The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Dela-
ware."

Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call
toll-free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600. (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information
and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106-9866, U.S.A.

Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded.

LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT OF
THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY SOCIETY1

Dear Entomological News subscriber:

The American Entomological Society is delighted to resume publication of our
journal, Entomological News. We are also pleased to announce that we have a
new Editor, Dr. Jorge Santiago-Blay, and a new Business Manager, Dr. Faith
Kuehn. Dr. Santiago-Blay is a Research Associate with the Departments of
Paleobiology and Entomology at the National Museum of Natural History
(Smithsonian Institution) in Washington, DC. Dr. Kuehn is the Director of Plant
Industries in the Delaware Department of Agriculture.

We regret that we were unable to publish Entomological News during 2003 . It
is our intention to publish five issues of Entomological News with the volume
number 1 14 and the year 2003 on each issue. Then we will begin volume num-
ber 115 with the year 2004 on each issue. We hope to quickly "catch up." Each
paper will have the date of submission, acceptance, and publication printed on
the first page of that paper.

We appreciate the loyal subscribers and authors who have supported us dur-
ing this difficult period. Thank you.

Sincerely,

Susan Whitney King

President,

American Entomological Society

Mailed on April 9. 2004

Vol. 114

USISSN 0013-872X
MARCH & APRIL 2003 No. 2

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

"7 ^ > ninished food resources are associated with delayed reproduction or
^0 O / ncreased post-reproductive mortality in brood-bearing terrestrial

sopods Armadillum vulgare Latreille Scott L. Kight and Anaiseh Hashemi 61

Description of larva and new host plants for Anthonomus rubricosus
Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Argentina

Maria S. Loidcono, Adriana E. Marvaldi, and Analia A. Lanteri 69

A key to the genus Phaedon (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from China and

the description of a new species Si-qin Ge, Xlng-ke Vang, and Jun-zhi Cui 75

Notes on Mexican Psilopyga and Oxycnemus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia

New Conopidae from the Neotropical region

Sidney Camras 86

Two additional state records of F, male interspecific hybrids Limenitis
(Basilarchia) spp. from "rubidus" Strecker (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
for the U.S.A. Austin P. Plan and E. Thomas McClanahan 91

Cirrospilus neotropicus sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): An indigenous
biocontrol agent of the Citrus Leafminer, Phylocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera:
Gracillariidae) in Argentina Patricia A. Diez and Patricia Fidalgo 98

Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of Lygus
lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in northeastern United States alfalfa, and
the need for research on other crops

W. H. Day, A. T. Eaton, R. F. Romig, K. J. Tilmon, M. Mayer, and T. Dorsey 105

Ditching at sea: Predator avoidance by the Atlantic marine shoreline
tiger beetle, Cicindela marginata F. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Foster Forbes Purrington 113

SCIENTIFIC NOTE:

First Nearctic Records of Tempisquitoneura (Diptera: Chironomidae:
Orthocladiinae) from Arizona, U.S.A.

Gary T. Lester, Brian J. Krestian, and John H. Epler 117

BOOK REVIEW:

Natural Enemies. An introduction to biological control by Ann Hajek

Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 120

SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 23, 2003 Jon Gelhaus

Back Cover

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MAILED ON JUNE 23, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1.0

Previous Editors of Entomological News: 1890 Eugene Murray- Aaron (1852-1940); 1890-
1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G.
Schmieder( 1898- 1967); 1968-1972 Ross H. Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 1973-1974 R.W. Lake; 1974-
2002 Howard P. Boyd; 2002-2003 F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue.

New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Version 1.0.

Further guidelines can be found on
http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm

Subject Coverage: Entomology, sensu Into. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution,
morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology, and other aspects of
insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology,
among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied,
economic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only
if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields.

Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the Editor: Address.

All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomol-
ogical News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A.
Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012
U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P.O. Box, please use
this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other
means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: phone (202) 786-2876, Fax (202) 786-2832, web page
http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm. e-mails santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu or
blayj@hotmail.com. Books for review should also be sent to the Editor who will, in turn, give them
to a colleague for review.

Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in parallel
the same manuscript to another journal. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, except for original
artwork and photographs, which will be returned to the authors.

Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to

The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

THIRD CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 6_1_

vJl f 2 2004

DIMINISHED FOOD RESOURCES ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH DELAYED REPRODUCTION OR INCREASED

POST-REPRODUCTIVE MORTALITY IN

BROOD-BEARING TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS

ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE LATREILLE1

Scott L. Right2 and Anaiseh Hashemi'

ABSTRACT: Female terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) carry eggs and early instars in a ven-
tral brood pouch. We investigated reproductive expenditure of female Armadillidium vulgare
Latreille under the condition of restricted food resources. Regardless of food availability, few cases
of spontaneous termination of care were observed and most gravid females either successfully pro-
duced offspring or died while still bearing eggs. There were no differences in pre-hatching maternal
mortality between food-restricted and non-restricted groups, but females exhibited significantly high-
er post-reproductive mortality when food availability was heavily reduced after oogenesis. This did
not occur when food was restricted prior to oogenesis, but in this case females delayed the onset of
reproduction. An association between mortality and past reproduction was further supported by high
laboratory mortality, regardless of food availability, in non-gravid females field-captured late in the
reproductive season. Maternal investment in A. vulgare thus appears to be energetically expensive.
Despite the ability to terminate care, however, females continue to invest heavily in reproduction
even when resources are scarce and the likelihood of mortality is high.

KEY WORDS: Armadillwn vulgare, Isopoda, diminished food resources, delayed reproduction,
post-reproductive mortality, brood-rearing.

The evolutionary significance of arthropod parental care has been reviewed
elsewhere (Tallamy 1984; Tallamy and Wood 1986; Kaitala and Mappes 1992),
but studies of the phenomenon are generally limited to the Insecta where it has
independently evolved in several taxa. Subsocial behavior, however, also
evolved in the Crustacea and can be readily observed in the terrestrial Isopoda
(e.g. Linsenmair 1987). Unlike the majority of subsocial insects, which general-
ly brood eggs deposited on external surfaces, a female terrestrial isopod bears
eggs and early-instar young (manca) in a ventral marsupium (a fluid-filled pouch
formed by oostegites on the ventral pereon). This places a number of unique con-
straints upon the reproductive success of female terrestrial isopods, including
physical demands on locomotion (Kight and Ozga 2001) and spatial limits on
fecundity (Tomescu et al. 1992; Dangerfield and Telford 1995).

Because reproductive success is constrained by egg-bearing, terrestrial
isopods may have evolved behavioral or physiological plasticity in the face of
changing environmental conditions. To optimize reproductive success, female
isopods should alter the magnitude of parental investment depending on the
availability of resources such as food and favorable habitats. For example. Rush-
ton and Hassall (1983) observed that female Annadillulinm vulgare Latreille

1 Received on September 16, 2002. Accepted on December 1 1 . 2003.

-'Department of Biology and Molecular Biology, Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ
07043, U.S.A. E-mail: kights@mail.montclair.edu.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 114 (2): 61 . March & April 2003
Mailed on June 23, 2004

62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

reared on different food sources exhibited differences in fecundity. Isopod fecun-
dity can also be negatively affected by competition among individuals for limit-
ed resources (Hassall and Dangerfield 1997).

The present study examines the reproductive biology of female A. vulgare
under limited food resources. We first investigate the spontaneous termination of
care and patterns of mortality in food-restricted females during the first repro-
ductive episode of the season (reproduction is seasonal in temperate climates
(Souty-Grosset et al. 1998). Gravid females may respond to food restriction in
three possible ways: an increase of parental investment in the face of diminished
resources, reduction (including termination) of investment, or no change in pat-
terns of investment at all.

We next examine post-reproductive responses to food stress in females cap-
tured at the end of the reproductive season. Three alternative hypotheses may
again be considered. If the act of brood bearing places burdens on maternal ex-
penditure only in the short-term, post-reproductive, food-restricted females
should have lower mortality than reproductive food-restricted females. Alterna-
tively, if brood bearing reduces long-term residual reproductive potential, post-
reproductive, food-restricted females are expected to suffer similar or even great-
er mortality than gravid food-restricted females. Finally, brood bearing may have
no effect on mortality and post-reproductive females should not differ from
reproductive females.

Finally, we test the hypothesis that females exposed to food stress prior to the
first reproductive episode will respond differently than females stressed only
after oogenesis. If limited food resources constrain oogenesis and the onset of re-
production, pre-reproductive females should reduce or delay investment. There
are two additional alternatives: food-restricted, pre-reproductive females could
increase investment (although this seems unlikely) or exhibit unaltered patterns
of reproductive allocation.

METHODS I
FOOD RESTRICTION DURING THE BROODING PHASE

Armadillidium vulgare Latreille were hand-collected twice during the repro-
ductive season of 2001 in Essex County, New Jersey, USA. The first sample was
taken during early May, whereas the second sample was obtained in late August.
Animals were collected from the same location in both cases and therefore our
samples are presumed to be from a single population. Collected animals were
returned to the laboratory and maintained at 21°C and a 15L:9D light/dark
photocycle in ventilated plastic enclosures containing moist cellulose sponge and
carrots administered ad libitum.

Upon evidence of egg-bearing (determined by visual inspection), females in
the May sample were isolated in individual Drosophila culture vials and divided
into three treatment groups by matched triads according to estimated body size.
Control females were provided unlimited access to carrots throughout the exper-

Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003 63_

iment. The second group was moderately food restricted by a feeding cycle in
which carrots were provided for four consecutive days followed by removal of
food for two days. The third group was heavily food restricted by a feeding cycle
in which carrots were provided for two consecutive days followed by removal of
food for four days. Each treatment group contained 30 females and was moni-
tored for 17 days. During this period females were examined daily for either the
continued presence of eggs, the occurrence of spontaneous termination of care,
or the death of the subject.

Females from the August sample did not reproduce in the laboratory.
Specimens were isolated into individual Drosophila culture vials and divided
into two treatment groups by matched pairs according to estimated body size.
Control females were provided unlimited access to carrots while the second
group was heavily food restricted as described. Each treatment group contained
30 females examined daily for mortality over a period of 17 days.

RESULTS I
FOOD RESTRICTION DURING THE BROODING PHASE

Data were analyzed following Gravetter and Wallnau (1988) using Statistix
v.2.0 statistical software with a = 0.05.

Few cases of spontaneous termination of care were observed, regardless of
experimental treatment. Three control females, two moderately restricted and
five heavily restricted females changed from an obvious gravid state to a non-
gravid state over the course of the study (N = 90, x2 = 1 .575, DF = 2, P = 0.4550).
In most cases the mechanism of termination was unknown, although we occa-
sionally observed terminating females with eggs protruding from the marsupium
and in some cases even feeding upon the eggs.

In the remaining reproductive females there were no differences among treat-
ment groups in pre-hatching maternal mortality. Two control females, four mod-
erately restricted and six heavily restricted females died without hatching young
(N = 80, x2 = 2.820, DF = 2, P = 0.2441). There was, however, significantly
higher post-reproductive mortality in the heavily restricted treatment group
(Fig. 1) during the observation period (N = 68, x2 = 15.67, DF = 2, P = 0.0004).
Fifteen heavily restricted females died shortly after the appearance of offspring,
whereas this occurred in only 6 control and 7 moderately restricted females.

Mortality was also high in the presumably post-reproductive females cap-
tured in August. There were, however, no differences between the two late-sea-
son, treatment groups: 17 control females and 23 food-restricted females died
during the study period (N =60, x2 = 2.70, DF = 1 , P = 0.1000). While the late-
season, food-restricted females did not differ from early-season reproductive
food-restricted females in overall mortality (N = 60, x2 = 0.34, DF = 1, P =
0.5000), overall mortality was significantly higher in late-season controls than
in early-season reproductive controls (N = 60, x2 = 5.55, DF = 1 , P = 0.0200).

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

pre-hatch
post-hatch

Control Moderate

Food Restriction

Heavy

Figure 1. Percent pre-hatching (clear bars) and post-hatching (black bars) mortality in
unrestricted (control) and moderately/heavily food-restricted reproductive females.
Numbers over bars are frequency/total for each group.

METHODS II: PRE-REPRODUCTIVE FOOD RESTRICTION

The previous experiments were characterized by two patterns. First, heavy
food restriction during reproduction was associated with high maternal mortali-
ty following the appearance of offspring. Second, females that presumably repro-
duced at least once suffered high mortality even when food was plentiful. It
seems unrealistic, however, that food resources would suddenly disappear under
natural conditions. Hence a more biologically meaningful experiment would
involve food restriction prior to the onset of reproduction.

A. vulgare were again hand-collected in early May of 2002 in Essex County,
New Jersey, USA. Pre-experimental treatment of animals was identical to that of
the previous year with the following exceptions. First, only two experimental
groups were constructed: control females with unlimited access to carrots
throughout the experiment and heavily food-restricted females treated with a
feeding cycle of two days access to food followed by four days without food.
Second, food-restricted females were placed on this feeding cycle immediately
after capture. Hence these females experienced diminished food resources prior
to the first reproductive episode of the season.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & Apnl 2003

We collected 106 females and divided them into the two treatment groups by
matched pairs according to estimated body size. Upon evidence of egg bearing
(determined by visual inspection), females were isolated into individual
Drosophila culture vials. Females were examined daily for the continued pres-
ence of eggs, the occurrence of spontaneous termination of care, or the death of
the subject. We also estimated fecundity as the number of young to emerge from
the marsupium in successful females. Observations ended 43 days after the
experiment began, when all females that reproduced had either successfully
hatched young or died prior to hatching.

RESULTS II
PRE-REPRODUCTIVE FOOD RESTRICTION

There were no differences in the occurrence of oogenesis between treatment
groups. Of the 53 control females. 28 became gravid, whereas 21 of 53 food-
restricted females became gravid (N = 106. x 2 = 1.86. DF = 1. P = 0.1727).
There were also no differences in pre-hatching or post-hatching maternal mor-
tality. Seven control and three restricted females died without hatching young (N
= 49. x 2 = 0.85. DF = 1. P = 0.3571) and nine control and seven restricted
females died after the young hatched (N = 39. x 2 = 0.06. DF = 1 . P = 0.8017).
There were also no differences observed in fecundity, with control females pro-
ducing an average of 20.19 hatched offspring (SE = 2.107) and restricted females
producing an average of 20.28 (SE = 2.181) (T-test. N = 49. T = 0.03. P =
0.9773).

There was a statistical trend, however, for control females to initiate repro-
duction earlier than food-restricted females (Fig. 2). Control females became vis-
ibly gravid after an average of 9.79 days (SE = 1.713). while this occurred in
food-restricted females after an average of 14.81 days (SE = 2.374) (T-test. N =
49. T= 1 . 76. P = 0.0846).

DISCUSSION

Perhaps the most interesting outcome of this study was that while females
appeared capable of terminating post-embryonic maternal investment, they only
did so with low frequency and without obvious pattern. In several insect tu\u.
spontaneous termination of care is an active reproductive strategy (Coleoptera:
Silphidae. Scott and Gladstein 1993: Heteroptera: Cydnidae. Right 1997: Hete-
roptera: Belostomatidae. Kight et al. 2000). In the present study, however, only a
few cases of reversal from gravid to non-gravid condition were observed in all
treatment groups, regardless of food availability. This might be expected if most
females were nearing senescence. However, this seems unlikely because terrestri-
al isopods survive and reproduce across multiple years and samples most likely
contained females from a range of ages and reproductive histories. We must there-
fore conclude that either active termination of care has not evolved as a repro-
ductive strategy in A. vulgare, or that diminished food resources are insufficient

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

'S
<u

OJQ

GO
>>

15-

10-

Control

Heavy

Food Restriction

Figure 2. Average time (days) between capture and oogenesis in unrestricted (control)
and heavily food-restricted reproductive females. Error bars represent standard error on
the mean.

to elicit the response. The latter might be expected if food resources are rarely
limited under natural conditions, but we have no data to address this hypothesis.

The most obvious effect of food restriction was seen in the relatively high
post-reproductive mortality of females that were heavily food-restricted after
oogenesis. Rather than terminate investment in the face of diminished resources,
these females appeared to expend reserves that might otherwise have been used
for post-reproductive maintenance and survival.

It is interesting that late-season females exhibited high mortality rates regard-
less of food availability. These females had presumably reproduced at least once
prior to capture, and perhaps multiple times. Souty-Grosset et al. (1988) ob-
served three parturial molts in some populations of A. vulgare. Late-season fe-
males may therefore have had low reserves for somatic maintenance and sur-
vival. This hypothesis is supported by the low overall mortality of early-season
reproductive controls relative to late-season controls. It should be noted, howev-
er, that this difference is also consistent with age-related increases in mortality.
These are not mutually exclusive hypotheses and could potentially have an addi-
tive effect on mortality.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 67_

In contrast, when food restriction was applied prior to oogenesis the overall
mortality of food-restricted females diminished to a level not different from
reproductive controls. This could be an adaptive outcome of the delay with
which food-restricted females began reproduction. For example, females facing
diminished resources may have physiologically adapted or behaviorally com-
pensated prior to oogenesis, either by eating more food when it was available,
producing smaller eggs, etc. Although our data do not address these hypotheses,
we may reasonably rule out an adjustment in fecundity, which was not different
between treatment groups at the time of offspring dispersal.

The tendency of food-restricted females to delay oogenesis, which we discov-
ered only after the experiment ended, exposed an experimental design difficulty
for the second year of the study. Because restricted females delayed reproduc-
tion, the portion of the observation period in which they were classified as post-
reproductive was shorter than that of control females. This may have inflated the
measure of post-reproductive mortality in control females. The alternative would
have been to observe all females for some standard length of time after the hatch-
ing of young, but this could have inflated the measure of post-reproductive mor-
tality in food-restricted females because they would have been older. Hence we
must caution that our data provide a very conservative estimate of post-repro-
ductive mortality in females that are food restricted prior to oogenesis.

We may reasonably conclude that brood bearing in female A. vulgare is ener-
getically expensive. This expense appears to be met through increased post-
reproductive mortality when food resources are limited after oogenesis or in
delayed reproduction when food is scarce prior to oogenesis. Although active ter-
mination of care does not appear to be an important part of reproductive behav-
ior in this species, reduced mortality suggests that delaying reproduction may be
an effective strategy for maximizing reproductive success when food resources
are limited.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by a National Science Foundation CCLI award to SLK. Further sup-
port was provided by a Montclair State University FSIP award to SLK.

LITERATURE CITED

Dangerfield, J. M. and S. R. Telford. 1995. Tactics of reproduction and reproductive allocation in
four species of woodlice from southern Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1 1:641-649.

Gravetter, F. J. and L. B. Wallnau. 1988. Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Second Edition.
West Publishing Company. New York. 455 pp.

Hassall, M. and J. M. Dangerfield. 1997. The population dynamics of a woodlouse, Armadilli-
dium vulgare: An example of biotic compensatory mechanisms amongst terrestrial macrodecom-
posers? Pedobiologia 41:342-360.

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Kaitala, A. and J. Mappes. 1992. Evolution of parental care in insects. Luonnon Tutkija 96:158-
162.

Kight, S. L. 1997. Factors influencing maternal behavior in a burrower bug, Sehirus cinctus (Hete-
roptera: Cydnidae). Animal Behavior 53:105-112.

Kight, S. L., M. Batino, and Z. Zhang. 2000. Temperature-dependent parental investment in the
giant waterbug,Belostomaflitmineum (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae). Annals of the Entomologi-
cal Society of America 93:340-342.

Kight, S. L. and M. Ozga. 2001. Costs of reproduction in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio laevis
Latreille (Isopoda: Oniscidea): Brood-bearing and locomotion. Journal of the Kansas Entomolog-
ical Society 74:166-171.

Linsenmair, K. E. 1987. Kin recognition in subsocial arthropods, in particular in the desert isopod
Hemilepistus reaitmuri. pp!21-208. In, Kin Recognition in Animals. D. J. C. Fletcher and C. D.
Michener, Editors. John Wiley. Chichester, New York. 476 pp

Rushton, S. P. and M. Hassall. 1983. The effects of food quality on the life history parameters of
the terrestrial isopod (Armadillidium vulgare). Oecologia 57:257-261.

Scott, M. P. and D. S. Gladstein. 1993. Calculating males? An empirical and theoretical examina-
tion of the duration of paternal care in burying beetles. Evolutionary Ecology 7:362-378.

Souty-Grosset, C., A. Chentoufi, J. P. Mocquard, and P. Juchault. 1988. Seasonal reproduction
in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille): Geographical variability and genetic
control of the response to photoperiod and temperature. International Journal of Invertebrate Re-
production and Development 14: 13 1-152.

Souty-Grosset, C., K. Nasri, J. P. Mocquard, and P. Juchault. 1998. Individual variation in the
seasonal reproduction of the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare Latr. (Crustacea, Onis-
cidea). Acta Oecologica 19:367-375.

Tallamy, D. W. 1984. Insect parental care. Bioscience 34:20-24.

Tallamy, D. W. and T. K. Wood. 1986. Convergence patterns in subsocial insects. Annual Review
of Entomology 31:369-390.

Tomescu, N., S. Accola, and C. Berciu. 1992. Reproduction of terrestrial isopods of Cheile Turzii
natural reservation (Romania). Studia Universitatia Babes-Bolyai 37:39-45.

Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003 69

DESCRIPTION OF LARVA AND NEW HOST PLANTS

FOR ANTHONOMUS RUBRICOSUS BOHEMAN
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN ARGENTINA1

Marta S. Loiacono,2 Adriana E. Marvaldi,' and Anali'a A. Lanterr

ABSTRACT: The main purposes of this paper are to describe the larva of Anthonomus rubricosus
Boheman (Curculionidae: Anthonomini) and to provide new information on its host plants. The
species is similar to Anthonomus vestinis Boheman, based on the presence of four epipharyngeal sen-
silla arranged in a single cluster and the labial palpus one-segmented. It differs by its smaller body
size (about 2 mm), basal segment of maxillary palpus shorter than apical segment, and premental
sclerite with posterior extension shorter than anteromedian extension. Teneral adults, larvae and a
pupal exuvia of A. rubricosus, the latter along with a parasitoid (Pteromalidae), were found inside
flowers of Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and fruits of Pavonia sp. (Malvaceae), in Misiones Province, Ar-
gentina.

KEYWORDS: Anthonomus rubricosus, Coleoptera, Curculionidae, larva, host plants, Argentina.

As a consequence of a survey of alternative host plants of Anthonomus gran-
dis Boheman in Misiones Province, Argentina, we have found weevil larvae
inside flowers, flower buds and fruits of two species of Malvaceae. Based on as-
sociation with teneral adult specimens, some of these larvae were assigned to
Anthonomus rubricosus Boheman, a species recorded as harmful to cotton in Ar-
gentina and Brazil (Bosq 1943, Silva et al. 1968, Lanteri et al. 2002). The main
purposes of this paper are to describe the larva of Anthonomus rubricosus and to
provide new information on its host plants.

METHODS

Field work to collect Malvaceae that would serve as alternate hosts of weevils
harmful to cotton, was done in Misiones Province, Departments of Iguazii, Eldo-
rado, San Ignacio and San Javier, along the Parana and Uruguay rivers, during
February 2001. Several samples of the following species were examined:
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke, Pavonia sepium St. Hil., Pavonia
sp., Pseudabutilon sp., Sida rhombifolia L., Sida spinosa L., Hibiscus mutabilis
L., H. rosasinensis L., H. schizopetalus Hook.f., H. syriacus L. and Hibiscus sp.
Samples of reproductive structures of these plants were dissected under a stereo-
scopic microscope to look for weevil specimens inside.

Techniques for preservation, dissection and illustration of the larva, follow
May (1977, 1979, 1993). The terminology used in the description is according to
Marvaldi (1999). Drawings were done with a camera lucida adapted to a com-
pound microscope. Adult voucher specimens and larvae (slide mounted) are

1 Received on August 28, 2002. Accepted on Februray 4, 2004.

-'Division Entomologia, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mail:
loiacono@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu .ar; alanteri@museo.fcnym. unlp.edu .ar.

'Institute Argentine de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas (IADIZA-CRICYT), C. C. 507, 5500
Mendoza, Argentina. E-mail: marvaldi@lab.cricyt.edu.ar.

Mailed on June 23, 2004

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

deposited at the entomological collection of the Museo de La Plata (MLP).
Teneral adults taken from reproductive structures of Malvaceae, along with lar-
vae, were identified by comparison with adult specimens of A. rubricosus housed
at the MLP collection.

RESULTS

Several weevil larvae were found inside reproductive structures of two species
of Malvaceae from Misiones Province. Larvae about 5 mm long, collected inside
fruits of Malvastrum coromandelianum and Pseudabutilon sp., in Eldorado and
San Javier Departments, were assigned to Curculioninae in the broad sense
(Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal 1999) but in the absence of associated adults it was not
possible to identify them further. They do not belong to Anthonornus grandis,
neither can they be assigned to the tribe Anthonomini, since they have a frontal
seta 2 present, six epipharingeal sensilla arranged in two clusters of three sensil-
la in each, and a terminal anus.

Small larvae (about 2. mm long) along with teneral adults, found inside flow-
ers of Hibiscus rosasinensis L. and fruits of Pavonia sp, in Iguazii Department,
were identified as Anthonornus rubricosus Boheman (Fig. 1).

A partially destroyed exuvia of one pupa was collected along with one female
of Pteromalidae, Chalcidoidea, inside fruits of Pavonia sp., in Teyii Cuare, San
Ignacio Department, 15-02-2001. This exuvia apparently belongs to A. rubrico-
sus, and we believe that the pupa was killed by the parasitoid.

Taxonomic information on Anthonornus rubricosus Boheman

Anthonomus rubricosus Boheman 1859 (= A. campinas Marshall 1938) is
probably related to A. vestitus Boheman, distributed in Peru and Ecuador, and to
other members of the genus assigned to the squarnosus group of Dietz, such as
A. bisinuatus Burke & Cross, from Colombia, and A. testaceosquamosus Linell,
from southern Texas and northeastern Mexico (Burke & Cross 1966, Ahmad &
Burke 1972). All these species have Malvaceae as hosts. Anthonomus grandis
and other members of the grandis group also have several Malvaceae as hosts
(Burke & Gate 1983, Burke et al. 1984; Jones & Burke 1997), but are probably
less closely related to A. rubricosus (Clark pers. com.). A redescription of A. ru-
bricosus based on adult characters is needed, but we consider that it would be
better to do that in the context of a taxonomic revision of the genus Anthonomus.

Geographic range. Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Within Argentina, A. rubri-
cosus is distributed throughout the provinces of Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes,
Entre Rios, Misiones, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucuman.

Host plants. Weevils of the tribe Anthonomini are first grade oligophagous,
regarding host selection. The hosts of each of the weevil species are confined to
a single plant family and sometimes to one plant genus (Burke 1976). The know-
ledge of plant associations is very important to clarify the phylogenetic relation-
ships within the tribe and to predict which species could be harmful for crops
(Lanteri etal. 2002).

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

Fig. 1. Teneral adult of Anthonomus rubricosus inside a flower bud of Hibiscus rosasi-
nensis (Malvaceae).

Previously, the known hosts for A. rubricosus in Argentina were Sphaeralcea
sp. and Gossypium hirsutum L. (Lanteri et al. 2002). Herein we add Pavonia sp.
and Hibiscus rosasinensis L. This weevil has caused severe damage to young
cotton plants in Chaco, Argentina (Bosq 1943, Denier 1939), and Sao Paulo, Bra-
zil (Silva et al. 1968).

Species related to A. rubricosus and their known host-plants are as follows:
1) Anthonomus vestitus: Gossypium raimondii Ulbr., Gossypium hirsutum L.,
Cienfuegosia heterophylla Garcke, Hibiscus rosasinensis L., Althea rosea (L.)
Cav., and Sida paniculata L.; 2) Anthonomus bisinuatus: Hibiscus sp. and Gos-
sypium hirsutum L.; 3) Anthonomus testaceosquamosus: Hibiscus, Sida, Abuti-
lon, and Pseudabutilon, but this species does not attack cotton (Burke & Cross

1966, Ahmad & Burke 1972).

Material examined. ARGENTINA: Corrientes: 08-1934 (1 MLP); San Roquc. 02-1920 (7
MLP); Colonia San Antonio, Dep. San Miguel, 2002, 10 ex. collected on pheromone trap close to
cotton fields. Entre Rios: Concordia, 02- 1996 (3 MLP). Misiones: Pindapoy, 10-1935 (1 MLP);
Loreto, 04-1996 (7 MLP); Puerto Libertad, Dep. Iguazii, 12-02-2001, 1 teneral adult, in flowers of
Hibiscus rosasinensis L.; Destacamento Ecolacustre Lago Uruguaf, 12-02-2001 , 1 teneral adult along
with larvae, in fruits of Pavonia sp. Chaco: Resistencia (1 MLP). Salta: Oran, 09-1939 (1 MLP).

Mature larva of Anthonomus rubricosus

Body length 1.5-2.0 mm. Head width 0.5 mm. Head capsule subcircular; stemmata (ocelli) pig-
mented before clearing with KOH. anterior stemina black, conspicuous, with convex cornea, poste-
rior stemma hardly distinct, as small brown spot. Antenna (Fig. 2) with basal article bearing elongate-
conical sensorium and six minute sensorial structures, one rounded and five elongate (one distinctly
longer than others). Endocarina (Fig. 2) about 2/3 as long as Irons. Frontal seta 1 and 3 very short,
setae 4 and 5 long, subequal (Fig. 2). Dorsal epicranial seta 1 slightly longer than seta 2, setae 3 and

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figs. 2-4. Larva of Anthonomus rubricosus. 2) Clypeus, labrum and frontal area of head,
dorsal; 3) epipharynx; 4) mandible. Scales = 0.1 mm.

5 longer than the others, seta 4 minute; dorsal epicranial seta 3 located closer to frontal line than seta
1. Lateral epicranial seta 1 about 1/2 as long as 2. Clypeal setae short, close to anterior margin of
frons (Fig. 2). Labral setae 1 and 2 subequal in length, seta 3 short, less than 1/3 as long as seta 2
(Fig. 2). Epipharynx (Fig. 3) with three anterolateral setae on each side; four epipharyngeal sensilla
(sensory pores) arranged in single median cluster; labral rods subparallel, slightly converging poste-
riorly, not reaching base of clypeus. Mandibular setae 1 and 2 subequal, longitudinally placed, well
separated at base (Fig. 4). Maxilla (Figs. 5, 6) with six dorsal and five ventral malar setae: maxillary

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

palpus with basal segment shorter than apical. Labium (Fig. 5) with one-segmented palpus; premen-
tal sclerite with posterior extension shorter than anterior; postmental setae 1 and 3 short, subequal;
seta 2 more than four times longer than others. Thoracic and abdominal spiracles with airtubes seven-
annulated. Prothorax with two pleural setae. Meso- and metathorax with one epipleural and one pleu-
ral seta; postdorsal setae 1 and 3 longer than setae 2 and 4. Abdominal segment IX with pleural areas
not projecting and with short sternal setae.

Materials examined. Argentina, Misiones, Dto. Iguazu. Destacamento Ecolacustre Lago
Uruguaf, 12-02-2001 , in fruits of Pavonia sp., 2 ex. Larvae were identified based on their association
with adult specimens found on the same hosts and inside the same reproductive structures.

Comparative notes. Based on larval characters, A. rubricosus is close to A.
vestitus. Both species have frontal setae 1 and 3 very short, four epipharyngeal
sensilla arranged in a single cluster and the labial palpus one-segmented. In the
key of Ahmad and Burke (1972), they key out together, except for their different
sizes (the former species is about 2 mm and the latter, 4.1 - 5.5 mm). They also
differ in the characters of the maxillary palpus and premental sclerite. In A.
rubricosus the basal segment of the maxillary palpus is shorter than the apical
segment, and the posterior extension of the premental sclerite is shorter than the
anteromedian extension. In A. vestitus, the basal segment of the maxillary palpus
is slightly longer than the apical segment, and the posterior extension of the pre-
mental sclerite is longer than the anteromedian extension.

Figs. 5-6. Larva of Anthonomiis rubricosus. 5) Maxilla and lahium, ventral; 6) maxilla,
dorsal. Scales = 0.1 mm.

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We express special thanks to the graduate students Isabel Barrios, Flavio Moschione and Mariana
Demaria for their contributions in the collection and identification of Malvaceae; to Cecilia Margaria
for her help in the dissection of reproductive structures of plants in order to find weevils, and to spe-
cialists Horace Burke and Wayne Clark for their helpful comments and assistance with the bibliog-
raphy. The financial support of the "Integrated pest management Project of the Cotton Boll Weevil in
Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay" (CFC-ICAC) is acknowledged, as well as the support of CONICET
(Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas) from Argentina.

LITERATURE CITED

Ahmad, M. and H. Burke. 1972. Larvae of the weevil tribe Anthonomini (Coleoptera: Curculio-
nidae). Miscellaneous Publications. Entomological Society of America. 8(2): 31-81 .

Alonso-Zarazaga, M. and C. H. C. Lyal. 1999. A world catalogue of families and genera of
Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Entomopraxis S. C. P. 315 pp.

Boheman, C. H. 1859. Coleoptera. Species novas descripsit. In: Kongliga Svenska Fregatten Eu-
genies resa omkring Jorden under befa'l af C. A. Virgin aren 1851-1853.Vetenskapliga iakttagelser
Pa H. Maj:t Konung Oscar den Forstes befallning utgifna af K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien.
Norstedt & Soner, Stockholm. Zoologi. III. Insekter, pp. 113-217, illus.

Bosq, J. M. 1943. Segunda lista de Coleopteros argentinos daninos a la agricultura. Minist. Agric.
Nacion. Dir. Sanidad Vegetal, Buenos Aires, 80 pags.

Burke, H. R. 1976. Bionomics of the anthonomine weevils. Annual Review of Entomology. 21:
283-303.

Burke, H. R. and J. R. Cate. 1983. Descriptions of the larva and pupa of Anthonomus hunteri and
comparison with Anthonomus grandis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomo-
logical Society of Washington 85(3): 456-562.

Burke, H. R. and W. H. Cross. 1966. A New Species of Anthonomus attacking cotton in Colombia,
with a review of the taxonomy of Anthonomus vestitus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 59(5): 924-931.

Burke, H.R., W.E.Clark, and W. H. Cross. 1984. Larvae and pupae of the Anthonomus subgenus
Anthonomorphus Dietz, A. grandis Boheman and A. hunteri Burke and Cate (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae). The Southwestern Entomologist 9( 1 ): 84-90.

Denier, P. 1939. Lista de los artropodos daninos o litiles a los algodonales argentinos. Physis 17:

553-567.

Jones, R. W. and H. R. Burke. 1997. New species and host plants of the Anthonomus grandis
species group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash-
ington. 99(4): 705-719.

Lanteri, A. A., A. E. Marvaldi, and S. M. Suarez. 2002. Gorgojos de la Argentina y sus plantas
huespedes. Tomo I: Apionidae y Curculionidae. Publicacion Especial de la Soc. Entomol Argent.
N° 1,98 pags.

Marshall, G. A. 1938. New injurious Curculionidae (Col.). Bulletin of Entomological Research
29(1): 1-8, Illus.

Marvaldi, A. E. 1999. Morfologia larval en Curculionidae. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 45(1): 7-24.

May, B. M. 1977. Immature stages of Curculionidae: Larvae of the soil-dwelling weevils of New
Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 7: 189-228.

May, B. M. 1979. A technique for dissecting head capsules of small coleopterous larvae. The New
Zealand Entomologist 7: 99.

May, B. M. 1993. Fauna of New Zealand. Larvae of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera): a sys-
tematic overview. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand N" 28, 226 pp.

Silva, A. G. D'A., C. R. Conceives, D. Monteiro Galvao, A. J. L. Conceives, J. Gomes, M. Do
Nacimento Silva, and L. De Simoni. 1968. Quarto Catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plan-
tas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predadores. Ministerio da Agricultura, Departamento de Defesa e
Inspecao Agropecuaria, Servic.o de Defesa Sanitaria Vegetal, Laboratorio Central de Patologfa
Vegetal. Rio de Janeiro, GB, Brasil, 622 pp.

Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003 75_

A KEY TO THE GENUS PHAEDON (COLEOPTERA:

CHRYSOMELIDAE: CHRYSOMELINAE) FROM CHINA

AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES'

Si-qin Ge,2 Xing-ke Yang,2 and Jun-zhi Cui

Abstract: A key to all 16 Chinese species of Phaedon Latreille is provided with a description of P.
fulgida sp. nov., from Guizhou, China. The new species is similar to Phaedon cuprea Wang, 1992
differing primarily in the presence of punctures on the pronotum and in aedeagus morphology. Type
specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, China.

KEY WORDS: Phaedon, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae. China, new species.

Phaedon was erected in 1829 by Latreille. Chapuis (1874) treated the three
genera, Alitene, Orthosticha, Emmertrus, as synonyms of Phaedon. The genus
Phaedon currently includes about 75 species worldwide, 33 of which occur in
Asia, 3 species in Europe, 13 species in North America, 23 species in South
America, 1 species in Africa and 2 species in Australia. The bulk of the species
occur between 60°N and 50°S in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Species
inhabit the farmlands of plains up to alpine meadows. For example, P. alpina Ge
et Wang, occurs at 4,700m which is the highest altitude recorded for this genus.

Some species of Phaedon are of economic importance. For example, the low-
land species, P. brassicae Baly mainly feeds on cabbage, radish, shepherd's-
purse, carrot, shallot, lettuce and other similar crops. P. annoraciae Linnaeus
mainly feed on Armoracia. The two species are important pests in China. P.ful-
vicornis Chen mainly feeds on Rubus. Furthermore, P. alticola Chen, a montane
species, feeds on Ranunculus tricuspis and Lanccea.

The genus Phaedon was first studied in China during 1934 by the late Prof.
Chen Sicien who redescribed two species, P. annoraciae Linnaeus and P. bras-
sicae Baly in that year. Subsequently 12 new species were described by Chen
(1936, 1974, 1984), Wang (1984, 1992a, 1992b, 1997) and Gressitt and Kimoto
(1963). Most recently, Ge etal. (2002) described three new species. In this paper,
we give a key for all the Chinese species and describe a new species from
Guizhou, China.

Systematics
Genus Phaedon Latreille

Phaedon Latreille, 1829, In Cuvier, Regne Anim. ed. 2, 5: 151.

Alitene Gistl, 1857, Vacuna, 2: 530.

Orthosticha Motschulsky, I860. Schrenck's Reisen Amurl., 2: 196. (Type species: Plagiodera bonar-

iense Sahlberg.)
Emmetrus Motschulsky, 1860. Schrenck's Reisen Amurl., 2: 221. (Type species: Chrysomela betulae

Fabric! us.)

'Received on November 18, 2003. Accepted on December 9, 2003.

: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 25 Bei Sihuanxilu, Haidian, Beijing. 1()()()8(),
China. E-mail: gesq@ioz.ac.cn.

Mailed on June 23. 2004

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Diagnosis. Elongate, strongly convex. Head: small, deeply inserted into pro-
thorax. Compound eyes elongate or sub-spherical. Anterior part of clypeus con-
cave or convex. Apical segment of maxillary palpi slender, twice as long as
penultimate segment. Antennae extending to base of elytra, segments 7-11
broadened apically. Pronotum: with coarse punctures; anterior margin broadly
emarginate with projecting anterior angles. Base with or without a raised margin.
Scutellum: triangular with rounded apex, impunctate. Elytra: broader than
pronotum at base, slightly broadened after middle; with ten striae, not including
incomplete basal scutellar row. Epipleuron plain, broadened basally, slightly nar-
rowed posteriorly, inner edge without pubescence. Underside: Prosternal process
slender, truncate apically, slightly broadened; procoxal cavities open; mesoster-
nal process broadened, emarginate apically. Legs: outer-lateral margin of tibiae
curved; third segment of tarsi entire or bilobed; claws simple.

Distribution. Worldwide, temperate and subtropical regions.

Key to the Chinese species of the Genus Phaedon Latreille

1 . Basal margin of pronotum unmargined; epipleuron narrow; third segment of tarsi entire

P.fulvicornisChen, 1974

Basal margin of pronotum margined; epipleuron broadened basally, slightly narrowed posterior-
ly; third segment of tarsi bilobed 2

2. Dorsum with markings 3

Dorsum without markings 5

3. Mid-posterior area of elytra with dark markings P. gressitti Daccordi, 1979

Elytra without markings 4

4. Pronotum reddish-brown laterally and darker medially, dark area trapezoid, narrow apically,

broadening posteriorly, covering 1/4 to 1/3 area of pronotum; elytral interstices impunctate

P. maculicollis Chen, 1974

Pronotum light reddish-brown laterally and dark medially, dark area trapezoid, narrow apically,
broadening posteriorly, covering 1/3 to 1/2 area of pronotum; elytral interstices with fine punc-
tures P. potentillcie Wang, 1992

5. Head and pronotum dark brown, elytra dark blue, purplish-blue or purplish-brown

P. alticoia Chen, 1974

Head, pronotum and elytra unicolorous 6

6. Hindwing absent 7

Hindwing present 12

7. Claw bearing segment of tarsus produced apically into a ventrally directed tooth-like spur (Fig.

4) 8

Claw bearing segment of tarsus not produced apically into a ventrally directed tooth-like spur.9

8. Scutellum sub-triangular and with fine punctures; elytral interstices with fine punctures

P. cuprea Wang, 1992

Scutellum ligulate and impuntate; elytral impunctate P.fulgida Ge et Yang, sp. nov.

9. Epipleuron impunctate; interstriae of elytral interstices flat, impunctate, shagreened

P. alpina Ge et Wang, 2002

Epipleuron punctate 10

10. Third segment of antenna longer than second; epipleuron with coarse and sparse punctures

P. wumingshanensis Ge et Wang, 2002

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 TJ_

Third antennal segment not longer than second 1 1

1 1 . Body blue, two basal segments of antennae reddish-brown

P. balangshanensis Ge el Wang. 2002

- Body purple, antennae dark P. aptera Chen et Wang, 1984

12.Elytral interstices impunctate 13

Elytra punctate 14

13. Elytral interstices smooth P. chinensis Gressitt et Kimoto, 1963

Elytral interstices shagreened P. mellyi Achard, 1922

14. Epipleuron impunctate; Body metallic reddish-brown P. fulvenscens Weise, 1922

Epipleuron punctate 15

15. Elytral interstice 9 and 10 of equal width P. armoraciae Linnaeus, 1758

- Elytral interstice 10 wider than 9 P. brassicae Baly, 1874

Phaedon fulgida Ge et Wang, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-6)

Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. cuprea Wang, 1992 differing from
these primarily in punctation of the pronotum and aedeagus morphology. P.
cuprea differs from the new species by having the following characteristics:
clypeus with sparse punctures; vertex with dense and fine punctures; pronotum
with coarse and dense punctures; scutellum sub-triangular and with fine punc-
tures; diameter of punctures of elytral striae is the same as those of pronotum, in-

terstriae with fine punctures.

Description. Length: 3.92-4.60mm (measured from the apex of the clypeus to the apex of the
elytra), width: 2.72-3. 12mm (measured at base of the elytra).

Form. Body sub-spherical, convex dorsally (Fig. 1).

Color. Metallic bronze; clypeus, last segment of maxillary palpus, two apical segments of labial
palpi and claws mahogany brown.

Head. Frons slightly depressed, flattened along antennal sockets; clypeus with coarse punctures
and pubescence; upper clypeus (lower frons) between antennal sockets with sub-triangular carina;
frons with coarse punctures, and vertex with finely shagreened surface and very fine, sparse, con-
fused punctures; eyes elliptical; average dorso-ventral eye length = 0.09mm; average interocular dis-
tance (at dorso-mesal margins) = 0.65mm.

Antennae. Slender, extending well beyond base of elytra, segments 7-11 with dense pubescence;
segment (1-11) length (average of type series) in millimeters 0.23,0.17,0.21,0.16,0.14.0.16,0.16,
0.17, 0.19, 0.18, 0.22 (Fig. 2).

Pronotum (Fig. 3). Average length at middle = 1.03mm, average width at middle = 1.77mm;
much narrower at base than elytra; rectangular; lateral margins evenly, gradually rounded, slightly
narrower at antero-lateral angles, anterior margin widely emarginate with projecting antero-angles;
postero-angles obtuse; anterior, lateral and posterior margins with raised bead; lateral margin with a
shallow depression on central area; disc with sparse punctures, diameter of these same as those of
clypeus; with finer punctures interspersed; lateral and antero-angles with coarse punctures; posterior
margin with coarse and dense punctures; surface with shagrination.

Scutellum. Ligulate, smooth and impunctate, surface slight shagreened.

Elytra. Length = 2.56mm, width (at middle) = 3.38mm; convex; abbreviated scutellary stria plus
10 complete striae composed of deep, large punctures, larger than those of the clypeus; interstices
surface smooth, impunctate, finely shagreened; humeral callus not prominent; apically interstices
tapered and narrow; interstices equally spaced except 8th which is wider; epipleuron flat, broadened
basally, slightly narrowed posteriorly.

Underside. Lateral margin of prosternal process with punctures and pubescence, apically trun-
cate, slightly broadened, central area with a longitudinal ridge; procoxal cavities elongate, open; me-
sosternal process narrow, posterior margin emarginate. with sparse punctures and pubescense; meta-

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Fig. 1. Habitus ofPhaedonJulgida, NEW SPECIES.

sternum with large coarse punctures, larger than those of the elytra, anterior margin emarginate;
abdominal sternites with small shallow punctures and sparse pubescense.

Legs. With large punctures, diameter of these same as those of metasternum; with prominent
pubescence, especially on lateral margin of tibiae and ventral surface of tarsi; femur rectangular,
outer-lateral margin with shallow depression; tibiae slender, with dense pubescence especially at
apex, outer-lateral margin curved, third segment of tarsi bilobed, claw bearing segment of tarsus pro-
duced apically into a ventrally directed tooth-like spur (Fig. 4); claws simple.

Aedeagus. In dorsal view broadened basally, tapered to apex, slightly pointed apically; in later-
al view bent at right angles (Figs. 5-6).

Material studied. Holotype: male, China, Guizhou Province, Huixiangping County, Fanjing
Shan (27.9°N, 108.6°E) 1780m, 1 August 2001, Coll. Hongbin Liang. Paratypes: 2 females, same
data as holotype, except collected by Kangzhen Dong. All type specimens are deposited in the
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Etymology. From the Latin, fulgida, meaning shining.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

0.5mm

Figs. 2-6 Phaedonjulgida, NEW SPECIES. Fig. 2. Antenna. Fig. 3. Pronotum.
Fig. 4. Claw. Fig. 5. Aedeagus (lateral view). Fig. 6. Aedeagus (dorsal view).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Mr. Hongbin Liang and Kangzhen Dong for presenting the specimens of the new
species, and we wish to thank Mr. J. Cooler (Hereford, U.K.) for his critical review of the first draft
of this paper. This project was supported by a grant from National Science Foundation of China
(Grant No. 30200025), CAS Innovation Program (KSCX3-IOZ-01) and National Science Fund tor
Fostering Talents in Basic Research (NFSC-J0030092).

LITERATURE CITED

Achard, J. 1922. Descriptions de nouveaux Chrysomelini. Fragments Entomologiques Prague. I-
2: 1-48.

80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Baly, J. S. 1874. Catalogue of the phytophagous Coleoptera of Japan, with descriptions of the
species new to the science. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874:161-217.

Chapuis, F. 1874. In: Lacordaire, M.Th., Chapuis, M.F., Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Genera
des Coleopteres ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet
orderd'insectes. 10. Famille des Phytophages. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris. 455 pp.

Chen, S. H. 1936. Catalogue des Chrysomelinae de la Chine, de L'indochine et du Japon. Notes
D'Entomologie Chinoise 3(5):63-102.

Chen,S.C. 1974. New Chrysomelid beetles from west China. Acta Entomologica Sinica 17(1): 43-
48.

Chen, S.C. and S.Y.Wang. 1984. New Chrysomeline beetles from Hengduan Mountains, Yunnan.
Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 9(2):170-175.

Daccordi, M. 1979. Nuove specie di Crisomeline della Regione Orientale, (Coleoptera: Chrysome-
lidae Subf. Chrysomelinae). Entomologica Basiliensia 4:443-461.

Fabricius, J. C. 1792. Entomologiae Systematicae 1:306-349.

Ge, S. Q., S. Y. Wang, and X. K. Yang. 2002. Notes on the genus Phaedon Latreille of China
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 27(2):316-325.

Gistl, J. 1857. Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Thiere. Vacuna
2:513-606.

Gressitt, J. L. and Kimoto, S. 1963. The Chrysomelidae of China and Korea. Pacific Insect
Monograph 1A: 301-1026.

Latreille, P. A. 1829. Coleoptera: 132-155. In, Regne Animal Cuvier. 2nJ, ed., 5: 24+556pp.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae. Holmiae, 10th Edition, pp. 1-324.

Motschulsky, V. 1860. Coleopteres de la Siberie Orientale et particulier des rives de L' Amour 2:

79-257.

Sahlberg, C. 1834. Dissertatio entomologica Insecta Fennica, Aboae 11.288pp.

Wang, S. Y. 1992a. Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae: 628-645. In, Chen, S. H. (Editor).
Insects of the Henduan Mountains Region, 1, Science Press, Beijing: 1547pp.

Wang, S. Y. 1992b. Two new species of Leaf beetles from Wuling Mountain of China (Coleoptera:
Chrysomelidae). Sinozoologia 9:175-178.

Weise, J 1922. Chrysomeliden der Indo-Malayischen Region. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 65: 39-
130.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 8J_

NOTES ON MEXICAN PSILOPYGA AND OXYCNEMUS
(COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE)1

Jose Luis Navarrete-Heredia2

ABSTRACT: Specific distributional data for Psilopyga fasciata in Mexico is provided and new
hosts records are included for Oxycnemus rostrosus, and P. fasciata from Mexico, and P. histrina, and
P. nigripennis from the United States.

KEY WORDS: Psilopyga, Oxycnemus, Coleoptera, Nitidulidae.

The genus Psilopyga LeConte, 1853: 286 has been used as a synonym of
Oxycnemus by some authors starting with LeConte and Horn (1883) and fol-
lowed more recently by Parsons (1943).

Sharp (1891: 364) stated that "the two genera are, however, very distinct," an
assertion that was supported in a phylogenetic analysis of these genera and other
close relatives (Leschen 1999). At present, six species are included in this genus,
whereas nine are included in Oxycnemus; both genera are represented in Mexico
by one species each (Spornraft 1971; Leschen 1999).

The purpose of this paper is to provide specific distributional data for
Psilopyga fasciata in Mexico and record for the first time the fungal hosts for this
species and Oxycnemus rostrosus.

Psilopyga fasciata Sharp, 1891: 364

Fig. 1

Psilopyga fasciata was described based on a single specimen collected by
Truqui from Mexico without specific locality (Holotype at British Museum,
seen). It is easily recognized from the rest of North American species by the
bicolored elytra: one-third to three-fifths of the base orange (as in the Holotype,
cited by Sharp 1891), and the rest black. In his revision of the Nearctic Nitiduli-
dae, Parsons (1943) recorded this species from Presscot, Arizona, USA, without
specific host data, although the information available for other species, cited
Phallus impudicus as the host for Psilopyga histrina (LeConte), and P. nigripen-
nis (LeConte) (Parsons 1943) there are also new records for these species asso-
ciated with Mutinus elegans (original data provided by R. Leschen from speci-
mens collected in Arkansas. Specimens in his collection).

Material examined. Mexico: Jalisco, Tenamaxtlan, Los Picachos-Tenamaxtlan, hosque mesofi-
lo de montaDa, 1820m, ex Laternea columnata, 22.VII.2000. J. Cortes (ICf. 19: Coleccion
Entomologica del Centre de Estudios en Zoologia, CZUG). United States: Arizona. Maricopa Co.,
Hwy. 260 at Preacher Canyon (~6 mi E of Star Vly), 14.VIII.1992, from Phallus impudicus
(Phallaceae) (coll. W.B. Warner) (1 9; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, FSCA).

Three of the four species (including P. fasciata) from the United States are

1 Submitted on February 16, 2002. Accepted on December 1 , 2003.

: Entomologia, Centra de Estudios en Zoologia. CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Apdo. Postal
234, 45100 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. E-mails: snavarre@maiz.cucba.udg.mx and glenus®
yahoo .com.mx.

Mailed on June 23.2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Psilopyga fasciata Sharp (male).

recorded from Phallus impudicus where this species is distributed primarily in
temperate forest, but the single record from Mexico includes a different host,
Clathrus columnatus (Clathraceae) for this genus. Although the last record is
from another host family, all of them belong to the Order Phallales.

Vol. 114, No. 2. March & April 2003

rpr g^JlPi1

•t '•:. .*,v:;r.

'':*• ' '-i^'-':;'-:1':

•-..-.. ,»•• . . •••.'.•'.'' ••; •• ,-...*.•"•

-•?•* '. '- .- • *-* .'".

'. "M4- " ••

• "."•*_. .. -. '•

•'.'

'.^'•' -IV*:--. * .\.*:>!'- lv'; ••

-'';4;;^^>>;/ '.'-'•". ''^
•V:^":-;:"o;-

>-•",". -V Jia" •-"-.'.".

1),».. ' . • ,''»V

^:-,:-%

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of Ojrvcn^/«M5 rostrosus Reitter (male).

rostrosus Reitter, 1873: 137
Fig. 2

Listed as Oxycnemus rostratus in Blackwelder (1945), this species is record-
ed from Mexico (Veracruz), Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama. Known hosts
for the species of this genus are: Blumevania rhacodes, Dictyophora, Lysurus

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

periphragmoides (Nouhra and Toledo 1994, cited also in Leschen 1999), and
Phallus irnpudicus for Oxycnemus lewisi (Reitter) (Hayashi 1978).

Material examined: Veracruz, Catemaco, Dos Amates, 22. VIII. 1992,
Dyctiophora indusiata IV (Phallaceae), J. L. Navarrete-Heredia (icf, 19; J-L.
Navarrete-Heredia col., JLN); Veracruz, Cuauhtemoc, NTP-80 No. 5, 29 .XII.
1991 , J. R. Hernandez (19; JLN). The fungal record agrees with those known for
the genus. The single unusual finding for this species in carrion traps may be the
result of chemical attraction instead of close association with carrion, due to their
restricted association with Phallales (Leschen 1999).

DISCUSSION

Specimens of both species were collected during the day in the base of the
fungi and inside the mature "mycoegg" (gelatinous egg structure, sensu Pegler
and Gomez 1994), as is usual for these beetles. An interesting record of myceto-
phagids in the mycoeggs of Linderiella rodrigueziana (Clathraceae) from Costa
Rica (Pegler and Gomez 1994) requires confirmation. Although the Mexican
diversity of these genera is not high, Mexico is the single country in the Western
Hemisphere where both genera occur and represent the most southern (Psilopy-
ga) and northern (Oxycnemus) distribution for these taxa. In Mexico, Psilopyga
species occur in montane areas and are associated with temperate mushrooms,
but Oxycnemus is found primarily in localities with tropical influence and its
species are associated with the single species of Dyctiophora which is tropical
and subtropical in distribution (D. indusiata) (Guzman et al. 1990). Due to their
specific association with Phallales, additional collections of these cyllodines
would provide important information on their biology and fungal host use.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank J. Cortes (Universidad de Guadalajara) for collecting beetles on their hosts, P. Skelley
(Florida State Collection of Arthropods) for the loan of material from the United States; Laura
Guzman-Davalos (Universidad de Guadalajara) for her help with mycological information; R.A.B.
Leschen (Landcare Research), and P. Skelley for their review and comments to the manuscript.
Finally, to H. E. Fierros-Lopez for his kind help with the drawings.

LITERATURE CITED

Blackwelder, R E. 1945. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico. Central America, the
West Indies, and South America. Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum 185(3);
343-550.

Guzman, G., L. Montoya, and V. M. Bandala. 1990. Las especies y formas de Dictyophora
{Fungi, Basidiomycetes, Phallale en Mexico y observaciones sobre su distribucion en America
Latina. Acta Botanica Mexicana 9: 1-11.

Hayashi, N. 1978. A contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of Nitidulidae occurring in Japan
(Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Insecta Matsmurana 14: 1-97.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 85

LeConte, J. L. and G. H. Horn. 1883. Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. Smith-
sonian. Miscellaneous Collections. 26 pt. 5 (507): 1-567 + i-xxxvii.

Leschen, R.A.B. 1999. Systematics of Nitidulinae (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae): Phylogenetic rela-
tionships, convexity and the origin of phallophagy. Invertebrate Taxonomy. 13: 845-882.

Nouhra, E. R. and de Toledo, L. D. 1994. Interaccion entre Phallales (Basidiomycotina) e insec-
tos (coleopteros y dipteros). Boletin de la Argentina de Botanica 30: 21-24.

Parsons, C. T. 1943. A revision of Nearctic Nitidulidae (Coleoptera). Bulletin of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology (Harvard University). 92: 1 19-278 + 13 pis.

Pegler, D.N. and L.D. Gomez. 1994. An unusual member of the cage fungus family. Mycologist
8(pt. 2):54-59.

Sharp, D. 1891. Nitidulidae. In, Godman, F. D. and O. Salvin (Editors.) pp. 362-364. Biologia
Centrali Americana. Insecta, Coleoptera II. Part. 1 . Dulau and Co.. London.

Spornraft, K. 1971 . Zwei neue Arten der Gattung Oxycnemus Er. Und Bestimmungstabelle fur die
bisher bekannten Arten (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Opuscula Zoologica (1 16): 1-10.

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NEW CONOPIDAE FROM THE
NEOTROPICAL REGION (DIPTERA)1

Sidney Camras2

ABSTRACT: A new subgenus Aureoconops of the genus Physoconops and six new species of
Conopidae are described: Physoconops (Aureoconops) aureolus from Peru; P. (Pachyconops) thomp-
soni from the Bahamas; P. (Kroeberoconops) argentinus from Argentina: Zodion chavalai from Ar-
gentina; Zodion bellum from Mexico; and Stylogaster parrilloi from Costa Rica.

KEY WORDS: Physoconopus, Aureoconopus, Zodion, Stylogaster, Diptera, Conopidae, Neotropi-
cal.

The six new species of conopids described in this paper are quite distinct and
easily recognized. Many other apparently new species are present in various col-
lections received for identification, but more study and material are required to
rule out variation of known species.

Conopidae are often collected individually as evident from these new species
being known from single specimens, or in one case, from two specimens of the
same sex.

Genus Physoconops Szilady
Subgenus Aureoconops, NEW SUBGENUS

(Fig. 1)

Type species Physoconops aureolus Camras

Vertex triangular, large and prominent, extending anteriorly over one third of the frons. Frons nar-
row, longer than wide. First flagellomere one fourth longer than pedicel. Abdominal pedicel long and
narrow. Second tergite four times as long as wide. Gold pollinose areas extensive and distinct from
dark areas.

Comments. This subgenus is unique in the large triangular shape of the ver-
tex and the prominent gold pollinose coloration. The narrow frons associated
with the long first flagellomere is also unusual. In my key to the subgenera of
Conops (Camras 1955: 161) it comes closest to Gyroconops which has a wide
frons and the vertex mainly rounded anteriorly.

Physoconops (Aureoconops) aureolus, NEW SPECIES

(Fig.l)

Head yellow and gold pollinose. Ocellar tubercle and Y-shaped pattern on frons black, as is the
antenna, proboscis and occiput centrally. Black hair on dorsal part of vertex. Proboscis nearly two
times as long as head. Antennal proportions 1: 2: 2V4. Scape four times as long as wide.

Thorax brownish black but mainly gold pollinose. Distinct wide gold pollinose pleural stripe joins
gold of the mesonotum. A velvety black midstripe and divided black lateral stripe on the mesonotum.

1 Received on January 31 , 2002. Accepted on November 28, 2003.

2 Associate, Division of Insects, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-
2496, USA.

Mailed on June 23,2004

Vol. 1 14, No. 2, March & April 2003 87

Legs brownish black, mainly gold pollinose. Apical part of tarsi and tips of claws black. Claws oth-
erwise and pulvilli yellow.

Wing with brownish gray pattern between vein R+R1 and RS+R4+5 and vena spuria. Apical part
of wing paler gray. Pattern darkest above and below vein R4+5. Halter yellow, rufous at club and
base.

Abdomen mainly black, brownish black on second segment, yellow at junction of second and
third segments. Gold pollinose apical margins on all segments and entirely so on apical segment.
Pedicel long and narrow. Club of abdomen abnormally contracted. Genitalia brownish black.

Length: 12 mm.

Type Data. Holotype Cf. Peru: Madre de Dios: Manu, Rio Manu, 250 m., Pakitza, 12° 7'S, 70°
58'W, 9-23 .ix. 1988, Amnon Freidberg. Held on deposit at USNM for Peru (see Zumbado & Thomp-
son, 1997:80 for details on this concept).

Remarks. This species keys to P. costatus (Fabricius, 1805) in my key (Cam-
ras, 1955: 186) but that species has a wide frons and belongs to the subgenus
Aconops.

Physoconops (Pachyconops) thompsoni, NEW SPECIES

Head entirely black except for rufous at the antennal prominence of the frons, facial grooves and
oral area, proboscis except for labellae, most of style, part of scape, and small areas on occiput;
orbitals and facial grooves yellowish white pollinose. Antennal proportions 1:2:2. Scape three times
as long as wide.

Thorax entirely black except for small rufous areas near postpronotum and on pleura. Coxae and
legs rufous, but tarsi black except at base. Pulvilli and claws yellow; tips of claws black.

Wing and veins from costa to vein CuA + CuAl bright rufous; sharply black in apical half of cell
R4+5 and adjacent cell R2+3; black along vein CuAl in discal cell; very pale rufous in posterior part
of wing, but distinctly hyaline between vena spuria and vein M. Halter rufous, black at club and base.

Abdomen rufous on segments one to three except for narrow black margin at base of first and
apex of third segments; apical margins yellow white pollinose at first to third segments and at sides
of second segment. Remainder of abdomen and genitalia shining black.

Length: 14 mm.

Type Data. Holotype Cf. Bahamas: San Salvador Island, North Point. 4.vi. 1978, A.G. Scar-
brough (USNM).

Remarks. This species keys to couplet 6 (Camras, 1955: 184), but has rufous
on abdominal segments two and most of one and three. Named for F. Christian
Thompson, who brought this specimen to my attention, in appreciation for his
leadership and his fine work on Syrphidae especially those of the West Indies.

Physoconops (Kroeberoconops) argentinus, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 2)

Head, antenna and proboscis black. Upper medial part of face yellow; ocelli and small areas on
antennae rufous; face, grooves and orbitals gold pollinose in some views. Antennal proportions I :
21/2:l1/2. Scape 3Vi times long as wide.

Thorax entirely black, faint yellow pollinose in some views. Legs black. Coxae gold pollinose.
Rufous areas on knees, tarsi, and pulvilli. Claws entirely black.

Wing pattern from costa to vein CuA+CuAl mainly rufous but paler in costal and cell R+Bm:
blackish apically especially along vein R4+5 and along entire vein R 1 . Halter rufous, club black, gray
at base.

Abdomen black, with a distinct rufous band at junction of second and third segments; second seg-
ment very shiny; gold pollinose posterior bands on segments three to five, entirely gold pollinose on

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

1, Physoconops aureolus, vertex and frons; 2, Physoconops argentinus, same; 3, Zodion
helium, mesonotum; 4, Zodion chvalai, abdomen; 5, Stylo gaster parrilloi, ovipositor, api-
cal segment; 6, Stylogaster triannulata, same.

sixth segment. Second segment five times as long as wide. Third segment shorter and becoming
much wider apically resulting in a distinct wide abdominal club. Genitalia rufous and black.

Length: 1 1 mm.

Type Data. Holotype Cf. Argentina: Volcan, 2000 m., ii.1927 (USNM)

Remarks. This species keys to P. hermanni (Krober, 1915) (Camras, 1955:
184) but has the facial grooves and legs black.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 89_

Zodion bellum, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 3)

Head mainly yellow, vertex and frons rufous. Blackish area and gold pollinose triangle at side of
vertex. Ocellar tubercle black. Face and gena gold pollinose. Brown area between face and gena.
Grooves blackish. Occiput gray pollinose, gold pollinose between the usual two black lines from the
vertex to neck. Antenna mainly black, first flagellomere dark rufous. Arista black. Antennal propor-
tions 1 :4:2'/2. Proboscis black, one and one half times head length.

Thorax and coxae blue gray pollinose with yellowish areas. Mesonotal black stripes very distinct,
the submedials being a little narrower and shorter than the sublaterals and the laterals. The sublater-
als extend onto the scutellum. Black areas on anepisternum. Eight scutellar bristles. Legs and claws
black. Pulvilli yellow. Wing grayish hyaline, veins black. Calypter yellowish white. Halter yellow,
brown at base.

Abdominal segments one to three blue gray pollinose, remainder of the abdomen gold pollinose.
Second and third segments with large paired triangular black marks and narrow gold pollinose pos-
terior margins. Very distinct narrow black stripes on fourth segment. V-shaped posterior margin of
fifth segment appears blackish on anterior view. Genitalia shining black.

Length: 8 mm.

Type Data. Holotype Cf. Mexico: El Camaron, 20 mi. E, Oax. 21.vii.1956, D.D. Linsdale
(Camras Collection).

Remarks. This species keys to Z.pictum Schiner, 1868 (Pearson and Camras,
1978: 205) which does not have the distinctive gold pollen on the apical abdom-
inal segments. This specimen was studied by Pearson and he also thought it was
new and near Z. pictiim.

Zodion chvalai, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 4)

Vertex reddish brown laterally extending onto the frons, yellow centrally. Ocellar triangle black.
Frons bright orange yellow. Face, grooves, gena and lower occiput yellow pollinose. Upper occiput
mainly black with usual pair of black lines from vertex to neck. Antenna yellow, black apically on
first flagellomere and at base and apex of arista. Proportions 1:3:3. Gena two thirds of the eye height.
Proboscis black, more than two times head length.

Thorax pale yellow and gray, gray and yellowish pollinose. Distinct sublateral black line extend-
ing onto the scutellum. Slender shorter black midline does not reach the scutellum. Metanotum gray
pollinose, lower margin shining black. Coxae and legs yellow with yellow pollinose areas on coxae
and tibiae. Apical segment of tarsi partly black. Pulvilli yellow; claw yellow, black apically. Wing
faintly yellow hyaline, yellow in costal and subcostal cells and at base. Halter yellow.

Abdomen rufous with gold pollinose longitudinal markings. Distinct black posterior margins on
segments two, three and four. Seventh segment, genitalia and theca shining rufous. Theca slender
with black margin, as long as wide.

Length: 6.5 mm.

Type Data. Holotype 9 Argentina: Cordoba, Capilla del Monte, coll. Prf. Hosseus (Chvala Col-
lection).

Remarks. This species keys to couplet 19 (Pearson and Camras, 1975:206),
but has the abdomen rufous with distinct black posterior margins on segments
three, four and five. An entirely rufous abdomen in a female is unique in this
genus.

Etymology. Named for Professor Milan Chvala, Charles University, Prague,
in appreciation of his help and his fine work on Palearctic Conopidae.

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Stylogaster parrilloi, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 5)

Vertex triangular, dark yellow, reaching anterior one third of frons. Ocellar tubercle shining black.
Frons velvety brownish black. Face and gena yellow with some brownish areas, silvery pollinose.
Medial eye facets very large. Occiput pale, dark dorsally, white pollinose. Antenna dark yellow, first
flagellomere rufous, black dorsally. Arista black, as long as pedicel. Antennal proportions 1:2:6.
Proboscis black, yellow basally and on labella; second (middle) segment three times as long as head.

Thorax yellow and white. Most of mesonotum and pleural stripe back with greenish sheen.
Postpronotum, posterior margin of mesonotum, margins of scutellum and upper margin of meta-
notum yellow. Pro- and mesocoxa and legs yellow. All tarsi black. Metafemur with three black bands,
the apical band is narrowest. Metatibia black, yellow at base and preapical band which is almost
entirely white haired, and occupies about one fourth of the tibia. Wing grayish hyaline, veins black.
Halter yellow, brown at club and base.

Abdomen rufous, with yellow anterior bands which are white pollinose in some views. Fifth ter-
gite black dorsally on anterior half. Hairs on sides of first tergite white. The narrow first segment of
the ovipositor and almost proximal half of second segment rufous, the remainder black. Third seg-
ment black on proximal two fifths and narrowly at the apex including the medial process and most of
the apical structures. Preapical band white and white haired occupying two fifths of the third segment.

Length: 14 mm. (Abdomen 4 mm, ovipositor 7 mm.).

Type Data. Holotype tf . Costa Rica, Ala., 20 km S. Upala, 1 1-15.V.1990. F.D. Parker (Utah State
University). Paratype: Same data as holotype, 1 l-20.iv.1991 . Similar to the holotype but having black
on the fourth tergite proximally at the center, and apically at the sides.

Remarks. In the key to the species of the neglecta group (Camras and
Parrillo, 1985:123), this species keys to S. triannulata Camras and Parrillo, 1985
(Fig. 6). That species has a longer and more slender ovipositor, more than twice
the length of the abdomen. The rufous at the base of the second segment is very
short, and the white area on the third segment occupies about five-sixths. There
is almost no black apically.

Etymology. Named after Philip P. Parrillo, Field Museum, Insect Division,
Chicago, in appreciation of his opinions, advice, and assistance over many years.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks are due to David Pollock for assistance in preparation of the manuscript; to Lori Grove
for inking and preparing the illustrations for publication; and to Rupert Wenzel and Alfred Newton
for reviewing the manuscript and making suggestions. All are staff members of the Field Museum.

LITERATURE CITED

Camras, S. 1955. A review of the new world flies of the genus Conops and allies (Diptera:
Conopidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 105 (3355):155-187.

Camras, S. and P. P. Parrillo. 1985. Review of new world Stylogaster (Diptera: Conopidae).
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78:111-126.

Pearson, D. L. and S. Camras. 1978. Notes and key to neotropical Zodion (Diptera: Conopidae).
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 5 1(2): 198-206.

Zumbado, M and F. C. Thompson. 1997. Nuevas especies de Sterphus (Diptera: Syrphidae) de
Costa Rica con notas sobre especies presentes en Costa Rica. Southwestern Entomologist 22: 79-
90.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 9J_

TWO ADDITIONAL STATE RECORDS OF F, MALE

INTERSPECIFIC HYBRID L1MENITIS

(BASILARCHIA) SPP. FORM "RUBIOUS" STRECKER

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)1

Austin P. Platt2 and E. Thomas McClanahan'

ABSTRACT: State records of single male specimens of the interspecific hybrid form "rubidus"
(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae: Limenitis (Basilarchia) are reported from New Mexico and Kansas
U.S.A. This form arises from rare mixed matings between L. archippus (Cr.) x L. arthemis astyanax
(Fabr.), two closely related species which are involved in two quite differently colored mimicry com-
plexes. The hybrids often occur when one or both of the parental species is or are rare. The New
Mexican specimen involves the two southwestern desert subspecies of the parental butterflies. These
two state records bring to 5 1 the known occurrences of these natural hybrids, all of which are males.
This hybrid form has been reported from 20 states and the District of Columbia. Most of the hybrid
records occur late in the flight season, except in Florida. Phenotypically and behaviorally this form
represents a complete breakdown of the different mimetic resemblances present in its two parental
species, thus placing this insect at a considerable selective disadvantage in natural populations.

KEY WORDS: Interspecific hybrid, Limenitis (Basilarchia), Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae.

This note reports two additional state records of Fi interspecific hybrids
between Limenitis (Basilarchia) archippus (Cr.), the viceroy, and the red-spotted
purple, L. arthemis astyanax (Fabr.). These butterflies have been described as hy-
brid form "rubidus" Strecker 1878. Such taxonomic designations when applied
to interspecific hybrids are not recognized as being valid by the International
Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (Masters 1972). Earlier re-
views of these rare and unusual insects have been reported by Mead 1872, Hold-
ridge 1899, Platt et al. 1978, Ritland 1990, Covell 1989, 1994, Platt and Mauds-
ley 1994, Boyd et al. 1999, and Schiefer 1999. This form occurs rarely, but with
some regularity, and is broadly distributed across the United States. Between
1872 and 1998, "rubidus" hybrids have been reported from 20 states and the
District of Columbia (Table 1). This hybrid insect apparently results from a very
few interspecific matings occurring year after year in certain localized "hot
spots." Such "hot spots" have been reported from north-central Florida, north-
eastern Georgia, southwestern Kentucky, eastern Nebraska, and east-central
North Carolina (Platt et al. 1978, Platt and Greenfield 1974, Platt and Maudsley
1994, Ritland 1990, Covell 1994). Many of the records are from late in the flight
season, and they occur when one or both of the parental species often are uncom-
mon. All of the 51 known captured or observed naturally occurring specimens of
these hybrids apparently have been males. There is some recent evidence that

1 Received on February 19, 2002. Accepted on November 28, 2003.

- Department of Biological Sciences, U. M. B. C., 1000 Hill Top Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250,
U.S.A. Email: platt@umbc.edu.

'605 East 69th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64131 . U.S.A.

Mailed on June 23,2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

such interspecific hybrids are capable of backcrossing with parental females in
nature (Platt et al. in review).

Table 1 . Number of individuals. Locations (States), and Chronology (years) of 51 occurrences [cap-
tures, eclosions (e), and sightings (s) of hybrid form [L. (B.) "rubidus"] from before 1872 through
1998. (nd = no date).

Number of
Individuals

Locations (States)

Chronology (Years)

Arizona

1979

Arkansas

1933

Delaware

1943

10 (8C, 1s)

Florida

1974, 1986, 1987

Illinois

1960

5(1*)

Georgia

1973, 1974, 1984, 1986

Kansas

1986

Kentucky

1948, 1978, 1980, 1993, 1998

2(l"d)

Massachusetts

1896

Michigan

1974

4(3^)

Mississippi

1995, 1998

Nebraska

1963

New Jersey

1880, 1910

New Mexico

1983

4 (2nd)

New York

1895, 1913

North Carolina

1970, 1972

2(lnd)

Pennsylvania

Before 1872

Texas

1970

Virginia

1974, 1976

Wisconsin

1971, 1976

Knd)

District of Columbia

—

The first state record (Fig. 1) was collected in the Peloncillo Mountains,
Guadalupe Canyon, Hildalgo County, New Mexico, on September 3, 1983, by S.
J. Gary at an elevation of about 4700 ft. (1433 m). Mr. Gary informs A.P.P. that
the collecting conditions were excellent, and that he observed over 40 species of
butterflies on that day. Guadalupe Canyon passes through a short section of
Arizona before turning southward and joining the Rio Yaqui at Sonora, Mexico.
He observed two red-spotted purples flying near where he collected the hybrid,
but also notes that viceroys usually do not occur in Guadalupe Canyon at the site,
although they may occur farther downstream in Mexico. In that region the two
parent species are separated altitudinally, with L. archippus usually being found
below 5000 ft. (1524 m), and L. a. astyanax occurring up to elevations of 8000
ft. (2438 m). He speculates that this interspecific pairing may have resulted from

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 93_

an L. archippus straying too far upstream, thus encountering only the other spe-
cies for potential mates (S.D. Gary pers. comm.).

The specimen was given to A. P. Platt by M. E. Toliver, and presently is in the
Platt Collection at U.M.B.C. in Baltimore, Maryland. The collection locality in-
dicates that this F, hybrid represents an interspecific cross involving the two
southwestern (desert) subspecies of the parental butterflies, namely, L. archippus
obsoleta (Edw.) x L. arthemis arizonensis (Edw.) (Figs. 2 and 3). The phenotype
of this hybrid is of the "lighter" (more orange-brown, and hence, archippus-\ike)
coloration of "rubidus," but it otherwise is typical of that of the wild hybrids for
the more widely distributed eastern forms of the two parental species. Another
earlier southwestern "rubidus" specimen (which also most likely represents a
state record, as well) is noted from Arizona by Bailowitz and Brock 1991. The
latter specimen was collected on October 13, 1979, by R. A. Bailowitz at St.
David in Cochise County, in southeastern Arizona. St. David is located just
southeast of Benson, Arizona, and is about 85 mi. (137 km) due west of the
Peloncillo Mountains, not too far from Guadalupe Canyon.

The Kansas state record of hybrid "rubidus" (Fig. 4) was taken on August 31 ,
1996, by E. T. McClanahan while he was out collecting butterflies with his wife
Judy, and his son Michael, in Lyon County, 12 miles west of Emporia. Michael
first saw the dark Limenitis butterfly patrolling in a wooded area beside a gravel
road where the McClanahans had stopped adjacent to some fields. The insect
repeatedly returned to perch high up in a tall shrub on an embankment along the
roadway. Attempting to induce flight, and perhaps bring the insect within reach,
Michael tossed bits of gravel toward the butterfly, which flew out and downward,
but it always managed to elude capture. E. T. M. finally climbed up the embank-
ment and netted the insect on its perch about 10-12 ft. above the road. This but-
terfly is of the darker (more L. arthemis astyanax-\ike) phenotype.

Extensive laboratory hybridization of the two parental species of Limenitis
done at U.M.B.C. by A. P. P. reveals that these interspecific crosses are fertile in
both directions with regard to sex (Platt 1975, 1983, 1987). Likewise, wild inter-
specific pairings have been observed taking place in both directions as well
(Klots 1959, Ritland 1990, and Covell 1994). When strains from the same geo-
graphic locality are used in the crosses, all of the F, hybrids are males, with but
a single exception (Platt and Harrison 1994). Laboratory breeding of these but-
terflies demonstrates (contrary to what has been reported in the literature) that L.
archippus, which prefers open fields and moist lowland meadow habitats, is oli-
gophagous and restricted to the Salicaceae (willows and poplars) for its larval
foodplants, whereas, L. arthemis astyanax is essentially polyphagous, feeding on
a wide variety of both rosaceous and salicaceous foodplants. In New England
and Maryland populations at least, the preferred foodplant of this mixed forest
species is wild, or black cherry. Primus serotina Ehrh. This rosaceous plant con-
tains chemical (cyanin) deterrents which can be sensed by viceroy larvae (Flaim
& Platt, pers. obs.), thus preventing them from feeding on such plants. However,
the hybrid "rubidus" larvae will accept leaves from both plant families (Hanson

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

<u
>

>.—

afc

2 B

G ca

o U

s _r

E .^

on § c

O '""•* S^

1 1 5

5 1 1

£ -su

z * c

<-H n

n= _• o
K-3 E

oJ^^

^H . "^3

•£ u 'C

r e HP- *

c« > HH VH

3 ^ ^~, O

^ ^ ^ ^

•9 ^ • -a

p u -a c

W . LM ^t

•c

Qi i>

^ s ob S
<y S
s

-i •« rJ D,

,r, b* tC <U

£ r7 —i ca

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

(n=35) 20 other states
(n= 10) Florida

June

July Aug. Sept.
Time of Year

Oct. Nov.

Figure 5. Monthly records of the occurrence of 45 captures, eclosions, and sightings of
hybrid form L. (B.) "rubidus" Stkr. throughout the U.S. (solid bars) and in Florida (cross-
hatched bars) between 1872 -1998.

1976, de Boer and Hanson 1984). Within single broods both the lighter and dark-
er morphs of "rubidus" can occur as siblings (Platt and Greenfield 1971 , Platt et
al. 1978).

The two hybrid records reported here were both taken late in the flight season,
agreeing with those previously reported (Fig. 5). The only exception to this gen-
erality is in Florida, where most of this hybridization seems to take place earlier
in the flight season (Ritland 1990, Platt and Maudsley 1994). Thirty-five records
from other than Florida have a mean collection emergence, or sighting date of
September 2 ± 1 .2 days. Ten Florida records (eight representing eclosions) occur
earlier (mean date = July 1 1 ± 16.4 days), indicating late spring or summer cross-
es. For six other 19th century specimens the collection dates were not recorded.
The northern June records (n=3), shown in Fig. 5, also most likely represent
either late summer or early fall matings, since, all adult admirals eclosing this
early in the season must have arisen from partly grown (third instar) larvae which
have over-wintered in hibernacula.

96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Apparently, both ecological and premating isolating mechanisms which usu-
ally serve to keep the two species separated tend to break down in the late sum-
mer and fall portion of the year throughout most of the U. S. This in part may be
related to the late season decreasing photoperiod, which induces many admiral
butterfly larvae of both species to diapause in the third instar, thus contributing
to a scarcity of adults, and consequently of potential mates (Platt and Greenfield
1974). However, Schiefer 1999 notes situations in Mississippi when hybrid
"rubidus" were sighted, even though both species were exceptionally common.

The two parental butterflies mimic two different unpalatable models: L.
archippus mimics Danaus plexippus (L.) (a Miillerian relationship), whereas, L.
arthemis astyanax mimics Battus philenor (L.) (a Batesian relationship). Thus,
the Fi phenotype of hybrid "rubidus" represents a complete breakdown of both
of these model-mimic relationships. As such, these interspecific hybrids must be
at a considerable selective disadvantage, when compared to males of either of the
parental species. Their visual and structural morphology and their behaviors like-
ly are intermediate as well. Their female counterparts have not been reported in
nature, so that the continuation of this form as a species is unlikely.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Mr. G. C. Ford and Ms. Fran Baldwin of the U.M.B.C. Graphics
Department in Biological Sciences for preparing the figures and graph for this paper.

Ms. C. Wilkens and Ms. A. Ellis, Department of Biological Sciences, U.M.B.C. assisted with the
final preparation of the manuscript. The senior author greatly appreciates having received the New
Mexican hybrid "rubidus" specimen from Dr. M. E. Toliver of Eureka College, Eureka, Illinois, and
the information about its collection provided by Mr. S. J. Gary. Finally, we wish to thank Dr. B. P.
Bradley and Dr. F. E. Hanson of the Department of Biological Sciences, UMBC, and Mr. S. J.
Harrison of The Johns Hopkins Medical Institute in Baltimore, for critically evaluating the manu-
script.

LITERATURE CITED

Bailowitz, R. A. and J. P. Brock. 1991. Butterflies of Southeastern Arizona. Sonoran Arthropod
Studies, Inc., Tuscon, Arizona. 342 pp.

Boyd, B. M., B. M. Boyd, and G. T. Austin. 1999. Hybridization of Limenitis in the western Great
Basin (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Holarctic Lepidoptera 6:37-74.

Covell, C. V., Jr. 1 994. Field observations of matings between female Limenitis archippus and male
L. arthemis subspecies (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 48:199-204.

Covell, C. V., Jr. 1998. 1998 field trip review. Kentucky Lepidopterist 25( 1 ): 1-3.

de Boer, G. and F. E. Hanson. 1984. Foodplant selection and induction of feeding preference
among host and non-host plants in larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. Entomologia
Expecimentalis et Applicata. 353:177-193.

Hanson, F. E. 1976. Comparative studies on induction of food choice preferences in lepidopterous
larvae. Symposia Biologica Hungarica 16:71-77.

Holdridge, L. I. 1899. A hybrid between Limenitis Ursula and L. archippus. Entomological News
105:131.

Klots, A. B. 1959. A mixed mating of two species of Limenitis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Nympha-
lidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 67:20.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 97_

Masters, J. H. 1972. A proposal for the treatment of infrasubspecific variation by lepidopterists.
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 26:249-260.

Mead, T. L. 1872. Description of a remarkable variety of Limenitis misippus. Canadian
Entomologist 4:216-217.

Platt, A. P. 1975. Monomorphic mimicry in nearctic Limenitis butterflies: experimental hybridiza-
tion of the L. arthemis-astyanax complex with L. archippus. Evolution 29:120-141 .

Platt, A. P. 1983. Evolution of North American admiral butterflies (Limenitis: Nymphalidae).
Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 29:10-22.

Platt, A. P. 1987. Recent observations of North American admirals. Maryland Entomologist 3:18-
20.

Platt, A. P. and J. C. Greenfield. 1971. Inter-specific hybridization between Limenitis arthemis
astyanax and L. archippus (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 24:278-284.

Platt, A. P. and J. C. Greenfield. 1974. Report of the capture of an additional hybrid between
Limenitis arthemis astyanax and L. archippus. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 28:72-75.

Platt, A. P. and S. J. Harrison. 1994. First record of an heterotic adult female Limenitis
(Basilarchia) "rubidus" (Strecker) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Entomological News 105:33-38.

Platt, A. P. and J. R. Maudsley. 1994. Continued interspecific hybridization between Limenitis
(Basilarchia) arthemis astyanax and L. (B. ) archippus in the southeastern U.S. Journal of the
Lepidopterists' Society 48:190-198.

Platt, A. P., L. D. Miller, and J. Y. Miller, in review. Possible natural backcrossing of male inter-
specific admiral hybrid "arthechippus" x L. archippus [Limenitis (Basilarchia): Nymphalidae].

Platt, A. P., G. W. Rawson, and G. Balogh. 1978. Inter-specific hybridization involving Limenitis
archippus and its congeneric species (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
32:289-303.

Ritland, D. B. 1990. Localized interspecific hybridization between mimetic Limenitis butterflies
(Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 44:163-173.

Schiefer,T. L. 1999. First records of interspecific hybrids between two Limenitis spp. in Mississip-
pi. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 41: 99.

Strecker, H. 1878. Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, and Heteroceras, Indigenous and Exotic, with
Descriptions and Colored Illustrations. Published by the Author. Reading. PA, U.S.A. 143 pp.
(plus later Supplements).

Note added in proof: Additional records of Limenitis hybrid "rubidus" which
have been reported since our manuscript was first submitted include two male
specimens of the dark morph from central Missouri (Elder, 2000), one of which
was collected in the early 1950s. Two other dark morphs (one very flight- worn)
were reported from southern Louisiana (Ross and Marks, 2002). One of these
also is an older record. Both of these accounts appear in the News of the Lepi-
dopterists' Society 44 (2): 64-65 and 44(4):112-1 14, respectively. The two
recently collected specimens are illustrated in color. The new Missouri specimen
was collected on May 5, 2000, and the one from Louisiana was taken on July 29,
2000. Finally, Schiefer [2000, News of the Lepidopterists' Society 42(1 ):29] re-
ported another dark form of this insect from Mississippi. These records are not
included in this paper, but they add five specimens and two additional states to
the distribution of this rather uncommon interspecific hybrid form.

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

CIRROSPILUS NEOTROPICUS SP. N.
(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE): AN INDIGENOUS
BIOCONTROL AGENT OF THE CITRUS LEAFMINER,

PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA
(LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) IN ARGENTINA1

Patricia A. Diez2 and Patricio Fidalgo23

ABSTRACT: A complex of native parasitoids has been found to attack the citrus leafminer, Phyllo-
cnistis citrella Stainton, since its introduction into Argentina. Cirrospilus neotropicus n. sp. is the
most abundant indigenous parasitoid, with low but significant parasitism levels. Cirrospilus neotrop-
icus n. sp. and the introduced exotic species, Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya, are the main
providers of biological control in the citrus orchards of northwestern Argentina. The new species, C.
neotropicus, is described and the main morphological characters of both sexes are illustrated.
Diagnostic characters are given which distinguish C. neotropicus from the Asiatic C. ingenuus
Gahan, which has been mentioned in recent literature as similar to C. neotropicus, and from C .flori-
densis Evans, an eulophid recently described from Florida, USA.

KEY WORDS: Cirrospilus neotropicus n. sp., Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, biological control. Citrus
Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella, Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae

After the introduction of the citrus leafminer (CLM) into Argentina in 1996,
some six species of parasitoids were commonly recorded as attacking this pest:
Elachertus sp., Closterocerus sp., Cirrospilus sp., Sympiesis sp., Galeopsomyia
fausta La Salle and Elasmus sp. (Eulophidae) (Frias and Diez, 1997; La Salle
and Pena, 1998; Schauff et al., 1998; Fernandez et al., 1999a). One year later
(1997), Ageniaspis citricola Logvinoskaya (Encyrtidae) was discovered in
Tucuman province: a case of ecesis in biological control (Diez et al., 2000;
Fernandez et al., 1999b). Nevertheless, in 1998 this parasitoid was introduced
again into citrus orchards in Tucuman using stock obtained in Peru (Figueroa et
al., 1999). The performance of the above mentioned parasitoids was evaluated
by Diez et al. (2000) and Diez (2001) who observed that A. citricola is the most
important biological control agent of the pest with a high level of parasitism
(54%); followed by a single native parasitoid Cirrospilus sp. (19%). The other
parasitoids are very uncommon and only occasionally are reared from the CLM.
The species of Cirrospilus obtained from the CLM in Argentina has a wide dis-
tribution in the Neotropical region, from Mexico to Argentina, and was record-
ed in the literature, as "Cirrospilus sp. C", from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia,
Honduras and Mexico (Schauff et al., 1998). Bautista et al. (1996) mentioned
this species as "C. cuadristriatus" and Perales et al. (1996a, 1996b) as "C.
quadristriatus [=C. ingenuus]" but Schauff et al. (1998) considered it to be an
undescribed species and designated it as "Cirrospilus sp. C." The paper by

1 Received on November 26, 2002. Accepted on December 14, 2003.

: PROIMI-Biotecnologfa, Pje Caseros y Avda Belgrano, 4000, S. M. de Tucuman, Tucuman, Argen-
tina. E-mail: pdiez2000@yahoo.com.

'CRILAR, Entre Ri'os y Mendoza, 5301 Anillaco, La Rioja, Argentina. E-mail: pfidalgo@crilar-
conicet.com.ar.

Mailed on June 23, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 99_

Schauff et al. (1998) has facilitated enormously the identification of natural ene-
mies of the CLM in all parts of the world where it is present. We describe this
important indigenous CLM parasitoid as a new species in order to facilitate its
recognition and permit its evaluation. The morphological terms used here follow
Gibson (1997).

Cirrospilus neotropicus Diez and Fidalgo, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-3,5-6,8, 10-12)

Cirrospilus sp. C, Schauff et al., 1998: 101 1 .
Bautista el al., 1996:73 as C. Cuodristriotus.
Perales et al., 1996a: 93 - 1996b: 349-350, as C. quadristriatus.

Description. Female holotype: Coloration (Figs. 2, 3, 11). Body yellow with the following areas
dark brown: radicle and antennal flagellum (basal half of pedicel dark but lighter than flagellum),
apex of mandible, transverse line above occipital foramen (Fig. 3), small spot on neck of pronotum,
small spot around mesothoracic spiracle, notauli, transcutal articulation, small spot laterally on me-
tanotum, dorsal setae of prothorax and mesothorax, posterior margin of propleuron, small spot on up-
per mesepimeron, basal half of petiole, two lateral spots on first tergite of gaster, a transverse band
located at the posterior margin of tergite 2nd and anterior margin of 3rd, another similar band in 3rd-
4th tergites, 4th-5th tergites and 5th-6th tergites (last band curving backwards laterally), and third val-
vulae (Fig. 11). Wings hyaline except venation and setae dark brown, parastigma with a hyaline
break. Structure. Body length: 1 .68 mm; all parts of body with shallow more or less hexagonal retic-
ulation. Head: antenna attached at level of lower margin of eye, radicle short (about as long as wide),
scape 4x as long as wide in lateral or dorsal view, first funicular segment about as long as pedicel and
a little longer than the second, clava with a terminal spine; all funicular segments and clava with lon-
gitudinal sensilla, some of them, particularly on the apical segments, with their apices projecting free-
ly above surface (Fig. 2); mushroom-shaped capitate peg sensilla present apically between longitu-
dinal sensilla on all funicular segments and on first and second segments of clava, a single one sen-
sillum on the last segment of clava (Fig. 2); maxillary and labial palpi one segmented, labium with
one seta (Fig. 3); mandible with 2 external large and 4 internal small teeth; malar sulcus present (lin-
eal); compound eyes with hairs between facets. Mesosoma: prosternum closed by cervicalia; prepec-
tus subtriangular in shape; anterior third of notauli converging posteriorly, but becoming almost par-
allel in the posterior two thirds; placoid sensilla of scutellum small and round, located about halfway
between anterior and posterior pairs of setae; propodeum with a prominent medial carina and plicae
along anterior and posterior margins (also with small carinae laterally), callus with 9-10 setae; en-
dophragma apically notched, its end at the level of posterior margin of propodeum. Hind coxae vague
on outer side. Fore wing: length 2.2x its maximum width; submarginal vein 0.8x length of margin-
al vein; stigmal vein 0.2x length of marginal vein, stigma extending beyond base of uncus (~ 2 uncus-
lengths), uncus distinctly recurved (Fig. 8); postmarginal vein 0.8x length of stigmal vein (Fig. 8);
parastigma with paired sensilla in the hyaline break, costal cell with more setae on the distal upper
margin than in the ventral surface, marginal fringe short, less than 0. 1 x maximum width of fore wing.
Metasoma: petiole small, 0.3x as long as broad, smooth and conical in shape, ovipositor length 1 .7x
length of hind tibia.

Male. Body length: 0.7-1 .25 mm. Similar to female in structure and coloration (Fig. 1 , 3, 10), except
antennal flagellum with fewer longitudinal sensilla, whose apices do not project freely above the sur-
face (Fig. 1 ), and in 45 of specimens there is a dark brown central spot on the scutellum and the axil-
la (Fig. 12). Genitalia as in figures 5 and 6; aedeagus length 1 .1 x length of genital capsule; apex of
digitus sharp-pointed and with one digital spine (Fig. 5).

Morphological variation. Males vary primarily in the degree of coloration of
the mesosoma: 6.2% of the specimens lack the central spot on the scutellum and
one specimen has three spots on the propodeum. Both females and males some-

100

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figs. 1-7. Cirrospilus neotropicus n. sp. (1, 2, 3, 5, and 6), Cirrospilus ingennus Gahan
(4, 7). 1 antenna Cf ; 2 flagellum 9; 3 head in posterior view; 4 head in posterior view;
5 aedeagus; 6 genital capsule; 7 digitus.

times have the anterior, median and posterior carinae of the propodeum light
brown rather than dark brown. Females and males also vary in the number of
setae on the midlobe of the mesoscutum.

Type material of C. neotropicus n. sp. is deposited in the Collections of: IMLA Instituto Miguel
Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina: 9 Holotype and 15 9 and 12 Cf Paratypes; MCNLP Museo de Ciencias
Naturales de La Plata, Argentina: 1 9 and ' Cf Paratypes; USNM United States National Museum,
Washington, DC: 1 9 ar|d 1 Cf Paratypes; FSCA Florida State Collections of Arthropods, Gainesville,
Florida, USA: 1 9 and 1 Cf Paratypes; BMNH British Museum of Natural History, London: 1 9 and
1 Cf Paratypes.

Specimens studied. All specimens were reared from Phyllocnistis citrella on citrus. Holotype
female, Argentina: TUCUMAN: Horco Molle, 1-1-2000, P. Diez and E. Frfas coll.; Paratypes:

Vol. 114. No. 2. March & April 2003

101

Figs. 8-13. Cirrospilus neotropicus n. sp. (8, 10 - 12), Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan (9,
13). 8 postmarginal and stigmal veins; 9 postmarginal and stigmal veins; 10 gaster mm;
11 gaster ff; 12 thorax ff; 13 anterior half of thorax showing notauli.

TUCUMAN: Horco Molle, 1-II-2000. P. Diez and E. Frias coll. (1 Cf). CATAMARCA: Villa Capa-
yan (ca. Concepcion), 4-II-2000, O. Luque col. (5 9 y 6 Cf ): Colonia del Valle, 4-II-2000. O. Luque
col. (8 9 y 3 Cf ); 26-11-2003, O. Luque col. (7 9 y 7 ~cf ).

Distribution. Neotropical, from Mexico to Argentina (Schauff et al., 1998):
Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Brasil, Argentina, and Bolivia (new record). In
Argentina it is present in the provinces of Salta (Los Tucanes, Ruta Nacional 34,
km. 1,286), JUJUY (Finca Lucero, ca. Ledesma; Yuto), TUCUMAN (Horco
Molle, S. M. de Tucuman, Tafi Viejo), CHACO (Makalle), SANTA FE (Villa
Ocampo) and CATAMARCA (Colonia del Valle, Villa Capayan).

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Etymology. This species is named for the Neotropical region where C. neo-
tropicus n. sp is widely present.

Remarks. According to Schauff et al. (1998) "this species is very similar in
coloration to C. ingenuus Gahan, but is distinct on morphological characters."
C. ingenuus is native to Asia and was introduced in Florida (USA) where it is
apparently established (La Salle et al., 1999). Recently Evans (1999) described
C. floridensis reared from CLM in Florida so there are at present three known
species of Cirrospilus attacking CLM in the New World. After studying five
specimens (3 9 and 2 Cf ) of C. ingenuus from USA (Florida, Homestead, 26-vii-
2000, P. Diez col., Ex P. citrella on citrus) and based on the Gahan (1932)
description and on Evans' description of C. floridensis, we observed the follow-
ing differences in these species which we present in the following key:

1 Notauli converging distinctly posteriorly as they reach hind margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 13);
propodeum very coarsely sculptured, (as the hind coxae on the outer side), with a delicate medi-
an carina but without lateral folds; stigma not extending much beyond base of uncus; uncus only
slightly recurved; postmarginal vein 1.2x longer than the stigmal vein; male genitalia with the
apex of the digitus rounded and with two digital spines (Fig. 7); dark spot (sunglasses-shaped
spot) around occipital foramen (Fig. 4) Cirrospilus ingenuus Gahan

• Notauli converging posteriorly in it first third, but becoming almost parallel as they reach hind
margin of mesoscutum (Fig. 12); propodeum with a prominent median carina (smooth on anteri-
or half and with minute carinae on the posterior half), hind coxae with shallow sculpture; stigma
extending beyond base of uncus (~ 2 uncus-lengths), uncus distinctly recurved; postmarginal vein
always shorter than stigmal vein; male genitalia with the apex of digitus sharp and with one dig-
ital spine (unknown in C. floridensis) (Fig. 5); dark spot around occipital foramen absent, only a
line dorsal (Fig. 3) 2

2 Female: first tergite of gaster with two dark spots on each lateral margin. Male: gaster with two
dark transverse bands medially on dorsum. Both mesoscutum with a dark band along anterior and
posterior margin Cirrospilus floridensis Evans

• Female: first tergite of gaster with one dark spot on each lateral margin (Fig. 10). Male: gaster
with one dark tranverse band medially on dorsum (Fig. 10); both: mesoscutum without dark
bands Cirrospilus neotropicus Diez and Fidalgo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank John LaSalle (CSIRO. Canberra, Australia) and Gregory A. Evans (University of
Florida, Gainesville, USA) for reviewing this manuscript and helping with diagnostic characters of
C. ingenuus and C. floridensis; Charles Porter and Lionel Stange (USDA Florida, Gainesville, USA)
for reviewing this manuscript. Funds for this research were provided by the National Research
Council of Argentina (CONICET) (Project #0702 / 98) and are greatly appreciated.

LITERATURE CITED

Bautista-M. N., L. Carrillo-S., H. Bravo-M., J. Romero-N., and S. Pineda-G. 1 996. Native par
asitoids of the citrus leaf miner found at Cuitlahuac, Veracruz, Mexico. In, M. Hoy (ed.). Manag-
ing the Citrus Leafminer. Proceedings from an International Conference, Orlando, Florida, April
23-25 1996. p. 73 (Abstract).

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 103

Diez, P. A., P. Fidalgo, and E. Fn'as. 2000. Ageniaspis citricola (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), para-
sitoide especifico de Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): introduccion y datos pre-
liminares sobre su desempefio en La Argentina. Acta Entomologica Chilena 24:69-76.

Diez, P. A. 2001. Estructura del complejo de parasitoides (Hymenoptera) de Phyllocnistis citrella
Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) atacando limoneros en el Depto. Tafi viejo, provincia de
Tucuman. Disertacion de Tesis de Maestria, Centra Regional de Investigaciones Cientificas y
Transferencia Tecnologica de La Rioja, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, Argentina. 98 pp.

Evans, G. A. 1999. A new species of Cirrospilus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and two new syn-
onymies of parasitoids reared from the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gra-
cillariidae). Florida Entomologist 82 (3): 448-453.

Fernandez, R., L. Ghiggia, P. Fidalgo, A. Jaime de Herrero, P. A. Diez, and E. Willink. 1999a.
Parasitoides de Phvllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera-Gracillariidae) y su distribution en el
agroecosistema citrico de Tucuman, Argentina. Resumen X Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas, S.
S. de Jujuy, abril de 1999. p. 248 (Abstract).

Fernandez, R, L. Ghiggia, A. Jaime de Herrero, E. Willink, H. Guerrero de Villafane, D. Fi-
gueroa, J. Fernandez, and P. Zamudio. 1999b. Ageniaspis citricola Logvinovskaya (Hymen-
optera-Encyrtidae) parasitoide de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera-Gracillariidae) en
Tucuman, Argentina. Resumen X Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas. S. S. de Jujuy, abril de
1999. p. 250 (Abstract).

Figueroa, D., E. Willink, P. Zamudio, and H. Salas. 1999. Control biologico del minador de las
hojas de los citricos. Resumen X Jornadas Fitosanitarias Argentinas. S. S. de Jujuy, abril de 1999.
p. 276 (Abstract).

Frias, E. and P. A. Diez. 1994-1996 (1997). Parasitoides (Eulophidae, Elasmidae) natives del
minador de las hojas de los citricos (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) (Lep.: Gracillariidae) encon-
trados en la provincia de Tucuman. CIRPON Revista de Investigaciones 10(l-4):59-60.

Gahan, A. 1932. Miscellaneous descriptions and notes on parasitic Hymenoptera. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 25:753.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Morphology and Terminology, Chapter 2, pp. 16-44. //;, G. P. Gibson, J. T.
Huber and J. B. Woolley, eds.). Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hy-
menoptera). NRC Research Press. Ottawa, Canada.

LaSalle, J., R. E. Duncan, and J. E. Pena. 1999. The recovery and apparent establishment of
Cirrospilus ingenuus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Florida. Florida Entomologist 82(2):371-
373.

LaSalle, J. and J. E. Pena. 1998. A new species of Galeopsomyia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae:
Tetrastichinae): a fortuitous parasitoid of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera:
Gracillariidae). Florida Entomologist 80(4):46 1-470.

Perales Gutierrez, M. A., H. C. Arredondo Bernal, and E. Garza Gonzalez. 1996a. Parasitoids
of citrus leafminer in Colima, Mexico. //;. M. Hoy (ed.). Managing the Citrus Leafminer. Pro-
ceedings from an International Conference. Orlando. Florida. April 23-25 1996. p. 93 (Abstract).

Perales Gutierrez, M. A., H. C. Arredondo Bernal, E. Garza Gonzalez, and L. A. Aguirre Uribe.

1996b. Native parasitoids of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton in Colima, Mexi-
co. Southwestern Entomologist 21:349-350.

Schauff, M. E., J. LaSalle, and G. A. Wijesekara. 1998. The genera of Chalcid Parasitoids (Hy-
menoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Citrus Leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gra-
cillariidae). Journal of Natural History 32:1001-1056.

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP

Membership coincides with the calendar year running from January 1 to December 31. If joining
midyear, back issues will be mailed. Unless requested otherwise, membership application received
after October 1 will be credited to the following year.

DUES FOR 2004:

Regular: $20
Student: $12

Students must provide proof of student status

Paid membership dues are required for the
following member's subscription rates:

D ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. 114 @ $15.00 per year: $

D TRANSACTIONS OF TAES
Vol. 130 @ $15.00 per year: $

£ '•/;,

•y

Total:

•

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

ZIP

E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY]

TELEPHONE

D Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank)
payable to The American Entomological Society.

Credit card: D VISA D Discover D MasterCard D AmEx

CREDIT CARD NUMBER

EXPIRATION DATE

NAME ON CARD

SIGNATURE

AES Federal ID No.: 23-1599849

MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO:

The American Entomological Society
at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

Telephone: (215) 561-3978
E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org

www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 105

PERISTENUS DIGONEUTIS

(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITE OF
LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) IN

NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES ALFALFA,
AND THE NEED FOR RESEARCH ON OTHER CROPS1

W. H. Day,2 A. T. Eaton,3 R. F. Romig,4 K. J. Tilmon,5 M. Mayer,* and T. Dorsey6

ABSTRACT: The tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot), damages a wide variety of
important crops in North America. Peristenus digoneutis Loan, a European parasite established to
provide biological control of this plant bug, has reduced TPB numbers in alfalfa for ten years.
Damage to apple fruit in New Hampshire during the same time period has been reduced by 63%, and
it appears that biological control is responsible for this decrease. Moderate to high parasitism rates
by P. digoneutis have also been observed in strawberries, vetch, red clover, and weeds. P. digoneutis
is dispersing on its own, and has been found in 62 counties in eight states, and in Canada. Additional
research is needed on the parasitism of L. lineolaris on apples and other crops, and on movement of
the parasite into new areas.

KEY WORDS: Peristenus digoneutis, Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Lygus lineolaris, Hemiptera, Miri-
dae, alfalfa.

Lygus lineolaris (Palisot), the tarnished plant bug (TPB) (Hemiptera: Miri-
dae), is a moderate to serious pest of a wide variety of crops— fruits (Bobb 1970,
Guest 1999, Mailloux and Bostanian 1988, Weires et al. 1985), vegetables (Boi-
vin et al. 1991, Guest 1999, Hagle 1978), crops grown for seed (Gupta et al.
1980, Scott et al. 1966, Wise and Lamb 1998), tree seedlings (Schowalter and
Stein 1987), and cotton (Scott et al. 1985). Large numbers of TPB often are pro-
duced in forage crops (alfalfa and red clover), but usually they are thought to
only damage these crops when they are grown for seed. However, when alfalfa
or clover is harvested for hay, large numbers of adult TPB may fly into high-
value crops, where they may cause serious yield and quality losses. For example,
apples are damaged when TPB adults puncture the small fruit, which later
become distorted at the feeding site as the fruit grows. Many affected apples will
be so blemished or misshapen that they cannot be sold, or bring very low prices.
Peaches, strawberries, raspberries and blackberries are similarly distorted, and
fruit yield / quantity is also reduced.

Early research (Day 1987) showed that parasitism of the TPB, a native
species, in alfalfa by native parasites was very low. Consequently, parasites of
the European tarnished plant bug (L. rugulipennis) were collected by the USDA

1 Received on July 16, 2002. Accepted December 21 , 2003.

:USDA-B1RL, 501 S. Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713. E-mail: wday@biir.ars.usda.gov.

1 Plant Biology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham. NH 03824.

4 West Chester State University. Present address: 13 Linda Lane, Fleetwood, PA 19522.

5 Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
''New Jersey Dept. of Agriculture, Trenton, NJ 08625.

Mailed on June 23, 2004

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

European Biological Control Lab, and these were released by WHO at two loca-
tions in NJ and one in DE. The plan was to establish one or more parasites in
alfalfa, because this is a common crop in the northeast U.S. (10 million acres),
so it could serve as a reservoir for the parasite. Alfalfa is especially suitable
because it is not frequently sprayed with insecticides (due to the successful bio-
logical control of the alfalfa weevil, blotch leafminer, and pea aphid initiated by
the USDA). Establishment of an effective parasite could reduce TPB damage
indirectly (via reduction in the number of TPB adults leaving alfalfa for suscep-
tible crops) or directly (by reducing TPB numbers in fruit and vegetable crops).

Peristenus digoneutis Loan, a small parasite (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of
TPB nymphs, was established in northwestern New Jersey by the first author in
1984 (Day et al. 1990). It has two generations per year, which attack the two
principal generations of the TPB, and was soon killing 50 percent of nymphs. By
1993 this parasite had been detected in nine counties, in parts of four states (Fig.
1, 1993 line). And, in our long-term alfalfa monitoring fields in northwestern
New Jersey, the parasite had reduced TPB numbers by 65% (Day 1996).

Peristenus digoneutis has continued to disperse in all directions but south,
where it is likely limited by summer temperatures (Day et al. 2000). P. digoneutis
has now been detected in 62 counties in 8 states, and in Canada (Fig. 1). The
objective of this paper is to present data on TPB damage to apples during a 20-
year period, which it is hoped will stimulate research on other crops damaged by
the TPB, at locations where the parasite is present.

METHODS

Tarnished plant bug nymphs were collected in alfalfa fields, using a sweep net,
near Blairstown, New Jersey (lat. 4 TOO' N, long. 75° 00' W, elevation 160-
290 m). Three fields were sampled weekly with a sweep net from early May
through July, when this mirid is most abundant, and biweekly from August to
October. The data in Figure 2 show the average numbers of TPB nymphs each
year: each number is an average of the maximum (peak) number sampled during
the first and second generations (which usually occur in late June and late July);
each number per generation is an average of three fields. Data are presented for
19 years. Additional details on the sampling methods are in Day (1996).

Each year, apples were examined at harvest, in 15-28 commercial orchards
(avg. 23) across New Hampshire. An average of 11 ,500 apples (500 per orchard)
were checked for defects per year, and the percentage damaged by the TPB was
recorded. The average injury over all orchards each year, for 20 years, is pre-
sented in Figure 3. The pre- and post-biocontrol means for both TPB numbers
and apple damage were compared by an analysis of variance, using years as
replicates. The percentage damaged apples data were normalized using the arc-
sine transformation (Snedecor 1956) before the data were analyzed.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

107

200 km

Figure 1 . The known distribution of Peristenus digoneutis in the northeastern United
States and southeastern Canada as of March 2003. March 2003. This map is from Day et
al. 2000, updated by an additional 13 county records obtained in 2000-2002 (locations and
dates are in Table 1). The Canadian records are from Broadbent et al. 1999. The numbers
in the counties indicate where and when the first recovery was made. In most cases, this
was the first attempt to detect this species, so it had arrived earlier. The heavy lines depict
the probable dispersion of the parasite by 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2002.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Previous research (Day 1996) documented the large increase in parasitism of
TPB nymphs caused by P. digoneutis from 1985 through 1992, and the rapid
decrease in TPB numbers from 1990-1993. Figure 2 shows that the TPB has
remained at low levels during the six years (1994-1999) since then. The overall
result is a population reduction of 65%, for eight consecutive years.

108

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Table 1. New country detection records* for P. digoneutis, 2000-2002

State County

NJ Mercer

Gloucester

NY Cayuga

Chenango

Cortland

Madison

Onondaga

Seneca

Tompkins

PA Northumberland
Lycoming
Potter
Tioga

Nearest town Date

Pennington
Aura

Scipio Center

Norwich

Marathon

Nelson

Pompey

Fayette

Lansing

Elysburg
Calvert
Brookland
Wellsboro

7/29/02
7/18/02

6/26/02
6/24/02
6/27/02
6/25/02
6/25/02
6/26/02
6/26/02

7/27/00
7/23/01
7/31/01
8/01/01

Author

Day

Mayer & Dorsey

Romig
Romig
Romig
Romig
Romig
Romig
Romig

Romig
Romig
Romig
Romig

* Females were reared from field-collected nymphs. Females are positive evidence of an established
parasite population (females can only be produced by mated female parents, so both sexes were
present).

During the same time period, damage to apples by the TPB decreased by a
similar amount (63%) for 10 years (Fig. 3). Although no concurrent TPB counts
had been made in these orchards, the striking similarity between Figs. 2 and 3
suggests that a general decrease in TPB numbers occurred. The parasite was
numerous enough to be detected the first year it was looked for (1996, Fig. 1;
Day et al. 2000), so it must have been present in New Hampshire for several
years. In addition, the high parasitism rates observed in alfalfa (Day 1996), and
in weeds and cover crops (Tilmon 2001, RFR unpubl.), indicate that TPB num-
bers should be reduced over large areas — so fewer TPB adults should be avail-
able to fly into apple orchards to feed on (and injure) the young apples.

Field samples in the northeastern states by the authors have found P.
digoneutis parasitizing significant numbers (30% or more) of TPB nymphs in
alfalfa, vetch, strawberries, and weeds (chickweed, fleabane) (Tilmon 2001 , and
WHD unpubl.). Parasitism levels are now high enough in several crops and
weeds that research on the value of biological control can be conducted in many
northeastern locations. Such studies are needed on strawberries, apples, peaches,
raspberries, beans, and other crops. If anyone is interested in starting cooperative
or independent research, contact the first author.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

109

LLJ
111

§100

tr
m

CL 75

CO
I
ft.

so-

2: 25

111

000

0 0

-T r

87 89 91 93 95 97 99

YEAR (3-year moving averages)

Figure 2. The abundance of tarnished plant bug nymphs in alfalfa, in northwest New
Jersey, 1983-1999. The two averages ("before biocontrol" and "after biocontrol") are sta-
tistically different (F = 267; df = 7,1; P < 0.001).

Q
Itl

ft
U.

o o

Figure 3. The incidence of tarnished plant bug injury to apples in New Hampshire, 1980-
1999. The "before" and "after" averages are statistically different (F = 26.7; df = 9.1 ; P <
0.001).

1 1 0 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank R. W. Fuester and the two reviewers for suggestions to improve the manuscript, and we
thank B. R. Holmes for typing. We also appreciate the cooperation of the many growers who allowed
us to sample insects and fruit on their farms.

LITERATURE CITED

Bobb, M. L. 1970. Reduction of cat-facing injury to peaches. Journal of Economic Entomology
63:1026-1027.

Boivin, G., J. LeBlanc, and J. A. Adams. 1991 . Spatial dispersion and sequential sampling plan
for the tarnished plant bug on celery. Journal of Economic Entomology 84: 158-164.

Broadbent, A. B., H. Goulet, J. W. Whistlecraft, S. LaChance, and P. G. Mason. 1999. First
Canadian record of 3 parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) of the tarnished
plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Ontario 130:109-111.

Day, W. H. 1987. Biological control efforts against Lygus and Adelphocoris spp. infesting alfalfa in
the United States, with notes on other associated mirid species. In, R. C. Hedlund and H. M.
Graham (Editors). Economic Importance and Biological Control of Lygus and Adelphocoris in
North America. USDA-ARS 64. pp. 20-39.

Day, W. H. 1996. An evaluation of biological control of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris
(Hemiptera: Miridae), in alfalfa by the introduced parasite Peristenus digoneutis (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae). Environmental Entomology 25:512-518.

Day, W H., R. C. Hedlund, L. B. Saunders, and D. Coutinot. 1990. Establishment of Peristenus
digoneutis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miri-
dae), in the United States. Environmental Entomology 19:1528-1533.

Day, W. H., K. J. Tilmon, R. F. Romig, A. T. Eaton, and K. D. Murray. 2000. Recent range
expansions of Peristenus digoneutis, a parasite of the tarnished plant bug, and high temperatures
limiting its geographic distribution in North America. Journal of the New York Entomological
Society 108:326-331.

Guest, J. 1999. Tarnished plant bug is by far Vermont's most important vegetable and berry pest,
pp. 51 In, K. A. Stoner (Editor). Alternatives to insecticides for managing vegetable insects.
National Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service. Cooperative Extension. Cornell Uni-
versity. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 76 pp.

Gupta, R. K., G. Tamaki, and C. A. Johansen. 1980. Lygus bug damage, predator-prey interac-
tion, and pest management implications on alfalfa grown for seed. Washington State University.
Technical Bulletin 92. 18 pp.

Hagel,G.T. 1978. Lygus spp. damage to beans by reducing yields, seed pitting, and control by vari-
etal resistance and chemical sprays. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:613-615.

Mailloux, G. E. and N. J. Bostanian. 1988. Economic injury level model for tarnished plant bug
in strawberry fields. Environmental Entomology 17:581-586.

Schowalter, T. D.and J. D. Stein. 1987. Influence of Douglas-fir seedling proximity to insect pop-
ulation sources on susceptibility to Lygus hesperus in a forest nursery in western Oregon. En-
vironmental Entomology 16:984-986.

Scott, D. R., A. J. Walz, and H. C. Manis. 1966. The effect of Lygus sp. on carrot seed production
in Idaho. University of Idaho. Agricultural Research Bulletin 64. 12 pp.

Scott, W. P., J. W. Smith, and G. L. Snodgrass. 1985. The tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera:
Miridae): A key pest of cotton in the Mississippi Delta. Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Pro-
ducers Research Conference, pp. 164-167.

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003

Snedecor, G. W. 1956. Statistical Methods. Iowa State College Press. Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. 534 pp.

Tilmon, K. J. 2001. Biological control of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae). a generalist her-
bivore, by native and introduced Peristenus (Hemiptera: Braconidae). Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Uni-
versity. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 125 pp.

Weires, R. W., J. R. Vankirk, W. D. Gerling, and F. M. McNicholas. 1 985. Economic losses from
the tarnished plant bug on apple in eastern New York. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 2:256-
263.

Wise, I. L. and R. J. Lamb. 1998. Economic threshold for plant bugs, Lygus spp., in canola.
Canadian Entomologist 130:825-836.

1 1 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 113

DITCHING AT SEA: PREDATOR AVOIDANCE BY THE
ATLANTIC MARINE SHORELINE TIGER BEETLE,

C1CINDELA MARGIN ATA F.
(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)1

Foster Forbes Purrington'

ABSTRACT: The stenotopic marine shoreline tiger beetle, Cicindela marginata responds to threat,
presumably chiefly from shore birds, in its Atlantic tidal mud flats habitat by flying out over salt
water and deliberately ditching. After a brief hesitation it flies off the water and returns to shore.

KEY WORDS: Cicindela marginata, Coleoptera, Carabidae, predator avoidance.

Along the shoreline mouth of estuarine Mattapoisett River (Mattapoisett,
Plymouth County, Massachusetts), I observed a population of Cicindela margi-
nata F. (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) on tidal mud flats colonized by
smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel; ribbed mussel, Geukensia demis-
sa (Dillwyn); and the mud fiddler crab, Uca pugnax (Smith). When threatened
by my approach, these tiger beetles typically flew seaward a distance of circa 5
meters, landed briefly on the saltwater surface and then flew back to shore, often
into dense cordgrass where they remained motionless for several minutes. My
observations, on July 25, 2003, extended for circa two hours in bright sun and
light winds, during which time I saw 20 or so such deliberate ditching flights.

DISCUSSION

While Cicindelinae include many stenotopic species inhabiting shorelines
more-or-less exclusively, there are almost no reports of water escape strategies to
avoid predation. Larochelle and Lariviere (2001) state (without attribution) that
C. gabbii (G.H. Horn) is "often seen floating backwards (sic) upon the ocean
water near its shore habitat," seeming to imply a deliberate predator avoidance
ditching flight such as I report herein for C. marginata. However, they do not
specify a return flight to shore by C. gabbii. Detailed population studies of south-
ern California stenotopic marine shoreline tiger beetles by Nagano (1982) in-
cluded C. gabbii but he made no mention of sea ditching escape behavior, nor
did he in his later article on California Channel Islands cicindelines (Nagano
1985). Cazier (1954), in discussing that species, also does not mention this
behavior.

Ditching behavior by C. marginata is not mentioned in three recent local nat-
ural histories of eastern cicindelines (Glaser 1984, Knisley and Schultz 1997,
Leonard and Bell 1999), and Gould (1834) notes only that adults retreat "to the
high grass" when threatened, or when the tide comes in. In fact, in ten pages

1 Received on December 23, 2003. Accepted on February 17, 2004.

: Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 300
Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210. E-mail: purrington.l@osu.edu.

Mailed on June 23, 2004

1 1 4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

devoted to predator avoidance and escape strategies, Knisley and Schultz (1997)
do not mention any strategy that involves water. Davis' (1903) report on Rhode
Island tiger beetles does not include this species.

Pearson and Vogler (2001 ) devote a chapter to predator avoidance by tiger bee-
tles but make no mention of water escape strategies. In their Appendix B (p. 276),
however, they cite Cummin's (1992) report of an elaborate water escape behavior
by a tropical Megacephalini species, Oxycheila polita Bates in Costa Rica, adding
(without attribution) that of 46 known congeners many other Oxycheila species
use this strategy, although Cummins (1992) does not mention this. Oxycheila poli-
ta forages along rocky edges of fast-flowing streams. When approached, it jumps
or flies into turbulent water and is transported submerged up to "several hundred
feet" whereupon it flies up and out of the water (Cummins 1992).

A less complex water escape strategy is reported for C. marginata by Johnson
(1972) in his anecdotal Gulf Coast travelogue, collecting them in the Florida
Keys with some difficulty because they often avoided him by flying out over salt
water, but he does not mention ditching. In another southeastern tiger beetle col-
lecting travelogue, Lawton (1970) notes that of an abundant C. marginata popu-
lation in the Florida Keys, every shoreline escape flight was made "well out over
the water for some distance" rather than upbeach or inland. This same tactic is
reported for C. hamati monti Vaurie, that flies out over open water of freshwater
pools on South Padre Island, Texas, to avoid predation (Ideker 1977). I have seen
C. repanda Dejean do this along sandy beaches of Lake Erie, east of Cleveland,
Ohio. Given the very close proximity of shorelines to populations of many tiger
beetle species, it would not be surprising if adults routinely made use of water
overflights to evade collection by humans and shore birds.

Amphibious behavior by tiger beetle adults has been reported in other con-
texts. Larochelle and Lariviere (2001) mention that C. nevadica knausii Leng
and C. willistoni echo Casey enter shallow water (2.5 cm. deep) on foot, pre-
sumably to hunt for prey. Cheiloxia binotata Castelnau flies in large swarms low
over Peruvian rivers at dusk and throughout the night, regularly skating on the
water surface in pursuit of prey (Pearson 1984). Nocturnal ocean foraging by a
tiger beetle was reported by Roth and Brown (1980). They cited J. R. Hendrick-
son's (personal communication) report of C. sinaloae schrammeli Cazier landing
at night on the Gulf of California six miles out to feed on arrowworms (Chaetog-
natha), some species of which are luminescent, which may be relevant to their
accessibility to a nocturnal predator. This precinctive subspecies is known only
from marine shorelines in Mexico at the head of the Gulf in Sonora and Baja Cal-
ifornia (Cazier 1954).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank David Pearson and Jonathan Leonard for supplying references and useful comments. Mont
Cazier inspired me with his enthusiasm for insect biology and in Portal, Arizona (U.S.A.) gracious-

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 _ 115

ly shared a look at his magnificent illustrated opus on the tiger beetles. Cathy J. Drake and David J.
Horn kindly offered comments on early drafts.

LITERATURE CITED

Cazier, M. A. 1954. A review of the Mexican tiger beetles of the genus Cicindela (Coleoptera:
Cicindelidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 103(3):227-309.

Cummins, M. P. 1992. Amphibious behavior of a tropical, adult tiger beetle, Oxycheila polita
Bates (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 46(2): 144- 151.

Davis, C. A. 1903. The Cicindelidae of Rhode Island. Entomological News 14:270-273.

Glaser, J. D. 1984. The Cicindelidae (Coleoptera) of Maryland. Maryland Entomologist 2(4):65-
76.

Gould, A. A. 1834. On the Cicindelae of Massachusetts. Boston Journal of Natural History 1:41-54.
Ideker, J. 1977. Field separation of Cicindela species by escape behavior. Cicindela 9(2):39-40.
Johnson, W. 1972. "Hit-and-run" collecting across the gulf states. Cicindela 4(1): 19-40.

Knisley, C. B. and T. D. Schultz. 1997. The Biology of Tiger Beetles and a Guide to the Species
of the South Atlantic States. Virginia Museum of Natural History Special Publication Number 5.
Martinsville, Virginia. 209 pp.

Larochelle, A. and M.-L. Lariviere. 2001. Natural history of the tiger beetles of North America
north of Mexico. Cicindela 33(3-4):41-162.

Lawton, J. K. 1970. Notes on collecting tiger beetles in the southeastern United States. Cicindela

Leonard, J. G. and R. T. Bell. 1998. Northeastern Tiger Beetles: A Field Guide to Tiger Beetles of
New England and Eastern Canada. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. 176 pp.

Nagano, C. D. 1982. Population status of the tiger beetles of the genus Cicindela (Coleoptera:
Cicindelidae) inhabiting the marine shoreline of southern California. Atala 8(2):33-42.

Nagano, C. D. 1985. Distributional notes on the tiger beetles of the California Channel Islands
(Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) [pp. 105-112]. In, A. S. Menke and D.R. Miller (Editors). Entomology
of the California Channel Islands. Proceedings of the 1st Symposium of the Santa Barbara Mu-
seum of Natural History. Santa Barbara, California. 178 pp.

Pearson, D. L. 1984. The tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of the Tambopata Reserved Zone,
Madre de Dios, Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 27:15-24. [1985]

Pearson, D. L. and A. P. Vogler. 2001 . Tiger Beetles: The Evolution, Ecology, and Diversity of the
Cicindelids. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. 333 pp.

Roth, V. D. and W. L. Brown. 1980. Arthropoda: Insecta [pp. 326-346]. In, R.C. Brusca, (Editor).
Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
513pp.

MEMOIRS

OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NEW! #44 A Systematic Database of Thereva
Latreille Names: An Answer to the Nomenclatural
Challenge in Therevidae (Insecta: Diptera)
by Kevin C. Holston. 86 pp $25

MEW; #45 A Revision of the Caryedontini
(Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae) of Africa and
the Middle East by Clarence Dan Johnson, Benjamin J.
Southgate and Alex Delobel. 120 pp $30

#43

A World Revision of the Genus

Spodoptera Guenee (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)
Michael G. Pogue. 2003. 202 pp $30

A complete list of available Memoirs can be found at
www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/memoirs.html

326

NAME

ADDRESS

Please send these issue(s):

D #45 ($25) $

D #44 ($30) $

D #43 ($30) $

n # $

CITY

STATE

ZIP

E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY)

TELEPHONE

Postage:
TOTAL

$
$

POSTAGE/
HANDLING:
Domestic orders:

$3 for the first
publication; $1 for
each additional
publication.

Foreign orders:

$5 fee for the first
publication; $1 for
each additional
publication.

AESFed.IDNo.:
23-1599849

D Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank)
payable to The American Entomological Society.

Credit card: D VISA D Discover D MasterCard D AmEx

CREDIT CARD NUMBER

EXPIRATION DATE

MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO:

The American Entomological Society
at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1 195

Telephone: (2 15) 561 -3978
E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org

NAME ON CARD

SIGNATURE

www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes

Vol. 1 14. No. 2. March & April 2003 117

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

FIRST NEARCTIC RECORDS OF TEMPISQUITONEURA
(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE: ORTHOCLADIINAE)

From Arizona, USA1

Gary T. Lester,2 Brian J. Krestian,2 and John H. Epler1

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are increasingly being used as biological indica-
tors of water and habitat quality in many water quality programs throughout
North America (Harbour et al. 1999). The Western Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (WEMAP) is a four-year study of water quality of
rivers and streams across 12 western states being conducted by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Included in this study is the collec-
tion and taxonomic analysis of aquatic, benthic macroinvertebrates. While pro-
cessing benthic invertebrate samples for this project, taxonomists (BJK and
GTL) at the environmental consulting firm Eco Analysts, Inc., encountered larval
Chironomidae that were not represented in any literature for North America.
Specimens were sent to the third author (JHE) for examination, whereupon the
larvae were determined to be Tempi squitoneura merrillorum Epler. There are too
few collections of T. merrillorum as of yet to determine any water quality asso-
ciations for this species.

Tempisquitoneura merrillorum was described from specimens collected in
Costa Rica (Epler and de la Rosa 1995). Larvae were reported to be strictly sym-
phoretic on Corydalus sp. larvae, attaching themselves to either the abdominal
gills or thorax of the host. Pupae were found in constructed silken cases attached
laterally to the thorax. Larvae and pupae collected in Arizona were found
attached to Corydalus sp. larvae in a manner identical to those reported from
Costa Rica.

The occurrences of T. merrillorum in Arizona represent the first Nearctic
records of the genus. Figure 1 shows the geographic location of sample locations.
Specimens reported herein are deposited in the collection at the EcoAnalysts,
Inc. Macroinvertebrate Laboratory in Moscow, Idaho (El), and the Florida State
Collection of Arthropods at Florida A&M University in Tallahassee (FAMU).
Collection data and specimen disposition are as follows:

ARIZONA: 10 larvae, Gila County, Tonto Creek, Lat. 34.28333, Long.
111.07086, V-22-2001, A. Francis (2 larvae FAMU, 8 larvae El); One larva,
Greenlee County, Blue River, Lat. 33.24044, Long. 109.1915, VI- 19-2001, P.
Matson (El).

1 Received on February 13, 2003. Accepted on March 13, 2004.

2 EcoAnalysts, Inc.. 105 East Second Street, Suite tt\ , Moscow, ID 83843. U.S.A.
E-mail: eco@ecoanalysts.com.

'461 Tiger Hammock Road. Crawfordville, FL 32327. U.S.A.

Mailed on June 23, 2004

1 1 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

EcoAnalysts, Inc. also encountered several larvae and one pupa with a pharate
male in Arizona in 2002. Data for this collection is unavailable for publication
due to confidentiality concerns of the client. The pupa and two larvae are
deposited at FAMU with a coded sample location.

Physical habitat and water quality data for the two localities are presented in
Table 1.

Table 1. Water quality parameters (grab samples) at T. merrillorum locations.
These are one-time grab samples collected at the same time as the benthic inver-
tebrate sample at each site. No means or variation are associated with the values.

Chemical Variable (mg/1)

Tonto Creek

Blue River

8.65

9.12

Conductivity

296.8

426.8

Alkalinity

2909.27

3054.62

Turbidity

11.3

0.298

Total Suspended Solids

38.7

2.2

Dissolved Organic Carbon

1.86

1.99

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

35.84

35.54

Total Phosphorus

Calcium

41.715

39.328

Magnesium

11.081

12.947

Sodium

2.831

31.394

Potassium

0.79

2.335

NH4

0.016

0.005

S04

13.38

17.82

NO3

0.02

Chlorine

2.94

36.86

Total Nitrogen

2.94

36.86

Zinc

0.006

0.005

Silicon Dioxide

7.701

34.06

DISCUSSION

Epler and de la Rosa (1995) discuss taxonomic similarities and differences
among Thienemanniella, Corynoneura, and Tempisquitoneura larvae and pupae
in detail. Whole (unmounted) Tempisquitoneura larvae are generally similar in
appearance to the closely related Thienemanniella and the genus is usually found
attached to its corydalid host. Consequently, to date they may have been simply
overlooked in benthic samples or misidentified as Thienemanniella sp. The pupa

Vol. 114. No. 2, March & April 2003

119

Figure 1 . Locations of Tempisquitoneura merrillorum Epler in Arizona, southwestern
U.S.A. site WAZP99-0632 is located in Tonto Creek whereas site WAZP99-0681 is locat-
ed in the Blue River.

of Tempisquitoneura is probably separable from the other two genera by the
incomplete setal fringe of the anal lobes, which is restricted to the apical half
(Epler and de la Rosa 1995, Figure 3D), in addition to other characters listed in
the original description.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Phil Larsen, Dave Peck and Barb Rosenbaum (USEPA) for permis-
sion to publish data and for habitat and water quality data collected at the site.
This paper is published as EcoAnalysts, Inc. Publication No. 2004-1 .

LITERATURE CITED

Barbour, M. T., J. Gerritsen, B. D. Snyder, and J. B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment
Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and
Fish, Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-02. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Office of
Water; Washington, D.C.

Epler, J. H. and C. de la Rosa. 1995. Tcinpi.\(/iiiti>ni'nni. a new genus of Neotropical Orthocla-
diinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) symphoretic on L'orydalus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Journal
of the North American Benthological Society 14(1):5()-60.

1 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

NATURAL ENEMIES. AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL.
Ann Hajek. 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, CB2 2RU United
Kingdom. Hardback, US$110.00 (ISBN 0 521 65295 2). Paperback, US $50.00
(ISBN 0521 65385 1).

Natural Enemies is intended as a college textbook for those who are at an intermediate level of readi-
ness (e.g. at least one college biology course) to learn about biological control. The book is arranged in
a traditional, rational, and well-organized fashion. Hajek introduces the subject and its current histori-
cal backdrop (Chapters 1-2) and then provides useful discussions of three non-mutually exclusive strate-
gies of biological control: classical, augmentative (inoculative and inundative), as well as conservation
(Chapters 3-5). Throughout the book, she emphasizes the need for sound knowledge of the systems, a
goal seldom achievable, so that rational integrated pest management decisions can be taken. Thereafter,
Hajek includes excellent chapters on biological control of pestiferous animals (Chapters 6-12), weeds
(Chapters 13-15), and plant pathogens (Chapters 16-17). The book concludes with very timely discus-
sions on safety (Chapter 18), and present uses of biological control (Chapter 19). Most illustrations are
excellent; some of them are gorgeous scanning electron micrographs. Natural Enemies closes with a
useful glossary, a substantial list of references, and an index.

Hajek highlights numerous important topics, such as: 1) dire need for sound taxonomic work,
including characterizing the ecology and genetics of target organisms and the natural enemies using
diverse approaches, 2) whether a "balance of nature" is ever attained in biological control, 3) biologi-
cal control strategies depend on the targeted pest, 4) difficulties rearing numerous organisms involved
in biological control, 5) factors that increase the probability of survival of natural enemies, 6) impor-
tance of market considerations, 7) situations where biological control may not necessarily be the best
way to proceed, 8) public perception of the field as environmentally friendly (in contrast with genetic
engineering perceived by some as not so environmentally friendly), and many others. While none of
these themes are new to biological control, she often brings fresher examples from a wide array of tax-
onomic groups as well as strong ecological insights to support her assertions.

Natural Enemies is a good summary of the intersection between entomology, plant pathology, micro-
biology, ecology, host-pest-environment interactions, and others, as they apply to the biological control
of insect pests, weeds, and pathogens. The book contains knowledge useful in the development of bio-
logical control practices that are compatible with integrative pest management. In spite of Natural
Enemies' emphasis on cases of biological control in the Holarctic region, particularly the U.S.A., the
book offers a fair balance of topics and serves as an excellent introduction to the subject. My personal
preference would have been to: 1) incorporate the citations in the text, although I acknowledge some
readers find that practice distracting, 2) add chapters on the identification of organisms (e.g. plants to the
level of division, insects to the ordinal level) with major references to lower taxonomic levels and/or for
different geographical regions, experimental design, and statistical analyses, and 3) include more cases
involving point/counterpoint arguments, such as issues involving conflict of interests/values. Finally,
end of chapter questions and/or activities, a practice common in introductory biology/ecology textbooks,
would have made this text more viable for classroom use.

Biological control is a complex scientific endeavor and at times "many decisions ... seem more like
art than science." Natural Enemies stresses the complexities of the natural world, repeatedly warns us
about the meticulousness that must be exercised in their study and safe practice, and still manages to
keep the subject attractive and readable.

Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121

National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution

P. O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A.

E-mail: santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu

Mailed on June 23, 2004

Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the Editor and the Business Manager, Faith
Kuehn. Then, the proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as .pdf file, together with the reprint
order form as .rtf file. Authors must process proofs within 72 hours and return them to the Editor and
to the Business Editor by air mail or email (attachment). Authors who anticipate being absent are
urged to provide forwarding orders or to provide temporary addresses (with dates). Proofs not
approved within one week will be published as is. The Editor will collect the page proofs and send
them to the printer.

If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. They will be
billed in advance together with page charges. The following rates, all in US dollars, apply.

Reprints: 100 200 300 400 500
Pages

1 44 48 50 52 54

2 46 50 52 54 56

3 48 52 54 56 58

4 50 54 56 58 60

5 76 86 96 106 116

6 78 88 98 108 118

7 80 90 100 110 120

8 82 92 102 112 122
9-12 120 130 145 160 180
13-16 160 170 185 200 220

Starting with Volume 114(3) Entomological News reprints as a .pdf (portable document
format) will be available for the authors. For options and charges, contact the Business
Manager, Faith Kuehn (fbkuehn@yahoo.com).

Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont Highway,
Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211: fax (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone
(800) 366-9132. Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DHNRIiC and
DELRAP Green Industries as "The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Dela-
ware."

Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call
toll-free (800) 521-3042, (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information
and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106-9866, U.S.A.

Entomological News is listed in the Science (.'innion linlc\ E\i>anilcil.

SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 23, 2002

letics of Parnassius butterflies
•rthern Rockies, Canada

Nusha Keyghobadi

39088010579704

The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
(now at Okanagan University College, British Columbia, Canada)

Habitat fragmentation is currently considered one of the most serious problems for
nature conservation. From a genetic perspective, the increased isolation of populations
that results from habitat fragmentation is predicted to have two major effects on genetic
variation, with genetic differentiation among populations predicted to increase and genet-
ic diversity within populations predicted to decrease. Dr. Nusha Keyghobadi examined the
genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation on populations of the alpine butterfly Par-
nassius smintheus. This butterfly tends to occupy alpine meadows above tree line where
its hostplant, Sedum lanceolatum, occurs. In the last century, increasing tree cover and the
increase in elevation of the tree line has been observed in North America and is attributed
to climate change and forest management practices. Increasing forest cover at high alti-
tudes leads to fragmentation of the meadow habitats favored by this butterfly.

Dr. Keyghobadi examined whether (1) the amount of genetic differentiation among
populations and (2) levels of genetic diversity within populations, were affected by the
degree of isolation of these populations, particularly by intervening forests. Her study was
conducted in a series of alpine meadows distributed along ridges in the front ranges of the
Canadian Rocky Mountains. Genetic variation was assessed using microsatellite DNA
loci. The degree of genetic differentiation among pairs of populations was significantly
correlated with the geographic distance separating those populations. Furthermore, the
amount of forested habitat separating populations was a better predictor of genetic differ-
entiation than was the amount of meadow habitat, suggesting that forested areas are sig-
nificant barriers to genetic exchange among populations. Also, levels of genetic diversity
were significantly lower in more isolated populations. Overall, Dr. Keyghobadi 's results
suggest that further fragmentation of meadow habitats will have significant impacts on
genetic variation in this species.

In other entomological notes. Jack Gingrich noted the appearance of Ochleratatus (=
Aedes) japonicus, an introduced species, at four sites in Delaware. Jon Gelhaus noted the
re-discovery of the crane fly Leptotarsus rivertonensis in New Jersey after nearly a cen-
tury; it had been described from specimens collected in Riverton, New Jersey, in 1903,
and was found in 2002 at a scout camp in Salem County, New Jersey. Hal White noted
that the niece of Philip Calvert contacted the Society through seeing the Society's web-
page on the Calvert Award. Philip Calvert (1871-1961) was a noted worldwide authority
of Odonata, and long-term member of the Society, including serving 23 years as editor of
Entomological News.

Jon Gelhaus, President of the American Entomological Society (1997-2003)
Corresponding Secretary of the American Entomological Society (2003-present)

E-mail: gelhaus@acnatsci.org.

Mailed on June 23, 2004

Vol. 114

MAY & JUNE 2003

USISSN 0013-872X
No. 3

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

_ j -:" ee new species and one new subspecies of Colpurini (Heteroptera: Coreidae)

"j \*J ' om the Pacific Islands

Harry Brailovsky and Ernesto Barrera 121

A new species of bushcricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) of the Palaearctic
genus Isophya (Phaneropterinae) from Turkey

Hasan Sevgili 129

Biological notes on Mexican (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) Lucanus (Pseudolucanus)
mazama LeConte

Pedro Reyes-Castillo, Imelda Martinez M., and Maria Luisa Castillo 138

Immature stages of Sinopla perpunctatus (Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)
from Argentina

P. Martinez, P. M. Dellape, M. del C. Coscaron, and H. Giganti 147

Gynandromorphism in pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae)

from Brazil

R. A. S. Pereira, A. P. Prado, and F. Kjellberg 152

A new species of Atrichopogon Kieffer from northern Argentina (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae) Pablo I. Marino and Gustavo R. Spinelli 156

Confirmation of Prostoia completa and Shipsa rotunda (Plecoptera: Nemouridae)
in Mississippi, U.S.A. Bill R Stark and Matthew B. Hicks 160

Five new species of Neotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae: Neotrichiini) from
southern Mexico and northern Belize Andrew C. Keth 164

BOOK REVIEWS:

Insects of the Texas Lost Pines by W. L. Moody Jr.

A Joyful Noise, Poems for Two Voices by Paul Fleischman

Phil Schappert 179
Bethany Sadlowski and Julia Louie 180

Cicada - Why Have You Stayed Away So Long

Benjamin C. Garber

Back Cover

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MAILED ON JULY 28, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1.0

New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Version 1.0.

Further guidelines can be found on
http://www.geocities.coni/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm

Subject Coverage: Entomology, sensu lato. Manuscripts on systematics, ecology, evolution,
morphology, physiology, behavior, biodiversity, conservation, paleobiology. and other aspects of
insect and terrestrial arthropod life as well as nomenclature, biographies and history of entomology,
among others, are appropriate topics for papers submitted to Entomological News. Papers on applied,
economic, and regulatory entomology or on toxicology and related subjects will be considered only
if they also make a major contribution in one of the aforementioned fields.

Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the Editor: Address.

All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomol-
ogical News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A.
Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012
U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P.O. Box, please use
this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other
means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: phone (202) 786-2876, Fax (202) 786-2832, web page
http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm, e-mails santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu or
blayj@hotmail.com. Books for review should also be sent to the Editor who will, in turn, give them
to a colleague for review.

Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to

The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

THIRD CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A.

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 121

THREE NEW SPECIES AND ONE NEW SUBSPECIES OF
COLPURINI (HETEROPTERA: COREIDAE) FROM

PACIFIC ISLANDS'

Harry Brailovsky2 and Ernesto Bar

ABSTRACT: Three new species Kerzhnerhygia mibila from Iri^Jaya (Dutch
Sciophyrella cerama from Ceram Island, Sciophyrella submacmptera frhm-P:iprp ^fc£*eirt™ and
one new subspecies Brachylybas novoguinensisfurcatus from Irian Jaya, are described. Adult dorsal
habitus of some species are illustrated, and drawings of pronotum, male genital capsule, and female
genital plates are included. -**«**""

KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, Coreidae, Colpurini, new species, Pacific Islands.

The Colpurini fauna of the Pacific Islands is poorly known due to its complex
geography and the lack of intensive appropriate field research. What is present-
ly known, nevertheless, indicates such a fauna as being outstanding in richness
and interesting, with an unusually high rate of endemic elements (Brailovsky
2000, Brailovsky and Barrera 2003).

The paper is a further contribution to the knowledge of this tribe and provides
the descriptions of three new species and one new subspecies.

Brachylybas novoguinensisfurcatus, NEW SUBSPECIES

(Figs. 2-3, 16)

Description.-Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Head black, with postocular tubercle yellow
and apex of tylus bright chestnut orange; antennal segments I to III bright chestnut orange, IV seg-
ment yellow with basal third bright chestnut orange; pronotum with anterior and anterolateral mar-
gins dark yellow; anterior lobe of pronotal disk dark brown with medial longitudinal furrow between
calli black; posterior lobe of pronotal disk dark yellow with punctures reddish brown; clavus and
corium reddish brown with claval vein, claval comissure, corial veins, apical margin, and costal mar-
gin dark yellow; hemelytral membrane dark brown to black with veins dark yellow; connexival seg-
ments reddish brown with anterior and posterior border yellow; dorsal abdominal segments dark to
bright brownish orange. Ventral coloration. Head black; rostral segments dark yellow; thorax and
abdominal sterna dark yellow with punctures reddish brown; prosternum, mesostemum, metaster-
num, coxae, fore and middle femora, tarsi, and genital capsule bright chestnut orange; trochanters
yellow; hind femur and tibiae chestnut orange with one or two irregular yellow rings, one subbasal,
and one near middle third. Structure. Rostrum reaching middle third of abdominal sternite V; humer-
al angles subtruncate, not exposed (Fig. 2). Genital capsule: Posteroventral edge with long, broad,
bifid tube, directed outward and upward; each arm relatively elongate (Fig. 3).

Female. Coloration. Similar to male (holotype). Connexival segments VIII and IX, dorsal abdom-
inal segments VIII and IX, and genital plates reddish brown.

Measurements. Male (female). Head length: 1.60 mm (1.5S mm); width across eyes: 1.76 mm
(1.72 mm); interocular space: 1.16 mm (1.04 mm); antennal segments lengths: I, 1.80 mm (1.76 mm);
II, 2.80 mm (2.84 mm); III, 2.08 mm (2.04 mm); IV, 1.40 mm (1.36 mm). Pronotal length: 1.96 mm

' Received on July 4, 2003. Accepted on January 6, 2004.

: Dcpartamento de Zoologia, Institute de Biologia, UNAM, Apartado Postal No. 70153, Mexico
04510 D.F. Mexico. Email: coreidae(o>servidor.unam.in\.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 114(3): 121. May & June 2003
Mailed on Julv 28, 2004

122

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

(2.04 mm); maximum width of anterior lobe: 2.12 mm (2.12 mm); maximum width of posterior lobe:
3.08 mm (3.08 mm): Scutellar length: 1.32 mm (1.32 mm); width: 1.38 mm (1.34 mm). Total body
length: 9.08 mm (9. 16 mm).

Type Material. Holotype: male, Irian Jaya (Dutch New Guinea), Jayawijaya Province, Ang-
guruk-Tanggeam, 1500-1800 m, 28-29-IX-1991, A. Riedel. Deposited in Zoologische Staatssamm-
lung, Munchen, Germany. Paratypes: 2 males, 2 females, same data as holotype. Deposited in
Zoologische Staatssammlung, Munchen, Germany, and Coleccion Nacional de Insectos (CN1N),
Institute de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico; 1 male, Irian Jaya, Lordberg, ll-XII-1912, S. G. Burgers
(Kais Augustafl Exp.). Deposited in Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany.

Discussion. Brachylybas novoguinensis furcatus new subespecies, occurs in
Irian Jaya and stands close to the nominal species B. novoguinensis novoguinen-
sis Brailovsky & Martinez (1994) described from Papua New Guinea. In B. n.
furcatus the humeral angles are subtruncate and not exposed (Fig. 2), the rostrum
reaches the middle third of abdominal sternite V, and the posteroventral edge of
the male genital capsule has a long, broad, and bifid tube, each arm being rela-
tively elongate (Fig. 3). In B. n. novoguinensis the humeral angles are laminate,
exposed, and subacute (Fig. 1), the rostrum reaches the anterior third of abdom-
inal sternite V, and the tube of the male genital capsule has the arms shorter (Figs
4-5).

Etymology.-From the Latin furcatus, for forked, referring to the branched
genital capsule.

Figures 1-2. Pronotum. 1. Brachylybas novoguinensis novoguinensis Brailovsky and
Martinez. 2. Brachylybas novoguinensis furcatus NEW SUBSPECIES. Figures 3-5. Male
genital capsule, caudal view (3-4), lateral view (5). 3. Brachylybas novoguinensis furca-
tus NEW SUBSPECIES. 4-5. Brachylybas novoguinensis novoguinensis Brailovsky and
Martinez. Figures 6-7. Kerzhnerhygia nubila NEW SPECIES. 6. Head and pronotum.
7. Male genital capsule, caudal view.

Vol. 114, No. 3, May & June 2003

123

Figures 8-15. Sciophyrella spp. 8-13. Male genital capsule, caudal view (8-9, 11-12), lat-
eral view (10, 13). 8. S. submacroptera NEW SPECIES. 9-10. S. cerama NEW SPECIES.
11.5. parva Brailovsky and Barrera. 12-13. S. morobe Brailovsky and Barrera. 14-15.
Female genital plates, lateral view. 14. S. morobe Brailovsky and Barrera. 15. S. cerama
NEW SPECIES.

Kenhnerhygia nubila, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 6-7)

Description. Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Chestnut orange brown, with antennal seg-
ment IV (except the basal joint), anterolateral margins of pronotal disc, and apex ofscutellum pale
yellow; hemelytral membrane pale brown with veins darker; connexival segments bright reddish
orange with posterior margin yellow; dorsal abdominal segments bright orange. Ventral coloration.
Head bright reddish brown; rostral segments I and II dark yellow with chestnut brown reflections,
and III and IV dark yellow; thorax bright reddish brown with acetabulae, upper margin of propleura,
and irregular marks on mesopleura and metapleura yellow; coxae chestnut orange; trochanters and
tarsi chestnut orange with yellow reflections; femora and tibiae chestnut orange with two yellow
rings, one subbasal, the other near middle third; abdominal sterna and genital capsule pale chestnut
orange with punctures darker; anterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme creamy yellow to pale chest-
nut orange, and posterior lobe pale chestnut orange; pleural abdominal segments orange with poste-
rior margin yellow. Structure. Head longer than width across eyes; antenniferous tubercle armed,
strongly projecting forward and inward, with the apex acutely rounded; antennal segment II the
longest, III and IV subequal, and I longer than III and IV; buccula with weakly middle projection;
rostrum reaching anterior margin of abdominal sternite VII; calli prominently raised, separated along
midline by short longitudinal furrow; legs unarmed (Fig. 6). Genital capsule: Posteroventral edge U-
shaped, with lateral arms broad, strongly produced (Fig. 7).

Female. Coloration. Similar to male (holotype). Connexival segments VIII and IX, dorsal abdom-
inal segments VIII and IX, and genital plates bright orange with outer margin of paratergite VIII and
IX yellow.

Measurements.-Male (female). Head length: 1.74 mm (1.62 mm); width across eyes: 1.40 mm
(1.40 mm); interocular space: 0.90 mm (0.88 mm); interocellar space: 0.42 mm (0.44 mm); preocu-

124

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

2mm

Figure 16. Brachylybas novoguinensis furcatm NEW SUBSPECIES, dorsal view. Male.

Vol. 1 14, No. 3. May & June 2003 125

lar distance: 1.18 mm (1.18 mm); antennal segments lengths: I, 1.48 mm (1.48 mm); II, 2.64 mm
(2.44 mm); III, 1.18 mm (1.22 mm); IV, 1.18 mm (1.22 mm). Pronotal length: 1.84 mm (1.80 mm);
maximum width of anterior lobe: 1.92 mm (1.86 mm); maximum width of posterior lobe: 3.16 mm
(3.32 mm): Scutellar length: 1 .56 mm ( 1 .60 mm); width: 1 .48 mm ( 1 .52 mm). Total body length: 9.80
mm (9.58 mm).

Type material.-Holotype: male, Dutch New Guinea, ger 29 km unterh d. Maanderberges a.
Sepik, 1 1-16-VII-1913, S. G. Burgers (Kais Augustafl Exp.). Deposited in Zoologisches Museum,
Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female, same data as male holorype.
Deposited in Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany, and Coleccion
Nacional de Insectos (CNIN), Institute de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico; 1 female, Dutch New Guinea,
Maanderberg, 10-16-VIII-1913, S. G. Burgers (Kais Augustafl Exp.). Deposited in Zoologisches
Museum, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany.

Discussion.-Brailovsky (1993) described the genus Kerzhnerhygia and in-
cluded two species K. armata and K. robusta. Kerzhnerhygia nubila, new
species, is similar to K. robusta in having the femora unarmed, and is easily rec-
ognized by the head longer than wide (across the eyes), antennal segments III
and IV subequal, and rostrum reaching anterior margin of abdominal sternite VII.
In K. robusta the head is wider than long, antennal segment IV is shorter than III,
and rostrum reaching anterior third of abdominal sternite III. In K. armata each
femur are armed with two rows of long spines, the rostrum reaching the anterior
third of abdominal sternite V or VI, the head is as long as wide, with antennal
segment IV shorter than III, and the projection of the antenniferous tubercle
clearly diverging anteriorly, not converging like in K. nubila.

Etymology. From the Latin nubilus, referring to the relatively undistinguished
nature of the species.

Sciophyrella cerama, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 9-10, 15)

Description.-Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Head bright dark orange brown, with pale yel-
low longitudinal band running from antenniferous tubercle to neck, comprising the space between
eye and ocelli, and dorsal view of postocular tubercle; tylus pale bright chestnut orange; antennal seg-
ments I to III ochre yellow (IV mutilated); anterior lobe of pronotal disk bright dark orange brown
with ochre yellow irregular mark at collar and calli; posterior lobe of pronotal disk bright pale chest-
nut orange with punctures reddish brown, external edge of humeral angles and irregular stripe at mid-
dle third yellow; scutellum, clavus, and corium pale chestnut orange with punctures reddish brown;
hemelytral membrane ambarine with veins dark brown; connexivum dark orange with posterior bor-
der yellow; dorsal abdominal segments dark orange. Ventral coloration. Head bright dark orange
brown with the area close to eyes yellow; rostral segments yellow with dark orange reflections; tho-
rax ochre yellow with punctures reddish brown; anterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme creamy yel-
low, and posterior lobe dark orange; coxae dark orange brown; trochanters dark yellow; femora
chestnut orange; tibiae chestnut orange with two yellow rings, one subbasal, the other near middle
third; tarsi chestnut orange with yellow reflections; abdominal sterna and genital capsule ochre yel-
low with punctures reddish brown; pleural margin of abdominal sterna bright orange with posterior
border yellow. Structure. Head longer than wide across the eyes, or as long as wide; tylus unarmed,
apically globose or weakly bifid; antenniferous tubercle unarmed; genae with obtuse, nearly indis-
tinct teeth; postocular tubercle protuberant, globose; ocelli weakly raised; rostrum reaching posteri-
or border of abdominal sternite IV or anterior margin of V; pronotum bilobed; frontal and humeral
angles rounded, not exposed; calli slightly convex; fore femur ventrally armed with small denticles;
middle and hind femora unarmed or with few denticles; tibiae sulcated; scutellum longer than wide;
hemelytra macropterous, reaching the apex of last abdominal segments; apical margin of cndocori-

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

urn impunctate. Genital capsule: Posteroventral edge with deep U-shaped notch, enclosed by two
conspicuously robust and elongate arms; space between arms wider than 0.45 mm (Figs. 9-10).

Female.-Coloration. Similar to male (holotype). Connexival segments VIII and IX dark orange
with posterior border yellow; dorsal abdominal segments VIII and IX dark orange; genital plates
ochre yellow with punctures reddish brown. Structure. Genitalia: Gonocoxae I enlarged dorsoven-
trally, in caudal view closed, in lateral view uniformly convex, not protruding, ventrally projected in
a short and blunt lobe (Fig. 15).

Measurements.-Male (female). Head length: 1.68 mm (1.76 mm); width across eyes: 1.64 mm
(1.76 mm); interocular space: 0.92 mm (0.96 mm); interocellar space: 0.46 mm (0.48 mm); preocu-
lar distance: 1.02 mm (1.08 mm); antennal segments lengths: I, 1.82 mm (1.82 mm); II, 2.62 mm
(2.64 mm); III, 1.84 mm (1.87 mm); IV, mutilated. Pronotal length: 2.30 mm (2.44 mm); maximum
width of anterior lobe: 2.04 mm (2.32 mm); maximum width of posterior lobe: 3.56 mm (4.00 mm):
Scutellar length: 1.88 mm (2.04 mm); width: 1.64 mm (1.88 mm). Total body length: 10.70 mm
(11.76mm).

Type material.-Holotype: male, Ceram Island, 1913, E. Stresemann. Deposited in The Natural
History Museum, London. Paratypes: 3 males, 2 females, same data as male holotype. Deposited in
The Natural History Museum, London, and Coleccion Nacional de Insectos (CNIN), Institute de
Biologia, UNAM, Mexico.

Discussion.-Close to S. morobe Brailovsky & Barrera (1996) described from
Papua New Guinea and Dutch New Guinea, with scutellum clearly longer than
wide, antennal segment III longer than I, frontal angles rounded and not exposed,
tylus apically globose to weakly bifid, postocular tubercle protuberant, antennif-
erous tubercle unarmed, and apical margin of endocorium impunctate. Both
species are distinguished by the shape of the male and female genitalia. In S.
cerama, recorded from the Island of Ceram, the lateral arms of the male genital
capsule are remarkably broad and elongate (Fig. 9-10), the gonocoxae I are
enlarged dorsoventrally and in lateral view uniformly convex (Fig. 15). In S.
morobe the lateral arms are elongate and relatively broad (Figs. 12-13), and the
gonocoxae I with upper third almost straight, and inner third directed outward,
and conspicuously protuberant (Fig. 14).

Etymology.-The name is derived from the type locality.

Sdophyrella submacroptera, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 8)

Description.-Male (holotype). Dorsal coloration. Head pale chestnut orange with yellow longi-
tudinal band running from antenniferous tubercle to the neck, comprising the space between eye and
ocelli, and dorsal view of postocular tubercle; antennal segments I to III ochre yellow, IV ochre yel-
low with basal third and apex dark orange brown; pronotum, including the punctures pale chestnut
orange with lateral margins of collar, anterolateral borders, external edge of humeral angles, and an
irregular spotting at calli and at middle lobe of pronotal disc yellow; clavus and corium pale chest-
nut orange; hemelytral membrane pale ambarine, with veins dark brown; connexivum dark orange
brown with posterior border yellow; dorsal abdominal segments dark orange. Ventral coloration.
Including the genital capsule pale chestnut orange on an ochre yellow background; rostral segments
I, III, and IV ochre yellow, II dark orange brown; anterior lobe of metathoracic peritreme creamy yel-
low, posterior lobe dark yellow; coxae dark chestnut brown; trochanters ochre yellow with outer mar-
gin dark brown; femora and tibiae dark chestnut orange with two yellow rings one subbasal, the other
near middle third (rings of fore femur difficult to see); tarsi dark chestnut orange with yellow reflec-
tions. Structure. Head wider than long or as long as wide; tylus unarmed, apically globose or weak-
ly bifid; antenniferous tubercle and genae unarmed; postocular tubercle protuberant, globose; ocelli
weakly raised; rostrum reaching middle third of abdominal sternite IV; pronotum bilobed; frontal

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003 127

angles round to slightly produced; humeral angles rounded, not exposed; calli convex; femora
unarmed or ventrally with few denticles; tibiae sulcate; scutellum longer than wide or as long as
wide; hemelytra submacropterus, reaching posterior border of abdominal segment VI or anterior bor-
der of VII; apical margin of endocorium impunctate. Genital capsule; Posteroventral edge with deep
U-shaped notch, enclosed by two short and stout arms; space between arms shorter than 0.40 mm
(Fig. 8).

Female. Coloration. Similar to male holotype. Connexival segments VIII and IX dark orange
brown with posterior border yellow; dorsal abdominal segments VIII and IX dark orange; genital
plates pale chestnut orange on an ochre yellow background. Structure. Genitalia: Gonocoxae I
enlarged dorsoventrally, in caudal view closed, in lateral view uniformly convex, not protruding, and
ventrally projected in a short and blunt lobe.

Measurements. Male (female). Head length: 1.52 mm (1.48 mm); width across eyes: 1.56 mm
(1.48 mm); interocular space: 0.84 mm (0.80 mm); interocellar space: 0.44 mm (0.42 mm); preocu-
lar distance: 0.92 mm (0.94 mm); antennal segments lengths: I, 1.40 mm (1.36 mm); II, 1.96 mm
(1.80 mm); III, 1.36 mm (1.24 mm); IV, 1.36 mm (1.24 mm). Pronotal length: 1.92 mm (1.76 mm);
maximum width of anterior lobe: 1.74 mm (1.84 mm); maximum width of posterior lobe: 2.76 mm
(2.64 mm): Scutellar length: 1 .32 mm ( 1 .40 mm); width: 1 .32 mm ( 1 .20 mm). Total body length: 8.82
mm (9.18 mm).

Type material. Holotype: male, Papua New Guinea, Kokoda, 1200', IV- 1933, L. E. Cheesman.
Deposited in The Natural History Museum, London. Paratypes: 1 male, 1 female, same data as male
holotype. Deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, and Coleccion Nacional de Insectos
(CNIN), Institute de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico; 2 females, Papua New Guinea, Kokoda, 1200', VI-
1933, L. E. Cheesman. Deposited in The Natural History Museum, London.

Discussion. Sciophyrella submacroptera is the only species in the genus with
submacropterous condition on the hemelytra. All the previously known species
are macropterous (Brailovsky & Barrera 1996). Like S. parva Brailovsky &
Barrera (1996) the space between the arms of the male genital capsule is less than
0.40 mm, and the maximum length of the body is less than 9.40 mm in both
sexes. In S. pan'a the posteroventral edge of the male genital capsule has a small
V-shaped notch with lateral arms conspicuously shorter (Fig. 11). In S. sub-
macroptera, the lateral arms of the male genital capsule are longer with the notch
deep and U-shaped (Fig. 8). The female genital plates of both species are simi-
lar.

Etymology.-Named for its submacropterous condition.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the following colleagues and institutions for the loan of specimens and other assistance
relevant to this study: Mick Webb (The Natural History Museum, London), Juergen Deckert (Zoolo-
gisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, Germany), and Klaus Schonitzer (Zoologische
Staatssammlung Munchen, Germany). Special thanks to Albino Luna for the dorsal view illustra-
tions.

LITERATURE CITED

Brailovsky, H. 1993. New genera and new species of Colpurini (Heteroptera: Coreidae) from the
Fiji Islands and New Guinea. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 95:435-
448.

Brailovsky, H. 2000. A revision of the Tribe Colpurini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreinae) from
Sulawesi. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 126: 175-220

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Brailovsky, H. & J. Martinez. 1994. Revision del genero Brachylybas (Hemiptera-Heteroptera:
Coreidae: Colpurini). Publicaciones Especiales, Institute de Biologia, UNAM 13:1-82.

Brailovsky, H. & E. Barrera. 1996. Revision del complejo Sciophyrus (Hemiptera: Coreidae:
Colpurini). Folia Entomol.ogica Mexicana 96: 15-106.

Brailovsky, H. & E. Barrera. 2003. A new genus and new species of Colpurini (Heteroptera:
Coreidae) from New Guinea. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 362-

372.

CORRIGENDA

On a recently published paper [Kight and Hashemi, Entomological News
114(2): 61-68], several Greek characters were misprinted. On page 63,
where it reads "Data were analyzed... with a = 0.05." it should have read
"Data were analyzed... with a= 0.05." On pages 63 and 65, several sen-
tences include an "X: " or an "X 2". In all cases, it should have been print-
ed as 2-

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 129

A NEW SPECIES OF BUSHCRICKET (ORTHOPTERA:
TETTIGONIIDAE) OF THE PALAEARCTIC GENUS
ISOPHYA (PHANEROPTERINAE) FROM TURKEY1

Hasan Sevgilr

ABSTRACT: The new bushcricket species Isophya rizeensis is described from montane forest and
subalpine zones of Mt. Kackar, Turkey. Its relation with other related members of the genus is dis-
cussed on the basis of morphological and bioacoustical traits. Data on the song and stridulatory
organs of the new species are also presented.

Key Words: Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae, Isophya, Turkey, calling song.

The genus Isophya Brunner von Wattenwyl (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) is, by
far, one of the large genus of the subfamily Phaneropterinae, containing about 90
species (Otte et al., 2004). Like the closely related largest genus Poecilimon
Fischer, Isophya species occur mainly in Southeastern Europe, Anatolia and Cau-
casica (e.g. Ramme, 1951; Bei-Bienko, 1954; Karabag, 1958; Harz, 1969; Heller
et al., 1998), many of them having very restricted ranges within this area. Turkey
was already known for a remarkably high number of Isophya species and the
majority is endemic to Anatolia (Cyplak et al., 2002; Sevgili and Heller, 2003).
All are short winged, usually green or blackish colored, living in forests (e.g. /.
redtenbacheri), forest edges (e.g. /. paveli), shrubby (e.g. /. hakkaricd) and ma-
quis vegetation (e.g. /. rodsjankoi} or steppe vegetation (e.g. /. nervosd) from sea
level to above the timberline.

The differential diagnosis of species within Isophya is based on small differ-
ences in some morphological structures, such as the pronotum, tegmina, male
cerci, the female subgenital plate, ovipositor and some morphometric characters
(e.g. Ramme, 1951; Bei-Bienko, 1954; Karabag, 1962; Sevgili and Heller, 2003).
Therefore, the acoustic signals used for mate finding and attracting behavior of
males and females can be very useful diagnostic characters as songs of closely
related species may often differ in one or more parameters (e.g. Zhantiev and
Korsunovskaya, 1986; Heller, 1988, 1990; Ragge and Reynolds, 1998; Stumpner
and Meyer, 2001; Orci et a/., 2001). Documentation of the acoustic and mating
behaviors of the numerous Isophya species is still largely incomplete. Calling
songs of Isophya species have mostly been recorded for European (Zhantiev and
Dubrovin, 1977; Heller, 1988; Ingrisch, 1991; Orci et al., 2001) and Anatolian
species (9 species) (Heller, 1988, 1990). In this paper, we describe a new species,
Isophya rizeensis, known from Camlyhemsin (Rize Prov.) in the East Black Sea
Region (Dogu Karadeniz Bolgesi) of Turkey. In addition, we present the descrip-
tion of the male calling song of the new species. This study is part of a larger
project on the systematics and calling songs of the genus Isophya in Turkey.

' Received on January 14, 2004; Accepted on March 23, 2004.

: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
E-mail: hsevgilifa'haccttepe. edu.tr.

Mailed on July 28. 2004

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

METHODS

Bush crickets. All specimens were collected from the East Black Sea Region
of Turkey. Some were preserved in alcohol, but living specimens were examined
for coloration. The type material, including holotype, examined in this study are
deposited in HUZOM (Hacettepe University, Zoology Museum, Ankara, Tur-
key). Morphological terminology follows Ramme (1951), Bei-Bienko (1954),
Harz (1969) and Sevgili and Heller (2003). Figures were drawn and measure-
ments were taken using a camera lucida attached to a stereo microscope. Mea-
surements were defined as follows: total length, the distance between the frons
and apex of abdomen (excluding ovipositor); length of pronotum (pronotal disc),
the median length of the disc from anterior to posterior margin; length of tegmi-
na, the distance between the rear margin of the pronorum to tegmen tip as viewed
laterally; length of hind femur, the greatest dimension of this structure as seen in
lateral view (excluding trochanter); length of ovipositor, the distance from the
apex of the ovipositor to the apex of the subgenital plate. Measurements are
given in mm. Stridulatory files were studied with a light microscope and a Scan-
ning Electron Microscope (SEM). For electron microscopy, the left forewing was
removed and transferred to absolute ethanol for at least 1 8 hours, cleaned using
an ultrasonic cleaner, then air-dried and mounted on a microscope stub.

Song nomenclature. Calling song, song produced by an isolated male. Syl-
lable, the sound produced by one complete up (opening) and down (closing)
stroke of the wing. Impulse, a simple, undivided, transient train of sound waves.
Syllable period (reciprocal value: syllable repetition rate), time period from the
beginning of one syllable to the beginning of the next.

Calling song. The male calling songs were recorded in the laboratory using a
Sony WM-GX688 Walkman and a stereo microphone (50 Hz to 18000 Hz) (dis-
tance to microphone about 10 cm). The calling songs of 12 males were recorded
at temperatures between 23°C and 29°C. The males and females were kept
acoustically isolated from the male being recorded. After digitising the songs on
a PC, oscillograms (after filtering) and its analysis were made using a PC and the
programs Spectra Plus, Turbolab and CoolEdit.

SYSTEMATICS

Tettigonioidea: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae: Barbitistini
Isophya Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

hophya rizeensis, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-6, 8-20, 22)

Type locality. TR. Rize Prov.- Qamlyhemsin, Meydan koyii alty, 40°54' N 40°56' E, 900 m, 23
July 2002 (Leg. H. Sevgili).

Description. Male (holotype): Fastigium of vertex (Fig. 1) produced anteriorly, lateral margins
parallel or slightly converging anteriorly, narrow, about l/3x antennal scape, with dorsal groove.

Disc of pronotum (Fig. 2) constricted in middle of length, metazona slightly wider than prozona
and with raised margins in prozona and metazona; anterior and posterior margins almost straight; in

Vol. 114, No. 3, May & June 2003 131

profile (Fig. 3), dorsal surface of pronotum distinctly concave, ventral edge of paranoia slightly con-
vex and passing acutely into hind margin of pronotum. Tegmina (Figs. 2-3) 1.2x as long as prono-
tum; maximum width of disc of left tegmen almost as wide as hind margin of pronotum; Cu2 3/4X as
long as hind margin of pronotum, not thicker than 3rd antennal segment; tegmina with dense rugose
venation; mirror almost quadrangular; costal area large with venation. Stridulatory file (Figs. 14-17)
with 77-95 teeth (n= 6) not quite reaching posterior margin of tegmen, spacing largest in mid part of
file; in ventral view slightly fusiform and arcuate, distal and proximal part of file gradually narrowed;
length of file taken as shortest distance between proximal and distal most tooth about 2.85 mm. Hind
femur about 4.25x longer than pronotum, without ventral spines.

Epiproct (Fig. 4) transverse, almost twice as wide as long, slightly concave at hind margin. Cercus
(Figs. 4-6a, b) long, very distinctly incurved in apical part; incurved part long, forming about right
angle with longitudinal axis of cercus, slightly tapering towards apex; apex pointed, ending in a dis-
tinct and black denticle on apex located somewhat dorsally. Subgenital plate (Figs. 4, 8) large and
relatively long, extending beyond middle of cerci while cerci in normal position; slightly narrowed
apically with distinct trapezoidal or rounded notch.

Coloration: Highly variable in colouration as in /. redtenbacheri (Bei-Bienko, 1954). Males be-
long to two basic colour morphs; almost black specimens were collected in lowlands (600-1000 m
altitudes), light brown or yellowish-green specimens in subalpine zones of Kackar mountains (Kac-
kar Dady). In both morphs, main colour of tegmina of male blackish or claret red in subcoastal and
radial areas including veins. Abdomen usually two light longitudinal bands dorsally; ventral surface
of abdomen yellow or red in some specimens. Apex of cercus usually black.

Female: Fastigium of vertex as in male, but slightly robust at apex. Disc of pronotum (Fig. 9)
cylindrical, slightly constricted in mesozona, prozona and metazona of equal width; in profile (Fig.
10), dorsal surface of pronotum slightly concave, metazona slightly raised; ventral edge of paranoia
convex. Tegmina (Figs. 9-10) about 0.7x as long as pronotum, wilh dense rugose venalion; stridula-
tory area of right tegmen as Fig. 1 1 .

Cercus short and conical, slightly longer than epiproct. Subgenital plate (Fig. 12a, b) wider than
long, posteriorly rounded or usually with a short median process at hind margin. Ovipositor (Fig. 13)
long and distinctly upcurved, about 2.2x as long as pronotum; upper margin with 6-8, lower margin
with 7-10 denticles at apical part. Gonangulum slightly swollen anterio-dorsally, hind margin slight-
ly convex; dorsal part narrower than ventral part; lamella folded with gonangulum forming deep
groove. Coloration similar to male, but green specimens are dominant.

Song: (12 males recorded) The male calling song produced throughout the day but mainly at
night. The song consists of two syllables (Figs. 18-20), recorded at 23-29°C. This calling song can be
heard mainly in July and August, audible at a distance of 8-10 m. The song can be formulated as
(A B) or sometimes (A B+tick or isolated impulse), repeated at very variable intervals (most-
ly 6-10 s, n= 18). "After-tick" are also usually present. The average duration of the song ranges
between 453 ± 12 ms (at 24°C) and 395 ± 7 ms (at 28-29°C). The average gaps between two sylla-
bles is about 261 ± 12 ms (at 24°C) and 199 ± 4 ms (at 29°C). The average number of impulses of
(A) first decrescendo type syllable ranges from 29 to 31. The second syllable (B) is crescendo type

and consists of 45-56 impulses. The first syllable period (A ) lasts about 334 ± 10 ms (at 24°C) and

277 ± 3 (at 28-29°C). The duration of this syllable (A) is approximately 73 ms. The mean duration of
second syllable (B) longer than first, evaluated range from 1 18 ± 7 ms (at 24°C) and 120 ± 6 ms (at
28-29°C).

Measurements (male, n= 40; female, n= 25; (mean ± SD)): Length of body: male 17.7-25 (21.6
± 0.25), female 19-23.8 (21 .7 ± 0.3); pronotum: male 3. 1 -4.2 (3.7 ± 0.04), female 3.8-4.8 (4.4 ± 0.05);
tegmina: male 3.9-5 (4.6 ± 0.03), female 2.4-3.5 (2.9 ± 0.1); hind femur: male 14.4-17(15.9 ± 0.1),
female 16-19.2 (17.5 ± 0.2); ovipositor: 9-12 (10.5 ± 0.1 ).

Material examined (52 males, including holotype, 25 females): Turkey: Holotype-male: TR.
Rize- Camlyhemsin, Meydan koyii ally 40°54' N 40°56' E, 900 m, 23 July 2002 (Leg. H. Sevgili).
Paratypes: same locality, 1 male;- Carnlyhernsin, Palovit deresi ayrymy, 40"56' N 40°58' E, 600 m,
July 23, 2002, 6 males, 2 females (4 males, I female in alcohol);- Camlyhemsin, Zilkale koyii,
Yiiksek otluklarda, 40°54' N 40°56' E, 885 m, July 24, 2002, 2 males, 1 female (1 male in alcohol);-
Camlyhemsin, Elevit, Subalpin zon, 40°51' N 4 TOO' E, 1X90 m, July 24, 2002, 8 males, 2 females (4
males in alcohol) (Leg. H. Sevgili); Rize- Meydan koyii, 1 100 m, July 18, 1991, 10 males, 2 females;

132

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

12a

Figs. 1-13. Morphological features of Isophya rizeensis n. sp. (Figs. 1-6, 8-13) and /.
redtenbacheri (Fig. 7); 1, male fastigium of vertex, dorsal view; 2, male pronotum and
tegmina, dorsal view; 3, ditto, lateral view; 4, male epiproct, cerci and subgenital plate,
dorsal view; 5, male left cercus; 6a, b, male apical parts of the cerci; 7, male left cercus
of/, redtenbacheri; 8, male subgenital plate, ventral view; 9, female pronotum and tegmi-
na, dorsal view; 10, ditto, lateral view; 11, female stridulatory area of right tegmen; 12a,
b, female subgenital plates; 13, ovipositor. Scales 1 mm.

Vol. 114. No. 3. May & June 2003

133

Figs. 14-17. Isophya rizeensis n. sp. Electron micrographs of male left tegmina. 14,
stridulatory file, ventral view, distal end to the left; 15, idem, proximal part of file; 16,
idem, distal part of file; 17, idem, mid part of file.

Rize- Cat diizii, July 13, 1991, 1 female;- Camlyhemsin, Cat-Elevit yolu, July 9, 1990, 1 male:- Cam-
lyhemsin, Cat koyii, Elevit deresi, July 16. 1991, 1 male;- Camlyhemsin, July 20, 19X9, 1 female;-
C'amlyhemsin, Cat, July 20, 1989, 3 males, 4 females;- Camlyhemsin, Vanksi yaylasy. 2150 m, July
11, 1991, 4 males, 2 females;- Camlyhemsin, Elevit yaylasy, 2400 m, July 17. 1991, 1 male (Leg. A.
Demirsoy);- Camlyhemsin, Cat-Elevit yojUi juiy 9, 1990, 4 males, 1 female;- Camlyhemsin, Cat
diizu, July 9, 1989, 2 females (Leg. S. S. Caglar);- Camlyhemsin, Cat dii/ii. July 9, 1990, 5 males, 2
females;- Camlyhemsin, Cat koyii, Vanksi yaylasy, July 9, 1990, 4 males, 2 females (Leg. S. S.
C'aglar and A. Demirsoy);- Kale- Hemsin yolu, July 10, 1991, 1 male, 1 female (Leg. A. Demirsoy)
(HUZOM).

Discussion: This new species is well characterised in the male by the stridu-
latory file and abdominal terminalia and in the female by the ovipositor. These
characters distinguish it clearly from all other described species of the genus
Isophva. I. rizeensis, I. redtenbacheri and /. gracilis are closely related species
of the amplipennis Group (/. amplipennis, I. redtenbacheri. I. rizeensis sp. n., /.

134

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

O
O

Figs. 18-21. Oscillograms at different speeds of the male calling songs of Isophya rizeesis
n. sp. (Figs. 18-20, at 24°C) and /. gracilis (Fig. 21). 18, four calling songs: 19, two call-
ing songs at higher resolution; 20, one calling song at higher resolution; 21, one calling
song of I. gracilis (reprinted from Zhantiev and Dubrovin, 1977, with the kind permission
of R. Zhantiev).

Vol. 114. No. 3. May & June 2003 135

speciosa, I. rodsjankoi, I. savignyi, I. splendida, I. uludaghensis, I. reticulata, I.
sureyai, I. gracilis, I. pylnovi, I. kalishevskii, I. caspica, I. hemiptera) exhibiting
similarities in the structure of the narrow fastigium, the concave pronotum and
tegmina having a dense rugose venation. /. rizeensis differs from /. redtenbacheri
in the larger body in both sexes, the shorter incurvate part of cerci of male (Figs.
4-5, 7) and distinctly longer ovipositor (in /. redtenbacheri, 7-8.5 mm according
to Bei-Bienko, 1954). It also differs from /. gracilis, by the thinner and longer
cerci, bigger apical denticle of cerci in male and distinctly longer ovipositor (in
/. gracilis, 7-7.5 mm according to Bei-Bienko, 1954). On the other hand, the
structure of the pronotum and tegmina of the new species is rather similar to that
of/, amplipennis, I. reticulata and /. speciosa in both sexes. /. rizeensis differs
from these species by the stridulatory file of left legmen, cerci and subgenital
plate in the male and gonangulum and lamella in the female. The stridulatory file
of the new species (with 77-95 teeth) resembles that of/, reticulata, which shows
100-122 teeth (n= 5). In contrary to fusiform file of/, rizeensis, the files of
/. amplipennis (with 80-90 teeth) and /. speciosa (with 150-180 teeth) become
gradually widened towards the distal part (see Heller, 1988).

The calling song of /. rizeensis (Figs. 1 8-20) resembles that of /. rodsjankoi
(unpublished data) and /. gracilis (Fig. 21, see Zhantiev and Dubrovin, 1977),
but some of the song parameters of/, gracilis differ from that of/, rizeensis. The
duration of first syllable in /. rizeensis is longer than that in /. gracilis. I. rizeen-
sis and /. gracilis, on the other hand, are basically similar to the durations of sec-
ond syllable, the gap between two syllables and syllable period, but the ampli-
tude modulation of the song is clearly different (for details see Zhantiev and
Dubrovin, 1977). The new species is clearly defined by its song, differing in sev-
eral characters from /. rodsjankoi. The duration of the calling song of/, rizeen-
sis is shorter than that in I. rodsjankoi. Besides, the number of impulses of sec-
ond syllable in /. rizeensis appears to be higher than in /. rodsjankoi. On the other
hand, while the song of /. rizeensis consists of two syllables, /. redtenbacheri's
song consists of only one crescendo type syllable (unpublished data).

Distribution and habitats: The range of this species covers a small area of
the East Black Sea Region of Turkey (Fig. 22): from the northern slopes of Kac-
kar mountains (between 600-2500 m altitudes) to the lowlands of Camlyhemsin
town in Rize province, a region of abundant rainfall. The distribution area of
this species is situated in the Colchic sector of Euxinian province of Euro-
Siberian phytogeographical region. Its vegetation consists of the formations of
mesophytic forests, alpine meadows and scrubs. According to our observations,
this species occurs in forest communities including ferns, glades and shrubs in
lowlands, subalpine scrubs and meadows in highlands. The new species oc-
curred syntopically with some other bushcrickets, such as Poecilimon schmidti,
P. similis, Phonochorion spp., Pholidoptera griseoaptera in lowlands and
Psorodonotus specularis and Phonochorion in subalpine and alpine zones. Its
nymphs are mainly found in the beginning of June and adults are found in July
and August.

136

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Etymology: Rize Province has many high mountains in the East Black Sea
Region of Turkey containing numerous endemic faunal and floral elements.

Fig. 22. Map of Rize Province, East Black Sea Region of Turkey. The stippled
area indicates the distribution of Isophya rizeensis n. sp.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to AH Demirsoy and Selim Siialp Caglar, Department of Biology,
Hacettepe University, for collecting a lot of specimens of the new species. I sin-
cerely thank Battal Cyplak, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, for in-
formation helpful in clarifying some taxonomic questions. I would like to thank
Dr. Klaus-Gerhart Heller for obtaining some articles. For allowing me to repro-
duce their figure, I am indebted to Dr. Rustem Zhantiev and N. N. Dubrovin.
Special thanks to Rustem Zhantiev, Department of Entomology, Moscow State
University, for permission for reproduction of figure 21 from his paper (1977).
Also, my special thanks go to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive
comments. The research was supported by the Scientific and Technical Research
Council of Turkey.

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 137

LITERATURE CITED

Bei-Bienko, G. Ya. 1954. Phaneropterinae. Fauna of the USSR, Orthoptera Vol. II, No. 2. Moskva-
Leningrad. Israel Program for Scientific Translation. Jerusalem, Israel. 1965. 381 pp.

Cyplak, B., A. Demirsoy, H. Sevgili, and Yalym, B. 2002. Tiirkiye'nin Orthoptera (Cekirgeler=
Diizkanatlylar) faunasy. //;, Demirsoy, A. (Editor). Genel Zoocografya ve Tiirkiye Zoocografyasy
"Hayvan Cografyasy." Meteksan A. S., Ankara, Tiirkiye. pp. 681-707.

Harz, K. 1969. Die Orthopteren Europas. I Series Entomologica 5. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, The

Netherlands, pp. 1-749.

Heller, K.-G. 1988. Bioakustik der europaischen Laubheuschrecken. Verlag J. Margraf. Weikers-
heim, Germany. 358 pp.

Heller, K.-G. 1990. Evolution of song pattern in east Mediterranean Phaneropterinae: constraints
by the communication system, pp. 130-151. In. Bailey W. J. and D. C. F. Rentz (Editors). The
Tettigoniidae. Biology, systematics and evolution. Springer- Verlag. Berlin, Germany. 395 pp.

Heller, K.-G., O. Korsunovskaya, D. R. Ragge, V. Vedenina, F. Willemse, R. D. Zhantiev, and
L. Frantsevich. 1998. Check-List of European Orthoptera. Articulata. Beiheft 7:1-61.

Ingrisch, S. 1991 . Taxonomie der Isophya-Arten der Ostalpen (Grylloptera: Phaneropteridae). Mit-
teilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 64:269-279.

Karabag, T. 1958. The Orthoptera fauna of Turkey (Turkiye'nin Orthoptera Faunasy). Ankara Uni-
versitesi Yayynlary, Ankara, Turkey. 198 pp. (in English and Turkish).

Karabag, T. 1962. Some new and little known Phaneropterinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Pro-
ceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 31:4-8.

Orci, K. M., G. Szovenyi, and B. Nagy. 2001. Description of the song of Isophya beybienkoi
(Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea). Biologia 56:489-495.

Otte, D., D. C. Eades, and P. Naskrecki. 2004. Orthoptera Species File Online (Version 2.1).
http://osf2.orthoptera.org/entry/OSF2Frameset.htm 10 March 2004.

Ragge, D. R. and W. J. Reynolds. 1998. The songs of the grasshoppers and crickets of western
Europe. Harley Books. Colchester, England. 591 pp.

Ramme, W. 1951. Zur Systematik, Faunistik und Biologic der Orthopteren von Sudost-Europa und
Vorderasien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 27:1-431.

Sevgili, H. and K.-G. Heller. 2003. A new species of the genus Isophya Brunner von Wattenwyl
from Turkey (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 146:39-
44.

Stumpner, A. and S. Meyer. 2001. Songs and the function of song elements in four duelling bush-
cricket species (Ensifera, Phaneropteridae, Barbitistes). Journal of Insect Behavior 14:51 1-534.

Zhantiev, R. D. and N. N. Dubrovin. 1977. Sound communication in the genus Isophya (Orth-
optera, Tettigoniidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 56:38-51.

Zhantiev, R. D. and O. S. Korsunovskaya. 1986. Sound communication in bushcrickets (Tetti-
goniidae, Phaneropterinae) of the European part of USSR. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 65:1 151-1 163.

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON MEXICAN

(COLEOPTERA: LUCANIDAE)
LUCANUS (PSEUDOLUCANUS) MAZAMA (LECONTE)1

Pedro Reyes-Castillo,2 Imelda Martinez M.,' and Maria Luisa Castillo2

ABSTRACT: Lucanus (Pseudolucanus) mazama (LeConte 1861) lives in Mexican Quercus (oak)
forests in decaying logs, where both adults and larvae are commonly found. The species is distrib-
uted in mixed pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental, in areas of the Mexican states of
Chihuahua and Sonora. The male reproductive apparatus is composed by 2 testicles, each with 12 tes-
ticular follicles, and 2 vas deferentia, 2 accessory glands, an ejaculatory bulb, and an ejaculatory duct.
In females, the reproductive apparatus consists of 2 ovaries, each with 12 ovarioles, and 2 lateral
oviducts, the common oviduct, bursa copulatrix, spermatheca with its gland, and vagina.

KEY WORDS: Lucanus (Pseudolucanus) mazama, Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Mexico.

The Lucanidae family is a relatively small group of Scarabaeoidea, distributed
widely around the world. Six Mexican species have been recorded (Maes 1992),
representing about 0.5 percent of species known worldwide. Most of these spe-
cies are endemic and known only on the basis of one or two adult specimens,
since they are often difficult to collect. Lucanus (Pseudolucanus) mazama
(LeConte 1861 ) is a Mexican stag beetle species that is large and relatively abun-
dant. Although it was described from the United States, where it is found in
Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (Maes 1992), it was recorded by
Parry (1875) in northern Mexico, in the states of Chihuahua (Bates 1889, Villada
1901) and Sonora (Benesh 1944).

Stag beetle reproductive systems have been studied in few species, most of
them European. Bordas (1900) described the reproductive apparatus of males of
Dorcus parallelipipedus (Linne 1735) and Lucanus cervus (Linne 1758); the lat-
ter was illustrated by Franciscolo (1997), as was the typical scheme of the female
Dorcinae. The only North American species known in this regard is the male L.
capreolus (Linne 1763), described by Williams (1945). In a comparative study of
the number of ovarioles (per ovary) in Scarabaeoidea, Ritcher and Baker (1974)
observe that this number varies among different subfamilies of Lucanidae, from
6-6 in Aesalinae and Platycerinae, to 12-12 in Sinodendroninae and Lucaninae.
Holloway (1960, 1998) studied numerous morphological structures of Lucanidae
adults, and, considering the complete cuticular structures of the male and female
genitalia, concluded that they "exhibit characters of high taxonomic and phylo-
genetic value."

Precise information had previously been lacking on the distribution of
Mexican L. mazama, its habits, larval development, and male and female repro-
ductive anatomy. These subjects are dealt with in the present paper.

1 Received on August 10, 2001. Accepted on November 29, 2003.

: Institute de Ecologia, A.C., Departamcnto de Biologia de Suelos, km.2.5 Carretera antigua a Coate-
pec #351, Congregacion El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. E-mails: reyespe(a'ecologia.
edu.mx, maluisac@ecologia.edu. mx, respectively.

1 Departamento de Ecologia y Comportamiento Animal. Apartado Postal No. 63. 9 1 000 Xalapa, Vera-
cruz, Mexico. E-mail: imelda@ecologia. edu.mx.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

Vol. 114, No. 3. May & June 2003 139

METHODS

This study examined 20 Mexican L. mazama adults from the collections of the
Institute de Ecologia, A.C. (IE), Xalapa, Mexico, and the Museum national
d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) Paris, France.

Sixteen third-instar larvae of L. mazama were collected on July 13, 1996, 2 km
to the south of Yepachic (Chihuahua), in a large oak (Quercus) stump, in a mixed
pine-oak forest, at an altitude of 1,660 m. The larvae were maintained alive in a
terrarium at a relative humidity of 80 percent and a temperature of 23.3°C ±3.1,
supplied with abundant wood and decaying detritus of oak and Bursera simaru-
ba, until pupation occurred and the imagos emerged.

A male that emerged November 29, 1996, was dissected June 16, 1997, and a
female that emerged November 3, 1996, was dissected November 21, 1996, to
examine their reproductive apparatus, which were maintained in Ringer saline
solution, fixed in AFATD (ethyl alcohol 96°-formaldehyde trichloroacetic acid-
dimethylsulfoxide), and stained in toto with Feulgen-green light. Some organs
were included in Celoidina*-Parafina Histosec*, and histological sections of 7um
were stained using the technique of PAS-Heidenhain hematoxylin (Martinez
1999). Cuticular structures were macerated with potassium hydroxide and
stained with chlorazol black (Carayon 1969).

The rest of the adults, two males and three females, were kept as separate
male-female pairs, in two terraria with decaying wood, at a relative humidity of
80 percent and a temperature of 25.8°C ±1.8, from February 1997 until their
deaths in May 1998. From among these insects, a male, which had emerged
November 27, 1996, was selected for dissection after it had copulated, an event
that occurred on May 15, 1998.

The anatomical terms used here to describe reproductive apparatus are those

proposed by Snodgrass (1933) and Tuxen (1970).

Material Examined. Mexico: coll. E. Borel/ 2 males (MNHN-Paris); /H6ge/ex coll. Bolieau/ 1
female (MNHN-Paris); /Hoge/ 1 male (MNHN-Paris); Chihuahua: /Santa Clara/H6ge/Ex Musaeo H.
W. Bates 1892/ 1 male, 1 female (MNHN-Paris); /Santa Clara/H6ge/ex coll. Bolieau/ 1 male
(MNHN-Paris); Chihuahua: 2 km south of Yepachic, 13-VII-1996, P. Reyes and D. W. Edmonds,
coll./ altitude 1 ,660 m, mixed pine-oak forest, in a decaying oak log/ 2 males, 3 females, 5 third-instar
larvae (lE-Mex); 2 km south of Yepachic, 12-VI1-1996, P. Reyes and D. W. Edmonds, coll. /altitude
1,660 m, mixed pine-oak forest, in a rotting oak log/ Imale pupa, 1 female pupa, and 3 males and 4
females that emerged in the laboratory during October and November, 1996 (lE-Mex); Sonora:
/Yecora/15-VII-1966/P. Reyes and W. D. Edmonds, coll./altitude 1,400 m, by light, between 21:00
and 23:30 hours/ 1 male (lE-Mex); /Puerto de La Cruz, 10 km east of Yecora/17-VII-1996/P. Reyes,
coll./altitude 1,770 m, in a rotting oak log/1 adult remains, 1 third-instar larva (lE-Mex).

RESULTS

Distribution and habits. On the dates indicated above, adult males and
females and larvae were collected from decaying oak (Quercus spp.) stumps and
logs that are found in mixed pine-oak forests between the altitudes of 1 ,400 and
1,770 m in the Sierra Madre Occidental, in the states of Chihuahua and Sonora.
One male adult was attracted by light in July. On being collected, adults showed
thanatosis and the larvae stridulated.

140

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

t •

Fig. 1 . Scheme of male Pseudolucanus mazama reproductive apparatus (ag, accessory
gland; cw, cuticular wall of the ejaculatory duct; eb, ejaculatory bulb; ed, ejaculatory duct;
mw, external muscular wall of the ejaculatory duct; te, testis; tf, testicular follicle; vd, vas
deferens).

Of a total 16 third-instar larvae maintained live in the laboratory (at a relative
humidity of 80 percent and temperature of 23.3°C ± 3. 1 1 ), 7 died, while 9 devel-
oped to the pupa stage; of the latter, 7 reached the adult stage (3 males and 4
females). The larvae remained buried the entire time, active in the wood and
decaying detritus that served them as both food and substrate. Pupation occurred
in the detritus, apparently without construction of a cocoon. In 5 larvae, the pre-
pupa-pupa period lasted from 5 to 8 days. In 7 larvae, the period from pupa to

Vol. 1 14, No. 3. May & June 2003

141

adult lasted between 31 and 35 days. Adults showed surprising longevity in the
laboratory (maintained at a relative humidity of 80 percent and temperature of
25.8°C ± 1 .8), up to 18 months, during which time they showed little activity and
almost no feeding. In early May 1998, one pair appeared to be preparing to mate
and the female fed on dead wood. The adults spent most of their time buried
between the terrarium floor and the bottom of the decaying log.

Male reproductive system. The male reproductive system consists of 2
testes, each with 12 testicular follicles, and 2 vas deferentia, 2 accessory glands,
an ejaculatory bulb, and an ejaculatory duct (Fig. 1).

The reproductive structures of a young male that had emerged six and a half
months prior to study and which was dissected on June 16, 1997, were sur-
rounded by abundant fat-body and tracheoles. In contrast, the male dissected 1 8
months after emergence, on May 15, 1998, did not show similar fat-body mate-
rial, but did show abundant tracheoles, and its testicular follicles were smaller
than those of the younger male.

Testicular follicles of both younger and older males were free, without a cov-
ering membrane, and spherical, though slightly flattened in the dorsoventral
direction. In histological observation, the follicles are radial. In the young male,
the testes were immature, showing only primary and secondary spermatocyte
cysts, and not fully developed spermatozoa. In the 18-month-old male that had
copulated shortly before dissection, the histological structure of the testicular fol-
licles showed degenerating cysts without a trace of spermatozoa (Fig. 2). Most
likely, spermatogenesis had not occurred, and copulation had not been function-
al.

A relatively long vas efferens emerges from each testicular follicle. All the vas
efferentia flow into the vas deferens of their respective testicle. The vas deferen-
tia show three different regions: a straight region on leaving the follicles, a volu-

Fig. 2. Microphotographs of histological sections of Pseudolucanus mazanui testicular
ollicles: (A) in a recently emerged male, (B) in a male one year after emergence (c, cysts;
g, germanium; ts, testicular septa; ve, vas efferens). The same scale is used in both photo-
graphs.

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

minous region in which they curl around themselves, and an enlarged region that
narrows near emergence in the ejaculatory bulb.

The accessory glands are tubiform, relatively long, and rolled around them-
selves. They both discharge, parallel to the vas deferentia, in the anterior part of
the ejaculatory bulb.

The ejaculatory bulb is very small and thick, almost spherical. It is formed of
a relatively thick cuticular intima, surrounded by a muscular cloak that is not
very thick. The 2 vas deferentia and 2 accessory glands open into the anterior
region of the ejaculatory bulb. The ejaculatory duct emerges from the ejaculato-
ry bulb's posterior region.

The ejaculatory duct is very long and has two distinct regions of about the
same length. The anterior part, emerging from the ejaculatory bulb, has a cutic-
ular intima covering the duct and a thick muscular wall toward the exterior. The
posterior section narrows; while the interior diameter of the duct remains the
same as in the anterior region, the duct's muscular wall here is much thinner. This
posterior section gives into the aedeagus, which has a permanently everted inter-
nal sac with a long terminal flagellum.

Female reproductive system. The female reproductive system is formed of
two ovaries, each with 12 ovarioles, and two lateral oviducts, a common oviduct,
the bursa copulatrix, spermatheca with its gland, and vagina (Fig. 3).

The entire reproductive apparatus is surrounded with abundant fatty material
and numerous tracheoles, to such a degree that during dissection it was difficult
to distinguish the different structures. These structures became clearer after being
stained in toto with Feulgen-green light, or after maceration and staining of the
cuticular structures with chlorazol black.

The female studied had recently emerged and was immature. Each telotrophic
ovariole presented a germarium, a vitellarium without oocytes, and a long pedi-
cel (Fig. 4). The pedicels of the ovarioles of each ovary ended in a calix. In each
ovary, the ovarioles and calix were enveloped in a membrane. Each ovary's calix
continued until it met the corresponding lateral oviduct. Both lateral oviducts ter-
minated in the common oviduct, which was relatively long and surrounded by
abundant muscular tissue, and which terminated in the vagina.

The spermatheca was a large, sclerotized structure, formed by the spermathe-
cal capsule, a duct, and a gland. The spermathecal capsule was heavily sclero-
tized and surrounded by abundant glandular tissue. The cuticular spermathecal
duct was surrounded by a thick coat of muscular tissue that emerged from the
base of the capsule. The duct's posterior region was thicker and had a folded
wall, joining the anterior part of the vagina between the common oviduct and the
bursa copulatrix. The spermathecal gland was cuticular and surrounded by glan-
dular tissue that was not very thick; the gland's duct was short, ending in the base
of the spermathecal capsule.

The bursa copulatrix had a highly folded cuticular intima, surrounded by a
muscular wall. Before terminating in the anterior part of the vagina, the posted-

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003

143

v u

Fig. 3. Scheme of female Pseudolucanus mazama reproductive apparatus (be, bursa cop-
ulatrix; ca, calix; ci, cuticular intima seen through the muscular wall; co, common
oviduct; g, germarium; gt, glandular tissue covering the spermathecal capsule; lo, lateral
oviduct; mw, muscular wall; ov, ovary; p, pedicel; sc, spermathecal capsule; sg, sper-
mathecal gland; sp, spermatheca; sd, spermathecal duct; v, vagina; vu, vulva).

or section of the bursa copulatrix leaned against the base of the spermathecal
duct. At this point, these two structures were enveloped by the same coat of mus-
cular tissue.

The vagina's cuticular intima was highly folded and surrounded by a thick
coat of muscular tissue. The vagina comprised two different regions. The anteri-
or section was bulky. The common oviduct joined this section toward its begin-
ning, while the bursa copulatrix and the spermatheca joined this section lateral-

144

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

SOOjum

UN.

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Pseudolucanus mazama ovarioles: (A) in toto, (B) in a his-
tological section (g, germarium; vi, vitellarium; p, pedicel). The same scale is used in both
photographs.

ly. The posterior part of the vagina was straight, terminating in a vulva that
opened to the exterior.

DISCUSSION

Lucanus mazama belongs to a genus with wide holarctic and oriental distri-
bution. The genus's 63 species include 5 known in North America; of these, L.
mazama alone reaches the north of Mexico (Maes 1992). L. mazama distribution
in Mexico occurs in woods of boreal origin, a mix of pine and oak, in the Sierra
Madre Occidental. The species maintains holarctic affinities, being adapted to
colder weather, and in the Mexican zone of transition shows a nearctic dispersal
pattern (sensu Halffter 1976).

In Mexico, L. mazama lives in rotting stumps and logs, with a preference for
oak (Quercus spp.). Both adults and larvae are commonly found in these habi-
tats. The adults are sometimes attracted to light. These characteristics are shared
by two related North American species, L. capreolus and L. placidus (Say 1825)
(Ritcher 1966, Mathieu 1969), though the larvae of these two latter species
appear more polyphagous. The surprising longevity found in nonfeeding L.
mazama adults — 18 months in the laboratory — contrasts with the longevity of L.

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 145

capreolus, which has been observed to live in the laboratory for just 3 months
with a diet of sugared water provided through a piece of cotton (Mathieu 1969).

The present study provides the first complete description of I. mazama repro-
ductive apparatus, both male and female.

In the male, the reproductive anatomy resembles that of L. capreolus, studied
by Williams (1945), with equal numbers of testicular follicles (12-12), and also
that of I. cervus, which has 10-10 testicular follicles, and of Dorcus parallelip-
ipedus, which has from 10-10 to 12-12 testicular follicles, as studied by Bordas
(1900). These two authors described seminal vesicles in these species, but in L.
mazama we observed no dilation of the vas deferentia that would respond to such
seminal vesicles. Lack of seminal vesicles is a common characteristic of other
Scarabaeoidea species, notably those of the dung beetle subfamilies (Pluot-Sig-
walt and Martinez 1998). The aedeagus of L. mazama agrees with that of other
Lucaninae (Holloway 1960) in having a permanently everted internal sac and
basal piece that does not surround the median lobe. The permanently everted
internal sac in L. mazama terminates in a long flagellum.

We have no detailed description of female reproductive anatomy in Lucanidae
species, except the general scheme of Dorcinae put forward by Franciscolo
(1997). This scheme is generally consistent with our observations on L. mazama,
which shows 12-12 ovarioles, the same number found by Ritcher and Baker
(1974) in a female of this species from Arizona, in Sinodendron nigosum Man-
nerheim 1843, and in other Scarabaeoidea (Rutelinae and Cetoniinae).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank W. David Edmonds, who provided valuable assistance with field work. We are espe-
cially grateful to Berveley A. Holloway and Luca Bartolozi for a review of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Bates, H. W. 1889. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera, Lucanidae, Passalidae. Sup-
plement vol. 2, part 2, 337-416.

Benesh, B. 1944. A new Dorcus from Mexico (Coleop.: Lucanidae). Entomological News
55(2):45-47.

Bordas, L. 1900. Recherches sur les organes reproducteurs males des Coleopteres. Annales des
Sciences naturelles, Zoologie et Biologic 1 1:283-448.

Carayon, J. 1969. Emploi du noir chlorazol en anatomic microscopique des insectes. Annales de la
Societe Entomologique de France (nouvelle serie) 5(1):179-193.

Franciscolo, ML E. 1997. Fauna d' Italia. Vol. XXXV. Coleoptera Lucanidae. Edizioni Calderini,
Bologna, Italia, xi + 228 pp.

Halfftcr, G. 1976. Distribucion de los insectos en la zona de transicicSn mexicana. Relaciones con
la entomofauna de Norteamerica. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 35:1-64.

Holloway, B. A. 1960. Taxonomy and phylogeny in the Lucanidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Records
of the Dominion Museum 3(4):32 1-365.

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Holloway, B. A. 1998. A re-valuation of the genera of New Zeland aesaline stag beetles (Cole-
optera: Lucanidae). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28(4):64 1-656.

LeConte, J. L. 1861. New species of Coleoptera inhabiting the Pacific district of the United States.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 13:338-359.

Maes, J-M. 1992. Lista de los Lucanidae (Coleoptera) del mundo. Revista Nicaragiiense de
Entomologia 22: 1 - 1 2 1 .

Martinez, M. I. 1999. Estudio de la anatomia microscopica en insectos: tecnicas basicas. Folia
Entomologica Mexicana 105:65-76.

Mathieu, J. M. 1969. Mating behaviour of five species of Lucanidae (Coleoptera: Insecta).
Canadian Entomologist 101(10): 1054- 1062.

Parry, F. J. S. 1875. Catalogus Coleopterorum Lucanidorum. 3rd ed. E. W. Jason, London. 29 pp.

Pluot-Sigwalt, D. and I. Martinez M. 1998. Anatomie morpho-fonctionnelle de 1'appareil genital
male des Coleopteres Scarabaeoidea coprophages: donnees comparatives. Annies de la Societe
Entomologique de France (nouvelle serie) 34(4):4 19-444.

Ritcher, P. O. 1966. White grubs and their allies. A study of North American scarabaeoid larvae.
Oregon State Monographs. Studies in Entomology. 219 pp.

Ritcher, P. O. and C. W. Baker. 1974. Ovariole numbers in Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera: Lucanidae,
Passalidae, Scarabaeidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 76(4):480-
494.

Snodgrass, R. E. 1933. Morphology of the insect abdomen. Part II. The genital ducts and the ovipo-
sition. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 89(8):1-148.

Tuxen, S. L. 1970. Taxonomist's glossary of genitalia in insects. Munksgaard, Copenhagen. 359 pp.

Villada, M. M. 1901. Catalogo de la coleccion de coleopteros mexicanos del Museo Nacional, for-
mada y clasificada por el Dr. D. Eugenio Duges. (Salon de Entomologia). 2nd ed. Museo
Nacional, Mexico. 148 pp. + 12 figs.

Williams, J. L. 1945. The anatomy of the internal genitalia of some Coleoptera. Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Washington 47(4):73-91.

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 147

IMMATURE STAGES OF SINOPLA PERPUNCTATUS

(HETEROPTERA: ACANTHOSOMATIDAE)

FROM ARGENTINA1

P. Martinez,2 P. M. Dellape,2 M. del C. Coscaron,2 and H. Giganti1

ABSTRACT: The five instars of the acanthosomatid Sinopla perpunctatus are described and illus-
trated. Descriptions include morphological and morphometric characters of specimens from Neuquen
(Argentina) collected on Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae).

KEY WORDS: Sinopla perpunctatus, Heteroptera, Acanthosomatidae, immature stages, Argentina.

The family Acanthosomatidae, a member of the superfamily Pentatomoidea,
contains about 180 species in 45 genera (Kumar, 1974; Rolston and Kumar,
1974). Its geographic range is mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, but it does
extend north into Europe, Asia, and North America. The genus Sinopla Signoret
1863 belongs to the Blaudisinae, a subfamily that occurs in South America,
South Africa, and Australia, with one genus recorded from Madagascar. Sinopla
perpunctatus is restricted to the southern portion of the Western Hemisphere
(Chile and Argentina). Little is known about the biology of most austral species
(Schuh and Slater, 1995). Recently, Carter and Hoebeke (2003) described in
detail the seasonal history and duration of the immature stages of Elasmostethus
atricornis Van Duzee, which is distributed in the Palaeartic, Oriental, and Au-
stralian Regions extending to the Neartic. Maternal care of eggs and young
nymphs has been mentioned only for Neartic and Paleartic species. (Bequaert,
1935). In this contribution, we describe the five nymphal instars of Sinopla per-
punctatus Signoret.

METHODS

We studied a total of 21 specimens from Neuquen (Argentina), collected on
Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae), a genus distributed in the southernmost regions of the
Western Hemisphere (34°S to Tierra del Fuego). The material was preserved in
75 percent ethanol. Terminology used for morphology follows that of Miller
(1971) and Decoursey and Esselbaugh (1962). Measurements are given in mil-
limeters. Illustrations were made with a drawing tube on a Wild M-stereomicro-
scope. Scanning electron micrographs were made from specimens mounted on
stubs, sputter-coated with a gold palladium alloy, and studied with a JEOL T-100
SEM. The studied material is deposited in the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de
La Plata (Argentina).

' Received on May 16, 2001. Accepted on March 10. 2004.

Departamento Cientifico de Entomologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Paseo del
Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mails of MCC: coscaronu/ netverk.com. ar, mchinchesu/
yahoo.com.

'Facultad de C's. Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, C. C. 85 - 8303 Cinco Saltos, Rio
Negro, Argentina.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

DESCRIPTIONS

First instar (Fig. 1 ). Total length 2.00 (n= 1 ). Length of head 0.47, width 0.48. Head dark brown
dorsally, reddish posteriorly, brown ventrally; setae short, sparced. Clypeus and jugae dark brown.
Clypeus broadly surpassing jugae. Eyes prominent, rounded; red, whitish posteriorly. Width of eye
0.48, interocular space 0.32. Rostrum brown, surpassing mesocoxae. Rostral length 0.88, ratio of seg-
ment lengths approximately 1: 1.66: 1.55: 1.66. Antennae brown, yellowish at the base and apex of
the articulations; setose, abundant distally. Antennal length 0.684, ratio of segment lengths approxi-
mately 1, 1.56: 1.14: 2.14. Pronotum dark brown with median sulcus pale; length 0.22, width 0.53;
rectangular. Meso and metanotum dark brown. Pale brown ventrally. Legs pale; setae short, abundant
on tarsi and tibiae. Abdominal length 1.05, width 0.92. Abdomen pale brown, dorsally tinged with
red and two large red spots medially; plates as in Figure 1 . Pale brown ventrally, tinged with red; last
segments with a brown spot medially.

Second instar (Fig. 2). Total length 3.50 (n= 1). Length of head 0.92, width 1.03. Head brown
dorsally, pale brown medially and ventrally; setae short, sparced. Clypeus and jugae pale brown. Eyes
prominent, rounded; red, whitish posteriorly. Width of eye 0. 15, interocular space 0.73. Rostrum pale
brown, segment I laterally and segment IV darker; surpassing metacoxae. Rostral length 2.18, ratio
of segment lengths of ca. 1:1.42:1.34:1.27. Antennae brown, yellowish at articulations; setose, more
abundant distally. Antenna 1.95 long, ratio of segment lengths ca. 1: 2.34: 2.07: 2.40. Pronotum
brown, with median sulcus pale; length 0.40, width 1.28; rectangular, with posterior borders round-
ed; setae sparced. Wing pad length 0.52. Wing pad and area between brown. Sternum pale brown.
Legs brown; setae short, abundant on tarsi and tibiae. Abdominal length 1.67, width 1.52. Abdomen
dorsally pale brown, tinged with red and red spots; dorsal plates as in Figure 2; pale brown ventral-
ly, external fringe reddish; setae median, sparced.

Third instar (Fig. 3). Total length 3.70-4.11 (mean = 3.91) (n= 10). Length of head 0.83-1.00
(mean = 0.92), width 1.07-1.13 (mean = 1.09). Head brown dorsally (in some specimens dark
brown), pale brown medially, forming v-shaped mark; pale brown ventrally; with sparced and short
setae. Jugae pale brown, darker laterally. Clypeus pale brown (in some specimens dark brown).
Labrum dark brown. Eyes prominent, rounded; red, whitish posteriorly. Width of eye 0. 1 7-0. 1 8
(mean = 0.18), interocular space 0.73-0.77 (mean = 0.75). Rostrum pale brown (in some specimens
dark brown), segment I laterally and distally and segment IV darker; reaching the metacoxae. Rostral
length 1.90-2.07 (mean = 2.00), ratio of segment lengths ca. 1: 1.32: 1.38: 1.20. Antennae brown (in
some specimens dark brown), creamy at articulations; segment IV fusiform; setose, distally abun-
dant. Antennal length 1.62-2.07 (mean =: 1.90), ratio of segment lengths ca. 1: 2.86: 2.32:
2. 41. Pronotum brown (in some specimens dark brown) with median sulcus pale; length 0.40-0.47
(mean = 0.44), width 1.28-1.65 (mean = 1.42); rectangular, with their posterior borders rounded;
humeral angles projected laterally (Fig. 3); setae median, sparced. Wing pad length 0.42-0.60 (mean
= 0.53); brown (in some specimens dark brown); setae median, sparced. Sternum pale brown, tinged
with red ventrally. Legs pale brown to dark brown; setae short and median, abundant on tarsi and tib-
iae. Abdominal length 1.75-2.23 (mean = 2.00), width 1.17-2.53 (mean = 1.92). Abdomen globose;
dorsally pale brown, tinged with red and red spots; dorsal plates as in Figure 3. Pale brown ventral-
ly, fringe lateral reddish; spiracles present on segments 2 to 8 laterally; setae median, sparced.

Fourth instar (Fig. 4). Total length 4.11-5.44 (mean = 4.89) (n= 8). Length of head 1.00-1.33
(mean = 1.18), width 1.33-1.60 (mean = 1.49). Head brown dorsally; laterally, with a dark spot
behind the eyes; pale brown ventrally; setae short, sparced. Clypeus pale brown, tinged with red,
whitish distally. Juga pale brown tinged with red, dark brown laterally. Labrum dark brown. Eyes red;
rounded, prominent. Width of eye 0.20-0.30 (mean = 0.26), interocular space 0.92-1.05 (mean =
0.97). Rostrum pale brown, darker at apex; reaching the metacoxae. Rostral length 2.28-3.23 (mean
= 2.71), ratio of segment lengths ca. 1: 1.51: 1.40: 1.21. Antennae dark brown, yellowish at the artic-
ulations; setose, distally abundant. Antennal length 2.42-3.05 (mean = 2.71), ratio of segment lengths
ca. 1: 3.00: 2.37: 2.67. Pronotum dark brown, median sulcus pale; length 0.63-0.92 (mean = 0.74),
width 1.07-2.53 (mean = 2.16); punctuate; anterolateral angles projected laterally; setae short,
sparced. Meso- and metatergum dark brown, median sulcus pale; punctate; setae short, sparced. Wing
pad length 0.92-1.23 (mean = 1.08); dark brown; punctuate; setae median, sparced. Ventrally pale
brown, tinged with red; prosternum with two red spots antero-laterally. Legs pale brown, femora and
tarsi darker; setae short and median, longer on tibiae; abundant on tarsi and tibiae. Mid tarsi and pul-
villi and parempodia as seen in Figures 6-7 respectively. Abdominal length 1 .68-2.53 (mean = 2.2 1 ),
width 2.27-3.03 (mean = 2.57). Abdomen red, tinged with pale brown dorsally; medially with dark

Vol. 114. No. 3, May & June 2003

149

v£^x

Figs. 1-5: 1, First instar. 2, Second instar. 3, Third instar. 4, Fourth instar.
5, Fifth instar. Scale line: 1 mm.

plates arranged as in the Figure 4; pale brown ventrally, margin narrowly reddish, with brown spots
on the distal segments; setae median, sparced.

Fifth instar (Fig. 5). Total length 6.96 (n= 1). Length of head 1.29, width 2.00. Head brown,
tinged with red in the vertex; redline ocelli present; outer posterior margin of eyes dark brown; pale
brown ventrally, with two reddish bands laterally; setae short and median, sparced. Jugae laterally
dark brown and mesially reddish; ventrally with a dark fringe. Clypeus reddish, distally whitish.
Labrum dark brown; setae short. Eyes prominent, rounded; red, posteriorly whitish. Width of eye
0.18, interocular space 0.47. Rostrum pale brown; segment I basally tinged with red; reaching the
metacoxae. Rostral length 3.45, ratio of segment lengths ca. 1: 1.56: 1.36: 1.12. Antennae pale brown,
segments I and II tinged with pale red; setae sparced on segments I and II, abundant and thinner on
segments III and IV. Antenna 3.67 long, ratio of segment lengths ca. I: 3.50: 2.66: 2.50. Pronotum

150

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figs. 6-7. Scanning electron micrographs. Fourth instar: 6. Tarsi x 150;
7. Pretarsi (pulvillus, parempodia, and claws), x 350.

pale brown, tinged with red; median sulcus pale; length 1.00, width 3.48; punctate; setae short and
median, sparced. Meso- and metatergum pale brown, median sulcus pale; punctate; setae median.
Area between wing pad pale brown, tinged with red; punctate. Ventrally pale brown, tinged with red;
prosternum with two red spots antero-laterally. Wing pad length 2.87; pale brown, reddish laterally,
mesially dark brown; punctate; setae short and median, sparced. Legs pale; pretarsus dark brown dis-
tally; setae short and median, sparced, abundant on tarsi and tibiae. Abdominal length 2.85, width
4.43. Abdomen pale brown, dorsally tinged with red and whitish areas; dorsal and lateral plates dark.
Ventrally pale brown, with narrow reddish margin, surrounded by whitish spots; spiracle 2 to 8 lat-
eral; setae long, sparced.

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003 151

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We express our gratitude to Dr. Richard C. Froeschner (National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC) for reading the manuscript. This work was supported by
the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), National Geographic
Grant N° 7104-01 and the Universidad de La Plata, Argentina.

LITERATURE CITED

Bequaert, J. 1935. Presocial behavior among the Hemiptera. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomolog-
ical Society 30: 177-191.

Carter, M. E. and E. R. Hoebeke. 2003. Biology and seasonal history of Elasmotethus atricornis
(Van Duzze) (Hemiptera: Acanthosomatidae), with descriptions of the immature stages and notes
on Pendergrast organs. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105(3):525-534.

Decoursey, R. M. and C. O. Esselbaugh. 1962. Descriptions of the nymphal stages of some North
American Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of
America 55:323-341.

Kumar, R. 1974. A revision of world Acanthosomatidae (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): keys to and
descriptions of subfamilies, tribes, and genera, with designation of types. Australian Journal of
Zoology. Supplemental Series N° 34:1-60.

Miller, N. C. E. 1971. The Biology of the Heteroptera. 2nd. ed., rev. E.W. Classey, Limited. Hamp-
ton, Middlesex, England, xiii + 206 pp.

Rolston, L. H. and R. Kumar. 1974. Two new genera and two new species of Acanthosomatidae
(Hemiptera) from South America, with a key to the genera of the Western Hemisphere. Journal
of the New York Entomological Society 82:271-278.

Schuh, R. T. and J. A. Slater. 1995. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): Classifi-
cation and Natural History. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. i-xii, pp. 1-337.

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

GYNANDROMORPHISM IN POLLINATING FIG WASPS
(HYMENOPTERA: AGAONIDAE)1

R. A. S. Pereira,2 A. P. Prado,1 and F. Kjellberg4

ABSTRACT: Gynandromorph specimens of pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) are
reported for the first time. Gynandromorph individuals of Pegoscapus tonditzi (pollinator of Ficus
citrifolia - Moraceae) and Blastophaga psenes (pollinator of F. carica) were found in galls from
which insects had not emerged. P. tonditzi gynandromorph specimens showed female and male tis-
sues distributed in a mosaic over all parts of the body, but with the genitalia predominantly mascu-
line, while in B. psenes the individuals had a female front part and a male hind part. The presence of
gynanadromorphs at low frequencies in two species suggests that they may also occur in other fig
wasp species, but their occurrence is not noticed because of their low frequency and because it is nec-
essary to crack open the closed galls to find these insects.

KEY WORDS: Agaonidae, pollinating fig wasps, Hymenoptera, gynandromorphism.

Gynandromorphism is described as the simultaneous presence within the
same organism of genotypically and phenotypically male and female tissues
(Lauge 1985). Gynandromorph forms have been described in several orders of
arthropods (Martini et al. 1999). In Hymenoptera, this phenomenon is described
within some families, such as, Anthophoridae (Urban 1999), Apidae (Gordh and
Gulmahamad 1975), Chalcididae (Haltead 1988), Diprionidae (Martini et al.
1999), Formicidae (Jones and Phillips Jr. 1985), Halictidae (Nilsson 1987),
Scelionidae (Huggert 1977) and others cited by Nilsson (1987).

The origin of this phenomenon is not completely known, but it is generally at-
tributed to developmental anomalies. Nilsson (1987) discusses some possible
causes of gynandromorphism in haplodiploid insects such as hymenopterans: 1)
eggs that contain two nuclei and the fertilization of only one of these may pro-
duce a gynandromorph; 2) polyspermy, by which one sperm may fertilize the egg
while a nucleus from a supernumerary sperm may give rise to haploid cells in the
embryo and thus a gynandromorph; 3) accidental meiosis giving rise to haploid
cells in a diploid embryo; 4) the opposite event giving rise to diploid cells from
haploid ones and 5) accidental loss of sex-determining loci.

Feininization mediated by Wolbachia in genetically male individuals, although
not known in Hymenoptera (Cook and Butcher 1999), deserves more studies.
Feminization due to Wolbachia infection is known in Isopoda (Rigaud and
Juchault 1993) and was recently reported in Lepidoptera (Hiroki et al. 2002, Ka-
geyama et al. 2002). In Isopoda, Wolbachia-mediated feminization leads to the
production of gynandromorph phenotypes (Rigaud and Juchault 1993). In Dip-
tera, Wolbachia infections may be distributed throughout somatic tissues (Dobson

1 Received on December 20, 2002. Accepted on January 26, 2004.

:FFCLRP-USP. Departamento de Biologia, CEP 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto/SP, Brazil. E-mail:
raspereira(a)yahoo.com.br.

'Unicamp. Depto. de Parasitologia, CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas/SP, Brazil. E-mail:
apprado(«>unicamp.br.

4CEFE-CNRS (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive), Montpellier, France. E-mail:
kjellberg(a>cefe.cnrs_mop.fr.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003

153

et al. 1999); thus, in haplodiploid organisms like Hymenoptera, feminization
associated with infection of somatic tissues could produce a gynandromorph.

The genus Ficus (Moraceae) is pollinated by tiny species-specific pollinating
wasps belonging to the family Agaonidae (Ramirez 1970, Wiebes 1979, Herre et
al. 1996). Agaonids show a strong sexual dimorphism, with winged females and
wingless pale brown males (Figure 1 A-B). Sex-determination is haplodiploid,
males developing from unfertilized eggs and females from fertilized ones (Cook
1993).

Figure 1. Pegoscapus tonditii pollinator of Ficus citri folia. Normal female and male: A-
B. Gynandromorph individuals: C - specimen 1 (dorsal), D - specimen 2 (dorsal), E-F -
specimen 3 (laterals), ft = female tissue, mt = male tissue, w = wing. B-F at the same scale.
Scales = 1mm.

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Among non-pollinating fig wasps, gynandromorphism was described in the
genus Psenobolus (Ichneumonoidea, Braconidae) (Ramirez and Marsh 1996)
and the gynandromorph specimen helped to associate female and male forms
classified before as different species due to the accentuated sexual dimorphism.
However, this phenomenon is not described in the literature for fig wasp species
belonging to the superfamily Chalcidoidea that includes pollinating fig wasps.

Six gynandromorph specimens of the pollinating species, Pegoscapus tonduzi,
were found in crops of two trees of Ficus citri folia sampled during August 2001
in the surroundings of the Campinas State University campus, Brazil (22° 54'S,
47° 03'W). Twenty-five syconia of each tree were sampled near the wasp emer-
gence phase before any wasps had left the fruit. Each syconium was placed indi-
vidually in a plastic flask, and all the wasps were allowed to emerge before being
frozen. The gynandromorph individuals were found in galls from which insects
had not emerged, suggesting these insects had some viability problems. Gynan-
dromorph specimens showed female and male tissues distributed in a mosaic
over all parts of the body, but with genitalia predominantly masculine (Figure 1
C-F). The external morphology presented female or male traits according to the
predominance of female or male tissues respectively, including the development
of wings in these thorax parts with female tissues (Figure 1 F).

This phenomenon seems to be rare, since only six gynandromorph individuals
were observed in approximately 600 syconia or 14,000 males assessed during the
five-year study. Another interesting point is that all the gynandromorph individ-
uals were found in two samples at the same period of the year, suggesting per-
haps an environmental factor, such as low temperatures, could cause develop-
mental interferences in these insects. Gynandromoiphism was also observed,
though in a slightly different form in Blastophaga psenes, the wasp pollinating
F. carica. In 1984, four gynandromorphic individuals were observed in a sample
of 127 syconia containing 3,312 males. They were all in non-exited galls, sug-
gesting again a lack of viability. In B. psenes, the individuals had a female front
part and a male hind part. Three were found on one tree within the same crop that
matured in May (two in the same syconium), while the fourth was observed on
another tree in a crop that matured in July. No gynandromorphic male was
observed in other years of sampling.

The presence of gynanadromorphs at low frequencies in two species suggests
that they may occur in other fig wasp species, but their occurrences is not noticed
because of their low frequency and because it is necessary to crack open the
closed galls to find these insects. More studies will be necessary to elucidate the
factors that lead to the development of gynandromorph fig wasp individuals.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank J. Cook, S. A. West, and two anonymous referees for the critical review of the manu-
script. R. A. S. Pereira was supported by Fapesp (studentship no: 98/05067-4).

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003 155

LITERATURE CITED

Cook, J. M. 1993. Sex determination in the Hymenoptera: a review of models and evidence. Here-
dity 71:421-435.

Cook, J. M. and R. D. J. Butcher 1 999. The transmission and effects of Wolbachia bacteria in par-
asitoids. Researches on Population Ecology 41:15-28.

Dobson, S. L., K. Bourtzis, H. R. Braig, B. F. Jones, W. G. Zhou, F. Rousset, and S. L. O'Neill.

1999. Wolbachia infections are distributed throughout insect somatic and germ line tissues.
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 29:153-160.

Gordh, G. and H. Gulmahamad. 1975. A bilateral gynadromorphic Xylocopa taken in California
(Hymenoptera: Apidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 77:269-273.

Haltead, J. A. 1988. A gynandromorph of Hockeria rubra (Ashmead)(Hymenoptera: Chalcididae).
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 90:258-259.

Herre, E. A., C. A. Machado, E. Bermingham, J. D. Nason, D. M. Windsor, S. S. McCafferty,
W. Van-Houten, and K. Bachmann. 1996. Molecular phytogenies of figs and their pollinator
wasps. Journal of Biogeography 23:521-530.

Hiroki, M., Y. Kato, T. Kamito, and K. Miura. 2002. Feminization of genetic males by a symbi-
otic bacterium in a butterfly, Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Naturwissenschaften
89:167-170.

Huggert, L. 1977. Three gynandromorphic specimens of Idris piceiventris (Kieffer) (Hymenoptera,
Proctotrupoidea: Scelionidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 8:158-160.

Jones, S. R. and S. A. Phillips Jr. 1985. Gynandromorphism in the ant Pheidole dentata Mayr (Hy-
menoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 87: 583-586.

Kageyama, D., G. Nishimura, S. Hoshizaki, and Y. Ishikawa. 2002. Feminizing Wolbachia in an
insect, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae). Heredity 88:444-449.

Lauge, G. 1 985. Sex determination: Genetic and epigenetic factors. In, Comprehensive insect phys-
iology biochemistry and pharmacology, vol. 1. Embryogenesis and reproduction. G. A. Kerkut
and L. L. Gilbert (Editors). Pergamon Press, Oxford, England. 487 pp.

Martini, A., N. Baldassari, and P. Baronio. 1999. Gynandromorphism and its manifestations in
Diprionid Hymenoptera. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia "Guido Grandi." dell'Universita
di Bologna 53:87-107.

Nilsson, G. E. 1987. A gynandromorphic specimen of Evylaeus albipes (Fabricius)(Hymenoptera,
Halictidae) and a discussion of possible causes of gynandromorphism in haplo-diploids insects.
Notulae Entomologicae 67:157-162.

Ramirez B. W. 1970. Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae). Evolution 24:680-691.

Ramirez B. VV. and P. M. Marsh. 1996. A review of the genus Psenobolus (Hymenoptera: Bra-
conidae) from Costa Rica, an inquiline fig wasp with brachypterous males, with descriptions of
two new species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5:64-72.

Rigaud, T. and P. Juchault. 1993. Conflict between feminizing sex-ratio distorters and an autoso-
mal masculinizing gene in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare latr. Genetics 133:247-
252.

Urban, D. 1999. Ginandromorfia em Alloscirtetica brethesi (Joergensen) (Hymenoptera, Antho-
phoridae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 16: 171-173.

Wiebes, J. T. 1979. Co-evolution of figs and their insect pollinators. Annual Review of Ecology and
Systematics 10:1-12.

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A NEW SPECIES OF ATRICHOPOGON KIEFFER FROM

NORTHERN ARGENTINA
(DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE)1

Pablo I. Marino2 and Gustavo R. Spinellr

ABSTRACT: Atrichopogon carpintemi, n. sp. from the Argentinian province of Formosa is de-
scribed and illustrated from male and female specimens collected with a light trap. The species, eas-
ily recognized by the contrasting coloration between the thorax and abdomen, lacks secondary sexu-
al dimorphism. It is compared with the congeners, A. utricularis Macfie and A. homofacies Spinelli.

KEY WORDS: Atrichopogon, new species, Diptera, Ceratopogonidae, northern Argentina

Atrichopogon Kieffer, a worldwide genus, is one of the most speciose in the
family Ceratopogonidae, only surpassed in the Neotropics by Culicoides
Latreille and Forcipomyia Meigen. Borkent and Spinelli (2000), in their catalog
of the New World ceratopogonids south of the United States of America, listed
75 species for the region, and there has been only one species subsequently
described, Atrichopogon mexicanus Huerta (2001). Of these species, the follow-
ing eleven are known to occur in Argentina: A. albinensis Ingram and Macfie, A.
balseiroi Spinelli, A. casali Cavalieri and Chiossone, A. delpontei Cavalieri and
Chiossone, A. domizii Spinelli, A. homofacies Spinelli, A. mendozae Ingram and
Macfie, A. obfuscatus Ingram and Macfie, A. obnubilus Ingram and Macfie, A.
seudoobfuscatus Spinelli and A talarum Spinelli (Spinelli, 1998).

The feeding habits of the female adults are poorly known. Some suck
haemolymph from blister beetles (Wirth, 1956a, b), while others are pollinivo-
rous or appear to be autogenous. Larvae are aquatic or semiaquatic and are found
on the surface of mud, wet wood, or stones, feeding on diatoms and other algae
(de Meillon and Wirth, 1991).

Species of Atrichopogon form a fairly uniform group as far as their adult mor-
phology is concerned (Debenham, 1973), and very similar species can be recog-
nized as adults only by the male genitalic characters. However, pigmentation pat-
terns appear to be very important in the recognition of many species in Costa
Rica (Borkent, pers. comm.).

Through the courtesy of Jorge Williams from the Museo de La Plata, Argen-
tina, we obtained specimens of a very distinctive species of Atrichopogon col-
lected with a light trap in the Argentinian province of Formosa, which is here
described as a new species.

METHODS

Specimens were slide mounted in Canada balsam and examined, measured

' Received on January 6, 2004. Accepted on February 3, 2004.

2 Division Entomologia, Museo de la Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. E-mails:
pabloaguara(fl)yahoo.com.ar and spinelli^lmuseo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar, respectively.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

Vol. 114. No. 3, May & June 2003 157

and drawn using a binocular compound microscope with attached camera lucida.
Types of the new species are deposited in the collection of the Division of
Entomology, Museo de la Plata, Argentina (MLPA).

Terms for structures follow those used in the Manual of Nearctic Diptera
(McAlpine et al., 1981), and for special terms applying to Atrichopogon see
Wirth (1994). Terms for wing veins follow the system of the Manual of Nearctic
Diptera, with modifications proposed by Szadziewski (1996).

Atrichopogon carpinteroi, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-9)

Diagnosis. A medium-size species of Atrichopogon with no secondary sexu-
al dimorphism; eight proximal flagellomeres whitish, distal five dark brown; tho-
rax with scutum, scutellum, postscutellum, paratergite, propleuron and anepi-
sternum dark brown, rest of pleura and legs pale yellowish; abdomen pale yel-
lowish, segment 8-10 of female slightly darker; spermatheca large, ovoid with
short neck, lightly sclerotized; parameres apparently missing; aedeagus triangu-
lar, tapering to cap-like apex, basal arch very low.

Description of male. Head. Vertex, frons dark brown; clypeus brown; proboscis pale. Ommatidia
with interfacet spicules, narrowly abutting medially. Antenna (Fig. 1) with flagellomeres 1-8 whitish,
bottle-shaped, flagellomeres 9-13 elongated, dark brown, proportions as shown in Fig. 1, flagello-
mere 13 with basally constricted nipple; flagellomeres with sensillae chaetica and trichodea, without
plume setae (Fig. 2); AR 1.20. Maxillary palpus (Fig. 3) pale, darkish at apex; third segment slender,
with shallow sensory pit near midlength; segments 4, 5 closely appressed; segment 5 conical-shaped;
PR 3.00. Proboscis short, length 0.240 mm; P/H ratio 1.07.

Thorax. Scutum, scutellum, postscutellum, paratergite, propleuron, anepistemum dark brown; rest
of pleura pale yellowish; scutum with all setae in dark pits; with lateral suture. Paratergite with one
stout seta. Legs uniformly yellowish; hindtibial spur short, hindtibial comb with 7 spines; prothoracic
TR 2.91, mesothoracic TR 3.08, metathoracic TR 2.28; claws (Fig. 4) curved, moderately stout, bifid
at tip; empodia present. Wing (Fig. 5) plain, without pattern of pigmented membrane; with few
macrotrichiae in cell r3, one or two in cell ml; first radial cell reduced, second radial cell well
formed, long, narrow; cubital fork proximal to level of costal apex; wing length 0.98 mm; breadth
0.36 mm; CR 0.69. Halter whitish.

Abdomen. Tergites uniformly pale yellowish. Sternites more or less similarly rectangularly
shaped. Genitalia (Fig. 6): Segment 9 with tergite moderately elongate, extending to level of apex of
gonocoxite; sternite 9 narrow, with single row of setae. Gonocoxite pale yellowish, moderately stout,
1.6 times longer than greatest breadth; gonostylus 0.75 as long as gonocoxite, slender, nearly straight,
tip pointed. Parameres apparently missing. Aedeagus triangular, stout, lightly sclerotized, tapering to
cap-like tip (Fig. 7); basal arms short, recurved; basal arch very low, extending to 1/10 of total length.
Cercus small, lobe-like, not projecting beyond apex of tergite 9.

Female. As for male, only with genital differences; AR 1.27 (1.26-1.28, n = 2); PR 2.95 (2.90-
3.00, n = 2); proboscis length 0.30 mm; P/H ratio 1.33 (1.25-1.41, n = 2); wing length 1.14 ( 1.1 3-
1.14, n = 2) mm; breadth 0.44 (0.43-0.46, n = 2) mm; CR 0.70 (0.69-0.71, n = 2); prothoracic TR
2.96 (2.92-3.00, n = 2), mesothoracic TR 3.21 (3.17-3.25, n = 2), metathoracic TR 2.43 (2.35-2.50,
n = 2). Tergites 1-7 pale yellowish, 8-10 slightly darker. Spennatheca large, ovoid with short neck,
lightly sclerotized, measuring 0.240 by 0.152 mm (Fig. 8). Sternite 8 without elongate, curved setae.
Segments 8-10 as shown in Fig. 9. Cercus pale.

Distribution. Atrichopogon carpinteroi n. sp. is known only from the type locality.

Material Examined. Holotype male, allotype female, Argentina, Formosa prov., Estancia La
Marcela, 35 km E El Colorado, 27/28-VII-2003, J. Williams, light trap (MLPA); paratype female,
same data.

158

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figs. 1-9. Atrichopogon carpinteroi, n. sp. 1-7. male; 8-9. female. 1. flagellum; 2. fla-
gellomeres 8-9; 3. palpus; 4. tarsal claws; 5. wing; 6. genitalia; 7. tip of aedeagus;
8. spermatheca; 9. abdominal segments 8-10. Scale bars = 0.05 mm.

Taxonomic Discussion. Males and females were associated by their similar
pigmentation pattern and were collected at the same locality and date. The
female of this new species resembles the female of A utricularis Macfie from
Costa Rica by virtue of the large, ovoid, lightly sclerotized spermatheca with nar-
row duct and by the few macrotrichia at the wing tip, but differs by having bifid

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 159

tarsal claws (simple in utricularis} and by several differences in pigmentation
patterns, e.g., proximal eight flagellomeres pale (flagellum nearly entirely dark
brown in utricularis), abdomen pale yellowish (very dark brown in utricularis}
and legs pale yellowish (yellowish brown in utricularis}.

Atrichopogon homofacies Spinelli from Argentina and A. carpinteroi both
lack secondary sexual differences. However, the abdomen of A. homofacies is
pale brown, so that the pigmentation of thorax and abdomen does not contrast,
the flagellum is entirely dark brown and only the last three flagellomeres of male
flagellum are elongated. In addition, A. homofacies differs in the following gen-
ital characters: Y-shaped female genital sclerotization; parameres present, fused,
and with a blunt tip; aedeagus Y-shaped with higher basal arch and deeply pig-
mented, stout, pilose gonostylus.

Etymology. The species is named after Diego L. Carpintero from the Museo
de La Plata, in recognition of his excellent work recognizing ceratopogonids in
alcohol preserved light traps samples.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to acknowledge Jorge Williams for his valuable help collecting insects using light
traps in several places of Argentina.

LITERATURE CITED

Km ki MI. A. and G. R. Spinelli. 2000. Catalog of the new World biting midges south of the United
States of America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 4:1-
107.

Debenham, M. L. 1973. Four New Guinea and northern Queensland species of Atrichopogon
Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with atypical development of the thoracic setae. Journal of
the Australian Entomological Society 12:68-77.

de Meillon, B. and W. W. Wirth. 1991. The genera and subgenera (excluding Culicoides) of the
Afrotropical biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annals of the Natal Museum 32:27-147.

Huerta, H. 2001. A new species of the genus Atrichopogon Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
from Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103: 373-375.

McAlpine, J . F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood

(eds.). 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 1 . Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. 674 pp

Szadziewski, R. 1996. Biting midges from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and Upper
Cretaceous Siberian amber of Taimyr (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Studia Dipterologica 3:23-86.

Spinelli, G. R. 1998. Ceratopogonidae, pp. 314-326. //; J.J. Morrone and S. Coscaron (dirs.),
Biodiversidad de artropodos Argentines. Una perspective biotaxonomica. Ediciones Sur. La
Plata, Argentina. 599 pp.

Wirth, W. W. 1956a. The biting midges ectoparasitic on blister beetles (Diptera: Heleidae).
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 58:15-23.

Wirth, W. W. 1956b. The heleid midges involved in the pollination of rubber trees in America
(Diptera: Heleidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 58:241-250.

Wirth, W. W. 1994. The subgenus Atrichopogon (Lophomyidium) with a revision of the Nearctic
species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Insecta Mundi 8:17-36.

160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

CONFIRMATION OF PROSTOIA COMPLETA AND

SHIPSA ROTUNDA (PLECOPTERA: NEMOURIDAE)

IN MISSISSIPPI, U.S.A.1

Bill P. Stark2 and Matthew B. Hicks3

ABSTRACT: Prostoia complete! (Walker), previously reported from Mississippi but without specif-
ic locality data, is confirmed from several sites recently discovered by personnel of the Mississippi
Department of Environmental Quality, Biological Services Section, in the northern part of the state,
and Ship.sa rotunda (Claassen) is reported in the state for the first time. An updated checklist of 55
species now reported from the state is given.

KEY WORDS: Prostoia completa, Shipsa rotunda, Plecoptera, Nemouridae, Mississippi, U.S.A.

Stark (1980) recorded only three nemourids from Mississippi with Amphine-
mura nigritta (Provancher) the only relatively common species. Prostoia com-
pleta (Walker) was included on the basis of a Ricker (1952) record which did not
give a specific locality, and A. delosa (Ricker) on the basis of a single female
specimen in the Bryant Mather collection. Subsequently, collections of A. nigrit-
ta have been made from a few sites but no new records of other nemourid species
were available until a recent winter sampling program by the Mississippi De-
partment of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) produced nymphs determined as
Prostoia from several localities. The purpose of this study was to confirm the
presence of P. completa in the state by collecting adult specimens at the MDEQ
sites. While collecting these specimens we were surprised to find an additional
nemourid species, Shipsa rotunda (Claassen), at one site. Specimens are deposit-
ed in the B. P. Stark collection (BPS), Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi,
or in the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Biological Services
Section (MDEQ), Pearl, Mississippi, as indicated in the species accounts.

Prostoia completa (Walker)
Nemoura completa Walker, 1852. Holotype Cf, Nova Scotia, British Museum of Natural History.

Stark (2001) lists this species from 22 states and Canadian provinces in the
general region from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Oklahoma and Missis-
sippi, and east to the Carolinas. Specific records exist for Alabama (James 1972;
Stark and Harris 1986) and Arkansas (Poulton and Stewart 1991), but the species
has not yet been reported in Tennessee although B. C. Kondratieff has records
from several counties (Kondratieff pers. com.). Ricker's (1952) specimen, a male
(C. Favret, pers. com.), is listed in the Illinois Natural History Survey data base
from Potts Camp [Marshall County], Mississippi, collected February 17, 1941.

1 Received on March 26, 2003. Accepted on February 9, 2004.

: Dept. of Biology, Box 4045, Mississippi College, Clinton, MS 39058, U.S.A. E-mail: stark@mc.edu.

'The Nature Conservancy of Mississippi, 6400 takeover Road, Jackson, MS 39213, U.S.A. E-mail:
mhicks@tnc.org.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 3. May & June 2003 161

We presume this specimen was collected from Oaklimeter Creek, which flows
through Potts Camp, although we collected only Taeniopteryx specimens at this

site.

Material Examined. Mississippi: Alcorn County, Bearman Creek, CR 771 near Lone Pine, 28
February 2002, 4 nymphs (MDEQ). Alcorn Co., Hatchie River, CR 755 near Lone Pine, 28 February'
2002, 3 nymphs (MDEQ). Lee County, Twenty Mile Creek, 21 February 2001, 1 nymph (MDEQ).
Marshall County, Big Spring Creek, Potts Camp Road, 1 5 February 2003, B. Stark, M. Hicks, 5 Cf ,
5 9, 12 nymphs (BPS). Same site, 16 January 2001, 13 nymphs (MDEQ). Marshall County, Little
Spring Creek, Wilkins Church Road, 15 February 2003, B. Stark, M. Hicks, 1 nymph (BPS).

Shipsa rotunda (Claassen)
Nemoura rotunda Claassen, 1923. Holotype Cf, Waldeboro, Maine, Cornell University.

Stark (2001) lists this species from 18 states and Canadian provinces in the
general region from New Brunswick to Alaska, south to Arkansas and South
Carolina. The species is reported from Arkansas by Poulton and Stewart (1991)
and Alabama (James 1972; Stark and Harris 1986), but not Tennessee. The rec-
ord given below is from a creek somewhat smaller than the typical habitat for this

species.

Material Examined. Mississippi: Marshall County, Big Spring Creek, Potts Camp Road. 15
February 2003, B. Stark, M. Hicks, 1 Cf, 2 9, 2 nymphs (BPS).

Systematic List of Mississippi Plecoptera

SYSTELLOGNATHA

Family Chloroperlidae

Alloperla natchez Surdick & Stark
Haploperla brevis (Banks)
Haploperla chukcho (Surdick & Stark)

Family Perlidae

Acroneuria abnormis (Newman)
Acroneuria arenosa (Pictet)
Acroneuria carolinensis (Banks)
Acroneuria evoluta Prison
Agnetina annulipes (Hagen)
Attaneuria ruralis (Hagen)
Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman)
Neoperla carlsoni Stark & Baumann
Neoperla clymene (Newman)
Neoperla coxi Stark
Neoperla occipitalis (Pictet)
Neoperla robisoni Poulton & Stewart
Neoperla stewarti Stark & Baumann
Paragnetina fumosa ( Banks )
Paragnetina kansensis (Banks)

162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Perlesta lagoi Stark

Perlesta placida (Hagen)

Perlesta shubuta Stark

Perlinella drymo (Newman)

Perlinella ephyre (Newman)

Perlinella zwicki Kondratieff, Kirchner & Stewart

Family Perlodidae

Clioperla clio (Newman)
Diploperla duplicata (Banks)
Helopicus bogaloosa Stark & Ray
Isogenoides varians (Walsh)
Isoperla bilineata (Say)
hoperla coushatta Szczytko & Stewart
Isoperla dicala Prison

Family Pteronarcyidae

Pteronarcys dorsata (Say)

EUHOLOGNATHA

Family Capniidae

Allocapnia aurora Ricker
Allocapnia granulata (Claassen)
Allocapnia mystica Prison
Allocapnia polemistis Ross & Ricker
Allocapnia recta (Claassen)
Allocapnia rickeri Prison
Allocapnia starki Kondratieff & Kirchner
Allocapnia virginiana Prison
Nemocapnia Carolina Banks

Family Leuctridae

Leuctra cottaquilla James
Leuctra ferruginea (Walker)
Leuctra rickeri James
Leuctra tenella Provancher

Family Nemouridae

Amphinemura delosa (Ricker)
Amphinemura nigritta (Provancher)
Prostoia completa (Walker)
Shipsa rotunda (Claassen)

Family Taeniopterygidae

Strophopteryx fasciata ( Burmeister)

Vol. 1 14. No. 3, May & June 2003 163

Taeniopteryx burksi Ricker & Ross
Taeniopteryx lita Prison
Taeniopteryx lonicera Ricker & Ross
Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet)
Taeniopteryx parvula Banks

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Mike Beiser of the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, Bio-
logical Services Section for the loan of specimens and to Colin Favret, Illinois Natural History Sur-
vey, for providing information on the specimen listed in Ricker (1952). We also thank B. C. Kon-
dratieff and M. Beiser for a prepublication review.

LITERATURE CITED

Claassen, P. W. 1923. New species of North American Plecoptera. Canadian Entomologist 55:257-
263; 281-292.

James, A. M. 1972. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Alabama. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation.
Auburn University (Alabama). 161 pp.

Poulton, B. C. and K. W. Stewart. 1991. The stoneflies of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains
(Plecoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 38:1-116.

Ricker, W. E. 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Science
Series 18: 1-200.

Stark, B. P. 1980. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Mississippi. Journal of the Mississippi Academy
of Sciences 24: 109- 122.

Stark, B. P. 2001. North American stonefly list, updated as of February 16, 2001.
http://www.mc.edu/Campus/users/stark/sfly0102.htm.

Stark, B. P. and S. C. Harris. 1986. Records of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Alabama. Entomological

News 97: 177- 182.

Walker, F. 1852. Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British
Museum. Part I. 192 pp.

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

FIVE NEW SPECIES OF NEOTRICHIA

(TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE: NEOTRICHIINI)

FROM SOUTHERN MEXICO AND NORTHERN BELIZE1

Andrew C. Keth2

ABSTRACT: Five new species of microcaddisflies of the genus Neotrichia, Neotrichia amplector.
from southern Mexico, and Neotrichia amplio, Neotrichia garra, Neotrichia mathisi, and Neotrichia
pulgara, from northern Belize are described and illustrated. New figures of Neotrichia ersitis,
Neotrichia okopa, Neotrichia aequispina, Neotrichia rasmusseni, and Neotrichia maria are included
for comparison.

KEY WORDS: Neotrichia, Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Neotrichiini, southern Mexico, northern Be-
lize, new species.

The genus Neotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) is one of the most speciose
groups of microcaddisflies (Flint et al 1999). Neotrichia species have been col-
lected over the whole of North America, from as far north as Saskatchewan and
Maine, southeast to Florida, and west to Oregon and California (Wiggins 1998).
The distribution includes Mexico, Central and South America, and representative
species can be found in Cuba and nearly all the islands of the Caribbean (Harris
1990; Flint et al. 1999). Of the 121 nominal species of Neotrichia, 101 occur
only in the Neotropics (Harris 1991; Frazerand Harris 1991; Morse 1993; Morse
1997; Flint et al. 1999; Keth 2002).

An ongoing study of Neotrichia systematics has led to the discovery of sever-
al new species. In this paper I describe one new Neotrichia species from south-
ern Mexico and four new species from northern Belize. Descriptive terminology
follows that of Marshall (1979) and Keth (2002). Type material will be deposit-
ed at The National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
(NMNH), Washington, D.C., USA and at The Frost Entomological Museum, The
Pennsylvania State University (PSU), University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

Neotrichia amplector Keth, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 1)

Diagnosis. Neotrichia amplector is most similar to N. ersitis Denning (Fig. 2),
both having short triangular inferior appendages with robust serrations along the
mesal margins. Both N. amplector and N. ersitis also have ornate sclerotized
ridges at the apex of the subgenital plate. Neotrichia amplector differs from N.
ersitis having ventromesal folds of segment IX that embrace the subgenital plate
and a lack of sclerotized, apical hooks on the apex of the phallus.

1 Received on April 21, 2003. Accepted on December 8, 2003.

department of Biology, Clarion University, Clarion, PA 16214, U.S.A. E-mail: aketh@clarion.edu.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003 165

Male. Length 1.9 mm. 18 antennal segments. Brown in alcohol. Abdominal segments VII and

VIII annular. Segment IX arising from within segments VII and VIM. anterior margin tapered to long,
finger-like projection; posterior margin blunt, sclerotized in lateral view; in ventral view producing
bands that wrap around base of subgenital plate to form rounded, overlapping flaps each with a sin-
gle, stout seta visible between inferior appendages. Segment X fused with dorsolateral margins of
segment IX, long, slender, tapered to acute apex in lateral view; in dorsal view deeply emarginate
with lateral margins sclerotized. Genitalia as in Fig. 1. Subgenital plate thick, broadening slightly to
apex having sclerotized, beak-like apicoventral projection in lateral view; in ventral view broad, uni-
form to blunt apex with long, paired apicolateral setae produced from sclerotized, ridges along api-
cal margins. Inferior appendage short, basally rounded, rapidly constricted at 2/3 length, dorsally ser-
rate 2/3 length to apex in lateral view; in ventral view triangular, prominently serrate along mesal
margin midlength to acute apex. Bracteoles slender, somewhat spatulate in lateral view; in ventral
view uniform, curved slightly to rectangular apex. Phallus long, narrow with preapical constriction
giving rise to slender, round paramere; apex long, broadening slightly over entire length to membra-
nous tip; ejaculatory duct uniform, protruding slightly prior to phallus tip.

Female. Unknown.
Larva. Unknown.

Type Material. Holotype. Mexico: Tabasco. Teapa, Grutas de Colona, Rio Puyacatengo. March
7, 1988. Barba and Barrera. 1 male (NMNH).

Etymology. Latin: of embrace, referring to the ventromesal folds of segment

IX that embrace the subgenital plate.

Distribution. Neotrichia amplector is know only from the type locality in
southern Mexico.

Neotrichia amplio Keth, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 3)

Diagnosis. Although it is unlikely that Neotrichia amplio will be mistaken for
N. okopa Ross (Fig. 4), they are somewhat similar in their triangular inferior
appendages and subgenital plates lacking projections. Neotrichia amplio differs
from N. okopa having many long, prominent setae on the inferior appendages,
minute setae covering the surface of the subgenital plate, and sclerotized, apical
ribbons on the apex of the phallus. Neotrichia amplio is also larger and more
robust than most other Neotrichia species.

Male. Length 2.2 mm. 18 antennal segments. Brown in alcohol. Segments VII and VIII annular.
Segment IX arising from within segment VIII, anterior tapered, angular; posterior margin blunt, scle-
rotized. Segment X long, basally broad, tapered and dorsally setose to slender apex that is bifid at
extreme tip in lateral view; in dorsal view long, broad, uniform to bilobed apex with each lobe flared
slightly at extreme tip. Genitalia as in Fig. 3. Subgenital plate uniform to blunt apex with dorsal sur-
face covered with short, stout setae in lateral view; in ventral view slender, margins rounded to lobate
apex producing long, paired, apicolateral setae; tiny, finger-like projection mesad base of each apical
seta. Inferior appendage broad, curved, tapered to acute apex in lateral view; in ventral view long,
broad, tapered over entire length to rounded apex, margins and surface with multiple, prominent
setae; fused mesally by ornate, sclerotized ridge from base to midlength. Bracteoles short, basally
slender, broadening to spatulate apex in lateral view; in ventral view stout, nearly uniform to apex,
slightly divergent. Phallus long, constriction prior to apex giving rise to flat, ribbon-like paramere
covered over entire length with fine, stout setae; apex long, tapered to slightly flared tip producing
pair of sclerotized knife-like blades along lateral surface; superior blade long, tapered, inferior blade
l/2 length of superior blade, tapered only slightly to acute apex; ejaculatory duct uniform to phallus
tip, protruding.

166

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figure 1. Neotrichia amplectot; male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

Vol. 114, No. 3. May & June 2003

167

Figure 2. Neotrichia ersitis, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

168

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figure 3. Neotrichia amplio, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003

169

Figure 4. Neotrichia okopa, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Female. Unknown.
Larva. Unknown.

Type Material. Holotype. Belize: Orange Walk District. New River Lagoon, dock area at
Lamanai Ruins. January 9, 1998. L. J. Davenport. 1 Male (NMNH).

Etymology. Spanish: of ample or full, referring to the robust stature of this
species.

Distribution. Neotrichia amplio is know only from the type locality in north-
ern Belize.

Neotrichia garra Keth, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 5)

Diagnosis. Although it is unlikely that Neotrichia garra will be mistaken for
N. aequispina Angrisano (Fig. 6), they are somewhat similar in their slender,
tapered inferior appendages and the heavily sclerotized apicolateral extensions of
segment IX. N. garra differs in the bilobed, translucent apex of segement X, the
beak-like ventral projection of the apicolateral extension of segment IX, and in

the tapered dorsal flap prior to the phallus tip.

Male. Length 1.9 mm. Head missing. Golden-brown in alcohol. Abdominal segments VII and
VIII annular. Segment IX arising from within segments VII and VIII, anterior margin narrow, finger-
like; posterior margin sclerotized, fused dorsally with segment X, producing rectangular apicolateral
extension with prominent ventral beak in lateral view; in ventral view extension visible as sclerotized
knob projecting mesad of inferior appendage. Segment X tapered to acute apex with translucent, flap-
like extension curved dorsad in lateral view; in dorsal view constricted and laterally sclerotized to
apex, deep emargination bridged by bilobed, translucent blade projecting posteriorly. Genitalia as in
Fig. 5. Subgenital plate broadening slightly to blunt apex in lateral view; in ventral view broad to
emarginate apex producing paired, apicolateral setae. Inferior appendage slender and tapered to acute
apex, curved dorsad in lateral view; in ventral view basally broad, tapering to acute apex, divergent,
with setae along mesal and apical margins. Bracteoles slender, spatulate in lateral view; in ventral
view uniform, narrowed slightly at apex. Phallus long, narrow with slight preapical constriction giv-
ing rise to broad, flat paramere projected posteriorly and covered with minute setae; apex uniform
with tapered, sclerotized flap produced along dorsal margin prior to tip; ejaculatory duct uniform to
phallus tip, non-protruding.

Female. Unknown.

Larva. Unknown.

Type Material. Holotype. Belize: Orange Walk District. New River Lagoon, dock area at La-
manai Ruins. January 9, 1998. L. J. Davenport. 1 male (NMNH).

Etymology. Spanish: of claw, referring to the claw-like combination of the
inferior appendage and apicolateral extension of segment IX in lateral view.

Distribution. Neotrichia garra is known only from the type locality in north-
em Belize.

Neotrichia mathisi Keth, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 7)

Diagnosis. Neotrichia mathis is most similar to N. rasmusseni Harris and Keth
(Fig. 8), both having reduced, knob-like inferior appendages and constricted api-

Vol. 1 14. No. 3, May & June 2003

171

Figure 5. Neotrichia garra, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

172

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figure 6. Neotrichia aequispina, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

Vol. 114. No. 3. May & June 2003

173

Figure 7. Neotrichia mathisi, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

cal extensions of segment X. Neotrichia mathisi differs from TV. rasmusseni in
the incised apex of segment X, broad subgenital plate lacking an incision, and in

the close ventromesal association of the bracteoles.

Male. Length 1.8-2.0 mm. 18 antennal segments. Brown in alcohol. Segments VII and VIII annu-
lar. Segment IX arising from within segments VII and VIII, anterior margin long, finger-like; poste-
rior margin rounded, extending posteriorly in lateral view. Segment X fused dorsally with segment
IX, long, robust, tapered to blunt apex in lateral view; in dorsal view deeply incised producing pair
of long horns, curved mesad at apex with sclerous margins over entire length. Genitalia as in Fig. 7.
Subgenital plate long and slender to apex flared slightly dorsad in lateral view; in ventral view broad
with margins tapered to squared apex producing paired, apicolateral setae. Inferior appendage great-
ly reduced, sclerous, pincer-like in lateral view; in ventral view short, cushion-like with long, api-
comesal seta and apicolateral finger curving mesad and producing single, apicolateral seta. Brac-
teoles short, nearly uniform to rounded apex in lateral view; in ventral view fused mesally at base,
partially covering inferior appendages basally, divergent with two long, prominent setae at apex.
Phallus long, constriction prior to apex giving rise to flat, ribbon-like paramere covered over entire
length with fine, stout setae; apex long, uniform with multiple, scerotized, finger-like projections en-
compassing membranous tip; ejaculatory duct uniform to phallus tip, non-protruding.

Female. Unknown.

Larva. Unknown.

Material Examined. Holotype. Belize: Orange Walk District. New River Lagoon, dock area at
Lamanai Ruins. January 9, 1998. L. J. Davenport, 1 male. (NMNH) Paratypes: 6 males. (3 NMNH;
3PSU)

Etymology. Named in memory of Michael Mathis in recognition of his con-
tributions to Trichoptera systematics.

Distribution. Neotrichia mathisi is know only from the type locality in
northern Belize.

Neotrichia pulgara Keth, NEW SPECIES

(Fig. 9)

Diagnosis. Neotrichia pulgara is most similar to N. maria Bueno-Soria and
Hamilton (Fig. 10), both having heavily sclerotized apical horns projecting from
segment X. Neotrichia pulgara differs from N. maria primarily in the straight,
rod-like aspect of the horns of segment X and in the long, slender phallus apex
with dorsally membranous, scoop-like tip. The apical horns of Neotrichia maria
are tapered and curved markedly mesad and the phallus apex is nearly l/2 the

length of that seen in N. pulgara.

Male. Length 1.9 mm. Antennae broken. Brown in alcohol. Segments VII and VIII annular.
Segment IX arising from within segments VII and VIII, anterior margin long, finger-like; posterior
margin reduced, blunt, with apicolateral extension giving rise to bracteole. Segment X fused dorsal-
ly with segment IX, long, gently curving to sclerous, thumb-like apex in lateral view; in dorsal view
produced as paired, sclerotized rods with blunt, rounded apices. Genitalia as in Fig. 9. Subgenital
plate long, tapering slightly to acute apex in lateral view; in ventral view broad basally. margins ven-
trally folded and serrate, apex highly constricted, narrowly emarginate, with paired apical setae.
Inferior appendage long, narrow, having dorsal hump near midlength with 2 prominent setae pro-
jecting dorsally, tapered to acute apex in lateral view; in ventral view basally broad, rapidly con-
stricted 2/3 length, slender 2/3 length to thumb-like apex, shorter than, but similar in appearance to,
dorsoapical rods. Bracteoles short, slender, projecting somewhat dorsad in lateral view; in ventral
view slender, uniform. Phallus long, slender, preapical constriction giving rise to broad, flat paramere
projecting posteriorly and covered with minute setae; apex extremely long and uniform, tip dorsally

Vol. 114, No. 3, May & June 2003

175

Figure 8. Neotrichia rasmusseni, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phal-
lus.

176

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

' fa

i $

Figure 9. Neotrichia pulgara, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

Vol. 1 14. No. 3, Mav & June 2003

177

Figure 10. Neotrichia maria, male genitalia. a. lateral b. ventral c. dorsal d. phallus.

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

membranous and broadening slightly with lightly sclerous margins and finger-like processes pro-
jecting ventrally at tip base and posteriorly at extreme tip; ejaculatory duct uniform, protruding ven-
trad prior to phallus tip.

Female. Unknown.

Larva. Unknown.

Type Material. Holotype. Belize: Orange Walk District. New River Lagoon, dock area at
Lamanai Ruins. January 9, 1998. L J. Davenport. 1 male (NMNH).

Etymology. Spanish: of thumb, referring to the sclerotized thumb-like inferi-
or appendages and apical extensions of segment X.

Distribution. Neotrichia pulgara is known only from the type locality in
northern Belize.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station at The Pennsylvania State University support-
ed this work. I thank Bruce McPheron for that support and I thank Steve Harris at Clarion University
for the use of his lab and for critical review of the manuscript. I recognize Larry Davenport at Sanford
University, Birmingham, AL, for collecting most of the material and the California Academy of
Sciences, Andrew Rasmussen at Florida A&M University, the Illinois Natural History Survey, and
Oliver Flint, Jr. at the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian) for loans of material for
study.

LITERATURE CITED

Flint, O. S. Jr., R. W. Holzenthal, and S. C. Harris. 1999. Catalog of the Neotropical caddisflies
(Insecta: Trichoptera). Special Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. Columbus, Ohio. 239
pp.

Frazer, K. S. and S. C. Harris. 1 99 1 . New caddisflies (Trichoptera) from the Little River Drainage
in Northeastern Alabama. Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History 1 1 :5-9.

Harris, S. C. 1990. New species of Neotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from Central and South
America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 98:246-260.

Harris, S. C. 1991. New caddisflies (Trichoptera) from Alabama and Florida. Bulletin of the
Alabama Museum of Natural History 11:11-16.

Keth, A. C. 2002. Taxonomy of the genus Neotrichia and related taxa (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae:
Neotrichiini). Ph. D. Thesis. Pennsylvania State University. University Park, Pennsylvania. 327
pp.

Marshall, J. E. 1979. A review of the genera of the Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Bulletin of the
British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 39:135-239.

Morse, J. C. 1993. A checklist of the Trichoptera of North America, including Greenland and
Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 19:47-93.

Morse, J. C. 1997. Checklist of World Trichoptera. In, Proceedings of the Eighth International
Symposium on Trichoptera, XXIII +496. Holzenthal, R. W. and O. S. Flint, Jr. Editors. Special
Publication of the Ohio Biological Survey. Columbus, Ohio. pp. 339-342.

Wiggins, G. B. 1998. Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera), 2nd Edition.
University of Toronto Press. Toronto, Buffalo, London, pp. 71-109.

Vol. 1 14, No. 3, May & June 2003 1 79

BOOK REVIEW

INSECTS OF THE TEXAS LOST PINES. (W. L. Moody Jr., Natural History Series,
No. 33). Stephen Welton Taber and Scott B. Fleenor. 2003. ISBN 1-58544-235-6.
Cloth US $50.00, 1-58544-236-4. Paperback US $24.95, 296 pp. 209 B+W photos,
1 map. Texas A & M University Press. College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A. www.
tamu.edu/upress.

The Lost Pines of Texas are diverse vegetation islands that support isolated colonies of loblolly pine
(Pinus taeda) at their western-most range limit as well as a mix of Post-Oak Savanna and Tall-Grass
Prairie. These communities are confined largely to Bastrop and Fayerte Counties in Central Texas, isolat-
ed from more contiguous Piney Woods of East Texas. Given this specific scope of this book, the authors
and publisher (whose previous works include the more widely appealing Fire Ants and The World of the
Harvester Ants) are to be congratulated for going the distance to publish this book. Still, while the intent
is laudable, the execution is somewhat lacking.

One major fault is the absence of color photographs [other than the obvious "art photo" of the cover,
a spread specimen of a zebra longwing butterfly (Heliconius charithonia), a species that the authors report
as sighting on only a single occasion (pp. 25), against the bark of a loblolly pine]. If the intent was a guide
to identification for naturalists and visitors to the region, then color would have been an obvious selling
point. The excessive use of black and white photographs, many of them of specimens (though in many
cases too small to be useful) argues that the authors' intent was to publish a scientific work. Unfortunately,
their intent falls short, leaving this book without an obvious audience.

The book is prefaced well with a short "Introduction" and a look at "The Lost Pines as a Setting for
Animal Life," and then treats some 280 taxa in 13 chapters (including "Spiders, Scorpions and Other
Arachnids," as well as those other well-known insects, the "'Molluscs and Earthworms"). Two appendices
["Endemic Texas Insects Occurring in the Lost Pines" (9 species) and "Exotic Animals Occurring in the
Lost Pines" (6 insect and 2 earthworms species)] and a useful bibliography and index complete the text.
While the first two chapters provide much useful background information on the region, they fail to doc-
ument the methods employed by the authors (how long, where, or when their studies were conducted) or
the scope of their survey. The reader is left with no basis on which to judge their remarks in the subse-
quent species treatments. In fact, given the number of interpretive speculations and other problems with
the text, this reviewer wonders who, if anyone, subjected this book to, as the authors state, "the fire of
peer review that is expected of scientific work" (pp. 10).

The choice of taxa covered is remarkably uneven — regardless of group — even given the authors' stat-
ed reasoning to include those "that have seldom or never been illustrated before" (pp. 10). For example,
in the "Butterflies and Moths," the authors treat 25 butterfly species under 19 headings (with B/W photos
of 17 species), with a note that 8 additional species, found in an "unpublished 1968 document" (pp. 18)
in the files of the Texas Parks & Wildlife Department, occur in the Lost Pines. Most species shown in the
book are large, common in Texas and "charismatic" taxa that have been profusely illustrated (in color) in
many other books. The authors virtually ignore 25% of the butterflies by including only one of the 14
species of pierids and none of the skippers known to occur here (www. esb.utexas.edu/philjs/Stengl/lists/
butterflies.html) long before this book was published. Only eight out of the almost 1000 species of moths
are treated (www.esb.utexas.edu/ philjs/Stengl/lists/moths.html).

Additional criticisms, common enough to be indicative of the poor quality of the book, are the lack of
apparent order to either the sequence of chapters or the sequence in the taxa covered within chapters (for
example, Anaxjunius is found on pp. 184 while A. longipes is found on pp. 195), scientific names of some
plants are omitted (e.g. Hercules-club on pp. 22) and common name sources are not cited..

Phil Schappert, Stengl "Lost Pines" Biological Station / Integrative Biology,
University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0253, U.S.A. E-mail: philjs@mail.utexas.edu.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

1 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

A JOYFUL NOISE, POEMS FOR TWO VOICES. Paul Fleischman. Illustrated by
Eric Beddows. 1988. Harper Trophy Publishing. 44 pp. Paperback. ISBN
0064460932. US$5.99.

The spectrum of adjectives used to describe our human sentiment towards insects spans from glori-
ous to ghastly. As our numerous co-inhabitants of Earth, insects' role in the ecosystem is varied and val-
ued, marveled at, and painstakingly studied. But while biologists dance with joy over the evolutionary
genius of Batesian mimicry, others scream with horror at the sight of the common cockroach. Paul
Fleischman however, simply enjoys them. Through his Newberry Award-winning book, A Joyful Noise,
Poems for Two Voices, he invites the teacher and student of entomology, as well as the entomonaive, to
find simplicity in an ordinarily complex field. He urges the indifferent to appreciate, the innocent to ask
questions, and the fearful to take a closer look. Written to be read aloud simultaneously by two readers,
this book is a fun, interactive, and educational experience for just about anyone.

A Jovfnl Noise, Poems for Two Voices is composed of fourteen poems about insects ranging from the
irksome crickets (Gryllidae) to the more popular lepidopterans, which include the butterflies, moths,
and skippers. Fleischman, who writes each poem from the insect's perspective, allows readers to more
easily appreciate and relate to the plight of insects. He describes the ephemeral lifespan of mayflies, for
which their order, Ephemeroptera, is named. He also marvels at the eusociality of honeybees (Apidae),
the bioluminescence of fireflies (Lampyridae), and the seemingly physics-defying mode of locomotion
characteristic of water striders (Gerridae). Finally, Fleishman depicts the behavior of more pesky
insects. The booklice share their simple enjoyment of Shakespeare and Horace, and cicadas explain that
their swarming is a celebration of the world above after spending years underground. Throughout each
of these intriguing and often humorous depictions, Fleishman manages to incorporate a few more com-
monplace facts, for example, the time of year that grasshoppers spawn or the competition between dig-
ger wasps and beetles.

The illustrations, by Eric Beddows, are another unique feature of A Joyful Noise. They exhibit some
degree of true anatomical detail, but are anthropomorphized just enough to make the little bugs endear-
ing. One that stands out in particular is an illustration of the queen bee in "Honeybees." Beddows
depicts her delicate membranous wings (for which the honeybee's order, Hymenoptera, is named) but
also adds eye lids and lashes to give her an appearance that is feminine and distinctly human. He also
has her lying on a chaise lounge as if she were a queen resting in her drawing room. Additionally, on
the inside cover, there are what appear to be scientific drawings of stick bugs (Phasmatodea). These par-
ticular bugs, however, are intellectuals avidly reading their books. The queen bee and stick bug make
for just two of many memorable illustrations.

While all of Fleischman 's poems are written to be read aloud jointly by two people, select lines are
meant to be read in sequence, and others are meant to be read in synchrony. This presents readers with
an opportunity to share this wonderfully interactive experience and is suitable for all combinations of
experts and beginners. It also reminds us of the soothing, rhythmic sound of chirping insects that marks
a blazing summer afternoon, or that lulls us to sleep at night. Overall, this informative, humorous and
stimulating collection of poems instills a new appreciation for insects in readers of every age and back-
ground.

Bethany Sadlowski, Arlington, Virginia 22202 U.S.A. E-mail: b_sadlowski@yahoo.com
Julia Louie, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 U.S.A. E-mail: julouieuMiiaid.nih.gov.

1 Received on January 10, 2002; Accepted on June 18, 2002.

2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, U.S.A. E-mail of
author J-W K: argidsOKa'tamu.edu.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. They will be
billed in advance together with page charges. The following rates, all in US dollars, apply.

Reprints: 100 200 300 400 500
Pages

1 44 48 50 52 54

2 46 50 52 54 56

3 48 52 54 56 58

4 50 54 56 58 60

5 76 86 96 106 116

6 78 88 98 108 118
80 90 100 110 120

8 82 92 102 112 122

9-12 120 130 145 160 180

13-16 160 170 185 200 220

Starting with Volume 1 14(3) Entomological News reprints as a .pdf (portable document
format) will be available for the authors. For options and charges, contact the Business
Manager, Faith Kuehn (fbkuehn@yahoo.com).

Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company. 1211 North DuPont Highway,
Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-121 1; fax (302) 678-8091: toll-free telephone
(800) 366-9132. Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENRECand
DELRAP Green Industries as "The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Dela-
ware."

Entomological News is available in microform from ProQuest Information and Learning. Call
toll-free (800) 521-3042. (800) 521-0600, (734) 761-4700. Mail inquiry to: ProQuest Information
and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4SI()h 9866, U.S.A.

Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index /•.'»/><//;</<•</.

39088010578706
Cicada -
Why Have You Stayed Away So Long

Benjamin C. Garber85 '

Big red eyes, gossamer wings,
I sure do Love the way you sing
It's your time, to sing your song
A million friends can sing along

Chorus
Cicada, what are you made of

Why have you stayed away so long
Oh Cicada, we'll see ya later

But, please don't stay away so long

Seventeen years underground
Sucking sap and make no sound

Crawl on out, peal that shell

"This bug needs a Hug," you start to yell.

Chorus

Now I have seen the recipes

Stewed and fried and fricasseed

But when I think of you as a meal

My stomach starts to squeal

Chorus

You have your fun, lay eggs in a tree
And then you die, what more can there be.

Well that's my song and it's been fun

I'll bring it back in two thousand twenty-one

Chorus

'29 Clarks Lane, Reistertown, MD 21136 U.S.A. E-mail: BenGarber@POBox.com or www.
BenGarber.com. This children's song has been copyrighted by the author.

Mailed on July 28, 2004

USISSN 0013-872X
PTEMBER & OCTOBER 2003 No. 4

MOLOGICAL NEWS

Corrections and additions to the genus Agallia (Homoptera,
Cicadellidae, Agallinae) of the Americas

Paul H. Freytag 181

New records of encyrtid parasitoids of Kermes palestiniensis

Balachowsky (Hemiptera: Kermesidae), with the description of a new
species of Blastothrix Mayr (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Turkey

George O. Japoshvili and Ismail Karaca 187

A new species of Homalotylus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from Mexico,
parasitoid of Azya orbigera orbigera (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Vladimir A. Trjapitzin and Serguei V. Trjapitzin 192

Territoriality and singing-site preferences in the cricket, Cyphoderris

monstrosa (Orthoptera: Haglidae) in western North America J. Ladau 197

Adult Chloropidae (Diptera) associated with constructed treatment wetlands
modified by three vegetation management techniques

J. B. Keiper, M. Stanczak, and W. E. Walton 205

Heteropteran adventitious biters (Hemiptera): primitively predaceous?

Carl W. Schaefer 211

Copestylum circumdatum (Walker) (Diptera: Syrphidae): redescription of a
Neotropical flower fly with lectotype designations, and new synonyms

F. Christian Thompson and Luciane Marinoni 217

A checklist of the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Daniel Boone National Forest

in Kentucky, U.S.A. D. C. Tarter and Dwight L. Chaffee 224

New records of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from Alberta, Canada

J. M. Webb and W. R McCafferty 230

SCIENTIFIC NOTES:

Triacanthagyna trijida (Odonata: Aeshnidae): New state record of dragonfly
from South Carolina, U.S.A. R. A. Jenkins and J. M. Jenkins 233

First record of Dasycorixa rawsoni (Hemiptera: Corixidae) in the United States

Bruce A. Hanson, Ned H. Eitliss Jr., David M. Mushet,

and Steve W. Chordas HI 235
BOOK REVIEWS:
Quality control and production of biological control agents. Theory and

testing procedures by J. C. van Lenteren Raymond A. Cloyd 237

The genus Adclpha: Its systematics, biology and biogeography (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Limenitidini) by K. R. wiii™^ft Robert K. Rohhins 238

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL S
Society Meeting of March 23, 2003
Society Meeting of October 22, 2003
Society Meeting of November 19, 2003

IKTY BUSINESS

AU6 3 1 2004

Jtwi (iclliaiis 239
Jj/ii Celhaus 240
'on (iclltaus

Back Cover

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MAILED ON AUGUST 25, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1.0

Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomologi-
cal Society which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences. 1900 Benjamin Franklin
Parkway. Philadelphia, PA 19103-1 195. United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows:
telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; email aes@acnatsci.org; and website: http://www.
acnatsci.org/hosted/aes.

Previous Editors of Entomological News: 1890 Eugene Murray-Aaron (1852-1940); 1890-
1920 Henry Skinner (1861-1926); 1921-1944 Philip P.^Calvert (1871-1961); 1945-1967 R.G.
Schmieder (1898-1967); 1968-1972 Ross H. Arnett, Jr. ( 1919-1999); 1973-1974 R.W. Lake; 1974-
2002 Howard P. Boyd; 2002-2003 F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue.

New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News: Version 1.0.

Further guidelines can be found on
http://www.geocities.coni/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm

Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the Editor: Address.

All manuscripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomol-
ogical News as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A.
Santiago-Blay at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 , National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012
U.S.A. If an author uses a mailing service that does not accept addresses with a P.O. Box, please use
this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, West Loading Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other
means of contacting the Editor are, as follows: phone (202) 786-2876, Fax (202) 786-2832, web page
http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.htm, e-mails santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu or
blayj@hotmail.com. Books for review should also be sent to the Editor who will, in turn, give them
to a colleague for review.

Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to

The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

THIRD CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A.

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 IS1

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO

THE GENUS AGALLIA

(HOMOPTERA, CICADELLIDAE, AGALLIINAE)
OF THE AMERICAS'

Paul H. Frcytag2

ABSTRACT: The species Agallia lingula Van Duzee from Jamaica and A. peregrinans (Stal) from
Brazil are redescribed and discussed. Also three new species, A. nielsoni (U.S.A., Mexico, Central
America, Columbia and Venezuela), A. peck (Ecuador), and A. rotunda (Venezuela) are described.
The new species were confused with the older species and differences between these species are dis-
cussed. Lectotypes are designated for A. lingula and A. peregrinans to help eliminate confusion.

KEY WORDS: Agallia, Homoptera, Cicadellidae, Agallinae, North, Central, and South America.

The Agallia species of North, Central, and South America are fairly well
known and described, and in general lead to little confusion. However, the
species A. lingula Van Duzee has been misidentified from the time Oman (1933)
published his paper on the North American species of the subfamily Agalliinae.
This error is corrected in this paper while describing the five species involved.
The species included are the two described species, A. lingula and A. peregrinans
(Stal), and three new species. All five species are nearly the same size and with
the same external features (Osborn 1924, plate LIX; Oman 1938, plate XLV)
within the common variation that occurs in each of the species. However, the five
species belong to three distinct species groups within the genus Agallia mainly
based on genitalic characters.

Agallia lingula Van Duzee

(Figures 2-4)

Agallia lingula. Van Duzee 1907, p. 54 (Type locality - Jamaica, Montego Bay).
Agallia lingula, Oman 1933, p. 33 (in part, Jamaica records only).
Agallia lingula, DeLong and Caldwcll 1937, p. 2 (in part, Jamaica records only).
Agallia lingula, DeLong and Knull 1945, p. 13 (in part, Jamaica records only).
Agallia peregrinans, Linnavuori 1968, p. 149. Misidentified.

Agallia peregrinans, Nielson and Godoy 1995, p. 14ft (in part, Jamaica records only). Misidentified
not A. peregrinans Stal.

Length. Males 3.3-3.6 mm, females 3.4- 3.7 mm. This species is very closely related to A. lin-
gulata Olsen found in the United States (Oman, 1933), with the same type of male genitalia only
slightly smaller and the same type of female seventh sternum with a lingulate median process.

1 Received on June 5, 2003. Accepted on March 13, 2004.

-'Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 U.S.A.
E-mail: pfreytagfrriix. netcom.com.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 1 14 (4): ISI. September & October 2003
Mailed on August 25, 2004

182

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

PEREGRINANS

LINGULA

0.5mm

NIELSONI

PECKI

ROTUNDA

0.5mm

Figure 1. Agallia peregrinans (Stal). Figures 2-4. A. lingiila Van Duzee. Figures 5-6. A.
nielsoni n. sp. Figures 7-8. A. pecki n. sp. Figures 9-10. A. robusta n. sp. Figures 1, 2, 5,
7, and 9 depict male genital capsule, lateral view, all drawn to same scale. Figure 3, illus-
trates male aedeagus, ventral view. Figures 4, 6, 8, and 10 represent female seventh ster-
num, ventral view, all drawn to same scale.

Male Genitalia. Similar to A. lingulata in general appearance (Fig. 2). Plates short, stout.
Pygofer with posterior margin evenly rounded. Aedeagus (Fig. 3) with long stem, bifurcate, upturned
at apex. Connective long, not bent near base.

Female Cenitalia. Seventh sternum (Fig. 4) similar to A. lingulata with median Ungulate process
short and rounded at apex.

Types. Three syntypes (one male and two females) labeled Montego Bay, Jamaica.; Apr. '06;
E P Van Duzee Collector, (California Academy of Sciences Collection). The male is herein designat-
ed as the Lectotype of this species and is so labeled. The three specimens have type labels indicating
Lectotype, Allotype, and Paratype, but these labels have no standing as there has been no reference
to this in the literature. For stability, I have chosen the male to represent this species, even though all
three types are without a doubt the same species. All three specimens have been examined, and are
in good condition, except for one female which shows a small amount of dennestid damage.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 183

Distribution. This species is only known from Jamaica and only from the
type series.

Notes. This species has been misidentified almost from the time it was
described. Van Duzee (1907) described this species from the three types men-
tioned above Oman (1933) examined a female syntype and determined that it
was the same as the Central American species being described as new in this
paper. On the basis of the female the identification of this species was wrongly
placed. All subsequent workers followed his identification until recently when
Linnavuori (1968) and Nielson and Godoy (1995) misidentified this species fur-
ther by placing it in synonymy with A. peregrinans. This was based on a wrong
indication by Linnavuori (1968) and Linnavuori and DeLong (1979), and will be
discussed further under that species.

This species belongs to a small group of species which is characterized by
having the male aedeagus v-shaped in lateral view extending from a long con-
nective which places the aedeagus near the dorsal part of the genital chamber,
and the female seventh sternum with a Ungulate median process. This group
includes the following three species: A. lingula Van Duzee, A. lingulota Olsen
1900, and A. neoalbidula Oman 1938. Possibly A. striolaris (Butler) 1877 also
belongs in this group, but the female is unknown.

Agallia nielsoni, NEW SPECIES

(Figures 5-6)

Agallia lingula, Oman 1933, p. 33 (in part. Central America, Mexico and USA records) not A. lin-
gula Van Duzee.

Agallia lingula, Oman 1934, p. 454, not /I. lingula Van Duzee.

Agallia lingula. DeLong and Caldwell 1937, p. 2 (in part. Central American, Mexican and USA
records) not A. lingula Van Duzee.

Agallia lingula, DeLong and Knull 1945, p. 13 (in part, Central American, Mexican and USA rec-
ords) not A. lingula Van Duzee.

Agallia lingula, Oman 1949, p. 37, not A. lingula Van Duzee.

Agallia lingula, Linnavuori 1956, p. 6 and 14, not A. lingula Van Duzee.

Agallia peregrinans, Linnavuori 1968, p. 149, misidentified, not A. peregrinans Stal.

Agallia peregrinans. Nielson and Godoy 1995, p. 146 (in part. Central American, Mexican and USA
records, misidentified, not A. peregrinans Stal).

Length. Males 3.4-3.6 mm, females 3.5-3.8 mm. Externally very similar to A. lingula, but with
quite different male genitalia.

Male m mi. Hi. i. Plates (Fig. 5) short, extending to near apex of pygofer. Pygofer with dorsal sur-
face rounded to apex, with a thickened margin, apex roundedly pointed. Aedeagus (Fig. 5) strap-like,
curving back alongside connective in nearly a complete circle, apex near anal lube, pointed, needle-
like. Connective long, arched, extending to near base of anal tube.

Female gcnitalia. Seventh sternum (Fig. 6) \\ith narrow lingulate process in middle, length of
process less then length of segment, with apex somewhat truncate.

Types. Holotype male. Honduras, HI Zamorano, December 24, 1960. P. H. Freytag, sweeping
sweet potatoes. Allotype female, same data as holotype. Paratypes: One male and two females, same

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

data as holotype, but without host plant data. Holotype and Allotype in the California Academy of
Sciences collection and the three paratypes in the University of Kentucky collection.

Distribution. This species is one of the most common Agallia species in
Central America. Many specimens have been seen from the USA (Texas), Mexi-
co, all of Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela. Literature citations also
record this species from Louisiana, but I have not seen any specimens to back up
this locality record.

Etymology. This species is named for Merv Nielson who has done so much
recent work on this subfamily.

Notes. This species is the one illustrated in Oman (1933) as A. lingula (Fig-
ures 6 a-c and 15 h). The genitalia of both the male and female are quite differ-
ent from A. lingula as illustrated. This species is found primarily in Central
America and has never been collected in the Caribbean Islands. This species
belongs to a group of species that have the recurved aedeagus which is long and
needle like, a short genital plate, and the female seventh sternum with a Ungulate
process. This group is made up of three species described in this paper, A. niel-
soni A. pecki, and A rotunda.

Agallia pecki, NEW SPECIES

(Figures 7-8)

Length. Males 3.3-3.5 mm, females 3.4-3.6 mm. Similar to A. niclsoni in general external char-
acters, but with different male and female genitalia.

Male genitalia. Plates (Fig. 7) short, stout, extending to apex of pygofer. Pygofer, in lateral view,
nearly triangular, with dorsal surface nearly straight, with three to four papilla-like setae near apex
(exaggerated slightly in drawing). Aedeagus similar to A. nielsoni in shape, but slightly larger. Con-
nective long, arched, extending to near base of anal tube.

Female genitalia. Seventh sternum (Fig. 8) with lingulate median process, length about half
median length of segment, apex bluntly rounded.

Types. Holotype male, Ecuador, Galapagos Islands, Santa Cruz, 1 km S Media Luna, Miconia,
55()m., 2-8-II-1989, dung trap, B. J. Sinclair. Allotype female same data as holotype. Paratypes: 31
(17 males. 14 females); 1 male same data as holotype; 2 females, same data as holotype except
600m., 21-1-1989 uv-light, S. Peck 89-6; 16 males, 12 females, same data as holotype except 500m.,
1 -29-11- 1989, FIT-trough, Peck and Sinclair 89-39. Holotype, allotype and 1 male, 2 female paratypes
in the California Academy of Sciences; 4 male, 4 female paratypes in the University of Kentucky
Collection; 4 male 4 female paratypes in the Canadian National Collection, 4 male, 1 female para-
types in the National Collection in Ecuador; 4 male, 1 female paratypes in the Catholic University
Collection in Quito, Ecuador.

Distribution. Over 2,000 specimens of this species have been seen from the
following Islands: Santa Cruz, Floreana, Santiago, Isabela and Fernandina. The
complete listing of the localities and where the specimens are deposited can be
obtained from the author. This is without a question the most common Agallia
species on the Islands at this time. Three females which fit this species are also
known from Guayaquil, Ecuador, in the California Academy of Sciences collec-
tion.

Etymology. This species is named for Stuart Peck who collected most of the
specimens of this species. His extensive work on the Galapagos Islands is also
well known.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 1S5

Notes. This species appears to be a recent introduction from the costal region
of the mainland. It also seems to have replaced the earlier species which were
known from the Galapagos Islands. Both previously known Aga/lia species, A.
plana (Butler 1877) and A. striolaris (Butler 1877) have not been collected in
recent years.

Agallia peregrinans (Stal)

(Figure 1 )

Bythoscopits peregrinans Stal 1 859.

Agallia peregrinans Linnavuori and DeLong 1979.

Length. Males 3.6-3.9 mm., females 3.8-4 mm. This species was originally described from Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil, although several other localities were mentioned at that time, such as Oahu.
Hawaii, Tahiti and California. At the same time an unnamed variety was described from Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. To restrict the type locality and to clarify the identity of this species I designate the
male type specimen from Rio de Janerio, Brazil, and illustrated by Linnavuori and DeLong (1979)
as the Lectotype of this species. It will be so labeled.

Male gentitalia. This species is in a species complex which has an aedeagus similar to A. niet-
soni except for the apex of the shaft, which is bifurcate (Fig. 1). This species also has a spur-like
extension on the caudal margin of the male pygofer, and the genital plates are curved and much
longer. The male genitalia (Fig. 1 ) are not identical to those illustrated of a male type by Linnavuori
and DeLong (1979), in that the genital plate is shorter and the process on the pygofer is smaller in
their drawing.

Female genitalia. The female of this species appears to not have a Ungulate median process on
the seventh sternum and is nearly straight across. Another species group of Agallia found in South
America does have a Ungulate process, but these are sinuate in lateral view, and most species of this
group are undescribed or the female is not associated with a described male at this time. Also in the
three species described in this paper the ligulate process is straight in lateral view, not sinuate. This
species is in a species group only found in South America, which have the aedeagus of the male
recurved and needle-like, with the apex bifurcate, with a long genital plate; and the female seventh
sternum without a Ungulate median process.

This group includes the following species: A. lauta (Stal) 1862, A. t/iuuirata Oman 1938, and
A. longicauda Linnavuori and DeLong 1979. The illustration of A. peregrimins (Fig. 1 ) would also
fit that of A. lauta or A. quadrata, so this group needs to be revised to verify these species names and
to describe the associated females which at this time are mostly unknown.

Note. The localities given in the original description of A. peregrinans that are
not from Brazil are surely wrong, as all specimens presently known of this
species are from Brazil.

Agallia rotunda, NEW SPECIES

(Figures 9- 10)

Length. Males 3.6-4 mm., females 3.9-4.1 mm. Similar to nielsoni in general appearance, except
slightly larger, with larger male genitalia and female seventh sternum.

Male genitalia. Plates (Fig. 9) relatively short, slightly exceding length of pygofer. Pygofer
rounded on apical margin. Aedeagus similar to nielxoni except larger.

Female genitalia. Seventh sternum (Fig. 10) with Ungulate median process, longer then basal part
of sternum.

186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Types. Holotype male, Venezuela, Trujillo, near Mosquey, 1300m, May 17,
1985, on grasses, P. H. Freytag and M. A. Giaiani. Allotype female same data as
holotype. Paratypes: 31 males, 27 females same data as holotype. Holotype, allo-
type and 10 male and 10 female paratypes in the MIZA collection, Maracay, Ven-
ezuela. Remainder of the paratypes in the University of Kentucky Collection.

Notes. This species appears to be associated with higher elavations of the
Andes Mountains, and the type locality is probably near the Northern Distribu-
tion of this species. Other specimens are at hand from the state of Trujillo, Vene-
zuela.

LITERATURE CITED

DeLong, D. M. and J. S. Caldwell. 1937. Check List of the Cicadellidae (Homoptera) of America,
North of Mexico. The Ohio State University. 93 pp.

DeLong, D. M. and D. J. Kiiull. 1945. Check List of the Cicadellidae (Homoptera) of America,
North of Mexico. Graduate School Studies. Ohio State Univ. Press, Biological Sciences Series
1:1-102.

Linnavuori, R. 1956a. Neotropical Homoptera in the Hungarian National Museum and some other
European Museums. Annales Entomologici Fennici 22:5-35.

Linnavuori, R. 1 956b. A revision of some of StaTs and Spangberg's Cicadellid Types. Annales En-
tomologici Fennici 22:170-181.

Linnavuori, R. 1968. Contribucion d conocimiento de la Fauna Colombiana de Cicadelidos. Agri-
cultura Tropical 24:147-156.

Linnavuori, R. and D. M. DeLong. 1979. New species of South American Agalliinae leafhoppers
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 10:244-256.

Nielson, M. W. and C. Godoy. 1995. The Agalliinae of Central America (Homoptera: Ci-
cadellidae). //;, Contributions on Entomology, International 1:103-181.

Oman, P. W. 1933. A classification of North American Agallian Leaf Hoppers. United Sates De-
partment of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin 372. 93pp.

Oman, P. W. 1938. ART.XXII. A contribution to the classification of South American Agallian
leafhoppers. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25:351-460.

Oman, P. W. 1949. The Nearctic Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). A generic classification
and check list. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 3:253pp.

Osborn, H. 1924. Neotropical Homoptera of the Carnegie Museum. Parts 3 and 4. Part 3. Report
upon the collections in the subfamily Bythroscopinae, with descriptions of new species. Annales
of the Carnegie Museum 15:383-396, plates LV, LVI and LIX.

Stal, C. 1859. Hemiptera. Species novas descripsit. Kongliga avenska Fregatten Eugenics resa
omkring jorden under befa'l af C. A. Virgin aren 1851-1853. K. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien
Zoologi 4:2 19-298.

Van Duzee, E. P. 1 907. Notes on Jamaican Hemiptera. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 8. 97pp.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 187

NEW RECORDS OF ENCYRTID PARASITOIDS OF

KERMES PALESTINIENSIS BALACHOWSKY

(HEMIPTERA: KERMESIDAE), WITH THE

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF

BLASTOTHRIX MAYR (HYMENOPTERA:

ENCYRTIDAE) FROM TURKEY1

George O. Japoshvilr and Ismail Karaca'

ABSTRACT: A new species of the encyrtid wasp genus Blastothrix Mayr is described from Turkey.
All specimens of the type series of B. gurselae n. sp. were reared from Kermes palestiniensis Bala-
chowsky on Turkey oak, Quercus coccifem. New records of the parasitoids of A', palestiniensis in
Turkey is given.

KEY WORDS: Kermes palestiniensis, Hemiptera, Kermesidae, Blastothrix gurselae, Encyrtidae,
Turkey.

Chalcid parasitoids are important in regulating the populations of many insect
species (Trjapitzin, 1989). Some information about beneficial species of Chalci-
doidea in Turkey is available (Doganlar, 1985; Trjapitzin and Doganlar, 1997;
Japoshvili and Karaca, 2002). However, such information is missing for the Is-
parta Province, Turkey. The objective of our study was to identify and catalogue
parasitoids within this region. Studies were undertaken from June to October in
2001 and 2002 in different regions of the Isparta Province.

The terminology used in the description of the new species follows that of
Trjapitzin (1989), Noyes and Woolley (1994) and Noyes et al. (1997). Material
of the new species was compared with specimens of type material at Blastothrix
erythrostetha (Walker) in the Francis Walker collection in Oxford (HDOU), also
with material which was borrowed from the collection of the Entomology Re-
search Museum, University of California, Riverside, California, USA (UCRC)
and St. Petersburg Museum of Zoology collections (ZIN). Acronyms for other
depositories of the specimens are as follows: IZGAS, Institute of Zoology,
Georgian Academy of Sciences, Tbilisi, Georgia; AFSDU, Agricultural Faculty,
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey; NHM, The Natural History Mu-
seum, London, UK.

Abbreviations used in the text include: Fl, F2, etc., first funicule segment,
second funicle segment, etc.; FV, minimum frontovertex width; GL, maximum
gonostylus (= third valvula) length; HW, maximum head width; MT, mid tibia

1 Received on November 24, 2003. Accepted on March 22. 2004.

-'Laboratory of Invertebrate Animals Institute of Zoology, Georgian Academy of Sciences. Tbilisi,
Georgia. E-mail: giorgij70(a'yahoo.com.

'Agricultural Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. E-mail: ikaraca@ziraat.sdu.
edu.tr.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

1 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

length; OCL, occipital-ocelar line (= the shortest distance between each of pos-
terior ocelus and occipital margin); OL, ovipositor length; OOL, ocular-ocelar
line (= the shortest distance between posterior ocelus and adjacent eye margin);
AOL, distance between posterior and anterior ocelli; POL, posterior ocelar line
(= the shortest distance between the posterior ocelli); SL, scape length; SW, max-
imum scape width.

Blastothrix gursela e, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-7)

Diagnosis. The new species is most closely related to B. erythrostetha [lecto-
type and material deposited at the University of California (Riverside, CA) of B.
erythrostetha examined). Both species are diagnosed below.

Blastothrix erythrostetha. Female: Lectotype. Vertex about as wide as 1/3 of
head. Diameter of ocelli almost equal to distance between posterior ocelli and
eye margin. Legs yellow, only fore coxa slightly darker in the basal part and tib-
iae in the basal part with a little dark smut. Unfortunately on the lectotype anten-
nae of it missing (Graham, 1969). Flagellum Fl and F2 dark and F3 slightly dark.
Clava equal or slightly longer than F5 and F6 together. Fl, F2 - 2.7-3; F3 - 2-2.2;
F4 - 1 .5- 1 .7; F5 - 1 .3- 1 .5; F6 - 1-1.1 as long as wide. Fore tibia more then 4 x as
long as wide. Ovipositor longer than midtibia.

Blastothrix gurselae sp.n. Female: Holotype. Vertex about as wide as 1/3.5 of
head. Diameter of ocelli 2 x greater than distance between posterior ocelli and
eye margin. All coxae dark, metafemur dark with a yellow apical part, mesofe-
mur dark in basal half, fore femora dark in the middle and this infuscation sepa-
rated by yellow band in length. All tibiae with infuscation in basal half. Clava
slightly shorter than F4, F5, and F6 together. Fl - 2; F2 - 1.6; F3 - 1.44; F4 - 1.25;
F5 - 1.13; F6 - 0.9 as long as wide. Foretibia not more then 4 x as long as wide.

Ovipositor shorter then midtibia.

Description of Blastothrix gurselae. Female. Length 1.5-2.0 mm, holotype 1.63. Body dark,
with some parts metallic. Frontovertex, pronotum, mesoscutum. scutellum. and metanotum with a
green-bronze metallic luster. Mesopleuron dark yellow. Gaster brownish. Scape dark brown, pedicel
also dark brown, with a pale apical part. Flagellum with F1,F2,F3,F4 segments dark. Clava dark
brown. Wings hyaline. All coxae dark. Hind and middle femora with basal half dark, forcfemur with
darkness in the middle and this darkness is separated by yellow band in length. All tibiae in basal part
with darkness.

Head width/height 29:25 and length/width 13:29. Vertex about as wide as 9:29 of head. Occipital
margin tucked in. Inner orbits of eye slightly diverging anteriorly. Ocelli in a slightly acute triangle
(about 80-85°). Distance between posterior ocelli 1.5 x more than distance between posterior ocelli
and anterior ocellus. Diameter of ocelli 2 x greater than distance between posterior ocelli and eye
margin. Distance between anterior ocellus and eye margin less than distance between posterior ocel-
li (35:30). Width of oral aperture about 1/3 head width. Malar space about 2/3 maximum height of
eye. Mandible with one tooth and a truncation (Fig. 5).

Antenna. Antenna inserted slightly below lower eye margin. Distance between loruli 2 x distance
from torulus to mouth margin. Scape strongly flattened (Fig. 1), 1.46 \ longer then maximum width.
Pedicel almost as long as funicle first segment. Fl - 2 (14:7), F2 - 1.6 (12:7.5), F3 - 1.44 (13:9), F4
- 1.25 (13:10.5), F5 -1.13 (13:1 1.5), F6 - 0.9 (12:13). Clava 1/2 x as broad as long, its length slight-
ly less than length of F4, F5, F6 segments together (36: 39).

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 189

Mesosoma very slightly convex. Pronotum short; mesoscutum 1.5 x as wide as long; scutellum
1.14 x as wide as long, and slightly shorter than mesoscutum. Propodeum very short medially and
well developed laterally.

Wings not reduced, reaching apex of gaster. Fore wing about 2.5 x as long as its maximum width.
Costal cell 7.8 x as long as wide. Marginal vein (Fig. 7) equal to stigmal and both of them almost
equal to postmarginal vein.

Gaster slightly shorter than mesosoma. Ovipositor practically not exserted. Pygostiles inserted
slightly at low level of middle of gaster. Outer plate of ovipositor 2 x as long as wide (Fig. 3). Maxi-
mum gonostylus length of ovipositor 0.15 x as long as ovipositor and 2 x as long as wide. Relative
measurements: HW 58; FV 18; PAL 6,5; POL 9; OOL 2; OCL 4; MT 56; OL 47; GL 7; SL 29; SW
19.5.

Sculpture and pubescence. Head, pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, mesopleura and
sides of propodeum reticulate, with white or silver setae.

Male. Length 1.25-1.75 mm. Frontovertex and body as in female, but all body dark with a green
luster (without yellow), and with white setae. Fore coxa basally, and meso- and meta-coxae dark; tib-
iae with infuscation. Ocelli in a slightly obtuse triangle (almost 110-115°). Distance between poste-
rior ocelli 2 x more than distance between posterior ocelli and anterior ocellus. Antenna (Fig. 2).
Scape broadened and flattened, about 2 x as long as wide. Pedicel small, rounded, as long as wide.
Flagellum with long setae; length of Fl:F2:F3:F4:F5:F6:Clava as 19:20:23:24:21:18:30. Width is
same for all flagellum and clava. Clava 3 x as long as wide. Mesoscutum about 2 x as wide as long.
Fore wing 2.5 x as long as its greatest width. Genitalia as in Fig. 4.

Type Material. Holotype female on card labeled: "Blastothrix giirselae Japoshvili and Karaca,
10.VII.2002. (Sutcular), Isparta, Turkey. Ex Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky on Quercus coc-
cifera." Holotype deposited in ZIN. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 19 and icf on card [AFSDU];
19 and Id" on card Natural History Museum Entomology collection, London, UK [NHM]; 29- ICf
on 3 cards, 39 and ICf on slides; as well as 99 and 6Cf in alcohol [IZGAS].

Etymology. This species is named in honor of the Turkish mycologist Dr.
Gursel Karaca.

Geographical Distribution. Known from Q. coccifera forests in Isparta
Province, Turkey.

Host. Kermes palestiniensis Balachowsky (Hemiptera: Kermesidae).

Comments. Like other species of the genus, B. giirselae n. sp. may not be
monophagous; its range of probable Kermes hosts in the area of origin remains
to be investigated.

Cheiloneurus quercus Mayr, 1876

Comments. Known as a secondary parasitoid of Kermes nakaga\vae Kuwana
on an oak in Primorskiy Kray (Russia) and also from K. miysakii Kuwana and K.
nakagawae (Hemiptera: Kermesidae) on oaks, and from Eulecanium spp. (Hem-
iptera:Coccidae) in Japan.

Geographical Distribution. This species is also known from Hungary and
Italy (Trjapitzin, 1989). It is first recorded here from Turkey.

Material examined. Turkey, Isparta, Sutcular. 1 1. VII. 2002, G. Japoshvili. I 9

Psilophrys tenuicornis Graham, 1969

Comments. This species is known as a parasitoid of Kermes rohoris (Four-
croy), K. corticalis (Nassonov), K. bacciformis Leon, K. ilicis L. (Kermesidae)
on oaks (Quercus sppj.

Geographical Distribution: Almost all Europe. This species is recorded for
the first time for the fauna of Turkey.

190

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figures 1-7. Blastothrix gurselae new species 1. Antenna, female; 2. Antenna, male;
3. Ovipositor; 4. Gentalia, male; 5. Mandible, female; 6. Middle tarsus, female; 7. vena-
tion of fore wing, female.

Material examined. Turkey, Adada, Sutcular, IO-26.VII.2002, G. Japoshvili, 399 4cf.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Serguei V. Triapitsyn (University of California, Riverside, CA) for suggesting
changes in the manuscript and for providing museum specimens of B. erythrostetha. We would like
to thank Dr. Evgeny S. Sugonjaev who kindly helped us with the determination of the new species

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 191

as well as Dr. Ferenc Kozar and Bora Kaydan for the determination of the host of K. Palestiniensis.
Thanks also to the TUBITAK organization for supporting our NATO fellowship project "Identifi-
cation and determination of Parasitic Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea) of Isparta Province," Ref: B.02.1.
BAK.009.00.00/562/1439.

LITERATURE CITED

Graham M. W. R. de V. 1969. Synonimic and descriptive notes on European Encyrtidae (Hym.,
Chalcidoidea). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne T. 39, fasc. 2:211-319.

Doganlar M. 1985. Notes on Chalcidoidea of Turkey III. Encyrtidae, Tetracampidae, Aphelinidae.
Eulophidae and Elasmidae. Turkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi 9:91-103.

Japoshvili G. O. and I. N. Karaca. 2002. An annotated list of the chalcid (Hymenoptera: Chalci-
doidea) parasitoids of coccids (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) in Isparta Province (Turkey). Proceedings
of Institirute of Zoology, Tbilisi, Georgia, U.S.A. 21:1 73- 1 75.

Noyes J. S. and J. B. Woolley. 1994. North American encyrtid fauna (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae):
taxonomic changes and new taxa. Journal of Natural History 28:1327-1401.

Noyes, J. S., J. B. Woolley, and G. Zolnerowich. 1997. Chapter 8. Encyrtidae, pp. 170-320. //;,
Gibson G., Huber J., Woolley J. Annotated key to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymen-
optera). National Research Council of Canada. 794 pp.

Trjapitzin V. A. 1989. Parasitic Hymenoptera of the fam. Encyrtidae of Palearctics. Leningrad,
Nauka, Leningrad division. 489 pp.

Trjapitzin V. A. and M. Doganlar. 1997. A review of encyrtids (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) of Tur-
key. Entomology Review 7 6(1 ):2 13-222.

192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A NEW SPECIES OF HOMALOTYLUS

(HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) FROM MEXICO,

PARASITOID OF AZYA ORBIGERA ORBIGERA

(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)1

Vladimir A. Trjapitzin2 and Serguei V. Triapitsyn3

ABSTRACT: A new species of the encyrtid wasp genus Homalotylus Mayr is described from the
state of Tamaulipas in Mexico. The type series of//, shuvakhinac sp. n. was reared from the coc-
cinellid Azva orbigera orbigera (Mulsant), a predator of the coccid Protopulvinaria pyrifonnis
(Cockerell). A key to the three related species from ihejlaminius group of Homalotylus is provided.

Key Words: Encyrtidae, Homalotylus, taxonomy, Azya orbigera orbigera. parasitoid, Mexico.

In 2000, Elisaveta Ya. Shuvakhina reared a series of Homalotylus Mayr (Hy-
menoptera: Encyrtidae) in the garden of Hacienda Santa Engracia, an historic
hotel located near Ejido Benito Juarez, Municipio Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, Mexico.
The adult parasitoids emerged from larvae of the ladybird beetle Azya orbigera
orbigera (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding upon the coccid Proto-
pulvinaria pyrifonnis (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) on an
undetermined plant. These parasitoids represent a previously unknown species of
Homalotylus, which we describe herein as H. shuvakhinae n. sp. This is the first
known host record of a Homalotylus from the coccinellid genus Azya Mulsant.

Terms for morphological features are those of Gibson (1997). Acronyms for
depositories of specimens are as follows: BMNH, The Natural History Museum,
London, England, UK; EMUT, Entomological Museum, Centre de Investi-
gacion, U.A.M. Agronomia y Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas,
Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico; UCRC, Entomology Research Museum,
University of California, Riverside, California, USA; USNM, National Museum
of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA; ZISP, Zoological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. An abbreviation used in the text is:
F = antennal funicle segment.

Genus Homalotylus Mayr, 1876

Type species: Encyrtus flaminius Dalman, 1820; by subsequent designation by
Ashmead (1900). Synonyms: Nobrimus Thomson, 1876; Mendozaniella Brethes,
1913; Hemaenasioidea Girault, 1916; Anisotylus Timberlake, 1919; Lepidap-
hvcus E. Blanchard, 1936; Neoaenasioidea Agarwal, 1966.

1 Received February 25, 2003. Accepted March 13, 2004.

-Centre de Investigacion, U.A.M. Agronomia y Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas.
Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87149, Mexico. E-mail: vatrjapitzin(« yahoo.com.

1 Entomology Research Museum, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside,
California 9252 1 , U.S.A. E-mail: serguei.triapitsyn@ucr.edu.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 193

Taxonomy. Homalotylus is a well-known genus and its generic diagnosis is
available elsewhere (Timberlake 1919). Depending on the classification, the
genus Homalotylus is placed either in the tribe Homalotylini, subtribe Homalot-
ylina (Trjapitzin 1973, 1989) or the tribe Aphycini (Anis and Hayat 1998) of the
subfamily Encyrtinae. The senior author does not agree, however, with Anis and
Hayat's (1998) synonymy of Homalotylini under Aphycini because these seem
to be two very different evolutionary lines of Encyrtinae, infesting basically dif-
ferent groups of hosts: Homalotylini parasitize active larvae of Coccinellidae and
Chrysopidae whereas Aphycini attack more or less sedentary Pseudococcidae,
and their respective oviposition behaviors are completely different.

The new taxon described herein belongs to the flaminius species group of
Homalotylus as defined by Timberlake (1919). In this group of species, the
ovipositor is not exserted and hardly visible except in distorted specimens, or
only slightly exserted. Homalotylus shuvakhinae sp. n. clearly belongs to the
subgroup of the flaminius species group in which the head is notably higher than
wide in frontal view. The new species from Mexico is closely related to
H. flaminius (Dalman) and H. eytelweinii (Ratzeburg) in having the ocellar tri-
angle distinctly acute. These three species can be distinguished from each other
using the following key.

Key to species of Homalotylus related to H. shuvakhinae sp. n., females.

1 First and third segments of metatarsus white H. flaminius (Dalman)

or All segments of metatarsus black or dusky 2

2 Tegula with a white base. Mesotarsus white (except distal segment dusky)

H. eytelweinii (Ratzeburg)

or Tegula entirely black. Mesotarsus with basal segment black, second to

fourth segments light, and distal segment dusky H. shuvakhinae. sp. n.

Biology. Primary parasitoids of larvae and pupae of various Coccinellidae.
Trjapitzin and Ruiz Cancino (1998, 2001 ) indicated host associations of the two
species of Homalotylus from Mexico, both of which are unrelated to the new
taxon described in this communication.

Homalotylus flaminius in Europe and Asia parasitizes coccinellids of the tribe
Scymnini (Klausnitzer & Klausnitzer 1972, Klausnitzer, 1976). According to the
determined specimens in ZISP and also Noyes (2002), H. flaminius is known
from Bulgaria, Georgia, Israel, Mongolia, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and Uzbekis-
tan.

Homalotylus eytelweinii parasitizes coccinellids of the tribes Chilocorini,
Coccinellini, Hippodamiini and Psylloborini (Klausnitzer & Klausnitzer 1972,
Klausnitzer, 1976). According to the determined specimens in ZISP and also
Noyes (2002), it is known from many countries in the Palaearctic region (from
Spain to Japan) as well as from India and Thailand in the Oriental region. Repub-
lic of South Africa in the Afrotropical region, and Guatemala in the Neotropical
region.

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Homalotylus shuvakhinae sp. n., described below, is known only from the type
locality in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Its host, Azya orbigera orbigera, belongs to the
tribe Azyini of the subfamily Coccinellinae; distribution records of this species
in the USA are all from southern Florida (Gordon 1985).

Homalotylus shuvakhinae V. Trjapitzin and S. Triapitsyn, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-3)

Diagnosis. See the key and comments above.

Female. Length 1.84-2.03 mm (holotype 1.84 mm). Color. Body black, with slight metallic shine.
Frontovertex with faint bronze luster. Antenna black except F6 and clava yellowish-white (apical half
of F5 sometimes whitish). Mesonotum with slight violet-bronze-greenish luster; mesopleura with
similar, but fainter, luster. Tegula entirely black. Forewing with transverse dark band reaching poste-
rior margin. Legs mostly black, including mesotibial spur (except in one paratype where it is brown-
ish white); mesotarsus with apex of first segment more or less light, second to fourth segments light
(yellowish or brownish), and fifth segment dusky.

Head about 1.2 x higher than wide. Frontovertex narrow; vertex 1/4 to 1/5 head width. Ocelli in
slightly acute triangle (somewhat less than 60co). Distance between posterior ocelli less than distance
between posterior ocelli to anterior ocellus (4/5 to 5/6); distance from posterior ocellus to eye mar-
gin 2 x (or a little less) more than distance between posterior ocelli. Occipital margin slightly con-
cave. Malar space height less than eye height (as 3-4:7). Distance between lower eye margin 3 x more
than width of vertex. Inner head margin almost straight (or only slightly convex).

Antenna (Fig. 1) inserted near oral margin. Scape slender, almost 8 x as long as wide. Pedicel
about 1/3 length of scape, 2 x as long as wide. Fl slightly longer than wide, about half length of pedi-
cel; F2 and F3 similar to Fl; F4 slightly wider than preceding funicle segments; F5 subquadrate; F6
a little wider than long. Clava 3-segmented, about as long as combined length of 3 preceding flagel-
lar segments, obliquely truncate dorsally almost from the base of first claval segment.

Mesosoma. Pronotum short, 7 x wider than long medially, its posterior margin concave. Mesoscu-
tum 1.3-1.7 x as wide as long; notauli not reaching posterior margin of mesoscutum, with apices very
close to each other but not meeting. Posterolateral angle of axilla transversely truncate and divided
by short, thin keel. Scutellum about as long as wide and about as long as mesoscutum. Propodeum
very short medially, 4-5 x shorter than scutellum; posterior part of propodeum strongly concave
medially and acute laterally (in dorsal view).

Wings not abbreviated. Forewing (Fig. 2) 2.6-2.7 x as long as its maximum width. Costal cell nar-
row. Venation as in Fig. 3; marginal vein about 1.5 x as long as wide; stigmal vein almost straight,
not strongly widening towards its rounded apex; postmarginal vein about as long as stigmal vein,
angle between them about 30*. Linea calva narrow, 7 x as long as wide, not exceeding limits of dark
band, closed beneath by 6 discal setae.

Metasoma about as long as mesosoma. Ovipositor either not exserted or only slightly exserted
beyond apex of gaster. Pygostyles at level of 2/7 length of gaster (from its apex).

Sculpture. Frontovertex, mesopleura, and propodeum with microcellulate sculpture. Mesonotum
minutely reticulate; scutellum microcellulate, almost matte.

Male. Unknown.

Type material: Holotype female on card, labeled: 1. "MEXICO, Tain., Cd. Victoria: Sta.
Engracia. Jardin del hotel, 14.11.2000 (E. Ya. Chouvakhina)"; 2. "Ex. A:ya orbigera orbigera
Mulsant en Protopulvinaria pyriformis"', 3. "Homalotylus shuvakhinae Trjapitzin & S. Triapitsyn
HOLOTYPE 9 Holotype deposited in ZISP. Paratypes: same data as holotype, 5 females on cards
[BMNH, EMUT, UCRC, USNM, and ZISP] and 1 female on slide [UCRC].

Etymology. This species is named after the collector, Mrs. Elisaveta Yakov-
levna Shuvakhina (Chouvakhina), the wife and mother of the senior and junior
authors, respectively.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003

195

8&L-v

" '-vXvVU^'ixN; "^S?^?>c^,"

'%.

• . • :>&:-01

' • ^ • ' • : :*yHV.^

Figures 1-3. Homalotylus shuvakhinae, new species (female). ( 1 ) Antenna; (2) Forewing;
(3) Forewing venation.

196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Elisaveta Ya. Shuvakhina (Russian Entomological Society, Moscow, Russia) for col-
lecting the specimens, Larry G. Bezark (California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento,
California, USA) for identifying the host coccinellid, and also Valentin P. Semjanov (ZISP) and John
S. Noyes (BMNH) for valuable assistance. Douglas Yanega (UCRC) and Svetlana N. Myartseva
(EMUT) critically reviewed the manuscript prior to its submission. Vladimir V. Berezovskiy (UCRC)
dissected and slide-mounted in Canada balsam one of the paratypes of the new species and Jung-
Wook Kim (UCRC) made digital photographs from that slide using the AutoMontage system.

LITERATURE CITED

Anis, S. B. and M. Hayat. 1998. The Indian species of Homalotylus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
Oriental Insects 32:191-218.

Ashmead, W. H. 1900. On the genera of chalcid-flies belonging to the subfamily Encyrtinae.
Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum 22 (1202):323-412.

Gibson, G. A. P. 1997. Chapter 2. Morphology and terminology, pp. 16-44. In, G.A.P. Gibson, J.T.
Huber and J. B. Woolley (Editors). Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea
(Hymenoptera). NRC Research Press. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 794 pp.

Gordon, R. D. 1985. The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the
New York Entomological Society 93 (1): 1-9 12.

Klausnitzer, B. 1976. Katalog der Entomoparasiten der mitteleuropaischen Coccinellidae (Col.).
Studia Entomologica Forestalia (Praha) 2(7):121-130.

Klausnitzer, B. and H. Klausnitzer. 1972. Marienkafer (Coccinellidae). Die Neue Brehm-
Biicherei. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg Lutherstadt. 88 pp.

Noyes, J. S. 2002. Interactive catalogue of world Chalcidoidea 2001. The Natural History Museum,
Taxapad 2002, CD-ROM.

Timberlake, P. H. 1919. Revision of the parasitic chalcidoid flies of the genera Homalotylus Mayr
and Isodromus Howard, with descriptions of two closely related genera. Proceedings of the U. S.
National Museum 56 (2293): 133- 194.

Trjapitzin, V. A. 1973. [Classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Encyrtidae (Chal-
cidoidea). Part 11. Subfamily Encyrtinae Walker, 1837]. Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye
52(2):416-429. [In Russian]. English translation: Entomological Review 52 (2): 287-295.

Trjapitzin, V. A. 1989. [Parasitic Hymenoptera of the fam. Encyrtidae of Palaearctics]. Nauka,
Leningrad Division, Leningrad. 488 pp. [In Russian].

Trjapitzin, V. A. and E. Ruiz Cancino. 1998. Homalotylus terminalis (Say) (Hymenoptera: Chal-
cidoidea: Encyrtidae), un parasitoide de coccinelidos (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) en el Estado de
Morelos, Mexico. CEIBA 38:157-160.

Trjapitzin, V. A. and E. Ruiz Cancino. 2001. Homalotylus cockerelli Timberlake (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae) in Mexico. Southwestern Entomologist 26(4):377-378.

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 197

TERRITORIALLY AND SINGING-SITE PREFERENCES
IN THE CRICKET, CYPHODERRIS MONSTROSA

(ORTHOPTERA: HAGLIDAE)
IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA1

J. Ladau'

ABSTRACT: Many male orthopterans prefer to stridulate from certain microhabitats. However, it
is unknown if such preferences exist in Cyphoderris monstrosa Uhler (Haglidae). Choice tests indi-
cated that C. monstrosa strongly prefer to sing from large trees and clumps of trees, but a survey of
singing C. monstrosa suggested indifference to tree species. The observed preferences may have
implications for understanding the evolution of territoriality in C. monstrosa.

KEY WORDS: Orthoptera, Haglidae, Cricket, stridulate, conifer, habitat preference, territoriality.
western North America.

The haglid crickets are represented in Western North America by three
species: Cyphoderris monstrosa in the Cascade and northern Rocky Mountains,
C. strepitans in the central Rocky Mountains, and C. buckelli in the Canadian
Rocky Mountains (Morris and Gwynne 1978). Males of all three species sing at
approximately 1 3kHz with essentially the same pulse rate, pulse duration, and
amplitude (Morris and Gwynne 1978). However, two of the three species com-
municate differently with their songs: C. strepitans use song to attract mates
(Dodson et al. 1983, Snedden and Irazuzta 1994) while C. monstrosa use song to
mediate territorial disputes (knowledge of C. buckelli is lacking; Sakaluk et al.
1995, Mason 1996).

In C. monstrosa, territorial disputes can escalate from singing to biting and
kicking matches (Mason, 1996), but physical aggression is absent in C. strepi-
tans and C. buckelli. That difference in aggressiveness is puzzling - why aren't
all three species alike? Mason (1996) and Sakaluk et al (1995) suggest that the
answer may lie in habitat geometry. Male C. monstrosa sing from the branches
and trunks of conifer trees, while male C. strepitans and male C. buckelli sing
from bushes (Morris and Gwynne 1978). Since bushes are shorter than conifer
trees and have denser branches, the cost of defending a territory in a bush may
be relatively high, making territoriality disadvantageous for C. strepitans and C.
buckelli but not C. monstrosa (Mason 1996, Sakaluk et al. 1995).

However, rather than a high cost, defending a territory in a bush may entail
only a small benefit in comparison with defending a territory in a tree. All bush-
es could be roughly equivalent, while a limited number of conifers could offer
the best protection, food, or access to females. Cyphoderris monstrosa may de-
fend territories not because it is relatively "cheap," but because it is relatively
beneficial.

' Received on August 24, 2002. Accepted on March 13, 2004.

; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, W347 Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca.
NY 14853-2702, U.S.A. E-mail: jll72@comell.edu.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

According to the latter benefits hypothesis, territorial ity and environmental
heterogeneity should correlate: When sites are of differing quality, territoriality
should be present, while when they are of equivalent quality, it should be absent.
Suggesting that sites are indeed equivalent in the absence of territoriality, C.
buckelli sing from randomly chosen bushes (Morris et al. 2002). However,
whether C. monstrosa prefer to sing from particular trees is unknown. The aim
here is to answer this question, specifically by investigating if C. monstrosa pre-
fer to sing from any particular species of tree, size of trees, or size of tree clumps
in meadows.

METHODS

Field Site

All experiments were conducted at the headwaters of Snow Creek in the Three
Sisters Wilderness of the Cascade Mountains (U.S.A., Oregon; 121°40'5.4"W, 44°
6'4.5"N). The elevation of the site ranged from 2133 to 2225 m.

For experiments, "large" and "small" trees were defined based on their cir-
cumference and height (Large Trees: circumference at 1 m = 1 .74 ± 0.87 m; height
= 15.79 ± 6.63 m; Small Trees: circumference at 1 m = 0.19 ± 0.084 m; height =
2.38 ± 0.72 m). Likewise, "large" and "small" tree clumps were defined based on
the number of trees that they contained and the maximum height of their trees
(Large Clumps: number of trunks = 24 ± 15; maximum height == 13.8 ± 3.5 m;
Small Clumps: number of trunks = 5 ± 6.8; maximum height = 5.3 ± 2.1 m).

Crickets for experiments were collected from trees and tree clumps not used
in trials. While in captivity, each cricket consumed apple, carrot, and staminate
pinecones (Mason 1991, Snedden and Irazuzta 1994), and each one's pronotum,
hind knees, and abdominal tergites VII and VIII were coated with fluorescent or
phosphorescent paint (Liquitex No. 2002-981, Liquitex No. 20002-982, and
Golden Phosphorescent Medium).

Tree Clump Preferences

These trials tested if male C. monstrosa prefer to sing from large or small tree
clumps. Each trial occurred in one of five circular arenas (Fig. 1 ). At the center
of each arena, crickets acclimated in a container for 2 hours before each trial
began. Crickets were then released between 2000 and 2015 hours and observed
every 5 minutes under red light, or when missing, under ultraviolet light. As a
cricket crossed the perimeter of an arena, its location and the temperature on the
ground were recorded. Each cricket was used only once.

The direction from the center of a given arena to its tree clumps was oriented
randomly to control for the possibility that C. monstrosa may have tended to
walk in a particular compass direction. In addition, interactions between tree size
and tree species were accounted for by creating two arenas between clumps of
Tsuga mertensiana and three arenas between clumps of mixed Abies/Pinus spp.

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 199

Figure 1. An arena as seen from above. Abbreviations are as follows: S, small tree or tree
clump; L, large tree or tree clump; P, perimeter of arena. The perimeter touched each
clump or tree tangentially and was marked on the ground with string tied to garden stakes.
This string did not impede crickets from walking out of the arena. The mean diameters
of arenas were 2.48 ± 0.9m and 1.25 ± 0.4m in Tree Clump Choice Tests and Tree Size
Choice Tests, respectively.

Tree Size Preferences

The aim of these trials was to test if C. monstrosa prefer to sing from large or
small trees. Trials were performed in four arenas, and followed the same proto-
col as for tree clumps except crickets acclimated for 45-60 minutes rather than 2
hours. In addition, if a cricket exited an arena unobserved, it was assumed to
have followed a linear course from its last known location. To account for the
corresponding loss of precision, these estimated locations were recorded in 30°
increments. Finally, while only one cricket occupied an arena at a time, up to
three were released into each arena per night, beginning at between 2100 and
2115 hours and ending by 2400 hours. Each cricket was used only once.

One variable that may interact with tree size is tree species. Hence, arenas
were situated so that half were between pairs of Pinus trees and half were be-
tween pairs of Tsuga mertensiana trees. As in the tree clump experiments, the
directions to the large and small trees differed for each arena.

Tree Species Preferences

To determine if C. monstrosa prefer to sing from a particular species of tree,
logistical constraints precluded choice tests. However, surveying singing crick-
ets was possible. To generate a null model for the survey, the relative abundance
of Pinus sp., Abies sp., and Tsuga sp. was determined within the tree clumps that
crickets sang, or within a 25 m: quadrate in the forest.

Analysis

To test if crickets preferred large trees and tree clumps, two alternatives are
considered: crickets followed a random walk (implying that the proportion of the
perimeter of the arena that a large tree/clump occupied predicted the number of

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

crickets that chose it) or they distinguished between meadow, large trees/clumps,
and small trees/clumps, but had no preference (i.e., they chose each location one
third of the time). A binomial test - with the number of crickets expected at large
and small trees/clumps grouped together - - was used to test the first null hypo-
thesis because fewer than five crickets were expected to choose trees/ clumps (Zar
1996). A G-test was used for the second set of alternatives.

It is possible that crickets walked in a compass direction that they preferred and
then merely "bumped" into certain trees/clumps. If there was such a directional
preference, the mean directions in which crickets exited each arena would be iden-
tical, which is testable with a Watson- Williams Test (used for tree clump data; Zar
1996). However, this test cannot be used for the data from the Tree Size Choice
Tests because they were grouped in 30° increments (Zar 1996). To circumvent the
problem, consider that if crickets chose a compass direction, half of them from
each arena would have chosen to go to either side of the median direction for all
of the exits from all of the arenas, a hypothesis testable with a G-test (Batschelet
1981).

All means are reported plus or minus one standard deviation (mean ± SD).

RESULTS
Tree Clumps Preferences

Surveys suggested that singing crickets were more abundant in large tree
clumps than small tree clumps. In trials, most crickets walked directly to the large
or small tree clump. Cyphoderris monstrosa that initially began walking towards
the small tree clump usually reversed direction before they were halfway there
(n=3). Ultimately, of the 25 crickets that exited arenas, 23 (92 percent) went to
large clumps, 1 (4 percent) went to meadow, and 1 (4 percent) went to a small
clump. Crickets chose tree clumps more often than is expected had they followed
a random walk (Fig. 2a; binomial test, p«0.001). They therefore appear to have
chosen the tree clumps prior to leaving the arena. A test of whether their decision
was random with respect to clump size indicates that it was not; large tree clumps
were preferred (G-test, G=38.219, p«0.001). Cyphoderris monstrosa moreover
tended to exit arenas at the center of large tree clumps (x: goodness of fit test:
X:=13.272, p<0.001 ). Those that were permitted to continue into tree clumps com-
menced singing within five minutes of climbing trees therein if the ambient tem-
perature exceeded 4°C.

The mean compass directions in which crickets exited each arena differed
(Watson- Williams test: F=38.503, p<0.0005; Zar 1996). This heterogeneity indi-
cates that the locations at which C. monstrosa exited did not result entirely from a
certain compass direction being preferred.

The preference of C. monstrosa for large tree clumps was independent of ambi-
ent temperature (Fisher's Exact Test: p=0.708). However, at low temperatures
crickets exited arenas less frequently than at high temperatures, burrowing or be-
coming inactive immediately upon entering the arena (Fisher's Exact Test: p<0.00 1 ).

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003

201

Meadow Small Clumps Large Clumps

Small Trees Neither Large Trees

Figure 2. Number of crickets choosing (a) large clumps, small clumps, and meadow and
(b) large trees, small trees, and neither. Expectations are calculated from the proportion
of the perimeter of the arena that tree clumps or trees occupied.

Cyphoderris monstrosa chose large Tsuga clumps as often as they chose large
Abies-Pinus clumps (Fisher's Exact Test: p>0.3), suggesting that their preference
for large tree clumps was unaffected by the species of trees growing in them.

Tree Size Preferences

Surveys suggested that singing crickets were more abundant in large trees than
small trees. In trials, most C. monstrosa walked directly to the large tree, small
tree, or a tree that was located outside of the arena. All told, 16 (48 percent) crick-
ets chose to sing in large trees, 5(15 percent) in small trees, and 12 (36 percent)
chose neither, usually walking to a more distant, foreign tree. More crickets
chose large trees than can be explained by the proportion of the perimeter that
large trees occupied (Fig. 2b; Binomial test: p«0.001). The responses of the
crickets also did not conform to the pattern that was expected if they distin-
guished between large trees, small trees, and meadow but were not predisposed
to choose any of the three (G-test: 6.194, p<0.05). When crickets chose a tree,
they climbed it and began stridulating.

Crickets walked in different compass directions in each arena (G-test:
G=4.321, p<0.05; Batschelet 1981). Therefore, preference for large trees proba-
bly did not result spuriously from crickets choosing to walk in a compass direc-
tion that they preferred. Furthermore, the preference for large trees was inde-
pendent of the genus of the trees (G-test: G=0.279, p>0.5).

Tree Species Preferences

The 14 tree clumps surveyed with singing C monstrosa were composed of 7
Abies spp., 160 Tsuga mertensiana, and 92 Finns spp. Within eleven 5 x 5 m
quadrates centered on stridulating crickets grew 18 Finns spp., 57 Tsuga merten-
siana, and 35 Abies spp.

202

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A total of 1 2 C. monstrosa stridulating in the forest and 1 8 in tree clumps were
surveyed. In both the forest and tree clumps, the crickets were distributed ran-
domly amongst the 3 genera of trees (clumps: Fig. 3a; G-test: G=0.004, p>0.95;
forest: Fig. 3b; G-test: G=0.447, p>0.25). Whether crickets inhabited forest or
tree clumps did not predict the tree genus from which they called (G-test:
G=0.0892, p>0.75).

3
a4

12.5

Tsuga Pinus Abies

Singing Location

Tsuga Pinus

Singing Loc ahon

Abies

Figure 3. The number of C. monstrosa observed and expected (if crickets do not prefer
any tree genus) to be singing from Abies, Tsuga, and Pinus trees in (a) tree clumps and
(b) forest.

DISCUSSION

This investigation suggests that male C. monstrosa prefer to sing in large tree
clumps, independent of the ambient temperature and local tree species. It also
suggests that the crickets prefer large trees regardless of genus, and that they sing
equally often from P. contorta, P. albicaulis, Abies spp., and T. mertensiana.

Natural selection is generally modeled as a balance between costs and bene-
fits: selection favors traits only if their benefits exceed their costs (Parker and
Maynard Smith 1990). This line of reasoning implies that the benefits of territo-
riality must exceed the costs in C. monstrosa but not in C. strepitans and C. buck-
elli. Such a difference may arise in two ways: First, territoriality may cost C.
monstrosa more than it costs C. buckelli and C. strepitans (Sakaluk et al. 1995,
Mason 1996), and second, territoriality may benefit C. monstrosa more than it
benefits C. strepitans and C. buckelli. While these two possibilities are not
mutually exclusive, they are distinct, and my results support the second one.

Specifically, I hypothesized that a limited number of sites offer C. monstrosa
the best protection, food, and/or access to females, while for C. strepitans C.
buckelli, such sites are either unlimited or nonexistent. This hypothesis predicts
that C. monstrosa should prefer to sing from particular sites - those with the

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 203

best resources -- and consistent with this prediction, I have shown that C. mon-
strosa indeed prefer to sing from large trees and large tree clumps.

Whether large trees and tree clumps offer the best resources remains to be test-
ed. However, I speculate that they might for the following reasons:

1 . Preliminary data suggest that females abound in large trees and tree clumps
(Ladau, personal observation). If females prefer to mate with males that are
nearby (Forrest 1983, Mason 1991, Brown and Gwynne 1997) males may
have the most opportunities to mate in large trees and tree clumps.

2. A large supply of food is available in large trees and tree clumps, where the
staminate pine cones on which C. monstrosa feed (Morris and Gwynne,
1978) are numerous.

3. Male C. monstrosa can call until the ambient temperature falls below freez-
ing (Morris and Gwynne 1978), which happens later in the night in large
trees and tree clumps than in small trees and tree clumps (Brooke 1970,
Franklin and Dyrness 1972, Spurr and Barnes 1992, Geiger et al. 1995).
Therefore, crickets can sing longer in large trees and tree clumps and possi-
bly increase their likelihood of attracting a mate.

4. Large trees and tree clumps are considerably taller than small trees and tree
clumps. Male Anurogiyllus arboreus climb trees to increase the broadcast
range of their song (Paul and Walker 1979, Walker 1983), and climbing ben-
efits other species in a like manner (Ewing 1989). Thus, by singing from high
perches that large trees or tree clumps offer, male C. monstrosa may optimize
the broadcast range of their songs.

In sum, if Cyphoderris spp. differ in territoriality because of differing bene-
fits, rwo predictions should hold: first, within the habitat of C. monstrosa certain
locations should offer better resources than others, and second, within the habi-
tat of C. strepitans and C. buckelli such heterogeneity should be lacking. Con-
sistent with the second prediction, Morris et al. (2002) show that C. buckelli sing
from randomly chosen bushes. Consistent with the first prediction, I here show
that C. monstrosa prefer large trees and clumps of trees.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was made possible by two generous Explorers Club Grants. B. Montgomery, R.
Lemon, A. D. McLucas, I. Ives, K. McDonald. D. and B. Mosely, and S. Coins provided critical field
assistance. Dr. P. J. DeVries, T. Walla, V. Shekhtman, Dr. T. Cohn, Dr. T. Eisner, Dr. A. Mason, and
R. Ladau generously provided assistance with planning and writing. The writing was also improved
by an anonymous reviewer.

LITERATURE CITED

Batschelet, E. 19X1. Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press. London, England. 371 pp.

Brooke, R. C. 1970. The Subalpine Mountain Hemlock /one. Pp. 147-349. //;. Kragina. Z. J.
(Editor). Ecology of western North America. Department of Botany, University of British Colum-
bia. British Columbia. Canada. 349 pp.

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Brown, W. D. and D. T. Gwynne 1997. Evolution of Mating in Crickets, Katydids, and Wetas
(Ensifera). pp. 281-314. In, Gangwere, S. K. and M. C. Muralirangan (Editors). The Bionomics
of Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Their Kin. CAB International. Wallingford, United Kingdom.
529 pp.

Dodson, G. N., G. K. Morris, and D. T. Gwynne 1983. Mating behavior of the primitive
orthopteran genus Cyphoderris (Haglidae). pp. 305-318. //;, Gwynne, D. T. and G. K. Morris
(Editors). Orthopteran Mating Systems: Sexual Competition in a Diverse Group of Insects. West-
view Press. Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. 376 pp.

Ewing, A. W. 1989. Arthropod Bioacoustics. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York, U.S.A.
240 pp.

Forrest, T. G. 1983. Calling Songs and Mate Choice in Mole Crickets, pp. 185-204. In, Gwynne,
D. T. and G. K. Morris (Editors), Orthopteran Mating Systems: Sexual Competition in a Diverse
Group of Insects. Wesrview Press. Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. 376 pp.

Franklin, J. F. and C. T. Dyrness 1972. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon
State University Press. Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. 452 pp.

Geiger, R., R. Aorn, and P. Toddhunter 1995. The Climate Near the Ground: Fifth Edition.
Vieweg. Wiesbaden, Germany. 528 pp.

Mason, A. C. 1991. Hearing in the primitive ensiferan: the auditory system of Cyphoderris mon-
strosa (Orthoptera: Haglidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 168: 351-363.

Mason, A. C. 1996. Territoriality and the function of song in the primitive acoustic insect Cypho-
derris monstrosa (Orthoptera: Haglidae). Animal Behaviour 51:21 1-24.

Morris, G. K. and D. T. Gwynne 1978. Geographical distribution and observations of Cyphoderris
(Orthoptera: Haglidae) with a description of a new species. Psyche 85:147-167.

Morris, G. K., P. A. DeLuca, M. Norton, and A. C. Mason 2002. Calling-song function male hag-
lids (Orthoptera: Haglidae, Cyphoderris). Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 271-285.

Parker, G. A. and Maynard Smith, J. 1990. Optiinality theory in evolutionary biology. Nature

348:27-33.

Paul, R. C. and T. J. Walker 1979. Arboreal singing in a burrowing cricket, Anurogryllus

arhoreus. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 132: 217-223.

Sakaluk, S. K., W. A. Snedden, K. A. Jacobson, and A. K. Eggert 1995. Sexual competition in
sagebrush crickets: must males hear calling rivals? Behavioral Ecology 3: 250-257.

Snedden, W. A. and S. Irazuzta 1994. Attraction of Female Sagebrush Crickets to Male Song:
The Importance of Field Bioassays. Journal of Insect Behavior 7: 233-236.

Spurr, S. H. and B. V. Barnes 1992. Forest Ecology. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar,
Florida, U.S.A. 687 pp.

Walker, T. J. 1983. Mating Modes and Female Choice in Short-Tailed Crickets (Anurogryllus
arhoreus). In. Gwynne, D. T. and G. K. Morris (Editors). Orthopteran Mating Systems: Sexual
Competition in a Diverse Group of Insects, pp. 240-267. Westview Press. Boulder, Colorado. 376
pp.

Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical Analysis: Third Edition. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey, U.S.A. 918pp.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 205

ADULT CHLOROPIDAE (DIPTERA)
ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTRUCTED TREATMENT

WETLANDS MODIFIED BY
THREE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES'

J. B. Keiper, M. Stanczak;, and W. E. Walton'

ABSTRACT: Eight genera of Chloropidae were collected from experimental wetland research cells
manipulated by different vegetation control strategies in southern California, U.S.A. After flooding,
chloropids were collected with detergent pan traps for 14 months. Eribolus californicus. a secondary
invader of emergent wetland plants, was the only abundant species. Results indicate that density of
adult Chloropidae was not affected differently by the wetland plant management techniques used.
However, the techniques slowed the growth of emergent macrophytes (particularly bulrush,
Schoenoplectus spp.) that are the sites of larval development. Therefore, first year data show low
numbers of chloropids, with a two- to three-fold increase by year two.

KEY WORDS: Chloropidae, Diptera, adults, wetlands, vegetation management techniques.

Chloropid flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) represent a large family with about
1300 species worldwide (Rogers et al. 1991). Many species of chloropids are
considered to be either primary or secondary invaders of plants, especially grass-
es, sedges, and rushes (Valley et al. 1969, Todd and Foote 1987, Keiper et al.
2002, Beaulieu and Wheeler 2002). Other species appear to exhibit more scav-
enging habits (Ferrar 1987, Keiper et al. 2002), and yet others are pest species
that may be vectors of ocular diseases (Liohippelates, Siphunculina spp.) or
cause damage to crops (Ferrar 1987). Most species are not anthropophilic.

Wetland environments provide habitat and food for many chloropid species,
and their abundance appears to be tied directly to the wetland plant diversity
(Valley and Foote 1997). Large numbers of chloropid individuals and numerous
species are frequently found in marsh areas (Todd and Foote 1987). However,
due to damage caused by human activities, many wetland habitats are threatened,
and the restoration or replacement of wetland areas is common practice today
(Hammer 1997). Both comparatively old and newly constructed wetland areas
are frequently subjected to vegetation management to prevent aquatic plants
from eliminating open water areas. Excessive growth of vegetation in construct-
ed wetlands can lead to decreased efficiency in treating wastewater (Marble
1992, Thullen et al. 2002), and provide less suitable habitat for waterfowl and
other wildlife than a hemi-marsh (i.e. a marsh with approximately 50 percent
vegetation cover and 50 percent open water) (Batzer et al. 1999). A recent paper
showed that vegetation management reduced adult shore fly (Diptera:
Ephydridae) densities, but populations required less than one year to produce

1 Received on August 2, 2002. Accepted on March 1 3, 2004.

'Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drue.
Cleveland, Ohio 44106 U.S.A. E-mail: jkeiperdf cinnh.org.

' Department of Entomology, University of California. Riverside, California 92521 U.S.A.

Mailed on August 25. 2004

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

equally dense communities during experimental vegetation management in
southern California (Keiper and Walton 2002). This study describes the colo-
nization of chloropid flies associated with experimental constructed treatment
wetlands subjected to three different vegetation management strategies. It also
tests the null hypothesis that densities of abundant species are not significantly
affected by these methods of wetland management in southern California, U.S.A.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted at the Hemet/San Jacinto Regional Water Recla-
mation Facility in western Riverside County, CA (USA) (Keiper and Walton
2002). Eight 0.1 ha research cells (69 x 14m) were used and divided into three
categories after all cells were burned and dried to leave only underground rhi-
zomes. Three cells were randomly assigned as control cells (C). Three remaining
cells were randomly selected and scoured with a rock bucket attached to a back-
hoe (S). The remaining two cells had hummocks (earthen mounds) installed in
the shallow areas after the cells were scoured (H). Hummocks were designed to
provide shallow areas to focus emergent vegetation, primarily California bulrush
(Schoenoplectus californicus [Meyer] Sojak), while keeping areas between hum-
mocks free of vegetative growth. Each cell received secondary-treated waste-
water containing excess nitrogen (~9.9 mg L-'NH"4-N, and <1 mg L-1 NO-rN)
from the treatment plant. Other workers studying the research cell complex con-
currently found that H cells reduced ammonium levels by 66 percent and 28 per-
cent during 1998 and 1999, respectively. Vegetative cover was reduced by ap-
proximately 40 percent in the H cells (Thullen et al. 2002).

Flooding of the cells began July 13, 1998, and was completed after 7 days. On
the second day of this flooding, detergent pan traps (23 x 33 cm) were set out
along the western edge of each of the cells; one on either end, and one in the mid-
dle, to represent a variety of open water, plant, and mud shore microhabitats. Pans
were set out every week for the first 12 weeks of inundation, every 2 to 3 weeks
in the summer of 1999, and less frequently during early spring and winter. Trap-
ping was concluded on September 10, 1999. Each pan was filled with approx-
imately 5 cm of water, to which a few drops of liquid dishwashing detergent were
added; insects alighting on the surface fell through the surface and drowned
(Larson and Foote 1997, Keiper and Walton 2002). Pans and their contents were
collected after 24 hours and preserved for later analysis. Keiper and Walton
(2002) provide a more detailed description of the study site and the methods used.
Representative specimens were dehydrated and pinned, and are deposited in the
Entomology Research Museum of the University of California - Riverside, or
the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Species were categorized as abundant (>20 percent of all specimens captured),
common (>10 but <20 percent), uncommon (>1 but <10 percent), or rare (<1 per-
cent). Statistical analyses were applied only to species that were abundant. Non-
parametric (Friedman's repeated measures ANOVA) or parametric (one-way

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 20"

repeated measures ANOVA) statistics were performed where appropriate to test
the hypothesis that the numbers of adults captured differed significantly between
the wetland treatments (SigmaStat 1997). Due to the time of initial inundation
and dates sampled during each year, the two years were treated separately.

RESULTS

A total of 452 chloropids from eight genera were collected. Eribolus calif or-
nicus was the only abundant species and was first encountered 10 days after
flooding began. Pseudopachychaeta approximatonervis (Zetterstedt) was com-
mon but was not captured until approximately 4 months after flooding of the
cells. Elachiptera nigriceps Loew Sabrosky arrived quickly (24 days after flood-
ing), but was uncommon. The remaining five genera each accounted for <1 pre-
cent of the total number of chloropid flies collected (Table 1 ).

Eribolus californicus was infrequently collected during the first summer and
fall of the study, with mean densities never exceeding two individuals per pan
trap in all treatments. However, by early spring of 1999, densities increased two-
to threefold and peaked in June at approximately six individuals per trap. Num-
bers declined during summer (Fig. 1). However, the abundance of adult E. cali-
fornicus during 1998 (y} = 0.273, d.f = 2, p = 0.88) and 1999 (F27 == 1.03, p =
0.38) did not differ significantly among the three treatment types.

DISCUSSION

Previous work on shore flies showed that populations of some common taxa
were inhibited by the scoured and hummock treatments during the first summer
of inundation. However, all treatments produced statistically equal numbers of
individuals by the second year (Keiper and Walton 2002). Eribolus californicus
was the only abundant chloropid species, and adult density was statistically equal
in all treatments. The addition of hummocks to cells reduced the vegetation cov-
erage by 40 percent, and was the most successful management technique in terms
of reducing lateral growth of bulrush (Thullen et al. 2002). Although we con-
ducted no rearing, California bulrush grew in a virtual monoculture in the cells
and is probably the larval food source for E. californicus. Other Eribolus species
exhibit secondary herbivory in the larval stage (Valley and Foote 1997). The rel-
ative scarcity of E. californicus during 1998 was probably due to a lack of sub-
stantive stands of bulrush in the cells, although a modest peak in numbers
occurred in November as bulrush stands were maturing. Peaks in 1999 occurred
in April and June. Sampling did not continue until November 1999, thus we can
not conclude with certainty that November is a period when a late generation of
E. californicus occurs. From these data, we suggest that in southwestern habitats,
E. californicus is at least bivoltine with generations in April and June, and is pos-
sibly trivoltine with a peak in November. Eribolus species are most commonly
found in May and early June in more temperate areas but can be found from mid-
April to late October (Valley and Foote 1997).

208

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Table 1. Chloropidae taken in pan traps at the Hemet/San Jacinto RWRF Research Cell Complex,
1998-1999; taxa arranged phylogenetically. Abundance in parentheses: A = abundant (>20%), C =
common (>10 but <20%), U = uncommon (>1 but <10%), R = rare (<1%).

Taxa Trophic level

Pseudopachychaeta
approximatonervis Herbivore

Frequency Days until first
appearance

0.15 (C) 122

Biorbitella sp. ?

<0.01 (R) 24

Eribolis californicus Herbivore/
2° invader

0.77 (A) 10

Elachiptera nigriceps Herbivore/
2° invader
Liohippelates sp. Herbivore

0.06 (U) 24
<0.01 (R) 248

Gaurax sp. Scavenger

O.01 (R) 65

Rhopalopterum sp. Herbivore/
2° invader

<0.01 (R) 79

Apotropina sp. Scavenger

O.01 (R) 72

10 -i

— * — Control

^ 8 -

—©—Scoured
—A— Hummock

fc 6-

'ribolus californicus

Isj .U
1 1

; i

n I

7 Li

C
(0

£ o-

c§;ciftdS^^ i

1 ^"^^^.j^ 1

5-May-98 24-Jul-98 12-Oct-98 31-Dec-98 21-Mar-99 9-Jun-99 28-Aug-99 16-Nov-99

Fig. I. Mean number of Eribolus californicus taken in pan traps from research cells
modified by three different vegetation management strategies.

The second most frequently encountered chloropid was Pseudopachychaeta
approximatonervis, a herbivore which feeds on the inflorescences of plants such
as spike-rush (Todd and Foote 1 987). Due to repeated captures in a bulrush
monoculture, P. approximatonervis may be using S. californicus as a host plant.
The late appearance of/! approximatonervis (1 24 days, Table I ) may have been

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 209

due to the time it takes for S. californicus to flower and eventually develop seed
heads. Elachiptera nigriceps (Loew) is a secondary invader that normally feeds
on shoots of Carex and partially opened flowers of Iris; the primary invaders of
these plants are larvae of Lepidoptera. Elachiptera nigriceps is also known to
scavenge decaying skunk cabbage (Ferrar 1987) and may opportunistically scav-
enge decaying plant matter in the areas where skunk cabbage occurs.

The remaining five genera were rare. Flies of the genus Apotropina are scav-
engers as larvae, and are found in the nests of birds or wasps (Ferrar 1987); tri-
color blackbirds and marsh wrens, among other avian taxa, nested in the research
cells (JBK, personal observation). Some larvae of Gaurax can be found feeding
on the decaying plant material in bird nests, while others are found in bracket
fungi associated with Coleoptera larvae. It has been suggested that Gaurax lar-
vae also feed on beetle frass (Valley et al. 1969), while some species are known
to be predators of spider egg cocoons (Ferrar 1987). The genus Liohippelates
was a rare genus in this study, and contains flies known as eye gnats, which may
be vectors of ocular disorders and yaws — skin ulcers on face, feet, and hands
(Rogers et al. 1991). Some have been found on the yellow water lily (Todd and
Foote 1987), but no evidence suggests that they are associated with bulrush. Rho-
palopterum is a genus of secondary invaders that inhabit stems of wetland mono-
cots (Keiper et al. 2002). Some plants attacked by this genus are grasses, sedges,
and cattails (Todd and Foote 1987). No information on the biology or feeding
habits of the genus Biorbitella is known.

In conclusion, the chloropid community in these wetland cells is relatively
rich with eight species, with certain species (Eribolis californicus, Pseudopachy-
chaeta approximatoner\'is, and Elachiptera nigriceps) occurring frequently. Veg-
etation management practices did not appear to inhibit species richness within
the research cells. However, when compared to what little work has been done in
natural wetlands, the constructed wetlands harbored far fewer species of Chloro-
pidae (e.g. Todd and Foote 1987). Perhaps if more than one plant species was
seeded, the research cells would support a more species-rich community of
chloropid flies. The adult flies may be an important food source for birds and
amphibians, and the larvae could represent significant herbivores or scavengers,
therefore contributing substantially to energy flow and nutrient cycling within
constructed wetland ecosystems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank J. Thullen (USGS), J. Sartoris (USGS), and J. Somsuvanskul (Eastern Municipal Water
District) for support and cooperation during this study. M. Sanford, K. Chan. L. H. Ciould, J. Jiannino,
L. Randall, and P. D. Workman (UCR) helped with field and laboratory' work. M. Sanford. D. Dunn
(C'MNH), as well as an anonymous reviewer, kindly reviewed the manuscript. The study was sup-
ported, in part, by Special Funds for Mosquito Research from the Dis ision of Agriculture and Natural
Resources of the University of California. USDA funding to the Agricultural Experiment Station at
UCR, and the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association Research Foundation.

2 1 0 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

LITERATURE CITED

Batzer, D. P., R. B. Rader, and S. A. Wissinger. 1999. Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of
North America: Ecology and Management. Wiley, New York. 1 120 pp.

Beaulieu, F. and T. A. Wheeler. 2002. Insects (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera) reared from wet-
land monocots (Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Typhaceae) in southern Quebec. Proceedings of the Ento-
mological Society of Washington 104:300-308.

Ferrar, P. 1987. A guide to the breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera, Cyclorrhapha.
Entomonograph Volume 8. Scandinavian Science Press Ltd. 448 pp.

Hammer, D. A. 1997. Creating Freshwater Wetlands. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton. 240 pp.

Keiper, J. B. and W. E. Walton. 2002. Effects of three vegetation management strategies on shore-
flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) in newly constructed treatment wetlands. Annals of the Entomologi-
cal Society of America 95:570-576.

Keiper, J. B., W. E. Walton, and B. A. Foote. 2002. Biology and ecology of higher Diptera from
freshwater wetlands. Annual Review of Entomology 47:207-232.

Larson, L. and B. A. Foote. 1997. Biology of four species of Notiphila Fallen (Diptera: Ephy-
dridae) associated with the yellow water lily, Nuphar luteurn (Nymphaeaceae). Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Washington 99:542-59.

Marble, A. D. 1992. A Guide to Wetland Functional Design. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. 240
pp.

Rogers, T. P., B. A. Foote, and J. L. Todd. 1991. Biology and immature stages of Chlorops cer-
timus and Epichlomps exilis (Diptera: Chloropidae), stem borers of wetland sedges. Journal of
the New York Entomological Society 99:664-683.

SigmaStat. 1997. SigmaStat statistical software. SPSS Inc., Chicago. 250 pp.

I liul k'ii, J. S., J. J. Sartoris, and W. E. Walton. 2002. Effects of vegetation management in con-
structed wetland treatment cells on water quality and mosquito production. Ecological Engi-
neering 18:441-457.

Todd, J. L. and B. A. Foote. 1987. Resource partitioning in Chloropidae (Diptera) of a freshwater
marsh. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America 89:803-810.

Valley, K. V. and B. A. Foote. 1997. Biology and immature stages of Eribolus longiilus. with notes
on E. nanus (Diptera: Chloropidae), secondary invaders of herbaceous wetland plants. Memoirs
of the Entomological Society of Washington 18: 273-279.

Valley, K. V., R. T. Wearseh, and B. A. Foote. 1969. Larval feeding habits of certain Chloropidae.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 71: 29-34.

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003

HETEROPTERAN ADVENTITIOUS BITERS
(HEMIPTERA): PRIMITIVELY PREDACEOUS?'

Carl W. Schaefer

ABSTRACT: The foods of most heteropterans are either plants or other arthropods. I surveyed
records of bugs which have adventitiously bitten humans, and found that 38 of these records are of
bugs whose ancestors were herbivorous. One hundred eighty-four records are of bugs which are, or
whose ancestors were, predaceous. The relative ratios of biting records to numbers of bugs in these
groups is 3.10 for primarily herbivorous bugs, and 8.50 for primarily predaceous ones. The greater
propensity of predaceous bugs to bite humans may reflect similarities between these bugs' usual (or
ancestral) hosts and the exudations of humans.

KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, nuisance biters, adventitious biters, predation, herbivory.

Heteropterans that adventitiously bite humans are bugs that normally feed on
other hosts. From time to time such bugs may attack people; to call such nuisance
attacks "accidental" suggests the bugs are confused or distracted; whereas, in
fact, the attack may be quite deliberate - - a search for fluid, minerals, warmth
(see Schaefer 2000a). While writing a chapter on such bugs (Schaefer 2000a), it
occurred to me that many of these records are of bugs which were, or whose
ancestors were, predaceous; and that there seemed to be fewer records of her-
bivorous and ancestrally herbivorous bugs. Here I document that impression and
briefly discuss it.

Ryckman (1979), Ryckman and Bentley (1979), and I (2000a) have compiled
many records of bugs adventitiously biting humans (Table 1 ). Not listed are
records of two groups, some of whose members feed on human blood. Triato-
mine reduviids and cimicids both feed exclusively on vertebrate blood, and some
(a minority) feed on humans. Although most triatomines do not feed on humans,
records of adventitious feeding by triatomines are not included in Table 1 .

In addition, of the many references to cimicid bites, most but not all refer, of
course, to the bedbugs [Cimex lectularius L. and C. hemipterus (F.)]. Yet sever-
al of the others refer to other cimicids that normally do not feed on humans (see
also reports in Schaefer 2000b). Nevertheless, like triatomines, all cimicids feed
on vertebrate blood, and so they too are not included in Table 1 .

Also absent from Table 1 are records of sternorrhynchous hemipterans biting
humans. There are few such records, and this paucity probably reflects their very
small size and the consequent difficulty of their penetrating human skin.
Sternorrhynchs' relatives, grouped para- (or poly-) phyletically as "Auchenor-
rhyncha," are usually larger and at many times bite humans (Table 1; Schaefer
2000a).

1 Submitted on October 11, 2002. Accepted on June 3, 2004.

: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-
3043 U.S.A. Schaefer@uconnvm.uconn.edu.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

2 1 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Table 1 . Number of reports of adventitious biting by hemipterans. Several re-
ports contain more than one species, and several reports of the same family may
contain the same species. Schaefer's (2000a) reports are in addition to these of
Ryckman (1979) and Ryckman and Bentley (1979); the last two reports are com-
bined.

Family of Hemiptera Ryckman ( 1 979), Schaefer (2000a)

Ryckman and Bentley (1979)

Cydnidae 1 2

Pentatomidae 2

(excluding Asopinae)

Pentatomidae: Asopinae 2

Coreidae 1

Rhopalidae 1

Pyrrhocoridae 8

Lygaeidae (sensu lato) 19 1

Berytidae 1

Enicocephalidae 2

Reduviidae (excluding 74

Triatominae)

Nabidae 12 1

Anthocoridae 20 7

Miridae 16 10*

Tingidae 5

Dipsocoridae, 2

Cryptostemmatidae,
Ceratocombidae

Notonectidae 7

Belostomatidae 7

Naucoridae 2

"Auchenorrhyncha" 2 1 1

*plus 27 additional species of Miridae from Wheeler (2001 ); total = 59.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 213

There are 38 reports of adventitious biting by bugs belonging to primarily her-
bivorous groups (i.e., groups whose ancestors were also herbivorous: Cydnidae
through Berytidae in Table 1) and 184 reports of such biting by primarily pre-
daceous bugs or bugs which, although herbivorous now, are evolved from car-
nivorous groups (Enicocephalidae through Naucoridae in Table 1). "Auchenor-
rhyncha" are not included in either tally. The reports of Lygaeidae (sensu lato)
do not distinguish between those that feed only on plants and those that also prey
upon insects (Geocorinae). The same is true of Pyrrhocoridae, some of whose
species are at least, in part, predaceous (see Schaefer 1999).

In addition, the records in Table 1 here do not distinguish between those biters
which took in actual internal fluids (cell contents, blood, lymph) and those which
either imbibed external fluid (sweat) or nothing at all. This could be an impor-
tant distinction, as is also the temperature at which these attacks occurred. Very
often, under experimental conditions, predaceous bugs will not feed below a cer-
tain temperature threshold (A. C. Cohen, personal communication).

Any analysis of these numbers must be far more qualitative than quantitative;
the reports overlap to some extent (including the same species) and several re-
ports include more than one species. But the difference is large: 38 reports of bit-
ing by primitively herbivorous bugs and 184 reports of biting by bugs either
predaceous or secondarily herbivorous (see Schaefer 1997).

However, there are many far more primarily predaceous bugs than primarily
herbivorous ones. All the latter are members of the heteropteran infraorder Pen-
tatomomorpha, which has altogether about 12,400 described species. The pri-
marily predaceous bugs belong to these heteropteran infraorders: Enicocephal-
omorpha ( 1 30 species), Dipsocoromorpha (210), Nepomorpha ( 1 900), and Cimi-
comorpha (19,400; 10,000 of these species are Miridae [Schuh 1995], the largest
by far of the heteropteran families); the total of these primarily predaceous infra-
orders is 21,640 (numbers from Schaefer unpublished). The relative ratios rela-
tive ratio of reports to numbers of bugs is 3.10 for primarily herbivorous bugs
[38/12,400 x 1,000] and 8.50 for predaceous or secondarily herbivorous bugs
[184/21,640 x 1,000]. Because the ratios are very small, I multiply each by 1,000.

Thus, even taking into account the larger number of primarily predaceous
bugs, there are proportionately more reports of them feeding adventitiously than
of primarily herbivorous bugs doing so; and the relative ratio rises when Miridae
are excluded (see Appendix). In addition, the only secondarily predaceous group
among the herbivores (Asopinae) has only two records of adventitious biting (see
Schaefer 2000a). Note that the ratio for predaceous bugs would greatly increase
if the records of adventitious biting by those cimicids and triatomine reduviids
that do not normally attack humans were included in the total.

Miridae are herbivorous; many, many are predaceous; and many are both. The
family itself is almost certainly descended from predaceous ancestors and its her-
bivorous members are therefore secondarily herbivorous (see discussion in
Wheeler 2001 and Schaefer 1997). Doubtless many of its predaceous members

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

are descended from herbivores, whereas the feeding habits of others (e.g. , Iso-
metopinae) are directly descended from that of the predaceous ancestor. Because
the family is so large and so diverse, I discuss it separately in an Appendix, while
including its species more generally in the discussion here.

These data suggest that ancestral feeding habits (herbivorous and predaceous)
are better predictors of adventitious biting than present feeding habits (see Table
2). The reasons for this difference are obscure. Perhaps humans and the usual
arthropod prey of predaceous bugs (and formerly predaceous bugs) emit attrac-
tants more similar than do plants; and predators (and former predators) are then
attracted to such things as volatile amino acids, CO2, some degree of warmth,
and/or something else given off by both the usual (or former) arthropod prey and
humans. Perhaps predators are more attracted to the directed movement of ani-
mals, whether prey or not, than they are to the less directed movement of plants.
It may simply be that predaceous insects are more ready to use their beaks in
defense than are herbivorous insects, and that, therefore, at least some of the
records in Table 1 reflect defensive, not feeding, bites. This may be especially
true of the three water bugs.

However, the circumstances surrounding the various recorded instances sug-
gest that the bugs were seeking something, moisture possibly, more probably
salts or organic compounds. Many of the adventititous bitings occurred under
warm and humid conditions when the attacked human was sweating; but whether
the sweat was the attraction or whether biting occurred because some threshold
temperature had been reached remains unknown. For further discussion see
Wheeler (2001).

We lack the opposing data to help test these statements: we do not know how
often predaceous (and formerly predaceous) herbivores are attracted to nonhost
plants. We do not know how often bugs which feed on humans are attracted to
nonhuman animals or to plants. We do know that predaceous bugs will suck juices
from plants and that herbivorous bugs will sometimes attack other arthropods.
But we lack data similar to, and therefore comparable with, those in Table 1 .

Nevertheless, experiments with CO-,, different human hosts, various volatiles,
temperature gradients, etc. should help clarify how significant the differences
among these heteropteran groups are.

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003

215

Table 2. Ancestrally and/or presently predaceous and herbivorous adventitious het-
eropteran biters (by family group), with number of reports of adventitious biting in
parentheses.

Feeding Habits

Presently Predaceous

Presently Herbivorous

Ancestrally Predaceous

Enicocephalidae (3)

Miridae (53)
(see Appendix)

Reduviidae
(excl. Triatominae) (74)

Tingidae (5)

Nabidae(13)

Anthocoridae (27)

Dipsocoridae (2)*

Cryptostemmatidae (2)*

Ceratocombidae (2)*

Notonectidae (7)

Belostomatidae (7)

Naucoridae (2)

Ancestrally Herbivorous

Asopinae (2)

Cydnidae (3)

Pentatomidae
(excluding Asopinae) (2)

Coreidae ( 1 )

Rhopalidae ( 1 )

Pyrrhocoridae (X)

Lygaeidae (s.l.)
(most) (20)

Berytidae ( 1 )
"Auchenorrhyncha" (22)

*taken together

2 1 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am grateful to A.R. Panizzi (Embrapa Soja, Londrina, Brazil) and to A. C. Cohen (Insect Diet
and Rearing Institute, LLC, Tucson, Arizona) for their comments on this paper. I particularly thank
A. C. Cohen, who suggested Table 2 and other important important changes.

LITERATURE CITED

Ryckman, R. E. 1979. Host reactions to bug bites (Hemiptera/Homoptera): a literature review and
annotated bibliography. Part I. California Vector News 26 (1/2): 1-24.

Ryckman, R. E., and D. G. Bentley. 1979. Host reactions to bug bites (Hemiptera/Homoptera): a
literature review and annotated bibliography. Part II. California. Vector News 26 (1/2): 25-49.

Schaefer, C. W. 1997. The origin of secondary carnivory from herbivory in Heteroptera
(Hemiptera). pp. 229-239. //;, Ecology and Evolution of Plant-feeding Insects in Natural and
Man-made Environments., A. Raman (Editored). New Delhi, International Scientific Publica-
tions. 828 pp.

Schaefer, C. W. 1999. Areviewof Raxa (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Annals of the. Entomological.
Society of Amererica. 92: 14-19.

Schaefer, C. W. 2000a. Adventitious biters — "nuisance" bugs. pp. 553-559. In. Heteroptera of
Economic Importance, C. W. Schaefer and A.R. Panizzi (Editors.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Flor-
ida, U.S.A. 828 pp.

Schaefer, C. W. 2000b. Bed bugs (Cimicidae). Pp. 519-538. //;. Heteroptera of Economic Impor-
tance., C. W. Schaefer and A. R. Panizzi (Editors). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A.
828 pp.

Schuh, R. T. 1998. Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). Systematic Catalog,
Distributions, Host List, and Bibliography. New York, N.Y., U.S.A., The New York Entomolog-
ical Society. New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1329 pp.

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. 2001. Biology of the Plant Bugs. (Hemiptera: Miridae) Pests, Predators, Op-
portunists. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A. Cornell University Press. 507 pp.

APPENDIX

The Miridae are abundant and varied enough to be discussed separately. Wheeler, in his fine book
on the family, lists the mirids known to have bitten humans (Wheeler 2001, Table 15.1). If one
removes from this list those species given by Ryckman (1979) and Ryckman and Bentley (1979), and
by me (Schaefer 2000a), 27 species remain. These bring the total of adventitiously biting mind
species to 53, and the total of adventitiously biting primarily predaceous species to 184. Of these 53
mirid species, the basic feeding preferences of 43 can be classified: 13 are mostly or entirely preda-
ceous; 21 are mostly or entirely herbivorous; and 9 are mixed (feed both ways) (information from
Wheeler's book). I list the Miridae as "presently herbivorous" in Table 2.

Miridae themselves bite adventitiously less often than other primarily predaceous bugs .The rel-
ative ratio for all nonmirid, primarily predaceous bugs (11,640 species, of which there are 131 adven-
titious-biting records), is 11.25. Thus, inclusion of Miridae among primarily predaceous adventitious
biters brings the ratio of such biters down, from 1 1 .25 to 8.4. The ratio for Miridae alone ([53/10,000]
x 1,000) is 5. 3.

The relative ratios for herbivorous mirids (21 species) and predaceous mirids ( 13 species) are 2.1
and 1 .3, respectively (for mixed species [9]: 0.9). The relative ratio for those 43 species, whose feed-
ing preferences are known, is 4.3. However, these ratios are artificially low, because in calculating
them I divided by the total number of mirids ( 10,000), not by the total number (unknown) of herbiv-
orous, predaceous, and mixed mirids, respectively.

Why mirids bite adventitiously less often than other primarily predaceous bugs, I do not know.
Maybe the fact that so many members of this very large family are tropical, and less likely to be
reported, is a factor.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003

COPESTYLUM CIRCUMDATUM (WALKER) (DIPTERA:
SYRPHIDAE): REDESCRIPTION OF A
NEOTROPICAL FLOWER FLY, WITH

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS, AND NEW SYNONYMS1

F. Christian Thompson2 and Luciane Marinoni'

ABSTRACT: Copestylum circumdatum (Walker) (Diptera: Syrphidae) is redescribed. Lectotypes are
designated for two names and one new synonym is proposed (Volucella nuts Williston 1888 = cir-
cumdatum Walker 1857).

KEY WORDS: Diptera, Syrphidae, Copestylum, Neotropics, lectotype, synonyms.

Copestylum circumdatum is a widespread species in the Neotropics, which
breeds in bromeliads. This species has recently been reared by workers and does
appear in biodiversity inventory samples. The proper name for this species has
been confused, as there is unrecognized but extensive variation in adult charac-
ters, as well as confusion about prior named concepts. We redescribe the species,
propose the appropriate name and synonyms for this species, and designate lec-
totypes as necessary. The critical male genitalia characters are figured. The biol-
ogy of the species and description of the immature stages will be published by
Graham Rotheray and Geoffroy Hancock.

The format, methodology, terminology, and other aspects of this paper follow
our general standards, which are enumerated in detail in our prior publications
(see Marinoni and Thompson, 2004). Author FCT maintains a system of infor-
mal nomenclature for "morpho-species." When we know that something repre-
sents a species, but do not know the name, we either assign a Year-Sequence
number, such as 73-2, or a CR-sequence for the Costa Rican Biodiversity inven-
tory project. These numbers are all represented by vouchers here at the Smith-
sonian Institution, and these numbers are provided to users, just like names.
These numbers get published sometimes and are used, for example, in database,
such as INBio's ATTA system. Hence, author FCT reports them in his papers
when the identity was finally resolved. On the Literature Cited, the bracketed
codes at the end of each citation represent precise dates of publication. The for-
mat of those codes is [year.month.day]. The question mark means unknown. This
practice is becoming more common amongst dipterists.

Copestylum Macquart is undoubtedly the largest genus of flower flies in the
World. While in terms of the number of species described to date, Cheilosia
Meigen, a mainly old world (Palaearctic) taxon, contains some 410 species, the

1 Received on August 28, 2002. Accepted on September 1 , 2002.

2 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, USDA;NHB-16S Smithsonian Institution; Washington.
District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. E-mail: cthompsow sel.barc.usdad.gov.

1 Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba. Parana, Brazil. E-mail:
lmarinoni@ufpr.br.

Mailed on August 25. 2004

2 1 8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

New World endemic group, Copestylum, contains 315 described species, as well
as more than 100 known, but currently undescribed species.

The current concept of Copestylum is very broad and covers a diverse array of
adult forms, essentially any New World species with a plumose arista and bris-
tles (see Thompson (1999) for a key to the Neotropical genera; Vockeroth and
Thompson (1987) for a key to Nearctic genera). Most of the species fall into a
number of well defined groups based on adult characters. While C. circudatum
does not fall into a group defined by autamorphies, the species does belong to a
phenetic group defined by the following shared character states: Cell Rl broad-
ly open apically; bristles all black; scutellum with a pre-apical depression, but
without basolateral flattened, rugose areas; scutum without any pre-scutellar
bristles; anepisternum bare anteriorly, and katepimeron bare. Copestylum cir-
cumdatum differs from all other species in this group by the following combina-
tion of characters; face with median black vitta, broadly yellow laterally; legs
partially pale, usually with coxae yellow; scutum generally black (not entirely
pale), scutellum pale along base and marginally; calypter with margin and fringe
black. Closely related species are diagnosed below.

Copestylum circumdatum (Walker, 1857)

(Figures 1-5)

Temnocera circumdata Walker, 1857: 154. Type-locality. Brazil [as "Valley of Amazon"]. Lectotype
9 BMNH here designated. Fluke 1957: 156 (species incertae scdis).

Volucella circumdata. Kertesz 1910: 188 (combination).
Copestylum circumdatum. Thompson et alia 1976: 73 (combination).

Volucella mus Williston, 1888: 274. Type-locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Chapada. Lectotype Cf
AMNH here designated. Kertesz 1910: 195 (citation); Sack 1921: 137 (Bolivia, biology, imma-
tures, fig. 10 (puparium), fig. 1 Ic (anterior spiracular process); Curran 1926: 52 (key ref.), 1930:
7 (key ref.), 1934: 380 (key ref.), 1939: 2 (key ref); Fluke 1957: 76 (catalog citation).

Copestylum mus. Thompson et alia 1976: 79 (combination).
Copest\'lum 73-2
Copestylum CR-43

Head (Fig. 2). Face shiny, yellow with a dark brown medium vitta ventrad to antenna and nar-
rowly brown laterally, white pilose; gena brown except yellow medially, [thus there is a broad brown
vitta from eye margin to oral margin partially on face and gena], short white pilose posteriorly; lunule
yellow except narrowly brown along posterior margin; frontal triangle yellow, white pilose; frons
yellow except for a triangular brown macula dorsad to lunule on ventral 1/2 or less; vertical triangle
black, black pilose; vertex dark brown, shiny, black pilose; occiput black except yellow on ventral
1/5, white pollinose, white pilose except black on dorsal 1/8; antenna yellow to orange, black pilose;
basoflagellomere elongate, about three times as long as wide; arista orange on basal 2/3, dark api-
cally, with black rays.

Thorax (Fig. 3). Postpronotum yellow, white pilose; scutum bluish black except broadly yellow
laterally, except notopleuron brownish laterally, narrowly yellow anterior scutellum in females, some
individual also with yellow lateral areas mesial to wing with brown vitta, white pilose with inter-
mixed black pile; bristles black, 2 notopleurals, 3 supra-alars with anterior most weak, about 1/2 size
of posterior supra-alar, 3 postalar callars, no pre-scutellars, 3 marginal scutellars, one anepisternal;
scutellum with apicomedial depression, yellow, with a narrow transverse brown fascia, black pilose

Vol. 114. No. 4, September & October 2003

219

except bare on the depression, with three pairs of long marginal bristles; pleuron generally brown to
blackish, white pilose, yelllow on propleuron, posterior anepisternum, and anterior anepimeron;
katepimeron bare; plumula yellow; halter white; calypter pale basally, becoming dark apically, with
brown to blackish margin and fringe. Wing: hyaline except stigma dark brown and costal margin
slightly brownish, microtrichose except bare base of cell C, basal 2/3 of cell R, anterobasal 3/4 of cell
BM, all of cell CuP except apex, and on anal lobe anterior to vein A2; alula trichose; Cell rl closed
at wing margin or before, with or without very short petiole. Legs: dark brown to black, brown and
black pilose except procoxa white pilose.

Abdomen (Fig. 4). Brown to bluish-black with yellow maculae, shiny; 1st tergum yellow, white
pilose; 2nd tergum yellow laterally and on basal 1/3, dark elsewhere, yellowish-white pilose on basal
1/3, black pilose elsewhere; 3rd and 4th terga bluish-black except with large basal yellow maculae
on basal 1/2 and broadly separated medially by about medial 1/4 and yellow laterally or sublateral-
ly, black pilose except yellow pilose on maculae (males) or on basal 1/3 (females); sterna brownish
to bluish-black except yellow laterally on 1st through 3rd sterna, white pilose except black pilose on
4th sternum (Cfcf ) or apical 2/3 (99); & genitalia (Fig. 5) black, black pilose; cercus semi-circular;
postcercal area only slightly sclerotized; surstylus approximately triangular; aedeagus rectangular;
9th sternum with a single apicolateral bristle, with large lateral oval membranous area; superior lobe
slightly arcuate; lingular area only slightly concave.

Figs 1-4. Copestylum circumdatum (Walker): (1) Adult, lateral view;
(2) head, lateral view; (3) thorax, dorsal view; (4) abdomen, dorsal view.

220

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Fig 5. Copest\'lum circumdatnm (Walker): (a) 9th tergum and associated structures, lat-
eral view; (b) 9th tergum and associated structures, dorsal view; (c) 9th sternum and
associated structures, lateral view.

Variation. As is usual with Copesftlum species, color develops and darkens
after the adult emerges. Freshly emerged adults (young specimens) appear paler
and more brownish, whereas older ones are more yellow and bluish-black. Also,
some individuals have more extensive pale areas.

Examination of specimens of C. circumdatnm indicates that the extent of yel-
low coloration on the scutum is a factor of age and individuals. Freshly emerged
specimens have the scutum extensively pale, so as to have a large triangular
macula anterior to the scutellum and the lateral margins of the scutum broadly
yellow. In older individuals, the scutum becomes darker so that the triangular
macula is reduced to a transverse fascia and the lateral margins become more
narrowly pale (dark areas expand).

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 221

Types. Temnocera circumdata Walker was described from an unspecified
number of specimens from the "Valley of Amazon" in the Saunders' collection,
which was ultimately donated to the Natural History Museum, London. A single
specimen remains there and is labeled as follows: Holotype (red circular NMH
type label); Cotype (green circular BMNH type label); "Amazon, 66.53;" "Tem-
nocera circumdata Wlk" [E. Austen's hand]; and "Brazil, Amazon, H. W. Bates,
66.53." This specimen is here designated as lectotype to fix the concept of the
name and assure the consistent future interpretation of this name.

Volucella mus Williston was described from eleven specimens collected by H.
H. Smith in "Chapada, Brazil." A number of specimens agreeing with this data
are now found in the American Museum of Natural History, having been donat-
ed by Williston's family, and another two syntypes are found in the Cornell
University Collection. Of these specimens a male labeled "Chapada," "Type,
No., A. M. N. H." [red], "S. W. Williston Collection," "Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Dept. Invert. Zool., No. 19921," "Volucella, mus, Williston" [red-bordered deter-
mination label] "Lectotype, Volucella mus, Williston, Design. Thompson 2002"
and in the American Museum of Natural History is here designated as lectotype
to fix the concept of the name and assure the consistent future interpretation of
this name.

Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad, Colombia, Brazil
(Bahia, Mato Grosso, Parana, Santa Catarina), Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina.

Material examined (12 cfcf . 3 1 99). ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Ytuzaingo, Sep 1982, M. Fritz
(USNM ENT 00114123 9 USNM). BOLIVIA. Beni: Cavinas, Jan 1922, Mulford Bio Exp 1921-
1922, W. M. Mann (USNM ENT 00000002 9 USNM). BRAZIL. Amazonas/Para: "Amazon." H. W.
Bates (Lectotype circumdata Walker, 9 BMNH). Bahia: Bonfim. 26 Jan 1930, Davis and Shannon
(USNM ENT 00000001 Cf UNSM). Mato Grosso: Maracaju, May 1937, Service de Febre Amarela,
"M.E.S. Bras." (USNM ENT 00000010 Cf USNM); Chapada dos Guimaraes, H. H. Smith (lectotype
and paralectotypes of mus Williston, Cf 9 AMNH and CU). Parana: Fenix, Reserva Est ITCF, 10 Sep
1986, Lev. Ent. PROFAUPAR. Malaise Trap (9, DZUP); Foz do Iguacu, 11 Dec 1966. AExc. Dep
Zool. @ (Cf, DZUP); ... 18 Feb 1969 (9. DZUP). Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia, Feb. Mar, Apr, Sep,
Nov [various years 1964-75), Fritz Plaumann (USNM ENT 00000011-13, 00030703, 00114108-21
3 Cfcf 14 99 USNM). COLOMBIA. Dept. Meta, Restrepo, 500 m, 1936, J. Bequaert (USNM ENT
00114127 Cf CNC). COSTA RICA. San Mateo, Hiquito, [no dates], Pablo Schild (USNM ENT
001 14106-7 2 99 USNM); Puntarenas: Est. Quebrada Bonita, Crucede Quebradas Res. Biol. Carara,
LN 195500 470400, 5 Nov- 13 Dec 1990, E. Quesada (INBIOCRI000302126 9 INBIO). PANAMA.
Garun Lake, Cano Saddle, Jun 1923, M. F. Close (USNM ENT 00000000 9 USNM). PARAGUAY.
Villarrica, F. Schade, Jun 1937 (USNM ENT 00000003 9 USNM). May 1938 (USNM ENT

00000008 Cf USNM), Nov 1937 (USNM ENT 00000004-6. Cf 2 99 USNM), Dec 1937 (USNM
ENT 00000007 9 USNM). PERU. Loreto: Iquitos, Mar-Apr 1931, R. Shannon (USNM ENT

00000009 Cf USNM); Rio Momon, ca 25 km NW Iquitos, 13 Feb 1984, W. Mathis (USNM ENT
00114126 9 USNM). Madre de Dios: Manu, Rio Mann, Pakit/a. 250 m, 12 7S 70 58W. 9-23 Sep
1988, A. Freidberg (USNM ENT 00114124 Cf USNM), W. Mathis (USNM ENT 00114125 9
USNM). SURINAME. Paramaribo, 5 54N 55 7W, K. Mayo (USNM FNT 0011412S 9 USNM).
TRINIDAD. Apr 1997, G. Rotheray (Cf USNM).

DISCUSSION

Curran (1926, 1930, 1934, 1939), the last worker to publish comprehensive
keys of the group now called Copestylum. did not recognize the name C. cir-

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

cumdata Walker, as he only worked from specimens previously identified in the
collection of his museum. He simply ignored the descriptions of other species by
earlier authors. While Williston did attempt to decipher the species described by
earlier authors, he apparently was unable to recognize that Walker's description
of C. circumdata was the same as the species he described as mus. In terms of
current taxonomy, there is a species called mus by Curran, whose senior syn-
onym is C. circumdata Walker.

In the last published key to Copestylum species (Curran, 1939), C. circumda-
tum runs to couplet #35, mus, if the coxae are considered yellow (couplet #28),
otherwise it runs to couplet #45, contumax. Copestylum contumax (Curran,
1939) is known from a unique male specimen which has "unusually large" male
genitalia. Copestylum circumdatum has small, normal-sized male genitalia, also
the male frontal triangle is not produced and the facial tubercle is white pilose,
not black (contumax). This species differs from musana (Curran, 1930) in hav-
ing the anepimeron extensively yellow and entirely yellow pilose, not black and
black pilose (musana).

Footnote. This species is similar to the species named obscurior by Curran
and so cataloged by Fluke (1957: 78). However, due to an ignorance of Latin,
this epithet became incorrectly changed to obscurius in the Neotropical Diptera
catalog (Thompson, et alia 1976: 80).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Richard Vane- Wright and Nigel Wyatt, the Natural History Museum (formerly the
British Museum (Natural History), London (BMNH); E. Richard Hoebeke and James K. Liebherr,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (CU); David A. Grimaldi, the American Museum of Natural
History, New York (AMNH); Nelson Papavero and Francisca C. do Val, Museu de Zoologia da
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (MZUSP); J. Richard Vockeroth, Canadian National
Collection, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa (CNC) for permission to study material in their care. Other
museum acronyms used in the text are USNM for the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural
History, Washington, and DZUP for Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Federal do Parana,
Curitiba. Taina Litwak prepared the figures of the male genitalia. The junior thanks the Samuel
Wendell Williston Diptera Research Fund for providing support for her visits to the Smithsonian
Institution.

We also thank Drs. Michael Pogue, Allen Norrbom, and Michael Schauff of the Systematic Ento-
mology Laboratory, USDA, Washington, District of Columbia; and Wayne N. Mathis of National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, for their crit-
ical review of the manuscript.

This study resulted from an investigation of the flower fly fauna of southeastern Brazil. The jun-
ior author initiated the faunal survey of this area, doing the preliminary sorting and identification to
morphospecies. The senior author is responsible for the taxonomy, recognizing that there is a single
widespread species masquerading under various names. Together, we prepared this manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Curran, C. H. 1 926. Partial synopsis of American species of Volucclla with notes on Wiedemann's
types. Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Columbus) 19:50-66. [1926.05.05]

Curran, C. H. 1930. New species of Volucellinae from America (Syrphidae, Diptera). American
Musem Novitates (New York) 413. 23 pp. [1930.03.24]

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 223

Curran, C. H. 1934. Diptera of Kartabo, Bartica District, British Guiana. Bulletin of the American
Museum of Natural History (New York) 66:287-532. [1934.07.30]

Curran, C. H. 1939. Synopsis of the American species of Volucella (Syrphidae; Diptera). Part I.
Table of Species. American Museum Novitates (New York, NY, USA) 1027. 7 pp. [1939.05.29]

Fluke, C. L. 1956-57. Catalogue of the family Syrphidae in the Neotropical Region (Diptera).
Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Sao Paulo) 6: 193-268 [1956.12.10]: 7: 1-181. [1957.06.20].

Kertesz, K. 1910. Catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum. Vol. 7, Syrphidae, Dorylaide.
Phoridae, Clythiidae. Museum Nationale Hungaricum. Budapestini (=Budapest). 470 pp.
[1910.06.??]

Marinoni, L. and F. C. Thompson. 2004. Flower flies of southeastern Brazil (Diptera: Syrphidae).
Part I. Introduction and new species. Studia Dipterologica 10(2): 565-578. [2004.05.19]

Sack, P. 1921. Dr. L. Ziircher's Dipteren-Ausbeute aus Paraguay: Syrphiden. Archiv fur
Naturgeschichte (Abteilung A) (Berlin, Germany) 87:127-149. [1921.??.??]

Thompson, F. C. 1999. A key to the genera of the flower flies of the Neotropical Region with the
description of two new genera and eight new species and a glossary of characters and terms used.
Contribution on Entomology, International (Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.) 3:318-378.
[1999.08.23]

Thompson, F. C., J. R. Vockeroth and Y. S. Sedman. 1976. Family Syrphidae. Catalogue of the
Diptera of the Americas south of the United States (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 46. 195 pp. [1976.08.09]

Vockeroth, J. R. and F. C. Thompson. 1987. Family Syrphidae. pp. 52-743. In, McAlpine. J. F..
et alia (Editors). Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Volume 2, vi + pp. 675-1332. Research Branch,
Agriculture Canada, Monograph 28. [1987.03.31]

Walker, F. 1857. Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq.,
F. L. S., etc. Transaction of the Entomological Society of London 4 (n.s.):l 19-158. [1857.07.?'.']

Williston, S. W. 1888. Diptera Brasiliana, ab H. H. Smith Collecta. Part I — Stratiomyidae, Syr-
phidae. Transaction of the American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 15:243-292.
[1888.12.??]

224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A CHECKLIST OF THE STONEFLIES (PLECOPTERA)

OF THE DANIEL BOONE NATIONAL FOREST

IN KENTUCKY, U.S.A.1

Donald C. Tarter2 and Dwight L. Chaffee'

ABSTRACT: A total of 69 species representing nine families and 30 genera of stoneflies are found
in the Daniel Boone National Forest in eastern Kentucky. Two hundred and fifty-five new county
records were identified from 163 streams in 21 counties. Three new state records, including
Pteronarcys biloba Newman, Paracapnia angulata Hanson, and Perlesta decipiens (Walsh), and
Isoperla orata Prison, were identified from the study area.

KEY WORDS: Plecoptera, stoneflies, Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky, U.S.A.

The Daniel Boone National Forest was established as the Cumberland Na-
tional Forest on February 23, 1937. The name was officially changed on April 11,
1966, to honor the great Kentucky Pioneer, Daniel Boone (Collins, 1975). Previ-
ously, aspects of the stonefly fauna of the Daniel Boone National Forest in east-
ern Kentucky have been recorded by Picazo and DeMoss (1980), Tarter et al.
(1982,1984), Allen and Tarter (1985), Surdick (1985), Kondratieff and Kirchner
( 1 988, 1 996), and Pond ( 1 999). The checklist presented herein represents the first
attempt to list the stoneflies (nymphs and adults) found in the streams located in
2 1 counties within the Daniel Boone National Forest. The list indicates nine fam-
ilies, 30 genera, and 69 species. Additionally, 255 new county records were add-
ed to the study area. Of the known stonefly species in Kentucky (91), 76 percent
were found in the Daniel Boone National Forest.

The Daniel Boone National Forest is located in the Cumberland Plateau and
Cumberland Mountain region of eastern Kentucky and encompasses approxi-
mately 849,870 hectares within its proclamation boundary (Fig. 1). The land is
rugged and characterized by steep forested ridges, narrow valleys, and contains
approximately 1 1,900 km of perennial streams and rivers. Collections for this in-
vestigation were made from 163 streams. They were taken mostly from stream
orders 1-3, and many collections were taken from very small unnamed branches
and tributaries. Stoneflies and detailed data (streams, collection dates, collector)
were deposited in the West Virginia Benthological Survey at Marshall Univer-
sity. The following counties (21) have land areas that are contained within the
proclamation boundary of the Daniel Boone National Forest: Bath, Clay, Estill,
Harlan, Jackson, Knox, Laurel, Lee, Leslie, McCreary, Menifee, Morgan, Ows-
ley, Perry, Powell, Pulaski, Rockcastle, Rowan, Wayne, Whitley, and Wolfe.

1 Received on December 6, 2002. Accepted on April 10, 2004.

2 Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, U.S.A.
E-mail: tarter@marshall.edu.

' Forest Biology Consultant, P.O. Box XI 4, Richmond, Kentucky 40476 U.S.A.

Mailed on Auuust 25, 2004

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003

225

Figure 1 . Map of Kentucky (U.S.A.) highlighting the Daniel Boone National Forest in the
eastern portion of the state.

Stoneflies were collected from the following streams and rivers within three
drainage basins (Cumberland, Kentucky, and Licking rivers): Bath Co.: Big Cave
Run, Caney Creek, Clear Creek, Joes Branch, Licking River, Salt Lick Creek.
Clay Co.: Buzzard Creek, Red Bird River, Spring Creek. Estill Co.: Oak Creek,
Station Camp Creek, Sudders Fork. Harlan Co.: Abner Branch, Bills Branch, Big
Laurel Creek, Little Laurel Creek, Laurel Fork. Jackson Co.: Brashears Creek,
Cavenaugh Creek, Horselick Creek, Owsley Fork, Panther Creek, Peter Branch,
Raccoon Creek, Rockcastle River, South Fork, War Fork. Knox Co.: Disappoint-
ment Creek. Laurel Co.: Cane Creek, Hawk Creek, Pine Creek, Rockcastle River,
Wood Creek. Lee Co.: Little Sinking Creek, Ross Creek, Smith Branch, Still water
Creek, Sturgeon Creek. Leslie Co.: Cutshin Creek, Elkorn Creek, Middle Fork
(Kentucky River), Sugar Creek. McCreary Co.: Beaver Creek, Cogur Creek,
Cumberland River, Eagle Creek, Indian Creek, Marsh Creek, Rock Creek, Yahoo
Creek. Menifee Co.: Beaver Creek, Clifty Creek, Copperas Creek, Dunkan
Branch, Edwards Branch, Gladie Creek, Indian Creek, Klaber Branch, Sal
Branch, Sargent Branch, Wolfpen Creek. Morgan Co.: Buckhorn Creek, Licking
River, Open Fork, Yocum Creek. Owsley Co.: Buck Creek, Cow Creek, Crane
Fork, Wild Dog Creek. Perry Co.: Pig Pen Branch, Squabble Creek, Stable Fork.
Powell Co.: Amburgy Hollow Branch, Auxier Branch, Fish Trap Branch, Grays
Branch, King Branch, Mill Creek, Nation Camp Creek, Red River (Middle and
South Forks), Rush Branch, Upper Hood Branch, Whittlcton Branch. Pulaski Co.:
Big Lick Branch, Bear Creek, Buck Creek. Rockcastle Co.: Brush Creek, Crooked
Creek, Rcnfro Creek, Rockcastle River, Roundstone Creek, White Oak Creek.
Rowan Co.: Abner Tackett Branch, Claylick Branch, Dry Creek, Hlk Lick Fork,
Hays Branch, Kiser Branch, Licking River, Logan Hollow, Mills Branch, Ramey
Creek, Scott Creek, Slabcamp Creek, Sugar Camp Creek, Triplet! Creek, White
Pine Branch. Wayne Co.: Burnett Creek, Little South Fork, Lonesome Creek.

226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Whitley Co.: Bark Camp Creek, Brier Creek, Cumberland River, Dog Slaughter
Creek, Little Dog Slaughter Creek, Poplar Creek, Little South Fork. Wolfe Co.:
Chestnut Log Branch, Chimney Top Creek, Laurel Branch, Parched Corn Creek,
Red River (Middle and North Forks), Rockbridge Fork, Swift Camp Creek.

The Red River Gorge Geological Area, which is confined to Menifee, Powell,
and Wolfe counties, is a unique and scenic area in the Daniel Boone National
Forest. Within the Red River Gorge is an area classified as the Clifty Wilderness
Area. These two areas together form a rugged and picturesque forest area of
more than 10,1 17 ha. This gorge area features numerous stone arches, precipitous
cliffs, craggy pinnacles, cascading waterfalls, and many other natural features
(McGrain, 1983). Nine families, 2 genera, and 36 species of stoneflies were
found in this area, including three new state records. The 36 species comprised
52 percent of the stoneflies in the Daniel Boone National Forest and also 40 per-
cent of the known species in Kentucky.

The following new state records were identified from the Daniel Boone
National Forest (M represents male and F represents female): 1) Pteronarcys
biloba Newman (nymphs) (Menifee County/Wolfpen Creek, May 23, 2002;
Wolfe County /Parched Corn Creek, June 3, 2000, and Chimney Top Creek, June
1, 2000, and Rowan County/Licking River, July 3, 2001). 2) Paracapnia angu-
lata Hanson (adult/M) (Powell County/Amburgy Hollow Branch, March 2,
1974), 3) Perlesta decipiens (Walsh) (adults/M, F) (Wolfe County/Red River
Gorge, June 23, 1992).

Acroneuria abnormis was identified from all 21 counties in the study area,
while A. carolinensis was found in 18 counties (86 percent). Two perlids have
their type-locality in the Daniel Boone National Forest: Acroneuria hitchcocki
Kondratieff and Kirchner (Rowan County/Ramey Creek, April 30, 1987) and
Hansonoperla hokolesqua Kondratieff and Kirchner (Rowan County /Abner
Tackett Branch/May 16, 1990). The following sentential (threatened) taxa were
found in the study area: A. hitchcocki, Alloperla hamata Surdick and H. hoko-
lesqua.

Checklist of the Daniel Boone National Forest in Kentucky

Below is a checklist of 69 stonefly species identified from the Daniel Boone
National Forest. Counties of collection are enclosed in parenthesis. New county
species records are indicated with an asterisk, while new state species records are
denoted by a double asterisk.

Euholognatha

Capniidac

Allocapniu curiosa (*Clay, *Jackson, *Menifee)

A.forbesi Prison (Lee, *Rowan)

A.frisoni Ross and Ricker (* Rowan)

A. granulata Claassen (*Laurel, *Rockcastle)

A. indianac Ricker (Rowan)

A. mystica Prison (*McCreary, * Morgan)

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 227

A. navicola (Fitch) (*Clay, *Estill, *Jackson, *Rockcastle)

A. ohioenis Ross and Ricker (Rowan)

A. pvgamea (Burmeister) (*Clay, *Estill, *Leslie, *Menifee, *Morgan, *Powell, *Rowan,

" *Wolfe)
A. recta (Claassen) (*Estill, *Jackson, *Laurel, *Menifee, *Morgan, *McCreary, Powell,

*Rockcastle, *Rowan,*Wolfe)
A. rickeri Prison (Bath, *Estill, *Laurel, *Lee, *Menifee, *Morgan, *Powell, *Rockcastle,

Rowan, *Wolfe)
A vivipara (Claassen) (Rowan)
A. lola Ricker (*Morgan)
**Paracapnia angulata Hanson (*Jackson, *Powell)

Leuctridae

Leuctra fermginea (Walker) (*Knox, McCreary, *Powell, Wolfe)

L. rickeri James (Menifee, Rowan)

L. sibleyi Claassen (Rowan)

L. tennis (Pictet) (Jackson)

Paraleuctra sara (Claassen) (*Menifee)

Zealeuctra claasseni (Prison) (*Morgan)

Nemouridae

Amphinemura delosa (Ricker) (*Clay, *Harlan, *Knox, *Lee, *Leslie, McCreary, Menifee,

*Morgan, *Owsley, *Perry, *Powell, *Pulaski, *Rowan, *Whitley, *Wolfe)
A. nigritta (Provancher) (McCreary, * Morgan, Rowan)
A. wui (Claassen) (McCreary)
Prostoia complete! (Walker) (*Menifee, Pulaski)

P. similis (Hagen) (*Clay, *Jackson, *Menifee, Morgan, *Powell, *Rowan)
Soyedina vallicularia (Wu) (*Powell)

Taeniopterygidae

Oemopteryx contoria Needham and Classen (*Bell, *Harlan, Rowan)

Strophopteryx fasciata (Burmeister) (*Clay, Estill, Jackson. *Leslie, *Menifee, *Morgan,

*Perry, *Powell, *Rowan, *Wolfe)
Taeniopteryx bitrksi Ricker and Ross (*Clay, *Estill, Jackson, *Laurel, *Perry, Rockcastle,

* Rowan)
T. manra (Pictet) (*Clay, *Estill, Jackson, *Leslie, *Menifee, *Morgan, *Owsley, *Powell,

*Pulaski, *Rockcastle, *Rowan, Wayne, *Whitley, *Wolfe)
T. metequi Ricker and Ross (Jackson, *Morgan, *Powell, Pulaski, Rockcastle, *Rowan,

Whitley, * Wolfe)

Systellognatha
Chloroperlidae

Alloperla chloris Prison (Jackson, Menifee)

A. hamata Surkick (Rowan)

A. idei (Ricker) (Morgan)

A. imbecilla (Say) (Jackson)

Haploperla brevis (Banks) (Bath, *Harlan, *Knox, *Leslie, McCreary, *Menifee, Morgan,

*Owsley, *Powell, * Pulaski, * Rowan, Whitley, Wolfe)
Sweltsa onkos (Ricker) (*Lee, *Menifee, *Powell, Rowan)

Peltoperlidae

Peltoperla urciuitu Needham (*Clay, *Harlan, *Jackson, *Laurel, *Leslie, McCreary, Menifee,
*Morgan, *Owsley, *Powell, *Rowan, Wolfe)

Perlidae

Acronewia ahnormis (Newman) (Bath, *Clay, *Estill. *Harlan, *Jackson, *Knox, *Laurel.
*Lee, *Leslie, McCreary, Menifee, *Morgan, *Owsley, *Perry, Powell, *Pulaski, *Rock-
castle, *Rowan, *Wayne, *Whitley, *Wolfe)

228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

A. carolinensis (Banks) (*Clay, *Estill, *Harlan, Jackson, *Knox, *Laurel, *Lee, *Leslie,

*Menifee, *Morgan, *Owsley, *Perry, *Powell, *Pulaski, *Rockcastle, *Rowan,

*Whitley, * Wolfe)
A. filicis Prison (Whitley)
A. frisoni Stark and Brown (*Bath, *Jackson, *Laurel, *McCreary, *Owsley, *Powell, *Rock-

castle, *Rowan, *Whitley)
A. hitchcocki Kondratieff and Kirchner (Rowan)
A. intemata (Walker) (* Wayne)

A. lycorias (Newman) (McCreary, *Rockcastle, *Rowan, *Whitley)
A. perplexa Prison (* Jackson)
Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman) (*Clay, *Knox, Laurel, *Lee, *Leslie, *McCreary, *Menifee,

*Owsley, *Powell, *Pulaski, *Rockcastle, *Rowan, Whitley, Wolfe)
Hansonoperla hokolesqua Kondratieff and Kirchner (Rowan)
**Perlesta decipiens (Walsh) (* Wolfe)
Perlinella diymo (Newman) (Rowan)
Neoperla gaufini Stark and Baumann (*Morgan)

Agnetina capitata (Pictet) (*Jackson, *Lee, *Pulaski, * Wayne, *Whitley)
A. flavescens (Walsh) (*Harlan, * Jackson, *Rockcastle)
Pcinigni'tinii inimarginata (Say) (Harlan)

Perlodidae

Clioperla clio (Newman) (*Bath, *Clay, *Estill, *Harlan, *Laurel, *Lee, *Leslie, *Menifee,

*Morgan, *Powell, *Rockcastle, *Rowan, *Wayne, * Wolfe)

Diploperla rohitsta Stark and Gaufin (*Bath, *Knox, *McCreary, *Morgan, *Powell, Rowan)
Isoperla burksi Prison (Menifee, *Rowan)
/. holochlora (Klapalek) (*Bath, *Harlan, *Knox, *Morgan, *Owsley, *Perry, *Powell,

*Rowan, *Wolfe)

/. namata Prison (*Clay, *Menifee, *Powell, Wolfe)
/. richardsoni Prison (Jackson, *Menifee)

/. similis (Hagen) (*Harlan, *Jackson, *Knox, * Laurel, McCreary, *Powell, Wolfe)
/. transmarina (Newman) (*Bath, *Jackson, Menifee, *Perry, *Powell, Rowan, * Wolfe)
Malirekus hastatus (Banks) (*Harlan, *Knox, *Leslie, McCreary, *Menifee, *Perry, *Powell,

* Rowan)
Remains bilobatus (Needham and Claassen) (*Bath, *Harlan, McCreary, *Menifee, *Morgan,

*Powell, *Rowan, *Wolfe)
Yiigus kirchneri Nelson (*Harlan, *Knox, *Morgan, *Perry)

Pteronarcyidae

**PtL'mnarcys biloba Newman (*Menifee, * Rowan, * Wolfe)

P. comstocki Smith (Jackson)

P. dorsata (Say) (Rowan)

P. proteus Newman (*Harlan, *Knox, *McCreary, *Menifee, *Perry, *Powell, *Rowan, Wolfe)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Dr. Charles H. Nelson, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Univer-
sity of Tennessee at Chattanooga, for taxonomic confirmations of several stoneflies and helpful pre-
publication review. We appreciate the comments from the pre-publication review of the manuscript
from Dr. Dean Adkins, Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University. We thank Dr. Boris
Kondratieff, Colorado State University, and Mr. Ralph Kirchner, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Huntington District, for stonefly records and several taxonomic confirmations of adult stonetlies and
careful review of the earlier drafts of this paper. We thank Dr. Sean O'Keefe, Morehead State Uni-
versity, for loan of stoneflies. Additionally, we are grateful to Mr. James Robinson, Applied Science
Corporation, Lexington, Kentucky, for loan of stonetlies. Special thanks to Monica Shafer for typing
the manuscript.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 229

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, B. L. and D. C. Tarter. 1985. Life history and ecology of Eccopturci xanthenes (Newman)
(Plecoptera: Perlidae) from a small Kentucky stream. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of
Sciences 46: 87-91.

Collins, R. F. 1975. A history of the Daniel Boone National Forest. Chapter 32 (pages 242-250)
USDA publication (E. Edison, Editor). Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. 349 pp.

Kondraticff, B. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1988. A new species of Acroneuria from Kentucky
(Plecoptera: Perlidae) and new records of stoneflies from eastern North America. Journal of the
Kansas Entomological Society 61:201-207.

Kondratieff, B. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 1996. Two new species of Hansonoperla (Plecoptera:
Perlidae) from eastern North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 8:501-
509.

McGrain, P. 1983. The geologic story of Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey (Series XI).
Special Publication 8. 74 pp.

Picazo, E. P. and G. L. DeMoss. 1980. The aquatic insects, exclusive of Diptera, of Hays Branch.
Rowan County, Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences 41:99-104.

Pond, G. J. 1999. New records of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from Kentucky. Entomological News
11:315-316.

Surdick, R. F. 1985. Nearctic genera of Cholorperlinae (Plecoptera: Choloroperlidae). Illinois
Biological Monograaphs 54:1-46.

Tarter, D. C., D. A. Adkins, K. B. Benson, and C. V. Covell, Jr. 1982. A preliminary checklist of
the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Kentucky. Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences

43:138-141.

Tarter, D. C., D. A. Adkins, and C. V. Covell, Jr. 1984. A checklist of the stoneflies of Kentucky.
Entomological News 95:113-116.

230 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NEW RECORDS OF MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA)
FROM ALBERTA, CANADA1

J. M. Webb: and W. P. McCafferty'

ABSTRACT: Eleven species of Ephemeroptera are reported from Alberta for the first time. Among
them, the reports ofAmetropus ammophilus and Baetisca columbiana also represent the first records
from Canada. The validity of B. columbiana and the status of the genus Baetisca in western North
America are discussed. A total of 122 mayfly species are now known from Alberta.

KEY WORDS: Ephemeroptera, mayflies, Alberta (Canada), new records.

In their compendium of Canada mayflies, McCafferty and Randolph (1998)
reported 102 species of mayflies from Alberta, Canada. Jacobus and McCafferty
(2001) reported an additional nine species [although Pseudocloeon dardamim
(McDunnough) was previously reported from Alberta by Soluk (1981 )], and Sun
et al. (2002) described a new species from southern Alberta. A previous report of
Baetisca obesa (Say) from Alberta by Lehmkuhl (1972) is applicable to B. lau-
rentina McDunnough (Pescador and Berner 1981) and should not be included in
the Alberta species list. This brought the total number of species known from Al-
berta prior to this study to 111. Herein, we report an additional 1 1 species. Collec-
tions were made by, and are in the possession of, JMW, unless otherwise indicat-
ed as being deposited in the Purdue Entomological Research Collection (PERC).

Ametropodidae

Ametropm ammophilus Allen and Edmunds. Material examined: 20 larvae,
Wapiti R. at Hwy 40, IX-4-2001; 2 larvae, Wapiti R. at Hwy 13, IX-5-2001.

Baetidae

Baetis brunneicolor McDunnough. Material examined: 3Cf and 39 imagos,
Bigoray R, VIII- 15- 1973, no collector indicated (PERC).

Fallceon quilleri (Dodds). Material examined: 4 larvae, Milk R north of Aden,
VII-3 1-1999; 3 larvae, 1 cf subimago, South Saskatchewan R at Hwy 879,
VII-3 1-1999, VIII-1-1999; 2 Cf imagos, Red Deer R, VII-7-2003.

Heterocloeon anoka (Daggy). Material examined: 1 larva, Athabasca R at junc-
tion with Calling R, IX- 10-2001; 1 larva, Milk R north of Aden, VII-3 1-1 999.
The taxonomic status of the species [formerly considered a synonym of

Plauditus punctiventris (McDunnough)] will be elaborated on elsewhere by

R. D. Waltz and WPM.

1 Received on February 24, 2003. Accepted on March 27, 2004.

2 Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. 47907. E-mail:
jmw975(ft!yahoo.com. Corresponding Author.

'Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. 47907. E-mail:
pat_mccafferty@entm. purdue.edu.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 231

Baetiscidae

Baetisca columbiana Edmunds. Material examined: 1 larva, Muskeg R 57°07'N
1 1 1°38' VII- 16- 1976, D. R. Barton (PERC).

Baetisca columbiana was definitively known only from the single larval holo-
type specimen collected by J. J. Davis in 1948 from the Columbia River in
Franklin County, Washington (Edmunds 1960). Pescador and Berner (1981) re-
peated the species description in their revision of the genus Baetisca Walsh, but
did not comparatively treat or key the species, doubting its legitimacy and indi-
cating that the single specimen on which the original description was based had
been lost. Pescador and Berner (1981) also did not believe that any Baetisca
occurred west of the Continental Divide in North America, discounting reports
of the genus by Eaton (1885) and Edmunds (1960) as being due to mislabeling
of specimens. Since that time, however, B. lacustris McDunnough has been col-
lected in Nevada (Baumann and Kondratieff 2000) and Idaho (Lester et al. 2002),
and based on information from D. Goodger of the British Museum (pers.
comm.), we consider the historical record of B. obesa (Say) from California by
Eaton (1885) to be a misidentification of B. lacustris.

We recently confirmed the presence of the holotype of B. columbiana in the
California Academy of Sciences and can confirm the distinctiveness of the
species. Another larval specimen of B. columbiana was recently made available
to us by G. Lester of Moscow, Idaho. Unfortunately, there were no specific locale
data associated with the latter specimen, although according to Lester (pers.
comm.), it presumably came from the Snake River in eastern Idaho.

A previous report of B. columbiana from Alberta by Barton (1980) was reject-
ed by Pescador and Berner (1981), who considered the material on which it was
based to represent an aberrant larval variant of B. laurentina. Our data here and
the fact that the so-called variant of B. laurentina is morphologically similar to
B. columbiana suggest that the Barton report was possibly valid.

Caenidae

Brachycercus edmundsi Soldan. Material examined: 7 cf imagos. Red Deer R,
VH-7-2003.

Brachycercus prudens (McDunnough). Material examined: 6 larvae. Red Deer
R. atHwy41, VIII-3-1999; 11 larvae. Milk R. north of Aden, VII-3 1-1999.

Heptageniidae

Heptagenia pullii (Clemens). Material examined: 8 larvae, Athabasca R at junc-
tion with Calling R, IX- 10-2001; 7 larvae. South Saskatchewan R at Hwy
879, VIII-3 1-1999.

232 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Leucrocuta maculipennis (Walsh). Material examined: 6 larvae, South
Saskatchewan R at Hwy 879, VII 1-1-1999; 1 larva, Red Deer R at Jenner
Bridge, VII-9-2003.

Leptohyphidae

Asioplax edmundsi (Allen). Material examined: 1 larva, Red Deer R. at Hwy 41,
Vm-3-1999.

Oligoneuriidae

Lachlania saskatchewanensis Ide. Material examined: 21 larvae, Milk R. north
of Aden, VH-3 1-1999.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Special thanks are extended to Robert Zuparko (San Francisco, CA) for loaning the holotype of
B. cohimbiana as well as to Luke Jacobus, Michael Meyer, and Kyle Schrepp (West Lafayette, IN)
for their assistance. This research was supported in part by NSF grant DEB-9901577.

LITERATURE CITED

Barton, D. R. 1980. Observations on the life histories and biology of Ephemeroptera and Plecop-
tera in northeastern Alberta. Aquatic Insects 2:97-1 1 1.

Baumann, R. W. and B. C. Kondratieff. 2000. A confirmed record of the Ephemeroptera genus
Baetisca from west of the continental divide and an annotated list of the mayflies of the Hum-
boldt River, Nevada. Western North American Naturalist 60:459-461.

Eaton, A. E. 1883-88. A revisional monograph of recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Transactions of
the Linnean Society of London Series 3:1-352.

Edmunds, G. F., Jr. 1960. The mayfly genus Baetisca in western North America. The Pan-Pacific
Entomolologist 36:102-104.

Jacobus, L. M. and W. P. McCafferty. 2001. Additions to the Canadian Ephemeroptera. Journal
of the New York Entomological Society 109: 367-371.

Lehmkuhl, D. M. 1972. Baetisca (Ephemeroptera: Baetiscidae) from the western interior of Can-
ada with notes on the life cycle. Canadian Journal of Zoology 50:1015-1017.

Lester, G. T., W. P. McCafferty, and M. R. Edmondson. 2002. New mayfly (Ephemeroptera)
records from Idaho. Entomological News 113:131-136.

McCafferty, W.P. and R. P. Randolph. 1998. Canada mayflies: a faunistic compendium. Proceed-
ing of the Entomological Society of Ontario 129:47-97.

Pescador, M. L. and L. Berner. 1 98 1 . The mayfly family Baetiscidae (Ephemeroptera). Part II bio-
systematics of the genus Baetisca. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 107:163-

228.

Soluk, D. A. 1981. The larva of Buctis lUinlunm McDunnough (Ephemeroptera: Baelidae). Ento-
mological News 92: 1 47- 151.

Sun, L., J. M. Webb, and W. P. McCafferty. 2002. Cercohnichys crec: a new species
(Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) from western North America. Entomological News 1 13:80-86.

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003

233

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

TRIACANTHAGYNA TRIFIDA (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE):

NEW STATE RECORD OF DRAGONFLY

FROM SOUTH CAROLINA, U.S.A.1

R.A. Jenkins2 and J.M. Jenkins

Prior to this report, 109 dragonfly (Odonata) species were known in South
Carolina (R. Mancke, pers. comm.). On August 14, 2003, a female of Triacan-
thagyna trifida (Aeshnidae) (Fig. 1), the phantom darner, was captured at Clem-
son University's Sandhill Research and Education Center (REC) in Richland
County, Columbia, South Carolina. This represents the first record of occurrence
for T. trifida in South Carolina. In the United States, this species was previously
known only from Florida, Georgia, and North Carolina (Needham et al. 2000).
The species seems most common in Florida, but records such as this one suggest
some northward shift in distribution. In North Carolina, T. trifida is known from
Carteret, Craven, and Fender Counties (N. Donnely, pers. comm.). Further, T. tri-
fida is known to be coastal in distribution, and this specimen was captured far-
ther inland than previously known(R. Mancke, pers. comm.).

Figure 1. Triacanthagyna trifida prior to capture on August 14, 2003. Photo by Jack Jenkins.

1 Received on March 10, 2004. Accepted on March 26, 2004.

'Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634.
U.S.A. E-mail: robertjto clemson.edu.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

234 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Members of the genus Triacanthagyna are restricted to the Neotropics, with
the exception of T. trifida and T. septima (Needham et al. 2000). The former is the
only member of its genus known to occur in the continental United States. Tria-
canthagyna trifida is further differentiated from T. septima by having dark legs
and abdomen, the anterior margin of the frons abruptly convex to angulate, and
dark markings on the thorax (Needham et al. 2000). The genus Triacanthagyna
is distinguished by having two rows of cells between Ml and M2, beginning
beyond the proximal end of the pterostigma in the hindwing. Females have a
three-spined process on the sternum of abdominal segment 10 (Needham et al.
2000), making field identification easy with the use of a hand lens. This specimen
is deposited in the Clemson University Arthropod Collection.

This specimen probably was not the only conspecific in the immediate area. It
was teneral (not fully sclerotized) and retained its cerci. Insects need time for the
hardening of the exoskeleton after molting, and female Triacanthagyna species
eventually lose their cerci with age (Dunkle 2000). Eye marks are punctures in
the compound eyes left by the males clasping the females by the head during
mating behavior. Prereproductive females of Triacanthagyna also can show eye
marks (Dunkle 1979). Eye marks were absent on this particular insect, further
supporting our hypothesis that the specimen was a young adult. The above obser-
vations suggest the recent emergence of the specimen and perhaps its siblings on
the property and the presence of at least one other conspecific female that
oviposited in the vicinity.

Triacanthagyna trifida favors temporary forest pools for its breeding. The
adult flight season extends from July until February, with late-flying individuals
surviving frosts due to their preference for woodland habitats (Dunkle 2000).
Found within the Fall Line Sandhills, Sandhill REC has been influenced largely
by agriculture and, in recent years, urban development. However, favorable habi-
tats for T. trifida do occur on the property. The presence of T. trifida at Sandhill
REC in Columbia, South Carolina, suggests the same in places farther north and
inland than once thought.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are thankful for Dr. Peter Adler (Clemson University) who provided help with the preparation
of this note. We also wish to thank Naturalist Rudy Mancke (Universtiy of South Carolina) and Dr.
Mac Horton (Clemson University's Sandhill Research and Education Center) for their support of our
passion for dragonflies.

LITERATURE CITED

Dunkle, S. W. 1979. Ocular mating marks in female Nearctic Aeshnidae (Anisoptera). Odonato-
logica 8:123-127.

Dunkle, S. W. 2000. Dragonflies through Binoculars. Oxford University Press, New York. New
York, U.S.A. 248 pp.

Needham, .1. G., M. J. Westfall Jr., and L. M. May. 2000. Dragonflies of North America.
Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. 939 pp.

Vol. 114, No. 4. September & October 2003

235

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

FIRST RECORD OF DASYCORIXA RAWSONI
(HEMIPTERA: CORIXIDAE) IN THE UNITED STATES'

Bruce A. Hanson3, Ned H. Euliss, Jr.2, David M. Mushet2, and Steve W. Chordas III'

Hungerford (1948) described the genus Dasycorixa in his monograph of the
Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere. This genus contains the three species
Dasycorixa hybrida (Hungerford 1926), Dasycorixa johanseni (Wai ley, 1931),
and Dasycorixa rawsoni (Hungerford 1948), all of which are known from Can-
ada. Prior to this paper, only one Dasycorixa species (D. hybrida) was known
from the United States. The purpose of this note is to report an additional Dasy-
corixa species (D. rawsoni, Fig. 1 ) as a new country record for the United States.

Types of Dasycorixa rawsoni collected from Lizard Lake in Saskatchewan,
Canada, on August 10, 1938, were archived in the Francis Huntington Snow
Entomological collection, University of Kansas. This species has been collected
in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories.

5 mm

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of Dasycorixa rawsoni (Hungerford 1948).

1 Received on August 16, 2002. Accepted on March 1 3, 2004.

:U. S. Geological Survey. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research C 'enter, S71I 37th Street SH. James-
town, North Dakota 58401, U.S.A. H-mail of author BAH: hruce hansonto usgs.gov.

'The Ohio State University, Museum of Biological Diversity, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio
43212, U.S.A.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

236 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

In July 1999, we collected two males of D. rawsoni at the Cottonwood Lake
Study Area. This area is located in Stutsman County, North Dakota, and was
described by Swanson (1978). Voucher specimens are archived in the aquatic
invertebrate collection at the U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife
Research Center in Jamestown, North Dakota. Both specimens were captured
using a funnel trap (Swanson 1978) set in 84 cm deep water in the deep marsh
zone (open water phase) of a semipermanent wetland (Stewart and Kantmd
1971). At the time of sampling, water temperature was 260 C, and the specific
conductance was 2250 uS cm-1. Aquatic plants in the vicinity of the capture site
included sago pondweed [Stuckenia pectinatm (L.) Boerner], shortspike water
milfoil (Myriophyllwn sibiricum Komarov), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum
L.), star duckweed (Lemna trisulca L.), and broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia
L.). As is typical for the prairie pothole region, this wetland fluctuates between
wet and dry phases, but it was in lake phase (van der Valk and Davis 1978) and
had a maximum water depth of 3.55 m when we collected the two specimens of
D. rawsoni. The hydrologic setting, geology, water chemistry, and wetland plant
communities of focal wetlands at the Cottonwood Lake Study Area have been
described by Winter and Carr (1980), Swanson (1990), LaBaugh et al. (1996),
and Poiani et al. (1996), respectively.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Jane E. Austin, Lawrence D. Igl, and Dale A. Wrubleski for reviewing the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Hungerford, H. B. 1948. The Corixidae of the Western Hemisphere. University of Kansas Science
Bulletin 32:827.

LaBaugh, J. W., T. C. Winter, G. A. Swanson, D. O. Rosenberry, R. D. Nelson, and N. H. Euliss

Jr. 1996. Changes in atmospheric patterns affect midcontinent wetlands sensitive to climate.
Limnology and Oceanography 41:864-870.

Poiani, K. A., W. C. Johnson, G. A. Swanson, and T. C. Winter. 1 996. Climate change and north-
ern prairie wetlands. Limnology and Oceanography 41:871-881.

Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1971. Classification of natural ponds and lakes in the glaciat-
ed prairie region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife. Service, Resource Publication No. 92. 57 pp.

Swanson, G. A. 1978. Funnel trap for collecting littoral aquatic invertebrates. Progressive Fish-
Culturist40:73.

Swanson, G. A. 1987. An introduction to the Cottonwood Lake area. Proceedings of the North
Dakota Academy of Science 41:25.

Swanson, K. D. 1990. Chemical evolution of ground water in clay till in a prairie wetlands setting
in the Cottonwood Lake area, Stutsman County, North Dakota. M.S. Thesis. University Wiscon-
sin, Madison. 229 pp.

van der Valk, A. G. and C. B. Davis. 1978. The role of seed banks in the vegetation dynamics of
prairie glacial marshes. Ecology 59:322-335.

Winter, T. C. and M. R. Carr. 1980. Hydrologic setting of wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area,
Stutsman County, North Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey. Water Resources Investigation 8-99.

Vol. 114. No. 4. September & October 2003 237

BOOK REVIEW

QUALITY CONTROL AND PRODUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
AGENTS. THEORY AND TESTING PROCEDURES. J. C. van Lenteren
[Editor]. 2003. CABI Publishing. 44 Brattle Street, 4th Floor, Cambridge, MA
02138 United States. 327 pp. Hardcover $US 195.00 (approximately).

The use of biological control agents or natural enemies is increasing worldwide in horticultural
cropping systems. The success of a biological control program is strongly correlated with the quali-
ty of the natural enemies that are released to control plant-feeding arthropods. Quality control of bio-
logical control agents is a critical issue especially with the mass-production worldwide by many com-
panies. This is why the book, Qualifr Control and Production of Biological Control Agents Thcon-
and Testing Procedures could not be available at a more appropriate time. This book covers in detail
the many facets associated with quality control of natural enemies. Some of the key topics covered
in the book include: need for quality control of mass-produced biological control agents (Chapter 1 ),
the parasitoids' need for sweets (Chapter 5), comparison of artificially vs. naturally reared natural
enemies and their potential for use in biological control (Chapter 9), pathogens of mass-produced
natural enemies and pollinators (Chapter 10), commercial availability of biological control agents
(Chapter 1 1 ), mass production, storage, shipment, and release of natural enemies (Chapter 12), and
guidelines for quality control of commercially produced natural enemies (Chapter 19).

The chapters discuss the specific subject matter interwoven with pertinent references to specific
scientific publications. Each chapter contains numerous references that allow the reader to obtain fur-
ther information if interested. In fact, I obtained copies of a number of the references that 1 perceived
as relevant for future reading. The format of the writing, which includes appropriate sub-headings,
makes it easy for the reader to comprehend the applicable information without feeling overwhelmed
by the specific, detailed information or listing of references.

This book is extremely well written and edited, with only minor flaws. It is a "must" purchase for
practitioners, educators, and researchers that are involved in biological control, whether it be imple-
menting programs or conducting applied or basic research with biological control agents.

Raymond A. Cloyd
University of Illinois

384 National Soybean Research Laboratory
1101 West Peabody Drive
Urbana, IL61801 U.S.A.
E-mail: rclovdto uiuc.edu

Mailed on August 25, 2004

238 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

THE GENUS ADELPHA: ITS SYSTEMATICS, BIOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRA-
PHY (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: LIMENITIDINI). K. R. Willmott. 2003.
Scientific Publishers, P.O. Box 15718, Gainesville, Florida, USA, ppbk, $65 US.

To revise a large nymphalid butterfly genus like Adelpha is a Herculean task. Tens of thousands of spec-
imens belonging to hundreds of named taxa are scattered in museum collections all over the world.
Reviewing the literature on nomenclature, taxonomy, immatures, morphology, and distribution is an
immense undertaking. I would not have considered it a feasible dissertation project, but then Willmott
would have proved me wrong. I cannot adequately express my awe at his accomplishment; this book is a
lifetime's work completed in a few years.

Some historical perspective may be helpful. Adelpha is one of those conspicuous, species-rich, over-
whelmingly Neotropical nymphalid genera that are frequently encountered and easily recognized in the
field. However, specific identification and relationships were traditionally based on wing pattern charac-
ters that were often difficult to interpret. Aiello (1984) noticed that the larval and pupal characters were at
odds with adult classification and found an unpublished manuscript in which W.T.M. Forbes remarked that
Adelpha wing pattern characters were incongruent with those of the genitalia. Aiello suggested that the
wing pattern characters were "deceptive," divided the genus preliminarily into species groups using char-
acters of the immatures from a limited number of species, and presented data suggesting that Adelpha
might not be monophyletic.

Willmott tackled these issues broadly, and the result is a multi-layered monograph. At one level, it is a
beautifully illustrated alpha taxonomy of the 209 taxa (85 species) that Willmott recognizes. Those barely
acquainted with Adelpha will use the 450+ superb color illustrations of adults to identify specimens. At a
second level, there are illustrated keys in the appendices to guide the reader through identification of those
species with exceedingly similar wing patterns. At a third level, the monograph is a mammoth reference
that draws together information from the literature, from collection specimens, and from Willmott's exten-
sive field work. At a fourth level, Willmott has summarized and digested data on distribution and habitat.
If I may oversimplify, species richness is maximal at the eastern base of the Andes and latititudinal rich-
ness depends upon whether any of the major biogeographical zones proposed years ago by Keith Brown
meet at that latitude. At a final level, Willmott discusses phylogenetic issues and the evolution of larval
food plants and convergent wing patterns, but to gain a more complete and up-to-date picture, the serious
reader needs Willmott's later-completed, but earlier-published, article (Willmott 2003).

The taxonomic framework for Adelpha is likely complete, although parts will be polished as new infor-
mation becomes available. In 100 years, the information in this book — however transformed — will still be
used to identify Adelpha. Quite an accomplishment! It is perhaps fair to ask about the impact of this mono-
graph, given that it is one of the finest of this genre to be published. Will those with visions of web-
accessed biodiversity databases find the resources to transfer and maintain the reference information and
identification schemes from the book to the web? Will those who do research on diversity and "mimicry"
find and use the wealth of data in the monograph? Will the taxonomic framework for Adelpha spur
researchers other than Willmott to use Adelpha as research animals? If there is justice in this world, the
answers in a decade will be resoundingly positive.

LITERATURE CITED

Aiello, A. 1984. Adelpha (Nymphalidae): deception on the wing. Psyche 91 : 1-45.

Willmott, K. R. 2003. Cladistic analysis of the neotropical butterfly genus Adelpha (Lepidoptera:
Nymphalidae), with comments on the subtribal classification of Limenitidini. Systematic Entomology
28:729-322.

Robert K. Robbins, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution
P. O. Box 37012, NHB Stop 127, Washington, DC 20013-7012 U.S.A.

E-mail: Robbins.Robert@nmnh.si.edu

Mailed on August 25, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 4. September & October 2003 239

SOCIETY MEETING OF MARCH 23, 2003'
The Ecology of Aquatic Beetles

Dr. G. Winfield Fairchild
Department of Biology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Dr. G. Winfield Fairchild presented a wide-ranging and stimulating talk on
two topics concerning aquatic beetles: the diversity and ecology of beetles inhab-
iting ponds, and the feeding ecology of Haliplidae (this latter work directed by
his student Ann Faulds). The summary here covers his investigation of the com-
position and dispersal of the beetle communities inhabiting temporary and per-
manent ponds in Blackbird State Forest in Delaware. The state forest has a range
of water bodies in close proximity, including closed-canopy vernal pools, open-
canopy pools and permanent sites. The study carried out benthic sampling of the
ponds to note habitat selection by the beetles, and also UV (black) light sampling
to ascertain seasonal dispersal. In the smallest of the temporary ponds, species of
beetles were the top predators, while in the largest, permanent ponds, species of
fish served that role.

Dr. Fairchild found a diverse community of 74 species of beetles, with Dytis-
cidae and Hydrophilidae predominant, but including species of Noteridae, Hali-
plidae and Gyrinidae. Twenty-five species were collected only at the UV lights,
and 16 species were only found in the benthic samples. Hydrophilidae dominat-
ed the light trap samples relative to their abundance in the ponds, indicating
species of this family are especially likely to disperse.

In other entomological notes, this was the first meeting with Dr. Susan Whit-
ney King serving as President of the Society. Howard Boyd noted the first emer-
gence of adult bees of Colletes thoracicus on March 18, 2003, at an aggregation
nest, area near his home in Tabernacle, New Jersey. He noted this is exactly one
month later than the first emergence in 2002, indicating the severity of this past
winter and early spring.

Jon Gelhaus, Corresponding Secretary

of the American Entomological Society (2003)

E-mail: gelhaus(« acnatsci.org.

' The report for the AES Society Meeting that took place in of February 26, 2003, was published in
Entomological News 1 13(5), p. 356 of "2002," mailed on April 9, 2003.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

240 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

SOCIETY MEETING OF OCTOBER 22, 2003

Genetics of parthenogenesis in two Centroptilum mayflies:

Is facultative parthenogenesis in mayflies

a backup reproductive strategy?

David H. Funk
Stroud Water Research Center, 970 Spencer Road, Avondale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Parthenogenesis and its genetic consequences in two species of baetid may-
flies (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) was discussed in a talk by David Funk, of the
Stroud Water Research Center. Centroptilum triangulifer (McDunnough), an
obligately parthenogenetic mayfly, was shown to be clonal, as evidenced by no
change in multilocus genotypes for 25 allozyme loci over 27 generations in the
laboratory. This also suggests the mechanism of parthenogenesis is apomictic or
a functionally equivalent form of automixis, with high (20 percent) observed het-
erozygosity. Phylogenetic analysis of 52 clones indicates a polyphyletic origin
for this species that was preceded by a transition to clonality.

Centroptilum alamance (Traver) is facultatively parthenogenetic, and is the
sister species (most closest relative) of C. triangulifer. C. alamance is primarily
sexual, as indicated by a 1:1 sex ratio with no significant departures from Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium and little or no linkage disequilibrium. Parthenogenetic
development took significantly longer than for fertilized eggs. Allozyme data
show a heterozygosity loss of approximately 20% per generation, indicating
parthenogenesis in this species is automictic, with crossing over.

Although obligate parthenogenesis appears to be rare in mayflies, a survey of
parthenogenetic egg hatching rates in normally sexual mayflies indicates facu-
latative parthenogenesis is common and widespread, averaging about 20 percent.
Mr. Funk hypothesized that: (i) a high incidence of facultative parthenogenesis,
which appears to occur after the normal period of fertilization, may give nor-
mally sexual females a "second chance" at offspring should their eggs fail to be
fertilized; and (ii) parthenogenetic progeny can subsequently reenter the sexual
pool.

In other entomological news at the meeting, Dr. Hal White noted his capture
of a Zebra Longwing butterfly (Heliconius charitonius) in White Clay Creek
State Park, Newcastle County, Delaware on June 29, 2003. Because adults of this
species are poor fliers, and not known much further north than South Carolina,
Dr. White supposed this adult came from a possible release of butterflies at a
local wedding or some other function. This specimen is now in the University of
Delaware insect collection. About 30 members and visitors were present at the
meeting.

Jon Gelhaus, Corresponding Sec. of the American Entomological Society (2003)

E-mail: gelhaus(a>acnatsci.org.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

All papers, except Book Reviews, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In
order to expedite the review process, authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, email, tele-
phone and fax of at least three experts in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be fonvard-
ed for additional review within 30 days. The Editor reserves his prerogative of sending the manu-
script to other reviewers. Authors are also welcomed to list the names of reviewers to whom the arti-
cle should not be sent, with a brief explanation.

Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are $25.00 per
printed page (or part) for members and $30.00 per printed page (or part) for nonmembers. Authors
will be charged for all text figures and half-tones at the rate of $30.00 each, regardless of size. These
charges were approved by the American Entomological Society Council for the 2003-2004 United
States Fiscal year. Authors will pay for color printing at the going rate. There are no discounts. There
are no page charges for Book Reviews. Page and reprints charges will be billed by Faith Kuehn, to
whom communications and remittances of page charges and reprints should be sent. FK address is:
3789 Foulk Road. Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 19061 U.S.A. E-mail: fbkuehn@yahoo.com.

Articles longer than 20 printed pages of Entomological News may be published in two or more
installments, unless the author is willing to pay the entire cost of a sufficient number of additional
pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division.

It hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. Reprints as a .pdf
(portable document format) are available for the authors. For options and charges, contact the Busi-
ness Manager, Faith Kuehn.

Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont Highway,
Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-1211; fax (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone
(800) 366-9132. Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENREC and
DELRAP Green Industries as "The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Dela-
ware."

Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

39088010748788
SOCIETY MEETING OF NOVEMBER 19, 2003

Two Entomological Perspectives of New Zealand

Joe Sheldon, Department of Biology, Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
and Greg Cowper, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

New Zealand's diverse and interesting insect fauna was the focus of the
Society's November meeting at The Academy of Natural Sciences. Joe Sheldon
began the evening presentation with an overview of the geological, climatological,
and cultural features that have shaped New Zealand's unique and amazing biodi-
versity. The human impact on native species was examined beginning with the
arrival of the Maori 900 to 1000 years ago and followed by the European colo-
nization and attempted pastoralism of the country over the past 200 years. The late
20th century environmental awakening in both the Maori and European com-
munity has turned the eyes of New Zealand toward the preservation and restor-
ation of its native ecological systems and species. Sheldon provided an overview
of the current threats to biodiversity and then turned the remaining evening pro-
gram to Greg Cowper.

Greg Cowper presented "Weta Conservation in New Zealand: A Successful
Translocation of the Mahoenui Giant Weta. " He and his son traveled to New
Zealand in February and March 2003 to assist the Department of Conservation in
monitoring the results of a weta translocation experiment. The endangered
Mahoenui Giant Weta Deinacrida mahoenui (Gibbs, 1999) (Orthoptera: Anostos-
tomatidae), occurs only on a 240 hectare reserve in the North Island's Southern
King Country. Here the giant weta have colonized remnant farmland reverting to
gorse, Ulex europeans, a dense, thorny, introduced bush. In 2000/2001 approx-
imately 1 70 weta were relocated to private land, and by 2002, nymphs had been
observed. Volunteers of the 2003 "Weta Weekend" collected, measured, sexed &
released 22 sub-adult Mahoenui Giant Weta demonstrating these orthopterans had
been bred on site and underscoring the first successful translocation of these ani-
mals.

The attendees of the meeting were treated to displays of specimens of weta from
the Academy of Natural Sciences 's Entomology Collection. Dr. Sigitas Podenas,
visiting from Lithuania, and on staff at the University of Vilnius and Amberworld,
set up a display of specimens in Baltic Amber of the newly described order of
insects Mantophasmatodea. Nearly 45 members and visitors were present at the
meeting.

Jon Gelhaus, Corresponding Sec. of the American Entomological Society (2003)

E-mail: gelhaus@acnatsci.org.

Mailed on August 25, 2004

USISSN 0013-872X

NOVEMBER & DECEMBER 2003

No. 5

NTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

e of old Trypoxylon politum nest by Chalybion californicum
<Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in New York, U.S.A. Frank E. Kurczewski 241

Preliminary inventory of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)
of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and
Tennessee, U.S.A. Charles R. Bartlett and Jacob L. Bowman 246

Taxonomic and ecological notes on Leucotrichia pictipes (Trichoptera:
Hydroptilidae), a microcaddisfly newly recorded from Ohio, U.S.A.

J. B. Keiper and R. J. Bartolotta 255

Brevicorynella (Hemiptera: Aphididae), a newly recorded genus from China,
with the description of a new species and a new record

Gexia Qiao, Liyitn Jiang, and Guangxue Zhang 260

Notes on Doliclwpus, Allohercostomus, and Phalacrosoma from Nepal (Diptera:
Dolichopodidae) Ding Yang, Toyohei Saigusa, and Kazuhiro Masunaga 271

A new species of Nepalomyia from Indonesia (Diptera: Dolichopodidae)

Ding Yang, Toyohei Saigusa, and Kazuhiro Masunaga 275

Notes on the genus Chaetogonopteron from Guangxi, China (Diptera:

Dolichopodidae) Lili Zhang, Ding Yang, and Kazuhiro Masunaga 279

Narrow crawl space increases capture of cockroaches (Blattodea)

in adhesive traps RifS, El-Mallakh and Michael J. Hartmann 284

BOOK REVIEWS:

The passionate observer. Writings from the world of nature by

Jean-Henri Fabre Jorge A. Santiago-Blay and Suzanne C. Shaffer 288

Cricket Boy: A Chinese tale retold by Feenie Ziner. Illustrated by Ed Young.
Students of the John F. Kennedy Elementary School, Houston
Independent School District Houston, Texas, and Yen T. Nguyen Back Cover

SCIENTIFIC NOTES:

Confirmation of the Pygmy Snow fly, Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister)
(Plecoptera: Capniidae), from North Dakota, United States

B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann 289

Myiasis on bristle-spined porcupine, Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818),

in Bahia, Brazil Adriana Akenii Kuniy and Caroline Nascimento Santos 291

Faith B. Kuehn 293

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY BUSINESS:

Statement of ownership, management, and circulation

Acknowledgments to reviewers of articles published in Entomological News

(Volume 114) and to volunteers Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 294

Index to Volume 114(1-5) 2003 Suzanne Mclntire, Carmen Montopoli,

Judith Ban; Suzanne C. Shaffer, and Jorge A. Santiago-Blay 298

THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

MAILED ON SEPTEMBER 30, 2004

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
AND NEW GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Entomological News is published bimonthly except July-August by The American Entomological
Society, which is headquartered at the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin
Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 United States of America. AES can be reached, as follows:
telephone (215) 561-3978; fax (215) 299-1028; e-mail, aes@acnatsci.org and website: http://www.
acnatsci .org/hosted/aes .

Subscriptions to and Back Issues of Entomological News. Private subscriptions for personal
use of members of the society are US $15 per year prepaid. Subscriptions for institutions, such as
libraries, laboratories, etc. and nonmembers, are US$30 per year prepaid for those located in the USA
and US $34 per year prepaid for those located outside the USA. Back issues when available are sold
by complete volume, for US $15 to members, and US $30 to nonmembers. Membership / sub-
scription application and additional information is available at: http://www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/
subscription.html. Please send inquiries or send completed membership form to: Office Manager at
the address above, e-mail: aes@say.acnatsci.org, or call (215) 561-3978.

Previous editors of Entomological News: 1890 Eugene Murray-Aaron (1852-1940); 1890-1920
Henry Skinner (1861 -1926); 1921-1944 Philip P. Calvert (1871- 1961); 1945-1967 R.G. Schmieder
(1898-1967); 1968-1972 Ross H.Arnett, Jr. (1919-1999); 1973-1974 R.W. Lake; 1974-2002 Howard
P. Boyd; 2002-2003 F. Christian Thompson and Michael Pogue.

New Guidelines for authors of Entomological News:

Further guidelines can be found on
http://\vww.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/instructions.htm

Any author may submit papers. Manuscripts will be accepted from any author, although,
papers from members of the American Entomological Society are given priority. It is suggested that
all prospective authors join the AES.

Send manuscripts, books for review, and editorial correspondence to the editor. All manu-
scripts, including scientific notes and book reviews, submitted for publication in Entomological News
as well as all associated editorial communications must be sent to the Editor, Jorge A. Santiago-Blay
at this address: Department of Paleobiology, MRC- 121, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-
sonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 U.S.A. If an author uses a mail-
ing service that does not accept addresses with a P. O. Box, please use this address: Department of
Paleobiology, MRC- 121. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, West Load-
ing Dock, Washington, District of Columbia 20560 U.S.A. Other means of contacting the Editor are,
as follows: Phone: (202) 633-1383. Fax: (202) 786-2832, e-mails: santiago-blay@nmnh.si.edu, or
blayj@hotmail.com, or via the webpage at http://www.geocities.com/entomologicalnews/contact.
htm. Books for review should also be sent to the editor who will, in turn, give them to a colleague
for review.

Agreement. By submitting a paper for publication, authors tacitly agree to not submit in parallel
the same manuscript to another journal. For published papers, authors agree to accept responsibility
for all page, illustration, and requested reprint charges. Rejected manuscripts will be discarded, ex-
cept for original artwork and photographs, which will be returned to the authors.

Scientific Notes and Book Reviews. These are much shorter contributions, typically not exceed-
ing two printed pages. The main difference between these types of contributions and longer papers is
that scientific notes and book reviews lack an abstract and most of the main headings, except for the
acknowledgments and the literature cited sections.

Postmaster: If undeliverable, please send to

The American Entomological Society at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway / Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

THIRD CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 U.S.A.

_ Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003 _ 241

REUSE OF OLD TRYPOXYLON POLITUM NEST

BY CHALYBION CALIF ORNICUM
(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) IN NEW YORK, U.S.A.1

Frank E. Kurczewskr

ABSTRACT: The re-use of an old Tiypoxylon politum mud pipe organ nest by a female Clmlyhinn
californicum is described and illustrated. The female C. californicum cleaned, renovated, and stocked
with paralyzed spiders 19 of the abandoned 25 T. politum cells. Some C. californicum behavioral
components are delineated.

KEYWORDS: Re-use of nests, Trypoxylon, Chalybion, Hymenoptera, Sphecidae.

Species of Chalybion build mud nests in preexisting cavities and crevices and
renovate the abandoned mud nests of other species of wasps (Bohart and Menke
1976). Females carry water to a nearby earthen source and mold mud to partition
and seal these nests (Rau 1928, Ward 1971). Species of Chalybion renovate and
stock with paralyzed spiders the abandoned mud nests of Sceliphron and Tty poxy-
Ion (Bohart and Menke 1976). Old nests of the yellow and black mud dauber,
Sceliphron caementarium (Drury), are sometimes reused for nesting by the blue
mud dauber, Chalybion californicum (Saussure) (Rau 1928). The re-use of an
abandoned mud pipe organ nest of Trypoxylon politum Say by a female C. cali-
fornicum is unusual, has not been previously documented, and is detailed below.

RESULTS

An old T. politum nest located on the outskirts of Syracuse (Onondaga County,
New York, U.S.A.) had seven pipes affixed near the top of a vertical cedar siding
board underneath a 70 cm-wide roof overhang (Fig. 1 ). The seven pipes were built
consecutively from left to right by one female in July 1999. The three shortest
pipes on the right side of the nest were the last three built by the aging wasp. The
individual pipes were 11-13 mm wide and 89-124 mm long. Twenty-five exit
holes of wasps that emerged the following year [2000] were spaced 16-20 mm
apart along the seven pipes. The number of holes per pipe [3-4] varied with pipe
length. Thirteen of the holes were 6 mm in diameter and probably resulted from
female emergence. Twelve of the holes were either 4 or 5 mm wide and may have
been made by emerging males, assuming they were smaller than the females.

The female C. californicum was first observed on the old T. politum nest on
July 12, 2002. Through July 26 she renovated, provisioned, and closed 13 cells

1 Received on October 9, 2002. Accepted on Mav 2, 2004.

: Environmental and Forest Biology, State University
Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210-2778. Mailing Addre
1 32 1 5 U.S.A.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 114(5): 121, November & December 2003
Mailed on September 30, 2004

242

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figure 1 . Old nest of Trypoxylon politum about midway through
nesting sequence of Chalybion calif ornicum. Female C. calif br-
nicum is resting head downward near top of second pipe from left.
Three pipes to right have been provisioned and sealed with mud.

during mainly sunny, unusually warm [air temperature in shade, 24.4-36. 7°C] dry
weather. Her earliest and latest hours working at the nest were 0946 and 1945
(EOT), respectively. She was seen bringing prey to the nest as early as 1006 h
(EOT) at an air temperature [shade] of 26.7°C. She did not work at the nest on one
rainy day or on a cool [16.7-22.8°C] but dry day. She worked intermittently at the
nest from July 26 to August 5 between sporadic periods of rainfall renovating,
stocking with prey, and closing with mud six additional cells/emergence holes.
Her daily routine consisted of ( 1 ) searching for and finding an unoccupied T.
politum emergence hole/cell, (2) working in the emergence hole and cell remov-
ing old cell contents, (3) walking around the emergence hole and on the nest sur-
face before taking flight, (4) returning in flight with a small paralyzed spider, (5)
placing the spider in the cell, repositioning it with the mandibles and, later, tight-
ly packing in other spiders using the front of the head, (6) ovipositing on one spi-
der outside the cell and then placing it inside, (7) cleaning the antennae and
mandibles with the forelegs before taking flight, and (8) bringing mud pellets
from the other side of the nest, after depositing water on the old mud, and plas-
tering the hole shut.

Vol. 114, No. 5, November & December 2003

243

Figure 2. Diagram of old nest of Trypoxylon politum showing chro-
nological order in which 19 of 25 cells were provisioned (stocked
with prey) and closed by female C. californicum. Open circles desig-
nate cells that were not provisioned.

The female C. californicum spent 58-132 minutes [mean = 84.3 ± 32.97 stan-
dard deviations of the mean, n = 8] searching for and renovating an unoccupied
T. politum cell prior to introducing prey. The wasp utilized 2-24 [mean = 13.6 ±
7.62, n = 12], 3-23 [mean = 12.3 ±7.11, n= 8], 4-36 [mean = 17.4 ± 9.84, n =
11], 3-35 [mean = 10.6 ± 9.60, n = 12] and 3-47 minutes [mean = 20.8 ± 12.26,
n = 12] between consecutive returns with prey for cells 15-19, respectively. She
used 3-4 1 minutes [mean = 2 1 .4 ± 1 1 .23, n= 1 4] between returns to the nest with-
out prey. She spent from 10 seconds to 1-2 minutes walking around the emer-

244 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

gence hole and on the nest exterior after placing a spider in the cell and before
taking flight. She expended 36-68 minutes [mean = 55.0 ± 14.41, n = 9] to plas-
ter shut an old T. politum emergence hole. She used 11-41 minutes [mean = 21.9
± 13.33, n = 5] to temporarily plug an emergence hole in order to finish the cell
the next morning.

The wasp stocked with spiders and plastered over the three pipes to the right
beginning always with the uppermost holes/cells, as numbered in order of com-
pletion (Fig. 2), before moving to the other pipes. She then worked on the upper
holes/cells of the remaining four pipes moving mainly from right to left. The
cells that were renovated, provisioned, and closed first were usually most pro-
tected by the roof overhang.

Re-stinging a spider was observed several times on the nest exterior. Once, re-
stinging preceded oviposition. Oviposition was seen five times on the nest exte-
rior beside an old emergence hole. Prior to ovipositing on the spider, the wasp
bent her abdomen in the shape of a letter C and rocked it slowly forward and
backward. Keeping the abdomen bent, she placed the tip against the convex sur-
face of the base of the spider's abdomen and affixed a whitish, sausage-shaped
egg. She deposited eggs on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th prey brought for cells
that, when completed, contained 12, 12, 8, 12, and 11 spiders, respectively.

Six fully provisioned cells (nos. 14-19) held 8-12 (mean =: 11.0 ± 1.73) spi-
ders. Most of the spiders brought to the nest were about the size of the wasp's
thorax, some smaller, and a few larger. Once, the female flew in with a relative-
ly large immature Neoscona arabesca (Walckenaer) weighing 38 mg. This prey
was too large to fit into the opening, was carried away by the wasp, and released
on the ground. One small Theridion frondeum Hentz was accidentally dropped
outside as the wasp was attempting to place it in a cell. The spider discharged silk
from its spinnerets as it fell downward. The female flew rapidly downward,
caught the spider in midair, flew back to the opening, landed, and placed it in the
cell.

A sample of prey spiders recovered from four cells consisted of male and
female Theridiidae [Steatoda borealis (Hentz), 8; Theridion tepidariorum (C. L.
Koch), 8; T. frondeum, 23] and immature Araneidae [Neoscona arabesca, 3;Ara-
neus diadematus Clerck, 1].

DISCUSSION

Prior studies link C. californicum with reusing old nests of the yellow and
black mud dauber, Sceliphron caementarium (Rau 1928). Chalybion califor-
nicum has not been noted reusing old mud nests of the pipe organ wasp, Tnpo.\v-
lon politum. However, other Chalybion species are known to reuse abandoned
nests of other Tiypoxylon species (Bohart and Menke 1976).

There is disagreement as to where and when the egg of C. californicum is laid
(Bohart and Menke 1976). Yamamoto (1942) observed that the egg of C. japon-
icum (Gribodo) was affixed to the spider's abdomen before the prey was placed

Vol. 1 14, No. 5. November & December 2003 245

in the cell, as I noted for C. californicum. Rau (1928) may have unknowingly
witnessed oviposition on a prey of C californicum outside the cell, but he report-
ed the behavior as stinging. He described a wasp curling its abdomen underneath
that of the first spider brought to the nest and inserting the sting for 15 seconds.
All of the stings I observed administered to C. californicum prey were in the un-
derside of the prey's cephalothorax, not in the abdomen.

Rau (1928), as reported by Bohart and Menke (1976), believed that the egg of
C. californicum is laid on the last spider brought to the cell. Muma and Jeffers
(1945) noted that the egg of this species is placed on the first prey for the cell,
but they indicated that this might not always be the case. I found that the egg of
C. californicum was laid on a spider early in the provisioning sequence, usually
before half the spiders were introduced to the cell. Yamamoto (1958) found sim-
ilarly in C. japonicum that the egg was usually laid on a spider before half the
prey had been placed in the cell.

In previous studies on C. californicum the predominant prey family was Ther-
idiidae (Rau 1935; Irving and Hinman 1945; Muma and Jeffers 1945), as I found
in my study. Common use of the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans (Fab-
ricius), a theridiid, was noted in these reports.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Bonnie Brierton identified the species of prey Theridiidae. Tsutomu Nakatsugawa translated
Yamamoto 's (1958) paper from Japanese to English.

LITERATURE CITED

Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. A Generic Revision.
University of California Press. Berkeley. California, U.S.A. 695 pp.

Irving, W. G. and E. H. Hinman. 1935. The blue mud-dauber as a predator of the black widow

spider. Science 82:395-396.

Muma, M. II. and VV. F. Jeffers. 1945. Studies of the spider prey of several mud-dauber wasps.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 38:245-255.

Rau, P. 1928. The nesting habits of the wasp, Chalybion cucruleiim. Annals of the Entomological
Society of America 21:25-35.

Rau, P. 1935. The wasp, Clmlybion cyiincum Fab., preys upon the black widow spider, Latrodectus
mactans Fab. Entomological News 46:259-260.

Ward, G. 1971. Nest site preference of Chalybion limmernmnni Dahlbom. Proceedings of the In-
diana Academy of Sciences 80:264-266.

Yamamoto, D. 1942. Habits of Sccliphron /Chalybion) inflexum Sickmann. Kontyu 16:69-75.

Yamamoto, D. 1958. Habits of Cluilybion inflexum Sickmann. II. Bulletin of the Faculty of Agri-
culture, Meiji University 7:63-72.

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

PRELIMINARY INVENTORY OF THE PLANTHOPPERS

(HEMIPTERA: FULGOROIDEA) OF THE

GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK,

NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE, U.S.A.1

Charles R. Bartlett2 and Jacob L. Bowman1

ABSTRACT: The Fulgoroidea of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was investigated in
July 2002 as part of an ongoing all-taxa biotic inventory. Sweep samples were taken by three inves-
tigators from 28 localities throughout the Park with all specimens of the target taxon retained. This
preliminary inventory obtained 1,290 specimens, representing 8 families, 23 genera and 37 species.
Species accumulation curves and nine estimators of species richness were explored, all of which pre-
dicted a species richness of approximately 50 species (range of estimates 44-58 species). This ap-
proximation probably underestimates the true species richness of planthoppers because of seasonal,
spatial and methodological limitations of this initial estimate.

KEY WORDS: Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory (ATBI), species
richness estimation.

In late 1997, an all-taxon biodiversity inventory (ATBI) was initiated in the
Great Smoky Mountain National Park (GSMNP) (Sharkey 2001 ). This study rep-
resents the first effort to inventory the Fulgoroidea (planthoppers) of the
GSMNP. Brimley (1938) and Wray (1967) provide a list of insect species for
North Carolina, but there does not appear to be a similar publication for Tennes-
see. Published species records for the Park appear to be limited to two species:
Haplaxius pictifrons (Cixiidae) and Bruchomorpha minima (Issidae) (Wray
1967, see Holzinger et al. 2002 for recent generic nomenclature for cixiids). Un-
published Park records include 5 species: Acanalonia bivittata (Acanaloniidae),
Bruchomorpha oculata (Issidae), Anormenis chloris (as septemtrionalis, Flati-
dae), Scolops perdix (Dictyopharidae), and Liburniella ornata (Delphacidae).
The objectives of the study were to produce a preliminary inventory of the ful-
goroid species and to estimate richness through a species accumulation curve and
a series of sample-based richness estimators.

METHODS

Three investigators conducted sweep samples at 28 widely dispersed locations
(Figure 1) in the GSMNP during July 8-12, 2002. The samples were generally
taken in readily accessible portions of the Park, and were loosely stratified by
elevation and general region of the Park. The length of time spent at individual
sample locations was not uniform, but it was recorded as a measure of sampling

' Received on March 3, 2004. Accepted on May 18, 2004.

2 Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, 250 Townsend Hall, University of Delaware,
Newark, Delaware 19717-1303 U.S.A. E-mail: 02542(^udel.edu. Corresponding author.

'Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, 250 Townsend Hall,
Newark, Delaware 19717-1303 U.S.A. E-mail: jbowman(«>udel.edu.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 247

"effort." All specimens of target taxa were aspirated and retained from the sam-
ples in the field. Specimens were layered and stored dry in a freezer until they
could be processed.

Figure 1. Map of Great Smoky Mountains National Park with sample locations: 1) Cades
Cove House in Cades Cove campground; 2) Cades Cove loop road, north side, woods;
3) Cades Cove loop road, north side, field; 4) Cades Cove loop road, Cooper Road and Wet
Bottom Trail; 5) Cades Cove, Forge Creek Road, north end roadside, wet meadow;
6) Cades Cove, Forge Creek Road, roadside, woods; 7) Cades Cove, Forge Creek Road,
Henry Whitehead cabin, lawn and adjacent herbs; 8) Cades Cove, Forge Creek Road, wet
meadow; 9) Laurel Creek Road, at underpass, roadside; 10) Andrew's Bald, North Side;
11) Andrew's Bald, South Side; 12) Forney Ridge Trail, south of Andrew's Bald;
13) Forney Ridge Trail, north of Andrew's Bald; 14) Clingman's Dome Road pullout, near
Noland's Divide Trail, roadside; 15) Clingman's Dome Road pullout past Noland's Divide
Trail, roadside; 16) Laurel Creek Road, Crib Gap Trail; 17) Forge Creek Road, Wet
Meadow; 18) Parson Branch Road, woods, roadside; 19) Laurel Creek Road near jet. Rt
73; 20) Road to GSM institute at Tremont at bridge over Middle Prong, Little River, road-
side; 21 ) GSM Institute at Tremont, fields; 22) Middle Prong Trailhead, woods understory;
23) Gregory Ridge Trail ca. 2 mi from Gregory Bald, woods; 24) Gregory Bald; 25) Hyatt
Ridge Trail ca. 1 .5 mi from Straight Fork Road, woods understory; 26) Straight Fork Road
at Hyatt Ridge Trail trailhead, woods understory at roadside; 27) Horse Camp on Straight
Fork Road, grass and woods understory; 28) Mingo's creek trail, trailside

All adult fulgoroids were identified and counted to produce a species-by-sam-
ple abundance matrix. A species accumulation curve (e.g. Colwell and Codding-
ton 1994, Hayek and Buzas 1996) and estimates of species richness were creat-
ed using the Estimates (v6.0bl) software program using 50 randomizations
(Colwell 1997). A series of estimators of species richness are presented because
there has yet to be a clear indication of which estimator is statistically and empir-
ically superior. The reported species richness estimates (and standard deviations
as appropriate) are as follows: Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (ACE)
(Chao et al. 1993, Chazdon et al. 1998), Incidence-based Coverage Estimator
(ICE) (Lee and Chao 1994, Chazdon et al. 1998), Chao 1 richness estimator
(Chao 1) (Chao 1984, 1987), Chao 2 richness estimator (Chao 2) (Chao 1987),
First and Second order Jackknife Richness estimators (Jack 1, Jack 2) (Burnham

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Table 1 . Species found at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Numbers in
bold indicate not previously receded in state [North Carolina (NC) and Ten-
nessee (TN)]; Italics indicate recorded from state, but not found in study.

Specimens by state
Species Total No. Specimens No. Sites NC TN

Acanaloniidae

Acanalonia bivirtata 21 6 0 21

Achilidae

Synecdoche grisea 11 1 0

Synecdoche impunctala 21 02

Cixiidae

Haplaxius pictifrons 10 6 1 9

Melanolianis chitliolus 14 2 12

Melanoliarus sp. (female) 11 01

Pimalia vibex 21 02

Delphacidae

Delphacodes andromeda 20 5 14 6

Delphacodes bifurca 2 21

Delphacodes campestris 18 3 11

Delphacodes laminalis 13 6 3 10

Delphacodes litlu/enta 32 21

Delphacodes nitens 25 4 0 25

Delphacodes perusta 11 01

Delphacodes puella 222 18 123 99

Delphacodes sagae 11 10

Isodelphax basivina 85 15 60 25

Kelisia citn-ata 19 0 19

Liburniella ornata 379 25 232 147

Xothodelphax lineatipes 112 1 0 112

Pareuidella spatulata 52 05

Pissonotus aphidioides 11 10

Pissonotits bntnneus 14 6 13 1

PissoHotus gurrarus 11 01

Pissoiiotus marginalus 11 01

Ribautodelphax sp. (female) 127 2 127 0

Saccharosydne saccharivora 11 10

Stenocranus lautus 40 1 39

Stenocranus pallidus 42 04

Toya propinqua 42 1

Derbidae

Anotia wesftvoodi 24 2 0 24

Cedusa obscura 93 0 93

Dictyopharidae

Scolops perdix

Flatidae

Anonnenis chloris

MetailHi pruinosa

Onnenoides veinista

Issidae

Bntchomorpha oculata

•7

Total Specimens

:290

599

691

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 249

and Overton 1978, 1979; Smith and van Bell 1984, Heltshe and Forrester 1983.
Palmer 1991), Bootstrap richness estimator (Bootstrap) (Smith and van Belle
1984), and Michaelis-Menton richness estimators averaged over randomizations
(MMRuns) and computed for mean species accumulation curve (MMMean)
(Raaij makers 1987).

All target specimens were mounted, labeled and placed in the University of
Delaware Insect Reference Collection (UDCC) in Newark. DE, with a synoptic
collection deposited in the Museum Collection of the Great Smoky Mountains
National Park (GSNP) in Gatlinburg, TN. Collection acronyms follow Arnett and
colleagues (1993).

RESULTS

A total of 1,290 planthopper specimens representing 8 families, 23 genera and
37 species were obtained (Tables 1 and 2). By comparison, there are 10 families.
56 genera and 162 species of planthoppers previously recorded from North
Carolina (viz. Brimley 1938. Wray 1967, Wilson and McPherson 1980, Kramer
1981, 1983; Wilson 1982, Bartlett and Deitz 2000). There were 25 new state
records (Table 1): 5 for NC and 20 for TN. Eight taxa had not been previously
recorded from either state, 3 1 had not previously been reported from the Park.

The species accumulation curve (Figure 2) appears to have approximately
reached its asymptote. The estimators of species richness generally predicted a
richness of approximately 50 species, with a range between 44 (Bootstrap) to 58
(Jack2) species (Table 3, Figure 2).

Table 2. Comparison of numbers of taxa recorded from North Carolina and
found in the present study. Sources: Brimley (1938), Wray (1967). Wilson and
McPherson (1980), Kramer (1981. 1983), Wilson (1982), O'Brien (1985), and

Bartlett and Deitz (2000).

Taxa recorded from NC"

Taxa found in GSMNP

Family

Genera

Species

Genera

Species

Delphacidae

Cixiidae

Derbidae

Dictyopharidae

Achilidae

Issidae

Flatidae

•>

Acanaloniidae

Fulgoridae

Tropiduchidae

Total 56 162

250

ENTOMOLOGICAL XEll'S

Table 3. Estimates of planthopper species richness in GSMNP. with standard
deviation as appropriate. See methods for acronyms and references.

Estimator

Result (± SD)

ACE
ICE

Chaol

Chao2

Jackl

Jack2

Bootstrap

MMRuns

MMMean

47.61 (± 1.99)

49.99 (±0.02)

49.57 (± 12.46)

51.07 (±9.90)

51.50 (±4.05)

58.24 (±3.59)
44.08
51.58
48.78

o
ffi

E
D
O

B 60

o> 50

0>
Q.

40 H

| 30

'm
I
O

10
0

Sobs
Jackl
Jack2
Bootstrap

0 10 20 30

Number of Samples Pooled

0 10 20 30

Number of Samples Pooled

160

u]
c

13
3

140

120
100

0 10 20 30

Number of Samples Pooled

0 10 20

Number of Samples Pooled

Figure 2. Species accumulation curves and estimated species richness based on 9 estima-
tors. (A) Species observed (Sobs) with standard deviation and Abundance-based (ACE)
and Incidence-based (ICE) Coverage Estimator of species richness. (B) Species observed,
first and second order Jacknife Richness estimators (Jackl, Jack2). and Bootstrap richness
estimator (Bootstrap). (C) Species observed, Chao 1 and Chao 2 richness estimators
(Chao. Chao2), (D) Species observed, Michaelis-Menton richness estimators averaged
over randomizations (MMRuns) and computed for mean species accumulation curve
(MMMean).

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003

251

Among the species collected, the most abundant 6 species (Liburniella ornata,
Delphacodes puella, Ribautodelphax sp., Nothodelphax lineatipes, Isodelphax
basivitta [all Delphacidae], and Cedusa obscura [Derbidae]), or 16% of the
species collected, represented 79 percent of the individuals collected (Figure 3).
Conversely, there were 9 species (29 percent) represented only by a single spec-
imen. This result is similar to that obtained by Wilson and colleagues (1993) at
the Paintbrush Prairie, Missouri, who found the top 8 common species ( 1 7 per-
cent) representing 79 percent of the total specimens collected (n=l,676), and 10
species represented by a single specimen each.

Two of the 6 most abundant species were collected in very few locations;
Nothodelphax lineatipes was collected only at Gregory Bald, and the Ribautodel-
phax species was collected only at two sites on Clingman's Dome Road. A
patchy distribution of species was expected given that many species are thought
to have limited host ranges (Wilson 1992, Wilson et al. 1994). The top two most
abundant species, however, were also widely distributed in the Park, with Li-
burniella ornata found at 25 of 28 sample sites, and Delphacodes puella found
at 1 8 sites (Table 1 ). The Ribautodelphax species represents an unusual record in
part because this genus (as currently understood) has not before been reported in
the eastern United States south of Michigan (Ribautodelphax pusilla Emeljanov,
by Wilson 1992), but also because all 127 specimens collected were females,
thus its specific identity could not be determined.

400 -,

350 -

w 30° "

.1 250 :

™ 200

.a 150 1

Z 100 ]

1 1

Illli III

• II

Q 4-"" ' ' -m ™ - • - •- ^-^— ^--•T^'-^

ll&lilllilifll

ia.xfi|I«|||§||

ififiiiliiill

PI e •• K u V jEl *S e W 3 c

^EScoxre5o.D£i— ^m

IlillSiill

ilf*lalllli*il

2m y> o ^-^So.'S^ Q.-S
•°y> ** « 3 w • o-wu) E^

a*S S •§ $• g 1 •§ £

B Q D J i SX(n^'P<1)~.-

b S g i S2i?o *S«:i at ^

1 | 1 1 I i 2 g-sSS^"-

fi^a '§ = §"2^

a|lf Sf Hill 11

oifp ">5Jo<<"

S 3- S- S

•7 0)0)

IMljir1!}!

^g^liggigg

C _Q. (1) O tf O ^ ^

>* O3 O ^ Q- CQ >s

(/) Q .Sfl .SO (/)

Taxon $

Figure 3. Frequency distribution for each planthopper species collected at the GSMNP.
Number of individuals provided in Table 1 .

E\TOMOLOGICAL XEH'S

D1SCISSION

The estimators of species richness indicate that the true species richness, based
on the samples presented here, should be approximately 50. This estimate. ho\\e\ -
er. is limited by the methods used (only sweeping), season, and geographic distri-
bution of the samples. It was necessan. however, to use a single sampling method

:ieet the species richness estimator's assumption of sample homogeneity. Early
July was chosen for this study because it is a period of time when planthopper rich-
ness and abundance is relatively high (e.g.. Davis and Gray l%tx Wilson et al.
N*5?). although scasonalin \aries species by species. This study does appear to
have been conducted early relative to the life history of some planthopper taxa. for
example flatid nymphs were commonly observed, but adults were scarce and found
only at low elevations. Also, the habitats sampled in this study may have dispro-
portionately represented relatively open, grassy areas (roadsides, fields, and balds)
because many rulgoroid species feed on herbaceous hosts, leaving woody plant
feeders poorly represented in this study. Therefore, the estimate of species richness

- >ented here is more carefully circumscribed as the number of species that can be
collected at GSMNP in mid-July by sweeping in relatively accessible locations. It
seems extremely likely that additional sampling methods (especially light collect-
ing and vacuum sampling), and a broader spatial and temporal scale of collecting
will ultimately produce more than 50 species for the Park.

Many of the species found in this study are taxa that are relatively widespread in
occurrence. A few taxa were only collected at high elevations, and some of these
represent unusual taxa or records. A Ribautodelphax species was collected at two
locations on Clingman's Dome Road. The total collection represented 12"7 speci-
mens, all female, and mostly (121 specimens) brachypterous. The reason for the
unusual sex ratio requires further investigation (parthenogenesis is known from
delphacids [de Yrijer 1986. den Bieman and de Yrijer 1987]. but it is exceedingly
unusual). Three Ribautodelphax species have been reported in the New World (R.
pusilla Emeljanov. R. albosmaui (Fieber). and R. bidenmnis Anufriev). whose
known New World distribution consists mostly of Canada and Alaska, but both also
are distributed widely in the Palearctic (Wilson 1988. 1992. 199"; Maw et al.
2000). Ribautodelphax bidematus was reported from Canada by Maw and col-
leagues (2000). however the correct combination for this species appears to be
Mcgadelphax binotams (Anufriev) ( Yilbaste 1980).

There is a series of species where GSMNP represents the southernmost point
within the known distribution. These species, in addition to Ribautodelphax. in-
clude Delphacodes bifurca. D. sagae. D. nitens. D. penista. and Stenocranus pal-
lidus (all Delphacidae). Delphacodes bifurca. for example, was described from
Kansas (Beamer 1946). and later found in Missouri on tallgrass prairie (with D.
Wilson et al. 1993). Delphacodes bifurca was collected at both Andrew's
and Gregory Bald, but nowhere else. Delphacodes bifurca. D. sagae (found only
on Clingman's Dome Road). Ribautodelphax and possibly \othodelphax lineatipes
(Gregory's Bald only, but reported from Raleigh. NC: Wray 1967). max be restrict-
ed to high elevation in the southern Appalachians.

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December KM 253

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would particularly like to thank my field assistants Jeremy Brodt and Mike Cacciapaglia. both stu-
dents at the University of Delaware, and Keith Langdon. Jean Hilton, and Becky Nichols (National Park
Service. Gatlinburg. TN). This study was conducted under the support of a Discover Life In America
(DLIA) grant.

LITERATURE CITED

Arnett. R. H., G. A. Samuelson. and G. M. Nishida. 1993. The Insect and Spider Collections of the
World. Second Edition. Flora and Fauna Handbook. No. 1 1. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.. Gainesville.
Florida. U.S.A. vi^310pp.

Bartlett. C. R. and I.. I.. Deit/. 2000. Revision of the New /orld Delphacid Planthopper Genus
Pissonotus (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology. Lanham. Maryland.
U.S.A. 234 pp.

Beamer. R. H. 1946. Some new species of Delphacodes. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
19(4): 139- 144.

Brimley. C. S. 1938. The Insects of North Carolina. North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Raleigh,
NC 560 pp.

Burnham. K. P. and \V. S. Overton. 1978. Estimation of the size of a closed population when capture
probabilities vary among animals. Biometrika 65:623-633.

Burnham. K. P. and \V. S. Overton 1979. Robust estimation of population size when capture proba-
bilities vary among animals. Ecology 60:927-936.

Chao, A. 1984. Non-parametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. Scandinavian
Journal of Statistics 1 1 :265-270.

Chao, A. 1987. Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability.
Biometrics 43:783-791.

Chao. A.. M.-C. Ma. and M. C. K. Yang. 1 993. Stopping rules and estimation for recapture debugging
with unequal failure rates. Biometrika 80:193-201

Chazdon. R. L.. R. K. Colwell. J. S. Denslow. and M. R. Guariguata. 1998.

estimating species richness of woody regeneration in primary and secondary rain forests of NE Costa
Rica. pp. 285-309 In. F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comiskey (Editors). Forest biodiversity research, moni-
toring and modeling: Conceptual background and Old World case studies. Parthenon Publishing.
Paris. France, xxiii — 671 pp.

Colwell. R. K. 1997. EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from sam-
ples. Version 5. User's Guide and application published at: hrtp: viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu estimates.

Colwell. R. K. and J. A. Coddington. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 345:101-118.

Davis. L. V. and I. E. Gray. 1966. Zonal and seasonal distribution of insects in North Carolina salt
marshes. Ecological Monographs 36(3(:275-295.

den Bieman. C. F. M. and P. \V. F. de Vrijer. 1987. True parthenogenesis for the first time demon-
strated in planthoppers (Homoptera. Delphacidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France
(N.S.)23(l):3-9.

De Vrijer. P. NV. F. 1986. A parthenogenetic planthopper found in Greece, p. 46. In. S. Drosopoulos
(Editor). 2nd International Congress Concerning the Rhynchota Fauna of Balkan and Adjacent
Regions. 18-22 August 1986. Mikrolimni - Prespa. Greece. 70 pp.

Hayek. L. C. and M. A. Bu/as. 1996. Surveying Natural Populations. Columbia University Press
York. New York. U.S.A. xvii - 563 pp.

Heltshe. J. and V E. Forrester. 1983. Estimating species richness using the jackknife procedure.
Biometrics 39:1-11.

Hol/inger. Y\. E.. A. F. Fmeljanov. and I. Kammerlander. 2002. The family Cixiidae Spinola
(Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) - a Review, pp. 113-138. In, Holzinger. W. (Editor). Zikaden:

254 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, and Cicadas (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Denisia, Volume
4. Obeosterreichisches Landesmuseum. Linz, Austria, xv + 673 pp.

Kramer, J. P. 1981. Taxonomic Study of the planthopper genus Cixiits in the United States and Mex-
ico (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Cixiidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society
1 07(1-2): 1-66.

Kramer, J. P. 1983. Taxonomic study of the planthopper family Cixiidae in the United States
(Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 109:1-57.

Lee, S. M., and A. Chao. 1994. Estimating population size via sample coverage for closed capture-
recapture models. Biometrics 50:88-97.

Maw, H. E. L., R. G. Foottit, and K. G. A. Hamilton. 2000. Checklist of the Hemiptera of Canada
and Alaska. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Canada, vii + 220 pp.

O'Brien, L. B. 1985. New synonymies and combinations in New World Fulgoroidea (Achilidae,
Delphacidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae: Homoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America
78(5):657-662.

Palmer, M. W 1991. Estimating species richness: The second-order jackknife reconsidered. Ecology
72:1512-1513.

Raaijmakers, J. G. W. 1987. Statistical analysis of the Michaelis-Menten equation. Biometrics

43:793-803.

Sharkey, M. J. 2001 . The All Taxa Biological Inventory of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
Florida Entomologist 84(4):556-564.

Smith, E. P. and G. van Belle. 1984. Nonparametric estimation of species richness. Biometrics
40:119-129.

Vilbaste, J. 1980. Cicada fauna of Tuva. Valgus Publishing. Tallinn, Estonia. 218 pp.

Wilson, S. W. 1982. The planthopper genus Prokelisia in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea:
Delphacidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 55(3):532-546.

Wilson, S. W 1988. Delphacidae of Alaska (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Great Basin Naturalist
Memoirs 12:335-343.

Wilson, S. W. 1992. The Delphacidae of Yukon Territory, Canada (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Insecta
Mundi6(2):79-100.

Wilson, S. W. 1997. Delphacid planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae) of the Yukon,
pp. 377-385. In, H. V. Danks and J. A. Downes (Editors). Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial
Arthropods), Ottawa, Canada, x + 1034 pp.

Wilson, S. W. and J. E. McPherson. 1980. The distribution of the Fulgoroidea of the Eastern United
States (Homoptera). Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 73(4):7-20.

Wilson, S. W., C. Mitter, R. F. Denno, and M. R. Wilson. 1994. Evolutionary patterns of host plant
use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives, pp. 7-45. In, R. F. Denno and T. J. Perfect
(Editors). Planthoppers: Their Ecology and Management. Chapman and Hall. New York, New York,
U.S.A. x + 799 pp.

Wilson, S. W., J. L. Smith, and P. D. Calvert. 1993. Planthoppers of a Missouri tallgrass prairie
(Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 66(1):75-80.

Wray, D. L. 1967. Insects of North Carolina, Third Supplement. North Carolina Department of
Agriculture. Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A. 181 pp.

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 255

TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON

LEUCOTRICHIA PICTIPES (TRICHOPTERA:

HYDROPTILIDAE), A MICROCADDISFLY NEWLY

RECORDED FROM OHIO, U.S.A.1

J. B. Keiper and R. J. Bartolotta1

ABSTRACT: The microcaddisfly Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks) (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) was
collected for the first time in Ohio at the Chagrin River in Cuyahoga County, and the mature larva is
described. We give details on the larval habitat in an attempt to describe the ecological requirements
for this species in Ohio.

KEY WORDS: Leucotrichia, Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ohio (U.S.A.), new state record.

The caddisfly genus Leucotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) is a new world
taxon (Flint 1970) with three species in the United States (Wiggins 1996).
Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks) has a northern distribution (Flint 1970) where it
builds fixed retreats on riffle rocks in streams and grazes periphyton (McAuliffe
1982). Although widespread in North America, this species has not been report-
ed from Ohio. Light trapping for adults has been conducted intensively near Ohio
streams, particularly in the northeast (Huryn and Foote 1983), but no adults have
been taken. Adults are not readily attracted to lights, and survey work for larval
Trichoptera throughout the state by the senior author has not previously produced
immatures of this species. Leucotrichia pictipes occurs in states adjacent to Ohio,
such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky (Blickle 1979). We recently col-
lected L. pictipes for the first time in Ohio, and investigated the ecological con-
ditions of the larval habitat. During our investigation, we found that although
brief larval descriptions and illustrations have been given in the excellent works
of Ross (1944), Flint (1970), McAuliffe (1982), and Wiggins (1996), no detailed
morphological description of the mature larva is available. To supplement the
data provided by previous investigators, we give a description of the fifth instar
to provide details similar to those given for other Ohio Hydroptilidae (e.g., Keip-
er 1999, 2002; Keiper and Foote 1999).

METHODS

On September 14, 2001, six fifth instars were collected from the upper sur-
faces of riffle rocks of the Chagrin River 0.5 km south (upstream) from the
Fairmount Road bridge in Hunting Valley, Cuyahoga County, Ohio (41.4846°N,
81.3949°W). On 14 September 2002 six additional larvae and numerous fixed

1 Received for publication March 27, 2003. Accepted on March 25, 2004.

: Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44106. E-mail:
jkeiperfacmnh.org.

'Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Dr., Cleveland, Ohio 44106. E-mail: rbartolot
@cmnh.org.

Mailed on September 30. 2004

256

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

retreats were taken. All larvae were placed in KAA solution (Wiggins 1996) and
transferred to 70 percent ethanol after 24 hours. Specimens (n = 12) were exam-
ined with a Leica MZ-12.5 microscope, and measurements were taken with
image analysis software; only undamaged specimens were used for length and
width (n == 6). All specimens are currently housed in the Department of
Invertebrate Zoology of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Water chemistry and stream bed composition data were collected at the site 34
times since 1985, primarily in the months of June, July, September and October.
Values are reported as mean ± 1 S.D. unless otherwise noted. These data have
been generated in conjunction with stream water quality monitoring for the Ohio
Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Division of Natural Areas and Pre-
serves, Scenic Rivers Program. This site is designated by ODNR as Chagrin
River 21.0 (Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2001).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fifth Instar: Total length, x = 2.45 ± 0.45 mm.

Head capsule: width x" = 0.27 ± 0.05 mm; dark brown, labrum blackish-brown, eyespot black with
pale ring; long seta lacking near eye spot; mandibles asymmetrical, left broad and robustly cusped
with one seta on posterolateral corner, pubescent setae on inner margin, darker posteriorly; right
pointed apically, one seta on posterolateral corner, lacking setae on inner margin (Fig. 1 ).

Thorax: All notal sclerites brown with blackish periphery, dark margin thicker along posterior
border; pronotal sclerite convex anteriorly, meso- and metanotal sclerites flat anteriorly; prosternal
sclerites small, sub-circular, widely separated along posterior margin, positioned near posterior cor-
ner of trochantin; meso- and metathoracic sterna lacking sclerites; soft tissue of thoracic segments
milky white with scattered green blotches (completely green in life); legs uniformly dark brown,
foreleg "x = 0.42 ± 0.05 mm, midleg x" = 0.46 ± 0.05 mm, hindleg ?c = 0.45 ± 0.03 mm, leg ratio
0.91:1.00:0.98.

Fig. 1. Right and left mandibles of fifth instar Leucotrichia pictipes, ventral view.

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003 257

Abdomen: Milky white, concolorous with thoracic soft tissue, completely green in life; widest at
segments 5 and 6 (x" = 0.59 ± 0.29 mm); first abdominal segment with posterodorsal sclerite 0.20-
0.25x as long as metathoracic sclerite; segments 2-7 each with small sub-rectangular brown sclerite;
segment 8 with rectangular sclerite approximately 0.25x length of metathoracic sclerite; segment 9
with rectangular dorsal brown sclerite; segment 10 with prolegs, each with sheath-like sclerite posi-
tioned laterad, prolegs with apical hook strongly curved to 900 angle; abdominal setal areas sa2 a
small sclerotized dot with one seta, sa3 similar to sa2 but with 2 setae. Refer to figures given in Ross
(1944, p. 120), McAuliffe (1982, p. 1559), and Wiggins (1996, p. 89) for further illustrations of lar-
val and case morphology.

Average water depth was 39.8 (15.0) cm, pH was 7.2 (0.7), and water tem-
perature was 21.5 (3.2) °C. Total suspended solids (TSS) were only measured
four times (2000-2002) with a mean of 24.7 (5.5) mg/L. One TSS reading was
411 mg/L and treated as an outlier; this value was the result of heavy rains and
subsequent siltation, and illustrates the variability of physical parameters that
L. pictipes and other invertebrate taxa face in the Chagrin River. Bed composi-
tion of the riffle varied from 50-80 percent gravel and cobble with few boulders,
with the remainder composed of sand and silt. Since 1985, the Cumulative Index
Value has averaged 22.6 (5.8) which represents the low end of the excellent range
(Ohio Department of Natural Resources 2001). Benthic macroinvertebrates co-
occurring with L. pictipes often included water penny beetle larvae (Coleoptera:
Psephenidae), riffle beetle adults (Elmidae), mayfly nymphs (Ephemeroptera),
stonefly nymphs (Plecoptera: Perlidae), dobsonfly larvae (Megaloptera: Coryda-
lidae), net-spinning caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae), damselfly
nymphs (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), crane fly larvae (Diptera: Tipulidae), midge
larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae), crayfish (Decapoda), aquatic worms (Annelida),
leeches (Hirudinea), clams (Bivalvia: Sphaeriidae), and pouch snails (Gastro-
poda: Physidae). Overall, the Chagrin River represents a clean water stream with
a large proportion of gravel and cobble in the substrate that supports a diverse
macroinvertebrate assemblage.

The cause for the narrow distribution of L. pictipes in Ohio remains unknown.
The habitat parameters and macroinvertebrate assemblage of the Chagrin River,
while in seemingly good condition for its proximity to a major metropolitan area
(Cleveland), do not appear unusual. However, our information illustrates the
benefits of repeated collections of immatures and adults even when an area has
been well-studied. The fixed retreats of L. pictipes are firmly attached to rock
substrates (McAuliffe 1982) making them difficult to obtain with standard sam-
pling devices such as kick nets. The larvae were initially found in 2001 only after
lifting a riffle rock from the water and examining the surface closely. However,
studies of adult distribution and abundance have also failed to obtain this species.
It is also possible that L. pictipes has only recently become established in Ohio
and the Chagrin River.

The final instar of L. pictipes is easily distinguished from other co-occurring
species of Hydroptilidae based on the enlarged abdomen. However, other char-
acters are notably different from other microcaddisflies. The legs of L. pictipes
are subequal, whereas other species for which the larvae are described exhibit a
shortened foreleg compared to the middle and hind legs. The prosternal sclerites

258 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

of L. pictipes are quite small and widely separated, whereas other genera possess
large sclerites that are approximated medially. Lastly, each dorsal abdominal
sclerite is large, dark, conspicuous, and lacking central membranous areas.

The larval morphology is fairly unusual for Hydroptilidae and Trichoptera in
general as is typical for the tribe Leucotrichiini, as the abdominal segments are
greatly distended. Enlarged abdomens are also seen in Zumatrichia (Flint 1970,
Wiggins 1996) and Wiggins' (1996, p. 75) key to hydroptilid genera gives char-
acters that separate Zumatrichia and Leucotrichia. The mandibles of L. pictipes
are asymmetrical, which is the norm for microcaddisflies (see Keiper and Foote
2000, Keiper 2002, and references therein). When compared to other species of
Hydroptilidae, the mandibles exhibit similarity to species that specialize at pierc-
ing algal cells and draining their contents, such as Hydroptila (Nielsen 1948,
Keiper and Foote 1999, 2000), Oxyethira (Nielsen 1948, Keiper and Walton
1999, Keiper 2002), and Orthotrichia (Nielsen 1948, Keiper 2002), or species
that are more generalized trophically and scrape periphyton and pierce large algal
cells, such as Ochrotrichia (Keiper and Foote 2000). In all those taxa, the right
mandible is more pointed than the left, and indeed those species that pierce algal
cells invariably maintain a grip on the algal cell with the strongly cusped or ser-
rated left mandible while the acutely pointed right punctures the cell wall. The
mandibles of L. pictipes are strongly cusped and seemingly appropriate for scrap-
ing algal substrates (McAuliffe 1982), but the outer cusp of the right mandible is
pointed even though there is no evidence that this species attacks large algal
cells. The setae on the inner edge of the left mandible are strongly textured with
pubescence not seen on other microcaddisfly scrapers such as Ochrotrichia. The
advantage to having the inner setae pubescent is unknown, but may aid the col-
lection of scraped material (e.g. diatoms). This synthesis of mandibular mor-
phology information among Hydroptilidae suggests that larvae were originally
adapted to feed on algal filaments (such as the green alga Cladophora). Leuco-
trichia then radiated to the scraping guild, retaining some of the primitive mor-
phological characters such as an acutely pointed right mandible that does not aid
the scraping of periphyton. However, because the immatures of only a handful of
the approximately 300 Nearctic species (Morse 1993) have been described, this
hypothesis remains tentative.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Marianne Stanczak and Biz Turnell for their help collecting specimens. M. Stanczak
and Joseph T. Hannibal (CMNH) kindly reviewed a draft of this paper. Descriptions of larvae were
facilitated with support from the National Science Foundation (award no. 0216039).

Vol. 114, No. 5, November & December 2003 259

LITERATURE CITED

Blickle, R. L. 1979. Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) of America north of Mexico. University of New
Hampshire, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 509. 97 pp.

Flint, O. S. 1970. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, X: Lecotrichia and related genera from North
and Central America (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 60:1-

64.

Huryn, A. D. and B. A. Foote. 1983. An annotated list of the Trichoptera of Ohio. Proceedings of
the Entomological Society of Washington 85:783-796.

Keiper, J. B. 1999. Morphology of final instar Ochrotrichia xena (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae).
Entomological News 110:231-235.

Keiper, J. B. 2002. Biology and immature stages of coexisting Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from
northeastern Ohio lakes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95:608-616.

Keiper, J. B. and B. A. Foote. 1 999. Biology and immature stages of two species of Hydroptila
(Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) which consume Cladophora (Chlorophyta). Proceedings of the En-
tomological Society of Washington 101:514-521.

Keiper, J. B. and B. A. Foote. 2000. Biology and larval feeding habits of coexisting Hydroptilidae
(Trichoptera) from a small woodland stream in northeastern Ohio. Annals of the Entomological
Society of America 92:225-234.

Keiper, J. B. and W. E. Walton. 1 999. Biology and morphology of the mature larva of Oxyethira

arizona Ross (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 75:212-220.

McAuliffe, J. R. 1982. Behavior and life history of Leucotrichia pictipes (Banks) (Trichoptera:
Hydroptilidae) with special emphasis on case reoccupancy. Canadian Journal of Zoology
60:1557-1561.

Morse, J. C. 1993. A checklist of the Trichoptera of North America, including Greenland and
Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 119:47-93.

Nielsen, A. 1948. Postembryonic development and biology of the Hydroptilidae. Det Kongelige
Danske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter. 5:1-200.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources. 2001. Stream Quality Monitoring Annual Report.
Chagrin State Scenic River. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Natural Areas
and Preserves. Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. 23 pp.

Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddis flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural
History Survey. 23:1-326.

Wiggins, G. B. 1 996. Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera), 2nd ed. Uni-
versity of Toronto Press, Buffalo, New York, U.S.A. 457 pp.

260 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BREVICORYNELLA (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE),

A NEWLY RECORDED GENUS FROM CHINA,

WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

AND A NEW RECORD1

Gexia Qiao2, Liyun Jiang1, and Guangxue Zhang4

ABSTRACT: The aphid genus, Breviconmella Nevsky, is newly recorded from China. A new
species, Brevicorynella sexmaculata Qiao, Jiang, and Zhang, and a new record for China, B. quadri-
maculata Nevsky, are described. Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) is the host plant genus for both species.

KEY WORDS: Insecta, Aphididae, Macrosiphinae, Brevicorynella, new species, new record,
Tamarix, China.

Nevsky (1929) erected Brevicorynella in the Aphidinae for Brevicorynella
quadrimaculata collected from Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) in Kazakhstan and
Tadzhikistan in Central Asia. By careful examination, those specimens from
Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China, include two species, such as type species
and a new species, Brevicoryella sexmaculata. The host plants of Brevicorynella,
Tamarix spp., are important sand binders in northwestern China. Biological stud-
ies on these aphids will have important effects on preventing deserts and binding
sands.

Breviconmella Nevsky was originally described in the Aphidinae because the
distance between stigmal pori on 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments is less than
twice as long as the distance between stigmal pori on 1 st and 2nd abdominal seg-
ments. Also, its antennae are similar to in Brachyunguis (Blackman and Eastop,
1994). However, Remaudiere and Remaudiere (1997) placed Brevicorynella in
the Macrosiphinae. The correct placement of Brevicorynella is still in question.
Here, we follow Remaudiere and Remaudiere (1997) and think genus Brevicory-
nella is in Macrosiphinae, based on lacking lateral abdominal tubercles. These
have the same shape of siphunculi as Brevicoryne van der Goot (in the Macrosi-
phinae).

METHODS

The specimens were collected from inflorescences, leaves, and stems of
Tamarix located in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of
China (Baicheng County, 1280m; Jinghe County, 300m; Minfeng County,

1 Received on December 24, 2002. Accepted on May 24, 2004.

: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 25 Beisihuanxi Road, Haidian, Beijing 100080,
P.R. China. E-mail: qiaogx(a'panda. ioz.ac.cn.

1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080 P. R. China. E-mail: jiangliyun
2000@hotmail.com

' Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080 P. R. China. E-mail: zhanggx@
panda.ioz.ac.cn

Mailed on September 30, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 261

1300m; Shihezi City, 450m) by Liyun Jiang. All specimens are deposited in the
Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China. Nomenclature and descriptions follow Nevsky (1929). All meas-
urements are given in millimeters (mm).

Brevicorynella Nevsky, 1929 NEW RECORD FOR CHINA

Brevicorynella Nevsky, 1929, Bull. PI. Prot. Stn., Taskennt, 16:257.

Brevicorynella Nevsky: Blackman and Eastop, 1994:587; Remaudiere and Remaudiere, 1997:82.

Type Species. Brevicorynella quadrimaculata Nevsky, 1929, by original des-
ignation.

Diagnosis. Body elliptical, posterior of abdomen tapered. Frons convex; front-
al tubercles indistinct. Eyes protuberant, lacking ocular tubercles. Antennae 6-seg-
mented, shorter than body; antennal segment III with 1 or 2 small round second-
ary rhinaria medially; processus terminalis 1/4-1/3 base of the segment. Meso-
sternal furca with separated two arms. All first tarsal segments bearing 5 setae.
Spiracular plates well-developed, long finger-shaped in thorax, or lower cone in
abdomen; spiracles small rounded, posteriorly. Pronotum with 2 pairs of short cy-
lindrical spinal tubercles and 1 pair of cone marginal tubercles. Abdomen without
marginal tubercles, dorsum of abdomen with 4 to 6 large dorsal patches. Siphun-
culi short, slightly swollen, constricted at basally, and with apical flange; on 5th
abdominal segment. Cauda tongue-shaped, slightly constricted at medially.

Host plants. Tamarix spp. (Tamaricaceae)

Distribution. In Central Asia (China, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan).

The genus is represented by two species: Brevicotynella quadrimaculata
Nevsky and Brevicorynella sexmaculata Qiao and Zhang new species. This is the
first record of Breviconmella for China.

KEY TO SPECIES APTEROUS VIVIPAROUS FEMALE
BREVICORYNELLA FROM CHINA

Vertex without distinct sculptures; dorsum of abdomen with 2 pairs of large spino-pleural patches;

siphunculi distinctly shorter than cauda; cauda with 30-39 hairs

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata Nevsky

Vertex with distinct sculptures; dorsum of abdomen with 3 pairs of large spino-pleural patches;

siphunculi about as long as or slightly longer than cauda; cauda with 48-59 hairs

Brevicorynella sexmaculata n. sp.

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata Nevsky, 1929 NEW DISTRIBUTION

(Figs. 1-7, 18-28)

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata Nevsky, 1929:257-259.

Brevicorynella quadrimaculata Nevsky: Blackman and hustop. 1994:5X7; Remaudiere and Re-
maudiere. 1997:82.

262 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Diagnosis: This species is close to Brevicorynella sexmaculata Qiao, Jiang,
and Zhang, but differs from the latter (parenthesized) as follows: vertex without
distinct sculptures (vertex with distinct sculptures); dorsum of abdomen with 2
pairs of large spino-pleural patches (dorsum of abdomen with 3 pairs of large
spino-pleural patches); siphunculi distinctly shorter than cauda (siphunculi about
as long as or slightly longer than cauda); cauda with 30-39 hairs (cauda with 48-

59 hairs).

Description of apterous viviparous females. Body (Fig. 18) small, oval, dark green in life with
2 pairs of black patches on dorsum of abdomen (Fig. 19), and covered with a fine pruinose secretion,
1.200- 1.300mm long, 0.725-0. 825mm wide at thorax. In mounted specimens: dorsal of head, apex of
rostrum, 1st antennal segment, distal of 3rd antennal segment, tip of 4th and 5th segments, distal half
of basal of 6th segment, distal 1/3 of tibia and tarsi darkly brown; eyes, femora, cauda, anal plate, and
genital plate brown; 2nd antennal segment, processus terminalis, and siphunculi pale brown; others
pale.

Vertex arc-shaped, antennal tubercles weak (Figs. 1, 20). Dorsal hairs of body fine and pointed.
Head with 2 pairs of cephalic hairs, 4 or 5 dorsal hairs between two antennae, and 2-3 pairs of dor-
sal hairs between eyes (Fig. 1). Length of cephalic hairs 0.021-0.031 mm, 0.8x-1.2x as long as widest
diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Antennae 6-segmented (Figs. 2, 21), shorter, 0.613-0.721 mm
long, 0.49x-0.58x as long as body; 3rd-6th segments with weak imbrications. Proportion of lst-6th
segments: 52: 38: 100: 96: 95: 85+32; processus terminalis 0.36x-0.41x as long as basal part. Anten-
nal hairs short and pointed, lst-6th segments each with 4 or 5, 2 or 3, 2-5, 3 or 4, 2-7, 3+0 hairs,
respectively; apex of processus terminalis with 3 hairs; length of hairs on 3rd antennal segment 0.018
mm, 0.69x as long as widest diameter of this segment. Middle of 3rd antennal segment with one small
round secondary rhinarium. Rostrum reaching 2nd to 3rd abdominal segments; ultimate rostral seg-
ment wedge-shaped (Figs. 3, 22), 2x-2.22x as long as its basal diameter, 0.68x as long as 2nd seg-
ment of hind tarsi, with 2 accessory hairs. Thorax tergum membranous. Pronotum with 2-4 spinal, 1
pair of pleural and 1 pair of marginal hairs; with 2 pairs of short cylindrical spinal tubercles and 1
pair of cone marginal tubercles. Hind femur 0.330-0.361 mm long, 2.35x-2.65x as long as 3rd anten-
nal segment. Hind tibia 0.515-0.577 mm long, 0.38x-0.41x as long as body. Hairs on legs short and
pointed; length of hairs on hind tibia 0.036-0.046 mm, 1.18x-1.5x as long as middle diameter of the
segment. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 5, 5, 5. Mesosternal furca with two arms separated. Abdomen ter-
gum membranous, with 2 pairs of large brown spino-pleural patches on 2nd and 5th abdominal ter-
gites (Fig. 4); dorsal hairs on abdominal tergites short and pointed; 1st abdominal tergite with 9-12
hairs; 8th tergite with 8 hairs, 6 or 7, occasionally. Length of marginal hairs on 1st tergite 0.021-0.031
mm, which of dorsal hairs on 8th tergite 0.026-0.042 mm, 0.8x-1.2xand lx-1.6x as long as widest
diameter of 3rd antennal segment, respectively. Spiracles (Figs. 23, 27) small, round and posteriorly
directed, spiracular plates well-developed, long finger-shaped thoracially, or lower cone in
abdomendly, brown. Siphunculi short, slightly swollen, constricted at base, with flange (Figs. 5, 28),
with weakly imbrications; 0.093-0.124 mm in length, distal diameter 0.04 mm, length 2.25x-2.5x as
long as its basal width, 0.75x-0.91x as long as cauda. Cauda tongue-shaped, slightly constricted
medially (Figs. 6, 24), with weakly spinulose short imbrications, 0.113-0.134 mm long, 0.92x-l.()8x
as long as its basal diameter, with 30-39 hairs. Anal plate (Fig. 25) circular at apex with weakly spin-
ulose short imbrications and 40-54 hairs. Genital plate (Figs. 7, 26) with 13-17 hairs, 2 anterior hairs
among them.

Alate and oviparae: Not seen.

Examined Specimens. 7 apterous viviparous females, deposited in Zoological Museum. Institute
of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China, data: CHINA, XINJIANG AUTONOMOUS
REGION, JINGHE Co.: 82.9°E, 44.6°N, 300 m, 30 Aug. 2002, on Taimirix chinensis. by Liyun Jiang
(No. 13742); 3 apterous viviparous females, deposited in Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R.China, data: CHINA, XINJIANG AUTONOMOUS REGION,
SHIHEZI CITY.: 86.0°E, 44.2°N, 300 m, 17 Aug. 2002, on Tamarix chinensis. by Liyun Jiang (No.
13659); 7 apterous viviparous females, deposited in Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, P. R.China, data: CHINA, XINJIANG AUTONOMOUS REGION, M1NFENG
Co.: 82.6°E, 37.0°N, 300 m, 27 Sep. 2002, on Tamarix chinensis, by Liyun Jiang (No. 14012).

Distribution. Central Asia: China: Xinjiang (Jinghe, Shihezi, Minfeng); Kazakhstan, Tadzhikis-
tan.

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003 263

Biology. The aphids cluster on floscules, leaves, and stems of Tamarix chinensis or Tamarix sp.,
and are attended by ants.

Brevicorynella sexmaculata Qiao and Zhang, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 8-17,29-39)

Diagnosis. The new species is near to Brevicorynella quadrimaculata Nevsky,
but differs from it as follow: vertex with distinct sculptures (the latter: vertex
without distinct sculptures); dorsum of abdomen with 3 pairs of large spino-pleu-
ral patches (the latter: dorsum of abdomen with 2 pairs of large spino-pleural
patches); siphunculi about as long as or slightly longer than cauda (the latter:
siphunculi distinctly shorter than cauda); cauda with 48-59 hairs (the latter:

cauda with 30-39 hairs).

Description of apterous viviparous females. Body (Fig. 29) medium, oval, green in life with 3
pairs of black patches on dorsum of abdomen (Fig. 30), and covered with a fine pruinose secretion,
1.250- 1.625mm long, 0.875-1 .200mm wide. In mounted specimens: dorsal of head, apex of rostrum,
distal of 3rd and 4th antennal segments, distal 1/3 of 5th segment, distal half of basal of 6th segment,
processus terminalis, outer distal half of femora, basal and distal 1/3 of tibia, tarsi, cauda, and anal
plate darkly brown; 1st antennal segment brown; 2nd antennal segment pale brown; others pale.

Vertex arc-shaped, antennal tubercles weak (Figs. 8, 31). Dorsal of head with distinct sculptures.
Dorsal hairs of body fine, acute. Head with 2 pairs of cephalic hairs, 5-7 dorsal hairs between two
antennae, and 2 pairs of dorsal hairs between eyes (Fig. 8). Length of cephalic hairs 0.031-0.036 mm,
1.17x-1.4x as long as widest diameter of 3rd antennal segment. Antennae 6-segmented (Figs. 9, 32),
shorter, 0.793-0. 892mm long, 0.53x-0.6x as long as body; 3rd-6th segments with weak imbrications.
Proportion of lst-6th segments: 33: 33: 100: 88: 88: 74+24; processus terminalis 0.29x-0.38x as long
as basal part. Antennal hairs short, acute, lst-6th segments each with 4 or 5, 3, 3-6, 3-6, 3 or 4, 2-4+0
hairs, respectively; apex of processus terminalis with 3 hairs; length of hairs on 3rd antennal segment
0.015-0.021 mm, 0.5x -0.8x as long as widest diameter of this segment. One small rounded second-
ary rhinarium on middle of 3rd antennal segment. Rostrum reaching 1st to 3rd abdominal segments;
ultimate rostral segment wedge-shaped (Figs. 10, 33), 2x-2.22x as long as its basal diameter, 0.68x
as long as 2nd segment of hind tarsi, with 2 accessory hairs. Thorax tergum membranous. Pronotum
with 2 pairs of spinal, 1 pair of pleural and 1 pair of marginal hairs; with 2 pairs of short cylindrical
spinal tubercles and 1 pair of cone marginal tubercles (Figs. 11, 31). Hind femur 0.391-0.422 mm
long, 2.05x-2.17x as long as 3rd antennal segment. Hind tibia 0.639-0.721 mm long, 0.43x-0.49x as
long as body. Hairs on legs short and pointed; length of hairs on hind tibia 0.046-0.052 mm, 1.32x-
1.67x as long as middle diameter of the segment. First tarsal chaetotaxy: 5, 5, 5. Mesosternal furca
with two arms separated. Abdomen tergum membranous, with 3 pairs of large brown spino-pleural
patches on 2nd - 5th abdominal tergites (Figs. 14, 30); dorsal hairs on abdominal tergites short and
pointed; 1st abdominal tergite with 7-1 1 hairs; 8th tergite with 6 hairs, or 7, occasionally. Length of
marginal hairs on 1st tergite 0.31 mm, which of dorsal hairs on 8th tergite 0.031-0.052 mm, lx-1.2x
and lx-2x as long as widest diameter of 3rd antennal segment, respectively. Spiracles small, round
and posterior-ward, spiracular plates very developed, brown; long finger-shaped in thorax (Figs. 12,
34), or lower cone in abdomen (Figs. 13, 38). Siphunculi short, slightly swollen, constricted at base,
with flange (Figs. 15, 39), with weakly imbrications; 0.144-0.165 mm in length, distal diameter 0.045
mm, length 2.33x-4x as long as its basal width, 0.93x-1.07x as long as cauda. Cauda tongue-shaped,
non-constricted medially (Figs. 16, 35), with weakly spinulose short imbrications, 0.144-0.165 mm
in length, 1.08x-1.33x as long as its basal diameter, with 48-59 hairs. Anal plate (Figs. 17, 36) circu-
lar at apex with weakly spinulose short imbrications and 51-68 hairs. Genital plate (Figs. 18, 37) with
18-21 hairs, 2 anterior hairs among them.

Alate and oviparae: Not seen.

Types. Ilolotype, apterous viviparous female (Figs. 8-17), deposited in Zoological Museum,
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR. China, data: CHINA. XINJIAG
AUTONOMOUS REGION, BAICHENG Co.: 81.8°E, 4I.8°N, 1280 m, 12 Sep. 2002. on Tamarix

264

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

chinensis, by Liyun Jiang (No. 13864); paratypes: 19 apterous viviparous females, other data same as
holotype.

Etymology. The new species is named for the 6 large dorsal patches on dor-
sum of abdomen.

Figures 1 -7 Apterous viviparous females of Brevicorynella quadrimaculata. Figure 1
Dorsal view of head. Figure 2 Antenna. Figure 3 Ultimate rostral segment. Figure 4 Dorsal
view of abdomen. Figure 5 Siphunculus. Figure 6 Cauda. Figure 7 Genital plate. Scale
bar: Figs. 1-3, 5-6 = 0.1 mm; Fig. 4 = 0.2 mm.

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003

265

HiniV ir,

I r >

• , ,'•'•>'-.:• .

• ' • : •-. . - • ^

Figures 8-17 Apterous viviparous females of Brevicorynella sexmaculata. Figure 8
Dorsal view of head. Figure 9 Antenna. Figure 10 Ultimate rostral segment. Figure 11
Dorsal tubercles on pronotum. Figure 12 Spiracle and spiracular plate on metathorax.
Figure 13 Spiracle and spiracular plate on abdominal segment. Figure 14 Dorsal view of
abdomen. Figure 15 Siphunculus. Figure 16 Cauda. Figure 17 Anal plate. Scale bar: Figs.
8-12, 15-17 = 0.1 mm; Figs. 13, 14 = 0.2 mm.

266

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

I ilter

i.O&HE

•,

\ I

ii in ..

Figures 18-28 Apterous viviparous females of Brevicorynella quadrimaculata. Figure
18 Dorsal view of body. Figure 19 Dorsal view of abdomen. Figure 20 Dorsal view of
head and pronotum, showing tubercles on pronotum. Figure 21 Antenna. Figure 22
Ultimate rostral segment. Figure 23 Spiracle and spiracular plate on metathorax. Figure
24 Cauda. Figure 25 Anal plate. Figure 26 Genital plate. Figure 27 Spiracle and spirac-
ular plate on abdominal segment. Figure 28 Siphunculus.

Vol. 114, No. 5, November & December 2003

267

• ,$, '

i 90m

•I. >•:•=

..,

Figures 29-39 Apterous viviparous females of Brevicorynella sexmaculata. Figure 29
Dorsal view of body. Figure 30. Dorsal view of abdomen. Figure 31 Dorsal view of head
and pronotum, showing tubercles on pronotum. Figure 32 Antenna. Figure 33 Ultimate
rostral segment. Figure 34 Spiracle and spiracular plate on metathorax. Figure 35 Cauda.
Figure 36 Anal plate. Figure 37 Genital plate. Figure 38 Spiracle and spiracular plate on
abdominal segment. Figure 39 Siphunculus.

268

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

-H

.2 -=

T^-

•t

T^-

^J-

-t

-§ |,

03 C

—

!_!

U u

o -£

P/~J

f"!

-t

_* £

. — i

I-H

!-H

— - " j

c/5

C/3 C/3

« "03
c/3 r"

o .5

Ol
O

0 C
P C

£ S

-H

"o ^

-1-

^—

— <

7-~

1 — 1

»-H

l-H

t/3 *J

03 c

CD 03

•^j-

T^-

, — i

I-H

^)-

I-H

C >

— '

—

' — '

—

— '

—

-H

-t-

*^j-

T^-

I-H

-t-

^_:

T^J-

c >•

• —

• — >

' — i

• — i

' — 1

• — '

• 1

• — 1

-H

T^-

•^j-

Tj-

TJ-

c !"""!

!-!

<~J

-H

£ t

R c

H— ' <U

O
CD

O
O

ON
O

ON
0
O

-a

-H

C w

>/"i

^1-

^j-

Tj-

"? ^

v~i

'r-

' ' t/1

I.H

r—(

. — I

, — i

i_^

, — ,

"S s

-H

"2 ra

—

• = IB

I '*-

•3

-H
O

T3 3

•<J-

.£•

.2 p

X ^

c/5

-H

t_,

^ _ r-;

i/-j

>J~1

•n

ly-j

ir-j

•§ «

OO
t—

CQ ^

C/3

"in

-H

l>~i "^

i/-j

l/~)

•a So

o c

r)
CN

O
rn

CQ JL>

— '

—

— '

— ;

— :

— '

— 1

— ;

c/3

-H

•o

—

•*

ir,

—

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003

269

-H

w _c

•<*• *t

i/"i

-r

ly")

i/^

•3-

I/-,

"O ^""*

</"» ~T

i/~(

-r

U".

i/~(

3 =0

« c

O .£

d d

""^

' — '

-H

o -S

l/"j —^-

-t-

l/",

'/"i

'/-;

l/~,

'/"j

1^1

^o -t

•rf

!£j

N£

1C'

^£

1- -

d d

c/5

t« U5

-H

3 —

01 01

% .1

^" lo

0 0

<-> C

O H

d o'

u H

-H

'•*— —

-t -r

T^-

— j-

-t

, —

i/-(

~-f

r^4-

r*"}

-i-

-r

~^-

1> '

_ __

,_|

. 1

, —

en .»_.
& C

d d

CO c3

-H

i/"i */"*

i/^

i/-j

</~}

i/~t

l/~j

I/-,

[--

,.H

S !^J

t--

ir.

< :

f^ f^

•\\

l/"> ITj

i/^j

i/-,

i/~j

</~t

*/"»

T^-

*/"j

-r

•

r~- vc

i/-j

T^-

c >

—

•-H

—

d d

-H

s^^

NC •/"*

iy-(

pw — J __

ON OC

-fcS — —

__ _

—

f~i

«—

-S < ~

d O

—;

— '

.— '

-H

oo t:

^ r£ SO

r*~l r*~i

C: O

.2 3 J3

d d

C- •«

-H

C C -yi

>/"i >/"j

*/~j

i/-(

i/~j

i/-j

i/~i

'/";

ly-,

•3-

•S '-£ %

>/~i i/~j

"/~»

<f~l

1 c 2

d d

•^2

C"^

f^l

*^^

atj <~<

-H

(L> -r^

r_«

I-H

— e 2

I.H

f- 1

S •= Ic

1 ^ -

d d

(— -

,-U

£ - h

01 —

=3 12 =

0 1 ON

*«H

—

.£• •= E

^ r<1

-t

•t

— t"

-t

f^i

-f

| = -5

d d

-H

*^> *""

"/"* O

i/^

I/",

V~l

•/~t

^> -^ I-*

"S O .—

^^ O**

—

s DQ £

o d

—

-H

o >^ -5

o o

</~*

i/",

•/")

1/-J

i/-,

- — •

C -0 S)

1 a? S

O •/"*

'^j

r-~
-r

ON|

-r

-t-

ON
O

3 —

-H

3 •

-3

t- Z

— r i

-T

'/'i

""*

™

270 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The project is supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (Grant No.
30270171, No. 30170127), and National Science Fund for Fostering Talents in Basic Research (No.
NSFC-J0030092).

LITERATURE CITED

Blackmail, R. L. and V. F. Eastop. 1994. Aphids on the world's trees. An identification and infor-
mation guide. University Press, Cambridge, England. Center for Agriculture and Biosciences
International VIII: 1024pp.

Nevsky, V. P. 1929. Aphids of Central Asia. Uzbekistan Plant Protect Experiment Station, 16: 425
pp.

Pashtshenko, N. F. 1988. Suborder Aphidinea, aphids: pp. 546-686. In, Lehr P. A. (Editor) Keys to
insects of the Far East of USSR. Volume 2 "Nauka." Leningrad, Soviet Union. 972 pp.

Remaudiere, G. and M. Remaudiere. 1997. Catalogue of the world's Aphididae. Homoptera:
Aphidoidea. Paris, France. Institut Natural de la Recherche Agronomique. 473 pp.

Vol. 114. No. 5. November & December 2003 271

NOTES ON DOLICHOPUS, ALLOHERCOSTOMUS, AND
PHALACROSOMA FROM NEPAL
(DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE)1

Ding Yang!, Toyohei Saigusa1, and Kazuhiro Masunaga4

ABSTRACT: One species is described as new to science: Dolichopus nepalensis sp. nov. Two
species are recorded from Nepal for the first time: Allohercostomus rotwidatus (Yang and Saigusa,
1999), Phalacrosoma amoenum Becker, 1922.

KEY WORDS: Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Dolichopus, Allohercostomus. Phalacrosoma, new species,
Nepal.

The fauna of Dolichopodidae from Nepal is not well known. The major stud-
ies on Dolichopodidae from Nepal were made by Hollis (1964) and Yang,
Saigusa and Masunaga (2001, 2002, 2003). In the present paper, the following
three genera and five species of the subfamily Dolichopodinae from Nepal are
listed: Dolichopus (two species), Allohercostomus (two species), and Phalacro-
soma (one species). One species is described as new to science, Dolichopus
nepalensis, and two species are recorded from Nepal for the first time.

The types of the new species are deposited in the Biosystematics Laboratory
of Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. The following abbreviations are used:
acr-acrostichal, ad-anterodorsal, apv-apicoventral, av-anteroventral, d-dorsal,
dc-dorsocentral, Li-fore leg, LH-mid leg, LUI-hind leg, npl-notopleural, pd-pos-
terodorsal, pv-posteroventral, v-ventral.

Genus Dolichopus Latreille, 1796

The species of the genus Dolichopus from the Oriental region were reviewed
by Olejnicek (2002). One species was known from Nepal: Dolichopus exsul Al-
drich, 1922 (Hollis, 1964; Dyte, 1975). Here one new species is added to the
fauna of Nepal.

Dolichopus exsul Aldrich, 1922

Dolichopus exsul Aldrich, 1922. Proc. U.S. National Museum 61(25): 15. Type
locality: Hawaii.

Distribution: Nepal, India, China (Jiangsu, Taiwan), Hawaii.
Remarks: Hollis (1964) recorded this species from Nepal.

1 Received on March 13, 2004. Accepted on May 18, 2004.

• Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100094, China. E-mail:
dingyangto cau.edu.cn or dyangcauf« yahoo.com.cn.

' 7-1-402, Baikoen 2-Chomc, Fukuoka, 810-0035 Japan. E-mail: toyohci.saigusa u mu2.seikyou.ne.jp.

4 Lake Biwa Museum. 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu-shi. Shiga, 525-0001 Japan. E-mail: moai;</
lhm.go.jp.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

272

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figs. 1-3. Dolichopus nepalensis, n. sp. (male). 1, Antenna (excluding scape), lateral
view; 2, genitalia, lateral view; 3, apical genital processes, lateral view. Scale 0.25 mm.

Dolichopus nepalensis Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-3)

Diagnosis: Antenna wholly black; first flagellomere as long as wide. All
coxae (except narrow apex) black. Hypandrium hook-like apically.

Description: Male. Body length 4.5-4.9 mm, wing length 4.7-5.1 mm.

Head metallic green with gray brown pollen; lower occiput with pale gray pollen; frons subshiny
with thin pollen; face distinctly wider than first flagellomere, with dense brownish yellow pollen,
clypeus with dense pale gray pollen. Hairs and bristles on head black; middle and lower postocular
bristles (including ventral hairs) pale. Antenna wholly black; first flagellomere rather small, as long
as wide, obtuse apically; arista subapical, black, with very short hairs, with basal segment 0.6 times
as long as apical segment. Proboscis dark brown with black hairs; palpus brownish yellow, with black
hairs and 1 black apical bristle.

Thorax metallic green with pale gray pollen; mesonotum (except notopleural area) and scutellum
subshiny with gray brown pollen. Hairs and bristles on thorax black; 6 strong dc (5th pair of dc slight-
ly convergent), 8-9 irregularly paired acr short and hair-like; scutellum with pale discal and margin-
al hairs. Propleuron pale haired, with I black bristle on lower portion. Pteropleuron with group of
pale hairs in front of metaspiracle; metapleuron with some pale hairs on antero-lower corner. Legs
yellow; all coxae (except narrow apex) black; fore and mid tarsi from tip of basotarsomere onward
black, apex of hind tibia and entire hind tarsus black. Hind tibia slightly thickened apically. Hairs and
bristles on legs black, coxae with some pale hairs basally; fore coxa with 5-6 bristles, mid and hind
coxae each with 1 outer bristle; mid and hind femora with 1 preapical bristle. Fore tibia with 3ad, 2

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003 273

pd and 2 pv, apically with 1 bristles and 1 short apv (slightly longer than tibia thickness); mid tibia
with 4 ad, 2 pd and 1 av, apically with 5 bristles; hind tibia with 5 ad, 3 pd and 3 av, apically with 3
bristles. Tarsomere 5 slightly thickened with distinct dorsal and lateral hairs. Hind basotarsomere
with 2 ad and 4-5 v. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres LI 2.8 : 1.4 : 0.6 : 0.5 : 0.3 : 0.45; L1I
3.9:2.0: 1.1 : 0.9 : 0.6 : 0.5; LIII 4.2 : 1.85 : 1.85 : 1.3 : 0.85 : 0.6. Wing nearly hyaline; veins dark
brown, costal callus punctifonn, M with a weak Z-bend but without rudimentary M2; CuAx ratio
0.65. Calyptera yellow with black hairs. Halter yellow with brown base.

Abdomen metallic green with pale gray pollen; cercus yellow with black margin. Hairs and bris-
tles on abdomen black. Male genitalia (Figs. 2-3): Epandrium distinctly longer than wide, with rather
wide outer lateral lobe bearing 2 short spine-like apical bristles, and narrow inner lateral lobe finger-
like; cercus nearly quadrate with distinct marginal denticles; hypandrium hook-like apically.

Female. Body length 4.8-5.3 mm, wing length 5.0-5.3 mm. Similar to male, but face distinctly
wider than first flagellomere.

Type Data: Holotype, male. Nepal, Topke Gola (3700 m), 1972. VII. 8,
J. Emoto, deposited in the Biosystematics Laboratory of Kyushu University,
Fukuoka, Japan. Paratypes, 4 males, 3 females, same data and repository as holo-
type.

Distribution: Nepal.

Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the type locality Nepal.

Remarks: The new species is similar to Dolichopus ancistrus Yang from Yun-
nan, China, in having the black antenna and hypandrium hook-like apically, but
may be separated from the latter by the black fore coxa and hind femur without
long ventral bristles. In ancistrus, the fore coxa is yellow, and the hind femur has
long black ventral bristles (Yang, 1997).

Genus Allohercostomus Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, 2001

One species was known from Nepal: Allohercostomus nepalensis Yang,
Saigusa and Masunaga, 2001. Here 1 new record species from Nepal is reported:
Allohercostomus rotundatus (Yang and Saigusa, 1999).

Allohercostomus rotundatus (Yang and Saigusa, 1999)

Hercostomus (Hereostomus) rotundatus Yang and Saigusa, 1999. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. Ent.

69: 244. Type locality: Sichuan (Emei Mountain).

Specimens Examined: 4 males, NEPAL: Handurung (800 m) - Linba (1200 m), 1972. VI. 27,
H. Makihara; 3 males, 1 female, Nepal: Jilikinpthi (1850 in) - Pontak (1800 m), 1972. V. 13. 11.
Shima; 1 male, Nepal: Chiliwa (1350 m) - Shibku (2100 m), 1972. VI. 7, J. Emoto; 9 males, 3
females, Nepal: Lelcp (1770 m), 1972. VI. 4, J. Emoto.

Distribution: Nepal, China (Sichuan, Shaanxi).

Allohercostomus nepalensis Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, 2001

Allohercostomus nepalensis Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, 2001. Ent. Sci. 4(2): 182. Type locality:
Nepal (Topke Gola).

Distribution: Nepal.

Genus Phalacrosoma Becker, 1922

The genus Phalacrosoma is recorded from Nepal for the first time with 1
species: Phalacrosoma amoenum Becker, 1922.

274 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Phalacrosoma amoenum Becker, 1922

Phalacrosoma amoenum Becker, 1922. Capita Zool. 1(4): 45. Type locality: Taiwan (Kosempo).

Specimens Examined: 2 males, 3 females, Nepal: Thudam (3500-3800 m), 1972. VI. 16, H.
Shima; 1 male, Nepal: Lelep (1770 m), 1972. VI. 2, Y. Nishida; 1 male, Nepal: Chiliwa (1350 m),
1972. VI. 7, J. Emoto; 5 males, 3 females, NEPAL: Basantapur (2300 m), 1972. V. 29, H. Shima; 5
males, 1 female, Nepal: Dobham (800 m), 1972. V. 20, H. Shima; 2 males, 6 females, Nepal: Jili-
kinpthi (1850 m), 1972. V. 13, H. Shima.

Distribution: Nepal, China (Taiwan).

DISCUSSION

The genus Dolichopus has two species in Nepal, of which the known species
is distributed also in Central China and South China; the new species is close to
the species from South West China. The genus Allohercostomus has two species
in Nepal, of which one species is endemic and the other is distributed also in
Central China. The genus Phalacrosoma has only one species in Nepal which is
distributed also in Taiwan of South China. The genus Hercostomus has 25 spec-
ies in Nepal (Yang, Saigusa and Masunaga, 2002), of which 18 are endemic but
the other 7 species are distributed also in Central China and South West China.
Obviously, the fauna of the subfamily Dolichopodinae from Nepal has the close
relationship with that of Central China, South West China, and South China.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Author DY is grateful to Professor H. Shima, Professor 0. Yata and Associate Professor K. Araya
(Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan), Dr. H. Ulrich (Bonn, Germany), and Dr. P. Grootaert (Institut
Royal des Science Naturelles, Brussels, Belgium) for their kind help. This research was partially sup-
ported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under Postdoctoral Fellowships for Foreign
Researchers and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30225009).

LITERATURE CITED

Becker, T. 1922. Dipterologische Studien, Dolichopodidae der indo-australischen Region. Capita
Zoologica 1(4): 1-247.

Dyte, D. E. 1975. Family Dolichopodidae, pp. 212-258. In, Delfinado, M. D. and D. E. Hardy
(Editors). A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental region. Volume 2. The University Press of
Hawaii, Honolulu. 459 pp.

1 1 <>l Ms. D. 1964. On the Diptera of Nepal (Stratiomyidae, Therevidae and Dolichopodidae). Bulletin
of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 15(4):83-1 16.

Olejnicek, J. 2002. Dolichopus howjingleei sp. n. (Diptera, Dolichopodidae) from Taiwan with a
key to the Oriental Dolichopus. Biologia 57(2): 147-15 1 .

Vang, D. 1997. The genus Dolichopus from Southwest China (Diptera. Dolichopodidae). Bulletin
de Tlnstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie 66:79-83.

Yang, D., T. Saigusa, and K. Masunaga. 2001. Two new genera and four new species of
Dolichopodinae from China and Nepal (Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae). Entomological
Science 4(2): 175-184.

Yang, D., T. Saigusa, and K. Masunaga. 2002. A review of the genus HcrcoMoiuus from Nepal
(Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae). Bulletin de 1'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de
Belgique, Entomologie 72: 221-243.

Yang, D., T. Saigusa, and K. Masunaga. 2003. A review of the genus Ncitrigaiiellu from Nepal
(Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae). Annales Zoologici 53(4): 663-665.

Vol. 114. No. 5. November & December 2003 275

A NEW SPECIES OF NEPALOMYIA FROM INDONESIA
(DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE)1

Ding Yang:, Toyohci Saigusa', and Ka/uhiro Masunaga4

ABSTRACT: Nepalomyia haliensis, sp. nov. from Indonesia is described as new to science which
represents the southernmost distribution range of the genus in Asia. Diagnostic features are dis-
cussed. Due to the recent synonymy of Newigonella with Nepalomyia. the following new combina-
tions are proposed: Nepalomyia nepalensis (Yang, Saigusa and Manusuga, 2003) comb. nov. and
Nepalomvia nigra (Yang, Saigusa and Manusuga, 2003) comb. nov.

KEY WORDS: Diptera, Dolichopodidae, Nepalomyia, new species, Indonesia.

The peloropeodine genus Neugrigonella Robinson, 1964 has recently been
synonymized with Nepalomyia Hollis, 1964 by Runyon and Hurley (2003). It is
characterized by an arista arising from the apical concavity of the first flagel-
lomere and a first tarsomere of leg III with one basal spur on the inner surface
directed upward. Nepalomyia is represented by 4 species in the Nearctic Region
(Runyon and Hurley, 2003) and 1 species in the Far East of Russia (Palaearctic:
Negrobov, 1991). Until the mid-1970s, no species have been recorded from the
Oriental Region before (Dyte, 1975). Recently 20 species were reported from
China by Yang and Saigusa (200 la, b), and 4 species from Nepal by Yang,
Saigusa and Masunaga (2003). In this paper, one species of Nepalomyia is des-
cribed from Indonesia for the first time which represents the southernmost dis-
tribution range of the genus in Asia.

The following abbreviations are used: acr-acrostichal, ad-anterodorsal, ap-api-
cal, dc-dorsocentral, Li-fore leg, Lll-mid leg, LUI-hind leg, MSSC-male sec-
ondary sexual character, oc-ocellar, pd-posterodorsal, v-ventral.

Nepalomyia baliemis, NEW SPECIES

(Figs. 1-3)

Diagnosis: Belonging to N. henanemis species group. First flagellomere near-
ly trapezoidal, 0.9 times as long as wide, with weak lower apical corner. Coxae
dark brown. Male fore tarsomeres 1-3 with one row of long posterior hairs
(MSSC). Male cercus without distinct basal tubercle.

Description: Male: Body length 2.6-2.7 mm, wing length 3.1-3.3 mm.

' Received on March 4, 2004. Accepted on May 18, 2004.

? Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University. I laidian. Beijing 100094, China. E-mail:
dingyangfa cau.edu.cn or dyangcaufayahoo.com.cn.

7-1-402, Baikoen 2-Chome, Fukuoka, 810-0035 Japan; Email: toyohei.saigusa(« ma2.seikyou.ne.j.

4 Lake Biwa Museum, 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu-shi. Shiga, 525-0001 Japan; Email: moai(«
lbm.go.jp.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

276

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Head dark metallic green with gray brown pollen; face with pale gray pollen. Hairs and bristles
on head black; postocular bristles (including ventral hairs) black. Ocellar tubercle weakly raised, with
2 strong oc and 2 short posterior hairs. Antenna (Fig. 1 ) black; first flagellomere nearly trapezoidal,
0.9 times as long as wide, with weak lower apical corner; arista black, long, with rather short basal
segment. Proboscis black with black hairs; palpus black with black hairs and 1 black apical bristle.

Thorax dark metallic green with gray brown pollen; pleuron with pale gray pollen. Hairs and bris-
tles on thorax black; 5 strong dc, 6 irregularly paired acr; scutellum with 2 pairs of bristles, outer pair
weak and nearly 1/4 as long as inner pair. Propleuron with 2 black hairs and 1 black bristle on lower
portion. Legs brownish yellow; coxae dark brown; tarsi brown to dark brown from tip of tarsomere 1
onward. Hairs and bristles on legs black; coxa I with 5-6 bristles, coxa II with 1 anterior bristle, coxa
III with 1 outer bristle. Femora II and III with 1 preapical ad. Tibia I apically with 2 bristles; tibia II
with 2 ad, 2 pd and 1 v, apically with 4 bristles; tibia III with 2 ad and 3 pd, apically with 3 bristles.
First three tarsomeres of leg I with one row of long posterior hairs (MSSC). First tarsomere of leg III
with 1 v at base. Relative lengths of tibia and 5 tarsomeres LI 1.8 : 1.2 : 0.5 : 0.5: 0.35 : 0.35; LII 2.6
: 1.5 : 0.9 : 0.8 : 0.5 : 0.3; LIII 3.1 : 0.65 : 1.2 : 0.9 : 0.6 : 0.3. Wing hyaline; veins dark brown, basal
costal section before h slightly thickened, R4+5 and M parallel apically; CuAx ratio 0.35. Squama
dark yellow with dark brown margin, with black hairs. Halter yellow with dark brown knob.

Abdomen dark brown with gray brown pollen. Hairs and bristles on abdomen black; tergites 1 -5
each with one row of posterior bristles.

Male genitalia (Figs. 2-3): Surstylus on epandrium with thick dorsal lobe nearly straight, and thin
ventral lobe weak curved (which bears 1 long thin process at base); cercus basally with 6-7 short
hairs, but without distinct tubercle; hypandrium deeply incised into two lateral portions nearly trian-
gular; aedeagus nearly straight and distinctly swollen apically, with mid-ventral process large and
rounded apically.

Female: Body length 2.6-3.0 mm, wing length 3.0-3.3 mm.

Type Data: Holotype, male, Indonesia, Bali Is., Botanical Garden (1300 m), 4. x. 2000, T. Tachi
(deposited in the collection of the Biosystematics Laboratory of Kyushu University, Fukuoka). Para-
types: 13 males 30 females, same data and depository as holotype.

Etymology: The name refers to the type locality Bali.

Figs. 1-3. Nepalomyia baliensis, n. sp. (male). 1, Antenna (excluding scape and pedicel);
2, hypandrium and aedeagus, ventral view; 3. hypopygium, lateral view. Scale 0.25 mm.

Vol. 114. No. 5. November & December 2003 277

DISCUSSION

The new species is somewhat similar to Nepalomyia pallipilosa (Yang and
Saigusa) from Yunnan in the shape of aedeagus, but may be separated from the
latter by a longer first flagellomere (vs. 0.6 as long as wide in pallipilosa), R4+5
and M being parallel at wing apex (vs. convergent at wing apex), and tarsus I
brown to dark brown from tip of tarsomere 1 onward (vs. tarsus I partly white)
(Yang and Saigusa, 200 Ib).

Due to the synonymization of Neurigonella Robinson, 1964 with Nepalomyia
Hollis, the recently described species are proposed as new combinations: Nepal-
omyia nepalensis (Yang, Saigusa and Manusuga, 2003) comb. nov. and Nepalo-
myia nigra (Yang, Saigusa and Manusuga, 2003) comb. nov.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to Dr. T. Tachi (Kyushu University, Fukuoka) for collecting the specimens.
The first author wishes to express sincere thanks to Prof. H. Shima, Prof. 0. Yata, Assoc. Prof. K.
Araya (Kyushu University, Fukuoka), Dr. H. Ulrich (Bonn), and Dr. P. Grootaert (Institut Royal des
Science Naturelles, Brussels) for their kind help in many ways. The research was partially supported
by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under Postdoctoral Fellowships for Foreign
Researchers and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30225009).

LITERATURE CITED

Dyte, D. E. 1975. Family Dolichopodidae, pp. 212-258. In, Delfinado, M. D. and D. E. Hardy (Edi-
tors). A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental region, Volume 2. The University Press of Hawaii,
Honolulu. 459 pp.

Hollis, D. 1964. On the Diptera of Nepal (Stratiomyidae, Therevidae and Dolichopodidae). Bulletin
of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 15(4):83-1 16.

Negrobov, O. P. 1984. The genera of the family Dolichopodidae (Diptera), new for the faunas of
Palearctic and USSR. Zoologickie Zhurnal 63: 1 1 1 1-1 1 1 5.

Negrobov, O. P. 1991. Family Dolichopodidae. pp. 11-139. //;, Soos, A. and Papp, L. (Editors).
Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera, Volume 7. Akademiai Kiado. Budapest. 291 pp.

Robinson, H. 1964. A synopsis of the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of the southeastern United States
and adjacent regions. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 4:

103-192.

Robinson, H. and J. R. Vockeroth. 1981. Dolichopodidae. pp. 625-639. //;: McAlpine. .!. F. et al.
(coords.). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, Volume 1. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Mono-
graph, No. 27. 674 pp.

Runyon, J. B. and R. 1,. Hurley. 2003. Revision of the Nearctic species of Nepalomyia Hollis ( =
Neurigonella Robinson) (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Peloropeodinae) with a world catalogue. An-
nals of the Entomological Society of America 96(4):403-4I4.

Yang, D. and T. Saigusa. 200 la. The species of Neurigonella from China (Diptera: Empidoidea:
Dolichopodidae). Annales de la Societe entomologiquc dc France (N.S.) 37:375-392.

Yang, D. and T. Saigusa. 200 Ib. New and little known species of Dolichopodidae from China (XI).
Bulletin dc 1'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, F.ntomologie 71:237-256.

Yang, D., T. Saigusa, and K. Masunaga. 2003. A review of the genus Neurigonella from Nepal
(Diptera: Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae). Annales Zoologici 53(4):663-665.

MEMOIRS

OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

NEW! #44 A Systematic Database of Thereva
Latreille Names: An Answer to the Nomenclatural
Challenge in Therevidae (Insecta: Diptera)
by Kevin C. Holston. 86 pp $25

NEW! #45 A Revision of the Caryedontini
(Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae) of Africa and
the Middle East by Clarence Dan Johnson, Benjamin J.
Southgate and Alex Delobel. 120 pp $30

#43

A World Revision of the Genus

Spodoptera Guenee (Lepidoptera Noctuidae)
Michael G. Pogue. 2003. 202 pp $30

A complete list of available Memoirs can be found at
www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes/memoirs.html

326

NAME

ADDRESS

Please send these issue(s):

D #45 ($25) $ .
D #44 ($30) $ .
D #43 ($30) $ .

POSTAGE/

CITY STATE ZIP

D #

E-MAIL (PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY)

Postage:
TOTAL

TELEPHONE

Domestic orders:

$3 for the first
publication; $1 for
each additional
publication.

Foreign orders:

$5 fee for the first
publication; $1 for
each additional
publication.

AES Fed. ID No.:

D Check or money order (in US currency through a US bank)
payable to The American Entomological Society.

Credit card: D VISA D Discover D MasterCard D AmEx

CREDIT CARD NUMBER

EXPIRATION DATE

MAIL FORM & PAYMENT TO:

The American Entomological Society
at The Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

Telephone: (2 15) 56 1-3978
E-mail: aes@acnatsci.org

NAME ON CARD

SIGNATURE

www.acnatsci.org/hosted/aes

Vol. 114. No. 5, November & December 2003 219

NOTES ON THE GENUS CHAETOGONOPTERON FROM
GUANGXI, CHINA (DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE)1

I ill Zhang2, Ding Vang', and Kazuhiro Masunaga4

ABSTRACT: The genus Chaetogonopteron is recorded from Guangxi (China) for the first time with
six species. One species is described as new to science: Chaetogonopteron gitangxiense. A key to the
species from Guangxi is presented.

KEY WORDS: Dolichopodidae, Chaetogonopteron, new species, Guangxi, China.

The genus Chaetogonopteron de Meijere is characterized by the shortened
hind basotarsomere (Meuffels and Grootaert, 1987, 1997). The species of the
genus Chaetogonopteron from China were mainly studied by Yang and Grootaert
(1999a, b), Yang and Saigusa (2001), and Yang (2002). In the present paper, the
genus Chaetogonopteron is recorded from Guangxi for the first time with 6
species, based on the material collected by the second author with sweep net in
Guangxi in 2002. Among them one species is described as new to science. The
type of new species is deposited in the insect collection of China Agricultural
University, Beijing. The following abbreviations are used: acr-acrostichal, ad-
anterodorsal, av-anteroventral, d-dorsal, dc-dorsocentral, h-humeral, ih-inner
humeral, Li-fore leg, LH-mid leg, LUI-hind leg, npl-notopleural, oc-ocellar, pd-
posterodorsal, ph-posthumeral, psa-postalar, pv-posteroventral, sa-supraalar, su-
sutural, v-ventral.

Key to species of Chaetogonopteron from Guangxi, China

1. Only hind tarsomere 1 shortened 2

Hind tarsomeres 1-2 shortened 4

2. Acr uniseriate 3

Acr biseriate; thorax and abdomen largely yellow

C. chaeturum Grootaert and Meuffels

3. First flagellomere short conical, nearly as long as wide

C. luteicinctum (Parent)

First flagellomerere much elonagated C. concavum Yang and Grootaert

1 Received on March 14, 2003. Accepted on May 18, 2004.

: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100044. China. E-mail:
tolily@126.com.

' Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing 100044, China. E-mail:
dingyang@cau.edu.cn or dyangcau@yahoo.com.cn. Corresponding author.

'Lake Biwa Museum. 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga, 525-0001 Japan. E-mail: moan/
lbm.go.jp.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

280 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

4. Mid tibia without rowed v 5

Mid tibia with rowed v C. guangxiense sp. n.

5. Fore tarsomere 5 wholly whitish C. ceratophorum Yang and Grootaert

Fore tarsomeres 2-5 whitish with dark dorsal surface

C. pallipilosum Yang and Grootaert

Chaetogonopteron ceratophorum Yang and Grootaert

Chaetogonopteron ceratophorum Yang and Grootaert. 1999. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. Ent.
69:269. Type locality: Yunnan (Menglun).

Specimens Examined: 1 1 males, 8 females, Guangxi: Tiane, Buliuhe (300m),
2002. VIII. 9, D. Yang.

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan).

Chaetogonopteron chaeturum Grootaert and Meuffels

Chaetogonopteron chaeturum Grootaert and Meuffels. 1999. Belg. J. Ent. 1(2): 335. Type locality:
Thailand.

Specimen Examined: 1 male, Guangxi: Tiane, Buliuhe (300m), 2002. VIII.
9, D. Yang.

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Thailand.

Chaetogonopteron concavum Yang and Grootaert

Chaetogonopteron concavum Yang and Grootaert, 1999. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. Ent. 69:271.
Type locality: Yunnan (Menglun).

Specimens Examined: 2 males, Guangxi: Tianlin, Langping (1300m), 2002.
VIII. 14, D. Yang.

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan).

Chaetogonopteron guangxiense Zhang, Yang and Masunaga
NEW SPECIES (Figs 1-4)

Diagnosis: Antennal scape and pedicel black, first flagellomere blackish.
R4+5 and M more or less parallel apically. Male hind tarsomere 2 distinctly
longer than tarsomere 1 , with a large appendage.

Description: Male. Body length 5.0 mm, wing length 5.3 mm.

Head metallic green with pale gray pollen. Eyes contiguous on face; face distinctly narrower than
frons. Hairs and bristles on head black; postocular bristles black, postero-ventral hairs pale. Ocellar
tubercle weak, with 2 long oc and 2 short posterior hairs. Antennal scape and pedicel black, first fla-
gellomere blackish, subtriangular, as long as wide; arista subapical, blackish, and short pubescent.
Proboscis dark brownish yellow with black hairs; palpus dark brownish yellow with black hairs and
1 black apical bristle.

Thorax yellow with gray pollen; mesonotum brilliant metallic green with anterior and lateral por-
tions yellow; scutellum with a large metallic green basal spot; metanotum metallic green. Ptero-
pleuron and laterotergite each with blackish or black anterior upper corner. Hairs and bristles on tho-
rax black; 5 strong dc, 6-7 irregularly paired acr short and hair-like; 1 long h, I long ph. 1 slightly
short ih, 1 short su, 1 long anterior and 1 slightly short posterior npl, 1 short anterior and 1 long pos-
terior sa, 1 long psa; scutellum with 1 pair of long bristles and 8 very short marginal hairs. Propleuron

Vol. 114, No. 5, November & December 2003

with 2 black hairs and 1 black bristle on lower portion. Metapleuron with 4 black hairs on postero-
upper corner and 2 black hairs on antero-lower corner. Legs yellow; mid coxa with black dot on pos-
terior upper corner; tarsomere 5 brown. Hairs and bristles on legs black. Fore coxa apically with 6
weak or strong bristles; mid coxa with 1 weak anterior bristle near apex; hind coxa with 1 outer bris-
tle at base. Fore femur apically with 1 pv; mid femur apically with 1 preapical bristle, 1 weak av and
1 distinct pv; hind femur with one row of 8 ventral bristles, apically with 1 preapical bristle, 1 weak
av and 1 distinct pv. Fore tibia apically with 2 bristles; mid tibia with 2 ad, 2 pd and 1 pv, apically
with 4 bristles; hind tibia with one row of 10 recumbent v (except narrow base and wide apical por-
tion), apically with 3 bristles. Fore basotarsomere (except basal portion) with one row of 6 rather long
av; tarsomeres 2-4 with one row of long hair-like v curved apically. Hind tarsomeres 1-2 shortened,
tarsomere 2 distinctly longer than basotarsomere, with a wide ventral appendage. Relative lengths of
tibia and 5 tarsomeres LI 3.1 : 1.9 : 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.55 ; 0.45; LII 4.8 : 2.9 : 1.5 : 1.15 : 0.6 : 0.45; LIII
5.2 : 0.6 : 0.95 :1.75 : 1.2 : 0.5. Wing hyaline; veins dark brown, R4+5 and M more or less parallel
apically; CuAx ratio 0.6. Calyptera dark brown with black hairs. Halter dark yellow with brown
knob.

Abdomen yellow with gray pollen; tergum 1 and lateral portion of tergum 2 brownish yellow.
Hairs and bristles on abdomen black. Male genitalia chiefly yellow, cercus with pale hairs. Male gen-
italia (Fig. 4): Sternum 8 with 2 bristles; cpandrium with 1 strong bristle on finger-like lateral process;

Figs 1-4 Chaetogonopteron guangxiense n. sp. (male). 1. Wing; 2, antenna (excluding
scape), lateral view; 3, hind tarsomeres 1-2, lateral view; 4, genitalia, lateral view.

282 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

surstylus with dorsal lobe more or less acute apically, and ventral lobe rather wide apically; cercus
acute apically; hypandrium obtuse apically.
Female. Unknown.

Holotype: Male, Guangxi: Tiane, Buliuhe (300 m), 2002. VIII. 9, D. Yang,
deposited in the insect collection of China Agricultural University, Beijing.

Distribution: China (Guangxi).

Etymology: The species is named after the type locality Guangxi, China.

Remarks: The new species is somewhat similar to Chaetogonopteron
seriatum Yang and Grootaert from Yunnan, but may be separated from the latter
by the postocular bristles wholly black and antenna black with blackish first fla-
gellomere. In minutum, the middle and lower postocular bristles are pale, and the
antenna is yellow with first flagellomere black (Yang and Grootaert, 1999b).

Chaetogonopteron luteicinctum (Parent)

Sympycnus hiteicintus Parent, 1926. Encycl. Ent. (B II) Dipt., 3:134. Type locality: Shanghai (Zi-Ka-
Wei).

Specimens Examined: 5 males, Guangxi: Tiane, Bojie (1100 m), 3 August,
2002, leg. D. Yang; 16 males 12 femlaes, Guangxi: Tianlin, Langping (1300m),
14 August, 2002, leg. D. Yang.

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Henan).

Chaetogonopteron palttpttosum Yang and Grootaert

Chaetogonopteron pallipilosum Yang and Grootaert, 1999. Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. Ent. 69:274.
Type locality: Yunnan (Jinghong, Mengyang).

Specimen Examined: 1 male, Guangxi: Tiane, Buliuhe (300 m), 9 August,
2002, leg. D. Yang.

Distribution: China (Guangxi, Yunnan).

DISCUSSION

Guangxi, with a tropical or subtropical climate, faunistically belongs to South
China of the Oriental biogeographic realm. Six species of Chaetogonopteron are
now known to occur in Guangxi. One species is endemic to Guangxi, four
species are distributed also in South West China of Oriental realm, and one
species is widely distributed also in Central China, South West China and other
areas of south China. It is obvious that the specific composition of Chaetogo-
nopteron from Guangxi has the close relationship with that of southwestern
China.

Vol. 114, No. 5, November & December 2003 283

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are very grateful to Dr. H. Ulrich (Bonn, Germany) and Dr. P. Grootaert (Institut Royal des
Science Naturelles, Brussels, Belgium) for their kind help. Author DY wishes to express his sincere
thanks to Professor Guofang Jiang (Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing) for his kind help during the
survey to Guangxi in 2002. The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (No. 30225009).

LITERATURE CITED

Grootaert, P. and H. J. G. Meuffels. 1999. Description of Chaetogonoptemn chaetiinim sp. n.. a
very common dolichopdid fly from South Thailand (Insect Diptera Dolichopodidae). Belgian
Journal of Entomology 1(2): 335-341.

Meuffels, H. J. G. and P. Grootaert. 1987. Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea VI:
New species in the genus Sympycnus Loew, 1857. Indo-Malayan Zoology 4: 317-397.

Meuffels, H. J. G. and P. Grootaert. 1997. Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea
XVI. Scotiomyia gen. nov. a new Sympycnine genus from the rain forest with notes on the
Papuan Sympycninae. Studia Dipterologica 4(l):247-255.

Parent, O. 1926. Dolichopodides nouveaux de 1'extreme orient palearctique. Encyclopedic Ento-
mologique(B II) Diptera 3:1 1 1-149.

Yang, D. 2002. Diptera: Therevidae, Dolichopodidae. pp. 741-749. //;, Huang. F. (Editor). Forest
insects of Hainan. Science Press. Beijing, China. 1064 pp.

Yang, D. and P. Grootaert. 1999a. New and little known species of Dolichopodidae from China
(V). Bulletin de Flnstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie 69:215-232.

Yang, D. and P. Grootaert. 1999b. Dolichopodidae (Diptera: Empidoidea) from Xishuangbanna
(China, Yunnan province): the Dolichopodinae and the genus Chaetogonoptemn (I). Bulletin de
Flnstitut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie 69:251-277.

Yang, D. and T. Saigusa. 2001. New species of Sympycninae and Diaphorinae from Yunnan.
Southwest China (Empidoidea: Dolichopodidae). Studia Dipterologica 8(2):505-520.

284 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

NARROW CRAWL SPACE INCREASES CAPTURE

OF COCKROACHES (BLATTODEA)

IN ADHESIVE TRAPS'

Rif S. EI-Mallakh2 and Michael J. Hartmann3

ABSTRACT: Cockroaches are a significant public health problem and are the most disliked urban
pests. Cockroach control relies heavily on the use of chemical pesticides, which are equally disliked
by the general public. Nontoxic, effective methods of eliminating cockroaches are in general demand.
The double-surface habitat adhesive cockroach trap is a novel design that takes advantage of the
cockroaches' predilection for narrow spaces as its major attractant. The trap also takes advantage of
the broad, flat dorsal surface of the cockroach by utilizing adhesive on both the floor and the ceiling
of the insects' crawl space. This trap was tested under laboratory conditions and found to be seven
times more effective than popular Roach Motel". The addition of pheromonal attractants might in-
crease the effectiveness of the trap further.

KEY WORDS: Blattodea, nonchemical control, narrow crawl space, adhesive traps.

Cockroaches are probably among the most common and the most despised
urban pests (Potter and Bessin 1998). Furthermore, they have been implicated as
vectors of bacterial pathogens (Burgess and Chetwyn 1981, Graffer and Mertens
1960; Mackerras and Mackerras 1949) and may harbor these organisms for pro-
longed periods of time (Stek 1982, Stek, Peterson and Alexander 1978). More
recent data suggest that cockroaches are an important etiological factor in human
asthma (Rosenstreich et al. 1997, Sarpong et al. 1997). Among professional ento-
mologists, cockroaches are responsible for 78 percent of occupational allergies
(Wirtz 1980).

There are many approaches to cockroach control, including fumigation,
directed spraying, and baited traps. In a survey of attitudes among the general
public, Potter and Bessin (1998) found that 77 percent were either very or some-
what concerned about the use of pesticides to control insects in the home. As a
consequence of this, the use of baited traps has greatly increased in recent years
(Potter and Bessin 1998).

This report describes the laboratory effectiveness of an adhesive trap for cock-
roaches, where the "bait" is the cockroaches' own predilection for narrow crawl
spaces. The trap's design also makes use of the insect's broad flat dorsal surface
by having adhesive on both the "floor" and the "ceiling" of the trap. The results
suggest that this is a very effective design.

' Received on August 16, 2002. Accepted on March 13, 2004.

: Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University
of Louisville School of Medicine. Louisville, Kentucky 40202 U.S.A. E-mail: rselmaOIx/
louisville.edu.

'Electrical Geodesic, Inc. Eugene, Oregon 97403 U.S.A. E-mail: aafan@mindspring.com.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

Vol. 114, No. 5, November & December 2003

METHODS

The trap is constructed of three sheets of cardboard measuring 11.5 x 15 cm
and separated by spacers 5 mm high. The internal crawl spaces are lined with
two-sided tape (Scotch Rug and Carpet Tape, 3M, St Paul, MN) (Figure 1 ). Since
the trap was designed to utilize the cockroaches' behavioral predilection to tight
spaces, it is called a "habitat" trap. Similar designs have been patented (Grey
1977, Gang 1995).

The testing of the traps was performed in plastic chambers measuring 41x21
x 18 cm. These were attached to each other by polyethylene tubing (2.5 cm diam-
eter) to form a three-chambered testing arena (Figure 2). Ten adult American
cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were placed in the middle chamber, which
also contained food (a cut apple) and water. One of the end chambers contained
a Roach Motel" (Black Flag), and the other a habitat trap. The Roach Motel" is
approximately 12 x 8 cm with a crawl space that is some 6 cm high. It contains
a gel-like glue on both broad inside surfaces of the trap so that the trap can be
placed on either side, however, the inside space is very large in relation to the
size of the cockroach. The chambers were then sealed with a ventilated plastic
cover and placed in the dark at 24 -26°C for one week. At the end of that time,
the chambers were opened and the cockroach position noted. The experiment
was conducted in quadruplicate.

Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of the habitat cockroach trap and an entrapped
cockroach.

286

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Figure 2. Schematic of the experiments comparing the Roach Motel" (left inner box) and
the habitat trap (right inner box). Three identical plastic chambers were connected by plas-
tic tubing. Ten adult P. americana were placed in the middle chamber (which also con-
tained food and water), and the chambers were sealed for one week. At the time of the
reopening of the chambers, the positions of the cockroaches were noted. The experiment
was conducted in quadruplicate, for a total of 40 cockroaches.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 2 presents the cockroach distribution at the end of one week for 40
cockroaches. The habitat trap captured over seven times as many cockroaches as
the alternative baited adhesive trap (P < 0.01, z = 5.06, using a test for examin-
ing proportional data [El-Mallakh et al. 1994]). This is especially notable given
that the cockroaches had to physically engage with the habitat trap as a conse-
quence of their exploratory behavior, whereas the Roach Motel11 possesses a
pheromone attractant in addition to its physical profile.

The "attractant" of the habitat trap is the narrow space into which cockroach-
es escape for safety. The current study suggests that this behavior is a powerful
force in cockroaches. However, the design of the habitat trap does not exclude
the use of another bait. For example, a pheromone could be added to the trap to
potentially further increase the efficacy of the trap.

It is believed that the utilization of adhesive on both the floor and the ceiling
of the trap increased its efficiency. As the cockroach enters the narrow space and
struggles to free its legs from the adhesive on the floor, it pushes its broad dor-
sal surface up against the adhesive on the ceiling of the space, effectively anchor-
ing the animal to the trap (Fig. 1 ).

There are limits to the conclusions that can be drawn from these studies. The
experimental setup had no "safe" hiding place for the cockroaches. Thus, it is
important to examine this trap under "field" conditions where alternative narrow
crevices are available for the animals. Furthermore, the concentration of cock-
roaches per area is much higher in the experimental setup than would occur

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 287

under field conditions. This factor may have increased the apparent effectiveness
of the traps. Finally, since the efficacy of the trap is dependent on adhesively cap-
turing the cockroach by its dorsal surface, the size of the spacing may be species-
specific. If this is true, then a separate trap type would be needed for different tar-
get species. In this regard, the sloped ceiling design of Gray (1977) may be supe-
rior. Despite these shortcomings, the data suggest that the habitat trap is superi-
or to other widely used baited adhesive traps for the P. americana. Field trials are
warranted.

LITERATURE CITED

Burgess, N. R. H. and K. N. Chetwyn. 1981. Association of cockroaches with an outbreak of
dysentery. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75:332-333.

EI-Mallakh, R. S., R. Cowdry, and I. E. Pettigrew. 1994. A simple technique for determining sta-
tistical significance of proportional criteria. Journal of Health Care Quality 16:14-16.

Gang, B. K. 1995. Insect trap kit. United States patent number 5,454,186. October 3, 1995.

Graffer, M. and S. Mertens. 1960. Le role des blattes dans la Transmission des salmonelloses.
Annals d'Instirute de Pasteur 79:654-660.

Gray, J. R. 1977. Insect trap. United States patent number 4,031,654. June 28, 1977.

Mackerras, I. M. and M. J. Mackerras. 1949. An epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis caused by
Salmonella hovis morbificans. Journal of Hygiene 47:166-181.

Potter, M. F. and R. T. Bessin. 1998. Pest control, pesticides, and the public: attitudes and impli-
cations. American Entomologist 44:142-147.

Rosenstreich, D. L., P. Eggleston, M. Kattan, D. Baker, R. G. Slavin, P. Gergen, H. Mitchell, K.
McNiff-Mortimer, H. Lynn, D. Ownby, and F. Malveaux. 1997. The role of cockroach aller-
gy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asth-
ma. New England Journal of Medicine 336:1356-1363.

Sarpong, S. B., R. A. Wood, T. Karrison, and P. A. Eggleston. 1977. Cockroach allergen (Bla g
1 ) in school dust. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 99:486-492.

Stek, M., Jr. 1982. Cockroaches and enteric pathogens. Transactions of the Royal Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 76:566-567.

Stek, M., Jr., R. V. Peterson, and R. L. Alexander. 1978. Retention of bacteria in the alimentary
tract of the cockroach, Blattella germanica. Journal of Environmental Health 41:212-213.

Wirt/, R. A. 1980. Occupational allergies to arthropods - documentation and prevention. Bulletin
of the Entomological Society of America 26:356-360.

288 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

BOOK REVIEW

THE PASSIONATE OBSERVER. WRITINGS FROM THE WORLD OF NATURE.
Jean-Henri Fabre. Watercolors by Marlene McLoughlin. 1998. Chronicle Books. 85
Second Street, San Francisco, California 94105 U.S.A. Price, including shipping,
varies considerably (e.g. http://www.addall.com/, http://www. alibris.com/home.cfm,
http://www.bookfmder.com/, and others).

Fabre 's The Passionate Observer, intertwines his love for nature with his life. A college math teacher,
Fabre ponders about what could have happened "if unobsessed by the.v and v, I had devoted myself whole-
heartedly to my inclinations"! Moquin-Tandon, a mentor, encouraged Fabre to follow his vocation with
confidence using these words: "Get to the beast, the plant; and, if, as I believe, the fever [for their study]
burns in your veins, you will find men to listen to you." While profession is what one does for a living,
vocation (< Latin, vocare, or call) is the seizing of a joyful something that resides within oneself. As Fabre
puts it, "from early childhood, from the moment of my first mental awakening, I have felt drawn towards
the things of nature ... I had the gift, the bump of observation." Vocation is what brings humans to life as
it helps us find meaning in our everyday actions.

This collection of short stories, mostly about the little creatures and their surroundings, is filled with
natural history (e.g. omnivory in some grasshoppers, including eating cicadas on their diet; reproduction
in some grasshoppers), political and social commentary (e.g. "We are celebrating to-day, with greater up-
roar than conviction... the fall of the Bastille... In a century or two, will anyone, outside the historians, give
a thought"), a cavalcade of poetry, insightful reflections on his life, and, above all, the wonders of the insect
world (e.g. the evolution of parental care and other behaviors of insects or how some pentatomid nymphs
ecclose). Fabre was a strong believer in combining field and laboratory observations, modeling, and exper-
imentation. Interestingly, numerous remarks by Fabre show his keen awareness of the importance of
behavior, genetics, whose details were unknown at that time: the environment, trade-offs, biomechanics,
functional morphology, and their impact on insect evolution that are ahead of his time.

As in Souvenirs Entomologiques, Fabre's prose is ornate yet simple and it captivates the attentive read-
er. In contrast to those who talk or write to impress others with "barbarous vocabulary" or those who
believe truth is related to authority, Fabre believes that "lucidity is the sovereign politeness of the visitor".
There is a beautiful element of wholesomeness, such as in his "vast cobalt blue skies" or the "small boys
of the neighborhood" that made us recall tales of Hans Christian Andersen or Circe du Solid's movie
Journey of Man. How would Fabre have reacted if he would have had access to the tools of modern biol-
ogy, such as a scanning electron microscope, to satiate his desire for life-long learning?

The Passionate Observer made us recall times when life seemed simpler. Surrounded by the gentleness
of pastel colored aquarelles and frequent flashbacks to his younger years, Fabre's wit (e.g. "no pleasure...
can be fully relished without an added condiment of pain") brought the same smile to our hearts that our
dear European friends Niilo Virkki and Pierre Jolivet have, especially when they tell us stories about the
natural world. This book has gems for many readers, especially for those who are still children at heart, on
how to find answers to queries about the natural world or how to learn about the historical background
upon which the life of one scientist is unraveled (e.g. remarks on a marine biology laboratory interested in
finding out "how the yolk of annelid's egg is constructed" in contrast to his pleas for "an entomological
laboratory for the study ... of the living insect"), or just how to have some good fun reading "in the mid-
dle of July... [t]he astronomical dog-days."

We recommend savoring The Passionate Observer during quiet moments of reflection. Fabre's sense
of vocation can be best enjoyed when one gets to do what he does: observing the natural world in quiet and
reverent appreciation. Perhaps, this can help us gain our own inner sense of vocation and make us remem-
ber what it was that called us into our passion in the first place.

Jorge A. Santiago-Blay Suzanne C. Shaffer

Department of Paleobiology Center for Teaching and Learning

MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History Montgomery College

Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012 7600 Takoma Avenue

Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012 U.S.A. Takoma Park, Maryland 20912 U.S.A.

E-mail: santiago-blay(o)nmnh. si.edu. E-mail: suzshaff@yahoo.com.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 289

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

CONFIRMATION OF THE PYGMY SNOWFLY,
ALLOCAPNIA PYGMAEA (BURMEISTER)

(PLECOPTERA: CAPNIIDAE),
FROM NORTH DAKOTA, UNITED STATES'

B. C. Kondratieff and R. W. Baumann'

Kondratieff and Baumann (1999) listed fifteen stonefly taxa, including eleven
confirmed species for North Dakota. Included only as a genus record was the
snowfly genus Allocapnia based on nymphs. We predicted that based on known
distributional proximity, the most likely species of Allocapnia occurring in North
Dakota would be A. pygmaea (Burmeister). Recently, a vial of Allocapnia spec-
imens was brought to our attention by eminent coleopterist Robert D. Gordon at
the National Museum of Natural History. He collected these stoneflies from a
small stream in southeastern North Dakota, Sargent County. These specimens in-
cluded four adult males of A. pygmaea allowing species confirmation. This sub-
boreal species occurs in a transverse band across the northern United States and
southern Canada, south to Tennessee, with disjunct populations in the Ozark
Mountains of Missouri (Ross et al. 1967, Ross and Ricker 1971, Poulton and
Stewart 1991). Allocapnia is considered an eastern deciduous forest associated
group of stoneflies (Ross and Ricker 1971), and presently includes 43 species
(Kondratieff and Kirchner 2000).

Ross et al. (1967) postulated that during the Wisconsin glacial maximum,
A. pygmaea occurred south of the ice sheets in the Cumberland Plateau region of
east central United States. Dispersal northward and westward of this species oc-
curred during the post-Wisconsinan times, into deglaciated regions, following a
northern route over the Great Lakes (see Ross et al. 1967, Fig. 2). An alternative
hypothesis proposes that these North Dakota populations are remnants of north-
ern dispersals from the Missouri Ozark populations. However, the North Dakota
males are clearly most similar to northeastern populations and not to the males
described by Ross et al. (1967) from Missouri. The Minnesota records of A. pyg-
maea are from areas along Lake Superior and south of Minneapolis next to near-
by Michigan (Ross and Ricker 1971, Lager et al. 1979). Recently, Heimdal et al.
(2004) reported A. pygmaea from northeastern Iowa. It then appears that the
southeastern North Dakota populations of this species clearly fit the dispersal
pattern proposed by Ross et al. (1967), and have originated from a single source.

' Received on February 14, 2004. Accepted on July 16, 2004.

1 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management. Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523 U.S.A. E-mail: Boris. Kondratieff(« colostate.edu.

' Department of Integrative Biology, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young Uni-
versity, Provo, Utah 84602 U.S.A. E-mail: Richard_Bautnann(« byu.edu.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

290 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

The Sargent County record represents the most western record for Allocapnia
and outside the eastern deciduous forest biome.

Material Examined: North Dakota: Sargent Co., South of Cayuga, 7 miles NW of Verblen, South
Dakota, 21 March 1966, R. D. Gordon, Aarhus and Tweten, 4 males, 1 female, 7 nymphs (National
Museum of Natural History, Entomology, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Dr. Robert Gordon for encouraging us to look for these specimens at the Smithsonian
Institution. Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. facilitated the loan that led to this paper.

LITERATURE CITED

I It inuhil. D. P., R. E. DeWalt, and T. F. Wilton. 2004. An annotated checklist of the stoneflies
(Plecoptera) of Iowa. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington (In press).

Kondratieff, B. C. and R. W. Baumann. 1999. Studies on stoneflies of North Dakota with the
description of a new Perlesta species (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Washington 101: 325-331.

Kondratieff, B. C. and R. F. Kirchner. 2000. Two new Allocapnia from eastern North America
(Plecoptera: Capniidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 1267-1273.

Lager, T. IM., M. D. Johnson, S. N. Williams, and J. L. McCulloch. 1979. A preliminary report
on the Plecoptera and Trichoptera of Northeastern Minnesota. Great Lakes Entomologist 12: 109-
114.

Poulton, B. C. and K. W. Stewart. 1991. The stoneflies of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (Ple-
coptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 38. 116 pp.

Ross, H. H., G. L. Rotramel, J. E. H. Martin, and J. F. McAlpine. 1967. Postglacial colonization
of Canada by its subboreal winter stoneflies of the genus Allocapnia. Canadian Entomologist 99:

703-712.

Ross, H. H. and W. E. Ricker. 1971. The classification, evolution, and dispersal of the winter
stonefly genus Allocapnia. Illinois Biological Monograph 45. 106 pp.

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 291

SCIENTIFIC NOTE

MYIASIS IN BRISTLE-SPINED PORCUPINE,

CHAETOMYS SVBSPINOSUS (OLFERS, 1818),

IN BAHIA, BRAZIL1

Adriana Akemi Kuniy- and Caroline Nascimento Santos2

Two specimens ofChaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818) (Rodentia, Echimyi-
dae, Chaetomyinae) infested by screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Co-
querel, 1858) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were captured in an Atlantic Forest frag-
ment at Salvador, northeastern Brazil, on March 24 and April 12, 2003. One of
them had parasite infestation on the left of its face, between its ear and buccal
cavity (Fig. 1); the other one had 70 percent tail infestation. The specimens were
brought to a Wild Animal Rehabilitation Center due to screwworm infestation
located in the body of the animals and were treated with chemical products (clor-
pirifos, diclorvos), before their translocation to a permanent place in reserve.
Despite this procedure, none of them survived treatment more than one day.
Cochliomyia hominivorax is an ectoparasite usually found in skin and mucous
secretion during its larval phases. This screwworm develops in live tissues of
their hosts in only one lesion considered relatively large, with repulsive secretion
(Keller et al., 2002). Cochliomyia hominivorax has been reported in humans
(Duqueetal., 1990; Leclercq 1990; Mehretal., 1991; Boulard and Quiroz 1991;
Kron, 1992) and in domestic mammals, such as cattle (Sanavria et al., 1996;
Moya Borja et al., 1993), sheep, pigs, goats, mules, donkeys, dogs, and cats
(Rawlings and Cheng Sang 1984; Costa et al., 1985; Amarante et al., 1992;
Mariluis et al., 1994). It also can be found in Brazilian sylvan mammals, like the
porcupine (Coen dou prehensilis prehensilis) (Lacey and George 1981). This is
the first record of an infestation by Cochliomyia hominivorax in Cochliomyia
subspinosus porcupines.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Mr. Marco Tiilio R. Brasileiro and MSc Adriana Lampert who identified the
parasite, to Dr. Mario de Vivo that encouraged this paper, and MSc Cristiane Villaca and Mr.
Guilherme Barco for their comments and review.

LITERATURE CITED

Amarante, A. F. T., M. A. Barbosa, T. C. Oliveira-Siqueira, and S. Fernandes. 1992. Epidemi-
ology of sheep myiasis in Sao Paulo. Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production 24( 1 ): 36-
39.

' Received on August 12, 2004. Accepted on August 13, 2004.

: JGP Consultoria e Participacoes Ltda.R. Americo Brasiliensc. 615, 04715-003, SP, Brazil. E-mails:
araradri@ig.com.br; caledog@bol.com.br, respectively.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

292

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Fig. 1.

Cochliomyia sub-
spinosus porcupine
infested by
Cochliomyia
hominivorax screw-
worms. Note
lesions on left side
of the face,
between its ear and
buccal cavity.

Boulard, C. and H. Quiroz. 1991. Cutaneous myiasis: recent advances in biology, immunology
and improvements of control measures. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 66
(Supplement l):52-57.

Costa. A. F. and L. S. Vieira. 1985. Permanent ectoparasites of goats and sheep in Sobral, Ceara,
Brazil. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira 19(5):639-646.

Duque, C., G. Marrugo, and R. Valderrama. 1990. Otolaryngic manifestation of myiasis. Ear
Nose & Throat Journal 69(9):6 19-622.

Roller, W. W., C. J. B. Carvalho, and A. Gomes. 2002. Dipteros sinantropicos em area de tran-
sicao entre o Pantanal e o Cerrado brasileiro. Dados preliminares. In: Congresso Brasileiro de
Parasitologia Veterinaria, 12, 1. Rio de Janeiro, 2002. Programas e Resumes. Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. CBPV/UFRRJ/PJ Eventos, R386.pdf (CD-ROM).

Kron, M. A. 1992. Human infestation with Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screwworm.
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 27(2, part 1 ):264-265.

Lacey, L. A. and T. K. George. 1980. Myiasis in an Amazonian Porcupine. Entomological News
92(2):79-80.

Leclercq, M. 1990. Import of animal and human tropical myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax in
Libya (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Revue Medicale de Liege 45(9):452-457.

Marilius, J. C., J. A. Schnack, I. Cerverizzo, and C. Quintana. 1994. Cochliomvia hominivorax
(Coquerel, 1858) and Phoenicia sericata (Meigen, 1826) Parasiting Domestic animals in Buenos
Aires and Vicinities (Diptera, Calliphoridae). Memorias. Institute Oswado Cruz (Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil) 89(2): 139.

Mehr, Z., N. R. Powers, and K. A. Konkol. 1991. Myiasis in a wounded soldier returning from
Panama. Journal of Medical Entomology 28(4):553-554.

Moya-Borja, G. E., C. M. B. Oliveira, R. A. Muni/, and L. C. B. Goncalves. 1993. Phophylactic
and persistent efficacy of Doramectin against Cochliomyia hominivorax in cattle. Veterinary
Parasitology 49 ( 1 ): 95-105.

Rawlins, S. C. and Chen Sang. 1984. Screwworm myiasis in Jamaica and proposals for its eradi-
cation. Tropical Pest Management 30(2): 125- 129.

Sanavria, A., R. A. Muniz, L. C. B. Goncalves, R. S. Row, and D. S. F. Silva. 1996 Prophylactic
efficacy of Doramectin against natural infections of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858)
on castrated cattle. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinaria 5( 1 ):7-10.

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 293

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT,
AND CIRCULATION

1 . Title of publication: ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

2. Date of filing: August 7, 2004

3. Frequency of issue: Bimonthly except July and August

4. Location of known office of publication: American Entomological Society,
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

5. Location of the headquarters of general business offices of the publishers:
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

6. Name and address of the Publisher, Editor and Business Manager:

Publisher: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway,

Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195
Editor: Jorge A. Santiago-Blay, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of

Natural History, MRC-121 Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 2013-7012
Business Manager: Faith B. Kuehn, 3789 Foulk Rd., Boothwyn, PA 19061

7. Owner: American Entomological Society, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway,
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195

8. Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding one percent
or more of the total amounts of bonds, mortgages and other securities: None

9. For optional completion by publishers mailing at the regular rates: signed

1 0. For completion by nonprofit organizations authorized to mail at special rates: The purpose,
function and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income
tax purposes: Have not changed during the preceding 12 months.

Average No. Copies Actual No. Copies of

Each Issue During Single Issue Published

Preceding /_ Months Nearest to Filing Date

11. Extent and nature, circulation

A. Total no. copies printed 745 725

B. Paid Circulation

C. Total paid circulation 563 563

D. Free distribution by mail, carrier

Or other means, samples 0 0

Complimentary, and other 14 14

E. Total Distribution

F. Office use, leftover, unaccounted 48 48
Spoiled after printing

G. Copies for reprints 120 100
H. TOTAL 745 725

1 2. 1 certify that the statements by me above
are correct and complete.

Faith B. Kuehn, Business Manager

MAILING DATES

FOR VOLUME 114,2003

No. Date of Issue

Pages Mailing Date

1 Jan. & Feb. 2003

1-60 April 9, 2004

Mar. & Apr. 2003

61-120 June 23, 2004

May & June 2003

121-180 Julv 28, 2004

4 Sept. & Oct. 2003

IS 1-240 August 25, 2004

5 Nov. & Dec. 2003

24 1 -300 September 30, 2004

Mailed on September 30, 2004

294 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO

REVIEWERS OF ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (VOLUME 114)

AND TO VOLUNTEERS

Jorge A. Santiago-Blay1

I am profoundly grateful to colleagues from around the world who have gen-
erously donated their time and energy to review numerous articles, some sub-
mitted as early as May 2001. Their names, arranged alphabetically by last name,
and affiliations, or addresses, follow.

Anonymous (several) - various affiliations

J. D. Barbour - University of Idaho, Research and Development Center, Parma, Idaho,

United States
Richard W. Baumann - Department of Zoology and Monte L. Bean Life Science

Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States

Daniel J. Bickel - Entomology Section, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia

Art Borkent - Royal British Columbia Museum, Enderby, British Columbia, Canada

Howard P. Boyd - Tabernacle Township New Jersey, United States

Mark W. Brown - Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, West Virginia,

United States
R. J. Chianese - New Jersey Department of Agriculture Biocontrol Laboratory, Trenton,

New Jersey, United States
Steven Chordas Vector-Born Disease Program, Ohio Department of Health, Columbus,

Ohio, United States
Stephen G. A. Compton - Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, School of Biology,

University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
Charles V. Covell, Jr. - Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville,

Kentucky, United States
Mark Deyrup - Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, United States

Christopher H. Dietrich - Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, United
States

Donna R. Ellis - Department of Plant Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs,
Connecticut, United States

Gregory Evans - Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, United
States

Neal L. Evenhuis -- Department of Natural Sciences, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

Oliver Flint - Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States

Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, District of Columbia 20013-7012, U.S.A.

Mailed on September 30, 2004

Vol. 114. No. 5. November & December 2003 295

Stephen D. Gaimari - California State Collection of Arthropods, Plant Pest Diagnostics,
Sacramento, California, United States

Michael Gates Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of
Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

Jon Gelhaus - Department of Entomology, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, United States

Jaco M. Greeff - Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

Patrick Grootaert - Department of Entomology, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural
Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

E. Eric Grissell - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agri-
culture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

Eniilio Guerrieri - Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Richerche, Sezione di Portici, Poerici, Italia

Steven Harris - Department of Biology, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion,
Pennsylvania, United States

Klaus-Gerhard Heller - Department of Zoology, University of Erlangen-Niirnberg, Er-
langen, Germany

Thomas J. Henry - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of
Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

Gary Hevel — Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States

E. R. Hoebeke - Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
United States

Heron Huerta - Laboratorio de Entomologia, Departamento de Entomologia, Institute
Nacional de Diagnostico y Referencia Epidemiologicos, DGE, Secretaria de Salud,
Colonia Santo Tomas, Distrito Federal, Mexico

Sigfrid Ingrish -- Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum Alexander Koenig
(ZFMK), Bonn, Germany

Susan Whitney King - Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, United States

John M. Kingsolver Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida,
United States

Boris Kondratieff Department of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, Colorado, United States

Tom Klubertan/ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Rock
County, Janescille, Wisconsin, United States

Kipp C. Kruse - Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charles,
Illinois, United States

Steve Lingafelter Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of
Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

Charles Mason Department of Entomology, University of Delaware, Delaware, United
States

296 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Michael L. May - Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey, United States

Pat McCafferty - Department of Entomology, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana,
United States

J. E. McPherson - Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,
Illinois, United States

Arnold Menke - Bisbee, Arizona, United States

Peter Mundel - Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States

Charles W. O'Brien - Center for Biological Control, Florida A & M University, Florida,
United States

J. Olejnieek - Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech
Republic

Michelle Pellissier Scott - Department of Zoology, Durham, New Hampshire, United
States

Michael Pogue - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of
Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

Endrew Polaszek - Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, South Ken-
sington, London, England, United Kingdom

Dan Polhemus - Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States

Marc Pollet Institute for the promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in
Flanders, Brussels, Belgium

C. Riley Nelson - Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas,
United States

John Noyes - Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, South Kensington,
London, England, United Kingdom

Sean O'Keefe - Department of Biology, Morehead State University, Morehead, Ken-
tucky, United States

David A. Roder - Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo,
North Dakota, United States

Justin D. Runyon - Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Uni-
versity Park, Pennsylvania, United States

Carl Schaefer - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Con-
necticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States

Michael E. Schauff - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of
Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

Steven Schmidt - Zoologische Staaatssammlung Muenchen, Munich, Germany

Joseph C. Shaffner - Department of Entomology, Texas A & M, College Station, Texas,
United States

Randall T. Schuh - Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History,
New York, NY, United States

William A. Shear - Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Virginia, United
States

Vol. 1 14. No. 5. November & December 2003 297

David Smith - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of Agricul-
ture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia, United
States

Paul J. Spangler - Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States

William P. Stark - Department of Biology, Mississippi College, Clinton, Mississippi,
United States

F. Christian Thompson - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department
of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Colum-
bia, United States

Charles A. Triplehorn - Museum of Biodiversity, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio, United States

Natalia J. Vanderberg - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department
of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Colum-
bia, United States

Robert Waltz - Division of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Indiana Department of
Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States

Mick E. Webb Entomology Department, The Natural History Museum, South Kensing-
ton, London, England, United Kingdom

Stephen Wilson - Department of Biology, Central Missouri State University, Warren-
burg, Missouri, United States

Norman Woodley - Systematic Entomology Laboratory, United States Department of
Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia,
United States

R. Zhantiev - Department of Entomology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Also, I wish to highlight the labor of volunteers who have worked with me at the
Smithsonian Institution (Washington, District of Columbia, United States). As part of
their learning, they have helped in different steps of the editorial process: Rama Assaf
(Montgomery College, Rockville, Maryland), Judith Barr (Holton-Arms School, Bethes-
da, Maryland), Keshuan Blunt (Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington, District
of Columbia), Gloria Friar (Program for Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Prince George's
County Public Schools, Upper Marlboro, Maryland), Christine Galvagna (Bennington
College, Vermont), Rebecca Glazer (Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia), Lester Guthrie
(Montgomery College, Rockville, Maryland), Bridget Hansen (George Washington Uni-
versity, Washington, District of Columbia), Kirkland Kenney (Bennington College, Ver-
mont) Julia Louie (University of Maryland, College Park), Suzanne Mclntire (Arlington,
Virginia), William Mclntire (Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania),
Carmen Montopoli (School Without Walls High School, Washington, District of Colum-
bia), Yen T Nguyen (District of Columbia Public Schools, Washington), Bethany Sadlow-
ski (Arlington, Virginia), Adrian Schneck (Corcoran College of Art and Design, Wash-
ington, District of Columbia), Katherine Schuler (Corcoran College of Art and Design,
Washington, District of Columbia), Suzanne C. Shaffer (Montgomery College, Takoma
Park, Maryland), and Anna Thorn (James Madison High School, Vienna. Virginia).

Without the effort of the reviewers and the volunteers, our goal of "catching-up" would
not appear as close to fulfillment as it is now. Any omission was unintentional and entire-
ly my responsibility. Any colleague whose name has been omitted is welcome to contact
the Editor as we wish to dutifully acknowledge everyone who has helped.

29X

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

INDEX - VOLUME 114 (1-5) 2003

Ableptemetes 37

Acanthosomatidae 147

Acerpenna sulfurosiis 55

Acknowledgments 294

Adhesive traps 284

Adults 205

Adventitious biters 21 1

Aeshnidae 233

Agallia 181

Agallinae 181

Agaonidae , 152

Alberta, Canada 230

Alfalfa (Medicago saliva) 105

All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory 246

Allocapnia pygmaea 289

Allohercostomus 271

Anobiidae 56

Anthonomus rubricosus 69

Aphelinidae 10

Aphididae 260

Arecaceae 18

Argentina 10, 69, 147, 156

Arizona, USA 117

Armadillum vulgare 61

Atrichopogon 152

Atwell, D back cover (5)

Auchenorrhyncha 246

Aureoconopus 86

A:va orbigera orbigera 92

Baetidae 33,55

Bahia, Brazil 291

Barr, J 298

Barrera, E 121

Bartlett, C.R 246

Bartolotta, R.J 255

Baumann, R.W 289

Beddows, E 180

Belize 164

Biological control 8, 59, 98

Blastothrix gurselae 187

Blattodea 84

Bowman, J.L 246

Braconidae 105

Brailovsky, H 18

Brailovsky, H 121

Brazil 291

Brevicorynella 260

Bristle-spined porcupine 291

Brood-rearing 61

Brown, K 59

Brown, T back cover (5)

Butterflies back cover (2)

Calling song 129

Camras, S 86

Capniidae 289

Carabidae 1 13

Castillo, M.L 138

Cattlin, N.D 59

Central (Middle) America 29, 37, 1X1

Ceratopogonidae 1 56

Chaetogonopteron 279

Chaetomys subspinosus 291

Chaffee/D.L 224

Chalybion californium 241

Chen, J-X 41, 47

Chilopod 57

China 41, 47, 75, 260, 279

Chironomidae 1 17

Chloropidae 205

Chordas III, S.W 235

Christiansen, K.A 41, 47

Chrysomelidae 75

Cicada, Why Have You Slaved Away So Long

(song) back cover (3)

Cicadellidae 181

Cicindela marginata 1 13

Cirrospilus neotropicus n. sp 98

Citrus Leafminer 98

Cloyd, R.A 237

Coccinellidae 23, 192

Coleoptera 7,23,56,69,75,81, 113, 138,192

Collembola 47

Colletidae 54

Color Handbook of Biological Control in Plant

Protection (Book Review) 59

Colpurini 121

Conifer 197

Conopidae 86

Copestylum circumdatum 217

Coreidae 18, 121

Corixidae 235

Coscaron, M. del C 147

Costa Rica 54

Couturier 18

Cowper, G back cover (4)

Cricket Bov back cover (5)

Cricket 197

Cui, J-Z 75

Curculionidae 69

Cyphoderris monstrosa 197

Daniel Boone National Forest 224

Daxvcorixa rawsoni 235

Day, W. H 105

de Tonnancour, J 60

Delayed reproduction 61

Dellape, P.M 147

Diez, P.A 98

Diminished food resources 61

Diptera 86, 1 1 7, 1 56, 205, 217,271, 275, 279

Dolichopodidae 271, 275, 279

Dolichopus 271

Dorsey, T 105

Dragonfly 233

Eaton, A.T 105

El-Mallakh, R.S 284

Elmidae 7

Encyrtidae 187. 192

Ephemeroptera 33, 37, 55, 230

l-pler, J.H 117

Euliss, Jr., N.H 235

Eulophidae 98

Fabre, J.-H 288

Fairchild, G.W 239

fall flight behavior 23

Fidalgo, P 98

Fleenor, S.B 179

Fleischman, P 180

Freytag, P.H I SI

Mailed on September 30, 2004

Vol. 1 14, No. 5, November & December 2003

299

Fries, J. N

Froeschner, R. C 29

Fulgoroidea 246

Fulgoromorpha 246

Funk, D.H 240

Galvagna, C. G 1

Garber, B. C back cover (1)

Ge, S-Q 75

Gelhaus, J. ..back cover (2), 239, 240, back cover (4)

Giganti, H 147

Gracillariidae 98

Great Smoky Mountains National Park 246

Greenhouse mites 58

Grubbs. S. A 51

Guangxi, China 279

Guthrie, L. H 60

Gynandromorphism 1 52

Habitat preference 197

Haglidae 197

Hajek, A 120

Hanson, B.A 235

Harmonia axyridis 23

Hartman, M. J 284

Hashemi, A 61

Helyer, B 59

Hemiptera 105, 187,235,246,260

Herbivory 211

Heterelmis comalemsis 7

Heteroptera 18,29, 121. 147.211

Hicks, M. B 160

Homalotylus 1 92

Homoptera 181

Host plants 69

Hoy, M. A 58

Hydroptilidae 164,255

Hymenoptera 10, 54. 98, 105, 152, 187, 192,241

Immature stages 147

Indonesia 275

Insecta 260

Insects of the Texas Lost Pines (Book Review) 1 79

Insects Revealed (Book Review) 60

Interspecific hybrid 91

Isophya 129

Isopoda 61

Japoshvili, G.0 187

Jenkins, J.M 233

Jenkins, R.A 233

Jiang, L 260

Joyful Noise. Poems (Book Review) 180

Karaca, 1 187

Kciper, J. B 205, 255

Kenney, K. A 1

Kentucky, U.S.A 224

Kermes palestiniensis 187

Kermesidae 187

Keth, A. C 164

Keyghobadi, N back cover (2)

Kight, S. L 61

Kim, J. W 10

King. S. W back cover (1)

Kjellberg, F 152

KondrateiiT, B. C 289

Krestian, B. J 117

Kuehn, F. B 293

Kuniy, A. A ....291

Kurczewski, F. E 241

Ladau. J 197

Lady beetle 23

Lanteri, A. A 69

Larva ... ....69

Lectotype 217

Lenat, D. R ...33

Lepidoptera 91, 98

Leptoeglossus 18

Leptohyhiidae 37

Lester, G. T 117

Letter from the President AES back cover (1)

Leucotrichia pictipes 255

Leuctra carolinensis 51

Leuctra variabilis 51

Leuctridae 51

Limenitis (Basilarchia) 91

Loiacono, M. S 69

Louie, J 180

Louisiana, U.S.A 2

Lucanidae 138

Luc-anus (Pseudolucanus) mamma 138

Lygux lineolaris 105

Ma, Y-T 41, 47

Macrosiphinae 260

Macrotingis 29

Marino. P. 1 156

Marinoni. L 217

Martinez M., I 138

Martinez, P 147

Marvaldi, A. E 69

Maryland, USA 51

Masunaga, K 271, 275, 279

Mauritiaflexrosa 18

Mayer, M 105

Mayflies 33, 55. 230

McAllister, C. T 2

McCafferty, W. P 33, 37, 230

McClanahan, E. T 91

Mclntire, S 298

Mendoza, E back cover (5)

Mexico 29,37,81, 138, 164. 192

Michener. C. D 54

Middle America 29

Miridae 105

Mississippi River 2

Mississippi, USA 160

Mites of Greenhouses (Book Review) 58

Montopoli, C. E 298

Murray- Aaron, E 1

Mushet, D.M 235

Myasis 291

Mydrosoma 54

Nardi, G ,...56

Narrow crawl space 284

Nascimento Santos, C 291

Natural Enemies (Book Review) 120

Navarrete-Heredia. J. L 81

Nemouridae 160

Neotrichia 164

Neotrichiini 164

Neotropical 86

Neotropics 217

Nepal ...271

Nepalomyia 275

New country record 235

New county record 224

New record 47, 187, 230, 260

New species 41. 75. 121. 156. 164. 181, 187,

192,271,275

New state record 224, 233

Nguyen, Y. T back cover (5)

Nitidulidae 81

Non-chemical control 284

North America.... ...181

300

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

North Carolina, U.S.A 33, 246

North Dakota, U S.A 289

Northern Argentina 156

Northern Belize 164

Northern Rockies, Canada back cover (2)

Nuisance biters 21 1

Nymphalidae 91

Odonata 233

Ohio, U.S.A 255

Oklahoma, U.S.A 2

Orthocladiinae 1 1 7

Orthoptera 129, 197

Otocnptops gracilis berkeleyensis 57

Overwintering mortality 23

Oxycnemus 81

Pacific Islands 121

Padron, M back cover (5)

Paracloeodes 33

Parasitoid 192

Parnassius back cover (2)

Pereira, R.S.S 152

Peristenus digoimttis 105

Phaedon 75

Phalacrosoma 271

Phaneropterinae 129

Phyllocnistis citrella 98

Physoconopus 86

Platt,A.P 91

Plecoptera 51, 160, 224, 289

Pleuroloma fhivipes 2

Pollinating fig wasps 152

Polydesmida 2

Population genetics back cover (2)

Post-reproductive mortality 61

Prado, A.P 152

Predation 211

Predator avoidance 1 13

Prostoia completa 160

Prudencio, N back cover (5)

Psilopyga 81

Pteroptrix fidalgoi 10

Purrington, F.F 113

Pygmy Snowfly 289

Qiao, G 260

Quality Control and Production of Biological

Control Agents (Book review) 237

Reproduction 7

Reuse of nests 241

Reyes-Castillo, P 138

Robbins, R.K 238

Romig, R.F 105

Rourt, K back cover (5)

Sadlowski, B 180

Saigusa, T 271

Sanchez, A back cover (5)

Sanchez, J back cover (5)

Santiago-Blay, J.A 1, 60, 120, 288, 294, 298

Schaefcr, C.W 211

Schaefcr, P.W 23

Schappert, P 179

Scolopendromorpha 57

Scolopocryptopidae 57

Scolopocryptops gracilis Wood 57

Sevgili, H 129

Shaffer, S. C 288, 294

Sheldon, .1 back cover (4)

Shelley. R.M 2,57

Shipsn niliiiiiln 1 60

Sinopla perpunctatus 147

Smith, S.B 2

Society Meeting (October 23, 2002) 120

Society Meeting (March 23, 2003) 239

Society Meeting (October 22, 2003) 240

Society Meeting (November 19, 2003 (back cover (4)

South America 181

South Carolina, U.S.A 233

Southern Mexico 164

Species richness estimation 246

Sphecidae 241

Spinelli, G.R 156

Stagetus coin-mis White 56

Stanczak, M 205

Stark, B.P 160

Statement of ownership, management, and

circulation 293

Stoneflies 224

Stridulate 197

Stylngaxtcr 86

Synonyms 217

Syrphidae 217

Taber. S. W 179

Tamarix 260

Tarter, D.C 224

Taxonomy 192

Tempisquitoneura 1 17

Tennessee, U.S.A 246

Territoriality 197

Tettigoniidae 129

Texas, U.S.A 2

The Genus Adelpha (Book Review) 238

The Passionate Obsen'er 288

Thompson, F.C 217

Three-segmented tarsi 10

Tilmon, K.J 105

Tingidae 29

Tomocerina 41, 47

Tomocerinae 41, 47

Tonwcerus baicalensis 47

Tomocerus Collembola 41

Triacaiitlnigyna trifeda 233

Triapitsyn, S.V 10, 192

Trichoptera 164, 255

Tricorythodinae 37

Trjapitzin, V.A 192

Tr\'/>i>.\v/on politum 241

Turkey 129, 187

Van Lenteren. J.C 237

Vegetation management techniques 205

Walton, W.E 205

Webb, J.M 230

Western North America 197

Wetlands 205

Whalen, J 59

Wiersema, N.A 37. 55

Willmott, R.R 238

Winter aggregate 23

Xysdodesmidae 2

Yang, D 271. 275, 279

Yang, X-K 75

Zhang, G 260

Zhang, L 279

Zhang, Z-Q 58

Zodi/tn 86

Suzanne Mclntire, Carmen Monlopoli, Judith Barr,
Suzanne C. Shaffer, and Jorge A. Santiago-Bias

Addresses in Acknowledgments

All papers, except book reviews, are forwarded to experts for final review before acceptance. In
order to expedite the review process, authors are also asked to suggest the name, address, email, tele-
phone and fax of at least three experts in the subject field to whom the manuscript may be forward-
ed for additional review. Ideally, the review process should be completed within 30 days. The editor
reserves his prerogative of sending the manuscript to other reviewers. Authors are also welcome to
list the names of reviewers to whom the article should not be sent, with a brief explanation.

Upon return of reviews, authors will be asked to modify or rewrite their texts to accommodate
suggestions of the reviewers and the editor as well as to conform to requirements of Entomological
News. If authors do not modify their texts, they should specifically address, on a point by point basis,
why they are not doing that.

Page Proofs. The printer will send page proofs to the editor and the business manager. Faith
Kuehn. Then, the proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as .pdf files, together with the
reprint order form as an .rtf file. Authors must process proofs and return them to the editor and to the
business editor by air mail or e-mail (attachment). Authors who anticipate being absent are urged to
provide forwarding addresses or to provide temporary addresses (with dates). Proofs not approved
within one week will be published as is. The editor will collect the page proofs and send them to the
printer.

Page and Reprint Charges. Charges for publication in Entomological News are US$25.00 per
printed page (or part) for members and US$30.00 per printed page (or part) for nonmembers. Authors
will be charged for all text figures and halftones at the rate of US$30.00 each, regardless of size.
These charges were approved by the American Entomological Society Council for the 2003-2004
United States Fiscal year. Authors will pay for color printing at the going rate. There are no discounts.
There are no page charges for book reviews. Page and reprint charges will be billed by Faith Kuehn.
to whom communications and remittances of page charges and reprints should be sent. FK address
is: 3789 Foulk Road, Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 19061 U.S.A. E-mail: fbkuehn@yahoo.com.

If hard copy reprints are desired, they must be ordered together with the proofs. Reprints as .pdf
files are available for the authors. For options and charges, contact the business manager.

Entomological News is printed by Dover Litho Printing Company, 1211 North DuPont Highway,
Dover, Delaware 19901 U.S.A. Telephone (302) 678-121 1; fax: (302) 678-8091; toll-free telephone
(800)366-9132; Web Page: www.doverlitho.com. Dover Litho has been recognized by DENREC and
DELRAP Green Industries as "The Most Environmentally Conscious Printer in the State of Dela-
ware."

Entomological News is listed in the Science Citation Index Expanded.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 9088 01075 5213 OOK REVIEW

Cricket Boy: A Chinese Tale Retold by Feenie Ziner. Illustrated by Ed Young.
Double Day and Company, Inc. Garden City, New York, USA. 47 pages. Hard Cover
US$6.95.

Cricket Boy: A Chinese Tale Retold takes place in Yung Ping, China. Scholar Hu is a single father who
works hard on his education in spite of poverty. He has a son named Hu Sing who works in the fields to
support the family, plays with crickets, and feels uninspired by books. To understand his son more. Scholar
Hu decides to take interest in crickets. His time with Hu Sing and the crickets made him question the nature
of animals and humans. Scholar Hu asks: "Is there not as great as a mystery in the life of a cricket as there
is in the life of a Man? How is it that some crickets are naturally shy, and others are born fighters? What
happens to the spirit of a cricket when the summer ends, and its body dies?" I like the way the author made
connections between humans and nature. (DA)

Little things could be strong. This is a story about a boy who had a cricket that inspired him to do bet-
ter. It gave the boy skills to carve a tickling rod and determination to have the best crickets in the kingdom.
The boy works very hard with his father to collect the best crickets and train them to be smart fighters. The
story also questions the soul of a cricket. Are animals like us? Is there a cricket heaven? It doesn't matter
what you believe, the story is still very good to read! (NP)

The book has many lessons like if you find a loud chirping cricket (or person), it doesn't always mean
that it is the best: "The loudest chirper often sings only to keep his courage up. Listen, instead, for the quiet
fellows. There you will find true pride." The quote is like "Still waters run deep. Babbling brooks are shal-
low." There are lots of other lessons that are good for character improvement at all ages. (KR)

I liked this story because it shows us how to be brave. Scholar Hu lived and brought fame to the city
of Yung Ping even when he was very sad about his son's death. Although the relationship between the
father and son was over, Hu Sing did not really die forever. By turning into a cricket to fight against the
Emperor's cricket champion, Hu Sing's spirit lives. (EM)

Cricket Boy: A Chinese Tale Retold makes you think a lot. The father, Scholar Hu, gives his son, Hu
Sing, a lot of advice from what he has learned from books that can be used to understand the similarities
between animals and humans. Scholar Hu advises Hu Sing on how to catch a cricket and question the spir-
it of the cricket. Also, Hu Sing himself turns into a cricket. These things show us how close we are con-
nected to nature. If you are curious about how animals and humans are related, you should read this book.
Plus, it is also good to see life differently. (JS)

This is a book about a boy who cares for his crickets and the love between a father and his son. They
get together and collect the best crickets. Their love is so much that the son, Hu Sing, came back as a crick-
et after he accidentally kills their prized cricket, Black Dragon. Black Dragon was going to fight the
Emperor's champion. His father. Scholar Hu, did not know that the cricket that beat the Emperor's crick-
et was Hu Sing until he came back to the village and woke up from his death to tell his father. Hu Sing had
a dream of battling against the Emperor's generals. I think that the love in this story shows us that it can
give us the courage to do anything. (AS)

I like this tale because it shows character and feelings. I was shocked to find out that Hu Sing dies in
the middle of the story. However, when he is reincarnated into a cricket and defeats the Emperor's cricket
champion, I thought it was very magical. It is like when you have a dream or passion about something that
you cannot let go of even when you pass away. I want everybody to read this and see a different kind of
life from us here in America. (TB)

Cricket Boy: A Chinese Tale Retold shows that we can learn a lot about ourselves by watching animals.
Animals can sometime resemble us: "... for the catcher of crickets must be silent and swift, and not be too
proud to kneel before the smallest creature". I think kings, queens, and presidents should think about this.
It teaches us that no one is better than others. (MP)

Students' artwork can be seen at: http://geocities.com/entomologicalnews/archives.htm.

Dominique Atwell, Tiffany Brown, Erika Mendoza, Marlon Padron, Nallely Prudencio,

Kimberley Routt, Ana Sanchez, Jennifer Sanchez, other 5th & 6th graders, and Yen T. Nguyen

John F. Kennedy Elementary School, Houston Independent School District

Houston. Texas 77022 U.S.A.
E-mail: yentnguyenl 1 l@yahoo.com.

76315386 10

18/11/86 i

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3908801291 6912

Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "Entomological news"

See other formats