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THE
ENTOMOLOGIST
An Illustrated Journal
OF 4 AS
ee
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. ‘-
A Gow
EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.
H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A., F.E.S. W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
W. LUCAS DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8.
F. W. FROHAWK, F.E.S., M.B.O.U. Dr. D. SHARP, F.R.S., F.E.S., &c.
‘ By mutual confidence and mutual aid
Great deeds are done and great discoveries made.’
VOLUME THE FORTY-SEVENTH. /
SA se
LONDON:
WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, HATTON GARDEN.
SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO., Liurtep.
1914.
CaP iy
a
rm te
OY \ a uy
Wr ap a “
Ps i of
Y : Y ¢ ny
at bs, Vy
J
“LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
ANDERSON, J., 301
ARKLE, J., 206, 226
AustEN, E. E., 70
Baker, H. W., 324
Barrett, C. G., 277
BaRRett, J. Puatr, 132, 152, 226
BETHUNE-BAKER, G., 39
Bouam, GrorGs, 71, 251
Boyp, A. W., M.A., 112, 135
BrackEn, C. W., B.A., F.E.S., 96, 131
Brinviey, H. H., 65
Brock, 8. E., 105
Brown, F., 277
Bucxuurst, A. 8., 225
Bourras, A. L., 277
Buss, A., 40
Buxton, P. A., 206
Campton, F. W., 63
Campton, H., 63
Carr, J. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. 66, 95
Carr, L. A., 205
Cuapwick, L., 152
Cuarman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 218
Cuartss, S. A., 106
CiutTrerBuck, C. GRANVILLE, F.E.S., 40,
106
CocxkERELL, Prof. T. D. A., 32, 114, 131,
142, 191, 197, 213, 242, 305
Coney, B. A., 105
Corset, A. 8., 151
Davin, E. ee a 39
Daws, W., 224
Distant, W. L., 87
Dotton, H. ie, 40, 204
E\petstTeEn, H. M., 71
Exeter, A. J., 41
Fett, EK. P., 86
Frouawk, F. W., M.B.0.U., F.E.S., 179,
212, 301
Fryer, J. C. F., M.A., F.E.S., 300
Ganan, C. J., M.A., F.E.S., 160, 188
Gripes, A. EH., F.L.S., F.E.S., 54
Giravtt, A. A., 53, 68, 197
Goon, R. D., 300
GuRNEY, GerRARD H., F.E.S., 147, 173,
278, 301
HAINES; ) eee, | DIPSH.,, M.R.C:S.,
L.R.C.P., 129, 146, 224
Hamer, S. H., 151
Harovine, M. J., 277
_., Harrison, J. W. H., B.Sc., 92
Hicks, JouN Be oo; 72, 207
= Hones, Harotp, 39, 252, 279, 325
Houamns, A. W., 325
Hont, H. £., 104
Honter, R. L., 204
Jackson, F. W. J., 300
JEDDERE-FIsHER, H. C., 277
Keusaui, The Rey. J. E., 40
KersHaw, G. Bertram, 38
Legs, A. H., 225
Lowe, Rev. F. E., M.A., F.E.S., 14, 60
Lucas, W. J., B.A., F.E.S., 77, 97, 112,
143, 180, 190, 203, 230, 252, 256
Louvonr, A. B., 99
yim, GT, EELS... 73, 105, 119) 2a,
287
Macminuan, W. W., 131
ManssripGE, W., 48, 72, 109, 136, 183,
208, 328
Maruev, G. F., F.L.S., F.E.S., 42, 113,
132
Metpora, Prof. R., D.Se., LL.D., F.R.S.,
&e., 225
Metiows, C., 131, 180
MetcanFe, Rev. Joun W., F.E.S.,
244
Moraan, D., 206, 301
Morey, CuavubE, F.Z.S., F.H.S., 23, 37,
137, 170, 184, 215, 225
Morton, KennEtH J., F.E.S., 1, 49, 209
Neave, B. W., 181
Nevinson, E. B., 299
OupakER, Rev. F. A., M.A., F.E.S.,
276
Outver, G. B., 325
PickarD-CamBRiIpGE, A. W., 206
Puiu, H. V., 152
PripEaux, R. M., F.E.S., 228, 253, 303
Ramsey, L. N. G., M.A., B.Se., 20
Ret, P. C., 39, 274, 277
Rensuaw, G. B., F.E.S., 299
Ricuarps, Percy, 205
Riuey, Norman D., F.E.S., 48
Rippon, C., F.E.S., 251
Rosertson, Major BR. B., 106
Rosinson, A., 253
Roruscuitp, The Hon. N. C., M.A,
F.L.S., F.E.S., &e., 7
RovurnepGe, GEorGE B., F.E.S., 225
Rowxianp-Brown, H., M.A., F.E.S., 8,
34, 41, 55, 87, 126, 177, 180, 185, 207,
281, 301, 304, 308
Sr. Joun, W. S. A., 324, 326
Sane, G. B., 71; 107
Suarp, EH. P., 106
Surupon, W. G., F.E.S., 82, 141, 152,
224, 233, 269, 293, 315
Sutra, R. 8., 324
Soury, Ricuarp, F.L.S., 106, 136, 180,
183, 205, 208, 224, 225, 230, 231, 232,
255, 280, 324
iv
Spruuer, A. J., 251
Stirr, Rev. T. A., 323, 324
STowE LL, EK. N. C., 38, 39
Strupp, E. F., 181
Taytor, W. R., 180
THEOBALD, F. V., M.A., F.E.S., &c.,
28, 36, 100
THURNALL, A., 313
Turner, H. J., 47, 109, 135, 159, 182,
208, 229, 280, 303, 327
Tyrrman, W. A., 40
INDEX.
WHEELER, Rev. G., M.A.. 45, 108, 158, 182
WHIcHER, S., 251
WuirtincHam, Rev.
297, 325
Wuemay, A. E., F.E.S., 161, 201, 219,
266, 290, 318
Wit11am, B. S., 181
Wiutiums, C. B., B.A., F.E.S., 51, 247,
249, 262
WiuuraMs, H. B., 328
Wiuiams, J. W., 252
W.. Goyehebesss
Warp, J.D., 40 Winston, St. A. Sv. J., M.B.C.S.,
Wuatn, C. W., 106 M.R.C.P., 326
PLATES.
PAGE
I { Meteorus albiditarsis, M. niger, M. fragilis and cocoons of ) to. face 73
six species of Meteorus . : :
Il.—Sympetrum striolatum x 77
IlI.—Erebia ligea, var. adyte, Hb., franciion to topical aged: it. * 113
| Wicken Fen as it is. ]
IV 1. Reed bed near Wicken Village shows HB opel HE ee is 185
2. A ‘*Load’’ in the Fen }
V.—Hemerobiid Wings 3 : Fy 209
VI. ( Macrocentrus marginator, Zele infumator, Z. discolor, 257
Z. testaceator, and cocoons of four species :
VII.—At Le Lauteret. A Haunt of P. thersites . “ 4 : " 305
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
Sympetrum striolatum (lateral thoracic markings) ; é ¢ : 4
Three figures illustrating oviposition of Rhyssa : 2 ; : : Age el
Rectinasus buxtoni, sp. nov. 29
Forda rotunda, sp. nov. 31
Tyrbula scudderi 5 33
Metanea chapmani {a cn of aldomen from above L. é : . Ba)
Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov. Head and prothorax . : é : + be
Forficula auricularia : . 65
Ascalaphus coccajus. Pupa-skin 97
Argynnis selene, aberration 113
Arctia villica, aberration . 113
Diestrammena marmorata, female 145
Psephenoides immsi sp. nov. 188
Kakothrips robustus . 247
Podagrion pachymerum
264, 265
INDEX.
oe
GENERAL.
Aberrations of Argynnis selene and
Arctia villica, 113
Acronycta menyanthidis emerging in
November, 40
Acronycta strigosa, &c., in Cambridge-
shire, 313
Aphididw, Additions to the list of Kent,
100
Araschnia levana in Herefordshire, 325
Arctiade, New species of, from Formosa,
161
Atlantic forms of Sympetrum striola-
tum, Some remarks on, ol
Bee resembling a Wasp, A, 142
Bees, Australian Halictine, 242
Bees, Australian, of the Genus Eury-
glossa, 213
Bees, New Australian, 197
Bees, New and little known, 114
Bees, Some Tasmanian, 305
Braconide, British, Contribution to our
knowledge of, 78, 119, 257, 287
Butterfly collecting in Sicily and Cala-
bria in 1912 and 1913, 132, 152
Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Un-
explored France, A, 8, 55, 87, 126
Butterflies of Derbyshire, 324
Butterflies of Venice and Neighbour-
hood, 206
Butterflies, Russian, An Expedition in
search of, 233, 269, 293, 315
Cerura bifida in August, 277
Chalcid Parasite of Mantis eggs, Poda-
grion pachymerum, Notes on, 262
Cicada, Description of a new, from W.
Africa, 87
Coleoptera, Eggs of Prionus coriarius,
252; of Norfolk, 180; of the Family
Psephenide, a new Genus of, 188
Cordulegaster annulatus in the Nymph
Stage, 325
Courtship of Gomphocerus maculatus at
Craigton (Linlithgowshire), Notes on,
104
Crambi, A successful hunt for some of
our local, 244
Cyaniris argiolus in §S. E. Sussex,
Abundance of, 276
Dauphiny, Three weeks in, 281, 308
Delamere Forest, A day in, 226
Dermatobia in Guatemala, 131
‘‘Do houseflies hybernate ?”’ 69
Dragonflies bred in 1913, 39; in 1914,
278
Dragonfly at Sea, A, 39, 72
Dragonfly season of 1913, Notes on
the, 63
Earlier stages of Colias hecla, The, 82
Karly pupation of Lasiocampa quercus,
324
Eggs of Prionus coriarius (Coleoptera),
252
Emergence : Acronycta menyanthidis
in November, 40; of Conchylis gigan-
tana (alternana), 297; Harly, of
Smerinthus ocellatus x Amorpha
populi (hybridus), 251; Retarded, of
Pararge egeria, 106, 131; of Saturnia
pavonia (carpini), Delayed, 104
Entomological jottings from Chichester,
301
Entomological trip to Corsica, An
account of an, 147, 173
Entomology of Helianthus, The, 191
Euchloé cardamines, Appearance of,
225; Harly appearance of, 206; Two
years in pupa, 181
EKurois occulta in Essex, 323
Formaldehyde useful in setting insects,
325
Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant, Colo-
rado, The, 32
Garden Notes, 215
Geometride, New
Formosa, 201, 290
Grasshoppers, Tropical, in England, 131
Gynandromorphous bred specimens of
Catopsilia (Callidryas) crocale, 204
Gynandrous P. icarus, 277
species of, from
Hemiptera of Norfolk, 180
Hesperiids, European, Notes on, 141,177
Hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta, 151,
181; of the larve of Lycena argiades,
179
vil INDEX.
Hymenoptera, Dorset, 129; submitted
for determination, 225
Insects, Continental, of various orders
taken by Dr. Chapman in 1913, 97
Larva of Thecla spini, Description of a
full fed, 152
Larve of Acherontia atropos near Nor-
wich, 277
Larve of Zygena exulans, Notes on the,
180
Late appearances of Acidalia emutaria
and 'l’oxocampa pastinum in Lincoln-
shire, 324
Lepidoptera of La Sainte Baume,
S. France, Some notes on the, 14, 60
Life Histories of Hesperia tessellum and
H. cribrellum, 7
Locauiries :-—
Africa, W., 87; Algeria, 28; Alps,
Basses, 180; America, C., 54; Ame-
rica, S.,51; Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 277;
Australia, 197,213,242; Australia, N.,
197; Berkshire, 204; Calabria, 132,
152; Cambridgeshire, 313; Chi-
chester, 301 ; Colorado (Florissant),
32; Cornwall, 224; Corsica, 147,
173, 224; Cumberland, N., 225;
Derbyshire, 324, Devon, 323; Dorset-
shire, 129, 146, 300; Dovedale, 39,
106; Hastbourne, 106; Epping
Forest, 104; Essex, 41, 323; Felix-
stowe, 301; Formosa, 161, 201, 219,
266, 290, 319; Forest of Dean, 325;
France, 8, 49, 55, 87, 126; France
(La Sainte Baume), 14; France
(Vercors, Dréme), 13; France (Villars
de Lans, Isére), 13; Glamorganshire,
39; Gloucestershire, 40, 105, 106 ;
Guatemala, 131; Hants, 39, 40, 277;
Herefordshire, 325; Kent, 40, 100,
205, 224, 301; Lanes, 40; Lincoln-
shire, 324; Linlithgowshire (Craig-
ton), 104; London, N.W., 204;
Middlesex, 41; Norfolk, 277, 324;
Norwich, 277; Nottinghamshire, 63,
95, 223; Queensland, 53; Russia,
233, 269, 293; Salcombe, 70; Samoa,
36; Shetland, 274; Sicily, 132, 152;
Skye, Isle of, 106; Sussex, S.K., 276;
Venice, 206 ; Wicken Fen, 151, 218,
252, 298, 299; Worcestershire, 251
Lycenidex, The Sleeping attitude of, 212
Melanic female of Biston hirtaria, 180
Metamorphosis of Phasgoneura viridis-
sima, Notes on the, 99
Middlesex Lepidoptera in 1914, Abun-
dance of, 301
Mildness of the past season, Note illus-
trating, 38
Monograph of the Genus Acroricnus,
A, 170; Joppidium (Walsh), A, 137;
Osprhynchotus (Spinola), A, 23
Mosquito from Samoa, A new, 36
Moths captured by light trap, 227, 253,
302
Moths casually passing more than a
year in the pupal state, 71 :
Myrmecophilous Aphides from Algeria,
Two new, 28
Neuroptera, British in 1913, 190; Con-
tinental, 203; of Nottinghamshire,
The, 66
New Central American Syntomide, 54
New Genus of Miscogasteridew (Hymen-
optera Chalcidoidea), 68
New Species of Chirothrips (Thysan-
optera) from S. America, A, 51
New Species of Eurytoma from Queens-
land which lives in the stems of
Eucalyptus, A, 53
New species of Metancea from France,
A, 49
Noctuide, New Species of, from For-
mosa, 161, 219, 226, 319
OxrruaRy :—
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., 184
Corbin, George, Bentley, 160
Dobson, H. T., 256
Warren, William, 303
Odonata, 96
Odonata, Continental, 203
Odonata, British, in 1913, 77
Orthoptera, British, in 1913, 143
Oviposition of Rhyssa, Note on the, 20
Pairing of Moths, Unusual, 38
Pecilopsis (Harrison), The Genus,
92
Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum),
Abundance of, 205, 225
Prolonged pupal duration in Eriogaster
lanestris, 152
Psocidse of Nottinghamshire, The, 95
Rearing Dasypolia templi, Note on, 38
Recent Lirerature :—
Annals of Tropical Medicine and
Parasitology, 112
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Pha-
lene in the British Museum, vol.
xlii., by Sir G. F. Hampson, Bt.,
208
Common British Beetles, by Rev. C.
A. Hall, F.R.M.S., 231
Common British Moths, by A. M.
Stewart, 48
Contribution towards a Monograph of
the Homopterous Insects of the
Family Delphacide of North and
South America, vol xlvii., 232
Descriptions of twenty-three New
Genera and thirty-one New Species
of Ichneumon Flies, by H. L.
, Viereck, 232
Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée,
Fasc. ix. lve et 2e Parties, 304
INDEX. Vii
Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea
and Chalcidoidea, of the Yale-
Dominican Expedition, by J. C.
Crawford, 256
Memoirs of the Queensland Museum,
136, 208
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,
vols. 5-6, 280
Monograph of the Jumping Lice or
Psyllide of the New World, by D.
L. Crawford, 255
Names applied to the North American
Bees of the Genera Lithurgus,
Anthidium, and Allies, by T. D. A.
Cockerell, 256
New Genera and Species of Micro-
Lepidoptera from Panama, by A.
Busck, 256
New Hymenoptera from North
America, by A. B. Gahan, 256
New Species of Noctuid Moths from
Tropical America, by W. Schaus,
232
North American Springtails of the
Subfamily Tomocerine, by J. W.
Folsum, 232
Pond Problems, by E. E. Unwin,
M.Se., 255
Proceedings of the South London
Entomological and Natural History
Society for 1913-14, 232
Proceedings of the United States
National Museum, vols. xlvi., xlvii.,
232
Revision of the Ichneumonidex, Based
on the Collection in the British
Museum, with descriptions of New
Genera and Species, 230
Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan,
by T. Miyake, 229
The Forty-third Annual Report of the
Entomological Society of Ontario
for 1912, 112
The Journal of the Board of Agri-
culture of British Guiana, vol. vii.
232
The Life of the Fly, by J. H. Fabre, 159
The Life of the Spider, by J. H. Fabre,
159
The Noctuid Moths of the Genera
Palindia and Dyomyx, by H. Dyar,
256
Transactions of the City of London
Entomological and Natural History
Society for 1911, 1912 and 1913, 48,
231
Type Species of the Genera of Ich-
neumon Flies, by H. L. Viereck, 231
Reversion of Arctic Hrebia ligea, &., 34
Rhopalocera taken and observed at
Villars de Lans (Isére), and in the
Vercors (Dréme), List of, 13
Scelionid Parasite of Locust’s Eggs from
the Northern Territory of Australia,
A new, 197
Socrnrins :—
Derbyshire Entomological, 136
Entomological of London, 43, 107,
156, 181
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical, 47, 72, 109, 135, 182, 208, 328
London Natural History, 327
Manchester Entomological, 109, 135
South London Entomological, 45, 108,
134, 158, 182, 207, 228, 279, 303, 326
Sphinx convolvuli in Norfolk, 324
Stomoxys at a high altitude, 131
Synpherobius (Hemerobius), Notes on
the British Species of, 209
Synonymy of Ichneumon obliteratus and
I. barbifrons, 37
Thysanoptera, Kakothrips, n. gen., A
Division of the Genus Frankliniella,
247
VARIETIES :—
Agriades corydon, 180
Chrysophanus phleas, 277
Gonodontis bidentata, 132
Lycena corydon, 251; icarus, 251
Pyralis costalis, 131
Zygena transalpina, 205
*Verrall Supper,”’ The, 71
Viviparous British Beetle, Phytodecta
viminalis, 249
Wasps active in December, 39
Wicken Fen, Its Conservation for
Entomology, 185
Xanthorhoé galiata var. unilobata in
Devon, 323
SPECIAL iN Dl xX.
New Genera, Species, Sub-Species, and Varieties are marked with an asterisk.
Order PROTURA.
Acerentemon, 157 Acerentulus, 182
Order ZORAPTERA, p. 157.
Order I. COLLEMBOLA, p. 184.
Order VII. ORTHOPTERA.
Agathemera, 32 marmorata (Diestrammena), 144, 145
Anabrus, 32 minor (Labia), 144
auricularia (Forficula), 65 multispinosa (Tyrbula), 33, 34
auricularia, var. forcipata (Forficula), | Orchelium, 32
66 Paleorchnia, 32
bicolor (Stauroderus), 144 parallelus (Chorthippus), 143, 144
bipunctatus (Tetrix), 144 Photina, 34
brachyptera (Metrioptera), 144 phymateus (Aigrotera), 229
Capnobotes, 32 punctatissimus (Leptophyes), 144
carolina (Stagomantis), 265 quadripunctata (Phaneroptera), 131
cinereus (Thamnotrizon), 143 religiosa (Mantis), 262, 263, 265
*costalis (Lithophotina), 34 rufipes (Omocestus), 98, 144
falcata (Phaneroptera), 131 rufus (Gomphocerus), 144
floccosa (Lithophotina), 34 *scudderi (Tyrbula), 33
gigantea (Forficula), 300 Stagmomantis, 34
griseo-aptera (Pholidoptera), 143, 144 sylvestris (Nemobius), 144
grossus (Mecostethus), 143, 144 Teniopodites, 32
Gryllacris, 32 texana (Stirapleura), 33
Ischnoptera, 32 Tyrbula, 33
Labiduromma, 32 viridissima (Phasgonura), 99, 143, 301
lineatus (Stenobothrus), 144 viridulus (Omocestus), 143, 144
Lithymnetes, 32 vulgaris (Gryllotalpa), 229
maculatus (Gomphocerus), 104, 105, 143, Zetobora, 32
144
Order VIII. PLECOPTERA.
marginata (Nemoura), 97
variegata (Nemoura), 98
cinerea (Nemoura), 97
inconspicua (Nemoura), 98
lateralis (Nemoura), 98
Order IX. PSOCOPTERA.
burmeisteri (Cecilius), 96
cruciatus (Graphopsocus), 95
cyanops (Elipsocus), 95
abietis (Elipsocus), 95
bifasciata (Amphigerontia), 95
briggsi (Ectopsocus), 96
INDEX. 1X
divinatorius (Troctes), 96
fasciata (Amphigerontia), 95
flavidus (Cecilius), 96
flaviceps (Philotarsus), 95
guestfalicus (Hyperetes), 96
immaculatus (Stenopsocus), 95
longicornis (Psocus), 95
nebulosus (Psocus), 95
pedicularia (Pterodela), 96
unipunctatus (Mesopsocus), 95
variegata (Amphigerontia), 95
westwoodi (Elipsocus), 95
Order X. ISOPTERA.
lucifugus (Leucotermes), 30
Order XIII.
zenea (Cordulia), 39, 77, 98
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 39, 64, 78,79,
204, 278, 325
brunneum (Orthetrum), 98
cerulescens (Orthetrum), 63, 78, 96, 203
cancellatum (Orthetrum), 78, 96
cyanea (Aischna), 79
cyathigerum (Enallagma), 64, 77, 78, 98,
278
depressa (Libellula), 64, 78, 203
dubia (Leucorrhinia), 78, 226
elegans (Ischnura), 39, 64, 77, 78, 98, 278
elegans, var. rufescens (Ischnura), 78
ephippiger (Hemianax), 79
fonscolombii (Sympetrum), 78, 79
fulva (Libellula), 64
grandis (Aischna), 39, 79, 278
hemorrhoidalis (Calopteryx), 204
hafniense (Brachytron), 64
hastulatum (Agrion), 78
imperator (Anax), 78, 79
isosceles (Aischna), 79, 98
juncea (Aischna), 79, 98, 226
mercuriale (Agrion), 78, 79, 204
meridionale (Sympetrum), 96
metallica (Somatochlora), 63
mixta (Aischna), 79
naias (Hrythromma), 39, 64, 78, 278
ODONATA. { = PaRANEUROPTERA. |
nymphula (Pyrrhosoma), 39, 63, 64, 77,
78, 98, 204, 218, 278
pennipes (Platyenemis), 63, 78, 204
pratense (Brachytron), 278
puella (Agrion), 63, 64, 77, 78, 218, 278
pulchellum (Agrion), 64
pumilio (Ischnura), 78, 79
quadrimaculata (Libellula), 39, 64, 77,
98, 278
ruficollis (Libellula), 1
scoticum (Sympetrum), 2, 72, 79
splendens (Calopteryx), 64, 203
sponsa (Lestes}, 78, 278
striolatum (Sympetrum), 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,
39, 64, 78, 79, 80, 81, 96, 278
striolatum, var. nigrescens (Sym-
petrum), 2
striolatum, var. nigrifemur (Sym-
petrum), 1, 2, 3, 7
tenellum (Pyrrhosoma), 63, 78
tenellum, var. melanotum (Pyrrhosoma),
78
uncatus (Onychogomphus), 203
virgo (Calopteryx), 39, 63, 64, 78, 79,
203, 278
vulgatissimus (Gomphus), 39, 78
vulgatum (Sympetrum), 3, 81, 96, 98
Order XIV. THYSANOPTERA.
cephalica (Frankliniella), 248
Chirothrips, 51
crassus (Chirothrips), 52
floridensis (Frankliniella), 248
Frankliniella, 51, 247, 248
*frontalis (Chirothrips), 51, 52
fusca (Frankliniella), 248
gosypii (Frankliniella), 248
hamatus (Chirothrips), 52
helianthi (Frankliniella), 248
insularis (Frankliniella), 248
intonsa (=vulgatissimus) (Franklini-
ella), 248
Kakothrips, 247, 248
manicatus (Chirothrips), 53
melanommata (Frankliniella), 248
mexicana (Chirothrips), 53
minuta (Frankliniella), 248
nervo3us (Frankliniella), 248
nobilis (Megathrips), 248
obesus (Chirothrips), 52
occidentalis (Frankliniella), 248
Physopus, 248
Physothrips, 51
pisivora (Thrips), 247
robusta (Euthrips), 247
robusta (Frankliniella), 247, 248
robusta (Physopus), 247
robustus (Kakothrips), 248
runneri (Frankliniella), 248
similis (Chirothrips), 53
stylosa (Frankliniella), 248
sulphurea (Frankliniella), 248
tenuicornis (Frankliniella), 248
Thrips, 51
tritici (Frankliniella), 196, 248
b
INDEX.
Order XV. HEMIPTERA.
affinis (Scolopostethus), 146
agilis (Hulachnus), 103
agilis (Pachnus), 103
agilis (Stenocephalus), 146
albomarginatus (Gnathoconus), 146
ambiguus (Psallus), 147
ambrosie (Macrosiphum), 196
angustulus (Ischnocoris), 146
apterus (Halticus), 147
aquilegie (Macrosiphum), 102
arbustorum (Plagiognathus), 147
arundinis (Macrosiphum), 102
ater (Rhopalotomus), 147
beccabungee (Aphis), 102
bet (Macrosiphum), 101
betule (Vacuna), 103
betuleti (Psallus), 147
bidens (Picromerus), 146
bidentata (Pygolampis), 207
binotatus (Stenotus), 147
bipunctatus (Calocoris), 147
bumeliz (Brysocrypta), 103
*buxtoni (Rectinasus), 29
calcaratus (Miris), 147
campestris (Lyctocoris), 147
cervinus (Lygus), 147
chiragra (Rhyparochromus), 146
cincta (Salda), 147
cinerea (Nepa), 147
citri (Pseudococecus), 207
claviculus (Cymus), 146
cocksi (Salda), 147
coerulea (Zicrona), 146
contractus (Notochilus), 146
coriaceus (Chaitophorus), 103
corticalis (Chermes), 182
coryli (Phylus), 147
crategarium (Macrosiphum), 102
currens (Velia), 146
decoratus (Scolopostethus), 146
denticulatus (Coreus), 146
depressus (Aradus), 146
diplanterer (Macrosiphum), 102
dolobrata (Leptopterna), 147
duffieldii (Macrosiphum), 101
dumosa (Jalla), 158
elegantula (Microphysa), 147
ericetorum (Nabis), 146
ericetorum (Orthotylus), 147
fagi (Phyllaphis), 229
fallenii (Psallus), 147
ferrugata (Leptopterna), 147
flavomarginatus (Nabis), 146
flavonotatus (Cyllocoris), 147
foeniculi (Siphocoryne). 103
fraxini (Phyllopsis), 229
fraxinicola (Phyllopsis), 229
galii (Aphis), 102
geminatus (Ischnorhynchus), 146
geoffroyi (Corixa), 147
gibbifera (Gerris), 218
gigantea (Musoda), 87
glandicolor (Cymus), 146
glauca (Notonecta), 147
gossypii (Aphis), 102
gothicus (Lopus), 147
graminis (Macrosiphum), 101
griseus (Hlasmostethus), 146
hemorrhoidale (Acanthosoma), 146
helianthi (Aphis), 196
hieroglyphica (Corixa), 147
histrionicus (Cyllocoris), 147
holsatus (Miris), 147
.humuli (Monanthia), 146
infusus (Calocoris), 147
interstinctum (Acanthosoma), 146
inule (Phorodon), 103
inuncta (Podops), 146
juniperi (Lachnus), 103
kalnii (Lygus), 147
leta (Serenthia), 146
levigatus (Miris), 147
lanarius (Capsus), 216
lanternaria (Fulgoria), 182
lativentris (Nabis), 146
limbatus (Nabis), 146
lineatus (Nysius), 146
lineolatus (Calcoris), 147
littoralis (Salda), 147
lituratus (Piezodorus), 146
locustris (Gerris), 146
longipennis (Macrosiphum), 102
lonicerze (Rhopalosiphum), 103
loti (Macrosiphum), 101
luctuosus (Schirus), 146
maculatus (Corizus), 146
merkeli (Pithanus), 147
mesta (Corixa), 147
major (Nabis), 146
malvze (Macrosiphum), 101
marginatus (Syromastes), 146
melanocephalus (Hyalopterus), 103
melanocephalus (Phylus), 147
merioptera (Heterotoma), 147
micropterum (Macrodema), 146
minuta (Triphleps), 147
nasturtil (Aphis), 102
nemoralis (Anthocoris), 147
nemorum (Anthocoris), 147
nymphexe (Rhopalosiphum), 104
ochromelas (Calocoris), 147
ochrotrichus (Orthotylus), 147
padi (Aphis), 102
palliceps (Phylus), 147
pastinace (Lygus), 147
pastinacex (Siphocoryne), 103
paykulli (Macrotylus), 147
pedestris (Stygnus), 146
petasitidis (Aphis), 102
picere (Lachnus), 104
piceus (Drymus), 146
pilosella (Salda), 147 .
pini (Aphanus), 146
polygoni (Aphis), 102
INDEX. xl
populus (Chaitophorus), 103
pretextatus (Rhyparochromus), 146
prasina (Palomena), 146
primulz (Macrosiphum), 101
punctatus (Rhacognathus), 146
pyri (Myzus), 102
quercus (Psallus), 147
radicis (Trama), 104
*Rectinasus, 28
ranunculi (Aphis), 102
reuteri (Phytocoris), 147
rosarum (Myzus), 102
roseo-maculatus (Calocoris), 147
roseus (Psallus), 147 |
rotunda (Forda), 30
rubiellum (Macrosiphum), 101 |
rufipes (Pentatoma), 146 |
rugosus (Nabis), 146
sahlbergi (Corixa), 147
salicis (Melanoxantherium), 104
saltatoria (Salda), 147
scapha (Knoplops), 146
scarabeoides (Thyreocoris), 146
signata (Lachnus), 103
sileneum (Macrosiphum), 102
Order XVI.
alba (Chrysopha), 67
aleyrodiformis (Semidalis). 67
angulatus (Micromus), 67
arakave (Panorpa), 230
Ascalaphus, 279, 303
atrifrons (Hemerobius), 68, 209
Aulops, 229
beticus (Ascalaphus), 204
Bittacus, 229, 230
Boreus, 229
Boriomyia, 209
capitata (Nothochrysa), 68
coccajus (Ascalaphus), 97, 98
cognata (Panorpa), 43, 68, 179, 191
communis (Panorpa), 68, 191, 229
concinnus (Hemerobius), 190, 209
Coniopteryx, 134
conspersus (Sympherobius), 212
elegans (Hemerobius), 67, 209, 210, 211,
212
flava (Chrysopa), 46, 67, 191
fuliginosa (Sialis), 66
fuscata (Sisyra), 67
germanica (Panorpa), 68, 99, 19i
hageni (Panorpa), 229
hakusanensis (Panorpa), 230
Hemerobius, 209
hispanicus (Ascalaphus), 204
humuli (Hemerobius), 67, 209
inconspicuus (Hemerobius), 68, 209, 210
klugi (Panorpa), 230
Leptopanorpa, 229
limbatellus (Hemerobius), 209
longicornis (Ascalaphus), 204
lutaria (Sialis), 66,98, 190
lutescens (Hemerobius), 67, 209
maculicollis (Raphidia), 190
stagnorum (Hydrometra), 146
staphylew (Rhopalosiphum), 103
stellarie (Macrosiphum), 101
subapterus (Coranus), 146
sylvaticus (Drymus), 146
sylvestris (Anthocoris), 216
taraxaci (Macrosiphum), 101
tenellus (Orthotylus), 147
thomsoni (Scolopostethus), 146
thoracica (Harpocera), 147
ticinensis (Calocoris), 147
tilie (Pediopsis), 229
tipularius (Neides), 146
tricornis (Dictyonota), 146
trifolii (Macrosiphum), 101
tripustulatus (Liocoris), 147
ulmi (Phytocoris), 147
urticee (Heterogaster), 146
variabilis (Psallus), 147
varians (Psallus), 147
verna (Campylostira), 146
veronice (Macrosiphum), 102
virgula (Campyloneura), 147°
viridis (Chermes), 182
whitei (Myzus), 103
NEUROPTERA.
marginatus (Bittacus), 230
marshami (Hemerobius), 211, 212
micans (Hemerobius), 67, 191, 209
mortoni (Hemerobius), 210
nervosus (Hemerobius), 67, 191, 209
nitidulus (Hemerobius), 67, 209
notata (Raphidia), 66, 98, 190
orientalis (Corydalis), 43
orotypus (Hemerobius), 67, 209
paganus (Micromus), 67
Panorpa, 43, 229, 230
Panorpodes, 229, 230
parvulus (Hemerobius), 209
pellucidus (Hemerobius), 210
perla (Chrysopa), 67, 98, 191
phyllochroma (Chrysopa), 67
pini (Hemerobius), 210
plumbeus (Creagris), 204
prasina (Chrysopa), 67
psociformis (Coniopteryx), 191
psociformis (Conwentzia), 67
pygmaeus (Hemerobius), 212
’ quadrifasciatus (Hemerobius), 67, 99,
190, 209
septempunctata (Chrysopa), 67
stigma (Hemerobius), 68, 191, 209
striatellus (Sympherobius), 210, 211, 212
subnebulosus (Hemerobius), 67, 209, 212
Sympherobius, 209
takaoensis (Bittacus), 230
tenella (Chrysopa), 67, 191
tineiformis (Coniopteryx), 68
venosus (Sympherobius), 212
ventralis (Chrysopa), 67
vulgaris (Chrysopa), 68, 99, 191
xanthostigma (Raphidia), 67
Xl INDEX.
Order XVII. TRICHOPTERA.
albardana (Rhyacophila), 99
centralis (Limnophilus), 78
*chapmani (Metancea), 49, 50, 51, 99
fimbriata (Apatania), 99
flavipennis (Metancea), 49, 50, 51
granulatus (Plitocolepus), 98
latipennis (Stenophylax), 99
ludificatus (Philopotamus), 98
pedemontanum (Sericostoma), 99
pullata (Berwa), 99
ucenorum (Stenophylax), 99
Order XVIII. LEPIDOPTERA.
*abannulata (Hrebia), 283
abbreviata (Eupithecia), 111, 120
aboculata (Hrebia), 283
abruptaria (Hemerophila), 227
absinthiata (Eupithecia), 110
acacie (Thecla), 16, 20, 56, 271
achatinella (Nyctegretes), 245
achiller (Anthrocera), 311
achillez (Zygena), 63
*acronyctoides (Stretchia), 163
actzon (Thymelicus), 20, 57, 59
acuminitana (Dichrorampha), 106
acuminitana (Hemimene), 106
adippe (Argynnis), 13, 19, 20, 128
adonis (Agriades), 17
adrasta (Pararge), 35
adusta (Hadena), 275
adustata (Ligdia), 110, 302
advena (Philosamia), 110, 111
adyte (Erebia), 34, 35
zegon (Lycena), 110, 150
segon (Plebeius), 10, 16, 57,177, 278, 282
gon (Rusticus), 61
aéllo (Gineis), 303
zstimaria (Semiothisa), 63
zetheria (Melita), 294
afer (Hrebia), 236, 296
agathina (Agrotis), 111, 123
aglaia (Argynnis), 19, 20, 45, 46, 57,
89, 128, 285, 312, 313
*albibasis (Macrobarasa), 220
*albibasis (Polyploca), 322
*albicosta (Hyposada), 168
*albidisca (Chytonix), 165
*albidorsalis (Asura), 161
*albigutta (Oruza), 167
*albipuncta (Mecodina), 222
*albirena (Euplexia), 165
albistriana (Peronea), 112
albistriga (Pydna), 323
albonota (Huplexia), 166
albonotata (Chytonix), 165
albula (Nola), 39
albulata (KEmmelesia), 275, 276
alezee (Carcharodus), 175, 177, 316
alcee (Erynnis), 20, 206
alcetas (Everes), 273
alchemillata (Perizoma), 254
alciphron (Chrysophanus), 13
alcon (Lycena), 127
alcyone (Satyrus), 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 59
alecto (Hrebia), 282, 284, 309
alexandre (Ornithoptera), 46
alexanor (Papilio), 55
allionia (Tephroclystia), 62
alni (Jochera), 279, 298
alpina (Ithysia), 92
alpinellus (Crambus), 246
alpinum (Daseocheta), 183
alstromeriella (Depressaria), 259, 289
altheew (Carcharodus), 126, 313
althes (Spilothyrus), 155
alveus (Hesperia), 12, 13, 20, 57, 58, 313,
89, 126, 141, 177, 178, 285, 310, 312
amandus (Polyommatus), 241, 273
amata (Timandra), 302
amataria (Timandra), 54
amathusia (Brenthis), 56, 312, 313
Anacroniata, 183
ancilla (Naclia), 45
anderida (Heliconius), 107
andrei (Philosamia), 111
andromedx (Hesperia), 285, 286, 310,
312, 313
angelice (Zygena), 61, 63
angulifera (Samia), 279
angustalis (Cledeobia), 244
annulata (Ephyra), 43
annulata (Zonosoma), 43, 46
annulatus (Cordulegaster), 325
anthe (Satyrus), 297
Anthrocera, 303, 326
anthyllidis (Anthrocera), 326
antico-obsoleta (Polyommatus), 327
antiopa (Euvanessa), 20, 56, 277
antiopa (Vanessa), 301
antiqua (Orgyia), 225, 283
Apocheima, 92
apollo (Parnassius), 10, 11, 12, 13, 45,
57, 90, 110, 127, 229, 282, 311, 313
apollonius (Parnassius), 229
appendiculata (Brachodes), 318
arcania (Ccenonympha), 11, 14, 19, 20,
316
arenacearia (Eubolia), 318
arge (Melanargia), 134
argentina (Cucullia), 317
| argentipedella (Nepticula), 208
INDEX.
argentula (Banksia), 299
argentula (Erastria), 317
argiades (Lycena), 179
argiolus (Celastrina), 13, 20, 46, 229,
293, 301
argiolus (Cyaniris), 110, 206, 229, 276,
301, 328
argus (Argina), 159
argus (Lycena), 110, 150
argus (Plebeius), 10, 12, 13, 16, 20, 57,
90, 127, 156, 177, 273, 282, 310, 313
argyrognomon (Plebeius), 56, 57, 59, 89,
127, 273
arion (Lycena), 10, 12, 13, 56, 57, 241,
293, 313
aristeus (Satyrus), 175, 177
*arizanensis (Thermesia), 320
armoricanus (Hesperia), 12, 142, 178,
316
arsilache (Brenthis), 128
artaxerxes (Lycena), 110
artemis (Melitea), 136
arundineta (Nonagria), 253
arundinis (Nonagria), 253
ashworthii (Agrotis), 110, 112, 328
aspersana (Peronea), 245
astrarche (Lycena), 18, 47, 70,106, 110,
328
astrarche (Plebeius), 39, 149
astrarche (Polyommatus), 155, 273
atalanta (Pyrameis), 13, 19, 35, 41, 70,
105, 150, 151, 174, 177, 181, 193, 226,
276, 284, 296, 301, 303, 313, 324
athalia (Melitea), 10, 16, 20, 134, 182,
207, 313
atomaria (Ematurga), 47, 110, 123, 206,
254, 318
atomaria (Fidonia), 135, 136, 208, 226
atricapitana (Eupeecilia), 247
atriplicis (Hadena), 298, 299, 314, 315
atropos (Acherontia), 205, 224, 227,
328
atropos (Manduca), 301
Audela, 183
augusta (Aporia), 154
aurantiaca (Papilio), 269
aurelia (Melitsea), 294
aurinia (Melitea), 45, 110, 128, 207
ausonia (Anthocharis), 270
ausonia (Kuchloé), 19, 133, 154, 155
australis (Acidalia), 62
australis (Aporophylla), 110
Automeris, 44
autonoé (Satyrus), 242
avellanella (Ornix), 208
aversa (Gonanticlea), 292
aversata (Acidalia), 62
*azurica (Polyommatus), 127
badiata (Anticlea), 227
baliodactyla (Aciptilia), 245
Baratha, 183
baroni (Melitzea), 195
barrettii (Diantheecia), 45, 327
basalis (Nanaguna), 169
xill
| basijuncta (Polyommatus), 327
basilinea (Apamea), 227, 253
baton (Polyommatus), 154, 175, 177
baton (Scolitantides), 273
bavius (Scolitantides), 243
belia (Anthocharis), 270
bella (Hromene), 62, 63
bellargus (Agriades), 17
bellargus (Lycsena), 110
bellargus (Polyommatus), 274
bellidice (Pontia), 269, 270
bellieri (Hesperia), 58, 126, 142, 178
bellieri (Lycena), 151
bellieri (Polyommatus), 177
betule (Thecla), 120
betularia (Pachys), 254
betulella (Phycis), 260
biarcuata (Polyommatus), 327
bicolorana (Hylophila), 62, 63, 124
bicoloria (Miana), 302
bidentata (Gonodontis), 76, 132, 227, 290
*bifasciata (Thermesia), 320
bifida (Cerura), 277
*biformata (Phoenicoprocta), 54
bilineata (Camptogramma), 254
bilineata (Larentia), 62
bilunaria (Selenia), 47, 254, 302
binaria (Drepana), 62
*bipartita (Eustrotia), 168
*bipuncta (Cirphis), 164
bipunctanus (Melissoblaptes), 245
bipunctaria (Eubolia), 109
bipunctaria (Ortholitha), 245
bipupillata (Ceenonympha), 19
biselliella (Tinea), 77
Biston, 92
bistortata (Tephrosia), 110
biundularia (‘l'ephrosia), 109
beetica (Melitwea), 44
beeticus (Lampides), 149, 176, 177
boisduvali (Pseudacrea), 44
bractea (Plusia), 135
brassicz (Pieris), 13, 19, 128, 149, 151,
153, 158, 174, 175, 177, 206, 269, 313
breviculata (Tephroclystia), 62
brevilinea (Arenostola), 225
brevilinea (Leucania), 225
broadwayi (Napata), 54
brumata (Cheimatobia), 120, 123
brunnea (Noctua), 254
bryoniz (Pieris), 90, 313
bucephala (Phalera), 228, 253
cacaliz (Hesperia), 58, 126, 285, 286, 313
cecus (Hesperia), 178
*cerulea (Polyommatus), 277
cerulea-grisea (Cupido), 274
exruleocephala (Diloba), 111
ceruleopunctata (Chrysophanus), 20
cresia (Dianthecia), 111
cesiata (Larentia), 275
calabraria (Rhodostrophia), 62
e-album (Grapta), 325
c-album (Polygonia), 19, 56, 57, 155,
177, 206, 294, 528
Cc
X1V
calida (Polyommatus), 175, 177
caliginea (Anacroniata), 183
callidice (Pontia), 58, 285, 313
Callidryas, 204
calliopsis (Plebeius), 56
Calocasia, 183
Calymnia, 48
camelina (Lophopteryx), 228
camilla (Limenitis), 11, 17, 19, 56, 312,
313
candidata (Asthena), 110, 111
caniola (Lithosia), 63
canningi (Philosamia), 111
cantaneri (Thais), 43
capsincola (Dianthecia), 228, 229, 253,
254
eapsophila (Dianthecia), 45, 111, 328
cardamines (Euchloé), 10, 13, 47, 133,
154, 180, 181, 206, 207, 225, 251, 270,
301, 313, 327
cardui (Pyrameis), 10, 13, 17, 19, 41, 70,
128, 149, 155, 173, 176, 177, 276, 278,
284, 294, 301, 303, 313, 324
carlin (Hesperia), 142, 178, 286, 310,
312, 313
carlota (Phyciodes), 194, 195
carniolica (Anthrocera), 59, 311
carpini (Saturnia), 104
carpophaga (Diantheecia), 228, 253
carthami (Hesperia), 20, 57, 89, 126
cassinea (Bombyx), 122
cassioides (Hrebia), 57, 59, 129, 284
cassiope (Hrebia), 57, 90, 128, 282, 308,
309, 313
casta (Calophasia), 317
castrensis (Malacosoma), 317
Catephia, 183
Cauninda, 183
celerio (Chzerocampa), 40, 135
celerio (Hypotion), 40
celtis (Libythea), 18, 20, 236, 293
centumnotata (Cidaria), 48, 328
cerri (Thecla), 15
cespitalis (Herbula), 244
cespitis (Luperina), 45
cespitis (Tholera), 302, 303
ceto (Erebia), 108, 128, 282, 308, 313
chamomille (Cucullia), 110
chi (Polia), 328
chlorana (Earias), 40
chloridice (Pontia), 242
christiienssoni (Colias), 271
chrysidiformis (Sesia), 260
chrysitis (Plusia), 131, 254
chryson (Plusia), 131
cinerea (Agrotis), 227, 253
cinnus (Agriades), 18, 20
cinxia (Melitewa), 19, 46, 294
circe (Hipparchia), 156
circe (Satyrus), 20, 59, 176, 177, 296
circellata (Acidalia), 208, 226
circuitaria (Acidalia), 62
cirsii (Hesperia), 57, 126, 142, 177, 178
cleodoxa (Argynnis), 155
clathralis (Phlyctenodes), 318
INDEX.
cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 16, 19, 107,
157
clerkella (Lyonetia), 157
clymene (Pararge), 241, 315
clytie (Apatura), 279
e-nigrum (Noctua), 302
Coatlantona, 134
celata (Pseudomicronia), 202
celestina (Glaucopsyche), 240, 274
ceelibaria (Gnophos), 38
ccenia (Junonia), 193
ceenia (Lithacodia), 168
coenosa (Lelia), 315
ceruleopunctata (Chrysophanus), 301
coerulescens (Polyommatus), 286
Colias, 271
combusta (Xylophasia), 135
comes (Triphzena), 303
comma (Augiades), 313
comma (Hesperia), 156
comma (I.eucania), 228, 253
complana (Lithosia), 63
compta (Dianthecia), 62
concinnata (Cidaria), 47
concolor (Tapinostola), 46
conflua (Noctua), 275
confluens (Parnassius), 111
coniferana (Stigmonota), 247
conigera (Leucania), 254, 302
*conjuncta (Trachea), 29
*connexa (Laphygma), 166
consobrina (Zygeena), 63
consortaria (Boarmia), 318
*conspecta (Hriopyga), 163
*conspersa (Bapta), 201
conspersa (Dianthcecia), 110, 275, 276
contaminei (Anthrocera), 326
contaminellus (Crambus), 244
*contigua (Fodina), 221
contiguaria (Acidalia), 111, 328
conversa (Catocala), 62
conversaria (Boarmia), 46, 48, 327
convolvuli (Sphinx), 72, 324
conyze (Hesperia), 178
cordula (Satyrus), 10, 11, 13, 14, 56,
312
corinna (Cenonympha), 150, 151, 174,
175, 177
coronana (Peronea), 112
corsica (Lycena), 151
corsica (Orgyia), 150, 151, 177
*cortes (Napata), 54
corticea (Agrotis), 254
corydon (Agriades), 11, 13, 18, 20, 46,
127
corydon (Lycena), 110, 251
corydon (Polyommatus), 311, 313
coryli (Demas), 183
Cosmia, 48
Cosmodesmus, 107
cossoides (Batracharta), 221
costalis (Pyralis), 131
costajuncta (Polyommatus), 327
costana (Tortrix), 135
crabroniformis (Trochilium), 135
INDEX. XV
Crambus, 61
crategi (Aporia), 10, 13, 19, 153, 154,
269, 282, 296, 311, 313
craterellus (Crambus), 61, 63
crepuscularia (Tephrosia), 109, 227
cribrellum (Hesperia), 8, 316
cribrum (Emydia), 160, 245
cribrum (Myelois), 204
cribrum (Myelophila), 204
croatica (Macroglossa), 317
crocale (Callidryas), 204
crocale (Catopsilia), 204
crocealis (Ebulea), 259
cruciferarum (Plutella), 205, 225
cruda (Txniocampa), 227
cucubali (Diantheecia), 72, 111, 227, 253,
254
cuculatella (Nola), 120, 123, 124, 135
culiciformis (Sesia), 260
culmellus (Crambus), 61, 63
cuneata (Abraxas), 136
Curetis, 181
cyllarus (Glaucopsyche), 45, 293
cyllarus (Nomiades), 11
cynthia (Melita), 128
cynthia (Philosamia), 279
damon (Agriades), 127
damon (Polyommatus), 89, 286, 313
damone (Euchloé), 133, 134, 154
daphne (Brenthis), 295
daplidice (Pieris), 154, 155
daplidice (Pontia), 175, 177, 269
dardanus (Papilio), 44
darwiniana (Ccenonympha), 57, 128
Daseocheta, 183
dealbata (Scoria), 318
decipiens (Kerala), 220
decorata (Acidalia), 61, 62
defoliaria (Hybernia), 135
degeneraria (Acidalia), 62
deione (Melita), 286
Delias, 280
delius (Parnassius), 57, 89, 111, 127, 310,
312, 313
delphius (Parnassius), 229
dentalis (Odontia), 245
dentina (Mamestra), 110, 227, 253
deplana (Lithosia), 47
*derufata (Melitea), 56
desfontainii (Melitea), 44, 46
designata (Coremia), 302
determinata (Acidalia), 60, 61, 62
dia (Brenthis), 16, 19, 20, 295, 313
diana (Colias), 271
dichotoma (Amata), 319
dicta (Pheosia), 227
dictynna (Melitsza), 10, 313
didyma (Melitswa), 19, 20, 46, 56, 134, 313
dilucida (Apopestes), 62
dilucidana (Conchylis), 245
dilutaria (Acidalia), 62
dilutata (Oporabia), 111
Diphthera, 183
diplaga (Euproctis), 322
dipsaceus (Heliothis), 317
discobolus (Parnassius), 229
*discitincta (Cosmotriche), 321
Dismorpha, 280
dispar (Lymantria), 111
disseverans (Baratha), 183
distributa (Nola), 161
*divisa (Batracharta), 221
divisana (Peronea), 112
dolus (Polyommatus), 18, 20
dominula (Callimorpha), 72
donzelii (Polyommatus), 286, 313
dorilis (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 272
doris (Heliconius), 44
dorus (Ccenonympha), 19, 20
doubledayaria (Pachys), 204
dromus (Hrebia), 57, 284
*dubia (Semiothisa), 291
dubitata (Triphosa), 254
duponcheli (Hrebia), 58, 59, 128, 129,
283, 313
dysodea (Hecatera), 277
edusa (Colias), 13, 19, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47,
59, 70, 90, 128, 149, 155, 158, 174,
175, 176, 177, 206, 207, 270, 271, 278,
300, 301, 303, 313
egea (Vanessa), 133, 155
egeria (Pararge), 70, 106, 131, 149, 174,
177, 207
egerides (Pararge), 35, 316
egialea (Amauris), 107
eleus (Chrysophanus), 20, 149, 151,173,
177
elinguaria (Crocalis), 132, 254, 302
elisa (Argynnis), 173, 174, 176, 177
elongella (Gracilaria), 259
emutaria (Acidalia), 324
eos (Melitza), 182
epiphron (Erebia), 91, 128, 309
Erebia, 34, 91
eremita (Psilura), 46
eris (Argynnis), 19, 20, 46, 57, 89, 156,
295, 313
eroides (Polyommatus), 273
eros (Polyommatus), 57, 127, 273, 286,
309, 313
erynnys (Erebia), 129
erythrus (Zygeena), 62, 63
escheri (Agriades), 13, 57, 59, 127
escheri (Polyommatus), 17, 20, 158, 286,
313
esculi (Thecla), 16, 20
Euclidia, 183
Euclidimera, 183
eumedon (Aricia), 303
eumedon (Polyommatus), 285, 313
eupheme (Zegris), 236, 240, 270
euphenoides (Euchloé), 132
euphorbie (Deilephila), 62, 224
euphorbie (Hyles), 224
euphborbiata (Minoa), 62
euphrosyne (Argynnis), 207
euphrosyne (Brenthis), 10, 20, 47, 295,
313
XV1
Kupithecia, 71
euryades (Heliconius), 158
euryale (Erebia), 57, 129, 282, 286, 312,
313
eurybia (Chrysophanus), 57, 89, 127,
285, 310, 313
eurytheme (Colias), 193
exalbata (Siona), 318
exclamationis (Agrotis), 228, 253, 254
exigua (Caradrina), 62
extrema (Zizera), 327
exulans (Anthrocera), 286, 310
exulans (Zygena), 180
exulis (Crymodes), 275
fabricana (Sericoris), 76
fagella (Chimabacche), 260
falcataria (Drepana), 110
fascelina (Dasychira), 159
fascelis (Melitea), 295
*fasciata (Pseudomicronia), 201
fausta (Anthrocera), 59, 311
favicolor (Leucania), 277
favillaceana (Capua), 47
ferrugata (Coremia), 110, 227, 254, 302
festuce (Phytometra), 183
ficklini (Dianthecia), 43
filigrammaria (Oporabia), 111
filipendulw (Anthrocera), 158, 326
filipendule (Zygrna), 63, 160, 300
fimbria (Agrotis), 122
fimbria (Triphena), 122, 125
flammea (Meliana), 253
flava (Adopza), 317
flavipalliata (Abraxas), 136
flavicincta (Polia), 39, 302
flavus (Thymelicus), 10, 13, 20
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé), 227, 253, 302,
303
fluviata (Percnoptilota), 38, 111
formicipennis (Sesia), 260
*formosana (Liparopsis), 323
formosa (Kuchromia), 159
foulquieri (Hesperia), 58, 126, 178
foulquieri (Polyommatus), 17
franconica (Clisiocampa), 133
fraxinata (Kupithecia), 110, 135
fraxini (Catocala), 40, 135
frithi (Antherea), 111
fritillum (Hesperia), 57, 58,126,177, 178
frugalis (Pydna), 267
frugalis (Remigia), 183
fuciformis (Hemaris), 62
fugax (Solenopsis), 43
fulgurita (Kribomorpha), 279
fulvago (Xanthia), 303
fulvana (Catoptria), 245
fulvata (Larentia), 62
fumaria (Biston), 181
fumata (Acidalia), 47, 110
funebris (Pyrausta), 63
furcata (Hydriomena), 254
furva (Mamestra), 275, 328
*fusca (Fodina), 221
*fuscimarginalis (Nola), 161
INDEX.
gabrielis (Papilio), 181
galatea (Melanargia), 11, 12, 14, 155,
156, 296, 313
galiata (Xanthorhoé), 323
gallii (Celerio), 228, 279
gambrisius (Papilio), 181
gamma (Plusia), 41, 111, 131, 135, 228,
253, 254, 302, 303, 317
gavarnica (Hrebia), 283
gemmaria (Boarmia), 254
gemmiferana (Laspeyresia), 328
genistea (Mamestra), 227
gentiana (Penthina), 328
geryon (Adscita), 107
geryon (Ino), 107
gigantea (Conchylis), 245, 297
gilvago (Mellinia), 47
gilvaria (Aspilates), 246
glabra (Orrhodia), 106
glacialis (Krebia), 128
glareosa (Noctua), 276
glariaria (Phasiane), 318
glauca (Hadena), 47
glauca (Mamestra), 110
glaucata (Cilix), 120, 254
glaucinaria (Gnophos), 228
glaucopsis (Ceenonympha), 19
globularis (Ino), 63
globulariz (Procris), 317
glyphica (Euclidia), 62
goante (Hrebia), 57, 90, 129, 313
Gonospileia, 183
gordius (Chrysophanus), 13, 15, 20, 59
gordius (Lycena), 154
gorge (Hrebia), 58, 90, 91, 129, 284, 285,
313
gorgone (Erebia), 90
gorgophone (Erebia), 90, 91, 128
gothica (Tzniocampa), 227
gracilis (Teniocampa), 76, 111, 227
greecaria (Ithysia), 92
graminis (Chareas), 38, 276
egriseata (Lithostege), 71
*griseotincta (Albara), 267
grossulariata (Abraxas), 105, 106, 107,
109, 136, 328
gutta (Plusia), 317
gyrata (Ephyra), 62
halterate (Diptilon), 135
hamana (Euxanthis), 318
*hampsoni (Metzmene), 319
hardwickii (Parnassius), 229
hartmanniana (Argyrolepia), 47
hastiana (Peronea), 77, 111
haworthii (Celena), 276
hecate (Brenthis), 16, 19, 20
hecatzus (Papilio), 46
hecla (Colias), 82, 83, 84, 85, 270
hecuba (Ornithoptera), 46
helice (Colias), 158, 176, 207, 327
Heliconius, 47
helvola (Lithosia), 47
herbosana (Dichrorhampha), 106
herbosana (Hemimene), 106
INDEX.
hermione (Hipparchia), 156
hermione (Satyrus), 11, 14, 19, 20, 296
herrichi (Parnassius), 111
Hesperia, 177
hesperica (Plebeius), 44, 45
hiera (Pararge), 10, 15
hippocrepidis (Anthrocera), 326
hippolyte (Satyrus), 242
hippothoé (Chrysophanus), 310
hirtaria (Biston), 71, 180
hirtaria (Lycia), 92, 93, 94, 327
hispana (Agriades), 180
hispana (Polyommatus), 180
hispidaria (Apocheima), 207
hispulla (Epinephele), 149, 173, 176, 177
hobleyi (Pseudacreea), 44
hospita (Parasemia), 285
hospiton (Papilio), 148, 176, 224
humili (Hepialus), 275
hutchinsoni (Grapta), 325
hutchinsoni (Polygonia), 294, 328
hyale (Colias), 12, 13, 19, 59, 90, 177,
206, 207, 270, 271, 313
hydara (Heliconius), 158
hylas (Agriades), 127
hylas (Polyommatus), 12, 13, 20, 57,
282, 286, 310, 311,313
hyperanthus (Aphantopus), 11, 14, 45
iacularia (Rhodostrophia), 318
iberica (Melitea), 46
icarinus (Polyommatus), 16, 46
icarus (Lycena), 41, 70, 106
icarus (Polyommatus), 10, 13, 17, 20,
39, 46, 127, 149, 153, 158, 173, 174,
175, 177, 207, 212, 228, 251, 273, 277,
278, 279, 280, 303, 309, 313, 327, 328
ichnusa (Aglais), 150, 174, 177
ictericana (Spaleroptera), 244
ida (Epinephele), 149, 175, 176, 177
ilia (Apatura), 279
iliades (Apatura), 279
ilicifolia (Gastropacha), 158, 228, 327
ilicifolia (Lasiocampa), 157
ilicis (Thecla), 11, 13, 16, 20, 27, 312,
313
illunaris (Pseudophia), 62
illustris (Automeris), 279
imitata (Acidalia), 62
immaculata (Dryas), 175, 176, 177
immaculata (Scolitantides), 273
imperator (Parnassius), 229
impura (Leucania), 254, 303
inequalis (Agriades), 327
incarnata (Heliothis), 317
inconspicua (Pydna), 267
indica (Pyrameis), 43
indica (Vanessa), 43
infausta (Aglaope), 56
ino (Brenthis), 285, 311, 312, 313
inornata (Acidalia), 62
inquinatellus (Crambus), 247
instabilis (Teniocampa), 227
insularis (Antherea), 111
intermedia (Epinephele), 316
XVll
intermedia (Mellinia), 47
intermedia (Pararge), 20
intermedia (Polyommatus), 18
io (Vanessa), 13, 41, 70, 174, 177, 205,
207, 276, 324
iochalcea (Abraxas), 136
iphioides (Coenonympha), 316
iphis (Cononympha), 57, 89, 128, 310,
313
iris (Apatura), 279
*isabelle (Pecilopsis), 92, 93, 94
ismeria (Phyciodes), 194, 195
isomera (Eustrotia), 169
italica (Ithysia), 92
Ithysia, 92
jacobee (Hypocrita), 180, 227, 253
jaguarinaria (Arichanna), 202
japygia (Melanargia), 156
jasius (Charaxes), 133, 177
jucunda (Kublemma), 63
jurtina (Epinephele), 14, 20, 47, 128,
149, 206, 232, 313, 315
*kanshireiensis (Pydna), 322
*kanshireiensis (Thermesia), 320
*kanshireiensis (Semiothisa), 290
kuhlmanni (Argynnis), 295
lacinia (Synchloé), 195
lacticolor (Abraxas), 136, 328
lacunana (Sericoris), 76
lanarius (Microbiston), 92
lanceolata (Ceenonympha), 226
lanestris (Kriogaster), 134, 152, 157
lappona (Hrebia), 129, 285, 286, 312, 313
lapponaria (Peecilopsis), 92, 93, 94
lariciaria (Boarmia), 39
lastoursi (Philosamia), 111
lathonia (Issoria), 13, 59, 89, 128, 129,
149, 174, 177, 295, 313
lavandule (Zygena), 61, 63
lavatere (Carcharodus), 313
leander (Ceenonympha), 241, 316
lecheana (Ptycholoma), 158 .
lefebvrei (Hrebia), 284
*lentiginosa (Kerala), 220
leonardi (Parnassius), 111
leporina (Acronycta), 110
leucomelanella (Lita), 208
leucophearia (Hybernia), 120, 183
levana (Araschnia), 325
libythea (Appias), 44
licheana (Tortrix), 259
lichenea (Epunda), 135
ligea (Hrebia), 34, 35
ligustri (Craniophora), 164
lilacina (Dryas), 182
limbatus (Teracolus), 44
Limenitis, 232
limitata (Ortholitha), 254
lineago (Mellinia), 47
linearia (Ephyra), 62, 303
lineola (Adopea), 41, 311, 312, 317
lineola (Thymelicus), 13, 20, 57, 126
literosa (Miana), 111
lithargyria (Leucania). 110, 254, 802
XVill
lithoxylea (Xylophasia), 254
litigiosaria (Acidalia), 61, 62
littoralis (Leucania), 111, 225
littoralis (Prodenia), 157
liturata (Semiothisa), 76, 110
lobulina (Cosmotriche), 321
lonicere (Anthrocera), 286, 311
lonicerse (Zygzena), 61, 63
lubricipeda (Spilosoma), 253
lucernea (Agrotis), 47, 110, 135, 328
lucida (Acontia), 317
lucilla (Neptis), 241, 293
lucina (Nemeobius), 300
luctuosa (Acontia), 254
lunaria (Selenia), 279
lunigera (Agrotis), 328
lunosa (Anchocelis), 303
lunosa (Omphalocelis), 303
lupulina (Hepialus), 228
lurideola (Lithosia), 63, 254
lutea (Xanthia), 303
lutearia (Lythria), 318
luteata (Rumia), 62
luteolata (Opistograptis), 227, 253, 254,
302
lutulenta (Epunda), 105
lyeaon (Epinephele), 56, 89, 128, 313, 316
lychnidis (Amathes), 136, 303
lychnidis (Orthosia), 136
Lycia, 92
lycidas (Plebeius), 44
lydia (Polyommatus), 274
lyllus (Coenonympha), 173, 177
machaon (Papilio), 10, 13, 19, 127, 155,
175, 177, 187, 207, 253, 269, 282, 301,
311, 313
macilentaria (Acidalia), 61, 62
maculata (Agriades), 127
maculata (Perenia), 202
maculipennis (Plutella), 205, 225, 318
meniata (Ortholitha), 62
mera (Pararge), 10, 13, 20, 313, 316
magdalena (Melitsea), 19
magnifica (Citheronia), 279
magnifica (Parnassius), 110
malvz (Hesperia), 142, 178, 317
malvoides (Hesperia), 58, 142, 178, 285,
313
manni (Pieris), 269
margaritellus (Crambus), 226
marginaria (Hybernia), 135
*marginata (Bapta), 201
marginata (Ligdia), 228, 254
marginata (Lomaspilis), 302
marginepunctata (Acidalia), 62, 108,
318
maritima (Senta), 299
marmorinaria (Hybernia), 183
matura (Cerigo), 254, 302
maura (Mania), 280
mayrana (Peronea), 112
medon (Aricia), 12, 13, 16, 18, 20
medon (Plebeius), 39, 106
medon (Polyommatus), 127, 310, 313
INDEX.
megera (Pararge), 11, 13, 20, 41, 70, 206,
207, 313, 316
melampus (Erebia), 309, 313
Melanargia, 46
melanella (Lita), 159°
melanotoxa (Polyommatus), 327
meleager (Polyommatus), 18
Melinza, 47
Melitwa, 134
melotis (Hesperia), 178
mendica (Diaphora), 110, 227
menephron (Psilogramma), 279
menthastri (Spilosoma), 110, 227, 253
menyanthidis (Acronycta), 40, 110
merope (Melita), 128, 310, 313
Metaporia, 280
meticulosa (Phlogophora), 254, 275, 302,
303
meticulosa (Trigonophora), 254
mi (Iuclidia), 110
mi (Euclidimera), 183
micacea (Hydreecia), 302, 303
microdactylus (Leioptilus), 328
mima (Hypolimnas), 158
miniata (Calligenia), 47
minima enaee 327
minimus (Cupido), 11, 13, 18, 20, 127,
207, 313
minutissimus (Agriades), 327
miniosa (Tsniocampa), 76
misella (Tinea), 318
mnemosyne (Parnassius), 241, 269
mnestra (Erebia), 58, 90, 91, 128, 284,
313
Mocis, 183
meeschleril(Hesperia), 316
Monacha, 136
monacha (Lymantria), 71, 251
monacha (Psilura), 46
monocharia (Phigalia), 135
moneta (Plusia), 160, 223
moniliata (Acidalia), 62
monoglypha (Xylophasia), 135, 254,
302
montanata (Xanthorhoé), 47, 228, 253,
275
morpheus (Caradrina), 253, 254, 303
mosara (Aidia), 222
mouffetella (Gelechia), 259
mucidaria (Gnophos), 63
mundana (Nudaria), 39
mundataria (Aspilates), 318
munita (Gonospileia), 183
munitata (Coremia), 275, 276
muricata (Hyria), 47 .
murinaria (Kubolia), 63, 318
murinata (Minoa), 52
musculana (Cnephasia), 47
myrmidone (Colias), 206, 207
myrtilli (Anarta), 123
nana (Diantheecia), 72, 328
nanata (Eupithecia), 120
nanatella (Depressaria), 259
| napa (Brenthis), 128
INDEX.
napi (Pieris), 10, 13, 19, 41, 136, 174,
177, 206, 303, 313
nebulosa (Aplecta), 45, 111, 124, 135,
328
nebulosa (Mamestra), 124
*nebulosa (Parasiccia), 162
*nebulosa (Pydna), 267
neera (Melita), 295
neglecta (Noctua), 111
neomiris (Satyrus), 174, 175, 176, 177
neril (Cherocampa), 40, 72
nerii (Daphnis), 40
neustria (Malacosoma), 62, 254
ni (Plusia), 317
niavius (Amauris), 107
nictitans (Hydreecia), 254, 302
nigra (Amporophyla), 303
nigra (Boarmia), 135
nigra (Odontoptera), 136, 328
nigrifoldella (Tinea), 232
*nigrifrons (Amata), 318
nigrofasciaria (Anticlea), 227
nigromaculana (Grapholitha), 245
*nigropunctata (Scolitantides), 273
nigrosparsata (Abraxas), 47, 328
niobe (Argynnis), 128, 295, 310, 312,
313
noctuella (Nomophila), 41
nymphagoga (Catocala), 62
obelisca (Agrotis), 110
obeliscata (Thera), 72, 111, 120, 231
oberthiiri (Philosamia), 111
oblongata (Eupithecia), 228, 253, 302
oblongata (Tephroclystia), 62
*obscura (Aidia), 222
obscura (Erebia), 108
obscura (Harmatelia), 222
obscura (Lycena), 293
*obscura (Westermannia), 169
*obscurata (Gnophos), 111
obscuraria (Acacis), 292
obsoleta (Leucania), 300
obsoleta (Zizera), 327
occidentalis (Hesperia), 178
occulta (Kurois), 275, 323
ocellaris (Mellinia), 47, 108
ocellata (Mesoleuca), 228, 254, 302
ocellatus (Smerinthus), 46, 251, 253,
327
ochracea (Ochria), 303
ochrata (Acidalia), 62, 244
“ochreipuncta (Micromonodes), 166
ochroleuca (Eremobia), 246
ochsenheimeri (Zygzena), 63
octogesima (Cymatophora), 300
octomaculalis (Ennychia), 259
octomaculata (Pyrausta), 63
ocularis (Acronycta), 298
ocularis (Palimpsestes), 314
oleracea (Mamestra), 254
*olivacea (Chytonix), 165
*olivescens (Heterolocha), 291
omphale (Chrysophanus), 272
ononaria (Aplasta), 62
X1X
ononidis (Zygena), 63
onopordi (Hesperia), 141, 178
oo (Dicycla), 300
opalescens (Albara), 268
opalescens (Thyatira), 268
opima (Teniocampa), 227, 300
optilete (Polyommatus), 90, 127
orbifer (Pyrgus), 236, 316
orbicularis (Polyploca), 322
orbitulus (Plebeius), 57
orbitulus (Polyommatus), 127, 310, 313
orichalcia (Plusia), 131
ormenus (Papilio), 181
ornata (Acidalia), 302
ornata (Polyommatus), 16
ornithopus (Graptolitha), 25
ornithopus (Xylina), 125, 260
ostrina (Thalpochares), 43
palwno (Colias), 90
pales (Brenthis), 37, 128, 285, 312, 313
pallens (Leucania), 109, 111, 254, 255,
302
pallescens (Apatura), 279
pallescentella (Tinea), 232
pallida (Colias), 19, 270
pallida (Pydna), 267
*pallida (Rivula), 266
palpina (Pterostoma), 302
palumbella (Salebria), 63
palustris (Anthrocera), 326
pamphilus (Ccenonympha), 11, 14, 19,
20, 41, 70, 128, 206, 228, 231, 313,
316
pandora (Argynnis), 156
pandora (Dryas), 173, 174, 182, 175,
177
paniscus (Carterocephalus), 328
panoptes (Scolitantides), 273
Panthea, 183 ,
paphia (Antherwa), 279
paphia (Argynnis), 46, 70
paphia (Dryas), 19, 20, 148, 175, 176,
177
papilionaria (Geometra), 47, 109, 111,
122
parallela (Micra), 317
parisiensis (Agriades), 327
parthenias (Brephos), 47
parthenie (Melita), 17, 20
parvipuncta (Cyaniris), 174, 176, 177
pasiphaé (Epinephele), 20
pastinum (Toxocampa), 325
passetii (Hurois), 323
paula (Micra), 317
paupercula (Dryas), 175, 177
pavonia (Saturnia), 46, 104, 158
pedaria (Phigalia), 135
Pelamia, 183
pelopia (Argynnis), 46
peltigera (Heliothis), 111, 317
pendularia (Zonosoma), 43, 46
penella (Heterogynnis), 63
*pennata (Thyatira), 268
perfumaria (Boarmia), 48
XX
perfusca (Notodonta), 72
Perisamia, 46 ’
perla (Bryophila), 302
perneyi (Antherea), 279
persona (Callimorpha), 46
petraria (Lozogramma), 228
pfluemeri (Syntomis), 45
pheodactylus (Mimacocoptilus), 245
Pharmacophagus, 107
pharte (EKrebia), 282, 286, 308, 309,
313
phasaianoides (Pelamia), 183
phegea (Syntomis), 45, 279, 303, 317
pheretes (Albulina), 303
pheretes (Polyommatus), 57, 90, 127,
309, 313
pherusa (Melanargia), 154, 229
phicomone (Colias), 12, 13, 57, 58, 59,
90, 128, 285, 311, 313
phleas (Chrysophanus), 15, 20, 41, 70,
127, 252, 272, 276, 301, 313
phleas (Rumicia), 327
pheebe (Melita), 20, 46, 311, 313
phryne (Triphysa), 242
Phyciodes, 134
Phytometra, 183
*picata (Craniophora), 164
Pieris, 44
pinetellus (Crambus), 247
piniperda (Panolis), 76
pisi (Mamestra), 228
plagiata (Anaitis), 228, 253
plantaginis (Nemeophila), 72, 107
plantaginis (Parasemia), 110, 285
Platycerusa, 183
plecta (Noctua), 302
plexippus (Anosia), 134
Plumigera, 136
Plusia, 183
pluto (Hrebia), 58, 128, 283
podalirius (Papilio), 11, 13, 19, 155, 177,
207, 269, 282, 313
Pecilopsis, 92
polemusa (Cirphis), 164
polonus (Agriades), 17, 20
polychloros (Eugonia), 11, 13, 19, 175,
177, 294
polygramma (Thalpochares), 62
polyphenaria (Dindica), 293
polyxena (Thais), 136, 154
pomonaria (Peecilopsis), 92, 93, 94
popularis (Epineuronia), 303
populeti (Txniocampa), 288, 300
populi (Amorpha), 46, 251, 327
populi (Pecilocampa), 120
populi (Smerinthus), 254, 327
porphyria (Agrotis), 275
*postflava (Arichanna), 282
postico-apicalis (Polyommatus), 327
postimaculata (Fodina), 221
*postvittata (Lithacodia), 168
*primula (Brenthis), 128
primule (Noctua), 254
procida (Melanargia), 20, 156, 296
INDEX.
Prodromaria, 38
promethea (Samia), 279
pronoé (Hrebia), 159
pronuba (Triphena), 122, 125, 254, 275,
302, 303
pronubana (Tortrix), 76
protea (Eumichtis), 302
proto (Pyrgus), 316
prunaria (Angeronia), 47
pruni (Adscita), 56
pruni (Strymon), 207
pruni (Thecla), 271
pryadvena (Philosamia), 110
pryeri (Philosamia), 111
pseudonomion (Parnassius), 45
pulchella (Deiopeia), 160
pulchellata (Eupithecia), 228
*pulchra (Prionia), 291
pulchrina (Plusia), 254
pulverulenta (Te#niocampa), 76
pulveraria (Numeria), 110, 327
pumilata (Tephroclystia), 62
puncta (Agriades), 17
puncta (Polyommatus), 274
*punctivena (Archanara), 167
punctularia (Tephrosia), 111
pupillaria (Kphyra), 62
purpuralis (Anthrocera), 286
purpuralis (Pyrausta), 63
purpuraria (Lythria), 205, 318
*purpureofasciata (Huproctis), 321
purpurina (Micra), 317
purpurina (Thalpochares), 62
pygmeata (Hupithecia), 228
pygmeola (Lithosia), 244
pylaon (Scolitantides), 240, 273
pyraliata (Cidaria), 254
pyramidea (Amphipyra), 71, 280
pyrenella (Oreopsyche), 279, 280
pyri (Saturnia), 279
pyrina (Zeuzera), 254
pyropella (Pleurota), 318
quadrifasciaria (Coremia), 45
*quadrilinealis (Adrapsa), 222
quadripunctata (Caradrina), 254
quercana (Phibalocera), 120, 260
quercifolia (Gastropacha), 324
quercinaria (Hnnomos) 47, 120
quercus (Lasiocampa), 110, 111, 133,
324
quercus (Thecla), 120
quercus (Zephyrus), 20, 272
rachel# (Pecilopsis), 92, 93
radiata (Abraxas), 136
radiatella (Cerostoma), 119, 120
rape@ (Pieris), 13, 19, 41, 128, 132, 153,
175, 177, 193, 206, 269
raschkiella (Laverna), 208
ravida (Agrotis), 299, 318
Remigia, 183
renalis (Hoemerosia), 62
repandata (Boarmia), 46, 47, 109, 110,
111, 135, 288, 290, 327, 328
reticulata (Cidaria), 136
INDEX. XX1
reticulata (Neuria), 253, 279
rhamnata (Scotosia), 318
rhamni (Gonepteryx), 11, 13, 19, 177,
271, 280, 313
ribeana (Tortrix), 259
roboris (Lxosopis), 16, 20
robsoni (Aplecta), 47, 110, 111, 328
romanovi (Parnassius), 229
rosearia (Prionia), 292
rothliebii (Cenonympha), 47
rubi (Callophrys), 20, 186, 272
rubi (Macrothylacia), 123
rubi (Noctua), 253, 302
rubiginata (Acidalia), 62
rufa (Coenobia), 300
rufaria (Acidalia), 62
rufolunulata (Agriades), 45
rumicis (Acronycta), 62
rumina (Thais), 43
russata (Cidaria), 328
rutilus (Chrysophanus), 186, 187, 272
ryffelensis (Hesperia), 126, 178
sacraria (Sterrha), 62
Safia, 183
sagittata (Cidaria), 253, 314
sanguinalis (Pyrausta), 63
sao (Hesperia), 155, 312, 313
sao (Pyrgus), 20, 89, 126, 285
sareptana (Melitea), 294
sareptensis (Colias), 271
saturnana (Dichrorampha), 328
satyrion (Ccenonympha), 313
sarpedon (Anthrocera), 326
sarpedon (Zygeena), 63
scandanavica (Parnassius), 110
*schamyl (Callophrys), 272
schreibersiana (Commophila), 314
schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 277
scipio (Erebia), 55, 59, 128, 281, 310,
311, 312, 313
scirpi (Leucania), 62
scitula (Thalpochares), 62
scolieformis (Aigeria), 45
scripturosa (Xylina), 318
scutosa (Heliothis), 317
sebrus (Cupido), 274, 313
secalis eee 254, 302
segetum (Agrotis,) 253, 254
selene (Argynnis), 113
semele (Hipparchia), 20, 56, 315
semele (Satyrus), 70, 136
semi-allous (Lycena), 328
semiargus (Cyaniris), 329
semiargus (Lycena), 156
semiargus (Nomiades), 18, 20, 127, 282,
313
semisyngrapha (Agriades), 17, 46, 327
semisyngrapha (Lycena), 110
sepiaria (Trephonia), 62, 63
sequella (Cerostoma), 39
serena (Hecatera), 47, 254
sericea (Trisuloides), 183
sericealis (Rivula), 62, 266
sericeata (Acidalia), 61, 62, 318
serratule (Hesperia), 57, 58, 126, 141,
174, 177, 178, 285, 309, 312, 313
side (Hesperia), 317
silaceata (Hustroma), 111, 254
similata (Acidalia), 318
simplonia (Anthocharis), 58, 270, 282,
303, 308, 310, 312, 313
sinapis (Leptidia). 13, 19, 149, 150, 174
sinapis (Leptosia), 174, 177, 270, 313
sinapis (Leucophasia), 133, 206, 328
*sinuata (Eugoa), 161
smaragdaria, (Euchloris), 318
sobrinata (Eupithecia), 110
sodorensium (Boarmia), 46
solieraria (Boarmia), 62, 63
sordida (Hama), 253
*sordida (Nanaguna), 169
*sordida (Pydna), 267
spartiata (Chesias), 110, 111
sphinx (Asteroscopus), 123
sphinx (Brachionycha), 123
spini (Thecla), 11, 13, 15, 20, 56, 152, 271
spinula (Cilix), 228
splendana (Cydia), 318
spumosum (Stibadium), 193
stabilis (Teniocampa), 76, 125, 227
statices (Procris), 300
statilinus (Argynnis), 156
stellatarum (Macroglossa), 62, 90, 152
sticticalis (Phlyctenodes), 318
stigmosa (Scotogramma), 318
straminea (Leucania), 300
straminea (Pydna), 268
stratarius (Biston), 92
striata (Lycena), 251
striata (Polyommatus), 327
strigosa (Acronycta), 218, 251, 298, 299,
300, 314
strigosa (Hyboma), 218
strigillaria (Aspilates), 110, 111
strigula (Agrotis), 119, 120, 122, 254
strigula (Lycophotea), 119, 120, 122
stubbendorfii (Parnassius), 229
stygne (Erebia), 10, 11, 13, 14, 47, 57
59, 128, 282, 283, 284, 285, 312, 313
Styriaca (Parnassius), 111
suava (Hublemma) 63
subalpina (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 57,
127, 207, 313
subapennina (Polyommatus), 17
*subfalcata (Gonanticlea), 292
sublustris (Xylophasia), 254, 300
submutata (Acidalia), 62
subobsoleta (Polyommatus), 327
*subornata (Mecodina), 223
subsequa (Tripheena), 110
subsericeata (Acidalia), 47
substrigilis (Oxyambulyx), 279
subtilata (Acidalia), 318
subtusa (Tethea), 110
suffumata (Cidaria), 157
suffumata (Lampropteryx), 111, 128
*suffusa (Kerala), 220
*suffusa (Perenia), 202
+]
XXll
sulphuralis (Phlyctsznodes), 318
superba (Westermannia), 169
suwarovius (Melanargia), 240, 296
sybilla (Limenitis), 17
sylvanus (Augiades), 13, 313, 317
sylvanus (Pamphilus), 20
Syngrapha, 183
syngrapha (Agriades), 17, 46
Synthymia, 183
Syrichtus (Hesperia), 126
syringaria (Hygrochroa), 120
syringaria (Pericallia), 120
tabidaria (Rhodostrophia), 62
tages (Nisoniades), 47, 206, 317
*taiwana (Anticlea), 203
*taiwana (Dindica), 292
*taiwana (Noctua), 152
*takaoensis (Parallelia), 319
Tambana, 183
tanaceti (Dichrorampha), 106
tanaceti (Hemimene), 106
taras (Syrichtus), 328
taraxaci (Caradrina), 254
tarpeia (Cineis), 242
tartaricus (Microbiston), 92
telicanus (Tarucus), 149, 156, 177
templi (Dasypolia), 38
tenebrosa (Rusina), 228, 253
Tephroclystia, 61
tessellum (Hesperia), 8, 241, 316
testacea (Luperina), 302, 303
tetralunaria (Selenia), 47
tetrica (Satyrus), 297
thalassina (Mamestra), 227, 254
tharos (Phyciodes), 195
thaumas (Hesperia), 10
thersamon (Chrysophanus), 272
thersites (Agriades), 13, 45, 46, 59, 157
thersites (Polyommatus), 273, 286, 309,
311, 313
thersites (Coenonympha), 19
thetis (Agriades), 13, 17, 20, 46, 47, 303,
327
thulei (Noctua), 275
tigelius (Pararge), 149, 151, 175, 177
tiphon (Ceenonympha), 46, 128, 226
tipuliformis (Sesia), 260
titania (Acontia), 317
tithonus (Epinephele), 14, 70, 149, 175,
best
trabealis (Emmelia), 317
tragopogonis (Amphipyra), 254, 302,
303
transalpina (Anthrocera), 311
transalpina (Zygena), 63, 205, 286
trapezina (Calymnia), 43
trapezina (Cosmia), 43
triangulum (Noctua), 260, 262
trifolii (Anthrocera), 47, 326
trifolii (Zygena), 160
trigeminata (Acidalia), 62
trigotephras (Orgyia), 62
trigrammica (Grammesia), 253
trilinea (Grammesia), 228
INDEX.
trilinearia (Ephyra), 62
tripartita (Abrostola), 111, 253, 302
triquetra (Euclidia), 318
tristata (Melanippe), 108
Trisuloides, 183
trivia (Melitwa), 241, 295
truncata (Cidaria), 47, 48, 253, 303
tyndarus (Hrebia), 129, 284, 312, 313
typhon (Ccenonympha), 47, 110
ultimaria (Tephroclystia), 62
ulula (Dyspessa), 63
ulve (Senta), 300
umbratica (Cucullia), 228, 254
undata (Cauninda), 183
unicolorata (Ematurga), 251
unicolorata (Fidonia), 251
unilobata (Xanthorhoé), 323
unipunctalis (Pyralis), 152
uralensis (Anthocharis), 270
urticee (Abrostola), 111
urtice (Aglais), 10,
313
urticee (Vanessa), 38, 41, 133, 160, 276,
324
vaccinii (Orrhodia), 227
vafra (Scoparia), 135
valesiaca (Hrebia), 284
valezina (Dryas), 175, 176, 177
varia (Melitwa), 46, 58, 128, 313
variata (Thera), 72, 111, 120, 231, 253,
303
variegana (Peronea), 135
*variegata (Chytonix), 164
*variegata (Hadena), 162
variegata (Tambana), 183
varleyata (Abraxas), 47, 109, 111
vellida (Hepialus), 276
*venipicta (Acasis), 292
venosa (Chalcosia), 158
venosata (Eupithecia), 253, 275, 276
vernaria (Geometra), 62, 254
vernetensis (Zygena), 63
versicolor (Endromis), 38
yverticalis (Botys), 259
verticalis (Phlyctanodes), 318
vespiformis (Sesia), 260
vibicaria (Rhodostrophia), 62, 318
vibicigella (Coleophora), 318
villica (Arctia), 113, 114
viminalis (Bombycia), 254
vinula (Dicranura), 228
viretata (Lobophora), 47, 110
*virgata (Pydna), 266
virgauree (Chrysophanus), 10, 13, 57,
89, 127, 312, 313
virgularia (Acidalia), 46, 62
viridana (Tortrix), 241, 259
viridaria (Prothymnia), 62
viridata (Nemoria), 62
vitalbata (Phibalapteryx), 254, 302
vittata (Phibalapteryx), 72
vittata (Polyommatus), 18, 20
vittelina (Leucania), 110
volgaria (Kuchloris), 318
13, 128, 284,
INDEX.
*volgensis (Euchloé), 270
wahlbergi (Hypolimnas), 157, 158
w-album (Thecla), 271
*wardi (Arctia), 114
weidemeyeri (Basilarchia), 193
werdandi (Colias), 83, 270
xanthographa (Noctua), 38, 122, 302,
303
hogan (Segetia), 122
xantholopha (Macrobarasa), 220
xeranthemi (Cucullia), 318
Xxiil
xylostella (Cerostoma), 259
Zale, 183
zapatosa (Sagana), 111
zephyrus (Plebeius), 44, 236
zermattensis (Chrysophanus), 312
zetica (Chalcosia), 158
ziczac (Notodonta), 71
zonaria (Ithysia), 92, 94
zonaria (Nyssia), 47, 110, 183, 207, 327
Zygena, 154, 229
Order XIX. COLEOPTERA.
zeneus (Corymbites), 112
albicincta (Epitoxa), 43
argentatus (Phyllobius), 112
arietus (Clytus), 112
atra (Hispa), 158
betule (Deporans), 112
Bruchophagus, 53
brunnea (Crioceris), 279
cacaliz (Orina), 249
calcaratus (Phyllobius), 112
campestris (Cicindela), 46
centaurus (Archon), 158
communis (Amara), 112
constrictus (Desmoris), 196
conyergens (Hippodamia), 193
coriarius (Prionus), 104, 252
coryli (Strophosomus), 112
Crioceris, 228
domesticum (Anobium), 110
exclamationis (Chrysomela), 193, 196
fulvus (Desmoris), 196
gloriosa (Orina), 249
hemorrhoidalis (Athous), 112
hemorrhoidalis (Megarhinus), 280
*immsi (Psephenides), 189
interrupta (Episcaphula), 107
italica (Luciola), 228, 279
lilii (Crioceris), 279
Longicornia, 182
lunatus (Diphyllus), 77
marginatus (Dolopius), 112
melanocephalus (Calathus), 112
merdigera (Crioceris), 279
nubilus (Liophleus), 217
Order XXI.
zstuum (Limnophora), 182
Anthocoris, 217
Banksinella, 112
bimaculata (Dictenidia), 218
calcitrans (Stomoxys), 131
caloptera (Laglasia), 107
chameleon (Stratiomyia), 112
ciliata (Fannia), 182
coccidivora (Diadiplosis), 86
crabroniformis (Asilus), 182
cyaniventris (Dermatobia), 131
Dermatobia, 131
oblongus (Phyllobius), 112
Orina, 249
pariseta (Thoricius), 107
Phytodecta, 249
picipes (Otiorrhynchus), 112
*picus (Hurytoma), 53
pilula (Byrrhus), 112
populi (Melasoma), 279
Prionus, 110
Psammechus, 110
*Psephenoides, 189
Psephenus, 188
Rhipiphorus, 188
rubi (Batophila), 217
rufipes (Phytodecta), 250
saxea (Stretchia), 163
schonherri (Barynotus), 112
sikore (Semiclaviger), 182
speciosa (Orina), 249
spinosus (Dectes), 195
staphylia (Chrysomela), 112
superba (Orina), 249
suturalis (Lochmea), 182
ulicis (Apion), 112
variabilis (Phytodecta), 249
viminalis (Gonioctena), 249
viminalis (Phytodecta), 249
violaceum (Apion), 112
virescens (Aidemera), 157
vittigera (Orina), 249
vorax (Apion), 217
whitei (Hudectus), 157
wisel (Goliathus), 157
DIPTERA.
Dioctria, 216
domestica (Musca), 69, 131
fasciata (Stegiomyia), 37
fatigans (Culex), 37
fera (Tachinus), 182
finalis (Tephritis), 195
Glossina, 182
griseola (Macronychia), 182
grossa (Tachinus), 182
guttatus (Syrphus), 45
Hilara, 216
longipennis (Strauzia), 195
XX1V
Mansonia, 37
minuta (Tachydromia), 216
morsitans (Glossina), 182
nobilitatus (Peecilobothrus), 218
obliqua (Allograpta), 131
pallidiventris (Tachydromia), 217
parvicornis (Chirosia), 182
Phormia, 192
potamida (Stratiomyia), 122
pseudoscutellaris (Stegiomyia), 37
Order XXII.
abdominalis (Macrocentrus), 258
aceris (Phyllotoma), 46
Acroricnus, 23, 137
acuminata (Ccelioxys), 130
zquatus (Branchus), 138
sereus (Panargyrops), 120
affinis (Salius), 129
Agenia, 173
albatorius (Cryptus), 25
albiditarsis (Meteorus), 75
*altitudinis (Euryglossa), 213, 214
ambulator (Acroricnus), 170, 178
ambulator (Cryptus), 172
analis (Andrena), 130
angophore (Hxoneura), 200
annulicorne (Joppidium), 138, 141
annulipes (Mesoleptus), 25
annulipes (Syzeuctus), 25
antipodes (Binghamiella), 199
apicale (Joppidium), 138, 139
apicata (Andrena), 130
apparitorius (Cryptus), 25
approximator (Rhyssa), 22
ardens (Joppidium), 138
ardescens (Ccelioxys), 115
areator (Hemiteles), 77
arenaria (Cerceris), 252
argentata (Andrena), 130
asperithorax (Halictus), 307
atrator (Meteorus), 77
*atronitens (Parasphecodes), 242
aurantipennis (Megachile), 119
aurulenta (Osmia), 130
azteca (Ccelioxys), 116
barbifrons (Ichneumon), 37
Baryceros, 137
basalis (Ccelioxys), 119
basalis (Odynerus), 138
bellicosum (Joppidium), 138, 140
bellicosus (Cryptus), 140
bellosus (Cryptus), 140
beroni (Ccelioxys), 117
bibulus (Cryptus), 25
bicarinata (Colioxys), 116, 117
bicingulatus (Halictus), 307
bicolor (Exoneura), 200
bicolor (Mimesa), 129
bicolor (Osmia), 130
bifida (Nomada), 130
bimaculata (Anérena), 130
INDEX.
pygmma (Lispe), 182
pyrophila (Sarcophaga), 280
saliciperda (Cecidomyia), 158, 182
*samoaensis (Pseudoteniorhynchus), 36
Sciara, 216
Sepsis, 192
Styringomyia, 182
Teniorhynchus, 37, 112
terre-nove (Phormia), 131
vibrans (Seoptera), 218
HYMENOPTERA.
bimaculatus (Meteorus), 122
Binghamiella, 308
birenimaculatus (Odynerus), 173
borealis (Nomada), 130
botanica (Exoneura), 200
*bribiensis (Allodapa), 200
bruneri (Anthophorula), 114
Buathra, 25
ceruleipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 140
cesar (Lucilius), 130
calcaratus (Panurgus), 130
calliopsella (Euryglossa), 213
calliopsiformis (Huryglossa), 213
Callomelitta, 308
campestris (Ammophila), 224
campestris (Gorytes), 129
capensis (Osprhynchotus), 24
capitatus (Ccelioxys), 119
capitosus (Crabro), 129
cetii (Andrena), 130
chapmani (Halictus), 243
chichimica (Ccelioxys), 118
chloropthalma (Bracon), 289
chloropthalma (Zele), 287, 288, 289
chloropthalmus (Phylax), 289
chloropthalmus (Rhogas), 288, 289
chrysopthalmus (Meteorus), 76
chrysosceles (Andrena), 130
circumcincta (Megachile), 130
circumdatus (Halictus), 243, 307
Closterocerus, 123
cloutieri (Acroricnus), 171
coarctata (Humenes), 130
Ceelioxys, 118
ceruleipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139, 140
cognatus (Halictus), 307
collaris (Bracon), 261
collaris (Macrocentrus), 258, 261, 262,
287
compactula (Anthophorula), 114
confusa (Prosopis), 130
contracta (Ponera), 131
coquilletti (Anthophorula), 114
corniger (Passalecus), 129
*costaricensis (Ccelioxys), 117, 118
*crabronica (Kuryglossa), 142, 199
crassimanus (Mesochorus), 120
Cryptus, 25, 137
cupulifera (Allodape), 119
deceptor (Meteorus), 76
INDEX.
decoloratus (Meteorus), 123
depilis (Iridomyrmex), 192
destillatorium (Sceliphron), 172
Diadasia, 115
*disclusus (Halictus), 243
discolor (Zele), 287, 290
Distantella, 23
donabile (Joppidium), 140
donabilis (Joppidium), 140
dorsata (Andrena), 130
Dorylus, 107
dubiosum (Joppoceras), 137, 138
edwardsi (Acroricnus), 171
elegans (Acroricnus), 170
Entedon, 123
*Epiteropia, 68
equalis (Macrocentrus), 258, 261
equestris (Mimesa), 129
Euceros, 137
Eulophus, 123, 216
Eumenes, 171
europxa (Mutilla), 129
Euryglossa, 308
Kuryglossidia, 198
Examolopis, 115
Exoneura, 308
extensor (Hubadizon), 260
5-fasciata (Cerceris), 129
femorata (Lissonata), 217
filator (Meteorus), 74, 124
filicornis (Hedycryptus), 25
flavipes (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27, 28
flavus (Lasius), 107
fragilis (Meteorus), 124
*frederici (Exomalopsis), 115
fugax (Solenopsis), 43
fumidicauda (Parasphecodes), 243
furcatus (Podalirius), 130
fusca (Formica), 45
fuscipenne (Joppidium), 138, 139,
140
fuscipennis (Cryptus), 140
fuscipes (Andrena), 130
gallica (Polistes), 228
*gseminator (Zele), 287, 289
geniculatus (Certonotus), 230
gigas (Osprhynchotus), 24, 26, 27, 28
gilesi (Halictus), 307
Halictus, 308
*hematopus (Halictus), 307
hemorrhoidalis (Cilissa), 130
hamulata (Exoneura), 200, 308
hattorfiana (Andrena), 130
hedleyi (Halictus), 244
Hedyeryptus, 25
*hemichlora (Euryglossa), 214
herrichii (Odynerus), 130
himalayensis (Cryptus), 25
hirtipes (Dasypoda), 251, 252
Homolobus, 257, 287
Hyleoides, 142
Ichneumon, 137
ichneumonides (Kuryglossidia), 198
ichneumonides (Methoca), 129
XXV
ictericus (Meteorus), 76
inconspicua (Euryglossa), 215
indicus (Cryptus), 25
infirmus (Macrocentrus), 258, 261
*infumator (Zele), 287, 288, 290
insidiator (Cryptus), 25
instabilis (Halictus), 243
*insularis (Binghamiella), 199
*insularis (Exoneura), 200
interruptus (Crabro), 130
interruptus (Nysson), 129
itinerans (Iridomyrmex), 192
jonellus (Bombus), 129
Joppa, 137
Joppidium, 137, 170
Joppoceras, 137
junceus (Acroricnus), 170, 174
junceus (Cryptus), 173
klugianus (Podagrion), 263
labiata (Macropis), 130
Labrorychus, 230
lacticinctus (Gorytes), 129 .
levipes (Odynerus), 130
lanarius (Halictus), 307
*latissima (Kuryglossa), 215
*launcestonensis (Paracolletes), 305
leaiana (Osmia), 218
leporina (Cilissa), 130
leporina (Ceelioxys), 117
leucochrysea (Ccelioxys), 117
leucomelana (Osmia), 130
leviventris (Meteorus), 125
ligniseca (Megachile), 130
linearis (Rogas), 259
Linoceras, 23, 170, 172
Lissonota, 218
*littleri (Callomelitta), 305
*littleri (Halictus), 307
lituratus (Crabro), 130
luctuosa (Melecta), 130
luculentus (Cryptus), 25
luridus (Meteorus), 124, 125
*luzonicus (Ccelioxys), 118
macrobatus (Acroricnus), 170, 171
macrobatus (Cryptus), 171, 173
Macrocentrus, 257
macrocercus (Ichneumon), 140
maculata (Kuryglossa),214
maculatus (Cer_pales), 129
merens (Nomia), 307
marginata (Allodape), 119
marginator (Macrocentrus), 258, 259,
261
marginatus (Paracolletes), 305
Megachile, 308
melanoleucus (Acroricnus), 170, 173
melanoleucus (Cryptus), 172
melanoleucus (Linocerus), 172
*melanopterus (Halictus), 243
*melanosoma (Huryglossa), 214
melanostictus (Meteorus), 74, 120
mellifer (Apis), 192
Meteorus, 74, 122
*morgani (Anthophorula), 114
XXV1 INDEX.
nebriceps (Joppidium), 138
niger (Meteorus), 120
nigra (Euryglossa), 215
nitidifrons (Kuryglossa), 199
nitidipennis (Cryptus), 140
Nomia, 308
nursei (Cryptus), 25
objurgator (Cryptus), 25
objurgator (Ichneumon), 25
objurgator (Osprhynchotus), 24, 25
obliteratus (Ichneumon), 37
obscurus (Cryptus), 26
*occidentalis (Exoneura), 200
Odynerus, 130, 173
Ophion, 287
orientalis (Cryptus), 25
Osmia, 171
Osprhynchotus, 23, 170
otomita (Ccelioxys), 115, 116
Oxybelus, 129
pachymerum (Podagrion), 263, 265
pachymerum (Priomerus), 263
Pachitomus, 263
pallipes (Macrocentrus), 259
Paniscus, 287
Paracolletes, 308
Parasphecodes, 308
Passalecus, 218
Pemphredon, 218
perhumilis (Prosopis), 306
Perilampus, 120
peronatus (Acroricnus), 170, 172
peronatus (Osprhynchotus), 23
persuasoria (Rhyssa), 21, 22, 225
philippensis (Ccelioxys), 119
Phygadeuon, 137
picta (Callomelitta), 305
pictus (Odynerus), 130
pilapes (Andrena), 130
pilicornis (Osmia), 130
pilosella (Distantella), 25
planiceps (Exomalopsis), 115
plorator (Parasphecodes), 243
Podagrion, 263, 264, 265
porrectorius (Habrocryptus), 172
preecox (Andrena), 130
prasinus (Halictus), 130
prolongata (Xyphydria), 22
Prosopis, 308
Protelus, 74
pulcher (Acroricnus), 170
pulcherrimus (Cryptus), 27
pulcherrimus (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27
pulchricornis (Meteorus), 74, 76,119, 121
*purpurascens (Euryglossidia), 197, 198
Pyramishyssa, 230
quadridentata (Ccelioxys), 150
quadrifasciatus (Gorytes), 129
quercina (Ccelioxys), 116
rectangulata (Huryglossidia), 198
religiosus (Palmon), 263
*reticulatithorax (Epiterobia), 68
reticulosus (Sphecodes), 130
retusus (Podalirius), 130
*rhodopterus (Parasphecodes), 306
Rhyssa, 20, 32
ridens (Euryglossa), 214
roberjeotiana (Nomada), 130
rose (Andrena), 130
rubiginosa (Euryglossa), 214, 215
rubriceps (Joppidium), 138, 139
ruficeps (Osprhynchotus), 24, 27
ruficolle (Joppidium), 139
ruficornis (Xenodocon), 171
ruficrus (Apanteles), 225
rufipes (Epeolus), 130
rufiventris (Buathra), 25
*rufotegularis (Parasphecodes), 306
sabulosa (Ammophila), 225, 251
sanguinea (Formica), 129
sanguinipes (Halictus), 307
sanguinosus (Ccelioxys), 116
Sceliphron, 172
schenki (Cremastogaster), 181, 182
scutellator (Meteorus), 121, 122
seductor (Acroricnus), 170, 171
seductor (Ichneumon), 171
*semisanguineus (Scelio), 197
sexfasciata (Nomada), 252
signatus (Crabro), 129
simiatus (Odynerus), 130
similis (Andrena), 130
smaragdina (Cicophylla), 157
solidaginis (Nomada), 252
solskyi (Stigmus), 129
*sonorensis (Coelioxys), 116
spinigera (Andrena), 130
spinulosa (Osmia), 30
spirifex (Pelopseus), 171
stuchila (Paraphecodes), 306
subterranea (Aphenogaster), 107
subulosus (Mellinus), 129
*submerans (Nomia), 307
succinetus (Colletes}, 130 .
sulcinodis (Myrmica), 129
sumatrana (Ccelioxys), 119
syriacus (Acroricnus), 23, 170, 172
syriacus (Osprhynchotus), 172
taluchis (Parasphecodes), 306
tarsoleucus (Cryptus), 25
tasmaniz (Halictus), 244
Terobia, 68
testaceator (Zele), 76, 287, 288, 289
tetricus (Mesochorus), 120
texana (Anthophorula), 114
texana (Ccelioxys), 116
Thalessa, 22
thoracicus (Macrocentrus), 258, 259, 261
tibialis (Crabro), 129
totonaca (Ccelioxys), 118
Trichiosoma, 157
Trigona, 192
trinotata (Distantella), 24
*triodonta (Ccelioxys), 117
tropica (Ceratina), 119
tumorifera (Ccelioxys), 117
*turneri (Exoneura), 199
*undulata (Kuryglossa), 198
unicolor (Allodape), 201
unicolor (Meteorus), 122
unicolor (Pompilus), 129
uniglumis (Oxybelus), 129
ursinus (Panurgus), 130
vagus (Crabro), 130
variegatus (Sphecodes), 130
INDEX.
viaticus (Myrmecocystus), 107
villosula (Euryglossa), 199
violator (Ichneumon), 24
violator (Osprhynchotus), 24
virescens (Cicophylla), 157
Xenodocon, 170
yucatanense (Joppidium), 140
versicolor (Megachile), 130 Zele, 76, 257, 287
versicolor (Meteorus), 74, 122, 123 Zemiotus, 74
vexator (Meteorus), 77
P
P
wall
easel:
1312. 1,
Psigey
Seite
ADDENDA.
33, after megera add Satyrus cordula.
HWRRATA,
25, for pherestes read pheretes.
5, for cordulea read cordula.
38, for eighty-nine read ninety.
20 from bottom, for climene read clymene.
XXVli
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ENTOMOLOGIST
q a a . “Wlostrain : Mont Journal
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| GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
Al EDITED’ BY RICHARD SOUTH, .F-E.S. .
i ; , : ‘ WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
ie ' )
ha) Ries ah
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVIL1 JANUARY, 1914. [No. 608
SOME REMARKS ON THE ATLANTIC FORMS OF
SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, Cuarp.
By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S.
In the ‘ Revue des Odonates’ (1850), p. 43, in discussing the
Libellula ruficollis of Charpentier, de Selys writes as follows :—
‘*M. Hagen m’a communiqué deux des trois exemplaires types
recus de Portugal par M. de Charpentier ; ce sont de vrais strio-
lata males trés adultes, mais en mauvais état de conservation.
i Les pieds sont comme tournés au gras et les lignes
jaunes sont trés-étroites, surtout sur les cuisses (qui au premier
abord paraissent noirdtres), mais elles existent. la taille est
trés grande, mais pas sans exemple en Belgique.”’ Lower down
on the same page we read: “‘J’ai vu dans la collection de Miss
Ball a Dublin, des exemplaires males adultes qui avaient aussi
les pieds trés-peu lignés de jaune.”
In the “‘ Revision des Diplax paléarctiques ”’ (‘ Annales de la
Soc. Ent. Belg.,’ xxviii. p. 85 (1884), de Selys describes a race
of S. striolatum from Madeira under the name of nigrifemur, of
which he says:—‘‘ Les femurs sont noiratres sans ligne jaunatre,
et aux tibias le jaunatre n’occupe qu’une raie externe étroite.
La taille est trés grande: abdomen ff 27: 2 26-29. Aijle
inferieure ¢ 30-33; ¢? 30-83... les parties noiratres des cotés
du thorax sont trés foncées, de sorte que. les deux bandes
jaunatres qui les divisent, sont fort tranchées.”
These are the first indications of the existence of what may
be termed an Atlantic race of S. striolatum characterized by
darker femora, and usually by more strongly pronounced lateral
thoracic markings than in the more typical forms.
The next occasion on which exceptionally dark S. striolatuwm
are alluded to, the insects in question came from a somewhat
unexpected and in some respects rather remote point, and the
imagination of those who had to do with them seems to have
been rather exercised concerning them.
Mr. Lucas in ‘ Entomologist,’ May, 1900, p. 1389, recorded
the capture at Stornoway by Mr. Fremlin of two females of a
Sympetrum, and wrote of them as follows :—‘‘ The conclusion to
which we must come, seeing there are two specimens thus pre-
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1914. B
2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
cluding an aberration, appears to be that the insects belong to a
form of S. striolatum somewhat resembling S. scoticum (probably
a local race), or else that both insects are hybrids between the
two species. Mr. McLachlan, who has examined the insects,
ae to the latter opinion.” A good figure accompanies this
record.
Further, in ‘ Entomologist’ for June, 1912, p. 171, Mr. Lucas
records a pair of dragonflies captured by Colonel Yerbury at
Lochinver, Ross-shire (I presume Sutherland is meant), which
are said to be the very counterparts of the Stornoway specimens.
He gives to these examples the name of S. nigrescens, and con-
siders them either a new species or a very distinct race of
striolatum. In his remarks there seems still to be a tendency to
associate the insects in some way with S. scoticum, and one is
tempted to regard his description as a little forced to maintain
this. Unfortunately Mr. Lucas does not compare his specimens
with those from other localities in Scotland, England, Ireland,
or elsewhere. There is accordingly room for some further
observations.
When Mr. Lucas’s original remarks appeared in 1900 I was
not greatly interested in the subject. In 1912 his suggestion of
the existence of a species of Sympetrum localized in the extreme
north-west of Scotland seemed inconceivable, and considering
the known powers of Sympetrum as a flier, the idea of a local
race restricted to the same region was almost equally difficult to
accept. After comparing the description with that of the var.
nigrifemur, which it at once recalled, I gave the matter no
further consideration until I received an enquiry from Dr. Ris
asking me what I knew of S. nigrescens, the description of which
had been brought under his notice by Mr. Herbert Campion.
With the ready co-operation of my friend and neighbour Mr.
William Evans, I was able without any delay to send Dr. Ris speci-
mens from the west of Scotland evidently similar to Mr. Lucas’s,
and, together with these, series of S. striolatum from the north of
Ireland and the New Forest for comparison. Since then, by the
kind assistance of friends and correspondents, I have examined
quite a number of examples from different localities, and the
conclusion come to is that the form described by Lucas extends
with a certain amount of variation, both individual and local,
over the whole western fringe of Scotland; while examples from
Ireland, especially from the north and west, although more variable
and in some respects intermediate, still retain some of the same
characters, and in any breaking up of the species into races
would fall to be associated with the Scottish form rather than
with the typical one. Fortunately Dr. Ris visited Brussels in
the autumn, and was able to re-examine the types of nigrifemur.
His conclusions on the whole subject will appear in the additions
to his great work on the Libelluline, but I believe that I have
ATLANTIC FORMS OF SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, CHARP. 3
his sanction to state that our Scottish insect will fall in his
revision of S. striolatum under the subspecies nigrifemur.
Just after sending the material to Dr. Ris, Mr. G. G. Black-
wood, of Edinburgh, brought to me most opportunely a very
nice little series (four males, one female) of S. striolatum, in very
mature condition, which he had taken at Mallaig, Inverness-
shire, on September 4th last; and having found it useful to
tabulate the principal characters of these and of the more typical
English form, I give here a reproduction of this tabulation in
part, along with two diagrams showing the lateral thoracic
markings, taken respectively from males from Thorney, Cam-
bridgeshire (Fig. 1) and Mallaig (Fig. 2).
EneuisH. (Male.) WESTERN ScortisH. (Male.)
Line at base of the frons ends at the Line extends downwards somewhat,
eye, without going downwards. as in vulgatum.
Humeral and second lateral sutures Humeral suture more heavily marked
very narrowly marked with black.
The first lateral suture in its upper
part hardly marked at all (some-
times, however, the narrow median
field (F, G) may be lightly outlined
in fuscous).
Usually five fairly well-defined yel-
lowish spots surrounded by black
on the sides of the thorax above
the legs. These spots are distri-
buted thus on
. | mesinfrepisternum.
c: mesepimeron.
D . .
= metinfrepisternum.
This field is the metepisternum,
| and in the typical forms is
not divided into spots.
The above spots may be more or less
confluent; thus a, B may be con-
fluent or just separated by a narrow
neck, rarely quite separate; Cc may
touch E or may be distinctly sepa-
rate; D may be partially confluent
with E or narrowly separated.
Sternum mostly yellowish, the
sutures sometimes marked with
blackish.
with blackish. Narrow middle
field usually strongly outlined in
fuscous and divided by a broad
diagonal line, the two enclosed
spots (F, G) varying in size, but
the one nearer the stigma always
smaller and triangular.
Note.— Even in an otherwise
very dark example, the infuscated
outline of the middle field is slight
and the diagonal division hardly
marked.
Spots A, B, C, D,E variable, but all
much reduced in size, and in the
Mallaig examples never confluent.
Sternum mostly blackish posteriorly,
with a yellowish oval marking on
either side of the middle line, these
markings diverging caudad and
having a yellowish tail (the black
condition is no doubt in part the
result of age),
B 2
4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Eneutsu. (Male.) WESTERN ScortrisH. (Male.)
Trochanters with a large black spot; Legs in the Mallaig specimens prac-
femora and tibie externally yel- tically all black except distal half
lowish, the yellow on femora of anterior trochauters and the yel-
divided by a strong black line. low lines on all the tibize. While
there is no reason to doubt that
the legs are much blacker always
than in the typical forms, there is
here and there just the faintest
trace of yellow on the femora, the
relics of a certain amount of that
colour which has become gradually
obliterated through age (see on
this point the slight discrepancy
in Mr. Lucas’s two descriptions).
Abdomen beneath marked longitudi- Very broad black markings occupy
nally with black. the greater part of each side of the
ventral suture, the red being re-
duced to mere streaks. Rounded
spots near genitalia small.
Black lateral longitudinal mark-
ings much more strongly developed
than in the typical forms.
Hind wings 27-30 mm. Hind wings 25°5-27 mm.
Two males (coll. W. Evans), Glen Aros, Mull (August 6th),
and Morvern, Argyllshire (July), agree very well with the Mallaig
examples, that from Mull being especially dark. A female from
Moidart, Inverness-shire, in September (coll. Evans), has the
thoracic spots rather larger, and the femora distinctly lined
with yellow.
A fine male from Talladale, Loch Maree, Ross-shire (August
11th), which has the sides of thorax very darkly marked, has
distinct narrow yellow lines on the femora, while a female also
from the Loch Maree district is very similar to the Moidart
female (male and female, coll. J. J. F. X. King). Two very
small specimens (male and female, the latter teneral, hind wing,
male, 24 mm.) are also in King’s collection, without label, but
ATLANTIC FORMS OF SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, CHARP. 5
believed to be from the island of Coll. In these the boundaries
of the middle field are heavily shaded, and the legs are narrowly
lined with yellow. Further, Mr. King reports two males from
the island of Islay (July 18th), which are of the true western
Scottish form, the lateral markings of thorax agreeing with
diagram No. 2, excepting that spot @ is rather larger, the dark
boundary of the upper part of the field being narrow.
Three examples from Tayvallich, in Kintyre, deserve special
notice (two males and one female, coll. A. M. Stewart, Paisley).
The tendency of the line at the base of the frons to go down-
wards is not so much pronounced, being more strongly marked
downwards in the female than in the males. ‘'he narrow
middle field of the thorax is distinctly outlined in fuscous, but
the diagonal line is less clearly developed (partly, I think, a
matter of age). Thoracic spots rather larger than in the northern
examples, but c, p, E always well separated by broad black
margins; in one male a and B widely separated ; in the other
two connected by a narrow neck. The yellow spots on the
metasternum long oval, the yellow tails becoming definite long
wedge-shaped markings; following these is an irregular semi-
circular black marking of varying breadth, the space enclosed
being yellowish, but tending to become fuscescent and probably
becoming blackish with age. In the males the narrow yellow
lines on the femora are distinct ; but in the female they tend to
become infuscated. Ventral surface of abdomen perhaps some-
what discoloured, but apparently not differing from the northern
specimens, and in great part black. .
The above are from the northern part of Kintyre, and they
constitute a natural link with the Irish forms. The extreme
southern point of the long peninsula of Kintyre is only a matter
of twelve and a half miles distant from the Irish coast, surely a
mere trifle to a migrating Sympetrum.
From Emyvale, Co. Monaghan, Ireland, I have before me a
series of four males and three females. They are rather young,
but they have much in common with the Scottish forms. The
femora are lined with yellow, but the legs are over all darker
than in the typical forms. The thoracic lateral spots are variable
in size, but in some they are quite as small as in some of the
Scottish specimens; A, B, c, D, E are completely isolated in all
of them; the narrow middle field is always outlined in fuscous,
and in three of them (one male and two females) the diagonal
line is clearly marked. Six of these have more or less dark
shading at the side of the eye.
By the very kind assistance of Mr. J. N. Halbert, I have been
able to examine a series of specimens obligingly lent by the
National Museum, Dublin, and originating from many different
points in Ireland. They are from the following localities, viz. :—
Males (one from each locality) :—1. Rostrevor, Co. Down,
6 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
September 2nd. 2. Dublin. 38. Cappagh, Co. Waterford.
3a. Cappagh, Co. Waterford (coll. J.J. F. X. King). 4. Cappo-
quin, Co. Waterford, August 8rd. 5. Glencar, Co. Kerry.
6. Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, July 30th. 7. Killarney, Co. Kerry,
July 15th. 7a. Killarney, Co. Kerry, August 7th (coll. King).
8. Mallaranny, Co. Mayo, July. 9. Westport, Co. Mayo.
10. Clare Island, Co. Mayo, July. 11. Achill Sound, Co. Mayo.
12. Coolmore, Co. Donegal. 138. Derry. 14. Poyntz Pass,
Armagh, September 26th.
Females (one from each locality) :—1. Cappagh, Co. Water-
ford. 2. Waterville, Co. Kerry, July 27th (teneral). 8. Park-
naskilla, Co. Kerry. 4. Westport, Co. Mayo. 5. Ardara,
Co. Donegal.
Hind wing, male, 263-28 ; female, 274-29.
In analysing the above, it may be said, with regard to the
males, that the femora are in the darker condition alluded to
under the Emyvale specimens, any exceptions being unimportant.
The thoracic spots a, B, c, D, H (with one or two exceptions where
A, B are nearly connected) are of variable and usually moderate
size, but they are practically always completely isolated, and in
6, 9, and 11 run rather small, approaching the Scottish form.
The middle field of the thorax, however, is frequently hardly
outlined at all; this is the case in 1, 2, 3a, 4,5, 6; in the others
it is outlined, although sometimes rather faintly; in 9 strongly,
with traces of the diagonal line. The sternum, in nearly every
case, is marked with black, sometimes rather strongly; and the
under side of the abdomen seems much blacker as a rule, especi-
ally in the anterior segments, than in the more typical forms.
The shading at the side of the eyes is more or less marked in
3a, 6, 7, Ta, 9, 12, 13, 14, and in the others hardly or not at all
indicated. The females are less satisfactory in condition. The
thoracic spots A, B, 0, D, E are all isolated except a, B in 1, 2, 4,
in which they are narrowly connected ; the middle field is always
outlined.
Further Irish material in Mr. King’s collection, examined by
him, seems to be very constant in regard to the generally darker
condition of the legs, and also the usually darker condition of
the under side of the abdomen, but is in other respects variable.
In a male from Wexford; male, Westport; male, Killarney, and
two males from Cappoquin, the lateral markings of the thorax
are much as in diagram No.1; while females from Killarney
and Cong, Co. Mayo, are almost similar in that respect. One
female from Athlone is almost a typical striolatum as regards the
thorax; another from the same locality is an intermediate. One
from West Meath has the middle field outlined in fuscous, while
another from the same county is described as very near to an
example from Islay.
Three males from the Isle of Man, also sent by the Dublin
LIFE-HISTORIES OF HESPERIA TESSELLUM AND H. CRIBRELLUM. 7
Museum, are interesting. They tend towards the intermediate
condition, the spots, especially c, p, z, being smaller and the
legs darker than in the typical form.
Finally, a female taken by myself at Christiansand,.Norway
(June 17th), may be mentioned. Although very young and the
infuscation of the yellow on the femora only slight, the nigri-
femur characters hold good in respect of spots a, B, c, D, B being
all well separated, the fuscous outline of the middle field being
heavily marked, the diagonal line being also broad and well
defined. Hind-wing 27 mm.
The distribution of Sympetrum striolatum in Scotland has
been fully and carefully worked out by Mr. Evans (‘‘ Odonata of
the Forth Area,” Proc. Roy. Physical Soc., xvi. pp. 87-96,
1905, and ‘Annals Scot. Nat. Hist.,’ 1911, pp. 14-25). It seems
worthy of notice that, while the species apparently occurs all
along the western seaboard of Scotland, including at least the
larger islands, it is found rarely in the east of Scotland, and
almost certainly does not breed there. Further, I am inclined
to believe that the ordinary northern limit of S. striolatum as a
British breeding species on the east coast must be drawn con-
siderably south of the Scottish border, probably about the
Humber, but further observations are required to verify this.
Mr. Porritt says that he has no doubt that the species breeds
regularly in the low-lying lands at Askern and probably all over
that (the Doncaster) district, but not in the hilly districts of the
county, 7. e. north, north-east, east, and most of the south-west,
although it seems to occur sporadically in most parts of the
county. He also thinks it may breed in the Hull and Goole
district, although he has never seen it there.
Ireland and the west of Scotland have in common a com-
paratively mild and moist winter climate, and this condition
may not only render possible the existence of S. striolatum in
the west and north, while it fails on the east coast of our country,
but also account for its melanic tendencies. Very likely these
tendencies vary from season to season, and no doubt the infiux
of migrants from other areas has something to do with the
presence of intermediates.
18, Blackford Road, Edinburgh: November, 1913.
NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF HESPERIA
TESSELLUM AND dH. CRIBRELLUM.
By tHe Hon. N. Caarues Roruscuinp, M.A., F.E.S.
Herrn Hermann Ranenow, when recently collecting in the
Ural Mountains, was fortunate enough to discover the larve and
food-plants of the above-named insects, and has permitted me to
record his observations in this Journal.
8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hesperia tessellum.
Caterpillars were found from the middle of May to the 10th
of June on a species of Phlomis (certainly from the description,
P. tuberosa). The larve spin the two edges of a leaf together on
the upper surface, and live within this leaf. The colour of the
larva is mouse-grey, with a black head and yellow collar. There
are two black rows of dots on the back, an excellent characteristic
of the species. The imago begins to emerge after the middle
of June, and there is apparently a partial second brood in the
beginning of August.
Hesperia cribrellum.
The larva of this species is indistinguishable from that of
H. carthami var. meschlert, and lives spun up among the leaves
of a species of Potentilla. The caterpillar is full-fed in May, and
the imago emerges at the beginning of June.
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.
By H. Rowuanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Continued from vol. xlv. p. 17.)
(iv) Isére and Dréme. The Vercors.
AFTER a year’s silence on the subject of ‘‘ fresh woods and
pastures new”’ explored in France, I am again able to take up
my pen to continue the series of short papers published by me in
the ‘Entomologist’ for 1911-12. And I am the more encouraged
to do so when I hear that my brother naturalists and collectors
not only read these papers, but actually follow in my footsteps; -
and this at other seasons of the year than those of my travel.
So that, as time goes on, we may hope to obtain not only a
fleeting record of the captures and observations of a week or two
spent in the several localities, but a solid contribution to the
knowledge of the lepidoptera occurring there from year’s end to
year’s end. Most of us are compelled to do our collecting at fixed
times of the year—usually in July and August—in the holiday
season in fact. It has seldom fallen to my lot to get abroad
before the last week of June, when the first flight of most of the
southern species of the plains is over. And this year I did not
leave London before July 1st.
For some time past I had had my entomological eye, so to
speak, fixed on the western Dauphiny, that is to say, the country
west and south of Grenoble, between the Isére and the Drome,
and within the departments bearing the names of the respective
rivers. An application to the Cyclists’ Touring Club of France for
information of this region brought me among other fascinating
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 9
booklets that published by the ‘‘ Syndicat d’Initiative de Valence-
sur-Rhone et dela Drome.” A glance at its contents decided
me to try the country known collectively as the Vercors, and
a cyclist friend having passed through the Lans valley earlier in
the summer and given satisfactory account, I took the morning
tourist-car from Grenoble on July 2nd, one of the many now
‘*‘doing”’ the Alps and outlying ‘‘ massifs’’ in connection with
the P.L.M. and Sud Railways. By these means rapid communi-
cations have been opened up with well-known entomological
centres, and a vast region of new country placed within easy
reach of the main lines. But after five weeks’ experience of
them I cannot say that I view the automobile alpine—by the
way the Academy is divided as to whether it is masculine or
feminine—as an unmixed blessing. From the tourist’s point of
view the cars travel far too swiftly—it is impossible to enjoy
the scenery ; while at present many of the mountain roads are
wholly unfit for motor traffic, and the shaking amounts to
positive torture of mind as well as of body. For when the setting
boards are full the anxious collector is speculating all the time
how many pins have got loose in the boxes, and trembling for
the fate of his rarities. On several occasions, notably on the
road from Barcelunnette to Prunieéres, the railway station on the
Briancon line, irreparable damage was done in the way of broken
antenne and split wings. Those who do their setting, as I do,
en route will do well, therefore, to examine the boards before and
after any involuntary game of Cup-and-Ball ofthe kind. Further,
the turns and twists of the mountain roads, bad enough in the
old diligence days, are nerve-shattering at the pace taken by
the French chauffeur; and, worst of all for the entomologist,
except when going slow uphill, the delight of spotting species by
the roadside is destroyed; even more so of the occasional walk
ahead with net or pill boxes by footpath short cuts, while
the horses-toil round the dusty zigzags. It was really quite
a relief when, on one occasion at least, 1 found the motor, for
want of passengers, superseded by the decayed and decrepit
diligence, otherwise consigned to indefinite stivation. But
against these drawbacks may be reckoned the rapidity of the
journey. Localities formerly reached in a day’s drive are
now but a few hours distant. While the completion of the
Annot tunnel on the Digne-Nice line has at length united by
rail and motor the Basses-Alpes and the Alpes-Maritimes. In
the ‘‘fifties”’ it took Bellier and Guillemot two days and two nights
in the diligence from Grenoble to Larche. The journey, with
intervals, now occupies barely twelve hours.
The Vercors may be reached either from Valence or Grenoble,
the usual starting point being Pont-en-Royans ; but wishing to
explore the Lans valley, as well as to see something on foot of
the Gorges of the Bourne, to which the road leads through
10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Villars, I chose the longer route. From Sassenage the road is
all up-hill, with steep gradients, and, as the motor slowed down,
I was able to see something of the larger butterflies at all
events on the flowery banks and rocky promontories through
which we wound. ‘The morning was fine; the sun full on the
slopes below the Gorge d’Engins, and butterflies were in force
with Satyrus cordula (males) in the ascendant, and very soon the
familar Hrebia stygne. Occasional Parnassius apollo sailed lazily
down the gullies, and the “‘ blues’’ were represented by Plebewus
argus (egon). Aporia crategi swung from the ox-eyed-daisy-
heads as we topped the Gorge and entered on the long, green,
highly cultivated valley of the Lans, and there even the
‘‘ whites’ became scarce until we reached the charming little
country-house Hotel du Pare, where I put up for a couple
of days; nor should I have pressed on so soon had not the
weather, from warm and sunny, changed suddenly to cool, with
much cloud hanging low upon the hills I had hoped to climb.
Flying down the road on the afternoon of the 2nd I saw one
freshly emerged Papilio machaon—the only one of its kind met
with until the very end of July—while a stroll towards the
Gorges of the Bourne brought me to much promising ground,
the waste places gay with the flowers of a fine red thistle-like
Centaurea, usually most attractive to my game. The next day,
therefore, I walked down the Gorge, which is singularly
beautiful with its forest and rushing stream, as far as the
bridge where the road divides, that to the left towards St.
Martin-en-Vercors, that to the right towards Pont-en-Royans.
The weather was all against collecting, but before mid-day
there were fitful gleams of sunshine, and at one or two points
by the roadside butterflies were flying, but difficult to reach
owing to the extreme steepness of the slopes, which, by the way,
were rosy with an abundance of ripe alpine strawberries. Hrebia
stygne was the commonest insect with A. crategi, and on one
small patch, full of wild balsams not yet in flower, Huchloe
cardamines and the spring form of Pieris napi were surprisingly
fresh, in contrast to Brenthis euphrosyne and Pararge hiera, both
of which species had seen their best days; a small dark race of
P. mera evidently just emerging. One fresh male, Melitea
dictynna, was put up among some raspberry bushes, where
M. athalia also occurred singly. Aglais urtice and Pyrameis
cardui showed the hibernators and their progeny overlapping.
The Lycznids were Polyommatus icarus and (one) Lycena arion.
But it was now so cold and the wind so high that I had to give
up collecting; the only other butterflies observed being
Thymelicus flavus (thawmas), Chrysophanus dorilis var. subalpina,
and one male C. virgauree picked up crushed on the gravel
path in front of the hotel. July 4th was equally windy and
cool—fine without sun—and the mountains still canopied with
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 11
cloud, so that I had little hope of achieving much in the way of
a bag on the path to the Col Vert—a mountain walk decidedly
reminiscent of the green unproductive Plombs of Cantal, de-
scribed by me in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xli. p. 266), the
similarity being heightened by the clumps of golden Genista
sagittalis—a food-plant by the way of Nomiades cyllarus, as.
M. Rehfous tells us.* ‘The presence of innumerable herds also
warned me of what I might expect, and the few butterflies met
with, chiefly Canonympha pamphilus and Cupido minimus, were
actually kicked out of the herbage. Waking next morning to
the same depressing weather conditions, I took advantage of the
motor for Pont-en-Royans, which makes the tour of the Gorges,
and after an interesting and exciting journey found the sun
shining brightly upon the most picturesque of riverside towns.
Thence the road mounts by the Petits Goulets to the Grands
Goulets, and on to Baraques, where I spent the rest of this and
the succeeding day with decidedly better results. Here there is
plenty of excellent collecting ground towards the northern
entrance to the Gorges, as well as between Baraques and La
Chapelle*en-Vercors, whither I was bound; and I only regret
that time prevented my making a longer stay, and that I had
not been able to include Pont-en-Royans itself in the plan of
campaign. Agriades corydon males were flying on the dusty road
outside Pont-en-Royans, and Parnassius apollo was soon in
evidence; S. cordula and E. stygne common at the gates of the
Grands Goulets in the Vallée d’Hchevis on the 5th and
most of the 6th under a hot sun. Both Thecla ilicis and
T’. spint pervaded the low sloe-bushes, with decidedly passées
P. podalirius females evidently ovipositing, and rather worn
occasional Limenitis camilla. Ccenonympha arcania, Aphantopus
hyperanthus, Pararge megera, and Melanargia galatea, were all
common and fresh ; the first perfect males of Satyrus hermione
basked on the warm rocks and feasted upon the usual dainties !
Brilhant G. rhamni affected the same small coppices by the
roadside, and a large tawny-winged butterfly which flew into my
net proved to be a newly emerged male Hugonia polychloros.
An even better terrain for butterflies, however, lies about a
mile and a half out of Baraques on the road to La Chapelle, my
next objective. At this point the mountains descend in easy
slopes to the road, and there is an abundance of shrub and flora;
the same red Centaurea, as before mentioned, again proving a
most effective lure for many species. Following a cart track up
the hill I was soon at work on what should have been a most
productive locality if only the sun had obliged. The afternoon
was far advanced before it came out at all strongly, and then
nearly everything had gone to roost. The morning of the 7th
*« * Bull. Soe. Lépid. Genéve,’ vol. ii. fase. 4, p. 241.
12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
did however yield an hour or two of warmth, and whenever the
sun broke through for a minute or two butterflies became
tantalisingly profuse. Iwas especially anxious to investigate the
Hesperiids of Drome, but though I worked hard at this point
and quartered every acre of the likely-looking ground, I only
succeeded in netting one of the elusive Black-and-White Skippers
which whizzed past me at long intervals, but seemed never to
rest upon the wing and to disappear like magic the moment the
light failed. This one example is of considerable interest all
the same. It is a splendid male Hesperia alveus—a true moun-
tain species as we now know, and entirely different from H.
armoricanus, the “‘ alveus’’ of the plains as heretofore supposed.
The coloration of the under side is also quite different to that of
my Pyrenean and Swiss Alpine examples, the ground tint being
deep rich green and not yellow- or olive-green, in this respect
resembling a single example of the same species taken by me last
year at Herkulesbad. Another surprise was the first Colias
captured—C. phicomone—a male, the largest I have seen; and
this at the lowest altitude I ever encountered the species—about
3000 ft. (Mr. Wheeler places the range in the Central Alps from
4000 ft. to 8000 ft., but mentions one even lower record, 2240 ft.,
Oberstalden (Frey) ). Of the Lycenids, Polyommatus hylas was
the most distinguished—a few males—and Aricia medon
(astrarche) the commonest; and the latter, if not actually
abundant, at least flying together in some quantity. Plebeius
argus raales were also well to the fore, and there were plenty of
Lycena arion males flitting with M. galatea over a little patch of
wheat at the foot of the slopes, the blades swaying in the wind
seeming also to have a peculiar fascination for P. apollo as
it made a regular up-and-down hill flight. C. hyale, very
swift on the wing, was common. But before noon the clouds
were up, and the night at La Chapelle-en-Vercors, in the cleanest
of little inns, so cold and grey, that I was again on the road south
at five in the morning, bound for the Col de Rousset in the
voiture publique which here, at all events, has not been snuffed
out by the motor. At this time of day, with a dour sky and
keen wind blowing, the road from La Chapelle to La Britiéere
and Rousset at the foot of the Col seemed uninviting. From the
latter village, however, the road becomes decidedly interesting,
and with sun and blue sky later in the day would no doubt be
productive, though it is still quite northern in character—
forest-trees and flora alike.
Finally, plunging into a long tunnel, we emerged at the
Refuge just below the actual summit of the Col de Rousset, and
at a step we had passed from the cool beech forests and
pallid verdure of the north to the true Midi of barren lavender-
haunted mountains, and aromatic wastes presently animated
with the myriad insect-life that moves and has its being under
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 13
the gracious influence of the sun. Above, a mist still hung over
the topmost cairn surmounting the tunnel. Three thousand
feet below lay Die glittering in the sun, and the sound of the
bells of the incoming diligence, mingling with those of the
herds on the dewy hill-pastures, was borne upwards with
the wind of the morning which is the breath of Provence. An
hour or so, with hot coffee and rolls, in the still chilly
*‘ cazebo’’ of the Refuge, and the sun was on the Col itself, and
presently, as we moved downwards, the limestone ravines be-
came alive with Hrebia stygne, Parnassius apollo, and Satyrus
cordula, Argynnis adippe, Issoria lathonia, S. alcyone; and in the
lavender region ‘‘ Blues” battling with the strong wind which
now blew up thick clouds of dust until we were all as white as
any Pierid of them all. Lower down, where the lavender and
wild-thyme were in full blossom, Colzas edusa put in an appear-
ance ; and I noted the first Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius
males, gleaming like jewels on the purple spikes of bloom with
azure A, thetis, P. hylas and A. escheri, the richly-purpled
“Blue” flying with them, being no, doubt that latest of
rediscovered Lycenids, Agriades thersites, though I did not
recognize it at the time. [ had hardly reached Die railway
station, however, when a whirlwind of dust, precursor of a
thunder shower, of exceptional violeace enveloped me ; and grate-
ful, indeed, was the rain upon the parched Avenue du Chemin
de Fer, as I endured it for a half hour in a fly-haunted, frowsy
restaurant, before the train—the slowest ‘“‘omnibus”’ surely
that ever crept—bore me away to Veynes, and late in a warm
night, now ‘‘ full of stars,” to Digne of many pleasant memories,
entomological and otherwise.
List or RHOPALOCERA TAKEN AND OBSERVED AT VILLARS-DE-
Lans (IshrE), aND IN THE VeERcorS (Droéme):—G. G.=Grands
Goulets. G.B.= Gorges dela Bourne. La Ch. = La Chapelle-
en-Vercors.—Hesperia alveus, La Ch.; Augiades sylvanus ;
Thymelicus lineola, T. flavus; Chrysophanus dorilis. var. sub-
alpina, G.B.; C. virgauree, Villard, C. alciphron var. gordius,
above Die; Lycena arion, La Ch., G. B.; Cupido minimus,
Villard, La Ch.; Aricia medon, G. B., La Ch.; Polyommatus
icarus, P. hylas, La Ch.; Agriades escheri, above Die; A. corydon,
Pont-en-Royans, A. thetis, and probably A. thersites, south side
Col de Rousset; Plebeius argus, G. B., La Ch.; Celastrina argiolus,
La Ch.; Thecla ilicis, T. spini, G. G., La Ch.; Papilio poda-
lirius, G. G., P. machaon, Villard; Parnassius apollo, above
Pont-en-Royans, G. G., LaCh., Col de Rousset; Aporia crategi;
Pieris brassice, P. rape, P. napi, G. B.; Huchloé cardamines,
G. B.; Leptidia sinapis, Colias phicomone, La Ch.; C. hyale,
C. edusa, Col de Rousset ; Gonepteryx rhamni, G.G., La Ch. ;
Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardui ; Vanessa io, La Ch.; Aglais urtice,
Eugonia polychloros, G. G.; Pararge mera, P. hiera, G. B.,
14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
P. megera; Satyrus hermione, G. G., La Ch., S. uleyone, Col de
Rousset, S. cordula, above Grenoble, Pont-en-Royans, G. G.,
La Ch., Col de Rousset; Hpinephele jurtina, E. tithonus, La Ch.;
Aphantopus hyperanthus, G. G., La Ch.; Canonympha arcania,
C. pamphilus ; Hrebia stygne, Gorge d’Engins, G. G., G. B.,
Col de Rousset ; Melanargia galatea.
(To be continued.)
SOME NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE
BAUME, VAR, 8S. FRANCE.
By Rev. F. E. Lows, M.A., F.E.S.
I. Burrerruizs.
WE spent part of our two last summers at La Sainte Baume
in Provence, a neighbourhood little explored, I think, by English
collectors. Our experience extended from June 24th to July
2nd in 1912, and from June 21st to July 5th in 1918. Asa
hunting-ground it proved a most interesting locality to the
lepidopterist, both for butterflies and, more particularly perhaps,
for moths.
The range of mountains known as La Chaine de la Sainte
Baume attains an average height of 2000 ft., and forms a bow-
shaped ridge running nearly parallel with the Mediterranean.
To the west the range terminates in the bold perpendicular mass
of limestone known as the Pic de Bretagne (8129 ft.), just within
the Department of Bouches-du-Rhone. From thence the moun-
tains, with a slight curve to the north-east, run across the
Department of Var, and come to a fine climax in the Pointe des
Beguines (3362 ft.). After this the ridge rapidly declines in
height, and merges in the generally hilly surface of this part of
Provence. The north part of the chain, on which is the famous
Grotto, from which the mountains take their name, is precipitous,
making almost a straight line against the sky between its two
extreme points. All the lower half of this side is clothed with
what is claimed to be virgin forest. It contains few really fine
trees ; but is exceptional in character for these regions. At the
foot of the mountains extends the tableland known as the Plateau
du Plan d’Aups, some 1800 ft. above sea-level. Here, immedi-
ately under the Grotto, is the Hotellerie de la Sainte Baume, our
headquarters.
The Hotellerie deserves a few words to itself, both on account
of the kindness of our host and hostess and also owing to its
history. The building was originally a religious house in charge
of the Dominicans, who were dispossessed by the Government in
1904. It was purchased by its present owners, largely with a
LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 15
motive of preserving its religious uses. And to those to whom
it appeals, there is an extraordinary charm in the devotional
atmosphere surrounding the place. For centuries it has been
a sacred spot to the warm-hearted and highly imaginative
Provencals. The centre of this feeling is a Grotto three-quarters
of an hour walk above the Hotellerie, in which, according to tradi-
tion, St. Mary Magdalene spent the last thirty-three years of her
life in penitential devotions. This large cave has been transformed
into a spacious church. At the back is a narrow natural plat-
form in the rock, upon which the Saint is said to have performed
her devotions, called Le Rocher de la Pénitence. Below is a .
reclining figure in marble of the Magdalene, a gift of the famous
Mgr. Dupanloup. The Grotto has for centuries attracted annu-
ally great numbers of pilgrims, among whom have been both
Popes and Kings. It is still in the present day the most highly
esteemed goal of Provencal devotees.
There is a beautiful little modern chapel in the Hotellerie,
containing some good mural paintings. Here Mass is celebrated
every morning, and all the staff and many of the visitors attend.
The Plateau du Plan d’Aups is reached by carriage and good
roads, ascending in the usual sweeps and zigzags, either from
Aubagne vid Gémenos on the west, or vid Nans from St. Maxmin
on the east. There is also another way from Auriol, joining the
Gémenos road outside the village of Plan d’Aups.
The plateau itself, of curious geological formation, is a stony,
arid plain, covered with stunted vegetation and a few small
isolated fir trees; flowers, at least at midsummer, are few. The
mountains of Sainte Baume wall it in on the south side, and
corresponding hills of less altitude, and more irregular, on the
north; at the east and west are deep valleys, through which
the above roads descend. The north side of the plateau is
curiously seared by irregular ridges of rock running from east to
west, about which is a considerable growth of broom and scrub,
often concealing dangerous holes and fissures between the up-
standing rock. All this is good ground for “‘ Hairstreaks,” and
** Blues ” especially.
On the first two days the wind rather interfered with collect-
ing, afterwards the weather was perfect. On June 22nd, there-
fore, I confined my work to the north side of the plateau where
the shrubs and rocks afforded some shelter, and there were many
warm corners. One of my first captures was an excessively
small female Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius. This insect,
I fancy, is very far from common in this neighbourhood. I only
took one other this year; that also a female. But their condi-
tion did not in the least suggest that the species was over.
Last year I only took one male. C. phleas, the only other
“‘ Copper” seen, was also quite a rarity. Perhaps later broods
would be more abundant. At this date Thecla spini was just
16 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
emerging, but became very common later. The specimens were
not so largeas those I have taken at Digne and La Granja; more
like the Rhone valley (Swiss) examples, but with the white line
and blue spot on the under side more pronounced. Thecla ilicis,
abundant, was generally worn; and var. esculi perhaps commoner
still, but I did not find 7. tlicis var. cerri. Of T. acacie I was
able to secure a few in fine condition and of large size; still it
was very scarce, and considerably more alert than its congeners.
One is accustomed to see Plebeius argus (egon) very abundant at
times, but never have I seen anything like the multitude of this
little ‘‘ Blue” extending over so wide an area. They fly in
numbers over the whole plateau, and hang from every grass
stem. The males were all of the form we expect in the south,
with shining silvery white under sides. The females showed
some variety. They were pretty evenly divided between all
brown forms, and others suffused in various degrees with blue,
but in many cases in both forms there is a very fine but strongly
defined white line on the upper side hind wing just before the
fringe. I sent one or two of these to Mr. Wheeler for inspection ;
who writes: ‘‘ The white line on the upper side hind wing is very
remarkable. I have only noticed it hitherto in medon, and it is
hardly so marked in any specimens I have ever seen, even of
that species.’ Of course, one effect of the white line is to throw
up the orange chevrons into greater prominence. The orange
in most cases (though not always) is continuous on both wings
almost to the costa of the fore wing. In one beautiful brown
specimen there is a series of small, but very distinct, blue spots
on the inner side of the orange marks, on the upper side hind
wing, faintly suggesting the marking of Orion var. ornata. One
other male aberration is destitute of all spots on the under side
of fore wings, including the discoidal, except the outer row,
thereby outdoing Icarus var. icarinus; and in the lower wings
the three spots nearest the anal-angle are long and elongated.
The next day I turned my steps towards the woods on the
east, especially one protected by a notice ‘“‘ Chasse Gardée ’—
which I took not to exclude a butterfly net. Here I saw the first
of a coming shower of Gonepteryx cleopatra, a male. Last year,
by the way, I was rather surprised to see several females two or
three days before a male appeared. Melanargia syllius had been
not uncommon, but was much worn. The best thing was
Leosopis roboris which appeared in increasing numbers during
our stay. I saw no ash at Sainte Baume; evidently the food-
plant here is oak; some German authors give also privet, and
even elder. The specimens were finer than those of Digne, and
the species much more abundant. Brenthis hecate also began to
show itself on the edge of the wood, and B. dia was of
exceptionally large size. I also got a very nice banded male
of Melitea athaha. All the athalia were dark, and very strongly
LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 17
marked. M. parthenie was in its last stage of tattered garments.
On the 24th Limenitis camilla was not infrequent on the road
descending to Nans, and G. cleopatra (females) and Satyrus
alcyone first appeared. On June 25th I made across the plateau
in the opposite direction to climb the Col de Bretagne. I
afterwards found that there is a much better path and much
better sport by the forest under the mountains. All the way
insects were most abundant. In one or two openings, or little
meadows, which slope southwards from the edge of the wood to
the plateau, I saw, I think, a greater number of butterflies than
I have ever seen in an equal space—not excepting Swiss locali-
ties. LL. camilla was specially noticeable. I have often seen
L. sybilla in flocks, but never before camilla, though the latter
is, I should say, a more widely distributed species.
At the top of the Col, just under the perpendicular mass of
the Pic de Bretagne, Polyommatus escheri was well represented
by strikingly fine specimens of both sexes. One female shot
with blue was the first I have seen of this form. I sent it to
Mr. Wheeler, who informs me that ‘“‘ this slightly blue form of
female escheri is stated by Turati to be cominon in the Alpes
Maritimes.” Mr. Wheeler further says that there is another
form about as blue as corydon ab. semisyngrapha; this has been
named subapennina by Turati, and is not very scarce on the
lower slopes of the Apennines; and that he himself has taken
one such at Fiesole, which he exhibited before the Entomological
Society, London, in 1909. These, I suppose, are comparatively
newly noted varieties, as I find no allusion to any blue forms of
the female either in Staudinger, Ruhl, Wheeler, or the new
editions of Spuler’s or Berge’s ‘Huropean Butterflies.* P.
eschert was to be taken all over the district, but it was on the
Col that it evinced the greatest beauty of form. In this walk
Pyrameis cardui was often to be seen, six and eight at a time.
Agriades thetis (bellargus ? adonis?) was also there, both worn and
in good order. The males generally large and of a deep blue,
rather of the lilac tone of colour, and frequent among them
ab. puncta, Tutt. Last year I had taken a very beautiful male
hybrid, polonus, and hoped, but in vain, to renew my good
fortune this year. A few ragged icarus were to be seen, and a
* The Polyommatus escheri of the Bouches du Rhéne has a special
form, and, though not so large as Andalusian examples, is generally larger
than those found on the Central Alps. M. Oberthiir makes special mention
of the female form (Lépid. Comparée, fase. iv. p. 214), to which he has given
the name var. fouwlquieri, after M. Gédéon Foulquier, of Marseilles, who,
with Dr. Siepi, has done so much to introduce lepidopterists to the fauna of
this interesting region. I do not think either of them report the form
analogous to syngrapha; but the “ slightly blue” form is not uncommon in
the hill districts of the south-east. I have myself taken it at Nyons (Dréme),
Allos (Basses-Alpes), and St. Martin-Vésubie (Alpes-Maritimes) ; and, in the
words of M. Oberthiir, these, like var. fowlquiert, “ montrent prés du corps,
des atomes bleus.”—(H. R.-B.).
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1914. Cc
18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
new brood began to appear before we left, but I should say the
species was not very abundant. The same remarks apply to
Cupido minimus and Nomiades semiargus ; while of Aricia medon
(astrarche) I saw but one, freshly emerged, near Nans at the end
of my visit.
While writing of the ‘‘ Blues’’ I will here make a leap of a
few days. On June 380th we moved down to the Hotel de Lorges,
near old Nans, at the foot of the road ascending to the plateau
of Plan d’Aups. This hotel is some 800 ft. lower down than
the Hotellerie. Late in the afternoon my wife and I, after
having taken rooms and arranged our baggage, went for a short
stroll. She called my attention to what she thought to be a
strange form of corydon at rest. I caught it and pill-boxed it,
but could only see the under side, which looked like a somewhat
unusual P. meleager. When killed it proved to be a typical
male Dolus. Of course on the next day we were on the look-out
for more, but it was not until two days later that it turned up
again, and then not on the same ground. The first specimen
was taken on the rocky sides of the hill upon which the ruined
chateau stands, but the rest were taken in the clearings of the
wood and edges of fields skirting the wood. On July 6th I got
six males and four females, and Mrs. Lowe two of each sex. In
this locality Dolus presents the double interest of affording
specimens both of the type and of var. vittata, usually assigned
solely to the Department of Lozére. I left before the species
was fully out, but my captures show of the type eleven males
and seven females, against five males and one female var. vittata.
It must be noted, however, that some of these reckoned of the
type form have a decided tendency to the streak on the upper
side hind wing which distinguishes the variety. They might be
called var. intermedia. This is particularly true of Certain of
the males.
All former specimens in my cabinet came from Florac and
Mende, the gifts of Mr. Jones and Mr. Rowland-Brown, and are
of course var. vittata. On comparing these with this year’s
catch at Nans, it is at once evident that the Nans specimens are
on an average considerably larger than those from the Mende
district—a much darker blue, and also have a very much
broader black edge to the wings. It is quite easy to pick out a
Nans specimen if you mix them together.
Agriades corydon began to appear on July 2nd at Nans, and
came out very slowly—the males with rather dark and sharply
defined margin; the females did not show up before we left. I
took one very beautiful example of var. cinnus.
One fine female, Libythea celtis, was taken between Nans and
Sainte Baume off flowers of bramble. But I never saw another,
neither could I see any plants of Celtis australis. At Sainte
Baume Satyrus alcyone had appeared on June 24th; at Nans,
LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME, VAR, S. FRANCE. 19
S. hermione came to hand with wings hardly dry on June 30th.
Of the Argynnids Brenthis hecate was fairly common and widely
distributed. B. dia passing, but had been remarkably fine and
very common. Of the big brotherhood, Argynnis niobe var. eris,
was the first to be seen, and not common; next A. adippe and
A. aglaia; and, lastly, Dryas paphia; these would all be
doubtless common later.
The little Canonympha dorus was very local, and never
abundant; C. arcania not in great numbers. C. pamphilus
gave me several nice forms, two var. bipupillata, one fine ab.
thersites, and, lastly, a beautiful female, in which the round
spot towards the apex of fore wings is of enormous size, with
white pupil on under side 3 mm. in diameter, or the exact size
of the letter O in Queen Victoria’s name on a florin of 1890.
This aberration I have decided to call glawcopis, until I hear
that it has been named before.
Before leaving on July 5th I had an hour or so in the
immediate neighbourhood of our hotel, and was lucky enough
to take a very perfect aberration of Melitea didyma (female).
These things are difficult to describe, and one is very conscious
of M. Oberthur’s reasons for demanding a figure of all named
varieties. The striking feature of this specimen is the wide
expanse of clear colour on the disk of all wings, devoid of the
usual black markings. It is yellow of the lightest occidentalis
forms, and the fore wings have no central markings whatever
between the single sharp zigzag black edge of the fringe and
two basal spots, which are open rings; above these, next the
costa, are two open marks which form the figure 30. The
lower wings are of the same ground colour as the upper, and all
black marks are gathered together in a central band formed by
wedge-shaped dashes. On the under side the primaries, which
are of a darker reddish tint than on the upper side, are
traversed by a central band of seven black dashes. The
secondaries, of a pale cold yellow, have the central light band
strongly defined between rows of large black spots, after which
the wing is self-coloured up to the black line before the fringe. I
have given to this, in honour of the locality, the name ab.
magdalena. The following is the complete list of butterflies
from Sainte Baume district noted by me, seventy-four in all,
exclusive of varieties.
PaPILIoNIDH.—Papilio podalirius, P. machaon.
PIERIDE.—Aporia crategi ; Pieris brassicae, P. rape, P. napi ;
Euchloe belia var. ausonia (one); Leptidia sinapis, scarce ;
Colias edusa and var. pallida (one), C. hyale, scarce; Gonepteryx
rhammi, G. cleopatra.
NympHALIDE. — Limenitis camilla; Pyrameis atalanta, P.
cardui; Hugonia polychloros; Polygonia c-album; Huvanessa
c 2
20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
antiopa ; Melitea phabe, M. cinxia (one), M. didyma, M. athalia,
M. parthenie ; Argynnis niobe var. eris, A. aglaia, A. adippe ;
Dryas paphia; Brenthis hecate, B. dia, B. euphrosyne (one
worn).
Satyripm.—Pararge egeria var. intermedia, P. mera, P.
megera; Satyrus hermione, S. alecyone, S. circe ; Hipparchia
semele; Epinephele jurtina, E. pasiphe; Canonympha pamphilus
and vars. C. dorus, C. arcania; Melanargia syllius, M. galathea
var. procida.
LisytHeipm.—Libythea celtis.
Lycmnipm.—Chrysophanus alciphron var. gordius; C. phleas
and var. eleus-ceruleopunctata; Cupido minimus; Nomiades
semiargus ; Polyommatus dolus and var. vittata, P. hylas, P.
escheri, P. icarus ; Agriades thetis and hyb. polonus, A. corydon
and ab. cinnus; Aricia medon; Plebeius argus; Celastrina
argiolus ; Leosopis roboris; Thecla spini, T. ihcis, T. escult,
T. acacia ; Callophrys rubt; Zephyrus quercus.
Hesreripm.—LHrynnis aleee (one); Hesperia cartham, H.
alveus var.?*; Pyrgus sao; Thymelicus acteon common, 1’.
lineola, T’. flavus ; Pamphilus sylvanus.
NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA.
By L. N. G. Ramsay, M.A., B.Sc.
Tue remarkable insects of the genus Rhyssa have for long
been known to prey on the wood-boring larve of Siricide,
introducing their eggs into the tunnels of the latter by means of
their enormously elongated ovipositor. The ovipositor is some-
times even found sticking ina Sirex-infested log (as, for example,
the specimens exhibited in the insect gallery at South Kensington),
but, I understand, the manner in which the insect contrives to
insert this unwieldy appliance into the tree-trunk has not
hitherto been fully described. I hope, therefore, that the
following account may be of interest to entomologists.
The event described was witnessed in the summer of 1909,
while I was staying in the southern part of the Black Forest, to
the west of the Wehratal. On the afternoon of August 29th,
while skirting a wood—the very finest conifers of the Black
Forest flourish in this locality—I happened to pause beside a pile
of small pine-logs, and as I stood there one of these extraordinary
insects appeared and settled on one of the logs. I will quote
verbatim from my notes written the same day :—“‘ It sat still for
some time, and then began to walk about, feeling every hole and
* Probably H. belliert var. fowlquiert.—(H. R.-B.)
NOTE ON THE OVIPOSITION OF RHYSSA. ea |
corner in the rough bark with its long antenne. After a minute
or two of this it stopped, and drew up its long body, doubling the
long black ovipositor underneath itself; it had to hitch itself up
- several times before it got the long needle into position under-
neath, with the tip in a crevice. Then it gripped the bark with
its claws and gradually thrust the ovipositor about half an inch
into the bark, then suddenly flew away, perhaps because it
completed laying the eggs, perhaps because I had gone too
Glose.s aye: ie
Immediately after, I made the rough sketches of the beast
which accompany this note. These are probably a little larger
than life, although the insect was a very large one. I noted
that the abdomen was black and white, the legs pale, and the
antenne black.
EXPLANATION OF FicureEs (diagrammatic).—1. The insect reconnoitring
the bark with its antenne. 2. Getting the ovipositor into position. 3. The
insect just before flying away; the ovipositor thrust home in a crevice.
(Sketched from life.)
At the time I was unaware of the insect’s identity, but on
seeing the specimens of Rhyssa exhibited at the Natural History
Museum this year, I at once recognised my old acquaintance,
and comparison of the other species of the genus in the cabinet
collections there leaves little, if any, doubt that this was
R. persuasoria.
The figures will help to indicate the manner in which the
insect succeeded in bringing its unwieldy ovipositor to bear on
the log. As mentioned above, these were drawn before I left the
spot (with the exception of the second, which I have added now
to make the action clearer), and they are reproduced without
any change from my original rough drawings. As the insect
99, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
had already taken its departure, they are necessarily crude, as
it was the only example of its kind on which I had ever set eyes.
For this and for their obvious artistic defects I shall make no
further apology, as they are merely intended to convey the
manner in which the insect accomplished its object.
Sharp* figures (after Riley) the allied genus Thalessa in the
act of oviposition, and states that in both these genera the
ovipositor “‘is brought into use by being bent on itself over the
back of the insect, so as to bring the tip vertically down on to
the wood, through which it is then forced by a series of efforts ;
the sheaths do not enter the wood.”
It is evident that this description does not tally with the
foregoing observations on Rhyssa. The insect figured by Sharp
follows his statements in having its long ovipositor bent on itself,
out ofits normal and approximately straight form, into an almost
complete circle. From purely physical considerations, is it not
a little difficult to understand how a non-muscular structure
could be curved at will in this way? The possibility suggests
itself to the present writer that the insect there figured, after
having inserted its ovipositor in the manner described in this
note for Rhyssa, may have pivoted its body through an angle of
180° around the flexible fixed ovipositor, in its efforts to thrust
the latter into an unusually resistant piece of wood. This might
easily happen through the insect’s shifting its feet again and
again to obtain a better purchase, and would explain the whole
matter very simply, as the ovipositor in such a case would
naturally assume the position figured.
[There can be no doubt at all that Mr. Ramsay’s notes refer
to R. persuasoria, L., which has an extremely wide distribution
through Europe to Canada and the United States in the West,
and the Himalayas in the Hast, since it is to the best of my
knowledge the only species attacking pinetophagous larve. R.
approximator, Fab., is said by Holmgren to attack Xyphydria
prolongata, which feeds in oak; and there are several interesting
accounts of the American species’ economy (Canad. Entom. xi.
1879, p. 15, &c.) and Harrington has (I. c. xix. p. 206) put on
record ‘“‘ The Nuptials of Thalessa.” Myr. Ramsay appears to
take it for granted that these insects bore for themselves an egg-
passage through the solid wood; but it is by no means proved
that they do not oftener introduce them along the tunnel of the
host larva (cf. Morl. Ichn. Brit. iii. p. 25, et Revision Ichn. Brit.
Mus. u. p. 10).—Ciaupr Morty. |
* ‘Cambridge Natural History, Insects,’ pt. i. p. 554, 1895.
23
A MONOGRAPH or tHe Genus OSPRHYNCHOTUS, Srinoua.
Family IconzEumonip#: Subfamily Cryprinm: Tribe Crypripes.
By CraupEe Mortey, F.Z.S., &e.
THis genus has been twice excellently described; in the
first place, by Spinola (Magaz. de Zool. x1. 1841, p. 45), and
later, in ignorance of any previous knowledge of it, by de
Saussure (Distant’s ‘ Naturalist in the Transvaal,’ 1892, p. 229,
under the name Distantella), though neither author assigned it
a very definite classified position. That it is distinct from
Acroricnus, Ratz. (= Linoceras, Tasch.), I am able to state from
an examination of the typical species of both genera; Dalla
Torre treated Ratzeburg’s genus as synonymous, but Schmiedek-
necht in 1904 correctly tabulated the palearctic kinds under
Acroricnus, which differs from Osprhynchotus in possessing two
strong metanotal transcarine in place of only a subbasal one,
in having the hind tibiz normal and not incrassate throughout,
in its lack of central setz beneath the hind onychii, in its less
‘compressed abdomen, posteriorly broader head with less excavate
frons, in its centrally intercepted nervellus ; but most especially
in having the mouth parts but slightly produced, whereas in
true Osprhynchotus species they are rostriform, with both cheeks
and clypeus no shorter than the face, surmounted by strongly
exserted labrum and ligula, extending in all to three and a
half millimetres below the scrobes in the typical species.
‘*Osprynchotus’”’ peronatus, Cam. (Kntom. 1902, p. 182; placed in
** Linnoceras”’ by its author at ‘ Spolia Zeylanica,’ 1905, p. 97) is
an Acroricnus and very common in India, whence I have seen
it from the Khasi Hills, Simla, Labatach, Sikkim, Shillong, and
the Kangra Valley. I may be permitted to here bring forward
the unknown female of Acroricnus syriacus, Mocs. (Magy. Akad.
Term. Ertek. xii. P. 11, 1888, p. 12, male), which differs from
the male in little but its terebra, and this is as long as the
abdomen, excepting the petiole; it is a true member of that
genus and was captured by Hscalera during 1900 at Kuh Sefid
in south-west Persia.
The large size and nigrescent or brunneous wings of
Osprhynchotus render it one of the most conspicuous genera of
the Ichneumonide. That considerable confusion has existed
concerning the synonymy of the species is owing to the fact that
Brullé, in my opinion, described an extremely rare one in 1846,
and that Tosquinet mistook it for the commonest in 1896.
W. A. Schulz’s remarks upon this genus (Zool. Annalen,
1911, pp. 35-87), all the species of which he there wishes to
regard as synonymous, appear to have been based upon
insufficient material; he professes to have seen five examples of
my last species, thirteen of my first, and an unrecorded number
united under my second to fourth. Among these he failed to
24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
discover any plastic distinctions sufficient to justify specific rank
(though I consider the difference in shape of the areolet and
brachial cell to be constant), and thinks the “distribution of
red-brown colour varies greatly, apparently according to in-
dividual developement”; to me this variation appears very
slight, and that of the hind tibial colour even less so. The
synonymy of the whole genus is repeated in the same critic’s
“‘ Zweihundert alte Hymenopteren”’ (Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1912,
p. 68), where O. violator, Thunb., alone is allowed to stand,
though far antedated by O. objurgator, Fab., as I pointed out in
1909.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
(8). 1. Wings, basal abdominal segment and part of thorax black.
(3). 2. Areolet externally subrectangular above ; bra-
chial cell apically less explanate; anus pale;
flagellar pale band usually six-jointed . 1. violator, Thunb.
(2). 3. Areolet externally rounded above; brachial
cell apically strongly explanate; anus black;
flagellar pale band usually four-jointed.
4. Propleurz and temples utterly glabrous; hind
tibize white only to their centre . . 2. objurgator, Fab.
5. Propleurz striate and temples pilose; central
hind tibial flavous band extending far beyond centre.
6. Hind tibial black band longer than calearia:
length 27 mm. : k 3 ; . 3. gigas, Kriech.
(6). 7. Hind tibial black band not longer; length
21 mm. . . 4. ruficeps, Cam.
8
9
(1). 8. Wings brown, basal abdominal segment and
nearly whole thorax red.
(10). 9. Wings basally paler; flagellum and hind legs
red and not pale banded . O. pulcherrimus, Kirby.
(9). 10. Wings unicolorous; flagellum and hind legs
black, pale banded ; : 2 . 8. flavipes, Brullé.
1. OSPRHYNCHOTUS VIOLATOR, Thunb.
Ichneumon violator, Thunb. Mem. Acad. Sc. Petersb. ix. 1824,
p- 803; cf. Roman, Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, i. 1912, p. 288.
Osprhynchotus capensis, Spin. Mag. Zool. xi. 1841, p. 75,
male, female. Distantella trinotata, Sauss. Nat. Trans-
vaal, 1892, p. 280, female.
Maximilien Spinola beautifully figures (loc. cit. pl. Ixxv.)
both sexes with details of the head and of the male abdomen,
which latter is not apically pale; he regarded the genus as a
‘‘ Sous-famille des Ophionides”’ and derived his generic name
from the rostriform mouth; only three examples of both sexes
were known to him, from the Cape of Good Hope. I have
examined what Mr. W. L. Distant assures me is the type
specimen of Saussure’s elaborately described genus Distantella,
and find it to be entirely synonymous with O. capensis, Spin.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS. 25
This genus has since been employed by both Cameron* and
Schmiedeknecht, with the erroneous characters ascribed to it
by Ashmead (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1900, p. 41), for very
different insects, whose position is consequently untenable.
Though Saussure records only a single female from Pretoria,
there is a long series of (presumably) cotypes from that locality
in Distant’s collection, now in Mus. Brit.; the former was at a
loss where to place the genus and adds, “ Je ne crois pas pouvoir
le placer, ailleurs que dans la tribe des Cryptiens.”’ ‘There area
score of females in Mus. Brit. found by Dr. Smith in 1844 in
South Africa, in 1852 in West Africa, in 1859 at Knysna in
South Africa, later at Sterkfontein, &c., in the Transvaal,
Queenstown in Cape Colony, and in March, 1900, at Slievyra,
in Natal. I have also seen it from Bonnefoi, in the Transvaal,
in the Deutsches Entomologisches Museum of Berlin.
2. OSPRHYNCHOTUS OBJURGATOR, Fab.
Ichneumon objurgator, Fab. 8. I. 1781, p. 426; Cryptus objur-
gator, Fab. Piez. 1804, p.79, female. Osprynchotus heros,
Schlet. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1891, p. 33, female; Tosq.
l. c. 1896, p. 248, male, female.
This species is described :—Head and thorax dull red and
punctate; male face white; antenne black, white-banded;
abdomen black, smooth and shining, apically compressed; legs
black, the front ones dull red with tibiz dull stramineous, the
hind tibiz and sometimes their tarsi pure white-banded ; wings
infuscate-violaceous ; length, male 20 mm. and female 28 mm.
All this, as I have already pointed out (Entom. 1909, p. 135),
exactly agrees with the type of Fabricius’s species, which is still
preserved in the Banksian Cabinet in the British Museum. This
species is extremely constant in the coloration of its hind tibie,
and the score in Mus. Brit. all have pure white hind tibial bands,
extending only to the centre, in both sexes. Schletterer’s female
was from the equator in the Congo, Fabricius’s from ‘‘ Africa
equinoctiali”; Tosquinet gives it a range through Togoland,
the Cameroons and Senegal, to Sierra Leone; and it appears
pretty constant to that latitude, for I have seen examples only
* Distantella pilosella, Cameron (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1909,
p. 729) is a true Cryptws, sensu Thoms., male. Of Cameron’s other Indian
species of Cryptus, C. luculentus (Entom. 1905, p. 85) = tarsolewcus, Schr. ;
C. himalayensis (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1904, p. 106) = Hedycryptus—not a good
genus—filicornis, Cam. (Zeits. Hym.-Dip. 1903, p. 299); C. orientalis
(Manch. Mem. 1897, p. 16) = obscurus, Grav. ; C.nurset (J. Bomb. N. Hist.
Soc. 1906, p. 285) = insidiator, Smith; Bwathra—not a good genus—ru/i-
ventris (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1903, p. 284) must be included and is probably hardly
distinct from apparitortus, Vill.; nor is C. bibulws (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1904,
p- 106) from C. albatorius, Vill. Cryptus indicus, Cam. (Manch. Mem.
1897, p. 15) = Mesoleptus annulipes, Cam. (lib. cit. 1900, p. 103) = Syzeuctus
annulipes, Morley, Fauna of India, Ichn. 1913, p. 286.—C. M.
26 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
from Sierra Leone in 1888 (Rev. F. D. Morgan), Sierra Leone
(J. J. Simpson and W. G. Clements in 1893), Shengay in the
north Sherbro District of Sierra Leone in 1910 (W. Addison),
Kokona on March 26th, 1912, Gigbema on August 22nd, 1912,
Bunbumbo on August 15th and 16th, 1912, and Kamagbouse on
April 6th, 1912; from Nigeria at Ilorin on June 8rd, 1912,
Minna during 1911 (J. W. Scott-Macfie), and on October 18th,
1910 (J. J. Simpson), Oshogbo, in southern Nigeria, in 1910
(Dr. T. F. G. Mayer) ; from the Congo in 1848 (Dr. Richardson)
and 1890 (Miss Sharpe); from the Kast Neave has sent several
females from the Tero Forest, near Buddu, taken at the end
of September, 1911, at 8800 ft., and near Kumi and Lake Kiogo
at 3500 ft. in the Uganda Protectorate during the preceding
August. The Deut. Ent. Museum has it from Togo and the
Cameroons.
3. OspRHYNcHoTUS GIGas, Kriech.
Osprynchotus gigas, Kriech. Mem. Accad. Sc. Bologna, iv. 1894,
p. 86, female.
This I believe to be the commonest species of the genus. It
is described :—Black; head transverse, posteriorly obliquely
constricted and red with the facial orbits paler, fulvescent ;
antenne black with scape red, and the eighth to twelfth joints
pale fulvous; mesonotum rugosely punctate, and not at all red;
metanotum rugose; scutellum somewhat convex, punctate,
centrally subglabrous, with the prescutellar lateral lamine red-
marked; abdomen glabrous and nitidulous, with terebra 12 mm.
in length; front legs red, with infuscate tarsi; the posterior
black with a band, occupying about two-thirds of the hind tibie,
pale flavous; most of the apical half of the hind metatarsi, and
whole of the second to fourth joints, concolorous; wings dark
violaceous, with their apices broadly black; a subpellucid mark
beyond the stigmal base, and three hyaline fenestre in the
disco-cubital, second recurrent and outer areolar nervure;
length, 27 mm. Kriechbaumer’s above account is not very
accessible and was overlooked by Tosquinet; I, consequently,
give it in extenso from his part of the paper ‘‘ Rassegna degl’
Imenotteri Raccolti nel Mozambico dal Cav. Fornasini.”’
I have seen a hundred and forty specimens of both sexes (the
male differs in no way but its paler red capital colour) which
agree exactly with this description from Abyssinia, British East
Africa, Uganda, German Hast Africa, Nyassaland, Mocambique,
Delagoa Bay, north and north-east Rhodesia, Natal; and a
male in the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s collection which is labelled
** Senegal,” but several of his African localities were incorrect,
and the present species seems rare or wanting towards the east
of the Continent. I have seen both sexes in the Deut. Ent.
Museum from Three Sisters, near Barberton, in the Transvaal,
where they occurred during October and December.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS OSPRHYNCHOTUS. 27
4, OSPRHYNCHOTUS RUFICEPS, Cam.
Osprynchotus ruficeps, Cam. Ann. 8. African Mus. 1906, p. 142,
female.
Male and female. A black species, with flagellar band
stramineous; female with head, under side of scape, and most
of prothorax red; male with face, under side of scape flavous,
thorax black; both sexes have the hind tibiew flavous with
extreme base, and a band at their apex not longer than their
calearia, black; hind tarsi flavous with a band at their base
shorter than the calecaria, and onychu, black ; wings violaceous;
length, 21 mm., terebra, 10 mm. I greatly doubt if this species
be aught but a small and southern form of the last; Cameron
did not know O. gigas, Kriech., and the present species seems
separable from it only in its smaller size and narrower black
hind tibial band. It was described from the Umvoti River in
Natal; and I have seen a dozen examples, agreeing in the above
characters, from East Karoo, in Cape Colony (A. Howarth), Port
Natal, in 1856 (Mr. Plant), Howick, in Natal (J. Cregoe), the
Transvaal on November 29th, 1896 (A. Ross and A. J. Cholmley,
1906), Johannesburg and Sterkfontein (H. P. Thomasset), and
Pretoria (Distant).
5. OSPRHYNCHOTUS PULCHERRIMUS, Kirby.
Cryptus pulcherrimus, Kirby, Bull. Liverpool Museum, iii. 1900,
p. 14, and ‘The Natural History of Sokotra and Abdelkuri,’
by H. O. Forbes, 19038, p. 237.
The type was taken at Homhil (one female) at 1500 ft. in
Eastern Sokotra on January 23rd, 1899; and cotypes:—One
female at Dahamish at 350 ft., in Sokotra, on December 24th,
1898; one female at Goahal Valley, in Eastern Sokotra, on
January 16th, 1899, and one male at Thluteed at 1200 ft., in
Sokotra, on January 15th, 1899. All these are in Mus. Brit.
The lack of all black or red markings renders this species
conspicuously distinct ; its mouth is no less rostriform than in
its congeners, and I was in error (Entom. 1911, p. 212) in
ascribing it to the genus Acroricnus croricnus, Ratz.
6. OsPRHYNCHOTUS FLAVIPES, Brulle.
Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. iv. 1846, p. 185, female; (?) Tosq. Mem.
Soc. Ent. Belg. 1896, p. 246, male, female.
This species was originally recorded from Senegal only;
subsequently, Tosquinet, whose description looks like a com-
pound of Brullé’s and that of O. gigas, Kriech., adds such diverse
localities as Togoland, Angola, the Cape, Tanganyka, the Congo,
and Scioa, but I place no reliance upon his -knowledge of the
present genus. In my own experience, which is slender, this
species is extremely rare, and has, I believe, been misunderstood
by all subsequent authors. Schulz professes to recognize it
from both Senegal and Senegambia. I have seen but a singie
28 “THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
female, labelled ‘‘ Gambia” in the British Museum, which would
point to a range nearly as restricted as that of the last species ;
this female exactly agrees with Brullé’s description in every way,
especially in the red basal segment and the terebral length of
twelve millimetres, not only eight as indicated by Tosquinet.
The species referred to under the present name by Col. Bingham,
(Trans. Zool. Soc. xix. 1909, p. 179) from Mount Ruwenzori, is
O. gigas, which was at that time mistaken for it in the National
Collection. The coloration of O. flavipes is quite distinctive :—
Head, thorax, scape and extreme apices of antenne rosy; the
last with only two joints white; mesonotum and metanotum
sometimes more or less, but never entirely, nigrescent; abdomen
black, with the basal segment entirely red; legs ferrugineous
with the hind femora, tibie and tarsi black, the basal half of
their tibiz and second to fourth tarsal joints very pale flavous ;
wings brownish, not at all nigrescent, but with violaceous
reflection ; length, female, 25 mm.
TWO new MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES rrom ALGERIA.
By Frep. V. Tueosatp, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., &e.
Tur two new Aphides described here were taken by Mr. P.
A. Buxton and Mr. R. Gurney in ants’ nests in Algeria; one of
them was also found with termites. So far only a single aphid
has been recorded from the nests of white ants, namely, T'ermit-
aphis circumvallata, Wasmann (Tijdschr. v. Entomol. xlv. 1902,
pe 10o,) plrg, ies. Te airsCh)
Professor Robert Newstead informs me that he is describing
another peculiar form from termite nests in the West Indies.
One of the two species described here is very marked, and
this I have placed in a new genus for which I propose the name
Rectinasus. The other comes in the genus Forda, although the
adult female presents a somewhat different form to the other
known Fordas. The ant hosts are given with the species
described.
Genus Recrinasus, nov. gen.
Antenne of five segments, long, often over half the length of the
body, rather thin, the first and second segments small, of about equal
length, third and fifth long, about equal in length, fourth short,
slightly longer than the second, the first and second have a short
blunt spine, at the apex and base respectively. Hyes small.
Proboscis long, from two-thirds the length of the body to a little
longer than the body, carried at a marked angle to the body, often
nearly at right angles ; acuminate, hairy. Setaceous mandibles and
maxilla long. Body segmented. Cornicles absent. Legs rather
. long and thin, but somewhat thicker in young forms.
* This insect has since been placed in a new family.
TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES FROM ALGERIA. 29
The marked characters of this genus are the antenne and
the projecting long proboscis.
The viviparous apterous female only known.
Found in company with ants.
_Rectinasus buxtoni, nov. sp.
Apterous viviparous female-—Ochreous yellow to pale yellow and
almost pearly white, pubescent; legs and antennze brown; proboscis
black at the apex, brown to nearly the base in some, paler in others.
Eyes black. Frons more or less porrected. Vertex convex to flat,
broad, hairy. Antenne of five segments, the two basal ones small,
of nearly equal length, the basal one somewhat the wider, the apex
a.
Rectinasus buxtoni, nov. sp.
A. Head of apterous viviparous female; a, antenne; al, joint of first and
second segments, showing spines a?; a*, apex of antenne; b, eye; c, labrum; cl,
maxille ; c? and c3, mandibles; d, proboscis. 5B. Variations in head a, b, and c.
C. Lateral tubercle. D. Labrum, d! apex further enlarged.
of the first and base of the second with a-small dark, blunt, median
projecting process, pointed towards one another, third segment long,
fourth short, but longer than the second, fifth as long as the third,
ending in a short, blunt nail, a small round sensorium at the apex of
the fourth and a peculiar shaped one at the base of the nail on
the fifth ; all the segments hairy, in some the antenne are nearly as
long as the proboscis, in others shorter. Proboscis carried at a
marked angle to the body, bent near the base, acuminate, the apex
of the last segment, which is long and thin, black, hairy; setaceous
mandibles and maxille long ; labrum moderately long, porrected, base
with some hairs. The proboscis varies in length, usually about two-
thirds the length of the body, but may be longer. Frons often porrected.
30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Pronotum constricted from the rest of the body, which is oval.
Abdomen with short hairs on the anterior three-fourths, longer
ones behind with shorter ones between. Cauda rounded to cone-
shaped, very hirsute, hairs long. Pore-like, oval, flat tubercles at
the sides.
Legs rather long and thin, projecting; femora wider than the
tibiz, tarsi of two segments, the basal one small, all the segments
with fine short hairs.
Length.—1°5 to 2°3 mm.
Habitat.—Lambése, Batna, EK. Algeria.
Time of Capture.— April 5th, 1918.
Notes.—A large number taken in ants’ nests (Pherdole palli-
dula, Nyl.), under the same stone as a nest of the termite
(Leucotermes lucifugus, Ross), and three specimens from nest of
Bothryomyrmex meridionalis by Mr. R. Gurney at the same time.
The head varies somewhat in form; in some it is convex in
front, in others flat, and some appear to have a median sulcus.
The relative length of the antenne and proboscis also varies; in
young forms they are about the same length, in older ones the
antenne are considerably shorter than the proboscis. With
regard to the connection with termites there is some doubt, for Mr.
Buxton sends the following from his notebook :—‘‘ Ant, Aphis and
Termite all under the same stone. The termites probably not
in association, but ants and aphides actually in the same nest.”’
The termite has been determined by Holmgren as Leuco-
termes lucifugus, Ross.
Forda rotunda, nov. sp.
Apterous viviparous female-——Dull white above, much domed ;
flattened below, brown, the marked segments darkened apically.
Antenne less than one-fourth the length of the body, thin, of five
segments, the two basal ones short, about the same length, the basal
one wider than the second, third segment the longest, slightly narrower
than the second, about as long as the fourth and fifth together, the last
two equal, a single round sensorium near the apex of the fourth and
one large one and one or two small round ones at the base of the very
short, blunt nail on the fifth, the last two segments brown, the rest
yellowish, all the segments with fine short hairs.
Eyes small and black, projecting from the side of the head.
Vertex rounded or curved, nude. Proboscis short and _ thick,
reaching just past the second cox, dark at the tip, with two sub-
terminal sete; setaceous mandibles and maxill# rather short, the
former spirally curled; proboscis bent under the body and more or
less closely applied to it. A few hairs on the posterior of the body ;
cauda very hirsute, hairs curved apically; no trace of segmentation
on the white domed dorsum which has the appearance of white kid ;
markedly segmented on the brown venter.
Legs brown, first and second pairs very short, the femora thick
and nearly as long as the tibie; tarsi of two segments, the same
length in the first two pair of legs; third pair of legs longer, just
TWO NEW MYRMECOPHILOUS APHIDES FROM ALGERIA. 31
projecting beyond the body, femora much thicker and shorter than
the tibiae; tarsi longer than in the two front pairs; the basal segment
of the feet, small; tibize and tarsi hairy, hairs very fine and short.
Length.—3 mm.
Inmature viviparous female.-—Colour varying from pale yellow
to dull brownish grey. Legs pale yellowish brown. Antennex
with the last two segments pale brown; two basal segments short,
about equal length, the basal one broader than the second, the third
the longest, about as long as the fourth and fifth, which are equal, a
sensorium on the apex of the fourth and one at the base of the short
blunt nail on the fifth, with two to four smaller ones surrounding
Forda rotunda, nov. sp.
A. Head of mature apterous female; c, antenne; c!, further enlarged apex ;
b, proboscis; b!, mandibles; b?, maxille; a, eye; al, eye further enlarged. B.
Head and antenn# of immature female. D. Front tarsus. E. Proboscis. F.
Lateral view of cauda. G. Hind tarsus.
it, all the segments with small hairs. Eyes small and black, not so
projecting as in the adult. Proboscis reaching just to the third
cox, of similar form to the adult. Legs longer in proportion than
the adult, well projecting from the body, otherwise similar. Cauda
rounded, hairy, hairs long and curved apically.
Length.—2 to 2°5 mm.
Habitat— Hammam Meskoutine, EH. Algeria.
Time of Capture.—April 3rd, 1913.
Notes.—One mature female and four immature ones taken
in ants’ nests (T’apinoma erraticum).
There is no doubt that these are all one species, although the
mature form looks very different, its swollen appearance, its white
kid-like upper surface and flat brown venter with marked segmen-
tation is very characteristic, the younger forms are more Forda-
like, whilst the adult approaches a Tycheoides in appearance but
the antenna are Forda-like. The hairy cauda is prominent in all.
The types of both species have been placed in the National
Museum at South Kensington.
32, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT,
COLORADO.
By T. D. A. CockERELL.
ORTHOPTERA are uncommon in the Tertiary rocks, and
usually poorly preserved, although they must have abounded in
former times as now. Probably most of the species were better
able to escape destruction during volcanic eruptions than
smaller and more fragile insects. The Miocene shales of Floris-
sant have yielded no fewer than thirty-three species, and although
this must be but a small fragment of the Orthopterous fauna of
that time, it is sufficient to give us some idea of the types exist-
ing perhaps a million years ago. Two new species have been
recently discovered by Professor Wickham, and are described
below.
The Forficulide are represented at Florissant by the extinct
genus Labiduromma, Scudder, with no fewer than ten species.
Karwigs are the only Orthoptera in the shales which can be
called common.
Blattide are represented by three genera still living in
America, each with a single species. It is possible that the
species referred to Zetobora is really an Ischnoptera, and iden-
tical with the described member of that genus.
The Mantide are represented by three species, referred to
two genera, both believed to be extinct. Scudder has described
one Phasmid, placing it in Agathemera, a neotropical genus still
extant. In the Acridiide we find the apparently extinct genus
Teniopodites, Ckll. of the Acridiine; three species of Gidipodine ;
and three of Tryxaline. All these Acridians, whenever their
generic characters can be made out, seem to belong to extinct
genera. In the Locustide we have Palgorehnia, Ckll., a remark-
able extinct genus referred to Phaneropterine ; a very dubious
member of the Pseudophylline ; Lithymnetes, Scudd., an extinet
genus placed in the Oriental and Australian group Phyllo-
pharine ; a Conocephaline referred to the living genus Orcheli-
mum; two Decticine, belonging to the living genera Capnobotes
and Anabrus; and two species of the widely distributed Gryll-
acris, of the subfamily Gryllacridine (Gryllacrine, Kirby,
Scudder).
As the list stands, less than a third of the species seem to
belong to modern genera, and it is quite possible that if we had
complete specimens of these, at least some of them would prove
to be incorrectly assigned. On the other hand, it may be that
some of the genera described as extinct are still living. The
whole matter must stand subject to future revision, should
better materials be brought to light; but we can at least say
this, that the Miocene Orthoptera of Colorado were, on the
THE FOSSIL ORTHOPTERA OF FLORISSANT, COLORADO. 33
whole, strikingly different from the existing fauna of that region,
and were like those of warmer regions to the south. The appa-
rent resemblances in some cases to the Old World fauna may
possibly be deceptive, but if they are not, they fall in line with
the indisputable occurrence of such Old World genera as Glossina
and Halter.
ACRIDIIDE.
Tyrbula scuddert, n. sp.
Hind leg with femur 174 mm. long, 34 wide, superior carine
strongly marked ; many broad oblique brown bars, broader than the
intervals between them. Tibia of same leg 182 mm. long, $ mm.
wide, the hind margin with sixteen large, two medium, and four
small spines, the uppermost (small) one 32 mm. from base of tibia,
the first large spine 7 mm. from base; the large spines formed as in
T. multispinosa, but so closely set that their bases almost touch, and
the longest spines are nearly 1} mm. long; the longer spine at apex
of tibia is about 1 mm. long. Tarsus 6 mm. long.
Tegmen as preserved about 29 mm. long, but if complete it would
probably be about 32 mm.; width about 5mm. A slight indistinct
marbling, but no distinct spots or bands. Venation as indicated in
Tyrbula scudderi, Cockerell. a. Tegmen. bs. Tibial spines.
the figure; the costal region broadly expanded, with oblique, rarely
branching veins, much as in Straplewra texana as figured by
McNeill; the first subcostal branch must be very short, as it is not
clearly visible, the base of the costal field being suffusedly brown
without well-preserved veins; the rest of the venation shows a
general resemblance to that of various Tryxalines, with the following
peculiarities : radius branching about middle of tegmen, the branches
continuing close together, joined by numerous cross veins, approach-
ing in apical field, but diverging again, the lower branch giving off
below at least three long oblique veins; media branching a little
beyond the radius, the branches widely divergent, forming an open
fork, but gradually approaching as they go toward margin ; cubitus
simple, ultimately joining first anal. In the figure the stems of the
media and radius are too close together; with a good lens they can
be seen to be distinctly separate, joined by numerous small cross-
veins, but the media is only half as far from the radius as it is from
the cubitus.
Miocene shales of Florissant, Wilson Ranch (H. F’. Wick-
ham). I make the leg the type, because it shows parts which
can be compared with the descriptions of Scudder’s two species
of Tyrbula. The tegmen was on another piece of shale, but I
ENTOM.—JANUARY, 1914. D
34 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
feel confident that it belongs to the same species. This is
probably Scudder’s supposed TJ’. multispinosa from Florissant ;
but the true 7’. multispinosa is a different insect, from the
Kocene of Wyoming. The Wyoming species is the type of the
genus, and very possibly better material of it would indicate
that the Florissant insects belong to a different genus.
MANTID&.
Iathophotina costalis, n. sp.
Tegmen, as preserved (base and apex wanting), about 18 mm.
long, actual length probably 25; pallid, the veins appearing light
reddish, perhaps green in life; similar to LZ. floccosa, but with the
costal field much larger (nearly 2 mm. broad near middle), and the
inferior branches of the media not forked. The first superior branch
of the radius is nearly 2 mm. before the apical fork (or origin of last
inferior branch) of media. The subcostal vein is thin, but quite
distinct, and is joined to the radius by oblique cross-veins, some
having a sigmoid curve. The costal field is finely reticulated, agree-
ing herein with Stagmomantis and not with Photina. The width of
the tegmen in middle is a little over 8 mm.
Miocene shales of Florissant, Wilson Ranch (H. F. Wickham).
REVERSION or ARCTIC HREBIA LIGEA var. ADYTE,
Hs., anD ALPINE PARARGE MARA var. ADRASTA
to THE TYPE-FORM. HIBERNATION or PYR4A-
MEIS ATALANTA ann PARARGE EGERIA var.
EGERIDES.
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
Mr. Wiuuiam Carter, of Hamburg, has been good enough
to furnish me with a copy and translation of a paper communi-
cated by Herr August Selzer to the Entomological Society of
Hamburg, which contains several items of considerable interest
to those of us who study the bionomics of the western pale-
arctic butterflies. For some time in the arrangement of the
genus Hrebia considerable doubt appears to have existed as to
the actual species of which Hubner’s adyte is a variety. If
any such doubt remains at the present, it should be finally dis-
pelled by the results of the breeding experiments successfully
carried through by Herr Seizer who, from ova obtained from
Lapland adyte, has derived typical ligea.
Adyte was common enough at Abisko, Swedish Lapland,
when I was collecting there in July, 1906 (‘ Entomologist,’
xxxix. p. 247), and it was here, also, that Herr Selzer took the
females from which he bred the typical form in Hamburg.
REVERSION OF ARCTIC EREBIA LIGEA, ETC. 35
They were placed upon grass immediately, and commenced
laying; the ova were kept, out of doors, and the larve emerged
in the February of 1911, being half-grown at the end of June,
when they proceeded to estivate. Reappearing at the end of
August, they fed up and pupated, being now kept in a warm
room. The first imago appeared on October 12th, the last on
December 31st.
The larve differed considerably in appearance from the
ordinary form of Harz ligea, being darker and plainly striped.
In nature ligea ova lie over the winter, and Herr Selzer says
that “the larve which emerge in the spring hibernate the
winter following,’ an imago rarely occurring late in_ the
summer; so that the life-cycle of the typical ligea of the Harz
extends apparently through two years.
A comparison of adyte imagines from the Engadine and from
Zermatt showed them to be identical with the Lapland form.
Those in my own collection do not differ materially from
examples from Cortina, the Brenner, &c., and, as I said before
(loc. cit.) of the Abisko specimens, the superficial differences
from the type are not marked in the male to any great degree.
But those bred from Herr Selzer’s Abisko ova were absolutely
identical with the EH. ligea from the Harz Mountains. Mr.
Carter kindly sent me also a photograph illustrating in detail
the results of this experiment, but, unfortunately, | am unable
to reproduce it in this Journal, owing to the size of the block.
It would be interesting to discover how far Lapland adyte, bred
under natural conditions in Hamburg, would approximate to the
type. But, as Herr Selzer claims, the contention as regards the
specific identity of adyte and ligea may now be considered settled.
As throwing further light on the subject of type reversion,
Herr Selzer proceeds to record his experiences with Pararge
mera var. adrasta. From females of this variety captured at
Zermatt, sent to Hamburg for the purpose, ova were obtained,
the larve still differing slightly from Harz typical form. But
no difference was observable between the resulting imagines and
the typical form. So that it may be inferred that the change
back, due no doubt to altered conditions of climate and tempe-
rature, comes about in the pupal phase principally, as has been
demonstrated, I think, by the experiments of Mr. Merrifield
and others.
Two further notes by the same author, communicated to the
‘Internationalen Entomologischen Zeitschrift’ (No. 42, Jan.
18th, 1913, p. 298) on the subject of hibernation are also
exceptionally interesting to British lepidopterists. Herr Selzer
says that he found a freshly emerged Pyrameis atalanta at
Heiligenhafen, on the Baltic, in the early part of June, and
regarding this as an indication that the butterfly passes the
winter in the pupal phase, he searched the same spot lies in
ae
36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the year for larve, found them, and through the winter of last
year had live pupe in his cages. ie ea tells us that of the
larve of Pararge egeria var. egerides* (usually single-brooded in
the Harz) obtained from captured females in June, half fed-up
and emerged in Hamburg in the following September, the rest
pupating at the end of that month and in October, and in this
phase hibernating for a spring emergence.
A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA.
By Frep. V. Taropap, M.A., F.E.S., &c.
Pseudoteniorhynchus samoensis, n. sp.
Head brown, with narrow pale border around the eyes and pale
line in the middle, a dark patch on each side ; black upright scales
all over the head. Proboscis almost black, with a median creamy
band. Thorax deep brown, with somewhat marked median lines and
two pale spots before the bare space in front of scutellum. Abdo-
men deep blackish-brown, unbanded except for a narrow pale basal
broken band on the last segment, with basal, almost white, lateral
spots; venter with third and fourth segments with basal pale bands,
the fifth with a line of pale scales at the apex, others with traces of
basal bands. Legs deep brown, narrowly banded, the bands mainly
basal, but traces on the apices. Wings brown scaled.
?. Head shiny blackish, with a few small pale narrow-curved
scales and numerous upright black forked scales all over it, a line of
pale narrow-curved scales around the eyes and small flat grey and
dark lateral scales, a median nude line appearing pale; proboscis
rather thick, black with a median pale creamy band, black chet
ventrally at the base; palpi moderately long, black-scaled; clypeus
deep brownish black.
Thorax black, with small, narrow-curved thin brown scales, very
dense, two spots of similar but pale golden scales before the bare
space in front of the scutellum, traces of two median parallel bare
lines showing as dark lines, with two lines of paler hairs in the
middle and others at the sides; lateral chetz black, very dense over
the wing-roots and a number on each side of the bare space passing
back to the scutellum; scutellum paler, with small narrow-curved
dark scales and long black posterior border-bristles, dense on the
lateral lobes: metanotum brown; pleure black and grey with some
small flat whitish scales.
Abdomen black, unbanded, with small basal creamy white lateral
spots, which are prominent on the last segment, nearly forming a band;
posterior border hairs pallid; venter with basal pale bands, the fifth
with a white band near or on the apical border; on the sixth and
seventh segments the basal lateral spots spread out along the sides
of the segments to some extent.
Legs dark brownish black, the fore pair with a small apical yellow
spot on femora and tibiz and on the first four tarsals basal pale
A NEW MOSQUITO FROM SAMOA. 37
bands; in the mid pair very similar, but slightly more prominent ; in
the hind the banding still more prominent, in all traces of it on the
apices of the segments; femora and tibie with numerous black
chet ; ungues small, equal and simple.
Wings rather narrow, with dense brown scales, rather broad and
straight with shorter and broader median vein-scales; first fork-cell
longer but about the same width as the second fork-cell, their bases
about level; stem of the first not quite half as long as the cell;
stem of the second about half as long as the cell; posterior cross-
vein much longer than the mid cross-vein close to it. Halteres with
pale stem and large fuscous knob with pale scales, especially at the
apex.
Length, 4°8 mm.
Habitat.—Apia, Samoa.
Observations.—Described from a single perfect female sent
me by Dr. K. Friederiks, Government Zoologist of Samoa; two
specimens were taken in a privy.
It forms a very marked species of Pseudoteniorhynchus, easily
told by the brown thorax having no posterior pale spots and by
the abdominal ornamentation. The type I have presented to
the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine.
Dr. Friederiks tells me the other mosquitoes found in
Samoa are Stegomyia fasciata, Fab.; Stegomyia pseudoscutellaris,
Thorp ; Culex fatigans, Wied; and a species of Mansonia (i.e.,
Temorhynchus).
SYNONYMY OF ICHNEUMON OBLITERATUS AND
I. BARBIFRONS.
By Cuaupe Mortey, F.E.S8.
Some time ago Dr. T. A. Chapman was so good as to present
me with a female of Ichneumon obliteratus, Wesmael (Ichn.
Miscellanea, 1855, p. 18), which emerged on August 21st, 1910,
from the pupa of Brenthis pales, found at Furka, in Switzerland,
on 28th of the previous month. When first describing the
species, Wesmael knew but a single female: ‘‘ M. le Dr. Kriech-
baumer a pris cette femelle aux environs de UVoire, en Suisse.”
Giraud (Ann. Soc. France, 1877, p. 898) says Fallou bred it—
evidently still the female only—and adds in a footnote, ‘“‘ L’ J.
obliteratus provient de chenilles d’Argynnis pales prises en juillet
1866, autour de l’hospice du Simplon, dans le Valais,’ Switzer-
land. Berthoumieu in 1894 simply epitomises this (somewhat
incorrectly), and adds “‘ Holstein,” in Prussia, apparently on
his own authority. ‘‘ Male inconnu.”’
Dr. Chapman has just sent me three more females with a
single male, bred during August, 1912, at Col d’Iseran, in the
38 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Graian Alps of Savoie, France, about fifteen miles north of
Mt. Cenis, at 9000 ft., from pupx of Gnophus celibaria. The
females are cospecific with the above, and the male is quite
certainly its alternate sex, which has not hitherto been associated
with it, though described by Holmgren in 1878 (Verh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien, xxvii. p. 173, in his ‘‘Hnumeratio Ichneumonidum
exhibens species in alpibus Tirolie captas’’) in the male sex
only under the name Ichnewmon barbifrons, on account of the
elongate capital pilosity found only in this sex, or to a much
less degree in the female. His description is excellent, but he
indicates no more exact locality, and no one has since recognized
the species.
Monk Soham, Suffolk: October 15th, 1913.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Unusuat Patrinc or Morus.—I was interested to see in the
‘Entomologist’ for November, 1913 (vol. xlvi. p. 314), Mr. A. E.
Hodge’s note upon the pairing of a male N. xanthographa with a
female C. graminis. Some years ago, whilst living in London, I had
a male H. versicolor pair with a female Prodromaria. Many ova
were laid, but these proved infertile and soon shrivelled up.—
G. Bertram KersHaw; West Wickham, Kent, November 3rd, 1913.
Note Inuustratinc Minpness oF tHE Past Season. —I cap-
tured a very worn male of Percnoptilota fluviata on my study
window on September 30th, a perfectly fresh male on October 25th,
and a third male in good condition on November 26th. This seems
to indicate the maturing of two broods after the end of September.
Vanessa urtice appeared in the garden on November 24th. A bat
was hawking round street lamps on November 23th.—H. N. C.
Stowe; Laleham, Bexhill-on-Sea, December 12th, 1913.
NOTE ON REARING DasypouIA TEmpLI.—In July of last year I
collected a number of larve of D. templi in the neighbourhood of
Kinloch Rannoch, but from over thirty larve I only bred two insects,
all the rest being stung. This year, in July, I collected more larvee
in Cornwall, and practically all these attained the imago stage. The
Scotch insects emerged on September 20th and 26th, while the
Cornish insects did not begin to appear until October 28th, and
continued till November 12th. This may have been caused by the
difference in the two seasons, but I think it more probable the
Scotch winter being earlier, insects from there habitually emerge
at an earlier date. The larve are easy to find in infected plants of
Heracleum sphondylium, and very easy to rear, in my experience.
All that I did was to dig up with a trowel infected plants and
replant them in a large tin or rhubarb pot, together with a few
uninfected plants—and this I covered with a perforated zine cylinder
with a muslin top. The larve required no attention, and when full
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 39
fed left the plants and pupated in the surrounding earth, without
any cocoon.—Prrcy C. Rem; Feering Bury, Kelvedon.
DraGonrules Brep in 1913.—I have bred this year Gomphus
vulgatissinmus (one), 4’schna grandis, Cordulia enea, Libellula quadri-
maculata, Sympetrum striolatum, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Ischnura
elegans, Hrythromma naias, and Calopteryx virgo. The nymph
of Gomphus vulgatissimus was obtained in the New Forest in May.
It is the first time I have taken one of this species, though I have
for some years collected nymphs (and bred, too) in the same place
in the forest, on one day at any rate, in early summer. I got no
Cordulegaster annulatus this year, though they have generally turned
up there, or, more accurately, have been turned up. A few hours on
the Ouse, near St. Ives, in early June produced many Ischnura
elegans and one nymph—an Anisopterid—which I have not yet been
able to identify. It is growing fast, living mainly on small snails;
but it is now taking to worms, which it refused for a long time.—
Haroup Hopes; 9, Highbury Place, London, N.
PLEBEIUS (LCaiNA) MEDON (ASTRARCHE) IN DoveDALE.—Referring
to the note of Mr. St. John (vol. xlvi. p. 314), I was in Dovedale
in July, 1908, and found this species quite common and I secured,
as did Mr. St. John, quite a good series of thoroughly typical
specimens. Insects generally were decidedly scarce, though I took
one specially prettily marked blue female of Polyommatus icarus.
Nudaria mundana was not uncommon on the walls of the outbuild-
ings of some of the farmyards, whilst Boarmia bistortata lariciaria,
Dbld. occurred in the dale. I also took one or two pretty Cerostoma
sequella—and, apart from lepidoptera, Sirex gigas females were seen
several times, though I only took a single specimen.—G. T. BeTHunz-
BakER. :
A Draconriy at SeA.—On September 6th, somewhere in mid-
sea, between Kevel and Helsingfors, I saw the insect flying about
over the deck. It subsequently settled on a chair, where it was
caught by a fellow-passenger, who gave it to me. The presence of
this dragonfly seemed curious, since there was no land within a good
many miles, neither had we touched land since leaving England.
—Joun B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent,
November 8th, 1913.
Wasps Active Iv DEcEMBER.—On December 5th I was much
interested watching wasps, apparently workers, going in and out of
a nest in the ground. This must be unusual.—H. C. StowzLt;
Laleham, Bexhill-on-Sea, December 12th, 1913.
PoLIA FLAVICINCTA IN GLAMORGANSHIRE.—I took this moth at
sugar on October 2nd last in my garden. I can find no record of its
being taken in this county before.—E. U. Davin; Yscallog, Llandaff,
November 24th, 1913.
NoLa ALBULA IN Hants.—I have much pleasure in reporting the
capture of Nola albula whilst’ collecting in Hampshire (about July
18th and 19th). My friend, Mr. Danby, has two specimens, and I
40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
have one. Others were taken, but unfortunately got damaged in
travelling. Am I right in believing this to be a new record for the
county ?—ArtHurR Buss; 43, Gleneldon Road, Streatham, 8. W.
ACRONYCTA MENYANTHIDIS EMERGING In NovEMBER.—On looking
in my pupa-cage on November 3rd, I was surprised to find that a
female specimen of Acronycta menyanthidis had emerged from pupe
sent me from “ Barnard Castle,” all collected this year. They were
kept in a glass-top bottle in a room with no fire, temperature about
55° to 60°. I thought it would be interesting to record this, because
I can find no record of so late an emergence.—H. L. Douron;
27, Brunswick Street, Reading, November 17th, 1913.
HARIAS CHLORANA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—In August, 1912, the Rev.
G. M. Smith found about a dozen larve of this species feeding on the
osiers growing on the Severn bank near Gloucester. One or two
imagos emerged in the following September, but the rest hibernated
as pupee and came out at intervals during May, June, and July of
this present year. It is curious that this species has not apparently
been observed in this county hitherto.—C. GRANVILLE CLUTTERBUCK,
F.E.S.; 23, Heathville Road, Gloucester, November 16th, 1913.
Hypotion (CHHROCAMPA) CELERIO IN Hants.—A specimen of
C. celerio was caught by a cat in a house in this parish last
September. The locality is less than a mile from the sea, between
Lymington and Christchurch. -—(Rey.) J. E. Kentsatn; Milton
Rectory, New Milton, November 22nd, 1913.
DapPHNis (CHAROCAMPA) NERII.—One of these very rare visitors
occurred here this season, and was captured on September 16th.
The moth was seen on the wing at about 4.15 p.m. by two small
village boys, who eventually succeeded in their endeavours, with the
aid of their caps, &c. The following day it was brought to my house
(partly for identification), being a pitiable sight but still alive; it is,
nevertheless, sufficient to serve as a record. My friend Mr. Brown
of Ainsdale kindly lent me the moth for exhibition at the November
meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.—
W. A. Tyerman; Derby Villa, Ainsdale, Southport, November 19th,
1913.
CATOCALA FRAXINI IN Lancos.—A specimen of Catocala fraxint
(Clifton Nonpareil) was caught at Grange-over-Sands, Lanes,
September 7th, 1913, in the grounds of Yewbarrow Hall, the
residence of Hvan A. Leigh, Esq.—J. Davis Warp; Limehurst,
Grange-over-Sands.
Conias EDUSA REARED IN Kent.—On May 23rd, 1913, my son
brought to me a female Colzas edusa he had caught with his cap in
a waste field not fifty yards away from our house. I succeeded in
keeping it alive for three weeks. During that time it kindly obliged
with one hundred and fifty ova; these I placed singly in airtight tins
with a glass top, my intention being to try for a second brood, but
the larvee grew so slowly that I had to abandon the idea. The first
imago emerged on August 15th and the last on September 9th. I
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 41
might add the larva were kept indoors and out of the sun, so
probably this had something to do with slow growth. Altogether I
bred a nice long series, but with little or no variation —A. J. HxETER;
Watling Street, Dartford, Kent, October 17th, 1913.
Cormias EDUSA IN MippLEsEx.—Jn previous Hdusa years I have
usually observed one or two examples here in August or September.
But this season the ‘‘clouded yellow” has not put in an appearance.
However, my cousin, Dr. R. P. Cox, of Ealing, informs me that in
August several visited his garden; and he reports it also to have
been not uncommon at Shipley, in Sussex, and at Torquay.—H.
RowutanD-Brown ; Harrow Weald, December 15th, 1913.
Novss on Conias EvusA, &c., IN Essex.—I first noticed C. edusa
here on August 20th. The next day I visited a small field of lucerne
about ten minutes’ walk from my house. On the way a bright looking
female edusa passed me in the road, but my net was in my pocket.
On reaching the field not a specimen of edusa was to be seen, but
after waiting for nearly an hour, a male flew by and settled on one
of the lucerne flowers and was captured, and in the course of half an
hour I saw three more, and caught two of them—both males. There
was a fair amount of bloom on the lucerne, and it was a warm bright
afternoon, but butterflies were very scarce. I only noticed single
examples of Pyrameis atalanta, P. cardut, Vanessa 20, a few fresh
V. urtice, and one or two each of Cenonympha pamphilus, Lycena
acarus, Chrysophanus phig@as, and Adopea lineola. Pararge megera
was the most numerous, and there were a few Pers rape and
P. napi which were noticeable on account of their small size. Two
of the napi I caught are, I think, the smallest I ever saw, measur-
ing barely 14 in. across the wings. A few Plusia gamma were
buzzing about amongst the flowers, and one or two Nomophila
noctuella (S. hybridalis) were disturbed from the herbage. On
August 25th I saw a large female edusa flying along the high road.
The next day I went to Walton-on-the-Naze, as I thought that might
be a more likely neighbourhood, and I particularly wanted to get a
female C. edusa for eggs. On arriving at Walton I walked out to the
eastward of the town, by the footpath on the top of the cliffs, and
when about half way to the Naze saw a bright-looking female flying
about willow herb some distance below me, but she would not come
within reach, nor could I get down to her. Further on I was pleased
to see, on my left, a large clover field one mass of bloom—indeed, I
smelt it long before I saw it. Here I thought I should surely find
all the edusa in the neighbourhood congregated, but was disappointed,
for when I got into the field, nothing was to be seen but a few rape,
napi, &e. I stopped there for more than an hour, sat under a hedge,
eat my lunch, and smoked a pipe, but no edusa would come. It was
gloriously hot and bright—just the day for them. After this I
walked a little further along the coast, beyond the Naze, and then
turned back, as it was time to go to the station for my train home—
and I had hardly done so when a male edusa came dashing along and
was secured. On the 28th I saw another male at Dovercourt, and
this was the last.
42, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
On August 27th I received five living females from my friend
Commander Gwatkin- Williams, R.N., who had taken them the day
before at. Broadstairs, where C. edusa appears to have been rather
plentiful. They were placed under muslin hoods over growing plants
of white clover and birdsfoot trefoil in flower-pots, and put in a warm
place in the garden. Next day I saw a good many eggs had been
laid, and by the time the last female died, two or three hundred ova
had been deposited. The eggs were pearly-white at first, but soon
changed to orange, and by September 2nd some had become lead
colour, and larvee began to hatch out the following day. The young
larvee were dingy-olive, with shining black heads, and their first act
was to devour their egg-shells, then, after they had rested a bit, they
wandered about, and finally settled either in the middle or at one
of the corners of a leaf, and began to nibble at the upper cuticle,
making small blotches. They laid up for their first change on
September 10th, and some had got through by the 12th, and were
then dull green, with minute black dots and short pale hairs. I will
not give any further account of their progress, as that has been done
so many times by other writers. The pots were kept in a window
facing south, and everything went well with the larve until the
temperature began to fall towards the beginning of October, when
many of the smaller ones began to sicken and die off. Some of the
larger ones by this time were nearly full grown. On October 9th I
noticed one had attached itself to the side of the muslin hood, and
the next day became a pupa. By the 17th there were a dozen pupe,
but scores of larvee had died, and those remaining would not eat,
and eventually they all perished. None of them appeared to make
any attempt to hibernate. By this time it was getting very much
colder, and I had started a fire in my sitting-room. All the pupx
were now pinned to a sheet of cork, and this was placed under a
glass cylinder, with a French Clocke over it, on a table close to the
window, where they got the full benefit of the sun. On the 26th
the first pupa began to change colour, and by the 31st the wing
cases were bright orange, and the black margins of the wings plainly
visible, and on November 2nd, about noon, I observed the butterfly
trying to escape from its chrysalis, and it had evidently been trying
for a little time before I noticed it, as its wings were hanging down
partially developed, so I lifted glass and cylinder and, with a pair of
forceps, managed to free it, but it was then so feeble it could not
grasp anything, and I had to hold it by its front legs, after which I
managed to tie a piece of silk round them, then passed the silk over
a pin in a piece of cork and left it, and eventually the wings grew
to their full size, though one of them was slightly puckered, but I
managed to smooth this out when I set it. Other pups were
changing colour at this time, but most of the butterflies seemed
to be unable to emerge, and I only bred five altogether, viz:
November 2nd, one male; November 6th, one female; November
9th, two males; November 11th, one male. Unfortunately I have
no greenhouse, if I had I should no doubt have bred a larger number
of the butterflies—GrrvAsE F. Matnew; Lee House, Dovercourt,
November 17th, 1913.
43
SOCIETIES.
ENNTOMOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon.— Wednesday, November 5th,
1913.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the
chair.—Mr. A. P. Semenoff Tian-Shanski was elected an Honorary
Fellow in the place of the late Prof. O. M. Reuter.—The following
gentlemen were elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs. Hugh
Warren Bedford, Church Felles, Horley; Harold $8. Cheavin, F.R.M.S.,
F.N.P.S., Clematis House, Somerset Road, Huddersfield; Charles
Alban William Duffield, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and Wye College,
Kent; W. Egmont Kirby, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court Road,
Chiswick, W.; Louis Meaden, Melbourne, Dyke Road, Preston,
Brighton; F. V. Bruce Miller, Livingston, N. Rhodesia; Alexander
David Peacock, 137, Wingrove Gardens, and Armstrong College, New-
castle-on-Tyne; H. Ananthaswamy Rao, Curator of the Government
Museum, Bangalore, India; Percival Nathan Whitley, New College,
Oxford, and Brankwood, Halifax.—The question of the change of title
of the Society was opened for discussion, but the preponderance of
feeling appeared to be somewhat against any change.—The President
brought before the meeting the necessity of forming a fund for the
care of that portion of Wicken Fen left by the late Mr. G. H. Verrall
to the National Trust, and at his request Mr. Rowland-Brown
expressed his readiness to act as Treasurer for any subscriptions
given by Fellows of the Society.—Dr. G. B. Longstaff exhibited a
series of seventeen Thais rumina, L. (including a female of the var.
cantener, Held.), taken in March, 1918, at Ronda, and called atten-
tion to the characters suggestive of a distasteful butterfly —Mr.
W. J. Lucas, three species of Panorpa, including a female of the scarce
scorpion-fly, Panorpa cognata.—Mr. H. Lupton, a specimen of U'halpo-
chares ostrina, taken in the middie of June, 1913, about four miles from
Ilfracombe. Also two specimens of Dianthacia luteago vay. ficklina,
taken in the middle of the same month on the coast of N. Devon.—
Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter read notes in connection with his exhibit of
Epitoxa albicincta. He also exhibited a case of miscellaneous insects
and communicated notes upon them. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited
males, winged females, and a deilated female and workers of the very
rare ant, Solenopsis fugax, Latr., taken at Blackgang, Isle of Wight, on
August 26th, 1913—Mr. HE. E. Green, an aberrant example of
Pyrameis (Vanessa) indica, Herbst, from Ceylon.—Comm. J. J.
Walker, a female specimen of the gigantic Neuropteron, Corydalis
orientalis, Mclach., taken by a native collector at Chuchow.—Mr.
L. W. Newman, the following Heterocera :—(1) Calymnia (Cosmia)
trapezina. A melanic female—a worn specimen taken at sugar in
Bexley Woods. (2) Zonosoma (Ephyra) annulata and pendularia ;
a long and very varied series of both species, showing extreme light,
dark, and intermediate forms and one very pink Z. pendularia.
(3) A series of hybrid Z. pendularia, female, and annulata, male ;
specimens showing the markings of pendularia most pronounced
and the coloration of annulata prominent.—The following papers
were read :—‘‘ New or little-known Heterocera from Madagascar,” by
Sir G. H. Kenrick, Bart., F.E.S. ‘The Culicide of Australia,” by
Frank H. Taylor, F.H.S. ‘Descriptions of New Species of Staphylinidee
44 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
from India,” by Malcolm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.H.S. “ Pseudacrea
eurytus hobleyz, Neave, and its models on Bugalla Island, Lake
Victoria, with other members of the same combination,” by G. D. H.
Carpenter, B.A., M.D., F.E.S. “ Pseudacrea boisduvalt, Doubl., and
its models with special reference to Bugalla Island,” by the same.
“The inheritance of small variations in the pattern of Papilio dar-
danus, Brown,” by the same.
Wednesday, November 19th, 1913.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker,
H.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the chair.—It was announced that the
Council had decided to make an annual grant of two guineas towards
the maintenance of Wicken Fen.—The following gentlemen were
elected Fellows of the Society :—Messrs. B. G. Adams, 15, Fernshaw
Road, Chelsea; Barnard Ormiston Dickinson, B.A., 57, Castelnau,
Barnes, 5.W.; Alfred Oliver Rowden, 3, Archibald Road, Exeter ;
Oscar Whittaker, Ormidale, Ashlands, Ashton-upon- Mersey, Cheshire.
—The following Fellows were nominated by the Council as Officers
and Council for next year:—President, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker,
H.L.S., F.Z.S.; Treasurer, Mr. A. H. Jones; Secretaries, Commander
J.J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.8., and Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S.;
Librarian, Mr. G. C. Champion, A.L.8., F.Z.8.; other Members of
the Council: Messrs. E. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc.; J. E. Collin; S.
Edwards; Dr. H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S.; C. J. Gahan,
M.A.; A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; E. HE. Green; G. Meade-Waldo,
M.A.; Dr. G. W. Nicholson, M.A., M.D.; Hon. N. C. Rothschild,
M.A., F.L.8., F.Z.8.; H. Rowland-Brown, M.A.; and C. J. Wain-
wright. — Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited specimens of both sexes of
Pleberus zephyrus var. hesperica, taken by him in June last, at
Albarracin in Spain; P. zephyrus, type, and var. lycidas were also
exhibited for comparison. Also from Albarracin, Melite@a desfon-
taint var. betica, Rbr., the Spanish form of M. desfontainii, Godt.,
(an Algerian butterfly); both sexes were exhibited —Mr. E. E. Green,
two Pierid butterflies, of distinct genera, taken am cotta at Aripu,
Ceylon, viz., Appias lbythea, Fab., male, and Teracolus limbatus,
Butl., female. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, a large and very variable series of
Heliconius doris, L.—Dr. Chapman, some Erebias, showing parallel
variation in several species in different localities. He raised the
question whether this was a case of mimicry, and a considerable
discussion followed.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, a drawer containing specimens
of the genus Pzerzs, with drawings of their scent-scales, and remarked
upon them.—Mr. A. Bacot, slides showing the development of Plague
bacilli in the alimentary canal of the flea, and the method of infection
through the mouth, and read an important paper on the subject.—
Dr. K. Jordan, some specimens of a lepidopterous larva discovered
by the Rev. A. Miles Moss, F.E.S., who, when collecting near Para,
noticed a Saturniid caterpillar with black intersegmental bands and
long branched spines, a species of Auwtomeris, some of the black bands
of which appeared to be swollen. To his amazement these swellings,
when touched, quickly slid over the back of the caterpiltar to the
other side with the hurried motion of a Pyralid larva, and indeed
turned out to be small lepidopterous larvee as black and glossy as
the bands of the Automeris caterpillar.—The following papers were
read :—* Revision of the Mexican and Central American Malachiide
SOCIETIES. 45
and Melyridw, with descriptions of new genera and species,” by
George Charles Champion, ¥.Z.S. ‘ Four new genera and species of
Hymenoptera from Australia,” and ‘‘ Three new species of Australian
Hymenoptera,” by A. A. Girault, communicated by A. M. Lea, F.E.S.,
Government Entomologist, South Australia—Guro. WHEELER, M.A.,
Hon. Secretary.
THe Sovuta Lonpon EntomonocicaL anpD Naturau History
Soctety.— October 9th, 1913.--Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.H.S., President, in
the chair.—Large additions to the Society’s reference collection of
British Lepidoptera from Mr. W. G. Dawson were announced.—Mr.
Lucas read a paper: ‘The Shorthorned Acridians of the British
Isles,’’ and illustrated his remarks with lantern slides of all the
species—Mr. Ashdown exhibited Lepidoptera taken by him in
Switzerland in June and July last.—Mr. Colthrup, a snail shell from
which he had bred a Dipteron, presumably parasitic in the snail.—
Mr. Andrews, a scarce Dipteron, the Syrphid S. guttatus, taken at
Bexley in August.—Mr. Step, living examples of the ant-nest Isopod
Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii, found in a nest of Formica fusca.—Mr.
West (Ashtead), enlarged photographs of the same rare woodlouse.
—Mr. Curwen, specimens of Syntomis phegea ‘and its var. pflwemeri,
in which the white spots were reduced in size and number, from
Pallanza and Iselle, together with specimens of the rare Nacha
ancilla.—Mr. Newman, picked series from a large number of bred
Melitea aurinia, from County Clare and Oban. The variation was
extremely small, although the larvae were samples of many broods.—
Mr. Tonge, a series of Coremia quadrifasciaria, bred from a female
taken at Albury, Surrey, showing but little variation.
October 23rd, 1913.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the
chair.—Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., gave an account of the Mimicry
exhibited by the Nymphalines of North America, illustrating his
remarks by specimens and lantern slides.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited
a collection of the Sphingidee found in the Island of Trinidad. There
were about forty species in all.—Mr. Sheldon, series of species taken
by him near Albarracin, Central Spain, including Pleberus zephyrus
var. hesperica, Agriades thetis ab. rufolunulata, A. thersites, and
Glaucopsyche cyllarus. Dr. Chapman was of opinion that A. thersztes
only occurred when sainfoin was indigenous.—Mr. L. W. Newman,
Lepidoptera from County Clare, County Cork, and Killarney, in-
cluding very light Aplecta nebulosa, very dark Luperina cespitis,
Aphantopus hyperanthus, with greenish shade on the under side,
Aiigeria scoheformis, bred Dianthaecia capsophila, D. luteago var.
barrettw, &e. The weather was very bad from April to the end of
September.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, a specimen of Argynnis aglava, with
a strongly marked blotch formed by the coalescence of several spots
on the fore wings.
November 13th, 1913.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S., President, in the
chair.—Prof. W. Bateson, F.R.S., gave an address on the ‘Problem
of Species which overlap Geographically,” illustrating his remarks
with numerous lantern slides—Mr. Curwen exhibited specimens of
Parnassius apollo from Eelépens and the Laquinthal, mostly very
large examples, and including var. psewdonomion from Helépens.—
46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Mr. Newman, long and variable series of Zonosoma annulata and
Z. pendularia, with many dark aberrations; and also a series of the
ere between these two species, showing well the characters of
oth.
November 27th, 1913.—The President in the chair.—The Annual
Exhibition of Varieties, &¢.—Mr. West (Greenwich), the Hon.
Curator, fifteen cabinet drawers of the Society’s reference collection,
with which had been incorporated a portion of the Dawson collec-
tion.-—Dr. Chapman, a nearly black Argynnis aglaia from Le Lauteret,
July 13th, 1913, and specimens of Agriades thersites, Polyommatus
wcarus, and var. icarinus, with diagrams to show the different align-
ment of spots.—Mr. Edwards, a box of conspicuously coloured
Heterocera from Burmah.—Mr. H. Moore, the rare Papilio hecateus
from the Solomon Islands.—Mr. Schmassmann, a series of varieties
in the male of Ornithoptera hecuba, and a pair of the gorgeous
O. alecandre from New Guinea.—The Rey. G. Wheeler, examples of
melanic and xanthic aberrations, including Argynnis niobe ab. pelopia,
Melitea phebe ab., M. varia ab., M. cinxia ab., and Melanargia ab.
of the former, and A. niode v. erts, Callimorpha dominula v. persona,
&e., of the latter, and referred to many species in which yellow was
produced in aberrational forms.—Mr. R. Adkin, a series of third
brood Celastrina argiolus, and discussed the species as to its appear-
ance during the present season. He also showed long series of
Agriades corydon, including ab. syngrapha, ab. semisyngrapha, and
many other fine aberrations and series from many localities ——Mr.
Baumann, a series of Boarmia repandata from several localities,
including var. sodorenstwm and var. conversaria, and specimens of
the melanic form of Acidalia virgularia, which he was placing in the
Society’s collection.—Mr. Bright, a large number of striking aberra-
tions of British Lepidoptera, including long series of under sides of
Agriades thetis and A. corydon, a white aberration of Argynnis paphia,
Colas edusa, with wings richly shot with purple, a curious Saturnia
pavonia of female coloration with male antenne, &c.—Mr. Grosvenor,
his fine collection of Cenonympha tiphon and its local races.—Mr.
Curwen, numerous Lyczenide taken by him in Italy and Switzerland,
and many aberrations of Melitea didyma.—Mr. Newman, a varied
series of recently bred Smerinthus ocellatus ; series of Amorpha popula
from pale cream to almost black colour, with intermediate and rich
pink forms ; and a series of hybrid ocellatus males and popula females,
two being of the rare female form.—Mr. A. Gibbs, a section of his
collection of South American Nymphalids, including many of the
brilliant species in the genus Perisamia.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon, long
series of Melitea desfontainit, taken by him at Albarracin this year,
and a series of M. awrinia v. therica, from near Barcelona, for com-
parison.—Mr. T. W. Hall, cabinet drawers of Agriades corydon and
A. thetis, showing great aberration with very pronounced blue
females, and some females curiously splashed with blue.—Mr. Main,
frames containing series of photographs of the life-histories of
Cicindela campestris (tiger-beetle), Chrysopa flava (lace-wing fly),
Phyllotoma aceris (jumping sawfly), &e.—Mr. Tonge, a bred series of
Psilura monacha, including the black form ab. eremzta; a long series
of T'apinostola concolor, &e.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, a case of twenty-three
SOCIETIES. AT
pairs of the South American genera Melinea and Heliconius, found
flying together and assimilating to each other in colour.—Com-
mander Gwatkin- Williams, aberrations of British Lepidoptera from
Treland, including Epinephele jurtina, with banded hind wings,
females; several Czdaria, which possibly may be C. concinnata,
Xanthorhoé montanata, with band obsolete, confluent Anthrocera
trifolit, Huchloé cardanunes, females with ochreous hind wings, &c.—
Mr. Chas. Oldham, two collections of small chalk stones that he had
collected within a small radius of the openings of two wasps’ nests,
and which the wasps had been unable to carry to a greater distance.
—Mr. A. W. Buckstone, for Mr. Archer, a bleached form of Angerona
prunaria, male, from Oxshott; an almost black Lithosia helvola
(deplana) from Wimbledcn; and an Acidalia which was supposed to
be a very aberrant form of A. subsericeata.—Mr. H. Worsley- Wood,
numerous forms of Mellinia ocellaris, including ab. lineago, ab. inter-
media, with M. gilvago for comparison; yellow Brephos parthenias
from Wimbledon, and lead-coloured males of Agriades thetis from
Corfe.—Rev. J. Tarbat, black suffused forms of Brenthis ewphrosyne
ab. nigro-sparsata of Abraxas grossulariata, and a Cidaria truncata
with a broad-banded fore wing.—Mr. Haynes, a series of hybrid
Selenia tetralunaria males and S. bilunaria females, with a large
preponderance of gynandromorphous specimens; melanic and
ochreous varieties of Hnnomos quercinaria, &c.—Mr. H. J. Turner,
a series of Hrebia stygne from the Continent to show the extreme
local variation in the Alps and Pyrenees.—Messrs. Sharp & C. W.
Colthrup, many Colias edusa from the south-eastern district, re-
presentative of the species in 1913.—H. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENToMOLOGICAL SocteTy.—October
20th, 1913.—Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street,
Liverpool.—The President, Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., in the chair.—
Exhibitions were as follows:—Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a long-
bred series of Hadena glauca from Burnley, some of which showed a
strong melanic tendency; also from Burnley the melanic variation
of Hmaturga atomaria, Hyria muricata, purple form, and Canonympha
typhon var. rothliebiz from Witherslack; Nyssia zonaria from the
Crosby Sandhills, and the insects captured on the occasion of the
Society’s field meeting at Mold on June 7th, 1913, including Lobo-
phora viretata, Cnephasia musculana, Capua favillaceana, Argyrolepia
hartmanmana, and Agriopis aprilina (larva).—Mr. R. Tait showed a
long and variable series of the beautiful melanic form of Boarmia
repandata from Penmaenmawr, also bred Agrotis lucernea from the
same district; varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, including ab.
varleyata, bred from various localities in 1913; Aplecta nebulosa var.
robsoni and Geometra papilionaria from Delamere; Hecatera serena
and Calligenia miniata from Sussex. Mr. Tait also gave an account
of his collecting holiday in Sussex, from which it appeared that
Lepidoptera had been as difficult to obtain in the South of England
as in the North during the past summer.—Mr. Johnson exhibited a
long and fine series of C. typhon, including some very dark forms,
from Witherslack; also Acizdalia fwmata, Nissoniades tages, and
Lycena astrarche from the same place.—Dr. P. F. Tinne, various
48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
species of autumn lepidoptera from the North of Ireland, including a
nicely varied series of Cidaria truncata, several being the var. cen-
tumnotata. All the members present reported a very poor season
from a collector’s point of view.—Wmn. Manssripce, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Common British Moths. By A. M. Stewart. London: Adam &
Charles Black. 1913. Pp. viii, 1-88. Sixteen plates.
Tuts little book is a worthy companion-volume to the ‘ British
Butterflies’ by the same author, already noticed in the ‘ Entomolo-
gist’ for 1912, p. 212. The eight coloured plates are really of most
excellent workmanship, one is inclined to think some of the best ever
produced, certainly in entomological literature. They are splendidly
clear, and marvellously accurate in colour. They contain figures of
some two hundred species, all those mentioned in the text in fact,
and though only three-fourths natural size it should be quite im-
possible to identify wrongly any of the species figured. The black-
and-white plates of preserved larve, &c., have been well chosen, the
text is obviously the work of a practical entomologist, and the
species described form a very excellent representative collection of
the commoner British moths, amongst them, one is pleased to note,
some of the ‘ Micros” being given a place. Errors of any kind
seem exceedingly few, although it is difficult to understand how the
specimen of Boarnua repandata var. conversaria, figured on Plate 15,
came to be labelled “ B. gemmarza var. perfumaria,” probably by acci-
dent. The book is absolutely ideal for the young beginner.
N.. DR:
Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society for the year 1911. Pp. 32. Published by the
Society, The London Institution, Finsbury Circus, 1912.
WE have received a copy of the above Society’s ‘ Transactions ’
for 1911. Apart from the notes in the President’s address upon the
season’s collecting and upon the scarcity of some insects formerly so
common in their haunts, there is a short but quite interesting paper
by Mr. Tautz upon the species of the genus Cosmia (Calymmnia).
This includes a record of C. pyralina from Middlesex (Pinner), a
species which the author states had not been previously recorded, so
far as he knew, from that county, but here he is in error, as the species
is pretty generally known to inhabit Middlesex, and was recorded
from Mill Hill over thirty years ago.
N..D) B.
Zz
“DATA” “LABELS FOR LEPIDOPTERA.
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oy P 19° \ 19
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CALIFORNIA. LEPIDOPTERA.
UR Propagator and Collector of California Lepido-
ptera again going to breed and collect in every locality of
- California. Gentlemen and Museums wishing large quantities of
yall taken, RY from 10 to 100 of each species, can ‘have them at a
- flat rate of 23d. each. Parties wanting only certain species should
send for my price list, and save 50 per cent. on retail prices. Still a
few of this season’s catch on hand, Lycsena anna, 2s. per pair; this
Lycena retails at about 8s. pair. Parnassius clodius, 2s. pair.
Argynnis egleis, 1s. 3d. pair, &¢. Noctuide and Geometride, always
_ 24d. each for quantity orders of from 5 to 100 of each species. ‘I'here
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qe ei tha we vee 33 ae hie :
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(with illustrations), Kenneth 74 orton, 1. Notes ‘on the Life-h
Hesperia tessellum and H. crib rellum,
Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unex cae Feinnes H. Rowland-Br )
- Some Notes on the Lepidoptera of ‘La Sainte Baume, Var, S. France, (R
_ By BE. Lowe, 14. Note on the ‘Oviposition of Rhyssa (with | illustrations
‘L.N. G. Ramsay, 20, A Mon yraph of the Genus Osprhynchotus, Spinol
~ Claude Morley, 23. Two New Myrmecophilous Aphides trom Algeria, (with
illustrations), Fred. V. Theobald, 28. The Fossil Orthoptera of Florissant,
Colorado (with illustration), we D, A. Cockerell, 32. Reversion of Aretic
Erebia: ligea’ var: adyte, eeEDi, and Alpine Pararge mera var. adrasta to the
Type: forni. Hybernation of Pyrameis atalanta and Pararge | egeria var.
egerides, H, Rowland-Brown, 34. A New Mosquito from Samoa, Fred. V.
Theobald, 36. Synonymy - of Ichneumon obliteratus and J. barbifrons,
Claude Morley, 37. ii
Norrs AND OBSERVATIONS. Regt aicial Bantes of Moths, G. Bertram 7» Mepahas 38. wa
Note Illustrating Mildness of the Past. Season, H. N. C. Stowell, 38. Note’ -
of Rearing Das a templi, Percy G. Reid,.38. Dragonflies Bred in 1918,
Harold Hodge, 3 Plebeius (Lycena) medon (astrar che) i in Dovedale, G. T.
4
y
_ ‘Bethwne-Baker, 39.. A Dragonfly at Sea, John B. Hicks, 39. Wasps Active ra
‘in Deeember, H.C. ‘Stowell, 89. Polia flavicineta in Glamorganshire, Bi Te
David, 39, Nola albula in Hants, Arthur Buss, 39, Acronycta menyanthidis _
cna ae in November, H..L. Dolton, 40. Barias chlorana in Gloucester- F
shire, C Granville Clutter buck, 40, Hipotion (Cherocampa) celerio in Hants,
(Rev.) y) E.. Kelsall, 40. Daphnis (Chzerocampa) nerii, W. A. Tyerman, 40.
Catocala fraxini in Lambs:, J. Davis Ward, 40. Colias edusa Reared‘i in Kent,
A. J, Haxeter, 40. Colias edusa in Middlesex, H. Rowland- Brown, 41, Thuis é
‘on Colias aft sh, &e., in Essex, Gervase F. Mathew, 41. ‘
Romi, 43. “2 RECENT Literature, 48. a4 :
“D® STAUDINGER & BANG- HAAS, Blasewitz- Dresden, in their:
new Price List No. LYII. for 1914 (116 pag.), offer more than 20,000 —
Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts. of the 1
“would, in finest condition; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARVA, &c. SEPARATE. ©
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA. (80,000 species, 208 pag.), for HYMENO- |
P'TERA (3600 species), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500),ORTHOPTERA —
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tp ee ee
FEBRUARY, 1914... (No. 609.
re eran anaes eeaeMaN Naess
‘THE
ENTOMOLOGIST |
AN
Plusteated Monthly Journal
OF
GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY. |
“EDITED BY RICHARD SOUTH, F.-E.S.
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF |
ROBERT ADKIN, F.E.S. C. J. GAHAN, M.A., F.E.S.
H. ROWLAND-BROWN, M.A.,F.E.8. | W. J. LUCAS, B.A., F.E.S.
W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. (CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S., F.Z.8, |
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{
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at sf ( :
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ditto of Land and Fresh-water Shells, 2d.: Useful Books on Insects, Bees, ke."
SILVER PINS for collectors of Micro-Lepidoptera, &e., as well as minute
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We stock various sizes and lengths of these Silver Pins, which have certain
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My Text Book, the ideal work for Collectors; life-history and food-plants
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L. W. NEWMAN, F.E.S., BEXLEY, KENT.
POR SALE. — lLang’s ‘ Butterflies of . Europe,’
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A. FORD, 36, IRVING ROAD, BOURNEMOUTH.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.] FEBRUARY, 1914. (No. 609
A NEW SPECIES OF METANGA FROM FRANCE.
By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S.
In examining a small lot of Trichoptera taken by Dr.
Chapman last summer in the Alps of Dauphiné, forwarded by
Mr. Lucas, I found four insects, which at first sight I supposed
to be Metanea flavipennis, Pict. On confronting these, however,
with McLachlan’s figures, I was surprised to find that the details
did not agree satisfactorily, and on looking over the material in
my collection it was manifest that there were two species, and
these rather distinct ones, mixed together, examples from
Murgtal (Ris), Silvaplana (Morton), and Carinthia (Klapalek),
pertaining to the species described and figured by McLachlan,
while others from the Val Bedretto (Ris) were evidently the same
as Dr. Chapman’s. I asked Dr. Ris to go over his material, and
he confirms my view of the matter. The only explanation of
the oversight that can be offered is the identical general appear-
ance of the two species, and even with regard to the profile view
of the genitalia the similarity is rather remarkable. I propose
to describe this hitherto overlooked species as—
Metanewa chapman, n. sp.
Very similar in appearance to H. flavipennis, Pict. Head,
thorax, palpi, legs, and under side of body testaceous, hairs golden ;
abdomen above darker. Basal joint of antennz and between the
posterior ocelli slightly fuscescent. Spines of legs black.
Anterior wings narrow and elongate, pale yellowish, shining
neuration concolorous, pubescence of membrane dense, golden
Discoidal cell about the same length as its footstalk. Posterior
wings whitish, subhyaline with pale veins; first apical cell variable,
but narrower at the base than second; second broader, moderately
oblique at the base in the direction opposite to the first; third
longer than first and second, almost acute at the base; upper branch
of cubitus furcating about, or a little beyond the level of the
beginning of the discoidal cell.
In the male the apex of the abdomen above is rather deeply
concave, the posterior margin covered with scattered black tubercles,
the side produced into rather long finger-shaped processes whose tips
ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1914. E
50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
are very slightly curved downwards, these processes also tuberculate,
more densely so towards the apex which thereby becomes black.
Superior appendages pale yellow with rounded outline when seen
from the side, concave internally. Intermediate appendages viewed
from behind, separate, each arising from a narrow stem and spreading
out in broad triangular form with three distal projections, the two side
ones small, the other long, horn-like, slightly inturned with a small
tooth before the apex. Inferior appendages large; from beneath
they are close together at the base, diverging slightly, concave
internally, rounded at the apex, which is very slightly inturned and
clothed internally with short spines and spinous hairs.
I am unable satisfactorily to describe the female. Differences
probably exist in the genitalia as compared with H. flavipennis, and
these could very likely be defined from Canada- balsam preparations.
Expanse of wings, male, 19-20 mm.; female, 21 mm.
bo
Metanea chapmani.
1. Apex of abdomen viewed from above. 2. Apex of abdomen viewed from side.
Three males, one female, Lauteret, Alps of Dauphiné
(Chapman, July 22nd, August 5th). Also occurs in Val Bed-
retto (Ris, September 6th, 1896; July 20th, 1906): Splugen
(Ris, July 16th, 1897), uncertain whether from the Swiss or the
Italian side, probably the latter; Madonna di San Martino
(July 29th and August 1st, 1889, Nageli in Ris coll.).
Differs from H. flavipennis, especially in the direction of the
blackened processes of the last dorsal segment. These in H.
flavipennis are turned to the side almost at right angles to the
long axis of the abdomen, whereas in H. chapmani they are
nearly parallel, only very slightly out-turned.
MeLachlan gives the following localities for H. flavipennis:
Dis&ey/zis, Grisons (July 25th, Stainton), Bergun (Zeller), Leuk,
Valais (October 2nd, Frey Gessner) Hospice St. Bernard ;
Priitigau and Pontresina according to Meyer-Dur; Meyringen
(McLachlan, August 16th), Champery, Valais (Haton, August
20th), Samoéns, Savoy (Eaton, September 5th) ; Carinthia (Sep-
A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 51
tember, Zeller). Hagen stated that he had it from the Harz,
Bavarian Alps, and Styria (?). Ulmer adds Hessen. Supposing
it to be the true flavipennis of Pictet, it should occur in the Val
d’Illiers, Valais. This list may require revision, as some of
these localities may refer to H. chapmani. I found H. flavi-
pennis commonly at Silvaplana (July 18th to 25th, 1904); Ris
has taken it in the Murgtal (July 27th, 1888), at Cierfs in the
Munstertal (July 14th, 29th, 1909); and Klapdélek in Carinthia
(July 31st, 1899).
A NEW SPECIES OF CHIROTHRIPS (Tuysanoprera)
FROM SOUTH AMERICA.
By C. B. Wiuurams, B.A., F.E.S.
At the beginning of this year I received a small collection of
miscellaneous insects from Mr. W. O. Backhouse, taken near
Buenos Ayres, in the Argentine Republic, South America. Four
genera of Thysanoptera were represented—Chirothrips, Franklin-
tella, Physothrips, and Thrips; the Chirothrips, which is a distinct
species, is described below; notes on the others are reserved for
the present, in the hope of getting further material to elucidate
some doubtful points.
Gen. CHIROTHRIPS. )
Haliday, Ent. Mag. 1886, iii. p. 444; emend. Uzel, Monog. d.
Thysanopt. 1895, p. 79; emend. Hinds, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. 1902, xxvi. p. 133.
Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov.
Female (macropterous).
Measurements.—Head, length 0:15 mm., width (behind the eyes)
0:122 mm.; prothorax, length 0:22 mm., greatest width 0-26 mm. ;
pterothorax, length 0°32 mm., width 0°30 mm.; abdomen width
0-35 mm.; wing, length (from basal lobe) 0°80 mm., width (about
halfway along) 0:045 mm.
Antenne :—segment 1 2 3 4 5 6 ic 8
leneih, (u)~ 14. ; 304, 38 >, 34, 734. 42... 22 16
Width (4). (36. 405,24 24, 2h BO 7. 5
Total length, about 1-4 mm., antenne 0°24 mm. —
Colour uniform dark grey brown, fore tibiz and all tarsi a little
paler, the third segment of the antenne distinctly lighter.
Head (Fig. 1.) longer than wide, produced beyond the eyes into a
long prominence more than half as long as the remaining portion of
the head. The sides of this at first diverge slightly and then converge
rapidly to a rounded point; on the converging portion the antennz
are situated. There are no long hairs on the head but several small
ones which vary slightly in position and may not be quite sym-
metrical. In general they conform to the arrangement shown in the
E 2
bo THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
figure. Hyes dark and relatively far back. Ocellc distinct, the
posterior ones behind the level of the back of the eyes. Crescents
red-brown, distinct (in mounted specimens). Mouth cone rounded,
reaching about two-fifths across the pro-
sternum. Mazillary palps three seg-
mented, the basal segment shortest, the
apical longest ; four or five sensory hairs
at the tip. Labial palps two segmented,
the basal segment very short and in-
distinct, not much more than a ridge on
the labium. Antenne about two-thirds
longer than the head; the first segment
short and broad, the second much longer
and narrower except at the apex where
it is produced outwards into a blunt
prominence, the third with a distinct
pedicel, the fourth and fifth equally
long, the sixth the longest, the eighth
longer than the seventh. Colour: first
and second dark, third clear, fourth to
eighth darker but not so dark as the
Chirothrips frontalis, sp. nov. first two. An unforked sense-cone on
Head and prothorax. the third and fourth segments.
Prothorax long, as wide as the head
in front but much widened posteriorly, the whole surface of the
pronotum finely striated and with a number of minute hairs
scattered unsymmetrically over its surface. No long spines at
the front angles, two at each hind angle and about six smaller
hairs on each side along the hind margin. Pterothorax slightly
wider than the prothorax in front, gradually narrowing behind.
Legs normal for the genus, fore femora thickened and produced
outwards at the base, tibize also thickened. All tarsi (except for
a small dark spot at the base of the second segment) and fore
tibie lighter than the rest of the legs. Fore wings pale brown,
clearer at the base. About twenty (eighteen to twenty-one) spines
on the costal vein, the distal ones finer and longer than the proximal;
five or six spines at the base of the fore vein and two on its apical
half; four, five, or six on the hind vein. The veins are usually very
indistinct except near the base of the wings; this varies in different
specimens. Hind wings clear, vein indistinguishable.
Abdomen normal, hairs on the ninth and tenth segments pale
and weak. The ninth segment short, about half as long as the
tenth.
Described from eleven macropterous females taken near
Buenos Ayres, Argentine, South America, in January, 1918, by
W. O. Backhouse, probably from a plant (Composite) locally
known as ‘‘ cepocaballo.”’
Type in the Hope Department, Oxford University Museum.
This species may be easily separated from all others of this
genus by the great prolongation of the head beyond the eyes,
and also from hamatus, Trybom, obesus, Hinds, crassus, Hinds,
A NEW SPECIES OF EURYTOMA FROM QUEENSLAND. 53
and mexicana, Crawford, by having two spines at the hind angle
of the prothorax, and from both manicatus, Bagnall, and similis,
Bagnall (if these two are really distinct and not forms of
the same variable species), by the more slender antenne and
relatively longer prothorax.
The John Innes Horticultural Institution,
Merton, Surrey: January, 1914.
A NEW SPECIES. OF EURYTOMA FROM QUEENS-
LAND, WHICH LIVES IN THE STEMS OF
KUCALYPTUS.
By A. A. Grravutt.
Tue following species seems phytophagous, since I found it
inhabiting short grooves or channels under the bark of young
Eucalyptus trees, somewhat after the manner of Scolytide.
Where occurring, the stems of the trees were somewhat swollen.
When one thinks of it, this species does not seem to differ greatly
in habit from the other members of its tribe, which seem to live
on galls rather than upon gall-makers. Has the parasitic habit
of the Eurytomini been proved ? The genus Bruchophagus would
incline one to doubt.
Genus Hurytoma, Illiger.
Eurytoma picus, n. sp.
Black, the legs, tegule and scape rich reddish brown, the hind
cox black, the wings hyaline; flagellum brownish yellow, knees
and tips of tibie yellow. Propodeum with a rather broad median
groove. Venation pale; postmarginal and stigmal veins subequal.
Scape obclavate; pedicel a little shorter than funicle 1, which is
longest of the funicles, much longer than wide, about twice the
length of funicle 5, which is somewhat wider than long, funicle 4
a little longer than wide, funicle 2 subequal to the pedicel. Club
with three distinct joints, the antennze 11-jointed. Mandibles tri-
dentate. Hind tibie with two spurs. Pronotum with a more
or less distinct, obtuse median carina. Punctuation not quite
as dense as usual, the cephalic part of scutum densely, transversely
lineolated.
Male.—Not known.
Described from two females taken from short grooves under
the bark of young eucalypt trees in the forest, October 16th, 1913.
Habitat.—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland.
T'ype.-—One of the above specimens on a tag, the head and a
hind leg on a slide. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
: Magnification 3-inch objective, 1-inch optic, Bausch and
iomb.
54 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
NEW CENTRAL AMERICAN SYNTOMIDA.
By A. E. Gress, F.L.S.
Amone the Lepidoptera which I have recently received from
British Honduras are two Syntomid moths which appear to be
new to science. They were both captured at a small seaport
called Punta Gorda in the south of the colony, not far from the
frontier of Guatemala. I append descriptions.
, Phenicoprocta biformata, n. sp.
Head black ; frons blue; palpi orange below ; antennz white at
tips; tegule orange with blue spots at base; patigia and thorax
orange ; coxe orange-red ; abdomen, first segment blue with paired
red stripes, remainder brownish black with dorsal and lateral metallic-
green stripes and bluish-green terminal segment ; fore wings hyaline,
veins broadly black, oval discoidal spot from costa to lower angle of
cell, margins broadly black, widening at apex and on outer margin;
hind wings hyaline, with dark borders, widening at apex and tornus.
Var. 1. Fore wings scaled, brown-black.
Expanse, 30 mm.
Habitat.—Punta Gorda, British Honduras, July, 19138. Types
in British Museum ; co-types of var. 1 in Mus. Gibbs.
Napata cortes, n. sp.
Black; tegule and patigia with paired blue-white spots; fore
cox white; tibie reddish ; first joints of tarsi white; metathorax
with blue-green spot; first segment of abdomen black with a few
blue scales and blue-green lateral spots; medial segments blue-green
dorsally, with darker transverse bands; large white ventral patch on
bagal segments ; remainder of abdomen ventrally and the terminal
segments dorsally red; fore wing with bluish spot at base of costa ;
small hyaline spot extending across cell near base, and a larger one
below it, another in cell near upper angle; a transverse series of four
spots beyond cell, one above vein 6 and a smaller one below it, a
minute spot above vein 4 and a larger one below it extending almost
to vein 3; hind wing with hyaline patch at base; spot near end of
cell and extending almost across it; below, fore wing with bluish
costal streak, hind wing with blue basal streak above hyaline patch,
costa narrowly and apex and outer margin broadly blue.
Eixpanse, 41 mm.
Habitat.—Punta Gorda, British Honduras, June, 1913.
Napata cortes has a general resemblance to N. broadwayi,
Schaus., a Trinidad species, but it may be readily distinguished
by the large hyaline patch at the base of the hind wing and the
red terminal segments of the abdomen.
55
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 14.)
(v) Basses-Alpes. (a) Allos.
As in the case of a previous paper of the series, some quali-
fication of title is necessary. Donzel * discovered Allos in 1831.
It has received several recent visits from English collectors,
myself included, and I have given a short account of a week
spent here in August, 1908 (‘ Entomologist, vol. xli. p. 268).
However, as I was in this part of the Basses-Alpes at an earlier
date than on the occasion of my last visit, or that of the late
Mr. J. W. Tutt (‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ vol. xix. pp. 197-199),
I trust my experiences may be useful to those who wish to
explore the upper valley of the Verdon during the summer
months. Allos remains primitive. The motor services, the
endless procession of touring cars have left it unperturbed ; and
the little Hotel du Midi, where Mdlle. Pascal works so hard for
the comfort of her pensionnaires, is as archaic and roughly com-
fortable as ever.
After a rather disappointing entomological week at Digne—
for the universal drought in the lower lands of Provence had
burnt up all the green herb—I took train for Thorame-Haute
by the familiar narrow-gauge line. Here the alpine motors of
the Sud Company pick up, and they are almost as cheap as the
former rusty diligence. Between St. André and the starting-
point there are doubtless many fine butterfly corners as sug-
gested by glimpses caught from the windows of the never-
express train. Such a one there is near the station before
Thorame, and there I bade farewell to Papilio alexanor—so un-
accountably and unusually rare in 1913 in its native haunts at
Digne. The drive is pleasant enough by Beauvezer and Colmars,
with its narrow medieval streets, through which the motor
steers, scraping the stucco from the walls of the overhanging
houses—a veritable threading of the needle’s eye. The climb
scarcely begins before Colmars, from the gate of which town it
is practically all uphill, and as dusty a road as ever provoked
the thirst of man and beast. Still, there are several good
stretches of collecting ground by the river en route, as I found
when, on the hottest day of the year, I descended in quest of
Erebia scipio at points indicated by Mr. Powell (‘ Entomologist,’
vol. xli. p. 298).
I left Digne at eight o’clock, and reached my destination
& ‘Notice Entomologique sur les Environs de Digne et quelques Points
des Basses-Alpes,’ par M. Hugues Donzel.. Lyon, 1861.
56 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
about 1.30, and after a late déjeuner at once set off to investi-
gate the first length of the classic ‘‘ Route du Lac d’Allos,”
where I hoped to capture in good condition some at least of the
butterflies over or on the wane when I was here in 1908. With
the exception of July 20th and 22nd, the whole of my collecting
at Allos was done between the village and the lake. The mule-
path mounts steeply from the one street and then more gently,
and sometimes between thick hedges, past meadows already
harvested, to the first bridge over the Chadoulin stream. On
the southward slopes butterflies were generally in evidence, but
more distinguished by quantity than by quality. Here on the
lavender tufts—this being about the vertical limit of the plant—
the males of Hpinephele lycaon were freshly emerged. Of the
‘‘ Blues,” Plebetus argyrognomon predominated, but the beautiful
blue female, var. calliopis, Bsdv., of which I had secured a
specimen or two at Digne, evidently belongs tv the lower levels
and the hotter limestone. A few perfect males of Lycena arion
haunted the lavender. Here, also, one warm afternoon towards
sunset I picked up a curious aberrant form of Melitea didyma
settled to roost. On the under side, while all the black spots
and lines remain, the usual tawny markings, notably those of
the basal and ante-marginal bands of the hind wings, have
almost entirely disappeared, giving a peculiar black-and-white
chequered appearance to the insect as it sat motionless on the
stalk (=derufata, n. ab.).
Hereabouts, too, a low hedge fencing a new-mown field was
alive with a diminutive race of Aglaope infausta, both sexes in
fine condition, and with them a few Adscita pruni were kicked
up from the grass, though neither ‘‘ Burnets”’ nor ‘‘ Foresters ”
were at all frequent, and at this point the same remark applies
to the Hesperiide, for which I was chiefly on the alert. But,
as everywhere else in the south-east this year, Satyrus cordula
was abundant; not so Hipparchia semele, though possibly it was
still somewhat early for the latter.
The only Theclid at all common was 7’. spint, some of the
males extraordinarily small, the high Alpes-Maritimes form, as
a rule, being of quite the average size. But not one single
T’. acacie did I encounter along the line of sloe bushes, where
the females were common enough in August, 1908, and where
by all rules the males should now have been disporting them-
selves. Brenthis amathusia, also not rare near the bridge in
that year, was another absentee. Sailing over the willows I
saw not a few superb Huvanessa antiopa, with rarer Limenitis
camilla and Polygonia c-album.
A recent writer has remarked on the moisture-loving pro-
pensities of the Camberwell Beauty, and I noticed that it would
frequently lie with wings flat and fully extended on the stones
facing the sun; and also that very occasionally it joined the
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 57
Lycenid and Hesperiid “drinking clubs” on the surface damp.
They never alighted on the mule-droppings so much affested by
mountain Lycenide, though P. c-albwm is not above such attrac-
tions; and in the spring on the Riviera I have observed that
the last-mentioned species is much addicted to the rotten olives
left in the orchards from the previous year’s harvest. One
Sunday afternoon I crossed the bridge here to explore the path
through the pine woods, returning along the water channel
which diverts a part of the river to supply the farms above
Allos. But these woods and slopes yielded nothing beyond
swarms of buzzing and biting flies.
The route now ascends sharply on the right bank to the
chalets of Champ Richard, and then from a narrow gorge of
loose slaty formation debouches on a more open valley, where
again the newly constructed path separates from the old, and
mounts by zigzags through flowery pastures and occasional
larch spinneys. When the sun reaches these upper slopes
rather late in the morning there is plenty to occupy atten-
tion. Canonympha iphis hardly gives place to C. arcania var.
darwiniana; Plebeius argus (egon), much less plentiful than
P. argyrognomon, gems with wings of lapis-lazuli the red-gold
arnica daisies. Colias phicomone is everywhere, the females
just now ina majority. Males of Hrebia stygne, H. goante, and
HE. tyndarus var. cassioides (=dromus) cross and re-cross the
mule track. The larger Argynnids—A. aglaia and A. niobe (all
var. erts)—are already sucking the sweet juices of the purple
thistles in company with males of Chrysophanus hippothde var.
eurybia and Polyommatus eros. A little higher still H. ewryale
affects the woods, and the clearings by the roadside are bright
with C. virgauree, P. pheretes (males and females), Parnassius
apollo, and occasional E. epiphron var. casstope. About three-
quarters of an hour from the last-mentioned bridge a spring
empties itself into the torrent; and here over the saxifrage and
thick wet moss P. delius was flying at a safe distance from the
net. Once more the road crosses the stream, and zigzags-
upward through young forests, the nursery of the Maison
Forestiére, which now comes into view at a sudden turn. Insects
of all orders swarm at this point. The morning is fair and the
air delicious with the scent of the many Papilionacez, which
make a veritable Field of Cloth of Gold, interwoven with
the duller purples of the vetches. A mud-bath hereabouts
invites a swarm of P. eros, P. hylas, and Agriades escheri ;
Lycéna arion is rare, even more so P. orbitulus, which, common
in the Swiss Alps, never seems abundant in the Basses-Alpes
and Alpes Maritimes. Hesperia alveus, H. fritillum (= cirsia,
Rbr.), H. carthamt, and H. serratule represent the Black-and-
White Skippers; Thymelicus lineola and T'. acteon the Brown.
To the ‘‘ Coppers’ may now be added C. dorilis var. subalpina
58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
of both sexes. High up at the back of the Foresters’ House
there is a fine piece of rough ground carpeted with soft seeding
grasses and alpine flowers. The high fresh wind carries a single
Anthocharis simplonia male into my net ; the infrequent Pontia
callidice are in rags; but, ascending the last long slope, which
ends where the mountains are mirrored in the lake, the Erebias
once more claim attention.
E. gorge, with occasional ab. erinnys and EH. mnestra, swell
the catalogue. Within five minutes of the ridge, on the skrees
facing towards Allos, and exactly at the point where the path to
the Lacs de l’Encombrette diverges to the right, I discovered on
my second expedition the headquarters of H. alecto var. dupon-
chet, Obthr., thus obviating the grind up Mont Pélat, where it
is reported by Mr. Harold Powell. A more harassing insect to
chase and capture Ido not know. To begin with, the favoured
ground is always a weary scramble, composed of loose stones
and treacherous for the feet, where the most illusive and blackest
‘of all the Hrebias flits restlessly over the rock, or rarely pauses
to toy a moment with the scanty yellow Doronicum patches (I
cannot find much to differentiate var. duwponcheli from ab. pluto).
Added to this, the nature of the locality ensures for every perfect
imago a half-dozen in tatters, while crumpling and failure of
wing-pigment is of frequent occurrence. The females were few
in number; in vain I watched for one to alight and oviposit
and clear up the still outstanding mystery of the food-plant of
the species.
Below the path and on the rock-strewn ‘‘ pelouse’’ that falls
to the mouth of the subterranean stream draining the still
invisible Lac d’Allos, Melitea varia is common with C. phico-
mone, a8 well as the small Erebias. Here, also, I took a couple
of wasted H. cacalie, and even more passés H. malvoides, Klw.
and Kdw. (= fritillum, Rbr.)—the Dromio of H. malve—for the
specific confirmation of which I am much indebted to Professor
Reverdin, to whom the three or four examples caught at a single
sweep of the net were submitted. I do not doubt that earlier
in the season this Skipper occurs in most suitable localities
throughout the lower Basses-Alpes. Allos, however, may now
be added authoritatively to Professor Reverdin’s list of French
localities published in his masterly treatise on the two species
(Bull. Soc. Lépid. Genéve, vol. ii. fas. 2, p. 78, 1911). Through-
out the valley, from Champ Richard upwards, H. serratule was
frequent ; and I have from the same region in my collection a
few Hesperiids, which seem to me to be intermediates between
H, bellierit, Obthr., and the var. foulquieri, which M. Oberthur
retains provisionally under alveus, but will, I think, some day
not far off be found nearer associated with belliert.
I was surprised to find so few butterflies on the slopes lead-
ing down to the matchless lakelet, where in 1908 insects were
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 59
fairly plentiful. Except a few shabby Cassioides and the
ubiquitous C. phicomone, there was nothing to tempt me from
the rock behind which, and sheltered from the keen wind, I dis-
posed of my lunch. So I devoted the greater part of the time
on each occasion to Alecto-Duponcheli.
July 22nd, the hottest day of the month, I spent working
down the Verdon river-bed, which, in the customary way of
Alpine torrent streams, breaks up into many subsidiary chan-
nels, leaving broad stony islets covered with dwarf willow,
lavender, Epilobium angustiflorum, great clumps of Astragalus
alpinus (?), and tangled vetches, with occasional tufts of wild
thyme. The lavender was especially affected by A. escheri,
P. argyrognomon, and females of C. alciphron var. gordius, the
latter in poor condition, while Anthrocera fausta gleamed ver-
million-winged in equal abundance with A. carniolica. The
steep cliffs of the right bank, however, disclosed no LE. scipio, as
I had hoped, after a long search for a ford waded knee-deep
through spring-cold water. A rare pool for trout at all events;
and trout is the picce de résistance of every meal in these delec-
table mountains. Returning to the causeway at the end of the
long poplar avenue, which extends for a mile or so, the valley
once more opens out, and on the left bank, where the old road
follows the course of the river, there is a sun-burnt stretch of
waste land with sparse berberis bushes, mullein, and again some
fine lavender in full bloom. IT’. acteon, A. thersites and Issoria
lathonia were the principal visitors; on the dusty upper road
Satyrus circe was flying with S. alcyone, but very little besides,
and it was not until I was well in sight of Colmars itself that
I could get a draught of drinking water at a hospitable farm-
house, in the garden of which the ripe red currants hung in
‘luscious clusters.
The neighbouring lucerne fields were gay with Colias edusa
and C. hyale, but so great was the heat of the afternoon that at
two o'clock I boarded the P.L.M. motor and was quickly rushed
back to Allog. Above the village and right up to the Col there
is very little promising ground. The slopes on this side are
mostly disafforested and grazed close. I tried not to think that
the few Erebias I saw from the car, when on my journey of the
24th to Barcelonnette, were H. scipio. I am now sure they
were not—only stygne.
I have been asked where, in my Continental wanderings, I
have found butterflies in the greatest profusion. It is not an
easy question to answer, for ‘‘ distance lends enchantment to
the view ’’ of most entomologists when the time arrives to survey
in retrospect the happy hunting grounds of the past. I am
inclined to think that certain stages of the road to the Lac
d’Allos I have attempted to describe come nearest to El Dorado.
Then follow the Kaux Thermales valley at Digne, in June;
60 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
St. Martin-Vésubie, or the Ganter Bridge below Berisal, in
mid-July ; with a far-away April vision of Hadrian’s Villa at
Tivoli, with its winged legions ‘‘ fleeting the time carelessly as
in Arcady.’”’ In point of numbers only, some secluded spots in
the Chiltern Hills have provided almost as cheerful an abundance.
Last year (1913) the Basses-Alpes were at least blessed with a
summer of sunshine and butterflies in striking contrast to the
melancholy conditions and the meagre bags reported from
Switzerland and Central Europe generally.
(To be continued.)
SOME NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE
BAUME, VAR, 8S. FRANCE.
By Rev. F. E. Lows, M.A., F.E.S.
II. Tue Morus.
TuoucHu Switzerland can never be without interest, after
many years’ experience of it the collector begins to crave for
new ground. If Norway does not appeal to him, he probably
decides to explore as far south as the limits of his time and
purse permit. This was my case in the summer of 1912—but
—Where to go? was the question. I wisely consulted Mr.
Rowland-Brown, to every entomologist a veritable ‘‘ Baedeker ”’
for France; who, after dismissing my suggestion of Thorenc—
of which he had received no reports—proposed La Ste. Baume
as being a centre well spoken of by French, and little known to
English, collectors. Thither I went therefore, and spent such
an interesting ten days that I returned again for a slightly
longer visit this year. I had sent a selection of my 1912 cap-
tures for identification to Mr. Prout, who is always kind enough
to help me out of any difficulties with geometers. It was an
unexpected pleasure to hear from him that I had fallen upon a
very good thing, viz., Acidalia determinata. He wrote: ‘‘ You
have some interesting forms, and 4. determinata was quite a
surprise. I had never even seen the species until a few weeks
ago, when Pungler very kindly sent a valuable box of Acidalids
for my inspection . . . and included a pair of this species, one
from Calabria and one from Taurus. Where exactly is Ste.
Baume? It will surely be a new locality for this insect. If
you ever visit this place again, work for a series.” Here was
sufficient incentive, and this year my wife and I returned with
ardour to the search, and were successful in getting together
about thirty specimens. Perhaps it is early days to express an
NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF LA SAINTE BAUME. 61
Opinion, but it appears to be very local even where it exists.*
We found it restricted to quite a small space on the edge of the
wood which borders the north-east corner of the plateau before
beginning the descent to Nans. But its allies, A. macilentaria
and A. litigiosaria, are fairly commonly distributed over all the
neighbourhood, more particularly the former. From neither of
these could I pretend to distinguish it in flight; but A. macilen-
taria, which is most like it on the upper side, is readily distin-
guished when caught by its dark strongly-marked under side.
A. determinata is not an active insect and is easily overlooked,
as it seems rarely to fly unless disturbed; but like other
** waves,” it is fond of lying spread out on a leaf—not, I think,
in the full sun, but rather close to the ground, and where longer
branches above afford a slight shade. In our experience, it was
always driven out of little stunted oak bushes; whether it had
any closer connection with these than the fact they provided a
pleasant resting-place I cannot venture to suggest. From the
list of captures appended it will be seen that the Acidalids
proved a strong and interesting family in this region, while the
Larentids were remarkably few and ordinary. The Zygenids
provided variety, but with the exception of Z. angelice and
Z. lonicere coud hardly be considered numerous. That almost
most beautiful ‘‘burnet” of all, 7. lavandule, appeared only
separately on the road to Nans; but on crossing the Col de
Bretagne, I found a large colony feasting on the flowers of
“hemp agrimony,” or a plant like it, growing in a hollow by
the side of the Gémenos road. This, I think, is an unusual
occurrence, for at Bondol, where Z. lavandule was more com-
mon, I always took it singly and generally on the wing.
Z. erythus, on the contrary, has the burnet-habit of congregating,
and was seldom seen alone, but had a restricted headquarters
of its own; and gave its attentions to a tall wiry scabious with
little wizened flowers, which would have been justly despised in
any better watered land. Probably the more active habits of
lavandule accounted for a difficulty in getting good specimens.
It seems also to be a slightly earlier species. The most remark-
able feature in ‘“‘ moth-land,” perhaps, was the extraordinary
quantity of three small species in the herbage of the plain of
Plan d’Aup. I have already remarked in a former paper on the
abundance of Rusticus egon. But even more wonderful—espe-
cially in 1912—was the enormous number of Acidalia sericeata
‘and A. decorata, disturbed in walking over the plateau; and
with them almost as many Crambus craterellus —the only
Crambus observed, with the exception of two or three C. cwmellus.
Among the “ pugs,’ Mr. Prout has praise for T’ephroclystia
* An indirect but suggestive token of the rarity of A. determinata, in
collections may be gathered from the fact that it is not offered for sale in
either the Staudinger, Bang-Haas, or Bartel price-lists.
62, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
allionia and T. ultimaria. The handsome Ortholitha meniata
was very common in the woods and at light; and ascending the
wooded path to the Col de Bretagne Minoa murinata, in spite of
its small size, was a prominent feature. The Noctue and the
Tephroclystie were all taken at light, the other families nearly
all netted in the daytime, the chief exceptions being Acidalia
virgularia var. australis, A. submutata, Ephyra pupillaria,
Boarmia solieraria (one male), Trephonia sepiaria (two), Hylo-
phila bicolorana, Eromene bella, which were attracted by light.
Besides Mr. Prout, I am also under obligations to Dr.
Chapman for naming certain specimens and to Mr. Bethune-
Baker for help with the Zygenids. It is impossible to foresee
what system of nomenclature this paper may represent after it
has passed the Editor’s hands; but in making my list I have
followed the Staudinger-Rebelschen Catalog. 1901. As Mons.
Culot says in his preface to vol. ii. of ‘ Noctuelles d’Europe’:
‘‘Le catalogue que j’ai pris pour guide, parce qu’il est le plus
répandu.” I hesitate to add with him: ‘ Et non parce quwil
représente une classification rationnelle.’’ Such criticism is for
the ever-conflicting experts.
We spent two or three days at Bondol on the sea coast,
hunting Zygena erythus, While there I took a few rather good
moths at light, and as Bondol is not far distant from La Ste.
Baume, I have added these captures as a separate note.
Heterocera oF Ste. Baume anp Nans.
SpHincipz.—Macroglossa stellatarum, Deilephila euphorhne,
Hemaris fuciformis.
LyMANTRIIDE.—Orgyia trigotephras (var. corsica ?).
Lastocamprpm.-—Malacosoma neustria.
DRrepPaANipz#.—Drepana binaria (one female).
Noctuip™.—Acronycta rumicis (dark), Dianthecia compta,
Caradrina exigua, Leucania scirpi, Thalpochares polygramma,
T. purpurina, T. scitula, Rivula sericealis, Prothymnia viridania,
Hemerosia renalis, Catocala conversa, C. nymphagoga, Apopestes
dilucida, Huclidia glyphica.
GEOMETRIDH.—A plasta ononaria, Geometra vernaria, Nemoria
viridata, Acidalia ochrata, A. macilentaria, A. determinata,
A. rufaria, A. litigiosaria, A. sericeata, A. moniliata, A. virgularia
var. australis, A. circuitaria (two), A. trigeminata, A. dilutaria,
A. degeneraria, A. inornata, A. aversata, A. rubiginata, A. mar-
ginepunctata, A. submutata, A. imitata, A. decorata, HEphyra
pupillaria, and var. gyrata, E. linearia (trilinearia, Bkh.), Rhodo-
strophia vibicaria, R. calabraria and ab. tabidaria.
LARENTINE.—Sterrha sacraria, Ortholitha meniata, Minoa
murinata (euphorbiata), Larentia fulvata (one), L. bilineata (one),
Tephroclystia (Hupithecia) allionia, T. breviculata, T. ultimaria,
T’. oblongata, T’. pumilata, Rumia luteata (one).
NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON oF 1918. 63
Boarmunm.—Boarmia solieraria, Trephonia sepiaria, Hubolia
murinaria.
Cympipm.—Hylophila bicolorana.
Hererocynipz.—Heterogynis penella.
Lirnosun®.—Lithosia lurideola, L. complana, L. caniola.
YyvamNIDE.—Zygena scabiose var. orion, Z. sarpedon and
var. vernetensis, Z. achillee, Z. lonicere and var. ochsenheimert,
Z. transalpina, Z. angelice, Z. lavandule and var. consobrina,
Z. hilaris var. ononidis (one).
Ino (apscrta), I. globularie, Dyspessa ulula.
Pyrauips, &ce.—Crambus craterellus, C. cumellus, Hromene
bella, Pyraustra sanguinalis, P. purpuralis, P. funebris (octo-
maculata), P. cingulata, Titanio polinalis, Evergestis sophialis,
Salebria palumbella.
At Bonpou.
Zygena erythus, Z. filipendule; and at light, Semiothisa
(Macaria) estimaria, Gnophos mucidaria, Hublemma_ suava,
E. jucunda, Pseudophia illunaris.
NOTES ON THE DRAGONFLY SEASON OF 1913.
By F. W. & H. Campion.
THE most interesting dragonfly seen by us during the present
year was a female of Somatochlora metallica taken in Surrey on
June 8th (H. J. Watts). The capture was made in the same
locality as that which furnished the male obtained by the same
entomologist on June 26th, 1910 (Entom. xliv. p. 238). When
first taken, Mr. Watts tells us, this female was in somewhat
teneral condition, but it was kept alive for a few days and deve-
loped into a very fine specimen. When we saw the insect, after
it had left the setting-board, the wings, including the ptero-
stigmata, were of a beautiful amber, the colour being richest in
the region of the costa. In a fully adult female from Guisachan,
taken in August, 1899, by Mr. J. J. F. X. King, with which we
compared the Surrey specimen, the pterostigmata are pinkish-
red, and the wings are only slightly tinged with brown. Well
authenticated records for this species from any part of Great
Britain south of the Grampians are still very few, and its
~ occurrence in Sussex in 1908 came to Odonatists as quite a
surprise.
During the last week in May Mr. R. South visited the New
Forest, and obtained at Brockenhurst (May 380th) Calopteryx
virgo, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, and Agrion puella. From the same
locality we also received, through the kindness of Mr. South,
Platycnemis pennipes, Pyrrhosoma tenellum, Orthetrum cerulescens,
64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and Sympetrum striolatum, all dated July 16th, as well as
Enallagma cyathigerum and Erythromma naias, likewise taken in
July. Furthermore, Mr. South was good enough to give us
Enallagma cyathigerum, male, caught by himself at the Black
Pond, Surrey, on August 13th.
From the Eastbourne district Mr. Harold Bosley kindly sent
us A. puella (two teneral males, near Pevensey, May 24th), A.
pulchellum (a teneral pair, near Pevensey, May 24th; two pairs,
Eastbourne Marshes, June 14th), and Ischnura elegans (two
males, Eastbourne Marshes, June 14th).
At Westcliff, Essex, Mr. A. Luvoni recorded P. nymphula and
Libellula depressa on May 25th, I. elegans on May 31st, and A.
puella on June Ist.
During June we re-visited our old Huntingdonshire localities,
and, among other species, again met with Libellula fulva (near
Huntingdon, June 16th and 18th), L. quadrimaculata and Brachy-
tron hafniense (near Ramsey, June 17th), Calopteryx splendens
(near Huntingdon, June 12th), and Hrythromma naias (near
Huntingdon, June 21st).
Finally,.Dr. F. F. Laidlaw has favoured us with a list of the
species observed by him in Devonshire during 1913. His report,
which is in the following terms, relates to Uffculme, except in
the case of those records for which other localities are specially
mentioned :—
‘‘The earliest Odonate met with was Pyrrhosoma nymphula.
I saw a female specimen on May 11th, and the species was
flying in some numbers the next day. Calopteryx virgo put in
an appearance nearly a month later than it did last year. I
observed the first specimen, a teneral male, on May 28rd, but
the species was very abundant by May 28th. On the last-named
date I saw very many specimens, and the insect seemed to me
to be much more numerous than it was last year. Hxactly the
opposite was the case with C. splendens, which was first noticed
on June 15th, but which was never so abundant as in 1912 or so
numerous as its congener. Libellula depressa occurred on May
26th at Sheldon. Brachytron hafniense was taken at Burlescombe
by Mr. H. Pearse on May 27th. Ireceived a female of B. hafniense
from near Langport, in Somerset, and a female of Agrion pul-
chellum, also from Langport, through the kindness of Miss
D. Wright (June 4th). Other records are Agrion puella (Willand,
June 16th), Hnallagma cyathigerum (Willand, June 20th), Cordule-
gaster annulatus (September 7th and 19th) and Sympetrum
striolatum, males, (Burlescombe, September 21st and 28th). On
June 27th I saw an Auschnid chased in a playful way by a
sparrow, which, however, it easily evaded.”
58, Ranelagh Road, Ealing, W.: Dec. 26th, 1913.
65
FORFICULA AURICULARIA.
By H. H. Brinnuey.
Forficula auricularia (slightly magnified).
Tue individuals in the photograph reproduced are a female
and two males, the latter being as regards length of callipers
“high” and “‘low,” following the terminology of Bateson (Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, Noy. 15, 1892, p. 585). They were obtained
in September, 1918, on the uninhabited islet of Rosevear in the
Scillies, situated about two miles east of the Bishop Rock. This
islet swarms with earwigs which are mostly large bodied, while
the ‘‘ high ’’ male is much commoner than the ‘‘low.’”’ Rosevear
was inhabited from 1850 to 1858 by the workmen employed to
build the present Bishop Lighthouse. Is it possible that the
remarkable abundance of earwigs, on an islet whose features are
mainly masses of granite and a vegetation of sea-pink and giant
mallow, is related to this human settlement of half a century
ago? On Round Island, the northernmost islet of the Scilly
eroup, earwigs are also very numerous and seem to feed chiefly
on the kitchen refuse thrown ‘‘ over cliff’’ by the light keepers,
the only human inhabitants.
The specimen illustrated has callipers 12°25 mm. in length,
and thus markedly exceeds that taken by Mr. P. M. Bright at
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in 1910, and illustrated in the
‘Entomologist,’ June, 1911, p. 209. In Mr. Bateson’s collection
of 1892 in the Farn Islands six specimens had callipers 9°0 mm.
long, and in 1907 and 1908 I obtained four from the same
locality with callipers 8°75 mm. In a collection made on Round
Island in 1911 I found thirty-four males with callipers 10 mm.
or more, among which the highest had the value 11°0 mm,
ENTOM.—FEBRUARY, 1914. F
66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Till I measured the Rosevear specimen the above was the largest
‘high’ male or var. forcipata known to me. _ It is probable
that Mr. Bright’s Freshwater specimen, on my method of
measurement, has callipers slightly more than 10 mm., because
they were apparently measured in situ. The latter method
is quite unsatisfactory when a large series is being measured to
ascertain the amount of variation, because the degree to which
the bases of the callipers are telescoped into the last abdominal
segment differs in a series of individuals. So I always extract
the callipers to expose the small process, a kind of condyle,
which is situated on the external margin of the calliper and is
usually only just hidden by the last abdominal tergum. The
callipers are then laid on squared mm. paper and measured in a
straight line from the ‘‘condyle”’ to the distal extremity, the
curvature being disregarded. This is permissible, because, though
‘‘high’’ males possess straighter callipers than do the ‘‘low,” as
the correlation is constant the curve of variation is not vitiated.
Unfortunately the body of the Rosevear ‘“‘high” male was
damaged either at capture or in subsequent transport in spirit,
so that it could not be set symmetrically for photographing.
I have not yet measured the other Rosevear males, but there
are many which closely approach the example illustrated. Taken
altogether they seem to possess in both body and callipers the
largest average dimensions of any collection from one locality I
have seen.
Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge: December, 1913.
THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
By J. We Care, M.A,de.s.; 2 .G.8:
(Professor of Biology, University College, Nottingham.)
THE distribution of these insects in Britain is still so in-
sufficiently worked out that a list of the species recently taken
in Nottinghamshire may be of some use. With few exceptions
all have been collected during 1912-13 by myself, and every
specimen recorded has been identified or confirmed by Mr.
Kenneth J. Morton, to whom I am greatly indebted for much
generous assistance with this and other groups of Neuropteroid
insects.
Srauip# (Alder-flies).
Sialas lutarca, Linn.—By rivers, canals, and ponds everywhere.
S. fuliginosa, Pict.—EHaton, near Retford, May 29th, 1901.
RapuHipup# (Snake-flies).
Raphidia notata, Fab.—Epperstone Park, May 12th and June
THE NEUROPTERA OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. 67
20th, 1912 (J. W. Saunt); Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, June
12th, 1912.
R. xanthostigma, Schum.—Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe,
several, June 10th—14th, 1912; also at Langford Moor, near Newark,
June, 1904.
HeMEROBIIDe (Brown Lacewings).
Sisyra fuscata, Fab.—Sherwood Forest, near Ollerton, July, 1912.
Hemerobius elegans, Steph.—Burton Joyce, July 9th, 1904.
H. micans, Oliv—Thorney, August,’ 1913 (L. A. Carr); Epper-
stone Park, September 6th, 1913.
H. nitidulus, Fab.—Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913.
H. humuli, Linn.—Nether Langwith, August 19th, 1912; West
Leake, May 27th, 1913; Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913.
H. lutescens, Fab.—Common. Nottingham; East and West
Leake; Kirkby-in-Ashfield ; Epperstone Park; Thorney; Sherwood
Forest, &c.; dates varying from May 17th to September 24th.
H. orotypus, Walleng. Aspley Woods, near Nottingham, August
9th, 1912; Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, September 25th, 1913.
H. nervosus, Fab.—Epperstone Park, September 6th, 1913.
H. subnebulosus, Steph.— Everywhere common. Taken con-
tinuously from April 24th to September 12th. : ;
H. quadrifasciatus, Reut.—Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe,
June 10th—14th, 1912 (L. A. Cary).
Micromus paganus, Linn.—Aspley Woods, June 28th and July
26th, 1912; Kirkby-in-Ashfield, June 28th, 1913.
M. angulatus, Steph. — Sherwood Forest, near HEdwinstowe,
September 25th, 1913.
CurysoPip& (Green Lacewings).
Chrysopa flava, Scop.—Holme Pierrepont, June 1st, 1912 (F. M.
Robinson); Caythorpe, September, 1912; Kirkby-in-Ashfield, June
28th, 1913.
C. alba, Linn.—Epperstone Park, June 22nd, 1913 (J. W. Saunt).
C. tenella, Schrd.—Bulwell Hall Park, July 8th, 1912.
C. septempunctata, Wesm.— Ollerton, Sherwood Forest, July,
1912; Nottingham, common on hawthorn trees in my garden and
elsewhere in the city.
C. prasina, Ramb.—Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe, August
1st, 1911.
C. ventralis, Curt.—Nottingham, 1912 (J. W. Saunt).
C. phyllochroma, Wesm.—East Leake, June 18th, 1912.
C. perla, Linn.—-Budby-carr, Sherwood Forest, several, July 9th,
1913; Worksop, 1913 (J. E. Hodding); Cotgrave, June 21st, 1913
(Saunt).
CoNIOPTERYGID.
Conwentzia psociformis, Curt. — Nottingham, May 27th, 1913;
Warsop, July 14th, 1913.
Semidalis aleyrodifornus, Steph.—Nottingham, 1901; East Leake,
July 3rd, 1911; Upton, near Southwell, beaten from ash and oak,
June 30th, 1913; Fiskerton, from Pyrus malus, July 25th, 1913,
68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Coniopteryx tinetformis, Steph. — Thorney, August 15th—19th,
1913 (L. A. Carr).
PANoRPIDH (Scorpion-flies).
Panorpa communts, Linn.—Common throughout the county, June
12th—August 24th, 1913.
P. cognata, Ramb.—Bulwell, July 6th, 1912 (Ff. M. Robinson) ;
Thorney, August 15th-19th, 1918, two specimens (L. A. Carr); near
Newbound Mill, Teversall, August 3rd, 1912.
P. germanica, Linn.—Common everywhere in Notts; taken from
May 11th to September 12th.
[In addition to those above mentioned, the following species
have been recorded for Nottinghamshire :—-
Hemerobius inconspicuus, MeLach.—Clumber Park, 1908 (Lady
Robinson).
H. stigma, Steph.—Worksop, 1904 (Lady Robinson).
H. atrifrons, McLach. and H. concinnus, Steph.— Worksop, 1908
(Lady Robinson).
Chrysopa vulgaris, Schrd.—South Leverton (Rev. A. Thornley) ;
Shireoaks, Worksop (J. T. Houghton).
Nothochrysa capitata, Fab.—Sherwood Forest (H. Donisthorpe).]
A NEW GENUS OF TRYDYMINE MISCOGASTERIDAG
(HYMENOPTERA CHALCIDOIDEA).
By A. A. GiIrauut.
TRYDYMINI.
H}PITEROBIA, N. gen.
Female. —Agreeing with Terobia, Foerster, but the scutellum with
a distinct cross suture before apex, and the marginal vein is fully
twice the length of the stigmal, which is distinctly shorter than the
postmarginal. Both mandibles flattened, distinctly 4-dentate. Abdo-
men conic-ovate, keeled beneath, the second segment longest, occupy-
ing about a fifth of the surface, its caudal margin with a slight notch
at the meson; abdomen somewhat longer than the rest of the body.
Antenne with the first ring-joint very short, inserted below the
middle of the face but somewhat above the ventral ends of the eyes.
Lateral margins of propodeum carinated, but true lateral carine
absent, the median carina distinct, not very long, complete. Spiracle
small, round, central (i.e. midway between cephalic and caudal
margins, far from cephalic margin). Parapsidal furrows deep.
Male.—Not known.
Type.—The following species.
Epiterobia reticulatithorax, n. sp.
Female—Length, 1:15 mm. Dark coppery green, the wings
hyaline, the thorax finely reticulated, the lines not raised, smooth on
scutellum caudad of cross-suture; propodeum glabrous. Coxe con-
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 69
colorous, the femora also, the knees, tibiz and tarsi pale. Mandibles
somewhat like an outspread hand with the last finger-joints turned
down and the thumb hidden. Antennz pale yellowish, the pedicel
above at base and the club dusky. Club somewhat enlarged; funicle
joints subglobular, wider than long, increasing somewhat in size,
distad, but always shorter than the pedicel, which is a little longer
than wide. Club apparently with a minute apical fourth joint
(excluding this, antenne 13-jointed with two ring joints).
Described from one female captured by sweeping in forest,
December 2nd, 1912 (A. P. Dodd).
Habitat.—Nelson (Cairns), Queensland.
Type.—The above specimen on a tag, the head and a hind
leg on a slide. In the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.
The species was described with a Bausch and Lomb micro-
scope, ?-inch objective, 1-inch optic.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Do Hovuss-Fiirs Hypernate?—It is commonly believed that
the persistence of Musca domestica from one season to another is
ensured by the survival of a certain number of fertilized females,
which pass through the winter usually in a dormant condition in
nooks and crannies in houses, and become the mothers of the earliest
broods of the following year. In spite, however, of the large amount
of attention bestowed upon the House-fly during the last few years,
owing to the recognition of its importance as a disease-carrier,
definite proof that the insect hybernates in the perfect state is still
wanting; indeed, Dr. Henry Skinner, as the result of an observation
made by him last March at Philadelphia, U.S.A., has recently an-
swered the question at the head of this note by stating that:
‘“‘House-flies pass the winter in the pupal stage and in no other
way” (‘Entomological News,’ vol. xxiv, No. 7, July, 1913, p. 304).
This conclusion, it should be noted, is directly at variance with
results obtained in this country by both Newstead and Jepson.
Did we possess exact knowledge of what happens to the House-
fly in the interval that elapses between the disappearance of the last
belated stragglers in November and December, and the sporadic
invasion of our dwellings in the following June by the earliest
skirmishers of the season, it is obvious that we might be able to deal
more effectually with an ever-recurring menace to the public health.
This point has not been overlooked in the investigations upon “ Flies
as Carriers of Infection,’ which for several years past have been
carried on by the Local Government Board, under the direction of
Dr. 5. Monckton Copeman, F.R.S., but hitherto the results have
been purely negative. Hybernating flies belonging to several species
have been found in attics and elsewhere, but upon careful exami-
nation it was found that these did not include a single House-fly.
In this matter the importance of accurate determination of species
is obvious, and the object of the present note is to enlist during the
70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
present winter the sympathetic aid of readers of this Journal, in
securing and forwarding for identification collections of hybernating
flies. Such flies may be looked for in attics and other unoccupied
rooms, in chinks and crannies in living rooms, such as the space
between a shutter or a loose piece of wall-paper and the wall, and in
stables, barns and other outbuildings close to houses. Every con-
signment of flies so collected, if forwarded (with label stating place
and date of capture) either to Dr. S. Monckton Copeman, F.R.S.,
Local Government Board, Whitehall, S.W., or to the writer, will be
gratefully and promptly acknowledged and investigated. The flies
should be placed, just as they are, in a small tin box or wide-mouthed
bottle, well protected by soft wrapping and despatched by parcel
post. Such parcels, if sent to Dr. Copeman at the Local Government
Board, and marked * O.H.M.S.,” need not be stamped.—Ernest H.
AustEN ; British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London,
S.W., January 10th, 1914.
Notes From SaLtcomBe, AuGcust, 1913.—Colias edusa was first
seen on the Kingsbridge Road on August 10th after church, and was
apparently a freshly emerged male. There was a large clover field a
short distance away, but although the field was visited on all
suitable occasions for several days, and at intervals until the end of
the month, not a single other specimen was seen in that neighbour-
hood. On August 15th a male appeared on the tennis courts and
was promptly acquired with the help of a racquet. The same day my
wife discovered the species flying quite freely in a steep stubby field
on the Portlemouth side of the harbour. A few specimens were
generally to be found there in sunshine for the next ten days, when
they became scarcer. It was a great pleasure to find Vanessa io
commoner than I have seen it for thirty years. It occurred almost
everywhere, but swarmed in some of the ravines on the Bolt, where
at least half a dozen on one occasion were feeding on an inaccessible
clump of valerian, its chief attraction. No doubt these were the
imagines from the larve noted as common at Salcombe by Mr. R. M.
Prideaux on July 1st. V. zo was in the pink of condition, a large
percentage being absolutely perfect and very fine. Pyrameis
cardut were very common in the clover field and in good condition.
P. atalanta appeared frequently towards the end of the month. On
August 19th a number were flying on the sandhills at Hope, where
they were greatly attracted by the Hryngiwm, then in full bloom.
Argynnis paphia was about over, but a few were seen in the
Courtenay Woods and on the Bolt. Satyrus semele was common on
the barer part of Bolt Head, but was worn, and only four perfect
specimens was taken. Pararge egeria was numerous in all suitable
localities and in all conditions. Pararge megera and EH pinephele
tithonus swarmed on the banks at the sides of the high roads, but
both were dilapidated. Canonympha pamphilus and Chrysophanus
phleas were present in some numbers in the edusa field and less
commonly elsewhere. Lycena astrarche occurred in one corner of
the same field, but was confined to a space of about fifteen yards
square, and it was met with nowhere else. J. ecarus was the only
blue seen, and not a single skipper or hairstreak was noted.
ad
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. rial!
Eupithecia larvee were common on Galiwm, Artemisia, and Senecio.
Dusking was not very successful, and sugaring on the cliffs was
unproductive during the greater part of the month. By far the
most common insect at sugar in the Courtenay Woods was Amphi-
pyra pyramidea, which came freely during the last days of our
visit. On one occasion five were successfully boxed from one patch.
Four Lymantria monacha came to the lantern one night in a pine
wood. The flowers of Senecio near the sea were not worth working,
although in 1912 at Sutton-on-Sea common species swarmed on it.
—G. Hanson Sate; Littleover House, Littleover, Derby.
Morus CASUALLY PASSING MORE THAN A YEAR IN THE PUPAL
Srate.—Mr. Robert Lawson’s note upon some examples of Bzston
hirtaria, which spent nearly three years as pupz with him (Entom.
xlvi. p. 332), interests me much, as I have long suspected that to
something of this kind may perhaps be attributed the extra
abundance of certain insects in certain years so often remarked
upon. I have had several species of caterpillars from time to time
in my rearing cages, that have missed the usual time of emergence,
and duly turned to imagines in the following year; but will, mean-
while, only mention one case which is curiously like that referred to
by Mr. Lawson. In August and September, 1888, larvee of Notodonta
ziczac happened to be unusually numerous round Berwick-on-Tweed,
and a number of them were transferred to the breeding cages,
Most of these duly emerged in the following year, from May 22nd up
to July 14th, but a few pupe remained alive in the cage till 1891,
when one perfect insect emerged from one of them on July 18th,
none of the remainder being then alive. But the point I particularly
wish to emphasize is that, although upon the poplar trees from
which the larvae had been gathered in 1888, no ziczac caterpillars
appeared in either 1889 or 1890, in the autumn of 1891 they were
again numerous. It might, of course, have been no more than a
coincidence, but it strongly suggested some conditions, climatic or
otherwise, especially favourable to the species, and common to the
years 1888 and 1891; as well as that certain of the wild insects might
also have passed the intervening two summers in the pupal state.—
GrorGE Bortam; Alston, Cumberland.
LITHOSTEGE GRISEATA SECOND Broop.—I had a few larve of this
species last year which duly pupated, and I was much surprised to
find on looking at the cages in September that five moths had
emerged (two males and three females). They had evidently paired
and laid, as there were some old eggshells about, but the larvee had of
course perished. This may account for the scarcity of the species
some seasons, as if there is a second emergence the resulting larve
would surely perish, as the S¢symbriwm would be dying and the seeds
fallen before the larve could feed up.—H. M. Eprtstren; Forty Hill,
Enfield.
“THE VERRALL SuPPER.”—No entomological event of the year,
as we have before asserted, is of greater social interest or of more
value for founding friendships than the “ Verrall’” supper, which
annually perpetuates the memory of those given by the late G. H.
Verrall and that of the donor. In 1913 the number of guests was
72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
but little under one hundred, but on January 20th of the present
year that record was broken, as one hundred and three then sat
down to supper. Among those present were Adkin, Andrews, Arrow,
Atmore, Black, Bateson, Bethune-Baker, Bouskill, Burr, Bagnell,
Bacot, Bethel, Blair, Butler, Buxton, G. C. and H. G. Champion,
Chapman, Collin, Cameron, Campion, Cockayne, Crawley, Dixey,
Donisthorpe, Druce, Durrant, Stanley and F. W. Edwards, Elliott,
Frohawk, Frisby, Fryer, Gahan, Gibbs, Hall, Harmer, Hodge, Image,
O. E. and J. O. Janson, Jackson, Jenkinson, Jennings, Jones, Joy,
Jordan, Joseph, Lloyd, Lucas, Main, Meade- Waldo, Mitford, Morley, ~
Morice, Nurse, Nicholson, Porritt, Poulton, Prout, W. Rothschild,
Rowland-Brown, Riley, W. EH. Sharp, Sich, Skinner, Smith, Step,
Tomlin, Tonge, Turner, Wainwright, Walker, C. O. Waterhouse, and
Wheeler.
A DraGonFruy at SeA.—The dragonfly taken at sea mentioned
on p. 39 has been kindly identified for me by Mr. W. J. Lucas. It
is a fully coloured male of Sympetruwm scoticum. It was taken
between Revel and Helsingfors, the former name being previously
misprinted as “ Kevel.’”—Joun B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Hlmfield Road,
Bromley, Kent, Jan. 8th, 1914.
Errata.—Page 27, line 13 from bottom, delete ‘“ croricnus.”
Page 36, line 10, for ‘‘samoensis”’ read “samoaensis.” Page 37, line 19,
for “no posterior” read ‘‘two posterior”; line 24, for ‘‘ Thorp” read
« Theobald.”
SOCIETIES.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society.—November
17th, 1918.—The President in the chair—Mr. W. Bowater,
B.D.S., F.E.S., Brandon Lodge, Russell Road, Moseley, Birming-
ham, and Arnold W. Hughes, 33, Lacy Road, Everton, Liverpool,
were elected members of the Society.—Dr. P. F. Tinne read a
paper entitled ‘Insects concerned in the Pollination of Plants,”
in which he dealt very thoroughly with the part played by
insects in this important process. Dr, Tinne gave many interesting
examples, chiefly drawn from the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, as
to the methods of the various species; he described the structure of
the floral organs of plants which facilitated the operations of the
insect principally concerned in the pollination; and also indicated
how unwelcome or inefficient visitors were repelled and imprisoned
or otherwise prevented from interfering with the process.—The fol-
lowing exhibits were made :—By Mr. W. A. Tyerman—A fine bred
series of Notodonta dromedarius var. perfusca, Dianthecia nana,
D. cucubali, and Phibalapteryx vittata, from the Southport district ;
also Sphinx convoluuli, Nemeophila plantaginis, and Callimorpha
dominula. A specimen of Cherocampa neri, captured by a farmer
near Ainsdale on September 14th, 1913; it was in a very dilapidated
condition, but easily recognisable, and it forms a very interesting
addition to our county list—Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a short
series of Thera variata and pale forms of 7’. obeliscata for com-
parison.— Wm. Manssrince, Hon. Sec.
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The collection formed by the late Mr. B. E. Jupp, of Haslemere,
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The Entomologist, March, 1914. Plate I.
10
Photos G. T. Lyle.
Meteorus albiditarsis, female. 2. M. niger, female.
M. niger, male. 4. M. fragilis, female.
Cocoon of M. melanostictus from which the hyperparasite Mesochorus crassimanus
emerged.
Cocoon of M. pulchricornis showing the cap remoyed by the imago in emerging.
Cocoon of M. albiditarsis. 8. Cocoon of M. ictericus.
Cocoons of M. leviventris. 10. Cocoon of M. deceptor.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.] MARCH, 1914. [No. 610
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. I. METEORIDA.
By G. T Lyte, F.E.S.
(PuateE I.)
Waritine in 1898, the late George Carter Bignell, to whom
we owe, perhaps, more of our knowledge of the British Braconide
than to any other, mentions that the number of British students
of the Ichneumonide during the nineteenth century would not
amount to a dozen. As regards the Braconide, since Bignell
published his South Devon list in 1901,* I am not aware of
any literature having appeared on the subject in this country,
with the exception of a few scattered notes in various periodicals,
and Mr. Claude Morley’s papers which were published in the
‘Entomologist’ for 1906, 1907, and 1908.
There would seem to be several reasons for this neglect of a
most interesting group, one being the want of a cheap text-book
on the subject to encourage the young student, and another the
fact that several authors have described new species from in-
sufficient material, often from a single specimen, so that where
species run so closely together and individuals vary so much, a
certain amount of confusion has arisen. The Rev. T. A.
Marshall, however, did much to dispel this in his excellent
monograph, published in the Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885-1889, and
even more in his three volumes on the Braconid comprised in
‘Species des Hyménopteéres d’Kurope et d’Algérie,’ 1888-1901.
During the past ten. years I have given a good deal of
attention to the breeding of hymenopterous parasites, and
although the work has been considerable I feel that the results
have repaid me, as in no other way could a knowledge of the life-
histories of the insects be obtained. I am also much indebted
to various gentlemen who have been good enough to present me
with specimens which they have bred, often, I fear, much to
their disgust, and particularly to Mr. Claude Morley who has
* ‘The Ichneumonide of 8. Devon,’ part 2, Braconide, Trans. Devons.
for Advan. Sci., Lit. and Art. f
ENTOM.—MARCH, 1914. G
74 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
very kindly forwarded to me the whole of his collection of
Meteoride for inspection.
Ashmead, in his classification of the Ichneumonide,* divides
his subfamily Meteorine into five genera, restoring Zemiotus
and Protelus (Forster) which had been rejected, apparently for
very good reasons, by Marshall. For convenience sake, however,
I will treat our British representatives as of but one genus,
Meteorus, Hal.,t as did Morley in his notes.t
The British species are comparatively few in number, some
thirty-five or so having been recorded, including two or three
rather doubtful ones. They are distinguished by having three
cubital areolets on the fore wings, and, as in the true ichneumons,
a petiolated abdomen. While usually parasitic on the larve of
Lepidoptera, some are known to prey on the larve of Coleoptera,
and Morley has published a record of M. versicolor having been
bred from the larva of a Tenthredinid.
From April until late autumn they are to be found on the
wing, and although I have no knowledge that they ever hibernate
in the perfect state, it is possible that at least M. jilator,
which has often been taken in November, and M. melanostictus
which | have found so late as December 17th, may do so.
Most of the Meteoride are solitary parasites, though a few
are social; of the former several weave brown shining cocoons
which are suspended by a silken thread from leaves or twigs of
the plant on which the host has fed. This swing rope is
generally from a half to two inches in length, though I have
known it to reach eight inches. Marshall writes of these
cocoons§: ‘‘ The head of the insect is always turned downwards,
and, as it spins by the mouth, we have to account for the fact
that somehow it is able to reverse its position in the air, since
at the moment of its first suspension the head would naturally
be uppermost; so far as I know, no observation has yet been
made to explain this circumstance.’ With regard to this, I
have several times watched the larva of M. pulchricornis emerge
from its host, and the proceeding is somewhat as follows :—
The head of the parasite larva is, of course, protruded first, and
when about half the body is free a pad of silk is spun on the leaf
or twig on which the host rests; after this the remainder of the
body is withdrawn, and the parasite lowers itself from the pad
by a thread of silk, the head being uppermost, as mentioned by
Marshall. By a severe muscular effort, which is not always
successful at the first attempt, the apical segment is now brought
up until it touches the mouth, and apparently the thread is
grasped between the apical and the adjoining segments,|| the
* Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiii. 1900. + Halliday, Ent. Mag. iii. p. 24.
{ *Kntomologist,’ 1908, p. 125. § Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887, p. 89.
|| Berthoumieu describes the pedal processes on the apical segments of
larvee of Ichneumonide in Ann. Soe. France, 1895.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDZE. 75
attachment being at once made secure by the addition of a few
twists of silk, after which the head is drawn away leaving the
larva suspended by its anal extremity; the formation of the
cocoon is then commenced. Some two hours are occupied by
the larva in covering itself with the cocoon, but for many hours
afterwards it may be seen hard at work spinning within.
In all the cases observed by me the parasite larva emerged
from the side of the seventh or eighth segment of the host, I
believe, through a spiracle.
As I mentioned before, I know of no instance of a Meteorid
hibernating in the perfect state, but with several species the
winter is passed within the body of the host, either as an ovum or
young larva, and with a few others as a larva within the cocoon.
My experience is that pupation does not take place until within
a fortnight or so of the emergence of the imago, no matter how
long a period may be spent within the cocoon. On emerging, the
imago removes a neat cap from one end of its cocoon (fig. 6) ;
with those species which construct fusiform cocoons the cap is
always removed from the smaller end.
In the following notes, unless otherwise stated, the records
are my own, and the insects mentioned have been captured or
bred in the New Forest.
Meteorus albiditarsis (Curtis).* (Fig. 1.)—This, the largest
species we have, may easily be distinguished from all other
British Meteoride by having the radial areolet of the under
wing divided by a distinct transverse nervure. It seems
to be generally distributed and is fairly common in May and
June; on those dull cold days which are, as a rule, only too
frequent in the late spring, it may often be beaten from
thorn bushes.
A solitary parasite of the larvee of Noctue, the parasite larva
emerging from the host when the latter is about to pupate in its
subterranean earthern cocoon, within which the cocoon of the
parasite is constructed. Marshall well describes this cocoon as
‘‘felted stramineous with some loose flocculence’’; it consists of
three layers, outside the ‘‘ loose flocculence,” which easily comes
away when the cocoon is handled, then the cocoon proper, which
is rather similar in colour'and texture to that of the ‘‘silk worm”’
of commerce, and within this a thin transparent, brownish
envelope of a material much resembling goldbeater’s skin. On
October 1st, 1913, I exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological
Society of London a skein of silk wound from two of these
cocoons (fig. 7).
At least a period of ten months appears to be spent in the
larva state, in which condition the winter is passed within the
cocoon. I believe that sometimes even a second winter is so
* ‘British Entomology,’ pl. cecexv.
G 2
76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
passed, for a cocoon which was spun in June, 1912, was found to
still contain the larva, living and unchanged, in September, 1913.
The female somewhat resembles Zele testaceator (Curtis), with
which species it has frequently been confused in collections; in
Zele, however, the recurrent nervure is very widely rejected, and
the abdomen does not possess a true petiole, as in Meteorus.
I have bred it from a cocoon dug up at roots of an oak tree,
April 14th, 1904, from larva of T’eniocampa miniosa, May 11th,
1918, and also from larve of T. gracilis, T. pulverulenta,
T’. stabilis, and Panolis piniperda.
M. chrysopthalmus (Nees).*—I possess 2 male, beaten from
birch, May 5th, 1912, which I must refer to this species, as the
costal cell is slightly longer than the median. Very similar to
the next, though the females differ in the length of the terebra.
M. deceptor (Wesm.).t— Generally bred from larve of
Geometre, a solitary parasite. The cocoon is white, felted,
fusiform and without loose flocculence; it is found within that of
its host, which is usually underground, 9} mm. in length (fig. 10).
I have obtained this parasite from larve of Gonodontis bidentata
and Semiothisa liturata in May. Single brooded, the winter
being passed in the larva state within the cocoon.
In Morley’s collection is a pair bred by Clutten at Burnley,
from larve of a geometer; in this case the male is testaceous
and not nigropiceous.
M. ictericus (Nees).—Marshall considered this to be ‘‘ perhaps
the commonest British species.’ Although fairly plentiful, there
are certainly others that are far more so, at any rate, in the
New Forest.
It would seem that Curtis, Halliday, and other writers con-
fused this species with M. pulchricornis, and even Marshall
cannot have seen the cocoon, for he assumes Curtis’s figure to
be correct, and describes it as “‘ pensile, yellowish brown, shining,
and semi-transparent.” Bignell, however, is correct in saying
that it is ‘‘white and very thin,” and so early as 1884 Bouché t
described the cocoon as ‘albus chartaceus’’ and not -pensile.
All that I have seen agree with the descriptions of Bignell and
Bouché, being cylindrical, not fusiform, and constructed within
rolled leaves. The transformations of the insect are visible
through the cocoon (fig. 8).
Generally bred from larve of Tortrices, a solitary parasite.
I have obtained it from a cocoon found on oak, June 6th, 1910
(New Forest), and also from larve of either Sericoris fabricana
or S. lacunana taken at Burgess Hill, Sussex, May, 1911. In
Morley’s collection is a female bred by R. Adkin, October 12th,
1910, from a larva of T'ortrix pronubana, and two males bred by
* Nees-ab-Esenbech. Hym. Ich. Affinium Mon. vol. i. 1834.
+ Wesmael, Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux. 1835. } Naturgesch. d. Ins.
The Entomologist, March, 1914. Plate II.
W. J. Lucas del.
SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM.
NymMPH (x about 4).
BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 77
R. South from larve of Peronea hastiana, October 18th, 1904,
and October 21st, 1904, host from St. Anne’s, Lancashire.
M. vexator (Hal.).—Is easily known by the size of the
stigma, which is as large or even larger than the first cubital
cell, with a considerable pale spot at the inner angle. We are
indebted to Morley for redescribing this species,* from speci-
mens bred by Keys at Plymouth out of a fungus, together with
the clavicorn beetle Diphyllus lunatus (Fab.). Halliday described
the female from a single insect, while Marshall, who described
its supposititious male, had only a dilapidated specimen before
him. In Morley’s insects the antenne of the male are 26-jointed,
of the female 24, and the recurrent nervure is rejected.
M., atrator (Curtis).—In August, 1913, C. W. Colthrup sent
me from Eastbourne two females which he had captured with
three specimens of the hyperparasite Hemiteles areator. The
insects were caught while running about on furniture which was
infested with the moth Tinea biselliella, and were evidently
searching for the larve of the lepidopteron. Morley has a
female which was also taken indoors. I believe that no specified
host has before been cited for this species, and it appears to
have been but rarely observed, which seems strange in the case
of so beneficial an insect.
(To be continued.)
BRITS ODONATA IN, i19t3:
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
(PuateE II.)
AutHoueH the spring was an early one, I did not meet with
a dragonfly till May 18th, when Pyrrhosoma nymphula and
Tibellula quadrimaculata, the latter in teneral condition, were
taken at the Black Pond, near Oxshott, in Surrey; no other
species was seen—not even Hnallagma cyathigerum. On May
25th the same locality was again visited, when a male and a
female of Cordulia enea were taken, and E. cyathigerum was on
the wing, as well as P. nymphula and L. quadrimaculata; but, on
the whole, dragonflies were not very evident in a locality where
they are usually so plentiful by this date.
On June Ist a visit was paid to Frensham Ponds and the
swampy ground near them, in the south-west corner of Surrey ;
but the weather was dull. However, H. cyathigerum was found
to be numerous. There were also a few J. elegans, and a female
Agrion puella was taken. One or two teneral examples of
* Entom. p. 4, 1912.
78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Orthetrum cancellatum were met with at the larger pond, and a
nymph-skin was secured. Calopteryx virgo occurred in a wet
field near the smaller pond, most of the females taken being
very dark. On June 8th, another dull day, the canal-side at
Byfleet was visited. Owing to the weather, no doubt, dragonflies
were not numerous, but A. puella, P. nymphula, and Hrythromma
naias were captured.
During the first half of June Col. J. W. Yerbury captured for
me a few dragonflies in the north of Scotland. They were—
Leucorrhinia dubia, a male, June 8rd, at Nethy Bridge;
P. nymphula, a female, June 4th, at Aviemore, grasping its
prey, a caddis-fly named Limnophilus centralis; EH. cyathigerum,
three males and a female, at Aviemore, from June 6th—16th, the
male taken on the 16th holding its prey, a small moth named
Crambus pratellus; Agrion hastulatum, nine males and two
females, at Aviemore, from June 9th-16th. The last-named
species varied much in the development of the lateral marks on
the second segment of the abdomen, and from two they were
nearly or quite absent. Females of this species seem seldom to
be captured. On June 21st Mr. P. Richards found J. elegans in
swarms at Seabrook, in Kent, and sent me a male for identifica-
tion. On July 29th Col. Yerbury obtained a male P. nymphula
at Mynnyd Eppint, in Wales, at an altitude of about 1500 ft. ;
no other dragonfly was seen.
In the New Forest, from June 27th—29th, dragonflies were
found to be fairly numerous. A. puella, Platyenemis pennipes,
P. nymphula, and Orthetrum cerulescens were common, but the
last species was in teneral condition. Calopteryx virgo was out
in fair numbers, and there were a few I. elegans, one being
obtained of the var. rufescens. Of Pyrrhosoma tenellum one
female was taken, but of Cordulegaster annulatus 1 am not
certain that I saw a single specimen, although, judging by other
records, it should have been on the wing by this date. Neither
Agrion mercuriale nor Ischnura pumilio, nor Gomphus vulgatis-
simus was met with, although a special search was made for the
last two. A week later, July 4th-6th, again the same two
species were not to be seen; but A. mercuriale was taken
plentifully behind Holm Hill, one only, however, being a
female, which was found to be attacked by red acari. On this
occasion P. tenellum was met with again.
From July 27th onwards some time was spent in the New
Forest, and on July 28th a visit was paid to the pond on Beau-
lieu Heath, where Sympetrum fonscolombii was taken in 1911.
Though I sought for over an hour in the bright, hot sunshine,
the only dragonflies found were Lestes sponsa, P. tenellum (and
its var. melanotum), I. elegans, E. cyathigerum, O. caerulescens,
a Libellula depressa and an Anax imperator somewhat doubtfully,
and Sympetrum striolatum. I feel certain that amongst the last
BRITISH ODONATA IN 1918. 79
was not a single S. fonscolombii, though offspring of the 1911
specimens, if they had bred there, would probably have been
due in 1918. Mr. F. H. Haines, of Winfrith, Dorset, was a little
more successful with this species. Writing August 8rd, 1913, he
told me that on July 24th he saw several specimens on a pond
at Morden and took a male and female in cop.; as well as a
second male. They were in nothing like the abundance of 1912,
and their wariness was wonderful. He might have made twenty
captures of S. striolatum for one of S.fonscolombii. On July 25th
he tried West Knighton pond and thinks he saw one of the
latter species, but could not capture it. A friend of his having
reported the species at Creech, south of Wareham, on August
2nd they together visited both Creech and Morden, but found
nothing, though S. striolatum was abundant at Creech, and they
took an Avschnia juncea and a worn A. imperator at Morden.
Mr. Haines did not find the pond at Creech such a one as he
would associate with S. fonscolombu, although his friend knew
the dragonfly. It prefers heathland ponds, fed by swamps
with much decomposing vegetable matter in them all round,
causing the water to be very warm. The Creech pond was deep
and cold. He thought perhaps a swarm might have paid a
visit and passed on. Some days previously he found the species
still well in evidence at Morden and took another male. So
this year he has four specimens, three males and one female—
three taken on one day, one on another.
On August 1st C. annulatus was common at Beaulieu River,
and from this time there appeared to be no dearth of them in
the Forest, so the adverse season of 1912 had not affected the
1913 imagines. On the same date an Avschna cyanea, female,
was captured, apparently but recently emerged, as the spots
were whitish-blue. On the next day an 4. juncea was captured
at Woodfidley. On August 16th in the central part of the
Forest dragonflies were numerous, almost all being S. striolatum.
On August 25th I could not find A. mercuriale, and presume it
was over. J. pumilio I was not able to find at all during the
season. Towards the end of August C. virgo had disappeared.
Mr. W. H. Harwood tells me that a specimen of schna
isosceles was taken at Wicken Fen on September 28th, which
seems to be a very late date for this species.
After a long absence, a visit was paid to the Black Pond on
September 28th, when S. striolatum and S. scoticum were found
to be plentiful. There were also a few Aischnas, of which males
of 4. juncea and AL. grandis were captured; the former settled
on the front of my coat and was there netted. Judging by size
Af. mata appeared to be present also.
Mr. K. J. Morton is able to record that a female Hemianax
ephippiger was found in Ireland (vide E. M. M. Jan. 1914) in
October, 1913. This is, of course, an accidental occurrence, as
80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
was that of the female of the same species which was taken flying
in a street in Devonport on February 24th, 1903.*
On November 16th the Black Pond was again visited to see
if S. striolatum was still on the wing. The latest date on which
I had previously seen it was November 14th in 1897, and as the
autumn was mild there was a chance of a later date being
recorded. None were seen, however; but it is quite possible that
they were not over, for the weather was not altogether favourable.
Some very interesting notes have come to hand concerning
this, which is perhaps the commonest of English dragonflies.
Miss D. Molesworth, of Brighton (in litt., Oct. 21st, and again
Noy. 6th, 19138), told me that she had had under inspection a
number of S. striolatum from the deposition of the egg till the
emergence of the imago, the whole life-cycle occupying less than
a year. The female was caught ovipositing on September 18th,
1912, and, after being kept from water, was on September 20th
held over it, when she gave more eggs. These hatched between
October 21st and 25th. The nymphs did not grow at a uniform
rate, and the wing-cases appeared on the largest towards the
end of April, 1918. By June, four of the nymphs had reached
a length of 16 mm. and then became restless. There were
plenty of water-weeds in the aquarium, but they did not attempt
to climb, though earlier in the year many ‘‘demoiselles”’ had
scaled the water-plantain leaves and successfully emerged.
Miss Molesworth then had to leave them for three weeks and on
her return all four were dead. Meanwhile, others had reached
the same stage; but as each attained a length of 16 mm. it
died. In August a bank was made in one corner of the aquarium,
reaching above water-level, and strips of wood about two feet long
were inserted in it. In September the nymphs began one by
one to climb to various heights—some to the top, some less than
six inches. The first emerged on September 4th and the last on
October 12th, 1918. Before the last had emerged, the boards
were removed and a bank was built round the water-plantain
stems. The nymph climbed and the imago emerged quite
happily. That the earlier ones were ready to emerge was clear,
for they partially did so under water. The female, from which
the eggs were obtained, was depositing them in water not
more than six inches deep, and the nymphs were kept in water °
of about that depth. In water of greater depth they left the
bottom and began to crawl on the weeds. In 1913 another
female deposited eges on August 26th, and the first nymphs:
emerged on September 14th, less than three weeks later, but
they were kept in a warm room! The largest nymph was 4mm.
long on October 21st; it was observed demolishing a smaller
companion.
* Figured, natural size, in ‘ Entomologist,’ xxxvii. pl. 3.
BRITISH ODONATA IN 1913. 81
It should be stated that the aquarium in which the 1912
nymphs wére bred was standing on a brick window-sill, where
the window was open day and night all through the winter. The
weather being mild the water did not freeze, though it did in
former years. In fact a nymph of a larger species was on one
occasion frozen in the middle of a solid piece of ice and
remained so for two days. When the thaw came it revived and
seemed none the worse. These nymphs were not forced, there-
fore, by unusual heat, but probably were by receiving an
unnatural amount of food. As soon as they began to eat
Chironomus larve, they were fed almost daily and when nearly
full-grown would sometimes eat as many as eight in succession,
though each was as long as the nymph itself. Probably in
confinement space has something to do with the rate of growth.
For a few kept in a very small bottle with abundance of food
scarcely grew at all, and when they were moved into a larger
aquarium, where food must have been more difficult to procure,
because less plentiful, they were found to be scarcely more than
half the size of some which had already been there for six weeks.
All emerged in the early morning, usually on dull days. One
nymph showed a particular aversion to sunshine. Being ready
to emerge, it crawled out of the water ona cloudy morning.
When on the wood the sun came out rather suddenly, and the
nymph immediately scrambled and fell down. As soon as the
sun disappeared it climbed up again; but on the sun’s reappear-
ance it repeated its previous performance. It did this three
times, and the nymph was not contented till the aquarium was
shaded, when it emerged none the worse for what had happened.
Miss Molesworth’s interesting notes may suitably be supple-
mented by a description* and figure (Plate II.) of a full-grown
nymph of S. striolatum, which I have therefore prepared :—
Description.—General colowr sepia, from very pale to quite dark.
Length, including anal appendages, about 18 mm.; greatest breadth,
about 7mm. Head of moderate size; in outline a flattened pentagon ;
width about 5°56 mm. Antenne of seven segments, the basal two
short and rather swollen, the rest more slender, with a ringed appear-
ance. Mask (labium) tapering backwards to the middle hinge where
it is narrow; this hinge’ almost as far back as the insertion of the
midlegs; extremity spoon-shaped, covering the face; palpi broad,
where they approach one another and there serrated ; teeth reddish ;
movable hooks, long, sharp, slender; centre of Sabium produced in
an obtuse angle; on this lobe, internally, are two semicircles of long
reddish hairs, about fourteen in each, the lateral margin of each
palpus fringed with a similar row of hairs, pointing inwards. Several
pale marks in front of vertex, which also has pale markings. Hyes
* A figure of S. vulgatum (= striolatwm) in W. H. Nunny’s paper,
‘Science Gossip,’ July, 1894, does not appear to represent a Sympetrum at
all, and is certainly not S. striolatum.
82 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
prominent, somewhat hemispherical, situated at the fore-corners of
the head. Occiput rather broad, rough, bearing some long hairs.
Top of head as a whole slightly convex. Prothorax collar-like, a
dark patch in centre, hind-margin convex. Mesothoracic spiracles
dark, very conspicuous. Meso- and metanotwm variegated with
lighter and darker tints. Legs long, slender, joints darker; femora
and fore- and mid-tibiz ringed with darker sepia bands; fore- and
mid-tibize hairy, hind tibia rather spiny; fore-legs about 10 mm.
long, mid-legs about 11 mm., hind-legs nearly 16 mm. Wing-cases
about 5 mm. long. Abdomen broad and somewhat flattened; with
pale, long, slender, recurved mid-dorsal spines on segments six, seven
and eight, and a small one on five hidden by the wing-cases; a pair of
lateral spines on eight and nine, those on eight being of moderate
length, those on nine conspicuously long, equal in length to the last
two segments; two or four dark dots on the dorsal part of several of
the hinder segments; also lines of paler or darker suffusions on the
dorsal surface, which vary considerably according to the depth of
colouring of the specimens; ventral surface of nymph-skin fairly
uniform in colouring. Anal appendages short, hairy; wpper, tri-
angular, pointed; laterals, shorter and more slender; lower, more
than half as long again as upper, and flat when looked at from the
side. It is somewhat difficult to describe the hairiness of a dried
nymph-skin, consequently it has been little referred to.
[Material.—(i.) A nymph-skin from which a male imago emerged
on July 28th, 1903; (i1.) askin of a nymph, taken in Richmond Park,
Surrey, from which a male was bred on July 10th, 1903; (iii.) other
nymph-skins found under such conditions as to admit no doubt of
their identity. Nos. i. and ii. were the specimens chiefly employed.
The figure is enlarged a little over four times. ]
THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA.
By W. G. SHeupon, F.E.S.
So far as I am aware, the only lepidopterist who has written
anything on the earlier stages of this beautiful Arctic species is
Staudinger, and his brief note is in one important respect
inaccurate.
Staudinger, who passed the summer of 1860 in the north of
Norway, during his sojourn there met with Colias hecla abun-
dantly, near Bossekop, in the Alten Fjord. He states: ‘‘the
headquarters of this species was a flat sandy peninsula in the
bed of the River Alten”; in this place ‘“‘ Phaca lapponica,
De Candolle, the undoubted food-plant, grew very abundantly,
and I noticed the females ova-depositing thereon.”
The Phaca lapponica of De Candolle is, according to the
‘Conspectus Flore Kurope’ of Nyman, now known as Ozytropis
lapponica, a plant which, so far as I know, does not occur at
Bossekop ; at any rate, I carefully examined the headquarters of
THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 83
C. hecla described by Staudinger, during my stay there in 1912,
and the only leguminous plant I could find in the district was
the Astragalus alpinus of Linné, which the ‘ Index Kewensis ’
states is the Phaca astragalina of De Candolle, and which grew
freely, locally.
Later on, at Laxelv, in the Porsanger Fjord, as noted in
‘Entomologist,’ xlv. p. 339, I found C. hecla in great numbers,
flying over flat rough meadows and fields in which A. alpinus
grew abundantly ; this plant is undoubtedly its food-plant there,
and almost certainly, for the above reasons, at Bossekop also.
I do not, of course, know in how many localities in Lapland
—a great part of which is entirely unexplored—C. hecla is found,
and if it is always associated with A. alpinus, but it is certainly
a very local species, found only in the above-mentioned localities
of those I have explored, although it is stated to occur also on the
north side of the Tornea Traske in Swedish Lapland. In all of
these localities A. alpinus is an abundant plant; but it is so
local that I do not recollect ever seeing a specimen elsewhere,
though I have explored a great many miles of suitable country
in Arctic Scandinavia.
The only other leguminous plant I could find in the Por-
sanger Fjord was what I think was a species of Vicia, which in
the latter part of July had beautiful trusses of mauve flowers,
and which grew about one foot high, and was plentiful along the
shores of the Fjord at Kistrand. This plant the larve of
C. hecla refused to feed upon. They also refused white and red
clover, which I offered to them on my journey home, and which
grew freely at Tromso and at various places touched at south of
that town.
It seems probable that the larve of the two exclusively Arctic
species of Colias occurring in Kurope—C. hecla and C. werdandi
—feed exclusively in nature on A. alpinus. It should, however,
be noted that C. hecla does not occur on the south side of the
Tornea Traske, where A. alpinus is an abundant plant, and
where C. werdandi flies in great numbers.
The ova of C. hecla were to be found plentifully at Laxelv at
the time of my visit, July 11th to July 16th, 1912, almost every
individual food-plant éxamined having some attached to it; they
are deposited singly.
The ova is of the usual Colias type, upright, the vertical
and horizontal diameters are 1°25 mm. and 0°65 mm. respec-
tively. It has vertical ribs, about twenty-six in number; the
distance they are apart is ‘(05 mm.; numerous very shallow
transverse ribs connect the vertical ribs. The diameter of the
apex of the ovais‘15 mm. The micropylar area consists of a
number of shallow cells; it is not noticeably depressed. The
surface of the ova is shining and opalescent. The larva
emerges from the side.
84 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The ova from which the foregoing description was made
was deposited by a captive female on a plant of A. alpinus, on
July 12th; it was then creamy white in colour; on the 18th it
had changed to light red, and on the 14th to bright coral-red ;
on the 20th it was leaden coloured. The larva emerged on the
22nd. It thus appears that the period of the ova stage is ten days.
It will be seen, on reference to my description of the ova of
Colias werdandi in ‘ Entomologist’ xliv. p. 122, that the ova of
these two species are identical in size and in all other respects,
except that in C. werdandi the colour changes to deep orange
instead of to coral-red, which the ova of C. hecla does. The period
of this stage is in the case of C. werdandi two days longer.
Immediately after emergence the larva was 1°50 mm. long.
The head was black, the remainder of the segments were dull
green, transparent and thickly studded with tubercles, each
tubercle having in its centre a spine. The larva at this stage
eats holes in the upper cuticle of a leaflet of its food-plant, and
rests stretched out at full length on the midrib thereof; it
changed into the second stage on July 27th, and was then 2mm.
long and stout in proportion to its length. Colour dull green,
very spiny, head greenish brown, spiny and shining, the re-
mainder of the segments had a dark medio-dorsal stripe, lighter
subdorsal area bounded below by darker stripes. The spiracular
stripes are lighter than the remainder of the surface of the larva.
The change to the third stage took place on August “22nd.
The larva was then 4 mm. long; head light amber-coloured ;
dorsal area dull dark green; subdorsal areas light green of the
same tint, bordered on the lower edges with dark stripes of the
same tint as the dorsal area. The spiracular stripes were of
lighter green, the ventral area was of the same tint as the sub-
dorsal. All the segments were thickly covered with black
tubercles, each one of which emitted a black spine. ‘The
spiracles were light green with black circumferences. On
August 29th the larva was slowly feeding; on September 6th it
ceased feeding altogether, and was placed in a cool cellar in a
flower-pot which contained dry sand and Sphagnum.
My stock of ova when I left Laxelv on July 16th was twenty-
two, but by the time I reached England, on August 38rd, they
had been reduced to half a dozen more or less unhealthy larve.
A. alpinus is a most difficult plant to transplant or to keep fresh
and healthy when it is dug up, and all my plants were yellow
and unhealthy on arrival at home. Of these half dozen larve
only two reached the hibernating stage, and one of these two
died soon after being placed in winter quarters, reducing my
stock early in October to a single specimen.
This larva remained quiescent and stretched out on the
Sphagnum.
I had intended, upon the first sign of frost appearing, to
THE EARLIER STAGES OF COLIAS HECLA. 85
take it out of doors, so that it might get some approach to its
natural home conditions in winter, and afterwards to force it,
but the winter turned out to be exceptionally mild, and by
January 23th, there not having been any frost, I brought the
larva up and placed itin a warm room. I didnot have a plant of
A. alpinus in leaf, and so offered the larva young leaves of Colutea
arborescens, which I had ascertained the previous summer it
would eat. On January 22nd it commenced to feed upon
these, and fed very slowly for several weeks, so slowly, however,
that its daily meal, which was usually taken when the sun was
shining, did not exceed a notch in a leaflet the size of an average
pin’s head. In the beginning of March it sickened and died.
During the time it was feeding in the winter the size only in-
creased a very little, not more than a millimeter in length. In all
probability, to successfully rear this larva would entail its being
kept at a temperature below freezing point for several months.
In its natural habitat the snow would probably be gone by
the middle of May. Staudinger mentions that at Bossekop the
first male was taken on June 18th, 1860, but it certainly was not
out there on the day I left, June 22nd, 1912. On my arrival at
Laxely on July 11th, fully one-third of the specimens flying
about were more or less worn. The season was rather a late
one, and I should say that June 20th, as the first date of emer-
gence on an average season, is probably not far wrong.
Astragalus alpinus in Lapland entirely loses all trace of
foliage in the winter, and until the middle of June, or rather
later, it does not develop sufficient new leaves to feed the larva
upon; this being the case, there seem to be three possible
theories of its behaviour after hibernation :—
(1) That it has an alternative food-plant. Ido not think this
probable for, as before stated, I could not find another leguminous
plant in its haunts, and one cannot imagine it feeding upon
anything else.
(2) That it feeds upon the roots of A. alpinus. This is pos-
sible, for this plant has long succulent roots, very much after the
style of Lotus corniculatus.
(3) That it feeds very slowly through the summer on the
leaves of A. alpinus, hibernating a second time, either as a full-
fed larva or as a pupa. Iam inclined to think that this latter
theory will prove the correct one. The larva I had in confine-
ment seemed perfectly healthy and satisfied with its daily
minute meal for weeks, which is just what one would expect it
to do in a state of nature if this theory be correct, for the leaves
until the middle of June are very minute and would not suflice
to satisfy a more vigorous appetite. But, of course, my larva
had not been subjected to its natural low winter temperature for
many months, and one does not know what effect the unusual
treatment received might have had upon its appetite.
Youlgreave, South Croydon: January 13th, 1914.
86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
DIADIPLOSIS COCCIDIVORA, N. sp.
By E. Porter FE.t.
Tue small midges described below were reared in some
numbers from a species of Pseudococcus by A. Rutherford,
Government Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture,
Peradeniya, Ceylon, and forwarded for identification under the
date of November 27th, 1913. This species appears to be
congeneric with D. cocci, Felt, a species reared earlier by Mr.
William H. Patterson from larve preying upon the eggs of
black scale, Saissetia nigra, in St. Vincent, West Indies. The
two species are quite different, and further studies may result in
their being referred to different genera.
g. Length 1 mm. Antenne probably half longer than the
body, presumably thickly haired, fuscous yellowish ; fourteen segments,
the fifth binodose, the two portions of the stem each with a length
approximately a quarter greater than the diameter, the distal enlarge-
ment with a length a quarter greater than its diameter, and bearing
two moderately stout circumfili. Palpi: the first segment small,
globose; the second with a length nearly three times its diameter ;
the third a little longer, more slender. Mesonotum dark yellowish
brown, the submedian lines, scutellum and postscutellum fuscous
yellowish. Abdomen fuscous yellowish. Wings hyaline, the third
vein uniting with costa at the apex of the wing, the fifth joining the
posterior margin at the distal fourth, its branch at the basal third.
Halteres and legs a nearly uniform fuscous yellowish, tarsi probably
somewhat darker; claws moderately stout, strongly curved, the
anterior and mid unidentate, the posterior simple, the pulvilli about
half the length of the claws. Genitalia: basal clasp segment
moderately short, stout ; terminal clasp segment short, stout, with a
rather large, strongly curved apical spur; dorsal plate long, deeply
and triangularly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded and sparsely
setose ; ventral plate moderately long, tapering to a narrowly rounded
setose apex. Harpes foliate, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex,
laterally with a thick patch of long, stout sete; style long, slender,
slightly curved.
@. Length 15mm. Antenne probably nearly as long as the
body, sparsely haired, dark brown ; fourteen subsessile segments, the
fifth with a stem one-sixth the length of the cylindric basal enlarge-
ment, which latter has a length about thrice its diameter. Palpi:
the first segment subglobose, the second with a length more than
three times its diameter, the third half longer than the second,
and more slender. Mesonotum dark yellowish brown. Abdomen
yellowish orange. Ovipositor short, the terminal lobes narrowly
oval and sparsely setose, otherwise nearly as in the male.
Type Cecid a2486.
State Museum, Albany, N.Y.
87
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW CICADA FROM WEST
AFRICA.
By W. L. Distant.
Musoda gigantea, sp. nov.
3g. Head and pronotum pale testaceous, the latter with the
fissures darker, and the lateral and posterior margins ochraceous;
eyes greyish-white; mesonotum dark ochraceous with darker mott-
lings and four obconical spots at anterior margin, the two central
spots largest ; abdomen castaneous, the posterior segmental margins,
a narrow central longitudinal fascia, and the anal area more or less
pale ochraceous ; body beneath pale ochraceous, the face and legs
darker and more pale testaceous; tegmina and wings hyaline,
venation, costal membrane to tegmina, and narrow basal suffusion
to wings pale testaceous; head with the front conically prominent,
anteriorly more darkly transversely striate; vertex narrowly longitu-
dinally incised between the ocelli; face short, broad and convex, a
short, broad, central sulecation on its anterior area, its lateral areas
strongly transversely striate; rostrum reaching the intermediate
coxe ; opercula not passing base of abdomen, obliquely directed
inwardly, their apices rounded and widely separated; anterior femora
shortly and finely toothed beneath on apical areas; pronotum some-
what broadly, centrally, longitudinally suleate, the fissures profound;
abdomen broad, robust, above strongly, centrally ridged, the lateral
areas oblique, basal segment strongly, centrally, conically produced,
beneath obliquely depressed towards apex.
Long. excl. tegm. 3, 29 millim. Exp. tegm. 88 millim.
Hab. West Africa; Cameroons (Conradt). British Museum.
This is the second but larger species of the genus yet described.
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 60.)
(vi) Basses-Alpes. (b) Larche.
To speak of Larche as “‘ unexplored” is less inappropriate, per-
haps, than would appear in view of the recorded visits made in
past years by French entomologists. Donzel, in the “ forties,”
collected hereabouts; but he seems not to have published the
results of his expedition as minutely as he has recorded the
lepidopterous fauna of Digne and the lower Basses-Alpes. It is
to Antoine Guillemot, to Bellier de la Chavignerie, and to Berce
that we owe the first detailed accounts of the numerous Lepi-
doptera met with at this point of the Italian frontier; and after
88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the lapse of fifty-eight years it may be agreeable to those
interested in the butterflies of a little-known corner of the
Alps to retrace the footsteps of these pioneers.
The published account of their experiences given by Guillemot
is rare. It is tobe found neither in the library of the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington, nor of the Entomological
Society of London; and it is only within the last month, and
after this paper was printed, that I saw a copy included
among the separata of a foreign bookseller. I am indebted,
therefore, to the kindness of M. Charles Oberthiir for a loan of
the work.*
As far as I can see, Larche has changed little in appearance
since Guillemot and Bellier were there in 1855, from Jnly
29th to August 3rd. The hotel accommodation is decidedly
worse, for while they speak of comfortable quarters and good
plain food, 1 am afraid I cannot endorse their recommendation
of the inn I visited. However, I was lucky enough to find my
bedroom occupied when I came up from Barcelonnette on the
morning of the 25th, and by the courtesy and kindness of the
Commandant of the garrison, whom I chanced to meet in the
road, I was enabled to obtain excellent quarters with M. Mathieu,
the local butcher—quarters usually filled by officers of the
Alpine regiments on the march and on manceuvres. Both
Monsieur and Madame were extremely kind and attentive, and I
cordially advise any of my readers who may fancy a week or
two at Larche to do as I did—put up in their chalet, lay in a
good supply of tinned foods, biscuits, &c., for lunch in the open,
and which are for sale at the small grocer’s shop in the village ;
and after the premier déjeuner of coffee and rolls, return to the
auberge only to dine.
In one respect, it is true, Larche has changed. Many of the
enterprising inhabitants having amassed fortunes, especially in
Mexico, have come back to build large stucco villas and live in
their native place, for the summer months at any rate. It is
possible, therefore, that with the steady increase of motor traftic
into Italy by this route, one of these proud proprietors may
devise a scheme for the reception of boarders, though the summer
at this altitude—5568 ft.—is short: eight weeks at the most.
I did not know, when I decided to finish my entomological
tour at Larche, that M. Oberthur’s two collectors from Digne
had passed the previous season (1912) there. Nor had I the
report of their experiences to guide me, as partly recorded in
recent published fascicules of ‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée’
(Rennes, 1918, fase. vii., ‘Observations sur les Syrichthus du
* © Vinet-Cing Jours de Chasses aux Lépidoptéres 4 Barcelonnette, et a
Larche,’ par A. Guillemot. Clermont. 1856. Cp., also, ‘Observations sur
les Lépidoptéres des Basses-Alpes,’ par Bellier de la Chavignerie, Ann.
Soc. Ent. France, 1854, p. 29, 1856, p. 5, and 1859, p. 177.
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 89
groupe d’Alveus’). Also, I had no intention when I left England
of visiting the Basses-Alpes at all, but had planned to turn west
from Le Vercors (vide antea, p. 8) into Ardéche. I had not
provided myself, therefore, with Bellier’s notes, which might
have assisted me to the right localities, though a chance meet-
ing at Barcelonnette with Mr. E. A. Tucker and Mr. Charles
Morris, of Cannes—both ardent lepidopterists—gave me the
clue to a locality in which, as I subsequently discovered, these
French naturalists made their most important captures.
The journey from Barcelonnette is advertised in summer to
be performed by motor omnibus. As a matter of fact, when the
motor reached Condamine—the half-way house—the driver was
seized with a sudden spasm of economy for petrol; and another
and altogether ‘‘ ancient piece’”’ was trundled out of the coach-
house to perform the last long uphill climb. After the dizzy
ordeal of the day before on the Col d’Allos the change was
delightful; and as we jogged peacefully along the road it was
possible to survey the splendid scenery and to note chance
insects on the wayside flowers. But for the greater part of the
journey, the forest gradually disappearing and the flora of the
valley giving place to the veritable mountain kind, there was
little on the wing, as the sun was still hidden behind the ever-
rising barrier of the hills.
When the room difficulty had been settled, I set off for the
Lauzanier valley, the road diverging from that to Italy, and
crossing by pastures to the left bank of the Ubayette. The first
butterfly to attract attention was a remarkably fine brood of
I. lathonia, just emerged and in perfect condition, with males of
Epinephele lycaon flitting mera-like over and about the stone
walls of the cornfields. On past the bridge, females of A. damon
were in some profusion, with P. argyrognomon, C. virgauree—
all males—some worn C. hippothoé, var. eurybia females, and a
fair sprinkling of Argynnids—aglaia, and niobe, var. eris (very
rarely typical). The season was, however, getting late for the
mountain meadows; and I quite agree with Bellier, who recom-
mends a visit to Larche before they are cut, as with the hay goes
much of the best collecting. Down by the stream I could see
some small Parnasside swinging lazily over the Sedum beds; and
these subsequently proved to be Parnassius delius, rather worn.
The steep grassy banks on the left-hand side of the mule path
were full of butterflies, chiefly of the commoner alpine sorts;
conspicuous by their numbers and exquisite condition being
Cenonympha iphis, while occasional Black-and-White Skippers
on the track itself were either Hesperia carthami, H. alveus, or
Pyrgus sao. Unfortunately, upon the whole length of the green
valley, which ends with a steep climb to the Refuge hut, vast
herds of sheep, goats, and horses had been grazing ; and it was
ENTOM.—MARCH, 1914. H
90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
here also that for half an hour I sat and watched the strapping
Chasseurs Alpins of the French Army defile before me—fresh,
merry, and brisk as are all these mountain infantrymen, even
with eight hours’ march behind them over these stark moun-
tains. The little herbage left by the shepherds’ flocks the army
mules seemed to have finished up; and for quite an hour’s
walking I encountered practically nothing of note—a few scattered
Colias phicomone, a very occasional Hrebia epiphron, var. cas-
siope, and rarer Polyommatus pheretes; even Plebeius argus, the
ubiquitous, had diminished, and, of course, as soon as I attained
a ‘not bad eminence,’”’ in went the sun, down came the mist,
and collecting butterflies in the Lauzanier was over for the day,
though it was barely one o’clock. So after lunch and a welcome
foot-washing in the torrent (strongly recommended for weary
and sore feet), I turned back, seeing nothing more on the wing
until just past the opposite hamlet of Maison-Méane, where the
last rays of a belated sun woke ‘into momentary activity a few
fine male EH. goante.
Next day being gloriously fine, I set out for the Lac de la
Madeleine, which lies on the Italian side of the Col de Larche
(6545 ft.), a few hundred yards across the frontier, and about an
hour and a half’s easy walking from Larche itself. Quite the
commonest insect about was Macroglossum stellatarum, and
wherever the sun touched the little patches of sainfoin and
lucerne, Colias edusa and C. hyale were chasing one another,
with P. apollo and the usual common Pierids. But I did not
come across P. napi, var. bryonie; and I think that, this being a
single-brooded species in the Alps, it was probably over. Push-
ing on, I did not unfurl until I had reached the “‘ International
House,” where the red-white-and-blue and the red-white-and-
sreen posts upon the roadside denote the meeting of France
and Italy. The Italian Dogana is somewhat further on by the
Lake, and the affable Customs officer in command, who
regarded my net as an excellent piece of fooling, not being able
to direct me to any mountain path which would bring me back
into the Lauzanier, I missed no doubt the best collecting
ground hereabouts. For example, I failed entirely to hit
the right spot for C. paleno, which I suspect occurs only on
the Italian slopes, for nowhere could I discover the indispensable
Vaccinium, upon which, in common with P. optilete, the larva
feeds.
Within a few yards of the Lake itself, however, I did come
across a, to me, new and exceptionally interesting form of Hrebia
mnestra, this being the variety named by Bellier gorgophone,
and described by him as a distinct species (Ann. Soc. France,
1868, pp. 419-420), intermediate between H. gorge of the Alps
and EH. gorgone of the Pyrenees, but later determined as a
localized form of mnestra. This variety is apparently so little
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 91
known to British collectors that I think it is worth while to re-
produce in brief Bellier’s account of it.
‘Male, rusty brown; all four wings traversed as to two-thirds
of their breadth by a ferruginous band which mingles somewhat with
the ground colour, especially on the hind wings.
“Up. s. f. ws.—Band with two black white-pupilled eyes (some-
times absent); h. ws. without ocellation.
“Un. s. f. ws. lighter and more reddish brown, reproducing the
pattern of the upper side. H. ws. reddish grey, with a broad median
band of dark brown slightly lunulate ; a marginal band of the same
colour. Fringes unicolorous on both sides.
“Female larger than male, from which it hardly differs on the
upper side, except that the brown is more yellowish and the ferru-
ginous band clearer. Un.s.h. ws. much clearer grey, with two
bands of reddish brown, on which the nervures show somewhat
whitish. Fringes of all the wings plain and unicolorous on both
sides.
“Differs from gorge by the wings being more rounded, and the
fringes simple, not barred. Ground colour of the under side duller
in tint; band thicker, less festooned, and showing less distinctly from
the ground colour.”
In male specimens sent by Dr. Verity, of Florence, to the
Natural History Museum from the Italian Maritime Alps, the
blackish-brown androconia are very strongly marked. Bellier
also notes that it prefers the green pastures like epiphron to the
gorge-haunted rocks; and this is my experience, also, of the
species.
I may add that the plate in the ‘ Annales’ by no means does
justice to the rich coloration of the var. gorgophone, except that
of the figure of the under side of the male; and it is to be
hoped that in some future number of his beautiful ‘ Lépido-
ptérologie Comparée,’ M. Charles Oberthur will find a place for
male and female figures of this very striking form of mnestra—
if such it be. Curiously enough, Mr. H. J. Elwes, in his ‘ Re-
vision of the Genus Hrebia’ (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1898,
pp- 169-207), makes no mention of it either under mnestra or
gorge. Of the mnestra group, in his previous ‘ Notes on the Genus
Erebia’ (loc. cit. 1889, p. 333), he merely remarks that “‘ little need
be said, as they are species little subject to variation and of limited
distribution.” Of the Pyrenean LH. gorgone, with which Bellier
associated it, Dr. Chapman says (loc. cit. 1898, p. 222), ‘‘if it is
a variety of anything, it is a variety of mnestra.” But he, too,
in his exhaustive examination of the male appendages of the
genus, does not appear to have had any material to work out
the affinities of the Basses-Alpes gorgophone.
(To be continued.)
92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
THE GENUS PdAICILOPSIS (Harrison).
By J. W. H. Harrison, B.Sc.
Part I.—Preuimrmnary REMARKS.
As I have pointed out elsewhere, the ‘“‘ genus’”’ Biston, as
represented in Staudinger’s ‘ Catalogue,’ isa very heterogeneous
collection, comprising elements from no fewer than six distinct
genera. These are :—
Biston (Leach); type stratarius.
Lycia (Hub.); type hirtaria.
Ithysia (Hub.); type zonaria.
Pecilopsis (Harrison) ; type pomonaria.
Apocheima (H. 8.); type hispidaria.
Microbiston (Stgr.); type lanarius (Ev.) (= tartaricus (Stgr.) ).
It was originally my intention to take these genera in turn,
and to deal with each of the species in all its stages in detail.
The imagines of the genus Jthysia have already been discussed,
and the treatment of the other forms postponed in order to give
time for the completion of the life-histories of I[thysia grecaria,
I. alpina, and I. italica, but it has been found impossible to rear
(even in a hothouse) these exclusively Southern forms. In the
meantime, however, I am glad to say that I have been able to
secure, and describe at length, the early stages ofall of the species
in the genus Pecilopsis, and therefore propose to complete my
work in that section now. This genus was described in Lepid.
Comp. fase. vii. p. 344, and I have but little to add to the
description given there, except that one very important observa-
tion has been made which justifies further my separation of
these species from Ithysia. This is the fact that, whilst the
chromosome number in Ithysia is 112, in Pecilopsis it is 56, and
in Lycta 28.
It has become imperative that I should take up this genus
now, because I have discovered in the course of my studies that
the Central European form that passes for P. lapponaria is not
that insect at all, although, fortunately, our Scotch insect is so.
Not only is this true, but, in addition, the two forms fall into two
different sections of the genus, which contains four species form-
ing two closely allied groups of two. These groups are :—
The two species Pacilopsis lapponaria and P. rachele.
The two species P. pomonaria and P. isabelle.
The first group is probably Northern in its origin, for P. lap-
ponaria ranges from Lapland to Livonia, and then reappears in
Scotland; whilst P. rachele is widely distributed in America,
from Montana and Manitoba along the Mackenzie Valley to
Alaska. The other group is of Central European origin, pomo-
naria having its headquarters in North Central Germany, but
extending, although sparsely, to Eastern France, Scandinavia,
THE GENUS P@CILOPSIS. “93
and Austria. The other species is of more limited distribution,
for it is confined to the Silesian Mountains and to the Alps of
Switzerland, Bavaria and the Tyrol.
It will be seen that I have been compelled to erect a new
species for the so-called lapponaria from the Alps and Silesia.
I have tried hard to avoid this necessary split, and to persuade
myself that the form is but a mountain form of pomonaria, but
it will not do; there are differences of specific value at every
stage of its existence—differences greater in many instances
than those occurring in the case of two obviously distinct species
like L. hirtaria and P. pomonaria at corresponding points. In
fact, had one been so inclined, it would have been perfectly
feasible to break this genus on larval differences, such as has
been done in other groups, and then find this separation
justified by imaginal characters. In sucha case lapponaria would
fall into one subgenus whilst isabelle would fall into the other !
After these preliminary remarks, I had intended to take the
species in detail, but I think it better to give a brief description
of the Central European form isabelle, and then contrast it,
in all the salient points, with its nearest ally pomonaria, on the
one hand, and on the other with lapponaria, with which it has
been so long lumped. There would be no gain in comparing it
with rachele, for that insect, although perfectly distinct, is
sufficiently close to lapponaria to obviate any such comparison.
Pecilopsis isabelle, sp. n. (=lapponaria, auct. part.).
Male.—Tone of whole insect much blacker than its congeners.
Fore wings subhyaline, with the ground area before the second line
feebly provided with silvery white scales. First, second and median
lines present, undecided, but fairly broad; median and second lines
tending to fuse toward the lower margin; second line followed by
feeble white line. A zigzag subterminal line intersects the more or
less dark terminal band. Veins, especially those of the cell, black ;
costal groove black, mixed with orange-yellow scales. Fore wings
fairly long, rownded at the tip. Hind wings hyaline, except for a
few white scales at the base. Fringes narrow, black. Antenne black,
not pectinated to the apex. Head reddish, collar white, thorax and
abdomen black, with fairly,.broad red median stripe; patagia outlined
in white. Genitalia, tip of valve rounded.
Female.—Wings rudimentary, but longer than those of the other
three species, provided with longish, stiff grey hairs. Body black,
sprinkled everywhere, like the wings, with orange-red scales, only
concentrated to form a median line on the thorax; a few scattered
white scales may be present also; the whole provided with long
rather coarse hair. Antenne thick, heavily grey scaled, feebly
pectinated when freshly emerged.
Types, one male and one female from Innsbruck, Tyrol.
A table giving the points of difference between this species and
P. pomonaria and P. lapponaria is appended.
94
LARVA.
OVUM
Young larva. .|Black,
THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Pomonaria.
..e-(9mall translucent
with white
spots and bars
Second instar|Usual form of genus
Full-grown
..|Short, stout; pattern
decided ; texture
coarse; colour yel-
lowish
Isabelle.
Lapponaria.
Fairly large; glaucous|As in pomonaria
green, more opaque
&e.
Green; striped
mimic larch needles
Pattern nearly
Ground purplish.
Greenish ; no spots,/As in pomonaria, but
with more whitespots
on spiracular stripe
to|As in pomonaria
the/Longer; skin texture
same asin pomonaria.| fine; stripes degraded
as in zonaria
Larch—refuses other|Birch, Erica, Myrica
gale, many trees and
shrubs
As in pomonaria—
shorter
Pattern as described.
Red median stripe
and white outlines
of patagia very clear
Food........|Oak — most forest
trees foods
PUPA ele aiecss's Red brown, rather] Yellower brown
polished
Antenne ..../Tip clear Tip clear
Collar ......|Broad white Narrow white
Thorax......'Pattern as in descrip-
. tion of isabelle, but
g coarser, and colours
4 less decided; whole
a much paler
3 Fore wings ..'Long—tip rounded As in pomonaria
- Fringes .. White; black spots atiNarrow; black
ends of veins; fairly
broad
Valvesof geni- Tip rounded, as in
talta: jelem crc hirtaria narrower
As in pomonaria, but
Pectinations indi-
cated at tip
Black
Much broader. No
pattern, medio dorsal
red stripe clear; fur
paler laterally
Shorter and broader ;
tip angular
Broad ; silky dark fus-
cous, like zonaria
Tip with definite
angle as in zonaria
FEMALE IMAGO.
Antenne ....|Rather thin; black |Thick; pale
Thorax andjColour black, irregu-|Scales redder, simi-
abdomen larly speckled with) larly scattered. Few
rusty scales. Hairs} pale scales. Hairs
short pale much longer and
paler
Wings ......|Rudimentary, very|Much longer; scales
short, with rusty) redder, but some
scales and few pale| almost white scales
hairs present. Hairs much
longer
Whole outline/Long As in pomonaria
of insect
Thin; black
Red scales definitely
massed in a broad
median stripe down
both thorax & abdo-
men; hairs pale short
Variable in size, but
never so long as
in isabelle. Hairs
darker and shorter
Shorter and rounder
95
THE PSOCIDZ OF NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
By J. W. Carr, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Waite collecting Hemiptera during the last two summers a
good many Psocids were obtained, and as no members of this
family have hitherto been recorded for Nottinghamshire, a list
of the species captured may be of some use as a contribution to
our knowledge of the distribution in Britain of these delicate
and interesting little insects. I am indebted to Mr. Kenneth
J. Morton for his kindness in examining and identifying all my
captures.
Amphigerontia variegata, Latr.—Common on trunk of sycamore
tree in my garden at Sherwood, Nottingham; Thorney; both in
August, 1913.
A. fasciata, Fab. — Near Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, June
12th, 1912.
A. bifasciata, Latr.—On hawthorn hedge, and commonly on trunk
of sycamore in garden, Sherwood, Nottingham, July 17th to August
10th, 1913; swept from Callwna near Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest,
September 25th, 1918.
Psocus nebulosus, Steph., and P. longicornis, Fab. — Thorney,
August 15th—-19th, 1913 (L. A. Carr).
Stenopsocus immaculatus, Steph.—Aspley Woods, near Notting-
ham; The Dumbles, Kirkby-in-Ashfield; Upton, near Southwell,
on Hawthorn: Normanton-on-the-Wolds and Plumtree, on Salix;
Thorney ; taken from June 28th to September 3rd, 1913. Taken also
by F. M. Robinson in Bulcote Wood, October 16th, 1913.
Graphopsocus cruciatus, L.— Common. Aspley and Beauvale
Woods, July, 1912; Fiskerton ; Kingston Park; West Leake Hills ;
North Collingham ; Widmerpool : Sherwood Forest, near Edwin-
stowe:—all in 1913 between July 25th and September 25th. Also
taken by F. M. Robinson in Lambley Dumbles and at Papplewick,
October 3rd—9th, 1913.
Mesopsocus unipunctatus, Miill.—Aspley Woods, near Nottingham ;
Sherwood Forest, near Edwinstowe: both June, 1912. Radcliffe-
on-Trent; The Dumbles, Kirkby-in-Ashfield; Upton, near Southwell;
Sherwood, Nottingham, June 21st to August 13th, 1913.
Philotarsus flaviceps, ‘Steph——West Leake Hills, August 21st,
1913.
Elipsocus westwoodi, McLach.—On trunk of sycamore tree in my
garden, Sherwood, Nottingham; Arnold, near Nottingham; Upton,
near Southwell; Widmerpool, on Corylus; Sherwood Forest, near
Edwinstowe. Taken from July 12th to September 25th, 1913.
H. abietis, Kolbe. — Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, June, 1912;
Fiskerton, on oak; Arnold, on oak; Epperstone Park, on Pteris and
on Castanea; Kingston Park, on Salix : North. Collingham, on Salix;
Thorney. All J uly to September, 1913.
E. cyanops, Rost.—Arnold, near Nottingham, July 24th, 1913;
North Collingham, on hawthorn, August 25th, 1913.
96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Pterodela pedicularia, L.—Nottingham, common on windows and
tables in my study, August 15th to 30th, 1913; also noticed, less
commonly, throughout September.
Ectopsocus briggst, McLach.—Widmerpool, on oak, August 18th,
1913.
Cecilius flavidus, Steph.—West Leake Hills, abundant on oak,
ash, and beech, August 10th, 1912, August 15th—21st, 1913; Hast
Leake, August 11th, 1912; Edwinstowe, Sherwood Forest, August
30th, 1912; Thorney, August, 1913; Widmerpool, on oak, birch,
and Salexz, August 18th, 1913; North Collingham, on ash, August
25th, 1913.
“ C. burmeistert, Brauer.—Thorney, August 15th-19th, 1913 (L. A.
arr).
Hyperetes questfalicus, Kolbe.-—Among papers in room at Univer-
sity College, Nottingham, December 13th, 1912.
Troctes divinatorius, Mill.—Also among papers in same room as
last species, February 10th, 1913.
SYMPETRUM MERIDIONALE, Sstys, AND OTHER
ODONATA.
By C. W. Bracgsen, B.A., F.E.S.
A Few cases of insects formerly belonging to the veteran
entomologist, Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Saltash, near Plymouth,
came into my possession after his death. Among them was a
store-box of Neuroptera (sensu lato), collected by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall, of Botus-Fleming, Cornwall, who died in 1903. On
going through this recently I found a Sympetrum labelled vulga-
tum, Swanage, no date. As there were no striolatwm in the box,
I concluded that Marshall either intended it for the latter species,
using the older name, or that he had really taken vulgatum, a
rare occurrence. I sent the insect to Mr. W. J. Lucas, who is
of opinion that it is neither vulgatum nor striolatum but
meridionale. If so, the specimen is of considerable interest,
since Mr. Lucas, in his ‘ British Dragonflies,’ says: ‘“‘ The claim
of this insect to a position on the British list rests on two
females of old date.’’ Most of Marshall’s specimens were
Corsican, but there were several others from Swanage, including
some fine Orthetrum cancellatum. It may be worth mentioning
that one of the Corsican O. ce@rulescens has the left anterior
wing much abbreviated. The right wing is 28 mm. long, the
left only 20 mm., the pterostigma being about the same distance
from the body on each side.
Plymouth.
97
CONTINENTAL INSECTS OF VARIOUS ORDERS
TAKEN BY DR. T. A. CHAPMAN IN 1913.
wowed. loweas,. B.A. FaniS.
Pupa-skin of Ascalaphus coccajus. Magnification a little over 24 nat. size.
One antenna could not be withdrawn, and it is shown broken, or bitten off.
The pupal-jaws are well seen; and it must be borne in mind that they were
worked by the imaginal jaws that were not then withdrawn from them. The
pupal-skin is very ethereal, as can easily be seen. The head has become detached
from the body.
Arter each of two entomological excursions to the Continent
in 1918, Dr. Chapman was kind enough to give me a small
collection of insects, which he was able to take, belonging to the
less-known Natural Orders. In April, May, and June, he visited
the Rhone valley in Switzerland and the district of the Italian
Lakes, and this first collection contained insects from Sierre
(1760 ft.) in the Rhone valley, from Locarno (680 ft.) on Lago
Maggiore in Switzerland, and from Pallanza (680 ft.), also on
Lago Maggiore, but in Italy.
In July and August the scene of operations was transferred
to France, and the. second collection contained insects from
Lautaret (6790 ft.) and Bourg d’Oisans (2860 ft.) in Dauphiné.
The former is a well-known botanical and entomological locality,
and the latter is in the valley of the Rimauche, on the way up to
Lautaret.
My thanks are due to Mr. K. J. Morton for naming a number
of the specimens.
First CoLLECcTION.
Plecoptera.
Nemoura marginata. Locarno, April.
N. cinerea. Locarno, April.
98 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
*N. lateralis. Locarno, April.
N. variegata. Pallanza, May 19th—26th.
Odonata (= Paraneuroptera).
Inbellula quadrimaculata. Two males and three females in more
or less teneral condition; Locarno, April. One male possessed
strongly developed nodal spots and longitudinal saffron suffu-
sion, but was otherwise normal; the others were of the var.
prenubila, some being of a more pronounced type than the
others.
*Orthetrum brunneum. One male; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd.
Cordulia @nea. One female; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.
Aischna isosceles. One male; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula. One female; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd.
Ischnura elegans. One male; Locarno, April; one male; Sierre,
May 27th-June 2nd.
Einallagma cyathigerum. Two males; Sierre, May 27th-
June 2nd.
Neuroptera.
*Ascalaphus coccajus. Four males; Sierre, May 27th-June 2nd.
One of these was accompanied by the very delicate pupa-skin.
In emerging it appears that one antenna stuck fast in its case
(figure). It is well-developed but is broken off, the knob
and part of the shank remaining in the case. Dr. Chapman
thinks this is not an isolated occurrence, and that the insect,
when confronted with the difficulty, itself bites off the
‘antenna.
Sialis lutarva. Three; Locarno, April. -
Raphidia notata. One female; Sierre, May 27th—June 2nd.
Chrysopa perla. One; Locarno, April.
Trichoptera.
*Plitocolepus granulatus. Two; Locarno, April.
*Philopotamus ludificatus. One; Locarno, April; one; Pallanza,
May 19th—26th.
SECOND COLLECTION.
Orthoptera.
Omocestus rufipes. One; Bourg d’Oisans, August 6th—-21st.
Plecoptera.
Nemoura inconspicua. Two females; Lautaret, July 22nd—
August 5th.
N. variegata. One male; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th.
Odonata (= Paraneuroptera).
Aiischna juncea. One female; Lautaret, July 22nd—August 5th.
Sympetrum vulgatum. Four males and three females; Bourg
d’Oisans, August 6th-2lst. Most of these were teneral in
condition to a greater or less degree, and pale in colour.
METAMORPHOSIS OF PHASGONURA VIRIDISSIMA. 99
Neuroptera.
Hemerobius quadrifasciatus. One; Lautaret, July 22nd—August
5th
Chrysopa vulgaris. Two; Lautaret, July 22nd—August dth.
Panorpa germanica. One female; Bourg d’Oisans, August
6th—21st.
Trichoptera.
Stenophylax latepennis. One; Bourg d’Oisans, August 6th—21st.
*S. ucenorum. One male and two females; Lautaret, J uly 22nd—
August dth.
*Metanea chapmant. Three males and one female; Lautaret, July
22nd-August 5th. This is a new species, and has been
described by Mr. K. J. Morton (antea, p. 49), where details of
structure are figured.
Apatama fimbriata. One male; Lautaret, July 22nd—August 5th.
*Sericostoma pedemontanum. One female; Lautaret, July 22nd-
August oth.
Berea pullata. One male; Lautaret, July 22nd-August 5th.
*Rhyacophila albardana. One male and one female; Lautaret,
July 22nd—August 5th.
The species marked with an asterisk (*) do not belong to the
British fauna.
Kingston-on-Thames: February, 1914.
NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PHASGONURA
VIRIDISSIMA, L. ([OrtHoptera.]
By Anprew B. Lvvont.
On June 22nd of last year a female nymph of this species
was obtained while sweeping some long grass in a field at
Westcliff, Essex. Judging by its development after subsequent
moults, it would appear to have been at about the second or
third moult when captured, the ovipositor being about 8 mm.
long, and the wings barely noticeable. It was placed in a cage
together with an assortment of plants likely to be found in its
natural haunts; such as various species of grass, dandelion,
knapweed, bindweed, and one or two kinds of buttercup. The
following day it was found to have been feeding freely on the
common creeping buttercup (Ranunculus repens), an operation it
apparently performed at night or in the early morning, as I
never succeeded in observing it in the act. On visiting the
locality later, from which this specimen was obtained, I found
the above-mentioned plant growing in profusion, and, therefore,
it seems highly probable that this is its food-plant in a state of
nature. On June 25th it moulted, the ovipositor then measuring
100 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
6 mm., and the wings 8 mm. The next moult occurred on
July 10th, the dimensions increasing to—ovipositor 15 mm.,
wings 9 mm., and total length 34 mm. The antenne, which
were damaged and of unequal length before, became normal
after the second moult. It greatly appreciated being placed in
the sun, leaning over on one side and extending the long
jumping legs to expose as much of its body as possible. These
sun-baths appeared necessary after each moult to enable it to
acquire firmness and proper coloration, an operation extending
over a period of about two days. For three days before a moult
the nymph ceased to feed, and became sluggish and whitish in
colour, somewhat after the style of a snake before sloughing
its skin.
The empty nymph skin was always eaten immediately after
being cast, this employing the insect about an hour and a half,
the skin of the large hind legs being eaten last. The final moult
took place on July 31st at about 6.30 am. The imago, after
eating the empty skin, clung for some time to the grass stems to
allow the wings to unfold and attain their proper development.
This specimen when taken in the hand would bite fiercely with
the mandibles, occasionally retaining its hold until set at
liberty.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIST (OF KENT. APHIDIDAY
By Frep. V. Turopap, M.A., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., &e.
Durine the past two years I have found or identified from
material previously collected the following Aphides, so far not
recorded from Kent, and some of which are new to the British
fauna. Several new species of Macrosiphum have been described
since the previous list, and these are also included here.
The year 1913 was noticeable for three things: first, the
comparative paucity of the species of Aphides to be found,
secondly, the presence of numbers of sexupare in the autumn
months, and thirdly, the vast numbers of three or four species.
Most abundant and harmful of all has been Aphis sorbi, which did
untold damage to the apple crop; next in importance has been
A. abietina, Walker, which has been most harmful to the Sitka
and Norway spruces in Ireland and parts of the South of
England, in many cases causing complete defoliation. This is
one of the species which breeds entirely viviparously, no sexu-
pare having been found, whilst parthenogenetic females occur
right through the winter. So far no sexupare have been found
of A. gossypii, Glover, the so-called Cotton Aphis, which is
recorded here for the first time in Britain. Only once have I
ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDIDA. 101 -
found oviparous females, also of the Woolly Aphis (Hriosoma
lanigera, Hausmann), and as far as recent experiments go that I
have carried out, there does not appear to be any migration between
the elm and the apple in this country, as has been shown to occur
in America by Miss Edith Patch. Moreover, I have had one badly
attacked apple tree netted for some three years, and no alate
whatever have appeared. Reproduction without sexupare in
some species may evidently occur for a long time. ‘The list
given here does not include any fresh localities for the Aphides
of Kent so far recorded (vide ‘Hntomologist,’ January, 1911,
pp. 16-21, and November, 1911, and January, 1912), only new
species found in the county.
Genus MacrosipHum, Passerini.
Macrosiphum taraxaci, Kaltenbach.—On dandelion (Leontodon
taraxacum). Wye, June 17th, 1911, and July 20th, 1912;
Blean Wood, July 7th, 1912.
M. duffieldu, Theobald.—On tulips, March 27th, 1918.
Maidstone, many alate and aptere of this beautifully marked
species brought me by Mr. Adrian Duffield, and others sent by
Mr. Bunyard.
M. primule, Theobald.—On cultivated primulas and on the
wild primrose in gardens. Maidstone, March 27th, 1913;
Stouting, near Hythe, April 28th, 1913 (A. Duffield); Wye,
June 26th, 1913.
M. bete, Theobald.—On mangolds, beetroots, sugar beet,
and several wild Chenopodiacee. Herne Bay, July 4th, 1911;
Wye, July 2nd-14th, 1911; Faversham, July 4th, 1911; Dover,
July 4th, 1911; Bromley, July 2nd, 1911, and Thanet generally;
Tonbridge, July 26th, 1913.
M. arundinis, Theobald.—On Arundo phragmitis. Wye,
August, 1912; Romney Marsh, July 17th, 1913, in small
colonies.
M. graminis, Theobald.—On meadow foxtail and Timothy
grasses; Wye, August 23th, 1911, evidently very uncommon.
M. rubiellum, Theobald.—On bramble (Rubus fruticosus)
and raspberry (f. ideus), Mayto June. Wye, Ashford, Paddock
Wood, Tonbridge, Maidstone, Ramsgate, abundant.
M. malve, Mosley. — On Malva sylvestris and Malva, sp.?
Wye, June 7th, 1913, two alate females.
M. trifolti, Theobald.—On T'rifolium procumbens. Wye,
August, 1912, in small numbers.
M. loti, Theobald.—On Lotus corniculatus. Wye, July and
August, 1912 and 1913. Alate and aptere in the last year.
M. stellarie, Theobald.—On Stellaria, spp. Wye, May, 1912.
I found this species in vast numbers in alate form at Bramley,
in Surrey, in May, 1913. This was erroneously placed under
Schrank’s name (Entom. December, 1911).
102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
M. crategarium, Walker.—On hawthorn. Wye, June 7th,
1911, and July Ist, 1911.
M. sileneum, Theobald.—On Silene inflata. Wye, July 10th,
1911, and August 14th, 1912. <A few isolated specimens.
M. aquilegie, Theobald.—On cultivated columbines. Stout-
ing, near Hythe, April 28th, 1918. Collected by Mr. Adrian
Duffield; Wye, March 24th, 1912, and June 17th, 1912.
M. veronice, Theobald.—On Veronica beccabunga. Wye,
May 22nd, 1912.
M. longipennis, Buckton.—On water grass. Romney Marsh,
June, 1910.
M. diplanteree, Koch.—On Malva, sp.? Wye, June 9th, 1911.
Genus Apuis, Linneus.
Aphis galit, Koch.—On_ bedstraw (Galiwm, sp.?). Wye,
June 7th, 19138; Crundale, June 14th, 1913; Folkestone, June
27th, 1918, alate and aptere in dense clusters.
A. beccabunge, Koch.—On Veronica beccabunga. Wye, June
19th, 1911. A few apterz and one alate female scattered about
on the flower stalks and leaves.
A. polygoni, V. d. Goot.—On Polygonum, sp.? Wye, July
20th, 1911. A single alate female, with a few lice.
A. petasitidis, Buckton.—On Tussilago petasites. Herne Bay,
July 14th, 1911. I took two alate females of this species, but
have failed to find it since then.
A. nasturtti, Kaltenbach.—On watercress. Wye, July 20th,
1911; August 7th, 1912, and July 7th, 1918, on the flower
heads; numerous aptere in 19138, but only two alate.
A. padi, Reaumur.—On bird cherry, Bearstead, October 18th,
1913. Large numbers of sexupare sent me by Mr. E. E. Green.
The oviparous females were depositing their ova on the leaves,
and continued to do so until the end of the month; the ova
remain firmly attached to the leaves which fall. Males also
present.
A. ranunculi, Kaltenbach.—On dandelion roots, with ants in
attendance. Wye, October 22nd, 1911.
A. gossypii, Glover.—On cucumbers under glass, and on
marrows in the open. Wye, June 7th, 1918, and July 8th,
1913. I have also received this aphis from other localities in
England. It is commonly known as the Cotton and Melon
Aphis, and does much harm to that crop in America, Africa, &c.
It is now well known in Russia, and is probably one of the world-
wide species.
Genus Myzus, Passerini.
Myzus rosarum, Kaltenbach.—On roses. Wye, May 10th,
1912.
M. pyri, Koch.—On pears. Wye, September 7th, 1913. I
ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF KENT APHIDID&E. 103
found the oviparous females laying their ova firmly fixed to the
leaves in my garden, but could not find a male.
M. whitei, Theobald. —On currants, Beltring, Paddock Wood,
July 18th, 1912. Alatee only.
Genus RuHopaLosipHum, Koch.
Rhopalosiphum staphylee, Koch:—On Malva sp.? Wye,
June 7th, 1913. One alate female.
R. lonicere, Siebold.—On Lapsana communis. Wye, July
4th, 1918. .
Genus SrpHocoryneE, Passerini.
Siphocoryne pastinacee, Koch.—On various Umbellifere, with
S. capree. Wye, July 4th, 1911; Faversham, August 2nd,
1912.
S. feeniculim—On fennel. Abundant at Sevenoaks in June,
1912 and 1913; smothering the plants.
Genus PuHoropon, Passerini.
Phorodon inule, Passerinii—On Inula dysenterica. Wye,
October 18th, 1913. The oviparous females laying their ova
firmly fixed on the leaves, and a few on Potentilla acerina.
Genus Hyauopterus, Koch.
Hyalopterus melanocephalus, Buckton.—On Silene inflata.
Whitstable, July 28rd, 1913.
Genus Lacunvs, Llliger.
Lachnus (EHulachnus) agilis, Kaltenbach.—On Pinus sylvestris.
Wye, May 20th, 1913.
L. (Lachniella) junipert signata, Del Guercio.—On junipers.
Wye Downs, June, 1913. Collected by Mr. Duffield; many
alate.
Genus CHarttopHoRus, Koch.
Chaitophorus coriaceus, Koch.—On sycamore. Wye, May
14th, 1918.
C. populus, Linneus.—On poplars. Wye, July 21st, 1913.
Genus Vacuna, Heyden.
Vacuna betule, Kaltenbach.—On birch. The Warren, Ash-
ford, June 12th, 1913; and Wye, June 22nd, 1913. Buckton’s
Thelaxes betulina from Guestling is only this species.
Genus Brysocrypta, Haliday.
Brysocrypta bumelia, Schrank.—On ash. Wye, July 3rd,
1912; a few aptere on?leaf petioles.
104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Genus Trama, Heyden.
Trama radicis, Kaltenbach.—On roots of artichokes with
ants. Wye, December 14th, 19138. Masses of aptere and
nymphe, one, a late female, hatched on February 7th, 1914.
In addition to these species new to Kent, I may mention
that Rhopalosiphum nymphee, Linneus, occurred in quantity
on Alisma at Wye in July, 1911, and July, 1918, and also
at Norwich in 1912; and Melanoxantherium salicis, Linneus,
in 1918 near the ponds on Romney Marsh. I have also found
the large Lachnus picee, Walker, on one spruce in large
numbers at Tunbridge Wells, and these suddenly disappeared
when alate, as in previous years when I have found this species.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
PRIONUS CORIARIUS IN Eppina Forrest.—The past season seems
to have been very favourable for this beetle, as I captured three fine
specimens during the last week in July. Two of these were males,
and they were found resting upon the boles of a very large oak tree ;
at the base of the trunk were a few holes, three of these being in the
earth, out of which the insects must have emerged, as it is well
known that the larve feed within the underground roots. The
female, which is very large, was taken at some arc lamps, and is the
second one I have taken this way. Although this insect is so large,
it is fairly inconspicuous during the day when at rest upon trees, as
it’ seems to have a good protective resemblance. My personal
experience of the insect seems to point to its increase of late years
in the Forest, as I have taken seven during the last three years—four
males and three females—H. E. Hunr; 255, Chingford Road,
Walthamstow, Essex.
DELAYED EMERGENCE OF SATURNIA PAVONIA (CARPINI).—From
a few ova, received from a friend at the New Forest, I reared a
few larve of this species, sixteen in all, during the summer of 1912;
all of these spun up as usual, but only four imagines emerged
last April—three males and one female. The rest of the pups are
laying over and are quite healthy, and I hope to get the moths
out during the coming season.—H. EH. Hunt; 255, Chingford Road,
Walthamstow, Essex, January 30th, 1914.
Noves on “ CourTsHrip ”’ OF GOMPHOCERUS MACULATUS (ORTHOP-
TERA) AT CRAIGTON, LINLITHGOWSHIRE.—On August 8th, 1913,
many G. maculatus were stridulating. Hearing one individual
emitting an occasional single note in addition to the ordinary
“song,” I approached cautiously, and witnessed the following little
incident. A male and female G. maculatus were settled side by side
in close proximity, the female almost motionless, and the male
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 105
stridulating at intervals, for the most part in a very low tone, only
just audible at the distance of a few inches. Every now and then he
made a single abrupt movement of the thighs, thus causing the
short, single note which had first attracted my attention ; this sound
was usually made by only one leg. For some minutes the two
maintained their relative positions, only altered slightly by small
movements of the male. Occasionally the latter extended his low
call into the full normal song. Apparently attracted by the last
a second male soon came hurrying up, pausing once or twice to call
by the way. On his approach the first male moved aside somewhat,
later commencing to feed. Number two settled face to face with the
female, and uttered the soft call as the other had done. The female
now began to show symptoms of boredom, and, cutting off a long
stem of grass with her mandibles, proceeded leisurely to munch it
up. When finished, she walked slowly off, and was not followed by
either male, although number two raised his voice to a louder pitch
as the female increased her distance, as if in the vain hope of arrest-
ing her attention. A few yards further on the female was accosted
by a third and more excitable male, and a repetition of the previous
scene took place. For nearly three-quarters of an hour the male did
his utmost to please his prospective partner, singing his soft song
almost incessantly, and frequently swaying his body from side to
side in a most curious manner. The relative positions of the two
varied, the male being sometimes face to face with the other, but as
frequently by her side. He was always cautious not to approach too
closely, as, when he seemed too pressing in his attentions, the
female moved abruptly off, although otherwise quiescent. At
considerable intervals of time the male broke into the loud song,
always prefixing it by the short single note. The incident was at
length terminated by the female suddenly leaping off to some
distance, leaving the disconsolate male alone. Truly courtship in
G. maculatus requires patience!—S. EH. Brock; Kirkliston, Lin-
lithgowshire, January, 1914.
PYRAMEIS ATALANTA IN F'EBRUARY.—When walking along the
edge of Ironshill enclosure this morning I was rather surprised to
see a butterfly which, flying past me, settled on the sandy bank of
the enclosure. A nearer approach proved it to be Pyrameis atalanta.
I watched the insect for some little time at a distance of a couple of
yards or so, and left it still basking in the bright sunshine.—G.
Lyte; Brockenhurst, February 1st, 1914.
GLOUCESTERSHIRE List or LreripoptErRA.—On looking through
Hudd’s ‘List of Lepidoptera of the Bristol District,’ I find no
mention of Hpunda lutulenta in Gloucestershire. I captured three
at sugar here in Pucklechurch in September, 1908. Ido not know
if this is a new record, as Hudd’s list is a little out of date.—B. A.
Coney ; Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire, February 12th, 1914.
ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA IN DEcEMBER.—On December 14th,
1913, I took a freshly emerged Abraxas grossulariata at rest on
ENTOM.-—MARCH, 1914. I
106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
a wall in Eastbourne. It was not near a greenhouse.—S. A.
Cuartes; 170, Mayfield Place, Eastbourne.
ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA IN DECEMBER.—I have to record the
capture of a specimen of Abrawas grossulariata, as it was flying
through the arches of Ravenscourt Park Station on December 4th,
1913, about 4 p.m. It was a good specimen, not crippled in any
way, and rather a large one. It was flying perhaps a trifle weakly,
but strongly enough to fly out of reach the moment I let it go. I
regret now that I did not keep the specimen.—C. W. Wuatu; 19,
Shaftesbury Road, Ravenscourt Park, W.
[A second brood of this species was recorded in 1903 (Entom.
XXxvi. pp. 289, 318).—Ep.]
LEPIDOPTERA OF THE IsnuE or SkyE.—As I propose to visit the
Isle of Skye next July, I should be glad to know what one might
expect to meet with in the way of moths and butterflies during the
month in that locality—(Major) R. B. Roperrson; Hillingbury
Cottage, Chandler’s Ford, Hants.
RETARDED EMERGENCE OF PARAGE EGERIA.—At the end of last
June I took a female P. egeria and she laid a few eggs, which hatched
in due course and fed up with the exception of four or five, which
seemed as if they were going to die. I, however, placed them in
another pot with grass, and they fed slowly, pupating at the end of
October and in November, one at a time. I! now have four pupe,
two look as if they were on the point of emergence, nearly black, and
two still quite green; this being about three months in pupa state.
It looks as if they were waiting for the spring before emerging.
Has it ever been noted that this insect in a wild state passes the
winter in the pupal state? Imagines from the larva which fed up
began emerging on September 11th.—(Major) R. B. RoBeRtson ;
Chandler’s Ford, Hants, February 6th, 1914.
ORRHODIA ERYTHROCEPHALA ab. GLABRA AT HAsTBOURNE.—On
November 30th O. erythrocephala ab. glabra came to sugar in a wood
in this neighbourhood. This, I believe, is the first recorded capture
in Sussex since the early seventies. Although a steady rain was fall-
ing, quite a number of insects visited my patches. I sugared on
several evenings during the first fortnight of December, but with no
further success—Epwin P. SHarp. .
HEMIMENE (DICHRORAMPHA) 'TANACETI (HERBOSANA) NOT IN
GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—Referring to my note (Hntom. xly. p. 101) I
find that the specimens therein recorded must be referred to the
second brood of Henwmene (Dichrorampha) acuminitana, and that
we cannot yet claim herbosana as a Gloucestershire insect.—C.
GRANVILLE CLuTTERBUCE, F.H.S.; 23, Heathville Road, Gloucester,
January 16th, 1914.
PLEeBEIUS (LYCH#NA) MEDON (ASTRARCHE) IN DovEDALE.—With
further reference to the occurrence of this insect in Dovedale noted
SOCIETIES. 107
by Dr. St. John (Entom. xlvi. p. 314) last year, and by Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker (p. 39 in your last issue) in July, 1908, we used to
take it there frequently thirty years ‘ago, and I have heard of it
several times since. The Derbyshire limestone seems to produce
some pretty female examples of Lycena icarus, for I found a very
fine race on difficult ground in the Via Gellia on June 5th, 1911, and
the only female captured was very beautiful. Ino (Adscita) geryon
was taken at the same time.—G. Hanson Sate; Littleover House,
Littleover, Derby.
SOCIETIES.
ENntTomoboeican Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, December 3rd,
1913.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the
chair.—Mr. Walter Ormiston, of Kalupahani, Haldumille, Ceylon,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.—Dr. G. B. Longstaff presented
to the Society, on behalf of a number of subscribers, a copy of
Hiibner’s ‘ Exotische Schmetterlinge,’ original edition.—Mr. G. T.
Porritt exhibited two curious specimens of Abraxas grossulariata.—
Miss Diana R. Wilson, who was present as a visitor, butterflies
caught in Brazil this year, during the last week of January and the
first week of February.—Prof. Poulton, eight examples of Hpv-
scaphula interrupta, Lac., found in one clay cell, and eleven examples
found in another, by Mr. C. O. Farquharson, B.Se., at Moor Planta-
tion, near Ibadan, 8. Nigeria. He also read notes received from Mr.
Lamborn, on the Driver Ants (Dorylus) of Southern Nigeria, and
exhibited the material referred to.—Dr. K. Jordan, a series of species
of the two groups of Papilios called by Haase Cosmodesmus and
Pharmacophagus respectively —Mr. Champion, a specimen of Tho-
rictus parciseta, Wasm., attached to the scape of the left antenna of
a worker of an ant, Myrmecocystus viaticus, ¥.—Mr. W. C. Crawley,
(1) Three deilated females of L. niger, L., taken Isle of Wight, July,
1911; these, after rearing workers, fought until only one survived.
(2) A female of Aphenogaster subterranea, Latr., taken August, 1912,
at Yvorne with Prof. Forel, after marriage-flight, brought up two
workers by September, 1913. (3) Six females of L. flavus, Fabr.,
taken after marriage-flight at Seaton, July 14th, 1912. They built a
cell together and brought up workers, by June 23rd, 1913.—Mr.
O. H. Janson, specimens of Laglasia caloptera, Bigot, one of the
curious forms of Diptera with stalked eyes, from Dutch New Guinea.
—Capt. E. B. Purefoy, two more specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra
with gynandromorphous colouring.—Mr. HE. B. Ashby, a number of
Nearctic butterflies—Mr. W. J. Kaye, a very large series of specimens
of Heliconius anderida, ranging into a number of forms which
tended to become fairly definite subspecies in different geographical
regions.—Dr. H. Hltringham gave a preliminary account of the scent
apparatus in Amauris egialea, comparing the same with that of A.
navius, illustrated by drawings, and microphotographs of sections of
the brush.—The following paper was read: ‘‘ New Species of South
108 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
American Butterflies,’ by W. F. H. Rosenberg, F.E.S., and
G. Talbot, F.E.S. Mr. Talbot made exhibits in connection with
this paper.
Wednesday, January 21st, 1914.—Annual Meeting.—Mr. G. T.
Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.L.8., President, in the chair.—No other
names having been received in addition to those proposed by the
Council as Officers and Council for the ensuing year, the latter were
declared by the President to be elected.—Mr. R. W. Lloyd, one of the
Auditors, read the Auditors’ Report, which was adopted on the
motion of Mr. H. E. Page, seconded by Mr. J. Platt Barrett.—The Rev.
G. Wheeler, one of the Secretaries, then read the Report of the
Council, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. R. 8. Standen,
seconded by Mr. R. W. Lloyd.—The President then delivered an ad-
dress, after which Prof. Poulton moved a vote of thanks to him, coupled
with the request that he would allow the Address to be printed as a
part of the Society’s Proceedings; this was seconded by Mr. W. J.
Lucas and carried by acclamation.—The President returned thanks
and Mr. O. E. Janson then proposed a vote of thanks to the other
officers for their services during the past year; this was seconded by
Mr. T. F. P. Hoar and carried; the Treasurer and the two Secre-
taries returning thanks in a few words.—GrorRGE WHEELER, M.A.,
Hon. Secretary.
THe South Lonpon Enromonocican AND NaAturat HisrTory
Socrmry.—December 12th, 1913.--Mr. A. E. Tonge, President, in the
chair.—Mr. Tatchell, of Bournemouth, was elected a member.—Mr.
W. J. Kaye read a paper, “The Ithomiine,” and illustrated it with
a fine selection of examples of the different groups of the subfamily.
—Mr. Hall reported a case of the occurrence of the ‘furniture mite,”
and asked how the pest could be effectively dealt with—Mr. Step, a
box of Diptera, chiefly Syrphide, taken at flowers of Michaelmas
Daisy in October and December.—Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Nemeophila
plantaginis bred from ova laid by a Grasmere female in July, 1912.
One larva fed up and pupated in September, and the imago came out
on Oct. 27th. The rest hibernated several together in the débris of
the cage, and emerged in due course the following June.—He also
showed four Mellinia ocellaris, presented to the Society by Mr.
H. Worsley-Wood.—Mr. Curwen, a series of Hrebia ceto near the
form ab. obscura from the Simplon Pass.—Mr. Carr, a collection of
Lepidoptera from Staffordshire and N. Wales, including very strongly
marked forms of Acidalia marginepunctata, and some nicely banded
examples of Melanippe tristata—Mr. Adkin read a Report of the
Annual Conference of Delegates of Societies affiliated to the British
Association.
January 8th, 1914.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the
chair.—Messrs. D. A. Gotch, of Northampton; A. Leeds, of Kneb-
worth; W. H. Jackson, of Wimbledon; and T. H. Archer, of South-
fields, were elected members.—Mr. Hugh Main gave an interesting
account of his holiday in Switzerland in 1913, entitled ‘‘ The Brunig
Road,” and illustrated his address with a large number of lantern
SOCIETIES. 109
slides, made mainly from his own photographs.—Mr. Step, a photo-
graph by Mr. West (Ashtead), of the ‘‘ furniture mite” Glyciphagus
cursor.
January 22nd, 1914.—Annual Meeting.—Mr. A. E. Tonge, F.E.5.,
President, in the chair.— The Balance Sheet and Report of the
Council were received and adopted, and the Officers and Council for
the coming year were declared elected.—The President read his
Annual Address, and after giving an account of the present status
of the Society, dealt at considerable length with some phases of
his special study of the ova of Lepidoptera, particularly wild-laid
ova.—The usual votes of thanks were accorded, and the new Presi-
dent, Mr. B. H. Smith, took the chair.—Mr. Newman exhibited a
small specimen of Leucania pallens, taken at sugar at Newark, with
three well-developed antennze, of which one was much thicker than
usual, and towards the tip was bifid.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon.
fiep. Secretary.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society.—Annual
Meeting of the Society held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street,
Liverpool, December 15th, 1913, the President, Mr. F. N. Pierce, in
the chair—Mr. John M. Wilding, 52a, Orrell Lane, Liverpool, was
elected a member of the Society.—The following members were
elected Officers and Council for next year, vzz.:—President, R. Wild-
ing; Vice-Presidents, F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., R. Newstead, F.R.S.,
M.8c., J. R. le B. Tomlin, M.A., F.E.S., H. R. Sweeting, M.A.; Hon.
Treasurer, J. Cotton; Librarian, F. N. Pierce; Hon. Secretary,
Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S.; Council, L. West, H. 8. Leigh, F.E.S.,
A. EK. Gibbs, F.L.8., F.H.S.; A. W. Boyd, M.A., F.E.S., C. E. Stott,
P. F. Tinne, M.A., §. P. Doudney, Wm. Webster, R. S. Bagnall,
H.L.S., F.E.S.—Mr. F. N. Pierce delivered the Presidential Address,
taking for his subject ‘‘ The Hairs and Scales of Lepidoptera.” The
President described in detail his original observations upon this
branch of insect morphology, and illustrated the same by many
drawings and microscopic preparations. In the course of his remarks
he described a difference he had found between certain scales in
Tephrosia crepuscularia and biundularia for exhibition, and stated
that this was the only difference of a structural character he had been
able to discover in these two species.—Mr. R. Wilding brought a
specimen of Hubolia bipunctaria for exhibition, and stated that it
was taken by himself so long ago as July, 1880, but he had never
before recorded it. Captured at West Kirby, this is the second
record of this unlikely moth for our two counties.—Dr. J. Cotton
showed a number of colour photographs of Lepidoptera by the Paget
process, and pointed out the advantages of these plates over the
older processes.—Wwm. Manssrinag, Hon. Sec.
THE MaAncuEesteR EnromonoeicaL Sociery.— Meetings held in
the Manchester Museum.—October 1st, 1913.—The following exhibits
were made :—Mr. R. Tait, Junr.: a long series of Abraxas grossu-
lariata varieties bred during 1913, including var. varleyata; a fine
series of the melanic variety of Boarmia repandata from Penmaen-
mawr, bred in 1913; a series of Geometra papilionaria bred from
110 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Delamere larve; Agrotis lucernea, bred from Penmaenmawr; Cu-
cullia chamomille, bred from Devonshire larvee, and Aplecta nebulosa
var. robsont bred from Delamere larve, 1913.—Mr. W. P. Stocks: a
large number of species, including Lycena argus (= egon), Drepana
falcataria, Anarta myrtille, and Aspilates strigillarza from Delamere ;
Lobophora viretata, Ligdia adustata, Diaphora mendica, Asthena
candidata, Leucania lithargyria, Tephrosia bistortata, Euclidia mi,
Mamestra dentina, Eupithecia sobrinata, Numeria pulveraria, &e.,
from Silverdale; Semothisa liturata, Acronycta menyanthidis, &e.,
from Witherslack.—Mr. W. Buckley: a series of Agrotis ashworthiw
from N. Wales, including one that resembled A. lucernea superficially,
and an asymmetrical example; a series of Dianthecia conspersa
from N. Wales. These had been two years in pupa and included
two dark forms.—Mr. L. Nathan: Lasiocampa quercus from Ainsdale
larvee ; Phragmatobia fuliginosa bred from the Isle of Man, &c.—Mr.
VY. Coryton: A large number of species taken and bred in Cheshire
in 1913, including Acronycta leporina, Tethea subtusa, Hupithecia
fraxinata, EH. absinthiata, Chesias spartiata, &c., and a number of
Micro-Lepidoptera.—Mr. J. H. Watson: a new Philosanuia hybrid—
P. pryeri, male, x P. cynthia advena, female, this being the reverse
cross to the one named pryadvena in the Trans. Manch. Ent. Soc.
1912. Also Parnassius apollo apollo ex Gothland Is. and P. apollo
scandimavica for comparison; also P. apollo alpheraki {. magnifica
of. Xsienschopolskii—Mr. J. E. Cope showed the following Coleo-
ptera: Boll weevil from the Mississippi delta, 1913; Anobiswm
domesticum from .Ashton-under-Lyne, Lanes, July, 1913; Atomaria
atricapilla from Ashton Moss, August, 1913; Psammechus sp.—a
foreign species caught on bananas ; Prionus sp. from BBO oe
Canada, August, 1912.
November 5th, 1913.—The following exhibits were made :—Mr.
W. Mansbridge: a series of Nyssza zonaria, showing variation, from
Crosby, Lancashire; bred series of Hmaturga atomaria, showing
black forms, both male and female, Mamestra glauca and Coremia
ferrugata from Burnley; Cenonympha typhon and Lycena astrarche
(approaching var. artaxerxes) from Witherslack; Parasemia planta-
gins from the South of England; Boarnuia repandata from Delamere,
the Liverpool district and Portsmouth—Mr. B. H. Crabtree: a
series from Hertfordshire of Lycena corydon, female, var. sem-
syngrapha, some females having very light under sides, and others
having the pair of wings on one side smaller than those on the other
side; a short series of under side varieties of Lycena bellargus from
Folkestone ; very light yellow forms of Hmaturga atomaria from
Wansford ; two under side varieties of Lycena astrarche var. arta-
xerxes, with very few markings, from Aberdeen; a short series of
very yellow forms of Spzlosoma menthastri from Aberdeen, showing
radiated markings; three varieties of Melitea aurinia from Oban and
County Clare-—Mr. C. F. Johnson: a long series of Cenonympha
typhon, Lycena astrarche, and Acidalia fumata from Witherslack ; a
long and varied series of Aporophyla australis, Agrotis obelisca and
Anchocelis lunosa, and specimens of Lewcania vitellina and Triphena
subsequa, all taken at Freshwater from September 7th to 16th, 1913,
SOCIETIES. 111
—Mr. R. M. Pearce: Lasiocampa quercus, reared from ova to imagines
on ivy in thirteen months, with ova, pups, and larve; bred Lymantria
dispar with larve and pup; fourteen species of butterflies from
Anglesea.—Mr. A. E. Wright: from Witherslack a number of species,
including Cyaniris argiolus, Lampropteryx suffumata, Triphosa
dubitata, Hupithecia abbreviata, Hustroma silaceata, Tephrosia
punctularia, Asthena candidata, Gnophos obscurata (bred) ; from St.
Anne’s-on-Sea: a specimen of Percnoptilota fluwviata, series of
Leucania littoralis, L. pallens (red form), and Miana literosa, &e. ;
from Burnley: Oporabia filigrammaria. and Celena haworthit.—Mr.
R. Tait, Junr.; long series of Agrotis agathina bred from Delamere
and N. Wales larvae; Noctwa castanea var. neglecta bred from Delamere
larve; Boarmia repandata bred from Durham larvee.—Mr. V. Coryton:
Chesias spartiata, Dilobia ceruleocephala and Oporabia dilutata from
Delamere; a dark var. of Plusta gamma from North Cheshire.—Mr.
J. H. Watson: a new sub-species of Antherea frithy from the.
Andaman Islands, named inswlaris by him; he also showed three
new Philosamia hybrids: Philosamia hybr. andre: = P. cynthia
canning, male, x P. cynthia advenu, female; Philosamia. hybr.
lastourst = P. cynthia advena, male, x P. cynthia canningt, female ;
Philosamia hybr. oberthiiri = P. pryeri, male, x P. cynthia advena,
female; together with their parents.
December 3rd, 1913.—Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited and gave notes
on Abraxas grossulariata var. varleyata. A varleyata female paired
with a type male produced fifty-six types; from these he bred a second
brood in September, October, and November, including a good
number of -var. varleyata, both male and female. Some of these were
splendid forms, showing some little variation inter se—Mr. Buckley
read some further notes on Acidalia contiguaria.. It appears that a
dark female paired with a light male is sterile in the second genera-
tion.—Mr. W. Mansbridge showed series of Thera variata and
T. obeliscata.—Mr. W. B. Lees, an example of Heliothis peltigera,
taken in Platt Fields Park, Manchester, on June Ist, 1913, and a red
Leucania pallens, from Northenden.—Mr. R. Tait, Jr., autumn Lepi-
doptera from Monkswood.—Mr. A. W. Boyd, a short series of T’enzo-
campa gracilis and a pair of Geometra papilionaria, from Rostherne,
Cheshire; also a few Aspillates strigillaria and Aplecta nebulosa
(both type and var. robsonz), and an example of Acronycta menyan-
thidis, from Delamere.—Mr. J. H. Watson, a series of Sagana zapa-
tosa, a Saturnid from Colombia, 8. America, with cocoon and pupa ;
also the following forms of Parnassius deliws :—ab. herrichi, leonardz,
subsp. styriaca, from the Styrian Alps in Austria, and its ab. confluens
(Hoff.).
January Tth, 1914.—Mr. J. H. Watson gave the Annual Presi-
dential Address—“ The History of our Entomological Science.” He
described the lives and works of many of the earliest zoologists and
entomologists, and in many cases exhibited their original books. He
surveyed entomological science from its origin to the present day.—
Mr. J. E. R. Allen exhibited series of Dianthecia cesia, D. cucubali,
and D. capsophila, from Donegal larvee, and also Abrostola tripartita
with var. wrtice, from Lancashire and Cheshire.
113 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
February 4th, 1914.—Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed three ichneu-
mons bred from the larve of Agrotis ashworthit.—Mr. W. Mansbridge,
a series of Peronea hastiana, selected from a large number bred from
Ainsdale, on the Lancashire coast; these included vars. divisana,
mayrana, coronana, albistriana, and unnamed melanic varieties.—Mr.
H. Horsfall, two living larvee taken in the open on February Ist:
Phragmatobia fuliginosa and a small noctuid larva.—Mr. J. EH. Cope,
photographs of two Delamere localities and a few of the Coleoptera
taken there: Amara communis, Calathus melanocephalus, Byrrhus
pilula, Chrysomela staphylea, Corymbites eneus, Barynotus schén-
herri, Apion violaceum, and A. ulicis, Phyllobius calcaratus and
P. oblongus from one locality; from birches in the other: Athous
henorrhoidalis, Dolopius marginatus, Clytus arvetus, Deporans betule,
Otiorrhynchus picipes, Strophosomus coryli and Phyllobius argentatus.
—The rest of the evening was occupied by a microscope exhibition.
Several members brought microscopes and slides, and Mr. Buckley
opened with a discussion on the methods of wet and dry mounting.—
Mr. J. B. Garnett showed some remarkable Hymenoptera and Diptera.
—A. W. Boyp, M.A., Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T.M., vol. vii.,
Nos. 38 and 4, November 7th, 1913, and December 30th, 1913.
Liverpool.
No. 38 contains nothing specially relating to Entomology. In
No. 4, however, will be found:—(i) A paper on “Isle of Wight
Disease,” in connection with insects other than Hive-bees, by H. B.
Fantham and Annie Porter ; (ii) ‘‘ Certain Mosquitos of the genera
Banksinella, Theobald, and Teniorhynchus, Arribalzaga,” by H. F.
Carter (well illustrated) ; (iii) ‘‘ New Culicide from the Sudan,” by
F. V. Theobald; and (iv) “ Parasite of Strateomyia chameleon and
S. potamida (Diptera), with remarks on the biology of the hosts,” by
H. B. Fantham and Annie Porter.
Weide
The Forty-third Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
Ontario for 1912. Toronto. 1913.
THouGH containing no paper of striking importance, the 144
pages of this Report (with a number of illustrations) are replete
with useful and interesting information touching various sides of
entomology.
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“CONTENT SO cries
‘Contributions to hs Knowledge of the British Brion ak No. 1. Meteori¢
(with plate), G. 1, Lyle, 78. British’ Odonata in’ 1913 (with. plate), ae
Lucas, 77. The Earlier Stages ‘of Colias hecla, W. G. ‘Sheldon, $2.” ‘Diadi-
plosis coceidivora, n. sp., H. “Porter” Felt, 86. Description of a New Cicada
from West Africa, W: Di Distant, 87. A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of —
Unexplored Frante, H. Rowland-Brown (continued), 87.. The Genus. Peci- ms
lopsis (Harrison), J. W. H. Harrison, 92. -' The Psocide of Nottinghamshire, _ ne
J. W. Carr, 95. Sympetrum: meridionale, Selys, and other Odonata, OES
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Chapman in 1913 (with illustration), W. J. Lucas, 97. Notes on the. Meta-~
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99. Additions to the List of erent Aphidide, Hred. V. Theobald, 100.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 104. , Socierius, 107. RECENT LITERATURE, 113.
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.]
APRIL, 1914. [No. 611
ABERRATIONS OF ARGYNNIS SELENE AND ARCTIA
VILLICA.
By Gervase F’. Maruew, Paymaster-in-Chief R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S.
Tue above figures have been photographed from varieties
captured or bred in this neighbourhood. No.1 is a peculiar
variety of A. selene, which was taken on June 10th, 1910. Its
chief feature is the remarkable shape of its wings, which are
much shorter, broader, and more rounded than in typical
examples, and which caused it to fly in a very striking manner;
ENTOM.—APRIL, 1914. K
114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
so much so that when first seen I thought it was some queer
Geometer, and was surprised, after I had netted it, to find out
what it was. Unfortunately, the photograph is rather blurred,
and does not show the markings very clearly. The submarginal
rows of black spots on both wings are much larger than usual,
and those of the hind wings reach the apex of the marginal
black chevrons. The disc is paler and not so heavily marked as
in ordinary specimens. The markings on the under side are
almost similar.
No. 2 is a beautiful variety of A. villica. The first example
of this striking form was taken here more than twenty years
ago. It was discovered by Colonel A. J. H. Ward, D.L., V.D.,
sitting on a bush in his garden; and he was so struck by its
beauty that he sent and asked me to come and look at it, as he
thought it might be of use to me. Of course I was delighted
when I saw it, and boxed it at once! Since then I have bred a
few, and nearly always of the same type; as it seems to be
peculiar to this neighbourhood, I think it deserves a varietal
name, and I have therefore called it wardi in honour of its finder.
There is no need to give a description as the figure is so clear.
It seems to be a very uncommon variety, for I have not bred
many out of the hundreds of larve I have reared year after year.
In addition to this form, I have bred one or two nice specimens
having the basal spots of upper wings united.
No. 8 is an extremely beautiful and asymmetrical variety,
and was the only variety bred out of some two hundred larve I
reared last season.
Lee House, Dovercourt, February 7th, 1914.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES.
By T. D. A. CockeRreELu.
Anthophorula brunert (Crawford).
Dallas, ‘'exas, on Helianthus, September 22nd, 1905, four
males (I. C. Bishopp).
Anthophorula morgant, sp. nov.
@. Length 6 mm. or slightly over; black, closely related to
A. brunert, but differing thus: smaller (size of male brunerz) ; wings
greyish, nervures and stigma dull dusky reddish (stigma in brunerz is
clear amber); hair on inner side of hind basitarsus dark fuscous ;
abdominal hair-bands whiter. The dusky stigma, dark tegule and
well punctured mesothorax readily separate it from A. texana (Friese).
The well punctured mesothorax separates it at once from A. coquilletts
(Ashm.). From A. compactula (Ckll.) it is known by the less brightly
coloured flagellum, the black or piceous tegule, and the broad,
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 115
shining, hardly punctured hind margin of first abdominal segment.
There are three submarginal cells.
Hab. Falfurrias, Texas, on Helianthus, May 18th, 1907
(A. C. Morgan).
Exomalopsis frederici, sp. nov.
g. Length about 84 mm., expanse 16; black, mandibles dark
‘red except at base, tibize at apex, and the tarsi ferruginous; hair of
head and thorax long and abundant, shining white on face, cheeks
and under side of thorax, fulvous on head and thorax above, very
bright on anterior half of mesothorax; flagellum obscure brown
beneath ; vertex shining; ocelli large, in a scarcely curved line;
mesothorax closely and distinctly punctured, except on disc posteriorly,
where it is shining and sparsely punctured; base of metathorax with
strong punctures and small shining spaces; tegule bright reddish-
amber; wings clear, dusky at apex, stigma and nervures clear amber-
colour; stigma large; b. n. going far basad of t. m.; second gs. m.
broad, receiving first r. n. far beyond middle; legs with pale hair,
fulvous on inner side of tarsi, middle and hind tibiz with dark fuscous
hair on outer side; hind tibie thick, but legs otherwise ordinary ;
abdomen shining, very finely punctured; hind margins of second and
following segments with entire pale fulvous hair-bands, that on
second narrow and submarginal; segments before the bands with fine
short hair, only clearly seen in side view, that on second ochreous,
on the others black; apex of abdomen broadly rounded, ferruginous.
Hab. Mexico (F. Smith coll., 79, 22). British Museum. In
Friese’s table of EHxomalopsis this runs to HL. planiceps, Sm.,
which differs conspicuously in the colour of the pubescence.
The insect looks rather like a small Diadasia. The hind
spur is strongly curved at end.
Calioxys ardescens, Cockerell.
Guayaquil, Kcuador, one male, one female (v. Buchwald ;
Alfken coll. 6). These are quite identical with the Brazilian
C. ardescens. ‘The female, not before known, is about 138 mm.
long, and resembles the male except in the usual sexual
characters. The last dorsal segment of abdomen is keeled,
and ends obtusely; the last ventral is rather broad, and is
narrowed, but not distinctly notched, before the end. The
insect reminds one of C. otomita, Cress., from which it differs
especially as follows :—Ridge between antenne high, extending
down to clypeus, which is obtusely elevated in the middle (the
lower edge of clypeus is shallowly emarginate); middle of
mesothorax with sparser and smaller punctures; middle of
apical margin. of clypeus much less angulate; last dorsal
segment much broader apically; last ventral broader, and
rather abruptly narrowed before the end. In Schrottky’s table
of Brazilian species this female runs to C. pygidialis, Schrottky,
but differs from it by the absence of a median tooth on scutellum
and a ventral keel on abdomen.
K 2
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Celioxys sanguinosus, Cockerell.
Guacimo, Costa Rica, June 21st, 1908, one female (J. C.
Crawford). U.S. National Museum. The last ventral segment
has a well-defined tooth-like apex, whereas the type has only a
nodule, but the specimens are evidently conspecific.
Celioxys azteca, Cresson.
San José, Costa Rica, May 81st, 1903, ‘‘on orquetilla,” one
female (J. C. Crawford). U.S. National Museum.
Celioxys texana sonorensis, subsp. nov.
3. Length about 84 mm.; face densely covered with white
hair; first two joints of antenne dark red, the others black ; hair on
eyes shorter than in male terana from Wisconsin ; region surround-
ing middle ocellus strongly elevated ; mandibles with a red subapical
spot; cheeks thinly covered with white hair, more densely below
(texana from Wisconsin has a large bare space, wholly wanting in
sonorensis) ; mesothorax closely and very coarsely punctured; two
conspicuous spots of creamy hair on anterior margin, and a thinly
hairy triangle between; scutellum densely punctured, the hind
margin with pale hair, and not tuberculate or angular; tegule clear
bright ferruginous ; first r. n. joining second s. m. at extreme base ;
legs bright clear ferruginous, the tarsi strongly dusky; spurs clear
red; abdomen clouded with red at sides and beneath; apical segment
deeply excavated, with three teeth on each side, but one of them
more or less bifid, no median tooth; fourth ventral segment with two
red teeth on apical margin, not extending beyond the fringe of white hair.
Hab. San José de Guaymas, Mexico, April 10th (L. O.
Howard). This insect has caused me some perplexity, because,
except for the smaller size, it agrees fairly well with Cresson’s
brief account of male texana. It is certainly quite distinct from
the Wisconsin insect which Dr. Graenicher has sent me as
tecana; but Dr. Graenicher’s female, which certainly seems to
belong with the male, appears to be veritable texana as described
by Cresson. Dr. Howard’s bee has the appearance of a desert
insect, and should be distinct from the Texan species, which
may well range into Wisconsin. Very possibly the new form
represents a distinct species, C. sonorensis, but until it is com-
pared with the type of texana it may be given only subspecific rank.
In my table of male Celioxys in Canadian ‘ Entomologist,’
C. sonorensis runs to C. quercina, Ckll., differing by the absence
of a median process at end of abdomen, the rounded (instead of
squarely truncate) hind margin of scutellum, the red colour at
sides of abdomen beneath, and the smaller size. It is allied,
however.
Celioxys otomita bicarinata, subsp. nov.
?. Exactly like C. otomita, Cresson, except that the clypeus has
on its lower two-fifths a pair of parallel longitudinal ridges, with a
depression between.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN BEES. 117
Hab. Guayaquil, Ecuador (v. Buchwald; Alfken coll. 7).
C. leporina, Sky., has a deeply suleate clypeus, but is very
different from bicarinata. Our insect is in many respects similar
to C. tumorifera, Ckll., based on a male from Peru. There are,
however, many differences ; thus in twmorifera the occipital mar-
gin is a long way from the ocelli, in bicarinata it is close to them.
Celioxys triodonta, sp. nov.
$. Length about 10 mm.; black, with the tegule, legs, under
side of abdomen (except bases of segments) and extreme sides of
abdomen more or less, all dark ferruginous ; antennz black, the last
two joints ferruginous basally; mandibles dark red; face narrow,
densely covered with pale golden hair; hair on eyes short; cheeks
with a smooth bevelled space below; hair of thorax yellowish, no
distinct spots on mesothorax anteriorly ; mesothorax with very large
punctures, well separated on disc posteriorly; scutellum short,
strongly punctured, but smooth on each side of the delicate median
keel, which leads to a prominent marginal tooth; axillar spines long,
and nearly straight seen from above; wings dilute fuscous; anterior
coxe with large red spines; spurs-red; abdomen shining, the hair-
bands as usual, but weak; fifth segment with a red spine on each
side; sixth with six large spines, and a very short and small, but
distinct, median one; fourth ventral segment with two short dark
spines close together ; fifth with a deep oval depression.
Hab. Guayaquil, Ecuador (v. Buchwald; Alfken coll. 8).
Very similar to C. leucochrysea, Ckll., also from Guayaquil,
but leucochrysea has the face broader below, hair on eyes shorter
and white (yellow in triodonta), last two antennal joints wholly
black, median tooth of scutellum much less prominent, and
axillar teeth shorter and more curved, no median apical tooth
on abdomen, lower apical spines longer and more parallel. By
the structure of the scutellum, C. triodonta is related to C. beroni,
Sky., but the latter is much larger, and has no median apical
tooth on abdomen.
Celioxys costaricensis, sp. nov.
?. Length about 104 mm.; black, with the mandibles, apex of
labrum, tegule, mesothorax (except a large posterior triangular area),
outer face of axillz, tubercles, mesopleura, under side of abdomen
and marks on lateral margins (large areas on first segment), all red ;
hair of eyes very short; mandibles strongly tridentate; labrum
nearly twice as long as wide, with a deep basal pit; clypeus convex,
densely rugosopunctate; no prominent keel between antenne ;
antennse wholly black; the large punctures of mesothorax well
separated on disc posteriorly; scutellum strongly punctured, with
a smooth median keel, the hind margin conspicuously angulate, the
end of the keel projecting as a small tooth; axillar teeth only
moderately long, distinctly curved; wings dilute fuscous, the apical
margin darker; anterior coxe with short spines, densely covered
with white hair beneath; anterior margin of mesothorax with a
narrow band of yellowish hair, but no patches; hind tarsi with
118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
orange hair on inner side; spurs red; middle of abdomen with the
punctures sparse and small, on the fifth segment minute but close, in
abrupt contrast; hind margins of segments, and edge of basin of
first, with conspicuous but very narrow white hair-bands, but no
other hair-bands or markings; sixth dorsal segment delicately keeled,
gradually narrowed apically, and turned up at extreme tip; last
ventral rather narrow, with a very apical part, not extending far
beyond dorsal; sides of last ventral with long but not dense hairs ;
ventral segments with strong white marginal hair-bands ; last ventral
black or nearly, contrasting with the bright red segment before it.
Hab. Guapiles, Costa Rica, June 18th, 1908 (J.C. Crawford).
U.S. National Museum. This species may be compared with
some of those described by Cresson from Mexico, from which it
is readily separable as follows :—
Last dorsal segment abruptly contracted on each side, the
apical part much narrower than the basal... chichimeca, Cress.
Last dorsal gradually tapering to apex............... i P
1. Last dorsal turned upward at tip; last ventral straight
costaricensis, Ckll.
Last dorsal not turned upward at tip; last ventral strongly
Curved: downward wasiicde asco se useeeoecmscesseres totonaca, Cress.
C. costaricensis is in many ways similar to the South
American C. querens, Holmbg., to which it runs in Holmberg’s
table.
Celioxys luzonicus, sp. nov.
3. Length about 7 mm.; black, head and thorax above very
densely punctured; head broader than thorax; mandibles entirely
black; hair on eyes short; face and front with pale golden hair, and
scape beneath with long hair of the same colour; antenne entirely
black ; mesothorax with even posterior middle excessively densely
punctured ; cheeks covered with white hair, no hairless area below ;
occiput with white hair; mesothorax with very thin golden-brown
hair, only distinct anteriorly; pleura, tubercles and sides of meta-
thorax densely covered with pure white hair; scutellum dull, very
densely rugosopunctate, short, the margin simple, except when looked
at from in front, when two very small obscure nodules appear ;
axillar teeth short; tegule black ; wings dilute fuscous throughout ;
b. n. meeting t. m., first r. n. joining second s. m. very near base ;
legs entirely black, with white hair; hair on inner side of hind tarsi
orange-fulvous ; spurs fuscous; abdomen shining, strongly but not
densely punctured, the hair-bands pure white; marginal hair-bands
confined to sides, where they form broad patches, on first segment
sending a very large lobe basad, and a thin line mesad to near the
middle; subbasal bands developed as small stripes on sides of third
segment, but nearly meeting in middle on fourth and fifth; sixth
segment very short and broad, with very small lateral basal teeth
(minute ones also on fifth), and six (three pairs) at apex, four above,
and two (longer) below; ventral segments with broad white hair-
bands, the first with a median patch of hair extending from base to
hind margin, but the margin otherwise bare.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID®. 119
Hab. Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1800).
Closely related to C. capitatus, Sm., from India, and C. sumatrana,
Enderl., from Sumatra. It is known from capitatus by the
absence of spots on the mesothorax anteriorly and the interrupted
abdominal bands; from sumatrana by the clear white hair of
sides of thorax, and other details of coloration. The male
of C. philippensis, Bingh., is much larger, and has the sixth
segment of abdomen elongated, with the upper apical teeth
(two pairs) very short. Itis related to the Indian C. basalis, Sm.
Ceratina tropica, Crawford.
Los Banos, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1787).
Allodape cupulifera, Vachal.
Los Banos, Philippine Islands (Baker, 1788). The female is
only 5 mm. long, with the base of the mandibles dark, and no
lateral face-marks. It can be distinguished from A. marginata,
Sm., by its smaller size.
Megachile aurantipennis, Cockerell.
Cacao, Trece Aguas, Alta Vera Par, Guatemala, March 24th,
two males (Schwarz & Barber). U.S. National Museum.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. I. METEORIDA.
BY; Geel, living se.S,
(Concluded from p. 77.)
Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesm.).—Probably the commonest
species we have; it is easily recognized by the pale anterior margin
of the otherwise fuscous stigma, and by the invariably black first
abdominal segment. The metathorax is also generally black,
though I possess a specimen in which it is entirely testaceous.
A most variable species in size and colour; quite half my
females may be referred to Marshall’s var. 2; and although I
have seen no males of this form, I have several approaching vars.
B & y. My largest specimen, a female, bred from a larva
of Agrotis (Lycophotia) strigula, measures 11 mm. in expanse,
while the smallest, also a female, bred from a larva of Cerostoma
radiatella, expands only 6 mm. Marshall describes the second
cubital areolet as ‘“‘slightly narrowed towards the radius,” but
in several of my specimens it is considerably so. The larva is
pale green, with the parts of the mouth black and the spiracles
on segments one and two also outlined in black.
A solitary parasite of larve of Lepidoptera. There are
120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
certainly three and probably four broods in the year, the first
appearing in April and early May, the second in June and July,
the third in August, and the fourth during September and Octo-
ber; the individuals of this fourth brood no doubt deposit their
ova in larve which hibernate, such as that of A. (L.) strigula,
which I have known to produce the parasite larva so early in the
year as the second week in March.
The cocoon is brown, shining, and pensile (fig. 5).
Bred on very many occasions from March 31st to May 15th,
from larve of Agrotis (Lycophotia) strigula, and from June 12th
to July 4th from larve of Cheimatobia brumata ; also from larve of
Thecla quercus, June 80th, 1909; Thecla betula, June 17th, 1912; |
Pecilocampa populi, June 24th, 1910; Cilex glaucata, July 20th,
1911; Nola cuculatella, June 29th, 1911 and July 5th, 1911;
Eupithecia abbreviata, July 5th, 1911; H. nanata, August 15th,
1913 ; Hybernia leucophearia, July 38rd, 1918; Phibalocera quer-
cana, July 26th, 1911, and Cerostoma radiatella, July 9th, 1913.
On July 27th, 1911, I bred a female specimen of the Ichneu-
monid Panargyrops @reus, and on July 7th, 1909 and July 4th,
1911, examples of Mesochorus crassimanus (Holmg.) from cocoons
of this species, the host in these cases being Cheimatobia brumata.
I have also obtained Mesochorus tetricus as a hyperparasite (April
13th, 1911), the host being A. (L.) strigula and a Chalchid (Peri-
lampus), rather commonly from cocoons of the second brood ;
the last-named remains within the cocoon through the winter as
a fully-formed imago, and emerges in the following spring. All
these hyperparasites gnaw irregular jagged holes when leaving
the cocoons (fig. 5).
M. niger (Lyle). (Figs. 2 & 3).—This species was brought
forward by me as new in the ‘ Entomologist’ * for August, 1918,
and further notes appeared in the number for the following
month. It is a common solitary parasite of the larva of Hygro-
chroa (Pericallia) syringaria. I have recently discovered in my
collection a female which was bred from a larva of Hnnomos
quercinaria, June 17th, 1911. This insect is lighter than any of
those bred from H. (P.) syringaria, the dise of the thorax and
stigma being fuscous, the second abdominal segment piceous,
and the antenne basally fulvous ; in all other respects it agrees
with the description.
In both sexes the antenne are 25-27-jointed.
M. melanostictus (Capron).—In Trans. Entom. Soc. 1887,
p. 115, Marshall describes this as a new species from five males,
and mentions that the description of the other sex which he
gives was communicated to him by Capron.
Although my specimens agree with these descriptions in
most particulars, they differ in that the wings are distinctly
* Vol. xlvi. pp. 244, 266,
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDE. 121
smoky, especially in the female, with a light mark under the
stigma, the antenne are 29- to 31-jointed in both sexes, and the
recurrent nervure is interstitial in the female as well as in the
male. In spite of these discrepancies, I believe I am right in
referring my insect to this species. Three of Marshall’s types
are now in the National Collection, and I much regret that I am
unable at the present to visit the museum and inspect them;
Morley, however, has very kindly supplied me with their
particulars.
A solitary parasite of the larve of Lepidoptera; fairly com-
mon in April and May, and again in the autumn in the neighbour-
hood of fir-trees. I have beaten it from Douglas fir as late in
the year as December 17th, so that possibly it may sometimes
pass the winter as an imago. That this is not always so I have
proved by “‘ forcing ’’ larve of the host, which, taken in Novem-
ber when quite small, produced the parasite in the following
January.
Morley was the first to record a host for the species, for in
his notes* he mentions that a correspondent sent him a cocoon,
the maker of which had emerged from a pupa of Thera variata.
In this I think Mr. Morley’s correspondent must be in error, for,
as regards the very considerable number of specimens bred by
me, in every case the parasite has emerged from the larva of its
host and spun the usual pendulous cocoon, which seems to be
almost identical with that of M. scutellator, though perhaps
rather lighter in colour (fig. 5).
I have obtained this species many times between April 4th
and May 30th, from larve of the first brood of Thera variata, and
from September 2nd to 29th from larve of the second brood of
the same insect. Most of my specimens have, I believe, been
bred from larve of the true 7. variata (Schiff.), though I am
certain that some are from 1’. obeliscata (Htb.).+ One cocoon
of this species produced the hyperparasite Mesochorus crassi-
manus, September 18th, 1913.
M. scutellator (Nees).—A well-marked species, though variable
in colour, &c. The scutellum would seem to be always rufo-
testaceous, and the metathorax carinated. All my specimens
have the hind tibiw ringed with fuscous near the base. Marshall
mentions that the second cubital cell is scarcely narrowed
towards the radius; although this is usually so, I possess speci-
mens in which it is distinctly narrowed, and others in which it
is actually wider at the radius.
Fairly common ; a solitary parasite of the larve of Lepido-
ptera. The cocoon is similar to that of M. pulchricornis, but
larger. From twenty-four to twenty-seven days elapse between
* Entomologist,’ vol. xli. p. 149.
+ See Prout in ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xlv. p. 241.
122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the emergence of the parasite larva from its host and the
appearance of the imago, at any rate in the spring brood.
Bred by me from larve of T'riphena (Agrotis) fimbria, April
29th, 1909, April 28rd, 1912, and other dates; Agrotis (Lyco-
photia) strigula, April 18th, 1911; Noctua (Segetia) xantho-
grapha, April 20th, 1911, April 11th, 1911, and other dates;
Triphena (Agrotis) pronuba, April 7th, 1911, April 18th, 1912;
and from a cocoon beaten from oak, June 16th, 1911.
More than one writer has mentioned that a permanently
testaceous variety exists of some species of Meteorus, and after
examining several specimens, and comparing them with the
original description, I have come to the conclusion that
M. unicolor (Wesm.) is merely a _ testaceous variety of
M. scutellator.*
M. versicolor (Wesm.).—Considerable confusion seems to
have arisen concerning this species. Wesmael mentions having
bred it gregariously at Charleroy, from a larva of Bombyx
cassinea (Fab.), the cocoons being brown, and connected by a few
threads of silk; he also states that the terebra is equal in length
to the abdomen. In the specimens since recorded, the length of
the terebra is given as only half the abdomen, so that even allow-
ing for the fact that Wesmael sometimes rather exaggerated
the length of this organ, one can hardly suppose that he would
double it. Again, all recent specimens are mentioned as being
solitary parasites making pendulous cocoons.
It would therefore seem possible that we are wrong in
referring the insects mentioned below to M. versicolor, as I am
convinced we should be wrong in so referring the light forms
mentioned by Marshall (var. bimaculatus).
On May 7th, 1912, I bred an example of Marshall’s var.
(3 from a cocoon which fell into my tray while beating young
birch-trees for larve of Geometra papilionaria. Bignell records
the breeding of a similar specimen from a larva of G. papilio-
naria, June 7th, 1883.
The cocoon is pendulous, shining, and much darker than
that of any other Meteorus with which I am acquainted.
M. bimaculatus (Wesm.).—Although Marshall considered this
to be merely a variety of M. versicolor, I feel sure, after referring
to the original descriptions and examining a large number of
specimens, that it is a distinct species. MM. bimaculatus has the
wings somewhat infumated, especially in the male, and the base
of the petiole and first abdominal segment are never white,
though the former is pale. In Wesmael’s description of the
female, the two dark spots on the first abdominal segment are
mentioned as being triangular and elongate; it would perhaps
** Since writing the above I have been much interested to find that
Thomson advanced this view; see ‘Opuscula Entomologica,’ ii. p. 112.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONIDA. 123
be more correct to say that the segment is centrally narrowly
testaceous.
As the male does not appear to have been noticed before, I
subjoin the following description from ten specimens in my
collection :—
Mesothorax testaceous, or fuscous, with the disc testaceous,
scutellum testaceous, metathorax black (fuscous in pale specimens),
rugose; abdomen piceous with the second segment and base of the
third testaceous, the second often fuscous at the sides, petiole basally
pale, first segment striated, tracheal groves obsolete, tubercles
apparent ; legs testaceous, all the tarsi fuscous, posterior coxe and
femora at apex fuscous, posterior tibz fuscous, basally pale, all the
claws dark; head scarcely as wide as the thorax, occiput fuscous (in
pale specimens testaceous), orbits, clypeus, and cheeks testaceous, face
fuscous, palpi pale, antennz setaceous, slightly longer than the body,
fuscous, 30-33-jointed, usually 32; wings infumated, stigma and
nervures fuscous, recurrent nervure interstitial or subinterstitial,
second cubital areolet slightly narrowed towards the radius; length
44 mm. to 6 mm., expands 8 mm. to 10 mm.
In the female the antenne are about equal in length to the
body, 30-83 jointed.
Var.female. First abdominal segment dark fulvous without
noticeable dark triangular patches at the sides — M. decoloratus
(Ruthe).
A solitary parasite of larve of Lepidoptera; it varies
greatly in size. I have a female, bred from a larva of
Brachionycha (Asteroscopus) sphinx, June 28th, 1911, which
expands no less than 11} mm.
The cocoon ig pendulous, shining, and of a rather rich brown
colour, though not nearly so dark as that of M. versicolor. Two
specimens which I must refer to this species, bred from larve of
Nola cuculatella, made cocoons of a paler colour, similar to those
of AM. pulchricornis. From six to fourteen days in the cocoon.
Among other dates I have bred it from larve of Macrothylacia
rubi, August 1st, 1911; Nola cuculatella, June 21st, 1911;
Anarta myrtilli, August sth, 1911; Ematurga atomaria, July 30th,
1911; Cheimatobia ‘brumata, June 19th to 27th, 1911, and Agrotis
agathina (Sand banks, Poole), June 28rd to 30th, 1913.
From a single cocoon of this species I bred on August 17th,
1911, some thirty or forty small hyperparasites. Dr. R. C. L.
Perkins, to whom I submitted them, has been most kind in
working them out, and says (in litt. January 15th, 1914): ‘‘ The
very minute species is certainly Closterocerus (Westwood), but
the wings are not marked in black as in all described species
known to me. It is quite likely that species with similar wings
have been wrongly described in EHintedon or Eulophus, as the
marked wings have been considered a generic character. The
antenna is that of a true Closterocerus.”
124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
M. filator (Hal.).—Appears to be common, though I have
only once taken it in the New Forest, on November 15th, 1910,
when a female was beaten from holly. Generally found in the
autumn, and is said to be a parasite of larve which feed in the
fungus Polyphorus versicolor.
M. fragilis (Wesm.). Fig. 4.—A delicate species with long,
slender antenne and legs ; the second abdominal segment is flavo-
testaceous, with two black spots on the disc; these spots seem
to be quite constant, and are a great help in identifying the
species.
A solitary parasite of small larve of Lepidoptera. The
cocoon is pensile, somewhat similar to that of M. pulchricornis,
though rather more elongate and brighter brown in colour,
5-6 mm. in length. From the time the parasite larva leaves
the host to the emergence of the imago from the cocoon, a period
of from eight to thirteen days elapses. Bred frequently from
small larve of Hylophila bicolorana, September 8th to 12th, and
also once from the same host on May 9th, so that probably both
spring and autumn broods prey on this larva. Also bred from
larvee of Nola cuculatella, June 17th, 1912, and June 19th, 1912.
M. luridus (Wesm.).—This is a gregarious parasite of the
larve of Lepidoptera. The parasites leave the host and form
their cocoons within the underground chamber constructed by
the host for the purpose of pupation, though sometimes in
captivity the cocoons are to be found scattered on the surface of
the earth, or in bunches connected by a fewthreads. This may,
of course, happen in a state of nature, but I do not think it
usual. The cocoons are heaped together and are fusiform,
brown, with a lighter spot at the smaller end, not shining, and’
covered with a thin web of filaments, as mentioned by Marshall,
4} mm. to 54 mm. in length. Fourteen days or so generally
elapse between the emergence of the parasite larve from the
host and the appearance of the imagines.
When courting, the male of this species follows the female
with rapidly vibrating wings, repeatedly tapping the apices of
her wings, which she keeps folded, with his mandibles.
Ihave obtained many broods, the largest consisting of thirty-
two individuals, the smallest of four, and also once bred it as a
solitary parasite. Females appear to predominate, for in-
stance :—Twenty-six females, six males; fourteen females, four
males; twenty-three, all females; seven, all females. I have,
however, one brood of ten, all males.
Commonly parasitic on the larve of Aplecta (Mamestra)
nebulosa, often quite thirty per cent. of these larve succumbing,
yet larve of other Noctuz, similar in size, collected at the same
time, often from the same bushes, have not been affected. From
this host I bred it on May 24th, 1908, broods of thirty-two
and twenty-four; May 25th, 1908 (nineteen), June 2nd, 1908
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID®. 125
(twenty-one), and many other times. Clutten has also bred it
from the same host taken at Burnley. Bred from larve of
Teniocampa stabilis, July 7th, 1911 (eight), July 28th, 1911
(eight), July 26th, 1911 (seven), and many other dates, from
larva of Graptolitha (Xylina) ornithopus, July 24th, 1911 (four).
On May 6th, 1909, I bred a single male from a small larva of
Triphena fimbria ; in this case the cocoon was suspended by a
thread an inch or so long from the roof of a breeding cage; the
larva had not reversed its position, as is usual with those
Meteoride which construct pendulous cocoons, so that the imago
emerged from the uppermost end of the cocoon. I think that
the unusual position of this cocoon was probably merely an
accident, through the host being on the roof of the cage when
the parasite larva emerged, and not at all likely to be of common
occurrence. Like Marshall I have never met with any of the
dark vars. described by Ruthe, and am inclined to believe that
they may be referred to M. leviventris. The two species are
certainly very close, though in M. leviventris the first abcissa of
the radius is as long as the second, while in M. luridus it is
considerably shorter. All my specimens of M. luridus are
uniformly pale.
M. leviventris (Wesm.).—Very similar to M. luridus but
differing in colour, being much darker. A gregarious parasite
of the larve of Lepidoptera, said to be common.
The cocoons are fusiform, brown, rather woolly with a lighter
spot at the smaller extremity, 43-5 mm. in length (fig. 9). I
can detect little or no difference between them and those made
by M. luridus, though possibly they may be rather darker and
slightly smaller. Morley described the cocoon as ‘ cylindrical,
dirty white, much more woolly at the anal half and only
33 mm.in length.” I have seen the cocoon from which he took
this description, and although it is certainly of this species, it is
dilapidated, undersized, much rubbed, and accordingly mis-
leading. The larva is elongate, attenuate at both extremities,
cream coloured, with the parts of the mouth outlined in brown,
also a brown ring on either side of the first segment above; as
might be supposed, it is very similar to the larva of M. luridus.
The larve leave their host when the latter has prepared to pupate,
so that the cocoons are to be found underground.
Bred from larve of Triphena pronuba, November 3rd, 1913
(twenty-one), November 4th, 1913 (seventeen; ten males and
seven females), and November 9th, 19138 (sixteen; seven males
and six females, three failed to emerge).
I am not aware that a host for this species has been hitherto
recorded.
126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF
UNEXPLORED FRANCE.
By H. Rowzanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 91.)
UnquesrionaBLy the best collecting ground near Larche is to
be sought in the mountains east of and above the Col; and it
was here that I took the majority of the butterflies brought
home, and included in the following list :—
HespEertps®.— Carcharodus althee; not uncommon; lateral
valleys of the Col de Larche; quite fresh.
Hesperia carthami.—A few taken ; rather small.
H. alveus.—Flying with others of the group in the higher
valleys; small as compared with examples from the Pyrenees.
Var. ryffelensis Obthr.; not uncommon, and in fine condition,
Val. d’Ornaye, but never below 7000 ft. Distinguished by the small-
ness of the white spots on the fore wing.
H. bellievi, Obthr.—The largest of the Hesperiids met with.* Flies
at the same altitudes as H. alveus and its var.
With regard to this difficult group of Hesperia, which, thanks to
students of structure and bionomy on both sides of the Channel, is
now less of a tangle even as regards the nomenclature, Guillemot
contents himself (loc. cit. p. 33) with the remark: ‘“ Nous avons
pris une certaine quantité d’autres syrichthus, qui viendraient sans
doute se ranger dans les nombreuses éspéces crées il y a peu d’années
aux dépends de fritillwm; mais je ne m’aventurerai pas 4 donner ici
une liste de noms.”’
In fact, he only mentions H. serratule, common in most of the
localities visited ; a fine bright form, “ parce qu’elle est trés distincte
i état parfait, eb qu'il est impossible de la confondre ’—though, I
fancy, some of us find the lowland form of this species none too
easy to deal with.
H. carline.—Fairly common at high altitudes; just emerging.
But I have not detected H. fritillwm; Hb. (= cirsa, Rmbr.), among
my Larche Skippers.
H. cacalie.—Bellier speaks of this as much rarer, and only
occurring in the mountains about Barcelonnette. I did not come
across it myself, but I saw a recently captured specimen or two from
the Val de Lauzanier in Mr. Morris’s boxes.
Pyrgus sao.—Generally distributed, and with the deep crimson-
lake colouring of the under side usual to high Pyrenean forms.
Thymelicus lineola.—Common in the pastures and on rough her-
bage by the roadsides.
* In the ‘Entomologist’ (vol. xlvi. p. 11) I stated my belief that this
butterfly would also turn ont to be a separate species. I have not had long
to wait for a confirmation of its specific identity by M. Oberthiir and Dr.
Reverdin. The Hesperiid flying at much the same level near the Lac
d’Allos I should suggest as intermediate between var. fowlqucert and the
type, as I conceive it, belliert.
A BUTTERFLY HUNT IN SOME PARTS OF UNEXPLORED FRANCE. 127
Lycamnipm.—Chrysophanus virgauree.—Males only out.
C. hippothoé, var. ewrybia.—Males over; isolated females in all
states, from freshly emerged to mere ‘rags of quality,” chiefly the latter.
C. dorilis, var. subalpina.—Rare.
C. phleas.—Very rare; probably between the two generations (?)
at this altitude.
(Lycena alcon.—Mr. Morris and Mr. Tucker had fine series of
this butterfly from the neighbourhood of Barcelonnette. Not met
with by me.)
Cupido minimus.—Nearly over.
Nomiades semiargus.—Very occasionally.
Agriades damon.—The commonest “ Blue” round Larche, and in
pastures by the river on the Lauzanier route; females predominant,
with several ab. maculata, Reverdin.
A. corydon.—Searce ; males only here and there.
A. hylas, A. eschert.—Not common.
Polyommatus icarus, P. eros.—Generally common from the village
to the Col, and on both sides of the Ubayette. Females by no means
scarce. A large form compared with the Swiss.
P. medon.—Quite common.
P. orbttulus——Seemed to be very rare; one or two only at the
highest levels explored (8000-8500 ft.).
P. pheretes.—Locally common. The females taken by me in the
Ornaye valley, and the mountains generally to the south-east of
Larche, are so distinctive in appearance, when placed side by side
with examples from other alpine localities, as almost to constitute a
variety. The ground colour of all the wings on the upper side is
black ; not dark or cinnamon brown, as in those of my collection
from Switzerland, the Brenner, Stelvio, &c. But the most marked
feature is the discoidal spot on the fore wings, usually obsolescent or
insignificant in size and black in colour. Here it is large, and of the
same lovely azure hue as of the wings of the male; while the basal
area of all four wings on the upper side is also heavily scaled with
blue of the same depth and brilliancy; this latter character absent
in many, but not all of the Swiss and Hastern Alps forms of my
acquaintance. I propose, then, for this Larche form, if not already
named, the name azurica, new ab., female. The female Lycznids,
asin the case of damon cited above, show a regional tendency to
develop blue spots on the upper side of the wings.
(P. optilete, taken by Guillemot on the slopes which reach down
to the Lac de la Madeleine, and one of the rarest of the group in the
French Alps, I did not encounter.)
Plebeius argyrognomon.—Not common. Females of the brown type,
P. argus.—Common, but both sexes getting rather passés.
I observed no Theclids at Larche, and I see that Guillemot failed
to do so.
PAPILIONIDH.—Papilio machaon.—A single fresh male in the Val
d’Ornaye at about 8000 ft.
Parnassius apollo—Not at the higher levels. Fairly common
below Larche.
P. delius.—From the upper Ubayette valley to about 8500 ft., in
the Val d’Ornaye. Fairly common ; males only observed or captured.
128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Pieris brassice, P. rape.—Both rare.
Colias phicomone.—The commonest Colias.—C. edusa, C. hyale.
NyMPHALID#.—Argynnis aglata.—Common.
A. niobe-—Less so. I do not remember seeing A. adippe, nor
does Guillemot record it.
Issoria lathonia.—Common, especially just outside the village
towards the Col.
Brenthis pales.—At sufficient altitudes ; but the commoner was
undoubtedly B. arsilache, of which I took a lovely blanched female
aberration in the Val d’Ornaye, a few minutes’ walk from the main
road. In this example the rufous ground of the upper side of the
fore wings has entirely disappeared, and the ground colour is creamy
white (= primula, new ab.). The same peculiarity is observable on
the hind wings, but the failure of colour less pronounced. At a dis-
tance the butterfly rather suggested a female C. phicomone, but the
different flight, sluggish and hesitating, fortunately caused me to
make a closer inspection. A tendency to albinism was decidedly
noticeable in the Larche females of arstlache. Of pales, Guillemot
speaks of the var. nape@a—the familiar violet-shot female form—at
Godessart; and I took two of this variety in the Val d’Ornaye,
among others typical.
(Melitea cynthia.—Reported from the Pain de Sucre, and one at
Malmorte by Guillemot, not observed at Larche; nor M. aurinia
var. merope, which may have been over.)
M. varia.—Oceasionally.
Pyrameis cardut.—Ravre.
Aglais wrtice.—Just emerging, and brightly coloured.
Pararge mera.—On the wane.
Epinephele gurtina.—Not common.
EH. lycaon.—Less rare, and in good order.
Cenonympha tphis.—Common in all the meadows— Val d’Ornaye,
Val de Lauzanier, &c.
C. pamphilus.—Some of the females very large, the size of average
C. tuphon.
C. darwimana.—Rare.
Erebia eprphron.—Many of the males and females examined were
much nearer to the type than to var. cassiope; but none of the
females show white-pupilled ocellation. Not common.
E. mnestra.—Well distributed ; var. gorgophone, Col de Larche.
HE. alecto, var. duponchelt, Obthr. (= pluto Esp. ?)—Not un-
common at about 8000 ft. No typical alecto, or var. glacialis observed.
E. ceto.—One female in the grass where the stream crosses the
path up the Val d’Ornaye.
E. stygne.—Over.
E. scipio—One male only taken, on the 26th, flying with
numerous other Erebias in the Val d’Ornaye below the ‘“ alecto”
line. Although I worked this place three or four times subsequently,
I did not meet with another, and I expect the species was only just
coming out. It is stated by Guillemot to occur on the rocky slopes
below the last pastures of Ozglosse, and on the left bank of the
Ubayette above the junction of that river with the Ubaye.
DORSET HYMENOPTERA. 129
E. euryale.—Here and there flitting over alder bushes, just above
the village.
E. goante.—Common in the same localities, but going much
further up, and even flying over the skrees.
E. gorge, with EH. alecto, var. dwponchelt, and occasionally of the
ab. erynnys.
E.. tyndarus.—Not so common as usual ; all of the var. casszoides.
E. lappona.—Common, but wasted, even high up.
January, 1914.
DORSET HYMENOPTERA.
By FB. By Haines, D:P.H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
Tue following are some of the less generally recorded
Aculeates, noted by me, in this neighbourhood of heath, wood,
and down :—
Formica sanguinea, Latr., Parley heath; Ponera contracta,
Latr., two workers, May 28rd, 1918, West Lulworth cliffs ;
Myrmica sulcinodis, Nyl., one female, September 9th, 1913,
Ringstead. Mutilla europea, L., not infrequent on the heaths.
In 1911 I took a fine female as early as May 27th at Morden,
and in 1908 I took a female at Moreton on May 29th. My
latest date is October 7th, 1912—a rather large male, on West
Knighton heath. At Arne, on August 25th, 1913, I found a
nest of Bombus jonellus, Kirb., in a disquieted state, attributed
by me to a high tide having reached it. Noting that only
workers were to be seen, I carried a portion—only 4% in. in
circumference—home. From both larger and smaller cocoons
M. europea emerged through round, jagged holes: thirteen
females between August 29th and September 5th, four males
between August 29th and September 10th, but no B. jonellus.
I still have the fragment under observation. Methoca ichneu-
monides, Latr., one female, September 11th, 1910, on Godlingston
heath; Pompilus unicolor, Spin., one female, September 3rd,
1910, Arne; Salius affinis, V. de Lind., two females, July 27th,
1912, on West Knighton heath, and one female, August 38rd,
1912, on Studland heath; Ceropales maculatus, F., common in
August, on Angelica; Stigmus solskyi, Mor.; Passalecus cor-
niger, Shuck. ; Mimesa equestris, F., commoner than M. bicolor,
Jur., July, on Heraclewum; Gorytes campestris, L.; G. quadri-
fasciatus, F.; G. laticinctus, Lep., one female, Moreton, July 12th,
1910, one female June 22nd, 1912, and one female and three
males in July, 1912, on Ginanthe and Heracleum; Nysson inter-
ruptus, F., end of May and June, on Anthriscus and Chero-
phyllum; Mellinus subulosus, F., Cerceris 5-fasciata, L. I have
two specimens of an Oxybelus, quite similar to the common
O. uniglumis, L., but with pale mandibles; I think only a
variety of it. Crabro tibialis, F.; C. capitosus, Shuck.; C. sig-
ENTOM.-—APRIL, 1914. L
130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
natus, Panz., one specimen; C. vagus, L., a block of rotten
wood, containing pupe of this very common insect, seen on
November 14th, 1911, produced imagines towards the end of the
following June. The cells appeared, from the débris, to have
been stored with Lucilius cesar, L., and two other species of
Muscide, but I cannot retrieve my note on the point. C. litura-
tus, Panz., on Heracleum, common in one spot, in a wood;
C. interruptus, De Geer, one female, July 31st, 1918, Upper
Bockhampton ; Odynerus levipes, Shuck., one male, June 11th,
1913, Coombe wood; O. herrichii, Saussure (basalis, Sm.), one
female, July 24th, 1912. On July 12th, 1913, I found a large
colony on a limited stretch of sandy hollow on a heath, visiting
Erica, and took both sexes. One female taken was, apparently,
just entering her burrow with a small green lepidopterous larva
(unfortunately lost before full examination) in her mandibles.
Thad not time to dig out the cells. The hole was on a flat bare
spot. No other burrows were seen in proximity, despite gregarious
habits common to other species of Odynerus. On July 21st
there were but one or two examples about. I took one female
O. pictus, Curt.; O. sinuatus, F.; Humenes coarctata, L., common
on the heaths; Colletes succinctus, L. I have a specimen with
only two submarginal cells in its wings, otherwise normal.
Prosopis confusa, Nyl.; Sphecodes reticulosus, Thoms., one female,
July 12th, 1910, Moreton; one female, June 2nd, 1913, Hast
Stoke; S. variegatus, v. Hag.; Halictus prasinus,8m.; Andrena
pilipes, F.; A. bimaculata, Kirb., one female, August Ist, 1912;
A. rose, Panz. (v. spinigera, Sm.); A. apicata, Sm., one female,
April 17th, 1911, in a wood; A. precox, Scop.; A. fuscipes,
Kirb., common on the heaths; A. hattorfiana, Fab.; A. ceti,
Schr,, common on Scabiosa in July, August, and September ;
A. chrysosceles, Kirb.; A. analis, Panz.; seems rather peculiarly
liable to abnormal venation. In a short series a male (on one
side) and two females (on both sides) show but two submarginal
cells. A. argentata, Sm., Studland heath; A. dorsata, Kirb. ;
A. similis, Sm.; Macropis labiata, F., not uncommon on Lysi-
machia in July and August; Cilissa hemorrhoidalis, F.; C. lepo-
rina, Panz.; Panurgus calcaratus, Scop., common; P. ursinus,
Gmel., very common; Nomada roberjeotiana, Panz.; N. bifida,
Thoms., very common; N. borealis, Zett., not uncommon ;
Epeolus rufipes, Thoms.; Celioxys quadridentata, L.; C. acumi-
nata, Nyl.; Megachile circumeincta, Lep.; M. ligniseca, Kirb. ;
M. versicolor, Sm., four females, earliest June 16th, 1912, latest
August 25th, 19138; Osmia pilicornis, Sm.; O. aurulenta, Panz.,
common on Ajuga in May; O. bicolor, Schk.; O. leucomelana,
Kirb., one male; O. spinulosa, Kirb.; Melecta luctuosa, Scop. ;
Podalirius retusus, L.; P. furcatus, Panz., common, fond of
Stachys sylvatica.
Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset: February 24th, 1914.
131
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
QUERY RESPECTING PLUSIA CHRYSON (ORICHALCEA).—Does ‘ o71-
chalcea’”’ ever pupate in the autumn? Last October I beat two
large and unmistakably Plusiid larve on H. cannabinum in the
locality where I expected to find orichalcea, and to my surprise both
went down in late October. I cannot believe that they are P. gamma
or P. chrysitis CHARLES MEtLows; The College, Bishop’s Stortford.
DeRMATOBIA IN GuaTEMALA.—In February, 1912, at Quirigua,
Guatemala, my wife heard an Indian screaming with pain, and found
that there was a dipterous larva under the skin of his arm. The
larva was extracted, and I find that it agrees exactly with descrip-
tions and figures of Dermatobia, especially fig. 11, a, in ‘ Insect Life,’
September, 1888, p. 80. Authors have referred to two species of
Dermatobia, but Blanchard (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixv., 1896) goes
into the matter at great length, and shows that the records all
apparently refer to a single species, D. cyaniventris (Macq.).—
T. D. A. CocKERELL.
Stomoxys at A Hien Axutitupe.— On August 28th, 1913, I
collected Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) in a cabin at timber-line, 11,200-
11,300 ft., on the Long’s Peak trail, Colorado. At same time and
place I also obtained Phormia terre-nove (Mcq.), Musca domestica,
L., and Allograpta obliqua, Say—T. D. A. CockERELL.
RETARDED EMERGENCE OF PARARGE EGERIA.—With reference to
Major Robertson’s interesting notes in the March number of the
‘Entomologist,’ I have been looking up my diary, and find that,
whilst pupz digging under an elm on October 9th, 1909, I found a
charming green pupa suspended to a grass stem. Feeling satisfied
that it was rather unusual to find such a pupa during the winter
months, I watched it very carefully through the following months,
and was very surprised to see a fine male specimen of P. egerta had
emerged on May 1st, 1910.—W. W. Maominuan; Woodville, Castle
Cary, Somerset, March 9th, 1914.
TROPICAL GRASSHOPPERS (PHANEROPTERIDZ) IN ENGLAND. — A
pair of grasshoppers taken alive in a hothouse near Felixstowe were
sent me in December by a correspondent. Some orchids from India
had recently been placed there. The insects belong to the Phanero-
pteride, but are not of the genus Phaneroptera. They lack the spine
on the anterior coxe, and are larger than either falcata or quadri-
punctata. The male has a beautiful reddish-brown border to the
elytra, wing-tips, and centre of pronotum. The female is much
larger and of a brilliant green, including the wing-tips. I have
requested my correspondent to watch for nymphs later in case the
pair bred.—C. W. Bracken ; 5, Carfax Terrace, Plymouth.
A VARIETY OF PyraLis costTaLis.—In July, 1906, I took, at sugar,
a very remarkable variety of this pretty little species. The bright
rosy grey of the wings is replaced by deep maroon, or plum colour,
there are no signs of any transverse lines across the fore wings, and
132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the large yellow spots upon the costa are represented by a minute
dull yellow spot near the apex; the fringes are dull orange, tinged
with pink, instead of the clear yellow of typical specimens. I propose
unipunctalis as a varietal name for this striking form. It is a very
common species here, and I have often seen it swarming at sugar on
old pollard willow trees—GERVASE F'’. MatHew; Lee House, Dover-
court, Essex, February 24th, 1914.
Some VARIETIES OF GONODONTIS BIDENTATA. — In the early
summer of 1911 Commander Gwatkin- Williams, R.N., sent me some
ova of bidentata from County Cork, and I placed them in a large
sleeve over the branch of an ash tree in my garden. In due course
the larve hatched, fed up, and pupated. The following spring a
number of moths emerged ; these were a very varied lot, hardly one
of them being typical, and there were some very beautiful forms
among them, the following being the most conspicuous :—(1) A pale
straw colour, something the shade of Crocalis elinguaria, with very
faint transverse lines, the discoidal spots very small, and all the wings
sparsely dusted with very minute brownish atoms. A very beautiful
variety. (2) Somewhat similar to the above but slightly darker—
biscuit colour would perhaps best describe it; the transverse lines
and discoidal spots more distinct, and the irrorations more pro-
nounced. (3) This is much the same colour, but of a slightly richer
tone, and with the transverse lines and discal spots very distinct.
(4) Pale ochreous, transverse lines and discal spots rather faint;
irrorations very distinct, and grouped in patches towards the outer
margin of fore wings. (5) Golden-brown, transverse lines rather
distinct, and in one or two specimens outwardly edged with white ;
irrorations obsolete. (6) Warm brown, transverse lines somewhat
faint, the outer one dotted with white spots; irrorations indistinct.—
GeRvAsE EF. Matuew; March 9th, 1914.
BuTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SICILY AND CALABRIA IN 1912 AND
1913.—It is a truism that the weather often makes or mars the
success of an excursion in search of butterflies, and my recollections
of a visit to Sicily in 1912, where I spent the month of April, chiefly
comprise high winds, dust, and torrents of rain. Contrary to my
usual experience I left England bathed in sunshine, and on the
railway banks between Modane and Turin I saw several specimens
of Huchloé ewphenoides flying about gently (March 29th), and during
a compulsory stop of six hours at Rome I watched females of Pierts
rape depositing their eggs on the herbage in the grounds of the
Villa Borghese (March 30th), but south of Naples clouds hid the
sun, and in Sicily (March 31st) rain and wind held sway. My
record of the weather for the month of April is nine wet days, nine
showery or dull days, six bright sunny days, and six days with
occasional sunshine. To be detained indoors by rain or wind was
very provoking, at a time too when the newpapers brought news of
sunshine in England. On April 5th I took train via Catania to
Randazzo at the back of Mount Etna for the week-end, but my visit
was a failure, as clouds hid the summit of the voleano. On former
visits I have found a great scarcity of larvae, the plants showing no
signs of having been eaten, but this season the patches of nettles
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tas
were black with larve of Vanessa urtice, perhaps the effects of a
migration, and nests of larve of the Sicilian Lackey Moth. Cliszo-
campa franconica were very numerous, there were thousands of
larvee almost ready to scatter. (Is this a biennial? it was common
in 1910 at Messina.) On April 9th the sun succeeded in making its
appearance in the forenoon, and at once butterflies appeared in every
direction, all in lovely condition. They included Thais polyxena,
Huchloé damone, and of course cardamines and blues and whites.
Unfortunately the sunshine lasted little over an hour, and was
followed by clouds and a gale of wind, which quickly transformed
the roads into a cloud of dust and ashes. Next day the gale
continued, so I started. back to Messina by the Circum-Htna
Railway. Hight miles from Randazzo, near the village of Sollichiata,
the eruption of Mount Etna in 1911 had destroyed the railway track
for about half a mile, and passengers had to detrain at Sollichiata,
and walk over the lava stream of still heated ashes, and on to the
next station—Castiglione—a distance of two and a half miles. With
true Sicilian dilatoriness, no provision had then been made to fit in
trains, and ours being an hour late, we found that the forenoon train
had departed, and we had six hours to wait for the next train.
(Later this was remedied.) Fortunately the wind was at our backs,
and the road all down hill, so I decided to walk to the nearest
station on the main line—Fiumefreddo, Sicilia—some ten or a dozen
miles, and was fortunate just to catch a train. What with the
reddish dust of the roads and the black ashes of the lava stream, I
had the appearance of a Red Indian, and I felt no desire to visit the
Sahara.
Showery weather and the scirocco kept me indoors at Messina
until April 14th, when a sunny morning tempted me up the nearest
torrent-bed to the Cataract (Cattarati), a fine sight after the rain. I
followed the gorge to the top of the hill (8000 ft.) and returned
through the pine wood (the Bosco) and down the adjoining torrent-
bed (Cammari). Butterflies were scarce after the rain, but those
taken were in excellent condition, and included Huchloé ausonia and
cardamines.. The lovely views from the hill and in the rocky gorges
made ample amends for the fatigue of the journey.
My favourite short walk near Messina is to Gravitelli, where
there is a rocky gorge that rivals the dripping well at Knares-
borough, and the Emperor butterfly Charazes jasius is sometimes
common on the slopes in June. On April 16th and 19th I searched
the Arbutus bushes close to a solitary pine tree that dominates the
gorge, and obtained four larve; apparently the larva spins a white
silken web on the upper side of a leaf, either for hibernation or at its
last moult. Larvae of Lasiocampa (Bombyx) quercus like to sun
themselves on the same plant, and in the gorge Vanessa egea flies
rapidly; I caught one good specimen, and Leucophasia sinapis was
very plentiful.
With improved weather, I ventured to repeat my week-end visit
to Randazzo, stopping during Sunday at Taormina, the most lovely
health resort of Sicily. Once more luck was against me, and the
grand view of Mount Etna from the Greek theatre at Taormina was
denied us, and in its place was nothing but mist. I stopped three
134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
days at Randazzo, and on April 23rd I had one hour’s sunshine and
secured three male and three female damone. Rain followed and I
left on the 25th, with Mount Htna still hidden by clouds.
Still another week-end without any luck. The feast of St. Joseph
provided an opportunity to cross the Straits and visit Scylla in
Calabria with my son. The early morning was promising, and at
6 a.m. we were climbing the steep hill (2000 ft.) leading from Seylla
to a plateau above, where Melanargia arge has its haunts. Before
we reached the top, a quite unexpected cloud covered the hill and
rain fell in bucketfuls. Fortunately we had umbrellas, but our boots
were soaked through and we had much difficulty in negotiating
various seams of clay, sometimes of a brilliant red, that we came
across. Hventually we obtained shelter under a shed and waited.
Later in the day we made a steep descent over slippery limestone
rock to the nearest village of San Roberto, where the people were
keeping the festa in orthodox fashion, with a band to play dance
music, to which the young men danced, generally two at a time,
followed by the young women by themselves and then the little
girls. The ‘festa offerings” to be obtained were of the cheapest and
commonest kind, but it was interesting to see how the natives enjoy
themselves at such a trifling cost.
My ill-luck in April stuck to me until the 30th, when I walked
up to Gravitelli, and heavy rain sent me back home at once.—J. Parr
Barrett; Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill, S.E.
(To be continued.)
SOCIETIES.
Tue South Lonpon Entomotoaican AND Natura History
Socrery.—February 12th, 1914.--Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., President,
in the chair.—Mr. B. Williams, of East Finchley, and Professor
Meldola, F.R.S., were elected members.—Mr. H. Rowland-Brown dis-
cussed the matter of Nature Reserves, and appealed for further
financial aid and suggestions for the care of these areas.—Rey. G.
Wheeler read a paper on ‘The Genus Melitga,” and exhibited many
Huropean species.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs exhibited his collection of the
American species of the genus Melit@a with species of the allied
genus Phyciodes.—Mr. Curwen, specimens of most Huropean species
of Melitea.—Mr. J. Platt Barrett, series of Sicilian M. athalia and
M. didyma.—Mr. Edward, species of Phyciodes and Coatlantona,
from South and Central America.
February 26th.—The President in the chair.—There was a special
exhibition of lantern-slides by members.—Mr. Tonge, various details
of lepidopterous life-histories.—Mr. C. W. Williams, organisms
obtained by using the Berlese apparatus, and details of Contopteryx
and Aleyroides, &c.—Mr. West, various species of Collembola, &e.—
Mr. Colthrup, illustrating the resting position of lepidopterous
imagines.—Mr. Frohawk, a series of Anosva plexippus bred from ova
laid by a female sent alive to this country.—Mr. Main, for Mr. Sharp,
of Eastbourne, a bred gynandromorph of Hriogaster lanestris, lett
SOCIETIES. too
side male, right side female.—Mr. W. J. Kaye, the Syntomid Diptilon
halterate, which is readily taken for a species of Diptera.—Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary.
THE Mancuester ENtomMouocicaL Society.—March 4th, 1914.—
My. H. Horsfall read a paper by himself and Mr. W. F. Windle on
the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Oldham district. He first of all
referred to the geography of the district, which contains moorland,
rocky hillsides, a manufacturing district, and an agricultural plain.
Then he referred to the insects in detail, the records to which he had
access comprising the last fifty years. It seems that there is some evi-
dence to show that Plusia bractea was once not uncommon, though
the actual records are few.. A few insects were exhibited, including :—
Xylophasia monoglypha (dark forms), X. ruwrea and var. combusta,
Hyberma defoliaria, H. marginaria, Phigalia pedaria and var. mona-
charia, Agrotis lucernea, &c. The tendency towards melanism is
most noticeable in many species.—Mr. J. E. Cope made some intro-
ductory remarks on the Coleoptera, and explained his remarks on
their structure by means of some beautiful dissections. —A. W.
Boyp, M.A., Hon. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENToMOLOGICAL Society.—Meeting
held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, January 19th,
1914.—Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair.—A discussion upon
“Varieties and Species recently added to the Local List of Lepido-
ptera ’” was opened by Mr. W. Mansbridge. Novelties were confined
almost entirely to the Micro-Lepidoptera and to variation. Twenty-
six species new to Lancashire and Cheshire since the last published
list were enumerated, one of them Scoparia vafra, Mey., being new
to science. The increasing tendency to melanism and spread of
melanic forms was commented upon, instances being Boarmza repan-
data becoming more frequent at Delamere in its black form (var.
negra) ; Fidonia atomaria, from near Burnley and Chat Moss; Tortrix
costana, from Liverpool and Burnley; he also mentioned that the
black forms of Aplecta nebulosa did not appear to be increasing in
relative numbers at Delamere; on the contrary, in 1913 the per-
centage was smaller than usual from wild larvee.—Mr. 8. P. Doudney
exhibited a specimen of Cherocampa celerio captured at Prescot, and
Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a specimen of Catocala fraxini having
very dark, almost black, fore wings, bred from a Sussex female.
February 16th.—Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair.—This
meeting was a joint one with the Manchester Entomological Society,
who were invited to tea by the Council. A large number of exhibitions
were made, including the following, viz.:—A small collection of
insects from the Amazons, by Mr. C. H. Walker.—Prof. Newstead and
Mr. Watson, of Manchester, made remarks upon this exhibit, de-
scribing the habits and life-history of the more noteworthy species.
Mr. V. Coryton, of Manchester, exhibited a fine melanic specimen of
Plusia gamma, as well as a bronzy form and the typical insect for
comparison ; also Trochilium crabroniformis, Nola cuculatella, Eupi-
thecra fraxinata, and a short series of Peronea variegana, all from the
Brooklands district of Cheshire.—Mr. R. Tait, Jr., full-fed larvee of
Epunda lichenea, found in the open in North Wales, on January
136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
10th, many then found had already pupated; he also made some
remarks upon the early date-—Mr. B. H. Crabtree showed varieties of
Abraxas grossulariata as follows, viz. :—lacticolor-radiata, lacticolor-
cuneata, tochalcea, flavopalliata, and flavopalliata-cuneata.—Mr. W.
Mansbridge, a long series of Fidonia atomaria from the Burnley
district, bred by forcing in a warm room in January, including many
dark forms; also a series of Odontopera bidentata var. nigra, which
emerged in January in a cold room.—Dr. P. F. Tinne, a series of
Cidaria reticulata from Windermere.—Mvr. R. Wilding, Satyrus semele,
English and Irish forms; Pzeris napi from Ireland, Kent, and the
coast sand-hills; also Melitea artemis from Ireland.—Mr. F. N. Pierce
had on view the drawings for his forthcoming work ‘The Genitalia
of the British Geometre,”’ as well as preparations under the micro-
scope.— Wm. ManspripeGe, Hon. Sec.
DerBYsHIRE EntomotocicaL Socrety.—The inaugural meeting
of the above Society was held on March 7th, 1914, at Derwent
House, Duffield Road, Derby, by the kindness of Dr. St. John. The
Rey. R. C. Bindley (Vicar of Mickleover) was elected President for
the ensuing year, and Dr. St. John, Treasurer. The Secretary is
Mr. G. Hanson Sale, Littleover House, Littleover, Derby, who will
be glad to forward particulars to naturalists interested. The object
of the Society is the study of general entomology, with special
reference to species occurring in Derbyshire. The following exhibits
were made:—Mr. Geo. Pullen, a collection of Hymenoptera.—Dr.
St. John, living larvee of Monacha and Plumigera.—Mr. H.C. Hay-
ward, a number of melanic forms of local species.—Mr. J. Douglas, a
large number of varieties of Amathes (Orthosia) lychnidis.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Memoirs of the Queensland Musewm. Vol. i (Nov. 27, 1912) and
vol. ii (Dec. 10, 1913). Brisbane.
Amona papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes is the
series on Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoide, by A. A. Girault,
parts i, ii, and iii of which are published in volume i (pp. 66-189) ;
parts iv—vi, and Supplements to parts 1-111 appear in volume ii
(pp. 101-334). A number of new genera are characterised, and very
many species are described as new to science. The families treated
are—Trichogrammatide, Mymaride, Hlasmide, Hulophide, Peri-
lampide, and Pteromalide.
In another paper Alan P. Dodd describes some new genera and
species of South Queensland Proctotrypoide (vol. 11, pp. 335-339).
There is also a short article entitled ““Some Field Notes on
Queensland Insects,” by Henry Hacker (pp. 96-100).
Opiruary.—We have to announce, with great regret, that Mr.
G. B. Corsin, of Ringwood, died on March 12th last. A further
notice will appear in May.
oe REMEMBER! =
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Note the Address— ;
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CONTENTS
Apekiatans of Aregynnis selene Bia! Arctia villica, with, illustrat ion), Gerva:
Mathew, 113. New-and Little Known Bees, 7’. D. A. Cockerell, 114." ems
tributions to our Knowledge of the British ‘Braconidée. Womls Meteoride, — si
G, T. Lyle, 119. A Butterfly Hunt in some parts of Unexplored France, —
H. Rowland-Brown, 126. Dorset Hymenoptera, /. H. Haines, 129. oy,
NOTES AND OSes Srrinnt 181. ith 134. Recent: Lrrerarvre, 136. eK
? Al Aa tbs
[)®- STAUDINGER & BANG- -HAAS, Blasewitze Breeden ankhele
new Price List No. LVII. for 1914 (116 pag.), offer more than 20,000 —
Species of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the.
world, in finest condition ; 1600 kinds of PREPARED LARVA, &c. | Separate —
Price Lists for COLEOPTERA (30,000 species, 208 pag.), for HYMENO.-
PTERA (8600 species), DIPTERA (2900), HEMIPTERA (2500), ORTHOPTERA |
(1200), NEU'TERA (630), BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS (800). ak ps eo Cash.’
orders,.. Priceslow. We sell no more living pupe. ig
STEVENS'S AUCTION ROOMS, ESTABLISHED 1760.
Berle LEPIDOPTERA. |
M2 STEVENS, of 38, King Street, Covent
| Bot. London, W.C., has FoGained instructions to.
sell by Auction, on April 28th and 29th, the COLLECTION OF
LEPIDOPTERA, formed by GrrvAsg F. Matuew, isq., including
many fine varieties of Villica, Castrensis, Favicolor, Paludis, aes
Bidentata, &c., &c.
Catalogues free on application o oe week bntaee the sale.
MARY THOUSANDS OF EXOTIC “BUTTER:
FLIES AND MOTHS, and a few BRITISH, —
for sale. Several twenty-drawer mahogany British Cabinets, -
well seasoned and clean. Also some dozens of book and —
plain Entomological boxes, can be seen at The Hill.
Apply A. NOAKES, THE HILL, WITLEY, SURREY.
DR. R. LUCK & B. GEHLEN,
BERLIN-STEGLITZ, SCHLOSSTRASSE 31.
EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA.
Please write for our Price List. Low Prices.
JAMES GARDNEE,.
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS .
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te 54, Leo ie marion London,
[No. 612.
ENTOMOLOGIST
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: W. L. DISTANT, F.E.S., &c. | CLAUDE MORLEY, F.E.S:, F.Z.8.
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a
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.] MAY, 1914. (No. 612
A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM, Watusu.
Family Ichneumonipz: Subfamily Cryerinm: Tribe CRYPTIDES.
By CraupE Mortey, F.Z.S.
“THE species of this genus are slender in form, especially
that of the male, the legs slender, the posterior pair unusually
long; the antenne of the female often thickened before the
apex, somewhat as in Joppa; the wings ample, and in the
Mexican species, so far as known, entirely blackish; the abdomen
more slender than in Cryptus, the first segment being long and
linear,” says Cresson, who places them between Cryptus and
Phygadeuon in 1873. As a matter of fact, it is extremely similar
to Acroricnus in its produced mouth, and I fail to discover any
pertinent structural distinction ; if it be thought expedient to
preserve Walsh’s genus, its invariably infumate Wings and
western range will serve as sufficient characters. The American
species are easily distinguished, and quite distinct inter se. But
little synonymy has hitherto arisen.
A detailed and fairly good description of the genus is given,
with an excellent figure of the front wing of Ichneumon sp. for
comparison, by Walsh in his erection (Trans. Acad. Sc. St.
Louis, iii. 1878, p. 69) ; but the author obviously had no idea of
its systematic position, for he compares it with such diverse
things as Baryceros, Joppa, Helwigia and Euceros, with none of
which it is at all closely connected.
From the somewhat irregular method of sexual erection of
his genus Joppoceras by Ashmead (Proc. Nat. Mus. U.S. 1900,
pp. 39-40), one is led to suppose it founded upon a new and
hitherto unpublished species, named in M8. dubiosuwm by Cresson,
differing from the type of Joppidiwm—there misprinted rajficeps,
Walsh—solely in having the metathorax both strongly striate
and bicarinate in place of unitranscarinate, as in the latter ; for
in both the metathoracic spiracles are elongate with wings black
or infuscate, and areolet both large and parallel-sided. As a
matter of fact, I believe he simply wished to split off the second
of the following species into a new genus, certainly upon
insufficient characters.
ENTOM.—may, 1914. M
138 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
(14). 1. Wings unicolorous infumate, at most with czruleous
reflection.
(9). 2. Upper basal nervure strongly antefurcal.
(6). 3. Thorax and abdomen entirely black.
(5). 4. Antennz orange with their apices alone
infuscate . : . 1. rubriceps, Cress.
(4). 5. Antenne black with no more than a pale
central band . : : . 2. dubsosum, Cress.
(3). 6. Mesothorax entirely red.
(8). 7. Metathorax black and very strongly sculp-
tured q : 3. ardens, Cress.
(7). 8. Metathorax also red and discally glabrous
i 4. cerulerpenne, Cam.
(2). 9. Upper basal nervure not postfurcal.
(13). 10. Frontal orbits not white; upper basal nervure continuous.
(12). 11. Thorax discally black; wings unicolorous 5. apicale, Cress.
(11). 12. Thorax entirely ferrugineous; wings unicolorous
6. fuscipenne, Brullé.
(10). 13. Frontal orbits white; upper basal nervure
strongly postfurcal . : : . 7. bellicosum, Hal.
(1). 14. Wings with flavidous streak at base of stigma
and on hind stigma. . 8. annulicorne, Ashm.
1. JoPPIDIUM RUBRICEPS, Cress.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 160, male and female; J. ru/i-
ceps, Walsh, Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 1873, p. 70, female.
This is the typical species of the genus, and a single pair
was captured in North America on umbelliferous flowers during
July. I am not aware that it has been noticed since 1873, and
greatly doubt the synonymy, suggested by Walsh, with Banchus
e@quatus, Say (Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist. 1836, p. 247; Leconte,
Writ. Say, ii. p. 701). The typical male was acquired by the
British Museum in 1878, and the female was possibly destroyed
in the Chicago conflagration of 1871, at which time Cresson tells
us Walsh’s MS. was already completed ; this male is from
‘« Texas (Belfrage),”’ and was labelled by Fred. Smith ‘‘ Joppidium
nebriceps (sic), Cress.”’ It is at once known from the remainder
of the genus by its entirely black thorax and abdomen, and its
bright orange-coloured antenne with their apices alone slightly
infuscate ; the description of Walsh’s name appears to differ
solely in its slightly darker flagellum.
2. JOPPIDIUM DUBIOSUM, Cress.
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1878, p. 188, male and female.
Sumichrast found both sexes at Cordova in Mexico; but it
was unknown to Cameron when writing the Ichneumonide part
of Biologia Centr.-Amer. of 1885. As its author remarks: ‘‘ The
female is closely allied to that of rubriceps, Walsh, but distinct
A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS JOPPIDIUM. 139
by the very different sculpture of the metathorax. The males of
the two species are very distinct.” This is a shining black
insect with all the tibie and tarsi conspicuously flavous. In
the National Collection are half a dozen examples, comprising
both sexes, from Xucumanatlan in Guerrero at 7000 ft. in July,
Teapa in Tabasco in March, and taken by Schumann about
Atoyac in Vera Cruz.
3. JOPPIDIUM ARDENS, Cress.
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1878, p. 189, male and female; J. rujicolle,
Cam. Biologia, p. 210.
First described from Cordova; Isthmus of Tehauntepec; but
a very common species, and obviously the same as Cameron’s
J. ruficolle, figured at Biol. pl. ix. fig. 16, female. Known by
the constantly black meta- and red meso-thorax, the black hind
tibiz with their basally pale tarsi. Over sixty examples were
found in Mexico at Chilpancingo at 4600 ft. in July, Atoyac in
April, Xucumanatlan at 7000 ft., Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at
1000 ft. in September, R. Papagaio in Guerrero at 1200 ft. in
October, Amula at 6000 ft. in August, Venta de Zopilote at
2800 ft. in October, Acaguiztla in Guerrero at 3500 ft. in October ;
Temex by Gaumer ; Tierra Colorado; and by Champion at San
Geronimo, whence is Cameron’s type in the British Museum, in
Guatemala, and San Joaquin in Vera Paz.
4, JoPPIDIUM CHRULEIPENNE, Cam.
Biologia Centr.-Amer. 1885, Hym. i. p. 211, pl. ix, fig. 17, male
and female.
Extremely similar to J. fuscipenne, Brullé, but quite certainly
distinct in its larger size, broader wings with strong cerulescent
reflection, black hind tarsi, distinctly antefurcal basal nervure,
and especially in the glabrous and glittering metanotum.
Apparently a rare species; the male, taken by Champion at
David in Chiriqui (and figured in Biologia), is not in the
National Collection, though the female type, found by Boucard
in Panama, is there along with a male, labelled ‘‘ Amerique
meridionale,’ and correctly named by the late Rev. T. A.
Marshall—probably ex coll. André—though the abdomen is
mainly ferrugineous.
5. JOPPIDIUM APICALE, Cress.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 160, female.
* Quite distinct from rubriceps by the colour of the legs and
abdomen”; the former are testaceous with their hind tibize
and tarsi flavidous, the coxe with hind femora and trochanters
black; the latter is ferrugineous, basally nigrescent. One female
in the British Museum was captured by Herbert H. Smith at
M 2
140 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Atoyac in Vera Cruz during May, and has the metathorax
transaciculate, not ‘‘ deeply punctured,’ as Cresson describes
it; the basal nervure is continuous. It was originally brought
forward upon a single female collected in Comal Co.
6. JoppIDIUM FUSCIPENNE, Brullé.
Cryptus fuscipennis, Brullé, Nat. Hist. Ins. Hym. iv. 1846,
p- 189, female; cf. Cam. Biologia Centr.-Amer. 1885,
Hym. i. p. 211. J. yucatanense, Cam. lib. cit. p. 211,
pl. ix. fig. 18, female. J. donabilis, Cress., Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1878, p. 189, male and female.
No doubt can, I think, be experienced that Brullé’s descrip-
tion refers to J. donabile, and it was placed in the present genus
by Cameron in 1885; the metathorax is rather transaciculate than
‘‘rugueux,” but the ‘‘deux chevrons paralléles’’ are obviously
the two transcarine, which are often centrally incomplete. It
is an abundant Mexican species, found by Sumichrast at Cordova;
subsequently described from a single female as new by Cameron
from Valladolid in Yucatan (this type differs from the usual
form of J. donabile only in its paler—by no means whitish, as
ficured—flagellar base). I have examined eighty examples,
among which the male much predominates, from Venta de
Zopilote at 2800 ft. in October, Chilpancingo at 4600 ft. in July,
Temex in northern Yucatan, Cuernavaca in Morelos in June,
Acaguizotla at 3500 ft. in October, Guadalajara in Jalisco in
July, and Dos Arroyos in Guerrero at 1000 ft. in September.
This and J. ce@ruleipenne are the only Mexican species with
entirely rufescent thorax and unicolorous wings.
7. JOPpPIDIUM BELLICosuM, Hal.
Cryptus bellicosus, Hal., Trans. Linn. Soc. 1886, xvil. p. 318,
female. C. nitidipennis, Brullé, Nat. Hist. Ins. Hym. iv.
1846, p. 188, female. Ichneumon macrocercus, Spin., Gay’s
Hist. fis. Chile Zool. vi. 1851, p. 484, male and female.
The above three authors record their species, which have not
before been synonymised, respectively from the Straits of
Magellan, Chili, and ‘‘Se halla en las provincias centrales,
Santiago, &c.”” Dalla Torre misspells Spinola’s specific name ;
and incorrectly associates Cryptus bellosus, Curt. (Aritranis signa-
torius, Fab.), noted at Proc. Ent. Soc. iv. 1845, p. lvii, with
Haliday’s species. This insect is very different from all the
others of the present genus in its narrowly clear white internal
orbits, and is probably worthy of generic rank in its slender and
elongate antenne, short metathorax, small areolet, postfurcal
upper basal nervure, and tremendously elongate terebra ; it is
precluded from the genus Cryptus by the elongate cheeks and
mandibles. The size varies considerably through the whole
NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIDS. 141
structure, and, excepting the density of alar infumescence, the
colours are very constant; I have seen examples varying from :
body 14 and terebra 35 mm. in length, to others with body,
19 mm. and terebra fully 60 mm. in length. The National
Collection is somewhat rich in this South American species :—
Chili (Bartlett Calvert; in 1856 by T. Edmonds; and in 1875
by Edwyn C. Reed); Valdivia, Corral or Conal in 1898 (Cameron) ;
South Chili, Maquehue, Temuco, January, 1906 (R. M. Middle-
ton); Santiago in 1869 (Reed); Patagonia, Volcan del Lago
Xanco, two in 1908 (Chubut) ; Terra del Fuego, Rio McClelland
on December 30th, 1904, and Nose Peak on January 15th and
18th, 1905 (R. Crawshay); and Haliday’s type, labelled ‘‘ Cryptus
bellicosus”’ by him, presented by the Linnean Society in 1863.
8. JOPPIDIUM ANNULICORNE, Ashm.
Proc. Californ. Acad. v. 1895, p. 549, male.
I have not seen this Californian species.
NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIDS.
By W. G. Sueupon, F.E.S.
A year or two ago, until the researches of Dr. Reverdin
threw a flood of light on certain species in this group, those of
us who were interested in the genus labelled our specimens with
doubt and trembling, and described them, if we said anything
about them in print, as examples of species which they almost
invariably had no pretence to belong to. Consequently, reliable
data for these species are at present non-existent, except those
contained in Dr. Reverdin’s papers on the subject in the Bulletin
of the Geneva Society.
My friend Mr. A. L. Rayward has most kindly, recently,
made preparations of all the doubtful specimens of the alveus
group which I have met with in my various wanderings in
different parts of Kurope during the past twelve years, and as
the species those specimens belong to can now be with certainty
determined, I append a list of localities in which they were
found, in the case of each species, and the actual dates on which
the specimens were taken :—
Hesperia alveus.—I have specimens from Simplon Kulm,
July 24th and 25th, 1908. Berisal, July 22nd and 23rd, 1903.
The Laquinthal, July 26th, 1903.
H. serratule.—Buda Pest, May 22nd, 1910. Berisal, July
7th, 1902. Albarracin, June 18th and 19th, 1913.
H. onopordi.—Albarracin, May 26th to June 6th, 1913.
Ronda, April 19th, 1908. Hyeres, April 11th, 1904, and May
13th, 1905. Digne, July 13th, 1904.
142 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
H. armoricanus.—Hyeéres, May 18th, 1905.
H. carline.—Abries (Hautes Alpes), July 20th to 22nd, 1904.
Berisal, July 22nd and 28rd, 1903.
H. cirsit.—Albarracin, July 27th to August 2nd, 1905.
H. bellieri.i—Beauvezer (Basses Alpes), August lst and 2nd,
1906.
Mr. Rayward also made preparations of all my Hesperia
malvae and H. malvoides, and these come out as follows :—
Hesperia malvae. —Aigle, June 26th, 1902. Buda Pest,
May 30th, 1909, and May 11th, 1910. Saeterstoen, Norway,
June 4th, 1912.
Hesperia malvoides. — Riffelalp, Zermatt, July 4th, 1902.
Martigny, June 27th to 29th, 1902. Aigle, July 12th, 1902.
Albarracin, June 6th to 19th, 1913. Guethary, near Biarritz,
May 23rd, 1908, and June 23rd to 26th, 1918. Hyeres, April
13th, 1904, and May 138th to 18th, 1905.
It will be noted that I have specimens of both these species
from Aigle. The examples of H. malvae were taken in the fields
at the back of the Grand Hotel, and those of H. malvoides
somewhere along the Sepey Road. I cannot at this length of
time remember the exact spot where they occurred, but on the
day on which they were taken I walked up as far as Vuargny.
Youlgreave, South Croydon: March 21st, 1914.
A BEE RESEMBLING A _ WASP.
By T. D. A. CockERELL.
AustraLia has long been known as the home of the curious
genus Hyleoides, bees presenting the most extraordinary resem-
blance to Eumenid wasps. I have now to record a bee, just
received from the Queensland Museum, which looks at first sight
like some Crabronid wasp; so much so that I could hardly
believe, until I had examined it with a lens, that it was really
a bee.
Euryglossa crabronica, sp. n.
?. Length, 11 mm.; expanse, 144, the wings unusually short ;
robust, black, marked with yellow, with very scanty greyish-white
pubescence ; head broad, face and front shining ; palpi short; blade
of maxilla rounded, about as long as wide; mandibles bidentate, dull
yellowish basally, ferruginous apically ; labrum black; clypeus bright
lemon-yellow, the lower border narrowly black, the yellow area
depressed in middle above (following clypeal margin) and constricted
at sides, the whole having the outline of a low-crowned soft hat with
the brim turned down; supraclypeal area shining, with very sparse
strong punctures; flagellum bright ferruginous beneath; thorax
wholly black except the tubercles, which are partly yellow; meso-
thorax and scutellum shining, well punctured; area of metathorax
BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 19138. 143
smooth and polished, the extreme base in middle rough; tegule
piceous ; wings dusky, nervures and stigma dark fuscous ; lower side
of first s. m. strongly arched; first r. n. meeting first t. c.; legs black
with white hair, the femora polished; anterior and middle knees
yellow; anterior tibie light yellowish-ferruginous in front; tarsi
ferruginous apically ; abdomen dull black, segments 2 to 4 with very
large transversely elongated yellow triangular or cuneiform patches
basally on each side; fifth segment with a pair of quadrate chrome
yellow patches, separated by a black band; apex of fifth segment
with black hair.
Hab. Brisbane, Queensland, October 17th, 1913 (Hacker ;
Queens]. Mus., 105). A very remarkable species, quite unlike
any previously known.
BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 19138.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Jupaine by results, the season of 1913 was a very ordinary
one as regards the British Orthoptera. On June 23rd Mr. P.
Richards sent me from Seabrook, a small village between
Hythe and Sandgate, in Kent, a living female nymph of a large
Locustid, presumably Phasgonura viridissima. It was captured
at Seabrook on June 21st, and Mr. Richards reports that there
were a good number in the place. He fed it on flies, which it ate
greedily. On the other hand, Mr. C. W. Bracken, writing July
21st, says of another Locustid, Pholidoptera griseo-aptera (= T'’.
cinereus), that he fed it on lettuce. Many of our Locustid grass-
‘hoppers are often found to be carnivorous, but how far this habit
is natural to them does not seem to be well ascertained, and
reports on food that they take most readily would be useful, for
it seems likely that some of them at any rate may be good
friends to the gardener or agriculturist.
In the New Forest, on July 5th or 6th, I met with my first
mature grasshopper, a male of the Acridian species Chorthippus
parallelus. On July 30th the large bog-loving Acridian Meco-
stethus grossus was mature in the New Forest, two males being
captured on that date near Holm Hill.
Mr. 8. E. Brock has forwarded me a few dates from Linlith-
gowshire. He found Omocestus viridulus stridulating at Drum-
shoreland and Riccarton Hills on July 20th, and C. parallelus
was heard at the former locality on July 27th. On the next day
Gomphocerus maculatus was stridulating at Craigton. A small
colony of the last species was found on the south slope of
Cockleroy (altitude about 800 ft.), on September 21st. The
‘courtship’ of the same species was observed at Craigton, on
August 8th (vide antea, p. 104).
In the New Forest, from July 26th to September 8th, the
144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
following species were met with:—M. grossus, O. viridulus,
C. parallelus, Stauroderus bicolor, G. maculatus, O. rufipes, Tetrix
bipunctatus, Nemobius sylvestris, P. griseo-aptera, and Metrioptera
brachyptera.
On September 9th a visit was paid to Bookham Common,
Surrey, to get Gomphocerus rufus, this being the only locality in
which I have found it. A spot of no great extent by the side of
one of the string of ponds near Bookham Station yielded
specimens, and it could be seen nowhere else. We took eighteen
examples. Even at this late date several were still but nymphs,
and two of these, together with three imagines, were brought
home alive. On the morning of September 14th one of the
nymphs was found to have cast its skin, thereby becoming an
imago (female), and, judging by its appearance, the change had
occurred but a short time before the imago was noticed. Those
brought home alive fed on grass, as did others of the British
Truxalide that I have kept in captivity. Thirteen that were put
in a laurel-bottle, with perhaps a spot or two of benzine, were of
a brilliant crimson colour when removed a day or two later, and
this tint to some extent they retained when dry. An egg is
illustrated in fig. 1 to a scale ten times
natural size. Its length is 4 mm., and
P width in position drawn about ‘9 mm.
If this may be called a lateral view,
the dorsal width is about1 mm. It is
somewhat rounder at the upper end as
drawn, and the lower end turns very
slightly to the left. The surface is a
little wrinkled transversely. The ex-
amples used were extracted from a dead
female and put in spirit and water, so I
am not able to say anything about the
1 2 natural colour.
1. Egg of Gomphocerus rufus Wi iV1
2. Egg ai Dizithawimena ee es f Mr. B. 8. Williams sent me a ae
(Both x 10) emale of Leptophyes punctatissima, whic
he took from a fence in a wood at Hast
Finchley, N., on September 16th.
Somewhat late records are :—The little earwig (Labia minor),
a male and two females taken by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, on
October 2nd, at Glemsford in Suffolk; S. bicolor (one very dark)
and M. brachyptera, taken by Mr. KE. Step, on the occasion of
the Fungus Foray of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society, at Oxshott, on October 4th; one
Stenobothrus lineatus, a local species, taken as nymph, by Mr.
T. A. Chapman at Buckland, Surrey, on October 18th, which
became an imago on October 21st; G. rufus, a female taken by
Mr. Chapman at Buckland on October 81st.
Considerable interest attaches to the capture, in Kent, of a
BRITISH ORTHOPTERA IN 1913. 145
large Locustid, Diestrammena marmorata, de Haan (fig. 3), which
Mr. M. Burr brought up to the Entomological Society for
exhibition on October 1st. It appears that Rev. E. N. Bloom-
field received three specimens that had been taken on September
23rd, October 19th, and November 12th, in an outhouse at
St. Leonard’s. It seems clear that the origin of these insects
was to be found in Relfe’s Nursery at St. Leonard’s, whence
: W. J. Lucas, photo.
Fic. 3.—Diestrammena marmorata, de Haan, ¢ , nat. size.
Mr. Bloomfield received six more specimens, they being not un-
common in a fern-house. D. marmorata is a native of Japan,
but has been taken under conditions very similar to those at
St. Leonard’s in several places on the Continent. Nor are these
the only British examples; for, strange to say, I received on the
same day (October 1st) some decomposing fragments of Lo-
custids from Mr. Harwood, of Colchester. They came from a
wall covered with ‘virgin cork,” at Sir Ernest Cassel’s residence
at Ipswich; but whether the wall was indoors or not was not
mentioned. Though considerably decomposed, there was but little
doubt about their belonging to the species under notice. D. mar-
morata is a large insect with very long appendages of all kinds,
and is very spider-like in appearance and movements. Its
colouring is a mixture of different tints of bright brown. I
146 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
possess another female of good size, which was taken in Kew
Gardens four or five years ago. Since this species appears to be
chiefly carnivorous in its habits, it is probably more useful than
otherwise to the gardener (see above). The egg (fig. 2) is small
for so large a grasshopper, its length being about 2°2 mm. and
width about ‘8 mm. It is nearly, but not quite, a cylinder with
somewhat hemispherical ends, and the surface is slightly, but
regularly, roughened. Of the colour I cannot speak, as the eggs
examined were extracted from the body of a dead female.
Kingston-on-Thames: March, 1914.
SOME DORSET HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
By 2. Ee Haines, Dapa., MR.C:8., L.R.C.P:
Tue following list of Hemiptera-Heteroptera found by me
during the last few years in this neighbourhood may be of
interest :—-T'hyreocoris scarabeoides, L. Once in numbers.
Podops inuncta, F. West Lulworth, common on the chalk.
Schirus luctuosus, M. & R. On the coast. Gnathoconus albo-
marginatus, Goeze. Two, May, 1913, at West Lulworth. Palo-
mena prasina, L., Piezodorus lituratus, F., Pentatoma rufipes, L.,
Picromerus bidens, L., Rhacognathus punctatus, L., Zicrona
cwrulea, L. Common on the heathlands. Acanthosoma hemor-
rhoidale, L., A. interstinctum, L., Elasmostethus griseus, L. The
females may be commonly found with their young, in June, on
Betula, near the outskirts of woods. Hnoplops scapha, F. Four,
last August and September, at Ringstead. Syromastes marginatus,
L., Coreus denticulatus, Scop., Stenocephalus agilis, Scop. Very
common on the coast. Corizus maculatus, Fieb. One at Tad-
noll on Sept. 10th, 1908. Neides tipularius, L. One in my
garden, May 2nd, 1908. Nysius lineatus, Cost. One at Holme,
near Wareham, on August 29th, 1912. Cymus glandicolor,
Hahn, C. claviculus, Fall., Ischnorhynchus geminatus, Fieb. Very
common on the heaths. Heterogaster urtice, F., Rhyparochromus
pretextatus, H. §., R. chiragra, F., Ischnocoris angustulus, Boh.,
Macrodema micropterum, Curt., Stygnus pedestris, Fall., Aphanus
pin, L., Drymus sylvaticus, F., D. piceus, Flor. One at Hast
Stoke on Oct. 1st, 1908. Notochilus contractus, H. 8., Scolopo-
stethus affinis, Schill., S. thomsoni, Reut., S. decoratus, Hahn,
Serenthia leta, Fall., Campylostira verna, Fall., Dictyonota tri-
cornis, Schr., Monanthia humuli, F., Aradus depressus, F., Hydro-
metra stagnorum, L., Velia currens, F., Gerris lacustris, L.,
Coranus subapterus, De G., Nabis lativentris, Boh., N. major,
Cost., N. flavomarginatus, Scholtz., N. limbatus, Dahlb., N.
lineitus, Dahlb., N. rugosus, L., N. ericetorum, Scholtz., Salda
AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 147
littoralis, L., S. saltatoria, L., S. pilosella, Thoms., S. cincta, H.S.,
S. cocksi, Curt., Lyctocoris campestris, F., Anthocoris nemoralis,
F., A. nemorum, L., Triphleps minuta, L., Microphysa elegantula,
Baer., Pithanus maerkeli, H. 8., Miris calcaratus, Fall., M. levi-
gatus, L., M. holsatus, F., Leptopterna ferrugata, Fall., L. dolo-
brata, L., Lopus gothicus, L., Phytocoris reuteri, Saund., P. ulmi,
L., Calocoris ochromelas, Gmel., C. roseo-maculatus, De G., C.
bipunctatus, F'., C. lineolatus, Goeze, C. ticinensis, Mey., marshy
places, August and September. C. infusus, H. 8., Stenotus
binotatus, F., Lygus cervinus, H. §., L. pastinace, Fall., L.
kalmui, L., Liocoris tripustulatus, F., Rhopalotomus ater, L.,
Halticus apterus, L., Campyloneura virgula, H. §., Cyllocoris
histrionicus, L., C. flavonotatus, Boh., Orthotylus tenellus, Fall.,
O. ochrotrichus, D. & 8., O. ericetorum, Fall., Heterotoma merio-
ptera, Scop., Macrotylus paykulli, Mey., Harpocera thoracica, Fall.,
common on oaks. Phylus palliceps, Fieb., P. melanocephalus, L.,
P. coryli, L., Psallus ambiguus, Fall., P. betuleti, Fall., P. varia-
bilis, Fall., P. quercus, Kb., P. fallenii, Reut., P. varians, H. S.,
P. roseus, F'., Plagiognathus arbustorum, F., Nepa cinerea, L.,
Notonecta glauca, L., Corixa geoffroyi, Leach, C. hieroglyphica,
Duf., C. sahlbergi, Fieb., C. mesta, Fieb.
This district is varied in character. The chalk downs and
other formations of the coast are partly replaced inland by
heaths of Bagshot and Reading sands. Sometimes I fancy the
Bagshot more prolific than the Reading beds. Areas of London
Clay occur, on which is wood. MHere and there is marshland,
and there are margins of fenland by the Frome. I have not
specially searched for these insects, or, doubtless, many more
would have been met with.
An almost bare list suffices, as most species occurred under
usual conditions.
Brookside, Winfrith, Dorset.
AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP
TO CORSICA. .
By Grerarp H. Gurney, F.E.S.
Tue following notes of a trip which I made last summer to
Corsica are in no way records of varieties captured or an account
of a profusion of butterflies seen; for, as a matter of fact, in
many respects the time I spent in that delightful and romantic
island was, entomologically speaking, rather a failure. The
reasons for this were, that in the first place it was an extremely
late season, at any rate in the mountains, many insects not
appearing until a fortnight or more after one had a right to
148 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
expect them, and then only in very small numbers. The greater
part of May and early June had been very wet and cold, and at
Vizzavona I was told there had been more rain and snow during
the early part of the summer than had been known for at least
ten years. Anold French gentleman who lives at Ajaccio told
me that the backwardness of plant life generally (he was some-
thing of a botanist) was phenomenal, and that the excessive cold
and wet which they had been having had done considerable
damage to fruit trees and crops; and so of course in the same
way insects suffered. Hxcept with one or two exceptions butter-
flies were never plentiful; and even when we went down from
Vizzavona to Corte, two thousand feet lower, we still found
the same condition of things prevailing and heard the same
story: that never had there been such a wet, cold summer.
Consequently, when we arrived in the island towards the end of
June many of our first days resulted in seeing very little, and
we had literally to wait for the butterflies to come out, which
they chose to do very slowly indeed; and when we had to leave
on July 17th our “‘ bag” was by no means a large one, though
I am bound to say we were able to see and obtain good series of
the majority of the interesting Corsican specialities. Before
going to Corsica I had spent a few days collecting in the forests
near Laon, in Northern France. Here on June 19th Dryas
paphia was emerging and becoming common; in Corsica,
hundreds of miles further south, I did not see D. paphia until
July 5th, when at Corte, in the Restonica Gorge, which is very
warm and sheltered, this species was then only just commencing,
and was not out at Vizzavona a week later, where most collectors
have generally found it abundant in the second week of July.
However, if butterflies were not plentiful, Corsica itself is so
beautiful and full of interest that one must indeed be without
resources if one cannot fill up the time in other ways. We found
the natives charming and always pleasant to talk to; while with
its splendid mountain scenery every corner is a perfect picture
for an artist; and of course the flora of Corsica is well known
for its variety and interest. I had as companion my friend
Mr. Robert Trapper-Lomax, who, although at starting some-
what of a novice in matters entomological, soon became an adept
with the net, and quickly began to talk with the greatest glib-
ness of “elisa” and ‘‘ hospiton,’ though his great wish to
secure a specimen of the latter butterfly was never realized.
Leaving Marseilles at 4 o’clock in the afternoon, we slowly
steamed out to sea under a cloudless sky, the statue on the
church of ‘‘ Notre Dame de la Garde” standing up above the
tower like a figure of living gold, illuminated by the rays
of the hot afternoon sun. Next morning, however, when we
arrived at Ajaccio at 5 a.m. a drizzling rain was falling, and the
hills surrounding one of the most beautiful bays in Kurope were
AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 149
shrouded in vapour and mist; but in spite of the wet it was
very hot when we got on shore, with a close, almost tropical
atmosphere. We engaged rooms at the Hotel de France in the
middle of the town, as the much better and more comfortable
Grand Hotel is closed at this time of year. By 10 o’clock the
rain had stopped and the sun was shining brilliantly, quickly
drying up the sopping vegetation, and we were on the war-
path, and once again experiencing that feeling of intense excite-
ment which always fills one when, after perchance a year’s
interlude, one starts for one’s first walk with a butterfly net in a
perfectly new country, where one imagines one is at once going
to see every sort of rarity, and where every insect that comes
along is eagerly captured and carefully examined before being
either released or consigned to a pill-box.
Quickly walking through the town in a_north-westerly
direction, we came out on to some rough ground, partly culti-
vated terraces and small fields; but everything was frightfully
burnt up and insects were not common. A small form of
Polyommatus icarus was rather frequent, fresh specimens of
probably a second or third brood; and flying about amongst the
burnt-up herbage was P. astr arche, also of rather small size but
with the red spots large and brilliantly coloured ; these might be
referred to as var. calida. Working round by the back of some
villa gardens, a few Pieris brassice were noticed, but further
along, at the foot of some dry hills, we found H’pinephele ida to be
rather common; they were quite fresh, and are, I think, some-
what larger than my Spanish examples. Here also Mr. Lomax
secured a fine specimen of Tarucus telicanus, which with two or
three rather ragged Lampides beticus were haunting the flowers of
a small wild ‘‘ pea” (?) which rambled over the dry stony ground,
but which further along, where a tiny spring welled up and
where the vegetation in consequence became a little more
luxurious, grew into quite a fine plant. A good many butterflies
were attracted to this spot—Pararge egeria, fresh Colias edusa,
Issoria lathonia, one or two Leptidia sinapis, and a single lovely
Pyrameis car dui.
The dry hillsides were in many places covered with helio-
crysum in full blossom, making fine patches of golden colour ;
these were attractive to a fair large form of Mpinephele jurtina
var. hispulla, both sexes being in good order. Here also were
P. warus, more EH. ida, and numerous HL. tithonus, with a few
very darkly-coloured Chrysophanus phleas var. eleus; and as we
were walking back to Ajaccio by the roadside, and flying literally
amongst the thick white dust Pararge megera var. tigelius was
not infrequent, though generally shabby individuals.
The following morning, as there did not seem to be anything
to detain us in Ajaccio, we left for Vizzavona, a journey which
takes some four hours or more, but which is always interesting
150 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
because of the gradual ascent from the hot low plains and hills,
fragrant with the scent of endless sweet-smelling herbs, through
the dense ‘‘ maquis,’’ which is the Corsican name for the thick,
in many places almost impenetrable, bush which covers all the
hillsides up to about 2000 ft., and which is composed of arbutus,
Mediterranean heath, and myrtle scrub, leaving which the line
goes through woods of splendid chestnut trees, with picturesque
villages perched on the tops of rocky hills, or lying hidden in
sheltered valleys, till it reaches the pine forests and eventually
stops at the station of Vizzavona.
Here we were very soon comfortably settled in the very clean
and nice Grand Hotel, which in spite of its name is a sufficiently
simple establishment, but perfectly comfortable for a lengthened
stay. Vizzavona is right on the edge of the magnificent pine
and beech forest, and consists of the hotel, post-office, two or
three small villas, and half a dozen cottages; but it is a con-
venient centre, and most of the Corsican butterfly specialities
may be taken within a short distance. The afternoon we arrived
we went for a short walk in the direction of Tattone, a small
hamlet some three miles further on. It was very cool and dull,
with only occasional gleams of sun, and we did not see a single
insect of any description, which was rather a damper to one’s
entomological enthusiasm. The heliocrysum, which was so
conspicuous a feature at Ajaccio, covering the ground with
golden blossom, was at this elevation not in flower.
Next morning was brilliantly fine, and we started off betimes,
through the forest, past the Monte d’Oro hotel, which is forty
minutes’ walk from Vizzavona, and on to the Col de Vergio ; on the
way up we saw very little, an occasional L. sinapis and a single
fine Pyrameis atalanta sitting on a plant in a patch of sunlight
which forced its way through the thick pine trees.
However, when we emerged from the forest on to the moun-
tain side matters mended somewhat, and it was not long before
IT had taken one of the Corsican specialities, viz. Canonympha ~
corinna. Near the Monte d’Oro hotel, in the very black-coloured
Corsican nettles, were many larve of Aglais urtice var. ichnusa
in all stages of growth. I collected a good number of these, but
only took the smallest specimens, as I knew if I took full-fed
ones I should probably breed out about ninety per cent. of
ichneumons; those I kept fed up and emerged nearly a month
later, when I had got back to England, all fine large examples
of this interesting insular form of urtice, not a single one being
ichneumoned. On the ‘‘ Nek” itself Lycena argus (egon) var.
corsica was flying about quite commonly amongst the bracken
and small juniper bushes, which here thickly cover the top of
the Pass on either side of the road; they were quite fresh, but
the beautifully marked females were rather scarce.
Passing over the ‘“‘ Nek”’ and descending a little the other
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 151
side, C. corinna turned up frequently; curiously enough many
were quite worn, giving the appearance of having been on the
wing for some time. Others again in the same locality were
evidently freshly emerged—rich brilliant orange, the males with
intense black tips to the wings; it is a very pretty little butterfly
when quite fresh. Here also were a few P. brassice, which
deserve no special mention as they were quite typical. Climbing
up to the old fort, which stands so picturesquely guarding
the Pass, we found a few very dark C. phleas var. eleus; and
worn P. megera var. tigelius, and L. argus (e@gon) var. corsica,
were plentiful, while an interesting object was the Corsican
sharp-headed Lizard, Lacerta oxycephala—a finely-marked black
and green form, which was very common on the rocks round
the Tour.
Undoubtedly much the best ground in the vicinity of
Vizzavona is the meadows and rough land in the direction of,
and beyond, the little village of Tattone; to reach this one has
a walk of nearly three miles, either by the winding road or,
more quickly, along the railway line. Here, where the very
picturesque village school is built, is some excellent ground, and
our second morning, and very many others as well, were spent
collecting and sketching hereabouts. On the left of the road is
much rough bracken-covered ground, with open spaces covered
with flowers and luxuriant grass, rendered more luxuriant still
by the little streams of water which have been cut to irrigate the
land and which flowed in all directions. Here L. argus (egon)
var. corsica was in the greatest profusion, both sexes abundant
and in beautiful condition, and it was pretty to see them sitting
with expanded wings on the bracken. Two specimens of Lycena
argyrognomon var. belliert were netted here, but I have no note
of taking this species anywhere else
(To be continued.)
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
WickEN Fen.—The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest
or Natural Beauty have now made arrangements for the appointment
of a watcher for their property in Sedge Fen, Wicken, Cambridgeshire.
Applications for permission to visit this property should be addressed
to A. H. Evans, Esq., Secretary of the Local Committee, 9, Harvey
Road, Cambridge, or to 8. H. Hamer, Hsq., Secretary ef the National
Trust, 25, Victoria Street, London, S.W.
HIBERNATION OF PyRAMEIS ATALANTA.—As there is a controversy
regarding the hibernation of Pyramezs atalanta, it may be of interest
to know that a specimen was seen at Cripplestyle, near Fording-
bridge, on Thursday, April 16th.—A, S. Corser; Bournemouth.
152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
PROLONGED PupaL DuRaTION IN ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS.—From
larvee taken on June 19th, 1909, I obtained in 1910 seven moths, six
males and one female emerging on February 27th, and one female
on March 8th: no moths appeared in 1911, but in 1912 five males
emerged, two on February 21st and three two days later. There
was no further emergence in 1913, but on the 2nd inst. a perfect
male emerged. I have still three pupe remaining, but whether
living or not I am unable to say, the cocoons being intact. The
date of the last emergence would seem to be unusually late-—Ltoyp
Cuapwick, 7, Northgate Street, Warwick, April 19th, 1914.
MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.—I saw a specimen of M. stellatarwm
this morning flying over a rhododendron which is just bursting into
flower. This seems to be an unusually early appearance, in view of
the rainy and comparatively sunless March which we have experienced.
—H. V. Puum; Kelly College, Tavistock, April 3rd, 1914.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FutuL-Fep Larva or THECLA sPrIni.— Whilst
at Albarracin in June last summer I beat sundry Theclid larvee from
two species of Rhamnus, one of which was R. licyoides; these
eventually produced specimens of 7. spimz, and as descriptions of the
larvee of all Continental Kuropean Rhopalocera hardly exist, I am
induced to publish the following details of the full-fed larva:—Length
15 mm.; breadth 4 mm. Head jet black and shining; second seg-
ment much narrower than those following, and narrower in front
than in the rear; third segment is the full width of the larva (4 mm.).
Colour of all segments except first (the head) light grass green. On
the front of third segment commence two subdorsal stripes, greenish
white in colour, these stripes are interrupted at the front and rear of
each segment and they extend through ten segments. The spiracular
stripes are the same colour as those on the subdorsal area, and
extend from the third to the anal segment, both inclusive. Between
subdorsal and spiracular stripes is an inconspicuous series of
diagonal stripes. The ventral area is bluish green with claspers of
grass green. The spiracles are inconspicuous and of a somewhat
lighter green than the surroundings.—W. G. SHentpon; Youlgreave,
South Croydon, April 26th, 1914.
BuTTERFLY COLLECTING IN SICILY AND CALABRIA IN 1912 AnD
1913.—I was persuaded to stay at Messina for the first week in May,
and on the first I climbed Monte Cicci (2000 ft.); on the 3rd I walked
up to Gravitelli, and on the 6th I visited the low hills at the extreme
north-east point of Sicily overlooking the Faro, and though the
weather was fine and hot, the rain had evidently retarded the
appearance of the summer butterflies. I reached Forest Hill on
May 10th with a very small “bag,” which to my disappointment
did not contain a single fresh species to add to my list. Then
followed the wet summer in England.
In the spring of 1913 circumstances delayed my leaving England
for Sicily until May 14th. Again I started in brilliant sunshine,
again I left the finest weather in England. Crossing the Channel
clouds gathered, and at Dieppe there was a heavy thunderstorm,
and rain fell as I journeyed across France and entered Italy. In
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 153
order to escape arriving at Messina at the inconvenient hour of
2 a.m., I broke my journey on the morning of May 16th at Cajanella
(pronounced Canella), a roadside station fifty miles north of Naples.
The village itself was very picturesque, nestling at the foot of an
isolated hill between higher hills. This hill was crowned with a
ruined castle and a roofless chapel, which reminded me of Corfe
Castle, Dorset, and I found there was a grand view (as at Corfe) from
the top across the plain. On the plain, farmhouses sheltered by
trees and bushes were dotted about, and nightingales were in full
song in broad day at each of them, while near the station hundreds
of house-martins had their nests in the eaves of an immense old
building, probably a former monastery. The main road was good,
but the lanes were very muddy, and in places quite impassable
owing to recent heavy rains, and as a consequence butterflies were
very scarce, tcarus and rape being most in evidence. When I was
nearly stuck in the mud, a youth came to my assistance and acted
as guide until I left, and would take no tip! He was quite satisfied
with the opportunity to pick up a little English, his ambition being
to emigrate to America shortly. Reaching Messina at 8.30 a.m. on
March 31st, I was in time for a good breakfast and able to spend a
full day enjoying the delightful atmosphere of Sicily, this being, I
was told, the first really nice day for several weeks past.
Next day a picnic was arranged for me at the Campo Inglese,
where Lord Nelson formed his camp over one hundred years ago,
but from experience I recognise that picnics, like field meetings, are
seldom successful from a collector's point of view. Before reaching
the top of the hill I separated from my party to climb a spur of
Monte Cicci, intending to rejoin them at the camp. The only
butterflies on the wing were whites, and while I was on the steep
slope I noticed a cloud of large whites crossing the valley below,
moving towards the west. There must have been thousands of
them, and a few stragglers came up the hill in my direction, males
of Preris brassice, in good condition. I learnt afterwards that a
couple of friends of mine saw the cloud passing over the torrent bed
at La Scala, two or three miles further west, and captured some
specimens. With regard to the migration of butterflies I was told
in 1910 by a native of Cucuraci, the nearest village to the Campo
Inglese, that the people there look for an annual invasion of
white butterflies about May 20th, but he could not say where they
came from. Across the Straits in Calabria, not many miles distant,
there is a very extensive plain formed by the River Messina and its
tributary, the Marepotamo, which is a possible source of origin, and
I should like to explore that district at a future date. When I
joined my friends at the Campo Imglese, I found four thousand
soldiers in camp, many of them being engaged in drill, which was
interesting to watch.
On May 19th I hurried off to spend three or four days at
Randazzo, the railway communication being so slow that I did not
arrive until sunset. At my hotel I met an entomologist from
Vienna, Herr Carl Hosfer, and he, with his wife, asked to be
allowed to join me next day. The forenoon was bright and sunny,
ENTOM.-—MAyY, 1914. N
154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and with our combined three nets we captured fifteen specimens of
Huchloé damone in excellent condition, before rain practically put an
end to collecting for the day. We each took a specimen of Lycena
aleiphron (var. gordius), and amongst other species were Polyom-
matus baton, Aporia crategi, Pieris daplidice, Thais poluxena (quite
passé), Huchloé belia (var. ansonia), cardamines, &c., and a small form
of zygena. We got shelter from the rain and enjoyed a cup of tea
which Frau Hosfer was able to make by the aid of a spirit lamp
Stina with them, and water obtained at the adjoining farm-
ouse.
Next day (May 21st) we agreed to take different directions. We
got up early, and before 9 a.m. damone was flying in the sun. Later
on clouds began to gather, and about eleven o'clock specimens of
Aporia crategi became quite common. Apparently I was in a
swarm, they were on all sides of me, moving steadily in one direction
—westward. I captured about a score—all males—not one female,
in order to get a series of the Sicilian form, which has been named
augusta, and I had to hurry up, for before noon a thunderstorm
broke. Then I had to run for shelter from the downpour, and
fortunately reached a cave excavated by the labourers for that
purpose. The storm lasted about an hour, and then of course
Aporia crategi had disappeared, and the herbage being soaked, it
was necessary to keep to a pathway. After lunch I followed a mule
track up the mountain in the endeavour to reach the highest zone of
vegetation, where only Sedwm grows, but after a three hours’ climb,
I had to be satisfied with finding out that the various trees which
form a wood, very conspicuous from below, are not pines as I
expected, but beech, oak, white poplar, and a kind of berberry.
Making a hurried return to Randazzo, I had a narrow escape of a
night out, for at dusk a dense cloud, damp as well, enveloped the
district and hid Randazzo from view, though I had almost reached
the railway station, where an engine was whistling continuously.
In the dark I missed a sudden turning in the broad cinder path and
got on a dangerous rocky slope, where I thought it prudent to
remain still. Fortunately, after a couple of hours the cloud lifted a
little, and after some careful searching I found a narrow track which
led to some huts. The occupants had retired to bed and at first
refused to open their only door, but at the third hut I found a Good
Samaritan willing to direct me. The following day was nice and
sunny, but we found the heavy rain had apparently diminished the
number of butterflies. Herr Hosfer and myself were both desirous
to visit Palermo, and we agreed to meet there. I returned to
Messina and he contined his tour vid Girgenti.
From May 24th until I left Messina on June 14th there was an
entire absence of rain, and a heat-wave gradually increased in
intensity. I found Messina hot and dusty, and Palermo still hotter.
By arrangement I met Herr Hosfer and his wife, on Monte Ciuccio,
near Palermo, on May 26th, early. It is a steep rocky slope without
any shelter. Melanargia pherusa was flying about in abundance, but
we failed to capture a single specimen worth keeping. The heat,
combined with the slippery slope, fairly beat us, and we had to retire
to the valley below for shelter. In the valley I caught a newly
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 155
emerged specimen of galatea flying most erratically, and a few blues
and skippers.
I decided to return to Messina from Palermo by easy stages
along the north coast, and finding that a motor-omnibus runs daily
from Termini Imerese (twenty-three miles from Palermo) inland to
Nicosia, &c., I caught an early train (5.45) with a view to getting a
ride to the foot of one of the Madonie Mountains. The motor was
waiting at the station, filled already with passengers, so my plan
failed. Then I decided to climb the hill at the back of Termini
Imerese, and somehow was wrongly directed, so that I found myself
in a labyrinth of paths in the vineyards, and in consequence of the
intense heat in the middle of the day I never reached the unculti-
vated top region at all. I saw numerous specimens of podalirius,
machaon, edusa, cleopatra (male and female), daplidice, ausonia,
cardamines, and other species common to the vineyard district, but
nothing novel. About five o’clock I struck the mule track which I
ought to have taken going out, and was abie to get back to the town
in a very short time. Here there is a magnificent hotel in connec-
tion with the Baths (Hétel de Bagnes), with a grand marble stair-
case, fine bedrooms with ante-rooms for washing, table d’héte, and
every comfort at moderate cost (I made a note of this).
The following morning (May 28th) I caught the early train, and
arrived at San Stefano di Camastra (fifty miles) at 7.30 a.m. I had
planned to take the motor-omnibus to Mistrella, six miles distant,
and return on foot. Again there was nota seat vacant. Again I
never reached the top of the hill owing to the intense heat. The
industry of the town is the manufacture of earthenware jars of all sizes
and shapes; also bricks and tiles; while the flowers on the waste
places adjoining the works were very attractive to the butterflies
named yesterday, and I also took Polyommatus astrarche, Spilothyrus
althee and Hesperia sao. Burnet moths were also plentiful. Hotel
accommodation and meals were quite Sicilian, and certainly in-
expensive.
San Stefano lies west of the Forest of Caronia, whence it obtains
brushwood for its kilns; the next station is Caronia itself. On
May 29th I reached Caronia station early, hoping to get a glimpse of
the forest. The village (or rather big town of 20,000 inhabitants)
is four miles up the mountain, and on reaching it I found there
was no decent place to sleep at, and the only food I could get was
fried eggs, cold beans, and bread, at a dirty wine-shop, so I gave up
the idea of the forest and returned to the station in time to catch the
evening train to Sant’ Agatha, the next town. On my way down in
the afternoon I struck a wide provincial road, where I captured fresh
galatea, several Vanessa c-album, also V. egea, and a fresh specimen
of Argynnis cleodoxa. I reached Sant’ Agatha after dark, and there
the sleeping accommodation and food were of a very primitive and
inexpensive character. I returned to Messina on May 30th, and I
have not quite given up the idea of a visit to the Forest of Caronia
and a trip in the Sicilian long-distance motor-omnibuses, which are
not run for profit, but for the convenience of the residents.
I found the heat at Messina very trying, and several picnic
parties we made up in June proved entomological failures, as if was
156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
quite necessary to take shelter in the middle of the day, and generally
butterflies go to rest early. On June 6th I ventured ona long excur-
sion to Seylla in Calabria, and reached the station quite early. The
locality for M. arge being on the plateau 2000 ft. above the station,
when I reached there I could only spare a few minutes to search for
it, and I think I was too late, as its place was occupied by galatea.
Nearer home galatea var. procida was well out at Gravitelli on
June 8th, and on June 9th the Sicilian form of japygia was plentiful
on a particular slope at Cattarati. This species flies later in the
evening than most butterflies, and on this occasion had for its com-
panion the showy Melit@a didyma, which, as the sun begins to dis-
appear behind the hill, has the habit of settling on the top of the
long grass with its wings wide open, exactly resembling a crimson
flower. It was sufficiently abundant to create a veritable living
flower garden, a sight never to be forgotten.
Another locality for yapygia is at the foot of Monte Scudari
(4000 ft. high), and on June 11th I trained to Scaletta and walked to
Itala, a highly picturesque village. The wind was blowing a gale,
and in the open it was impossible to get any butterflies. By follow-
ing a rocky path up the bed of the stream for a considerable distance
I reached a sheltered spot and there found japygza and some other
species in full force, amongst them being Argynnis pandora and quite
ordinary galatea. The heat in the narrow gorge was terrific.
My last excursion was with an entomological friend to Monte
Cicci on June 13th. On our way up we discovered a fresh locality
at the back of a fort with flowers galore and the common Vanessz
in abundance; also Hipparchia circe, the latter not easy to catch,
owing to the breeze. Subsequently I found a specimen of H. her-
mione amongst them, and my friend was able afterwards to capture
more. It was rather too late for the early brood of blues, but we
secured several specimens of semiargus, also argus (one) and telv-
canus (one), and amongst the skippers Hesperia comma (one) turned
up. Both galatea and japygia were present, and apparently we were
too early for statelinus and niobe var. eris, which were both seen but
not captured. The heat, however, proved too much for my friend,
and we returned early.
Next day I left for England, and found Naples, Rome, Paris, and
London, alike suffering from the heat-wave.—J. Puatt Barrett ;
Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill, 8.E.
SOCIETIES.
ENToMOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon.— Wednesday, February 4th,
1914.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, President, in the chair.—Miss
Maude Lina West Cleghorn, 57, Ballygunge, Circular Road, Calcutta,
and Mr. William John Forsham, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Villa,
Bubwith, Selby, Yorkshire, were elected Fellows of the Society.—
The President announced that he had nominated Dr. H. Eltringham,
the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild, and the Rev. G. Wheeler, as Vice-
SOCIETIES. 157
Presidents for the present Session—Mr. B. H. Smith exhibited
specimens of Prodema littoralis, bred from larve found feeding on
bananas at Weymouth.—Mr. C. B. Williams, a specimen of the
genus Acerentomon of the order Protura, taken from moss in the New
Forest, Hampshire. He also drew the attention of the Society to
the new order Zoraptera just described by Silvestri—Mr. Donis-
thorpe, specimens of the ants Cicophylla smaragdina, F., from
Ceylon, and CZ. virescens, F., from North Queensland. These ants
use their larve to spin threads and fasten the leaves of their nests
together.—Professor Poulton, a collection of Algerian Diptera and
other insects associated with them, made by Dr. Adalbert Seitz,
F.E.S. The specimens were chiefly taken at Batna (about 1300
metres) in July, 1913.—The following papers were read :—‘ On the
Egg-laying of Trichiosoma,” by T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
“A Remarkable New Genus and Species of Odonata of the Legion
Podagrion, Sél., from North Queensland,’ by Kenneth J. Morton,
F.E.S. ‘ Lepidoptera-Heterocera from 8. E. Brazil,” by E. Dukinfield-
Jones, F.Z.8., F.E.S. “The Myrmecophilous Aphides of Britain,”
by Professor F. V. Theobald, M.A., F.H.S.
Wednesday, March 4th.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F'.L.S., F'.Z.5.,
President, in the chair.—Messrs. Wm. J. von Monté Pendlebury,
Broadlands, Shrewsbury, and Keble College, Oxford ; Robert Veitch,
7, Queen’s Crescent, Edinburgh, and Francis Cardew Woodforde, B.A.,
Market Drayton, Salop, were elected Fellows of the Society.—Mr. H.
Donisthorpe and Mr. W.C. Crawley exhibited a number of polymorphic
forms in ants, illustrated by a chart, and read notes.—Dr.T. A. Chap-
man, a male and female imago of Agriades thersites, alive, bred from the
egg; also two last-stage larve.—Mr. H. Main, a gynandromorphic
specimen of Hriogaster lanestris, right side female, left side male, bred
last year at Hastbourne.—Mr. O. HE. Janson, a specimen which he
believed to be the female of Goliathus wiser, Heath, hitherto unknown;
also specimens of G. kirkt, Gray, in which the white markings were
very perfectly preserved.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, at the desire of Mr. J.C.
Hawkshaw, F.E.S., a cocoon of Lyonetia clerkella, L., spun up on a
cherry leaf. Mr. Hawkshaw suggested that the fine silken web
attached to the leaf on each side of the supporting strands, and guy
lines by means of which the cocoon is slung up like a hammock,
served as a protection against ants.—Mr Champion, on behalf of Mr.
HK. W. Morse, of Leeds, the second British specimen of the genus
Eudectus, probably a variety of HL. whiter, Sharp, from Ingleborough,
Yorks., and a pair of Gidemera virescens, L., from Symond’s Yat,
Hereford.—Mr. Ernest Green, a Coccid with double anterior limb,
and read notes.—Mr. L. W. Newman, a fine female Lasiocampa
ilicifolia taken on the wing at Cannock Chase, by Mr. G. B. Oliver,
on May 25th, 1913. Mr. Newman stated that the larve in captivity
took readily to aspen.—Mr. A. W. Mera, two specimens of Crdaria
suffumata, of an unusual form, from East Devon, received from Rey.
J. W. Metcalfe, who takes this form in damp woods and finds it not
entirely confined to one wood.—Professor Poulton stated that he had
just received, from Mr. E. E. Platt, of Durban, the male and female
parents—both of the wahlbergi form—caught 7m coitu, and with their
158 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
large family of about two hundred mima and wahlbergi in about
equal numbers. These results were quite unexpected.—The following
paper was read:—‘tA Revision of the Central American Chaulio-
gnathine (Fam. Telephoridz) based on the Genital Armature of the
Males,” by G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.8., F.H.S.—Gro. WHEELER,
M.A., Hon. Sec.
THe SourH Lonpon EnromonoaicaL AND NaturaL History
Socrety.—March 12th.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President,
in the chair.—Mr. J. C. Fryer, Northumberland Avenue, was elected
a member.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited two quite distinct species of
Heliconitus—H. hydara and H. amaryllis var. euryades—of almost
exactly the same facies, with microscopic slides of the genitalia.—
Mr. Newman, Gastropacha ilicifolia, male, taken at Cannock Chase,
May 25th, 1913, by Mr. G. B. Oliver.—Mr. Tonge, nest of the North
American hornet, Vespa maculata, from Massachusetts, with several
imagines.—Mr. Step, photographs of Alewrodes (Aleyrodid@), a family
allied to the Coccide, and gave notes on the habits of the insects.
The rest of the exhibits were microscopical—Dr. Chapman, the
androconia of Agriades thersites; spring brood larger, much like
those of P. eschert; summer brood much like those of P. ccarus.—
Mr. West, imagines of Alewrodes (Aleyrodide).—Mr. Adkin, arma-
tures of Ptycholoma lecheana, cocoon structure of Anthrocera
filipendule and Saturnia pavonia.—Mr. C. B. Williams, British
species of the order Protura.—Mr, Coxhead, galls, with larve and
pup, of Cecidomyra saliciperda.—Mr. Ashdown, small brilliant and
metallic species of Coleoptera and Hemiptera, including Hispa atra,
larva of Jalla dumosa, &c., with the Swiss Centhorrhynchus horridus.
—Mr. Noad Clark, androconial scales of P. brassice, Diatoms,
Desmids, and botanical structures.
March 26th, 1914.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, in
the chair.—Mr. Edwards exhibited a large coleopteron, Archon cen-
taurus, found dead at Blackheath, and also a number of Lepidoptera
from Burmah, including Chalcosia venosa and C. zetica.—Mr. Tonge,
a long series of Colzas edusa taken near Reigate in 1877-78, the
years of great abundance.—Mr. H. J. Turner, C. edusa from Dawlish,
&c., including female var. helice and bred examples of intermediate
coloration.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, C. edusa, with local forms from many
European localities, with allied species from the Eastern Palearctic
area and from the Nearctic region.—Mr. B. Adkin, a large number of
C. edusa, including many specimens of intermediate coloration.—
Mr. Joy, a very long series of bred specimens of C. edusa, all of large
size, many females with small or no spots in the marginal bands.
—Mr. Dunster, C. edusa, taken along the south coast of England
during the past three years.—Mr. Frohawk, very long series of
C. edusa and female var. helice, showing almost complete gradation
in ground from pure white to rich orange, including the rare shades
of lemon colour and aberrations with black suffusion to the discoidal
(fore wing), with black hind wings, with drab marginal borders, and
a female measuring 67 mm.—Mr. R. Adkin, a long series of British
C. edusa, and read a paper entitled ‘“‘ Colas edusa in Britain,” deal-
RECENT LITERATURE, 159
ing in turn with Nomenclature, History in Britain, the Theory of its
Occurrence, Probable Lines of Migration and Immigration, Local
Habits, Variation and Aberration, Reasons of Irregular Abundance
beyond the confines of its area of Natural Distribution, &e. A con-
siderable discussion took place.
April 9th—Mr. R. Adkin in the chair.—Mr. C. P. Emmett was
elected a member.—Mr. R. Adkin exhibited three Dasychira
fascelina, one with the usual black transverse lines largely yellow,
and another with the black markings intensified with absence of the
yellow freckling.—Mr. Edwards, several very conspicuous and beauti-
ful Heterocera from Burmah, including Argina argus, Huchromia
formosa, &e.—My. Sich, specimens of Lita melanella, first discovered
in England by the late Mr. Boyd in 1858. They were from Wey-
mouth.—Mr. H. J. Turner, a long series of Hrebia pronoé from the
Austrian Tyrol and Switzerland, and read notes on the variation,
both local and aberrant, and the distribution of the species.—Mr.
West, Greenwich, several drawers of the Society’s collection of
British Lepidoptera, to show the additions made in the Pyrales and
Tortrices by the donations from Mr. Dawson.—Mr. Platt Barrett, a
series of Coccyx strobilella bred from spruce cones collected at West
Wickham some weeks ago.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
1. The Life of the Spider. By J. H. Fasre. London: Hodder &
Stoughton.
2. The Life of the Fly. With which are interspersed some chapters
of Autobiography. By J. H. Fasre. London: Hodder &
Stoughton.
ENGLISH readers should owe a debt of gratitude to Mr. Alexander
Teixeira de Mattos for the admirable translation which he has given
in these two volumes of a number of J. H. Fabre’s most delightful
‘souvenirs,’ and to the publishers, also, thanks. The books are
light to handle, and so well printed as to be a joy to read. Although
there are no illustrations, this is scarcely a matter for regret. Fabre
is so proficient with the pen, and so perfect an artist in words, that
no descriptive writer could need pictorial illustration less. And yet
we should like to have seen a picture of the author himself in the
second of these volumes, where, under the title of ‘ The Life of the
Fly,’ we can learn almost as much about his own life as we can
about that of the fly. His early struggles; the enthusiasm, the
patience and perseverance which carried him through all his difficul-
ties ; the nature of his ancestors and the kind of schooling he had,
and how much, or how little, these could account for that passionate
love of the insect, and that spirit of observation which gained for
him from Darwin the title of ‘inimitable observer.’ All these, and
other matters relating to his life, are so modestly and charmingly
160 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
told in the autobiographical chapters scattered through the volume,
that it is a pity more prominence was not given to the fact in the
title, which, however attractive it may be to the dipterologist, does
not sufficiently make known the delightful field which it covers, or
appeal so strongly to the general reader. Fabre is not an entomo-
logist in the limited sense which that word now implies, and so we
have him writing as intimately about the life-history and habits of
spiders of all sorts in the first of these volumes as he does about
those of flies in the second. To this volume there is a preface by
M. Maurice Maeterlinck, which does full justice to Fabre’s qualities
of style and imagination, and contributes not a little to a proper
appreciation of him as a philosopher and man of science.
G. dinGe
OBITUARY.
GEORGE BENTLEY CORBIN.
Reavers of the ‘Entomologist’ will learn with regret of the
death of Mr. George Bentley Corbin, which took place at Ringwood
on March 12th last. Born in Ringwood in 1841, he developed an
early love of Nature, in the study of which he showed considerable
ability. He was a keen and observant entomologist. About 1866 and
for several years he conducted ‘The Amateur Naturalist ’—a manu-
script magazine, and his contributions were mainly on insect-life.
He wrote the entomological chapter in the second edition of ‘The
New Forest Handbook,’ published by Phillips, in 1876, and for many
years contributed articles upon the subject to ‘Science Gossip’ and
similar journals. At one time he was a frequent contributor to the
‘Entomologist,’ and among his later contributions to that journal are
—* Deiopea pulchella in Hampshire” (1893); “ Emydia cribrum:
A Reminiscence” (1897); “Aberration of Zygena filipendule and
Z. trifolit near Ringwood” (1897); ‘ Karly hibernation of Vanessa
urtice”’ (1905); and “ Plusta moneta in the New Forest” (1907).
By the tragic death of his wife, who was killed in the railway
accident at Downton, in 1884, he received a severe shock. The
news of her death caused partial paralysis of the left side. This
unfortunately put an end to his active interest in entomology, and
deprived him of the fullest enjoyment of the life with Nature that
had hitherto been his. He was an invalid for the rest of his days,
and yet he lived a full life and overcame his incapacity. His spirit
was uninjured and he was of a sunny disposition, as his writings
show. He had a wide circle of friends and correspondents, including
many eminent entomologists. He was a deeply devout man, and to
those who enjoyed his friendship his memory will remain fragrant
and kindly. ct om
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CONTENTS.
A AoHoineeh of the Genus J oppidium, Walsh. Family Srohnbunienias Sub-
family Cryptine :*Tribe Cryptides, Claude Morley, 187. Notes. on European x
Hesperids, W. G. Sheldon, 141. A Bee resembling a Wasp, 7. D. A.
Cockerell, 142. British Orthoptera in 1913 (with illustrations), Weds ‘Lucas, *
145. Some Dorset Hemiptera- Heteroptera, 1’. H. Haanes, 146. An Aceonnt ol
of an Entomological Trip to Corsica, Gerard H. Gurney, 147. '
'Norrs anon Opservatrons.—Wicken Fen, 151. Hibernation ef Pyrameis stalanta
A. S. Corbet, 151. | Prolonged Pupal. Duration in Eriogaster lanestris, Lioyd
Chadwick, 152. M: wcroglossa. stellatarum, Ae Plum, 152. Description of
the Full-fed Larva of Thecla spini, W, G. Sheldon, 152. Butterfly Collen: Genny
in Sicily and Calabria in 1912 and 1913, J. Platt Barrett, 152. ase
Societies, 156. Recent Lirzrature, 159. Onrrvary, 160. Hae
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Aree yak ts
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.1 JUNE, 1914. [No. 6138
NEW SPECIES OF ARCTIADA AND NOCTUIDA
FROM FORMOSA.
By A. E. Wiuemayn, F.E.S.
_ Nowa.
Nola fuscimarginalis, sp. n.
Fore wings whitish becoming dark fuscous on outer area beyond
the wavy, double, postmedian line ; costa edged with brown expand-
ing into a blotch before the postmedial line. Hind wings fuscous.
Under side fuscous.
Expanse, 20 millim.
Collection number, 243.
One male specimen from Garambi, November, 1904.
This species comes near N. distributa, Walk.
LiITHOSIANE.
Asura albidorsalis, sp. n.
g$. Head and thorax whitish grey, abdomen rather darker. Fore
wings blackish with a twice interrupted white patch on dorsal area,
this extends from the base of the wing almost to tornus; postmedial
band white, narrow, wavy; subterminal band whitish, wavy, diffuse
towards apex and tornus. Hind wings whitish. Under side whitish
clouded with blackish on fore wings; traces of a blackish transverse
band about middle of costal area on hind wings.
?. Similar to the male but the band on the fore wings is much
broader, and encloses some spots of the ground colour.
Expanse, ¢ 32 millim., 2 33-36 millim.
Collection number, 1258.
One male from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908; and three
females from Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909.
Allied to A. wmbrosa, Hampson.
! Hugoa sinuata, sp. n.
Fore wings white with blackish lines; antemedial line not con-
tinued to dorsum, curved, projected inwards on costal area to a dot
__ representing subbasal line on the costa; postmedial line commencing
in a black triangle on the costa, sinuous, angled above the dorsum ;
| subterminal line undulated, originating in a black costal triangle ;
____ two black dots at end of cell. Hind wings, and fringes of fore wings,
ENTOM.—JUNE, 1914. O
162 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
whitish with faint fuscous tinge. Under side whitish suffused with
fuscous especially on fore wings.
Expanse, 32 millim.
Collection number, 1797.
One female specimen (minus head and abdomen) from
Rantaizan (7500 ft.), May, 1909.
Parasiccia nebulosa, sp. n.
Fore wings whitish with faint ochreous tinge, finely sprinkled
with black; a black patch on costal half of basal area, its outer edge
‘irregular; antemedial line black, wavy, commencing in a black spot
on the costa, interrupted above dorsum; postmedial line blackish,
wavy, traversing black spots; subterminal line black, interrupted
widely so below costa; a terminal series of linear black spots, and
two black spots in the cell, the outer one largest. Hind wings
whitish, fuscous tinged, a blackish lunule at end of cell. Under side
of fore wings fuscous, of hind wings same as on upper side.
Expanse, 30 millim.
Collection number, 1265.
One male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August, 1908.
Seems to come nearest to P. maculifascia, Moore.
AGROTINE.
Noctua tatwana, sp. n.
Head and thorax purplish brown, patagia rather darker; abdo-
men fuscous, terminal segment fringed with ochreous hairs. Fore
wings dark purplish brown; antemedial and postmedial lines black,
double, the former deeply indented above dorsum; subterminal line
ochreous, undulated, inwardly edged with black; terminal area beyond
the line with clusters of bluish scales on the veins and at costal ex-
tremity of subterminal line; orbicular stigma of the ground colour,
ringed with black; reniform oulined in black and partly filled up with
ochreous. Hind wings fuscous. Under side dark fuscous, all the
wings have a darker discoidal mark and postmedial line.
Eixpanse, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1502). “
Two male specimens from Arizan (7800 ft.), August, 1908.
The cotype, not in such perfect condition as the specimen
described, is browner in colour, and the markings on the terminal
area are absent.
HADENINE.
Hadena variegata, sp. n.
Head and thorax brown, collar and patagia paler edged; antenns
ciliated. Fore wings brown clouded and mottled with darker and
lighter brown ; subbasal line black extending only to median nervure
under which it runs to the incurved, black, antemedial line; post-
medial line black, incurved, angled about middle; stigmata of the
paler ground colour, outer edges still paler and pinkish tinged,
reniform outlined in black, its upper part extending almost to costa,
ARCTIADH AND NOCTUIDA FROM FORMOSA. 163
a black cloud in lower part; beyond the reniform the veins are
marked with black and there are black streaks between the veins
before termen; fringes black between the veins, pale brown at ends
of the veins. Hind wings white-brown powdered with darker, vena-
tion and discoidal spot black ; fringes brown, paler tips. Under side
pale brown clouded with blackish on dise of fore wings; a black
discoidal spot and an indistinct postmedial line (dotted with black
on veins) on hind wings.
Expanse, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1757.
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May, 1909.
Stretchia acronyctoides, sp. n.
3. Head grey, palpi brown, antenne serrate; thorax grey,
streaked with grey on the sides; abdomen brown. Fore wings grey
clouded and suffused with brownish, and powdered with whitish
especially on the dorsal area; transverse markings not distinct, but
there are traces of a blackish, serrated, postmedial line ; a short black
streak from the base under median nervure, another, in line with it,
extends to the termen; a black linear mark on middle of dorsum, and
black dashes between the veins on terminal area, those between veins
4 and 6 most in evidence; orbicular and reniform stigmata united,
edged above with black; some black dots on the costa above the
stigmata. Hind wings brownish grey, discoidal dot black. Under
side brownish, black discoidal dot on all wings.
?. Similar to the male but larger.
Expanse, ¢ 38 millim., 9? 41 millim.
Collection number, 1682.
A male specimen from Arizan, May, 1908, and a female from
Rantaizan, May, 1909.
Allied to Stretchia saxea, Leech.
Hriopyga conspecta, sp. n.
g. Head and front of thorax brownish grey, rest of thorax
whitish with faint brown tinge; palpi dark brown, third joint paler ;
abdomen brownish grey, hind segments darker, anal tuft yellowish.
Fore wings white transversely clouded with grey on the outer half;
a reddish brown mark on costa towards base, and another, also on
the costa, just beyond the middle; the first mark broadly margined
with black on its inner and lower edges, and, except on costa,
narrowly on its inner edge; the second mark has a small black spot
on each side of it on the costa, one on its inner edge, and a large one
below the lower outer edge of which is produced; a black mark on
the costa before apex with a few reddish brown scales before it, and
a row of black dots on the termen, the latter placed between the veins.
Hind wings blackish with traces of darker discoidal mark and trans-
verse line. Fringes of all the wings white. Under side whitish
tinged with brown on the fore wings and on costal area of the hind
wings ; a cluster of blackish clouds beyond middle of the fore wings ;
the hind wings have black discoidal spot and postinedial line, and the
costal area is freckled with black.
Expanse, 30 millim, 0 2
164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Collection number, 1441.
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908.
Cirphis bipuncta, sp. n.
?. Head whitish, palpi and antenne pale brownish; thorax
whitish mixed with pale brownish; abdomen whitish. Fore wings
pale brown streaked with darker brown between the veins on the
terminal area; median nervure white; two black dots in the cell,
and a series of black points on termen; fringes of the darker brown
shade. Hind wings white, a series of black points on termen. Under
side of fore wings whitish suffused with brown on costal and ter-
minal areas, a dusky shade under median nervure; hind wings as
on upper side.
Expanse, 15 millim.
Collection number, 135.
One female specimen from Takou (200 ft.), August, 1904.
Near C. polemusa, Swinhoe.
ACRONYCTINAE.
Craniophora picata, sp. n.
3. Head grey, palpi black, grey at tips: thorax grey with black
line on lower edge, collar marked with black; abdomen pale grey.
Fore wings blackish with white patches towards the base, around the
orbicular stigma, and on apical third of the wings; costa marked
with grey, three white dots towards apex; antemedial and medial
lines black, double, wavy, the medial apparently merged in the ante-
medial below the orbicular stigma; postmedial line black, double,
wavy, curved round outer edge of the apical white patch, thence
slightly oblique to the dorsum; subterminal line white, edged with
dark grey, preceded on the costa by a quadrate blackish spot, inter-
sected above middle and again before dorsum by blackish marks ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata fairly distinct, both pretty much of
the ground colour, the latter partly and the former entirely outlined
in white; a pale patch at base of dorsum with some deep orange
scales on its upper edge; fringes dark grey chequered with white
and marked with black. Hind wings whitish, the termen broadly
suffused with smoky grey, a dusky discoidal spot and traces of a
postmedial band; fringes chequered with smoky grey. Under side
whitish, clouded with blackish on dise of fore wings; hind wings
with bar from costa to the cell, a discoidal spot, and a spotted post-
medial line, all blackish.
Expanse, 44 millim.
Collection number, 1764.
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 14th, 1909.
This species seems closely allied to C. ligustri, Schiff.
Chytome variegata, sp. n.
3g. Fore wings brownish grey, clouded with darker brown ; sub-
basal line black, oblique, not reaching dorsum; antemedial line black,
oblique, bluntly angled above dorsum; postmedial line. black, ex-
ARCTIADA AND NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 165
curved from costa to vein 4, thence oblique to dorsum: a white dot
adjoining postmedial under vein 2, and a blackish diffuse streak from
white dot to antemedial line; orbicular and reniform stigmata pale
with dark centres ; two short black streaks between veins 1 and 4;
fringes dark grey, paler marked at ends of the veins, a black line at
their base interrupted by the veins. Hind wings whitish powdered
with brownish, densely on terminal fourth; discoidal lunule and
postmedial line dusky ; fringes pale, traversed by a dark central line.
Under side whitish, sprinkled, and on fore wings clouded, with
brownish ; all the wings have a blackish discoidal mark and a post-
medial line.
Expanse, 34 millim.
Collection number, 1742.
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May 9th, 1909.
Chytonix variegata albidisca, ab. n.
Differs from the type in having a large white patch on central
area of fore wings extending from postmedial almost to antemedial
line, it encloses the stigmata and unites with the typical white dot.
Expanse, 35 millim.
Collection number, 1748.
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May 10th, 1909.
C. variegata is closely allied to C. albonotata, Staud.
Chytonix olivacea, sp. n.
$. Head and thorax dark grey, black mixed, antenne ciliated ;
abdomen pale grey, whitish at base and on last segments. Fore
wings pale olivaceous grey clouded with darker, costa marked with
black ; subbasal line black inwardly edged with white, nearly straight
but indented below costa and above dorsum; antemedial and post-
medial lines black, both wavy, the former double and angled above
dorsum, the latter outwardly edged with white; subterminal line
pale, undulated; reniform stigma outlined in white; fringes varie-
gated with white, preceded by a series of black lunules. Hind wings
whitish powdered with dark grey; discoidal spot blackish, traces of
a dusky postmedial line; fringes paler. Under side whitish, disc of
the fore wings suffused with blackish ; discoidal mark and post-
medial line on the hind wings blackish.
Expanse, 38 millim.
Collection number, 1753.
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May, 1909.
Euplexia albirena, sp. n.
9. Head pale brown darker mixed, thorax dark brown mixed
with blackish ; abdomen brownish, the sides and crests darker. Fore
wings purplish grey; subbasal line ochreous, indistinct except towards
the costa, where it is inwardly edged with black, some black marks
beyond the indistinct lower half; antemedial and postmedial lines
ochreous edged with black, the enclosed space below the cell rather
darker than the ground colour; subterminal line ochreous, wavy ;
orbicular stigma, which is preceded and followed by a black quadrate
166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
spot, is faintly outlined in ochreous and extends to the black outlined
claviform stigma; reniform stigma white, its outer side straight, some
brownish dots at each extremity; a white spot on the costa above
the reniform and four white dots nearer the apex; beyond the reni-
form is a brownish clouded ochreous patch, outwardly limited by
the postmedial line; on the costal area between the postmedial and
subterminal line is a transverse white streak followed by a black one;
black lunules alternating with ochreous dots on termen; fringes
blackish, ochreous at base. Hind wings fuscous with dusky discoidal
spot and two lines beyond, both lines edged externally with white
on vein 2. Under side fuscous; all the wings have a discoidal mark
and two transverse lines, the mark on fore wings and the outer line
on hind wings are white.
Expanse, 38 millim.
Collection number, 1750.
Two female specimens from Rantaizan, May, 1909.
This species come near 1. albonota, Hampson.
Laphygma connexa, sp. n.
$. Head brown, palpi brown grey mixed; thorax grey, edge of
collar paler; antenne ciliated. Fore wings grey clouded with
blackish ; subbasal and antemedial lines indistinct, white edged with
black, the subbasal only traceable on the costa, the antemedial inter-
rupted below the costa and at dorsum; postmedial line white inwardly
edged with black, sinuous, interrupted at the veins; subterminal line
white, double, almost parallel with the termen, preceded and followed
by black marks ; orbicular and reniform stigmata white, grey centred,
lower ends united by white streak along median nervure; fringes
grey marked with white at ends of veins. Hind wings silky white.
Under side silky white, the fore wings suffused with blackish on the
disc ; fringes as on upper side.
?. Similar to the male but larger; the markings less clearly
defined.
Expanse, 3 22 millim., ? 30 millim.
Collection number, 1403.
One example of each sex from Kanshirei; the male captured
on November 10th, 1909, and the female in the previous month.
Allied to Laphygma apertura, Walk.
Micromonodes ? ochreipuncta, sp. n.
?. Head pale grey, palpi blackish; thorax and abdomen grey.
Fore wings whitish grey, basal two-thirds suffused and clouded with
darker; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish, not clearly defined ;
postmedial line whitish edged on each side with dark grey, sinuous ;
subterminal line whitish, angled before middle and above dorsum ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata indistinct, connected by a black bar;
claviform stigma represented by a pale ochreous round spot, outlined
in black ; fringes grey mixed with black, preceded by a black line on
termen. Hind wings grey, fringes paler. Under side grey, costal
and terminal areas of fore wings sprinkled with whitish scales ; hind
ARCTIADZ AND NOCTUIDA FROM FORMOSA. 167
wings rather paler than fore wings; discoidal spot and postmedial
. line black but not distinct.
Expanse, 26 millim.
Collection number, 242 c¢.
A female specimen from Rantaizan, May 14th, 1909.
Archanara punctivena, sp. Nn.
3. Head and thorax black sparsly mixed with ochreous;
abdomen brownish, paler at base. Fore wings black-brown, dotted
with white on the veins; an ochreous streak from the base passes
through the reniform stigma and broadens out beyond it, some
ochreous scales above the streak; antemedial line indicated by black
dots; postmedial line black, wavy, inwardly oblique from vein 4 to
dorsum ; reniform stigma of the ground colour, its lower half partly
outlined in white; fringes rather paler, grey mixed, preceded by a
black line. Hind wings whitish with a faint dusky suffusion, traces
of a dusky postmedial line. Under side of fore wings leaden grey
with dusky discoidal spot and transverse line beyond: of hind wings
whitish powdered with brownish on costal area, discoidal spot and
line beyond blackish.
?. Similar to the male but rather browner in colour and with
more ochreous above the streak; the white outline of lower half of
reniform stigma less distinct. Hind wings whiter.
Expanse, ¢ 25 millim., ? 30-32 millim.
Collection number, 620.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, November 13th, 1908, and
two females from the same locality, August 18th and 26th, 1908.
ERASTRIANE.
Oruza albigutta, sp. n.
3. Head and palpi black; thorax brown, paler in front;
abdomen missing; fore wings brown, finely irrorated with grey,
ochreous tinged on central area especially on basal half; antemedial
and postmedial lines formed of white dots, the antemedial indistinct
towards costa, the postmedial double excurved from costa to middle
thence incurved to dorsum; medial line black, angled below cell and
near dorsum ; subterminal line pale, irregular, area beyond suffused
with dark brown; fringes dark mixed with pale brown, preceded by
a series of black outlined white dots. Hind wings brown, pale on
costal area; discoidal mark white, linear, inwardly edged with
blackish; postmedial line represented by double series of white dots,
absent on costal area; subterminal line ochreous brown, diffuse
towards costa, maculate towards dorsum: fringes as on fore wings.
Under side white-brown, clouded and suffused with darker; traces
of transverse lines, a pale spot at costal end of the postmedial line on
forewings.
Expanse, 20 millim.
Collection number, 1388.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, April 17th, 1908.
168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Hyposada albicosta, sp. n.
?. Head and thorax cinnamon brown, the latter marked with
white behind collar: abdomen cinnamon brown, edges of segments
white. Fore wings cinnamon brown, costa white with four black
dots before apex; a black-ringed white spot at outer end of the cell;
postmedial line blackish, slightly excurved below the costa, thence
oblique to dorsum; subterminal and terminal lines represented by
series of black dots. Hind wings cinnamon brown, discoidal spot
black ; postmedial line and black dots on terminal area as on fore
wings. Fringes of all the wings pale. Under side whitish suffused
with fuscous.
Expanse, 22-24 millim.
Collection number, 551.
Two female specimens from Kanshirei, one taken April 29th,
the other August 16th, 1905.
Iithacodia postvittata, sp. n.
3. Headand palpi brown, the latter marked with darker; thorax
brown marked with darker, tips of collar and patagia whitish; tarsi
pale brown, barred in front with blackish; antenne ciliated. Fore
wings brown clouded with darker, a white dot at base of costa;
antemedial line black, inwardly pale edged, curved round orbicular
stigma, angled below; postmedial line black outwardly pale edged,
obtusely angled below costa; subterminal line pale, undulated,
indistinct towards dorsum; the space between postmedial and
subterminal lines, except on costal area, pale, suffused with greyish ;
orbicular and reniform stigmata pale, dark outlined; a black line
from base of the wing to subterminal line passes through the cell;
fringes brown faintly pale chequered, preceded by pale edged black
lunules. Hind wings fuscous, discoidal mark darker; fringes rather
paler than those of fore wings, traversed near their base by a dark
line. Under side of fore wings fuscous, paler on costa; discoidal
mark blackish, postmedial line pale and rather broad on the costa;
hind wings whitish powdered with fuscous except on dorsal area ;
discoidal spot and wavy postmedial line blackish.
?. Similar to the male but the pale edging of transverse lines
rather broader on costa.
Expanse, 3 26 millim., ? 30 millim.
Collection number, 622.
Two male specimens and one female from Kanshirei. The
males were obtained in June, 1906, and April, 1909; the
female in May, 1907.
This species comes near L. cenia, Swinhoe.
Eustrotia bipartita, sp. n.
3. Head pale brown mixed with darker, palpi dark brown, the
third joint and part of second paler; thorax pale brown, front
darker marked; abdomen pale brown darker mixed. Fore wings
pale brown on basal half, suffused with darker on outer half;
subbasal line dark brown, originating in a linear spot on the costa,
not traceable below middle of the wing; antemedial line dusky,
ARCTIADH AND NOCTUIDA FROM FORMOSA. 169
double, slightly wavy, elbowed below middle; postmedial line dusky,
double, irregular; a dark triangular mark, partly outlined in black,
on costa; traces of a black medial line set in a brownish cloud below
triangle; subterminal line blackish, undulated, dentate below costa,
preceded on costa by a conspicuous black mark; slender black
lunules on termen, fringes dark. Hind wings fuscous with traces of
a darker discoidal mark. Under side whitish powdered with brown
except on the dorsal areas ; a blackish discoidal mark on each wing,
and traces of a dusky postmedial line on the hind wings.
Expanse, 20 millim.
Collection number, 1387.
A male specimen from Kanshirei obtained April 29th, 1908.
Appears to come near H. isomera, Hampson.
SARROTHRIPINE.
Nanaguna sordida, sp. n.
Head white, palpi pale brown; thorax pale brown flecked with
paler. Fore wings pale brown clouded with darker on medial and
terminal areas; antemedial line blackish, indented below costa and
before termen; postmedial line elbowed beyond end of cell thence
gently incurved to dorsum, white with black inner edge, most distinct
towards dorsum; reniform stigma pale brown enclosing blackish
lunule; a black line on termen ; fringes pale brown with darker line
before the tips. Under side fuscous, hind wings and dorsal area of
fore wings paler.
Expanse, 16 millim.
Collection number, 555.
One female specimen, Tainan, June 13th, 1905. Comes near
N. basalis, Moore.
ACONTIANE.
Westermannia obscura, sp. 0.
3. Head white, antennze brown, white at base; thorax and
abdomen brownish grey, the former rufous tinged. Fore wings
purplish grey inclining to brownish on the terminal area; costa
(narrowly) and dorsal area, from base to postmedial line, pale brown
slightly rufous tinged; a somewhat conical brown spot in the cell
near its outer extremity, and a larger spot below it, both outlined
in whitish ; postmedial line whitish, excurved from costa to vein 5,
thence onwardly oblique to dorsum ; a brown spot before the tornus
outlined in whitish; subterminal line blackish, wavy. Hind wings
pale brownish outwardly suffused with dusky. Under side pale
brown suffused with blackish, except on the costal area of the wings ;
two pale dots at end of the cell on fore wings.
Expanse, 34 millim.
Collection number, 174.
Two male specimens from Kanshirei, March, 1908.
This species is very close to W. superba, Hubn., from which
it is chiefly distinguished by the more slender spot at end of cell,
the gently curved not elbowed, postmedial line, and the general
dingy coloration.
170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A MONOGRAPH or tHe Genus ACRORICNUS, Ratzesura.
Family Ichnzumonip# : Subfamily Cryprinz: Tribe Crypripes.
By Craupe Mortuey, F.Z.S.
Turis genus has been thrice described under distinct names :
first as above by Ratzeburg (Ichn. d. Forst. iii. 1852, p. 92),
secondly as Xenodocon by Forster (Verh. pr. Rheinl. 1855,
p. 237), and Kriechbaumer (Ent. Nachr. 1878, p. 22; ef. also
p. 251 et lib. cit. 1879, p. 8), and finally as Linoceras by Dr.
Laschenberg (Zeits. Ges. Naturw. xxv. 1865, p. 105); though
its distinction from the earlier Osprhynchotus—of which I treated
in Entom. 1914, p. 23—was only so recently understood that
Dalla Torre commingled the species of both in 1900. From the
latter it is at once recognised by the possession of two instead
of a single basal, metathoracic transcarine; and from both that
genus and the closely allied Joppidiwm, Walsh, in its hyaline or
subhyaline wings, which in both those genera are nearly or
quite nigrescent or infumate throughout. Only six species are
represented in the British Museum and my own collection; a
profusely ornate form from Persia (var. pulcher) is described by
N. Kokujew in his ‘‘ Hymenoptera asiatica nova”’ (‘ Revue Russe
d’Entomologie,’ 1905, p. 208) of A. elegans, Mocs. (Magy. Akad.
Termész. Ertek. xiii. 1888, p. 11, female), which I do not know.
; The genus is of peculiar interest on account of its parasitism
upon bees and wasps, members of its own Order.
TABLE OF SPECIES.
(10). 1. Upper and lower margins of the discoidal cell parallel.
(7). 2. Posterior metanotal transcarina entire throughout.
(6). 38. Mesonotum and most of the abdomen black.
(5). 4. Face, abdomen and scutellum black; legs
rufescent . . ; é . 1. macrobatus, Grav.
(4). 5. Face, abdominal bands and scutellum pale ;
legs flavescent ; : ‘ 2. seductor, Scop.
(3). 6. Mesonotum and abdomen brick-red, with
flavous markings , ' 3. syriacus, Mocs.
(2). 7. Posterior metanotal transcarina centrally
obsolete
8. Metathorax long, subdeplanate; face flavous
4, peronatus, Cam.
9. Metathorax short, convex; face centrallly
black . : : : ; . 8. ambulator, Smith.
(1). 10. Upper and lower margin of discoidal cell dis-
tinctly divergent apically.
(12). 11. Nervellus centrally intercepted ; abdomen red-
marked . ; 6. melanoleucus, Grav.
(11). 12. Nervellus intercepted above centre; abdomen
all black . f : ; . 7. gunceus, Cress.
A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS ACRORICNUS. 171
[Of the remaining five species included in this genus, the
three described from Brazil by Taschenberg (Zeits. Ges. Nat.
1876, pp. 71-74) have not been mentioned since first brought
forward ; nor has A. edwardsi, Cress. (Proc. Acad. Philadelphia,
1878, p. 365); though the last, A. cloutiert, Provancher (Natural.
Canad. 1874, p. 150), has twice been figured (lib. cit. 1879,
p. 110, fig. 2b et Faun. Ent. Canad. Hym. 1883, p. 348,
fig. 35ab)./
1. ACRORICNUS MACROBATUS, Grav.
Cryptus macrobatus, Gr. Ichn. Europ. 1829, ii. p. 440; Acroricnus
schaumu, Ratz. 1852, p. 92.
The only species with entirely black abdomen and meta-
thorax. Folard sent a pair to the Rev. T. A. Marshall from
Avignon in August and September, 1891-2; of two in Ruthe’s
German collection, one was captured by Bermuth, possibly with
Ratzeburg’s type; Dr. L. W. Sambon found a female in Ostia
during 1901; and Bucheker had the species from Lagern on
August 8th in “ Alp. That.’ in the Engadine above St. Moritz,
from Zurich on July 1st, and elsewhere in Switzerland. This is
the only British species of the genus, and has hitherto been
known only from the extreme south— Hampshire, Isle of Wight,
and Devonshire—though there appears to be no reason for
supposing it confined to those counties, since Dr. A. Roman tells
me that in Sweden it extends ‘‘at least as far north as western
Dalecarlia’”’ (latitude 61°—that of the Shetland Islands)—and
that it is there not rare in dry localities. Its known British
range is, however, extending, for I have recently seen specimens
from Romsey in Hants (Buckell), Milford Haven in Wales on
June 4th, 1910, and Stradbally, co. Waterford, in Ireland, at the
end of June, 1907 (Andrews). It is known to parasitise several
species of the wasp genus Humenes and the bee genus Osmia.
2. AGRORICNUS SEDUCTOR, Scop.
Ichneumon seductor, Scop. Delic. Faun. 1786, p. 57 ; Xenodocon
ruficornis, Forst. 1855.
A large and handsome black and flavous species ; occurring
on both north and south shores of the Mediterranean from
- Provence to Algeria, but probably commonest in Italy. The
Rey. T. A. Marshall told me in 1898 that he was then noticing
the species abundantly about the nests of a wasp in stone walls
at Ajaccio in Corsica, but his collection contains but a single
example sent by Folard, who took it at Avignon on October Ist,
1892 ; I possess the species from Oldenberg’s collection, taken
in the middle of July, 1899; and the British Museum has a
short series, taken in Italy by Birch, as well as in Albania
between 1848 and 1850 by Sir Sydney Saunders, who says of
one particular male there ‘‘ Parasite on Pelopeus spirifex,”’
172 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
taken with it. Mocsary has bred it from a second species of
the Sphegid genus Sceliphron, S. destillatorium, Illig.
3. ACRORICNUS syRiIacus, Mocs.
Osprhynchotus syriacus, Mocs. Magy. Akad. Term. Ertek, 1883,
p- 12, male; Acroricnus syriacus, Morl. Entom. 1914,
p- 23, female.
The unique female of this handsome Syrian species is in the
British Museum.
4, ACRORICNUS PERONATUS, Cam.
Osprhynchotus peronatus, Cam. Entom. 1902, p. 182; ef. Spolia
Zeylanica, 1905, p. 97.
The author of this species, in 1905, pleads ignorance of
Osprhynchotus when first bringing it forward, and then places
it in Linoceras, where it is sufficiently correct, though the
nervellus is intercepted somewhat below and not above its
centre as is usually there the case; the metathorax is, however,
bicarinate, though the apical transcarina is indistinct and
obscured at the juncture of two colours. It is a common Indian
species, and, besides the type, I have seen it from the Khasi
Hills of Assam, Simla, in May, 1897, one which flew on to a
table in Dehra Dun in the North West Provinces on June 22nd,
1902, Sikkim at 1800 ft. in 1897, the Kangra Valley of the
Punjaub at 4500 ft. in April, May and September, 1899, the
Lushai Hills of Assam at 3600 ft. on July 14th and 17th, 1904,
and Sukna in the Eastern Himalayas at 500 ft. on July 2nd,
1908.
5. ACRORICNUS AMBULATOR, Smith.
Cryptus ambulator, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 392, female.
The British Museum type of this species belongs to the
present genus and differs from the last species only in its much
shorter and more convex metathorax, the apical colour of which
is not centrally produced basally, in its centrally black face and
in the black abdomen with apex of basal segment alone pale.
It is from Hiogo in Japan and not, as given by Dalla Torre,
from China.
6. ACRORICNUS MELANOLEUCUS, Grav.
Cryptus melanoleucus, Gr. Ichn. Hurop. 1829, ii. p. 489;
Iinoceras melanoleucus, Tasch. 1865.
Gravenhorst knew a couple of Italian females, which were
revised by Taschenberg, but hardly anything appears to be
otherwise known of this species in Nature; and I do not vouch
for the correct determination of a male so named by Marshall,
who took it in ‘‘ Corsica’’; this male is very like a small
example of Habrocryptus porrectorius, with no flagellar band.
AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 1738
7. ACRORICNUS JUNCEUS, Cress.
Cryptus junceus, Cress. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. iii. 1864, p. 295,
female.
A pair of this species, which is a true member of the present
genus, though not hitherto placed here, was sent by Professor
Riley to the Rev. T. A. Marshall through the United States
National Museum in 1888, and is now in the British Museum.
It is similar to A. macrobatus, though much more slender and a
little smaller with the scutellum, petiolar area of metathorax and
the legs (except hind femora, trochanters and lower side of their
cox) pale flavous. Dr. Lewis originally took the female in
Illinois ; it is poorly figured in the ‘ American Entomologist,’ i.
1869, p. 187, in the excellent article ‘‘ Wasps and their Habits”
by Walsh, who had bred this ‘‘ beautiful Ichneumon fly”’ from
the ‘‘mud dabs”’ of the Fossorial genus Agenia, and noticed its
‘peculiar and, to us, very agreeable smell of a Humble-bee
(Bombus).” At lib. cit. iii. 1880, p. 154, the same block is
reproduced with the information that the species had again been
bred from Odynerus, this time from Odynerus birenimaculatus,
Sauss , in New Jersey.
AN ACCOUNT OF AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP
TO CORSICA.
By Gerarp H. Gurney, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 151.)
Here also HL. jurtina var. hispulla was abundant, and I took
one very curious pale-bleached specimen. Presently a large
bright orange looking butterfly got up at my feet, and dashed off,
only to settle again further on. A careful stalk, and my first
Argynnis elisa was safely netted—a male, and evidently but
newly emerged. Almost directly afterwards I saw Mr. Lomax
wildly pursuing a large butterfly with shouts of ‘‘ Pandora!”
and sure enough he presently came up triumphantly with a
magnificent 4pecimen of Dryas pandora. Further along, in a
hayfield, we saw one of the prettiest entomological sights I have
ever witnessed—masses of purple knapweed and large pink
mallows grew everywhere in the field, and on these were great
numbers of P. cardui, all exquisitely fresh; and as they flew
from red flower to red flower, their own red wings shining like
garnets in the sun, with occasional glimpses of blue and grey
and brown under sides, I felt one could not see a more exquisite
sight in nature. Butterflies were very numerous hereabouts ;
some fine big P. icarus shared the knapweed with the cardui,
and Cenonympha pamphilus var. lyllus was not uncommon, with
174 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
plenty of C. edusa and odd examples of P. atalanta and Vanessa
io, while C. corinna was generally distributed. Here also two
or three specimens of Hesperia serratule were taken.
Going on past Tattone station we found more likely looking
seround in a sheltered valley, along the bottom of which a
delightful stream meandered, shaded by immense chestnut trees.
Occasional fine D. pandora were taken off thistles near Tattone
station, but it was still rare, and A. elisa proved to be just
emerging, for we took several more males; they are a quick
bold flyer, and not easy to catch. By the afore-mentioned
stream we got two specimens of a fine form of Cyaniris argiolus
var. parvipunctata and the first Satyrus neomiris, while we
noticed P. egeria and L. sinapis to be not uncommon and a single
Pieris napi, with stray examples of V. io, P. brassice, and one
immense female I. lathonia.
A few days later—on June 830th to be exact—we walked over
the Col de Vergio to Bocognano, a large village beautifully
situated amongst groves of large chestnut trees, and at some
2000 ft. lower elevation than Vizzavona. It was very cold when
we started, and there was much fresh snow on Monte d’Oro.
However, when we emerged from the Vizzavona forest the sun
was shining brilliantly, and as we walked along the white
winding road, always downhill, we were soon warmed up; and
though insects were few and far between, the odd examples of
A. elisa and C. corinna which we picked up served to enliven the
walk. When we got near to the village I missed a specimen of
A. urtice var. ichnusa, the first one I had seen. In one or two
of the hayfields surrounding Bocognano, where the hay was still
uncut, a magnificent form of P. icarus was found, the males
extremely large and fine, the females equally large and distinct,
with broad bands of orange spotting on the upper side of the
lower wings. Here also C. corinna was almost common, and
beautifully fresh A. elisa kept turning up, but were always diffi-
cult to catch; while a single fine D. pandora was added to the
bag. But by one o’clock the weather had hazed in, and with
the departure of the sun a cold wind sprang up with slight rain,
and all collecting was over for that day; and for the next four
or five days the weather remained most unpropitious and
nothing could be done. Moreover, up at Vizzavona the con-
ditions became quite Alpine, and one was glad of all one’s
thickest clothes. On July 4th we went to Corte, hoping to find
at this considerably lower elevation better weather and things
generally more advanced ; but, however, the Fates were again
against us, as although it was considerably warmer than at
Vizzavona, we only had two really good collecting days, the
remainder of the time being absolutely spoilt by the tornadoes of
wind which made it quite impossible to do anything out of
doors whatever.
: AN ENTOMOLOGICAL TRIP TO CORSICA. 175
Corte is certainly one of the most picturesquely situated
towns I have ever seen. It is full of beautiful old eighteenth-
century houses with fine wrought ironwork staircases, and an
interesting church with a well-carved pulpit. Hxcepting, per-
haps, Tangiers, it is the most malodorous place I have ever
been in, and the Hotel du Nord, where we stayed, is, to say the
least of it, primitive in the extreme; our bedroom—for we had
to share a room for the first two days—proved indeed to be a
most happy hunting-ground, and quite a collection of various
orders of insects was made here! All the same, for those who
are not too particular, and do not mind roughing it a bit, Corte
is an enchanting spot, and once outside the town, in the beautiful
gorges of the Restonica and Tavignano, one very soon forgets
the smells and disagreeables, for the romantic valleys are made
quite lovely by the mountains and chestnut trees all round.
Butterflies, though not generally abundant, were certainly
more advanced here than at Vizzavona. On the rough ground
round the town Satyrus semele var. aristeus was not uncommon
—all males and quite fresh. A few Pontia daplidice were noticed,
and odd specimens of Papilio machaon, C. edusa, Pieris rape,
and P. brassice, the two latter species rather frequent, haunting
the small vegetable gardens outside the town; while in one
place some very small P. icarus, Carcharodus alcee, and
P. astrarche var. calida turned up.
Next day we ascended the Restonica Gorge. D. pandora
occurred occasionally, and some way up the valley D. paphia,
with var. immaculata and var. valezina, was rather common and
fond of sitting on the leaves of the chestnut trees. Here also,
getting up off the path, S. neomiris occurred not infrequently,
and C. corinna, too, was common and quite fresh. A large dark
butterfly, when captured, proved to be Hugonia polychloros, the
only one I saw in Corsica; and at one spot by the roadside two
or three specimens of Polyommatus baton were taken, and the
first fresh P. var. tigeluus noted. Nearer the town, as we came
home, H. ida and LE. tithonus were both rather frequent amongst
some bramble bushes.
The Tavignano Gorge, up which we went on the 7th, and in
which we spent a most delightful day, proved to be the best
place round Corte for butterflies. C.corinna in beautiful con-
dition was very abundant, with plenty of fine, darkly-marked
C. var. eleus and occasional S. var. aristeus, including the first
female. Higher up S. neomiris became quite common, and I was
soon able to take as many as I wanted. Magnificently fresh
D. pandora were constantly seen, always sitting on the tall red
thistle heads. The majority of the specimens which I took here
and at Vizzavona have very little silver on the under side of the
hind wing; they nearly all tend to ab. paupercula. Most of
the specimens have the silver reduced to a row of pin-pricks,
176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and one small crescent-shaped mark next the costal margin ;
the central and hind marginal streaks are entirely wanting. In
two or three specimens the ground colour of the under side is a
rich golden green, very different from the pale blue green under
sides of my Hungarian specimens, which are all heavily streaked
with silver; the latter are decidedly larger than the Corsican
examples, and of course not nearly so dark.
A few days later and we were back again at Vizzavona. Here
things had certainly advanced in our absence. A. elisa of both
sexes was now very common all round Tattone, but not out yet
at Vizzavona itself. Amongst the chestnut trees or in the hay-
fields near Tattone station fine fresh Satyrus circe were quite
common, and S. neomiris was frequent; while on the yellow
sparttwum—which looks so much like broom but isn’t—LZ. beticus
was by no means rare, and occurred up to Vizzavona station.
Near here also we frequently took odd specimens of the fine
form of C. argiolus var. parvipuncta. Our beautiful purple
field of knapweed and mallow had been ruthlessly mown, and
the butterflies had disappeared; but hosts of still fresh
P. cardui and E. var. hispulla were abundant amongst the
bracken further up; and C. edusa, with no var. helice, raced
over the little flowery patches; and before we left odd examples
of D. paphia were secured, for it was just beginning to come out
on July 18th. These paphia and those which we took at Corte
all incline very considerably to var. immaculata. I took none
that could be considered type, and in many cases there is no
trace whatever of silver on the under side of the hind wings.
One or two specimens of var. valezina also have no sign of silver
markings, but are of a very rich green all over.
We had naturally been always keenly on the look-out for
Papilio hospiton, and had searched miles of country all round
Vizzavona and Tattone for larve, but we never saw a sign of
anything approaching either the butterfly or the larva, and I
could only suppose that owing to the late season it was not yet
out. There was a good deal of a species of fennel growing
between Vizzavona and Tattone, which I thought very likely
might be the food-plant of P. hospiton, but there were no larve
on any of these plants. When we returned to Ajaccio, 1 meta
French entomologist who lived there, and he gave me a lot of
information about P. hospiton. He said it was certainly fully
out, and the previous Sunday he had taken four near a village
between Tattone and Corte, which he considered its headquarters ;
but that it was extremely local, and only to be found where its
food-plant grew, and that the fennel I had seen at Vizzavona
and Tattone was not the one the larva fed on; in fact it did
not grow in that district at all. When I asked him why other
collectors had found P. hospiton near Tattone, he said he con-
sidered that they were chance examples which had been carried
NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIIDS. Lag 7
there out of their usual beat. He told me that he took Charazes
jasius in the hills above Ajaccio very commonly in August and
September by means of jars of honey, which attract them. We
stayed a day at Ajaccio, but beyond an apparently fresh brood
of EH. ida we found nothing of interest, and everything
was fearfully burnt up. And so ended a trip, which, if not
entomologically a very great success, at any rate gave us a
delightful holiday in a new and particularly attractive country.
Appended is a full list of the Rhopalocera which I identified
during our stay in Corsica :—
Carcharodus alcee, Hesperia serratule, Chrysophanus phleas
var. eleus, Polyommatus icarus, P. astrarche var. calida, P. baton,
Plebeius argyrognomon var. belliert, P. argus (@gon) var. corsica,
Cyaniris argiolus ab. parvipuncta, Lampides beeticus, Tarucus teli-
canus, Papilio podalirius, P. machaon, Pieris brassice, P. rape,
P. napi, Pontia daplidice, Leptosia sinapis, Colias edusa, C. hyale
(doubtful), Gonepteryx rhamni, Dryas paphia, and var. valezina
and var. immaculata, D. pandora and ab. paupercula, Issoria
lathonia, Argynnis elisa, Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta, Vanessa io,
Aglais urtice var. ichnusa, Hugonia polychloros, Polygonia c-album,
Pararge megera var. tigelius, P. egeria, Satyrus circe, Hipparchia
semele var. aristeus, S. neomiris, Hpinephele jurtina var. hispulla,
E. tithonus, FE. ida, Cenonympha corinna, C. pamphilus var. lyllus.
Keswick Hall, Norwich.
NOTES ON EUROPEAN HESPERIIDS.
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
On pp. 141-142 of the May ‘Entomologist,’ Mr. W. G.
Sheldon publishes a list of the more difficult Black-and-White
Skippers of the genus Hesperia included in his collection. It
may be further helpful to collectors on the Continent if I
supplement this interesting catalogue with a list of the
Hesperiids of this group in my own collection, taken either
by myself or by my friends, and specifically identified either by
examination of the male appendages, or by myself, with the
assistance of those entomologists of whose work I have already
availed myself for previous notes published in this magazine
(Entom. xliii. 806-309; xlv. 5-7 and 77-78; xliv. 8-11, 25-26,
and 109-110). Mr. Sheldon does not adopt M. Oberthur’s nomen-
clature for cirsii, Rbr., viz. fritillum, Hb. Otherwise he is in
accord with this classification. But I only follow his arrangement
of the genus under review for convenience of reference.
Hesperia alveus.—Unquestionably a mountain species, where it
occurs throughout the western palarctic region, or, at all events,
never in my experience descending to the plain. Arolla, August
(middle), 1896; Saas Fée, August (middle), 1897; Zinal, August,
ENTOM.-—JUNE, 1914. P
178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
1898; Mt. Penegal, Mendel Pass, July, 1904; Mont Canigou,
HE. Pyrenees, July 7th, 1905; Gavarnie, July 14th-30th, 1911;
Herkulesbad, S. Hungary, July 4th, 1912; Allos at the Lac, July
18th-23rd; Larche, July 25th-29th, 1913; Le Vercors, above
Baraques (Dréme), July 7th, 1913.
Var. ryffelensis, Obthr.—Simplon, August (beginning), 1897;
Saas Fée, August (middle), 1897; Franzenshohe, Stelvio, July 13th—
20th, 1900; Larche, July 25th—-29th, 1913.
Var. foulquiert, Obthr.—Which, I suggest, is a form rather of
H. belliert, Obthr.; Cevennes, Balsiéges, July 29th, 1901; Florac,
Causse Méjean, July 18th; Empézou, July 19th, 1901; Digne,
August (beginning), 1903, and August (beginning), 1908; St. Martin-
Vésubie, July (middle), 1903.
Hi, serratule.—-Chamonix, August, 1894 (Miss Fountaine); * Saas
Fée, Bérisal, Simplon, August, 1897; Zinal, August, 1898 ; Chiesa,
Piedmont, July 8th-10th ; Stelvio, July 12th-19th, 1900; Gavarnie,
July (middle), 1905, and July 14th-29th, 1911; Lavey, June 6th,
1908; Simplon, June, 1908 (A. S. Tetley); Le Lioran, Cantal,
August 1st-8th, 1909; Brenner, July (end), 1912; Larche, July
23rd—29th, 1913.
I have no examples in my collection at present of the plain form
from the west of France, &¢. (=var. occidentalis, Lucas).
1. onopordi.—Aix-en-Provence, April, 1894; Sebdou, Algeria,
July and August, 1904; Albarracin, July, 1905 (Miss Fountaine) ;
Brantes, Vaucluse (under Mont Ventoux), April, 1907 (H. Brown) ;
Digne, April (beginning), 1902 (—conyze, Guen.).
*H. armoricanus.—Gibraltar, San Roque, 1887 (J. J. Walker) ;
Mentone, April, 1894 (Miss Fountaine); St. Malo, “été, 1899”
(C. Oberthiir) ; La Foce, Corsica, July (middle), 1903; Dunes de
Miel Pot, between St. Malo and Cancale, August 15th-25th, 1910
(C. Oberthiir); Cancale, no date (R. Oberthiir); Constantinople,
September, 1911, and May, 1912 (P. P. Graves). And to these
localities may now be added probably all the northern and other
lowland “ alveus’”’ of the French local catalogues. ;
H. carline.—Bérisal, August, 1897; Saas Fée, August, 1894 and
1897; Zinal, August, 1898, Binnenthal, August, 1907; Allos, August,
1908, July, 1913; Larche, July, 1913.
Var. cecus, Frr. Saas Fée, Aug. 1894 and 1897; Bérisal, Aug. 1897.
H. fritillum, Hb. (=cirsti, Rbr.)—Chamonix, August, 1893 (Miss
Fountaine); *Albarracin, July-August, 1901 (T. A. Chapman);
Binnenthal, August, 1907; Allos, August, 1908; Mende, Lozére,
August, lst-6th, 1909.
HI. belliert.—Larche ; Allos, July, 1913.
H. malve.—None from Continental localities.
H. malvoides.—Biarritz, August, 1905, and July, 1911; Bérisal,
July, 1897; Herkulesbad, July, 1900 (H. C. Lang); *Digne, April,
1902; *Aurunci Mountains, Central Italy, May 25th, 1910 (P. J.
Barraud) ; *April, 1910 (O. Querei) ; “Lac d’Allos, July 21st, 1913.
“HA. melotes—Beirut, Syria, April and July, 1911 (P. P. Graves,
from EF. Cremona).
* Confirmed by special examination of appendages.
179
HIBERNATION OF THE LARVA OF LYCANA
ARGIADES.
By F. W. Frouawk, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
Durine July, 1913, I obtained a large number of eggs from
L. argiades females which were captured at Rennes. Also many
eggs of this species from females captured in Hungary; these
were laid during the first half of August.
The larve from both the French and Hungarian parents
entered into hibernation about the end of September.
After the first moult the larve became striped with brown,
the ground-colour being pale yellowish; the medio-dorsal and
oblique side stripes brown, and the lateral stripe rust-coloured.
After the second moult the ground-colour is pale ochreous-
green, the medio-dorsal and lateral stripes are rich purple-
brown, and the oblique stripes are paler. The colouring remains
similar until after the fourth and last moult, and when fully
grown the ground-colour is a very pale pinkish-ochreous; the
medio-dorsal stripe is deep purplish-brown, the lateral stripe
light chocolate-brown, and the oblique side stripes light rust-
colour. ‘They remain so coloured during hibernation.
As the larve develop, all the green colouring disappears ;
and during the last stage no green form existed in any of the
larvee when they entered into hibernation. Some of the larve
hibernated in the dead rolled-up leaves of Lotus corniculatus, and
some low down on the stems of the plant. They spin a fine
layer of silk to rest upon during hibernation.
No brown form occurred in the last stage of the larve reared
from eggs laid July 24th, 1904, by a female argiades captured
in the South of France. Although when young (after the first
moult) two distinct forms of the larve appeared, one being
striped with brown, the other entirely green, with very slightly
darker green markings. After each subsequent moult the
striped forms gradually lost the markings, and after the last
moult all were entirely green, excepting a few which had the
lateral ridge tinged below with pinkish-brown.
The larve pupated at the end of August, and the imagines
emerged between September 6th and 18th inclusive.
The complete life-history of this species I published in the
‘Entomologist,’ vol. xxxvii. pp. 245-9.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
PANORPA coGNATA (NeuRopTERA).— Mr. H. Scott (University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge) has been good enough to send me a
few new records of the scarce British scorpion-fly Panorpa cognata.
They are: One male, Henley-on-Thames, June, 1906, collected by
180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
H. Scott and determined by K. J. Morton; one male and one female,
Henley-on-Thames, August 1st, 1910, collected by H. Scott, deter-
mined by K. J. Morton; two males, Henley-on-Thames, June, 1911,
collected by H. Scott, determined by K. J. Morton ; cne male, Wells
(Somerset), 1902, collected by C. G. Lamb, determined by H. Scott;
one male, ‘“ Britain; old coll.” (without exact data), determined by
H. Scott.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
Notes oN THE LARV# OF ZYGHNA EXULANS.—The recent hot spell
in Scotland proved very favourable for searching for larve of Z.
exulans at Braemar, and I found them quite abundant on the flowers
of Empetrum nigrum during the last few days of April. On one tiny
plant I counted eight larve. In captivity they seem ready to eat
almost any food (some of mine have a keen appetite for petals of
wallflower and others take apple-blossom), but they seemed confined
to crowberry as I found them. They are exceedingly active in the
sunshine, and have a most extraordinay capacity for escaping from
captivity.—C. Metiows; Bishop’s Stortford College.
CALLOPHRYS RUBI IN ApRit.—On April 21st I saw several C. rubt
flying round broom on the hills at Braemar about the 2000 ft.
contour. Perhaps they were in a sense ‘‘forced” by the extra-
ordinary “ sun-heat,” the maximum reading for the day being 70° F.
—C. Mrextiows; Bishop’s Stortford College.
[Huchloé cardamines, among other species, has also been seen
on the wing at an unusually early date this year. Records of such
occurrences would be of interest.—Eb. |
AGRIADES (POLYOMMATUS) CORYDON var. HISPANA IN THE BAssEs-
Aupres.—A few days ago I received from my friend Mr. C. HE. Morris,
of Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes, a water-colour sketch of a Lycenid,
with the request that I would identify the same for him. The
butterfly turns out to be Agriades corydon var. hispana, H.-§., and
according to the Rev. George Wheeler, who kindly named it for me,
though by no means rare elsewhere, has never before been reported
from the French Alps. This example, which must be regarded as
an aberration rather than one of a local race, was captured by Mr.
Morris near Barcelonnette, very little higher than the town, flying
over mud, on June 25th, 1913.—H. Rownanp-Brown; Harrow-
Weald, May 12th.
CoLEOPTERA AND Hemiptera oF Norrorx.—Mr. J. Edwards,
Colesborne, Cheltenham, will be grateful to entomologists who have
collected Coleoptera or Hemiptera in Norfolk during the past five
years for particulars of their captures for present publication.
HIpocrRiTa JACOBM@a# IN EARLY May.—At Tuddenham, Suffolk, I
saw great numbers of Hipocrita jacobee on the wing on May 3rd.
Is not this an unusually early date? Perhaps I might add, as an
interesting parallel, a nest of the wheatear, with young, in the same
district.—W. R. Taytor; Jesus College, Cambridge, May dth, 1914.
Meanic FrMALe or Biston HirTARIA.—I have the good fortune
to report the emergence of a perfectly melanic female of B. hirtaria.
The insect was bred from a pupa dug up at Finchley. The specimen
SOCIETIES. 181
is slightly larger than normal, and of a unicolorous black, absolutely
devoid of all markings; the wings are thinly scaled, as is usual with
the female of this species. Mr. Prout has kindly given me the
following information regarding this uncommon form of hirtaria.
He says: ‘I find in Oberthiir’s ‘ Etudes de Lepidopterologie Com-
parée’ there is a figure of a unicolorous black female hirtaria from
Silesia, and there is one equally unicolorous, but not quite as extreme
(with a brownish tinge), in the British Museum collection from
England. It is called by Oberthiir ab. fwmaria, Haw, and is men-
tioned by that name in one or two other books.” I might add that
the whole of the insect—body, legs, and antennsze—is jet black.—
B. 8. Winu1am; 77, Durham Road, E. Finchley, N.
HIBERNATION (?) OF PyYRAMEIS ATALANTA.—In view of Mr.
Corbet’s note in your last issue (p. 151), it may be of interest to record
that I saw and watched for some time a worn P. atalanta flitting about
in the flower garden here on March 23rd.—-E. F. Srupp; Oxton,
Exeter.
HucHLOE CARDAMINES Two Years In Pupa.—On October 20th
last (Hntom. xlvi. p. 317) I brought to your notice a very late
emergence of H. cardamines. I have now the pleasure to report an
instance of a butterfly, a female, from the same brood of larve
remaining in the pupal state for two winters. These larve were
given me by my friend, the Rey. Gilbert H. Raynor, on June 20th,
1912, and the insect referred to emerged yesterday morning, the
20th inst—B. W. Neave; Lyndhurst, 95, Queen’s Road, Browns-
wood Park, N., May 21st, 1914.
SOCIETIES.
EntTomonoaicaL Society or Lonpon.— Wednesday, April 1st,
1914.—Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the
chair.—Mrs. Maria Ernestina Walsh, Soekaboemi, Java; Messrs.
J. P. Ramakrishna Aiyar, B.A., F.Z.8., The Agricultural College,
Coimbatore, South India; Hugéne Bendefitter, 11, Rue St. Jacques,
Le Mans, France; Rev. Prebendary Edward Grose Hodge, The
Vicarage, Paddington; A. J. T. Janse, 1st Street, Gezina, Pretoria,
South Africa; Charles Nicholson, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, Ching-
ford, N.E.; Frederic de la Mare Norris, B.Sc., The Agricultural
Department, Kuala Lumpur, Malay States, were elected Fellows of
the Society.—Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited some specimens of the
genus Curetis from the Tring Museum, to illustrate a point in
mimicry, and read notes upon them.—Dr. F. A. Dixey, specimens of
Pierine from Western China, with drawings of their scent-scales, and
remarked on them.—Mr. O. E. Janson, both sexes of a new Papilio
belonging to the gambrisius group and apparently most nearly allied
to P. ormenus, Guér., also the rare Papilio gabrielis, Roths., both
recently received from the Admiralty Islands.—Mr. Donisthorpe, a
small nest of the ant Cremastogaster schenki, Forel, from Madagascar,
182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST,
fastened on the stem of a tree. Also a small beetle, Semiclaviger
stkore, Wasmann, which came out of this nest, and is a guest of
C. schenki.—Mx. C. B. Williams, specimens of the genus Acerentulus of
the order Protura.—Mr. E. B. Ashby, a female of Dryas pandora, with
darkly suffused underside hind wing, very near the ab. llacina,
Obth., from La Granja; also an aberration of Melitea athalia, from
Hinterzarten, belonging to the eos group of aberrations of this
species.—The following papers were read :—‘ Descriptions of South
American Micro-Lepidoptera,” by E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S., F.E.S. ;
«A Revision of the Tipulid Genus Styringomyia,” by F. W. Edwards,
F.E.S.—Gro. WHEELER, M.A., Hon. Sec.
Tae Soura Lonpon EnromonocicaL AND Naturat History
Socrety.—April 23rd.— Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President, in
the chair.—A special exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera.
—Mr. C. W. Colthrup exhibited a large collection of British land
shells—Mr. Stanley Edwards, numerous large and conspicuous
species of exotic Coleoptera and Hymenoptera.—Mr. Ashdown, a
collection of Swiss Coleoptera, including forty species of Longicornia
taken by himself—Mr. Gibbs, the lantern-flies ulgoria lanternaria
and other conspicuous insects sent to him from British Honduras
among a collection of butterflies and moths.—Mr. Step, male and
female Astlus crabronifornus, a predaceous Dipteron, with Tachinus
grossa and T’. fera, two hairy flies which attack larve.—Mr. West
(Greenwich), thirteen drawers of the Society’s reference collection
(Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera),
a box of typical examples of Diptera presented to the Society by Mr.
Andrews, and his own collection of British Homoptera.—Mr. C. B.
Williams, the beetle Lochmea suturalis, on heather from Cheshire,
and willow-stems damaged by larvee of Cecidomyia saliciperda.—
Mr. Andrews, the following very rare Diptera, and contributed
notes :—Lispe pygmea, Fall., Limmophora estuum, Vill., Macronychia
grvseola, Fall., all from Porthcawl, Phorbia parva, Ztt., from
Chattenden, Fannia ciliata, Stein., from Milford, and Chirosia
parvicorns, Ztt., from North Kent.--Mr. Dennis, photograph of
plant-galls—Mr. H. E. Green, many species of Coccidwx, largely from
Ceylon, with coloured drawings of their life-histories—Mr. B. Adkin,
pieces of bark showing depredations of the Homoptera Chermes
corticalas on larch, and C. virzdis on Weymouth pine.—Mr. Moore,
nine hundred and twenty-five mites of the genus Gamisus taken from
a beetle.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SocinTy.—Meeting
held at the Royal Institution, Colquit Street, Liverpool, March 16th,
1914.—Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair—Professor Robert
Newstead, M.Sc., F.R.S., gave a lecture entitled ‘‘ Some Observations
on the Natural History of Nyassaland.’’ The lecture, which dealt
with the Professor’s own experiences during an expedition undertaken
to discover the breeding habits of the Glossinidw, was most interesting,
especially the account of the finding of the first pupa of Glossaua
morsitans, and of the connection between this fly and sleeping sickness
and ‘“‘ngana.” <A capital photograph shown on the screen recorded
RECENT LITERATURE. 183
this historic event.—Mr. A. W. Hughes exhibited Phigalia pilosaria,
including a pale olive unicolorous variety, from Eastham, also
Hybernia leucophearia and var. marmorinaria from the same locality ;
he further reported that Nyssza zonaria had been plentiful at Crosby.
—Wmn. Manssrince, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British Museum.
Vol. xii. By Sir Gzeorcre F. Hampson, Bart. Pp. i-xiv, 1-609.
London: Printed by order of the Trustees. 1913.
In this volume, the tenth dealing with Noctuidex, the genera and
species of Catocalinz remaining over from vol. xii. receive treatment,
and the subfamilies Mominz and Phytometrinz are considered.
Altogether 70 genera and 679 species are here classified, and of
these.379 species in 44 genera are assigned to Catocaline ; 11 genera
and 74 species to Momine and 15 genera with 226 species to
Phytometrine.
The largest genera of the Catocaline now considered are Safia,
Guen. (53 sp.), Zale, Hb. (49 sp.), and Mocis, Hb. (31 sp.).
Sir George Hampson does not accept Hiibner’s ‘Tentamen’
names for genera, Huclidia, Hb., is therefore rejected. He finds
that fia, Fab.,is the type of Huclidia, Treit., and that the latter
name will therefore supersede Synthynua, Hb. (a genus belonging to
the Acronyctine, vol. ix., p. 372). The species usually referred to
Euclidia are here placed under Huclidimera, Hamps. (type md,
Clerck), or Gonospileza, Hb. (type munita, Hb.). Glyphica, Linn., is
included in the latter genus.
In Mocis, Hb., are included Pelamia, Guen. (t. phasaianoides,
Guen.), Remigia, Guen. (t. frugalis, Fabr.), Baratha, Walk. (disse-
verans, Walk.), and Cauninda, Moore (t. undata, Fb.).
‘“ Catephia”’ trifasciata, an Australian species described as a
British insect by Stephens (Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., vol. ii., p. 128), is
assigned to Mocis.
Twenty-one of the species comprised in Mominz belong to
Trisuloides, Butl. (t. sericea, Butl.), which includes Tambana, Moore
(t. varvegata, Moore), and Anacroniata, Warren (t. caliginea, Butl.).
Cenobita, Esp., is the type of Diphthera, Ochs., also of Panthea,
Hb., both of these names, together with Auwdela, Walk., and Platy-
cerusa, Pack., fall under Dephthera, Treit. (t. cenobita, Esp.).
In this connection it may be mentioned that alpinum, Osbeck =
orion, Esp., so frequently referred to Diphthera, Hb., has been trans-
ferred to Daseocheta, Warren (Phal., viii., p. 30).
Coryli, Linn., is the type of Demas, Steph. (1829), and also of
Calocasia, Hb. (1827); the latter takes precedence.
In Phytometrine the largest genera are Syngrapha, Hb. (31 sp.),
and Phytometra, Haw. (158 sp.). The majority of the species
hitherto referred to Plusia are here placed under Phytometra, Haw.
(t. festuc@, Linn.).
Some 450 species are depicted in colour on the eighteen plates
forming the Atlas issued with this volume.
184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
OBITUARY.
Tue Rev. E. N. Buoomrierp, M.A.
THERE passed away on April 29th, 1914, the most lovable and one
of the most widely known of British entomologists, Edwin Newson
Bloomfield, in his eighty-seventh year. He was laid to rest among ~
the spring flowers that he loved, and ‘“ during the earlier part of the —
afternoon old and young, rich and poor, could be seen battling their
way against a stiff breeze to pay honour to one who for over half a
century had laboured for good in their midst.” He had been rector
of the village of Guestling, near Hastings, for exactly fifty years, and
before that time he lived with the family at Great Glemham, in
Suffolk, which house is still occupied by his brother, Col. Alfred
Bloomfield, a Justice of Peace for the county in which he owns two
hundred and fifty acres. Our subject was the son of Edwin
Bloomfield, and was born as long ago as 1827 at Wrentham, near
Lowestoft. So far from devoting himself to entomology, he was to
a greater extent, probably, than any man living in these days of
specialists, all things to all men throughout the gamut of Natural
History. In insects he confined his investigations to the indigenous
species, but in botany he was as familiar with the ornamental
Coniferze of the garden as with the lowliest wayside flower, all of
which he could name at a glance.
His chief hobby was, undoubtedly, the compilation of local
catalogues, and when the project was mooted in the seventies of
publishing an account of the Flora and Fauna of Hastings, he
undertook the flying insects, while Mr. HK. A. Butler compiled the
ground Orders. Hence it came about that he was always more au
fait with Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, than with the
Coleoptera and Hemiptera, of which, however, he was by no means
ignorant; his range extended to the mammals, birds, fishes, fungi,
and I know not how much further. KHceclesiastical architecture also
received a share of his attention. No great standard work was issued
by him, yet no standard work appeared without due reference to the
author’s indebtedness to him for assistance; and a great many of the
foremost amongst us nowadays owe more than we can say to the
kindly help given so freely and unostentatiously in our young days.
His last labour was a detailed compilation upon the Diptera of
Norfolk and Suffolk, the manuscript of which was sent for completion
and publication to Mr. Atmore and the writer from the London
nursing home, when he felt the task beyond his failing power; this
will appear in the Trans. Norfolk Nat. Society during the present
year. Last September Mr. Bloomfield wrote to me: “I find I am in
much better health at home. I am in pretty good health and get —
about well for my age (eighty-six years), but I find a mile out and
back is quite enough for me”; this I can picture accompanied by
the beneficent and radiant smile which will always live in my
memory—the smile with which he greeted us all in his speech at his
last public appearance during the Verrall supper of 1913. oilae
REMEMBER!
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THE
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ENTOMOLOGIST
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Plate IV.
The Entomologist, July, 1914.
REED BED NEAR WICKEN VILLAGE, SHOWING ‘‘JUNGLE”’ GROWTH.
Photos H. A. Storey,
Caius Coll. Cambridge
A ‘*LoapD’’ IN THE FEN.
IS.
ae
WICKEN FEN AS
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.1 Uy 114. [No. 614
=<
WICKEN FEN: ITS CONSERVATION FOR
ENTOMOLOGY.
By H. Rownanp-Browy, M.A., F.E.S.
(Puate IV.)
As no doubt many of our readers are aware, a great part
of Wicken Fen has been taken over by the National Trust, and
is now being administered by that body. A guardian has been
appointed on the spot, and the Entomological Society of London
is contributing a not disproportionate share of the necessary
wage fund. As nominated member of the Society upon the
Council of the Trust, I think, therefore, that it may not be out
of place if I offer a few suggestions on the subject from the
entomologist’s point of view, and at the same time attempt to
give some idea of the work being done for the preservation and
upkeep of this Mecca of the British collector.
In the first place, it should be remembered that, while the
National Trust property amounts in all to as much as 249 acres
of the entire 300 acres or so of the area comprised in Wicken
Fen, their holding is neither coherent nor coterminous. Within
the area lying nearest to Wicken village there are several
important strips which break up and divide it, and it stands to
reason that this patchwork arrangement is a great hindrance to
the work of the conservators. Visitors this year, provided with
the needful permits, will find that the Trust lands have been
delimited by means of black iron posts marked with the initials
N. T. And here I may remark that the object of the Trust is
not to close the parts of the fen which belong to them against
bona fide naturalists, botanists, and other scientific workers, but
to preserve for future generations, as far as possible, the fauna
and flora characteristic of the locality, while possibly in the
future helping to restore to the fen some at least of those species
which, either by over-collecting, or much more likely by altered
nature conditions, have completely disappeared, or nearly so.
The question then arises how far it is desirable to ‘“‘ garden ”’
ENTOM.—JULY, 1914. Q
186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
for such purposes, and reduce by cutting and clearing the over-
growths which have sprung up during the last half century, when
the wild part of the fenland all about has become ever smaller
and smaller under cultivation. For when I visited Wicken on
a fair day at the end of May I at once realized how great a
change had come o’er the spirit of the scene. Except on the
plots where the sedge had been cut already, the whole area
presented the appearance of a jungle. A wide grassy drive
divides the fen nearest to Wicken village from east to west.
But on either side of it there is an almost impenetrable tangle
of low shrubby trees, reeds, and coarse grass, by which the
more fragile growths have been superseded. This is well enough
for reed feeders; for other insects requiring a more delicate
sustenance it may mean starvation. On the largest compact
acreage belonging to the Trust these conditions are exaggerated ;
it is cut off from the rest of the fen on this side by a wide ditch ;
and there is no way of traversing it apparently save by struggling,
often breast-high, through the tangle.
I should suggest, therefore, that so far as this last-mentioned
piece is concerned a ride be cleared in continuation, as it were,
of the one across the stream to which I have drawn attention, |
with the Pumping Station as objective in a straight line. Then,
towards the centre, ways of similar breadth might be made,
intersecting the main ride at right angles. This would afford
access to this part without in the least depreciating its uses as a
preserve, while the Committee, whose care it is to look after the
maintenance of the Trust property, might then determine to
what extent the work of clearing on this side also should be
effected.
At present it seems that the dense growths are prejudicial as
well to bird and insect life, and in greater degree to plant life.
All such clearing, of course, requires to be done with discretion
by those employed, and under direct supervision. But the
Cambridge Committee are within easy reach, and skilled fen
labour is available near at hand. A large number of the trees
and bushes which encumber the inner parts might well be
eradicated ; their continued encroachment on the fen as such is
a real menace.
Again, it is obvious that if the aquatic and semi-aquatic
flora is to survive, and with it the special insects that feed
thereon, there must be judicious treatment of the waterways.
To take a single instance, the one in fact of which I am most
competent to speak from experience elsewhere. In my opinion
it is impossible to acclimatise Chrysophanus dispar var. rutilus in
Wicken Fen under existing conditions. Rumex hydrolapathum is
not the sole plant on which the species feeds, I am aware, but it
was the Giant Dock upon which the larve of the long defunct
dispar lived, and it is the same Giant Dock upon which the larve
WICKEN FEN: ITS CONSERVATION FOR ENTOMOLOGY. 187
of the double-brooded var. rutilus live in the marshlands
of Bordeaux.
In a paper published by me in the ‘ Entomologist’ (vol. xliv.
pp. 385-389) I gave a very short account of this species in the
Gironde. The fen round Bordeaux is as restricted as at Wicken,
and much more accessible ; but so long as fen it remains, so long
will var. rutilus remain there, judging by the quantity of this
lovely Chrysophanid I saw on the wing the first week of August,
1911. What struck me at once was the favourable nature of the
terrain for the food-plant. The vegetation of the ditches where
I found belated larve was not too rank to strangle it; the banks
of the little river where the butterfly was commonest were
comparatively clear of over-growths, and the hydrolapathum
flourished amazingly. If, then, we are to resuscitate the Large
Copper in Wicken, whether from French, Hungarian, or German
stock, it will be necessary to *‘ garden ”’ the ditches and their banks
to this extent, and, further, | suggest that this treatment would
encourage rather than quench the fertility of the Wicken
specialities affecting other pabulum than reeds. Acclimatisation
and the colonisation of species does not figure in the propaganda
of the National Trust and the Society for Nature Reserves, but
permission to use their property for such experiments would
no doubt be readily conceded. Papilio machaon apparently
requires no artificial stimulus. But here once more I would
suggest that, if dealers are warned off altogether, amateurs also
should be cautioned and asked to give the captured wasted
females their liberty. Notices to that effect might be posted with
other rules and regulations in conspicuous places at the entrance,
and in the village of Wicken itself where collectors usually stay
during the season. Especially are such precautions advisable so
long as the whole of the collecting fen is not under the control of
the Trust. Finally, I venture to appeal to the several fen
proprietors whose lands are not for sale to give our keeper
Jurisdiction over them in their absence. Of these plots there are
not many. One at least is well-defined and segregated from the
rest of the fen by broad and well-kept waterways ; for the others,
I would urge upon their owners the benefit to be derived by
allowing the Trust, through its servants, to supervise and prevent
trespassers ransacking their natural treasures. A small annual
contribution to the Wicken Fund would secure this, and at the
same time the arrangement would materially assist the none too
easy task of the Trust as entomological conservators of one of
the most valuable, if not the most extensive, Nature Reserves
in England.
Harrow Weald: June, 1914.
&
bo
188 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
A NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY
PSEPHENIDA.
By C. J. Gawan, M.A.
re A
Tur interesting and remarkable beetles which form the
subject of the present paper were discovered by Dr. A. D.
Imms, who found them in all their stages in rocky, swiftly
running streams—the larve and pupe adhering to stones, and
the imagines, newly emerged from their pupa-cases, resting
submerged under stones alongside their empty pupa-cases. As
Dr. Imms proposes to describe fully and give figures of the
larvee and pupa, the imagines alone will be dealt with here ; but
in referring them to the family Psephenide I have taken into
account the habits of the insects and the great general re-
semblance which the larve bear to those of Psephenus.
One or two characters possessed by these beetles suffice to
distinguish them from all other known Psephenide, and from all
but a few genera of Coleoptera. (1) The elytra do not meet in
the middle line to form a suture in any part of their length.
When first I noticed this character I thought it might possibly
be due to immaturity, as most of the specimens under observa-
tion had apparently only just emerged from the pupa. But Dr.
Imms was able to tell me that two specimens swept from grass
and fully mature were like the rest in having the elytra rather
widely separated from one another. (2) The middle area of the
metanotum, behind the broad scutellum, is not grooved along
the middle (as it is in the great majority of beetles), but is
convex along the middle and marked with a groove along each
side. This character is evidently correlated with the first, and
shows pretty conclusively that the elytra never do meet in the
middle line. We find the metanotum similarly devoid of a
median groove in the heteromerous genus Rhipiphorus, in which
the elytra are small scale-like structures, which do not meet
A NEW GENUS OF COLEOPTERA. 189
behind the scutellum ; the latter also in this genus being rela-
tively very broad.
PSEPHENOIDES, 0. gen.
Head moderately exserted ; subvertical or somewhat backwardly
inclined below; eyes convex, entire, rather finely facetted; antenne
not widely separated, nearly as long as body in male, with the joints
from the third increasing in length, and strongly flabellate, except
the eleventh, which resembles the flabellun of the tenth; much
shorter in the female, with the joints from the third serrate and
gradually decreasing in length. Mandibles scarcely visible. Palpi
slender and ending in a setiform joint; the maxillary about twice as
long as the labial. Pronotum slightly convex above, turned down
rather strongly at the sides, especially in front; basal margin broadly
rounded in the middle, a little sinuate at each side, and making with
the lateral margin an angle slightly greater than a right angle.
Scutellum very broad, rounded behind. Elytra separated from one
another, inner margins somewhat sinuate. Metanotum convex along
the middle, marked with two very slightly curved, posteriorly con-
verging grooves. Prosternal process triangular, pointed behind, but
scarcely prolonged beyond the front coxw; the latter prominent,
strongly transverse, with their acetabula widely open behind. Meso-
sternal process broad, channelled along the middle. Legs long and
slender, with very long tarsi, the first and fifth joint of which are
much longer than either the second, third or fourth, which gradually
diminish in length; claws long, with a slight ‘“feston” at base.
Abdomen in both sexes with six ventral segments visible, the sixth
being very small and narrow, the fourth strongly arcuate in the
middle behind, the fifth nearly truncate behind.
Type of the genus P. immsi.
Psephenoides immst, sp. ni.
Dull brownish black in colour, covered with a short faint pubes-
cence. Femora yellowish, becoming dusky towards the tips, where
the colour is nearly as dark as that of the tibiz and tarsi. Scutellum
glossy. Wings, visible behind between the elytra, are dusky in
colour. (In the female specimen figured, the wings were bulged out
a little at the sides of the elytra where they show behind, but this
condition is not normal.) In all the specimens seen by me the short,
bead-like, second joint of the antenne is almost entirely yellowish in
colour; but it would probably be darker in more matured specimens.
Length, 9 34-4 mm. Breadth, 2 mm.
Hab. Bhowali, Kumaon, 5700 ft., May 15th, 1912 (A. D.
Imms).
The male antenna figured is from a specimen taken at
Lachiwala, near Dehra Dun, on February 8th, 1913; it is
possible, as Dr. Imms thinks, that the specimens from this
locality represent a distinct species. But I have not been able
to detect any appreciable difference between specimens from the
two localities. The type of the species is a female specimen
from Bhowali.
190 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
BRITISH NEUROPTERA, 1918.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Alder-flies.— Sialis lutaria was noticed first on May 18th, at
the Black Pond, Esher Common (Surrey)—probably not the
beginning of its flight, for the species may sometimes be taken
in April. OnJune 1st it was found at Frensham Pond (Surrey).
Col. J. W. Yerbury gave me three examples, taken at Aviemore
in the Highlands—males on May 25th and 26th, and a female
on May 29th.
Snake-flies.—On April 20th Mr. G. T. Lyle and myself made
a lengthy search for larve and pupx of Raphidia, at Irons Hill
Inclosure, in the New Forest. We were not at all certain where
they might be found, but as the imagines had been plentiful in
the spot the previous season, it seemed likely that we might
discover where the earlier stages were passed. We at length
found that a favourite habitation for larve and pupe was the
dead bases whence the lower branches of Scotch fir had been
broken off. Though decayed, these were more or less dry inside, so,
apparently, much moisture is not absolutely necessary for these
insects. ‘l'wo larve (by size apparently Raphidia notata) were
obtained under the bark of a dead but standing Scotch fir.
Judging by size alone, we found larve and pupe of R. notata and
R. maculicollis—a dozen or more in number. Pups were some-
times in a distinct chamber, but whether they were occupying
one ready made by some other insect, or whether they had made
it themselves as larve, was not clear. Usually the pupe seemed
to be nearer the boundary of the Inclosure, while those in the
larval stage were deeper in the wood. Possibly the former deve-
loped earlier, owing to the fact that more sunshine reached them.
On May 25th I captured a male imago of k. maculicollis at the
Black Pond, Esher Common, while an imago of the larger
species (ft. notata) was taken on the occasion of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society’s excursion
to Netley Heath (Surrey) on May 81st.
Brown Lace-wings.—In April Mr. Lyle gave me a specimen
of Hemerobius concinnus, which he had bred from the larva.
This he obtained when beating on April 16th. On the 18th it
spun a very delicate cocoon of yellow silk with rather open
meshes. In form the cocoon was a well-proportioned ellipse
about 6 or 7 mm. long by 3 mm. wide. Pupation took place on
the 30th, and the imago emerged between May 19th and June
9th, but was dead and stiff on the latter date. The pupa had
left the cocoon by an irregular hole at one end. H. quadrifasciatus
was taken on May 31st by Mr. A. Sich, on the occasion of the
excursion of the South London Entomological Society to Netley
Heath already mentioned. At Aviemore Col. Yerbury took
THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 191
H. nervosus on May 27th and June 9th, and H. stigma on May
31st and June 11th. He also took H. nervosus at Woolhope, in
Herefordshire, on September 7th. H. micans was captured in
the New Forest on July 27th.
Green Lace-wings.—Very few were noted. They were:
Chrysopa perla, on June 8th, in the Wisley district (Surrey) ;
C. tenella, near Bedford, on June 15th; a large example of
C. flava, on July 28th, amongst Scotch fir on Beaulieu Heath in
the New Forest; C. flava, taken by Col. Yerbury on August
14th at Llangammarch Wells; C. vulgaris, in the New Forest
on August 31st.
Dusty-wings.—On August 24th Mr. C. B. Williams and
myself spent some time searching the holly leaves in the New
Forest for Coniopteryx psociformis. We found egg, larva,
cocoon, pupa, empty pupa-skin, and imago. The small white
egg was laid on the margin of a holly-leaf, the mottled purplish
brown larva was discovered on the under side of a leaf, in which
situation also a number of white cocoons were found. The
cocoon was double—a small one within a much larger one.
From some the imago had emerged, leaving behind a delicate
pupa-skin ; but others contained the living pupa. The imago
was taken on the wing. Mr. Williams has been breeding the
British species of Coniopteryx, whose life-history was not well
known, and the result of his experiments will be welcome reading.
Scorpion-flies—On May 25th I met with the first example of
Panorpa, a male P. germanica, at the Black Pond, Esher. In
the Wisley district, on June 8th, P. germanica and a number of
P. communis were taken. Mr. P. Richards sent me four P. ger-
manica, from Seabrook, in Kent—an almost immaculate male
taken May 2nd, another male on May 25th, and two females on
May 20th; with them was a female P. communis taken on June
9th. Col. Yerbury took a female P. communis at Llangammarch
Wells on July 22nd, and a female of the scarce Panorpa cognata
at the same place on August 23rd.
Kingston-on-Thames: May, 1914.
THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS.
By T. D. A. CockERELL.
Tue relations between insects and plants are of interest not
only to the economic entomologist or the collector desiring to
know where he can find rare species, but also to the general
student of evolution, who sees in them an endless series illus-
trating various kinds and degrees of adaptation. In modern
times, when so many plants are being purposely or accidentally
192 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
carried far beyond their original territory, exceptionally good
opportunities arise for comparing the insects frequenting them
in their native lands with those in places where they are aliens,
without their normal insect enemies and allies. Work of this
kind requires observers in different countries, as it rarely
happens that a single individual can travel sufficiently to make
the necessary observations. The writer in the course of his
work on Helianthus is collecting all available data regarding the
insects visiting or attacking sunflowers, and the object of the
present discussion is to arouse interest and (it is hoped) secure
some co-operation.
As an illustration of the work which may be done even by
one who is no entomologist, I will describe the collection made
by Mrs. Maybanke Anderson at Pittwater, New South Wales,
during the winter (Australian summer) of 1918-14. Mrs.
Anderson grew some of the new “red” annual sunflowers,
derived from a cross between the red variety of the wild
Helianthus lenticularis and the garden H. annuus. Her material
was heterozygous, and of eight plants raised two were red and
six had yellow rays. When they came into flower, ‘‘ bees began
to visit the flowers at once, some from our own hive [Apis
mellifera; two sent, neither had collected pollen], and imany of
what we call the native bee (T'rigona carbonaria, Smith; four
sent]. Ants [Iridomyrmex itinerans, Lowne, var. depilis, Forel,
det. Wheeler| from a nest of small black ants are always on
the plants, but seldom, if ever, on the flowers. They are always
busy in the edge (hairy) of the young green leaves or in the
joints. John [assistant in the garden] tells me he has seen
one carrying pollen. I have never seen one on a flower. There
is a small fly [Psilopus sp.] with iridescent wings, who seems to
stand high on his legs, who is seen there often, many of him.
He is hard to catch. There is a green flying creature [a Ful-
gorid, Siphanta acuta, Walker], a pretty thing, who squeezes
himself in between the swelling seeds. He also is very clever
at getting away.” Several other miscellaneous insects were
captured and sent, including another Fulgorid, Oliarus, probably
O. asaica, Kirk., but perhaps new; two other flies, one appa-
rently a Phormia, but species new to me; the other a minute
thing close to Sepsis; two beetles, a Chrysomelid, and a small
hairy Coccinellid ; also two spiders, one of them an Attid.
Thus we see that even in Australia, where no Helianthus is
native, the plant attracts a considerable series of insects, which
on the whole (especially the bees and ants) behave exactly as do
their representatives in America. The J’rigona workers had
collected pollen, and were apparently making full use of the
flowers, although no T’rigona exists within the natural range of
the H. annuus group. At Boulder, Colorado, we find Homoptera
(Publilia modesta, Uhler, and Ceresa bubalus, Fabr.) on our
THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 1938
sunflower plants. We also find Coccinellids (especially Hippo-
damia convergens, Quér.) and Chrysomelids (Chrysomela excla-
mationis, Fabr.).
Are we then to conclude that the American insect fauna,
which seems to be specially adapted to Helianthus, is in reality
not so at all? That all these insects are in a general way
adapted to plants of this type, or even to plants in general, and
special, precise adaptations do not exist? By no means; there
are in America numerous special sunflower insects, whose place
cannot be truly occupied by alien species; but, nevertheless, it
is evident that the majority of the species which may be collected
from Helianthus are only loosely adapted to it, and could get
along very well were this particular genus to become extinct.
It will be noted that Mrs. Anderson mentions no buttertlies.
Until I came to investigate the subject, I supposed that sun-
flowers were freely visited by butterflies, to the needs of which
the long tubular corollas seem specially fitted. Observations on
the red sunflowers in my garden at Boulder did not confirm this
idea. On July 30th I saw one Basilarchia weidemeyeru, Edw.,
on the flowers. It was especially noticeable that the introduced
species, Pieris rape, L., which abounded in the garden would
fly among and over the sunflowers, never visiting them, although
it would visit Gaillardia. On September 10th, in Boulder, I saw
a Colias eurytheme, Bdv., visit a wild H. lenticularis for an
instant, and then go to a Grindelia.
Dr. Max Ellis informs me that at Vincennes, Indiana, he
took Junonia cenia, Hb., at flowers of garden H. annuus.
Dr. H. Skinner, of Philadelphia, who has had so much
experience with butterflies, writes me that he cannot recall a
single instance of butterflies visiting sunflowers. Mr. Geo.
Wheeler writes me that H. annuus in English gardens is
frequently visited by Pyrameis atalanta, L., but he has never
seen any other butterfly on it, and it is useless in his experience
as an attraction for moths. (It does attract some moths at
Boulder; e.g. Stibadium spumosum, Grote.) M. Buysman
writes that he has not seen any insects visiting Heltanthus at
the Botanical Garden, Lawang, Java, but ‘‘ perhaps the almost
incessant rain is the cause.” Knuth cites seventeen species of
Lepidoptera, all but three being butterflies, from flowers of
Helianthus in America; but these are all from the perennial
sunflowers, H. tuberosus, grosseserratus, divaricatus, mollis and
strumosus. Graenicher adds, from Wisconsin, twelve Lepi-
doptera (nine butterflies) at flowers of H. strwmosus, and three
butterflies at H. giganteus. Thus it appears that, while the
perennial species are quite freely visited, the annual ones are so
rarely, in America or Kurope; though no doubt careful observa-
tions will bring to light a long list of instances.
When we come to Lepidoptera feeding on the plant as larve,
194 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
there is a very different story to tell. At Boulder, on our red
sunflowers, we have found larve of different kinds feeding
exposed on the leaves, folding the leaves, mining the leaves,
burrowing inside of receptacles, feeding on the unripe seeds, and
feeding on the disc florets. Are all such absent in Europe ?
Mr. A. G. Scorer, in his ‘ Entomologist’s Log-Book’ (1913),
fails to mention a single species attacking Helianthus.
The following are some of the more important or interesting
insect enemies of Helianthus annuus (including lenticularis, which
is the wild representative of annuus).
LEPIDOPTERA.
Phyciodes ismeria, Bdy. & Lec.
This is identical with P. carlota, Reak.; Mead (1875) refused
to recognise ismeria, on account of the rather poor description,
but it really seems to apply to our species. The larve are
common on the sunflowers at Boulder, and the species extends
eastward across the plains into Nebraska, becoming rare as far
east as Omaha, according to R. A. Leussler.
The larve exist in two colour varieties as follows :-—
(1) A row of large subquadrate dark orange spots down back;
subdorsal region black, speckled with creamy white ; sides
pallid, with a broad reddish band, the spiracles enclosed in
angular elongated grey-black patches spotted with white ;
under side dark; dorsal and subdorsal spines black, but
lateral ones pale ; head shining black. Larva about 20 mm.
long, found by my wife August 17th; pupated about
August 22nd; imago August 31st.
(2) Entirely orange-red with black spines and dusky subdorsal
and lateral bands (the lateral bands just above bases of
legs); head shining black. Larva about 21 mm. long,
found by my wife August 22nd; imago September 5th.
The original P. ismeria fed on a perennial sunflower, Helt-
anthus tracheliifolius, and probably came from North Carolina.
It is perhaps probable that the butterfly will be found to have
two distinct subspecific forms, one (true itsmeria) of North
Carolina and adjacent regions, feeding on perennial sunflowers ;
the other (subsp. carlota) of the Rocky Mountain region, feeding
on annual sunflowers. The former was said by Boisduval and
Leconte to be very rare in collections, and it appears still to be
so, as I have never seen a specimen, and the Academy of
Natural Sciences at Philadelphia has none. The latter is
abundant along the eastern foothills in Colorado, and goes north
(fide Dr. H. Skinner, in litt.) to Manitoba, where it is taken at
Beulah as early as May 24th, and Stony Mountains, June 11th.
Dr. Skinner also tells me that the Philadelphia Academy has one
from as far east as Minneapolis, Minnesota, taken May 25th.
THE ENTOMOLOGY OF HELIANTHUS. 195
Synchloe lacinia, Geyer.
This polychroic Nymphalid takes the place of P. ismeria in
southern New Mexico and adjacent northern Mexico, where the
larve abound on sunflowers. A good account was given by
W. H. Edwards in ‘Canadian Entomologist,’ Nov. 1898, pp.
286-291. It chanced that Edwards had at the same time eggs
and larve of P. ismeria (carlota) from Montana and Colorado.
He found the eggs, and larve in first two stages, of the two
species ‘‘in no way distinguishable.’ In later stages they are
alike in shape and armature, but differ in coloration. However,
the pupa of S. lacinia is closely like that of Melitea baroni, and
is not like that of P. ismeria, which is typical of Phyciodes, like
P. tharos. As to the differences in the colours of the larva, it
will be seen from the above account that P.ismeria presents two
varieties, and these nearly correspond to two varieties of
S. lacinia. S. lacinia, interpreted in the broad sense as a
variable species, goes south to Peru and Bolivia, but I have
no information about its habits in those regions.
DIPTERA.
Tephritis finalis, Loew.
This Trypetid, kindly determined for me by Mr. F. Knab,
breeds in numbers in the heads of our red sunflower at Boulder,
Colorado. The species is widely distributed, from Idaho and
South Dakota, west to California, and south to Orizaba, Mexico.
It might by some accident be introduced into Europe (e.g.
Russia) and there become a formidable pest; precautions
should be taken to prevent such an occurrence.
Another Trypetid, Strauzia longipennis, Wied. (det. Knab),
was found in Boulder on the sunflower plants, but it is not as
yet known to feed upon them.
CoLEOPTERA.
Dectes alticola, Casey.
In October, 1918, my wife found in a head of the red sun-
flower a creamy white Coleopterous larva with large humps on
the body. It was sent alive to the National Museum in
Washington, and Mr. Craighead placed it in the stem of a
chrysanthemum, and thus very cleverly succeeded in raising the
adult, which was determined as D. spinosus, Say. Just about
this time, however, Casey published his D. alticola, a segregate
from D. spinosus, readily recognisable by the black humeral
spots. The Boulder species, which I had earlier taken in the
adult state (July 18th), is D. alticola. True D. spinosus is from
the Eastern States, and Mr. Craighead very kindly sent me a
pair of these, which he has bred from stems and roots of
ragweed.
196 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Chrysomela exclamationis, Fabr.
This is extremely abundant in all stages on the red sunflowers
at Boulder, and is a great pest. The larve void their excrement
when touched, and are probably avoided by birds. The beetles
are, however, attacked by the Hemipteron Perilloides claudus,
Say, which resembles them to a certain extent in its colour-
scheme. Fabricius published C. exclamationis in 1801, stating
that it was obtained by D. Smith Barton in North America.
This was evidently Benjamin Smith Barton of Philadelphia ;
how he obtained this western insect in 1801 I do not know, but
the description of Fabricius seems clearly applicable. Mr. F.
Knab has very kindly copied out for me all the localities for
C. exclamationis in the U.S. National Museum, the Hubbard and
Schwarz collection, and the Knab collection. The most eastern
localities are in South Dakota (Aberdeen, R. A. Vickery; Volga,
Truman); Kansas (Riley Co., Popenoe; Topeka, Hubbard and
Schwarz; Onaga, F. F. Crevecceur); Nebraska (Lincoln, H.
Soltau; West Point) ; and Texas (Dallas, Boll). One specimen
is labelled ‘‘ Pennsylvania,” from the collection of C. V. Riley,
but, as Mr. Knab says, this is surely a mistake.
One specimen is said to come from Arizona (from collection
of J. B. Smith), but there are none from the Pacific coast region,
where I incline to believe that Helianthus lenticularis is not truly
indigenous.
There are in addition some very characteristic sunflower
weevils (especially Desmoris constrictus, Say, and D. fulvus,
Lec.), but my materials have not yet been fully examined.
HEMIPTERA.
Aphis helianthi, Monell, occurred in quantity on leaves of the
red sunflower in my garden at Boulder; but I also obtained a
species of Macrosiphum, a new genus for Helianthus. Specimens
of this were kindly examined by Professor C. P. Gillette, who
reported that he could not distinguish them from M. ambrosie,
Thomas.
The predatory bug Phymata fasciata, Gray, was found at
Boulder on the red sunflower, preying on the honey bee, Apis
mellifera ligustica, Spin.
‘THYSANOPTERA.
A thrips abundant on heads of the red sunflower at Boulder
was carefully examined by Miss Elizabeth Robinson and the
writer. We could not distinguish it in any way from the
common Frankliniella tritici, Fitch. ;
197
A NEW SCELIONID PARASITE or LOCUST EGGS From
tHE NORTHERN TERRITORY or AUSTRALIA.*
By A. A. Giravuur.
Tue following species was received from Mr. G. F. Hill,
Government Entomologist, Northern Territory, Australia.
Genus Scenio, Latreille.
1. Scelio semisanguineus, n. sp.
Female.—Length 3:20 mm.
Blood red, the head, abdomen and distal six joints of antennal
flagellum, black ; joints 5 and 6 of antennz suffused with blackish ;
segments 2-5 of abdomen suffused more or less with reddish, ventrad
and dorsad. Distal half of fore wings rather deeply infuscated.
Scape long, about equal to the next six joints; pedicel somewhat
longer than joint 3 which is somewhat longer than wide at apex;
following joints wider than long, 7 longest of them, 5 and 6 shortest.
Mandibles very long, strongly bidentate at apex, the teeth subequal ;
maxillary palpi 3-jointed. Venation faint. Segment 4 of abdomen
distinctly longer than the two preceding segments; segments 2 and
3 of abdomen with longitudinal striz more or less anastomosed ;
segments 4 and 5 densely polygonally reticulated, the lines raised ;
6 striated like 3, also the entire venter; segment 5 with the striation
along distal half. Thorax umbilicately punctate, the punctures
unequal in size, smallest on propodeum; the latter also obliquely
longitudinally striate but not densely, two of the striz down the
meson as median carine which are separated for some distance.
Lateral margin of propodeum and the shoulders fringed with silvery
pubescence. Parapsidal furrows complete, rather distinct. Head
coarsely punctate and with short silvery pubescence.
Male.—Unknown.
Described from five females labelled ‘‘ No. 31, Botanic Gardens,
Darwin, N. T., Feb. 13, 1914, G. F. Hill,” and captured over acridid
egg-beds on sandy soil.
Habitat.—Australia: Port Darwin, Northern Territory.
Associated with Acridiide.
Types.—Queensland Museum, Brisbane, five females on a tag.
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES.
By T. D. A. CockERELL.
Huryglossidia purpurascens, sp. 0.
3. Length about 84 mm.; black, the abdomen dark rich chest-
nut-red, suffused with purple, the basal segment dark; antennz
black, extremely long, reaching to third abdominal segment; head
* Contribution No. 24, Entomological Laboratory, Bureau of Sugar
Experiment Stations, Bundaberg, Queensland.
198 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
broad; mandibles black; clypeus shining, with sparse distinct
punctures; supraclypeal area dullish, appearing minutely granular,
contrasting with clypeus; hair of head and thorax mainly white, but
there is fuscous or black hair on clypeus, vertex, and dises of meso-
thorax and scutellum; mesothorax dull, without evident punctures ;
scutellum a little more shining, slightly bigibbous; area of meta-
thorax large, with only microscopical sculpture ; tegule piceous, with
a large testaceous spot posteriorly; wings strongly infuscated,
brownish; the large stigma dark reddish; nervures fuscous; b. n.
falling far short of t.m.; lower side of first s. m. with a gentle
double curve ; first r. n. joining second s. m. at a distance from base
equal to length of first t. ¢.; legs black basally, red apically, the black
ending on femora, near middle on anterior ones, near apex behind,
but at middle or before in front, on the other ones; middle and hind
tibiz with a dusky suffusion on outer side; abdomen broad basally,
not clavate, not punctured ; apical plate circular, its margin broadly
translucent.
@. Length about 9 mm., much like the male, but antennz short,
ordinary ; supraclypeal area elevated, smooth and shining; sides of
second abdominal segment with a large dark spot; apical fimbria
dark fuscous, not very large.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.-W. Australia, September 14th—October
31st, 1918, 1 male (= type), 2 females (R. E. Turner); British
Museum. The three species of Huryglossidia now known may
be separated thus :—
Wings hyaline, nervures ferruginous (W. Australia)
ichnewmonoides (Ckll.).
Wings brownish . : ; ‘ ‘ : : ib
1. Nervures ferruginous; second s. m. receiving first
r. n. at a distance from base equal to about half
of first t. c. (Victoria) . A : : rectangulata, Ckll.
Nervures fuscous; second gs. m. receiving first r. n.
at a distance from base equal to length of first
t. c. (W. Australia) . : : purpurascens, Ckll.
All three show more or less purple lustre on abdomen, at
least in the male. The species now described is considerably
larger than the others.
Euryglossa undulata, sp. n.
@. Length about 10 mm.; robust, black, the head and thorax
with rather scanty dull white hair, the end of the abdomen with dark -
fuscous hair; head broad; mandibles black, with a broad bright
ferruginous subapical band ; clypeus shining, with scattered distinct
but not large punctures; flagellum beneath dark brown with pallid
bands or spots, one to each joint; mesothorax dull, microscopically
tessellate, with irregular shallow punctures, sparse gn disc; scutellum
more shining, with scattered large punctures, and a very fine median
impressed line; area of metathorax large, shining, with only
microscopical sculpture; tegule rufopiceous; wings smoky-hyaline,
nervures and stigma piceous; b. n. meeting t. m.; lower side of first
NEW AUSTRALIAN BEES. 199
s.m. very strongly arched or undulated; legs dark reddish brown
with glittering white hair; anterior knees and tibiz in front yellow;
abdomen broad, first segment with a large yellow patch (bidentate
posteriorly) at base; second to fourth segments with interrupted
yellow bands, which become very broad in the sublateral region ;
second and third segments dull basally, shining apically; apical
plate small ;- greater part of venter yellow.
g. Length 8 to 9 mm.; much more slender; face and front
with much white hair, but not hiding the surface; flagellum beneath
dark coffee-brown, not spotted; b.n. not reaching t. m.; all the
femora yellow at apex ; anterior tibize yellow with a large black patch
behind ; middle and hind tibize yellow at apex behind; first abdominal
segment not yellow at base; second to fifth with transverse yellow
macul, successively smaller, at sides, those beyond the third segment
sometimes hidden by the retraction of the segments; apical plate
circular, orange-fulvous ; venter mainly yellow.
Hab. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th—October
31st, 1918, 1 female (= type), 3 males (R. EH. Turner) ; British
Museum. The sexes were taken mated on September 30th. The
female is superficially rather like HZ. crabronica, Ckll., but differs by
the dark face, venation (first r. n. entering second s. m. some
distance from base, second r. n. a short distance from apex), &c.
E. maculata, Sm. (of which E. villosula, Sm., is probably the
male, judging from the descriptions), has yeilow iegs, while
E. nitidifrons, Sm., has yellow mandibles.
Binghamiella insularis, sp. un.
g. Length about 7 mm.; rather slender, black; first abdominal
segment black or nearly, with the apical margin broadly red; rest of
abdomen bright chestnut-red, with the apical margins of the seg-
ments stained with dusky; face with white hair, not dense. Com-
pared with female B. antipodes (Smith), from New South Wales,
the following differences are apparent: abdomen a much brighter
red ; wings dusky, not so red (very red in antipodes), with the stigma
and nervures piceous; third s.m. broader above than second (the
reverse is true of antipodes); mesothorax extremely densely punc-
tured. Apical plate of abdomen very small and narrow; antennz
wholly dark; flagellum very long, reaching to end of thorax; lobes
of tongue quite long and slender.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, S.-H. Tasmania, February 12th—
March 8rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two males. British Museum.
As we know only the male of B. insularis and the female of
B. antipodes, it is difficult to determine the true specific
characters of the new form, but it seems to be sufficiently
distinct.
Hxoneura turneri, sp. n.
@. Length about 8 mm.; head and thorax black, wholly with-
out light markings ; abdomen bright chestnut-red, the first segment
with two rather small dusky spots near base; femora, tibizwe, and
tarsi bright chestnut-red, anterior femora black at extreme base;
2.00 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
mandibles with a very obscure reddish spot; face broad, orbits
practically parallel; scape with a narrow red stripe in front;
flagellum dark; tegule piceous; wings strongly reddened; meso-
thorax very smooth, polished; hair of hind tibiz and tarsi rufo-
fulvous.
Hab. THaglehawk Neck, 8.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-
March 8rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two females. British Museum.
Allied to EH. hamulata, but distinguished by the entirely black
face. It is perhaps not more than a local race of hamulata.
Exoneura angophore occidentalis, subsp. n.
@. Length 63-7 mm.; face wholly without light markings;
face narrowed below; scape red or yellowish-red in front; wings
reddish ; anterior and middle femora above, and below apically, and
their tibiz and tarsi entirely, bright ferruginous; hind legs black,
the femora and tibiz narrowly red at apex; hind tibize and tarsi
with much fuscous hair; basal segment of abdomen black except the
apical margin, the hind border of the black obtusely bilobed; second
segment with a broad biundulate dusky band.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.-W. Australia, September 14th—October
31st, 19138 (R. EK. Turner). Four females. British Museum.
Mr. Meade-Waldo notes :—‘‘ Not H. bicolor; differs in colour of
hind legs, &c.”’ It is, however, so close to H. angophore that I
treat it as a subspecies.
Hexoneura insularis, sp. n.
2. Length about 6 mm.; black, including the abdomen; orbits
moderately converging below; clypeal and lateral marks cream-
colour; clypeus with a very broad median band, which suddenly
broadens above, so as to include all of upper part of clypeus; lateral
marks rather small, subtriangular; scape with a red mark near base,
and one at apex; flagellum thick, very obscure reddish beneath ;
tubercles black, with white hair; pleura and sides of metathorax
with thin white hair; tegule piceous; wings reddish, nervures and
the large stigma dull ferruginous; legs black, anterior tibize obscure
reddish at base and subapically ; hair of hind tibize and tarsi black ;
abdomen very broad.
Hab. Stradbroke Island, Queensland, September 24th, 1906
(W. W. Froggatt, 155). Allied to H. botanica, but easily sepa-
rated by the lateral face-marks and dark tubercles.
Allodape bribiensis, sp. n.
?. Length about 4 mm.; black, the abdomen dullish, not
shining as in A. wnicolor; eyes greyish-green; clypeus with a broad
white vertical bar, narrowest at top, and gradually widening down-
wards; scape black ; flagellum ferruginous beneath, except at base ;
mesothorax shining ; tegule testaceous; wings moderately dusky ;
nervures and stigma dusky reddish; tubercles white; anterior
femora with two white spots at apex, their tibia brown with a
white line on outer side; middle tibize with a white spot at base;
NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDE FROM FORMOSA. 201
posterior tibia with more than the basal half broadly white pos-
teriorly ; hind margins of abdominal segments more or less reddish,
but very narrowly and obscurely.
Hab. Bribie Island, Queensland, November 2nd, 1913 (H.
Hacker; Queensland Museum, 112). Nearest to A. unicolor,
but smaller, with different clypeal mark, and white marks on
the legs.
NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDAZ FROM FORMOSA.
By A. E. Witeman, F.E.S.
Bapta conspersa, sp. n.
3. Head white, face brown; antennze brown, white at base ;
thorax and abdomen white, the latter speckled with grey. Fore
wings obtusely pointed at apex, white speckled with grey, costa
narrowly ochreous; discoidal dot black; antemedial and postmedial
lines grey, the former slender and only distinct towards dorsum, the
latter diffuse, curved and recurved. Hind wings white speckled with
grey; discoidal dot minute, black; postmedial line grey, narrower
than that on fore wings. Fringes and under side of all the wings,
white.
Expanse, ¢, 33 millim.; 2, 35 millim.
Collection number, 778.
One example of each sex. The male from Daitozan (8500 ft.),
September 17th, 1906, and the female from Arizan, August
21st, 1908.
Bapta marginata, sp. n.
3. Head white, face brown; antennz brown, white at base ;
thorax and abdomen white powdered with grey. Fore wings white,
thickly powdered with grey on the basal area, which is limited by
the slightly darker and almost straight antemedial line; postmedial
band grey, fairly parallel with termen; a broad grey band on terminal
area; discoidal dot black. Hind wings white, basal two-thirds finely
powdered with grey; terminal third grey, traversed by a narrow
band of ground colour; discoidal dot black. Fringes and also the
under side of all the wings, white.
Expanse, 36 millim.
Collection number, 778).
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 22nd, 1908.
Pseudomicronia fasciata, sp. Nn.
3g. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the latter faintly brownish-
tinged. Fore wings white with nine slightly oblique fuscous grey
transverse lines, the third and fourth bifurcate towards the costa,
the fifth and sixth approximate on dorsum and diverge towards costa,
where they enclose a fuscous grey transverse streak ; all the lines are
blackish on the costa and have short blackish linear marks between
them ; a fuscous grey band just beyond the fourth line; terminal
ENTOM.—JULY, 1914. R
202, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
line blackish. Hind wings white with four fuscous grey transverse
lines, one before the fuscous grey band (which is broader and more
oblique than on the fore wings), and three, united below middle,
beyond the band ; two black spots at angle; terminal line blackish.
Under side white.
Expanse, 43 millim.
Collection number, 781.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, June 11th, 1906.
Allied to P. celata, Moore.
Arichanna postflava, sp. 0.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Fore wings grey with
some blackish clouds at the base and three transverse series of black
spots ; first series of four spots—two on costal area, one below median
nervure, and one just above the dorsum—represent an irregular ante-
medial band ; second series of seven spots—three on costal area, and
four on dorsal area (5 and 6 confluent)—represent a curved and
recurved postmedial band; third series of nine spots—d faint,
7 and 8 confluent—indicate a band almost parallel with the ter-
men; discoidal spot black. Hind wings yellow, grey on the basal
area; discoidal spot black ; postmedial and subterminal bands repre-
sented by black spots of irregular size, the spots of each series
confluent on dorsum. Under side similar to above.
Expanse, 66 millim.
Collection number, 772.
A male specimen from Daitozan (8500 ft.), September 11th,
1906.
Comes near jaguarinaria, Oberthir.
Percnia suffusa, sp. n.
S$. Head and thorax brownish grey, the latter with two rows of
black dots; abdomen grey, two black dots on each segment. Antenne
serrate and fasciculate. Fore wings white suffused with brownish
grey on basal third and along the costa; two black dots at base and
six spots representing subbasal and antemedial lines, all spots placed
on veins; discoidal spot black, rather large; postmedial line sinuous,
formed of black dots on the veins, outwardly broadly suffused with dark
grey; subterminal and terminal lines formed of black dots between the
veins, the space enclosed suffused with dark grey. Hind wings white,
finely sprinkled with brownish grey on basal area; antemedial line
represented by blackish spots on the veins; discoidal spot black, rather
large; postmedial, subterminal, and terminal lines as on fore wings.
Fringes of all wings white. Under side white, discoidal spot and
transverse markings beyond as on the fore wings; apical area of
fore wings darkened.
Expanse, g, 48 millim.; ?, 50 millim.
Collection number, 812.
A male and a female from Kanshirei, April 29th, 1908, male ;
June 22nd, 1906, female.
This species comes near P. maculata, Moore.
CONTINENTAL ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA. 203
Anticlea taiwana, sp. n.
Head and thorax blackish; antenne bipectinated; abdomen
brown, blackish at base. Fore wings pale brown slightly suffused
with fulvous on the disc; basal fourth blackish, limited by a brownish
line ; antemedial line brownish, preceded by a double dusky line,
which, together with antemedial, terminates in a black mark on the
dorsum; postmedial line serrate, irregular, indicated by a series of
partly black-edged white dots on the veins which towards the costa
are connected by a slender black line; some indistinct and irregular
lines before the postmedial, and a series of black dots on the veins
beyond the postmedial; subterminal line blackish, undulated, only
distinct towards costa where it is inwardly edged with blackish
mixed with brown and outwardly bordered with greyish white and
dark grey, and above tornus where it has a blackish mark on its
inner edge; discoidal mark blackish linear. Hind wings fuscous.
Fringes of all wings brown, chequered with darker. Under side
fuscous, two darker transverse lines on each wing.
Expanse, 28 millim.
Collection numbers, 817, female, and 1694, male.
One example of each sex from Arizan (7500 ft.), September
13th, 1906, female; August 30th, 1908, male.
The transverse lines are not very distinct in either of the
specimens, but they are rather better defined in the female than
in the male.
CONTINENTAL ODONATA AND NEUROPTERA, 1913.
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
Mr. W. G. SHELDON was kind enough to give me a number
of Odonata and Neuroptera taken in France and Spain in the
summer of 1913. They were :—
Odonata.
Libellula depressa, Linn., Biarritz, June 25th, a nice deep-coloured
male.
Orthetrum cerulescens, Fab., Biarritz, June 27th, a fragmentary
male. Albarracin, June 13th, a female. Another female, with
incomplete data.
*Onychogomphus uncatus, Charp., Albarracin, June 6th, a male.
Albarracin, June 17th, a male and a female. Biarritz, June 25th, a
female. All four were in somewhat teneral condition.
Calopteryx virgo, Linn., Biarritz, June 25th, a male with broad
wings, blue to the tip.
Calopteryx splendens, Harr., Albarracin, June 7th, one male with
the blue colouring only just commencing to show its position on the
wing. Albarracin, June 16th, a male in condition similar to the last ;
a male without any sign of blue appearing on its wings ; two females.
They must be referred to the race or variety zanthostoma, Charp.
204 {HE ENTOMOLOGIST.
*Calopteryx hemorrhoidalis, Vanderl., Biarritz, June 24th, a male
with teneral colouring ; June 25th, two males, one fully coloured, the
other teneral, and a female not strongly coloured.
Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr., Biarritz, June 27th, a female.
Platycnemis pennipes, Pall., Biarritz, June 27th, two females in
poor condition.
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., Albarracin, May 28th, a teneral
female; June 13th, a male and a female, the latter teneral.
Agrion mercuriale, Charp., Albarracin, June 13th, a male. Biarritz,
June 23rd, a female, June 25th, a male and female zn cop., and June
27th, a teneral male.
Neuroptera.
*“Ascalaphus longicornis, Linn., Albarracin, about mid-June, a male.
*Ascalaphus beticus, Ramb., Albarracin, about mid-June, a male.
*Ascalaphus hispanicus, Ramb., Albarracin, about mid-June, a
male—an interesting species less frequently obtained than the
previous two.
*Creagris plumbeus, Oliv. (an ant-lion), Albarracin, June 13th, a
female.
Those species with an asterisk (*) prefixed do not belong to
the British fauna.
Kingston-on-Thames: May, 1914.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
GYNANDROMORPHOUS BRED SPECIMEN OF CATOPSILIA (CALLIDRYAS)
CROCALE.—I had been breeding a good many specimens of C. crocale,
when I noticed, to my astonishment, that one recently hatched out
to-day had the right wing like a male, while the left wing was like a
female. I showed the butterfly to Miss Fountaine, who at once told
me it was an hermaphrodite and a great prize for me to have secured,
saying that amongst several hundred specimens, including a number
of different species of Callidryas bred by herself in various parts of
the world, such a thing had never occurred. Unfortunately the
butterfly was lying on its back at the bottom of the cage when I
found it, so that at the root of the fore wings it is deformed, but
otherwise well-developed.—R. L. Huntrr; Barron Falls Hotel,
Kuranda, North Queensland, April 29th, 1914.
Pacuys (AMPHIDASYS) BETULARIA ab. DOUBLEDAYARIA IN BERK-
SHIRE.—On May 22nd I took a female specimen of P. betularia var.
doubledayaria on a door-post. I think it interesting to record
this, because I believe this form is not very often taken in the
Reading district—H. L. Dotron; 36, Chester Street, Reading,
Berks.
MyetopHota (MyELots) cripruM IN Norru-West Lonpon.—
In 1907 I recorded the occurrence of this species at Upper Tooting
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 205
on July 14th of that year (Entom. xl. p. 213). This was followed by
other records of the species from the same district, also from Thornton
Heath and from Kingston (Entom. xl. p. 237). I have now to put
on record the capture of two specimens at Brondesbury. The
moths, which were captured by Mr. Alec Urquhart, flew to the
electric light in one of the lower rooms here at about 11 p.m. on
June 18th last.—Ricuarp Soutu; 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-
Hill, Brondesbury, N.W.
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—I had a male specimen of
A. atropos brought to me on June 15th ult. It was flying, about
9.40 in the morning, and was knocked down by the captor, conse-
quently it is somewhat rubbed.—PeErcy Ricuarps; Seabrook, Hythe.
PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CRUCIFERARUM) ABUNDANT.—P. crwuct-
ferarum is a veritable nuisance just now. It occurs everywhere in
this district in thousands. I wonder if this abundance of the species
is general throughout the South of England ?—Prrcy Ricuarps;
Seabrook, Hythe, June 17th, 1914.
[When in Scarborough recently I noted P. maculipennis in some
numbers on the cliffs on June 9th and 10th, but on the moors above
Goathland on June 11th the species was exceedingly common.—
R. 8.]
LyTHRIA PURPURARIA.—While examining recently a small col-
lection of unnamed Lepidoptera, made by a schoolboy at Meads,
near Eastbourne, in the years 1902-3, I was astonished to find
amongst them a specimen of Lythria purpuraria. It is not quite
typical, having the dark cross-bars very broad, as well as being under
the normal size. With the exception of the L. purpuraria, all the
specimens are of very common species; all are pinned with large
white English pins, and ‘“ set”’ in the usual schoolboy style, and all
are in very bad condition. Under the circumstances, I cannot but
regard the specimen as a genuine British example of this species.
It is now in the possession of a son of Dr. Rowland, of Lichfield, to
whom the collection was given by the captor—a son of Dr. Homan,
also of this city.—L. A. Carr; Lichfield, May 29th, 1914.
ZYGHNA TRANSALPINA, Esp., var.—I think it may be worth while to
record the capture, on August 4th last, of a variety—or aberration—
of Zygena transalpina, Esp., to which I can find no parallel noticed
in any works that I have been able to consult. There is no
similar specimen in the collections in South Kensington or in
Oxford. The distinguishing feature consists in the absence of the
lower of the two usual red spots of the central group on the fore
wings. (The absence of one of the owter group of spots appears to
be not very infrequent in allied species, though I do not remember
having seen any such variety of transalpina.) The specimen, which
is a male, was taken on the shores of the Oeschinen-See (about one-
and-a-half hour’s walk from Kandersteg) ; and asI did not notice its
peculiarity at the time, and Zygzenas were swarming, I did not
work for more. I was for some time uncertain to which species to
assign it, but inclined towards transalpina, and this identification
206 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
has been confirmed by Dr. E. A. Cockayne, who kindly examined the
specimen for me.—A. W. PickARD-CAMBRIDGE; Balliol College,
Oxford.
Harty APPEARANCE OF HUCHLO# CARDAMINES.—The first “‘ Orange
Tip” I saw this season was on April 22nd. The specimen was a
male, and it was flying along a hedgerow within a mile of Chester.
The species is unusually common in the district this year—J. ARKLE;
Chester.
With reference to the early appearance of Huchloé cardamines
this year, it may be of interest to note that I first saw it on April
18th. Last year it appeared on April 23rd, in 1912 on April 19th,
and in 1906 on April 9; but the latter was at Chudleigh, S. Devon.
Isaw a male Colzas edusa at Groombridge on May 16th.—E. D.
More@an ; 24, Queen’s Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, May 6th, 1914.
I noted H. cardamines at Tonbridge on April 12th last.—P. A.
Buxton ; Trinity College, Cambridge.
BUTTERFLIES OF VENICE AND NEIGHBOURHOOD.—Being at Venice
in the middle of April this year, and my interest in the butterflies of
the neighbouring Lido having been aroused by Mr. Gurney’s article
(Entom. xlvi. p. 232), I took my net to this island, anxious to see what
this early time of year might afford in the way of butterflies. On
April 20th, the Pierids rape, napi and brassice were common ; also
an exceedingly richly coloured form of Pararge megera and
Cenonympha pamphilus. Erynuws alcee was not rare, beautifully
fresh, and evidently just emerging. I saw one specimen of Vanessa 10,
exceedingly large and brilliant. The next day the weather began
to get really hot, and ‘‘ whites” were frequently seen flying over the
canals of Venice herself. On the 22nd I again went to the Lido.
The extra warmth since my last visit had brought out five more
species, besides trebling the quantity of butterflies previously noted.
Polygoma c-album, Epinephele jurtina, Cyaniris argiolus and
Nisoniades tages had emerged; I had feared that I was too early for
Colias edusa, but I at last came across a fine fresh female, which I
took after an exciting chase. The moth EHmatwrga atomaria was
taken also. A few locusts were flying about, causing a peculiar
metallic-like sound. One settled on a branch within a few yards of
my head, so that I got a good look at it. I think it was Acridiwm
peregrunum. It is interesting to note that nine out of the twelve
species of butterflies which I came across on the Lido in April were
met with by Mr. Gurney in September. This suggests that there
must be at least three broods of most of these species. All along the
railway line through Venetia and Lombardy, on my way from Venice
to the Italian Lakes, I kept a sharp look-out for insects. Amongst
numerous Pierids, Nymphalids and “ blues,’ the most conspicuous
(beyond the usual “ whites”) were Huchloé cardanuines, Leucophasia
sinapis and V. 20, with C. edusa quite common, and C. hyale almost
everywhere. In the clover fields bordering the line some distance
past Verona, there appeared to be an orange-coloured Colzas, like
C. myrmudone; but of this I could net be absolutely certain. Is this
SOCIETIES. 207
insect found in Northern Italy? It would interest me very much to
know. I broke my journey at Verona, where Papilio podalirius
hovered lazily over the flowers in the Piazza Independenza. This
insect, together with P. machaon, was quite common at Lugano on
May 2nd, selecting the very top of Monte San Salvatore as its chief
playground. At this same elevation were EH. cardamines, P. megera
and Cupido minimus, also a large Argynnis which I failed either to.
catch or identify. On the lower slopes of the mountain P. napi,
P. brassice, P. rape, E. cardamines, L. sinapis, C. ninimus, P. icarus,
Chrysophanus dorilis var. subalpina and V. io were common, with an
occasional Melitea athalha, M. aurinia (?), Argynnis euphrosyne, worn
P. megera and P. egeria (the females of this species with the light
spots enormous), and of course P. podalirius. On my homeward
journey I saw nothing of interest except Colias hyale near Lucerne.
—Joun B. Hicks; Stoneleigh, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent,
June 16th, 1914.
[There is no authentic record, I believe, of the occurrence of
C. myrmidone in Italy, but it has been reported from Carinthia, and
its area of distribution over 8.-E. Hungary is wide.—H. R.-B.]
SOCIETIES.
THe South Lonpon EntomonocicaAL AND Natura History
Socrety.—May 14th, 1914.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., Presi-
dent, in the chair.—Mr. B. 8. Williams, on ‘‘ The Thysanoptera,” and
showed lantern-slides and specimens under the microscope in illus-
tration.—Mr. Hocking exhibited branches of the common furze from
Danbury Common, which had been covered by a dirty white web
and killed by an attack of countless numbers of Tetranychus linteanus,
an extremely small mite which congregated in reddish brown dust
like patches. Mr. Step had seen a similar attack of a mite on lime
at. Mickleham.—Mr. B. Adkin, aberrations of Colias edusa, including
a male with very pale marginal bands one half the usual size, and a
yellowish form of the var. helice.
May 28th.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Buckstone, one
male and three female hybrids of the cross Nyssia zonaria male and
Apocheima hispidaria female. The larve were very like those of the
latter species and were constitutionally weak, only four imagines
resulting from some three hundred fertile ova.—Mr. West (Green-
wich), a specimen of the extremely rare Hemipteron Pygolampis
bidentata, taken by him in the New Forest in May. Only one speci-
men had previously been captured in Britain—Mr. Newman, a
living pupa of Strymon prunt, which closely resembles bird’s excre-
ment.—Mr. Gahan, examples of a mealy-bug, both sexes of which
had occurred two years running on flowering currant in his garden
at Bedford Park. It was supposed to be Pseudococcus citri, a hot-
house species.—Mr, K. C. Blair read a paper on ‘“‘ Luminous Insects,”
ts elles OIA RIT Tree eRe we LEI yaa
208 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
many examples of which were exhibited by himself, Messrs. Main,
Edwards, and H. Moore.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Rep. Secretary.
April 9th.—Correction, p. 159, 1. 12, for Lita melanella read Lita
lewcomelanella.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EnromonocicaL Society. — April
20th, 1914. — The President in the chair.— Mr. A. W. Boyd,
M.A., F.E.S., gave an address entitled “‘The Natural History of
Rostherne Mere.”’ Having described the physical characters of the
mere and the probable causes of its formation, the nature of the
surrounding land and its flora, both arboreal and herbaceous, he
dealt exhaustively with the birds known to frequent the mere, and
finally the insecta of the locality were discussed. Several very
interesting records have been made, viz.: Acidalia circellata, a fine
female specimen in 1913, Ornax avellanella, Laverna raschkiella, this
species being an addition to the Lancashire and Cheshire county list,
and Nepticula argentipedella. Mr. Boyd exhibited the Lepidoptera
catalogued for the locality, and was congratulated upon having made
such good use of the opportunity of collecting upon the private
ground surrounding the mere. At the close of the address Mr. Boyd
was heartily thanked for his kindness in coming from Manchester to
give his experiences.—Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited several xanthic
varieties of Hidonia atomaria bred among a large number of the
species from Burnley females. The xanthism was confined to the
hind wings, and in most of the specimens it affected only one of the
hind wings, in two instances, however, both the secondaries were
nearly white all over—Mr. F. N. Pierce exhibited generic types of
the British Geomitridz, arranged according to their affinities as in-
_ dicated by the genitalia — Ww. ManssripcE, Hon. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Memoirs of the Queensland Musewm. Vol. i. (Nov. 27th, 1912), and
vol. ii. (Dec. 10th, 1913.) Brisbane.
Amona the papers of interest to entomologists in these volumes
are a series on ‘“ Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea,” by A. A.
Girault. Parts i., ii. and iii. are published in vol. i. (pp. 66-189).
Parts iv., v. and vi., and Supplement to Parts 1.-i1i., appear in vol. ii.
(pp. 101-334). A number of new genera are diagnosed, and very
many new species are described. The families treated are: Tricho-
erammatide, Mymaride, Hlasmide, Elophide, Pecilampide, and
Pteromalide.
Another paper describing some new genera and species of South
Queensland Proctotrypoide (vol. ii. pp. 335-339) is by Alan P. Dodd.
There is also a short article entitled ‘‘ Some Field Notes on Queens-
land Insects,” by Henry Hacker (pp. 96-100).
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CONTENTS.
| Wicken Fen: its Conservation for Entomology (with plate), H. Re iil
185, A New Genus of Coleoptera of the Family Pseph eer ‘ith
tion), CO. J. Gahan, 188. British Neuroptera, 1913, W. J. hone
Entomology of Helianthus, 7. D. A. Cockerell, 191. A New Seaton
site of Locust Hggs from the Northern ‘Territory of Australia, AS Ast arnt,
197. New Australian Bees, 7’. D. A. Cockerell, 197. New Species. ‘of Geo-
metride from Formosa, A. #. Wileman, 201, Continental Odonata ond!
Neuroptera,'1913, W. J. Lucas, 208.. ‘
Notes AND OBSERVATIONS.—Gynandromorphous bred Specimen of Catopeilia
(Callidryas) crocale, Rk, L. Hunter, 204, Pachys (Amphidasys) betularia ab. ,
doubledayaria in Berkshire, H. L. Dolton, 204. Myelophora (Myelois) cribrum. —
in North-West London, Richard South, 204. Acherontia atropos in Kent,
Percy Richards, 205. Plutella pee Pap (erueiferarum) Abundant, Perey
Richards, 205. Lythria purpuraria, L. A. Carr, 205. Zygena transalpina,
var., A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, 205. Early Appearance of Euchloé carda-
mines, J. Arkle, HE. D. Morgan, P. A. Buxton, 205. Butterflies of Venice
and Neighbourhood, J. B. Hicks, 206. .
Socreriszs, 207. Recent Lirerature, 208. a
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The Entomologist, August, 1914. Plate V,
Photo Dr. Fr. Ris.
HEMEROBIID WINGS.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVI. Uo Uiwd,, LoL. [No. 615
NOTES ON THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SYM-
PHEROBIUS (HEMEROBIUS), INCLUDING ONE
HITHERTO UNNOTICED.
By Kenneto J. Morton, F.E.S.
(PuaTE V.)
In the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxu., December, 1905, pp. 28-29,
Banks split up the genus Hemerobius into three, giving the
following synopsis :—
No outer cross-veinlets in hind wings, only four, or
less, in outer gradate series of fore wings; usually
but two radial sectors; a cross-veinlet connecting
first radial sector to median; the median is usually
a little bent toward the cubitus at connecting vein-
let; in hind wings the median usually forks plainly
beyond forking of radial sector: small species . Sympherobius.
Outer cross-veinlets present in hind wings; more than
four veinlets in outer gradate series in fore wings;
usually three or four radial sectors.
(a) A cross-veinlet connecting first radial sector
to median some distance out on the former;
often four radial sectors ; the median is rarely
bent toward the cubitus at connecting veinlet ;
in hind wings the first radial sector forks as
far out as forking of median: larger species. Borionvyia.
(b) The cross-veinlet from median to radius is
before or at origin of radial sector, never out
upon it; three, rarely four, radial sectors; the
median is more or less bent toward cubitus at
connecting veinlet; in hind wings the median
is forked further out than fork of first radial
sector .. ; Hemerobius.
The author states ‘the this teaion will apply to the
Kuropean species thus :—Hemerobius (s. str.): humuli, micans,
atrifrons, nitidulus, stigma, limbatellus, lutescens, orotypus. Borio-
mytia: concinnus, 4-fasciatus, subnebulosus, nervosus. Symphero-
bius: elegans, parvulus, inconspicuus.
ENTOM.—avuausT, 1914. S
210 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
H. pini remains in the restricted genus Hemerobius. The
species described by McLachlan as H. mortoni is to be referred
to Boriomyia; and if Banks is right in regarding H. inconspicuus
as a Sympherobius, then H. pellucidus, Walk., should be placed
in the same genus. But it must be kept in view that both
H. inconspicuus and H. pellucidus have regularly three radial
sectors, while in all the examples of the former in my collection
there is a cross-veinlet between the radius and branch of the
radial sector at the apex of the hind wing. In the five examples
of H. pellucidus before me the same cross-veinlet exists in the
left hind wing of one specimen only.
However, the purpose of these notes is not to discuss the
genus or genera as a whole, but rather to bring under notice the
fact that two species have hitherto been mixed in British collec-
tions under the name of S. elegans.
In this country these small insects do not appear to have
been taken usually in numbers, and until I received from Mr.
Martin EK. Mosely a male taken by him in Hampshire, I had no
British specimens in my collection. Since then I have seen a
nice series of twelve specimens taken by Mr. Hugh Scott, of the
University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, to which I shall
again allude, and of which he very kindly presented me with
three specimens. All these belong to the smaller species.
Of the other species, to which I shall refer as S. striatellus,
Klapalek, I had seen no British example until recently, when
Professor J. W. Carr, of Nottingham, sent me one in fine
condition in a large collection of Neuropteroid insects forwarded
for determination. I then applied to Mr. Porritt to let me know
what he had of supposed elegans, and he at once very kindly
forwarded all he possessed, not a great deal and nearly all
‘carded ” specimens, but including both forms, and therefore of
much interest and use to me in helping to a more satisfactory
understanding of the matter.
S. striatellus was described by Klapalek from the Tran-
sylvanian Alps (‘ Vest. Ceske Akad. Frant. Jos.,’ vol. 18, p. 7,
1905). A specimen in a lot of Neuroptera-Planipennia received
from the Zoological Museum, Berlin, for determination called
my attention to another female in my own collection from
Macugnaga, received from McLachlan along with others of the
so-called S. elegans.
The following short diagnosis will, with the aid of the wing
photographs, serve to separate the two :—
Face dark shining piceous; dorsum of thorax also dark
pitchy brown; neuration of fore wings entirely
fuscous without pale interruptions, these wings
heavily marked to the wing base, the markings more
or less radiate, especially those proximal to the middle
series of gradate veinlets, those in the distal part
THE BRITISH SPECIES OF SYMPHEROBIUS (HEMEROBIUS) 211
of the wing much broken up into irregular dots;
gradate veinlets usually heavily shaded. Larger
darker species. striatellus.
Face and dorsum of thorax yellowish; neuration of fore
wings with pale dotted interruptions; dark markings
on outer half of fore wings mostly placed opposite
each other on either side of the dark portions of the
longitudinal veins. A pale space at the base of these
wings in which the veins are rather indistinct, the
transverse veinlets being hardly visible. Paler smaller
species. : ‘ : : : ; : é elegans.
Of S. striatellus, in addition to the specimen sent by Professor
Carr (Nottinghamshire, from ash), I have seen two examples
from Blackheath (July 2nd, 1895, November 9th, 1895, Beau-
mont), and one from Wells, Lincolnshire (August 3rd, 1888,
Eardley Mason), all in Porritt’s collection.
S. elegans is represented in the specimens before'me by the
example from Hampshire (by the Test, June 12th, 1913, Mosely) ;
two from Blackheath (June 27th, 1896, June 27th, 1901, Beau-
mont) ; and one from Lewisham (June 6th, 1873), from Porritt’s
collection. Mr. Scott’s fine series of twelve examples were
taken on June 30th last at Henley-on-Thames. They were
fluttering round the ends of the branches of some oaks in an
isolated clump of trees. The oaks were much blighted and very
sticky. The time was about 7.15, and the evening warm and
fine. Other specimens were seen at the same trees at just the
same time one or two evenings later.
My friend Dr, Ris, to whom I am once more indebted for
the beautiful photographs which illustrate this paper, tells me
that he has of S. striatellus: three females, Katzensee, July 31st,
1892 (1), and July 3rd, 1898 (2); one female, Rheinau, September,
1907—believed to be all from birch. Of the smaller species:
two females, Salgesch, Valais, June 15th, 1889 (the late Moritz
Paul) ; one female, Rheinau, May, 1894.
When McLachlan wrote his ‘‘ Monograph of the British
Neuroptera-Planipennia” (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1868, part 2,
p. 176), he may have had both species before him. Both occur
in the Blackheath and Lewisham district, which he certainly at
a later period knew well, and some points in his description
might be considered suggestive of both. Thus with regard to
the colour of the front he says ‘‘sometimes yellowish testaceous,”’
also ‘“‘anterior wings closely spotted with darker grey and
varying according to the extent to which the spots coalesce.”
On the other hand, his reference to the whitish dotted inter-
ruptions on the longitudinal veins of the disc gives a very
definite bias in the direction of the smaller species which I
believe has been generally accepted as S. elegans. But Stephens’s
descriptions of elegans and marshami (for a copy of which I am
s 2
212, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
indebted to Mr. Herbert Campion) refer to something which has
immaculate neuration, and Mr. Campion, who has also very
kindly examined Stephens’s supposed types in the British
Museum, is of opinion that the elegans and marshami of Stephens
are conspecific with striatellus. If there has been no confusion
about Stephens’s types, a change in the nomenclature here used
will be inevitable. I leave the matter as it is in the meantime,
pending further inquiries. I confess that it is a little puzzling
that McLachlan should have failed to notice the immaculate
condition of the neuration of elegans and marshami when he
examined them in 1868, and that he should have distinctly
stated that there existed in elegans an important character at
variance with Stephens’s diagnosis and with his type of elegans.
If S. striatellus prove to be the true elegans of Stephens, Rambur’s
name pygmeus will require to receive consideration in connection
with the smaller species.
The wing figures here given are both from female examples,
and, as is usual in these insects, the markings are more pro-
nounced than in the average males. A number of closely allied
forms have been described by Father Navas from Spain and
elsewhere. Of two of these the author has generously given me
examples, S. conspersus and S. venosus, and although they
present a certain amount of difference, especially in the coloration
of the body, I am not prepared to say that they are more than
varieties of what is here called S. elegans. A much more
exhaustive examination of all the forms, especially with regard
to the structure of the genitalia, is required before a proper
valuation of these is possible.
EXPLANATION oF PLaTE V.—1. Wings of Boriomyia subnebulosus
(nat. length of fore wing, 9 mm.). 2. Wings of Sympherobius striatellus
(nat. length of fore wing, 5 mm.). 3. Wings of S. elegans (nat. length of
fore wing about 4 mm.).
13, Blackford Road, Edinburgh: May, 1914.
THE SLEEPING ATTITUDE OF LYCANIDA.’
By F. W. Frouaws, M.B.O.U., F.E.S.
Ir is generally supposed that the Lycenide sleep throughout
the night, sitting head downwards on the flower-heads and stems
of grasses and other plants, in the characteristic attitude they
assume during evening and twilight. But later, when darkness
supersedes, these butterflies (L. icarus) turn round and sleep
head upwards. I am indebted to Mr. W. Holland for kindly
calling my attention to this interesting fact. In a letter recently
received from him, he alludes to marking down groups of
L. icarus at rest on marram grass in the evening, and states
AUSTRALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS EURYGLOSSA. 213
‘“‘they were all head downwards from 4 p.m until darkness.
These groups I stayed to watch, and in every case they reversed
their position to head upwards at dark. In fact, they hardly
waited for it to get quite dark.’ This habit he has often
previously noticed.
I recently turned down some icarus on large plants of
flowering grasses, upon which they rested each evening in the
usual way, head downwards, and remained so until darkness set
in, when they turned round and rested head upwards, which
position they retained for the night. No doubt other species of
“blues”’ act in a similar way.
It is considered that these butterflies rest for the night head
downwards so as to defeat the attacks of birds which would be
unlikely to inflict an injury on the vulnerable thorax, and would
only grasp the wings if they attempted to seize a resting butter-
fly, and when darkness has compelled the birds to sleep, the
butterfly can safely resume a normal resting attitude.
_ Possibly this may be so, but such is mere conjecture, and it
is most unsatisfactory to theorize on natural phenomena. When
butterflies have taken up their resting attitudes, it seems
somewhat improbable that they are attacked by birds to any
appreciable extent, or very seldom. I cannot remember having
seen an instance of such, but have occasionally seen birds pursue
butterflies on the wing, but directly the latter settled with closed
wings the birds were eluded and gave up the chase.
AUSTRALIAN BEES OF THE GENUS EURYGLOSSA.
By T.-D. A. CockERELL.
Euryglossa calliopsiformis, Cockerell.
3. Differs from description of female as follows: clypeus all
yellow except a minute spot on each side; supraclypeal mark large,
broadly triangular, with a spear-head shaped prolongation from its
apex; lateral face-marks pointed at end; yellow band on posterior
orbits rather narrow, its upper end diverging from the orbit;
antenn long, scape yellow in front; pleura with additional yellow
markings ; abdominal bands yellow.
Hab. Mackay, Queensland, at flowers of Leptospermum,
October, 1898 (Turner). British Museum. This male is easily
known from that of E. calliopsella by the colour of the scutellum.
Euryglossa altitudinis, sp. n.
g. Length 4mm.; black, with the clypeus (but no supraclypeal
or lateral marks), labrum, mandibles (except red apices), scape in
front, and tubercles, all light yellow ; flagellum long, light ferruginous
beneath ; head broad; face with long white hair; front dull; meso-
214 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
thorax very feebly shining, rather coarsely microscopically tessellate;
tegulz fuscous; wings hyaline, slightly reddish, stigma and nervures
rather pale dull reddish ; first r.n. entering basal corner of second
s.m.; legs yellow, with the anterior femora and tibize mainly black
behind, the middle femora and tibiz also dark behind and their
tarsi brown, the hind femora and tibie black, their tarsi dark reddish
(the hind cox and trochanters are yellow); abdomen rufopiceous,
with yellow bands, usually mostly concealed, at bases of segments ;
venter yellow.
?. A little larger; no yellow markings on head; tubercles
yellow; legs black; yellow bands at bases of abdominal segments
2 to 4, very broad at sides, but interrupted in middle; apical seg-
ment more or less reddish.
Hab. Mt. Lofty, 8. Australia, December 31st, 1912 (R. EH.
Turner). British Museum. Two ofeach sex ; the type is a male.
This may be compared with H. ridens, Ckll., but is at once
distinguished by the dull mesothorax and the shape of the head.
Mr. Meade-Waldo notes: “‘ In Huryglossa calliopsella-rubiginosa-
maculata group, but distinct.”’
Euryglossa hemichlora, sp. n.
3. Length 4 mm.; head and thorax dark olive-green, the head
dull, the thorax shining; mandibles, labrum, the low and broad
clypeus (but no supraclypeal or lateral marks), scape in front, and
tubercles, all yellow ; hair of head and thorax white, thin and rather
long ; flagellum very long, light ferruginous beneath; tegulze pallid,
reddish ; wings hyaline, iridescent, nervures and the large stigma
light reddish-brown; second s. m. broader than high, receiving first
r.n. a Short distance from base; legs yellow, the femora and tibiz
dark brown behind, hind femora dark except apex and a stripe above,
hind tibiz and middle and hind tarsi reddish-brown; abdomen
reddish-brown, paler at apex, and with pale bands at ends of first
three segments ; venter yellow. The hind trochanters are yellow,
and their coxe yellow at apex.
?. A little larger; no yellow markings on head; clypeus and
supraclypeal area piceous, with scattered punctures; labrum and
mandibles (except at base) reddish; tubercles yellowish-white ;
abdomen darker, very broad, without evident pallid bands; venter
dark ; legs piceous, anterior knees and tibie in front yellow, middle
tibize with a yellow stripe.
Hab. Yallingup, 8.-W. Australia, September 14th—October
31st, 1913 (Rh. HE. Turner). One male (=type), four females.
British Museum. Allied to ZH. altitudinis, but easily known by
the green colour.
Euryglossa melanosoma, sp. n.
?. Length about 44 mm.; black, shining, with thin white hair;
head broad; flagellum short and thick, variably fulvous beneath,
especially pallid apically ; front, mesothorax and scutellum shining ;
tegulz piceous; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma dilute sepia ;
GARDEN NOTES. 215
recurrent nervures meeting transverso-cubitals; apical plate of
abdomen narrow, ferruginous.
Hab. Yallingup, S.-W. Australia, September 14th—October
31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). Two females. British Museum.
Resembles E. inconspicua, Ckll., but readily distinguished by
the black legs and shining metathorax. Readily known from
E. nigra, Sm., by the normal antenne and the shining, polished
abdomen.
Euryglossa latissima, sp. n.
2. Length about 44 mm.; very broad and robust, with thin
white hair; head and thorax olive-green, shining, the front dull;
head very broad; mandibles cream-colour, with bidentate dark
rufous apex; labrum dark; clypeus sparsely punctured; flagellum
ferruginous beneath ; mesothorax microscopically lineolate; tubercles
densely fringed with white hair; legs black or slightly chalybeous
basally, but knees, tibize and tarsi ferruginous, the middle and hind
tibia largely dusky; tegule pale testaceous; wings hyaline, stigma
dark rufous, nervures pallid; second s.m. very large, quadrate,
receiving first r.n. near base; second r.n. meeting second t.c. ;
abdomen shining, very broad, honey-colour, the first segment mainly
piceous, the following three with narrow subapical dusky bands and
suffused dusky lateral spots.
Hab. EHaglehawk Neck, S.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-
March 8rd, 1918(R. E. Turner). British Museum. To be com-
pared with H. rubiginosa, D. T., but without the dense fulvous
hair of that species.
GARDEN NOTES.
By CuaupE Mortey, F.Z.S.
WE constantly find in the English periodicals a multiplicity
of records from moors, fens, marshes, mountains, and all kinds
of wild corners where insects most do congregate, because they
are undisturbed by our civilization; but how seldom are pub-
lished notes from those spots actually inhabited by entomo-
logists and consequently those where most leisure can be enjoyed
to note details of history and habits! In treating ofa particular
spot, such as one’s own garden, it is well to set forth the
geological formation underlying it, since upon this depends the
soil of the district and consequently a large percentage of the
vegetation upon which the great majority of its insects subsist.
The garden of Monk Soham House is about four acres in extent
(including the paddock), and lies almost in the centre of High
Suffolk, a somewhat vague district, which may be said to be a
ridge of somewhat elevated tableland obliquely crossing the
county from north-east to south-west. The surface soil is com-
posed of the Great Chalky Boulder Clay, which at certain points
916 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
is fully a hundred feet in depth. It appears to be the moraine
profonde of an ice-sheet formed in the extreme period of the
Glacial Epoch, and consists of grey clay intermixed with frag-
ments of chalk, and is full of boulders of Oolite, Lias, and some
other rocks, which are often polished and grooved by ice-action.
So rich is the surface that little or no land in the neighbour-
hood goes untended, woods are rare and very small, and pasture
ataminimum. Few more unpromising places could be imagined
by the entomologist; and yet this garden, which was held by
commendation by a freeman of Ely’s abbot in Saxon times, by
Robert Malet in 1086, and has undoubtedly been under cultiva-
tion ever since, produces things of interest, as I trust the
following jottings will show.
1. Dipteron preying upon Hymenopteron.—We all know the
manner in which Hymenoptera take toll of Diptera; the nume-
rous species stored up as food for their larve, as well as the
single specimens so often noticed outside the nests of Aculeates,
and the large numbers slain entomophagously by the parasitic
kinds. But I can recall no record of retribution on the part of
the latter, except in the case of the genus Dioctria. ‘'o-day
(June Ist, 1914), I saw a small Empid fly sitting upon a
bramble leaf, holding in its fore or its anterior legs a yet smaller
insect. These I tubed, expecting to find that the prey was (as
is most usual in such cases) one of the smaller species of the
Dipterous genus Sciara. What, then, was my surprise upon
discovering that it was a Chalcid of the difficult—and to me
unintelligible—genus Hulophus, Geoff.! It was quite dead,
though I could not see what part of its anatomy the Empid,
which proved on examination to be J'achydromia minuta, Mg.,
had been sucking.
2. “ These Animals Bite.’’—My wrist was seized by Anthocoris
sylvestris, Linn., in no friendly manner, while I was reading
in the garden at 9.30 p.m. on July 7th. His proboscis
was firmly inserted through the skin and effected a small, sharp
pain like the prick of a No. 19 entomological pin. He sucked
my blood at his own sweet will for two minutes, possibly three,
thereinafter I saw his face no more. ‘The result was dis-
appointing; none of the throb induced by Cimex was expe-
rienced; the small pricking lasted for fifteen minutes and then
ceased; a slight blush at the point of insertion had faded in
five, and nothing further was seen or felt. I have very rarely
been the victim of Heteropterous onslaughts, and can recall no
specific occasion since Capsus lanarius, Linn., was captured
flying on July 21st, 1896, when it promptly turned upon me and
caused my thumb ‘“‘sensations similar to those set up by Urtica
diowca,” to quote my diary of that date.
3. A Curious Aerial Dance.—Records of unspecified insects
are often useless, but the aerial dances of Hilara species form a
GARDEN NOTES. 217
wide subject and the (doubtless specific) evolutions appear to
have received little attention. It may be of interest, therefore,
to note that on the morning of June 26th, at 8.30 a.m.,
members of this genus were forming a somewhat dense hori-
zontal column near the west bank of the moat, and four feet to
the east, on the edge of the sunshine, was a similar column;
each column was about two and a half feet high, and between
them individual specimens perpetually darted backwards and
forwards at great speed, apparently mingling for a few moments
with each column in turn, and straying away nowhere else.
How long the dance lasted I failed to note, but similar evolutions
were in progress at the same spot upon the two following days,
when the movement seemed to vary in no way.
4, Liophleus nubilus, Fab.—This appears to be a distinctly
uncommon species of weevil in my twenty years’ experience in
Britain, occurring only in May (when I took it at Dover during
1896) and the first few days of June. In Suffolk it is both rare
and local; and, although Garneys found three at Beddingfield
about 1870, Tomlin noticed it at Glemsford in June of 1905, and
Dr. Sharp tells me it occurs freely at Mildenhall, I have never
taken it outside my garden. Here it may be annually seen
sparingly, and on May 15th last we were much diverted by watching
a perfect beetle consuming a leaf of ivy with its nasal mandibles.
It held the outer edge of the leaf, like a lepidopterous larva does,
and, like it, excised the leaf in a semicircular manner, beginning
at the furthest point its rostrum could reach and gradually
biting the edge towards its sternum, thence repeating the
process from the furthest point. Here it is most usually found
among the garden weed locally known as ‘ground elder,”
though never far from ivy.
5. A Non-carnivorous Empid Fly.—I have never noticed
members of the Empide prey upon aught but perfect insects
till May 5th, when a female T'achydromia pallidiventris, Mg.,
was seen on the disc of a large bramble-leaf, assiduously sucking
the surface with its proboscis. The leaf was examined with a
lens and found to be sparingly covered with minute excreta,
which was not honey-dew, for no Aphids were present, but which
had probably been emitted by either Apion vorax, Herbst.,
Batophila rubi, Payk., or an Anthocoris larva, all of which were
sitting immediately above the leaf in question. 1 was careful to
note that the Empid carried no prey; it is a common species
throughout Suffolk, where I have studied its curious mode of
copulation on the coast, Norfolk, Lincoln, and Wiltshire; Mr.
Bedwell once bred it from a small (? Braconid) cocoon.
6. Probable Host of Lissonota femorata, Hlmgr.—Nothing
has hitherto been ascertained respecting the economy of this
Pimplid Ichneumon, and it may consequently be worthy of note
that upon June 29th I saw a female walking over and investi-
218 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
gating a dead willow-trunk in my garden. This particular
trunk has been under my observation for ten years, and no
Lepidoptera (the usual hosts of the genus Lissonota) are known
to breed in it. Nothing nests there, as far as 1am aware, but
Aculeates and, perhaps, Dictenidia bimaculata, Linn.; but the
smaller Fossores—species of Passalecus, T'rypoxylon, and Pemph-
redon—are abundant; though the only thing of sufficient size to
render it a probable host for this Ichneumonid is the; bee Osmia
leaiana, Kirby, of which numerous specimens were seen about
the same time. The elongate ovipositor renders its parasitism
upon some burrowing insect nearly certain.
7. A Pugnacious Dolichopodid.— Pecilobothrus nobilitatus,
Linn., is common about the moat, and on June 28th I watched
one individual for about an hour. This was undisputed lord of
a group of three overlapping water-lily leaves (Nymphea alba),
about which it briskly walked and occasionally sucked their
surface as though for nutriment. At irregular intervals it would
make short flights to neighbouring leaves, but these appeared
purposeless, and it always returned to its particular three, from
which it drove away by flying point blank at them all other
Diptera — mainly Notiphile and Dolichopodids — while the
presence of Gerris gibbifera, Sch., larve was ignored. The only
foes it feared were Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., and Agrion
puella, Linn. ; from these it fled precipitately. At rest it would
somewhat slowly and at long intervals vibrate its wings, much
in the manner of Seoptera vibrans, Linn.
(To be continued.)
ACRONYCTA (HYBOMA) STRIGOSA 1n WICKEN FEN.
By T. A. Cuapman, M.D., F.E.S.
In the matter of Wicken Fen, Mr. Rowland-Brown’s article
in the ‘ Entomologist’ for July, 1914 (p. 185), suggests to me
to say a word for the protection of an old pet of mine, Acronycta
(Hyboma) strigosa, if it still exists. Most probably it does ;
though I understand that of late years it is rare or absent.
The expression in Mr. Rowland-Brown’s observations that in-
duces me to advance my plea is that in which he condemns,
amongst other things, ‘‘low shrubby trees.’”’* Many years ago
I reared A. strigosa from the egg for several broods, and I care-
fully examined its habitat in the Wicken district, though I did
not capture any specimens. It is long since I was at Wicken,
and do not know what changes have occurred there since; nor
* T suggest, of course, that these be cut, if at all, only where necessary,
and with the greatest discretion ; I hope other entomologists will assist with
their views.—[H. R.-B.]
NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 219
do I recollect or know how far the habitat of A. strigosa was or
is included in the now preserved portion of the Fen. A. strigosa
feeds on hawthorn, and why it should be so localised is not very
obvious. Various reasons may be suggested, climatic and others.
There is one somewhat important one, as to which I feel tolerably
certain. A. strigosa pupates in a cocoon which it forms by
burrowing into rotten wood, and consequently it cannot thrive
unless the trees on which it lives are old and possess some dead
portions that have some fairly rotten wood. No doubt larve on
other hawthorn trees will find places in which to pupate, but
such places will be unsuitable, and will result in the greater
number of individuals who do so perishing in the winter. Not
impossibly stumps of cut reeds may afford as good substitutes
as any.
The point, however, on which I desire for the moment to
insist, is that old hawthorn trees should be jealously guarded,
and that sufficient younger trees should be spared in order that
in due time they may replace the older ones as these perish, and
that none of the old ones and not all the younger shall be
included in the sweeping condemnation of ‘‘ low shrubby trees.”
NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA.
By A. K. Wiueman, F.E.S.
Trachea conjuncta, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax whitish, the latter marked with dark brown
on edges of collar and patagia; antenne bipectinate except at tip.
Fore wings whitish, tinged and clouded with ochreous brown; subbasal
line black, double, wavy, not clearly defined ; antemedial line black,
double, sinuous; postmedial line black, double, strongly curved from
costa to middle, thence sinuous to dorsum ; a broad oblique blackish
band from costa to about middle of a black bar connecting antemedial
and postmedial lines, and a narrow oblique blackish band from the
connecting bar to dorsum; orbicular and reniform stigmata whitish,
finely outlined in black and enclosing brownish marks; a blackish
quadrate mark (extending to costa) between the stigmata; three
blackish marks on terminal third of the wing—one at costal end of
postmedial line, one (the largest) below middle of postmedial, one
below apex ; fringes chequered with black. Hind wings white with
blackish discoidal dot and two dusky transverse lines beyond; fringes
grey brown. Under side whitish; fore wings suffused with dusky
except on margins, the blackish postmedial line is preceded by a
blackish cloud on costal area; hind wings have a black discoidal
lunule and blackish transverse line as above.
Expanse, 34 millim.
Collection number, 1751.
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 9th, 1909.
22.0 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Kerala lentiginosa, sp. n.
@. Head and thorax pale brown, the latter marked with black ;
abdomen brown, slightly darker than the thorax. Fore wings pale
brown, thickly freckled with darker brown except on middle of dorsal
area; subbasal and antemedial lines blackish, originating in black
spots on the costa, the first line indented above dorsum, the second
line diffuse and angled below middle; reniform stigma represented
by a black lunule; postmedial line dark brown, double, indented
above dorsum; subterminal line blackish, wavy and interrupted, most
distinct and black from below apex to middle; fringes pale brown
marked with darker. Hind wings whitish, bordered with blackish
on terminal area; fringes whitish. Under side whitish, fore wings
suffused with blackish on the disc; a blackish subterminal line on
all the wings.
Expanse, 32 millim.
Collection number, 984a.
One female specimen from Arizan (7850 ft.), August 22nd,
1908.
Comes nearest to K. decipiens, Butler.
Kerala lentiginosa suffusa, ab. n.
?. Fore wings suffused with dark brown except at base and
on the middle of dorsum; hind wings slightly tinged with brown,
blackish border less distinct.
Expanse, 30 millim.
Collection number, 934.
One female specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 16th,
1906.
Macrobarasa albibasis, sp. n.
&. Head whitish grey; thorax somewhat darker grey, collar
edged with blackish; abdomen brownish grey, whitish at base and
anal extremity. Fore wings whitish grey suffused with brownish
except on basal fourth; subbasal and antemedial lines black, sinuous,
angled below costa; postmedial line black, angled below costa, slightly
wavy to vein 3 where it is deflected inwards for a short distance,
thence sinuous to dorsum; other irregular transverse lines between
antemedial and postmedial ; orbicular and reniform stigmata white,
finely outlined in black; subterminal line black, wavy, edged with
white on costa; fringes white mixed with brownish at the base, pre-
ceded by a black line. Hind wings whitish, veins and hairs thereon
brownish ; terminal area broadly bordered with blackish ; fringes
whitish mixed with brownish at the base. Under side whitish, all
the wings have dusky discoidal marks and postmedial lines, and are
broadly bordered with fuscous.
Expanse, 36 millim.
Collection number, 1752.
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 12th, 1909.
Allied to M. xantholopha, Hampson.
NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDH FROM FORMOSA. 291
Batracharta divisa, sp. n.
Head and thorax dark brown, the latter powdered with grey and
cross-barred with lighter brown and black; abdomen brown above,
paler below. Fore wings brown, clouded and mottled with darker,
the basal portion of the wing limited by the postmedial line is suffused
with greyish; postmedial line black, curved round cell with an
obtuse angle opposite end of cell, slightly oblique from median nervure
to just above dorsum where it turns inwards, terminating on dorsum
at about one-fifth from base of the wing; a blackish irregular patch near
the costa is outwardly margined by the postmedial line ; subterminal
line black, slightly wavy, almost parallel with the termen; fringes
brown traversed by a darker line. Hind wings fuscous inclining to
whitish on costal area; discoidal mark blackish, diffuse; fringes pale
brown. Under side whitish buff, the fore wings suffused with blackish
on discal area; all the wings have a black discoidal mark, that on the
hind wings large and conspicuous.
Expanse, 46 millim.
Collection number, 1508 a.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, November 17th, 1908.
This species comes nearest to B. cossoides, Walk.
Fodina contigua, sp. n.
Head and thorax black, a line between antenne, edges of collar,
patagia and the metathorax, pale ochreous; abdomen ochreous.
Fore wings black, the costal area from near base to beyond middle,
also a small patch at tornus, flecked with pale ochreous; subbasal
line pale ochreous, not extending to dorsum; from outer end of
flecked costal area a pale ochreous band tapers to the tornal patch ;
fringes dark grey, black at the base, preceded by a pale ochreous line.
Hind wings ochreous broadly bordered with black, the border tapered
towards tornal area, which is heavily flecked with black; fringes
ochreous mixed with black. Under side ochreous; fore wings
clouded with black ; hind wings with dusky borders.
Expanse, ¢, 40 millim.; ?, 44 millim.
Collection number, 1506.
One example of each sex from Kanshirei obtained in 1908 ;
the male on April 22nd, and the female on June 6th.
The sexes are alike in colour and pattern, but as the female
is in better condition than the male, it has been described. The
species comes very near I’. postimaculata, Hampson, from which
it differs chiefly in colour.
Fodina contigua fusca, ab. n.
All the typical markings of the fore wings are obscured by fuscous
suffusion; the hind wings and under side of all wings entirely
fuscous.
Expanse, 44 millim.
Collection number, 1515.
A male example from Kanshirei, April 8th, 1908.
DASAY) THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Harmatelia basalis obscura, ab. n.
?. Differs from typical basalis (Moore) in the absence of white
postmedial line and in the terminal area of fore wings being very
little paler than the basal two-thirds.
Expanse, 50 millim.
Collection number, 1516.
A female specimen from Kanshirei, April 28th, 1908.
Agdia obscura, sp. n.
@. Head and thorax brown, sparsely mixed with grey ; abdomen
paler. Fore wings brown, paler and sprinkled with grey on apical
and terminal areas ; antemedial line darker brown, double, sinuous,
enclosed space paler than the ground colour; postmedial line darker
brown outwardly edged with paler, excurved from costa to vein 4,
inwardly oblique from vein 4 to dorsum, indented below vein 6;
reniform stigma outlined in dark brown but not clearly defined ; sub-
terminal line dark brown, sinuous, indistinct; fringes brown, a dotted
ochreous line at base. Hind wings white, broadly bordered with
brown ; fringes white at tornus. Under side of fore wings fuscous,
and of hind wings white with broad fuscous border; all the wings
have a dusky discoidal mark, that on the fore wings is lunular and
that on the hind wings colon-like.
Expanse, 34 millim.
Collection number, 175.
A female specimen from Takow, September 1st, 1904.
Allied to 4”. mosara, Swinhoe.
Adrapsa quadrilinealis, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen brown, some whitish hairs in anal
tuft; antennz pectinate on one side. Fore wings brown, powdered
with darker; antemedial and postmedial lines dark brown, the first
sinuous, the second wavy, excurved and edged with whitish on costal
area; medial line dark brown, diffuse, almost straight from white
discoidal lunule to dorsum; subterminal line white towards costa,
where it edges a whitish subapical patch, obscured towards dorsum,
inwardly clouded with dark brown; fringes marked with whitish
towards apex and preceded by black-edged whitish lunules. Hind
wings slightly paler becoming whitish above tornus; transverse lines
similar to those on fore wings, except that the medial line is absent.
Under side whitish brown sprinkled with darker; markings as above
but the transverse lines of fore wings are not distinct.
Expanse, ¢, 42 millim.; ?, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1004.
One example of each sex from Kanshirei; the male obtained
April 22nd, 1908, and the female, April 19th, 1906.
Mecodina (2) albipuncta, sp. n.
3. Head fuscous brown mixed with paler; palpi fuscous brown,
paler at the base and the tip of third joint; thorax and abdomen
fuscous brown mixed with paler; antennez finely ciliated. Fore
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 223
wings pale brown almost whity-brown on the disc, sprinkled and
clouded with fuscous brown; two white spots in the cell, the outer
lunular and smaller than the inner; antemedial line blackish, wavy,
angled below costa; medial line blackish, sinuous, commencing in a
blackish triangular mark on the costa; postmedial line blackish,
wavy, curved round cell, united with outer edge of triangular mark
on costa; subterminal line blackish, wavy; terminal area fuscous
brown traversed by a diffuse and sinuous band of the ground colour,
short black bars between the veins joining black lunules on the
termen ; fringes fuscous brown marked with paler between the veins.
Hind wings fuscous grey with two dusky transverse lines, the outer
one sinuous and most distinct; subterminal line whitish outwardly
dentate, inwardly diffuse, not distinct towards costa; fringes pale
brown marked with darker between the veins, proceeded by a series
of black lunules. Under side pale brown; markings of fore wings as
on upper side but the terminal area is not darker and the short black
bars are not distinct except between veins 3 and 5; the transverse
lines on hind wings are dark brown, the first bluntly angled beyond
the black discoidal mark, the second is serrated and is followed by a
brown band which is clouded with blackish about the middle and
before dorsum.
Expanse, 35 millim.
Collection number, 929.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, June 16th, 1908.
Mecodina (?) subornata, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax fuscous brown, the latter mixed with
darker in front; abdomen whitish brown, heavily powdered with
fuscous brown except on the anal tuft. Fore wings fuscous brown,
traces of two whitish dots in the cell; antemedial line blackish,
indistinct except on costa where it is inwardly edged with white ;
postmedial line blackish, sinuous and wavy, outwardly pale edged,
the edge becoming white and diffuse on the costa; medial line
blackish, almost parallel with the postmedial from cell to dorsum ;
fringes fuscous brown, variegated with white toward apex and tornus.
Hind wings fuscous brown, traces of a pale transverse line above
tornus. Under side pale brown, variegated with darker brown; on
the fore wings the costa is paler, and the terminal area from tornus
to a black spot at middle whitish ; on the hind wings, the basal and
terminal thirds are whitish ; all the wings have dark transverse lines.
Expanse 38 millim.
Collection number, 929a.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, April 18th, 1906.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
PLUSIA MONETA IN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.—I have great pleasure in
reporting the capture in my garden of Plusza moneta; it was taken
by my son, W. J. Daws, on the evening of July 4th, 1914, and is now
in my collection. It is a fine female, but by the appearance of the
294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
body it had already deposited its ova; three or four years ago I
planted a few plants of monkshood, but this is the first time we
captured P. moneta. The plants have been searched each season,
but without result until this year. On Wednesday, July 8th, we
made another search, and found one half-grown larva and one fresh
cocoon. Would you kindly tell me if there are any previous records
of P. moneta in Nottinghamshire, or is this the first for the county ?—
Witt1am Daws; 39, Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts, July 9th, 1914.
[P. moneta has been noted from most of the counties of England
up to Cheshire, but I do not recall any previous record of this
Species from Nottinghamshire.—R. 8.]
ACHERONTIA ATROPOS IN Kent.—Mr. Percy Richards (antea, p.
205) recorded a specimen of A. atropos captured at Hythe on
June 15th last. In a communication dated July 8th he writes :—
‘‘ Another specimen was found at rest on a mulberry tree in Hythe.
It is a fine female, measuring 5 in. in expanse. I have no doubt,
judging from its condition, that it had only just emerged from pupa,
although the nearest potato patch is two hundred yards from the
mulberry tree.”
PAPILIO HOSPITON IN Corstca.—Mr. Gurney states on p. 176 of
the ‘Entomologist’ that a French entomologist, resident at Ajaccio,
informed him that the food-plant of this species did not grow in the *
Vizzavona district, and that examples taken there were chance
ones. ‘This statement is an error, the food-plant of P. hospiton
does grow at Vizzavona, and the larve are locally common on it
there. Towards the end of July, 1906, I found twenty-seven larve
in two days, as recorded in the ‘ Entomologist,’ xl. p. 77.—W. G.
SHELDON.
NoTrE ON AMMOPHILA CAMPESTRIS ?—On the intensely hot after-
noon of July 11th I was watching a sandy hillside, on West Knighton
Heath, for Aculeates, My attention was directed to an insect (almost
certainly Ammophila campestris, which is even commoner than A.
sabulosa here, but exact determination seemed of less importance
than leaving the creature undisturbed) which was carrying in its
mandibles a small, round white pebble. This it carefully deposited,
with others, at the mouth of its burrow. It then rapidly fussed
about until it had found another quite similar stone, being very
eclectic, and so intent on its task that I could bend closely over it.
After seeing several additions to the little heap, which at last obscured
the opening, I gently withdrew. Are these last touches of maternal
care protective against some parasite? Is the habit general ?—
F. H. Harnss, D.P.H., &c.; Winfrith, Dorset, July 12th, 1914.
DEILEPHILA (HYLES) EUPHORBIH IN CorNWALL.—While staying
at St. Gennys, North Cornwall, during August, 1910, I caught a
large moth, which remained unidentified in my collection until last
Friday, when a friend told me that, in his opinion, it was a Spurge
Hawk (Devlephila (Hyles) euphorbie). I took it up to the South
Kensington Museum yesterday, and they told me that my friend’s
surmise was correct. I have a fair collection of butterflies, but know
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 225
little about moths, which accounts for the Spurge Hawk remaining
unnoticed so long.—A. S. Buckuurst; 9, Souldern Road, West
Kensington, July 19th, 1914.
Note on Oreayia ANTIQUA.—I had larve of Orgyia antiqua this
year in a breeding-cage indoors, feeding them on plum leaves. To
my surprise, after the females resulting from the normal brood had
laid eggs, these latter began to hatch out about July 11th. I can
find no reference to this fact in the text-books. I should be much
interested to know whether a second brood has occurred many
times before.—A. H. Lers; University of Bristol, July 16th, 1914.
[Larvee of Orgyza antiqua have been observed in August and
September, and occasionally imagines have been seen in October.—
R. 8]
HYMENOPTERA SUBMITTED FOR DETERMINATION.—We have re-
ceived from Mr. F. Dennis, of East Liss, in Hants, a handsome
female of the largest British Ichneumon fly (Rhyssa persuasoria,
Linn.), captured upon a window there; a ligneous gall, also found
there on oak, is too broken and shrivelled to determine. Mr.
Geoffrey Todd, of Barnet, has sent us a bundle of Braconid cocoons
from which he has bred Apanteles ruficrus, Hal.; these were first
observed in larve of Arenostola (Leucania) brevilinea, Fenn., on
. June 24th, and emerged on July 10th. Goureau has given an
interesting account of the earlier stages of this parasite at Soc. Ent.
France, 2° série, tom. iii. p. 355; it has already been bred from
Leucania littoralis, Curt., and L. pallens, L. Neither Mr. Todd nor
we can recall previous records of hymenopterous parasites upon this
Noctuid moth.—CuaupE Morey; July 22nd, 1914.
ABUNDANCE OF PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CRUCIFERARUM).—I
can testify from personal experience as to the abundance of this
species. During Haster it was beginning to emerge on the heaths
about Sidmouth (South Devon), and was swarming in this locality by
April 20th. At Whitsuntide in the neighbourhood of Chelmsford it
was abundant on the wing, in the late afternoon, over every roadside
patch of waste vegetation—R. Mrnpona; 6, Brunswick Square,
W.C., July 3rd, 1914.
PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (CRUCIFERARUM) IN NortH CuMBER-
LAND.—This species is now very abundant in this district. I first
noticed the moth in June; now, scarcely a field of turnips has escaped.
Injury has been principally done amongst the swede turnips, and
many of the fields have assumed a grey appearance. The farmers in
the district say that such a plague has not been experienced for thirty
years.—GrEOoRGE B. RoututepGe; Tarn Lodge, Headsnool, Carlisle,
July 7th, 1914.
APPEARANCE OF HUCHLO# CARDAMINES.—May I add my experi-
ence of this species during the present season? I first met with it
in a clearing in a wood in Kent on April 23rd, at a height of about
200 ft.; it was quite common, and females predominated. Next I
found it, in an interval of sunshine, between a couple of thunder-
storms, at the Villa Adriana, near Rome, probably at about a similar
ENTOM.—AaAvuGusT, 1914. T
226 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
elevation, on May 6th; and afterwards at Messina, Sicily (2000 ft.),
May 9th; Palermo (2000 ft.), May 12th; and Mount Etna (over
3000 ft.), May 16th. During my trip into Calabria I captured speci-
mens at Palmi (1500 ft.), May 22nd; Catanzaro (2500 ft.), May 24th ;
Nicotera, May 30th (1000 ft.) ; and Cape Spartivento (50 ft.), June
3rd. It was flying at Messina (50 ft.) on June 10th, and above and
below Bérisal, Switzerland (4500 ft. to 5500 ft.), from June 17th to
22nd, and finally I left the species in excellent condition, both males
and females, at Kandersteg, at an elevation of 4000 ft., on Monday,
June 29th.—J. Puatrt Barrett; Westcroft, South Road, Forest Hill,
8.E., July 3rd, 1914.
A Day 1n Detamere Forest.—On July 11th, in Delamere
Forest, and feeding on bramble blossoms, I saw a fine and fresh male
Pyrameis (Vanessa) atalanta. Was this puzzling butterfly locally
bred ? did it pass the winter in the egg, larva, chrysalis, or imago
state, and where did it hibernate? Or, after it had crossed the
waves of the North Sea, or the waters thereto, why did it fly from
the east to the very west of the country, arriving in speckless
condition? With these unsolved “problems” as companions I
subsequently captured a fine Cenonympha tiphon with lanceolated
spots (subvariety lanceolata), and two specimens of Acidalia strami-
nata var. circellata. This latter insect appears to be common but
local here. Possibly it escapes detection when on the wing through
being taken for Crambus margaritellus or females of Fidonia atomaria.
At rest, however, on the heather, &c., it cannot well be mistaken.
From a female taken on the same spot in July of last year I obtained
a large number of eggs. These hatched, and the larvee went on so
well that I had reason to think they would survive the winter. They
fed readily on knot-grass (which I think does not grow on or near
their habitat), and they began hibernation on the stems, fastening
themselves by their anal claspers, and branching out at an acute
angle in the form of a note of interrogation. So they remained, until
I discovered at the end of last March that many had dropped from
their perch. All were dead. I had succeeded in giving them food,
and plenty of fresh air, but I had failed in providing the damp
environment of the mosses. One of the C. tephon (I only saw five
or six altogether) was nearly captured by one of the larger dragonflies
(Aischna juncea), of which there were many about. A movement on
my part scared away the dragonfly, which was only an inch or two
behind the butterfly, and so the t7zphon was saved. The mosses were
unusually dry and enabled me to watch the richly-coloured males of
Leucorrhinia dubia, in black and maroon, hovering over the pools.
The females, in which the maroon colour is replaced by yellow, were
not so numerous. I found the tephon ground—the only Delamere
haunt now, I fear, for the butterfly—guarded by two rows of high
iron railings smeared with fresh tar. I thought with regret of the
newspaper I had left behind in the railway carriage. Still, the
obstruction did not prevent an old veteran of seventy summers
clearing the rails and landing safely on the other side, untarred,
excepting the hands, which were soon corrected in the dry sand of
the place.—J. ARKLE; Chester.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. up|
Morus CaprureD By Licut-TRAP.—My friend, Mr. F. Gillett,
who has a house on the North Downs, near Chevening (Kent), has
sent me a list of the Moths that have been attracted by a large trap
of his own design during the months of March, April, and May. I
think his captures in this manner may prove of interest to readers
of the ‘ Entomologist.’ He writes :—
The following is the result of a moth-trap, made like a cupboard
with three glasses herring-bone fashion in front, which exactly fits
into the window; inside are three 30 c.-p. electric lamps, the door
at the back being fitted inside with a looking-glass, and the side with
a small window covered by a shutter. The trap is on castors, to be
easily movable. It is run from 10 p.m. to 3 a.m., when the light is
automatically shut off by an alarum clock downstairs. In February
and March it was only run for a few nights, with the result: one
Chestnut (vacciniz) in February, and one Small: Quaker (cruda) in
March.
Aprin.—Teniocampa gothica. 2nd (four); 13th (three) ; 14th (two) ;
18th (eight); 19th (two); 20th (eight); 21st (one); 23rd (three);
24th (five); 26th (two); 27th (six); 28th (two); 29th (six); 30th
(six) =56.—T. instabils. 3rd (one); 13th (two); 18th (one); 19th
(two) ; 20th (one)=7.—T’. opima. 21st (one); 26th (one); 27th (one);
29th (three) =6.—T’. gracilis. 13th (one); 19th (one); 29th (two) =4.
—T.cruda. 18th (two).—T. stabilis. 21st (one); 24th (two); 28th
(one) =4.—Anticlea badiata. 13th (one); 18th (one); 20th (one); 29th
(one) =4.—A. nigrofasciaria. 26th (one); 28th (one); 29th (one)=3.
—D. mendica. 28th (one); 29th (one) = 2.—Hemerophila abruptaria.
29th (one).—Xanthorhoé fluctuata. 29th (one).
May.—Teniocampa gothica. 1st (two); 2nd (two); 4th (one);
12th (one); 14th (three); 15th (three); 18th (one); 21st (one); 22nd
(one); 23rd (one); 30th (three) =19.—Z. gracilis. 2nd (one).—
T. stabilis. 16th (two); 20th (two)=4.—Spilosoma menthastre.
14th (two); 18th (two); 19th (two); 20th (eight); 21st (one); 22nd
(seven); 23rd (two); 28th (three); 29th (four); 30th (ten); 31st
(four) =45.— Diaphora mendica. 14th (one); 18th (one); 21st
(one) =:3.—Tephrosia crepuscularia. 14th (one); 22nd (one) =2.—
Coremia ferrugata. 14th (one); 20th (four); 27th (one); 30th
(one)=7.—G. bidentata. 14th (one); 17th (one); 20th (one); 22nd
(one) =4.—O. luteolata. 14th (one); 20th (one); 29th (one); 380th
(one) =4.—Agrotis cinerea. 15th (one); 17th (two); 18th (seven) ;
19th (one); 20th (eight); 21st (three); 22nd (one); 23rd (sixteen) ;
24th (three); 26th (one); 27th (five); 28th (eight); 29th (seven);
30th (thirty-one) =94.—Dianthecia cucubali. 16th (one); 20th (one) ;
21st (one); 22nd (one); 28th (one)=5.— X. fluctuata. 16th (one);
19th (one); 20th (two)=4.—Apamea basilinea. 16th (one); 23rd
(one); 28th (one); 29th (two); 30th (six) =11.—P. dictea. 17th (one).
—Hipocrita jacobee. 18th (three); 20th (six); 21st (four); 22nd
(three); 23rd (one); 28th (eight); 29th (seven); 380th (seven) =39.
—Hemerophila abrwptaria. 18th (one); 20th (one)=2.—Mamestra
dentina. 18th (one); 20th (two); 22nd (three); 23rd (one); 27th
(three); 29th (four); 30th (three); 31st (one) =18.—WM. thalassina.
17th (one); 18th (one); 29th (three); 30th (one)=6.—M. geniste.
19th (one); 21st (two); 22nd (one); 24th (one); 28th (one); 29th
228 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
(three); 30th (seven) =16.—EHupzthecia oblongata. 19th (two); 20th
(one); 27th (one); 30th (one)=5.—Lophopteryx camelina. 20th
(one).—WMesoleuca ocellata. 20th (one); 22nd (one) =2.—Dianthacia
capsincola. 20th (one); 21st (one)=2.—D. carpophaga. 20th (one);
21st (one) = 2.—EHupithecia pygmeata. 20th (one).—Dicranura vinula.
21st (one).—Granumecia trilinea. 21st (two); 22nd (four); 23rd
(one); 28th (one); 29th (two); 30th (fourteen) =24.— Anaztes
plagiata. 21st (one); 28th (one)=2.—Rusina tenebrosa. 21st (one);
29th (one)=2.— Lampropteryx suffumata. 22nd (one). — Crlix
spinula. 22nd (one).—Lozogranuma petraria. 22nd (one).—Hepialus
lupulina. 22nd (one); 28th (one)=2.—EHwupithecia pulchellata. 22nd
(one).—Leucania comma. 22nd (one); 28th (three); 29th (two);
30th (one); 31st (one)=8.—Agrotis puta. 23rd (one); 29th (one) =2.
-—Plusia gamma. 26th (one); 27th (four); 28th (four); 29th (six);
30th (six); 31st (one) =22.—Agrotis exclamationis. 28th (one); 30th
(five); 31st (one) =7.—Phalena bucephala. 30th (one).—Xanthorhoé
montanata. 29th (one); 380th (one)=2.—Ligdia marginata. 30th
(one).—Cucullia umbratica. 30th (one).—Mamestra pist. 30th
(one).—R. M. Pripzaux; Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914.
SOCIETIES.
THe Sours Lonpon Entomonogican aND Natura History
Socirety.—June 11th.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc., F.E.S., President, in
the chair.—Mr. Dunster exhibited a short series of blue females of
Polyommatus icarus from Horsley —Mr. Edwards, butterflies from
Costa Rica, New Granada, and Borneo.—Mr. W. West, the various
species of Coleoptera taken by himself in the New Forest in mid-May,
mainly from hawthorn blossom.—Mr. Curwen, about a dozen species
with various forms of Anthroceride (Zygenide) taken by him in
numerous holidays on the Continent.—Mr. Turner communicated a
note on the species of mite (Acarus) Tetranychus lintearius which
had recently been exhibited as causing devastation among gorse-
bushes.
June 25th.—Mr. H. Step, F.L.S., in the chair.—Messrs. Blair and
Main, a number of interesting items collected by them during a
recent holiday around Meiringen and Lugano, including (1) living
larvee of a Crioceris sp. on Bryony (Tamus communis); (2) a Polistes
gallica (living) on its nest; (3) living fireflies (Luczola italica) which
were “flashing”; (4) a field cricket found by Mr. Ashdown; (5) a
series of Cetonia stictica; (6) specimens of Gnophos glaucinaria with
ova, &c.—Mr. Coulson, a long series of many degrees of blue
coloration of the females of Polyommatus icarus from Horsley and
several Cenonympha panphilus, one having a bipupillate apical spot,
and another with three well-developed eye-spots on the hind wings
above.
July 9th.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Vice-president, in the
chair.—Mr. Newman exhibited living larve of Gastropacha dlicifolia
and Celerio gallii, with the parent imagines of the former species,
together with a curiously suffused and obscure form of Dianthacra
RECENT LITERATURE. 229
capsincola.—Myr. Newman demonstrated a method of killing Anthro-
cerids (Zygzenids) by immersion in petrol for a few moments, which
appeared to be quite successful—Mr. H. Moore, a living specimen of
Ligrotera phymateus, a large Orthopteron from the Cape.—Mr.
J. Platt Barrett, living male crickets, Gryllotalpa vulgaris, small
larvee and ova shells of Melanargia pherusa, a large centipede, &c.,
all from Sicily—Mr. W. West (Ashtead), the Phylloxera of the oak,
P. punctata.—Mr. Step, several Hemipterous pests, including
Phyllaphis fag in masses under leaves of beech, and Phyllopsis
fraximi in a similar manner under leaves of ash, with P. fraxiucola
and Pediopsis tue—Mr. R. Adkin, a bred series of Celastrina
(Cyaniris) argiolus, from 1913 autumn larve on ivy, one or two of
which were of the facies of the autumn emergence.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner,
the whole of the plates of Résel’s Insekten belustigung, 1746 (1)-1761,
with Kleemann’s additional volumes of plates, and an autograph
letter re the volume from W. Spence, 1812.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a
drawer of species and forms of Parnassius, including P. mnemosyne,
P. apollo, P. stubbendorfir, P. delphius, P. apollonius, P. imperator,
P. hardwicku, P. discobolus, P. romanovi, &e.—Mr. Step read a
Report of the Congress of the S. E. Union of Scientific Societies, held
at Bournemouth, June 10th-13th, and which he and Mr. Hy.
J. Turner attended as the Society’s delegates.—Hy. J. TurNER, Hon.
fiep. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Studies on the Mecoptera of Japan. By T. Miyake (Journal of the
College of Agriculture, Imperial University of Tokyo, vol. iv,
No. 6, pp. 265-400). Tokyo: December, 1913.
No Neuropterist can well afford to miss this paper, in which Mr.
Miyake gives a full and interesting account of his studies in connec-
tion with the Scorpion flies and allied insects to be found in Japan.
Though he gives them ordinate rank, as do some other entomologists,
it is probably more usual to consider them as a subdivision of the
Neuroptera. All are placed in one family, Panorpide, which is
divided into four genera :—Panorpa (including Aulops) with twenty-
seven species, Panorpodes with four, Leptopanorpa with two, and
Bittacus with six. Thus there are thirty-nine (or forty with the
doubtful Panorpa hagenz) species in all, as compared with four to be
found in Britain and but twenty in either Europe or America. One
species only, Panorpa communis, Japan shares with us. We have
no example of the peculiar Tpwla-like genus Bztiacus, of which
Japan has six but, on the other hand, Japan does not possess a
Boreus, one species of which peculiar genus of tiny insects is found
with us.
Distinctive wing-markings, prolongation of the mouth-parts into
a beak, and scorpion-like extremity of the male abdomen make,
Panorpa, Panorpodes, and Leptopanorpa very distinctive insects, while
the beak and Tvpula-like build differentiate the genus Bittacus. That
the “beak” is a recent acquisition seems clear, for the head of the
larva of Panorpa is of quite normal form. The beak reaches its
230 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
highest development in imagines of that genus. Morphology and
anotomy are closely studied, while wing neuration and markings are
discussed in even greater detail. Miyake concludes that the Japanese
Panorpids may, generally speaking, be grouped in two categories as
regards wing-marking :— (i.) apical dark part incompletely developed
and pterostigmatic fascia rather narrow; (ii.) apical dark part com-
pletely developed and pterostigmatic fascia rather broad.
Species of Panorpa frequent shady places, often resting on a leaf;
they are dull insects, easily captured. They live chiefly on animal
matter, preferring dead or dying insects or other small animals, and
probably but seldom capturing living prey. Occasionally, at any rate,
they will feed on vegetable juices, &c. It seems doubtful if the
weaker and less active insects, comprising the genus Panorpodes, are
carnivorous at all. They are more mountain-loving insects, and are
sometimes attracted by light. Species of Szrttacus prefer places
more shady than those affected by Panorpa. They suspend them-
selves from a branch or leaf by the legs (usually the fore ones).
Generally, but not entirely, their food is living insects which they
capture. A life-history given is that of Panorpa klugi, already
noticed in ‘ Entomologist,’ vol. xlvi. p. 271.
Miyake is inclined to reduce the number of genera and species of
Japanese Mecoptera, but he describes four new species :—Panorpa
arakave, Panorpa hakusanensis, Bittacus takaoensis, and B. margi-
natus, and five new subspecies. Besides six figures in the text there
are ten excellent plates. WJ eos
A Revision of the Ichnewnonide. Based on the Collection im the
British Museum (Natural History). With Descriptions of New
Genera and Species. Part I1.—Tribes Rhyssides, Echthro-
morphides, Anomalides, and Paniscides. By Cuaupe Morney,
¥.Z.S., F.E.S. Pp. i-xii and 1-140. Printed by Order of the
Trustees of the British Museum. 1913.
Tue two hundred and ninety-eight species here dealt with belong
to the subfamilies (1) Pimpline and (2) Ophioninz, each of which
comprise two tribes as follows :—(1) Rhyssides, numbering six genera
and seventy-two species (ten new), and Echthromorphides, two
genera and thirty-two species (six new). Pyramishyssa, Moes., is
also mentioned in the table of genera, but is not otherwise referred
to. (2) Anomalides, sixteen genera (five new), and one hundred and
eighteen species (thirty-eight new) ; Paniscides, six genera (one new),
and seventy-six species (seventeen new). Labrorychus, Forst., and
Hrigorgus, Forst., are also given in the table of genera.
In preparing this valuable revision, the author had the advantage
of ready access to Museum types, without which labour of this kind
would have been almost futile.
The plate, which is in colour, represents a male specimen (much
enlarged) of Certonotus geniculatus, Morley, reproduced from a
coloured drawing by Mr. Rupert Stenton, who presented it to the
British Museum.
RECENT LITERATURE. 931
Type Species of the Genera of Ichnewmon Flies. By Henry L.
VierEck. Pp. 1-186. Washington Government Printing
Office. 1914. (Smithsonian Institution, United States National
Museum, Bulletin 83.)
Frxinea the type of a genus is often a difficult business, but when
the type of each of some two thousand genera has to be ascertained
the task becomes almost herculean, and the warmest thanks of
entomologists are due to those who devote their time and ability to
such labours.
This catalogue, which is alphabetical in arrangement, deals with
the Ichneumonide of the world. Genotypes are designated where
this important matter had not been previously made clear by the
founder of the genus, or a type selected by a later writer. A very
large number of genera are monobasic, the term used to express a
genus based on a single species.
Common British Beetles. By Rev. Cuarnes A. Haru, F.R.M.S.
Containing 28 Illustrations, viz.: 8 full-page plates in colour,
15 in black and white from photographs, 5 drawings in the
text. Pp. i-vili and 1-88. London: Adam & Charles Black.
1914.
TuHIs is one of a series of very inexpensive volumes entitled
«Peeps at Nature,’ published by Messrs. Black, and edited by the Rev.
C. A. Hall. It is excellent in every way, and the hope expressed by
the author that it ‘‘ will be the means of arousing a more general
interest in beetles’’ is one which we cordially endorse and trust will
be fully realised.
The plates, both coloured and plain, are surprisingly good for this
class of work, and the species selected for figuring just those that
are most likely to come under the notice of the nature student. The
text is admirable, the author having been careful to be not only
accurate but also entertaining.
Transactions of the City of London Entomological and Natural
History Society for the years 1912 and 1918. Pp. 66. Plates
i—vii. The Society, Hall 20, Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus,
London, K.C. 1914.
Ty addition to Reports of Field and Ordinary Meetings, there are
several papers of interest in this volume, among which ‘“ Notes on
Cenonympha panphilus,’ by Mr. Harold B. Williams; ‘ Notes on
Thera variata (Schiff.) and 7’. obeliscata (Hb.),” by Mr. L. B. Prout;
and ‘Some Lycznid Notes, with a Discussion of the Segmentation of
the Abdomen in Lepidoptera,’ by Dr. Chapman, may be specially
mentioned. Six of the plates representing genitalia and androconia
are from photographs by Messrs. F. N. Clark and A. E. Tonge.
It may be noted here that this Society will in future be known as
the London Natural History Society, with which the late North
London Natural History Society is also incorporated.
232 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The Journal of the Board of Agriculture of British Guiana. Vol. vii.
No. 3. January, 1914. Demerara: ‘The Argosy ’’ Company,
Limited, Georgetown.
AMoNG various entomological contributions published in this
number the following is perhaps the most important: “The Scale
Insects of British Guiana. A Preliminary List, with an Account of —
their Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and Controlling Agencies,” by
G. E. Bodkin, B.A., Dip. Agric. (Cantab.). vi
Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History
Society for 1913-14. Pp. i-xvii and 1-158. Plates i.—ix.
The Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. 1914.
ENTOMOLOGICAL papers, Seven in number, are as follows:—
“Tinea pallescentella, Stainton (=nigrifoldella, Gregson). Some
Notes on its Life-history and its History,’ by Mr. Robert Adkin
(pp. 1-6, plate i.); ‘Spring in the South Tyrol,” by Mr. Ebray
Sich and Mr. Alfred Sich (pp. 7-17) ; ‘‘ One of our Common Butter-
flies, Hpinephele jurtina,” by Mr. Hy. J. Turner (pp. 18-25);
“British Short-horned Grasshoppers,” by Mr. W. J. Lucas
(pp. 26-34, plates 2-4); ‘“‘Mimicry in the North American Butter-
flies of the Genus Limenitis,” by Prof. E. B. Poulton (pp. 35-37) ;
“The Ithomiine,” by Mr. W. J. Kaye (pp. 38-48, plate 5); ‘‘ Entomo-
logy with a Camera in Switzerland,” by Mr. Hugh Main and Mr.
K. G. Blair (pp. 49-53, plates 6-8). Plates 3 and 4, showing British
Grasshoppers, are reproduced from photographs by Mr. Lucas.
Plates 6 and 7 exhibit the life-history of the Tiger Beetle, and plates
8 and 9 give the life-history of the ant-lion; all the figures are from
photographs by Mr. Main. Plate 1, representing Tinea pallescentella,
natural size and greatly enlarged, also details of life-history, is from
drawings by Mr. Frohawk.
We have also received the following :—
Reprints from the Proceedings of the United States National Museum. —
Vol. 46 (1913); Vol. 47 (1914).
North American Spring-tails of the Subfamily Tomocerine. B
Justus W. Folsom. (Vol. 46, pp. 451-472, with plates 40-41.)
New Hymenoptera from North America. By A. B. Gahan.
(Vol. 46, pp. 431-443, with Plate 39.)
Descriptions of twenty-three New Genera and thirty-one New
Species of Ichneumon-flies. By Henry L. Viereck. (Vol. 46,
pp. 359-386.)
New Species of Noctuid Moths from Tropical America. By
William Schaus. (Vol. 47, pp. 485-549.) i
A Contribution towards a Monograph of the Homopterous Insects _
of the Family Delphacide of North and South America. By —
David L. Crawford. (Vol. 47, pp. 557-640, with plates 44-49.)
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RY eth
md f 5
aes inthe Britich Species of ‘Sympherobius, (Hemerobi are iigding one
hitherto unnoticed (with plate), Kenneth J. Morton, 210. The. Sleeping —
Attitude of Lycwnide, #. W. Frohawk, 212. Australian. Bees’ [aaa
Kuryglossa, 7. D. A. Coekerell, 218. Garden Notes, Clawde Morley, 215.
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Norges AND OBSERVATIONS.—Plusia moneta in Nottinghamshire, Williaa Dawws,
223. Acronyeta atropos in Kent, 224. Papilio hospiton in Corsica, W. i
Sheldon, 224. Note on Ammophila campestris ? H’. H. Haines, 224. Deile-—
phila (Hyles) euphorbie in Cornwall, A. S. Buckhurst, 224. Note on a
antiqua, A. H. Lees, 225. ‘Hymenoptera submitted for Determination, Claude ta
Morley, 225. Abundance of Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum), R. Meldola, —
225. Plutella maculipennis (cruciferarum) in North Cumberland, George B. —
Hiowtledge, 225. Appearance of Huchloé cardamines, J. Platt Barrett, 225.
A Day in Delamere Forest, J. Ar hile, 226. Moths Captured by Light-trap, .
R. M. Prideaua, 227. Rey cs .
SOCIETIES, 228. Recent Lirerature, 229.
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.1 SEPTEMBER, 1914. [No. 616
AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.
By W. G. SHeEupon, F.E.S.
So far as I am aware, out of the hundreds of expeditions
British lepidopterists have made into almost every part of
Europe during the last thirty years, not a single one has had
this great country for its goal, though I believe one or two have
incidentally collected a few specimens there on their way
further east.
Foreigners travelling in Russia at present are not very
numerous, and such as there are consist almost entirely of those
who have business in the country; and I may say that in my
journey of about two months, during which I travelled about
five thousand miles, I saw only one German, and not a single
American, Frenchman, or Englishman, until Moscow was reached
on my return to England.
The prospect of undergoing the rigid Customs examination
frightens a good many timid ones; the passport regulations
are, perhaps not without reason, the cause why a good many
more possible visitors do not reach Russia, and seriously this
question is always an anxious and it may very easily become a
disastrous one, for an individual in Russia who cannot produce
a passport is looked upon by the authorities as a very suspicious
person; he must stay in the town where he happens to be until
they are satisfied of his bona fides, which will usually take many
days, possibly some weeks, and if he is a little indiscreet he will
very probably spend the time in prison. Then, apart from the
fact that it is not very difficult to lose a document, a foreign
passport has considerable value to those subjects of the Czar
who wish to leave Holy Russia, but whom the authorities of that
country do not desire to part with; consequently there are
always people on the lookout to steal your passport, and they do
not by any means lack opportunities. On the frontier it is taken
from you, passed by an official, and then after the luggage has
been examined, which will take a considerable time, another
ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1914. U
aay
934 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
official calls out the name on each passport of the whole train-
load of waiting people, and if you do not recognize your name
when it is called out, and someone else claims your precious
document, it disappears, and there you are!
Immediately you have taken a room in a hotel, the proprietor
demands your passport, for which he does not give a receipt. It
is handed over to the police by him, and you get it back before you
leave the town. At your last place of stay it pays an additional
visit to the police to have stamped upon it permission to leave
the country ; and on your return journey it is taken from you
several hours before you get to the frontier, and only returned
at the last Russian station.
No, travelling in Russia is not likely to be popular with
foreigners so long as the present passport regulations exist ; the
Russians themselves recognize this, and there is an agitation
going on at the moment to get them done away with.
My thoughts had often been centred on Russian Lepidoptera,
but I had fancied that it was rather too tough a problem to be
tackled during a summer holiday.
There are certain parts in the west and north-west which
it is quite easy to reach, but the butterflies found there are
generally too western in type to be novel, and one can get nearly
everything with equal facility, and under much more favourable
conditions of sojourn, in eastern Germany, or in Scandinavia.
The interesting parts of the country from a lepidopterist’s
point of view are unquestionably those which are the most
remote from England; and these are by no means easy to
reach, where time is an object, and when one gets there, at the
end of about a week of travel, there are various reasons, as will
be seen hereafter, which make the average family man think
hard before he finally decides to collect Lepidoptera in remoter
Russia.
One can get very little reliable information in England
respecting Russia. The ubiquitous Cook knows it not, and
railway tickets from» London are only issued to Moscow,
St. Petersburg, and Odessa. Bradshaw, in the Continental
edition, professes to give time-tables of all the trains in every
part. One wonders whence they were obtained, and if such
trains really ever did run, for all I tested turned out to be
hopelessly inaccurate, and there is no reason to suppose they
were in any way exceptional.
Baedeker, until this year, had only a somewhat ancient
edition, in French or German, but within recent months a new
one, in English for the first time, was issued. I was not aware
of this edition until I called upon the British Consul-General at
Odessa. This gentleman gave me this very useful piece of
information, and further very kindly lent me a copy, which was
of immense assistance.
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 235
On mentioning my project to the companion of my Spanish
expedition of last year, Mr. A. H. Jones, I was very glad to find
that he was able and willing to come with me once more, and
we left London on the evening of April 29th, for Odessa, which
was reached after a most uninteresting journey of seventy-two
hours, during which, after crossing the Channel to Flushing, we
did not pass through a single tunnel.
I wished before the more serious entomological work of the
journey commenced to see something of the beautiful south
coast of the Crimea. On the day following our arrival at Odessa
we therefore got on board the Black Sea steamer, landing the
following morning at the famous fortress of Sebastopol.
We spent a couple of days at Sebastopol, which were
occupied in visiting scenes of the principal events of the siege of
sixty years ago, not doing any actual collecting, but we saw a
good number of butterflies, and the district impressed us as
better ground for Lepidoptera than any we afterwards saw in
the Crimea. The valley leading from Sebastopol to the English
Cemetery appeared particularly promising.
On May 7th we hired a carriage and drove to beautiful Ialta,
a drive that will always remain vividly impressed upon my
memory for the loveliness of the scenery en route. Apart from
the interest of the journey, we were much impressed with the
manner in which the three little Tartar horses dragged the four-
wheeled carriage, ourselves, our luggage, and the driver, the
whole distance of sixty-one miles, without turning a hair,
galloping uphill and downhill equally as on the level. The
route is for the first half of the distance inland. Balaclava is
passed on the way, and then one gradually mounts upwards,
between woods—full of wild ponies at the time of our visit—
until a col named the ‘‘ Porte de Baidar”’ is surmounted, then
all at once the beautiful south coast bursts into view from a
height of almost 2000 ft. The day was perfect, and the sea
almost as blue as the Mediterranean can be; the view itself is
superb, and the conditions we saw it under were the best
possible. Beyond Baidar the road is entirely alongside the sea,
which is never lost sight of, and vistas of surpassing loveliness
continually burst into view. Just before Ialta is reached, the
Imperial Palace and Park of Livadia are passed. The Czar was
in residence, and the road, and in fact the whole district, was
patrolled by picked Cossacks, magnificently mounted and armed.
It was an impressive scene !
Ialta is in situation and surroundings very similar to
Mentone, but it is even more beautiful. The vegetation is, how-
ever, not so southern; one sees plenty of cypress trees and
occasional palms, and in the main street I saw several fine
specimens of Jacaranda mimosaefolia, which just then were a
gorgeous mass of purple tubular flowers ; but with few exceptions
Diner
236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the flowers and trees of the Crimean southern coast are those
commonly met with in mid-Europe.
We spent five days at Ialta, during which the weather was
favourable, and we were able to explore every day for Lepi-
doptera. I must say I was much surprised and disappointed to
find how western they all were. Scarcely a species was seen
that cannot be found in the Alps. The only butterfly we noticed
that was at all eastern in its distribution was Pyrgus orbifer,_
which was not uncommon. Colias erate, Zegris ewpheme, and
Plebeius zephyrus, amongst other species, are said to occur, but
we did not see any of them. A plant that is very like “Astragalus
exscapus, the food-plant of P. zephyrus, was, however, abundant
locally by the roadside near Aloupka, some ten miles from Ialta.
Most of the ground that seemed promising is enclosed, and a
considerable part is vineyards, and there is very little space to
collect in. Butterflies were by no means common either as
individuals or species, except in one or two instances. Hiber-
nated examples of Libythea celtis were pretty frequent, although
we did not see any trees of Celtis australis.
On the evening of May 12th we once more boarded the
steamer, landing the following day at Novorossisk, on the east
coast of the Black Sea.
Novorossisk is a seaport of considerable size, and trades in
corn, timber, and other commodities. It is situated at the base
of what I suppose one might call the foothills of the Caucasus
Mountains, which have an altitude here of from 1500 ft. to
2000 ft.
We stayed five days, and during that time explored the
surrounding mountains and valleys as much as possible.
I was again much surprised at the western character of both
vegetation and Lepidoptera. Many of the little dingles seemed
very like those one meets with at home; the sides were clothed
with elm and ash and oak, and many of the common English
flowers grew beneath.
The only eastern butterfly we came across was Hrebia afer,
which was not uncommon some distance up the mountains.
Unfortunately, we were a month too late for it, and nearly all the
specimens captured were more or less passé.
We found some good ground amongst the hills to the north
of the town, but the best was undoubtedly the valleys and
mountains south of the harbour.
In planning an expedition which had for one of its objects the
making acquaintance with as many eastern butterflies as pos-
sible, it seemed to me that there were three districts which
were worthy of consideration.
First, there is the great range of the Caucasus Mountains,
magnificent in scenery, historic in the past ages, and peopled
with some of the most fascinating races in the world. All of
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. W357
surpassing interest to the tourist; but when one comes to go
a little closely into the question, it becomes evident that there
is something to be said on the other side of the question.
There is a strip of mountainous coast extending along the
eastern shores of the Black Sea from Novorossisk to Batoum—
beautiful throughout and very tempting; but, says Baedeker,
reeking with malaria, every bit of it! and independent testimony,
including the verdict of the British Consul at Novorossisk, con-
firms Baedeker. Even Novorossisk itself is very malarious in
certain parts of its environs.
No less scathing is Baedeker about the sanitary condition
of the whole range, which he describes as malarious throughout,
even in the mountains. And then the people! Brigands almost
all of them, more or less! The published returns testify to
many hundreds of cases of highway robbery annually, and even
life is by no means safe. It might be possible to do something
in one or two well-frequented places, but elsewhere, to be in
safety, you must collect your specimens under the guns of an
armed escort, enveloped in a mosquito net, and even Lepi-
doptera lose their charm when studied under such conditions !
Secondly, there are the Ural Mountains. I am not aware that
the objections I have named respecting the Caucasus as a centre
apply to this district; and I may say that, so far as I am aware,
out of the Caucasus life and property are as safe at the present
moment in Russia as in any other European country. But the
Urals are situated rather too far north to produce the majority
of the eastern species that affect Russia. Further, I gather
that the accommodation is poor and objectionable from many.
points of view, and that only Russian is spoken; and I think
Ican go so far as to say that a sojourn there, unless one had a
courier and could spend it under canvas, would be anything
but enjoyable, if not impossible, from our point of view.
There remain the steppes of the south-east in the basins of
the great rivers, the Ural and the Volga. This region, from
all the reports I have seen, contains the greatest number of
desirable Lepidoptera of any district in Russia, and to it I felt
strongly drawn. The chief difficulty to be surmounted was one
which applies more or less to all parts of Russia: how to avoid
the uncleanliness and disease which unfortunately are only too
prevalent everywhere. Even in the large towns sanitation is
almost unknown; in the hotels, with the exception of a very few,
the beds are verminous. Cholera, typhus, and other objection-
able acquaintances are more or less endemic, and often epidemic ;
and, of course, in the small towns and in the villages matters
are very much worse. One would have liked to settle down in
some district which had never been worked, but the objections
to such a course were so manifest that I felt compelled to pause.
In this dilemma an idea came into my head which seemed
238 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
to offer a feasible solution of my difficulties, and this was con-
tained in the blessed word Sarepta. One finds it immediately
the study of European butterflies is commenced enshrined in
the classic pages of Kane, and described as the haunt of almost
everything eastern; and Staudinger and every other authority
confirm this view, and quote it on innumerable occasions.
The great blessing of Sarepta from my point of view was the
fact, known to me, that its population consisted chiefly of
Germans; and surely one could obtain with them clean accom-
modation and wholesome food, and, further, the risk of sickness
to be apprehended elsewhere would be avoided, or very much
lessened, in their town.
About one hundred and fifty years ago that extraordinary
woman the Empress Catharine the Second, who then ruled the
fortunes of Russia, was desirous of colonising the country around
the Volga, and her own people not being then sufficiently
civilised to form suitable colonists, she induced great numbers
of Germans to settle there, granting them great tracts of free
land and freedom from military service, and conferring other
important privileges upon them. At the present day there are
dozens of these colonies, the inhabitants of which are still largely
of German extraction, and Sarepta is the most southern of them.
It is situated on the right bank of the Volga some three hundred
miles from its mouth.
I do not know who discovered Sarepta entomologically, but
Edward Eversmann in his ‘Fauna Lepidopterologica Volgo-
Uralensis,’ published in 1844, and still the standard work on the
Lepidoptera of Kastern Russia, was well acquainted with it. In
his preface he speaks of two brothers of the name of Kindermann
spending the summers of 1838 and 1839 collecting Lepidoptera
there. Healso mentions that an entomologist named Zwick had
still earlier collected Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in the same
place. Since the days of Kversmann the best known investigator
has been a German resident, H. Christoph, who collected insects
for Staudinger, and from whom most of the numerous specimens
in our National Collection at South Kensington, which are
labelled Sarepta, came. Christoph undertook several expeditions
into the Caucasus and other parts of Asiatic Russia, and resided at
Sarepta until about twenty-five years ago; his son still lives there;
most of his specimens in the National Collection date back about
fifty years from the present time. Another German resident of
Sarepta, a botanist of the name of Becker, seems to have studied
Lepidoptera as well as botany, and I am informed he made an
extensive collection of the former, which is still in the district.
The town seems from time to time to have been visited by
entomologists from Germany, but I have been unable to find
any results of their investigations in print, though there may be
-some in the magazines of that country.
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 239
The left bank of the Volga almost along its whole length is
flat, but the right bank on which Sarepta, as before mentioned,
is situated, is an almost continuous range of hills, in some places
attaining a height of over 1000 ft.; at Sarepta they are from
200 ft. to 300 ft. in altitude. These hills have apparently
been formed in the long distant past by the prevailing wind
from the east blowing the sand formed in the river bed into
dunes; these dunes being in the process of time converted
into solid earth by the growth of plants, the roots of which have
bound the soil together. The tops and sides are generally
covered with a growth of low plants; in the folds and cross
ravines, however, there are woods and bushy slopes full of life
of all kinds, insect and otherwise.
The Volga, which above Sarepta flows for several hundred
miles in a south-west direction, skirting for the whole distance
the base of the hills, has within comparatively recent times
carved out for itself a new course which commences immediately
north of the town; this course leaves the hills and strikes out
across the steppe in a south-easterly direction. At Sarepta the
distance from the river to the hills is about two miles, and the
town lies on the level plain midway between the two.
Having decided to make a stay of several weeks at Sarepta,
we left, Novorossisk on the evening of May 18th, bound thither.
The distance is about 500 miles, across the steppe the whole
distance, in traversing which we did not see a hill or even an
undulation ; it was a weary journey, which the train is timed to
do in twenty-four hours, and which it actually accomplished in
twenty-seven hours. This journey we did on bread, cheese, and
beer, for we were warned at the last moment at Novorossisk, too
late to take a supply of food with us, that the more solid eatables
to be had on route were bad, and that it was dangerous to
partake of them.
At Sarepta I had obtained through a German correspondent
the address of a person who kept an inn, the only one there,
and on arrival, to our great relief, we found airy rooms, clean
beds, and wholesome, if rough, food, and in Herr Georg Enke a
most obliging, intelligent, and helpful host.
I must confess that it was with a feeling of keen disappoint-
ment that I surveyed my surroundings on the morning after our
arrival. I had expected to find Sarepta, which contains some
six thousand people, a model town. I had pictured the steppe,
by some well-thought out scheme of irrigation, made to
blossom like the rose, and the whole district converted into
vineyards, fruit orchards, and gardens. ‘There is some spas-
modic irrigation, but not by any means sufficient to transform
the arid plain into fertility, only just enough to water a few
gardens. ‘There is no evidence of want of prosperity of a kind,
with plenty of good houses, for Russia, even some fruitful and
240 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
shady gardens; but the whole is hardly what one expected from
a German population; it was Germany of the eighteenth century,
modified and not improved by the sojourn of its inhabitants for
one hundred and fifty yearsin Russia. The streets are unpaved,
except for one or two short lengths of cobbles, so rough that
when we drove over them we wished they too had not been
paved; undrained, and unscavenged, full of hollows, in which
the water stands in great pools after every storm; and the sandy
surface everywhere churns up into seas of mud almost knee
deep during wet weather.
One of the first things I noticed at Sarepta was that the
window openings, outside the glass, had wire gauze shutters to
exclude insect pests ; I inquired if there was any malaria in the
town ; the reply I got was somewhat evasive, and later on I was
told that it was not so bad as in the surrounding country. We
were both provided with mosquito curtains, which we slept
under, and avoided as much as possible going near swamps ;
probably in consequence of these precautions we did not suffer
any inconvenience ; but mosquitoes were not infrequent in our
rooms, and one captured on my curtain has been identified at
the British Museum as the malaria-conveying species, Anopheles
maculipennis. It appears, therefore, that future visitors should
take precautions against this pest. I suspect that malaria is
pretty universal throughout Eastern Russia.
The flora of the steppe did not come up to the expectations
I had formed of it. I had looked to find a sward of brilliant
flowers, but the growth is almost entirely Artemesia, grey and
fragrant, of several species, and low growing, some six inches
high; oxen and horses seem fond of it, camels devour it greedily,
and the entire steppe smells of it.
In places on the slopes of the hills there is a good deal of
a fine dry wiry grass, the food of Melanargia var. suwarovius,
and here and there one comes across a certain number of
flowering plants; a brilliant purple sage is one of them, a bright
pink Helichrysum another, there is a blue Linum, and several
species of Phlomis, but the whole are not in sufficient numbers
to produce any broad effect.
The railway passes along the base of the hills, and upon its
banks we found excellent collecting ground; there was here a
luxuriant growth of many species of leguminous and other
plants, and amongst them could be found such desirable butter-
flies as Colias erate, Glaucopsyche colestina, Scolitantides pylaon,
Zegris eupheme, and many others.
The glory of Sarepta is, however, the ‘“‘ Tschapurnik Wald,”
a large wood, the property of the community, and used by it for
picnics and other kinds of recreation; it occupies a hollow in
the hills some four miles to the south-west of the town. This
wood and the adjacent bushy slopes have glades which are
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 241
carpeted with a very luxurious growth of flowers, and it is one of
the most prolific localities for butterflies I have ever seen; the
nearest approach to it I know is the famous wood at Pészer,
near Budapest, to which it is very similar in many respects.
Amongst the brilliant and interesting flowers growing here were
fine bushes of the common garden plant Gypsophila paniculata,
and the almost equally well known Thalictrum flavum; these
two plants were especially attractive to the Theclade, four
species of which I, on one occasion, saw on a plant of G. pani-
culata. In the glades, too, Melitaea trivia swarmed, and a little
earlier Canonympha leander and Parnassius mnemosyne were
equally abundant. In this wood Pararge clymene, so rare in
Central Europe, was an abundant butterfly ; and many others,
the names of which alone would make the mouth of a lepidop-
terist water, were to be found in profusion.
Perhaps more striking even than the Lepidoptera in this
wood, and in fact in the whole district, were the birds. Golden
orioles fluted in every tree; brilliant bee-eaters hovered overhead ;
still more brilliant rollers performed their curious aerial antics;
hoopoes in dozens, unmistakable in plumage and in note, were
there; amongst the Raptores, particularly noticeable were the
buzzards, many scores of pairs of which were breeding in the
‘*Tschapurnik Wald”’’; one small oak copse, crowning a eminence,
which had been defoliated by the larve of Tortrix viridana, had
the appearance of a rookery, so thickly were the trees crowded
with the old and new nests of this species. Hobbies, kestrels,
goshawks, and at least three species of day-flying owls swarmed
everywhere. The whole formed the most extraordinary assem-
blage of bird life I have ever seen, and one which it would be
difficult to equal anywhere.
Other excellent ground was a series of cross valleys, in the
main face of the range of hills, some few miles to the north-west
of Sarepta, and in the direction of the large town of Tsaritsyn,
which is some twenty miles distant.
These cross valleys had on their lower slopes a good deal of
wood, with which the bottoms were generally filled, and in them
were found much the same species as in the ‘‘T'schapurnik
Wald,” in addition to which they were the headquarters in the
district of Neptis lucilla, Melanargia var. suwarovius, Hesperia
tessellum, Lycaena arion, and Polyommatus amandus.
There are cross valleys in the hills opposite Sarepta also, but
these are much inferior in flora and fauna to those above-
mentioned, and we found them hardly worth investigating.
The magnificent hornet-like parasitic hymenopteron, Scolia
flavifrons, was abundant everywhere on flowers.
Lepidoptera were distinctly local, and it entailed a great deal
of hard work in prospecting to get a fair idea of the district
fauna; probably this was the reason why we did not see certain
949 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
butterflies that have been reported from Sarepta, and which we
expected to come across. The most notable of these was Pontia
chloridice, which we were much disappointed not to find any-
where, although a sharp look-out was kept for it, and every
swift-winged white that there was the slightest suspicion of was
diligently netted, when this was possible. Other species that
we expected to see, but did not, included Satyrus autone,
S. hippolyte, Oeneis tarpeia, T'riphysa phryne, and Scolitantides
bavius ; probably we left too early for the first two species, and
arrived too late for the third and fourth; with respect to the
last-named butterfly, it is, I believe, always rare in Russia, and
possibly it occurred further afield than we were able to work.
We were at Sarepta from May 19th until June 23rd, between
which dates the weather was almost perfect; bright sun from
morning until evening on almost every day was our fortunate
lot; and there was always a cool and most invigorating breeze
to temper its rays.
On June 28rd we started on the return journey, travelling
up the Volga as far as Nijni Novgorod, a distance of about 1200
miles, which took the steamer six days to accomplish. The
Volga boats are excellent, well fitted up, and the cuisine
arrangements exceedingly good; the voyage, apart from being a
little monotonous, is inferesting, and after our hard work was
very restful and enjoyable.
I was struck with Nijni Novgorod and its district as an
entomological centre; it is in the neighbourhood of what looks
like a great deal of promising country, which should repay investi-
gation. From Nijni to Moscow is only ten hours by rail; after
staying a few days at the latter city I came straight to England,
parting from Mr. Jones at Warsaw, en route for the Tyrol.
AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES.
By T. D. A. CockERELu.
Parasphecodes atronitens, sp. Nn.
?. Length about 9} mm.; entirely black, the flagellum obscure
brown beneath; clypeus shining, strongly but not densely punctured,
and with a short median sulcus; front appearing granular, more or
less glistening, especially at sides; hair of face and front very scanty,
fuscous, but at sides of face appearing pale and glistening in some
lights ; cheeks with shining white hair; mesothorax dull, extremely
densely punctured, the punctures clearly visible under a lens;
scutellum dullish, densely very minutely punctate, with a depressed
median line or sulcus; area of metathorax minutely and obscurely
subplicate basally, and with a raised median line, but otherwise with-
out sculpture ; tubercles with a dense fringe of greyish white hair;
AUSTRALIAN HALICTINE BEES. 243
mesothorax and scutellum with scanty fuscous hair; tegule piceous,
shining dark reddish posteriorly ; wings dusky hyaline, stigma and
nervures sepia, outer nervures weakened; first r.n. joining second
s. m. at extreme apex; middle and hind tibie and tarsi with fuscous
hair on outer side; first two abdominal segments shining, finely
punctured, the others dull, and without distinct punctures, except
the piliferous ones; venter with silvery white hair, on the apical
segments with fuscous.
Hab. Calsundra, Queensland, October 80th, 1912 (H. Hacker ;
Queensland Museum, 88). Closely related to P. plorator, CkIl.,
but the wings are not so dark, and the punctured first two
abdominal segments are highly distinctive. DP. fwmidicauda,
CkIl., is larger, and has a very different metathorax.
Halictus melanopterus, sp. n.
@. Length nearly 10 mm.; black, including the legs and
antenne ; head broad, with white hair, which is thin on face, con-
spicuous on cheeks ; long pale golden hairs from a fringe below lower
margin of clypeus; clypeus and supraclypeal area shining, distinctly
but not densely punctured ; front entirely dull except at sides, where
it is somewhat glistening; thorax with thin white hair, quite
abundant on pleura, mesothorax and scutellum with inconspicuous
fuscous hair; tubercles (as seen from in front) ending in a point;
mesothorax and scutellum shining, very finely and quite closely
punctured ; scutellum sulcate in middle; area of metathorax large,
bulging at sides, very finely roughened, without distinct sculpture ;
posterior truncation shining; tegule rufopiceous; wings strongly
stained with blackish, stigma rufopiceous, nervures sepia; outer r. n.
and t. c. weakened ; second s. m. broad, receiving first r. n. a short
distance before end; hind legs with dark fuscous hair over knees ;
abdomen shining, very finely punctured ; long-triangular patches of
dull white tomentum at basal sides of segments 2 to4; apex with
dark fuscous hair; no ventral scopa.
Hab. Yallingup, near Cape Naturaliste, S.-W. Australia,
September 14th-October 31st, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British
Museum. H. melanopterus is very near H. instabilis, Ckll., but
larger, with darker wings and darker stigma, and the abdominal
bands not entire. The abdomen is much like that of H. circum-
datus, Ckll., but the metathorax is quite different. It is much
larger than H. chapmani, Ckll., and is readily known from
H. convexus, Sm., by its dark wings.
Halictus disclusus, sp. n.
g. Length about 6 mm.; black, with the first three abdominal
segments bright chestnut-red, but the first dark basally and with a
large dusky median cloud, second and third segments with a dark
spot at each laterobasal corner; knees, tibiz and tarsi ferruginous,
the tibie (the first slightly, the last most) stained with blackish ;
head broad, eyes strongly converging below; clypeus prominent, with
a broad pale yellow apical band; labrum black; mandibles whitish
244 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
in middle, red apically; face and front with dull white hair; antennze
long (reaching to end of thorax), entirely black; flagellum crenulate
beneath ; mesothorax and scutellum dull, the surface microscopically
tessellate, the very minute punctures not clearly visible under a lens;
area of metathorax finely and weakly plicatulate, the sculpture fading
toward the apex; hair of thorax thin, dull white, with a faintly
yellowish tint on scutellum; tegule black; wings dusky hyaline,
stigma and nervures reddish sepia ; second s. m. very narrow; abdo-
men shining.
Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, §.-E. Tasmania, February 12th-—
March 8rd, 1913 (R. E. Turner). British Museum. Resembles
H, tasmanie (Ckll.), but easily known by the dull mesothorax.
The black antenne and absence of metallic colour separate it
from H. hedleyt, Ckll.
A SUCCESSFUL HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL
CRAMBI.
By tHe Rey. Joun W. Mertcaure, F.E.S.
Tux following notes are put together mainly with a view
to the possible usefulness to others of our experience gained in
collecting certain Crambi, which, if plentiful in their restricted
haunts, are not only very local but may easily be missed owing
to their retiring habits. Incidentally a few other local .species
will be mentioned, which are not commonly taken in such
numbers as we were fortunate enough to meet with. My
companions on this expedition, which lasted from July 13th
to 31st, were the Revs. W. G. Whittingham and J. EK. Tarbat,
and it is well to mention at once that the weather was as
adverse throughout the whole time as it well could be—wet,
cold, and windy, a fact which made our subsequent success the
more noteworthy.
Our first halting place was a very happily situated boarding
house in the middle of the well-known Deal sandhills. If the
accommodation it afforded was not palatial, the position was all
that the collector could desire. During the ten days we spent there
we were pleased to see Lithosia lutarella var. pygm@ola in pro-
fusion; indeed, whatever the weather was like it appeared on the
wing or sitting on the marram in great numbers. By day M.
lineata, H. cespitalis, C. angustalis, and S. ictericana were common,
but A. ochrata was practically over. However, our special object
of desire was C. contaminellus, and the stirring of an occasional
specimen by day from the marram gave us the cheering
assurance that it was about. Yet not till we discovered that at
night it loves to sit an inch or two above the ground, on the
patches bare of marram, did we secure it in any numbers.
From this discovery onwards we took it in plenty, together
HUNT FOR SOME OF OUR LOCAL CRAMBI. 245
with some beautiful varieties, notably a few very dark, almost
black, with pale nervures, a striking form. Many were taken
paired and in perfect condition. Its first flight is just after
dark, when it keeps close to the ground, and is therefore easily
missed; while it is again on the wing late at night, when it
flies higher.
Thanks to a chance discovery two other local insects, of very
secretive habits, were taken in profusion. On a cold afternoon
with a strong wind blowing we were searching unavailingly the
lower leaves of Hchiwm vulgaris for pups of O. dentalis. As we
in this way disturbed the collection of dead leaves and grasses at
the roots of the Hchiuwm, first a specimen of N. achatinella
crawled out, and then, to our delight, one of M. bipunctanus
(anellus). Further search produced a good many more of each
species, together with some commoner things, the insects having
evidently retired to the roots for shelter after feeding by night at
the blossoms. This gave us the hint we needed, and the next
night, which was pitch dark and very warm, we visited the
plants with our lanterns. The result was truly amazing!
N. achatinella was about in profusion flying over or sitting upon
the Hchium, while far surpassing them in numbers was M.
bipunctanus. Of this strange-looking and not often seen insect
only the males appeared to fly at all, and these but little, both
sexes, many paired, sitting on the Hchiwm and neighbouring
grasses. The males at rest had a curious intermittent vibration
of the wings, resting quiet for a few seconds, then a sudden
dithering of the wings, and then quiet again. Whether the
movement was intended to attract the females or not we failed
todiscover. The night was evidently a field one with bipunctanus,
as on no subsequent occasion did we see it in anything like such
numbers, indeed, I question whether the like ever has been seen.
The fact that so sluggish an insect was found so abundantly,
one or two actually in process of expanding their wings, in the
middle of the more settled part of the sandhills, seems to point
to the roots of the marram, or of some other grass, as the food
of the larva rather than to the generally accepted suggestion
that the larva lives in the nests of wasps.
The same night a single insect, not yet identified, was taken.
It is evidently allied to H. cribrum, but has the fore wings pure
white with much fewer markings, and the hind wings consider-
ably darker. It will probably prove to be a wanderer from the
Continent; at any rate, it does not appear to belong to any
species usually recognised as British. Before leaving Deal
a trip to St. Margaret’s Bay produced a number of Tortrices,
the most interesting of which were C. fulvana, G. nigromaculana,
C. dilucidana, and P. aspersana, whilst from gathered heads of
Centaurea scabiosa a number of fine C. gigantana (alternana)
subsequently emerged. A. baliodactyla and M. pheodactylus
246 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
were on the wing, but A. gilvaria and E. ochroleuca were oy
just appearing.
Mr. Tarbat having to leave us, Mr. Whittingham and I next
journeyed to the Norfolk coast. Our first object of ambition was
Crambus fascelinellus, which I had found fairly plentiful two years
ago. In the distressingly cold atmosphere not a specimen could
be induced to fly in the daytime, and not more than two or three
were found at rest in the sandpits. Our hopes were accord-
ingly fixed on what could be done at night, and at first they
seemed doomed to be disappointed. Careful searching, however,
revealed the fact that C. fascelinellus was about. It was found
sitting, like C. contaminellus, an inch or two above the ground, but
only on the spots, at the back of the sandhills, where a few
scattered blades of grass struggled up through the sand. It
seldom sat on the marram or on other grasses where these
latter grew thickly, the surface of the sand had to be well in
evidence, and in such spots we took a fine series. There was a
very sbort and partial flight at dusk, which would probably have
been larger and more general in warmer weather, and the
insect again flew after ten o’clock.
The best part of a day, spent in water up to our knees and
with frequent storms beating down upon our heads, produced
two dozen larve or pupe of N. canne, and they were well earned.
Finding that C. fascelinellus was beginning to get wasted we
next directed our attention to C. alpinellus, which Mr. Whitting-
ham had turned up two years previously. Our experience was
most interesting. Still dogged by hostile elements our expecta-
tions were not great, and when, at our first essay, ten o’clock
struck without a sign of the Crambid we began to despair. It
was bitterly cold, but we knew that it must be hiding some-
where. Then the happy thought struck us of placing our
lamps on the ground, shining straight into the tangled roots
of the marram. Almost instantly a little moth began jumping
out towards the hight, and then another, and our pleasure was
great when we found that alpinellus had been moved at last.
Later on the weather improved, and with it the tale of our
captures of this species. On a fine afternoon there is a very
general flight between six and seven o’clock, the Crambid being
then not only on the wing on its own account, but also easily
induced to fly by tapping the fir trees where it evidently shelters
as frequently as in the marram. On one such afternoon we
must have captured fully seventy specimens in an hour anda
half. The delicate fringes of the hind wings soon get worn, but
many of the captures were freshly emerged and in splendid order.
One other insect seems worthy of note. This is the recently
discovered Retinia purdeyi, which flew round the branches of the
Austrian pines (at least such we took the trees to be) in the
late afternoon. Difficult to capture in a wind, it occurred in
KAKOTHRIPS, N. GEN. 247
great plenty if the sun shone, and on a calm day it was quite
possible to get five or six in the net at once. C. pinetellus and
C. inquinatellus also sheltered in the fir trees, whilst a few
S. coniferana and E. atricapitana were to be had, the latter
having evidently flown up from the ragwort beneath. Altogether
we brought back some six or seven hundred good insects apiece,
which was excellent work for three weeks of thoroughly bad
weather.
KAKOTHRIPS, wn. aun., A DIVISION OF THE GENUS
FRANKLINIELLA (THYSANOPTERA).
By C. B. Wintiims, B-A., F.E.S.
Durine the past two years I have been investigating the
life-history of a species of Thysanoptera which does considerable
damage to peas and beans in this country, with a view to finding
some method of control; and a full account will be published
shortly (Annals of Applied Biology). The species has been known
up to the present by many different names :—Thrips pisivora,
Physopus robusta, Euthrips robusta, and Frrankliniella robusta,
the latter being at present the most correct terminology. The
species has never been properly described, Uzel’s original
description (‘‘ Physopus robusta,” Monographie der Ordnung
Thysanoptera, 1895, p. 104) being insufficient for modern
demands. In making a careful examination of a number of
specimens for a proper technical description (which will appear
in the above-mentioned paper) I found that this species differs
in several respects from all other known species of the genus
Frankliniella. Uzel (l.c.) had already noted that the male of
this species has a pair of processes on the abdomen, one on
248 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
each side of the eighth segment (fig. 1, a). I find that there are
also distinct vestiges of these processes present in the female
(fig. 1, b). They are, in both sexes, immediately in front of the
spiracle of the eighth segment. No such organs occur, so far as
I know, in any other species of the suborder Terebrantia, but
something similar is found in some genera of the Tubulifera.
Thus in Megathrips nobilis (Bagnall, Ent. Mon. Mag. xx. 1909,
p- 131) there are lateral processes on the sixth and eighth
abdominal segments. This feature would alone almost justify
the separation of robusta from the genus, but I find further that
in this species the two long ocellar spines are between the two
posterior ocelli (fig. 1, c), whereas in all the other species of
Frankliniella which I have been able to see, or in the descrip-
tions of which these spines are mentioned or figured, they are
between the posterior and anterior ocelli (fig. 1, d).*
Further, the larva of robusta has the last two abdominal
segments dark-coloured, a:feature more characteristic of the
larve of the Tubulifera, and which does not occur in the larve
of any of the species of Frankliniella that I have observed.
On the above grounds I am removing robusta from the genus
Frankliniella, and propose the name Kakothrips for a new genus
to contain it, characterised as follows :—
KAKOTHRIPS, new genus.
= Physopus, Uzel (l.¢.), in part.
= Frankliniella, Karny (Mitt. Nat. Ver. Univ. Wien, viii.
1910, p. 45), in part.
Antenne eight segmented. One long spine at each front angle,
and two at each hind angle of the prothorax. Ocellar spines between
the two posterior ocelli. Maxillary palps three jointed, labial palps
two jointed. Fore vein of the upper wing set regularly throughout
its whole length with short spines. Lateral processes on each side of
the eighth abdominal segment in the male curving backwards and
upwards, in the female rudimentary but distinguishable. Larva with
ninth and tenth abdominal segments dark.
Type (and at present only species), K. robustus.
The characters in italics distinguish it from Frankliniella.
Fuller particulars of the species itself will be given as
mentioned above.
* They are certainly in this position in the following species :—intonsa
(Trybom) (=vulgatissimus, Uzel); tenwicornis (Uzel); melanommata,
Williams; fusca (Hinds); stylosa (Hood); tritici (Pergande) ; imsularis
(Franklin); helianthi (Moulton); occidentalis (Pergande, teste Hinds) ;
cephalica (Crawford); nervosus (Uzel, teste Hinds) ; floridensis (Morgan) ;
runnert (Morgan); gossypit (Morgan). But sulphwrea, Schmutz, would
appear from the description to be possibly like robwsta, and in minuta
(Moulton) they are small or absent.
The John Innes Horticultural Institution,
Merton, Surrey: July, 1914.
249
PHYTODECTA VIMINALIS, A _ VIVIPAROUS
BRITISH BEETLE.
By C. B. Wiuttams, B.A., F.E.S.
On May llth, 1918, adults and larve of Phytodecta
(Gonioctena) viminalis were found in numbers on some sallow
bushes in the New Forest. A close search was made for eggs
but none were found, although quite young larve, apparently
just hatched, were common. A female was then found which
seemed to be ovipositing, but on the leaf were only a group of
very small orange larve, nor was there any trace of egg-shells,
though it was indicated from the uneaten condition of the leaf that
they had onlyjust hatched. The latter observation in particular
suggested so strongly the possibility of viviparity that numbers
of the adults were brought back for closer examination. It was
then found that the surmise was correct, and females were
watched in captivity and were seen to lay small orange-coloured
larvee quite free of any shell or enveloping membrane. Further,
on dissection of females about to lay, many similar young larve
were found quite free of any shell in the lower part of the ovary
and oviduct.
Viviparity has been recorded in the allied genus Orina by
various writers; in QO. vittigera, O. cacalie, and O. gloriosa by
Chapman and Champion (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1901, p. 1-7), in
O. superba and O. speciosa by Perroud (Ann. Soc. Linn. de Lyon,
1855, p. 402-8), and in O. speciosa var. venusta by Bleuze
(Petites Nouvelles Entomol. October 1st, 1874, and Ent. Mo. Mag.
xi. 1874, p. 186), but so far as I am aware it has not been recorded
in the genus Phytodecta or in any British beetle. According to
Perroud OQ. superba only lays one larva at a time at intervals of
about twelve hours, so that this species differs slightly from the
one under consideration.
The only account of the life-history of Phytodecta viminalis
is by Cornelius in 1857 (Stett. Ent. Zeit. xviii. p. 165). In the
specimens he observed, however, eggs were laid which hatched
on the first day. He describes the eggs as reddish in colour
and cylindrical, slightly pointed at the ends. It would appear,
then, that the same species can, under different conditions, be
either viviparous or oviparous.
The life-history of the beetle is as follows :—
The adults emerge from hibernation towards the end of
April (three were found on April 19th, 1914). Both sexes are
very active in the sunshine, and in the early part of May pair
many times. They have a habit of sitting at the base of a leaf
with the head pressed right into the axil; this has also been
observed in the allied South European species P. variabilis by
Bateson (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1895, p. 850). They fall to the
ground if disturbed. They eat readily the leaves of the rough
ENTOM.—SEPTEMBER, 1914. *
250 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
broad-leaved sallows (Salix caprea, cinerea, &c.), on the upper
side of which they lay their young, but I could get neither the
adults nor the larve to feed on the willows with long and
smooth leaves (S. alba, &c.).* The young all appear to mature
at the same time, and are laid, if the female is not disturbed, in
one batch. The number in one family varies from twenty-eight
to forty. With one doubtful exception, none of the thirty
females from which I obtained young laid a second batch, as
occurs, for example, in the Coccinellide.
The young larve when first laid are orange yellow, but they
rapidly darken and become quite black. The larva, at least
when older, has a pair of dorsal, protrusible vesicles close
together between the seventh and eight abdominal segments.
They are pink in colour and can be extended about one-twelfth
of an inch when the larva is disturbed. The larva is full-fed
in about fifteen days, when it descends to the ground and
becomes quiescent; it is not till four to six days later that the
bright orange pupal stage is assumed. The sexes of the pup
can be easily distinguished both by the size and by the form of
the ventral surface of the last two abdominal segments. Shortly
before emergence the legs and head, the centre of the prothorax and
the scutellum become quite dark, and the wings darken slightly.
The adults emerge after about twelve days, the total time
from the laying of the young larva being about thirty-three
days. Actual dates are as follows:—Larve laid, May 15th;
full-fed, June 2nd; pupated, June 8ih: emerged, June 20th.
The adults then remain for the whole of the rest of the year on
the sallows without producing a second brood; hibernate,
probably among the dead leaves, &c., on the surface of the
ground, and emerge again in the following spring, when they
pair and lay the young of the next generation.
The original parents, having laid their young in May,
continue feeding and survive for the rest of the year, so that
from the end of June onwards there are adults of two
generations together on the plants. Several females which laid
young in May, 19138, and which therefore emerged from the
pupa in June, 1912, were still alive in November, 1913, giving
an adult life of at least eighteen months. All, however,
perished during the winter.
I hope next year to study the life-history in more detail, and
also recommend to anyone the observation of the method of
reproduction of allied species. I should be much indebted to
any reader who could let me have living adults of P. rufipes in
the spring.
** Cornelius (J. c.) makes the interesting remark that larvee which he
found on Salix aurita refused to eat S. caprea, although other larvee laid on
the latter took it quite readily.
The John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, Surrey.
251
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
LYMANTRIA MONACHA, ab.—I have been crossing and breeding a
strain of Lymantria monacha for the past two or three years, with
the object of obtaining dark and banded forms, in which I am
meeting with some success. This year one brood produced several
specimens with the crimson bands on the body replaced with yellow,
a change which is of course most striking in the female, making it
look almost a different moth. None of my entomological friends
hereabouts have ever seen such a variety before, and I cannot find
any mention of yellow bodied L. monacha in any of the books I
possess. I may mention that the strain I am dealing with shows no
sign of deterioration as yet, the imagines I have bred this year being
for the most part much larger than those captured wild, while the
fertility of the ova and the proportion of larvee to feed up were very
high. —C. Rippon, F.E.S.; Springfield House, Abingdon-on-Thames,
August 10th, 1914.
VARIETIES OF Lyca#NA corypon, L. Icarus, &e.—I had the
pleasure of taking in Bucks a very remarkable specimen of Lycena
corydon var. striata, the spots on the under side being replaced
by beautiful streaks. A very similar form of L. zcarus likewise
fell to my net in Oxon. In May I captured two fine speci-
mens of the unicolorous form of Hmaturga (fidonia) atomaria (var.
unicolorata). They were taken within a few yards of the place
where I obtained two similar forms in 1890, and recorded in the
‘ Entomologist’ for January, 1891.—A. J. SprmuteR; Chinnor, Oxon.
Harty HEMeRGENCE OF SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS xX AMORPHA
POPULI (HYBRIDUS, Steph.).—I think it may be of interest to
record the emergence yesterday (August 18th) of a fine specimen
of the above-mentioned hybrid. The larva went down on July 17th—
only a month and a day before the appearance of the imago. I
should much like to know if this is a record for this hybrid. No
forcing was attempted. I might add that from a pairing that I
obtained (by assembling for wild ocellatws males, in preference to
using bred males, and then caging with populs female) on May 30th
of this year, eighty-one ova resulted, forty-seven hatched, and of
these thirty-seven successfully pupated between July 1ldth and
August 10th.—Sypney WuicHER; Westmead, Liss, Hants.
EUCHLO® CARDAMINES IN Hast CumBertAND.—The orange tip is
not a common insect in this part of the country. It may therefore
be of interest to note that on June 15th, 1914, I saw two males upon
the wing together on the banks of the Tyne close to Alston. The
food-plant (Cardamine pratensis) is common all over the district,
and, incidentally, it may be remarked that the double-flowered form
of it is fairly numerous in the district.—GrorGE Bonam; Alston,
Cumberland.
AMMOPHILA SABULOSA, Linn., AND DASsYPODA HIRTIPES, Latyr., IN
WOoRCESTERSHIRE.—I think it may be worth while placing on per-
manent record that I have taken this summer these two species of
Aculeate Hymenoptera in Worcestershire ; the former on August
952 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
8th, on Hartlebury Common, and the latter—a male—on July 27th,
when sweeping a field adjoining the same sandy waste. Saunders
(‘Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British Islands,’ 1896, pp. 88 and
273) of the first states that, saving Lancashire, he has “no other
northern or midland localities for it,” and concerning the second that
“it is recorded from very few inland localities.’”—J. W. WInLIAMs ;
M.R.C.8., Stourport, Worcestershire.
Since forwarding the above note I have been fortunate enough to
find a large colony of D. hirtipes on Hartlebury Common. The bank
on which this colony is situated faces 23° HE. of S., and slopes at an
angle of 20°. Itis interesting to notice that Nomada solidaginis, Pz.,
is visiting these burrows. I also saw one N. sexfasciata, Pz., enter
a burrow on August 14th (a somewhat late date for this ‘‘ cuckoo ’’)
and extracted the intruder. The common fossor, Cercerts arenaria,
Linn., inhabits the same site.—J. W. WILLIAMs.
CHRYSOPHANUS PHLH#AS IN Piccapinuy.—On July 30th last I saw
a perfectly fresh specimen of Chrysophanus phleas on the window
sill of the front room of my flat looking out on Piccadilly, near
Burlington House. The butterfly had apparently only just emerged.
May it have been bred in the Park near by ?—Haronp Hopes ;
54, Piccadilly, W., August 16th, 1914.
Hees or Prionus cortarius (CoLnzoprEeRA).—Recently in the
New Forest I found a fine female of this Longicorn beetle on a piece
of fallen beech, where apparently it was ovipositing. After killing
the beetle I eviscerated it and removed from the abdomen a large
number of eggs (some two hundred perhaps). Hach egg was about
4-5 mm. in length, and about 1:6 mm. in greatest width; it was
eranulated in appearance, but with no definite markings; in shape
it was a very slightly curved cylinder with rounded ends, one being
much more pointed than the other. They were creamy white in
colour, and some put in spirit remained so; but others exposed to
the air became yellowish. A very large centipede (Lithobius) taken
from the same tree had a number of the eggs given it, and it fed on
them readily. The object of this note is to record the fact, for no
doubt it would eat them in a state of Nature, presuming it could find
them ; and the centipede has its home in the decaying wood in which
apparently the eggs are laid.—W. J. Lucas; Kingston-on-Thames.
WIcKEN F'ren.—So few people have any real knowledge of the Fen
Lepidoptera and their life-histories that a word of warning is necessary.
As to Acronycta strigosa, Wicken Fen was never the locality where
these were beaten, and I should say there were few hawthorn bushes
in the Fen. I have beaten the larve with the late Mr. Albert
Haughton (father of the present collector), but it is much scarcer
now. The Fen itself wants very careful handling, and it is possible
to do a good deal of mischief in a short time. For instance, we were
told last June that a piece of the Fen owned by the National Trust,
which contains particular species of its own, was to be cut. I believe
Mr. Edelston took steps to prevent this, but if it had been carried out
much harm would have been done. In parts of the Fen the sallow
bushes want a great deal of thinning out, but discrimination is
necessary, and the Fen growth cannot be treated as jungle to be
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 253
demolished. The National Trust should appoint an expert Com-
mittee to deal with the matter, and at least one member should be
familiar, from actual field work, with the life-histories of the principal
Fen Lepidoptera, such as Papilio machaon, Meliana flammea, Nonagria
arundineta, N. arundinis, Cidaria sagittata, &e. It is probable that
a uniform treatment of the Fen is undesirable, and that while some
portions are never cut (with the exception of thinning out sallow
bushes, &c.), others should be cut periodically —A. RoBinson ;
Bretaneby, Chislehurst, August 26th, 1914.
Morus Carrurep By Licut-TRAP (continued from p. 228) :—
JUNE.—Spilosoma lubricipeda. 2nd (one).—Phalera bucephala.
5th (one); 11th (one); 13th (one) =3.—Opisthograptis luteolata. 5th
(two); 10th (one); 11th (one)=4.—Rusina tenebrosa. 5th (one);
12th (five); 16th (one)=7.—Dianthecia cucubalr. 2nd (two); 5th
(one); 10th (two); 12th (one); 16th (one) =7.—Hipocrita jacobee.
2nd (one); 11th (one)=2.—Cidaria truncata. 2nd (one).—Cabera
pusaria. 2nd (one); 11th (one); 16th (one)=3.—Thera varvata.
Qnd (one); llth (one)=2.—Neuria reticulata. 2nd (three); 5th
(one); 9th (one); 11th (one); 13th (one); 15th (one); 17th (two);
18th (two)=12.—Agrotis exclamationis. 1st (one); 2nd (two); 3rd
(two); 5th (eight); 6th (one); 8th (two); 9th (four); 10th (fourteen) ;
11th (sixty-two); 12th (thirty-two); 13th (thirty-two); 14th (fifteen) ;
15th (twenty-seven); 16th (forty-three); 17th (seventeen); 18th
(nine) =271.—Hama sordida. 6th (one); 9th (two); 10th (four);
11th (two); 12th (four); 13th (four); 14th (two); 15th (three); 16th
(one); 17th (one); 18th (one)=25.—Agrotis cinerea. 2nd (four);
5th (five); 18th (one)=10.—Hupithecia oblongata. 2nd (two).—
Dianthacia capsincola. 2nd (one); 13th (one); 14th (one)=3.—
Caradrina morpheus. 5th (one); 11th (five); 12th (one); 15th (two);
16th (five); 17th (nine); 18th (five) =28.—Hupithecia venosata. Sth
(one).—Apamea basilinea. 2nd (five); 5th (four); 6th (two); 9th
(two); 10th (one); 11th (two); 12th (two); 13th (one); 14th (four) ;
(
15th (one); 16th (one); 17th (four); 18th (two)=31—Noctua rubr.
6th (one).—Mamestra dentina. 2nd (nine); 3rd (one); 5th (six);
9th (one); 10th (three); 11th (eleven); 12th (seven); 13th (one);
14th (six); 15th (three); 16th (three); 17th (four); 18th (four) =59.
Leucania comma. 5th (six); 6th (one); 9th (two); 11th (six); 12th
(ten); 13th (four); 14th (three); 15th (five); 16th (three); 17th
(six); 18th (five) =51.—Xanthorhoé montanata. 6th (one).—Plusra
gamma. 3rd (one); 5th (four); 6th (one); 10th (one); 11th (twelve) ;
12th (seventeen); 13th (six); 14th (three); 16th (two); 17th (two)
=49.—Abrostola tripartita. 2nd (one).—Dianthecia carpophaga.
2nd (two); 5th (one)=:3.—Anaitis plagiata. 3rd (one); 16th (one)
=2.—Granmesia trigrammica. 2nd (three); 5th (one); 10th (one);
11th (four); 12th (two); 14th (one)=12.—Agrotis segetum. 9th
(one); 11th (one); 13th (one); 14th (two); 17th (one)=6.—<Spilo-
soma menthastri. 2nd (seven); 5th (three); 8th (one); 9th (two);
10th (two); llth (five); 12th (seven); 13th (two); 14th (eleven);
15th (two); 16th (sixteen); 17th (tive); 18th (two) =65.—Xanthorhoé
fluctuata. 10th (one); 17th (one); 18th (one)=3.—Smerinthus
ocellatus. 11th (one).—Acidalia immutata, 11th (one).—Mamestra
254 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
thalassina.—l1th (three); 12th (one); 16th (two)=6.— Pachys
betularia. 11th (two); 13th (one)=3.—Mesoleuca ocellata. 11th
(one); 13th (one); 16th (one); 17th (one); 18th (two) =6.—Hustroma
silaceata. 11th (one).—Triphena pronuba. 11th (one).—Agrotis
putris. 11th (one); 15th (one)=2.—Leucania pallens. 12th (one);
13th (two); 17th (one); 18th (two)=6.—Cucullia wmbratica. 12th
(one); 15th (one) =2.—Trigonophora (Phlogophora) meticulosa. 13th
(one).—Mamestra oleracea. 13th (one).—Smerinthus popult. 13th
(one).—Plusia chrysitis. 15th (one); 17th (one) =2.—Agrotis puta.
15th (one).—Phibalapteryx vitalbata. 16th (one).—Plusia pulchrina.
17th (one).—Noctwa primule. 17th (one).—Acontia luctuosa. 18th
(one).—Agrotis corticea. 18th (three)—TZimandra amataria. 18th
(one).
JuLy. — Geometra vernaria. Tth (one).—Caradrina morpheus.
7th (two); 8th (one); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (three); 20th
(eight); 21st (ten); 22nd (three); 26th (one); 27th (three); 28th
(three); 29th (one); 30th (one); 31st (one) =39.—Leucania conigera
8th (one); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (two); 22nd (one); 31st
(one)=7.—L. pallens. 8th (one); 16th (two).=3.—Agrotis exclama-
tionts. 8th (two); 16th (one); 17th (one); 19th (three); 27th
(one) =8.—Dianthecia capsincola. 8th (one).—Caradrina taraxact.
8th (one).—Agrotis strigula. 8th (one).—Plusia chrysitis. 16th
(one).—Hmaturga atomaria. 16th (one).—Apamea secalis. 16th
(two); 17th (one); 18th (one); 20th (four); 21st (two); 22nd
(three); 27th (three); 28th (four); 30th (one)=21. — Triphena
pronuba. 16th (one) ; 22nd (one) ; 28th (one) =3.—Xylophasia litho-
aylea. 16th (one).—Plusia gamma. 16th (one); 19th (one); 20th
(six); 24th (one); 26th (one); 27th (two); 30th (one) =13.—Agrotes
segetum. 16th (one).—Malacosoma neustria. 17th (one).—Boarnua
gemmaria. 17th (one).—Xylophasia monoglypha. 18th (one); 20th
(one); 21st (one); 27th (one); 28th (one); 30th (one)=6.— X. sub-
lustris. 18th (one).—Cidaria pyrahata. 19th (one).—Hecatera
serena. 19th (one); 20th (one) =2.—Lithosia lurideola. 19th (one) ;
21st (one); 25th (one)=3.—Leucania impura. 19th (one); 20th
(one); 28th (two) ; 30th (two).=6. Hydrecia nictitans. 19th (one) ;
21st (three) ; 27th (two); 28th (one); 29th (one); 30th (three)=11.
Pachys betularia. 19th (one).—WMesoleuca ocellata. 19th (one).
—Ortholitha linutata. 19th (one).—Opisthograptis luwteolata. 20th
(one); 28th (one)=2.—Dianthecia cucubali. 20th (two); 27th
(one); 28th (one)=4.— Clix glaucata. 20th (two). — Leucama
lithargyria. 20th (one).— Ligdia marginata. 20th (one); 27th
(one) =2.—Selenia bilunaria. 20th (one) ; 27th (one) ; 31st (one)=3.
Zeuzera pyrina. 20th (one).—Perzzoma alchemillata. 20th (one) ;
27th (one) =2.— Cerigo matura. 20th (two); 27th (one); 29th
(one); 30th (one); 31st (one) =6.—Camptogramma bilineata. 20th
(one).—Mamestra oleracea. 21st (one).—Cabera pusaria. 21st (one).
—WNoctua brunnea. 21st (one).—Acidalia dimidiata. 21st (one).—
Bombycia viminalis. 27th (one).—Coremia ferrugata. 28th (one) ;
29th (one) = 2.—Crocallis elinguaria. 28th (one).—Triphosa dubitata.
28th (one).—Amphipyra tragopogonis. 29th (one); 31st (one) =2.—
Caradrina quadripunctata. 30th (one).—Hydriomena furcata. 31st
(one).—R. M. Pripraux; Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914.
RECENT LITERATURE. 255
RECENT LITERATURE.
A Monograph of the Jumping Plant-lice or Psylude of the New
World. By Davip L. Crawrorp. Pp. 182; plates 30. Smith-
sonian Institution, United States National Museum. Bulletin
85. Washington. 1914.
THe author finding that classification of the Psyllide on wing
venation alone was unsatisfactory, placing as it does closely related
species in different genera and even subfamilies, presents a new
system based largely on a study of structural characters other than
venation.
The one hundred and seventy-five species in twenty-nine genera
here enumerated and described are arranged under six subfamily
headings, in the following sequence :—
Subfamily Livine.
Tribe Liviini ... ... 1 genus (Lzvia), 5 species.
» Aphalarini ... 2 genera, 22 species.
Subfamily Pauropsylline .... .... 3 genera, 15 species.
if Carsidarine ... ... ... 4 genera, 13 species.
es Ceriacreminz ... . 1 genus, 2 species.
is Triozing... ... ... ... 8 genera, 44 species.
ie Psylline.
Tribe Pachypsyllini... 3 genera, 9 species.
» Huphyllurini ... 2 genera, 6 species.
» Arytainini ... 3 genera, 18 species.
7 eesyllmt a... -2tBenera, 41 species:
Among other matters of interest treated in the introductory
pages (1-18), morphology is discussed in considerable detail.
An extensive bibliography is given.
Pond Problems. By H. EK. Unwin, M.Sc. Pp.xvi+119. (Cambridge
Nature Study Series.) Cambridge: University Press. 1914.
Tuts book supplies a series of lessons on Pond Life, intended for the
lower forms of Secondary Schools and upper standards of Elementary
Schools. It is above the average of such books, and we venture
to think that much of the work would be suitable for higher forms
in the Secondary Schools (if time could be found for it), and that any
entomologist, especially one who is given overmuch to collecting
simply, might study it with advantage. The aim of the series of
practical lessons and demonstrations is really to give some ideas
from actual contact with Nature ‘ about environment, natural selec-
tion, and evolution.’ After showing how material should be obtained,
and making quite clear what an insect is, our author states that
“insects are really land animals,” even though now in a compara-
tively few cases they may pass part of their life in the water. The
main object of the remaining lessons is, by practical observation and
experiment, to show how the adaptation to their new surroundings
is managed. The work concludes with useful appendices on material,
apparatus, the microscope and the making of microscope-slides, and
a short bibliography. The book, which is well got up, is illustrated
by forty-seven good figures, all, except two, from the author’s draw-
¥
256 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ings or photographs. We might say that to us it appears better to
use the term nymph, instead of larva, or larva and nymph, for the
whole of the early stages of insects with incomplete metamorphosis
(hemimetabolic). Wo dove
We have also received the following Reprints from Proceedings
of the United States National Museum. Vol. 47 (1914) :—
No. 2045. Names applied to the North American Bees of the
Genera Lithurgus, Anthidium, and Allies. By T. D. A. Cockerell.
Pp. 87-94. (May 7th.)
No. 2048. Hymenoptera, Superfamilies Apoidea and Chalcidoidea,
of the Yale-Dominican Expedition of 1913. By J. C. Crawford.
Pp. 131-134. (April 30th.)
No. 2046. The Noctuid Moths of the Genera Palindia and Dyomyx.
By Harrison Dyar. Pp. 95-116. (May 7th.)
No. 2050. Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Bio-
logical Survey of the Panama Canal Zone. By Harrison C.
Dyar. Pp. 139-350. (May 20th.)
No. 2043. New Genera and Species of Micro-Lepidoptera from
Panama. By August Busck. Pp. 1-67. (April 30th.)
OBITUARY.
H. T. Dosson:
Aut who knew him will regret to hear that a genial member of
the entomological fraternity has passed away in the person of Mr.
H. T. Dobson, of New Malden. A somewhat exacting business in
London, municipal work in Malden and Southwark, as well as affairs
connected with his local Congregational Church, of which he was a
deacon, made large calls on his time; but Mr. Dobson was a keen
lover of Nature, and this fourth form of activity received its due
share of attention. In his younger days he was a keen fisherman,
and he was also much interested in gardening, but birds and insects
were his chief delight. For more than forty years he had been an
entomologist. Since 1884 he had been a member of the South
London Entomological and Natural History Society. In 1895 he
was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London.
Though notes from his pen have appeared occasionally in entomo-
logical periodicals, he did not add much to the literature of his
subject. For some years he had been in poor health, and as time
went on he was able to do an ever decreasing amount of field work,
but he never lost interest and went on collecting in the limited space
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_ An Expedition in seareh of: Russian Butterflies, W. G. Sheldon, °
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A
ENTOMOLOGIST
il stale 2 Monthl y Journal
- GENERAL ENTOMOLOGY.
“5 : :
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Pe el mS et) eee
The Entomologist, October, 1914. Plate VI.
Photos G. T. Lyle.
1. Macrocentrus marginator, female, x3. 2. Zele infumator, female, « 23.
3. Zele discolor, female, x 243. 4, Upper wing Zele testaceator, « 2.
5. Metathorax of Zele infumator. 6. Ball of cocoons of Macrocentrus equalis, x 2.
7. Section of the same.
8. Cocoon of Macrocentrus marginator in burrow of Sesia culiciformis, nat. size.
9. Cocoon of Zele infumator, x 3. 10. Cocoon of Zele discolor, « 3.
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVITI.] OCTOBER, 1914. [No. 617
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONIDAL. No. 2—MACROCENTRIDA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.
By G. oT. ye, FBS.
(Pxate VI.)
THE insects of this small family were first separated from
Rhogas by Curtis in 1832 and 1833,* when he brought forward
the genera Macrocentrus and Zele. Forster proposed two addi-
tional genera, the one, Amicroplus, a division of Macrocentrus,
and the other, Homolobus, a dismemberment of Zele.+ Ashmead
has raised the genera of Curtis to the dignity of tribes, which
is quite necessary if Forster’s genera be accepted, for a glance
will show that Amicroplus and Homolobus cannot rank equally
with Macrocentrus and Zele; indeed, Marshall considered that
Forster’s genera were founded on characters purely specific.§
Our few British species may, for convenience, be treated under
the two original genera :—
Abdomen elongate, sessile; fore wings with three
cubital areolets, radial areolet elongate.
(1) Spurs of hind tibize very considerably shorter than
half the metatarsi; first abdominal segment
not or scarcely longer than the second; terebra
at least as long as the abdomen . ; MACROCENTRUS.
(2) Spurs of hind tibiz as long as half the metatarsi,
first abdominal segment much longer than
the second; terebra short . : , ZELE.
I must again express my thanks to various entomologists
who have presented me with specimens, to Dr. D. Sharp and
Mr. H. F. Bailey for the loan of books, to Mr. Claude Morley,
who, with his usual kindness, has sent me for inspection several
insects from his collection, to Col. Nurse for a similar courtesy,
* Ent. Mag., vol. 1.
+ Synop. der Fam. und Gatt. der Braconen. 1862.
t ** Classification of Ichneumon Flies,” Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. xxiii.
p. 118.
§ ‘Species des Hym. d'Europe et d’Algerie,’ vol. 5, p. 228.
ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1914. ¥
958 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
to Mr. R. South for confirming the names of hosts, and to Mr.
B. S. Harwood, of Colchester, who has sent me for examination
a considerable number of specimens, most of which have come
to him from the collection of the late E. A. Fitch. Although
the main part of the Fitch collection is now in the Essex
Museum at Stratford, it would seem that the insects which are
at present in the possession of Mr. Harwood were put on one
side in store-boxes, some as duplicates and others as being un-
named, or to await naming, and have so remained for the past
twenty years or more.
In the following notes, unless otherwise stated, the records
are my own, and the insects mentioned have been captured or
bred in the New Forest.
Macrocentrus, Curtis.*
Gregarious or solitary parasites of larve of Lepidoptera.
Ratzeburg records one species as having been bred from the
coleopteron Anobium pertinax, but this has never been confirmed.
The general colour of these insects is black with rufous or
testaceous markings. In the few cases where I have noticed the
larve, they have been elongate and whitish without any very
noticeable markings. It is possible that in all the species the
larve may be partially external parasites, for with M. abdomi-
nalis and M. equalis I have found that, although internal feeders
when small, the larve feed for three or four days as external
parasites after emerging from their host, during which time
they rapidly increase in size.
(8) 1. Antenne with forty-five or more joints.
(3) 2. Third abdominal segment (like the two pre-
ceding) entirely striolate t 1. abdonunalis (Fab.).
(2) 3. Third abdominal segment smooth, or strio-
late at base only.
(7) 4. Body entirely black.
(6) 5. Stout species, wings clouded . 2. marginator (Nees).
(5) 6. Slender species, wings hyaline . 3. nitidus (Wesm.).
(4), i-) Thorax zutous \s : 3 é 4. thoracicus (Nees).
(1) 8. Antenne with forty or less joints.
(12) 9. Second abscissa of radius as long as the first
intercubital nervure.
(11) 10. Body entirely black, terebra longer than
body ; , ; : 5. infirmus (Nees).
(10) 11. Thorax partly rufo-testaceous, terebra not
longer than the abdomen : 6. equalis (sp. nov.).
(9) 12. Second abscissa of radius much shorter than
first intercubital nervure : 7. collaris (Spin.).
M. abdominalis, Fab.t— Without doubt the commonest species
in the genus, having now been recorded as bred from nearly
* Ent. Mag., vol. i., p. 187. | Ent. Systematica, 2, 185.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID®. 959
thirty different species of Lepidoptera. A gregarious parasite,
generally of the larve of Tortricina or Tineina. This is the ©
Rogas linearis of Wesmael,* from whose description and that of
Marshall + I have identified my specimens, not having seen the
original description of Fabricus. Marshall describes four distinct
varieties, and although the numerous broods that I have reared
in the New Forest have all been typical, I have captured the
var. pallipes. It is recorded that Van Vallenhoven bred this
variety mixed with typical specimens from the same victim,
which is quite contrary to my own experience, nor is it borne
out by the many broods from the Fitch collection which I have
examined. It has often been stated that the broods invariably
consist of one sex only, and so I had always found them until
July, 1914, when, from a larva of Tortrix ribeana, I obtained a
brood composed of a single male and eighteen females ; the male
appeared some thirty-six hours before any of the females.
In some specimens I find that the striolation at the base of
the third abdominal segment is very faint. As a rule, the second
cubital areolet is open outwardly, that is, the second cubital
nervure is obsolete. I have a specimen of the var. pallipes,
however, which has the second cubital areolet distinctly closed.
The cocoons are brown, thin, shining and enveloped in a
thin whitish web; they are usually found in bunches between
the leaves which have been “‘ rolled” by the hosts. A period of
from three to four weeks elapses between the emergence of the
parasite larve from their host and the appearance of the perfect
insects. I have noticed that, after emerging from their host, the
larvee feed as external parasites for two or three days; in fact,
until the edible parts of the host are entirely consumed.
Bred from Tortrix ribeana, June 28rd, 1911 (eight females),
July 3rd, 1912 (twelve females), July 4th, 1912 (thirteen males) ;
from T’. licheany (ten females); from T’. viridana, July 14th,
1912 (six females); from Depressaria alstromeriella, July 10th,
1912 (four females). Harwood has two specimens (var. pallipes)
labelled ‘‘ex caja, W. Sherston.” In Fitch’s boxes are broods
obtained by Elisha from Depressaria nanatella and Gelechia
mouffetella (both broods var. pallipes) ; from Depressaria alstro-
meriella ; Gracilaria elongella, July 14th, 1885; Cerostoma
xylostella, July 31st, 1882, and Hbulea crocealis; also broods
from Hnnychia octomaculalis, September 22nd, 1881, bred by
W. AR. Jeffery ; and from Botys verticalis, bred by G. T. Porritt. +
M. marginator, Nees. (Fig. 1.)—This is the enemy of the
Sesidz, having been bred as a solitary parasite from the larve
of many members of the family. It is the largest and stoutest
* Nouv. Mém. Ac. Brux., p. 173.
|} Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 193.
;| Some of these broods were recorded by Fitch, Entom, xiv. 143, and
xvi. 68.
Yea
260 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
species of the genus to be found in Britain, measuring some-
times as much as 16 mm. across the expanded wings; the
size, however, varies, specimens often expanding no more than
12 mm.
It would seem that the female is much more frequently met
with than the male; for instance, in February, 1914, L. W.
Newman sent me twenty-two living specimens which he had
bred (forced, of course) from larve of various Seside, and all were
females, and Col. Nurse, who has bred the species commonly,
has obtained females only. My own experience is that the
females outnumber the males by ten to one.
The cocoon is brown, thin, and shining, larger, but not so
elongate, nor so dark in colour as that of M. thoracicus. It is
always constructed within the burrow of the host (fig. 8). I have
specimens bred by Newman from larve of Sesia vespiformis and
S. culiciformis, taken at Bexley; others bred by Tonge from
S. culiciformis, July 17th to 24th, 1911; from S. chrysidiformis,
May 22nd, 1911; and from S. formiciformis, May 11th, 19J2;
all the hosts taken near Reigate. Harwood has found it
commonly at Colchester, and Nurse in West Suffolk. I have
frequently bred it from New Forest larve of S. vespiformis in
May, and have found the cocoons in burrows of S. tipuliformis
at Burgess Hill, Sussex, and Sherborne, Dorset.
M. thoracicus, Nees.—-A well-marked species, easily distin-
guished by the rufous thorax; always a solitary parasite. In
the New Forest it appears to be fairly plentiful, and I have
several times bred it in July and August from larve of Phibalocera
quercana, also once from larva of Chimabacche fagella, August,
1913. I have captured it in May.
Among Fitch’s insects are three males, bred from Phyeis
betulella by H. Bartlett, June 29th, 1880, and June 80th, 1882;
also a specimen labelled ‘‘ Darenth Wood.”
The cocoon is dark brown, narrow, elongate, and constructed
between the leaves, which are spun together by the host. When
bred from P. quercana, the cocoon is found under the flat web
which the larva of the lepidopteron constructs beneath a leaf.
Marshall states * that Bignell bred it from Noctua triangulum
and Xylina ornithopus; these seem rather unlikely hosts, and
it is strange that Bignell makes no mention of them in his South
Devon list, but merely states that he bred the species from
‘‘larvee feeding on sallows.”
This insect is sometimes confused in collections with Huba-
dizon extensor, L., to which it bears a superficial resemblance.
M. nitidus (Wesm.).—On May 5th, 1910, I captured a female,
and on May 15th, 1914, a male which I have no hesitation in
referring to this species, not before recorded as British. My
* Trans. Entom. Soc., 1888, p. 196.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID. 261
specimens agree with Wesmael’s description, except that the
head, thorax, and stigma are dark fuscous instead of black.
Very similar in shape and size to M. thoracicus, but differing in
that the thorax and stigma are black or blackish, the antenne
46-jointed, and the second abscissa of the radius not longer than
the first intercubital nervure. From M. infirmus it differs in
size, in the length and number of joints of the antenne, and in
many other ways; from M. marginator in size, in the wings
being hyaline and not clouded, and also in the first abscissa of
the radius being considerably shorter than the first intercubital
nervure.
M. infirmus (Nees).—Somewhat similar to M. collaris, but
differing in having stouter legs, a much longer terebra, and in
the second abscissa of the radius being as long as the first inter-
cubital nervure.
In Fitch’s boxes are four, one male and three females; these
were probably once in Marshall’s collection, one card being
marked ‘‘ St. A.” (St. Albans) in his writing.*
M. equalis (sp. nov.).
Fuscous, disc of mesothorax rufo-testaceous, third segment of the
abdomen fusco-testaceous; palpi pale testaceous in both sexes,
mandibles testaceous with fuscous tips; head fuscous except the
clypeus which is testaceous; antenne fuscous, basally testaceous,
elongate, 39-40-jointed in both sexes, longer than the body; meta-
thorax shagreened: wings hyaline, stigma and nervures testaceous,
the former with a darker spot of varying size. Second abscissa of the
radius as long as the first intercubital nervure; legs testaceous, claws
dark: abdominal segments one and two distinctly striolated, first
segment scarcely narrowed from the apex to the tubercles; terebra
almost as long as the abdomen.
Described from four males and two females.
A gregarious parasite, the cocoons being enclosed in a felt-
like oblong ball which assumes the proportions of the pupal
chamber of the host. Both males and females in the same
brood. This species somewhat resembles M. collaris, but is
most certainly not the M. collaris described by Marshall in
Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 197, and Species des Hym. vol. 5,
p. 238; it agrees more closely with Wesmael’s description,+ but
as Marshall was acquainted with Wesmael’s insects, no doubt he
was right in the synonymy of his M. collaris with Bracon collaris
of Wesmael; unfortunately, the latter’s description lacks any
mention of the length of the first abscissa of the radius or number
of joints of the antenne.
Among Fitch’s insects is a card bearing six and a ball of
cocoons to which is attached a label marked ‘‘G. C. Bignell,”
* Mr. Harwood also considers this to be Marshall's writing.
+ Nouv. Mém., Ac. Brux. 1885, p. 179.
262 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
beneath the card is the number 155. (Figs. 6 & 7.) As
Bignell’s collections and MSS. are now in the Municipal Museum,
Plymouth, I wrote to the Curator, who very kindly supplied me
with a copy of the following note which Bignell had placed
against the number 155 in his diary: “ M. collaris, bred from
Noctua triangulum, July 19th, 1881 (80), from G. F. Mathew.”
No doubt these are the insects recorded by Bignell as M. collaris
in his list of the Braconide of 8. Devon,* and by Fitch (Entom.
XV1. p. 69).
It seems probable that Bignell, suspecting his specimens to be
distinct from M. collaris, sent them to Fitch for advice, and that
for some reason or other they were never returned.
In June, 1908, the larva of an Agrotid was brought to me,
which immediately burrowed on being placed in a tin box with
an inch or two of earth; this depth of soil was evidently in-
sufficient, for a day or two afterwards I found that the cater-
pillar had come to the surface again, where it was lying in an
apparently comatose state, and a large number of parasite
larvee were feeding upon it. These parasites were arranged in
two irregular rows, one on either side of the unfortunate cater-
pillar. The host had already shrunk in size, and three days
later had entirely disappeared, with the exception of the skin and
the chitinous parts of the head. By this time the parasite larve,
to the number of seventy or eighty, had more than doubled in
size and commenced spinning an ochreous web round them-
selves, but being in an unnatural position were not successful in
forming the usual ball. Probably owing to this many died,
but a few succeeded in making their cocoons, and duly emerged.
Unfortunately I have not these few specimens before me now,
but I have little hesitation in referring them to this species.
I may mention that during the past few years I have reared
a very considerable number of the larve of Noctua triangulum,
but have not obtained this parasite.
The types are now in the collection of Mr. B. 8. Harwood,
of Colchester.
(To be continued.)
NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM, A CHALCID
PARASITE OF MANTIS EGGS.
By C. B. Wiutrams, B.A., F.E.S.
On May 17th, 1918, an ootheca of Mantis religiosa was
kindly sent to me by Mr. Hugh Main from Lugano, Italy.
Towards the end of May and the beginning of June a number
* Trans. Dev. Ass. for Adv. Science, 1901, xxxiii. pp. 657-692.
NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM. 263
of both sexes of a Chalcid parasite emerged by boring holes
direct to the exterior.
These were identified by Dr. Perkins as a species of Pod-
agrion (Chaleidoidea. Fam. Torymide). An examination of
the collection of the British Museum showed the specimens to
be identical with the type of Walker’s Priomerus pachymerum
(Ent. Mag. i. 1883, p. 118, figured in ‘ Entomologist,’ i., 1840-42,
plate F.). This is considered as the same as Westwood’s
Palmon religiosus (Trans. Ent. Soc. iv., 1847, p. 249, plate x.,
recorded from Mantis religiosa), but now belongs to the genus
Podagrion (Spinola), and should therefore be known as Podagrion
pachymerum.
The two genera Podagrion and Pachytomus (Walker) have, up
to the present, been separated on the following characters :—
a. Radius very short; tarsal joints 2-5 not short ;
8 teeth on the hind femora . : , . PODAGRION.
6. Radius longer; first tarsal joint long, the others
shorter; 4 teeth on hind femora . ‘ . PACHYTOMUS.
In the specimens which emerged as above, however, all the
females had the characters given above for Podagrion, and the
males those of Pachytomus. The latter genus has therefore
been separated on purely sexual characters, and the single
species, P. klugianus, is almost certainly a male of some species
of Podagrion. The name Pachytomus must be considered as a
synonym of Podagrion.
Fig. 1. shows the hind tarsi of both sexes, and also the
arrangement of the teeth in the hind femora of the male and
two forms found in the female. The number and arrangement
of the teeth vary slightly, and the two forms figured for the
female were the right and left femora of a single specimen.
The relative lengths of the tarsal joints has been much used as
a systematic character in the Chalcide, the above result, how-
ever, shows that some care is required in its application. Males
of other species of the genus Podagrion do not necessarily differ
from the female as in the above case.
The parasites were allowed to remain in the box with the
ootheca from which they had emerged. No pairing was seen,
but on June 2nd a female was observed ovipositing. The
material of the ootheca was pierced quite easily by the long and
slender ovipositor. The abdomen was first raised, then the
ovipositor and its sheath were curled underneath till they
touched the surface of the egg-mass at a point beneath the
middle of the abdomen and, finally, the abdomen was slowly
depressed, the stylets of the ovipositor entering the ootheca,
while the double sheath bent out behind. A rough sketch of the
female, with the ovipositor almost completely buried, is shown
in Fig. 2. A pulsating movement was observed in the semi-
transparent base of the abdomen when, presumably, the egg
264 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
was laid; the ovipositor was then partly withdrawn by raising
the abdomen, then inserted fully again and another egg was
laid. Several eggs were laid before the ovipositor was with-
drawn completely. During this process the sheath was usually
released, springing straight out behind, before the stylets were
free.
It is hoped that the above will serve to correct a prevailing
impression that Podagrion is unable to pierce with its ovipositor
the hard mature ootheca of the Mantis. Xambeu (Bull. Soc.
Ent. France, ser. 5, vol. vii. 1877, p. lxix.) records finding two
specimens of this parasite under the hind wings of a Mantis,
and assumed that they took up this position in order to lay
their eggs in those of the Mantis during the construction of the
ootheca. Giardina (Giorn. della Soc. di Sc. Nat. ed Econ.
Palermo, xxi. 1899, p. 316) suggests that the female parasites
cling to the edge of the wings of the Mantis by means of their
toothea hind femora during the formation of the ootheca, and
are thereby brought into a convenient position for attacking the
Mantis eggs.* Leigh (Trans. Manchester Ent. Soc. 1912,
p. 30) also assumes that Podagrion is unable to pierce the
* T hope at a later date to publish some observations on the construc-
tion of the ootheca, which do not support this author’s views as to the use
of the wings during the process.
NOTES ON PODAGRION PACHYMERUM. 265
mature ootheca. I am not in a position to confirm or contradict
Xambeu’s observations on the finding of the parasites under the
Mantis wings (though there is some doubt as to the identity of
his species ; see Bull. Ent. Soc. France, ser. 5, vol. vill. 1878,
p. elxiii.), but the explanations given are, at least, unnecessary
and improbable.* :
Giardina (l.c. p. 317) also states that this parasite usually
infests only one side of the ootheca, and that frequently the
eges on one side are all parasitized, while those on the other
side were not attacked. In the specimens which I have examined
there were individual parasites on both sides; sometimes only
one or two in a compartment, but more usually all the eggs in
one compartment were attacked. I can, however, confirm this
author’s interesting observation that the pupe of the Podagrion
Fig. 2.—Podagrion pachymerum laying eggs in Mantis ootheca, x18.
in the Mantis eggs have their head directed to the tail end of
the ege. Itis possibly for this reason that they do not make
use of the exit passages already prepared for the use of the
young Mantids, but instead bore their way through the walls of
the ootheca to the exterior.
On June 13th the Mantid larve began to hatch in numbers,
all emerging in two or three days. Between July 13th and 20th
about a dozen more Podagrion emerged, all of which were
females. These would appear to be from eggs laid by the first
brood six weeks before. The fact that they were all one sex
may have been due to pairing not having taken place in cap-
tivity, and the eggs having developed parthenogenetically into
females, as is the case with many other insects.
Specimens of Podagrion pachymerum were also bred by P. A.
Buxton from ootheca of Mantis religiosa found in Algeria and
* Since writing the above, I find that A. Girault has (Ent. News,
Philadelphia, 1907, xviil., p. 107) described shortly the egg-laying of
Podagrion mantis, a parasite of the American Stagomantis carolina. He
also found that the parasite had no difficulty in piercing the ootheca with its
ovipositor.
266 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Tunis. From a much larger Mantis ootheca, name and locality
at present unknown, I have bred four species of chalcids, three
of which, possibly hyper-parasites, are very small and have no
long ovipositor. The way in which these are able to get to the
egos in the middle of the ootheca is a problem well worth the
attention of anyone who may have the opportunity of observing it.
The John Innes Horticultural Institution,
Merton, Surrey: August, 1914.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM
FORMOSA.
By A. E. Wiueman, F.E.S.
Nocrvuipz.
Rivula pallida, sp. n.
Head and palpi white-brown, the latter ochreous below ; thorax
white-brown mixed with darker brown. Fore wings white-brown
powdered with darker brown chiefly on dorsal portion of basal two-
thirds; antemedial line represented by three black dots—one on
costa, one below cell, and one on the dorsum ; postmedial line dusky,
double, black dotted; reniform stigma faintly purplish, brownish
outlined, enclosing two black dots; termen and fringes brownish ;
terminal dots black, the upper ones white-centred. Hind wings
whitish, brownish-tinged towards margins. Under side of fore
wings brownish with blackish spot at end of the cell representing
the reniform stigma of upper side; hind wings white-brown, discoidal
lunule dusky.
Expanse, 22 millim.
Collection number, 13867.
One male from Arizan (7350 ft.), August 6th, 1908.
Closely allied to R. sericealis, Schiff.
NoroDONTID&.
Pydna virgata, sp. nu.
g. Antenne ciliated; head and thorax pale brown mixed with
darker ; abdomen pale brown marked with darker on the back of
each segment. Fore wings pale brown longitudinally streaked with
rufous brown, rather broadly below the cell and narrowly above the
cell; the dorsum is clouded with darker brown; postmedial line
represented by black points on the veins, almost parallel with the
termen which is unusually oblique; terminal dots black. Hind
wings dark brown, fringes pale brown. Under side pale brown, all
wings suffused with fuscous on the disc.
Expanse, 50 millim.
A male specimen from Kanshirei.
The type of this species is in the British Museum Collection.
NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM FORMOSA. 267
Pydna sordida, sp. n.
Antenne fasciculate; head pale brown, crown darker; thorax pale
brown mixed with darker; abdomen brown. Fore wings pale brown
inclining to whitish on costal area; a longitudinal brownish streak
from base passing through cell almost to termen, its outer extremity
expanded and united with a brownish streak from apex of the wing ;
dorsum also brownish; postmedial line represented by a slightly
curved series of black points on the nervules; a terminal series of
black dots between the nervules. Hind wings pale brown, suffused
with fuscous on the disc. Under side pale brown, rather silky.
Expanse, 46-50 millim.
Collection number, 1228 a.
Two male specimens from Rantaizan, May 11th and 18th,
1909.
Allied to P. pallida, Butl.
Pydna nebulosa, sp. n.
Antenne fasciculate ; head and thorax whitish, the latter mixed
with brownish in front ; abdomen brown, edges of segments and the
under side whitish. Fore wings whitish brown, suffused with
ochreous brown and clouded with darker brown on the disc; sub-
basal and antemedial lines indicated by black dots; postmedial line
represented by black dots on the veins, preceded by less distinct
black dots between the veins ; a brown dash from middle of the base
of the wing extending to a black spot placed just beyond antemedial
dots; three inwardly oblique brown streaks on terminal area, the
upper one extending from apex of the wing to postmedial dots; a
series of black dots on termen. Hind wings dark fuscous, costal area
and fringes whitish brown. Under sides whitish brown, clouded
with dark fuscous.
Expanse, 40-43 millim.
Collection number, 1229.
Two male specimens from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 10th and
15th, 1908.
Allied to P. frugalis, Leech.
Pydna meonspicua, sp. n.
Antenne bipectinate; head, thorax, and abdomen whitish brown,
the latter rather darker above. Fore wings whitish with faint
ochreous tinge, dorsal area clouded with brownish and a longitudinal
dash of the same colour below the cell; subbasal and antemedial
lines indicated by black dots; postmedial line fuscous, wavy, dotted
with black on the veins; black dots on the termen. Hind wings
whitish with traces of a dusky postmedial line on dorsal area. Under
side of fore wings fuscous, costa and fringes pale buff; hind wings
whitish.
Expanse, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1228.
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 10th, 1908.
268 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
There is a male of this species, from Formosa, in the British
Museum Collection. It is labelled ‘‘ Kaegi Dist., 7-10,000 ft.,
July.”
Allied to P. straminea, Moore.
CyMATOPHORIDZ.
Thyatira pennata, sp. n.
3g. Head grey-brown, thorax blackish variegated with white ;
abdomen greyish white, tufts blackish. Fore wings grey-brown,
clouded with white about middle of costal area and below apex; a
black-edged whitish wing-shaped mark at base, a white sharply
angled line from outer tip of the mark; a small upright black spot,
inwardly edged with white, on dorsum below the mark; antemedial
line black, sinuous; postmedial black, wavy, outwardly edged with
white, almost parallel with termen, commencing in a blackish mark
on the costa, indented at vein 2, whence a white streak runs to
tornus; subterminal line white, wavy, commencing in whitish apical
cloud, terminating at vem 2; orbicular and reniform stigmata
whitish, outlined in blackish, reniform enclosing a grey-brown line;
terminal lunules black outwardly edged with white; fringes grey-
brown, pale at the base. Hind wings whitish, fuscous-tinged. Under
side whitish tinged with fuscous; fore wings clouded with blackish
and marked with white at the base and on the costa, postmedial line
white only distinct on costal area.
Expanse, 37 millim.
Collection number, 928.
A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 26th,
1906.
Comes near 7’. opalescens, Alph.
DREPANIDA.
Albara griseotincta, sp. n.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey. Fore wings dark grey thickly
powdered with pale violet grey, costa and fringes purplish brown
mixed with ochreous; two dusky dots, set obliquely, at end of cell;
postmedial line brown, oblique, united with the interrupted sub-
terminal brown line below the apex. Hind wings agree with the
fore wings in colour, medial line brown; fringes purplish brown
mixed with ochreous. Under side grey, without markings.
Expause, 32 millim.
Collection number, 1257.
A male specimen from Kanshirei, May 20th, 1908.
Comes near A. opalescens, Warr., but the tips of the fore
wings are less produced, and there are no ochreous marks on
the disc.
269
AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.
By W. G. SHExpon, F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 242.)
THE season at Sarepta was about a fortnight later than the
average, and this fact must be considered in connection with the
dates given below.
I have to thank Mr. A. L. Rayward, who has most kindly
made preparations of the genitalia of all species, the identity of
which I was in doubt.
The number of species of Rhopalocera we saw in the Crimea
was twenty-seven, at Novorossisk twenty-three, and at Sarepta
seventy-six ; and the total number in all three districts combined
was eighty-six species, as follows :—
Papilio podalirius.—A rather small, weakly-marked race was not
uncommon at Ialta and Novorossisk; and one or two examples,
exceedingly worn, were seen at Sarepta during the first few days we
were there.
P. machaon.—A few specimens were seen at all three localities,
but it was only common at the tops of the mountains at Novoros-
sisk; I saw, but did not capture, an example of ab. awrantiaca there.
Parnassius mnemosyne.—This species swarmed at Sarepta, in the
“Tschapurnik Wald” on May 22nd, and later we found it almost
equally abundant in the valleys towards Tsaritsyn. The form is a
large one, with the black markings not so suffused, and bolder than
is the case in specimens from the Alps. They are very like some
I have from Herculesbad, except that the black spots are larger.
Both these localities are at low levels, Sarepta being actually below
sea-level, and Herculesbad only about 150 ft. above it.
Aporia crataegi.—Generally distributed in woods, but not abun-
dant: the specimens are large and the veins very pronounced. The
females, when newly emerged, have the yellow shading on the under
side much stronger than in Central Huropean examples. ‘This species
was first noticed on May 22nd.
Pieris brassicae.—Only seen at Sarepta; a few examples amongst
gardens.
P. rapae.—Common at Ialta and Novorossisk.
P. manni.—Specimens of a Pierid which I feel sure is this species
were taken at Sarepta.
P. napi.—I saw a few examples only of this species at Ialta and
Sarepta. The only one I brought home is a very ordinary female
from the first-named locality. In all probability our visit occurred
between the period of the first and second broods.
Pontia daplidice.—Frequent at Novorissisk, and there was the
tail end of a brood flying at Sarepta at the time of our arrival.
These were var. bellidice of a very extreme form, with darker under
sides to the hind wings than is the case in Southern French speci-
mens, accounted for no doubt by the amount of cold the pupe had
270 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
been subjected to. A second brood was abundant during the last few
days of May; I should call these intermediate between the type and
var. bellidice.
Anthocharis belia.—A very pretty form with light grey tips to the
superiors was not infrequent at Ialta; the second brood became
plentiful at Sarepta by June 7th; the upper sides of these are
similar to South European var. ausonia, but the under sides are
much darker, and closely resemble var. simplonia. I suppose they
should be called var. wralensis, Bartel, but they do not seem quite to
agree with his description of this variety.
Kuchloé cardamines.—A remarkable race was abundant in the
“ Tschapurnik Wald” at the end of May; they are much larger than
any I have seen from elsewhere, expanding up to56mm. The average
expanse of British and European specimens I make to be about
42 mm., and Mr. Wheeler, in his ‘ Butterflies of Switzerland,’ gives
the same expanse. It will thus be seen how large this steppe form
is. The discoidal spot on the superiors is smaller than in the type,
and the under sides of the inferiors have very much less green. I
propose for this local race the name of var. volgensis, n. var. Typical
specimens were not infrequent at Ialta, and in the woods between
there and Sebastopol; it was also seen at Novorossisk.
Zegris eupheme.—Not uncommon on the railway banks at Sarepta
during the first day or two we were there; but, as happens in the
case of the Spanish race, it disappeared all at once, and not a speci-
men was seen afterwards.
Leptosia sinapis—Frequent at Ialta, also at Novorissisk, and
one or two were seen in the “ Tschapurnik Wald,” at Sarepta. The
examples I brought home are very typical first-brood forms.
Colias hyale.— Fairly numerous at Sebastopol; abundant at
Novorissisk, and common at Sarepta at the date of our arrival, and
a second brood was flying there in the middle of June.
C. erate.—This beautiful eastern species was abundant at Sarepta at
the date of our arrival, and from its condition then it had evidently
been flying some time. There was a series of emergences during the
whole time of our sojourn, and it was particularly abundant during our
last few days. The male is a particularly vigorous creature, flying at a
tremendous pace, and very difficult to capture, unless one can intercept
it in its course. The female is much less active, and frequently settles
to suck at flowers. The white form of the female, var. pallida, was
almost as abundant as the type. At Sarepta C. erate frequented
chiefly the railway banks and cuttings, no doubt being influenced
largely in its choice of locality by the luxuriant growth of leguminous
plants on which the larva feeds, which are to be found there; the
male was, however, to be seen at intervals, wildly scurrying along,
all over the surrounding country. I was successful in breeding an
imago from an ova obtained from a captive female.
C. edusa.—Common in the Crimea and at Novorossisk. At
Sarepta I saw one or two worn examples on May 21st, and there was
a second brood which I saw first on June 9th; these were not by
any means abundant.
Colias hybrids.—It has long been noted that, when two or more
of certain species of this group are found on common ground, inter-
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. O71
mediate forms occur, and it is beyond reasonable doubt that these are
hybrids. It is known that a number of Asiatic species produce these
intermediate forms or natural hybrids; and there are certain species
occurring in Hurope which there is good reason to suppose hybridize
also; for instance, in the only locality in which the two Arctic
species C. hecla and C. werdandi are known to frequent the same
ground, an intermediate form, ab. christiienssoni, Lampa, has been
taken, apparently in numbers, jndging from the series of it that we
have in the National Collection. At Sarepta intermediate forms
between C. erate and C. hyale and between C. erate and C. edusa are
well known, and there are examples of both these forms in the
National Collection. The first-named cross is known as C. hyale var.
sareptensis, Stgr., and the second C. erate var. chrysodona, Boisd.
Seitz has muddled the nomenclature of the former hybrid in his
work; he first, in the description of the different forms of C. hyale,
calls it var. sareptensis, and then, amongst the forms of C. erate,
gives it the new name of var. diana. Obviously, hybrid forms
between two species cannot have more than one name and, therefore,
Staudinger’s hyale var. sareptensis must stand. Seitz figures both
hybrids. It seems probable that the vigorous male of C. erate is
responsible for these abnormal pairings, which in the case of erate x
hyale produced offspring at Sarepta more numerous than the typical
C. hyale. The hybrid erate x edusa was not abundant; I only saw
some half dozen of it in all: these were very constant and without
variation ; but of the erate x hyale hybrid there is every form, from
almost typical C. erate to almost typical C. hyale. One wonders if
these hybrids are not fertile enter se, or with one or both of the
parent species. One possible reason why the Colias species hybridize
freely is that the genitalia of many of them are so similar there
seems no physical obstacle to their doing so. The similarity in
these organs prevents them being used as factors to identify the
various hybrids.
Gonepteryx rhamni.—Hibernated specimens were seen at Ialta
and Sarepta, and in the latter locality freshly emerged examples
were frequent from June 16th; they are rather smaller than those I
have from Britain and Central Europe; the males are a little more
richly yellow, and the females rather whiter.
Thecla w-album.— Common in clearings in the ‘“ Tschapurnik
Wald” from June 16th; they were very partial to the flowers of
Gypsophila paniculata and other plants.
7’. tlicis.—In the same locality as the last, apparently not abun-
dant; the only example I brought away is a typical female. First
seen on June 16th.
T. spint.—Abundant and generally distributed from June 12th
onwards; they were the type form without any approach to ab.
lynceus.
T’. prunt.—l saw three or four fresh specimens in the “Tscha-
purnik Wald” on May 22nd, flying over blackthorn bushes, but did
not come across it afterwards; the only one captured, a male, does
not differ from those I have from Central Europe.
T. acaciae.—First seen on June 4th; not uncommon, and
generally distributed amongst blackthorn. The only difference I can
272 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
see in the Russian specimens from those I have from Hungary is,
that on the under sides of the former the ground colour is grey, and
of the latter grey-brown.
Callophrys rubt.—The most remarkable race of this species that
I have seen was common at Novorossisk. It is a small form with
an average wing expanse of 30 mm.; the under side is typical, but
the upper sides of the wings in both sexes are black, without the
slightest tinge of brown, and the whole surface has a grey-blue
sheen, similar to that which is found in male examples of Zephyrus
quercas, but of course the sheen is not the same colour as in that
species. I propose for this remarkable race, which so far as I am
aware is confined to the Caucasus, the name of var. schamyl n. var.
I saw, but did not capture, a few examples of C. rwbz at Ialta; these,
as far as I could see, were very typical. A few examples were seen
at Sarepta on the outskirts of the ‘“‘Tschapurnik Wald’’; they are
rather darker brown in colour than the type, and have an expanse
of about 34 mm.
Chrysophanus phlaeas.—A few very typical cold-form examples
were seen at Ialta and Novorossisk.
C. dorilis—A very typical male was taken by me at Sarepta on
May 22nd.
C. thersamon.—Abundant at Sarepta, but somewhat local, chiefly
frequenting the railway banks and the adjacent slopes; a bright
form, especially on the under side, on which the grey ground colour
of the hind wings is much lighter, and the copper ground of the fore
wings much brighter than in Hungarian examples. I suppose they
would all come under Klug’s var. omphale, but it is difficult to know
where the type ends and this variety commences. The chief distinction
that Klug makes is that his var. omphale has tails on the inferiors ;
and he figures the males and females with tails approximately 2 mm.
and 4 mm. long, respectively; but all C. thersamon that I have seen
have tails in both sexes, if only rudimentary ones. My Sarepta
specimens have tails, in the males about three quarters of a
millimetre in length, and in the females 2 mm. in length, whereas
Hungarian first brood examples, which I understand to be the type,
have only very rudimentary tails, of not more than a quarter of a
millimetre in length. Individuals were continually emerging at Sarepta
during the whole period of our stay.
C. dispar var. rutilus.—I was much delighted to see this grand
species once more. Years ago I formed the opinion that it was the
most beautiful European butterfly when seen on the wing; and now
that I have observed all the European species, with the exception of
about sixty, I can fully confirm this opinion. One can imagine what
our British type, the finest form of all, must have looked like. I first
saw var. rutilus at Sarepta in a small swamp in the railway cutting,
a mile or so to the south-east of the town, on May 26th. Afterwards
we found that it was generally distributed in the small swamps that
are to be found in certain valleys which lie towards Tsaritsyn ;. it
was not very common there, but I expect it was abundant in the
large marshes between the arms of the Volga, had one cared to work
them, which I did not. The form is a very similar one to that
found near Budapest, and quite as large.
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 278
Everes alcetas.—A large form of this species, expanding about
33 mm., was not uncommon on the outskirts of the “ Tschapurnik
Wald,” and also on the railway banks, from May 20th.
Scolitantides baton—Common at Ialta, less so at Novorossisk,
and widely distributed at Sarepta; in all cases the examples are the
type form, without any approach to var. panoptes.
S. pylaon.—This Eastern species was fairly common on the banks
and in the cuttings of the railway, but at first I experienced con-
siderable difficulty in distinguishing it, especially on the wing, from
the much more abundant Plebeius argyrognomon, with which it flew.
It had probably been out a week or ten days before we arrived at
Sarepta; after the first two days it got rare, and the examples
seen were all more or less defective, although odd ones were picked
up whenever we collected in its localities until May 27th. In
the series I obtained there is not any noticeable variation in the
females, but there is a good deal in the males. S. pylaon was first
described by Fischer de Waldheim (the female only). Herrich-Schaffer,
who next dealt with it in ‘Schmetterlinge von EHuropa,’ figures both
sexes; of the male, fig. 333 illustrates a form without black spots on
the hind margins of the inferiors, upper side, but with two red
lunules at the anal angle of each; this form, therefore, which was not
uncommon at Sarepta, it would appear, in accordance with the law
of priority, is the type. The other forms obtained include one
figured by Herrich-Schiiffer (fig. 339), which shows a row of black
spots on the upper side of the inferiors on the outer margin; this
form I propose to call ab. nigro-puncta, n. ab. The other form I
obtained is entirely without black spots or red lunules on the upper
side of the inferiors, for this I propose the name of ab. zmmacu-
lata, n. ab.
Plebeius argyrognomon.—Abundant at Sarepta and in good
condition at the date of our arrival. An interesting form; the males
of a deeper blue than the Western specimens which I possess; both
sexes have the orange bands on the under side very prominent, in
this respect resembling the Hungarian form; the species continued
in good condition for several days.
P. argus (@gon).—The most abundant Lycznid seen at Sarepta—
swarming everywhere. The first examples which were flying at the
date of our arrival were small and dull-coloured, but those that
emerged in June were much larger, with whiter under sides.
Polyommatus astrarche—Only seen at Novorossisk where I
captured a few very typical specimens of the southern low level race.
P, wicarus.—Common everywhere we collected, especially at
Sarepta. A large form; the females entirely without blue on the
upper side. I kept a very careful look-out for P. thersiies, without
success, and I am convinced that this recently recognised species does
not occur in any locality in which we collected, although its food-
plant, sainfoin, grows freely at Sarepta.
P. eroides.—One example, a very fresh male of this beautiful
species, or form of P. eros, was taken by me on June 12th at the top
of a cross valley in the hills which are opposite to Sarepta. It was
a very windy day, and I feel sure that the butterfly had been blown
ENTOM.—OCTOBER, 1914. Z
274 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
from its true locality, but a long and wide search for further
specimens was fruitless.
P. bellarguws.—Only seen at Ialta; the males which were just
coming out were large examples of ab. punecta.
P. amandus var. lydia.—This form of P. amandus was not
uncommon on bushy slopes, both at the ‘‘ Tschapurnik Wald” and
in the valleys in the direction of Tsaritsyn. The first specimens were
seen on May 23rd, and the species continued in good condition for
about a month, after which it became worn.
Cupido sebrus.—A short series was taken at an altitude of about
1000 ft. at Ialta, where the species frequented flowery clearings in
the pine-covered slopes of the mountains. The males are of a
deeper and purer blue than the type; the females are remarkable in
that nearly the whole of the superiors and the bases of the inferiors
are suffused with grey-blue scales. I propose for this form the name
of ab. caerulea-grisea n. ab.
Glaucopsyche celestina.—This HKastern species had evidently been
common a short time previous to our arrival at Sarepta; but the
examples we took were almost all worn to shreds, and it took my
best efforts to obtain half-a-dozen fair specimens, which were picked
up singly wherever there was a considerable growth of leguminous
plants.
(To be continued.)
A FORTNIGHT IN SHETLAND.
By Percy C. Ret.
At 9 am. on July 14th, my friends Messrs. J. Peed and
G. D. Hancock and myself left Aberdeen on the s.s. ‘St. Sunniva,’
bound for Baltasound in the Island of Unst. After a calm
passage we found ourselves when we awoke next morning at
Lerwick, where we changed on to the s.s. ‘Zetland,’ and reached
Baltasound that night at 10 p.m., some three hours behind time,
owing to fog. We had engaged rooms at the Queen’s Hotel,
which lies about a mile from the landing stage, so that it was
not far from midnight before we had had some supper and were
settled in. The next day was spent in surveying the country
and deciding on our plans.
The Island of Unst lies practically due north and south, and
is some twelve miles long by about five miles wide, with Balta-
sound at the head of a deep inlet just about halfway up the east
coast. The island is composed of round-topped hills, covered
with grass and short heather, with the highest hills, Saxaford
and Hermaness, at the northern end, and is traversed longi-
tudinally by a deep depression, which from the latitude of Balta-
sound is occupied northwards, first by Loch of Cliffe, a fresh-
water loch, and then, separated from it only by a sand bar, by a
sea loch called Burrafirth.
A FORTNIGHT IN SHETLAND. 275
Our main object was of course the capture of Crymodes exulis,
and for this we were told the high ground between Loch of
Cliffe and the western coast was the best locality.
There is not a tree nor even a bush on the island except a
few planted in gardens, so we were fortunate in finding several
wire fences with wooden posts, which ran east and west right
across the exulis ground. ‘Two of these fences were about on a
level with Baltasound, near the head of Loch of Cliffe, while two
more were at the far end of that loch. The former were within
a mile or so of the hotel—to get to the latter necessitated a
bicycle ride of at least five miles, as a long detour vid Hayrolds-
wick had to be made. LEventually we fixed on the most
northerly fence of all, which started from where the lighthouse
keepers lived, at a place called Fiskna Wick on the west side of
Burrafirth, and to this fence we practically confined our
sugaring work.
Night after night we visited it, with more or less success, but
with never a blank, and in the end found we all three had a full
complement of C. exulis, with some to spare for our friends.
Athough on the whole in excellent condition, we took several,
even on the first night, which were somewhat torn and chipped,
and no doubt we might have done even better had we been a
week earlier.
From the same fence we took plenty of Mamestra furva,
Agrotis porphyrea (dark), and swarms of Noctua festiva var.
conflua ([thulet, Staud.] in endless variety. One or two H. adusta,
one Hurois occulta, one Phlogophora meticulosa, one Dianthacia
conspersa, and several Triphena proniba completed the bag at
sugar. But M. montanata and L. cesiata (both in the Shetland
form) were common all over the hills. At the date of our arrival
there was practically no real night, and indeed it was not dusk
enough till about 10.45 p.m. to be worth going round the sugar.
But this state of things soon altered, and during our fortnight’s
stay the days had drawn in by certainly halfan hour. Just as
a week earlier would perhaps have been better for C. exulis, so
it would certainly have suited better for Hepialus humult, Dian-
theecia conspersa, Emmelesia albulata and Coremia munitata. Of
H. humuli I saw but three, all females, which were on the wing
at 10 p.m. on July 19th, close to Haroldswick. Of D. conspersa
I took only one worn specimen on the same evening, but by
searching Silene maritima persistently we were able to make a
fair bag of larvee, which were still very small.
Silene maritima occurs sparsely round Baltasound inlet and
at afew other spots, but at Haroldswick, chiefly on the south side
and at the head of the bay, it grows in immense profusion. Here
we found the larvee of Hupithecta venosata in swarms—indeed, so
plentiful were they that often every seed-head of the Silene was
cleared out, and it looked as if the larve of D. conspersa would
276 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
be hard put to it to find food when they became larger. The
E. venosata larve had nearly all pupated by August 1st, and the
D. conspersa larve pupated after my arrival home, about
August 25th.
I only saw one specimen of H. velleda, although it is said
sometimes to be verycommon. As there is practically no brake
fern, so far as I could see, it is evident that in Unst the larve
must use some other food—probably dock, which is very common
round the walled-in fields.
Coremia munitata we found in fair numbers only. As always
with this insect the females were hard to find, and all I secured
were taken at rest on rushes which grew in the sand between
Loch of Cliffe and Burrafirth. Males, however, I took not un-
commonly at Haroldswick and in the marshy meadows that line
the burn which flows into the top end of Loch of Cliffe.
E. albulata occurred almost everywhere with its food-plant.
Both it and C. munitata were, of course, of the Shetland form, and
very different from those found further south.
We had intended to stay in Shetland for a month, but
unfortunately the outbreak of the war robbed us of half our stay.
When we left, Chareas graminis was just beginning to come out,
but it was still too early for Noctua glareosa or Celena haworthii,
both of which insects we wanted.
The worst of Shetland is the long journey there. Once
arrived, the Queen’s Hotel affords very good accommodation, the
insects are most interesting—with hard work a good bag is
practically a certainty—while to anyone fond of ornithology, the
wealth of bird life is something entrancing. Even now I can
hear in fancy the wild cry of the Richardson’s Skuas, and of the
Great Skuas who were our nightly companions on our sugaring
rounds.
Feeringbury, Kelvedon: September 13th, 1914.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
ABUNDANCE OF OYANIRIS ARGIOLUS IN SouTH-Hast Sussex.—
I was staying in Winchelsea during the latter part of August and
the first part of September, and during my walks in the neighbour-
hood I noticed that larve of Cyaniis argiolus were especially
abundant. There is much ivy in the hedges along most of the roads
there, and the blossoms are particularly luxuriant this year; and
scarcely a patch of any size could be found which did not contain
many larve. Pyrameis atalanta was also present in considerable
numbers, and in places P. cardut was to be found; but I did not see
a single specimen of Vanessa io, and very few V. wrtice. It is also
worth recording that, during the whole five weeks of my stay, there
was only one wet day.—F. A. OtpakEeR; The Red House, Haslemere,
September 15th, 1914.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 277
VARIETY OF CHRYSOPHANUS PHLHIAS NEAR ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH.—
A friend has just brought to me a recently caught specimen of C.
phleas schmidtit. It is the first I have seen taken in this district,
where C. phleas is somewhat common. Both hind wings are slightly
damaged, otherwise it is in good condition—pearly white, as distinct
from the cream-tinted variety. —F rank Brown; Bath Street, Ashby-
de-la-Zouch, September 17th, 1914.
Gynanprous P. tcArus.—Whilst on the look-out for female vars.
of P. icarus here on the 4th inst., I took a fine example of the
gynandrous form, in which the left pair of wings are male and the
other pair female. The latter have only a few blue scales, although
at this spot most females are of the lovely ab. cwrulea form. Hxcept-
ing the upper male wing, the under sides have the usual female
coloration.— Martin J. HarpiInG; Oakdene, Church Stretton, Septem-
ber 21st, 1914.
LeucaNIA FAvIcoLoR IN Hants.—I should like to record the
capture at sugar on our local marram-grass, of three specimens
of L. favicolor—two on June 29th (one fair and one good), and one
on July 4th (poor).—A. L. Burras; 3, Connaught Road, North End,
Portsmouth.
CERURA BIFIDA IN Aucust.—A larva of C. bifida pupated July
17th, 1914, and the moth emerged to-day, August 13th.—H. C.
JEDDERE-FisHER; Apsleytown, East Grinstead.
Note on Hecatera pysopEA.—I shall be glad if any of your
readers will say if they ever come across H. dysodea now. A few
years ago the larve were to be found regularly every year about
here, in greater or lesser numbers. But since, I think, the year 1905
I have never been able to find a larva, and I believe the same thing
has been noticed at Wicken, where also they used to be common.
Has this insect unaccountably become extinct ?—PrErcy C. Rern ;
Feeringbury, Kelvedon, September 10th, 1914.
KuvaNessA ANTIOPA IN NorFrouK.—lI think it will interest you to
know that on Tuesday morning last my little girl of six years
captured a specimen of H. antiopa in Gaywood. She has a net, but
on that occasion she did not have it, so she got a big-necked bottle
from a friend’s house and put it over the butterfly which was sitting
upon some wood. I am afraid it got a bit mauled, because she
transferred it to other receptacles once or twice; but Mr. Atmore, to
whom I showed it, says it is a fine big specimen —C. G. Barrett ;
Pleasant House, Gaywood, near King’s Lynn, September 17th, 1914.
LARv# OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS NEAR Norwicu.—During the
last two weeks of August larvae of Acherontia atropos have been
found, not infrequently, in this district; and I have heard of at least
three other specimens from the neighbourhood of Wymondham,
which brings the number I have come across up to ten examples.
They were apparently all found on rather large fields of potatoes, and
I have heard of none from small patches of the food-plant. The
Norfolk yokel is usually terrified of anything out of the ordinary,
and immediately destroys it, and one larva was cut in half by the
278 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
spade of the man who found it. Those I saw were all full fed or
nearly so. One was found walking across a large tennis lawn. I
have seen no Colias edusa here this year, but during the hot days a
fortnight ago Pyramets cardut was rather in evidence in the clover
fields and also in gardens, where it was attracted by standard helio-
tropes; all those I saw appeared to be rather worn. P. atalanta has
been unusually abundant, and is still (September 23rd) in beautiful
condition ; it is always a common species in gardens here during the
first weeks of September, and is also often plentiful nearer the coast.
Last week we had three or four extremely cold days, and I found
many torpid Atalanta sitting on the dahlia flowers, always choosing
the red, or red and orange blossoms. Perfectly fresh Polyommatus
icarus were seen when out partridge driving on the 19th—
GERARD H.GurRNEY; Keswick Hall, Norwich.
DRAGONFLIES BRED IN 1914.—This year I have bred Brachutron
pratense (one female) from a nymph found early in June, 1913, in
the Ouse, near St. Ives, Huntingdon. The dragonfly emerged on (or
about) May 12th. schna grandis, from nymphs taken in the
canal at Byfleet last year, and from one taken in the canal, near
Purton, Wiltshire, early this summer; Lzbellula quadrimaculata,
from nymph taken at Byfleet this summer; Sympetrum striolatum,
from nymphs taken in canal near Purton; Calopteryx virgo (Ober-
water stream, New Forest); estes sponsa, male (Byfleet Canal) ;
Enallagma cyathigerwm; Agrion puella; Pyrrhosoma nymphula. I
found imagines of P. nymphula in one of my aquaria (they are
fitted with a kind of gauze case) on my return to town after a week-
end away in the last week of April. They were not from nymphs
collected this year, for at that time I had not yet been out for
nymphs this season, and I was not aware that I had put any
P. nymphula in that aquarium last year. But I had put in a good
many Zygopterid nymphs (mainly Hrythromma naias and Ischnura
elegans). in early summer, 1913. Some of them must have been
only partly grown P. nymphula; I have found the same thing
happen before with this species, but with no other Zygopterid; the
nymphs of every other Zygopterid dragonfly I have ever taken have
always emerged in the year in which they were taken (in May or
June). Only P. nymphula have remained in the nymph stage over
the following winter. None of the nymphs could have been hatched
in the year that I took them (mostly in May); for that year’s
nymphs would either not have been hatched at all by then or would
be very small. They must presumably all have been already nearly
a year in the nymph stage; when taken, so that the P. nymphula
that came out in the summer afier must have been about two years
in that stage. There seems to be great uncertainty as to the average
duration of that phase of a dragonfly’s life. With Cordulegaster
annulatus it is a long stage; I doubt if ib is ever less than two years.
I have a nymph of that species now, taken in May last. The egg
can hardly have been laid later than August, 1913; and the imago will
not emerge until June, 1915. This would be a little under two years.
But from the size of the nymph when taken, it may well have been
hatched early in July, 1913, and even not in 1913 at all, but in 1912.
I should like to ask if others have found Calopteryx virgo as difficult
SOCIETIES. 279
to breed as I have. The nymphs mostly thrive until the time comes
for emergence, then, after several days’ waiting for the great event,
they disappear. They die, of course, but I can seldom, in fact
hardly ever, find the dead bodies. Do they descend into the mud
bottom and die there? I have got a few of these most beautiful of
all British insects to come out; but only a very small percentage of
the nymphs I have taken. So much so that I begin to doubt whether
it is justifiable to take the nymphs. It seems idle to take them if
they are only going to die in the nymph stage. One point occurs.
I have taken these nymphs only in running water. Is it possible
that they can live but with difficulty in still water ?—Harotp
Hopar; 9, Highbury Place, London, N., August 16th, 1914.
SOCIETIES.
Tue SoutH Lonpon EntomonoaicaL AND Narturan History
Soctery.—July 23rd.—The President in the chair.—Mr. Newman
exhibited larvee of Celerio gallii reared from ova, and a larva of
Jocheera alni.irMr. West, a weevil found in papers from South
Africa.—Mr. Curwen, a dwarf Polyommatus icarus measuring 20 mm.
in expanse, from Piggott’s Hole-—Mr. Morford, a bred series of
Syntomis phegea from ova laid by a female taken at Iselle—Mr.
Main, small Psychid larve, in their little cases, which had emerged
from a large case (cocoon) from Lugano, with some larve of the fire-
fly Luciola italica.—Mr. Blair, bred specimens of the beetles Crzoceris
lilic (merdigera, ¥.) and of C. merdigera (brunnea, F.), the larve of
the former on lilies, of the latter on black bryony.—Mr. Priske, living
larvee and pupe of the beetle Melasoma populz.—Mr. Morford, the
large Saturniids Philosamia cynthia and Antherea perneyt.—My.
Step, on behalf of Mr. West (Greenwich), a large mass of aberrant
growth of twigs of willow, apparently caused by a species of gall.
August 13th.—The President in the chair—Mr. Edwards, the
large Saturniids Antherea paphia, Automeris illustris, Crtheronia
magnifica, Sania angulifera, S. promethea, the Sphingids Oxyambulyx
substrigilis and Psilogramma menephron,and Hribomorpha fulgurita.—
Mr. Newman, the pink form of Newria reticulata from the coast of
County Cork, and two forms of the pupa of Selenia lunaria, the
chocolate-coloured hibernating one and the bright green second brood
one.—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, a large Psychid larva, which fed on sea grape
and sweet lemon.—Mr. Curwen, fine series of Apatura iris, A. tla
with ab. clytie, ab. iliades, ab. pallescens, &c., from Samoussy, near
Laon.—Mr. C. B. Williams, living larve of Saturnia pyrt from Syria,
and reported finding a mite, Hriophyes, in the willow galls exhibited
at the last meeting.—Mr. Main, a living pupa of S. pyre from Lugano,
and eggs of Ascalaphus from South France.—Mr. Dennis, Centaurea
solstitialis, a rare alien plant from Cobham, Kent.—Dr. Chapman,
the cases of a Psychid, Oreopsyche pyrenella, from Gavarnie, Pyrenees,
and gave notes on the life-history of the species. The male moults
twice at pupation, the female only once.
August 27th—Mr. A. E. Gibbs, Vice-President, in the chair.—
Mr. F. W. Hall, aberrations of Polyommatus icarus from Hertford
280 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
and Folkestone, including radiated under side, dwarf, brilliant blue
female, bleached male, &c., specimens.—Dr. Chapman, imagines and
parasites of Oreopsyche pyrenella, with examples of the larval skins
moulted at pupation.—Mr. Main, insects found in baskets of cane
sugar from Java, including Coleoptera, Blattide, a cricket, &¢.—
Mr. Neave, blue female aberrations of Polyommatus icarus from
Otford first brood, and Chipstead second brood.-Mr. Edwards,
examples of the genera of Rhopalocera, Delias, Metaporia, and
Dismorphia.—A discussion took place as to the habit of some
species of Lepidoptera to return again and again to the same spot,
Mania maura, Gonepteryx rhanmi, Amphipyra pyranudea, &e., being
instanced.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Keport. Sec.
RECENT LITERATURE.
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Vol. v. and vol. vi., pt. i.
Rio de Janeiro-Manguinhos. 1913, 1914.
The following are titles of some of the papers in volume v. :—
Sobre o ciclo evolutivo de Schizocystis spinigert, n.sp. Gregarina
do intestino de uma especie de Spiniger, por Astrogildo Machado.
(Pp. 1-15; plates 1-3.)
Notas sobre um caso de Milase humana ocasionada por larvas de
Sarcophaga pyophila, n. sp., pelo Drs. Arthur Neiva e Gomes de
Faria. (Pp. 16-23.)
Informacoes sobre a biolojia da Vinchuca, Triatoma infestans,
Klug, pelo Dr. Arthur Neira. (Pp. 24-31.)
Citolojia ciclo evolutivo da Chagasella alydi. Novo coccidio
pasazito dum hemiptero do genero “ Alydus,” pelo Dr. Astrogildo
Machado. (Pp. 32-44; plates 4, 5.)
Contribuigio para o estudo das Ceratopogoninas hematofagas do
Brasil, pelo Dr. Adolpho Lutz, Parte Sistematica. Segunda Memoria.
(Pp. 45-73 ; plates 6-8.)
Notas hemipterolojicas, pelo Dr. A. Neiva. (Pp. 74-77.)
Contribuicio para a biolojia das megarinias com descrigoes de
duas especies novas, pelo Drs. Adolpho Lutz e Arthur Neiva.
(Pp. 129-141.)
Tabanidas do Brazil e de alguns Estados visinhos, pelo Dr.
Adolpho Lutz. (Pp. 142-191; plates 12, 13.)
Titles of papers in vol. vi., part i. (1914) :—
Contribuicaio para o estudo da biolojia dos Culicideos. Observacoes
sobre a respiragio nas larvas, pelo Dr. A. da Costa Lima. (Pp. 18-34;
plate 4.)
Contribuicio para o estudo dos redtividas hematofagos, pelo Dr.
Arthur Neiva. 1. Notas sobre os redtividas hematofagos da Bahia
com a descricio da nova especie. (Pp. 35-39.)
Notas dipterolojicas, pelo Dr. Adolpho Lutz. Contribuigio para
o conhecimento dos primeiros estados de tabanideos brazileiros.
(Pp. 43-49.)
1. Contribuigio para o estudo das Megarhinine. 11. Do Mega-
rhinus hemorrhoidalis, Fabricius, 1794 (Pp. 60-57 ; plates 5, 6.)
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Oo gt eR as ORR oc Rea Rs lr
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.] NOVEMBER, 1914. [No. 618
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY.
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(i.) La Grave.
Wuen I left London on a blazing July day, the promise of
a successful entomological tour in the mountains south of
Grenoble seemed assured. Letters from French correspondents
beginning in the spring had prepared me for a great butterfly
year: an absence of late frosts, prevalence of sunny skies, and
only just the requisite rainfall to encourage the crops from
north to south. The factors of success were established—at
least, I thought so; and when I stepped into the P. L. M. motor
outside Grenobie station on the morning of the 11th, there was
not a cloud even the size of a man’s hand in the sky of the
Midi or on the visible political horizon. In April, when I had had
the privilege of addressing the Entomological Society of France
at their annual banquet, and at a moment when Paris was
celebrating the visit of our King and Queen, I ventured to suggest,
‘‘heureusement pour nous autres, les chevaliers de la Nature,
la politique n’existe pas.” I little thought how soon and in
how sudden fashion the welter of European politics was to engulf
the comity of nations, and how the waves of a great war were
to sweep over the quiet haunts where in former years I had
wandered in search of butterflies. ‘To-day, after three months
of storm and stress, the calm Alpine valleys, thick with corn;
the mountain pastures, a wonder of flowers; the restful villages—
all are as a dream to the reality of which the little harvest of
my cabinets alone may testify.
This part of the Dauphiny Alps has been worked for many
years by English lepidopterists; less systematically by the
French, though, needless to say, the indefatigable M. Charles
Oberthtr has taken toll of the district; while it was one of Dr.
Reverdin’s observations (in litt.) on the occurrence of Hrebia
scipio at Monétier-les-Bains, on the southern side of the Col
de Lauteret, which tempted me to include a week there in my
programme. In the ‘ Entomologist’s Record’ (vol. viii. 1896 ;
ix. 1897) the late Mr. Tutt gives an exhaustive account of a visit
to Le Lauteret and La Grave during the first weeks of August.
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1914. 2A
282, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
To later volumes the Rev. F. E. Lowe (loc. cit. xxii. 1910), Mr.
A. S. Tetley, and Mr. Douglas Pearson contribute their experi-
ences of that charming country. For this paper, therefore, my
only excuse is that hitherto nothing has been written on the
subject in the ‘ Entomologist,’ and that I visited one locality at
least to which most of these authorities paid but slight attention.
To Dr. Chapman’s suggestive note on the local ‘‘ grass’ Hrebias
(Proc. Ent. Soc. 1918, evii.—cx.) I shall refer later on.
There are two hotels at La Grave equally comfortable and
well kept—the Hotel des Alpes and the Hotel de la Meije. I
stayed at the former for ten days. And here I should like to
point out how helpful it is when lepidopterists, who have visited
foreign localities and write about them, give others following
their footsteps the benefit of their hotel experience. Personally,
I find the Touring Club of France guide invaluable for the
purpose of selection. May the next issue reintroduce us to the
hospitality of Alsace and Lorraine !
Arriving in time for a late déjeuner after a drive of surpassing
loveliness, I spent the afternoon prospecting in the deep meadows
that lead up to the Meije glacier. Facing the Meije, La Grave
stands boldly up from the torrent of the Romanche. Across the
mule-path leading on this side to the river a muddy trickle
attracts the ‘‘ Whites’? and “Blues” in cheerful abundance;
Aporia crategi, fresh males, but small; Parnassius apollo; on
the yellow crucifers Anthocharis simplonia, at this level (5000 ft.)
already rather worn; and among smaller fry, Plebeius argus
(egon), Polyommatus hylas, and Nomiades semiargus. I did not
observe Papilio podalirius, but it was not uncommon lower down
towards Bourg d’Oisans. P. machaon occurred singly in the
village itself. But undoubtedly the best collecting ground here-
abouts is on the left bank of the river, and up to the Meije
glacier. The first four days of unclouded sunshine, from the
12th to the 15th, were fully occupied. In the lower pastures
Erebia pharte males were flying in profusion, the females as yet
hardly emerged; EH. epiphron var. casstope, decidedly rare;
EE. ceto, a dwarf race compared with that of the Swiss Alps, less
so; and, of course, H. stygne; though by far the commonest of
the genus was EH. euryale, constant and typical in form, and
often assembling by the score at the runnels, or starting up from
every branch and flower in the fir woods.
Pushing on to the moraine of the Meije glacier, I had not
been long on the look-out when the first glossy H. alecto flew
across the path, and later I was fortunate to bag one or two
perfectly fresh females. One such rose from my feet as I was
struggling with the loose shifting scree. She had evidently been
disturbed in the act of oviposition; and, as the only plant at
this particular spot was a sort of tuft grass, I have not much
doubt that this plant—afterwards identified in the Alpine garden
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 983
at Le Lauteret as Festuca pumilosa—is the pabulum of the species.
This same female obliged with several eggs in the pill-box to
which she was consigned-—a rather unusual occurrence in my
experience of this butterfly, and of the whole Erebias, though I
have known single eggs expressed from the body in the killing-
bottle. As at Larche, the La Grave alecto are without exception
of the form which M. Oberthiir has named duponcheli, and hardly
to be distinguished from the familiar var. et ab. pluto of the
Central Alps. Iam sure this insect is possessed of abnormal
hearing power; when approaching, the displacement of the
smallest stone causes it to get up. Its method of flight is also
peculiar. I watched many males in their apparently aimless
and inconsequent zigzag flight over the moraine—like that of
Orgyia antiqua in a London square—suddenly flopping on a
stone, very seldom on a flower, and immediately orienting to the
sun with wide outspread wings. The females do not indulge
in these eccentricities. They keep low above the surface when on
the wing, and are naturally sluggish and slower than the males.
When the sun is overcast both sexes at once slip for shelter
under a stone, or into the crevices of rock, and neither, as
with some other Hrebias, can be got to move when the sky is
cloudy.
It is perhaps worth remark also that, if the tendency of
the grass Hrebias is towards diminutive size at La Grave
and Le Lauteret, the ubiquitous stygne is rather larger than
otherwise. Where they present local variation, I make a point
each year of netting a few, but the aberration captured in the
gorge below the vacherie on the Meije path, about an hour’s easy
walking from the village, came as a great surprise, and is the
most remarkable form of this common butterfly I have ever
encountered. It is an absolutely fresh male. The bands
on both wings appear to be better developed than usual, but
this, I think, is more apparent than real, and due to the entire
absence of the black spots in which ordinarily the white pupils
are set. The pupils themselves are reduced to mere metallic
pin-points. Unless already distinguished with a name, I propose
to call it abannulata, new ab., and it would be interesting to hear
_ whether any of the many lepidopterists who have collected
E. stygne in France or elsewhere have met with a similar form.
Favre's ab. aboculata female is described by Mr. Wheeler
(‘Butterflies of Switzerland,’ p. 132) as ‘‘ without spots fore
wing, upper and under side; hind wing, with two black dots in
place of eye-spots.” In M. Oberthur’s figures of his var.
gavarnica, male (‘ Lépid. Comparée,’ plate xxv., fase. iii.), the
rusty bands on the upper side of the fore wings are much
narrower than in the type, the pupilled spots tiny (under side
one small apical spot only), and much closer to the outer margin;
the female showing the same peculiarities.
2a 2
284 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
And here I should like to draw attention to some further
remarks by M. Oberthur on the variation of a form of E. stygne
from Switzerland. Describing an aberrant male taken by the
late M. Wullschlegel, near Martigny, he speaks of it as “‘ larger
and much darker than the norm; the wings suggest the deep
black with the beautiful reflections of H. lefebvrei; on the
upper side of the fore wings are five black ocellated spots,
pupilled white, and in the same way on the hind wings. Rusty
band reduced to several feeble blotches on the internal side of
the ocellations and on the fore wings only. Under side deep black
but matt; the rusty band, however, always limited to the
inner side of the ocellations, is better developed than on the upper
side. This fine butterfly was taken in 1907 perfectly fresh and
intact; it is without doubt the var. valesiaca, Elwes.”
Turning again to Mr. Wheeler’s account (loc. cit.), we find
under H. stygne :—‘‘ Directions of Var. (a) tendency to obso-
lescence of mahogany patches containing the eye-spots, f. w. and
h. w., culminating in :—
‘Var. valesiaca, Elwes, in which they (the patches) are very
slight, the eye-spots also, but not the pupils, being smaller.”
I have several examples of this form in my collection taken
by me on the Thusis-Andeer road just by the beautiful bridge in
the narrow gorge above the first-mentioned village. They are
certainly darker than typical stygne, but M. Oberthur does not
mention any reduction of the size of the ocellated spots, which
I take it is a distinguishing feature of this particular variety,
and I suspect, therefore, that the Martigny example is rather an
aberration of valesiaca than the form itself.
In the case of H. tyndarus, excessively common later on, it
was hardly out at La Grave; all examined were of the form
cassioides, von Hohenw. (= dromus, F.). On the detritus of the
Meije moraine a few H. gorge males accompanied the larger
E. alecto var., but I do not remember to have met with
E. mnestra at this point, where, however, it was strange to find
newly emerged Pyrameis atalanta—a butterfly seldom, I should
imagine, associated in the same locality with H. alecto, though
its congener P. cardui, also observed, attains almost as great
altitudes in the Alps as Aglais urtice.
Until the hailstorm in the evening of the 15th wrecked their
beauty, the pastures above and to the left of the herd hut
suggested the Elysian Fields and the borrowed simile of the
Church hymnal—
‘‘The daylight is serene ;
The pastures of the Blessed
Are decked in glorious sheen” ;
and the comparison was inevitable of these thousand white per-
fumed Mary lilies with the ‘‘asphodelos leimén”’ of the Greeks.
Here and there they would be broken up by little bushes of
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 285
rose-flushed rhododendron, and in delicate contrast the hollows
would be alight with the delicate late lilac of the cranesbill, or
with golden arnica daisies, deep purple asters, and blue cam-
panulas. The cranesbills were especially attractive to males
and females alike of C. hippothoé var. eurybia, and of course to
Polyommatus eumedon. Hesperiids were few and far between—
Hesperia alveus, H. serratule, and Pyrgus sao. The Coliads
were represented by C. phicomone, which was more common
throughout La Grave than LE. stygne.
My other excursions were all on this side of the river.
The most interesting and productive was unquestionably that to
the Evariste-Chancel hut (7875 ft.), and the woods and pastures
on the way to the open treeless grass slopes which constitute the
approaches to the neighbourhood of Lac Noir. The walk-up on
July 15th was made under a tropical sun, which unfortunately
withdrew altogether towards noon when I was on the rocks that
encircle the grim lakelet, where, even thus late in the season,
the ice was only now breaking up. Added to a cloudy sky, a
furious wind began to blow, precursor of the evening’s terrific
thunderstorm. In the meadows on the outskirts of the lower
woods Brenthis ino occurred in some numbers, and it was at a
streamlet here that I surprised a dozen freshly emerged male
Argynnis aglaia crowded on a patch of sand not larger than my
hand. Everywhere from La Grave to the limit of the forest
region Parasemia plantaginis was also in great force, but at first
I failed to spot the variety hospita, common from about 6500 ft.,
and even more so at Le Lauteret. From the grass I netted
several worn H. malvoides—the first record of this species here-
abouts ; and, as soon as I had quitted the larch belt, H. cacalie
put in an appearance. The bare mountain-side yielded only
occasional ragged females of Pontia callidice, H. gorge, and more
abundant EH. lappona. B. pales was extremely rare, but the
later part of the day was against collecting. I was more
fortunate on the 18th when I returned to the same ground below
the rocks, and though the wind, which marred all collecting for
the next week, never dropped, butterflies were not unplentiful in
sheltered places.
The presence of H. cacalie, of which this day I saw many
examples, but could capture few good specimens, had inspired
me with hopes of the rare H. andromeda. I had evidently over-
looked it on the 15th, for directly I passed the tree line to where
a spring of excellent water crosses the path, I encountered
several. The males were not worth boxing, being in poor plight;
of the females I took three perfect examples, and missed as
many more, liberating at least half-a-dozen of both sexes.
Some doubt apparently having existed as to the specific identity
of these two skippers, I may state that in Dauphiny, at any
rate, their habits are quite unlike. Andromede prefers to
286 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
settle on a sun-warmed rock, cacalie on flowers and grasses;
Andromedeé is a much stronger and more active butterfly, while
cacali@ appeared to be generally on the wane when the latter
was fresh of both sexes. I am not sure whether the food-plant
of Andromede is known, but I dislodged one female evidently
ovipositing on Dryas octopetala, which is common at these alti-
tudes. Andromede begins to show at about the lowest flight
of Hrebia lappona (6500-7000 ft.), as I found it about Kaux-
Bonnes in the western Pyrenees (Entom. xliv. p. 887), of
which locality, with its sparse flora, ranunculus, myosotis,
and accidental rhododendron, the Dauphiny habitat is decidedly
reminiscent (Lépid. Comparée, fase. v. pte. 2, pp. 108-9).
The morning of the 19th was devoted to the lower part of this
walk, chiefly under the torrent of the Meije, where there is
plenty of good collecting ground. The sunny path with
occasional dripping water attracts swarms of insects of all
Orders. Hesperia carline males were in perfect condition, and
among the Lycenids I spotted, on the wing, like a silvery
P. eros, which species was swarming at the time, a solitary and
perfect male P. donzeliti. It was a welcome visitor ; I had not
seen this loveliest of Alpine ‘‘ Blues” alive since I was at Trafoi
and Cortina fourteen years ago; nor was I destined to see it
again this year. Two or three fine female H. pharte were
selected from the many on the wing; H. euryale was now
commoner than ever, both here and along the river-bed where
I sought refuge from the prevailing hurricane on the 16th,
and on the finer 14th. The flora consists almost wholly of
leguminous plants. As might be expected, therefore, there was
abundance of Lycenids, chiefly P. hylas and P. escheri. Of the
former I managed to box a female with the basal and median
area of all the wings on the upper side suffused with blue (=ab.
cerulescens, Obthr.). It is the only blue female in my
collection, for there is apparently in western Europe a far less
pronounced tendency in the sex of this species to assume the
male coloration than in the majority of the group possess-
ing andromorphic females. Other Lycenids of the river-bed
were P. damon, hardly out; and P. thersites, one or two
males.
The Anthrocerids (Zygenide) observed at La Grave are not
many—A. transalpina, A. purpuralis, A. lonicere and A. exulans.
Unfortunately I had omitted to provide myself with a résumé of
Mr. Lowe’s captures, and thus overlooked the locality, a mile
below the village, where, in conjunction with Mr. A. H. Jones, he
discovered Melitea deione. On the 21st I left for Le Lauteret.
(To be continued.)
287
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
BRITISH BRACONIDA. No. 2.—MACROCENTRIDA,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES.
ByiG. TL. Lyte PS.
(Concluded from p. 262.)
M. collaris (Spin.).*—Appears to be fairly common and
generally distributed. Is easily distinguished from its near
relatives by the second abcissa of the radius being much shorter
than the first intercubital nervure. The terebra is the length of
the abdomen. In eight females which I have examined I find
the antenne to have 32-338 joints, and two males have each 87
joints.
I have not seen the original description, having identified
my specimens from the writings of Wesmael and Marshall.
Zee (Curtis).
Large insects; in fact, Z. testaceator is probably our largest
British braconid. Solitary parasites of the larve of Lepidoptera.
The testaceous species bear a superficial resemblance to
insects of the genera Ophion and Paniscus among the Ichneu-
mons, and also to some of the Meteori; from the latter they
may easily be distinguished by the sessile abdomen and by the
neuration of the fore wings (see Entom. xlvii. 76, plate I. fig. 1).
These parasites leave their hosts when the latter are full-fed,
so that in all the instances recorded their cocoons have been
found underground within the cocoons or pupal chambers of the
hosts.
When emerging from the cocoon the imago removes a cap
from one end, but not so neatly as with the Meteori.
(6) 1. Radial areolet of the hind wings not geminated
by a transverse nervure.
(5) 2. Large species expanding 17-22 mm.
(4) 3. Wings hyaline or yellowish hyaline, terebra sur-
passing the apexoftheabdomen 1. testaceator, Curtis.
(3) 4. Wings somewhat clouded, terebra not surpassing
the apex of the abdomen . 2. infumator, sp. nov.
(2) 5. Smaller species expanding 12-14 mm.
3. chloropthalma, Nees.
(1) 6. Radial areolet of hind wings geminated
(Homolobus, Forster).
(8) 7. Colour rufo-testaceous . ; 4. geminator, nom. noy.
(7) 8. Colour nigrescent . ; : 5. descolor, Wesm.
Z. testaceator (Curtis).—Four records only can I find of the
breeding of this species, and in every case from the larva of a
Noctua. I have never bred or captured it myself, the only
* Spinola, Ins, Lig. ii. p, 140.
988 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
examples I possess being two ancient specimens which were
given to me some years ago. Fortunately I have been able to
inspect a fine series of nine in Morley’s collection, and three in
that of Col. Nurse. With one possible exception all the speci-
mens I have examined have the costal cell rather shorter than the
median, and the recurrent nervure rejected by a distance which
is equal to or rather less than the length of the first abscissa
of the radius (fig. 4). Wings yellowish hyaline. The upper
surface of the abdomen is generally, though not always, fuscous.
The cocoon I have not seen, and the only description I know
of is that of Fitch (Entom. xiv. 143), who tells us that it is thin,
smooth, and white.
Among Morley’s insects are two females bred by Cockayne
from larvee of T’eniocampa populeti taken in Berkshire.
Z.ifumator, sp. nov. (Fig. 2.)
Thorax, abdomen, and legs, including the hind tarsi, rufo-
testaceous ; claws black, and also a black dot above the radices.
Palpi pale testaceous; mandibles fuscous at the tips; antenne
testaceous, annulated, darker towards the apices, longer than the
body in both sexes. Metathorax marked with a rather elaborate
raised pattern, which, though often not so symmetrical as in the
case figured (fig. 5) (taken from a specimen in my collection, No. 530),
is always present in a more or less perfect condition. Wings dull
hyaline, apical half somewhat infumated, costal cell as long as or
slightly longer than the median. Costa, nervures, and stigma
fuscous, recurrent nervure rejected by a distance which is greater than
the length of the first abscissa of the radius. Radial areolet of the
hind wings not geminated by a transverse nervure. Abdomen smooth,
terebra not surpassing the anus. Length, 9-11 mm., expands
17-22 mm.
Described from thirteen males and eleven females.
Approaches Z. testaceator in size, but differs therefrom in
having the terebra concealed, infumated wings, and a shorter
first abscissa of the radius, &c.; from Z. chloropthalma it differs
in size and also in the infumated wings, &c.
Larva dirty cream colour, showing under magnification irre-
gular white speckles on the last six or seven segments, attenuate
towards the head, parts of the mouth not or scarcely outlined.
The cocoon is thick, white, somewhat rough but not woolly,
attenuated similarly at both extremities, and 103 to 18 mm. in
length ; when exposed to damp it turns a brownish colour (fig. 9).
Very many times bred from larve of Boarmia repandata
between May 4th and June Ist, from which host Major Robert-
son has also bred it at Chandler’s Ford. The parasite larva
leaves its host when the latter is full-fed and has retired below
the ground for pupation, and there spins its cocoon.
4. chloropthalma (Nees). Rhogas chloropthalmus, Nees, Mon.
i. 202 = Phylax chloropthalmus, Wesm., Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,
KNOWLEDGE OF THE BRITISH BRACONID&. 289
1835, p. 162. Owing, no doubt, to an oversight this species has
been confused by Marshall with another (see 7. geminator), and
has apparently been overlooked in this country.
Wesmael says that, besides being much smaller, it differs
from Z. testaceator :—‘‘1. En ce que les tarses ne sont pas plus
pales que le reste des pieds; 2. le dos de abdomen du male est
entierement fauve testacé; 38. Tariére de la femelle dans l’etat
de repos n’est pas saillante, parce qu’elle est trop courte pour
dépasser l’éxtremité dorsale de l’abdomen.”
Nees considered his Rhogas chloropthalmus to be the Bracon
chloropthalma of Spinola, but, as Marshall remarks, this cannot
be proved.*
Among Fitch’s insects I found a female which agrees per-
fectly with the descriptions of Nees and Wesmael. It was bred
by G. Elisha, July 17th, 1884, from a larva of Depressaria
alstreemeriana. The specimen is 7 mm. long and 12 mm. in
expanse, wings hyaline, terebra concealed, recurrent nervure
rejected by a distance equal to the length of the first abscissa of
the radius, and the radial areolet of the hind wing not geminated
by a transverse nervure.
Z. geminator (nom. nov.) == Z. chloropthalmus, Hal. Ent. Mag.
il. 142; Marsh, Trans. Entom. Soc. 1888, p. 199; Bignell,
Trans. Dey. Ass. for Advan. Science, &c., 1901, p. 657; Morley,
Entom. xl. p. 254.—In the Ent. Mag. for 1836 Haliday described
a species under the name of Z. chloropthalmus, which he con-
sidered synonymous with Rhogas chloropthalmus of Nees.t He
was at that time, as we know, unacquainted with the work of
Wesmael, who, the year before, 1835, had described his Phylax
chloropthalmus t also as synonymous with the Neesian species.
In Wesmael’s description the radial areolet of the hind wing is
given as not geminated, while Haliday is most emphatic in
saying that it is divided by a transverse nervure. Therefore, it
is very evident that the synonymy of either Wesmael or Haliday
must be wrong. Inthe description of Nees, unfortunately, no
mention is made of the neuration of the hind wing, but it is
extremely unlikely that so careful an observer would have
omitted to note such an important character as the gemination
of the radial areolet, had it occurred in the insect he described.
We may, I think, take it that Rhogas chloropthalmus, Nees =
Phylax chloropthalmus; Wesm., which necessitates the bestowal
of a new name on Haliday’s insect. For this well-marked
species I therefore suggest the name of Zele geminator, and sub-
join a copy of Haliday’s description :—
“Fem. precedenti similis (Z%. testaceator) statura tota
gracilior; abdomen brevius, clavatum, minus compressum ;
aculeo ascendente, vix apicem abdominis superante ; pedes
* Trans. Entom. Soc., 1888, part 3, p. 800.
+ Nees, Mon., i. 202. t Nouv. Mem. Ac. Brux.,, p. 162,
290 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
sraciliores ; tarsi omnes concolores; ale ampliores; anticarum
stigma et areola radialis latiores; posticarum area radialis a
branchiali remota, et in 2 areolas partita.”’
Itseems strangethat Marshall, when preparing his Monograph,
should not have noticed the discrepancy between the descriptions
of Wesmael and Haliday. The species appears to be scarce, the
only specimen I have seen being in Morley’s collection, a female
which was captured by the late Rev. E. M. Blomfield at Guestling
in 1889. This insect expands 16 mm., and agrees in every par-
ticular with Haliday’s description, the radial areolet of the hind
wing being very distinctly geminated by a transverse nervure.
Z. discolor (Wesmael). (Fig. 3.)—Strange to say the male
of this species is unknown. Wesmael, the original describer,
saw only three females; Bignell bred the same sex only; Morley’s
single specimen is a female, as are also all the many specimens
I have bred.
A large and graceful insect, 63 to 8 mm. in length, and
expanding 15-20 mm. I possess a specimen which is but 5 mm.
in length and expands only 12 mm.; this case, however, is
quite exceptional, and may probably be attributed to malnutri-
tion of the host. ‘The wings are somewhat infumated, the
apical halves more distinctly so, and noticeably iridescent.
Marshall very correctly describes the cocoon as “elongate, oval,
white, and thin, with a medial zone of a denser texture forming
a white band.’ This medial band is scarcely visible when the
cocoon is empty. Thecocoon is much thinner and more shining
than that of Z. infumator, 74 to 11} mm. in length (fig. 10). It
is constructed underground.
Bred by me many times from larve of Cabera pusaria from
July 27th to August 8th, and again from September 27th to
October 10th ; also frequently from larve of Boarmia repandata
between May 5th and May 28th; and once from a larva of
Gonodontis bidentata, August 18th, 1912.
In October, 1911, I took a small larva of Boarmia repandata,
which, being kept in a warm cupboard, fed up, and when full
grown produced a larva of this parasite on January 31st, 1912.
From this I should judge that in the ordinary way the species
passes the winter within the body of its host, either as an ovum
or small larva.
NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDA FROM FORMOSA.
By A. E. Wineman, F.E.S.
Semiothisa kanshireiensis, n. sp.
@. Pale brown thickly sprinkled with dark brown and blackish;
subbasal and medial lines blackish, each originating in a black spot on
the costa, slightly curved, interrupted and edged with orange ; post-
medial line blackish, indented below costa, wavy towards dorsum,
NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRIDZ FROM FORMOSA. 291
inwardly edged with orange, followed by a greyish band on which is
a blackish costal spot and two black marks just above middle ;
terminal area suffused with grey; terminal line black, interrupted at
the veins; fringes orange marked with black. Hind wings have two
blackish transverse lines, the first is edged with orange and united
with a black discoidal mark, the second is inwardly edged with
orange; area beyond second line suffused with grey; terminal line
black, dilated between veins; fringes dark grey, orange at base and
tips. Under side orange sparsely freckled with black-brown; trans-
verse lines as on the upper side, but blacker and more distinct.
Expanse, 24 millim.
Collection number, 1642. ;
One female specimen from Kanshirei, September 14th, 1908.
Semiothisa dubia, n. sp.
?. Head and front of thorax brown, rest of thorax brown-grey.
Fore wings brown-grey flecked with black on costa; antemedial line
brown, curved, indistinct, dotted with black ; postmedial line brown,
almost parallel with termen, not distinct towards the costa; sub-
terminal line indicated by black dots and a blackish cloud, the latter
on vein 6. Hind wings brown-grey flecked with black on costal
area; traces of dusky medial and postmedial lines, the latter dotted
with black. Fringes of all the wings brown, marked with black.
Under side greyer than above; fore wings suffused with brown on
the disc; markings pretty much as on upper side.
Expanse, 32 millim.
Collection number, 1887.
A female specimen from Rantaizan, May 6th, 1909.
Heterolocha olivescens, sp. n.
3. Head whitish, palpi and pectinated antenne brown; thorax
and abdomen pale olive brown. Fore wings pale olive brown ;
antemedial line fuscous, curved, connected with a small fuscous
cloud in cell; discoidal mark black, linear; postmedial line fuscous,
outwardly edged with white, inwardly oblique from apex to vein 2,
where it is elbowed, terminating on dorsum near the tornus; area
beyond the postmedial line clouded with whitish. Hind wings pale
olive brown; discoidal mark blackish, indistinct; postmedial line
fuscous, outwardly edged with white, almost straight; terminal area
clouded with whitish. Under side similar to the upper side but the
postmedial line on all the wings is darker and the area within the
line yellower.
Expanse, 38 millim,
Collection number, 1596.
A male specimen from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 21st, 1908.
Prionia pulchra, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax carmine, frons rather darker; abdomen
carmine, yellowish between segments. Fore wings carmine with two
yellow transverse lines, the first almost straight, the second curved
292, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
to apex where it unites with a large yellow blotch. Hind wings
rather paler than the fore wings, a yellow transverse line, only well
defined on the dorsum. Under side carmine, a large yellow spot at
apex of the fore wings.
Expanse, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1890.
One male specimen from Rantaizan, February 17th, 1909.
Closely allied to P. rosearia, Leech.
Gonanticlea subfalcata, sp. n.
3. Fore wings, which are deeply excised below apex, pale brown
with many blackish (black on costa) almost parallel transverse lines ;
subbasal line black, double, commencing in a black spot on the
costa; postmedial line pale ochreous, obtusely serrate, indistinct,
edged and partly obscured towards the costa by a black transverse
streak ; area beyond the postmedial line darkened. Hind wings
fuscous. Under side fuscous grey ; fore wings ochreous on the costa,
discoidal dot black, transverse lines faintly in evidence; hind wings
have a black discoidal dot and dusky medial and postmedial lines,
outer edge of postmedial pale ochreous towards dorsum.
Expanse, 32 millim.
Collection number, 1881.
A male specimen from Arizan, March 28rd, 1908.
Seems to be allied to G. aversa, Swinhoe.
Acasis venipicta, sp. n.
3. Fore wings pale greyish brown, venation black marked with
white; medial band darker brown, the inner edge irregular, the
outer edge elbowed beyond the cell, thence incurved to dorsum,
marked with black towards costa; discoidal mark black, linear ;
fringes pale grey marked with blackish at ends of the veins. Hind
wings and under side fuscous.
Expanse, 36 millim.
Collection number, 1607.
A male specimen from Rantaizan, May 4th, 1909.
Allied to A. obscuraria, Leech.
Dindica taiwana, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax yellowish green mixed with black, and on
mesothorax with brown, antenne bipectinated; abdomen paler in
colour, segmented divisions whitish, tufts mixed with black, an
interrupted black line on each side of tufts. Fore wings yellowish
green ; subbasal line black, oblique, not extending to dorsum ; ante-
medial line black, wavy, indistinct, clouded with blackish and pre-
ceded by a blackish patch on the costa; discoidal mark blackish ;
postmedial line blackish, outwardly oblique from the costa to vein 4,
thence curved and recurved to the dorsum, dotted with black on
the veins; subapical patch blackish tinged with brown on lower
edge; terminal dots black. Hind wings whitish, faintly brownish
tinged on the dorsal area; subterminal band blackish, interrupted,
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 293
area beyond yellowish green clouded with blackish; terminal line
black, interrupted. Under side whitish; all the wings have a blackish
discoidal mark and band beyond, the discoidal mark of fore wings
large and distinct.
?. Similar, but markings of the fore wing less distinct and the
outer third of the hind wings almost entirely blackish.
Expanse, 3, 50 millim; ?, 54 millim.
Collection number, 1859.
One example of each sex from Arizan; the male obtained
March 19th, 1909, and the female July, 1908.
This species comes very near to D. polyphenaria, Guen.,
but the fore wings are somewhat broader and the hind wings are
whitish.
AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.
By W. G. SHeupon, F.E.S.
(Continued from p. 274.)
Glaucopsyche cyllarus.—Not uncommon at Ialtaand Novorossisk,
and abundant at Sarepta, where it was seen on our first day, and fresh
examples kept emerging during the whole time of our visit; evidently
these were delayed emergences of the first brood and not a second
brood. The specimens taken were of average size, the females
entirely brown; both sexes had a maximum of blue scales on the
bases of the wings underneath, and less than the average number of
ocelli; the inferiors were in some cases entirely devoid of ocelli.
Lycaena arion.—This species was common at Sarepta on and
after May 28th ; it was local but widely distributed, and was always
found in the vicinity of wild thyme. The race is a handsome one,
usually the blue lowland form, but a few var. obsewra were taken;
the black spots on the upper sides are well-developed, and in many
cases elongated and lanceolate in shape.
Celastrina argiolus.—Not uncommon at Ialta. First seen as a
second brood at Sarepta on June 17th; the black spots on the under
sides are larger than those of Western Europe examples.
Libythea celtis——This species was not uncommon alongside the
lower road from Ialta to Gourzoff. The specimens, of course, had
passed the winter in hibernation.
Neptis lucilla.—lt was one of the most fascinating experiences of
our stay at Sarepta to see the abundance of this graceful species,
usually so rarein mid-Hurope. I am aware that one or two localities
there, including Botzen, produce it in some numbers, but not, I think,
in anything lke the abundance that it is found on the Volga.
Everywhere in and around woods it swarmed to such an extent that
there were often ten to a dozen specimens within a yard or two of
one. Theonly locality in which I had previously met with N. lucilla
was Herculesbad, where it was so rare that my two dozen specimens
involved something like an 18,000 ft. climb, At Sarepta any day at
294 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
the end of May or in the beginning of June I could have netted
with ease a hundred specimens in a morning. It was most abundant
in the small woods in the valleys of the hills some miles on the road
to Tsaritsyn; but it was also exceedingly common in the “ Tschapurnik
Wald,” and specimens were to be found in every small wood that we
worked. I took the first specimen on May 22nd.
Polygonia c-album.—I only saw two examples of this species ;
these were taken on June 12th in a wooded valley opposite Sarepta;
they have very pale under sides and are extreme forms of
var. hutchinson.
Eugonia polychloros.—A single example was taken on June 20th,
sunning itself on a wooden barn. One or two hibernated specimens
were seen at lalta.
Pyrameis cardui.—Common wherever we collected in Russia,
and especially so at Sarepta; a succession of emergences occurred
there during the whole period of our stay.
P. atalanta—A few at Ialta. At Sarepta only seen in the
“Tschapurnik Wald,” where there was an abundant growth o
nettle; a plant usually rare in the district.
Melitaea aurinia var. sareptana.— This handsome form of
M. aurinia was seen not uncommonly, when its localities were
discovered, but it was very local, haunting bushy slopes. It was
first seen on May 22nd, on which day all the specimens were worn ;
eventually, about a week afterwards, I found a locality in which
there was a small and late brood flying, and there managed to get
about a dozen good specimens. It probably emerges at Sarepta
about the first week in May.
M. cinvia.—One of the most abundant and widely distributed
butterflies we met with. The form found at lalta and Novorossisk is
very normal, but at Sarepta all forms from the type to var. obscwrior
occurred. There was a succession of emergences during the whole
time of our stay, and perfect examples were to be obtained quite at
the end of it.
M. phebe var. aetheria—Common and in good condition at
Sarepta during the first few days of our stay, after which it rapidly
became worn.
M. aurelia var. seminigra.—A very remarkable form of a melztaea,
the genitalia of which are practically identical with Hungarian
M. aurelia, was found rarely in the “Tschapurnik Wald.” This
form, which has superficially many awrelia characteristics, is much
darker than the type, both on the upper and under sides, and the
female especially is darker on the upper side than M. dictynna. It
agrees with M. aurelia var. seminigra, figured and described by Seitz
from specimens taken near Lake Baikal. Only three specimens were
captured, a male by myself on May 29th, and on June 6th a female
by each of us. This eastern form of M. aurelia is considerably
larger than Swiss or Hungarian examples of that species ; my male
and female expand respectively 44 mm. and 47 mm. as against 38 mm.
and 42 mm., the average size of my Hungarian and Swiss specimens,
and these again appear somewhat larger than the average, judging
from the fact that Mr. Wheeler in his ‘ Butterflies of the Alps,’
gives 32 mm. as the wing expanse of this species.
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 295
M. didyma.—Common but somewhat local at Sarepta; most
abundant on the railway banks, but odd specimens were taken in
various other places; a remarkably fine and variable series was
secured. The Russian Steppe form is usually what is known as var.
neera, and the majority of my specimens come near to this form, but
there are numerous aberrations from it. All the examples from
Sarepta are much larger than those taken in Mid-Europe; my largest
example, a female, expands 60 mm. as against 50 mm., the expanse
of my largest Mid-European female. In var. neera the colour of the
male is even more fiery than the type, the females also are very red,
in one or two examples quite as red as the male. The only specimen
seen at Novorossisk is a male, very typical in size and markings.
M. didyma was first seen at Sarepta on May 21st, and it continued
in good condition until the end of our stay.
M. trivia—tIn the greatest abundance in clearings in the
“ Tschapurnik Wald,” and not uncommon in all localities at Sarepta
in which there was any wood. The specimens are mostly var.
fascelis; some, however, are typical; the size of all is considerably in
excess of those I have from Hungary, females ranging up to 50 mm.
expanse. First seen on May 21st, when it was just commencing to
emerge.
Brenthis dia.—-Locally common at Novorossisk.
B. daphne-—Common locally in woods at Sarepta; the form is
somewhat larger, and the orange-ground colour deeper than in
Central European specimens; it comes very near var. epidaphne,
Frihs. <A larva which got into my net accidentally at the
“Tschapurnik Wald” proved to be this species. I fed it upon
Spiraea filipendula, a common plant in the Sarepta woods; this larva
pupated on June Ist, and the imago emerged on June 15th. The
following is a short account I made of the larva in the last stage :—
Down the centre of the dorsal area is a broad white stripe; the sub-
dorsal area is pale lemon yellow, with longitudinal dark lines, the
spiracles are black. The pupa is light brown, with two golden
pointed excrescences on each segment, the venation of the wings
shows dark through the pupal skin. The pupa suspended itself from
the top of the cage in which it was kept.
B. euphrosyne.—I feel pretty certain I saw this species at
Novorossisk, but could not secure a specimen to make sure. At
Sarepta it was rare, and, so far as I know, confined to the
“Tschapurnik Wald,’ and nearly over at the date our visit com-
menced ; probably it had been common earlier in the season. The
form is a very striking one, with very pale under sides, and the
silver markings on the margin of the inferiors are brighter and more
prominent than in the type; it approaches var. orphanus, Frihs.,
from East Siberia.
Issoria lathonia.—Novorossisk and Sarepta, not common.
Argynnis niobe.—A remarkably fine race was abundant in all the
woods at Sarepta from May 22nd onwards. This form has been
described and figured by Seitz as var. kuhimanni; it is larger and of
a much brighter red on the upper surfaces, and more variegated on
the under sides than Central European A. niobe; the predominant
form of under side is var. erts, but some of the females have the
296 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
amount of silver spots that obtain in the type, and some have only
the outer row of spots on the hind wings silver.
Melanargia galatea.—A rather large form of var. procida became
common in clearings in the “ Tschapurnik Wald” during the last
few days of our stay at Sarepta. It was first seen on June 16th; by
June 20th males were common, and two days later, my last day,
T took two females.
M. tapygia var. suwarovius—This fine Melanargia was to be
found wherever grass grew abundantly amongst the usual plants
of the steppe on the hills at Sarepta; but this was not by any means
everywhere, for the butterfly was very local. We were on the look-
out for it during the first days of June, but did not actually see it
until the 9th of that month. On the morning of that day I was
searching the grassy hills some three or four miles to the north-west
of Sarepta; about 9 a.m. I saw a large white butterfly flying some
distance away, which at first I thought was Aporia crataegi; as it
approached nearer, the variegated pattern and the grey tint of the ,
wings became apparent, stamping it as undoubtedly MW. var. swwarovius.
I made a series of frantic efforts to effect a capture, but without
success, for this species when alarmed goes very fast, and as its flight
is very dodgy, there is not much chance of succeeding under these
conditions. I only secured one specimen on that day, although I
spent most of the morning in quest of the species ; later I found out
its headquarters and habits, and on June 13th and 15th obtained all
I required.
M. var. suwarovius at Sarepta is to be found freely amongst the
flowers which grow in its haunts, flying quietly amongst and
settling upon them. In the locality I have described, on the slope
facing the Volga, there are at intervals small hollows with a certain
amount of low scrubby bushes growing in them; in the spaces
between these bushes there is a luxuriant growth of flowers, and
these are the spots where this fine butterfly is at home. A small
hollow would be the haunt of from half-a-dozen to a dozen specimens.
The flowers frequented included a species of Achillea, various Carduus,
and a brilliant purple Salvia.
Erebia afer—This species was not uncommon at Novorossisk, but
the specimens were mostly in bad condition at the date we were
there; probably it had then been out quite a month. The butter-
flies were flying over flowery slopes on the mountains south of the
harbour, and within half a mile of the sea. They extended as low
as 1000 ft., and above this level were found all the way up to the
summits, which might attain an altitude of 1800 ft. HH. afer has the
usual slow flight of the genus, but is not easy to capture in
consequence of the difficulty in traversing the steep slopes it
frequents.
Satyrus circe.—So far as we saw, this species was confined to the
«Tschapurnik Wald,” where it was first seen on June 11th; it was
locally abundant in clearings in this wood, males only, which were
rather small; my largest example is 76 mm. in expanse.
S. hermione.—An exceedingly striking and aberrant form occurred
in the same localities as the last species on June 20th and 22nd, ~
males only. In this form the light band on the upper side of all the
THE EMERGENCE OF CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA (ALTERNANA). 297
wings has dark shading to such an extent that the whole appears to be
almost black. This form is described in Seitz as var. éetrica, Friths.
S. anthe.—This fine Russian species was not by any means
common ; it frequented the tops and sides of dry hills a little to the
south-east of Sarepta, and was very shy and difficult to approach ;
under these conditions I was only able to secure a very short series.
First seen on June 14th.
(To be continued.)
THE EMERGENCE OF CONCHYLIS GIGANTANA
(ALTERNANA).
By tHe Rev. W. G. Waittinecnam, F.E.S.
Conchylis gigantana feeds and pupates in the flower-heads
of Centaurea scabiosa. The heads which contain the pup are
generally small and somewhat misshapen; rather swollen on
one side, for example. They have, as a rule, no trace of florets,
only the chaffy scales being perceptible. The heads are some-
times so small that it seems likely that the larva has done part
of its feeding in another flower-head, and having exhausted the
supply of food, has crawled out to a fresh one before pupating.
This is borne out by the fact that occasionally larger heads,
which look like flowering, contain them.
A number of heads were obtained in the latter part of July,
the imagines emerging from July 22nd to August 26th. The
emergence took place, as a rule, in the morning, between 8 a.m.
and 10 a.m., though occasionally they appeared later in the day,
especially when the weather was cool. ‘T'wo or three appeared
in the afternoon. The following are the dates recorded and the
number of insects emerging on them :—July 18th (one taken in
the open); July 22nd (one); 28rd (two); 24th (one); 25th
(three); 26th (one); 27th (two); 28th (one); 29th (three) ;
30th (four); 31st (two); August 2nd (five); 38rd (two); 4th
(three) ; 5th (one); 6th (one); 7th (one) ; 9th (one); 10th (one) ;
12th (one); 13th (one); 14th (two); 15th (one); 17th (one) ;
22nd (one) ; 26th (one).
The process of the emergence was observed in several in-
stances. The first indication was the appearance of the head of
the pupa among the scales at the opening of the flower-head.
When it had been noted that the insects usually appeared about
breakfast time, a careful inspection at about the right time was
again and again rewarded by the sudden appearance of a glint
of shining brown pupal skin at the mouth of one or another
seed-head. In a succession of slow rotary movements, accom-
panied by a faint sound as the parts of the plant gave before
them, the pupa worked its way forward till more than half of it
ENTOM.—NOVEMBER, 1914. 28
298 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
stood out, the wing-cases being clear. There was then a pause
of ten or fifteen minutes; after which the movements re-
commenced, the pupa perhaps pausing after a few minutes for
another five or ten minutes’ rest. In the course of these move-
ments a slight crack presently appeared down the centre of the
thorax. After a brief pause the crack widened slightly, and a
similar very slight crack became visible transversely behind the
collar, through which cracks the lighter colour of the imago was
seen. ‘This was followed by an opening down the front of the
wing-cases behind the antenne, the openings previously occurr-
ing, widening at the same time. The head was next pushed
forward carrying the face, masked with the portion of the pupa-
case lying over it, and the antenne were partly withdrawn.
The palpi followed, then the fore legs were extracted and the
antenne completely withdrawn. The face-mask then fell off,
larger portions of the wings appeared, and the hinder legs were
withdrawn, the abdomen still remaining in the pupa. ‘The later
movements followed one another very quickly ; and on a sudden
the imago ran out (that is the only term that describes it) and
away from the pupa and settled on the side of the seed-head.
All the opening movements were accompanied by a slight rotary
motion, and some contraction and expansion of the rings of
the abdomen, the final extrication being helped by pressure of
the legs. The expansion of the wings was rapid, taking in some
instances no more than from fifteen to twenty minutes. In all
the cases observed the wings had been raised over the back and
dropped to the sides fully expanded in from three-quarters of
an hour to an hour and a half from the first appearance of the
pupa at the opening of the seed-head.
Knight’s Vicarage, Leicester.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
ACRONYCTA STRIGOSA IN WIcKEN Frn.— The notes by Dr.
Chapman and Mr. Robinson in recent numbers of ‘ The Entomologist ’
concerning A. sirigosa are interesting. Like Mr. Robinson, I never
heard of sérigosa being taken actually 7 the Fen, although I have
been told that it used to be taken not far off, together with atriplicis
and ocularts. I have beaten the larve once from hawthorn along a
certain dyke which terminates at a small village not far from
Wicken, and the late Rev. Bailey used to beat it from hawthorn
the Soham side of Wicken village. In the old ‘ dyke” locality
a number of the hawthorns are very old, and most of them have
decaying stumps attached, where, no doubt, strigosa would find
suitable material in which to pupate; but does—or perhaps one
should now say did—the larva of strigosa invariably enter rotten
wood to pupate? I had several larvae of Jochera alni this year, and
{ was always under the impression that they failed to pupate if they
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 299
were not supplied with rotten wood. Three out of seven larve spun
up quite comfortably in withered hawthorn leaves, disregarding the
material I had provided, and, further, all three pupated successfully.
It is possible that strigosa may have done the same when unable to
make use of rotten wood.—G. Brerrram Rensuaw, F.E.S.; West
Wickham, Kent, September 30th, 1914.
Wicken Frn:—Anyone interested in the Fen should write to
My. A. H. Evans, 9, Harvey Road, Cambridge, the Local Secretary
of the National Trust, who is taking a great interest in the welfare of
the Fen, and who, I feel sure, would be only too glad of suggestions
on his return from Australia. My advice to him, as the Fen is now
too overgrown, was to leave bands of the older growth across the
Fen and to cut strips of, say, eight acres cleared of bushes, these to be
cut every fourth year in rotation. This would provide good shelter,
and at the same time give the flowers a chance of appearing again.
Of course, there are many spots where special insects seem to be
confined to a small area, these he has kindly consented to leave
untouched. As regards the notes on A. strigosa in your last
numbers, it certainly used to be taken in the Fen and in the lane, the
latter probably is its habitat, as there are few thorn bushes in the
Fen. I may add that it pupates freely in old reeds, if rotten wood is
scarce. It is, I think, an interesting fact that S. stramwnea and
S. maritima have appeared within recent years, and B. argentwla,
introduced by S. Bailey, is abundant, so we may still hope other
species may appear from the preservation of the Fen.— H. B.
Nevinson ; Morland, Cobham, September 5th.
A Note on Acronycta stricgosa.—Dr. Chapman’s appeal for
the preservation of all vegetation suited to Acronycta strigosa at
Wicken Fen will doubtless be followed by further notes on the
subject from those who are well acquainted with the habitat of this
insect in South Cambridgeshire. While the subject is under dis-
cussion it may also be of interest to bring together the few records
of strigosa from a district in North Cambridgeshire, since it appears
that there is some misapprehension as to the type of country
inhabited by the species. The district to which I refer may be
roughly described as that surrounding the town of Chatteris, which
is about twenty miles north-west of Wicken, close to the Huntingdon-
shire border of the Isle of Hly. The first specimen from this locality
was taken on July 10th, 1876, by Mr. A. H. Ruston, who caught it
flying at dusk along a hedge close to the town on land which is not,
and never has been, of a marshy nature. It may also be of interest
to record that within a few hundred yards of Mr. Ruston’s locality
my father formerly took Hadena atriplicis, a species which now
seems to have practically disappeared. From 1876 to 1903 there are
no records of strigosa at Chatteris, but in 1904 I took a single
specimen at sugar early in July in a locality about five miles from
the town. This locality is practically on the county boundary, and
also is not of a marshy nature. The only other species of interest
which occurred there was Agrotis ravida, which was then quite
common, but subsequently became very scarce. In 1905 I ayain
found A. strigosa, obtaining two larvee by beating towards the end of
300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
August. These larve occurred on blackthorn in a very old hedge in
Huntingdonshire, about two miles from the locality of the 1904
specimen. The country round is typical of the greater portion of
the county, and has little in common with fenland. Species found
there are Zygena filipendule, Procris statices, Cymatophora octo-
gesima, Xylophasia sublustris, Teniocampa opima, T. populetr, and
once a single specimen of Dicycla oo.
The following year, 1906, early in July, I also met with strzgosa,
but in a fresh locality, some four miles to the north-east of Chatteris,
and therefore well in the county of Cambridge. This specimen was
on a sugared bramble flower, and the circumstances of the capture
are firmly fixed in my memory as the insect fell from the flower into
the middle of the bramble clump, which had to be cut away piece-
meal before the moth was found under a dead leaf at the bottom.
In 1907 the same locality produced a further specimen, a female
from which I tried in vain to obtain eggs. The locality of these last
two captures differs from those previously mentioned in being of a
distinctly ‘“‘fenny” nature, for in it occur Leucania obsoleta, L.
straminea, Senta ulve, and Cenobia rufa. There are, however,
numerous old hawthorn bushes which doubtless form the food-
plant of the Acronycta. Since 1907, owing to absence abroad and
for other reasons, I have had no opportunities of observing strzgosa,
but I have little doubt that a systematic search for either the imago
or larva would be successful. From the comparatively large area over
which my captures were made, and from the fact that I never
specially sought the insect, I am inclined to think that it is widely
distributed and not very scarce in this section of the county. It
appears, however, to be a survivor of an ancient fauna inhabiting the
islands in fenland and its borders, rather than a native of the true
marshes. Among the latter Wicken Fen must be included, and there
is, therefore, no reason to fear that the position of the species in this
country will be prejudiced in any way by the clearing of small patches
of scrub within the boundaries of the fen itself—J. C. F. Fryer,
M.A., F.E.S.
ForFICULA GIGANTEA.—While staying at Southbourne, near
Bournemouth, recently, I was fortunate enough to find a female
Forficula gigantea under stones at the foot of the cliffs. Although
I spent the afternoon searching, this was the only specimen seen.—
R. D. Goop; 48, High West Street, Dorchester, Dorset, October 8th,
1914.
NEMEOBIUS LUCINA EMERGING IN OctToBER.—A female of this
species emerged to-day bred from ova collected at Oxford at the end
of May. There has been no artificial heat in the room where the
pup were kept. I see it is stated in ‘ Butterflies of the British
Isles’ that this butterfly occasionally emerges in August and I have
looked at my breeding-cage and cannot find any others. It was
lucky that I was at home on leave from my camp.—F. W. J. JAcK-
son ; Woodcote End House, Epson, October 18th, 1914.
Couias EDUSA IN DorsETSHIRE.—During September I twice
noticed C. edusa flying in the neighbourhood of this town.—R. D.
Goov; 48, High West Street, Dorchester.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 301
OccURRENCE OF VANESSA ANTIOPA IN 1914.—The capture of three
specimens of Vanessa antiopa has been recorded in the ‘ Field’ during
the past autumn, from Norfolk, Surrey and Sussex, as follows:—One
at Worthing on August 17th reported by Mr. H. Wells; one captured
and another seen at Addlestone, Surrey, on August 18th, by Mr.
J. H. Milne; one captured on September 24th at Scole, Norfolk, by
the Rev. Wilson W. White; the specimen had been seen for several
days previously feeding on apples partly eaten by wasps.—F. W.
FROHAWE.
PAPILIO MACHAON 1N Kent.—It may be of interest to note that I
saw a specimen of Papilio machaon in a cottage garden at Hook
Green, about three miles from Frant Station, on August 29th.—
EH. D. Morean; 24, Queen’s Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, September
24th, 1914.
ENToMOLOGICAL JOTTINGS FROM CHICHESTER.—One prominent
feature of the season here has been the abundance during September
of Pyramets cardut. They were to be seen flying in divers places,
gardens amongst others. The first brood of Cyaniris argiolus
appeared in the last week of April, the second in August. A few
Colias edusa were noticed in the middle of August, all the insects
observed being males. Several larvee of Manduca atropos were
found in potatoes, the first on July 30. A fine female emerged on
September 25. For one or two days before doing so the pupa
frequently squeaked, as also did the imago.—JosEPH ANDERSON.
OccURRENCE OF PHASGONURA VIRIDISSIMA NEAR FELIXSTOWE.—
On September 22nd a large green grasshopper was brought to me
alive, having been captured in a meadow near Felixstowe, in
Suffolk, two days previously. Mr. W. J. Lucas has very kindly
identified it as a female of Phasgonura viridissima, and writes me
that ‘‘ it is fairly common in places.” —GrERARD H. Gurney; Keswick
Hall, Norfolk.
ABUNDANCE OF MIDDLESEX LeEpipopTeRA IN 1914.—To the
extraordinary scarceness of almost all our commoner species of
butterflies last year the season now passed has afforded a welcome
contrast. Here in Middlesex the three ‘‘ Whites” and Huchloé
cardamines were plentiful in May; and from April 20th onwards
Celastrina argiolus occurred in quite unusual numbers in our garden,
the second brood being already on the wane when I returned from
France the first week in August. This little Blue has now com-
pletely established itself, and I find it scattered broadcast through-
out the many suburban villa gardens which have sprung up of late
years in the parish of Pinner. Other butterflies appearing in some
profusion have been Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardw. The latter is
a very rare visitor with us, and it is many years since I observed
even a stray migrant in the spring. There must have been a
numerous emergence in North Middlesex this year of the offspring
of these most desirable aliens. Throughout September they haunted
the zinnias and michaelmas daisies in company with their congener
and Chrysophanus phleas, of which I noticed several of the
ceruleopunctata form. At about the same time Heterocera were
302 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
plentiful at light, the most common species being Anchocelis lwnosa,
which some evenings positively swarmed, and rarer Polia flavicincta
and Humichtis protea. The latter insect I do not remember to
have observed before in this part of the county. There is an
exquisitely faithful figure of it in M. J. Culot’s ‘ Noctuelles d’ Europe,’
in my opinion by far the most accurate work of the kind ever
attempted, and in every way worthy of the artist who has designed
for so many years the plates of M. Charles Oberthiir’s beautiful
‘ Lépidoptérologie Comparée.’ — H. Rowzanp-Brown; - Harrow
Weald, Middlesex.
Morus Caprurep By Licut-TRAP (continued from p. 254) :—
Avcust.—Leucania conigera. Ast (one).—L. lithargyria. 1st
(one).—Apamea secalis. 1st (one); 11th (one); 12th (one); 13th
(one) =4.—Hydrecia nictitans. 1st (three); 12th (two); 13th (one);
16th (two); 17th (two); 18th (two); 19th (three); 20th (two); 21st
(one); 23rd (one)=19.—Selenza bilunaria. 1st (one).— Noctua
plecta. 1st (one); 12th (one) =2.—Mesoleuca ocellata. 1st (two);
13th (two); 19th (one); 20th (one); 24th (one)=7.—Coremia ferru-
gata. lst (three); 2nd (one); 11th (one); 12th (two); 19th (one);
20th (two) =10.—Plusia gamma. 1st (one); 11th (one); 20th (one);
25th (one); 29th (one); 30th (one)=6.—Cerigo matura. 1st (one);
18th (one) =2.—Anaitis plagiata. Ist (one); 12th (one); 13th (one);
15th (one); 16th (one); 19th (four); 20th (three); 24th (three); 31st
(one) = 16.—Agrotis puta. 10th (one); 18th (two); 19th (one); 21st
(one)=5.—Triphena pronuba. 10th (one); 11th (one); 12th (one);
13th (one); 14th (one); 15th (one); 20th (two); 21st (one); 23rd
(two); 24th (one); 27th (one); 29th (one) =14.—Hupithecia oblon-
gata. 11th (one); 12th (one); 13th (one); 14th (one); 19th (one);
20th (four); 24th (one)=10.—Xanthorhoé fluctuata. 12th (one);
17th (one); 19th (one); 24th (one); 27th (one) =5.—Phlogophora
meticulosa. 13th (one); 27th (two)=3.—Luperina testacea. 18th
(one); 15th (four); 16th (four); 17th (five); 18th (ten); 19th (ten);
20th (fifteen); 21st (nine); 22nd (seven); 23rd (two); 24th (seven) ;
25th (one); 26th (four); 27th (seven); 28th (six); 29th (five); 30th
(nine); 31st (six) =112.—Hydrecia micacea. 13th (two); 14th
(one); 20th (one); 24th (four); 29th (one); 31st (one) =10.—Crocales
elinguaria. 13th (one); 14th (one); 17th (one); 24th (one)=4.—
Noctua xanthographa. 13th (one); 19th (one); 20th (three); 23rd
(one); 28th (one); 29th (four); 30th (one) =12.—Ortholitha bipune-
tarta. 14th (one); 15th (one)=2.—Xylophasia monoglypha. 1dth
(one); 24th (one); 27th (one)=3.—Noctua rubi. 15th (two); 16th
(three); 20th (two); 23rd (two); 24th (one); 28th (one); 31st (one)
= 12.—Miana bicoloria. 17th (one).—Limandra amata. 18th (one).
—Phibalapteryx vitalbata. 18th (two); 21st (one) =3.—Lomasptlis
marginata. 20th (one).—Leucania pallens. 20th (one); 31st (one)
=2.—Pterostoma palpina. 20th (one).—Ligdia adustata. 20th
(one).—Noctwa c-nigrum. 21st (one).—Opisthograptis luteolata.
22nd (one); 24th (one); 28th (one); 30th (one) =4.—Abrostola tripar-
lita. 23rd (one).—Coremia designata. 24th (one).—Acidalia ornata.
24th (one).—Bryophila perla. 24th (one).—Amphipyra tragopogonis.
24th (two).—Tholera cespitis. 24th (one); 25th (two); 27th (ane);
SOCIETIES. 303
28th (one); 29th (one)=6.—EHpineuronia popularis. 27th (one);
28th (one)=2.—Triphena comes. 27th (one).—EHphyra linearia.
28th (one).—Cidaria truncata. 29th (one).
SEPTEMBER. — Luperina testacea. 2nd (one); 3rd (one); 4th
(two); 8th (one); 16th (one) =6.—Tholeras cespitis. 2nd (one); 5th
(one)=2.—Triphena pronuba. 2nd (one).—Amphipyra tragopo-
gonis. 2nd (one).—Xanthorhoé fluctuata. 3rd (one).—Caradrina
morpheus. 4th (one).—Phlogophora meticulosa. 7th (one); 23rd
(one); 26th (one)=3.—Noctua xanthographa. Tth (one).—Thera
variata. 8th (one); 26th (one)=2.—Omphalocelis luwnosa. 13th
(one); 16th (five); 18th (six); 20th (one); 21st (two); 22nd (two);
23rd (three); 24th (one); 25th (one)=22.—Xanthia fulvago. 15th
(one); 24th (one) =2.—Plusia gamma. 16th (one); 18th (one); 21st
(one); 26th (one); 27th (one)=5.—Amathes lychnidis. 18th (two);
20th (three); 21st (one); 22nd (four); 23rd (one); 24th (three)|;
25th (ten); 26th (thirty-one); 27th (eighteen); 28th (seven); 29th
(eight) =88.—Aporophyla mgra. 18th (one).—Ochria ochracea. 18th
(one).—Leucania tmpura. 18th (one).—Hydrecia micacea, 23rd
(one).—Xanthia lutea (flavago). 27th (one)—R. M. PripEavx;
Brasted Chart, Kent, June 16th, 1914.
SOCIETIES.
THe South Lonpon EntomotocicaL AND Natura History
Socrery.—September 10th.._Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Sc., President, in
the chair—Mr. Ashdown exhibited Lepidoptera taken by him in June
and July at Lugano and Zermatt, including Gineis aéllo, Anthocharis
simplonia, Aricia eumedon, Albulina pherestes, Syntomis phegea, &c.
Mr. H. Main, larvee of an Acalaphus just hatched, sitting with open
jaws for prey.—Mr. Turner, Agriades thetis male with very dark
under side and a male Polyommatus icarus with much intensified
submarginal dark spots on the under side.—Mr. Edwards, exotic
butterflies from S. America.—Mr. B. S. Williams, a black suffused
Mamestra brassice, and one with pale ground and aberrant stigmata.
—Mr. Curwen, species of Anthrocera taken by him recently and
suggested a future discussion on the genus.
September 24th.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.Se., President, in the chair.
—KExhibition of lantern slides by Messrs. B. 8. Williams and
Dennis.—Mr. Newman, bred series of Pieris nap from Cork and Sligo,
with yellow suffused and black suffused aberrations, one of the latter
having a complete transverse black band on fore wings.—Mr. Brooks,
varied series of Polyommatus wcarus females from Horsley, Headley
and Pickett’s Hole——Reports were made on the occurrence of
C. edusa, P. atalanta, P. cardui, &e. Only stray specimens had been
seen of C. edusa, while the other two species were common.—Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Leport. Sec.
OxsrtuaRy.— With very great regret we have to announce the death
of Mr. Winu1am Warren, M.A., F.E.S., which occurred on October
18th last, after a short but painful illness. A further notice will
appear in our next issue.
.y, ee, ie ira
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304 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
RECENT LITERATURE.
i ® :
Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Fasc. ix. Ie et 2¢ Parties.
Rennes. 1914.
THE last two published parts of M. Charles Oberthiir’s magnificent
series of lepidopterological studies were published before the war
broke out. Turning over the pages, and looking upon the plates by
which they are illustrated, we may venture to hope that the
Imprimerie Oberthiir may find it possible to continue the work which
for the past seven years has added so much to our knowledge of the
lepidoptera of the world in general, and of France and Algeria in par-
ticular. For the author has opened his pages to various nationalities,
having once intimated to the writer of this notice that he wished his
own studies to be supplemented and enlarged by the observations of
lepidopterists of all nations in the Old World and the New alike.
These two parts, indeed, are chiefly concerned with the nearctic
fauna, and in response to the request of American entomologists for
an accurate account and determination of Boisduval’s types, we are
the richer by some fifty exquisitely coloured plates of North American
butterflies designed from the originals, and hand-painted by M. J.
Culot, of Geneva, whose work is familiar to students of the western
palzarctic butterflies and moths. M. Oberthir, therefore, may also
be congratulated upon having secured the assistance of that rara
avis, an entomologist who is a first-rate artist, and an artist who is
a first-rate entomologist. Part 2 further contains a réswmé by Dr.
Standfuss, of Zurich, of his breeding experiments with Aglaia tau, L.,
and, by the same author, a deeply interesting notice of morphological
and physiological research in connection with two races of Sphingid
hybrids. British entomologists, to whom their names are household
words, will also survey with pleasure the portraits of the several
French, German, Swiss, and British authorities included in the “ first
series’’ of a gallery ending happily with a photograph of M. Oberthiir
himself—apparently the only one in existence. At their head is the
renowned Dr. Boisduval, whose genial features smile out. upon us
from the past with convincing sincerity; then comes Dr. Gottlieb
Herrich-Schaeffer and the eccentric Dr. Rambur, the discoverer of
the process by which to-day we differentiate by the microscopic
examination of the male appendages otherwise indistinguishable
>
species; as, for example, many of the Hesperiidz. British science of —
the old school is represented by the late Frederick Moore, D.Sc.; the
new school of Swiss lepidopterists, if we may be permitted the term,
by a characteristic picture of Dr. Jacques Louis Reverdin, successful
follower in the special field already indicated by Rambur. These
volumes are not, we believe, available for purchase, but M. Oberthiir
has presented copies to the Natural History Museum and to the
Entomological Society of London, as well as to one or two privileged
English friends. In the libraries of the institutions mentioned they
are open to the use and inspection of investigators and collectors, who
will gladly acknowledge their deep debt of gratitude to the generous
donor. a
H. R.-B.
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ule
aS,
Wn
oR:
4
Ricutey
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ledge of the British Braconide. No. 2 Macrocentid
Two New Species, G. Ty Lyle, 287. « New: Species of Geo
Formosa, A. H. Wileman, 290. An: Expodition in search | of Ru
flies (continued), W. G. Sheldon, 293. The Embieeac of Cone
tana (Alternana), (Rev.) W.-G: Whittingham, 297, Kept
Notes AnD OpseRVATIONS.—Acronycta strigosa in Wisken: Fen, Ge Be rtram
Renshaw, 298. Wicken: Fen, #. B. Nevinson, 299. A Note on. ‘Aorong hi
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Lepidoptera in 1914, H. Rowland-Brown, 301. Moths captured ‘by. dian
trap (continued), R. M. Prideaux, 802.
Society.—The South London Entomological and Natural History Bonen 308. eS
OBITUARY, 808. Recent? Literature, 304. oe
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The Entomologist, December, 1914. Plate VI!.
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Ad EE AUT ERE VA SEIAUING {OL 2 vier Saleen Se
Reproduced from Trans. Ent. Soc. 1914, by kind permission of Dr. T. A. Chapman.)
THE ENTOMOLOGIST
Vou. XLVII.] DECEMBER, 1914. [No. 619
SOME TASMANIAN BEES.
By T. D. A. CockERELu.
I ative a list of the bees recently collected in Tasmania by
Mr. F. M. Littler, and kindly forwarded to me by Mr. Walter W.
Froggatt. Other specimens, with the same numbers, have been
retained in Australia.
Paracolletes marginatus. Smith, 245c¢ (2331) and 244c¢ (23382).
The scape is black in both sexes; in males from Victoria it is
red. Bridport, Oct. 26th—80th, 1913.
Paracolletes launcestonensis, n. sp.
936 c. Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914.
@. Length about 8 mm.; head, thorax and legs black, the small
joints of tarsi reddish; abdomen very dark greenish, the hind margins
of first two segments appearing narrowly ferruginous, but at least at
sides of first segment the colour is actually on extreme base of
the one following; tegule and extreme base of anterior wings
bright apricot colour; wings fuliginous, darkest in the costo-apical
region; stigma large, black, nervures dark fuscous ; flagellum wholly
dark. Pubescence scanty; sides of face and cheeks with thin white
hair; hair of vertex erect, pale, slightly brownish ; clypeus shining,
sparsely punctured; supraclypeal area duller, elevated, not punctured ;
front with a dull sericeous surface; anterior corners of mesothorax
with a little pale ochreous hair (slight approach to condition of
humerosus and zrroratus); tubercles densely fringed with white hair;
sides of metathorax with long white hair; mesothorax dullish, with
sparse feeble punctures; postscutellum dull and rough, contrasting
with the shining scutellum; area of metathorax large, bounded by
an impressed line which is gently curved outward and is not beaded ;
scopa of hind tibize white, dark fuscous above basally; b. n. meeting
t.m.; first r. n. joining second s.m. a little beyond middle, second
joining third s.m. at apical corner; hair at apex of abdomen fuscous,
not very abundant; under side of abdomen with curled white hairs.
By the dark wings, this resembles P. obscuripennis, Ckll., but is
easily separated by the tegule, metathorax, &c.
Callomelitta littlert, n. sp.
249, c (2324). Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914.
¢. Length about 9 mm.; anterior wing 7:5. Similar to C. picta,
Sm., but smaller; mesothorax, tubercles and axille terracotta red,
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1914. 206
306 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
but pleura entirely black; tegula bright apricot colour; anterior
femora and tibiew bright red, but their tarsi dark; abdomen black,
wholly without blue tints; wings very dark ; area of metathorax with
coarse ridges.
Prosopis perhumilis, Ckll., var. a.
240 ¢ (2833). Bridport, Oct. 26th-30th, 1918. Two.
g. Length about 44 mm.; supraclypeal mark very small; at
least half of hind basitarsi light.
Parasphecodes rhodopterus, n. sp.
243 ¢ (2825). Launceston, Jan. 18th, 1914.
?. Length about 8mm.; rather robust ; head, thorax, legs and
antenne black, the last joint of flagellum very faintly reddish ;
tegule rufotestaceous, dark at base; wings very strongly reddened,
stigma and nervures dull red; abdomen chestnut-red, not very bright,
first segment with a large black spot on basal middle, and a trans-
verse very broad-triangular discal mark, segments beyond the third
suffused with blackish. Clypeus with strong punctures; mesothorax
and scutellum extremely densely and finely punctured; area of
metathorax semilunar, with rather fine regular longitudinal ridges ;
posterior truncation without prominent upper corners; first r. n.
joining the rather narrow second s. m. at apex; outer r. n. and t.c.
thin but dark; hair on inner side of middle tarsi bright orange-
ferruginous, but on inner side of hind tarsi paler ; outer side of hind
tibize and basitarsi with fuscous hair; first two abdominal segments
dull, with extremely fine punctures all over; third shining, with
scattered irregular very fine punctures; third segment and beyond
with fuscous hair, only clearly seen in side view.
Allied to P. taluchis, Sm., but flagellum and legs black.
Parasphecodes rufotegularis, n. sp.
235 c (2556). Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914.
g. Length 8:5 mm.; black, with the broad apical margin of
first abdominal segment (extending basad at sides), and the second
and third segments entirely, very bright ferruginous; labrum, man-
dibles and about apical half of clypeus (with an angular median
projection into the black) light yellow; antennex very long, black ;
teguiz bright ferruginous; wings slightly dusky, nervures and stigma
fuscous ; knees, anterior tibize (except a blackish mark on outer side),
middle tibize at apex, and all the tarsi, ferruginous. Head and thorax
with greyish white hair; front dull; mesothorax and scutellum
very finely punctured, the scutellum and posterior part of mesothorax
shining; area of metathorax rather large, semilunar, glistening, with
quite irregular ruge producing a subreticulate effect; first r. n.
meeting second t. c.; abdomen with very fine punctures. This is
too different from the last to be its male, the metathorax especially
being quite different. There is some resemblance to P. stuchila, Sm.,
but that has the area of metathorax rugose-granular, and the tibiz
ferruginous.
SOME TASMANIAN BEES. 307
Halictus cognatus, Smith. 287 ¢ (2323). Male. Launceston,
Jan. 25th, 1914,
H. lanarius, Smith. 2389¢ (2335). Female. Devonport,
Noy. 2nd—5th, 1918.
Halictus hematopus, n. sp. 288¢ (2326). Launceston.
3. Length about 6 mm.; black, with the tibix, tarsi and apical
part of femora bright ferruginous, the middle tibize with a faint dusky
stripe on outer side; labrum and mandibles dark, but clypeus with a
broad pale yellow band, with an angular projection into the black
above; antenne black, the flagellum very long and crenulate ; abdo-
men broad, finely punctured, without hair-bands or patches. Looks
at first sight exactly like H. sangwinipes, Ckll., from Victoria, but
differs as follows: abdomen comparatively broad at base, not clavi-
form ; tegule light orange-ferruginous ; apical field of wings dusky.
It is even closer to H. bicingulatus, Sm., differing by the wholly black
flagellum, the large amount of black on femora, the longer stigma
and the shining, more distinctly punctured abdomen. It could be
regarded as an insular subspecies of H. bicingulatus. My male
bicingulatus is from Brisbane; it is possible that specimens from the
coast opposite Tasmania would more nearly approximate to the
Tasmanian bee.
Halictus litileri, n. sp. 281¢. Launceston.
?. Length about 8:5 mm.; black, including antenne and tarsi;
bands of greyish-white tomentum at bases of abdominal segments,
reduced to a patch on each side of second; mesothorax very coarsely
punctured ; area of metathorax large, concave, finely striate; tegule
piceous ; wings dusky, second s. m. very large and broad. Close to
H. circwmdatus, Ckll., from Victoria, but differing thus: clypeus
rough, more closely punctured, less shining; vertex and mesothorax
with conspicuous black hair; middle of mesothorax more densely
punctured ; tegulz much darker; wings greyer, not at all yellowish,
with darker nervures ; area of metathorax much duller, the striz less
regular; outer side of hind tibiz with much black hair. The second
abdominal segment is finely punctured, except the broad apical part,
which is minutely lineolate, with only scattered rudimentary punctures ;
a useful character to separate the species from H. gzlesz, Ckll., and
H. asperithorax, Ckll. The front is microscopically grooved, the
grooves crossed at intervals by ridges.
Nomia submerens, n. sp.
246 c (2334). Bridport, Oct. 26th-30th, 1913.
?. Like N. merens,Sm., but metathorax different, the transverse
cross-striated channel much narrower in middle, its lower margin
straight except at sides, where it rather abruptly bends upwards ;
wings shorter, nervures darker; tegulze anteriorly with a pale
marginal spot. This could be regarded as an insular subspecies of
N. merens.
2c 2
308 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
Exoneura hamulata, Ckll., var. a.
934c. Launceston, Jan. 25th, 1914.
?. With the broad face of H. hamulata; clypeal mark evanescent,
all but the upper part dark reddish; wings strongly reddened, stigma
clear amber; hair on outer side of hind tibie ferruginous. If the
characters are constant, this will deserve a subspecific name. A
specimen from Victoria has equally red wings.
I gave a list of Tasmanian bees in Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, xxxvii., p. 599. Since that time the list has been
considerably increased, so that with the present contribution it
includes Prosopis, seven species ; Binghamiella, one ; Huryglossa,
three; Paracolletes, ten; Callomelitta, two ; Halictus, sixteen ;
Parasphecodes, thirteen ; Nomia, one; Megachile, three; Exo-
neura, three. This is in striking contrast to the very poor bee-
fauna of New Zealand; but while it seems certain that New
Zealand cannot produce nearly as many bees as Tasmania, it
remains probable that careful collecting would considerably
augment the present short list. The large proportion of new
forms collected by Mr. Littler shows that the Tasmanian bee-
fauna is still quite insufficiently known.
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY.
By H. Rownanp-Brown, M.A., F.E.S.
(Puate VII.)
(Concluded from p. 286.)
(i1.) Le Lauteret.
For three whole days, from July 21st to the 28rd, it continued
to rain or snow upon the Col de Lauteret (6950 ft.), with scarcely
an hour’s intermission, by which time the lower valley of Oisans
was under water, and half the country round Grenoble as well.
The weather changed suddenly on the 24th, with a rude north
wind, and though the skies above were clear, and the sun shone
brightly, it was bitterly cold. Not until then was I able to
collect, choosing the road up to the Col de Galibier as less exposed
to the weather. The flowers, which at all events had suffered
little from the severe drenching, were even more magnificent
than at La Grave; and, at what seems a surprisingly late date
for them, the white narcissus, N. poeticus var. radiflorus, was still
in its first pride, together with the large white Anemone, Anemone
alpina, and the handsome lofty Orobus luteus, which when going
out of flower becomes deep orange. A. simplonia was now almost
common. In the grass and herbage Hrebia pharte again turned up
in swarms, with tiny E. ceto, rare HK. epiphron var. cassiope, and
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. 309
rarer H}. melampus. The late Mr. Tutt made interesting suggestions
upon the specific identity of Z. pharte and EF. melampus, based to
some extent upon the difficulty of separating the females. His
remarks were published anterior to the systematic examination
of the male appendages by later authorities, and though, as he
says, the females of the two species are sometimes identically
marked and even fly together, my experience here-—and more
markedly elsewhere in the Central Alps, and especially in the
Tyrol—is that pharte is almost always passé, if not actually over,
before melampus puts in an appearance.
But it seems probable that here, at all events, there is a
tendency among what may be presumed the weaker species to
associate with and mimic the strongest, viz. Hrebia pharte, which
at La Grave also is far and away the commonest of the small
Erebias. Dr. Chapman, as stated (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1913,
cxvii.-cix.), suspects a mimetic association at Le Lauteret; or in
the alternative that climatic conditions may be responsible for
this curious approximation of the three species to pharte. I did
not take pharte last year at Larche; but there, too, ceto was of
this diminutive Dauphiny form, and it flew apparently, for I
was too late for the main emergence, over the ground where
earlier I should have expected to meet with pharte, and did
find epiphron and melampus. I see that Dr. Chapman hesitates
to include epiphron in this association for want of material upon
which to base his conclusions. But though rarer decidedly than
the others, I find on looking through my captures that I also
took the familiar ‘‘ Mountain Ringlet”’ without realising its specific
identity. Lastly, I may supplement these observations to add
that the long series of pharte from La Grave and Le Lauteret
differ inter se. The females are quite as brilliant in the depth
of the orange fascia as examples from Brenner and the ‘re
Croce, Cortina. The rusty markings on the upper side of the
male fore wings vary from a single small spot, towards the
apical angle, to well-defined series of blotches, constituting a
more or less continuous band. Of the epiphron, some are much
nearer type than var. cassiope. The furious wind which never
ceased to blow even when it was fine at Le Lauteret made
expeditions hopeless to the higher mountains in search of
butterflies. A friend who struggled up the Grand Galibier
informed me that near the summit on the rocks he had seen
some ‘‘all-black” butterflies battling with the tempest—and
these no doubt would be Hrebia alecto, this being the actual spot
whence Boisduval, more than half a century ago, received his
first (?) French examples.
Among the small fry on the Galibier route P. eros was the
commonest of the ‘‘ Blues,” with P. pheretes males much injured
by the buffeting of the past few days. Again | saw no
P. icarus, but P. thersites afforded males, and a few lovely blue
310 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
females, the majority of which latter unfortunately fell victims to
the mobilisation générale. P. orbitulus was hardly out. H. alveus
and II. serratule were fairly common; H. carline were repre-
sented by individual males.
On the 26th in the afternoon, after two sunny days, I did not
see a single butterfly. At about 8000 ft. it was sleeting
miserably. The day before, encouraged by a clear blue sky, and
the apparent distance of the mountains dazzling with new
fallen snow, I trudged off to the Club Alpine (6955 ft.) on the
Lauteret side of the Col d’Arsine. The path leads up parallel
for some distance with the road to La Grave through pastures
of peerless beauty, knee-deep in columbines, campanulas, and
white anemones, reminiscent of MacWhirter’s masterpiece in the
Tate Gallery, ‘June in the Austrian Tyrol.” A fine butterfly
ground in calmer weather; but, alas! to-day the wind shrilled
higher than ever, effectually keeping everything level with the
herbage. Out of the wind in a deep gully turning up the last of the
valley of the Romanche I watched Parnassius delius flying over the
saxifrage, and every now and again the favoured yellow crucifer
would be visited by A. simplonia. Once over the brim of the
hill they disappeared before the wind like magic. A secluded
meadow near at hand afforded covert to a rather faded race of
Melitea aurinia var. merope; and here P. argus, C. hippothoe
var. eurybia, and P. hylas were flitting with Canonympha iphis,
P. medon, and the usual host of small Erebias. But once
beyond this shelter and on to the Refuge Hut there was
nothing except an occasional Argynnis niobe, and swarms of
Anthrocera exulans. Careful search for H. andrcmedé was
unrewarded, but I have little doubt than in less boisterous
weather I should have repeated the successes of La Grave.
Near the Hut there is an abundance of Dryas octopetala. On the
28th, despairing of an improvement, I left reluctantly for
Monétier-les-Bains, where I found comfortable quarters and
homely comforts with many agreeable French visitors at the
Hotel de Europe, kept by M. Izoard, a famous Dauphiny
guide of his day, and a veteran of ‘‘ Soixante-dix.”
(iil.) Monétier-les-Bains.
As I walked down, back to the wind, from Le Lauteret on
another day, blustering and cold as March, visions of Hrebia
scipio at warmer Monétier rose before my eyes. A single
specimen on the Col de Larche last year—the sum total of five
separate years’ hunt—had scarcely satisfied my appetite for
the chase. Dr. Reverdin had informed me of its existence in
quantities at Monétier; Mrs. Nicholl, that indefatigable pioneer
of British collectors in Spain, in Bosnia, in the Balkans, and
in Dauphiny, had advised me of its presence at Vallouise, no
great distance away as the crow flies. When just a quarter of an
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. Sit
hour outside the village I saw a greyish-looking erebia tumbled over
and over in the dust by the sweeping wind, my hopes were raised
proportionately. The wind caught my hat and carried it well
on towards Monétier, but I had the butterfly in my net and it
was, as I expected, a female H. scipio, yet so much the worse for
the escapade that I let her go at once. Then I made a valiant
attempt to swarm to the little plateau whence possibly she had
descended, and where I spotted two or three male Hrebias
disporting themselves. I could not get near them, so wild were
they; and I never saw the species again, though three times I
returned under less adverse circumstances. Scipio, therefore,
remains on my list of desiderata, and, with all the world at war,
I wonder whether I shall ever supplement in my cabinet the
Digne examples kindly given me by M. Oberthur with those of
my own capture.
The village of Monétier lies at the south end of a bleak open
valley extending almost the whole way from Pont de l’Alpe—
looked at from above, a grey-brown wilderness of dusty fields,
the detritus of the Guisane, which river, it would seem, habitu-
ally inundates the surrounding country when the snows of Le
Lauteret melt. But if the main valley is unpromising from an
entomological point of view, the lateral valleys opening up
consecutively on either side, but principally on the right bank,
suggest fat bags for those who do not mind a certain amount of
rough-and-tumble walking en route, made more laborious this
season by the frequent rain rupture of the pathways. The
tempestuous weather had also left its mark on the butterflies
hereabouts. At all events, species reported as common by Mr.
Tetley were hardly to be seen at all; and even where the moun-
tain pastures were smiling with flowers and lush-green grass,
I did not find that abundance of common things which is a
feature of most Alpine pleasaunces. The four days of my col-
lecting were divided between the hills and mountains on either
side of Monétier. Those to the east were most productive at
the lower levels; but very little was to be seen above the tree-
line, and it was in the openings of the fir woods here that I first
found Anthrocerids really plentiful, A. achillee sharing claim
with A. transalpina and A. lonicere to be commonest of their
genus. The A. carniolica from this locality are characteristic—
small in size, the spots without marginal decoration, and the
colour rather pale crimson. I boxed no more than a single
specimen of A. fausta this year, on the Lauteret road.
Where the Burnets were most plentiful they shared the
flower heads of scabious and yellow hawkweeds with clouds of
Adopea lineola, P. corydon, P. hylas, and occasional P. thersites.
Brenthis ino was also in great force, with a small race of
M. phebe. Papilio machaon and some Aporia crategi, P. apollo,
and C. phicomone were fairly well represented. The Hrebias
312 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
seen here were H. stygne and EH. euryale, both passés; the
Hesperiids P. sao, H. alveus, and, among the very few
things flying on the close-grazed, wind-swept clayey tops,
H. carling. Ican recall no Satyrids of the larger kind on the
wing except S. cordulea; and this was infrequent except on
the hot hillside, where I had sought Erebia scipio in vain.
Chrysophanus virgauree, too, was not as common as usual; the
females taken are intermediate in colour between the type and
var. zermattenis. This pathway winds up to one of the well
sources from which Monétier draws its thermal waters. The
forester’s hut marks a convenient centre for the chase, and had
not the Fates ruled otherwise, I should have extended my
explorations considerably in this direction.
It is a curious fact that until I wended my way towards the
Col d’Arsine on July 29th I had not observed a single Theclid
in France this year. The few ’. ilicis left on the Millefolium
had seen their last days, and it was the same with most other
species on the wing—very difficult to secure good specimens.
In the lower forest B. amathusia, B. ino, and Limenitis camilla
occurred, the first-mentioned commonly ; but it was disappoint-
ing to plod miles under the burning sun and find so few species
besides on the wing. Even Argynnis niobe was rare, A. aglaia
more so; and at the higher levels towards the summit of the
Col (7874 ft.), on the steep slopes above the little Lac d’Arsine,
there were surprisingly few butterflies, though the day was per-
fect. Mr. Tetley had bid me look for EH. scipio here; I saw
none—only HH. stygne—and compared with the locality at
Monétier if seemed a less likely spot and elevation for the
species. B. pales, generally swarming, was represented by
single individuals; A. simplonia rather common, but wild and
wary. By the brooks P. delius floated temptingly, and I took
one beautiful female. H. tyndarus and EH. lappona were battered
and broken; no sign of H. andromeda, but again several ex-
quisitely fresh H. carline and imperfect H. serratule, all of
which repeated themselves, only even more rarely, on the high
valley below the Monétier Glacier, where I spent the last day of
my holiday on the flowery slopes.
Sunday, August 2nd, 1914, is not likely to be forgotten by
France for many years to come; it will remain indelibly fixed
on my memory as long as I live. The long summer day wan-
ing to its close, a perfect peace brooding over the hills, made
musical by the thousand bells of upland-pastured sheep. I had
reached the hotel about 5 o’clock, and was making tea in my
little bedroom when suddenly I heard the tocsin begin to ring.
Thinking at once that there was a fire, I slipped on my boots again,
and ran out into the little square just in time to hear the Mayor
read out the fateful order for the general mobilisation of the
French armies. A conflagration indeed! War! And by midnight
THREE WEEKS IN DAUPHINY. oe
not an able-bodied man, not a horse, cart, or mule was left in
Monétier. The tide of Destiny had ‘swept even into this tiny
haven of peace, and borne away silent and unprotesting—nay,
I think, glad with a sober joy—the brave peasants who, for a
second time in history, stand side by side with our people on
the red battlefields of France and Belgium.
Butterflies observed at La Grave, Le Lauteret, and Monétier-
les-Bains, July 11th-August 2nd, 1914 :—
Hesperupm. — Carcharodus lavatere (one, La Grave), C
althee ; Augiades sylvanus, A. comma; Adopea lineola; Hes-
peria alveus, H. carline, H. serratule, H. cacalie, H. andromede,
H. malvoides ; Pyrgus sao.
Lycmnip#%.—Chrysophanus hippothoé var. eurybia, C. dorilis
var. subalpina, C. virgauree, C. phleas; Lycena arion (going
over); Nomiades semiargus; Cupido minimus ; Polyommatus
eumedon, P. donzellit (one, La Grave), P. damon, P. corydon,
P. hylas, P. escheri, P. thersites, P. icarus, P. eros, P. orbitulus,
P. medon, P. pheretes; Plebeius argus ; T'hecla ilicis (Monétier).
(Included in Dr. Chapman’s list, but not met with by me,
Cupido sebrus.)
Papinionip®.—Papilio machaon, P. podalirius (near Bourg
d’Oisans, July 11th); Parnassius apollo, P. delius.
Prrripz.—Aporia crategi; Pieris brassice, P. rape, P. napr
var. bryonie ; Pontia callidice ; Anthocharis simplonia ; Huchloe
cardamines ; Leptosia sinapis; Colias phicomone, C. hyale, C.
edusa ; Gonepteryx rhamnt.
NympHanipm. -— Argynnis aglaia, A. niobe, and var. eris;
Issoria lathonia; Brenthis euphrosyne, B. ino, B. amathusia
(Monétier), B. dia, B. pales; Melitea aurinia var. merope,
M. phebe, M. didyma, M. varia, M. athalia, M. dictynna ;
Pyrameis cardui, P. atalanta ; Aglais urtice ; Limenitis camilla
(Monétier).
SaryripH.—Pararge mera, P. megera; Epinephele jurtina,
EE. lycaon (Monétier) ; Coenonympha iphis, C. satyrion, C. pam-
philus; Erebia epiphron var. cassiope, HE. melampus, EH. pharte,
E. mnestra (Evariste-Chancel), H. alecto var. duponcheli, E. ceto,
EE. stygne, E. scipio, EH. euryale, EH. goante, HE. gorge, HE. tyndarus,
E. lappona; Melanargia galatea ; eighty-nine species in all.
Harrow Weald: October, 1914.
eX Crs STRIGOSA, HADENA ATRIPLICIS, &e.,
IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE
By A. THURNALL.
As a native of South Cambridgeshire the various notes which
have appeared in recent numbers of the ‘‘ Entomologist”
ai THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
naturally appeal to me, so possibly my own rather small
experience with Acronycta strigosa nearly forty years ago may
be interesting to present-day collectors. In the years 1878,
1874, 1875 I was living in the village of Whittlesford, about
sixteen miles south of Wicken, and like most young entomological
enthusiasts the Noctue were my especial favourites. In those
distant days I used to sugar the trees in the garden and adjoining
orchard almost all the year round and met with many species
considered ‘‘real good things” at that period. The first specimen
IT ever took (of strigosa) was as far back as 1870, flying in the
garden in the dusk; in 1878 two more at sugar in the same
place. In the following year I took four: one at light, two at
sugar in the orchard, and one at rest on the lichen-covered trunk
of a small hawthorn tree growing in a hedge skirting a field in
the neighbouring parish of Duxford, in the extreme south of the
county. In 1875 I also took four: two at sugar and two at rest
on the same small hawthorn tree above-mentioned. I left the
district in that year and had very few chances of working for this
moth afterwards, but on August 4th, 1879 (an unusually late
date surely !), I took a female in beautiful condition in the garden
at sugar, and the following month I beat a single full-fed larva
from a hedge near the house: I never saw strigosa alive in any
stage afterwards. With regard to its occurrence in Wicken Fen
itself, I believe it has been taken, but very rarely. My old
friend, Frederick Bond, told me he only found one (at sugar) in
the Fen, but he took it in some numbers in some fields at the
back of Fulbourn Asylum, and amongst them one or two “ black
ones.” Whether this melanic form has been taken in recent
times I am unable to say. Mr. Bond’s captures were made, I
think, in the late fifties of the last century. From the fact that
it has been taken in the Chatteris, Wicken and Whittlesford
districts it would seem that it is (or was) found throughout the
county. Although always associated with Cambridgeshire, some
of your readers will perhaps be surprised to learn that it has
been taken as far away as Worcestershire. Mr. Dobree Fox, a
good entomologist, in the eleventh volume of the ‘‘ Entomologist”
(p. 252), records the capture of two at sugar in his own garden
in 1878. Another insect usually associated with the fens,
Cidaria sagittata, has also been taken away in the West of
England, in Bewdley Forest, Worcestershire. ‘‘Seven fine
specimens flying over a swampy place at dusk” (W. Edwards,
Eintom. xvi. 211). Again, another species, the beautiful little
Commophila schreibersiana turned up quite recently in Gloucester-
shire. With regard to Hadena atriplicis I used to take it not
uncommonly, together with Palimpsestes ocularis, at sugar on the
trunks of some large poplars on the Waterbeach side of Upware.
The latter I bred several times from pupe found at the foot of
some Lombardy poplars at Sawston, in the south of the county.
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 315
As a supplement to the above note, I may mention the fact
that H. atriplicis was formerly quite a common moth round
Wicken: one good spot was a plantation close to the village
itself. Mr. Bond told me that on one occasion he had been
on the Fen all the evening, returning to the well-known
‘Five Miles’ Inn about midnight, very tired; it being a very
warm night he opened the windows, placed a light near them
and went off to sleep; awaking when it was broad daylight he
found Noctuze sticking ‘‘all about the walls and ceiling, most of
them atriplicis.” From a female taken at sugar June 11th, 1877,
I obtained three eggs and succeeded in rearing one imago which
emerged on June 15th, the following year; I fed the larva on
knotgrass. It was in this latter year that I last saw the long
extinct Lelia cenosa. On August 6th I took a male and Albert
Houghton another, flying, or rather ‘ fluttering,” with their
characteristically soft flight up and down the glass sides of the
lamp. Messrs. Porritt and Daltry took the very last (recorded)
specimens, I believe, in the following year (Entom. xi. 229).
Wanstead: November 10th, 1914.
AN EXPEDITION IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN
BUTTERFLIES.
By W. G. SuHeupon, F.E.S.
(Concluded from p. 297.)
Hipparchia semele.—¥irst seen on June 6th, and shortly after-
wards became abundant everywhere.
Pararge clinene.—This species, which is not known to extend
further west than the Carpathians, and which is rare in the one or
two localities in which it is found in those mountains, occurs in the
utmost profusion at Sarepta; I saw, but did not capture, a single
example on May 31st in a cross valley in the hills some four miles
north-west of the town. At the same spot, when next I visited it on
June dth, P. climene was flying in profusion; on this day only males
were seen. The next day they were almost equally abundant in the
““Tschapurnik Wald,’ and we afterwards found them in every spot
in which there was any quantity of wood. The first females were
seen on June llth. This butterfly frequents the outskirts of woods ;
the male has a very epinephele-like flight, and on the wing closely
resembles H. jurtena. It is continuously hovering over and searching
amongst bushes for the females. These latter are not easy to find or
secure; they seem, one presumes, after pairing to hide away from the
males, and are to be kicked up out of small clumps of bushes some
distance away from the larger woods that the males frequent. I did
not see a single female flying naturally ; probably they would fly late
in the day, when I was never on the ground. When disturbed they
would, if not netted, quickly settle again in the thickest part of a
316 THE BNTOMOLOGIST.
bush. All my females, about a dozen in number, were secured in
these spots, with the exception of a couple that were found 77 cop. one
morning about 10 a.m. Both sexes get worn very quickly, and are
only fit for cabinet specimens for a very few days after emergence.
P. maera.—I saw but did not capture this species at Novorossisk.
P. megaera.—Common at Ialta and Novorossisk, but not seen at
Sarepta. The Jalta specimens are very bright and richly coloured ;
those from Novorossisk are not so bright as typical examples.
P. egeria var. egerides.—Only seen at alta; one or two specimens.
LEpinephele lycaon.—First seen at Sarepta on May 25th; after-
wards it became common generally ; the form is the fine one known
as var. ¢termedia, which is described and figured by Seitz.
Coenonympha leander.—This eastern species we found abundant
in the “ Tschapurnik Wald” on May 22nd; many of the males were
on that day past their best, and the females were well out.
In its appearance and habits it is very similar to its Spanish
representative C. tphoides, except that it seems to frequent bushy
slopes, whereas C. ¢phoides is usually, but not always, a marsh-loving
Species. Although C. leander was common in the “ Tschapurnik
Wald,” we did not see it elsewhere.
C. arcania.—Very typical examples of this species were common,
in the same locality as the last only, from May 22nd onwards.
C. panvphilus.—Seen in all districts worked, but not commonly ;
the examples are in all cases very typical.
Carcarodus alceae.—Not uncommon at Novorossisk and Sarepta.
Pyrgus proto.— larva found freely on Phlomis herba-venti, both
at Novorossisk and Sarepta, produced this species after my return to
eee, The specimens are less ochreous than those I have from
pain.
P. orbifer—Not uncommon at Ialta, and one example was taken
by me at Novorossisk.
Hesperia carthami var. moeschleri Common on dry hills at
Sarepta at the date of our arrival.
H. armoricanus.—A few specimens of a Hesperid were taken at
all three localities, which an examination of the genitalia proves to
be this species. There are certain divergences from western H. armori-
canus apparent in these organs, but Dr. Chapman, who has examined
the preparations, does not consider them sufficient to indicate a
distinct species.
H. cribrellum.—On May 29th I captured two examples of this
species in a valley in the main range of hills, about two miles south-
east of Sarepta; they were taken within a few yards of each other.
On the following day I netted on the same spot a third example; but
though I afterwards frequently searched both this and many other
similar localities, these three specimens were the only ones we saw ;
they are small examples, not exceeding 36 mm. in expanse.
H. tessellwm.—This fine eastern species was first seen on May 27th;
afterwards it became somewhat common, but it was local and difficult
to capture. Many ofthe specimens arelarge. I haveit up to 46 mm.
expanse. Its headquarters was undoubtedly in the valleys in the
hills some miles north-west of Sarepta; it was here to be seen in
some numbers, flying wildly, and being difficult to follow with the
IN SEARCH OF RUSSIAN BUTTERFLIES. 317
eye in its swift flight; from time to time the butterfly would settle
upon flowers, but even then a capture was difficult to effect, for it
would usually fly up when one was some yards distant.
H. sidae.—Common in the same localities as the last species, and
of similar habits. Some of the examples are very large; I have one
that expands 45 mm., as against 39 mm., the expanse of the largest
of my southern French specimens. The Sarepta form is also more
brightly marked, both on the upper and lower surfaces; first seen on
May 28th.
H. malvae.—A few specimens were seen at all localities, of what
I presume is this species; unfortunately, neither Mr. Jones nor myself
brought back a male, so we cannot be quite certain.
Nisoniades tages.—Not uncommon at Ialta and Novorossisk, a
very typical form.
Augiades sylvanus.—Common in woods at Sarepta from May 21st.
Adopaea flava.—Common at Sarepta ; a fine richly-coloured form,
expanding up to 40 mm.; first seen on June 6th.
A. lineola.—Abundant in the same localities as the last species,
from May 31st.
The Heterocera of Sarepta were most interesting and abundant,
and it was a matter of keen regret to both Mr. Jones and myself that
we were not able to work at them more thoroughly ; but this would
have entailed a certain amount of night collecting, and one cannot
very well keep fit if both day and night work is undertaken, especially
when, as in our case, you are on the wrong side of a certain age.
Perhaps the most striking moth we saw was the exquisite
Macroglossa croatica, which although not common, was not in-
frequent in June; it seems probable that it can fly rapidly, but those
I saw, all of which were captured, were slowly threading their way
amongst the herbage; the larva is said to feed upon Centaurea.
Zygeenide were very rare; a few examples of what I suppose is
Procris gtobulariae were taken at Sarepta and Novorossisk, and at
the former locality Syntomis phegea was seen not rarely.
The larvee of Malacosoma castrensis were abundant amongst
Artemesia, sp.
The beautiful Cucullia argentina was not infrequent at rest on
the stems of dead plants, and was exceedingly well protected by its
resemblance to them. Heliothis scutosa swarmed everywhere, and
H. dipsaceus was equally abundant. I bred an example of this
species from a larva found feeding upon the flowers of a Salvia,
which resembled and might be S. pratensis.
H. peltigera and the beautiful H. incarnata both occurred, and
Acontia lucida and A. tttania were common; a handsome larva
found upon a species of Linaria produced Calophasia casta.
Micra paula was not infrequently taken; probably it was
abundant, but of course its small size made it very inconspicuous.
M. parallela and the beautiful M. purpurina occurred.
Amongst the Plusias I have brought away examples of P. 22 and
P. gutta, and the ubiquitous P. gamma swarmed.
Emmelia trabealis was abundant and generally distributed, and
everywhere in swamps.
Hrastia argentula was abundant.
318 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
The eastern species Huclidia triquetra flew in the sun not
infrequently on the banks of the railway. Single specimens of
Agrotis ravida, Xylina scripturosa, Cucullia xeranthemr, and Scoto-
gramma stigmosa came to light in our rooms.
Amongst the Geometre Huchloris volgaria, the eastern repre-
sentative of H. smaragdaria was common; its food-plant is undoubtedly
Artemesia, on one species of which I saw females depositing ova in
the daytime. Perhaps the most striking geometer we saw was the
very handsome Aspilates mundatarza, which was abundant every-
where; equally common, but very local, and only seen on the hills
towards Tsaritsyn, was the delicate Szona nubilaria var. exalbata;
and with it, and superficially closely resembling it, were large numbers
of Scorza dealbata. One of the most abundant species was Lythria
purpuraria, which occurred in the type form, and also as var. lutearia;
amongst the Acidalias, A. similata, A. sericeata, A. subtilata, and
A. marginepunctata were taken. Other species observed included
Rhodostrophia vibicaria, KR. tacularia, Boarmia consortaria, Hma-
turga atomaria, a remarkably light form, Phasiane glariaria, Hubolia
arenacearia, Fidoma murinaria and Scotosia rhamnata.
The Pyralide were in enormous number as examples, but
apparently they consisted of but very few species. Quite the most
abundant of the group was Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, which swarmed
everywhere; other species were P. sulphuralis, P. verticals,
P. clathralis and Cledeobia connectalis.
In the above list of Heterocera it is notable that almost half of
them have been reported as having been found in Britain, which is a
surprising proportion, considering the distance apart that the localities
are, and the difference in climate that obtains. Still more notable,
however, is the fact that out of the species that are on the British
list about a dozen are our most local natives, or casual visitors; and
point to the fact that the reason they are rare or local with us is that
our country is on the extreme verge of their areas of distribution.
Amongst the Micros very little could be turned up at Sarepta. The
whole terrain swarmed with them ; but with the exception of two or
three species of Tine only odd specimens could be found. Single
examples of one species were all I could get amongst the Crambidae
and Pterophori: and of the great Tortrix group less than half-a-dozen
individuals were seen.
The following is a list of some specimens brought home, which
Mr. J. H. Durant has kindly named :—Huzanthis hamana, Cydia
splendana, Plutella maculipennis, Pleurota pyropella, Coleophora
vibicigella, Brachodes appendiculata and Tinea misella.
NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA.
‘By A. EK. Wineman, F.E.S.
SYNTOMID.
Amata nigrifrons, sp. 0.
@. Head and thorax black, the latter spotted with orange
beneath; abdomen black with five orange bands, the first (basal)
NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 319
broad, the second and third narrow and near together, the fourth
narrow and close to the fifth, which is broad and ‘completely girdles
the abdomen. Fore wings black with bluish sheen ; hyaline spots
nine in number, placed as follows: one subbasal, almost round; three
median, the central one small; five postmedial, the central one
minute. Hind wings black with bluish sheen; two hyaline spots
each traversed by a black vein, that nearest base tinged with orange
on the dorsal area. Under side agrees with the upper side, but the
dorsum is more orange.
Expanse, 48 millim.
Collection number, 1867.
One female specimen from Karapin (3000 ft.), June, 1908.
Comes nearest to A. dichotoma, Leech.
Noctvuip®.
Metemene hampsoni, sp. n.
3. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale brown. Fore wings pale
brown; antemedial and postmedial lines indicated by series of black
dots, the first inwardly oblique and the second strongly excurved ;
discoidal dot black; costa beyond postmedial line whitish dotted with
black ; fringes whitish dotted with black at apex, middle, and tornus,
and preceded by a series of smaller black dots. Hind wings fuscous,
dorsal area paler, a black dot at tornus; terminal dots black, fringes
pale brown. Under side fuscous; fore wings without transverse
series of black dots; hind wings with black discoidal dot and curved
line beyond.
Expanse, &, 20 millim.; 2, 28 millim.
Collection number, 679.
A male specimen from Kanshirei (1000 ft.), April 16th, 1906;
and a female from Arizan (7300 ft.), August 18th, 1908.
Parallelia takaoensis, sp. n.
?. Head brownish, thorax brownish slightly mixed with grey,
abdomen brownish grey. Fore wings pale grey, violet tinged, clouded
with brownish grey; subbasal line blackish, outwardly pale edged,
not extending below median nervule; antemedial line blackish,
slightly oblique; postmedial line blackish, outwardly oblique from
costa to vein 7 where it is sharply angled, thence slightly incurved
to dorsum, broadly shaded on each side with brown; subterminal
line pale, bluntly serrate, on apical area somewhat obscured by a
short black indented line from apex. Hind wings fuscous grey,
traces of pale medial and postmedial lines. Under side grey suffused
with fuscous, except on termen of all the wings; a dusky, almost
straight, medial line and a pale subterminal line on fore wings; a
dusky discoidal dot and two curved and wavy lines beyond, also a
pale wavy subterminal line on hind wings.
Expanse, 42 millim,
Collection number, 167 a.
A female specimen from Takao, August 22nd, 1904.
320 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
In marking, this species closely approaches P. renalis,
Hampson.
Thermesia arizanensis, sp. n.
$. Head and collar dark brown, thorax pale brown ; abdomen
pale brown mixed with dark brown except at basal and anal ends.
Fore wings pale brown finely sprinkled with black atoms, costa
blackish towards base; two black dots in cell and a fainter one at
base of the wing in line with them; antemedial line represented by a
dark oblique streak from dorsum to first cell dot; postmedial line
black, outwardly edged with white and inwardly dark shaded, oblique,
sharply angled and incurved before costa, the dark shading continued
to apex; terminal area clouded with darker brown; subterminal line
pale, wavy, indistinct; terminal dots black, between veins. Hind
wings pale brown; discoidal spot and medial line black, the latter,
which appears to be a broad continuation of the postmedial on fore
wings, is outwardly edged with white and inwardly dark shaded;
terminal area traversed by two parallel dark bands; terminal dots
black, between veins. Under side pale ochreous brown, finely
powdered with blackish; fore wings have two black dots on the cell
and two blackish oblique lines beyond; hind wings have a black
discoidal spot and an interrupted sinuous band beyond.
Expanse, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1026a.
Two male specimens from Arizan (7800 ft.), August, 1908.
There are two male specimens in the British Museum from
Arizan (Wileman). ‘Tbese agree in almost every particular with
the type, but in the other male retained in my collection the
postmedial line of fore wines and the medial line of hind wings are
broadly bordered outwardly with blackish.
Thermesia kanshireiensis, sp. n.
3. Similar to 7. arizanensis, but smaller; the antemedial line of
fore wings is rather more oblique, the postmedial line is not white edged,
and the subterminal line is brownish dotted with black on dorsal
half. On the under side the transverse lines of fore wings are closer
together; on the hind wings the medial band is less sinuous and is
preceded and followed by other dusky bands.
@. Larger, somewhat paler in colour, and the markings less
distinct.
Expanse, 3, 36 millim.; ¢, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1026.
One example of each sex from Kanshirei, June 13th, 1906
(male), April 15th, 1906 (female). There is also a female
specimen from Kanshirei (Wileman) in the British Museum.
Thermesia bifasciata, sp. n.
3. Head and thorax pale brown; abdomen pale grey, almost
whitish. Fore wings pale brown lightly flecked with black; a black
dot below median nervure and one above it in the cell; medial line
NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM FORMOSA. 321
inwardly oblique, dark brown from the costa to cell, thence black out-
wardly shaded with dark brown to dorsum; postmedial line pale
ochreous, narrowly edged inwardly with dark brown and outwardly
bordered by a strong black line and brown shading, gently incurved
from apex to dorsum near tornus; subterminal line pale brown, almost
straight, traversing brown shading of postmedial line; terminal line
black ; fringes pale brown, marked with darker. Hind wings pale
brown transversely shaded with darker on basal two-thirds; terminal
third darker brown transversely divided by a streak of the ground
colour ; terminal dots and fringes as on the fore wings. Under side
pale brown; fore wings suffused with darker brown on the disc ;
hind wings freckled with darker brown, especially on costal area,
discoidal dot black; all the wings have a dusky postmedial line and
black points on termen.
@. Similar, but rather darker in general colour; the medial line
on fore wings is brown throughout, the black outer edging of the
postmedial line is very slender, and the subterminal line is in-
distinct.
Expanse, g, 42 millim.; 2, 40 millim.
Collection number, 1025.
A male specimen from Arizan (7500 ft.), September 21st,
1906, and a female from Kanshirei, October 12th, 1908. There
is one specimen from Formosa (Wileman) in the British Museum.
LASIOCAMPIDS.
Cosmotriche discitincta, sp. n.
S$. Head brown; thorax grey, white dotted behind, collar brown
mixed; abdomen brown. Tore wings grey suffused with brown on
the disc; antemedial line black, tridentate, inwardly edged with
white; postmedial line black, wavy, elbowed at vein 6, terminating
about middle of the dorsum where it is outwardly edged with white,
black extending along the dorsum to antemedial line; discoidal spot
white, dark margined; subterminal line black, undulated, not clearly
defined about middle; fringes white chequered with black. Hind
wings brown, discoidal mark and angled medial line dusky, fringes
white chequered with black. Under side brown, area of all wings,
inside the blackish angled line, suffused with dark fuscous ; fringes
as on upper side.
Expanse, 42 millim.
Collection number, 1796.
One male specimen from Rantaizan, May, 1909.
Allied to C. lobulina, Denis.
LYMANTRIIDE.
Huproctis purpureofasciata, sp. n.
$. Head and thorax yellow, antenne bipectinated. Fore wings
yellow, clouded with purplish and sprinkled with black on basal area;
medial fascia purplish, sprinkled with black, irregularly edged, con-
ENTOM.—DECEMBER, 1914. 2p
323, THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
stricted below middle; subterminal line purplish, interrupted above
and below middle. Hind wings white. Under side white; fore
wings tinged with yellow, purplish band of upper side showing on
costal area only.
Expanse, 33 millim.
Collection numbers, 1251 and 1252.
Two male specimens; one from Arizan (7800 ft.), August 21st,
1908, and the other from Rantaizan, May 12th, 1909.
Euproctis diplaga, Hampson.*
@. Fore wings whitish powdered with dull grey, tinged with
ochreous on outer area; the black apical marks are larger than in the
male, and the postmedial lines more in evidence and distinctly serrate
below the cell. Hind wings fuscous. -
Expanse, 26 millim.
Collection number, 1411.
A female specimen from Kanshirei, June 19th, 1908.
Only the male of H. diplaga has been previously described.
CYMATOPHORID®.
Polyploca albibasis, sp. n.
$. Head and collar blackish grey, thorax pale grey, mixed with
darker; abdomen grey. Fore wings pale smoky grey; three patches
of white on costal area—one at base, one between antemedial and
postmedial lines, and one at apex; subbasal line black, indented
below costa; antemedial band brown tinged, outlined and tra-
versed by black lines; postmedial band brown tinged, inwardly
edged by a black sinuous line and outwardly by a bluntly serrate
line; orbicular stigma white, outlined in black; subterminal and
terminal lines black, wavy, approximate near apex, the subterminal
with three black dots on dorsal half; fringes pale grey, basal half
darker, marked with black at ends of the veins. Hind wings fuscous,
paler on the dorsal and basal areas. Under side fuscous, terminal
area of the wings darker beyond a pale transverse line; costa of
fore wings white, marked with black on outer half.
Expanse, 38 millim.
Type in the British Museum. Arizan, March 28rd (Wileman).
Allied to P. orbicularis, Moore.
NOTODONTIDE.
Pydna kanshiretensis, sp. n.
3. Head brown, antenne fasciculate ; thorax pale brown mixed
with darker in front, darker brown behind; abdomen dark brown,
paler below and towards anal segment above. Tore wings pale
brown, clouded and streaked with darker; subbasal line indicated by
two black dots, one just below costa and one under median nervure;
antemedial line black, wavy, indistinct, followed by a black diffuse
* Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. xx. p. 113 (1910).
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 3238
mark in the cell; an oblique dark streak from cell mark to the
dorsum near base; a dark central shade, elbowed below costa; post-
medial line brown dotted with black on the veins, preceded by a
series of brown dots between the veins; terminal dots black, inwardly
edged with white, placed between the veins, space between veins
3and 4 tinged with reddish, and a short white streak projects inward
from the black dot in this space. Hind wings dark fuscous, fringes
whitish partly chequered with dark fuscous. Under side whitish
brown; fore wings clouded with fuscous on the disc; hind wings
clouded with fuscous, two curved, and somewhat wavy, dusky trans-
verse lines.
Expanse, 48 millim.
Collection number, 1231,
Six male specimens from Kanshirei. One, September, 1907 ;
three, May, 1908, and two, July, 1908.
One specimen, also from Kanshirei (Wileman), in the
British Museum, is slightly darker in colour than either of the
examples retained in my series. Very close to P. albistriga,
Moore.
Liparopsis formosana, sp. 0.
3. Head and thorax brownish grey, collar whitish. Fore wings
whitish grey, finely powdered with dark grey; basal area brownish
grey mixed with black at base of the wing, limited by an oblique
darker line ; postmedial line indicated by black edged white dots on
the veins; terminal area brownish grey except towards the costa ;
terminal line black. Hind wings whitish powdered with dark grey
on costal area, some brownish hairs on the costal half, a black dot on
costa before apex. Under side whitish, disc of fore wings suffused
with fuscous.
Expanse, 36 millim.
Collection number, 744
A male specimen from Kanshirei, September, 1908.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Hurois occuuTa In Essex.—I am glad to be able to record the
occurrence of this fine moth in Essex. Four specimens were taken
ab sugar on July 30th, 1914, in a wood not far from here by my
friends Messrs. J. F. Johnstone and C. Cork. They are all of the
dark form var. passetiwt. I am not aware of any previous record of
this moth having been taken in Essex, and it does not seem to have
been recorded at all recently from the southern half of England.—
(Rey.) T. Aurrep StirF; Grantham, Victor Drive, Leigh-on-Sea.
XANTHORHOE GALIATA var. UNILOBATA IN DEvon.—On July 21st
of this year I took a fine female X. galiata of the dark-banded
o24 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
untlobata form in a lane near Tavistock. South (‘Moths of the
British Isles,’ series ii. p. 195) mentions this form as ‘ occurring in
Yorkshire, Sussex, and probably elsewhere,” so that a record of its
occurrence in Devonshire may prove of interest.—(Rev.) ALFRED
T. Stirr, M.A.
HARLY PUPATION OF LAsiocaAMPA QUERCUS.—During late June of
this year a very large female of Laszocampa quercus, approaching
var. callune, was brought to me in a box. It was in a very ragged
condition, and had deposited a large number of ova. Larve from
these hatched in the usual time and commenced feeding on white-
thorn. As they continued to feed beyond the hibernating stage, I
kept up the supply of whitethorn leaves so long as these were
available. I have since kept them going on bullace and blackthorn
shoots (from the root suckers), also berries and twigs of the white-
thorn. They are now all about full-grown, and several have pupated,
the first one on November 13th. Although I have frequently reared
these larve, and also those of Gastropacha quercifolia, | have not
previously seen them feed right through before. Possibly the long
spell of summer weather accounts for this. In this fen and marshy
district all Lasiocampide are much finer than those I have taken in
Kent.—Herrspert Wm. Baker; 73, Limetree Place, Stowmarket,
Suffolk, November 22nd, 1914.
[Normally, larvee of L. quercus and of G. quercifolia do not
pupate until after hibernation. Sometimes in confinement, however,
it happens that full growth is attained, and pupation effected in the
year that the larvee hatch from the egg.— Ep. ]
SPHINX CONVOLVULI IN NorroutK.—Not having seen any report
of the capture of Sphinx convolvult in your Journal this season,
I thought it might interest some of your readers to know that I had
a very fine freshly emerged specimen brought me during the first
week in September. The person who found the insect was afraid
of it, so put a large jar over it.—Rost. 8. Smirn, Junr.; The Laurels,
Downham Market, Norfolk.
ButtERFLIES IN DERBySHIRE.—This season has been exceptional
for butterflies in Derbyshire. Vanessa to was noted here on Septem-
ber 30th; rather a rare species here. V. wrtice, which has been
scarce of late years, was plentiful. Pyramezs cardui, usually very
rare, was reasonably common. P. atalanta, usually common in
September, was markedly so this year. They were also about late
in October in consequence of the absence of frosts —W. Sr. A. Sr.
JoHn; Derwent House, Derby.
LATE APPEARANCES OF ACIDALIA EMUTARIA AND ‘TOXOCAMPA
PASTINUM IN LINCOLNSHIRE.—On a piece of marshy ground border-
ing the sandhills on the Lincolnshire coast, between Skegness and
Sutton-on-Sea, I netted a specimen of Acidalia emutaria at dusk on
September 4th, and another on September 5th. Both had recently
emerged. On September 7th in a drier portion of the same ground
where Vicia cracce was growing in some profusion, a specimen of
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 325
Toxocampa pastinum was caught flying. Both were presumably
members of a partial second brood, and in the case of T. pastinwm
this is probably worth noting. It is perhaps also desirable that the
locality should be put on record.—W. G. WuirrineHam; Knighton
Vicarage, Leicester.
ARASCHNIA LEVANA REPORTED FROM HEREFORDSHIRE.—I beg to
record the capture of two specimens of A. levana at Symond’s Yat,
near Ross, Herefordshire, between July 20th and 24th last. Another
collector, whom I met in the district, informed me that he had taken
nearly a dozen examples several miles away.—A. W. Huauss;
33, Dacy Road, Everton, Liverpool, October 24th, 1914.
GRAPTA C-ALBUM AND ARASCHNIA LEVANA FROM ForEst oF DEAN.—
Amongst a few Grapta c-albwm recently reared from a Forest of
Dean female, I have bred two aberrations. Unfortunately one is
dwarfed and crippled, but the other is a perfect male. The usual
two spots in the outer area of the primaries are represented by
a small dot, whilst the secondaries have the darker markings spread
over almost the whole of the wing, obliterating the ground-colour
and giving the wings a smeared appearance. This aberration is
rather similar to one I captured in the same district in July, 1912,
except that the wild specimen is of the hutchinsont form, and the
markings are of a deeper brown. Araschnia levana was about in
the Forest during the latter half of July last. Hight specimens fell
to my share, and I heard of five others being taken.—G. B. OLIvER;
October 22nd, 1914.
CoRDULEGASTER ANNULATUS IN THE NympxH Srace.—Following
up a note in the ‘ Entomologist’ of October last (p. 278), I may
mention that on October 2nd I found the nymphs of Cordulegaster
annulatus in some marshes at Augarrack, near Hayle, Cornwall, in
various stages of growth. Some were small enough, I should say, to
have been hatched this season; others were, so far as outward
appearances go, full grown, and might have emerged this summer.
These will not now come out until next June. They certainly can-
not have been hatched later than in June or July, 1913, which would
make their nymph stage two years in all. But they may have been
hatched in 1912. It seems strange they should be full grown,
externally, at any rate, nine or ten months before they emerge.—
Harotp Hoper; 9, Highbury Place, N., November 14th, 1914.
FoRMALDEHYDE USEFUL IN Sertina Insecrs.—lIt is safe to say
that, at some time or other during one’s career as a collector, everybody
has viewed with disgust the relaxing and consequent drooping of
wings of one or more cherished imagines that have been placed in the
cabinet or store-box. It struck me last spring that this might be
overcome by the use of formaldehyde. I think that I may say my
experiment has been crowned with complete success. My procedure
briefly is this:—After the moths or butterflies have been on the
setting board for a fortnight or three weeks—a fortnight is quite
sufficient—place the board with imagines, as they are, in a box that
326 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
is fairly air-tight, containing also a piece of cotton-wool soaked with
40 per cent. of formaldehyde. (I use my travelling-case, and plug up
the perforations at either end with the cotton-wool.) Leave the box
closed for a week, and the imagines are ready to be transferred.
Last year I had a lot of imagines that drooped, but this year, since
using formaldehyde vapour, not one has played me false. To be
quite certain, last week I took two imagines at haphazard, one a
butterfly and the other a moth, and placed them in my corked zine
relaxing-box immediately after I had saturated the cork with boiling
water, closed the box, and left it for five days. On examination both
imagines were found to be soaked with moisture, but neither had
budged in the slightest, and I am certain that I should not have been
able to reset them in a new position. For those who like to change
their setting with every new fashion this night prove a disadvantage,
but for those who know their own minds it would not be a deterrent.
A friend of mine suggested that the formaldehyde might alter the
colours, but so far I have not found this to be the case; it is true
that I have not had a chance to try the process on any of the
“emeralds,” but I might point out that formaldehyde is used largely
in making pathological specimens for museums, where it is very
important to preserve colours. I claim another advantage for my
process. Inasmuch as formaldehyde is a powerful germicide, one can
be sure that every insect that goes into the cabinet goes in sterilized.
There is another point that I am watching with interest, namely,
whether it will check “grease.’’ This is, I believe, a post-mortem
change akin to the formation of adipocere in the human subject, so
that if the insect is thoroughly sterilized it is only reasonable to hope
that the ‘“grease’’ may be checked.-Winston Sr. A. Sr. Joun,
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.; Derwent House, Derby, November 11th, 1914.
SOCIETIES.
THe Soura Lonpon Enromotogican anp Narurau History
Socimty.— October 22nd.—Mr. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S., President,
in the chair—The evening was set apart for an exhibition and dis-
cussion of the genus Anthrocera, introduced by Mr. B. 8. Curwen.
Mr. Curwen exhibited a collection of Palearctic Anthroceride, con-
sisting of some twenty-six species and forms.-—Dr. HE. A. Cockayne,
the series of A. hippocrepidis from the late Mr. J. W. Tutt’s collec-
tion, with various series of A. filipendule, A. trifolu, A. palustris,
and A. lonicere.—Mr. F. H. Stallman, early and late races of A.
irifolir, A. fiipendule, &e—Mr. Buckstone, similar series with sug-
gested hybrid series trifolie x filipendule.—Dr. Chapman, a drawer
of Kuropean Anthroceride captured during the last few years, in-
cluding A. anthyllidis, A. contaminei, A. sarpedon, &¢.—Mr. Hy. J.
Turner, series from many localities, mainly of the five- and six-spotted
species of the Transalpiniformes group.—Mr. L. W. Newman, series
of bred Anthroceridee species.—Papers and notes were read and
communicated by Messrs. Curwen, Cockayne, P. A. Buxton, Turner,
SOCIFTIES. Siar
R. Adkin, &.—Mr. Newman exhibited long varied series of Dzan-
thecia barrettit, bred from Co. Cork and from §. Devon; bred series
of Boarmia repandata from the Wye Valley and from N. Cornwall ;
and a series of the more hybrid popwli x ocellatus.—Mr. Longe, the
same hybrid and a Rumicia phleas from Deal, with the red sub-
marginal band on the hind wing quite wanting.—Hy. J. TURNER,
Hon. Rep. Sec.
Lonpon Naturan History Socirsty.—April 21st, 1914.—Mr.
Bernard Cooper, a fine asymmetrical specimen of Nwmeria pulveraria,
bred in March, 1914, from New Forest ova, in which the band was
obsolete on the right fore wing.
May 19th.—Mr. A. W. Mera, on behalf of Mr. B.S. Williams, a
melanic specimen of Lycia hirtaria, bred at Finchley from wild
pupz.—Mr. A. J. Willsden, the reciprocal hybrids of Lycza hirtaria
and Nyssza zonaria.
June 2nd.—Mr. J. Riches, Colias edusa, ab. helice, bred from
Kastbourne ova.
September 1st.—Mr. H. B. Williams, a short series of Huchloé
cardamines, bred in May, 1914, including a male with extra spot
below the discoidal spot, under side. A long series of Polyommatus
icarus, taken in June at Boxhilland Banstead Downs, showing strong
tendency to obsolescence in the spotting of the under side. Also two
gynandromorphous specimens of Amorpha populz, bred on August 2nd
from June ova.—Mr. W. E. King, specimens of Zizera minima, and
abs. obsoleta and extrema, from Horsley.—Mr. Williams read a short
paper on the season’s collecting.
October 6th.—Mr. G. H. Heath, a fine series of Boarmia repandata
from Lynton, including ab. conversaria—Mr. C. H. Williams,
Polyommatus tcarus, from Ireland, also an obsolete male and ab.
antico-striata, Tutt.—Mr. W. E. King, a series of P. icarus taken at
Horsley this year, including abs. striata, obsoleta, antico-obsoleta,
subobsoleta, postico-apicalis, costajyuncta, melanotoxa, &e.—Mr. L. W.
Newman, a gynandromorphous P. zcarus, having right fore wing
female, remainder male, except one red female lunule on each hind
wing, another chiefly female but having small male patches. Also a
gynandromorphous Agriades thetis, chiefly female but with a splash
of male colour along the costa of the right fore wing; Agriades
coridon ab. minutissumus, and a series of Gastropacha ilictfolia, bred
from a female taken at Cannock Chase in 1913 by Mr. G. B. Oliver.
—Mr. H. B. Williams, a long series of Agriades coridon taken in
August, 1914, in North Herts, including long series of abs. semz-
syngrapha, Tutt, nequalis, Tutt, parisvensis, Gerh., and fine series of
obsoleta and striata under sides, male and female, also a female of the
colour of C. pamphilus, a female with bluish suffusion over the
greater part of the under side of the right hind wing. Also a series
of P. icarus from the same place, including fine blue females, and abs.
melanotoxa, Marrott, brarcuata, Tutt, basijywncta, Tutt, costajuncta,
Tutt, and forms combining melanotoxa, costajuncta and basiuncta ;
also ab. antico-striata, Tutt, four extreme ab. swbobsoleta, Tutt, two
328 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.
ab. obsoleta, Clark, and other interesting forms.—Mr. VY. E. Shaw,
living pup of Cyaniris argiolus——Mr. A. J. Willsden, larve, pups
and imagines of a species of Micro-lepidoptera found feeding in a
cargo of peanuts captured from the Germans. The species has not
been identified—Haronp B. Wiutiams, Hon. Rep. Sec.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETy.—November,
1914.—Meeting held at the Royal Institution, Colquitt Street,
Liverpool; Mr. R. Wilding, President, in the chair.—This being the
opening meeting of the Society 16 was, as usual, devoted to exhibits
of the season’s work.—Mr. FE. N. Pierce showed Carterocephalus
paniscus from Northants, and a large number of Micro-lepidoptera,
including Laspeyresia gemmiferana, Penthina gentiana, and Leioptilus
microdactylus from Devon, also Dicrorampha saturnana.—Mr. A. W.
Hughes brought a long series of Vanessa c-albwm, including var.
hutchinsont, also V. levana from Herefordshire; he reported that the
latter insect seemed to be establishing itself there. By the same
member, a long series of Lycena astrarche and its var. sem-allous
from Silverdale-—Mr. Buckley had a fine series of Odontopera
bidentata var. nigra from Birmingham, also the local form of the
same species from Urmston; varied series of Agrotes ashworthw and
Boarma repandata from North Wales, Dianthecia nana from
Anglesey, and D. capsophila, pale forms, from Hastbourne.—Mr. R.
Tait, junr., brought three large cases containing the results of his
holiday in South Devon; these included Leucophasia sinapis,
Syricthus malve var. taras, Cidaria russata, and var. centumnotata,
as well as varieties of Lycena icarus.. From Penmaenmawr, the
following taken at heather bloom: Agrotis ashworthw, A. lunigera,
A. lucernea, and Mamestra furva; he also found Acidalia contiquaria,
and for the first time captured wild the local melanic form of
Boarmia repandata. From Huddersfield a very fine lot of varieties
of Abraxas grossulariata, which included a grand series of var.
nigrosparsata, and one remarkable specimen having the left side
wings black with a few marginal streaks on the hind wing, while the
wings on the right side were typical.—Dr. J. Cotton brought a fine
specimen of Acherontia atropos, captured at light at Knowsley early
in October.—Mr. R. Wilding showed fine series of Rhopalocera from
the New Forest, Silverdale, and Ireland; noteworthy among these
was a fine row of Irish females of Lycena tcarus—Mr. W. Mans-
bridge brought a long bred series of Aplecta nebulosa, the progeny of
Delamere parents; these included the local type form, var. robsonz
and a scarce leaden-grey variation ; also a short series of Abraxas
grossulariata from Huyton, of which a number were var. lacticolor ;
dark Polia chi from Hebden Bridge, and Odontopera bidentata var.
nigra from wild larvee beaten on Simonswood Moss, in which
locality, although of rare occurrence, this form seems to be
increasing.— Wm. Mansprince, Hon. Secretary.
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InpEex.—As the Special Index is not complete for publication in
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ee a ae
CONTR NPB eae ee
| , ae
Some Tasmanian Bees, 7. D. A. Cockerell, 305. Pee Woske | in, hing re,
(with Plate), H. Rowland: Brown, 308. Acrofiyeta Strigosa, Hadena Atriplicis, .
&e.,in Cambridgeshire, A. Thornall, 313.. An Expedition in seareh of. Russian |
Butterflies (concluded), W.°G. Sheldon, 815. ‘New Species of Heterocern
~from Formosa, A. #..Wileman, 318. Xa ee
Norrs anp Ossprvations.—EHurois occulta in Hasexs Sonthorhoe “ouliateae
unilobata in Devon, T. Alfred Stiff’, 823. Karly Pupation of Fasocampa
quercus, Herbert. Wm. Baker, 824. Sphinx convolvult in Norfoli, Robt..S.
Smith, Junr., 324. Butterflies i in Derbyshire, W. St. A. St: John, 324. Late’
appearances. of Acidalia emutaria and ‘Toxocampa pastinum in Lincolnshire, 3
W. G. Whittingham, 324. Araschnia levana reported from Herefordshire, ‘
A. W. Hughes, 325. Grapta c-album and Araschnia levana from Forest of
Dean, G. B. Oliver, 325. Oordulegaster annulatus in the Nymph Stage,
Harold Hodge, 325. Formaldehyde useful i in Setting Insects, Winston St. ‘A.
St. John, 825. :
Socintirs.—The South London Entomological and Natural History. Society, B26. 4
London Natural History Society, 327. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomolo-
gical Society, 238.
THE PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC CABINET MAKERS.
J. TT. CROCHRETT c& SON
(EsTABLISHED 1847).
Makers of every Description and Size of Cabinets, Cases, Store Boxes, Apparatus, i
and Appliances. f
And Dealers in all kinds of Specimens for Entomologists, Botanists, ‘Ornithologiats,
Geologists, Mineralogists, Numismatists, Conchologists, &e., and for the
use of Lecturers, Science Teachers, Colleges, Students, &e. —
MUSEUMS FITTED AND ARRANGED. f
Specially made Cabinet for Birds’ Eggs and Skins. The Drawers Ataddete in
depth, and are all interchangeable. :
ALL BEST WORK. ESTIMATES GIVEN.
t= All Goods at Store Prices. Great advantages in dealing direct with the Makers.
Send for Full Detailed Price List before ordering elsewhere.
34, RIDING HOUSE STREET, PORTLAND PLACE, WwW.
YOUR OPPORTUNITY! BARGAINS FOR BUYERS!
Insect Cabinets, new condition, from 9/6; 6-drawer Insect 13/6, 8-drawer Egg
19/6. Travelling Case, fitted oval corked boards, 11/6 size 8/-. 3. 16X11 Stores,
new condition, I1/-. Setting House, oval corked boards, store at back, 6/9 ; bap
ditto, flat boards, g/6. Exotic Bird Skins, nearly 3,000, 2/-, 3/-, 4/6, 6/-, 8/6, 10/6,
12/6 doz., approval, carriage paid. Birds’ Eggs in clutches, special list post free.
CHEAP LEPIDOPTERA.
We shall for a short time only offer the Butterflies mentioned below at H'ALF the prices quoted.
They may be had on‘ “appro.” if desired, but orders of not less than 2/6will be accepted at these prices,
and cash must be sent with order. | Brassica 14d.. Rape rd., Napi 2d., Hyale 4d., Sinapis 4d., Edusa 3q.,
Paphia 3d., Valezina 6d., Aurina 3d., Athalia 3d., Cinxia 4d., Semele od., W-album 5d., Egon 2d.; Bellargus
2d., Thaumas ad., Actzeon 4d., Lineola 4d., Malve 14d. lllust. Catalogue Entomological Apparatus free.
J. & W. DAVIS, consterons Museum Works, DARTFORD,
JAMES GARDNER,
MANUFACTURER of ALL KINDS of ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS |
52, HIGH HOLBORN, anp
29, OXFORD STREET, nearly opposite Tottenham Court Road.
4: 1 priceD LISTS’ ON “APPLICATION. : :
All Articles Guaranteed: exchanged if not approved of. Friends and Onstomers
are requested to note the Addresses, as mistakes occur pi cS
re! rele i}
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