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LIBRARY 


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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 


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THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S 


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MONTHLY MAGAZINE: 


CONDUCTED BY 


©. G. BARRETT, FES. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.LS. 
G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.8S. RB. McLACHLAN, FE.RS. 


J. W. DOUGLAS, F.ES. EK. SAUNDERS, F.L.S. 


LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., &. 


SID CO IND) iS ladles eS WOME, AG 


[VOL. XXxX.] 


“The conceptions of great and small exist in our minds only, and in 
relation to ourselves, and for this reason the structures of almost imper- 


ceptible insects are in reality just as admirable as those of animated masses 


of colossal size.”—Osten Sacken. 


es SE er 


t a 
% LONDON: 


GURNEY & JACKSON (Mr. Van Voors1’s Successors), 
1, PATERNOSTER ROW. 


1894. 


12 Garr z 


LONDON : 


NAPIER, PRINTER, SEYMOUR STREET, EUSTON SQUARE, N.W. 


MDCCCXCIV. 


INDEX. 


PAGE PAGE 
CONTRIBUTORS Mersnescnassescccsseectcceees eer i SpeciaL INDEX (continued)— 
Mepidopteray iccc.c- sss corcecessess cuseness Ke 
GENER ME PINDER (;cs5500.csss0) cae cceeehensereert ii Shee = 
INGUTOPLELAy -cse-scocssseeserte oe ceeeeeeenees xi 
SprcraL InpExX— Orthopteragesre ees eee iees xi 
Coleoptera) ciocectsacsceccesuceseseteceetne Vii GENERA AND SPECIES NEW TO SCIENCE... xii 
Dipterayeec.ccccscrcee: TRHOOCEECOUDCOSUOEOOODIGEE viii » » » re) , BRITAIN... xili 
Hemiptera) isis, scot esae econ sees eee ix EXPLANATION OF PLATES .. .....scecceeeeee0s xiv 
Ey MenOpteraicce-sesereesctecses cece cose x EGRURIAT AS, tess suideteces veweed nays cesses sweeten caetense xiv 
, 
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS. 
PAGE PAGE 
JAERI, 105 hs INGIOESK Sonesanaas0s toa co ccenen cooe4ib) Eaton, Rev. A. E., M.A., F.ES. ... 22, 87, 98, 
Babingtoupes Wiss cecccqseces hee 8 133, 162, 194, 261 
Bailey, W. E., F.L.S. .....37 | Edwards, James, F.E.S.. soe tueteee Od 


Bankes, Eustace R., M. he F. E. Sh 30, 39, 80, 
112, 125, 188, 210, 275 


Barrett, C. G., F.E.S....88, 113, 161, 211, 217, 


249, 265 
Beare, T. Hudson ... 2384, 276 
Beaumont, Alfred, F.E.S. ............40, 64, 259 
Bennett, W. H. ... 63, 64 


Bergroth; Kvalds\MeD. ).0.0.0..0.02..0e-e ee LD 
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.U.S. ...............285 
LBs eaTGG (Cr Oh, JOUOSE cos ccaccaccooen cod oned feta, ASS 
Blandford, W. F. H., M.A., F ZS. .........228 
Bloomfield, Rev. E. N., M.A., F.E.S. ......185 
Bouskell, Frank, F.E.S. . Rececapad aacen! oy) 
Bradley, R.C............ 1, 63, 116, 164 
Briggs, C. A., FES. a sebanee ibeualldan 236 
Bromilow, Frank, F.E.S...................88, 114 
Butler, H. A., B.A., F.ELS...........2..0.+2+05.2080 
Campbell, W. Howard ..............0.00.0000. 211 
Warlier MWe VIED sree cess tore ese ee OD 
Carpenter, George H., B.Sc. ............129, 164 


Champion, G. C., F Z.S.......86, 100, 114, 115, 
135, 185, 225, 258, 259 


Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S.......54, 163, 258 
ChinistysiWep Mes HEnS: csenes ste seenceasaeenouo 
Cockerell ipl) WAR WZ See cease. cocsuccoun Dal 
Day, F. H.. Silke. ncnconl 4 


Donations: HL St. i. F. B a 63, 136, 162 
Douglas, J. W., F.E.S. ......17, 28, 40, 73, 87, 
136, 154 


Druce; Hamnltoni Hy, BZ:8) o.oo seis esses ene 9 


Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W. ie ELS... 22, 
68, 92, 168, 284, 


Fraser, Mrs. Jane...........0.....cc00 cee eee eee L4G 
Inbraae, 1ea@aenGl, Ni) Bh sco cos coosoo cee oad acoaco cou coc@U) 
Gardner, J., F.E.S. . Bene naaa casoonsen enced ll GE 
Gardner, Willowchy woudnaneineeneee le 


Goss, Herbert, F.L.S. .. 22, “43. 65, 68, 91, 92, 
120, 168, 264, 283, 284, 


Cromarione, Cho Coy JOIBYSL condos aovocoosneeneoonan ono) 
Elallbertesd ie Niegiscctossceceaennncen eco ae Od 
Hey Reve WC, MiAs coccee-c sco ee 
Hudson, G. V., F.E.S. Lh ceperater nee 
Jacoby, Martin, FES... LcgeeaieaconaenyelG 


Johnson, Rev. W. F., M. ee E. E. S... .10, 38, 
62, 134, 236, 258 


Jones, Albert H., F.E.S.................. .0....175 
Keys, James H. AG ...210, 279 
Nar de dip U8, CS OSs | cashonepeunden PAR ly Pia) 
Klapalek, Prof. F., F.E.S................121, 123 


Knaggs, H. G., M.D., F.L.S. ... 5, 60, 75, 101, 
130, 164, 201, 252, 274 


Lemann, F.C., F.HAS.....................220, 246 
Lewis, George, FLAS. ...........66...050.-32, 244 


McLachlan, Robert, F.R.S..... 39, 52, 85, 164, 
173, 185, 186, 238, 270 


Maskellt Wi Mix ids secthvsurasstetsesensussesaatees LV 
WIE, 122 18) JORIS Gegecoucorasonoacdedcasncse- Gul! 
Matthews, Coryndon, F.ELS.....................89 
Meade, R. H......................69, 107, 186, 156 
Meldola, Prof. R., F.R.S. ...............06.. 161 


i. 


PAGE 
WIG ATEN, 18, JBLIBUS, con doocosece ote son con cos andl) 
Meyrick, E., B.A., F.Z.S. ......... 000000000 +5. 280 
JW MUNHOFD, Hy soosan oo06 aaee .. 85 
Morice, Rev. F. D., MA, RES.. ... 259 


Morton, K. J., F.ES. ... ........- 
Newstead, R., F.E.S. ............. 


62, 212, 257 
..179, 204, 232 


Nicholson, W. E., F.E.S. ...............220, 246 
Norris, A. . ane A agheauaeeaneeeoOe 
Ormerod, Miss E. iy PES. Rater ks LOD 
Packard, A. S., M.D., Bion MNG, 155 
JEMe MR MG sonccoeco.c000 nooo Ale? 


Pierce, F. N., F.E.S...21, 41, 89, 118, 262, 281 
Porritt, G. T., F.L.S. ...12, 223, 231 


PAGE 
Still MayorJiy Ne RS RES Seer eeeeeeeeareyiele 
Sule; Kiareli oc) teeta 
Swale, Harold, M.B. .................. .....16, 124 
MBE NOFe, 1B VBl5 ode soo sod cone Prose secuogl lll 
Thornley, Rev. A., MA. BES. ...280 
Thurnall, A... ee 2, 184 
Tillett “Be Ci ee ee eee 211 
Tomlin, B. ......... B natn 135 


Turner, H. J., ES. . oo 67, 90, ‘ug, . 139, 
167, 188, 216, 237, 263, 283 


Verrall, G. H., F.E.S. ...76, 88, 140 
Wainwright, C. J. .. 20, 41, 66, 118, 138, 166, 

172, 187, 237, 262, 281 
Walker, James J., R.N., F.L.S....18, 115, 133, 


62, 163, 207, 216 
Prideaux, R. M. ........... Tae elo Walstneiien, Leah WRAL, cn Bea 
Richardson, N. M., B.A., F. B. 5. po anol} 5C, 199 
Rye, Bertram G., EES. easels natet eae 976 Watkins, W Sabcon sees ... 38, 211 
Saunders, E., F.I.S...... 35, 115, 196, “254, 2605 Wiattss Charles Wir --ereeeete cere reer ee eeneae ea 
Sharp, D., M.A., MB, TBO RAShoooone S18 8451635) Webbs Sydney, -c..---s-ceaeeee ne eee eee en 
225, 256 | Williams, Elo... :..2...i0- soe eee eed 
Shippiie Wise eseecee ee eee eee ere Oeeeo | Wilson, G. F., AAS, wee is 
Sy iahonaveres JER? 1B océsccecusavecnacobeco oan cca sas oo) | Wood, J. H., vee oe 43, 93, 150, 272 
Smith Wis Wiss ceed grec ebce te suacriee neue eno! Wood, Rev. Theodore, F.E.S. _ 277, 278 
GENERAL INDEX. 
PAGE 
Adicella filicornis, Pict., in the New Forest 185 
Adimonia celandica, Boh., at Westward Ho! 278 
Aépophilus Bonnairei, Sign., in the Isle of Wight 258 
Agriotypus armatus, Curtis, in Perthshire 62 
Aleochara maculata, Bris., at Guildford : 185 
Aleurodes, A new species of, 73; brassicee, Walk., con pene: “of, 39; 
from Dorset, On two species of, 154; proletella, &c., 40 ; rubicola, Dgl... 87 


Aleuropteryx lutea, Léw, identical with Coniopteryx lutea, Wallengr.?, Is ... 121 
Andrena cineraria and fulva in the imago state in December, 63 ; rose, var. 


Trimmerana, A black variety of : Site Pee .. 236 
Anisolabis annulipes, Luc., at Tavistock: an earwig Ssonied for Tats w 124 
Aphodii, Notes on an 276 
Aphodius consputus, Creutz 115 
Aporia crategi introduced at Windsor op a : Bee psd 
Arhopala from Borneo, Description of a new, and note on a species of Tannpiaes 9 
Armagh, Lepidoptera at, in 1893 ... a a en, OS 
Aspidiotus destructor, Sign. ?, What are the Beate Timits oF as pe 2) 
Asymmetry of markings in the Uraniide.. ; 9 
Bactra furfurana bred, with a eserption of the es "183 ; “The isc meet 

of: a correction , 211 
Belfast district, Te mdepeetal in “he 12 


Bittacus chilensis, Cave-frequenting habit of ... 0% he aM tt Peg 


Bluebottle Fly in New Zealand, The European ... See 54, 
Bolitophila luminosa, Observations on the New Zealand eae worm ... 
Bombus soroensis, Fab., at Ilfracombe i a 
Butalis chenopodiella, 184; hitherto Bee tinea Nate on a 
Butterflies, About some Samoan ae 

Callimorpha Hera at home in South Devon 

Calocampa vetusta in January 

Carpocapsa nimbana... 

Catocala fraxini, L., at Norwich 

Cave-frequenting habit of Bittacus chilensis 

Ceuthorrhynchus suturellus, Gyll., &., at Snodland 


Chareas graminis, Linn., in the South of Scotland, Abundance of Seite 
of the Antler Moth sie 

Cheimatobia brumata and its destruction... 

Chigoe in Asia, The ... Bes a5 as “als Bee 88 

Chirotica maculipennis, Gr.: a species of Ichneumonide new to Britain 

Chrysophanus dispar and Noctua rubrosea, The present market value of 

Cionus longicollis, Ch. Brisout: an addition to the British List 

Cloantha perspicillaris at Norwich... REC 

Clunio marinus, Halid. i 2 129, 

Coccide, Notes on some British aha Exotic (No. 27), 28 ; Shesreceus on 
(No. 8), 179; (No. 9), 204; (No. 10) 

Coccids associated with Ants = 

Coccus rubi of Schrank 


Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris) decreasing in numbers in this apanucan 
Is the 


Coleophora potentille, Stn., under an alias 

Coleoptera at Maidstone, 63; at Weymouth and Benin 234 ; ak ee: e- 
fordshire, 279; from the Lake District, 280; in 1893, Rare, 63, 162; in 
1894, 276, 277 ; in Hampshire, Essex, and Kent, 207 ; in the New Forest, 
225; in the Oxford district, 15; in the Plymouth District, 279; near 
Cardiff, 135 ; Stray notes on Kentish Se se fe 

Congratulatory to John William Douglas... 

Controlling the sexes 

Cornwall, Lepidoptera of ‘ he 

Corebus (Buprestidz) from Japan, A new species of 

Crambus ericellus in Cumberland ... 

Crioceris asparagi, L., Curious locality for 

Decticus albifrons, F., at Ramsgate 

Deilephila euphorbiz, L., abundant near Biskra, Pipocian 

Deiopeia pulchella, L., Aberration of 

Devon, Notes on Lepidoptera from 

Devonshire, Two new species of Ichneumonide from iy “af i 

Diastata new to Britain, ue of the eee genus, 64; The soppsed 
new British species of .. : 

Diptera, A second hundred new British species of, 76, 140 ; 2 in ‘1893, wee, 16; 
Mimicry in, 177 ; Two new British . 


Douglas, John William, Congratulatory to 


lv. 

Dytiscus dimidiatus at Askham Bog 

Echinomyia ursina ... at Bu ee a 

Energy, Do male moths require more than females ? 

Entomology of a London bakehouse, The... 

Ephestia elutella, Notes on the larva of 

Epunda lutulenta, var. sedi, in Cumberland 

Erebia Epiphron in Scotland, The typical 

Eriogaster lanestris in Devon, Note on ie aoe 

Eriopeltis Lichtensteinii and Signoretia luzule in Scotland 

Eros (Platycis) minutus in Nottinghamshire 

Essex, Coleoptera in Hampshire, Kent, and 

Eumicrus rufus near Shirley re ee 

Eumolpopsis, Jacoby, a new name for Pseudeumolpus ... 

Exochlenus, Shipp: a new genus of Leucospidee 

France, Notes on Lepidoptera in the South of 

Gracilariz, Accidental transposition of figures of two aS ee nb 

Grease, 37; in old specimens of Lepidoptera, 61; Moth, An attempt to 
account for, with notes on its cure ve ether, 5; solvents, A comparison of 
Moth- Bes 

Hampshire, Essex, and Ronit, Coleen eran in ree A 

Heliophobus popularis in the North of France, Great suo of ‘ihe larve 
of tes : 

Hewmimerus, Dr. Hansen on ; ; “ee ee 

Hemiptera, An addition to the list of British, : 254; ae additions and 
corrections, 101; in Ireland, Lygus atomarius and other ... 

Hepialus humuli in Lanarkshire, Occurrence of the yellow male of, 212; 
virescens and other early spring insects in New Zealand, Notes on 

Herefordshire, Coleoptera from é t : 

Heydenia, Hfm., A new genus separated Aon oath trea of a new 
English species .. 

Homalota (itenance) U ateatarens &e., at “Guildford ; 

Hymenoptera, Additions and corrections to the list of British Revise, 35, 
196 ; in Shetland and Orkney, 259; Rare Aculeate Nae 

Ichneumonide from Devonshire, Two new species of, 255; new to Britain, 
Chirotica maculipennis, Gr., A species of 

Japan, On new species of Trogositidee from 

Kent, Coleoptera in Hampshire, Essex, and 

Kentish Coleoptera, Stray notes on 

Kyanizing : 

Lake District, Connie fon “ho, 


Lampides, Note on a eReee of, and description of « a new Aston fron 
Borneo ... ae 

Larva of Ngmestens anceps, The 

Latheticus oryze, C. O. Waterh. 

Lecanium rubi, Schrank A AN, ae re 

Lepidoptera at Armagh in 1893, 38; at Nazecaiber ‘qe ; of Cornwall, 37 ; 
from Devon, Notes on, 211; in the Belfast district, 12; in the South of 
France, Notes on, 175; Micro-, from Norfolk and Scotland including an 
addition to the British List, 50; Preoccupied generic names in, 2380; 
Searcity of, 258 ; Spring ue 


PAGE 
115 


116 
69 
85 

185 
62 

211 

235 
17 

230 

207 

136 
16 

245 

175 

112 


201 


207 


235 
256 


64 


iL 
279 


gg 
135 


132 


V- 


List of British Tachiniide, Supplement to Annotated ... Ry. sca OB) W718 
“ Liste des Anthicides,” par M. Pic 86 
Lita instabilella, Del., and its nearest British oils 80, 125,188; suzedella not 

found in Lancashire _ 275 
Lithocolletis triguttella, Stn., a dies of ib Seta 30 
Lithosia complana in the North of Ireland 211 
Lophopteryx carmelita in the New Forest : 210 
Lygus atomarius, Mey., and other Hemiptera in Teseevel 64 
Mamestra anceps, The larva of... aa Hse ae Ae ahs 111 
Merodon equestris, Notes of 164 
Mesoleius Bignellii, Bridgman, at Pitlochry 40 
Meteecus paradoxus in one wasp’s nest, Large number of 235 
Microrrhagus pygmeus in the Plymouth district 210 
Mimicry in Diptera ... : “3 ee es a: see LT 
Molannodes Zelleri, McL., On the spate case of, and some notes on the larva 123 
Morecambe, Lepidoptera at a 12 
Musca (Calliphora) vomitoria in New Fos & see an % 54, 130 
Myrmeleonide from Aden, Palpares Walkeri, a remarkable new species of 173 
Nepticula confusella, a new birch-mining species 6 me Le soo IZA 
Nepticule, with a view to their better recognition, Notes on the earlier 

stagesof ... nee : - tee ... I, 43, 93, 150 
Neuropterous Fauna of New ello fone neuncton to the; with notes on 

certain described species a ie ae us ae fa 238, 270 
New Forest, Coleoptera in the a Bee ie a 225 
New Zealand, Some additions to the Neuropterous fauna of, with notes on 

certain described species, 238, 270; the European Blowfly in... 54, 136 
Norfolk and Scotland, Micro-Lepidoptera from, including an addition to the 

British list ae 50 
Nothochrysa capitata in Surrey, 186 ; 5 tim Tonite 3 aul 
OBITUARIES :—Carden, Major-General George, F.E.S.,65; rial Prof, mes 

August, Hon. F.E.S., 18; earder Coane Jonathan. M.D., 

65; Lethierry, Lucien Francois, 137; Machin, William, 214; 

Spangberg, Dr. Jacob, 137 ; Weir, John Jenner 116 
Odontzeus mobilicornis at Woking... 163 
Gdour of Olophrum piceum 16 
Oleate of Copper : 5 
Olophrum piceum ; Odour of 16 
Osphya bipunctata at Chattenden, Kent ... ack oe te 163 
Palpares Walkeri, a remarkable new species of Myrmeleonide from Aden 173 
Papilio Machaon L., in the Ziban, Algeria, Food-plants of 162 
Pararge Megera in October 10 
Patent Postal Box without packing 101 
Pentaria Oberthiiri, Champ. a 115 
Pericoma from Delagoa Bay, Description of a new species of, 194; revisenda, 

Etn., and Psychoda erminea, Etn., near Sherborne, Dorsetshire 261 
Perlide, Why are large, resident in Scotch but not in Swiss lakes ? LenS 
Phibalapteryx lapidata, Hb., in Glen Messin, Argyleshive, 275; in South 

Argyleshire, 275; in South Lanarkshire ; Stirlingshire 257 


vi. 
Phylloxera punctata, Licht., at Hereford ... 
Pieris raps, Early appearance of ... 
Pin, An improved Entomological, 252; the new Taal. 
Platycephala Olivieri, Montr., Note on 


Plusia gamma, Abundance of Vanessa cardui aha 162 ; moneta at Hastbourne, 


PAGE 
258 


88 
274 
31 


211; at Tonbridge, 88; in Norfolk ... 211 
Plutella cruciferarum, Abundance of 210 
Plymouth District, Coleoptera from the 279 
Preoccupied Generic names in Lepidoptera 230 
Pselaphus dresdensis at Armagh 134 
Pseudeumolpus, Jacoby, renamed Eumolpopsis ... 16 
Pseudonosoderma, v. Heyd., The genus 114 
Psocide, new to Britain, Two species of . a . 243 
Psyche and its allies, The British species of the genus, 217, 249, 266 ; ida: v. 

Milliérella, B ms 38 
Psychodide, Synopsis of British 22 
Psylla, On a new species of... 171 
Ptomaphagus varicornis, Rosenh., &c., at Guildford ss ry, 259 
Pyrameis cardui, L., in Ziban, Algeria, Abundance of, 98; (2nd notice) 183 
Pyrenees, A holiday in the ... tee se ae atk ies 3 220, 246 
Pyrochroa pectinicornis in Herefordshire... a8 ae is | 163 
Raphidia notata, F., and R. maculicollis, Steph., common in He New Reece 186 
Reviews :—“ The Butterflies of North America, 3rd Ser., Pt. xiv:” be 

W. H. Edwards, 17; “ Alternating Generations; a biological 
study of Oak Galls and Gall Flies: by Hermann Adler, M.D., 
translated and edited by C. R. Straton, F.R.C.S., F.E.S., 136 ; 
“The Butterflies of North America:” by W. H. Edwards, 
214; ‘“‘ Abstract of Proceedings of the South London Entomo- 
logical, &c., Society for 1892 and 1893,” 215; ‘“Coleotteri 
Italiana :” del Dott. A. Griffini ... 215 
Samoan Butterflies, About some we < by: a 146 
Scotland, Micro-Lepidoptera from Norfolk and, momting an addition to the 

British list 50 
Signoretia luzule and Eriopeltis Lichtensteinii in Scotland iy 
Smicronyx cecus, Boh., at Portland 210 


Societies :—Birmingham Entomological Society 20, 40, 66, 117, 187, 165, 187, 
236, 262 280 

Entomological Society of London ... 21, 48, 68, 99, 119, 167, 264, 283 

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society ... 20, 41, 89, 118 

262, 281 


Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (Entomology) 


138 


South London Entomological, &c., Society 41,66, 89, 118, 139, 166, 187, 
215, 237, 262, 282 


Solenopsis fugax, Latr., &¢., near Weymouth 
Stylopized 2 of Andrena Gwynana, race bicolor, captured in cop. 
Subaquatic Curculionide in the Hastings district 


Syrphus guttatus, Fall., new to Britain 


Tachiniide ; Supplement to Annotated list of British ... a 69, 107, 156 


213 
213 
64 
39 


Thermobia domestica and its occurence in the United States, Note on, 155; 


furnorum, Rovelli, at Hastings, 


185; a heat loving Thysanuran, in 
London Bakehouses, 52; Note on, 84, 111; 


and Lepismodes inquilina, 


Newman se ae 85 
Throscus elateroides, Hess, at Chincha 163 
Tinea pallescentella in a wasp’s nest 113 
Tinodes unicolor, Pict., in Ireland... : aaa ae Pre Fee ... 286 
Trioza centranthi, Vall.,in England ; Discovery of _... a sds eal 
Trogositide from Japan, On New Species of 32 
Uraniide, Asymmetry of markings in the i sts vie cbs 9 
Vanessa Atalanta and urtice at Christmas, 38; cardui, Abundance of, 210; and 

Plusia gamma, Abundance of... 162 
Vespa austriaca, Panz. 212 
Weymouth and Portland, Asleonten ati a us aa seb 1. 234 
Wing expansion in a butterfly delayed by low foetus ae i = «84 
Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata) and its destruction as : 4, 
Xanthia ocellaris alive at Wimbledon, 111; at Twickenham, 161; ‘Soak, a 

British insect 161 

SPECIAL INDEX. 

COUROETER™: Nem |) (CSHDE CORMNOCIES 4 o2.603935 yascodosocc0 et 
Acupalpus flavicollis .............+------.------ 207 } Coccinella 5-punctata ............0..0620..... 279 
Adimonia clandica ........................... 278 | Colon rufescens, 259; viennense............ 259 
Agaricophagus cephalotes ...............15, 259 | Corzbus-niponicus (sp. n.), Lewis’......... 244, 
Aglycyderes (Platycephala) Olivieri ...... 31 | Coryphium angusticolle ................... 14 
i: NST HIKES VATOEES “Goscccecbescdseuosssoosesonsoonss ZPAD || IDE ARES HUMNSCR ...cossdanaoaoasaccee 63, 278 
ANIGOC TENE TNA GMENEL 5: soncsancacosndesoacosees We) |] ID imillms SHEN TEYeANS! Sosctscasecoocncconea coonsoss ES? 
INTERTIIS CORES! ences sosede zsccssccoeen, LEAS CHT ||| JOA I CUMMIEY cas cep coasccouancdusscoonesece 19 CUY/ 
Anchomenus livens . .....................16, 208 | Dytiscus dimidiatus ........................... 115 
Anitys rubens Fe ey ee Oi eo 7 Elaphrus uliginosus ........................... 278 
Anoplodera sexguttata ........................ 228 | Elater lythropterus, pomone...... .....227, 277 
AN ATECOR TORGLIEY nox ccacepnecces cocanocposces: (8S) |] IDATMNTANIS THREAD, coos asasosdoosevoon cos covcce FD) 
Anthicides, Species of, referred to ......... 86 | Humicrus rufus ........................... 136, 276 
L\ard braless MISTS coo soncopcscccecaocsosepcancen 6B) || LIGAOISNCMEIS ooncosdaccocnonstonscosc0oncrc3.000 IR 
Aphanisticus! pusillus) feeseecesseess seen) LON sy OnUS pic pesiessss.eeedeeen eeeeePereer een OT) 
Aphodius consputus, 115; fcetens, sub- COONS WOVE 05 spacesnosnoscooes. secaencoe PRLS 
terraneus, 276; Zenkeri ...... 15, 276, 277 | Gymnusa brevicollis ........................... 184 
Asemum striatum ... ....................-.---. 277 | Hallomenus humeralis ........................ 208 
Athous rhombeus .................. ........... 227 | Haplocnemus impressus .............--....-. 276 
Bagous frit, &¢. ...........02s0cccse0000000+e2... 64 | Harpalus discoideus, 63; servus...... . ... 209 
BalaninussceraSonum’ssceseesereesce teers Ie TT, Hister merdarius, 226; stercorarius ...... 135 

Cznopsis fissirostris ............... 225, 276, 279 | Homalota hepatica, 226; pagana, 15, 135; 
Caloderamimbrosamers ee eeeee ae eae OD TEVIOMESRIEED, <-conncodo cos caocdansececasoaa Ly) 
Carciuops 1A-striata ..........:.......-..:..... 209 | Hydrzna gracilis, pygmea ......... ........ 279 
Ceuthorrhynchus resedz, 63 ; eae: Hydroporus oblongus, 116; scalesianus... 116 
UB BIZ WINDS cccroconscoss yoncnsceoesusscse AUS || liscornarclay eiaerntiono Vb, sasncaneonance ancson OB 
Cicones variegatus ..............sss.000ss0006-. 227 | Ischnomera sanguinicollis .............. 228, 276 
Crontisploneicollisteemsnese- peace iin ee LOO mil muathehicusionyZasn ceesiad essence eseeen eo 


vill. 


PAGE 
Leptidea brevipennis ...........-....00000e008 279 
Leptinus testaceus ...............000sce0ceeeeeee 279 
Lixus paraplecticus 3 Bly 
Mecinus Circulatus............s00seeceneeesee eee 2OT 
Microrrhagus pygmeus ..................210, 227 
Mycetophagus piceus, 207, 227, 277; 
quadriguttatus seetenedeneeseceane ee0S. 
Myrmedonia collaris ...............-:5.:00004:. 184 
Nossidium pilosellum co Ne 
Ocypusspedatonpereeeseeer estes eee meal 
Odontzus mobilicornis........................ 163 
Olophrum piceum ............0....e cee = 16 
Omosita depressa .............:0 000000 eee 277, 279 
Oncomera femorata ..........:.0seceeeeeeeee 16 
Opilo mollis Bast adac betaecan (208 
Osphya bipunctata................:. ee 168 
Ostoma higonia, valida (spp. n.), Lewis .. 34 
Pediacus derimestoides .......2....-0+0eeceee02 227 
Philonthus addendus ..................2.... 14 
Phytcecia cylindrica ..............-0.:0:0000. 63 
Platycis minutus .............4.......-+.-.- 14, 280 
Plegaderus dissectus ..........2..0200000200e-e 184 
Polydrusus flavipes .. 228 
Potaminus substriatus . . 280 
Pselaphus dresdensis...............-..0000000. 184 
Pseudeumol pus .............se eee reece eens 16 
Ptenidium Gressneri, 226; tur hepa aeatce 227 
Ptomaphagus varicornis hoe .. 259 
Pyrochroa coccinea, 228; pectinicornis... 163 
Quedius truncicola............... .....eseceeees 226 
Saprinus virescens.............00000eeeee ee LA, 209 
Silusamubicinosaypeeeeeeteseere reese 2O8 
Smicronyx cacus RES eeT . 210 
Sphodrus ease oNthalnees aeeceeee 8D 
Staphylinus latebricola ..................208, 226 
Synaptus filiformis . 277 
Synchita juglandis..... ..........cc0e0ceeeeee s 227 
Tenebrioides ocularis (sp. n.), Lewis ...... 34 
Throscus elateroides ..........2.-..0e0-s e200 163 
Thyamis agilis HOBBES HAD ER Cora oy 
Thymalus laticeps, parviceps, punctidor- 
sum (spp. n.), Lewis .................... 33 
Triarthron Markeli jo BUM 
Trichopteryx angusta capsaeseeadd CHG) 
WVelleims dilatatus) <2o-c-cee e---eeeceee sees 220 
Zeugophora flavicollis 3 Ale 
DIPTERA. 
Aciura rotundiventris ...............-... 145 
Allodia crassicornis, ornaticollis ............ 17 
ANTE, @VWENE, c500060008605n00dea9a000 so0se0c09 US 


PAGE 
Anthracophaga frontosa ............-...:.... 146 
Aphria angustifrons (sp. n.), Meade ......_ 70 
Aporotachinayeeceereeeeeeete cece een OS 
Aulacigaster rufitarsis .............:0000sse00s 146 
Baumhaueria albocingulata .. . 158 
Bithia cinerea (sp. mn Meade, frontata 
0) 2] 1 ECP E NEM oaaw sAnanocsacsoncene oo... (1! 
Blepharoptera Hance hduiegintetde deed 
Bolitobia luminosa.............20.seceneneeee-ee 2OZ 
Bombylius canescens, 17; major............ 16 
Brachycampta alternans, 77; amcena, 78 ; 
bicolor, 77; priseicollis, hastata, se- 
rena . PEE reco stoonocscctico | Ze 
Been erratica, .....3 ceed ee em) 
Cacoxenus indagator ...... leomeses L146 
Calliphora erythrocephala ... 54, 136 
Callomyia amcena ..........ceeeceeeee neers 16 
Calobata adusta, trivialis ..................... 145 
Cephalops villosus .. Peres nsdounee | LANL 
Ceratopogon ee Wiese candidates 
rubiginosus, solstitialis, unimaculatus 140 
Chilosia grossa, 16; plumulifera............ 141 
Chlorops puncticollis... ssiseelsne eee 4G 
Clidogastra sec poets, tarsea, vit- 
tata 36 BEM aer Ses eeeninonndas coo ace. 414) 
Clunio marinus ...129, 164 
Conops versicularis 17 
Cordyla flaviceps, semiflava................. 77 
Cordylura umbrosa . 148 
Cricotopus pilitarsis ............ 79 


Criorrhina berberina, foccgnee Oxy: Res 17 

Degeeria Dalii (sp. n.), Meade, 159; pul- 
chellla, fenciewcssos . 158 

Diastata basalis, fimnivenniee 64, 89; ni- 


gripennis, 89 ; obscurella ............64, 89 
Disstriaatridinela... a 17 
Drosophila obscura . 145 
Dryomyza decrepita ...............:00...0... 144 
Dynastosoma nigricoxa...............000. 77 
Echinomyia ursina . 116 
Empis brevicornis, prodromus............... 140 
Epicampocera ambulans ..................... 142 


Hristalis enea, 17; cry aCe on ee 
GINA, <00 001560 000 peel 


Exechia interrupta, spinigera, tanuteonme 78 
xonistaylibatrixas 45) -eeeee eee eeeeanL Oy 
Germaniasnuticeps) ss.-.5- eee 
Gonia divisa eee 
Goniomyia schistacea . 140 
Gymnocheta Viridis ..............0..:cceeee 17 
Haplegis divergens ; .. 146 
Helophilus hybridus, anetine. ¢ trivittatus 16 
Hilara canescens, cornicula ................. 141 


PAGE 
Hydrotza dentimana... rf vbgteee DAS 
Hyetodesia boleticola, cin ase. 142 
Hylemyia penicillaris 143 
Hypostena procera.. Ssshssccsnaestee me LOS 
Lispe oasitenin 3 eonu, pulchels sil 
PANTO) cosoeaccans : ssssacciseen 4D: 
Lonchoptera ee sccaavece seco eee a 
Loxocera fulviventris 145 
Miacquantiayaiimis) s-5-ss<.ccc-eaeeeeceeteece aL Or 
Macrocera crassicornis .........:2-eeeeeee 79 
Mallota eristaloides ...... 255 
Masicera interrupta, virilis .................. 157 
Meigenia majuscula ...................0504--- 157 
Melanostoma quadrimaculata ............... 16 
Merodon equestris ............++++ ...17, 164 
WOE WEL @BTENEY 3 Gepgecousdocacedenecedodacca see, 2M a) 
Mycetaulus bipunctatus .................... 145 
Mycctophila lineola, luctuosa, Smee 
vittipes Seeders 76 
Miyobiaivetustalesr see eteeronceeee ee LOO 
Myxexorista macrops ..............-00-0+2+6-.. 142 
Neera atra . See eteeeen T 
Nemorza Pabeate 107 ; Poh 
(sp. n.), Meade 160 
Nephrocerus flavicornis...............++2 sees. 250 
(Edalea Holmgreni 141 
Oncomyjlanoraweerene ees ere neers, 
ach ymeriaypalparlsmsercer-ereeeeecereseerer aL aL 
Bachyrrhinaicrocata easscecnaceseoeesecccteeee) Lal 
JPATAGNSHIACELUS eee ee aes etaeacsesck eas ceeoties: Lae 
Pelidnoptera nigripennis ..................... 145 
Pelotachina.. Ree te 109 
Pericoma eels oo n.), Faton ects 195 
Phalacrocerareplicatayeesr--reeeereeciese eee LT. 
Phorocera pumicata ............-06...005- 159 
Phronia basalis, cinerascens, crassipes, 78 ; 
dubia, flavipes, 79; forcipula, ( Girsch- 
neri, 78 ; splendida ans en) 
Phyllomyza securicornis .............. ...... 146 
Phyto melanocephala, niger.................. 160 
Pipunculus varipes eevee L4L 
Platychirus fulviventris, 17; latimanus, 
(Ge Hapiewleynwss -sercoengcootcenenoonace CH 
Platyura cincta, nana, semirufa ............ 79 
Plesina nigrisquama .................-.5- 159 
Roecilostolay punctatayee--.-eesneee eee LT 
Porphyrops nasata, penicillata .... ........ 141 
Psychodide, Distribution of ..... 22—26, 261 
Rhamphomyia prelates filata, Cale scia- 
LA Ampere es isa cacdey netsh meets LAO 
by OSiarenistataecweevneseneercenesen Ae 
Sapromyza biumbrata, flaviventris ........ 144 
Sarcopsylla penetrans 228 


PAGE 
Scatopse pulicaria ..........cccesceeereeeeeeeeee 7D 
Sciomyza pallida, simplex 144 
Sepedon sphegeus ..........ssceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 17 
Sepsis pilipes ......... 02. .ee cee cee cesses see eeeeee 145 
Sericomyia borealis, lappona 17 
Simulium latipes, nanum, ornatum ...... 79 
Spilogaster protuberans 143 
Spilographa abrotani... 145 
Stomphastica decora .. : .. 144 
Syrphus cee bacbiftons, 2 ; gutta 
(HEE) <contoo es 5 . 39 
Tanypus griseipennis, Sentininostes orna- 
tus, trifascipennis ...............00+. 79 
Tephritis proboscidea stiecwa 145 
Tephrochlamys flavipes................2000-. 144 
Thryptocera latifrons............secsceceeceeeee 72 
Tipula vittata .. ud 17 
Xylota abiens, ene, sy ieee afore ee Ne 17 
HEMIPTERA. 
Aepophilus Bonnairei : . 258 
Aleurodes avellana, 154; Brassica’ ‘39, 40; 
proletella, 40; rubicola 87; spirexe 
(sp. n.), Douglas... ...73, 154 
Anthocoris confusus . . 65 
Aspidiotus abietis 179; Pe lceencne 
cocotis, 58; destractor, ee 57; 
neril, 58 ; palmarum .. nae . 58 
Cicadula Dahlbomi, 104; livida 1 6. ») 
Edwards ......... . 104 
Coccide, Mizration e. Renecdarecenmbascecnpnce” 74s) 
Goccustrulbileenecyesese css cssiaseeqesecaeeaee aed 
Corixayselecta: iu. na caeetueessesessetcosersecon OL 
Deltocephalus distinguendus, Falleni, 
Flori, paleaceus, 105; Panzeri ......... 106 
Dicyphus stachydis 65 
Eriopeltis Lichtensteini ote 17 
Exeretopus (g. oe peunertioals (> 1") 
Newstead... é seeeee 204 
Fiorinia Sulcii Ger n. 5) omen SeeEOrG 232 
Gerris argentata, 64; Costz 65 
Jassus morio ‘ 104 
Lecanium Heciendam, Tan 29; per shore 
atum (sp. n.), Newstead, 233; rubi, 17, 136 
Lecanopsis formicarum...............+e.+01-.. 206 
Leucaspis pini ........... “181, 232 
Limotettix aurantipes (eee n. ) magrde 
103; 5-notatus wabhlesdase. ieee LOS 
Lygus atomarius 64 
Nabis flavomarginatus ............s:cceee 65 
Phylloxera punctata ..........:...00....0-00.2. 20 
Plagiognathus (Agalliastes) evanescens 254 
Pollinia grandis (sp. n.), Newstead ........ 182 
Prosopophora, genus ...... Weebeaetts 30 
Pseudoceccus aceris .......0..0. see e506 eave 87 


PAGE 
Psylla acaciz (sp. n.), Maskell............... 171 
Pulvinaria oxyacanthe ...... 6... 628 
Salda cincta, morio, orthochila ....,....... 65 
Scolopostethus neglectus .................... 64 
SHiemoneine MOWAWIIED 5555sscss00005s one usesuas sooo IL 
Thamnotettix cyane, 104; striatulellus 
(Gos We), WGIGEWEIS “Gosccocs wcoe suowaseoo MOP! 
Mivozaycentranthiteeeeeeseeeeee eee eee ee COL 
HYMENOPTERA. 


Andrena apicata, 197; cineraria, 63; 
fucata, 197; fulva, 63; Gwynana, 213; 
helvola, 197; rose ..................197, 236 

Bombus agrorum, cognatus, muscorum, 
198; nivalis, 260; Smithianus, 198, 
259; soroensis, 261; variabilis, venus- 


Cerceris emarginata, quadricincta ......... 36 
Chirotica maculipennis...... ................. 40 
CHAO INAETETEDS og5ucc 050 canons 9c0 5004000500000 aD 
Kxochlenus (gn. ey Stn saeco ea 
Megachile versicolor .............6.000.0.+00+.. 197 
MesoleiusBionel aigyecrs.--5-e--peenee eee a0 
Miascophusiconcolors sss eee eee oD 
Myrmecina Latreillei...................... 0... 213 
Pemphredon Shawlondl, Gomer. Mee id 35 
Pimpla Bridgmani (sp. n.), Bignell ...... 255 
Pompilus acuminatus, sericeus ............ 35 
Praon absinthii (sp. n.), Bignell ............ 255 
Prosopis Masoni (sp. n.), Saund. ............ 196 
Salius motatulus jasseecseeeeecoceceeeeeeee ee OO 
Solenopsispiusaxceeeeee eee eee eee eee oS 
Sphecodes divisus ............c0cse:eeeeeeeeeees 196 
Sti, MUSTO skiyleeeeeseeee eee eee eee oO. 
Wespayaustriacayaas seeerece ere eee Om cile! 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Abraxasspantariauneeee se eeree eee eee S 
Acidalia imitaria, 212; ornata ............ 176 
Apamea fibrosa, 12,13; ophiogramma... 18 
Arctia villica, 211; purpurea ... ........... 248 
Argynnis Daphne, pales, Pandora.......... 247 
Arhopala elopura (sp. n.), Druce............ 10 
Atella Bodenia .......... niioutwumnaceke lS 
Bactra furfurana, 183, 211; eeabal .. 184 


Boarmia repandata, var. conversaria ...... 212 
Botys asinalis, 212, 224; lancealis ......... 212 


Butalis chenopodiella, 184; dissimilella, 


RVC I NEVIS aoa csoso>s00 soe cnosmosccaso sus LNB} 
Callimonphiay Hera meee ee eee cS 
Calocampa vetusta .... 0.0.0... cece. 62 


Carpocapsa nimbana ..... Uhura tenure tan GA: 


PAGE 
Cataplectica Farreni .................. 00. .0+ ++, 200 
Watocalay frames estesse te eeese eee eee ee) 
Charzas graminis ..................-..... 169, 236 
Cheimatobia brumata .............c00000. 4 
Chrysophanus Alciphron, 246; dispar, 

1; dorilis, virgaurez .................. 246 
Cirrheedia xerampelina .....................18, 38 
Cloantha perspicillaris ............ ........... 88 
Coenonympha Cidipus.....................221, 248 
Coleophora potentille ............ .. 112 
Colias Edusa, 175, 223 ; ae ale, 1116, 223 ; 

Phicomone .......... . 223 
Crambus ervicellus .....0....:.2:-;..seeeeeee) LAB 
Cyclopides Morpheus .....................221, 248 
Danais Plexippus ............ ieccee LAG 
Deilephila euphorbie, 133 ; ‘Tivennied seen 212 
Weiopera pulchellacss.--ees- eee ee 
Deragena Schmelzii ...... ..........:..:002-:. 147 
Doritis\A\pollimaryee--ee eee eee eee eee 
Drepanalunguiculaeeeeceee eee eee eee! 
Elachista archzeonoma) <--0---s--seeesesse eed 
Enny,chia cingulalis) 33eee-eeee eee eee 
Ephestia elutella, 185 ; Kithniella Reeatcts 86 
Epichnopteryx calvella, fusca, dae reti- 

cella, 250; undulella . ‘ei eeeeomooll 
Epinephile Janira, 248 ; Pasiphaé safeamia 176 
Epunda lutulenta, var. sedi .................. 62 
Erebia Epiphron, 211; var. pyrenaica, 


247 ; epistygne, 176; Euryale, 248; 
Evias, 176, 247; lappona, Manto, 
var. Cecilia, icles, var. Lefebrei, 
247; Gime, 247 ; Pronoé, var. pyren- 
aica, 248; Stygne, 247 ; hes 
var. Dromus fahiee ... 248 


212, 935 
176, 221, 222 


Fumea betulina, 267; crassiorella, 265; 
intermediella, roboricolella, 266; sa- 


Kriogaster lanestiis see 
Euchloé euphenoides ............... 


licolella, tabulella ...........0............ 268 
Glyphipteryx equitella ...... 0.0... 18 
Gonepteryx Cleopatra, 175, 223; rhamni, 

132, 175, 223 
Gracilaria Kollariella, ononidis ............ 112 
JalEOKENEY GOMAEAWEY oc aooasocsecascboussasovcsos0 ~~ ILS) 
Heliophobus popularis ........................ 235 
Hepialus humuli, 212; virescens ......... 11 
Hibernia leucophearia ... .................... 182 
Homeeosoma senecionis ...................... 13 
Hypolimnas bolina, var. otaheite ......... 147 
Junoniagvellidal feare cee eee sae ene eeeee eee 
IGEN CKS (ATAAWVIEE, co ccsccc css asy coboosocoscne-0 ©) 
Bam\pronialluzellay esses eae eee eee 
Leucophasia Duponchelii, sinapis ......... 175 


PAGE 
Lita atriplicella, 83, 191, 192; instabi- 
lella, 81, 126, 191; obsoletella, 125, 
192, 193; ocellatella, 81, 127, 191; 


plantaginella, 82, 191, 194;  sali- 

corniz, 80,188; suedella ...81, 191, 275 
Lithocolletis faginella, triguttella ......... 30 
nihosiarcomip lan apes see cee eee 
Lophopteryx carmelita .. iS poceaemeare lO: 


Lycena Amanda, Arion, Angindes ieee 
246; communis, 148; melanops, 175; 
orbitulus, var. pyrenaica, 246; Orion, 


Gime VVOOGLOLGi ees eae ere AS 
Mamestra anceps .......... .. Lil 
Melanargia Lachesis, 221, 247 : “ gyllins 176 
Melanitis Leda ............... .. 148 


Melitzea Artemis, var. winiote O47: var. 
provincialis, 176; Deione, Parthenie 247 


132, 176, 246 
Nemeophila plantaginis ..................... 211 


Nepticula anomalella, 3; atricollis, 93; 
betulicola, 96, 98; confusella (n. sp.), 
Wood, 272; continuella, 97, 98; dis- 
tinguenda, 96, 98; fulgens, 49; gra- 
tiosella, 2, 47, 48; ignobilella, 47, 
48; lapponica, 95, 98, 273; luteella, 
97, 98; minusculella, 94; oxyacan- 
thella, 48, 94; pygmeella, 47; pyri, 
94; regiella, 48; salicis, 3; septem- 
brella, 1; subbimaculella, 158 ; wae 


Nemeobius Lucina .................. 


rella, 49; woolhopiella .. 2 
Noctua See te eminent ttl Saray 1i 
MWryctalemontOrontesmc see eeteee eee 
(iicophorasambdell ager ees eno 
Olitdiatmlimanseeeeeeees ee eee eee eee unl 
Oxyptilus eeiatiyiael Wiieresieivoesecee LS. 
Pamplusia mercuriana ......... 13 


Papilio Godeffroyi, 148; Maenaene 162; 


Podalirius, var. Feisthamelii ......... 222 
12h ieee SIGCHI) acaaaprecoacs taco eye soacoacor,. 140) 
Parnassius Apollo, Mnemosyne ............ 222 
iPeroneawwarnleranay e-ssseree tena OS 
Phragmatobia fuliginosa..................183, 212 
Pieris Callidice, 222; Daplidice ...... 175, 222 
Phycis carbonariella, dilutella ............... 13 
Phibalapteryx lapidata ...............18, 257, 275 
lA Bani plbel TER HNRY saacesnanacseoscosoeseo5 Je} 
Plusia festuce, 12; gamma, 162; Sis 
88, 211 
Platellarcrneiterarume cee cere LO 
RESCHOCAMpAMDOPUII ees eee eee aL 


Psyche albida, 38; graminella, 219; Les- 
chenaultii, 248 ; muscella, 219; ones 
cella, 218; villosella ....... | 

Pyrameis cardui ...... 12, 98, 133, 162, 210, 246 

Satyrus Alcyone, 248; Arethusa, 221, 

248 ; hee 248 ; fees 221; sta- 
tilinus i . 221, 248 


XL. 


PAGE 
Seopariamnpratel lamer eke TS 
Sericouis| palustranameee es ee eee BO 
Spilothyrus aes 176; aa 248 ; 
lavatere ....... Beeseeee ete see LG 
Stilbia anomala ........... Haccsweces en LS. 
Syrichthus alveus, 248 ; oi Saretiesceten LG, 
Tzniocampa miniosa, 132; opima . 1D 
Thais rumina, var. Medecicacts 175, 299; 
Polyxena, var. Cassandra ...... . 176 
Theela ilicis, quercis, 246; rotoriee: seneuees 221 
Tinagma betule.. Peceass 51 
Tinea atersanmnellle, 50; apllieecemillin. 113 
Tirumala hamata ........... ... 147 
Urania fulgens, Leilus, Rhipheus Sibande 9 
Wanessalireairesecc.cass teen see eG 


\WeWwISTE, GAME, jscodeuc cosuducsawucsooseie 1S} 
Xanthia ocellaris ....... ...111, 161 


Xylophasia polyodon ..........0.... cecseese ees 258 

Xystophora servella .............. 51 

Zygena anthyllidis, 248 ; _Tonicore, 38 ; 
Sarpedon, scabiose....................2... 248 

NEUROPTERA. 

Nicoll analicorn sae eee eee 

Zischna brevistyla ... Be . 272 

Aleuropteryx Léwii i. n. m) Kiap, ‘22; 
lutea .. 

Bittacus cinlensiee sstowntbcas ance toreniea areas OOo 


Cecilius Kolbei ........... spemrees 
Chrysopa phyllochroma, eevee ... 186 


Ephemera Hudsoni (sp. n.), J McLactee eeenet 270 
Hemerobius concinnus, Raoe acts 

cuus . eles coctrme ee eal 86 
Molannodes aiene PARC MS eon ee eel oy 
Myopsocus Nove earn . 270 
Nothochrysa capitata .. ...186, 231 
Cconesus maori.. a .. 239 
Olinga (n. n.), McLach., 240; eee 241 
Palpares Walkeri (sp. n.), MeLach Beare 173 
Pseudceconesus (n. g.), McLach., 

mimus,(sp. n.), McLach., 239; ee 

mineus (sp. n.), McLach. . : . 240 
Psocus major, pre aclatus, 243 ; Tit 

1ETAGCHOUWS cooses aoe ioe . 270 
Rhaphidia sanenihaalllis, Aika don Rent 186 
Stenosmylus citrinus, incisus, 242; latius- 

culus (sp. n.), McLach... ‘ .. 241 
Sympetrum bipunctatum, var. n, nove 

zealandiz, Mclach. ..............-.....- 271 


Thermobia domestica, farnortdt inqui- 


lina.. ..02, 84, 85, 111, 155, 185 
Tinodes wats Ce ae ene 236 
Xanthagrion sobrinum ........................ 272 

ORTHOPTERA. 
Anisolabis annulipes .....................00.5. 124 
DCS) EMSS cooccsars soocosoboovce uooas BRT 


FUGINIMIENIS ie tuteeses ts eesae eat RC CARER DO 


Xil. 


ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH INSECT FAUNA BROUGHT 
FORWARD IN THIS VOLUME. 


COLEOPTERA. 

PAGE 

Cionus longicollis, Brisout .................._ 100 
DIPTERA. 

Aciura rotundiventris, Fin. .................. 145 
Anatella ciliata, Winn. .....00.....000 0. 78 
Anthracophaga frontosa, Mg. 146 
Aphria angustifrons, Meade.................. 70 
Baumhaueria albocingulata, Fin. ......... 158 
JEM oR, DCE ccocoo sce coscenevccedss oo soo Hl 
Blepharoptera ruficornis, Mg. ............... 144 


Brachycampta alternans, Winn., 77; am- 
cena, Winn., griseiocollis, Stdg., hastata, 
Serenas Wem nansani sea eee eee 

Brachycoma erratica, Mg........00.. cc... 0 

Cacoxenus indagator, Dw................ 06004. 

Calobata adusta, trivialis, Dw................ 

Cephalops villosus, v. Ros. 


Ceratopogon albipes, Winn., bicolor, ‘My, 
candidatus, Tabeinoune solstitialis, 
Winn., unimaculatus, Weg. .........00 6 


Chilosia plumulifera, Lv.. 

Chlorops puncticollis, Zeét. Sooner 

Clidogastra punctipes, Iy., oe Fln., 
Wittabas Wg ces. cose eee eseiennaesstee 

Cordyla semiflava, Stag. 

Cordylura umbrosa, Dw. .......0....060 sees 

Cricotopus pilitarsis, Zeét. 


Degeeria Dalil, Meade ......... 00... cee cee es 
Diastata basalis, Fm., 64; fumipennis, 
My. (=nigripennis, Lw.P, 89) ......... 


Drosophila obscura, Fm. ......... 00.0 cere 

Dryomyza decrepita, Zeét. 

Dynatosoma nigricoxa, ,, 

Empis brevicornis, prodromus, Lv ........ 

Epicampocera ainbulans, MWg. ............... 

Exechia interrupta, Zett., spinigera, Vini., 
tenuicornisgv. d. Walp .........ccc ce 

Exorista libatrix, Mg. 

Goniomyia schistacea, Schum. .... 

Hilara canescens, Zeté., cornicula, Dw. ... 

Hydrotza dentimana, Mg. ; 

Hyctodesia boleticola, Rud., 143 ; ae 
SPINOR, JUG5 Gacioog db ean 650.004 aga.079 029 pan sap 


PAGE 


Hylemyia penicillaris, Rud................ .. 


Liope crassiuscula, Dw., gemina, v. d. 


143, 


Wulp., pulchella, Lw., uliginosa, Fln.. 143 
Lonchoptera fuscipennis, Boh. . 141 
Loxocera fulviventris, Mq. ......... .. 145 
Macquartia affinis, Sch. . 107 
Macrocera crassicornis, Winn................ 79 
Mallota eristaloides, Zw. ............ ... 255 
Masicera interrupta, Mq., virilis, iene. . 157 
Meigenia majuscula, Rud. Slag 
Milichia ornata, Zett. PHpeonencane (63 
Mycetaulus bipunctatus, Fdm................ 145 
Mycetophila luctuosa, a obscura, Dz., 

vittipes, Zett. . Ud 
Myobia vetusta, Ma. 156 
Myxexorista macrops, B. and B. BES 142 
Neera atra, Dsv. Me 73 
Nemorea glabrata, Iz., 107; qual 

Cormisy Meade). ceneres ee eeeeee rere cee EO) 
Nephrocerus flavicornis, Zeté. ............... 205 
(dalea Holmgreni, Zeté. ..... .............. I4L 
Pachymeria palparis, Hgg. ...... 141 
Paragus lacerus, io. eee eee 
Pelidnoptera nigripennis, F. 145 
Phorocera pumicata, Dsv. 159 
Phronia basalis, cinerascens, crassipes, 

Winn., 78; dubia, Dz., flavipes, Winn., 

79; forcipula, Winn., Girschneri, Dz... 78 
Phyllomyza securicornis, Hn. .............. 146 
Pipuncula varipes, Mg............0......020. 14d 
Platychirus spathulatus, Rid................ 141 
Platyura cincta, Winn., nana, Meq., semi- 

rufa, Mg... 79 
Plesina nigrisquama, Zett. abenogo. Lt) 
Rhamphomyia costata, filata, Zett. “ibe, 

ROEUHING JKR, Sooc0a costeaco oncce-coaccasoscae 14K) 
Rhymosia cristata, Stag. ..............0.. 77 
Sapromyza biumbrata, Lw., flaviventris, 

Costa 145 
Scatopse pulicaria, Dzo............. ....+-... @9 
Sciomyza pallida, simplex, F/m. ............ 144 
Sepsismpillipesilcoseeep espe ese sece eee eee eames 
Simulium latipes, Wg., nanum, Zeté., 

GTETLIN, WWIGE sgndecoonueocdocemessccaocosseue HY) 
Spilogaster protuberans, Zeéé................ 143 


PAGE 


Spilographa abrotani, Mg. .................. 146 
Stomphastica decora, Iw. .................. 144 
ae arcticus, Zett., 142; guttatus, 


Tanypus griseipennis, v. d. | Wadia, jentie 
ginosus, Fives, ornatus, can trifasci- 


(NINE, “AAAS. oleccs eu eondonconee pace ses soonie., Ue 
Tephritis proboscidea, Ta sideseek ee AO 
Tephrochlamys flavipes, Zeté. ............... 144 
Thryptocerus latifrons, Meg. ............... 72 

HEMIPTERA. 


Aleurodes avellanz, sisi: 154; spire, 

ID DECILES. -2ecc00 005000200000 00° ..73, 154 
Aspidiotus abietis, Seinen feng ALE 
Cicadula Dahlbom1, Zett.,livida, E Edwards 104 


Deltocephalus paleaceus, J. Sahlberg, 


105% PRanzert, Hilor. .2.....-.-0------------ LOG 
Limotettix aurantipes, Hdwards............ 103 
ie Le eanone. evanescens, 

Boheman.. eee pelsteese DOM! 
Thaaceine cyane, ee 104; stria- 

tulellustsdmandspesrerenece sree Oe 
Trioza centranthi, Vallot..................... 231 


Xiil. 


HYMENOPTERA. 
PAGE 
Cerceris emarginata, Panz. .................. 36 
Chirotica maculipennis, Grav .............. 40 
Pimpla Bridgmani, Bignell.................. 255 
Praon absinthii, BS sqelssuacanesunsionemr-at3) 
Prosopis Masoni, Saund. ..................... 196 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Argyresthia illuminatella, Zeller ......... 50 
Cataplectica Farreni, Walsingham......... 200 
Lita salicornie, Hering ..................... 80 
Nepticula confusella, Wood .................. 272 
Xanthia ocellaris, Borkhausen ......... 111, 161 
NEUROPTERA. 

Cecilius Kolbei, Tetens ................2.... 244 
Psocus major (Kolbe), Loens ............... 243 
ORTHOPTERA. 

Anisolabis annulipes, Lwe. (introd.) ...... 124 
Decticus albifrons, F’. St hye decease 236 


LIST OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES, &c., DESCRIBED 
IN THIS VOLUME. 


COLEOPTERA. 
PAGE 


GENUS. 
Eumo.popsts (n. n.), Jacoby 
(= PsEUDEUMOLPDS, Jac., olim.) 16 


SPECIES. 

Corebus niponicus, Lewis, Japan ......... 244, 
Ostoma higonia, ws SS anes 34 
valida, Ps Raat cweweaaece 34 
Tenebrioides ocularis, ,, FAP) weesonenoen 34 
Thymalus laticeps, <5 pay Pbobodeds 33 
parviceps, + oy Sbagnecabies 33 
punctidorsum,, Prat Ane 33 


DIPTERA. 
PAGE 
GENERA. 
APOROTACHINA (sub-g.), Meade............ 109 
PELATACHINA (n. n.), » (= Hyer, 
WO) de sects He ROP Rem ee C0!) 
SPECIES. 
Bithia cinerea, Meade, Austria? ........ 71 


Degeeria Dali, _,, Baglmdeaee 159 
Nemorza quadraticornis, Meade,England 160 


Pericoma meridionalis, Haton, 
Delagoa Bay 194 


XLV. 


HEMIPTERA. 
PAGE 
GENUS. 
EXRRETOPUS, Newstead ........-06.cceee0 ne. DOK 
SPECIES. 
Aleurodes spire, Douglas, England ... 73 
Cicadula livida, Hdwards, < ... 104 


Exeretopus formiceticola, Newstead, 
Guernsey 204. 


Fiorinia Sulecii, Newstead, Bohemia ...... 232 
diana 233 
Limotettix aurartipes, Hdwards,England 103 
Pollinia grandis, Newstead, Baluchistan 182 
Psylla acacie, Maskell, N. Zealand ...... 171 


Thamnotettix striatulellus, Hdwards, 
England 102 


Lecanium perforatum, ,, 


HYMENOPTERA. 
GENUS. 
EXOCHLENUS, Shipp ..ccsccceceeseecee sees. 245 
SPECIES. 
Pimpla Bridgmani, Bignell, England ... 255 
, Praon absinthii, x 6) von AS 
Prosopis Masoni, Saunders, yy) ose 96 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
GENERA. 
CatapPLectica, Walsingham ............... 199 


HIERoPHANTA (n. n.), Meyrick 
(= Microponta, Dup.) 230 
PALTODORA (n. n.), Meyrick 
(= CrLEoporRA, Curt.) 230 
STENOLECHIA (n. n.), Meyrick 
(= Pa@ciia, Hein.) 230 


PAGE 
SPECIES. 
Avhopala elopura, Druce, Borneo ......... 10 


Cataplectica Farreni, Walsingham, 
England 200 


Nepticula confusella, Wood, es 272 
NEUROPTHRA. 
GENERA. 
Ournea (n. n.), MeLach. (= Oxtnx, 
HM cLiach., lM.) ......666scccseeeecersoeeee ees DAO 
PsEUDGCONESUS, cs Peabeacancecodocce ok) 
SPECIES. 


Aleuropteryx Lowii, Klap., Austria, &c. 122 
Ephemera Hudsoni, McLach., N. Zealand 270 
Palpares Walkeri, AA Aden......... 173 


Pseudceconesus mimus, ,, 
N. Zealand 239 


stramineus, ,, . 240 


Sympetrum bipunctatum, Br., var. n., 


nove Zealandie, McLach., 
N. Zealand 271 


Stenosmylus latiusculus, _,, ry 241 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


Plates i, ii, ili, iv —see page 27. 


Page 24, line 9 from bottom, for “ Gilly,” read “ Silly.” 


” 114, ” 27 oP) 
» 188, ,, ll ,, 


ERRATA. 
top, for “ February,” ,, “ March.” 
bottom, for “say,” Sms SEW ae 


top, 


(13 y ce (73 D 2? 
» “Arion,” ,, Orion. 


Der an 


i eae 


oa Ty 
Tair 


(vie ib it Mb 


aetna 


eo 


Ti 


Te 


bi gmaley ie #5 


ey 


it mn) 


sah ity he 


me 1 
r 


H 
i) hh Sih 


eee r 


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ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
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SECOND SERIES—VOL. V. 
[VOLUME XXX.] 


NOTES ON THE EARLIER STAGES OF THE NWEPTICUL, 
WITH A VIEW TO THEIR BETTER RECOGNITION AT THIS PERIOD 
OF THEIR LIFE. 


BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B. 
(continued from Vol. iv [Second Series], page 274). 


THE LARVA. 

The adult larva is flattened ; the head very small, flat and pointed, 
notched deeply behind, and nearly buried in the projecting 2nd seg- 
ment; segment 2 is wide, 3 still wider, and thence onward to 10 or 11 
the size continues uniform and then diminishes rapidly, the last two 
segments (13 and 14) being extremely small and somewhat telescoped. 
The legs are all of the proleg character, but without the usual hook- 
lets, and decidedly more prominent in some species than in others; as 
regards their distribution—there are none on 2; present on 3 and 4, 
these being often the biggest in the series ; absent on 5; and present 
on 6, 7, 8,9, 10 and 11: eight pairs in all. The usual hairs, which 
serve the part of feelers, are well developed. Such is the general 
form of the Nepticula larva, but I have come across in septembrella an 
extremely interesting exception. As is well known, it makes a some- 
what hollow or balloon-like blotch, characteristic of a MWicropteryz, 
but quite unusual for a Nepticula, and so to meet the altered conditions 
the larva partakes much of the Micropteryx type: it has no legs, the 
segments are deeply incised and round in section instead of oval, and, 
most interesting of all, segments 3 and 4 are massive and distinctly 
square-shaped. For an internal feeder the larva is rather liberally 
furnished with characters, inasmuch as from the transparency of the 
tissues some of the internal organs are visible, which, in the ordinary 
run of larve, never come into view. 


The characters arrange themselves under (1) the general colour; 
: A 
JANUARY, 1894. 


D) (January, 


(2) the colour of the head; (8) the marks on segment 2; (4) the 
chain of marks down the abdomen; (5) the intestinal canal; and (6) 
a pair of dark lines on the back of the 11th and 12th, or the 11th, 
12th and 13th segments. The ground colours are yellow and green, in 
two or three different shades; both passing at one end of their varia- 
tion into whitish. Occasionally the green is tinged with blue, as in the 
bluish-green or almost greenish-blue larva of wlmivora, and to a less 
extent in pyri and one or two more. As a rule each species preserves 
much the same colour all through, but here and there some fading of 
tint is noticeable as maturity is reached, and doubtless this largely 
accounts for those occasional errors and discrepancies which meet us 
in our note books, even if they do not find their way into print. It 
was on my authority that Mr. Stainton (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv, 62) de- 
scribed the larva of woolhopiella as “very pale green,” whereas it is 
yellow—indeed, a deep yellow for the greater part of its life, but 
becoming paler towards the last, it borrows something of a greenish 
tinge from its surroundings, though its true colour is still yellow, as 
can be ascertained by removing it from the mine. The larva of con- 
tinuella is a well known example of borrowed colouring, for so deep 
and pure a green does it look in the mine, that it is hard to believe 
that it is in reality a rich yellow. 

Tue Heap.—The range of colour extends from pale brown or | 
amber up to grey or black, the mouth parts being usually, if not 
always, red. A few species are apt to vary to some extent, but by far 
the greater number are very constant to one tint or shade, so that the 
value of it as a character is by no means slight. It was but the other 
day that it did me a very good bit of service. Some doubt has been 
thrown upon the existence of gratiosella as a good species, mainly from 
the circumstance that it has been given the larva of an allied species, 
whilst its own larva seems to have done duty for a presumed summer 
brood of owyacanthella. It was noticing the very pale head of this 
summer-feeding larva that first made me question its identity with the 
dark headed larva which occurs late in the autumn, and which I knew, 
beyond dispute, to be the larva of oxyacanthella. Suspicion once 
aroused, other differencies that had been overlooked or misunderstood 
before became apparent, until the conviction could no longer be 
resisted that two very similar larve and equally similar mines had 
been mixed up together as one. Subsequently, the breeding of the 
perfect insect completely settled the point, and proved that the green 
larva with the colourless head, feeding in the hawthorn leaves in July, 
belonged to gratiosella. 


1894.| 5 


Tae Marks on Seament 2.—A square-shaped spot is frequently 
present on the under-side, but any remarks upon it, beyond observing 
that it is not of much practical importance, will come in more con- 
veniently under the head of the ventral marks. Of great importance, 
however, are the marks on the upper-side. They are of two kinds, 
yet so alike in many ways that their dual nature was not at first sus- 
pected and long puzzled me, for they may on the one hand be deep seated 
internal organs, or on the other hand mere surface markings, shed at 
the moults like other markings and remaining visible in the cast skin. 
In both cases they appear about the middle of the segment as a pair of 
elongated dark marks, in line or nearly so with the posterior lobes of 
the head, and though in the former they are somewhat pear-shaped 
and lie just beyond the lobes, whilst in the latter they are equally 
wide at both ends and are placed rather more forward, so as to lie over 
the lobes when the head is retracted, yet the distinctions are none too 
obvious, and at times scarcely appreciable, unless the larva is removed 
from its mine. For obtaining a good idea of the surface markings 
there is no better moment than whilst a moult is proceeding, and if 
the process be near completion, it is quite possible, with a little mani- 
pulation, to tease off the old skin with the markings imprinted on it. 
These markings are unquestionably the equivalents of the two halves 
of an ordinary thoracic plate, in spite of the odd look given them by 
their elongated shape and the distance they are apart. They are 
particularly well shown in anomalella, being very black and of unusual 
size, so that in this insect they project well beyond the head. In 
salicis and a few others they are also black or blackish, and lying more 
or less over the posterior lobes, they help to give that especially dark 
appearance to the back part of the head which is characteristic of these 
species. But for the most part their colour is amber, and of so faint 
a tint, that it is only possible to see them under the microscope. 

The internal organs are, as I have said, pear-shaped, sharply out- 
lined and so firm in texture that they can be readily dissected out, and 
are placed immediately behind the head. They are visible in very many 
species, but not in all, and their size is so large in comparison with the 
creature itself, that the discovery that they are a part of the nervous 
system, in fact the cephalic ganglia, is at first quite startling. Their 
colour is some shade of black or brown, whilst their conspicuousness 
depends not so much upons the actual depth of the colour as upon the 
contrast it bears to that of the head. When the two happen to agree in 
this respect, the ganglia look part and parcel of the head, giving it an 


unusually elongated appearance, whereas, if they are differently 
A2 


4, (January, 


coloured, and especially if the advantage lies with the ganglia, as it 
commonly does, and often to a marked degree, then these bodies stand 
out clear and distinct. Hence, in our examination, attention must not 
only be directed to their presence or otherwise, and to the nature of 
their colouring, but still more to the relation of this colouring to 
that of the head: in this way they become one of the most useful 
characters we have for identifying these little creatures. 


(To be continued). 


THE WINTER MOTH (CHEIMATOBIA BRUMATA), AND ITS 
DESTRUCTION. 


BY GEORGE F. WILSON, FE.R.S., &c. 


We finished banding the fruit trees at Oakwood, Wisley, on 23rd 
October, perhaps a week or fortnight sooner would have been safer, 
but we were busy; the first moth was caught on October 30th; on 
November 38rd, 54; by the 16th we counted 220 females. On De- 
cember 2nd there were 44 males and females on one tree, and on its 
neighbours from 30 to 40; these trees are only about six inches in 
diameter; we have about 300 trees, but some of them are much less 
than the above. Our mode of procedure is this:—a band four inches 
deep of the Willesden Paper Co.’s 4-ply paper is first put round, then 
the same depth of the Co.’s rot proof DD extra brown canvas, these 
are then made secure to the trees by tarred twine, the canvas is then 
well smeared over with “ B best white” cart grease; a second smearing 
is desirable in about a fortnight after the first, especially if there has 
been much rain, and another smearing about once a month till the end 
of March. I should have said that the use of the paper is to prevent 
the grease soaking through to the tree. In the evening the garden 
now swarms with male winter moths. In 1888, our fruit trees, es- 
pecially apple, had almost all their leaves eaten by caterpillars, and 
the trees much injured thereby, this led us, in 1889, to adopt the 
bands. I believe this season the moths are more abundant than we 
have ever before had them; one year we banded the trees at our two 
gardens at Weybridge, but caught so few moths that the banding 
has not been repeated. From some cause the Wisley garden seems 
to be favourable to these moths, whether from the abundance and 
description of wood (mainly oak), or for other reasons, I cannot say. 


Heatherbank, Weybridge Heath : 
December 4th, 1893. 


1894, ] 5 


AN ATTEMPT TO ACCOUNT FOR MOTH-GREASE, WITH NOTES ON 
ITS CURE BY ETHER. 


BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S. 


Moth-grease, I take it, is a fuel food stored up chiefly by larve as 
& provision against starvation on the one hand, and as a protection 
against the effects of cold and wet on the other, and no doubt also as 
a reserve of energy to be used up in the violent exertion of flight, &c., 
and those species which lay-in the biggest stock of it give most trouble 
to collectors. Of these, first come the internal feeders which inhabit 
wood, bark, stems, roots, fruits, seed-heads, also those which eat fungi 
or make galleries in dried fruits, fabrics, furs, nests of Hymenoptera, 
refuse, &c.; the majority of all these pass the winter in the larval 
state: next come those which feed underground on roots, or which 
pass a large portion of their time below ground, or conceal themselves 
under sods, stones, and similar situations ; these, too, generally hiber- 
nate as larve. All the preceding live more or less in the dark, secluded 
from the air, and restricted in their movements. Web-makers, the 
imagines of which also have a tendency to grease, come under the 
category, but to a less extent: then other larve, generally hibernators, 
produce Bombyces, most of which family are deficient in suctional 
power, and the males of which are most vigorous on the wing; these 
would fare ill had they not, as caterpillars, stocked themselves with 
an ample supply of fuel food. Another set of larve which do not 
hibernate have to make preparation for the time when they will have 
to appear in the imago state in the colder months of the year; these 
generally accumulate considerable quantities of fatty matter; the 
autumn batch, in the winged state, procuring additional stores of 
nutriment more particularly from the blossoms of the ivy to enable 
them to tide over the winter months, and resume their orgies at the 
sallows that bloom in the spring. 

Males are more affected with grease than females, which may be 
accounted for by the male larva stocking intuitively a considerable 
supply of reserved energy in readiness for its arduous exertions in 
the winged state, while the female being of a more sedate turn is 
content with a moderate amount. Then, again, bred specimens go 
greasy far more frequently than those which have been taken on the 
wing. It has also been suggested to me by a correspondent that 
insects which have paired rarely grease, and those which have paired 
a second time never. Now, as no one, except for breeding require- 


6 (January, 


ments, allows bred insects to pair or to fly, it naturally follows, from 
the above, that the males of those which have been reared in confine- 
ment will contain most grease. 

Though grease is inherent in most if not all species from the egg 
onwards, the ultimate amount may be considerable, moderate, or 
trifling, and in the latter instances it may remain quiescent in a cold, 
dry situation until, perchance, a too heated temperature, a damp atmo- 
sphere, the relaxing box or laurel jar, or the vapour of camphor, 
naphthaline, benzine, &c., brings it to the surface, where its manifesta- 
tion becomes an eyesore and a nuisance, which, if not promptly attended 
to, may cause much trouble and annoyance. 

So much for grease: now for the cure. The extraction of moth- 
grease made but little headway till the discovery of benzole marked 
a new era in its progress. At first, probably from timidity as to the 
effect the new detergent might have upon their specimens, collectors 
but imperfectly carried out the process, and consequently met with 
but partial success; then the Rev. Joseph Greene conceived the heroic 
idea of eviscerating his specimens through a triangular opening on 
the under-side of the abdomen; this, of course, was an effectual 
preventive against any recurrence of the grease, though it was not an 
improvement to the specimen. The next plan was that of Dr. Alex- 
ander Wallace, who, by boiling out the grease in benzine heated on a 
water bath, slitting the bodies occasionally where he considered it 
necessary, instead of cutting out the triangular pieces, undoubtedly 
advanced matters, but people felt shy of boiling such an inflammable 
fluid as benzine, the vapour of which might, at any moment, cause an 
explosion, and so it was not largely adopted. Of late, however, the 
more effective and safe procedure of soaking the specimens or 
their abdomina in repeated baths of benzine until every trace of grease 
has been eradicated, has produced results as perfect as can possibly 
be obtained from that liquid. 

There is, however, another fluid far cheaper than benzine, which 
has at least double the power to extract moth-grease, and which has 
the further merit of leaving the fur of the specimen fresh and bright, 
owing to the rapidity with which it volatilizes. Its name is Methylated 
Ether; and why this has not hitherto been used for the purpose by 
Entomologists 1s a puzzle to me, for its action upon insect grease has 
long been known to Chemists, by whom, indeed, it has been employed 
to extract the unctuous active principle of the blistering beetle (Oan- 
tharis vesicatoria). Its superiority over benzine is easily demonstrated 
by evaporating fluid containing moth-grease to the consistence of new 


1894. ] if 


cheese, then putting two portions of the residue of exactly equal 
weight and shape, say five grains, into separate half-ounce phials and 
filling one with benzine, the other with ether. It will be found that 
the ether has dissolved the mass in a quarter of an hour, while the 
benzine has taken more than half an hour to do its work. My ex- 
periment was tried with grease which had been extracted partly by 
ether, partly by benzine, the two fluids were mixed and evaporated. 
This I find was unfair to the ether, the action of which after benzine is 
unsatisfactory—had I used grease extracted by ether for the ether 
experiment, and by benzine for the benzine experiment, the result 
would certainly have been still more favourable to the ether. There 
is not time to go over it again now; perhaps some of your readers 
may think it worth while to do so. 

Ether is used in the same way as benzine, 7. e., by subjecting the 
greasy insects to repeated baths of it until the grease is thoroughly 
eradicated, two soakings of from three to ten days each, according to 
the size and state of the insects and bodies, are generally quite suffi- 
cient, but it is also advisable to give a third shorter bath for the 
purpose of rinsing off any surface grease which may remain from 
the previous baths. We can easily ascertain whether the insects are 
properly cleansed by observing whether the last bath 1s discoloured or 
turbid, and by “feeling” the interiors of the abdomina with a thin wire. 
When we have satisfied our minds upon this point, the more rapidly 
we dry our specimens the fresher and brighter will be their appearance, 
and for this purpose a warm temperature of not over 80° and fanning, 
or a thorough draught will be of great assistance. Ether will not 
affect the most delicate colours, even the sensitive green of Lodis 
vernaria, nor will it mat the cilia, on the contrary, if these are already 
entangled with grease it will liberate and restore them. 

When wings and thoraces are only superficially affected they are 
soon cleaned by bedding them on to magnesia, saturating them with 
ether, covering over quickly with more magnesia, and leaving till the 
next day. After repeating this process three or four times, all trace 
of grease will generally have disappeared. It is when the grease has 
extended to the interior of the thorax and especially to the pin that 
the great mischief is done, for the green salt of copper which is 
formed so distends and distorts the thorax and displaces the wings, 
that unless it be a rarity, it is not worth while to attempt a cure. Le 
jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle. 

When the wings and thoraces have been freed from grease, and 
after the powder has been shaken and blown off, and they have had a 


ro} [January, 


brush up with a camel’s hair pencil, it is always advisable to give them 
a final spraying with ether, fanning the while to assist evaporation, 
with a spray apparatus, the bellows part of which will be useful for 
preserving larve according to Lord Walsingham’s plan, 

Mr. Edmunds, of Windsor, with whom my advertisement for 
greasy Lepidoptera has brought me into correspondence, informs me 
that he has for some time past used the Chloride of Ethyl (Chlortre 
@ Ethyle) for renovating specimens, and he kindly sent me a most 
ingenious little instrument containing it, consisting of a test tube, the 
mouth end of which is drawn out into a fine tube and bent to form a 
blowpipe. When required for use the tip of the elongated part has 
to be broken off and the body of the test tube held in the fist, when 
the warmth of the hand causes the contents to be ejected in the form 
of spray ; its wonderful solvent powers and the rapidity with which 
it volatilizes raise the pile of the fur of the specimen sprayed in an 
astonishing manner. In another communication my correspondent, 
whose experience in cleansing insects with benzine must be immense, 
writes me as follows :—‘‘ On the 10th of this month (November) I had 
no good Sphecia crabroniformis left, but some hundred greasy speci- 
mens. I put a dozen up in a test tube and filled it with anesthetic 
ether, and left them till the 18th. I have noticed in these specimens 
that the ether has entirely dissolved the whole contents of the bodies, 
and I must say left them in lovely condition. I gave two baths of 
ether to cleanse them from the first ether, and they dried out lovely 
and cannot possibly grease again. I think they are the most successful 
specimens I have touched. To-morrow I intend to puta lot of species 
to the test, for in these crabroniformis the entire contents of the ab- 
domina have dissolved and formed a heavy sediment in the eight days 
ether. Benzoline does not do this, it will kill grease, but not dissolve 
the contents of the body.” 

If the fore part of this paper excites discussion it will have served 
its purpose ; as for the latter part, it will give me great pleasure to 
afford any information in my power as to details, either privately, or, 
if of sufficient interest, publicly in your pages. 

I take this opportunity to again thank those gentlemen who have 
so kindly assisted me by supplying me with the greasy material which 
has enabled me to satisfy myself as to the vast superiority of ether 


over benzine, and of the non-necessity for any external mutilation of 
specimens. 


Camden Road: December, 1893. 


1894, 9 


ASYMMETRY OF MARKINGS IN THE URANIID#. 
BY G. C. GRIFFITHS, F.E.S. 


In examining recently a considerable number of specimens of 
Uraniide, particularly U. fulgens and U. Sloanus, 1 have been struck 
by a peculiarity which I do not remember to have seen mentioned in 
any of the literature relating to that singular group. We find as an 
almost invariable rule in the Lepidoptera that the markings of the 
right wings of a specimen have their exact counterpart in those of 
the left, but, as far as my material goes, I find that in the two species 
above referred to a perfectly evenly marked individual is the exception, 
not the rule: the metallic markings of both fore- and hind-wings 
being nearly always asymmetrical. The same peculiarity obtains in 
the nearly allied U. Lezlus, and there is a similar irregularity in the 
black spots which oceur upon the brilliant glowing patch on the hind- 
wings of U. Rhipheus, also in a smaller degree in some of the black 
spots of Nyctalemon Orontes. 


43, Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol : 
December, 1893. 


NOTE ON A SPECIES OF LAMPIDES, 
RECENTLY DESCRIBED BY MR. DE NICEVILLE, anp DESCRIPTION 
OF A NEW ARHOPALA FROM BORNEO. 


BY HAMILTON H. DRUCH, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


LAMPIDES CHRULEA. 
Cupido cerulea, Druce, P. Z. S., 1873, p. 349, pl. xxxui, fig. 6. 
Lampides bochides, de Nicéville, Journ. B. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1891, p. 
367, pl. B, fig. 15, ¢. 

Mr. de Nicéville has lately described and figured a butterfly under 
the name of L. bochides, which, on careful examination, proves to be 
the C. cerulea described by Mr. Herbert Druce in 1873. 

We possess a ¢ collected in Elopura, N. Borneo, by Mr. Pryer, 
which I have compared with the type (now in Messrs. Godman and 
Salvin’s collection) and found to be identical. 

The good figure and clear description given by Mr. de Nicéville at 
once prove that he is dealing with the insect referred to by Mr. Druce. 
Mr. de Nicéville has himself (Butt. India, i, p. 164) expressed the 
opinion that without reference to the type of the species, it would be 
impossible to exactly determine it, but has apparently described his 
bochides without having done so. Mr. Druce’s description is correct, 
so far as it goes: “ Upper-side bright morpho-blue,” which can scarcely 
be said of any other of the group. 


10 (January, 


It bears considerable resemblance to the blue of some specimens 
of Morpho Adonis, Or. 

Unfortunately, the plate on which L. cerulea is figured is so bad 
that it is absolutely misleading, and I propose at no very distant date 
to publish a short account of the Lycenide described in that paper in 
the P. Z. S., together with some satisfactory figures. 


ARHOPALA ELOPURA, Sp. n. 

3. Allied to A. Rafflesti,de Nicév. Upper-side: both wings slightly glistening, 
dark violaceus-blue, very narrowly bordered with black, scarcely extending beyond 
the cilia, except towards the anal angle, where it becomes wider. A pale silvery 
anteciliary line extending from the apex to the anal angle, common to both wings, 
but broadest in the hind-wing. Anal margin to about end of abdomen light shining 
brown. Tail rather short, black, and tipped with white. Under-side: ground 
colour paler than A. Rafflesti, with the spots generally rather larger, and with their 
interiors scarcely darker than the ground colour. The spots and fascia arranged as 
in A. Rafflesii, but the band beyond the cell in the fore-wing straight (not slightly 
curved inwards, as in that species), and with its central spot further towards the 
outer margin. Thorax and legs concolorous with wings, abdomen brownish above, 
paler below. Palpi whitish, tipped with brown. 

9. Fore-wing violet, graduating into blue towards the base, with the costal 
margin narrowly to the end of the cell, then widely, and with the apex and outer 
margin broadly dark fuscous. Hind-wing violet, graduating into blue towards the 
base, with the costal and outer margins broadly fuscous, but not so dark as in fore- 
wing; anal margin to about the end of the abdomen light shining greyish-brown. 
Under-side as g, but ground colour rather darker, and metallic scales at anal angle 
more prominent. Expanse, g 9, 12 in. 

Hab.: Elopura, N. Borneo (Pryer). Mus. Druce. 

This species, although allied to A. Raffesiz, is, 1 think, quite 
distinct; as, first, it has nothing like such a rich shade of blue; secondly, 
the silvery line is a character which I have seen in no other of the 
genus; and, thirdly, the ? has very much less blue than Mr. Nicéville’s 
figure shows, especially on the hind-wing. 

I have long possessed this species, and as I have been unable to 
find any description which fits it, have ventured to name it. 


London: November, 1893. 


Pararge Megera in October.—My. Clarke’s note in this month’s (December) 
Ent. Mo. Mag., reminded me that I had also met with this insect in October. On 
the 30th of that month, as I was returning from school at 2 p.m., one of my pupils 
drew my attention to a specimen of P. Megera, which was fluttering in the street. 
He captured it and brought it to me, and, except that he had damaged one of its 
wings, it was in good condition.— W. F. Jounson, Armagh: December 4th, 1893. 


1894. } 1l 


The present market value of Chrysophanus dispar and Noctua subrosea.—At 
the recent sale (at Stevens’ Rooms) of a portion of the late Rev. H. Burney’s col- 
lection, the highest price obtained for C. dispar was £6 10s. per specimen, and for 
NV. subrosea, £6 6s. per pair. Both of these are extinct, so far as regards the British 
(and typical) form, and the prices probably indicate a real market value. Well 
authenticated specimens of very rare British species found ready purchasers at high 
prices; but there was a significant variation of confidence shown as between indi- 
vidual specimens of the same species.—EDs. 


Notes on Hepialus virescens, and other early spring insects in New Zealand.— 
On the 24th instant, I made the first Entomological expedition of the season, 
chiefly in search of the pupz of Hepialus virescens. The collecting ground selected 
was a deep ravine, situated between high hills. On each side of the little stream, 
which ran at the bottom of this ravine, numerous specimens of the winberry tree | 
(Aristotelia racemosa) were growing, in the stems of which plant the larve of H. 
virescens reside. ‘The first burrow noticed was situated ciose to a branch in one of 
the trees, and the extraction of the enclosed pupa was difficult, the wood being very 
tough, and refusing to split in the required direction. After considerable trouble, I 
succeeded in getting out the pupa, and observed with much regret that I had 
apparently injured its anterior portions. I placed the specimen on the ground near 
the foot of the tree, and resumed work on some others close by. On returning about 
an hour later, I saw, to my great astonishment and delight, that the insect was in 
the act of emerging, all the anterior horny plates of the pupa were separated, the 
beautiful green thorax of the moth appearing through the interstices. In a few 
seconds the legs were thrust forwards, and, by a prodigious effort, the insect finally 
drew itself clear of the pupa. The moth now rapidly ascended the tree, until it 
reached an elevation of about four feet from the ground, where the stem was slightly 
eurved, which thus enabled the insect to place its wings in a favourable position for 
development, viz., backwards and somewhat downwards. These organs were still 
extremely small, and much crumpled, especially towards the tips, and it seemed in- 
eredible that they could ever assume their proper shape and dimensions. They, 
however, grew with marvellous rapidity, and the creases were forced outwards to 
the extreme tips, and finally disappeared. During this stage of the transformation 
the wings were held vertically, but as soon as their development was completed, they 
were closed over the back in the usual position of P. rape. The moth now rested 
quietly on the tree-trunk where it would no doubt have remained until nightfall. 
It was very inconspicuous, notwithstanding the large size of the specimen, which 
reached upwards of five inches in the expansion of its wings. When thus seen in 
its full perfection, this giant Hepia/us was a superb object, and although familiar 
with the insect and its habits, the sight is one which I shall never forget. 

On the same day the following species were also noticed :—Vanessa Gonerilla, 
one only (hibernated) ; Sestia humeraria and Simaéthis combinatana, one very pale 
specimen of each, also evidently hibernated; Xanthorhoé semifissata, one only, 
apparently fresh; Hrechthias erebiotis, one only; Hlachista archeonoma, common 
amongst grass in the sunshine, seen fully a month ago; several Perlide, Ephemeride, 
Tipulide, &e.—G. VY. Hupson, Karori, Wellington, N. Z.: September 27th, 1893. 


12 (January, 


Lepidoptera, &c., at Morecambe.—August 11th to 31st last I spent at More- 
cambe, on the Lancashire coast, and, in company with Mr. G. C. Dennis, of York, 
paid some attention to the entomology of the neighbourhood. We found very little 
to encourage us, however, and although in a season where everything had appeared 
exceptionally early, most August species were no doubt over, we were obliged to 
regard the district as one of the very worst we had ever collected in. Most of our 
work was done in Heysham Moss, and the adjoining ditches and ground, a promising 
enough spot about two miles from Morecambe, and a mile inland, but exceedingly 
disappointing in its results. Nine of the commonest autumn butterflies were on the 
wing in the daytime, including perfectly fresh Vanessa cardui, which species appears 
to have been very scarce in most parts of Britain this year, and an occasional 
Macroglossa stellatarum occurred with them. At dusk, Plusia festue@ occurred on 
all the ditches, and was not uncommon, and a few worn Apamea fibrosa, of which 
both forms appeared equally common, occurred with them. Sugar was an almost 
complete and inexplicable failure, and it was certainly not from any absence of 
common sugar-loving Noctue, as the following fact, among similar instances, will 
prove. One to all appearance likely evening we sugared the stems and flowers of 
various plants along the side of a very promising ditch, but not a single moth of 
any description visited the sweets. But on lighting up the lamps after dark, and 
getting into the ditch (which was dry, owing to the long drought) we at once saw 
Noctue in profusion, sitting on the stems and flowers (mostly the dead and dry 
flowers) of various plants. Nor had they flown there, for we had been closely 
working the ditch at dusk for Plusia festuce, and had the Noctue been on the wing, 
we could not have failed to have seen them. They had simply crawled up the stems 
from the bottom of the ditch! Hydrecia micacea (not a sugar visitor, however) 
was most numerous, but there were scores of others, comprised of Agrotis suffusa, 
A. segetum, Tryphena orbona, Noctua plecta, N.c-nigrum, Xanthia cerago, X. silago, 
Phlogophora meticulosa, &o., many of which, had sugar been attractive at all, would 
have been found ravenously feasting on it. On August 28th, a perfectly fresh 
Hadena oleracea was taken, without doubt, a “second brood” specimen. Crambus 
geniculellus did come freely to sugar the only evening we tried it directly on the 
coast, but the Noctue would not come even there, and the ragwort flowers, both on 
the coast and on the “ Moss,”’ were almost as unproductive. Nor were the Neurop- 
tera and Trichoptera any better represented. Of the former, Jschnura elegans and 
one or two common species of Hemerobius were the only things netted; and 
Colpotaulius incisus, Glyphotalius pellucidus, Limnophilus marmoratus, L. flavi- 
cornis, L. lunatus (the most abundant species), and JZ. affinis represented the 
Trichoptera. As elsewhere, wasps occurred in profusion the first few days of our 
visit, and I was much interested in noticing what an attraction to them were some 
blue artificial flowers in Mrs. Porritt’s bonnet. They repeatedly followed these 
flowers long distances, flying about them and trying to settle on them all the way, 
thus showing that these insects are quite as much attracted by colour and appearance 
as by scent.—Gro. T. Porritt, Huddersfield: October 13th, 1893. 


Lepidoptera in the Belfast district.—The season in this district has been un- 
usually good, and I have been fortunate in adding some good species to my list. 
Teniocampa opima occurred sparingly at sallows,near Belfast,at the end of March; the 


1894. } 13 


males were very skittish, and all those captured were netted as they flew off the bushes. 
A single specimen of 4pamea ophiogramma was taken flying over rushes in a marsh 
by the river Lagan, where A. leucostigma and Miana literosa were abundant; the 
W. literosa are darker and less rosy than specimens from Howth. A specimen of 
Hadena contigua, taken in the Mourne Mountains, offered a remarkable example of 
evanescent colouring; at the time of capture it was evidently just out from the 
pupa, all the darker parts of the fore-wings were of a deep rose-pink, while the pale 
hind marginal band, the reniform and the base of the wing were strongly suffused 
with bronzy-green, altogether a most beautiful insect : these colours gradually faded, 
and by the time I was able to send the specimen to Mr. Barrett the green had nearly 
disappeared. The best capture of the year was Phibalapteryx lapidata, of which 
species five specimens were taken in a reedy spot in the Belfast Hills on September 
3rd; the males were much worn, but the females were quite fresh. As there are 
many miles of similar ground on the Antrim Hills, the species probably occurs in 
other places. Cirrhedia xerampelina occurred in Castlewellan Park, Venusia cam- 
bricaria in Donard Demesne, and Stilbia anomala in a valley in the Mourne 
Mountains. Of the Pyralides, Scoparia ingratella occurred on Knockagh, near 
Carrickfergus, together with Hnnychia cingulata and Oxyptilus parvidactylus. E. 
cingulata has a particular liking for the steep slope at the extreme edge of the cliff, 
so that its capture is rather exciting work. Of Platyptilia isodactyla a single speci- 
men was taken at the same time and place as Phib. lapidata; Senecio aquaticus is 
abundant all over the ground. Homcosoma senecionis was taken at Newcastle, Co. 
Down, Phycis fusca (carbonariella) in the Silent Valley and Bloody Bridge Valley 
in the Mourne Mountains, and Phyris subornatella (dilutella) at Island Magee. 
Peronea hastiana (hibernated) was taken near Belfast, Olindia ulmana in Donard 
Demesne, and Pamplusia mercuriana was fairly common at the top of Slieve Bingian 
(2500 feet). Glyphipteryx equitella was found in swarms at several spots along the 
cliffs of Island Magee on June 4th, and one specimen of Lampronia luzella in a lane 
near Belfast.—CuHartes W. Watts, Belfast: October 6th, 1893. 


Stray notes on Kentish Coleoptera.—Since my return to England, in the middle 
of July last, | have had numerous opportunities of revisiting many old collecting 
grounds in Kent, as well as of trying some new ones, in search of Coleoptera. Some 
of the former, I regret to say, have sadly deteriorated since I first knew them, 
twenty or more years ago, and the phenomenal drought and heat of the past summer 
have been most prejudicial to beetle life. Never in all my previous experience of 
collecting have so few really good insects rewarded such constant work, and a similar 
complaint reaches me from correspondents in many parts of the south of England. 

One exception to the general scarcity of beetles in the Isle of Sheppey has been 
the abundance of the Coccinellide, especially during the latter half of July. On 
certain evenings in that month, with a gentle south-westerly breeze and high tem- 
perature, ladybirds might have been swept off the grass on the edge of the cliffs 
literally by pints, and I remember to have only once before seen them in equal or 
greater profusion, during the summer of 1869. The predominating species were, as 
might have been expected, Coccinella 7-punctuta, variabilis, 11-punctata, and bi- 
punctata, but along with these several others, which were previously rare or not met 
with af all in the island, were to be found more or less commonly, such as C. ocellata, 


14 ’ {January, 


oblongo-guttata, obliterata, mutabilis, and 14-guttata. In damp places C. (Anisos- 
ticta) 19-punctata, new to my local list, was quite common, and C. 22-punctata, 
previously quite a rarity, was found at Elmley, by sweeping, in great profusion. 
Chilocorus similis, by no means an abundant insect in my experience, was this year 
quite plentiful, turning up in all sorts of places until quite the end of October. 

Very few other beetles were to be obtained by cliff sweeping, the evenings being 
as a rule too hot and dry; but on one occasion Bagéus subcarinatus was quite com- 
‘mon, at a distance of fully five miles from the very restricted locality where alone it 
had previously been found. Bruchus canus is an addition to the Sheppey list, but 
it occurred only singly. 

Early in August, in a dried-up ditch quite close to Sheerness, on a few water- 
cress plants swarming with Phedon cochlearie and its larva, I found three beautiful 
specimens of Saprinus virescens, a veritable wolf in sheep’s clothing. The close 
superficial resemblance of the Hister, in size, colour, and general aspect, to the 
Chrysomelid, renders the two species by no means easy to separate in the field, or, 
rather, the ditch; and in one instance at least the Saprinus was evidently making 
a meal of the helpless grubs of the Phedon. In the same spot I met with Phyto- 
bius velatus, new to Sheppey; and a casual specimen of the red-legged var. melano- 
cornis of Chlenius nigricornis excited for the moment a wild idea that I had at last 
got hold of the rare C. Schrankii. 


In large Boleti growing on elm trees, Homalium deplanatum occurred in fair 
numbers in September and October, accompanied by H. concinnum (common), 
Hapalarea pygmea (rare), Endomychus coccineus, Triphyllus suturalis (abundant), 
Coninomus nodifer, Tetratoma fungorum, and other fungus feeders ; Cis bidentatus 
being also very plentiful in these Boleti when hard and dry. Coryphium angusti- 
colle again turned up, after the lapse of many years, this time in an old apple tree 
stump, in company with Homalium iopterum. 

At Elmley, five miles from Sheerness, in a fresh-water ditch choked with a 
luxuriant growth of Sparganium ramosum, I found Telmatophilus brevicollis quite 
commonly by sweeping this plant. Curiously enough, this species was apparently 
restricted to a space not more than five yards in length, while its commoner relative, 
T. caricis, abounded from one end of the ditch to the other. Here, too, Bagdéus 
subcarinatus again occurred, with Hippodamia 13-punctata (taken by Mr. Champion 
in September), Podphagus sisymbrii, Apion Hookeri, &c. 

The thorny rest-harrow (Ononis spinosa), at Elmley and elsewhere, produced 
Apion Bohemani in great profusion in August, with Sitones ononidis, just as rarely. 
A. limonii, formerly so plentiful in many places round the shore of the island, now 
seems to be confined to a very limited spot on one of the “saltings” near Queen- 
borough, having apparently disappeared from nearly all its old localities. 

Turning now to the Chatham district, Cobham Park was, of course, visited at 
an early date, but this usually productive locality had suffered even more from the 
prolonged drought than the Isle of Sheppey ; and scarcely a beetle worth bottling 
resulted from several days’ collecting. I found that Platycis (Eros) minutus still 
lingered in the old ash tree,where it occurred in 1889, as I took half a dozen speci- 
mens one evening at the end of July; but its companion in the tree, Abreus 
granulum, had evidently quite vanished. Philonthus addendus, Sharp, and Ginath- 


1894.] 15 


oncus nannetensis, in fungus; Homalota pagana and Lathridius elongatus, by sifting 
dead leaves; and Nossidium pilosellum, not rarely about a Cossus-burrow in oak, 
with a solitary Agaricophagus cephalotes, the only Anisotomid met with by evening 
sweeping, are alone worth mentioning. Aphodius Zenkeri was quite scarce this 
year (though found not rarely at Mickleham), its place being apparently taken by 
A. sticticus. 

At Rainham, in October, Apion levicolle was found plentifully in a haystack 
on the marshes; Thyamis agilis again turned up, but very rarely, on Scrophularia 
aquatica, at Snodland ; and Licinus depressus occurred on two or three occasions 
under flints on the chalk hills at Queendown Warren, near Rainham, and at Boxley, 
near Maidstone. 

I went twice to Deal in September, but found the sand-hills devoted to the 
“royal and ancient game” of golf to such an extent that collecting was carried on 
at no small risk, in the midst of a miniature bombardment of hard balls flying in 
every direction. On both occasions the evening was unfavourable for sweeping, and 
I failed to find Anisotoma pallens, which species was the chief inducement of my 
visits. I was able, however, to ascertain that many of the well-known specialities 
in Coleoptera of this famous locality were still to be had for the working, and 
obtained, in addition, a good series of Nitidula rufipes and 4-pustulata, under a bone 
lying on the bare sand. 

A visit to Faversham, in quest of Liosomus troglodytes in its original locality, 
was unsuccessful as regards its main object, though I took a fine g of its almost 
equally rare congener, Z. oblongulus, with Apteropeda globosa in moss, as well as 
Stenus major and S. incrassatus in the marsh at Ospringe, where these species had 
been previously obtained.—JaAmMES J. WALKER, 23, Ranelagh Road, Sheerness: 
November 29th, 1893. 


Coleoptera in the Oxford District—During the past season I have met with 
several interesting species of Coleoptera in the neighbourhood of Oxford, some of 
which have, perhaps, not hitherto been recorded from the district. The localities 
which I worked were Bagley Wood, Shotover, and the backwaters of the river below 
the city; Dorchester, which is situated near the confluence of the Thame and 
Thames, was also a favourite hunting-ground for beetles. 

Elaphrus uliginosus, one specimen, running on a mud-bank in a stream near 
Stadhampton ; Pterostichus oblongopunctatus, in some numbers, in Hen Wood, near 
Oxford ; Oodes helopioides, near Marston, sometimes to be found in numbers at the 
roots of grass on the high banks after the floods have subsided ; Anchomenus livens, 
a few specimens in flood refuse, near Mesopotamia ; Oxyporus rufus, a long series 
from decaying fungus at Dorchester; Coccinella obliterata, in crevices of bark in 
Hen Wood; Alexia pilifera, by sweeping, at Dorchester; Carpophilus hemipterus, 
several specimens, in a rotting branch in Bagley Wood, but, unfortunately, most of 
them were lost; Cercus bipustulatus and C. pedicularius, swarming on the river 
banks ; Cychramus luteus, sweeping in Bagley Wood; Lathridius lardarius, a large 
series, by sweeping at Dorchester; Geotrupes mutator, one specimen at Shotover ; 
Agrilus laticornis, by sweeping in Bagley Wood; Aphanisticus pusillus, in moss at 


16 (January, 


Bagley ;. Hlater balteatus, not rare on hazel, Bagley Wood; Ischnodes sanguini- 
collis,some dead specimens, in a rotting log at Dorchester; Corymbites pectinicornis, 
Bagley Wood; C. querctis and var. ochropterus, by beating young oaks in Bagley 
Wood; C. metallicus, one specimen, by sweeping in Magdalen College grounds ; 
Malachius eneus, by sweeping in damp places at Dorchester ; Xestobium tessellatum, 
found attacking large numbers of willow trees at Oxford; Ptilinus pectinicornis, 
commonly on ash at Dorchester ; Ochina hedere, on dead ivy in Magdalen College 
grounds; Hedobia imperialis, by sweeping at Dorchester; Clytus mysticus and 
Leiopus nebulosus, by beating hawthorn in Bagley Wood ; Callidium violaceum, com- 
mon in parts of Bagley; Chrysomela didymata, one specimen, by sweeping nettles 
at Cowley; C. gattingensis, one specimen, on Frilford Heath; Melandrya cara- 
boides, in old willows at Oxford; Notoxus monoceros, in a sandy ditch at Cowley ; 
Oncomera femorata, a single specimen, captured flying in the city; Asclera cerulea, 
rarely, on hawthorn in early spring; Sifaris muralis, on an old wall at Wolvercot.— 
Joun W. Surpp, University Museum, Oxford: November, 1893. 


Odour of Olophrum piceum.—Last Thursday, December 7th, I sifted some dead 
leaves by the side of the Canal and brought home the siftings. On examination (as 
soon as the contents of the bag were warm enough to restore energy to the half 
frozen beetles), I perceived a most disagreeable smell, worse than the ordinary 
Hemiptera can produce. I went on boxing a few beetles, but finding no bugs, and 
a few minutes after my wife called my attention to the smell (she was sitting at the 
other end of the room). I finished and threw the leaves away, noticing, however, 
that the smell had disappeared. An hour afterwards I opened one of the boxes, and 
was greeted with the same smell. The box contained nothing but two specimens of 
Olophrum piceum, Gyll. I killed them promptly with boiling water, but the smell 
hung about them for some time, even after carding. Has this smell been noticed 
before? I can find no mention of it—HaroLtp Swatz, 3, Abbeymead, Tavistock : 
December 9th, 1893. 

[A similar objectionable odour is emitted by many species of the group 


Homaliine.—EpDs.]}. 


Pseudeumolpus, Jacoby, renamed Eumolpopsis.—My attention having been 
called to the fact that the name Pseudeumolpus, proposed by me in the last number 
of this Magazine (p. 276) for a genus of Phytophagous Coleoptera, is pre-occupied 
(Kraatz, 1890), I now change it to Humolpopsis.—M. Jacosy, 7, Hemstall Road, 
West Hampstead: December, 18938. 


Rare Diptera in 1893.—This season has been a very favourable one for Diptera, 
several rare species having occurred rather freely. My first capture worth noticing 
was Chilosia grossa in Sutton Park on March 27th. Early in April Bombylius 
major swarmed at Trench Woods, at the same time I captured Gonia lateralis. 
Callomyia amena, one specimen in my garden. Syrphus barbifrons, Melanostoma 
quadrimaculatum, Platychirus latimanus, were very common in Sutton Park in 
April. Helophtilus lineatus, hybridus, and trivittatus, all occurred in the Park, the 


1894.) IFA 


first named freely. Sericomyia borealis and lappona, very common, the former 
unusually large apecimens. Criorrhina berberina, oxyacanthe, and floccosa (Sutton), 
the last being taken in my garden before breakfast. Xylota abiens (Sutton), ten 
specimens, all males, were taken in close proximity to a dead tree, some on the trunk 
itself. X. sylvarum also occurred, and X. lenta was taken on the Cotswold. Mero- 
don equestris, seven specimens taken in my gardens (four distinct varieties), and I 
have heard of other captures; this insect is no doubt increasing in the country. 
Dioctria atricapilla, one from the Cotswold. Gymnocheta viridis, Sutton and 
Cotswold, one from each locality. Conops vesicularis (1) and Bombylius canescens, 
Wyre Forest, where I also captured a fine var. of Volucella bombylans, combining 
the two forms, the thorax being yellow and the tail red; this might well be called 
var. intermedia. At the end of July, by sweeping rush heads at Sutton, I took an im- 
mense quantity of Platychiride, among which were two specimens of P. fulviventris. 
Eristalis enea, taken freely at Weymouth in August, also sepulchralis (1), this was 
also taken at Sutton. Oncomyia nigra (1) and Sepedon sphegeus, from Wyre Forest 
in September. Among the Daddies, Tipula vittata, Pachyrrhina crocata, Pecilos- 
tola punctata, all occurred in my garden, the last named so freely that I could take 
half a dozen with one stroke of the net, it also varied much in colour from pale grey 
to black. Phalacrocera replicata, this was not uncommon in a bog in Sutton Park 
ou May 14th; on getting home at mid-day and finding it was a prize, I went again 
in the afternoon, but none were to be seen.—RaLpH C. Brapuiry, Holly Bank, 
Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire: December, 1893. 


Coccus rubi of Schrank.—In this Magazine, vol. xviii, p. 275, the late M. 
Lichtenstein states that he had identified the long-lost Coceus rubi, Schrank, in a 
species of Dactylopid, living on the leaves of Rubus discolor; but I think he was 
mistaken. Schrank’s description points clearly to a hemispheric Lecaniwm, ? , and 
I have referred to it a like species of that genus (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag.,ili, n.8., p. 105) ; 
whereas Lichtenstein states that his dissimilar 2? Coccid is “ fringed and spotted 
with snow-white woolly secretion, and has 8-jointed antenne.” He also adds, in 
his description of the male, that it has “four white tails or setee, the interior pair as 
long as the entire insect, the exterior as long as the wings. This latter character 
induces me to term the genus Zetrura.” It may, incidentally, be observed that 
Geoffroy says his Coccus adonidum, g, “has the four white filaments of its tail 
snow-white.” The late BH. Lf. Atkinson, in his “Insect Pests,’ Calcutta (1886), has 


a 


noted the proposed genus “‘ Zetrura”’ without any remark. All I wish to contend 
for now is that Lichtenstein’s Telrura ulmi cannot, by the evidence adduced, be the 
same as the Coccus ulmi, Schrank, aud that the latter is correctly identified as a 
Lecanium, as stated above.—J. W. Dovatas, 153, Lewisham Road, S.E.: Movem- 


ber 6th, 1893. 


Eriopeltis Lichtensteinii and Signoretia luzule in Scotland.—I have received 
from Dr. T, A. Chapman some of the sacs of Hriopeltis Lichtensteinii on grass- 
stems, and of Signoretia luzule, on the leaves of a Luzula, all taken in Argyleshire. 
These are interesting on account of the northern locality ; both species having 
hitherto been found not north of Cheshire.—Ib. 


B 


18 | January,’ 


Review. 

Tus Burrerriies or Norra AmERIcA: by W. H. Epwarps. Third Series, 
Part xiv, with three Coloured Plates. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 
and Co. London: Triibner and Co. 1893. 

This Part commences with a consideration of Neominois Ridingsii, Edw., an 
alpine Satyrid allied to Chionobas. The details concerning it occupy eight 4to 
pages, illustrated by a plate on which are about 30 figures. Otherwise the Part is, 
like its predecessor (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1893, p. 49), occupied by the genus 
Chionobas itself, and the species treated on are Ch. Gino, Boisd., of which assimilis, 
Butl., is considered a variety, Macounii, Edw., which appears practically peculiar to 
the Dominion of Canada, and of which the transformations are elaborately detailed 
and equally elaborately figured. 


Obituary. 

Prof. Hermann August Hagen, Hon. F.E.S., was born at K6nigsberg, East 
Prussia, on May 30th,* 1817, and died at Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., on November 
9th, 1893. He was the son of K. H. Hagen, one of the Professors at the University 
of Kénigsberg, and after preliminary education entered the University as medical 
student, where Rathke was Professor of Natural History, and it is possible that this 
association had much to do with his turning his attention to Entomology; but I 
have evidence that his father, although he appears to have written nothing on the 
subject, was an entomologist, for in 1865 Hagen sent me a pair of the still rare 
dragon-fiy, Epitheca bimaculata, “as a true token of my friendship,” inasmuch as 
they had been captured by his father, who gave them to him at the age of 15, with 
advice to study such insects. In 1839 he sent a List of the Dragon-flies of East 
Prussia to a local publication, and in the same year he appears to have accompanied 
Rathke on a journey to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, &c., where the principal collec- 
tions and Museums were visited. In 1840 he wrote his “ Dissertatio Inauguralis,” 
the subject of which was the synonymy of European Dragon-flies, proving unmis- 
takeably that talent for bibliographical research for which he subsequently became 
so famous. Once fairly launched as a writer, articles from his pen followed in rapid 
succession, and at the time of the attack which ultimately proved fatal, they numbered 
many hundreds, mainly on Neuroptera, including, for many years, critical reviews 
on all papers on the subject that appeared, and also notices of old and nearly forgotten 
works on entomology. Fossil Newroptera engaged his attention continuously. Un- 
doubtedly he was the pioneer of modern Neuropterology in its broad sense, and of 
Trichopterology in particular. About 1841 his work attracted the attention of 
Baron de Selys-Longchamps, and the life-long friendship then formed showed fruit 
in the production of the ‘“‘ Revue des Odonates d’Europe” (1850), which was in 
part written by him, and to which he contributed nearly all the illustrations of 
details, for he was a ready draughtsman, and his letters were always rendered the 
more valuable on account of the intercalated sketches. With de Selys he was 
was also associated in the “ Monographie des Caloptérygines” (1854) and “des 


* In his ‘‘ Inaugural Dissertation” (1840) he gives the date somewhat vaguely as ‘‘ante 
tertium diem Jun., anno 1817,” showing that, at that time, he was slightly uncertain. 


1894.2 19 


Gomphines ” (1857), and in the various synopses of Odonate Families and their 
additions that are so well known to all Neuropterists. From 1855 to 1858 he was 
engaged on a Synopsis of the European Cicade, and from 1855 to 1860 on his 
“ Monographie der Termiten,” which in many respects is perhaps his masterpiece, 
dealing as it does, in a wonderfully detailed manner, with what is probably the most 
difficult of all Families of Insects. In 1861 appeared his “Synopsis of the Newroptera 
of North America” (Smithsonian Institution), which was intended to be followed 
later by a Monograph on the same subject, but this latter, unfortunately, never ap- 
peared in a collective form. I say “ unfortunately,” because several important groups, 
such as the Planipennia and Trichoptera, were not worked out in the Synopsis with 
his usual detail. For several years prior to this Hagen had been engaged in com- 
piling the “ Bibliotheca Entomologica,” which appeared in two vols. in 1862 and 
1863, giving a List of all works and papers on Entomology that had appeared from 
the earliest times. That work, as affording a means of ready reference (rendered 
still more useful by the analytical register at the end of the second vol.), almost 
revolutionized the science, and it was truly said that having got it, the wonder was 
how we existed so long without it. Omissions and errors have naturally been de- 
tected since—that these are so few is a marvel. 

All this time Hagen had been labouring at his profession as a medical man in 
his native town, and adding to his small income by occasional literary work; but 
his letters to me at one time were despondent as to his future. However, in 1867, 
he was asked by Louis Agassiz, the Director of the Zoological Museum of Harvard 
University, Cambridge, Mass., to take charge of the Entomological Section. He 
accepted the position, and finally left Europe in the autumn of 1867 to undertake 
his new duties (a portion of his collections being destroyed en route, to his great 
grief). Once installed there, he set to work with a will, and put in order that which 
had been comparative chaos, turning his attention especially to illustrating the life- 
histories of insects, a feature for which the Museum has become renowned. He 
became Professor of Entomology at the University. In America it was almost ne- 
cessary he should devote much attention to economic entomology, and he suggested 
a means of destroying noxious insects by means of inoculation with the yeast 
fungus. In 1882 (then at the age of 65) he joined a long and arduous exploring 
expedition, and accumulated much materials, one outcome of which was a paper on 
the genus Colias, which attracted much attention and occasioned much controversy. 
These duties, necessities of his office, left him little time for his Neuropterous 
studies, but he continued to publish on the Order. He revisited Europe for a brief 
period on two occasions, and on the second of these I met him at Southampton when 
on his return—the last time I saw him. In September, 1890, he was stricken with 
paralysis, and an attack of influenza in the following January rendered his recovery 
hopeless. He lingered on for nearly three years in a deplorable state, helpless as an 
infant, conscious of his condition, with his bodily functions unimpaired, yet reduced 
to a skeleton (he was formerly a very heavy man), kept alive by the devoted care of 
his wife (whom he married when quite young, but had no family). I cannot but 
echo the expression of one of his oldest friends in America—a happy release for 
both of them! 

In conclusion it becomes necessary to say a few words as to my personal con- 
nection with Hagen. I was most emphatically his pupil. When he was in London 

B2 


90 (January, 


engaged on the compilation of his “ Bibliotheca,” I met him for the first time. He 
took the opportunity when here of making an examination of the various collections 
of Newroptera, and one resu}t was a series of Synopses of the British species (all 
excepting Per/ide), published in the “ Entomologist’s Annuals”’ for several years. 
That on the Phryganide (1859—61) attracted my attention, and induced me to 
study these insects (of which I had already collected a few), and to enter into 
correspondence with the author My first letter from him is dated 18th February, 
1861, and from that time until just before his illness we were in almost constant 
communication. Naturally there were points on which we were not quite of the 
same opinion: but I venture to think that this long co-operation was of value 
to both of us, and, let me hope, also to succeeding students of the subjects in which 
we were both so warmly interested! Hagen was Honorary Member of most of the 
prominent Entomological Societies, of that of London since 1863.—R. McLacutan. 


Societies. 

BIRMINGHAM ENTOMOLOGICAL Society: November 20th, 1893.—Mr. R. C. 
BRADLEY in the Chair. 

The following were exhibited :—By Mr. E. C. Rossiter, insects from Arley, 
including Aplecta tincta, Hadena contigua and Proteus, and one specimen of 
AXylophasia scolopacina from Shut Mill. By Mr. A. H. Martineau, Macroglossa 
stellatarum from Solihull and Abersoch, N. Wales, and one specimen of Sesia 
cynipiformis from Wyre Forest; also Bombus muscorum, sylrarum, and cognatus, 
3, all from Nevin, N. Wales, species almost identical in appearance. By Mr. R. C. 
Bradley, males, females, and neuters of Vespa crabro from Astwood Bank ; also 
Ammophila sabulosa from Cannock Chase ; a species which Mr. Saunders, in part il 
of his “‘ Hymenoptera Aculeata,’’ says he has not heard of from the midlands. By 
Mr. W. Harrison, a nest of Bombus cognatus from Harbarne, with males, females, 
and neuters; also a box of Lepidoptera taken during the Society’s Cotswold trip in 
June last, and including, in addition to species taken by the other members, Nemeo- 
bius Lucina, Euchelia jacobea, Nemophila plantaginis, 6 and 2, &. A paper was 
communicated by Mr. F. W. Urich, of Trinidad, entitled, “Wayside Notes of a 
Naturalist,” in which was described a walk in the neighbourhood of Port of Spain, 
with many observations upon the habits of the insects, &c., met with. A number of 
photographs of the district, &c., were shown ; also a box full of insects which had 
been collected, to show what might de done in the course of one walk there: it 
included about 50 dragon-flies, and over 130 Lepidoptera.—CoLBRan J. WAIN- 
WRIGHT, Hon. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL Society : December 11th, 1893.— 
Mr.S. J. Capper, F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 
Mr. C. H. Schill, of Manchester, gave “ A few introductory remarks on the 


2 


genus Vanessa and its allies,’ and showed the ease with which exotics could now be 
obtained from friends residing abroad. He stated that it was almost necessary to 
work single groups and become specialists thereon, rather than attempt to form 


gigantic collections of whole Orders, of which it was almost impossible to obtain a 


1894.] 97 


complete knowledge. He then described the chief points of difference for separating 
the genera and species, illustrating his remarks by a number of closely connected 
species of the genus. Mr. C. G. Barrett, of London, explained and discussed Mr. 
Merrifield’s recent experiments on the effect of temperature on the genus Vanessa. 
Mr. C. E. Stott read a few remarks upon Ammophila lutaria, Fab., and showed a 
specimen captured near Blackpool in July, 1892 ; Mr. Harker, living specimens of a 
Corynetes, feeding in Copra, from Singapore, and Sesia scolieformis, from the north 
of Scotland; Mr. Newstead, a nest of Vespa vulgaris, from Malpas, Cheshire, which 
was built to 2 rafter inside an outhouse, a most unusual position; and Sinoden- 
dron cylindricum, L., and larve, from a pear tree near Chester. Mr. J. Herbert 
Stott, a curious variety of Celena Haworthii, from Bolton, 1893. Mr. Gregson, a 
specimen of Heliothis peltigera, captured at Wallasey in 1887. Mr. Watson, 
Parnassius Apollo and P. Phebus = Delius, showing the female pouches; also 
Eurycus Cressida.—F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec., The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 


EntomotogicaL Society oF Lonpon: December 6th, 1893. — Henry JOHN 
Ewes, Esq., F.£.S., F.Z.S., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. W. F. Kirby exhibited, for Dr. Livett, a series of specimens of a moth 
taken at Wells, which Dr. Livett considered to be varieties of Dasycampa rubiginea, 
but which many entomologists present thought were varieties of Cerastis vaccinit. 
Mr. Kirby added that similar specimens had been taken rather freely during the 
past autumn in Berkshire, and it was suggested that they might be hybrids between 
D. rubiginea and C. vacciniz. 

Mr. Lovell Keays exhibited, for Mr. A. L. Keays, a series of Lycena Alexis, 
with confluent spots on the under-sides of the fore-wings. He drew attention to 
the fact that the insects were all taken within a short radius, and probably were in 
the ratio of about one in forty with reference to the ordinary form. All the 
examples, with one exception, were females. He had some years ago met with a 
similar brood near Weymouth, in which the confluent spots were, as far as the speci- 
mens collected by him extended, entirely confined to females, and the proportion 
was much higher. Professor S. H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A., stated 
that he had observed the occurrence of broods with suffused spots in America, but 
they were not confined to any special locality. ; 

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited the type-specimen of Coptomia opalina of 
Gory, from the Hopeian Collection at Oxford, and pointed out that it was quite 
distinct from C. mutabilis, W. The distinct punctuation of the whole insect, and 
the striolate pygidium in C. opalina, were sufficient to distinguish it at once. Mr. 
Waterhouse called attention to this, as some French entomologists maintain that 
these insects are the same species. He also called attention to Si/pha atomaria of 
Linneus (Syst. Nat., ed. xii, i, p. 574), a Swedish species which appeared to have 
escaped notice, and was not included in any catalogue. The type is still extant in 
the Linnean cabinet, and Mr. Waterhouse said he was of opinion that it is the Olibrus 
geminus of our collections, but he had not had an opportunity of making a critical 
examination. He also exhibited male and female specimens of a Helopeltis (the 
Tea-Bug), which he considered a distinct species, and stated that it had occurred 
only in Assan. 


i) 
iw) 


‘ January, 


Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited certain species and varieties of the genus Ceroglossus 
from Chili, and Dr. D. Sharp, Mr. J. J. Walker, and Mr. Champion made remarks 
on their geographical distribution. 

Prof. Scudder exhibited the type-specimen of a fossil butterfly—Prodryas 
Persephone—found in beds of Tertiary Age (Oligocene) at Florissant, Colorado. 
He said the species belonged to the Nymphalidae, and the specimen was remarkable 
as being in more perfect condition than any fossil butterfly from the European 
Tertiaries. He also stated that he had found a bed near the White River on the 
borders of Utah, in which insects were even more abundant than in the Florissant 
beds. Dr. Sharp, Mr. Kirby, Mr. H. Goss, and the President took part in the dis- 
cussion which ensued. 

Mr. Goss exhibited hibernating larvee of Spilothyrus alcee, which had been sent 
to him by Mr. F. Bromilow from St. Maurice, Nice. 

Mr. W. F. H. Blandford read a paper, entitled, “The Rhynchophorous Coleop- 
tera of Japan. Part iii. Scolytide.’’ The President, Dr. Sharp, Mr. Champion, 
Mr. McLachlan and Mr. J. J. Walker took part in the discussion which ensued 
concerning the distribution of the group and the admixture of Palearctic and 
Oriental forms in Japan. 

My. G. T. Bethune-Baker read a paper, entitled, “ Notes on sonit Lepidoptera 
received from the neighbourhood of Alexandria,’ and exhibited the specimens. 
Mr. McLachlan suggested that the scarcity of insects in lower Egypt was possibly 
to be accounted for by the fact that much of the country was under water for a 
portion of the year, and Dr, Sharp said that another cause of the scarcity was the 
cultivation of every available piece of land for centuries past. The President and 
Mr. J. J. Walker continued the discussion. 

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse read a paper, entitled, “ Further Observations on the 
Tea-Bugs (Helopeltis) of India.” 

Dr. F. A. Dixey communicated a paper, entitled, “On the Phylogeny of the 
Pierine, as illustrated by their wing-markings and Geographical Distribution.”— 
H. Goss and W. W. Fowter, Hon. Secretaries. 


= 


A SYNOPSIS OF BRITISH PSYCHODIDZ. 
BY THE REV. A. E. EATON, M.A., F.E.S. 


(concluded from vol. iv, page 130). 


Tue GroGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PsYcHODIDE 


can here be treated of only in a very summary manner, owing to the 
small amount of information available. Many species have been 
described from countries exterior to Europe, under the generical name 
of Psychoda; but it is probable that the name was applied to them 
in a comprehensive popular sense that throws no light upon the range 
of this genus. A magazine-drawer in one of the British Museum 
eabinets contains a single 9 Psychoda, captured by the author at 
Capetown in 1874; a Pericoma allied to P. ocellaris, obtained by 


1894. } 23 


Wollaston in the island of Madeira ; and several specimens of another 
species, related either to P. notabilis or P. fusca, from German East 
Africa. 

Turning to continental Europe, the information obtainable from 
foreign authors concerning the range of British species of Psychodide 
is very limited. Latreille and Macquart refer to six of the species as 
indigenous to the north of France: Pericoma canescens (Meigen ?), 
trifasciata, ocellaris, fusca; Psychoda phalenoides and sexpunctata. 
Van der Wulp (who has seen English specimens of nine of them) 
records eleven of the species from the Netherlands, which are also 
included by Schiner in the Austrian fauna: Ulomyia fuliginosa; Peri- 
coma palustris, nubila, canescens, ocellaris, fusca ; Psychoda albipennis, 
phalenoides, sexpunctata, humeralis ; and Trichomyia urbica. Zetter- 
stedt reckons nine of these last mentioned species amongst the 
Scandinavian Diptera (omitting U. fuliginosa, and the P. canescens of 
Schiner), and includes a tenth species—P. trifasciata. This apparently 
exhausts the modern record. 

Six British species extend to Algeria: Pericoma ambiqua, ustulata ; 
Psychoda erminea, sexpunctata, humeralis ; and Sycorax silacea. 

The local distribution of Psychodide within the British Islands 
has been so little investigated that it is as well not to enter here into 
details on this subject. It will be of more practical advantage to 
close this article with some topographical notes indicative of the 
nature of sites affected by certain species. The character of suitable 
“stations ” can usually be recognised at a glance by their vegetation 
and surroundings. 

The ancient forest of Selwood formerly extended along a range 
of hills, exterior to the chalk, on the border of Wilts and Somerset, in 
the neighbourhood of Witham and Bruton. Several streamlets, 
tributary to the Brue and Stour, there take their rise in swampy dells, 
shaded by alders and carpeted with such plants as Viola palustris, 
Chrysosplenium, and Hydrocotyle, decked here and there with Caltha 
and ferns, such as lady-fern and Lustrea dilatata. These are haunts of 
Pericoma cognata and Psychoda lucifuga, in May and September, and 
of P. mutua, in June and July. 

Between Bruton and Wincanton the small hamlet of Stoney 
Stoke nestles in a hollow close to Redlynech Park. A short lane, 
shaded by trees and hedges, leads to the hamlet froma gate at the 
nearest corner of the park wall. Pertcoma revisenda hitherto has 
been found only in this lane. It shelters under hazel and maple 
_ leaves, chiefly in the right-hand hedge going down the hill, at the 


DA, (January, 1894. 


beginning of September. Where the left-hand hedge-bank is wet 
and foundering, P. palustris and gracilis harbour among nettles and 
on hazel,in May; and the latter in autumn is associated with extricata 
and compta. Towards the foot of the hill on the same side the bank 
is strengthened by a retaining wall, open to the sun and coated with 
Marchantia, where water leaks through from the field, or trickles from 
a rustic spout overhung by Geranium and Scolopendrium. Here, from 
May onwards, P. pulchra and trifasciata are to be found. The 
drainage from the lane and spout ripples down a shallow trench 
amongst Spirea ulmaria, Helosciadiim, and Mentha aquatica, mingled 
with rotting leaves; Ulomyia is in profusion, in company with P. 
trivialis. On entering the hamlet, the road divides, and the right- 
hand turning, bordered on each side by a shallow ditch of gently 
flowing water, is flanked by a garden hedge on the left, facing the sun, 
opposite a high, damp, shady bank, much encumbered with nettles, 
and partly bordered with Chrysosplenium. The herbage by this shady 
ditch, early in June, sheltered plenty of P. notabilis and morula, 
with fusca sparingly. The sunny ditch opposite, choked with Veronica 
beccabunga and watercress, abounds with P. canescens and trivialis, 
and during early summer and autumn with P. fratercula. In the 
pastures nearest to the hamlet, by the stream into which the lane and 
ditches drain, P. soleata was common in June at one or two miry 
places by the water near a rustic bridge, among Hpilobium hirsutum 
above the bridge, and in a swampy hollow under some oak trees just 
below. P. ocellaris is common all over this district, especially along 
wet hedge-ditches, not too much obstructed with rotting leaves. 
Sometimes it abounds in wet meadows and lanes amongst Juncus com- 
munis and Iris pseudacorus. 

About a mile and a half from WPntecanar, the railway to Bath 
passes Moorhays Farm; and shortly beyond that is a level crossing 
leading to Knowle Park Farm. The ditch on the left-hand of the 
railway embankment, where it is shallow and the water ripples gently 
amongst Sparganium ramosum and Helosciadium along its clayey 
channel, is the resort of P. soleata, morula, and fratercula, in May and 
June, and of the last species in August and September. Near the 
culverts, further on, through which the water crosses under the line, 
P. incerta occurs in May, June, and August. Along streams and 
rivulets in this neighbourhood, and in Blackmoor Vale, P. exquis:ta, 
fallax, blandula, and trifasciata, are plentiful from May onwards, 
especially near clay banks, &c., clad with Marchantia, where the flow 
of water is brisk. In September, P. compta is common on hazel in 


Ent. Mo. Maga., 2np Str., Vou. V, Pu. I. 


" 


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CONTENTS. PAGR 


Notes on the earlier stages of the Nepticule, with a view to their better 

recognition (continued).—John H. Wood, M.B. 1 
The Winter Moth (Cheimatobia bramata) and its destruction. 2G PF, Wilson, 

DUI eS no RARER Pe Onae MR eames F cicsee Sade podbduace 0b 805 c00 4, 
An attempt to account. for Moth- eae, with notes on its c cure re by Ether. = 

H. Guard Knaggs, M.D., F.L.S. .... sfidsgaaee lacy nO) 
Asymmetry of markings in the Dahle, (el C. ‘Griffiths, P. E. sh Re Par aden ac 9 
Note on a species of “Lampides, and description of a new Aree from 

Borneo.—Hamilton H. Druce, F.Z.8., fc. .. .. rete ee oe us) 
Pararge Megeera in October.—Rev. W. F. Johnson, ‘.A., PES. gasps 10 
The present “market value of Chrysophanus dispar and Noctua subrosea.—Bds. 11 
Notes on Hepialus virescens and other eo spring insects in New Zealand.— 


G. V. Hudson, F.E.S... Peper oudccnbooneee mall 
Lepidoptera, &c., at Morecambe.—G. T. Porritt, ELS. vids ir.bids Sa SR Le 
Lepidoptera in the Belfast District.—Charles W. Watt <0. 12 
Stray Notes on Kentish Coleoptera.—James J. Walker, R.N., F.L.S. ............ 18 
Coleoptera in the Oxford District.—John W. Shipp...........c0. cscs cceeeesae ten cec ees 15 
Odour of Olophrum piceum.—AHarold Swale, M.B. .. ppenapics (6; 
Pseudeumolpus, Jacoby, renamed Eumolpopsis.— —Martin n Jacoby, F FE. Sea eG 
Rare Diptera in 1893.—Ralph C. Bradley .. i Speucepe ele 
Coccus rubi of Schrank.—J. W. Douglas, F. E. ice MR ere seer SL 
Kriopeltis Lichtensteinii and Signoretia luzule in 1 Scotland. Hee Salas eld 
ReEyinw.—The Butterflies of North America, 3rd Series, Part xiv: “by W. H. 

Edwards .......... 17 
OxpituaRyY.—Prof. Hermann iacract Hinge Ton F, E. s. ap. ‘Melilla B. R. 8. 18 
SocietTies.—Birmingham Hntomological Society........ «alate grevaaeuetae aaa emg te 

Resang ae and Cheat Entomological Society... MRE A . 120 
Entomological Society of London ......... isn. passione creme 


A Synopsis of British Psychodides (continued).— Rev. A. BE. nerene u.A., F.ES. 22 


The Explanation of Plates I and If will appear im the February No. Weare 
unavoidably obliged to defer the publication of several important papers, some 
already in type, and others in hand. 


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February, 1894. | 25 


the lane skirting Redlynch Park, near Knowle Park Farm (above 
referred to), and also in a lane on the further side of the park leading 
from Godminster to Bruton. Atthe same season, P. extricata, cognata, 
and gracilis can be obtained at Godminster Wood, and in Holywater 
Copse, near Godminster Farm. P. advena is described from a unique 
specimen captured at Bratton Seymour, near Wincanton, the 31st 
May, 1892. It was on a hazel leaf beside a surface-well at the side 
of the lane below the church, just above the last cottage. The over- 
flow from the well descends by a gutter at the edge of the road, 
bordered with Helosciadium, Veronica beccabunga, &c., dominated by 
a high wet bank, overgrown with Spirea ulmaria, Juncus communis, 
and other rank herbage harbouring Pericoma palustris, ocellaris, morula, 
and several other Psychodide that have already been noticed. 

Ashcot is the station next to Glastonbury, westwards, amidst the 
turf-moors. On the left of the railway, just before the station, are 
some old turf-holes, near a wood, that are full of water, in which grow 
Utricularia, and other aquatic plants. Pericoma consors resorts to 
the borders of these pits, and was especially plentiful on a little patch 
of quaking bog amongst Typha in August. PP. ustulata is met with 
occasionally by ditches in this neighbourhood, but not so commonly as 
near the sea: it abounds at the moist sandy margins of ditches near 
the golf-links at Minehead, and can be beaten, with P. caliginosa, out 
of clumps of coarse grass at the base of the low cliffs at Weymouth, 
Dorset, between Sandsfoot Castle and the Nothe, throughout summer 
and autumn. 

Dunster is near Minehead, in the west of Somerset. At the exit 
of the town, going towards Dulverton, is a small street to the left, 
with a shallow water-course on one side of it, serving for the relief of 
the mill-conduit and the conveyance of sewage from some cottages, 
and bordered with nettles. Here Pericoma nubila, trivialis, and 
neglecta abound. A few miles further along the Dulverton road, 
below a village named Cutcombe, is a roadside spout near a house 
designated Gilly in the ordnance map. Psychoda erminea is described 
from a single specimen beaten out of a bush close to the spout on the 
30th September, 1890. Only one other specimen has as yet been 
captured in England, and this (in poor condition) occurred on a 
window at Holwell, Dorset, in December. The species probably 
frequents wet shady banks in the woodlands. Pericoma extricata 
abounds under Salix caprea growing on the miry slopes of the combe 
below Dunkery Hill Gate, near the outskirts of the deer covert, at an 


elevation of about 1300 ft. 
C 


26 ‘s [February, 


In the adjoining county of Devon, half-way between Exeter and 
Sidmouth, is a district of gravelly heaths, part of which is called 
Aylesbeare Common. Near some of the boggy spots, suitable for 
Narthecium ossifragum and cotton-grass, or certain species of Juncus, 
along the verge of the enclosures, watery places in the hedge-ditches, 
overhung with lady-fern and other ferns, are resorts of Pericoma 
labeculosa. Farther to the east, at Seaton, on the coast, is the only 
known locality for P. decipiens. It frequents a boggy piece of ground 
on Haven Cliff, overgrown with Hguisetum telmateja,in June and July, 
together with P. fusca. At the base of the cliff, P. pulchra occurs 
- by the streamlet that tumbles down the cliff. P. ambigua is found at 
the same season on Axminster Heath or Shute Hill, among alder 
bushes in a Sphagnum swamp; also amongst Juncus at Aylesbeare 
Common, and other places. P. fusca abounded in May between 
Marston and Mudford (a low-lying district) in the left hand ditch 
of the main road going to Yeovil, where the water was rippling. But 
it also resorts to the shadiest part of a small, clean, cattle pond, almost 
completely embowered in a plantation at Westrow, Holwell. Macquart 
found it in a wood. 

Pericoma Dalii, up to the present time, has been taken only by 
Mr. C. W. Dale on his estate at Mullet’s Copse, Glanvilles Wootton, 
among Hquisetum telmateja, at the end of May. 


The author has in preparation a Synopsis of Algerian Psychodide, 
in which opportunity may be taken to amend weak points in the 
leading steps of the tabulations in the present Synopsis, which recent 
observations have revealed. The two Groups of Genera need re- 
definition ; a clause noting exceptions should be added to step 2a, vol. 
iv, p. 32, and the tabulation of Species of the 3rd Section of Pericoma, 
commencing at p. 123, should be slightly modified, so as to bring 
No. 24, P. advena, into juxtaposition with No. 18, P. notabilis, each 
typifying a group of species. 


Expranation oF Puates I, II, Ill ann IV. 


Figures of details all enlarged, drawn under the microscope with 
camera lucida from specimens denuded (with scarcely an exception) of 
hair or scales. Hair-lines indicate the natural lengths of the wings ; 
and numerals, preceded by the sign of multiplication, written small, 
show the scale of diametrical enlargement of other details. Larger 
letters (U., P., and Ps.) serve to distinguish the genera Ulomyia, 


1894. ] 27 


Pericoma, and Psychoda. Italics @ to e denote each a particular detail. 
The numerals prefixed in the tabulations to the names of the species 
of Pericoma and Psychoda are used in the Plates to denote the illus- 


trations that concern the same species. 


PLATE If. 

U. and P.—Ulomyia fuliginosa (Vol. iv, p. 82, step 4) and species of the 1st Section 
of Pericoma (Vol. iv, p. 120) :—1, palustris; 2, mutua; 3, cognata; 4, 
compta ; 5, extricata; 6, nubila; 7, trivialis. 

Wings of U., ¢ and 2, and P. Nos. 1 to 5. 

a—Superior genital appendage, 6, of U. and P. Nos. 2 and 4 to 7. 

é—Inferior genital appendage and forceps basis, g, of P. No. 7. 

c—External genitalia, 9 , from the side, of P. No. 7. 


PLATE II. 


P.—Species of the 2nd Section of Pericoma (Vol. iv, p. 122) and of part of the 3rd 
Section (Vol. 4, p. 123) :—[2nd Section], 8, neglecta; 9, canescens; 10, 
exquisita; 11, fallaw; 12, gracilis; 13, blandula; 14, trifasciata; 15, 
pulchra; [8rd Section], 16, ocellaris; 17, Dalit; 18, notabilis; 19, 
ambigua. 

Wings of P. Nos. 9 to 14 and 16 to 19; the dotted part in No. 17 supplied from a 


nearly related foreign species. 
a—Superior genital appendage, g, of P. Nos. 8 to 11 and 13 to 16. 
6—Antenna of P. Nos. 16 ¢,16 ¢ part, and 18 g. 


PLATE III. 

P.—Species of the remainder of the 8rd Section of Pericoma (Vol. iv, p. 128) and 
apecies of the 4th Section (Vol. iv, p. 127) :—[8rd Section continued ], 20, 
decipiens; 21, soleata ; 22, consors ; 23, labeculosa ; 24, advena; 25, 
morula ; [4th Section], 26, fratercula; 27, ustulata; 28, caliginosa; 29, 
incerta ; 30, revisenda. 

Wings of P. Nos. 20 to 30. Two figures are given of No. 21 to illustrate individual 


variation in extremities of basal cells. 


a—Superior genital appendage, ¢, of P. No. 27. 


PATE Ve 
P.—The species of the 5th Section of Pericoma (Vol. iv, p. 82, step 5) :—81, fusca. 


Ps.—Species of the 1st Section of Psychoda (Vol. iv, p. 129) and of the 2nd Section 
(p. 33, steps 6a and 7) :—[lst Section], 1, lucifuga; 2, phalenoides ; 3, 
albipennis ; 4, senpunctata; 5, erminea ; [2nd Section], 6, humeralis. 


Wings of P. No. 31, g and ?, and of Ps. Nos. 1, 2,3 and 6. The thinness of the 
neuration in Nos.1 and 2 may be due to the direction of the light when 
they were drawn. Two figures of No. 3 are given to illustrate individual 


C2 


28 ‘February, 


variation (noted by Schiner) in the condition of the forked nervures; the 
relative strength and weakness of nervures in these figures is in agreement 
with their natural proportions, and is referred to at Vol. iv, p. 8. 

a, b, d—Genitalia, g : a, superior appendage; 6, inferior appendage; d, penis, of 
P. 31 (a, d) in two positions; Ps. Nos. 2 (a, 6,d), 3 and 4 (a), 5 (a, d), 
and 6 (0). 

e—External genitalia, 2 , from the side, of Ps. No. 6. 


Algeria: 1893. 


NOTES ON SOME BRITISH AND EXOTIC COCCIDZ (No. 27). 
BY J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S8. 


Tue Mieration oF Coccips. 

On June 5th, 1891, I found, at the distance of a mile from here, 
on a small bush of hawthorn, several gravid females of Pulvinarva 
oxyacanthe, Linn., with ovisacs full of eggs and larve, and transferred 
some of these masses to a hawthorn-bush growing in the boundary- 
hedge of my garden, on which no Coccids existed, hoping thus to 
establish the species here by the next year. In the spring of 1892, 
however, the terminal shoots of the bush, on which the Coccids would 
naturally be situate, were cut off, and so I feared ended my expecta- 
tions, for subsequently I could not find any scales; but there must 
have been some undetected, for on the 2nd inst., that is, a month 
before the usual time of year, I saw two full-grown females on the 
bush, but I had not been on the alert early enough to notice their 
development. The transfer of a species from one plant to another of 
the same kind at a distance being quite practicable, some persons 
may possibly be induced to experiment with other species than that 
mentioned, with a view to watching the development of these singular 
insects, of which the life-history presents many interesting features. 
The female forms of the Lecaniide, it is true, are not attractive, but 
the males are wonderful in form and beautiful in appearance, in these 
respects rivalling the small Lepidoptera; they are so short-lived, and 
so rarely obtained, except by rearing, that those of many species have 
never been observed ; indeed, it has been questioned if in some they 
exist at all in an external appreciable form. The rearing of Lecanude 
in gardens on trees which are already there, or to be planted for the 
purpose, would doubtless bring to light the knowledge of many re- 
condite points in the economy of several species. No harm to the 
trees would accrue, for it is only when Coccids are in excessive numbers 
that they are injurious, and in such experimental cases as these would 
be, they could easily be regulated. 


1994.) 29 


The late A. Foerster had a theory, which was also supported by 
the late J. Lichtenstein, that certain similar forms of Lecaniide, which 
he enumerated (ef. Ent. Mo. Mag , xxiii, pp. 25,26), found on different 
trees, and which have received distinctive specific names, are only one 
and the same species; but adverting to the structural discrepancies 
in the insects, especially in the antennew and legs, which have been 
discovered in later time, this view is not tenable. Yet trial might be 
made in a home experimental station, constantly under the survey of 
an investigator to ascertain decisively whether all Coccids would live 
on trees totally different from those on which they usually feed. Some 
ean, and do naturally, but they retain all their structural characters, 
and thus can be identified. 


LECANIUM HESPERIDUM and L. LAURI. 


In Lecanium lauri, on which, with the assistance of Mr. Newstead, 
I gave a note in this Magazine, vol. ii, n. s., with a view to show that 
it is distinct from LZ. hesperidum, one special point of dissimilarity is 
in the structure of the digitules of the feet, and it is further noticed 
that, in this country, Z. hesperidwm is found only on orange and 
lemon trees under glass,and Z. Jawri only on bay trees. Mr. Maskell, 
however, has noticed (vol. iv, p. 108) a reverse order, inasmuch as in 
New Zealand L. hesperidum occurs on laurel, ivy, holly, and other plants, 
and in Australia Z. lawri lives on citrus. This is very curious. The 
validity of the differences pointed out is admitted, yet the inference 
that there is a distinction of species is demurred to, and the belief is 
expressed that there is really but one. I do not wish to have a con- 
troversy with one who has had long and varied experience in the 
microscopical investigation of Coccids, but I hardly think that his 
reasons are conclusive. We come back to the doubt of how much or 
how little of structural character is sufficient to determine a difference 
of species. In Coleoptera and Hemiptera, for instance, a small variation 
in sculpture, striation, puncturation, hairiness or spinosity, form or 
length of the joints of antenne or feet, are held to be good differential 
specific characters. Size and colour do not count for much, and in 
‘Lepidoptera especially, where they used to be greatly used to differ- 
entiate species, they have had to be abandoned as unavailable for that 
purpose ; yet they still have at times a value subsidiary to considera- 
tions of structure of adult and larva. With regard to L. hesperidum 
and Jauri there may be the hypothesis that they are representatives of 
divergence from one prior form, as yet not differentiated beyond the 


stage of “race,” and hereafter destined to become more decidedly 
separate, 


30 | February, 


THE Genus PROSOPOPHORA. 


Mr. Maskell (vol. iv, p. 104) objects to “surface with granular 
raised lines” being considered to be a generic character of the scales 
(g and ?), contending that it is only specific. In this case it may be 
so; I do not wish to argue, all the more that Mr. Maskell says he has 
two new species destitute of the raised lines which, ceteris paribus, 
will fit into the genus. It is very difficult in a new form to determine 
which of its characters are generic, and which are specific. Other 
species may exist in which, as in P. dendrobii, there may be raised 
lines yet in a different pattern ; then the character would, I think, be 
generic. We see in other Orders of insects some one leading struc- 
tural character admitted to be of value in estimating generic rank, 
while its variation in respect of pattern, density, complexity or other 
quality, exemplified in a group of forms is held to indicate specific 
difference, ¢. ¢., fixity for the time being in departure from a primitive 
stem. 


153, Lewisham Road : 
1893. 


LITHOCOLLETIS TRIGUTTELLA, STN., A VARIETY OF 
LI. FAGINELLA, Z. 


BY EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S. 


Inthocolletis triguttella was originally described, in the “ Zoolo- 
gist” for 1850, p. 2896, by the late Mr. H. T. Stainton from a single 
specimen taken at Sanderstead in May by Mr. J. W. Douglas, but 
from the following evidence I think it will be clear that it is nothing 
more than a variety of faginella, and that for the future the synonymy 
should be:—Lithocolletis faginella, Zell., Stn., var. triguttella, Stn. 

Early in 1892, when, through the kindness of the present owner, 
Mr. P. B, Mason, I was examining Mr. Douglas’s collection, | made 
an entry to the effect that the unique example of ZL. triguttella looked 
to me in every respect like a genuine faginella, 8, except that, owing 
either to the union of the typical third and fourth white costal streaks, 
or to the absence of the fourth, while the third was unusually large, 
there were only three such streaks instead of four. On reaching 
home I examined for the first time a long series of faginella, bred in 
the previous year from larva collected here, which showed that the 
white streaks vary greatly in size and shape, and, to some extent, 
in position ; one ?, entirely forgotten since it was set, was a_veritable 
“triguttella,” for the third and fourth costal streaks had, on both 


1894 } 2] 


fore-wings, coalesced into one. This specimen was shown to Mr. 
Stainton in May, 1892, and, after inspecting it, he quite allowed 
that triguttella could not stand as a distinct species. It will be noticed 
that in Mr. Stainton’s descriptions of faginella the white basal streak 
is said to be “un-margined,” whereas in ¢riguttella it is given as 
“ dark-margined on both sides,” but, as I pointed out to him, faginella 
frequently has the white basal streak dark-margined on the upper- 
side, and occasionally on both sides, and I have seen many in which it 
is quite as darkly-margined as in Mr. Douglas’s triguttella. Last 
spring, when looking through the numbers of faginelia in Mr. Mason’s 
collections, I came upon a most interesting and extraordinary variety 
of that insect. On the right fore-wing there are only three white 
costal streaks: the first and second almost unite, and there is but 
little dark scaling between the second and the third, which latter is 
abnormally large, being formed by the coalition of the typical third 
and fourth streaks. The left fore-wing has the first costal streak as 
usual, but the second, third, and fourth have all coalesced, and form 
one long white patch, which occupies a large portion of the costal area 
and of the disc towards the apex. On both fore-wings the usual first 
and second white dorsal streaks are present, but the third cannot be 
separately traced, because the entire portion of the wing, as well as 
the fringes, round the anal angle is pure white! From the setting I 
feel pretty sure that the specimen was bred by the late Mr. John 
Sang, but am afraid that the locality will remain unknown. 


The Rectory, Corfe Castle, Dorset : 
November 8th, 1893. 


NOTE ON PLATYCEPHALA OLIVIERI, MONTR. 


BY D. SHARP, M.B., M.A., F.R.S. 


This genus and species was established (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1861, 
p- 268) by Montrouzier for an insect found “under bark” in the 
island of Lifu, New Caledonia. It was placed by Montrouzier in 
Lathridiide, ‘near Monotoma.’ M. Fauvel, in his interesting work 
on the Coleoptera of New Caledonia, stated (Rev. d’Ent., x, p. 154) 
that this insect belongs to the genus Proterhinus, recently established 
by me for some insects believed to be peculiar to the Sandwich Islands. 
My attention having been by this attracted to the subject, I applied 
to M. Fauvel for some further particulars, and he kindly placed me 
in communication with M. Grouvelle, in whose possession is the type 
of Montrouzier’s description. Mr. Grouvelle has indeed been so kind 


29 [February, 


as to send me this specimen so that I may be able to speak in a more 
positive manner than I could do if I bad only the brief descriptions 
of Montrouzier to rely on. 

The insect is not a Proterhinus, but an Aglycyderes, very closely 
allied to the New Zealand A. Wollastoni. So close indeed is the 
resemblance that at first I thought the New Caledonian insect would 
probably prove to be a very large example of A. Wollastoni. Unfor- 
tunately, the Montrouzier type is in a very fragmentary state, owing 
to having been when fresh impaled on a large pin ; there is, therefore, 
some difficulty in speaking with confidence as to its characters, but I 
think it may be distinguished from A. Wollastoni as follows :—<A. 
Oliviert is larger, has somewhat longer antenne, the head is remarkable 
for its size, and the anterior part, or clypeus, is larger in proportion to 
the posterior part than it is in A. Wollastoni. This latter character is 
of some importance, and prevents me from deciding that the two forms 
are merely races of one species. 

As regards the generic name Platycephala, I may remark that it 
was established in the Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. for 1861, while Westwood’s 
description of Aglycyderes appeared in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. for 
1863, so that the name proposed by the French savant has a slight 
priority. It cannot, however, be adopted, as it appears from Scudder’s 
list to have been used several times. It must, therefore, be abandoned, 
and the species should be known as Aglycyderes Olivieri, though 
ultimately the New Zealand and New Caledonian insects will be 
generically separated from the Madeiran one. 

Montrouzier described the feet as composed of only two joints, 
the first being bilobed. ‘This is a mistake, the feet are really three- 
jointed, and it is the second joint that is lobed. He also described the 
antenne as 10-jointed, but this, too, is erroneous, as they are clearly 
1l-jointed; the basal joint, owing to its mode of insertion, might 
readily be overlooked ; and this, no doubt, gave rise to the error. 


Cambridge: November 24th, 1893. 


ON NEW SPECIES OF TROGOSITIDZ FROM JAPAN. 
BY G. LEWIS, F.L.S. 


The richness of the Japanese islands in arboreal Coleoptera is 
now well known, and it is further illustrated by the occurrence of 
three species of Thymalus in the Archipelago. With these, I believe, 
only eight species of Thymalus have been recorded from all parts of 
the world, the species being :— 


1894. | 38 


Thymalus limbatus, F. Thymalus Aubei, Lév. 
laticeps, sp. 0. fulgidus, Er. 
punctidorsum, sp. N. oblongus, Reitt. 
subtilis, Reitt. parviceps, Sp. li. 


The males of Thymalus are distinguished from the females in 
having the last segment of the abdomen hairy. 


THYMALUS LATICEPS, sp. 7. ~. 
Breviter ovalis, brunneus, supra submetallicus, pubescens ; capite thor- 


aceque punctatis; antennis (basi excepta) infuscatis; pedibus obscure brunneis. 
Long., 6—7T mm. 

Short oval, brown, slightly metallic above; the head somewhat wide, irregu- 
larly and sparingly punctulate, the punctures much finer than those of 7. parviceps ; 
the thorax punctured more closely than the head, dilated behind the middle ; the 
elytra punctate, the punctures arranged in rows, each puncture well separated from 
another, the nodules not very conspicuous, the margins dilated like those of 7. 
limbatus; the antenne with the basal joint enlarged and with the second, reddish- 
brown, the rest infuscate; the legs dark brown, tarsi paler. 


Hab. : Chiuzenji, Oyama, Fujisan, Sawara, and Junsai. 
The head of this species is one-third wider than that of 7. 
parviceps. It resembles 7. limbatus very closely, but is much larger. 


THYMALUS PUNCTIDORSUM, sp. n. 
T. laticipiti s¢milis sed thorace parum dense punctulato et elytris profunde 


punctatis, punctis approximatis ; antennis articulo primo haud expanso. 
Long., 75 mm. 
This species resembles 7. laticeps very closely; the basal joint of the antenns 
is enlarged a little, but not widened out; the head distinctly punctate; the thorax 
somewhat densely punctulate ; the elytra punctate, the punctures being very deep, 
and closely set together, the nodules well raised. 


Hab.: Yuyama. One example. 


THYMALUS PARVICEPS, sp. 7. 


Ovalis, brunneus, pubescens, supra eneo micans ; capite punctato ; thorace 
elytrisque marginibus brunneis ; antennis clava nigra.  Long., 44 —5 mm. 


Brown, shining, pubescent, thorax and dorsal area brassy, with the margins 
brown or ferruginous; the head rather small, irregularly punctured (punctuation 
varying in individuals); the thorax finely and sparingly punctulate; the elytra punc- 
tate, the punctures set in rows, each puncture being well separated from another, 
at the base midway between the scutellum and the humeral angle is a large and very 
distinct nodule, the margins narrowly dilated; the antenne with the basal joints 
red, 2—7 reddish-brown, three terminal black, the basal joint much less enlarged 
than that of 7. laticeps. 

Hab. : Junsai, Sawara, Ontaki, and Chiuzenji. Twelve specimens. 
The type of 7. oblongus, Reitt., is in the collection of Mr. J. R. 
H. Neervoort van de Poll, but I have a second example, lent to me by 


the kindness of Herr E. Reitter, from Lake Baikal, which is believed 


84 [February, 


to be of the same species. It differs from T. parviceps in being more 
oblong, the punctuation of the thorax much closer and larger, and by 
the antenne being much less robust. The elytral nodule also is 
less elevated. 7. parviceps is also similar to T. fulgidus, Hr., especially 
in colour, but the outline of the latter is more circular. 


OsTOMA VALIDA, sp. n. 


I find on a very close examination that the specimens referred to, Ent., 1893, 
p. 150, do not correspond exactly with O. gigantea, Reitt.; the thorax is more 
explanate; the scutellum more transverse, and much more sparingly punctured ; and 
the interstices of the elytral carinz less rugose. This species measures 14 to 20 mm., 
and is relatively wider than O. grossa, Il. j 


_ Hab.: Komagatake and Junsai. Hight examples. 


OsTOMA HIGONIA, sp. 1. 


Ovalis, rufo-brunnea, subnitida ; frontein medio angulariter producta ; 
antennis clava triarticulata, articulis haud compressis. _  Long., 64 mm. 


Oval, dull reddish-brown, antenne and legs paler; the head widely impressed 
between the eyes, with a small angular process in the middle of the frontal carina, 
sparingly punctured, eyes rather prominent ; the thorax transverse, arched laterally, 
anterior angles obtusely produced outside the eyes, sides explanate, punctate, punc- 
tures coarser and closer than those of the head, except on the disc; the scutellum 
apparently divided into three parts, hinder portion angulate in front, semicircular 
behind, sparsely punctured ; the elytra punctate-striate, with an intermediate row 
of larger punctures evenly set on the interstices, sides rather more explanate than 
the thoracic margins; the antenns with the club rather lax, 3-jointed, terminal 
joint conical. 


Hab.: Yuyama. One specimen. 


TENEBRIOIDES OCULARIS, Sp. %. 


Elongatus, niger, nitidus ; capite plano distincte punctato, oculis parum 
prominulis ; thorace lateribus subparallelo, angulis anticis obtuse productis. 
Long., 62 mm. 
Elongate, depressed, black, shining; the head flat, not densely, but unevenly 
punctate, eyes clearly visible from above; the thorax with the anterior angles well- 
produced, sides before the base somewhat parallel, punctured like the head, with 
a narrow smooth space before the scutellum ; the elytra punctate striate, interstices 


‘in. certain lights feebly rugose ; the antenne and legs pitchy-red. 

Hab.: Sapporo. Two specimens found under loosened bark of 
oak, August 13th, 1880. 

This species has the facies of Z. mauritanicus, L., but the sides 
of the thorax are more parallel and the eyes are clearly visible from 
above. In regard to the eyes, it more nearly resembles ZF. castaneus, 
Mels. 


Inner Park Road, Wimbledon : 
November 22nd, 1893. 


1894. | 35 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE LIST OF BRITISH 
ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA. 


BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S. 


In going through our British Aculeates, I find a good many 
alterations, and a few additions, which are requisite to our list, to 
bring it up to date, and I thought it would be convenient to collect 
them into a short note, which could be easily referred to by Hymenop- 
terists. The following are those chiefly worthy OE notice :— 


PoMPILUS SERICEUS, V. d. Lind (acuMINATUS, Smith). 

To this must be referred the two 2 specimens on which Smith based his acu- 
minatus; these have long been a puzzle to me, but I have recently carefully 
re-examined them, and have no doubt that they are very large examples of sericeus ; 
except in size I can detect no difference between them and continental specimens. 


Saxius, Fab., = Priocnemis, Schiddte. 

Priocnemis can only be considered as a division of the very extensive genus 
Salius, and, therefore, although all the British species belong to this sub-genus, I 
think it is better to adopt Salius as the generic name, in conformity with continental 
views. 


PR. NOTATULUS, Saund. (NoTATUS, Saund., olim, Smith, &., nec Rossi). 
As our species is clearly not the same as that described by Rossi, it is necessary 
to re-name it. 


Miscopuus concotor, Dahlb. (B1tcoLor, Smith, Saund., &c., nec Jurine). 

A careful study of Kohl’s description of the species of this genus makes it clear 
that the species which we have hitherto called bicolor is not the true bicolor of 
Jurine, but the concolor of Dahlbom ; dzcolor, Jurine, is larger than our species, 
with the mesopleurze very densely punctured, and generally with three segments at 
the base of the abdomen red in the @ , and two in the ¢. 


Stiamus Souskyi, Mor. (PENDULUS, Smith, Shuck., Saund., &., nee Panz.). 

Here again the British species has been referred to the wrong name; pendulus, 
Panz., has the tubercles of the prothorax black, and the mesopleure shining ; 
whereas in our species the tubercles are pale, and the mesopleure: rugose on their 
upper half. It is quite likely, however, that pendulus may occur in this country, but 
I have not seen any specimens that could be referred to it. 


PreMPHREDON SHUCKARDI, Mor., and WESMAELI, Mor. 

In Shuckard’s collection I find both these species mixed under wnicolor ; they 
appear to be quite distinct by the characters given below. As it seems to be quite 
doubtful which of these represents the wnicolor of Fabricius, or whether both are 
included in it, I have followed Morawitz and Kohl in abandoning the Fabrician 
name, at any rate until it can be shown what species it represents. 

Shuckardi is, I feel sure, far the commoner species of the two, as I have only 
seen a very few specimens of Wesmaeli from Shuckard’s collection, and can record no 
exact locality for them. In Shuckardi the puncturation of the mesonotum in both 
sexes is sparse and shallow, the post-scutellum is shining and largely punctured, and 
in the ? the clypeus is produced in the centre with its apex slightly elevated, the 


36 [ February, 


elevated apex being easily seen when the face is looked at from the side ; in Wesmaeli ” 
the mesonotum is much more largely, closely, and deeply punctured, the post- 
scutellum is dull, closely and rugosely punctured, and the clypeus in the @ is neither 
raised nor produced, but has its apical margin deeply emarginate, the vertex of its 
head is also more quadrate than that of Shuckardi. 


Arpactus, Panz., Gorytss, Latr., Horiisus, Lep. 

Following the views of Handlirsch (Monogr. der mit Nysson und Bembex, 
verwandten Grabwespen), Arpactus and Hoplisus should be treated as sub-genera 
of Gorytes. 


CERCERIS EMARGINATA, Panz. (SABULOSA, ¢, Shuck., Saund., Synopsis, Smith ?). 

This species was introduced into our list by F. Smith, Ent. Ann., 1861, p. 43, 
on a specimen he captured at Kingsdown, near Deal, but he omitted it from his 
Catalogue published by the Entomological Society, and so it escaped my attention, 
and I have not recorded it either in my Synopsis or Catalogues. Dr. Mason has 
kindly sent me the original specimen to examine, it is labelled “ Kingsdown,” and is 
undoubtedly referable to this species; the ¢ specimen standing in Shuckard’s col- 
lection under sabulosa is also referable to emarginata, and this has served for the 
description of sabulosa, g, in his “‘ Fossorial Hymenoptera,” in my Synopsis, and, I 
think, also in Smith’s ‘‘ Fossorial Hymenoptera ;”’ the species is really very distinct, 
as the second ventral abdominal segment is semicircularly raised at the base; the 
only other British species in which this character exists is ornata, Schaff., which may 
be known at once from emarginata by the shining basal area of its propodeum, 
which, in emarginata, is dull and deeply striated. 


C. QUADRICINCTA, Panz. (SABULOSA, Smith, 2, Saund., &c.). 


I adopt this name in compliance with the views of Schletterer (Die Hym. Gatt., 
Cerceris, Laty., &c.). 


CRABRO LITURATUS, Panz. (Kotzari, Dahlb.). 


Panzer’s name is the oldest, and should, therefore, be retained. Vestitus, Smith, 
is the ¢ of this species. 


VESPA AUSTRIACA, Panz. (ARBOREA, Smith). 

It is only lately that I have had a copy of André’s Hymenoptéres d’ Europe, &e., 
in my hands; in this he treats arborea, Smith, as a variety of the above, and I feel 
no doubt that he is correct ; the continental specimens of austriaca, which I have 
seen, are much darker than ours, and it never occurred to me that the two species 
could be identical ; still, I can find no structural character to distinguish them apart, 
and the mere matter of colour is hardly important in a genus where colour varies 
s0 much in most of its species. The ¢ and ? only of austriaca are known, and it 
is suggested that it may be an inquiline on other wasps, as Psithyrus is on Bombus. 
The remark of F. Smith, Cat. Brit. Foss. Hym., &c., 1858, p. 219, “ First discovered 
by myself in 1836, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, building nests in fir trees,” at first 
sight seems to be against this theory, but an inquiline might be laying its eggs in the 
nest of the other wasp, and so apparently be its rightful owner, and give the idea 
that it was building the nest. I am very glad to think that this species has now in 
all probability found its proper position. 


(To be continued.) 


1894.) or 


GREASE. 


I read Dr. Knaggs’ article on grease in the last number of the Magazine with 
considerable interest. Some four or five years ago I investigated the subject with a 
view to finding a satisfactory method of preventing its formation, mostly by means 
of antiseptic and other injections, but with no success. I now adopt a method of 
removing it very similar to that of Dr. Knaggs, using ether. It is, however, not 
with its prevention but with its formation that I am now concerned. 

Dr. Knaggs seems to have overlooked the fact that grease is the result of death, 
a product of putrefaction. Fat in the recent state consists of cells with proteid walls 
and fatty contents bound together by connective tissue. As a result of putrefaction 
the cell walis break down, and the fatty contents are liberated; moreover, the fat 
itself is disorganized to some extent, it is more fluid and oily than when recent, in 
fact, rancid, and it is in a most suitable form for permeating the tissues. In this 
way our insects become greasy. 

Dr. Knaggs has also advanced a theory to account for males becoming greasy 
more readily than females, and asserts that males require more energy than females. 
That a male insect, with its light body and its insignificant share in procreation, 
should require and acquire more vital energy than the heavy bodied female, with all 
the duties of maternity before her, seems indefensible at first sight. In fact, all our 
modern theories and collected facts directly contradict it. Geddes and Thompson* 
have thoroughly threshed the matter out, so I need write no more about it. The 
real reason is, I think, that the oviducts with their contents take up such a lot of 
room in the abdomen of the female, that her abdominal fat becomes almost nil, and 
that, therefore, her chances of becoming greasy are relatively smaller. 

Now with regard to internal feeders. Some people tend to lay on fat by reason 
of their employment and habits, so do the internal feeders lay on more fat by reason 
of their habits, and having done so are more liable to grease. 

When a Frenchman wants to fatten up a capon he puts it in a dark room. 
Now an internal feeder lives all its life in a dark room, moreover, it takes very little 
exercise ; its food contains more carbo-hydrates than that of an external feeder, and 
carbo-hydrates are the only sources of fat, with very few exceptions, for caterpillars ; 
and lastly, it uses up none of its energy to lay on pigment or to grow bristles or other 
appendages for protective purposes. No wonder, then, that it grows fatter than its 
less favoured brethren. 

The great prophylactic against grease is of course drought. With the exception 
of the most inveterate, my insects seldom grease, and disarticulation by verdigris is 
a rarity among my Micros, although I use gilt pins, which I believe have a bad 
name in connection with verdigris. I am, however, most scrupulously careful about 
keeping the room in which the insects are as dry as possible, and I find a piece 
of seaweed of great use as a tell tale—RicHARD FREER, Rugeley, Staffordshire : 
January, 1894. 


Lepidoptera of Cornwall.—I am compiling for publication in the Transactions 
of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society a List of Cornish 
Lepidoptera, and shall be glad of information from entomologists who may have 
recently collected in the County.—W. E. Batty, Porth Enys Museum, Paul, near 
Penzance: January, 1894. 


* Evolution of Sex. Contemporary Science Series, 1889. 


38 | February, 


Vanessa Atalanta and urtice at Christmas.—The beautiful spring-like weather 
enjoyed here during the Christmas week enticed both V. Atalanta and urtice from 
their winter quarters. The former I saw disporting itself near the Town Hall at 
mid-day on December 22nd, whilst on the following day the latter flitted merrily 
about the busy shopping folks in the Terminus Road, who seemed much amused at 
such an unusual sight as a butterfly at Christmas time.—WILLIAM WATKINS, 
Eastbourne: January 3rd, 1894. 


Lepidoptera at Armagh in 1893.—The long, fine summer, following an unusually 
fine and dry spring, might have been expected to produce something remarkable, 
and I was in great hopes that some rarities would turn up. However, expectation 
is a thing always exposed to disappointment, and in my case this was partially so. 
I did not meet with Colias Edusa, though a friend of mine saw one a short five miles 
from this, nor Vanessa cardui, though it also was seen in the vicinity. MJacroglossa 
stellatarum was only represented by a dead specimen, which I picked up in the 
Cathedral! However, I was not doomed to total shattering of glowing anticipa- 
tions. Vanessa Atalanta appeared in unexampled numbers, and I had the pleasure 
of gazing on its beauties without feeling a furious desire to capture, kill, and set it. 
A fine specimen of Cherocampa Elpenor emerged on June 9th. Zygena lonicere 
was at the same time appearing in numbers, both in Mullinure and in my breeding 
cages; I had obtained numbers of larve and pupee, and these gave me a very hand- 
some series of the insect. 

Sugar was a total failure in June. I got, however, some nice Plusia pulchrina 
and P. iota in my garden, also a specimen of Mania typica. In August and 
September sugar was very satisfactory, and I obtained two species that I had not 
met with here before, viz., Agrotis saucia and Cirrhedia xerampelina; besides 
these were numbers of Phlogophora meticulosa, Agrotis suffusa, Noctua e-nigrum, 
and, what puzzled me a good deal till Mr. Barrett came to my assistance, a second 
brood of Noctua rubi. Besides these, I obtained Noctua brunnea, a single specimen ; 
Xanthia silago, several; Triphena fimbria; and a nice fresh Plusia festue@, which 
I found sitting on a hop plant at my back door on August 30th. A good many 
Hydrecia micacea also came to sugar, and exhibited a considerable variation in both 
colour and size. 

The earliest butterfly observed by me was Pieris rape on March 29th. Vanessa 
urtice did not turn up till April 7th. The autumn brood of the latter were very 
common, and if 1894 be favourable they should be very numerous. 

Though I have not been able to enumerate any very rare species, I do not feel 
that I need complain: for in the first place, Armagh is not a very good locality for 
Lepidoptera, and in the next place I did not give anything like all my attention to 
them.—W. F. Jounson, Armagh: December 11th, 1893. 


Psyche albida v. Millierella, B.—During a stay of over two months at Canssols 
in the Alpes Maritimes (3960 feet above sea level), I collected over sixty larve of a 
Psyche which Herr Ernst Heyne, of Leipzic, to whom I sent some empty “ cases,” 
kindly identified for me as ‘“‘ Psyche albida, Esp., probably v. Milliérella, B., since 
this variety usually replaces the type in mountain regions.” These caterpillars, 
which I took back with me to Nice, have, unfortunately, since ali died, from improper 


1894.2 39 


nourishment, I fear. My cousin, H. C. Casey, was the first to be so favoured as to 
find the species on August 8th last, feeding on the tips of Genista cinerea, with 
which the hill sides were covered ; he also found the insect on a scabious (Scabiosa). 
These are, I believe, new food-plants, as grass and Ule# only are given as the usual 
ones.—F’. Bromitow, Nice, France: January 2nd, 1894. 


Cave-frequenting habit of Bittacus chilensis.—In a letter just received from 
Mr. E. C. Reed, of Bafios de Cauquenes, Chile, there is a note concerning the habits 
of B. chilensis, the finest species of the genus, which is certainly worth placing on 
record. He says:—‘ Twice I have found our Bittacus in caves. Last year I found 
swarms in an old mine; this week (towards end of November) ditto in a deep hole. 
Otherwise specimens are rare.” My personal experience is limited to B. tipularius, 
and (on one occasion only) B. Hagenii, the two European species. They frequent 
herbage, much after the style of their allies the Panorpe, and their flight is similar 
to that of the Tipule they mimic. So far as I am aware no previous observation 
as to cavernicolous habits has been recorded for any species.—R. McLAcuian, 
Lewisham: January 9th, 1894. 


Syrphus guttatus, Fall., new to Britain.—On looking through specimens of the 
genus Syrphus taken last summer, and put aside for subsequent examination, I have 
just found one 9 of this rare species; the insect is not included in Mr. G. H. 
Verrall’s List of British Diptera, and apparently has not been hitherto recorded as 
British. The striking and well defined white lines along the sides of the thorax 
and the two white spots in front of the scutellum, render this species very distinct 
from any other Syrphus; my specimen corresponds exactly with Schiner’s descrip- 
tion, except that the black line said to extend from the crown to the middle of the 
forehead is reduced to a single black dot. Two very distinct features which I do 
not see noticed either in Schiner’s or Zetterstedt’s descriptions are a line of intensely 
silvery white hairs along the hinder margins of the eyes, and two tufts of white 
hairs on each side of the thorax. The insect was taken on June 11th, 1893, in 
Stowford Cleave, Ivybridge, South Devon, near the ground where Hristalis eryptarum, 
Fbr., occurs.—Corynpon Matrurws, Erme Wood, Ivybridge: January, 1894. 


Great abundance of Aleurodes brassice, Walk.—In an interesting note in the 
** Entomologist,” xxvi, p. 357, Mr. C. W. Dale records the extraordinary abundance 
last year of this little snow-white insect at Glanvilles Wootton, in the North-West 
part of Dorset. Here, too, in the South-East corner of the same County, it has 
been a regular pest for months past, and in our garden appeared in swarms on the 
cabbages, broccoli and Brussels sprouts: the under-sides of many of the leaves are 
still more or less white with large numbers of dead, and smaller numbers of living, 
specimens, and even during the intensely cold weather experienced during the first 
week of the present year, it required but a touch ora puff of breath to rouse the 
latter into activity. Mr. T. B. Jefferys says (“ Entomologist,” xxvii, p. 31) that this 
species has also been over abundant in many gardens round Langharne, in Carmar- 
thenshire, and that the Brussels sprouts have been much affected by them there.— 

KHusrace R. Banxus, The Rectory, Corfe Castle, Dorset : January 17th, 1894. 


40 (February, 


Aleurodes proletella, ¥c.—In all the British Catalogues Alewrodes proletella, 
Linn. (A. chelidonii, Latr.), which lives on Chelidonium majus, is given as a native 
of Britain, yet it so happens that I have never seen a specimen from that plant, nor 
indeed as reputed from any other. So I now write to enquire if there is any real 
knowledge of the species having been found in Britain on the celandine. Réaumur, 
writing of the species, says that it lives on the Chelidonium, but adds, “ On trouve 
encore des Papillons trés semblables 4 ceux de J’éclaire (celandine) sur une plante 
plus généralement connue, sur le dessous des feuilles de chou; mais je n’y en jamais 
autant vu que sur l’éclaire.” This shows that he distinguished two different forms, 
one special to each plant, yet, nevertheless, Linné long afterwards said, when he 
described and named the species (proletella), and quoted Réaumur (Mém. ii, 7), 
“ Habitat in Brassica, Chelidonio ; an etium in quercu?,” showing that he did not 
differentiate the species. Westwood (Introd., ii, 443, fig. 118, 1) gives as the food- 
plants “ Chelidonium, the cabbage, oak, &c.,” but equally incorrectly, for the cabbage 
feeder has been described as distinct by Walker, Koch and Signoret, and the oak 
feeder by Signoret ; the latter giving the characters of the larva of the three species ; 
these in all cases are more appreciable than those of the perfect insects. It may 
also be noticed that Westwood’s figure of chelidonii does not accord with the original 
description of the species, it having only one dark spot on the fore-wings instead of 
two, and he gives no description of his own. It is true that Walker says of his 
brassice “ Perhaps a variety of chelidonii ;” but Frauenfeld says that this remark 
is erroneous, and he considers that, according to Koch’s figure and description, it is 
a good species. 

I have recently received a number of fresh or living examples of an Aleurodes 
taken off cabbages by Mr. C. W. Dale and Dr. Chapman, and these entirely agree 
with the description of A. brassice. It now only remains to get authentic specimens 
of A. proletella in Britain from the celandine. Réaumur says that where the plants 
abound it is not seen on every one, but when it does occur it is in dozens. Walker 
says it swarms on the celandine till near the end of November.—J. W. Dovauas, 
153, Lewisham Road, 8.H.: November 10th, 1893. 


Chirotica maculipennis, Gr.: a species of Ichneumonide new to Britain.— 
On the 29th July, 1893, at Chobham, I captured a single specimen of this Jehnewmon. 
The Rev. T. A. Marshall says it is new to Britain, but he had taken it in the South 
of France.—A. Beaumont, 153, Hither Green Lane, Lewisham: January 2nd, 1894. 


Mesoleius Bignellii, Bridgm., at Pitlochry.—On September 5th, 1892, I took 


two examples of this rare species.—Ib. 


Societies. 

BIRMINGHAM Entromotoeicat Society: December 18th, 1893.—Mr. G. H. 
Kenrick, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Mr. R. C. Bradley showed a short but very variable series of Polyommatus 
Phleas from Sutton and Knowle. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker referred to Mr. F. 
Merrifield’s breeding experiments with Phlgas as recently described before the 
Entomological Society of London, and said that Mr. Merrifield found that he got 


1894. ] Al 


darker and duller colours with heat and paler and brighter colours with cold; Mr. 
Bradley had, however, taken some very light forms in September and October, and 
they must, therefore, have been bred during hot months. Mr. Bradley also showed 
five species of Diptera all new to the British list, namely, Dactylolabis gracilipes, 
Lw., Gonomyia jecunda, Lw., Ephelia varinervis, Ztt., Clinocera lamellata, Lw., 
and Didea fasciata, Macq. Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed Crambus furcatellus, 
C. ericellus, and Psodos coracina, all from Rannoch. Mr. G. H. Kenrick showed 8 
box full of insects taken by himself in Sutherlandshire this autumn, including 
Calocampa solidaginis, C. vetusta (common), C. exoleta, Epunda nigra, Noctua 
umbrosa, Agrotis suffusa, &c.; he said that the specimens of C. solidaginis, of 
which he took a nice series, were lighter and greyer than the Cannock forms. Mr. 
W. Harrison showed three boxes of Hymenoptera taken during the year, and in- 
eluding Andrena Trimmerana from a spot in Edgbaston, where he had seen it for 
several years; this year, for the first time, he has seen and taken the parasite, 
Nomada alternata, and it was commoner than its host; there were also in the boxes 
Halictus Smeathmanellus, MWimesa Dahlbomit, Crabro unicolor, Celioxys vectis, Osmia 
bicolor, &. Mr. A. H. Martineau showed also a box of Hymenoptera taken this 
year, including Crabro interruptus taken at Middleton Woods, Mimesa Dahlbomii 
from Wyre Forest, and Agenia variegata from Selsby, Gloucester. Mr. Wainwright 
showed three boxes from his collection, containing the Family Syrphide. Mr. G. 
W. Wynn showed a box of Lepidoptera taken this year, including Notodonta chaonia, 
Hadena geniste, Thecla rubi, &c., from Wyre Forest. Mr. H. J. Sands showed 
some fine specimens of Vespa crabro from Alvechurch, where it has been unusually 
abundant; also a series of Demas coryli from the Chilterns, Oxfordshire, Botys 
hyalinalis from Wyre, &c. Mr. H.C. Rossiter showed Polia chi, Melanippe hastata, 
Cherocampa porcellus, Aspilates strigillaria, Oerigo matura, &c., all from Wyre 
Forest, also Calymnia affinis from Clent.—CoLBRAaN J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EnTomMoLoGIcAL SoorrTy.—ANNUAL MEETING: 
January 8th, 1894.—Mr. 8. J. Cappzr, F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 

The following officers were appointed: President, Mr. 8. J. Capper; Vice- 
President, Dr. J. W. Hllis; Secretary, Mr. F. N. Pierce; Treasurer, Mr. C. EH. 
Stott ; and Librarian, Mr. H. Lock. The President, in the course of a short address, 
thanked the Members for the honour they had bestowed upon him in re-electing him 
as President. This was the seventeenth time he had acted in such a capacity. He 
congratulated the Society on its continued success. They were now entering on 
their seventeenth year, and it was most gratifying to state that they had never been 
in a more prosperous condition than at present. The sudden death, a few months 
ago, of the Rey. H. H. Higgins, deprived them of one of their most prominent 
Members. The retiring Vice-President, Mr. W. EH. Sharp, delivered the annual 
address; the subject was, “The New Entomology,” and the writer after briefly 
sketching the origin and historical development of entomology, drew attention to the 
manner in which this study had been influenced by the modern methods of scientific 
enquiry. In the course of the evening a number of exhibits were displayed.— 
F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec.,7, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 


42 (February, 


Tue Sovutu Lonpon EnromonogicaAL AnD NatuRaL History Society: 
November 23rd, 1893.—J. JENNER WEIR, Esq., F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. Carpenter exhibited captured specimens of Argynnis Paphia from the 
New Forest, one male and one female having a portion of the right primary with 
a whitish ground, also a non-metallic intermediate var. Valezina. Mr. Frohawk, 
specimens of 4. Paphia and var. Valezina, which had emerged on November 20th 
and 21st, having been kept at the ordinary temperature. He also reported having 
bred Vanessa Atalanta this month, and that the Apatura Iris of Mr. Watson had 
emerged, but was a cripple. A long discussion ensued regarding the second broods 
of the Argynnide. The general opinion being that temperature by itself had very 
little influence. Mr. Sauzé, Coleoptera taken by himself this year. Mr. Weir, 
Lycena trochilus, from the 8. African Republic, sent by Dr. Rendall; Lycena 
exilis, taken at Las Cruces by Prof. Cockerell; and our British Lycena minima for 
comparison. Mr. Adkin, two specimens of Polyommatus Phleas, in one the 
copper band of the hind-wings was all but obliterated, and in the other represented 


by narrow streaks on the wing rays. 


December 14th, 1893.—The President in the Chair. 

Mr. South exhibited continental specimens of Argynnis Adippe, var. Cleodoza, 
and var. Chlorodippe, both from S. Europe; a variety of Thecla rubi from Ireland ; 
also Syrichthus malve, var. taras, from Exeter, where it was stated to be not un- 
common. Mr. Pearce, a long series of Chrysophanus hypophleas; series of Colias 
Philodice, with pale var. of the female ; Terias Nicippe, with yellow form of male; 
Pieris rape, and various species of Lycenide ; all from Alleghany Co., U.S. A.; 
also Nathalis Iole from Colorado; Mr. Weir, Planema Euryta,an Acreine butterfly, 
in which the sexes differed materially in colour, and still more in shape, yet in 
each of these respects it was mimicked by the corresponding sexes of Pseudacrea 
Pirce, » Nymphaline species, all from the Cameroons. Mr. Turner, a long bred 
series of Thera juniperata, arranged to show the varied interruption of the band 
across the fore-wings. Mr. Billups, the rare Dipteron, Diastata basalis, from 
Bromley, Kent, and hitherto unrecorded as British; also the following species of 
Ichneumonidae, bred by the members: Ichneumon fuscipes, bred from larvee of 
Acronycta myrice, by Mr. Short ; Rhizarcha areolaris, from the Dipterous larve of 
Phytomyza aquilegia, by himself ; Colas dispar, from larve of Melitea Aurinia, by 
Mr. Frohawk ; Ichneumon pyrrhopus from Eupithecia helveticaria, Glypta bicornis 
from Tortriz palleana, Anomala cervinops from Heliothis dipsacea, and Lissonota 
sulphurifera from Sesia scolieformis, all bred by Mr. Adkin. Mr. Adkin, a varied 
series of Teniocampa gothica from Rannoch; also yellow varieties of Zygena 


trifold from Cambridge. 


January 11th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 

Mr. Adkin exhibited several series of Thera juniperata, L., from various Scotch 
localities, contrasting them with those from Purley. Mr. Oldham, varied series of 
Hybernia defoliaria, L., H. aurantiaria, Esp., from Epping Forest, and a specimen 
of the local Libellula quadrimaculata, L., from Cambridgeshire. Mr. South, some 
remarkable vars. of Cerastis vaccinii, L., taken in Kent and Surrey, with British and 
continental specimens and varieties of C. spadicea, Hb.,and a specimen of Acronycta 


1894.] 43 


aceris, var. infuscata, Haw. Mr. W. A. Pearce, some very beautiful Khopalocera 
from Alleghany, U. 8. A., taken in 1893. Mr. Auld, Vanessa Io, which had been 
cleaned by Dr. Knaggs with methylated ether, and which had regained its pristine 
appearance. Mr. Tugwell sent for exhibition a long series of Spilosoma lubricepeda, 
Esp., and its varieties and local races, especially of var. radiata, St., = zatima, Cr., 
and communicated notes, in which he described the York city form as var. fasciata ; 
he also sent for exhibition a pair of Plusia moneta, Fab., bred by Mr. Mathew ; 
two varieties of Arctia villica, L., from Harwich ; three dark Irish forms of Agrotis 
lucernea, L.; & long series of Liparis monacha, L., from New Forest ova, some of 
which were very dark; six of the dark Sheffield form of Boarmia repandata, L.; 
vars. of Lycena Agon, Schiff., from Westmoreland ; four Dicranura bicuspis, Bork., 
from Tilgate; a series of Callimorpha Hera, L., bred from Starcross ova; a pair of 
Pachetra leucophea, View., taken by Mr. Hanbury on the North Downs, and others. 
—Hry. J. Turner, Hon. Secretary. 


EntTomMotoaicat Society or Lonpon—6lst Annuat MeErtina: January 
17th, 1894.—Mr. FrEDERIO MERRIFIELD, Vice-President, in the Chair. 

An abstract of the Treasurer’s accounts, showing a balance in the Society’s 
favour, having been read by Mr. Jenner Weir, one of the Auditors, the Secretary, 
Mr. H. Goss, read the Report of the Council. It was then announced that the 
following gentlemen had been elected as Officers and Council for 1894 :—President, 
Mr. Henry J. Elwes, F.L.S.; Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S.; Seere- 
taries, Mr. Herbert Goss, F.L.S., and the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.; 
Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.S.; and as other Members of the Council, 
Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford, M.A., F.Z.8., Mr. Charles J. Gahan, M.A., Mr. 
Frederic Merrifield, Prof. Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S., Colonel Charles 
Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S., Mr. George H. Verrall, Mr. James J. Walker, R.N., F.LS., 
and the Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, LL.D., F.R.S. Mr. Merrifield then read 
the President’s Address. A vote of thanks to the President was proposed by 
Colonel Swinhoe, seconded by Mr. Jenner Weir, and carried unanimously; Mr. 
Merrifield replied for the President. Lord Walsingham proposed a vote of thanks 
to the Officers of the Society ; this was seconded by Mr. Waterhouse, and carried 
unanimously. Mr. McLachlan and Mr. Goss replied, and the proceedings ter- 
minated.—H. Goss, Hon. Sec. 


NOTES ON THE HARLIER STAGES OF THE NEPTICULZ, 
WITH A VIEW TO THEIR BETTER RECOGNITION AT THIS PERIOD 
OF THEIR LIFE. 


BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B. 
(Continued from page 4). 


Tur VentRat Marxs.—They are present under two forms, either 
as a chain of narrow, spindle-shaped or almost linear marks down the 
middle of the abdomen, or as large square-shaped and very conspicuous 
spots which cover a large part of the ventral area. The two forms 


represent two essentially different things, for the same conditions 
D2 


44 (February, 


prevail here as were present in the 2nd segment; but whereas it was 
often a delicate operation there to distinguish between the internal 
organ and what was merely a staining of the skin, here the diagnosis 
is made for us by the unmistakeable difference in the shape of the 
marks. The large square-shaped spots are the surface markings ; 
though to be strictly accurate, they are rather transversely oblong, 
with the corners rounded, than square-shaped. Their size and deep 
black colour make them extremely conspicuous, but curious to say, 
they disappear with the last moult from all the segments save the 2nd, 
and allow the other series of marks, or the nerve cord, which had 
previously been concealed, to come into view. Both in their general 
appearance and in the circumstance of being limited to the middle life 
of the larva (for I should add they are not present from the first), 
they remind one of the ventral spots in some of the Micropteryges. 
Comparatively few species, however, seem to possess them. ‘The only 
ones I know of are the members of the angulifasciella group, subbi- 
maculella, argentipedella, and if my memory serves me, quinquella, 
but the last named does not occur here, and it is some years since I 
was indebted to the kindness of Mr. Warren for the opportunity of 
seeing it. The general tendency of the 2nd segment to exhibit pig- 
mentation is not only shown by the retention of its ventral spot in 
these cases, but also by the frequent presence of a grey mark in species 
which never possessed the complete chain. For instance, it is very 
distinct in glutinose, serving to distinguish it from alnetella before 
the two mines have acquired their distinctive characters, and it enables 
one, at the same time, to draw the inference that the larva is lying 
venter-up in the mine. A 

The nerve-chain is known by the linear character of its links or 
ganglia. Of its structure I need not speak, further than to observe, 
that the three thoracic ganglia, and especially the 1st, are wider, that 
is, more oval than the eight abdominal ones; that all the eleven can 
generally be counted by the aid of a good lens, though the 1st is 
sometimes hidden by the ventral spot of segment 2; and that the 
bands connecting them are, in some species at least, double in the ab- 
dominal as well as the thoracie regions. Invisible in many species, 
they are particularly so in those of a green colour—in fact, I cannot 
call to mind a single bright green larva that shows even a trace of 
them, so that it would seem that there is a sort of incompatibility be- 
tween this colour and the development of pigmentation in the nerve 
centres. Again, it is interesting to notice that the cephalic ganglia 
may be plainly visible on the upper-side of segment 2, and yet no 


1994.) 45 


trace of the ventral cord be discoverable on the under-side of the body. 
And so frequently was this the case with the material first examined, 
that I almost came to the conclusion that the presence of the former 
presupposed the absence (of course only apparent) of the latter. Now, 
strange to say, the want of agreement in the colour of the supra- and 
infra-zsophageal parts of the nervous system was found to be con- 
nected with the position of the larva in the mine. Like many leaf- 
miners, a large number, probably one-third, of these larve mine upside 
down, I mean with the venter uppermost, and where this was the case, 
there it was that the ventral cord was over-coloured and visible, whilst 
when the back was uppermost, then the cephalic ganglia were the 
parts to have their colour intensified. What is the meaning of this? 
Light being unquestionably the most general and potent factor in the 
production of pigmentation, it is reasonable to imagine, that pouring 
in through the transparent tissues of these small creatures on to the 
nerve ganglia, it will, in the course of generations, exaggerate or in- 
tensify their colour, and the more readily, because some amount of 
pigmentation is always present in these parts, and appears to be 
essential to their constitution. Hence, when the head is uppermost, 
the light falls upon the cephalic ganglia and in long process of time 
blackens them, but cannot so well reach the ventral cord, which is 
protected by the contents of the intestinal canal and so retains its 
primitive colouring; on the other hand, when the venter is uppermost, 
the condition of things is reversed, and the cephalic ganglia remain 
unchanged or only slightly affected, whilst the ventral cord is darkened. 

J have already hinted that the rule is not invariable, and that in 
many larve both cephalic ganglia and ventral cord are visible, but even 
then there is a difference in the depth of colour, and the darker of 
the two is the one which, by being uppermost, is the most exposed to 
the light. Such, then, I venture to suggest, has been the action of 
light upon the tissues ; equally interesting has been the action of the 
tissues upon the light, for it is here, I believe, we shall find the reason 
for the high colouring of the nerve centres in so many of the yellow 
larvee, and its remarkable absence in the bright green ones (the ventral 
cord, so far as my experience goes, is always quite imperceptible, and 
the cephalic ganglia are only faintly discernible in one or two of them). 
The tissues, as the colours of the animals testify, break up the light 
into its component parts, retaining and appropriating some of the rays, 
and rejecting and throwing off the others. Inthe green larve it is 
the actinie or chemical rays that are rejected, whilst they are the ones 
that are retained in the yellow larvae. Consequently, it seems to me 


46 | February, 


that the light must be largely robbed of its power to produce pigmen- 
tation in the former class, but remains unaffected as regards this 
property in the latter class. 

Position also seems to be at the bottom of the ventral surface 
markings. All the species that possess them lie venter up in the mine, 
so do the Micropteryges, and so also do certain leaf-mining beetles that 
have on the under-side of their thoracic segments conspicuous black 
marks, very similar to those of the Lepidopterous larve. 


Tue IntEstrnat Canau.—The feature here is the colour, which 
may be red, yellow, or green in various shades. Frequently the fore 
part is of a different colour to the hind part. In anomalella and 
assimilella, for instance, the canal is green in front and yellow behind. 
Occasionally it is so like in tint to the rest of the body, that its de- 
monstration is next to impossible, but usually it stands out conspi- 
cuously—its vivid green colour in several of the birch-feeders is very 
striking—and may come in to help us at a pinch. In collecting the 
mines of pyri, 1 commonly find myself taking the red intestinal canal 
as the first critical step in separating it from owyacanthella, which is 
equally, if not more, common in the pear leaves, but has a yellowish 
canal. The colour does not, of course, reside in the canal itself, but 
in the contained food, which has been altered and discoloured by the 
secretions.’ And it is certainly curious that we should find, in such an 
out of the way quarter as the secretions of the intestines, good dis- 
tinguishing characters ; for since the food is the same, the difference 
in the colour must be due to a difference in the secretions. 


Tue Parr or Brown on Brack Lives at tHE HinpeR END oF 
THE Bopy.—These again are internal organs, which I take to be the 
kidneys. They are situated one on each side the intestinal canal, and 
are best seen from the ventral surface. Under the microscope each is 
resolved into a long wavy or tortuous tube, bent upon itself in such 
a way that the two ends lie close together at the anal extremity. I 
first noticed them in distinguenda, where they can be seen very plainly, 
even when the larva is im situ. They are besides quite discoverable in 
some others, but I am inclined to think only in such as show an excess 
of pigmentation somewhere else, as in the head or nervous system. 


I will now pass to a part of my subject more interesting, perhaps, 
to the generality of readers, and shall hope to show how confidently 
certain species, not unlike in mine and larva, and feeding on the same 
kind of plant, can be distinguished from each other by attention to 


1894.) 47 


one or more of the foregoing characters. Let me take first four 
species that feed on hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha). They divide 
themselves naturally into pairs, the one characterized by having bright 
green larve and gallery mines with coiled frass, and the other by 
yellow or yellowish larve and blotch mines. 

The gallery miners are gratiosella and oxyacanthella. With regard 
to the former the ground wants a little clearing first. Some years 
ago, in the pages of this Magazine, Mr. Threlfall suggested that 
gratiosella and ignobilella were the sexes of one and the same species. 
Subsequently, my own experience in breeding ignobilella appeared to 
confirm his view. From yellow larve collected in the autumn and 
carefully separated from the only two other yellow larvae, viz., regiella 
and pygmeella, that could be found on the hawthorn (gratzosella, let 
it be remembered, was said to have a yellow larva and to feed in the 
autumn), I bred a long series of the perfect insect, some with red 
heads and some with black; as the former were all males and the 
latter females, they could clearly be nothing more than the sexes of 
one species, and gratiosella as a species seemed doomed. It was not, 
then, till the question arose what the green oxyacanthella-like larvae, 
feeding in July and August, could be, and until moths were reared 
from them which answered accurately to the description of gratzosella, 
that its position was restored. The diagnosis in the “ Manual” is 
perfect, so far as the imago goes. It isa smaller insect than zqgnobzlella, 
with the head black in both sexes, and a violet rather than a purple 
hind margin to the fore-wings: on the other hand, the larva is bright 
green, not yellow as there described, and instead of feeding in Sep- 
tember and October, as stated in the “ Entomologist’s Companion,” is 
fed up and over by the end of August. 

The general cut of its mine varies according as to where the egg 
is laid, and to some extent according to the size and fleshiness of the 
leaf. The favourite spot for the egg is underneath the leafy frill 
edging the stalk. The mine travels at first for a short distance down 
the stalk, I mean in the direction of the trunk, it then turns round 
and proceeds in the opposite direction till it reaches the blade, here it 
keeps accurately to the edge for some little way, and then makes one 
short turn back upon itself and ends, or, if the leaf be especially large 
and fleshy, the last turn is omitted. This form would be quite sw 
generis, were it not occasionally mimicked to a turn by pygmeella ; 
still, as the one larva is green and the other yellow, there is no risk 
of confusing the full mines, whilst the empty ones, as I have already 

pointed out, may be told from the position of the eggs. Sometimes, 


48 [February, 1894. 


instead of a single turn back upon itself, two or three are made, if the 
leaf be small and thin, yet for all that the mine is so small that it 
manages to keep within the limits of the lobe. The other position 
for the egg is under one of the ribs. In this case the small twisting 
gallery keeps within a narrow compass in the middle of the leaf or in 
one of the lobes. To compare it now with oxyacanthella. . 

The eggs of both are laid upon the under-side, but whilst gratio- 
sella prefers the stalk to a rib, oxyacanthella has a greater liking for 
the ribs. The mines are very similar. But gratiosella’s is smaller 
and its course more timid, the gyrations being short and keeping close 
together ; whereas in oxyacanthella the curves are sweeping and pass 
across or round the lobes from one side of the leaf to the other, and 
even when the egg is laid upon the stalk and the mine comes out along 
the edge as in gratiosella, it turns off sooner or later into the body of 
the leaf and pursues its usual bold and wandering course. The best 
distinction, however, lies in the larve. The head of gratiosella is of 
the palest brown, so that little more than the mouth-parts are visible 
in the mine; that of oxyacanthella is grey or black, and is always 
distinct and sometimes very distinct; owyacanthella also shows, but 
obscurely, the cephalic ganglia, of which there is no trace in the other. 
I think, too, that the ground-colour is more bluish in gratiosella than 
in oxyacanthella, but never having had the two side by side I speak 
doubtfully. In these parts, and I am fairly well south, both species 
are single brooded. I never find the larva of oxyacanthella in July 
and August, nor that of gratiosella in September and October, and I 
have given the hawthorn hedges a good deal of attention. 

The blotch-miners, regéella and ignobilella. They occur together 
at about the same time, and are double brooded, feeding in the summer 
and again late in the autumn. The small blotches they make at the 
tips of the lobes, with their yellow or yellowish larve, are certainly 
most provokingly similar, unless attention be paid to one or more of the 
following points, when their discrimination becomes as easy and 
pleasant as it before seemed impracticable. In both the egg is laid 
on the under-side, in regiella quite on the edge, in ignobilella well 
away from it. As a consequence, the whole course of the primary 
gallery of the former runs along the edge, whereas the gallery of the 
latter wanders at first about the area of the lobe before it reaches and 
follows the edge, and though this wandering portion is afterwards 
absorbed by the blotch, the fine frass track remains undisturbed and 
an evidence of its former existence. Next, regiella deposits brown 
frass in its gallery and black in the blotch, whereas the dejecta of 


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A Synopsis of British Psychodidae (concluded). _—Rev. A. E. Eaton, M.A., F.E.8. 25 
Notes on some British and Exotic Coccidw (No. 27).—J. W. Douglas, F. ES... 28 
Lithocolletis triguttella, Stn., a variety of L. soe —EH, R. Bie M. a 


F.E.S. sbodoa 20) 
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On new species of Trogositide from Japan.—G. Lewis, FD. 8. 608 32 
Additions and corrections to the List of British Aculeate > Hymenoptera. ay, 

Saunders, F.L.S... 305000006 sgn con nbd deco 0B00A0 0006000 BP Rep atrren cote. a) 
Grease.— Richard Freer, MLB. . albie nial de dials io eaSe OER Ree ARO 
Lepidoptera of Cornwall.—VW. E. "Bailey, FBS. colades balvaniede Sor Aeae nee ee eee econ Om 
Vanessa Atalanta and urtice at Christmas.—W. Watkins. aa. Peeieer eats atc) 
Lepidoptera at Armagh in 1893.—Rev. W. F. Johnson, M.A., F. E. Sh eee eS 
Psyche albida v. Milliérella, B.—F. Bromilow, F.E.S. puosaacnobon. “Cle 
Cave-frequenting habit of Bittacus chilensis.—R McLachlan, BLRISs he 39 
Syrphus guttatus, Fall., new to Britain.—Coryndon Matthews, PES... . 39 
Great abundance of Newnaileg brassiczs, Walk.—#. R. meg M.A., P. E. 8. 39 
Aleurodes proletella, &«.—J. W. Douglas, F.E.S. . : 40 
Chirotica maculipennis, Gr., a species of Ichneumonides new to Britain,—A. 

Beaumont, F.H.S. .......- 90000) 000000000c0060000 Soon jo00000 0008 . 40 
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Entomological Society of London 36000080 43 

Notes on the earlier stages of the Nepticule, ae a View io ‘(hein theta 
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March, 1894. | 49 


ignobilella are black in both gallery and blotch. Lastly, the head of 
regiella is pale brown, with the cephalic ganglia dark brown, and con- 
sequently far more conspicuous than the head; on the other hand, 
the head of ignobilella is blackish, overpowering the ganglia, which 
are of a paler colour. I should add that a pair of brilliant orange 
spots are frequently present on the front edge of the 2nd segment in 
regiella. I was inclined at one time to think that they might bea 
sexual distinction, but careful breeding lent no support to the idea. 
Thus, these species are distinguished by four distinct characters, 
gathered from egg, mine, frass (colour), and larva. All four are 
practically of much the same value, for all are equally constant and 
equally accessible to observation. 

With regard to the pupation of these several insects. Gratiosella 
is subterranean, and makes a smooth blackish-brown cocoon. Oxyacan- 
thella and regiella spin on (below ?) the surface or above it, the former 
will sometimes climb up the sides of a glass vessel to pupate; both 
make smooth cocoons, oxyacanthella of a dark brown, regiella more of 
the colour of ajdogskin glove. I have no cocoons of ignobilella to refer 
to, and have also forgotten to make any note of their appearance. 

Tityrella and fulgens, the Nepticule of the beech (Fagus sylvatica), 
require perhaps a word. The mines might be fairly well sorted by 
their size, the smaller ones being referred to Tityrelia, and the larger 
to fulgens ; but in any large number there would always be some spe- 
cimens that held an intermediate position, and could not be referred 
confidently to either division. Size alone is, therefore, not sufficient ; 
neither is the form of their track, for though the mine of the former 
is a vermiform gallery confined to the space between two ribs, and that 
of the latter a more or less straight gallery which pays little regard to 
boundaries, yet sooner or later we should be landed in difficulties, 
since either will on occasion adopt the pattern of the other. Fortu- 
nately more trustworthy distinctions exist, and under no less than 
three heads, viz., egg, mine, and larva. (1) Egg—in ¢ityrella they are 
laid on the under-side, among the tufts of hair that grow in the angles 
of the midrib—a most excellent example, I may add, of the precision 
which some of the species display ; fwlgens, on the contrary, is one of 
the rare instances of utter indifference in the matter, and lays on the 
open surface of upper- or under-side equally readily. (2) Mine— 
the great point here is the piece of “coiling” in the middle, which is 
always present in fulgens, and as invariably absent in Zityrella. (38) 
Larva—the head of Tityrella is black, especially its posterior lobes, the 


cephalic ganglia also black and looking like a part of the head, ventral 
E 


50 {March, 


nerve cord fairly visible when the leaf is turned over; head of fulgens 
pale brown, cephalic ganglia and ventral cord invisible. Both insects 
are double brooded. Their cocoons are woolly ; that of Tityrella is 
white in colour, that of fulgens brownish. 


(To be coneluded.) 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA FROM NORFOLK & SCOTLAND: INCLUDING 
AN ADDITION TO THE BRITISH LIST. 


BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. 


I received lately from Mr. E. A. Atmore, of King’s Lynn, a box 
of interesting specimens taken by him in that neighbourhood, which 
included Tinea nigripunctella, Hw., a species of rare occurrence, for- 
merly taken near Bristol.* I have recognised it among the late Mr. 
T. V. Wollaston’s captures in Madeira; this is new to the Norfolk 
list. A specimen of a Sericoris agrees absolutely with examples of 
Sericoris palustrana, Z.,in the Zeller collection, as also with a specimen 
received from Dr. Staudinger under this name. Zeller originally 
described the species (Isis, 1846, p. 230—not p. 630, as quoted in 
Staudinger’s Catalogue, No. 972) as palustrana, Lienig. The MS. 
name given by Madame Lienig seems to indicate that her species was 
in some way connected with marshes, while Zeller says that it is taken 
in fir woods on high ground, and subsequent authors have followed 
him in identifying a species taken among firs as palustrana. Stainton, 
Wilkinson, Curtis and others have mentioned this species as occurring 
among pines in Scotland and the North of England, and I can find 
no mention of it as a marsh insect. The Lynn specimen (which if 
rightly identified is an addition to our Norfolk list) throws no light 
upon the subject ; it was taken, as I am informed by Mr. Atmore, “ by 
beating a fir tree on the verge of a marsh.” It does not appear to 
agree precisely with Scotch specimens in my collection, but is cer- 
tainly distinct from the allied form which stands in our cabinets 
under the name of mzcana, Hb. 

I have next to notice a long series of specimens of an Argyresthia 
taken among larches, which can only be compared with Argyresthia 
illuminatella, Z. (Isis, 1889, p. 205), from typical examples of which 
they differ in the slightly more elongate and acuminate apex of 
the fore-wings. Three examples in my own collection from Forres, 


* More than thirty years ago I found several examples of Tinea nigripunctella in the “‘retreat” 
of a house at Folkestone at which I was lodging. I have an idea that many localities other than 
Bristol, Folkestone, and King’s Lynn can be named.—R. McLacHian. 


1894.] ol 


collected by Salvage (for the possession of which I am indebted 
to Mr. J. H. Leech), do not exhibit this peculiarity. I have no 
hesitation in adding this species to the British lists on the strength of 
the Scotch specimens, but would urge Mr. Atmore to make further 
search, in the hope that he may find the larva feeding on larch, in 
which ease its separation from the continental ¢llwminatella would, 1 
think, be fully justified. Since Hartmann (Mitth. Minch. Ent. Ver., 
IV, 7, 1880) mentions Zarzz as one of its food-plants, it may be that 
the two forms are included under one name on the continent. Col- 
lectors should examine their series of Ocnerostoma piniariella, and if 
they find some rather yellowish specimens with distinctly ochreous 
heads and longer palpi, they may recognise Argyresthia illuminatella. 

I am quite unable to distinguish two specimens of a Grelechia in 
the same collection from examples of Xystophora servella, Z., in the 
Zeller collection (Isis, 1885, p. 201; 1846, p. 289). I mention it in 
the hope that the attention of collectors will be called to the matter, 
and that they may be able to verify the occurrence of this hitherto 
unrecorded species in England. It is of a uniform purplish-brown 
colour, with a few pale specklings around the apex and apical margin, 
and a single obscure dark spot at the end of the cell, the antenne 
appear to have a series of three pale spots on their outer third, the 
outer one of which is a little before the apex; the cilia are somewhat 
paler than the wings, especially about the anal angle, and the hind- 
wings are shining slaty-grey with pale cilia tending to brownish- 
ochreous, the abdomen inclining to brownish-ochreous. Legs pale, 
apparently unspotted. Exp.al.,14 mm. It is slightly larger than 
anthyllidella, Hb., and somewhat resembles it in appearance, although 
generically distinct. Heinemann originally gave the name Dory- 
phora to that section of the old genus Gtelechia to which the species 
belongs, but recognising that the name was pre-occupied for a 
genus of Coleoptera [vide Hein., Schm. Deutsch. Tin. Tabelle der 
Gattungen, p. 6 (1877) ; Snell., Vlind. Ned., 684-5 (1882) ; Drnt., 
Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1889, p. cexxiv], he replaced it by Xystophora. 
This correction being made in the posthumous part of Heinemann’s 
work, was subsequent to the publication of Staudinger’s Catalogue, 
and was overlooked by South when compiling his list. 

While I am recording additions to the Norfolk list, I may here 
mention Tinagma betule@, Stn., and CGcophora lambdella, Don. The 
description of the former at once enabled me to recognise a mine 
found in a birch leaf here, obviously that of a Tinagma, which had 


_ greatly puzzled me, as I had been unable to breed the insect. I noticed 


/ 2 


/ 


/ 


52 f (March, 


it for the first time in the same year that the description was pub- 
lished [Ent. Mo. Mag., XX VI, 261-4 (1890)]. The Ceophora was 
also taken at Merton on June 18th, 1890, by Mr. J. H. Durrant, 
flying in the sunshine in the early morning about the branches of 
Picea cephalonica ; it was evidently fresh from the pupa. It is re- 
markable that although its food-plant (Ulex) is abundant in the 
neighbourhood, my frequent search for this species, both in its 
larval and perfect stages, has hitherto been fruitless. 


Merton Hall, Thetford : 
February, 1894. 


THERMOBIA FURNORUM, ROVELLI, A HEAT-LOVING THYS4A- 
NURAN, IN LONDON BAKEHOUSES. 


BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &. 


In 1884 G. Rovelli, an Italian entomologist, published at Como, a 
brochure on a new species of Lepismid found in ovens. This publica- 
tion I have never seen in the original. He proposed the name 
Lepisma furnorum, but stated the creature would form a new genus 
or sub-genus. ; 

In 1887 Grassi (Bull. Ent. Ital., vol. xix) alluded to the insect, 
and applied to it the sub-generic name “ Termophila, Rovelli,” the 
chief distinction from Lepisma being its six-jointed maxillary palpi. 
Termophila was evidently an Italian rendering of Thermophila, there 
being practically no letter “h” in modern Italian, and in the same 
Bulletin, 1889 (vol. xxi), in a paper by Grassi and Rovelli combined, 
the sub-genus is correctly given as Thermophila. 

In the “ Tijdschrift voor Entomologie,” vol. xxxii (1889), is.a long 
paper on the insect, with a gigantic coloured figure, by Dr. Oudemans, 
on its discovery (given as Thermophila furnorum, Rov.) in Amsterdam, 
and he says it was found in all bakehouses that he examined, and in 
abundance, and that it had received familiar names from the bakers. 

A short time ago Mr. F. Milton, of 184, Stamford Hill, London, 
sent me specimens of a Lepismid found in a London bakehouse. This 
is no doubt the same as Rovelli’s and Oudemans’ species. He says he 
has not found them in all bakehouses, but that in some they are known 
as “fire brats.” They congregate round the oven’s mouth. 

At the Meeting of the Ent. Soc. Lond., September 2nd, 1885, 
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a “ Lepisma”’ found in an iron safe at Aldgate, 
London, and I have since ascertained from him that a bakehouse exists 
on the other side of the party-wall against which the safe was placed. 
No one recognised the insect, and I now suspect it was Th. furnorum. 


1894. ] 53 


I will now go more than thirty years back. In the “ Zoologist” 
for 1863, p. 8496, Ed. Newman gave a small-type note on a “ New 
Insect at the Friends’ Institute,’ Bishopsgate Street, London. It 
refers to a Lepismid and its habits (but heat-loving is not specially 
noticed). All the description is:—“Its body is half an inch long, and 
it has antenne and tails each about half an inch long or rather more, 
so that the entire length is rather more than an inch and a half.” 
He proposed for it the name Lepismodes inquilina, showing that he 
recognised it as generically distinct from Lepisma saccharina. If any 
“types” still exist they are probably in the collection of the Entomo- 
logical Club. I distinctly remember seeing the creature; but the 
name is not indexed in the Vol., and the note has been entirely — 
overlooked so far as I am aware. 

To turn to North America. In 1873 Dr. Packard published, in 
the 5th Annual Report of the Peabody Academy, a synopsis of the 
Thysanura of Essex Co., Mass., amongst which is a Lepisma domestica, 
n. sp., “common in houses about hearths and fireplaces,’ and which 
has six-jointed maxillary palpi. There is much in the descriptions to 
induce one to believe that his and Rovelli’s insects are the same. And, 
in fact, Dr. Bergroth has considered them identical, and has re-named 
the genus Thermobia, in consequence of Thermophila being pre- 
occupied (Entomol. Americ., vi, p. 2383, 1890). For the moment I 
prefer to call our insect Thermobia furnorum, Rovelli, substituting 
Packard’s specific name if the identity be absolutely proved. New- 
man’s much earlier Lepismodes inquilina 1 leave an open question, 
after having called attention to it. Furthermore, it must be remarked, 
that several old species of ‘‘ Lepisma,” principally by French authors, 
probably remain undetermined. 

I give no description of Th. furnorum, because I have seen no ex- 
amples really in good condition, but refer my readers to Dr. Oudemans’ 
figure. Its mottled appearance and somewhat different form will at 
once separate it from Lepisma saccharina, independent of the structural 
characters: the antenne and tails are extremely fragile, and the scales 
on the body that cause the mottling are very easily detached. It 
appears to revel in an amount of heat fatal to most other Arthropods, 
and I express an opinion that it will be found wide spread in this 
country. 

The foregoing notes are necessarily somewhat laconic, and have 
been called forth by Mr. Milton’s appeal for identification. 


Lewisham, London : 
February, 1894. 


54 (March, 


WING EXPANSION IN A BUTTERFLY DELAYED BY LOW 
THM PERATURE. 


BY T. A. CHAPMAN, M.D., F.E.S. 


At 2am. on January 19th, 1894, I found that a Doritis Apollina, 
whose pupa was in a tumbler on the mantelshelf of a room with a 
fire, and at a temperature of 73° or 74°, and at times higher, had 
emerged, and was so energetically searching for a place to settle to 
expand its wings, that it always left a good spot and got to one where 
it fell. I, therefore, put it in a muslin cage, and also for reasons of 
safety took it to a room with a temperature of 51°. 

At 9a.m.I found it seated quite quietly, but with wings absolutely 
unexpanded. I then took it back to the warm room, and, five minutes 
later, found the wings well advanced in development, and it shortly 
became a perfectly developed specimen. 

I have not met before with so marked an instance of the effect 
of temperature on wing expansion. Some recorded instances of 
delayed expansion may be due to this cause. The instances I have 
myself met with have been chiefly in moths extracted untimely from 
their pupa, as a result of a belief they had died ; such moths usually 
fail to expand their wings, but I have known one do so nearly two 
days after. | 


Firbank, Hereford : 
January, 1894. 


MUSCA (CALLIPHORA) VOMITORIA IN NEW ZEALAND. 


BY W. W. SMITH. 


In 1889, Mr. G. V. Hudson announced the occurrence of Hristalis 
tenax, Linné, and MW. vomitoria, in Wellington. After the announce- 
ment I resolved to watch carefully for the appearance of these 
Dipterons in this district. I have already recorded the occurrence 
and phenomenal increase of #. tenax in the South Island (Ent. Mo. 
Mag., 1890, pp. 240—242), and now proceed to record some facts 
respecting the dispersion of JZ. vomitoria. On November 8th, 1890, 
I captured the first specimen I met with in this district. Observing 
it entering the tube flowers of Penstemon barbatus, I closed the 
mouth of the tube and prevented its egress. In two months we had 
caught three more, and saw another which escaped. In 1891, we 
had no trouble in capturing several dozen specimens. In each suc- 
ceeding year, including the present, it has more than doubled its 


1894. ] 55 


numbers, and is now very plentiful on the windows in dwellings, and 
on flowers and shrubs in gardens at Ashburton. Six weeks ago I wrote 
to a friend residing in Oamaru, requesting him to collect a number of 
flies for me that he probably would observe in his house and garden. 
On the 10th of the present month, I received a match box nearly full 
of specimens of several species collected in his garden. Amongst 
them were five fine specimens of IL. vomitoria, and eleven of Hristalis 
tenax. Oamaru is a pretty little seaport town in North Otago, 100 
miles south of Ashburton. In a similar way I have lately received 
two specimens of If. vomitoria from Mt. Somers, a village situated 
near the base of the mountains, thirty miles inland from Ashburton. 
Other non-entomological friends, residing in different districts in the 
South Island, have sent me numbers of flies, but these are the only 
localities so far that have yielded specimens of Uf. vomitoria. I have 
recently received specimens from Danivirke, Hawke’s Bay, thus 
showing that the species is extending its area of distribution in the 
North Island. 

The extremely rapid increase and dispersion of introduced insects, 
and their effects on the indigenous species of the group to which they 
belong, merits close attention. Although I vomitoria is as plentiful 
as Calliphora quadrimaculata and Sarcophaga lemica, there is not, at 
the present time, any appreciable diminution in the numbers of these 
two common native species. It is, however, too early to speculate on 
the probable results of introduced Dipterons on the endemic Dipterous 
fauna. The large and handsome Tubanus impar soon vanishes from 
newly settled districts. Comptosia bicolor, and the recently described 
C. virida, Hudson, have increased somewhat in this district during the 
last ten years. A week ago I spent a forenoon collecting Dzptera on 
a large flowering plant of the introduced Buddlea globosa. The 
highly-scented, orange-coloured flowers are a great attraction to 
Diptera and other insects, and have, for several years, enabled me to 
obtain a good series of different species. It is very pleasant to watch 
the larger Diptera chasing each other actively about the shrub, while 
the smaller native species may be seen in a perpendicular position, 
thrusting their heads down the short, narrow, staminal tubes of the 
flowers to reach the nectary. Although there were about a dozen 
species all busy at the flowers, IZ. vomitoria was much more numerous 
than any other present. Last summer I observed them abundant on 
several flowering plants of native Vericone, and, later, on the flowers 
of the introduced hybrid V. Andersoni. With few exceptions, the 
species was common on nearly all flowering plants during the last two 


56 {March, 


summers, and bids well to be more so in the present season. The 
rapidity at which introduced insects increase and disperse in New 
Zealand is unprecedented. Like Hristalis tenax and M. vomitoria, 
Gastrophilus nasalis, Linn., is another case in point. Four years ago 
this month it first attacked some draught horses at work at Chertsey, 
twelve miles from Ashburton. Since then it has spread with alarming 
rapidity from Auckland to the Bluff, and has caused serious loss and 
trouble among horses. Excepting the three forms of Bombz, now 
naturalized in New Zealand, all other insects are accidental in- 
troductions. I do not here include Raphidia, introduced by Mr. 
Koebele two years ago, as nothing is known, at present, respecting its 
success or failure, in establishing itself. It is remarkable that MW. 
vomitoria has only been observed in New Zealand within the last few 
years. Since the direct mail service began between England and New 
Zealand, the facilities for transmission of the species have been more 
favourable than previously. In this connection it would be of interest 
to know if IZ. vomitoria has been observed at the several ports of call 
on the steamer’s line of route, viz.: Teneriffe, Cape Town, and Hobart. 
Its recent occurrence and rapid inerease in New Zealand seems to me 
to favour the probability of its introduction since the advent of the 
direct steamers arriving fortnightly from England. 

In nearly every instance both the noxious and beneficial species 
now naturalized in. New Zealand have been introduced unobserved. 
‘When once established, many species have increased at a marvellous 
ratio, and with disastrous results. Mr. Maskell’s paper on “ Migrations 
and New localities of some Coccids (Ent. Mo. Mag., xxviii, p. 69) 1s full 
confirmation, and is applicable to many species belonging to other 
groups. 

In a valuable paper by Baron Osten Sacken on “ Facts concerning 
the importation or non-importation of Diptera into distant countries ”’ 
(Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1884, pp. 489—496), the distinguished 
Dipterologist discussed the question of the transportation of Diptera. 
In harmony with his remarks I may safely say that the trans-oceanic 
migration of nearly all the exotic Diptera now flourishing in New 
Zealand has been accomplished artificially, and especially so by fast 
steamers during recent years. The genial climate of the islands, with 
long summers and mild winters, is extremely favourable to the habits 
and development of Diptera from colder climes. It is possible that 
fresh immigrants of previously introduced species may continue to 
arrive, especially if the fast steamers leave England or the ports of 
call during the summer months. I imagine that JZ vomitorra may 


\ 


1894. } 57 


have been naturalized in these intermediate countries before reaching 
New Zealand, but I have no data bearing on the question. Perhaps 
some resident entomologist at the Cape or Hobart can enlighten us on 
the subject. There would, however, be no difficulty in the fly travelling 
the whole voyage, which lasts about six weeks. It is of paramount 
importance to record the introduction and rate of increase and dis- 
persion of exotic species in any zoological region. 

After two days’ warm rain, yesterday being calm and hot, I again 
visited the plant of Buddlea globosa. The magnificent shrub, 10 ft. 
high, and 12 ft. in diameter, in full flower, swarmed with Diptera. 
Along with other species, four or five individuals of IL. vomitoria 
occurred on a single flower all over the shrub, all busy extracting the 
nectar. Are the flowers of this shrub so attractive to Diptera in 
England ? 


Ashburton, N. Z.: 
November 25th, 1893. 


WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC LIMITS OF ASPIDIOTUS DESTRUCTOR, 
SIGN. ? 


BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. 


There is a puzzling group of supposed species of Aspidiotus found 
in tropical countries, mostly on palms, of which Aspidiotus destructor 
is one. In my list of West Indian Coccide, lately published in the 
Journal of the Institute of Jamaica, I have separated three forms, as 
A.palmarum, Bouché, A.nerit, Bouché, var.,and A. fallax, n.sp. Having 
lately examined more material, I have come to the conclusion that all 
these, and also A. cocotis, Newst., must be included in a single species, 
namely, A. destructor; unless,as seems very probable, this falls before 
the earlier A. palmarum of Bouché. Further, I do not think that 
any of the forms are correctly referred to A. neriz. 

These somewhat startling conclusions may well be disputed, and 
no one will be better pleased than I if the validity of destructor, fallax, 
and cocotis as distinct species can be established ; but I think the 
evidence given below indicates clearly that there is more variability in 
certain characters held to be specific than is commonly estimated for. 

The specimens examined by me are as follows :— 

(1) On cocoanut, Laccadive Islands, sent by Mr. Maskeil: = destructor. 

(2) On banana, Port of Spain, Trinidad, from Mr. F. W. Urich : = destructor. 
(3) On mango, Antigua, from Mr. Barber : = fallax. 

(4) On Terminalia catappa, Antigua, from Mr. Barber : = fallax. 

(5) On Cinnamomum camphora, Antigua, from Mr. Barber : = fallax. 


58 ‘March, 


(6) On cocoanut, from Barbados, received through Dr. Plaxton: = palmarum 
(Bouché, ?), Ckll., In. Inst. Ja., 1893. 


(7) On hysophorbe palm, Botanic Gardens, Grenada : = cocotis. 


(8) On Areca rubra, Antigua, from Mr. Barber: = nerii, var. (nec Bouché), 
Ckll., Z. e. 
(9) On Sabal Blackburniana, Antigua, from Mr. Barber: = nerii, var. (nec 
Bouché), Ckll., 0. ¢. 
(10) On a palm, garden of Colonial Bank, Kingston, Jamaica : = nerii, var. (nec 


Bouché), Ckl1., l. c. 


In the following descriptive notes the above specimens will be 
referred to by their numbers. 


Scale.—The scale is flat, dirty white, with the exuvie pale straw colour, and larger 
than those of nerzs. True nerii,* on oleander, looks quite different from the 


present species. In shape, our scale varies from circular to slightly oval. 


Colour of female.—Pale yellow (1, 2) to yellow blotched with orange, or bright 
yellow (8), or orange with the terminal portion yellow (7). 


Shape of female.—Nearly circular (2, 3) to broad pyriform (6, 10). 


Lobes.—Normally three pairs, but in 6 I could see only two pairs, while in the type 
of fallax four pairs were visible. However, the fourth lobe of fallax is very 
little developed, and not constant; as on re-examining the original lot (3), I 
found a specimen with only threee pairs of lobes. I cannot doubt that further 
material from Barbados would also show specimens with the normal three pairs. 

The first pair of lobes is normally a little shorter than the second (1, 2, 4), 
but sometimes (6, 7, 10) this does not appear to be the case. The latter state 
might seem typical of cocotis, as distinguished from destructor, but that in Mr. 
Newstead’s figure of cocotis the second lobe is slightly the longer. 

The median lobes are often indented on the outer side (7, 10, and Mr. 
Newstead’s description of cocotis), but frequently they seem entire (2, 3, 6). 
The former state belongs to cocotis, the latter to fallax and destructor, but I am 
convinced that the character is not a constant one. The second lobe may also 
be indented (7). 

Plates.—The long serrate plates are practically the same in all the forms. In 2I 
counted nine plates anterior to the third lobe, and two between each two ad- 
joining lobes. A. cocotis is described as having three between the second and 
third, and seven or eight beyond. 


Anal orifice.—Well away from the hind end, almost as in neriz. In Signoret’s figure 
of destructor it is rather more posterior than I have seen it. 


Grouped glands.—In fallax (3) I saw plainly four small groups of “ spinnerets,”’ 
caudolaterals of about seven, anterior laterals of about nine glands. However, 
in another specimen from the original lot of fallax, I failed to see the glands. 
In cocotis from Grenada (7) I made out that the glands were present, but could 
not see them well; Mr. Newstead found no grouped glands in the types of 
cocotis from Demerara. In 10, which is doubtless cocotis, no grouped glands 
were found ; but in 6, from Barbados, they were clearly visible. The original 


* The genuine 4. nerii is unknown in the West Indies. I nave lately found it at Las Cruces, 
New Mexico ; and have received it from Guanajuato, Mexico (from Dr. Dugés), in both cases on 
oleander. I also have it from Europe. 


1894.] 59 


types of destructor had four groups of glands, but I fail to see them in 1 or 2. 
It is, therefore, evident that the grouped glands are sometimes absent, or so 
obscure as to escape observation. 


Wax ducts.—Comstock says of palmarum: “between the caudal margin and the 
groups of spinnerets are isolated spinnerets (wax ducts).” These are also seen 
in nerii, vide Mr. Morgan’s figure, Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb., 1889, pl. iii, fig. 1. 
They are quite plainly seen in the Grenada cocotis (7), and in destructor (1, 2). 


Striation.—Several species of Aspidiotus (notably ostreeformis, perniciosus, and 
punice) show a fine striation of the skin of the terminal portion. This is very 
plain in destructor (1, 2), cocotis (7), and fallax (3). 


Male.—I have only seen the g of 2,3,and 7. It is yellow and ordinary. The eyes 
are dark indigo-blue (7), or blue-black (2). The penis-sheath (8, 7) is longer 
than the abdomen; but in 2 it appeared quite short, doubtless owing to the fact 
that the only ¢ examined had not yet emerged from the puparium. The wings 
are of normal length. 


Antenne of & .—The antenne (7) are 10-jointed as usual, the two basal joints short 
(the second shortest); 4 and 5 equal, and longer than 3; last joint very 
slender. 


Legs of § .—Tarsus (7) very bristly, about three-fourths length of tibia ; claw long 
and nearly straight; femur about as long as tibia. 


Fgg.—Pale yellowish (2). In fallax the egg seemed unusually elongate. 


It would seem from the above that either all these insects belong 
to one species (as I believe), or else there are more species than the 
current names indicate. The latter view would. be based on the 
assumption that the exact combination of characters seen in each 
race 1s constant, and of specific value, an opinion which seems to me 
contrary to all reasonable probability. It is true that Mr. Newstead 
states that there is no resemblance between destructor and cocotis, but 
I cannot believe that Mr. Maskell and I have wrongly identified the 
former species, or that I misunderstand Mr. Newstead’s clear descrip- 
tion and characteristic figure of the latter. The species, therefore, 
must stand as A. destructor; unless it can be proved that destructor 
falls before the earlier palmarwm of Bouché. This would seem almost 
certain, but for the reddish-yellow exuvie attributed to palmarum. 

The food-plants, as indicated above, are various. In addition, 
Mr. Morgan (see Timehri, 1890, p.370) has recognised destructor from 
Demerara on Anona reticulata ; and Signoret records the same species 
as found in Bourbon on the date palm and guava. 

Agricultural College, 


Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S. A.: 
August 12th, 1893. 


[I have carefully examined the specimens of Aspidiotus destructor, on banana 


60 (March, 


(2), sent by Mr. Cockerell, and find them to agree in every way with my A. cocotis 
(vol. iv, p. 186), which I still believe to be distinct from the A. destructor of Signoret. 
The entire absence of grouped glands, and the double row of marginal “ wax ducts” 
or pores in my twenty types of A. cocotis, are, I think, sufficient distinctive charac- 
ters to separate it from A. destructor, Sign. It is just possible, however, that 
Signoret, Cockerell, and myself have examined different stages of one species ; if so, 
it will account for the variation of character noted ; but this must be proved beyond 
doubt before my species can sink.—R. NewstTHap: October 11th, 1893. ] 


GREASE: 
DO MALE MOTHS REQUIRE MORE ENERGY THAN FEMALES? 


My best thanks are due to Dr. Richard Freer for his kindly criticism of my 
paper on the above subject. It is by discussion that the wheat is sifted from the 
chaff, and the truth revealed. It often happens, too, that side issues crop up of even 
greater importance than the original topic; and thus are new ideas developed, and 
fresh channels opened up for thought. 

Dr. Freer and I are agreed on many points, but there are one or two on which 
our opinions widely diverge, the chief of which is the question as to whether males 
have a greater necessity for energy than females. Dr. F. mentions Messrs. Geddes 
and Thompson’s theory about the “ Evolution of Sex”’ (by nutrition and temperature) 
as being fatal to mine. It is just about twenty years ago that I penned a few lines 
on a similar theory (Ent. Ann., 1874, p. 152). Speaking of the more noticeable 
papers of the season, I wrote as follows :—‘ but, as Alice would say, the ‘curiousest’ 
paper of all is devoted to the subject of controlling the sexes by a process of starva- 
tion (the starvelings being males,and the healthy well-fed examples females). When 
it is taken into consideration that the writer is a lady, the whole affair looks very 
like a satire on the male sex generally.’ This article, by Mrs. Mary Treat, which 
was published in the “ American Naturalist,” vol. vii, p. 129, is endorsed by Messrs. 
Geddes and Thompson. 

Still, though the theory is against me, the facts are for me. Take the following 
extract from Messrs. Geddes and Thompson’s book, page 16 :—“ Let us begin with 
an extreme yet well-known case. The cochineal insect, laden with reserve products, 
in the form of the well-known pigment, spends much of its life a mere quiescent 
gall on the cactus plant; the male, on the other hand, in its adult state is agile, 
restless and short lived. Now, this is no mere curiosity of the entomologist, but in 
reality a vivid emblem of what is an average truth throughout the world of animals 
—the preponderating passivity of the females, the predominant activity of the 
males.” § Now, the reason of this excessive activity of the males is, to my fancy, a 
salutary provision for the healthy perpetuation of the species (see my remarks on 
the subject, Ent. Ann., 1867, page 130). . 

Very well; activity cannot be kept up without force, nor force without fuel. 
Whence, then, comes this force? Surely, the answer must be, from the fuel food, of 
which, all collectors are painfully aware, the freshly emerged males, of vigorously 
flying species, contain such a superabundance. Dr. Freer has likened moths to man, 
but a more familiar illustration of both is the steam engine, since each (moth, man 


‘1804. 61 


and engine) is a machine for the evolution of force from fuel—the muscles being 
represented by piston rods (motors), the fat or fuel food by coal (motive power). 
Perhaps a comparison of migratory birds with their insect analogies would have been 
more appropriate, for in the latter case the feathered migrants stock themselves well 
with fuel food before undertaking their arduous flights (see Reports of the British 
Association Committee, on the migration of birds) ; and the males beat the females 
in the race (Harting : “ Our Summer Migrants’’). 

Another point upon which I touched is, that after pairing and oviposition, one 
of the chief purposes for which energy was stored has been fulfilled, and the vigour 
of the insects begins to wane. This case bears a resemblance to that of fishes at the 
time immediately preceding the spawning season, when they are in plump condition ; 
the milts of the males being then so charged with fat, that when thrown upon a 
fire, they will flare up and burr for a considerable time. After breeding, fish become 
flaccid and out of condition; with moths it is the same, but having scarcely any 
recuperative powers, they soon afterwards die. 

On other points Dr. Freer and I agree in the main; we both concur in con- 
sidering that internal feeders, which, as I observed, “live more or less in the dark, 


9 


secluded from air, and restricted as to movements,” are among the most liable to go 
greasy, 2. e., to stock the largest quantity of fuel food; but these are comparatively 
only a small proportion of the bulk of “greasers,”’ a large number of which were 
disposed of in my suggestion that they stored fat for purposes of hibernation in the 
larval or perfect state, just as in the case of hibernating vertebrates. How does Dr. 
Freer account for the tendency to grease in many butterflies, all the Sphinges, most 
of the Bombyces, besides a large number in each of the other groups of moths, 
which do noé spend their larval existence as internal feeders ? 

Then, of course, we agree that the fat gets out of the cells, but is it always by 
putrefaction? No doubt this takes place in a damp atmosphere, but, if I may be 
allowed to say so, there is another way, of still more common occurrence, namely, 
dessication, by which this result may be effected, and this would happen when 
the cabinet was kept, and the setting operations conducted, in a comfortably warm 
dry room. Here the cell walls would contract, the contained oleaginous matter 
would expand, and, as a consequence, the cells would be ruptured. 

I quite agree that dryness is the greatest prophylactic against the outward 
appearance of grease, but it must be accompanied by coolness :—“ on a hob” or “in 
a cool oven” would be “ dryness,” but such a position would soon “ start the grease.”’ 
—H. Guarp Knaaes, Camden Road, London, N.W.: February 3rd, 1894. 


Grease in old specimens of Lepidoptera.—Many of the insects of Mr. Gregson’s 
collection, which were in good order when they came to me five years ago, are now 
showing signs of grease, and must be treated by one of the modern cures. Some of 
these must be nearly fifty years old! Why they never showed any tendency before, 
and why it now happens, must probably arise from difference of atmosphere, cither 
between Liverpool and Dover, or the heat of the room in which they have been 
kept. Mr. Gregson I know is a firm believer in a circulation of air around cabinets, 
and probably to this the long deferred evil may in great measure be attributed.— 
Sypney WesB, Maidstone House, Dover: February 13th, 1894. 


62 [March, 


Calocampa vetusta in January.—On January 15th I received a specimen of 
Calocampa vetusta from my friend, Mr. W. J. Hamilton. He had taken it on Jan. 13th 
on Benbow Mountain, Manor Hamilton, Co. Leitrim. In reply to enquiries he tells 
me that the moth was wriggling on the heather with its wings closed, and seemed 
very lazy. The day was very mild, with a south-west breeze. The slight motion 
made by the moth attracted my friend’s attention, and, being a smoker, he had a tin 
match box to which he consigned the insect, and in which it reached me. Evidently 
the mildness of the weather made the moth mistake the season.—W. F. JoHNSON, 
Armagh: January 25th, 1894. 


Epunda lutulenta, var. sedi, in Cumberland.—On August 29th, 1893, I sugared 
at a place called Red Cat, about two miles south of Carlisle, and obtained Hadena 
protea, Anchocelis litura, Agrotis segetum, Phlogophora meticulosa, and a specimen 
of Hpunda lutulenta, var. sedi. From that time I sugared the same trees re- 
peatedly (there being no ivy about the place worth speaking of) until October, and 
though I took Hpunda nigra, Noctua glareosa, many common species, and the 
ordinary form of L. lutulenta, I never saw the var. sedi again. A wood lies on one 
side of the road, and on the other side is a small heath bordered by the row of trees 
which I sugared. The greater number of the trees are Scotch fir, with a few oak 
and ash, the undergrowth of the wood consists of birch, sallow, mountain ash, &c. 
The country round about abounds with Scotch fir woods, and heaths and waste 
land. A Member of our Society (Mr. Gilbertson) tells me that he also has in his 
possession an insect which exactly resembles my var. sedi. He took it at sugar 
about the year 1890 at Peastraw Wood, near Carlisle ; so two specimens of this moth 
have been obtained in this locality—F. H. Day, 6, Cunock Terrace, Carlisle: 
February 5th, 1894. 


[I attended an interesting meeting of young entomologists the other evening at 
Carlisle, and saw Mr. Day’s specimen. It is a fine example of the form of Z. lutu- 
lenta, which is of a rich slate-grey with a broad black band. I am not quite sure 
whether this variety has been obtained elsewhere in England ; most of our specimens 
are from the West of Ireland.—C. G. B.]. 


Agriotypus armatus, Curtis, in Perthshire —It may be worth recording the 
occurrence in Perthshire of this interesting parasite on Trichopterous larve. On 
May Ist last year, while collecting Perlide@ on the shores of Loch Ard, I noticed 
that an [chnewmon was not uncommon, and on now examining the single example 
kept, I find it belongs to the above-named species. ‘The identification is based on 
material kindly sent to me by Professor Klapalek of Prague, who gave a valuable 
account of the insect’s life-history in vol. xxv of this Magazine, pp. 8389—343. 
Curtis’s examples came from the Clyde, near Lanark, where they were taken by 
Walker. I have never seen the species near that river, although it has been a 
favourite locality of mine for many years. Now that the insect’s ways are better 
known to me, I hope to refind it at or near the original station. This record serves 
to confirm to some extent a point concerning which Klapalek was in doubt, namely, 
Holmgren’s statement that the species was found on the shores of Swedish lakes. 
It seems that references to the conditions of water inhabited by various species of 


1894.] 63 


aquatic insects must not always be too rigidly interpreted. For instance, Pictet’s 
remarks about Perlide: “celles qui appartiennent au genre des Perles’”’ (which 
includes our genera, Perla, Dictyopteryx, and Isogenus) “ recherchent exclusivement 
les eaux courantes”’ (Perlides, p.17), and “notre lac n’en a point ou presque point ”’ 
(id., op. cit., p. 20), cannot be applied to some of our Scottish lakes, on the stony 
shores of which examples of the three genera above alluded to may be found at times 
in the greatest abundance.—KENNETH J. Morton, Carluke, N. B.: January, 1894. 


Andrena cineraria and fulva in the imago state in December.—On December 
28th two Andrene (cineraria § and fulva 2?) were brought to me out of Sutton 
Park ; some navvies had been reducing the railway banks, and had turned them up 
with a number of grubs (pupe?). The insects were in perfect condition; probably 
the warm weather at this period had caused them to assume the imago state, possibly 
also the extraordinary summer had caused them to feed up more rapidly than usual. 
Mr. Saunders informs me that Mr. Enock once dug up an Andrena nigroenea and 
Nomada alternata in December (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag., xxi, p. 231). It would be 
interesting to know if any other entomologist has met with them at such an ex- 
traordinary time.—R. C. BRADLEY, Sutton Coldfield: January 24th, 1894. 


Rare Coleoptera in 1893.—During 1893 I captured the following Coleoptera, 
among many other species :—Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Bexley, May 14th; Bruchus 
affinis, Darenth Wood, May 14th; Phytecia cylindrica, Dorking, May 28th; <An- 
thribus albinus, Oxted, June 4th; TYelephorus translucidus, Mickleham, June 8th ; 
Oodes helopioides, Wicken Fen, July 23rd ; Dasytes niger, Winchester, June 18th ; 
Harpalus discoideus, Saltwood, Kent, August 24th; Hippodamia 13-punctata, 
Addington Park, Kent, September 3rd; Molytes germanus, Addington Park, Kent, 
September 10th. Horace DonistuHorret, 73, West Cromwell Road, South Ken- 
sington: February 4th, 1894. 


Coleoptera at Maidstone.—Last June I had four or five days’ collecting near 
Maidstone, and met with the following species amongst others :—Ochthebius ex- 
sculptus, a single specimen in a small stream, clinging to the under-side of a stone, in 
company with Hlmis eneus, Volkmari, and subviolaceus; Bolitochara bella, in 
fungi; Lathrobium angustatum, on the banks of a stream, with plenty of Calodera 
longitarsis ; and Bledius longulus, a single specimen by the road side near a sand- 
pit. In the cyanide bottle of a local entomologist I discovered a fine specimen of 
Deleaster dichrous. Evening sweeping produced Anisotoma calcarata and badia, 
Hydnobius strigosus, Cyrtusa pauxilla, Liodes orbicularis, Calyptomerus dubius, 
Proteinus macropterus, Throscus dermestoides, Gymnetron melanarius, and Liosomus 
oblongulus (3). By general sweeping I obtained Campylus linearis, Dascillus 
cervinus, Drilus flavescens (3), Anthocomus fasciatus, Magdalinus pruni and atra- 
mentarius, Metallites marginatus, Liophleus nubilus, Barynotus obscurus, Lisso- 
dema 4-pustulatum, Mordellistena pumila, Sitones crinitus, Ceuthorrhynchus asperi- 
foliarum and campestris,and Apion ethiops, cracce, hydrolapathi, and punctigerum. 
Special plants yielded several good insects :—from Reseda luteola I took a nice series of 

_ Ceuthorrhynchus resede, and plenty of Phyllotreta nodicornis ; Xylocleptes bispinus 


64 March, 


was not uncommon in dead stems of clematis; Melilotus officinalis furnished me 
with a small series of Apion meliloti and swarms of A. tenue, as well as one or 
two Tychius meliloti; Ochina hedere occurred in profusion in an old holly hedge ; 
and Phytobius comari was locally abundant on a few plants of the willow herb, in 
the three stages of larva, pupa and imago. This last-mentioned species forms a 
loose membraneous cocoon attached to the under-side of the leaf near the midrib, 
resembling that of Hypera rumicis in shape. Ceuthorrhynchus alliarie occurred 
sparingly on the garlic mustard, and I got a few specimens of C. picitarsis from 
Sisymbrium officinale—W. H. Bennett, 11, George Street, Hastings: Feb., 1894. 


Sub-aquatic Curculionide in the Hastings district.—During last season I paid 
a good deal of attention to the sub-aquatic weevils, and met with several not 
previously recorded from here. On April 9th, when collecting near Camber, I found 
Eubrychius velatus in plenty in a pond, and was much struck with its swimming 
powers. Previously, I had always found it clinging to the various aquatic plants ; 
but on this occasion all the specimens I saw were swimming briskly about, and were 
apparently quite as much at home under water as the ordinary water beetles. 
Litodactylus leucogaster occurred at the same time and place, with plenty of 
Phytobius notula, but these, as usual, were found either on the aquatic plants (above 
the water), or on the margins of the ponds or ditches. Several species of Bagous 
were met with during the season. B. collignensis* (= lutulentus) occurred in some 
numbers at Camber, near Pevensey, and near Newenden. I also took a fine series of 
B. frit® and B. tempestivus at Camber, and a few specimens of B. subcarinatus. At 
Guestling, on Easter Monday, I swept a single specimen of B..lutulosus* in a dry 
lane. Those marked * have not been previously recorded from the district.—Ib. 


Species of the Dipterous genus Diastata new to Britain.—I was at Albrighton, 
near Wolverhampton, on December 26th, 1893, and it being an unusually warm day 
I set to work to collect Diptera by beating Conifere, and was rewarded with Dizas- 
tata fumipennis, Mg., and from the heather thatch of an old summer house I 
obtained D. basalis, Mg. At Deal in July, 1892, I took D. obscurella, Fall., and at 
Pitlochry in August of the same year D. nebulosa, Fall., was swept from rushes. I 
have to thank Mr. Meade for naming the above, all of which, except D. nebulosa, 
are I believe new to Britain—-ALFRED BEAUMONT, 153, Hither Green Lane, 
Lewisham: January 29th, 1894. 


Lygus atomarius, Mey., and other Hemiptera in Ireland. — Amongst my 
Hemipterous captures of last season there is an example of the above rarity ; it was 
taken during September, in company with ZL. rubricatus, off Conifers, near Lucan, 
Co. Dublin. Mr. E. Saunders, who has most kindly assisted me in the identification 
of this and many other species, pronounces it to be undoubtedly Z. atomarius, 
hitherto only recorded from one locality in England. ‘The names of a few of the 
best Heteroptera collected during 1893 may prove interesting to those studying the 
Order. Ischnorhynchus resede and Stygnus rusticus, Hnniskerry, Co. Wicklow. In 
the Dublin district I obtained, amongst many others, the following species :—Cymus 
glandicolor, Scolopostethus neglectus, Gerris argentata, in Royal Canal; Salda 


1894.] 65 


morto, boggy heath, Dublin Mountains, S. orthochila, S. cincta, Anthocoris confusus, 
frequent ; Nabis flavomarginatus, undeveloped; Piezostethus cursitans, Phytocoris 
popul and P. longipennis, Dichrooscytus rufipennis, local on Conifers; Dicyphus 
stachydis, Macrotylus Paykulli, Portmarnock ; Harpocera thoracica, Psallus lepidus, 
on ash at Portmarnock, and P. Falleni. On a short trip to the north during July 
I took Gerris Coste in a small pool near the top of Slieve Gallion, Co. Armagh, and 
Nabis flavomarginatus near Dundalk.—J. N. Hatpert, 13, Nelson Street, Dublin: 
February 7th, 1894. 


Obituary. 


Major-General George Carden, F.E.S., died, after a few days’ illness, from the 
effects of influenza, at Douglas Towers, Bromley, Kent, on Monday, the 12th Feb- 
ruary last, aged 56. He entered the Army in 1854, as an Ensign in the 77th foot, 
and served with his regiment in the Crimean War. He subsequently served with 
the 5th foot (now known as “the Northumberland Fusiliers’’) during the Indian 
Mutiny Campaign, and was Lieut.-Colonel commanding the regiment for some years. 

Colonel Carden (who was granted a year’s service for Lucknow, and was in 
receipt of a pension for “ distinguished service’’) retired on half-pay in 1882, and 
received the rank of Major-General in 1887. On retiring from the Army in 1882, 
he took up his residence in Surbiton, and remained there until he left for Bromley 
in 1892. He joined the Entomological Society of London in 1890. 


General Carden made no pretensions to be a scientific entomologist, but he was 
a close observer, and an active collector of Lepidoptera in various parts of the United 
Kingdom. His small collection consisted exclusively of insects obtained by himself 
in the woods and fields, or bred from larys# which he had collected. During the 
past six years the writer of this notice made many pleasant excursions with him. 
In July and August, 1891, the deceased spent his annual holiday of six or seven 
weeks in South Devon, and obtained a long series of Callimorpha Hera, several of 
which he generously presented to the writer. 

He was a good musician, both theoretically and practically. He was also an 
accomplished artist, and lost no opportunity, when away on his entomological 
excursions, of sketching and painting the most picturesque scenos amongst which 
his rambles led him. As a man of business he did good service, after his retirement 
from the Army up to the time of his death, as Secretary of the Rochester Diocesan 
Society, and he will be much missed at 49, Parliament Street. 

Although apparently a shy, cold, and reserved man amongst strangers, intimate 
acquaintance proved him to be a kind hearted and genial companion, and his pre- 
mature death makes a gap in a wide circle of friends which will not easily be filled 
up. The deceased Jeaves a widow and nine children to mourn the loss of an affec- 
tionate husband and father.—H. Goss. 


George Jonathon Hearder, M.D., dicd at Carmarthen on January 24th. He 
had long been Medical Superintendent of the Joint Counties’ Asylum in that town, 


and previously held an analogous appointment at Worcester, where he worked at 
ty 


66 {March, 


British Lepidoptera in conjunction with the late Rev. E. Horton; many notes from 
his pen are to be found in the earlier Vols. of this Magazine. Latterly he had not 
done so much, but his interest in the subject remained as keen as ever. We believe 


his collection is for sale. 


Socteties. 
BIRMINGHAM ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETY: January 15th, 1894.— Mr. R. C. 
BRADLEY in the Chair. 


Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker showed Agvotis ravida from Wicken, and three 
specimens of Tapinostola extrema, Hb. (concolor, Gn.), taken near Wicken by 
Mr. Albert Houghton; Mr. Baker also showed a collection of Lepidoptera received 
from Alexandria; he said that the species showed a mingling of Mediterranean with 
Indo-Persic forms, there were no true Ethiopian forms amongst them ; twenty-two of 
the species are new to science, and it is perhaps the largest collection of Lepidoptera 
yet received from Egypt. Mr. Bradley showed specimens of Andrena fulva and 
cineraria, which had been dug out of nests at Sutton by railway men on Dec. 28th, 
a date when they should have been pup#; he had communicated with Mr. Saunders, 
who said that the only similar case of which he knew was that Mr. Enock had dug 


up an Andrena with a parasitic Nomada once in December. 


ANNUAL MgetinG, February 5th, 1894.—Mr. R. C. Brapiey in the Chair. 
Mr. W. Bowate, Portland Road, Edgbaston, was elected a Member. 


Reports of the Treasurer and Council of the past year were presented, the 
former showing a small balance in hand. The Officers and Council for 1894 —5 were 
elected as follows:—President, Mr. G. H. Kenrick; Vice-President, Mr. G. T. 
Bethune-Baker; Treasurer, Mr. R. C. Bradley; Librarian, Mr. A. H. Martineau ; 
Secretary, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, 147, Hall Road, Handsworth ; and remaining 
Members of Council, Messrs. P. W. Abbott and W. Harrison. Mr. P. W. Abbott 
showed a short series of Acidalia humiliata from the Isle of Wight, one of which 
was taken by himself in 1891, the remainder were sent to him by Mr. A. J. Hodges ; 
he also showed Caradrina superstes from Guernsey, and said that a single specimen 
of that species had been taken at Sandown, Isle of Wight, last autumn by Mr. 
Prout; also Hadena dentina from Sutton and the Isle of Wight—the former a 
particularly dark specimen, the latter a chalk cliff form, very pale, and quite unlike 
the dark one in appearance; also a specimen of Lobophora viretata from Sutton, 
very small and pale, without the median bands, and other interesting insects. Mr. 
A. H. Martineau showed Myrmica rufa and M. sanguinea, workers only; of the 
latter species he had found a single nest at Wyre Forest last year. Mr. R.C. 
Bradley showed Gonia lateralis from Trench Woods. Mr. W. Harrison showed 
Lycena Argiolus and Halias prasinana from Frankling, near Harborne, &c.— 
CorBran J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon. Secretary. 


Tue Sovutn Lonpon EntomonoGican AND NaturAt History Socrery: 


1394. 67 


AwnvaL MeeEtIne, January 25th, 1893. —J. Jenner Weir, Esq., F.L.S., President, 
in the Chair. 

The Twenty-First Annual Meeting was held at the Society’s Rooms, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. The Reports of the Council and Treasurer were adopted. 
The following gentlemen were then unanimously elected to fill the undermentioned 
offices for the ensuing year:—President, E. Step; Vice-Presidents, J. Jenner Weir, 
E.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c., and Chas. G. Barrett, F.E.S.; Treasurer, Robt. Adkin, 
F.E.S., 4, Lingards Road, Lewisham, S.E.; Librarian and Reporting Secretary, 
H. J. Turner, F.E.S., 18, Drakefell Road, Hatcham, 8.E.; Corresponding Secretary, 
S. Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.H.S., &c., Kidbrook Lodge, Blackheath, 8.E.; Curator, 
W. West, 8, Morden Hill, Lewisham Road, 8.E.; Council, T. R. Billups, F.E.S., 
C. A. Briggs, F.E.S., J. H. Carpenter, F. E. Filer, F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., J. Hen- 
derson, and R. South, F.E.S. Mr. J.J. Weir, the retiring President, before delivering 
his Annual Address, presented a handsome Album to the Society, containing three 
of his photographs at different ages, and said he hoped that all the Members would 
contribute their own photos, as such a collection would in the future probably possess 
great historical value and interest. Votes of thanks to all the Officers for their 
services during the past year brought the proceedings to a close—H. WILLIAMS, 
Hon. Secretary. 


February 8th, 1894.—H. Srep, Esq., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Carpenter exhibited Xylophasia monoglypha, Hufn. (polyodon, L.), both 
the dark and intermediate forms; also a form of Agrotis cursoria, Bork., not dis- 
tinguishable from a southern form of A. tritici, all from Aberdeen. Mr. W. F. 
Warne, a case of nearly two dozen species of Rhopalocera taken near Rockhampton 
in Queensland, representing one morning’s captures ; they included Anosia Plexippus 
and Deiopeia pulchella. Mr. W. A. Pearce, series taken by himself in Alleghany, 
U.S. A., during 1892—3, of Pyrameis Atalanta, L, P. Huntera, Fab., Vanessa 
Antiop2, L., Polygonia interrogationis, Fab., P. comma, Harr. (the two broods), and 
bred series of Telea Polyphemus, L., and Samia Cecropia, L.: a discussion ensued 
as to the singularity of a species like V. Antiopa being gregarious in the larval 
stage, while the imagines were seldom met with in company. Mr. R. Adkin, ex- 
amples of Crambus ericellus, Hb., C, dumetellus, Hb., C. pratellus, L., C. myellus, 
Hb., C. pinellus, L., C. furcatellus, Zett., and C. margaritellus, Hb.,and pointed out 
characters by which the closely allied species might bo easily separated. Mr. Dennis, 
a specimen of Vanessa To, L., with a small additional ocellus on each secondary, 
while below the central costal blotch on the primaries was » smaller dark blotch. 
Mr. H. Williams, specimens of Pieris brassice, L., curiously tinted from contact 
with liquid ammonia. Mr. J. Jenner Weir, on behalf of Mr. Adye, a specimen of 
Plusia moneta, Fabr., taken at Christchurch in 1893, and a nearly black specimen of 
Venilia macularia, l., from the New Forest; also, on behalf of himself, Hucheira 
socialis, Westw., perhaps the most archaic form of the Pierine sub-family extant, 
and contributed notes. Mr. Frohawk, a bred series of Argynnis Huphrosyne, L., 
which were nearly eleven months in the larval stage. Mr. Billups, on behalf of Mr. 
Sauzé, a large number of Diptera captured in 1893. Mr. Manger, an example of a 
land crab (Ocypoda cursor) from Lagos, which was so nimble as only to be obtained 


_ by shooting it.—Henry J. Turner, Hon. Secretary. 
F 2 


68 (March, 


Entromotoeican Society or Lonpon: February 7th, 1894.—HEnry JOHN 
Ewes, Esq., F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 


The President announced that he had nominated the Rt. Hon. Lord Walsing- 
ham, LL.D., F.R.S.; Professor Edward B. Poulton, M.A., F.R.S.; and Colonel 
Charles Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.S.; Vice-Presidents of the Society for the Session 
1894—95. ; 

Mr. Walter F. Baker, of 18, Hyde Terrace, Leeds; Mr. Perey M. Bright, of 
Roccabruna, Bournemouth; Professor Lewis Compton Miall, F.R.S., of the Yorkshire 
College, Leeds ; and Mr. Edwin Wilson, of Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge ; were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 

Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. M. Adye, a specimen of Plusia 
moneta, Fabr., which had been captured at Christchurch, Hants, and remarked that 
this species, which had been found in this country for the first time so recently as 
June, 1890, was apparently becoming a permanent resident here, as it had since been 
taken in several of the southern counties. The food-plant, Aconitum napellus, 
though rare in England as a wild plant, was very common in gardens. Mr. Jenner 
Weir also exhibited a nearly black specimen of Venilia macularia, L., the yellow 
markings being reduced to a few small dots. 

Mr. Hamilton H. Druce exhibited a female specimen of Hypochrysops scintillans, 
lately received by him from Mioko, New Ireland. He said that only the male of 
this species had been as yet described. 


Mr. F. Enock exhibited a nest of the British trap-door spider, Atypus piceus, 
recently found near Hastings by Mrs. Enock. 


Mr. W. F. H. Blandford stated that he had recently obtained an additional 
species of Scolyto-platypus from Japan, which, though closely allied to the species 
he had formerly described, showed a very distinct modification of the male pro- 
sternum. 

Mr. M. Jacoby exhibited and remarked on a specimen of Leptispa pygmea, 
Baly, which was doing much injury to sugar cane in the Bombay Presidency of 
India. Mr. G. C. Champion stated that he had found an allied species on bamboo. 


Dr. F. A. Dixey read a paper (which was illustrated by the oxy-hydrogen lantern) 
entitled, “ On the Phylogeny of the Pierine as illustrated by their wing markings 
and geographical distribution.” A long discussion ensued, in which the President, 
Mr. Osbert Salvin, Mr. Jacoby, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Jenner Weir, Mr. Hampson, 
and Mr. Kenrick took part. 

Dr. T. A. Chapman read a paper, entitled, “Some notes on those species of 
Micro-Lepidoptera, allied to Micropteryx, whose larve are external feeders, and 
chiefly on the early stages of Hriocephala calthella.” Mr. Hampson and the Presi- 
dent made some remarks on the subject of the paper. 

Mr. Hamilton H. Druce read a paper, entitled, “ Description of the female of 
Hypochrysops scintillans, Butl.” 

The Rev. Dr. Walker communicated a paper by Mr. R. H. F. Rippon, entitled, 
“Description of a variety of Ornithoptera (Priamoptera) Urvilliana.’—H. Goss 
and W. W. Fow.tsmr, Hon. Secretaries. 


1894.] 69 


SUPPLEMENT TO ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACHINIID4. 
BY R. H. MEADE. 


Since the completion* of my list or descriptive catalogue of the 
British Zachinids, a few new or undescribed species, and several others 
not recorded as British, have come under my notice; the capture of a 
good many so-called rare species in new localities has also been 
reported to me, and the further study of this difficult family has 
shown me the propriety of subdividing some of the genera. 

The Tachiniide have lately received a good deal of attention from 
foreign Dipterists. JI may especially mention Messrs. Brauer and 
von Bergenstamm in Vienna, Mr. Van der Wulp in Holland, and Mr. 
C. H. Tyler Townsend in America. The researches of both the latter 
authors have been principally confined to transatlantic species, but 
the two former have revised the whole family of Zuchiniide with its 
allies ;+ their observations applying to both European and exotic 
species. 

Messrs. Brauer and v. Bergenstamm have so revolutionized the 
whole nomenclature and arrangement of these parasitic flies, that it 
requires a good deal of study to become acquainted with the system 
they have adopted. They ignore almost all the previously estab- 
lished genera, and form a much larger number of small groups 
which are not connected in a chain or linear series, but are more or 
less independent of each other; their affinities extending in different 
directions, allying them by one point to one group, and by another to 
a different one. The arrangement puts me in mind of the fanciful 
quinary arrangement of insects made many years ago by the late 
Wm. Sharp McLeay in the “ Here Entomologice.” 

These authors not only introduce a great number of new generic 
names, but abandon many of those that have been long in use, thus 
causing great confusion. The plates accompanying the work, which 
refer chiefly to the structure of the heads (a great number of which 
are figured), are very good, and of great value; and the work itself 
is full of information, and worthy of careful study. A decidedly 
natural arrangement of these flies is not possible, for the different 
species are connected with each other by so many links, that it is 
almost useless to attempt to form a genus of more than a few species 
that shall not include one or more aberrant ones which connect it 
with some other; we must, therefore, be content to adopt a more or 
less artificial classification that will enable the student to identify 
species with tolerable facility. 


* Ent. Mo. Mag., October, 1892. + Musearia Schizometopa, 1889 to 1893. 


70 | March, 


I will take those genera seriatim to which I have any remarks to 
make, or fresh species to insert, following the order I adopted in my 
“ Annotated List.” 


APHRIA, Dsv. 
A. aneustirrons, Mde.* 


Male. Head: forehead slightly prominent, frontalia narrow, central stripe 

black and wider than the sides, which, like the face, are white with blue-black 
reflections ; fronto-orbital bristles in a single row extending as far as the apex of the 
second joint of the antenne; cheeks bare, and divided from the chin by a brown 
transverse groove; epistome prominent and testaceous ; vibrissee few in number, 
having one long bristle on each side; facialia with only a few short cilie at their 
lower part; antenne grey, first joint very short, second about twice as long as 
broad, third about half as long again as the second, rather dilated and rounded at 
the end; arista with the second joint a little prolonged, and the third long, slender, 
a little pubescent, and dilated at the base ; proboscis piceous, long, slender, horny, 
and narrow at the apex; palpi long, filiform, with the points a little dilated and 
furnished with several long hairs. Thorax black, covered with yellowish-grey 
pubescence, marked with four longitudinal, moderately wide, black stripes, inter- 
rupted at the suture, and having three post-sutural external dorso-central bristles. 
Scutellum grey. Calyptra large and white. Halteres yellow. Abdomen conico- 
cylindrical, with first segment narrow and black, second, third, and fourth cinereous, 
with an irregular interrupted black band on their hind margins; ventral surfaces of 
the second and third segments somewhat rufous and translucent ; dorsum with both 
discal and marginal sete. Wings slightly brown, costal spine long, fourth longitu- 
dinal vein bent in a curve, apical cross vein curved a little inwards, and ending o 
little before the apex of the wing, leaving the first posterior cell a little open; outer 
cross vein rather sinuous, third longitudinal vein with two or three sete at the base. 
Legs black, tarsi long, with large pulvilli and long hairs at the end; hind tibie with 
a few long bristles of unequal lengths on their outer sides. Length, 8 mm. 

A single specimen of this well marked Tachinid was found by the late Mr. 
Pascoe at Folkestone. This species is rather anomalous, and differs from A. longi- 
rostris, Mgn. (the only other recorded species), by having the frontalia narrowed in 
the male, and by the abdomen possessing discal sete. Messrs. Brauer and v. Ber- 
genstamm would place it in a new genus, which they have named Rhinotachina. 


DEMOTICUS, Mca. 
T shall confine this genus to the typical species, viz., D. plebejus, and introduce 
a fresh genus, in which Z. frontata, Bohem., must be placed, together with two 
other allied species. 
BITHIA, Dsv.* 
Demoticus, p. Schiner. 
Myobia, p. Men. et Rnd. 


Hystrichoneura, Brauer and Berg. 


* Wiener Ent. Zeitung, xi, Jahrg. (Mars, 1892). 
* “ Histoire Nat. des Dipteéres des environs de Paris,” t. 1, p. 770. 


1394.) 71 


Gen. ch.—Hyes nude ; fronto-orbital sete in a single row in the male, and 
partially double in the female ; facialia bare ; antennz with the second joint a little 
prolonged, and the third from two to three times as long; arista with the second 
joint distinct, but very slightly prolonged ; proboscis narrow and pointed ; abdomen 
oblong, with both discal and marginal sete; wings with the fourth vein bent in a 
curve or very obtuse angle, and having the veins more or less setigerous. 

1 (2) (8) Wings with the first, third, and fifth veins setigerous... 

1. frontata, Bohem. 
2 (1) (3) Wings with the first and third veins setigerous............ 2. spreta, Mgn. 
3 (1) (2) Wings with the third vein only setigerous ...............3. cinerea, sp. Nn. 


B. FrontTaTa, Bohem. 
B. spreta, Mcq. and Dsv. 
Myobia discreta, Rnd. 


In this species the palpi are rufous or piceous (not black, as I stated in my list) ; 
the antenne are more or less rufous at the base, especially in the female; the frontal 
stripe is red or brown; the arista is thickened nearly to the middle; the first and 
second abdominal segments are rufescent at the sides, and the wings have the 
auxillary branch of the first, with the third and fifth veins, setigerous, and in some 
specimens a few sets are also scattered along the middle portion of the fourth vein. 
Not uncommon. 


B. spreta, Men. and Schnr., non Dsv. et Mcq. 


This species closely resembles B. frontata, but differs by having the palpi 
black, as well as the frontal stripe and antenne ; the wings also have only the first 
and third veins setigerous, the sete being continued along the latter to a little 
beyond the inner cross vein. I have only seen one specimen of this fly, which 
was captured by Mr. Coryndon Matthews in S. Devon. 


B. CINEREA, sp. 1. 


Male, cinereous; frontal stripe about one-fourth of the width of the head ; 
central] stripe rufous, and rather narrower than the sides, which are whitish-grey ; 
fronto-orbital bristles in single row extending to nearly the end of the second 
antennal joint ; face white; cheeks bare and divided from the chin by a deep rufous 
groove; chin hairy; vibrisse few, one long and strong one only, exactly opposite 
the side of the epistome, which is rather prominent; antenne grey, with apex of 
second joint a little rufous; third joint rather more than double the length of the 
second ; arista with the first and second joints short, but quite distinct ; the third 
thickened for about one-third of its length, and pubescent at the base ; palpi yellow ; 
proboscis narrow and pointed. Thorax pale grey, marked with four stzipes, two 
central ones very narrow, but distinct, two lateral ones indistinct and broken ; in 
certain lights three rather broad stripes are visible, placed near together; posterior 
external dorso-central setee three in number ; scutellum yellowish-grey, immaculate, 
with yellow apex; abdomen conical, grey and immaculate, except for a number of 
minute black spots, on which the hairs and bristles are seated, the latter are both 
marginal and discal; calyptra white, halteres yellow; wings clear, with yellow 
roots; apieal cross vein forming a long and gradual outward curve from the base 


V2. [March, 1894. 


nearly to its apex ; costal spine large; third longitudinal vein (only) armed with 
seven or eight sete, which extend from its base two-thirds of the way to the little 
cross vein ; legs black. Length, about 6 mm. 


I received the specimen which I have described some years ago from Herr 
Kowarz, labelled a doubtful species of Demoticus. I have not met with it in Britain, 
but have ventured to name and describe it as an interesting addition to the genus. 
The Tachina soror of Zetterstedt must also be included in the genus Bithia. 


GONIA, Men. 


In my notice of this genus I omitted to call attention to a valuable paper by 
Herr Kowarz* on the determination of the species. These are very difficult to 
discriminate, and it is not easy to find characters by which they may be distinguished 
from each other; as Kowarz observes, the relative lengths of the joints of the arista, 
which have been used for this purpose by some authors are so variable that they 
cannot be depended upon, so he has selected the number of the spines upon the 
edges of the abdominal segments as diagnostic characters. He found that in one 
group of species the hind margin of the first ring has either four or six sete, while 
in the other group there are only two. 

In arranging the British species I was not able to avail myself of these char- 
acters, for at present no Gonia found in Britain will fall into the former of these 
Divisions. 

I have differed somewhat from Herr Kowarz in the determination of species, 
for he considers the G. trifaria, Zeller, to be only a variety of G. capitata, De Geer, 
and also makes G@. lateralis, Zeller, to be identical with G. ornata, Mgn.; the long 
list of synonymns, which he gives under each of these species, will show what a 
difference of opinion there has been, and how difficult it is to decide. 


G. prvisa, Men. 


In May, 1893, the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield sent me two specimens of this rare 
species, which were captured at Maidstone and Eastbourne. 


GERMARIA, Dsv. 


G. RUFICEPS, FIn. 


In November, 1893, the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield also kindly sent me a specimen 
of this fly, which had been taken by Mr. Harwood in Essex (near Colchester). 


THRYPTOCERA, Mcq. 
T. tatirrons, Men. 


Frontal space wide, occupying more than a third of the width of the head ; 
frontal stripe pale red, rather wider than the sides; antenne with the first and 
second joints rufous, and the third brown; arista nearly straight, with the second 
joint about one-fourth of the length of the third; palpi yellow. Thorax nigrescent, 
covered. with cinereous pubescence, and marked by a pale central stripe and two 
lateral, subquadrate, rather indistinct spots of a reddish-brown colour. Abdomen 
short and conical, of a pale bluish-grey colour, covered with brown punctures and 


* Wiener Ent. Zeitung, vii, Jahrg. (Jan., 1888). 


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CONTENTS. PAGE 


Notes on the earlier stages of the Nepticule, with a view to their better 


recognition (continued).—Jonn H. Wood, M.B. 2 TRG 49 
Micro-Lepidoptera from Norfolk and Scotland : srehadind an Vadcitiond to ‘the 
British List.—Rt. Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., F.R.S., &c. . Auli edense 
Thermobia furnorum, Rovelli, a eee Thysanuran, in baden Bakehonses 
—R. Melanie, FE.R.S.. ue 52 
Wing Expansion in a Butterly delayed i le temperature a uk Chapman, 
WD JOH IS coo odoade 3 54 
Musca (Calliphora) emir in New Trasilomel — w. Ww. ‘Smith . 53 54 
What are the eh limits of ee ay cee ae P—T. D. A. ‘Cockerell, 
F.Z.8. 57 
Do male STOLE) reqnire more bencron Nieine females 2H. ‘Cnet nKenaagee MM. D. 
ES sate Meera ca siiganagodéande 60 
Grease in old apeumene ‘ae Tealenioeny Loy dnen Webb itef..o ayer MigGen ae REECE OIL 
Calocampa vetusta in January.—Rev. W. F. Johnson M.A., F.E.S. Pro tHerbance. Oe 
Hpunda lutulenta, var. sedi, in Cumberland.—F. H. Day  ......... 0.0 sce cce cee cue ees 62 
Agriotypus armatus, Curtis, in Perthshire.—Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S. ......... 62 
Andrena cineraria and fulva in the imago state in December.— R. C. Bradley .. 63 
Rare Coleoptera im 1893.—H. Donisthorpe, FP.H.S.  .......c0..cccceerees veseeees es 683 
Coleoptera at Maidstone.—W. H. Bennett . Talisiee doisjar siveloanie sont ee eee ee OO 
Sub-aquatic Coleoptera i in the Hastings District. ye Se 64, 
Species of the Dipterous genus Diastata new to Baticin, ey edna. F. B. 8. 64 
Lygus atomarius, Mey., and other Hemiptera in Ireland.—J. N. Halbert ...... 64 
OxsiTuaRY.—Major-General George Carden, F.H.S.—H. Goss, F.L.8. ............ 65 
George Jonathon Hearder, M.D. ...... 0.0... 0c. ceccee ceeeteeeversessee «» 63 
SocieTies.—Birmingham Entomological Society.................... seeacseeesesess, 66 
South London Entomological, &., Society .................-..........-. 66 
Hntomological Society of London ......... . iat OS 
Supplement to Annotated List of British Tachiniide. 9) A. Meade) ane opie red. Ow 


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[No. 359] APRIL, 1894. [ PricE Gd. 


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April, 1894. | 1B 


spots, on which the hairs are seated, and having the hinder margins of the segments 
darker; it has both discal and marginal setee. Wings with the base of the third 
longitudinal vein armed with sete as far as the little cross vein. Legs setose, yellow, 
with the upper surfaces of the fore and hind femora grey. 

A specimen of this unrecorded British species was captured at Felden by Mr. 
Piffard, and sent to me for inspection by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield. 


NERA, Dsv. and Rnd. 


Gen. ch.—Head :* eyes nude; fronto-orbital sete double at the back in both 
sexes; antenne with third joint between two and three times the length of the 
second, somewhat dilated and compressed in the middle, with the upper surface 
straight and apex pointed, and the under surface convex ; arista with both first and 
second joints elongated, and with the third geniculated to the second; facialia 
ciliated about half way up; wings unarmed, with the exception of two or three 
setee at base of the third longitudinal ; fourth vein bent in a curve, outer cross vein 
placed rather nearer to the inner cross one than to the bend of the fourth ; first 


posterior cell nearly or quite closed at the end; abdomen with both discal and 
marginal sete. 


N. arra, Dsv.t 

Male, shining black and immaculate, except for a white spot on the shoulders, 
which, in a certain light, extends partly across the transverse thoracic suturo ; 
frontal space narrow, about one-fourth of the width of the head; antenne black, 
arista with the third joint bent inwards and forwards in a considerable curve ; palpi 
black ; thorax with three external dorso-central bristles behind the suture ; abdomen 
black and glabrous, with the spurs of two white spots on the sides of the second and 
third segments, they seem the vestiges of transverse bands; alulets white, halteres 
yellow; legs black, with few spines. Length, about 2 mm. 

The only specimen I have seen of this rare little species was taken by Mr. 
Beaumont at Boxhill, Surrey, in July, 1893. 


The fly described by R. Desvoidy was a female, in which he says that the 
abdomen was quite black. 
(To be continued). 


A NEW SPECIES OF ALEURODES. 
BY J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. 


ALEURODES SPIRMR. 

Adult, ¢ 9. Head very broad, black. Antenne pale brown. Eyes large, 
black, entirely divided by a broad yellow fillet. Rostrum black. Thorax black, the 
hinder margin of the segments on the sternum pale yellow. Wings pure white: 
fore-wings just at the place where the median nervure is deflected is a large, 
transverse, fuscous-grey, widely furcate, spot, of which on the lower limb of the 
furcation, within the limits of the discoloration, the nervure is deep black; the 
other limb extends at a similar angle upwards, but has neither nervure nor black 
line. The lower wings are of exactly the same pattern. The femora are black, pale 
at the base; tibix pale, blackish at base and apex; tarsi with 1st joint yellow, 2nd 


* See fig. 90, Brauer and Berg., l. ¢. t ‘‘Diptéres des environs de Paris,” t. i, p. 671. 
G 


7A [April, 


black. Abdomen pale yellow, extremity infuscated more or less; the base beneath 
with two black spots. Expanse of wings, 3 mm. 


Larva, adult (fig.1). Shining pale yellow, broad oval, the margin not attached 
; to the leaf of the food-plant, but 
distinctly separated, thus the usual 
waxen fimbriation is wanting; the 
marginal area rather wide, flat, 
delicately rayed transversely, the 
body of the insect adjoining is 
abruptly and greatly raised; the 
head very broad and prominent ; 
the segmentation, especially of the 
abdomen, evident; the body is 
bordered next the marginal area by 
a wide zone of transverse, strong, 
slightly wavy, irregular striation : 
the profile (fig. 2) shows above the 
anal orifice a projecting conical 
tubercle surmounted by a short hair; and on the top of the abdominal segments a 
row of six short, blunt tubercles, one on each segment. No hairs. Length, 1 mm. 


At the beginning of November last Mr. C. W. Dale sent six of the 
adult insects recently taken from Spirea ulmaria in Dorsetshire, and 
one larva found on the under-side of a leaf of the Spirea, a plant not 
hitherto known to nourish any Alewrodes. The imago differs, inter 


alia, from all the species with a single spot on the wings, by having a 
very broad head, and a conspicuous black line on the nervure within 
the spot on the lower arm of the furcation on the wings; this is most 
observable on the under-side. The larva is unlike any of the species 
with one dark spot on each wing of the imago, described or figured by 


9 


Signoret in his “ Essai sur les Aleurodes ;”’ it resembles A. quercis only 
in having no hairs, but differs essentially in being destitute of the 
shagreening so conspicuous in that species, which Signoret particularly 


? 


notes under the term “ ponctué;” and the pointed ano-dorsal tubercle 
is a peculiar and special character. The species appears to be un- 
described, and to be very distinct. ; 

Mr. Dale also sent six specimens of an Alewrodes brushed out 
of a low-growing elder bush (Sambucus nigra) in another locality 
(Brighton), and which are not to be distinguished from those from 
the Spirea; I apprehend they were merely sheltering there. 

I am indebted to Mr. Ernest F. Tugwell for the excellent and 
accurate drawings here re-produced. 


153, Lewisham Road, S.E.: 
December 6th, 1898. 


1894. } iS 


OLEATE OF COPPER. 


BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S. 


The error of considering the green cupric salt which forms on 
the pins of greasy Lepidoptera to be verdigris (acetate of copper) 
seems to be universal among entomologists. 


The salt is not verdigris, but a combination of oleic, stearic and 
margaric acids with copper, which, for convenience sake, we may call 
the oleate of copper, seeing that the last two acids are in compara- 
tively small quantity. If any one would hke to prove it experimentally 
he has merely to scrape off some of the green salt and drop it into a 
very hot silver or iron spoon, when his nostrils will be assailed with 
a greasy vapour of an excessively offensive odour. The oleate of 
copper of the Materia Medica, which does not contain the margaric 
and stearic acids (these having been eliminated by freezing), will 
yield precisely the same result. But verdigris, if similarly treated, 
will emit not unpleasant fumes of vinegar, and the operator will 
probably exclaim “ pickles.” 


Another experiment may be tried by dissolving verdigris in water, 
first cold then boiling, in a test tube, and adding a solution of carbonate 
of soda, when a dense precipitate of carbonate of copper will be 
thrown down. But if we apply this same treatment to the green salt, 
we shall fail to make the salt mix with, or even tinge, the water; the 
only result of furious boiling will be to melt the salt, cause it to float 
as an oil on the surface, and splutter up against, and adhere to, the 
sides of the tube above high water mark ; and carbonate of soda will 
have no effect upon it whatever. Ordinary oleate of copper behaves 
in the same manter. 


The formation of the green salt probably takes place as follows: 
the oleic acid is in feeble combination with glycerine, but this it 
forsakes for metal for which it has a greater affinity. The metal is 
first oxidized, either by the acid fluids of the insect, by the atmo- 
sphere, or by the oleic acid itself, the process being possibly aided 
by galvanic action set up by contact of acid matter with the copper 
and zinc of the alloy ; and subsequently this salt is formed, the libe- 
rated glycerine keeping it company, although released from its chemical 
combination. 


London: Lebruary 2nd, 1894. 


"16 


ODT AME wb 


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KS) 


12. 


CWNNNNNN NNN DD BH KB KB KH eH 
FP SDODN ARR BSE SODRIAAE ow 


co 


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C2) SSD EX ES CO 


39. 


as 
ie 2 


42. 
. Rhamphomyia filata, Ztt. 


Qk. ae ae DP PD 
SODNIAAE 


[April, 


A SECOND HUNDRED NEW BRITISH SPECIES OF DIPTERA. 
BY G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. 


. Cordyla semiflava, Steg. 
. Dynatosome nigricoxa, Ztt. 
. Mycetophila vittipes, Ztt. 


luctuosa, Mg. 
obscura, Dzied. 


. Rhymosia cristata, Steg. 
. Brachycampta alternans, Winn. 


serena, Winn. 
amcena, Winn. 
hastata, Winn. 
griseicollis, Steg. 
Exechia tenuicornis, v. d. Wulp. 
interrupta, Ztt. 
spinigera, Winn. 


. Anatella ciliata, Winn. 
. Phronia basalis, Winn. 


cinerascens, Winn. 
forcipula, Winn. 
crassipes, Winn. 
Girschneri, Dzied. 
dubia, Dzied. 
flavipes, Winn. 


. Platyura semirufa, Mg. 


cincta, Winn. 
nana, Mcq. 


. Macrocera crassicornis, Winn. 
. Scatopse pulicaria, Lw. 
. Simulium ornatum, Mg. 


latipes, Mg. 
nanum, Ztt. 


- Cricotopus pilitarsis, Ztt. 
. Tanypus lentiginosus, Fries. 


ornatus, Mg. 
trifascipennis, Ztt. 
griseipennis, v. d. Wulp. 


. Ceratopogon candidatus, Winn. 


unimaculatus, Mcq. 
rubiginosus, Winn. 
bicolor, Mg. 
albipes, Winn. 
solstitialis, Winn. 
Goniomyia schistacea, Schum. 


costata, Ztt. 
gibba, Eln. 
sciarina, En. 


. Empis prodromus, Lw. 


brevicornis, Liw. 


. Pachymeria palparis, Ege. 
. Hilara cornicula, Lw. 


51. 
52. 
53. 
54. 
595. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
63. 
64. 
65. 
. Spilogaster protuberans, Ztt. 
. Hydrotea dentimana, Mg. 

. Hylemyia penicillaris, Rnd. 

. Lispe crassiuscula, Lw. 


Hilara canescens, Ztt. 
Gidalea Holmgreni, Ztt. 
Porphyrops penicillata, Liw. 
nasuta, En. 
Lonchoptera fuscipennis, Boh. 
Cephalops villosus, v. Roser. 
Pipunculus varipes, Mg. 
Paragus lacerus, Lw. 
Chilosia plumulifera, Lw. 
Platychirus spathulatus, Rnd. 
Syrphus arcticus, Ztt. 
Epicampocera ambulans, Mg. 
Myzxexorista macrops, B. & B. 
Hyetodesia quadrinotata, Mg. 
boleticola, Rnd. 


uliginosa, Fln. 
pulchella, Lw. 
gemina, vy. d. Wulp. 


. Cordylura umbrosa, Lw. 
. Clidogastra vittata, Mg. 


punctipes, Mg. 
tarsea, Eln. 


. Stomphastica decora, Lw. 

. Blepharoptera rufieornis, Mg. 
. Tephrochlamys flavipes, Ztt. 

. Dryomyza decrepita, Ztt. 

. Sciomyza pallida, Flin. 


simplex, Fn. 


. Pelidnoptera nigripennis, F. 
. Loxocera fulviventris, Mg. 
. Calobata adusta, Lw. 


trivialis, Lw. 


. Aciura rotundiventris, Fn. 

. Spilographa abrotani, Mg. 

. Tephritis proboseidea, Lw. 

. Sapromyza flaviventris, Costa. 


biumbrata, Lw. 


. Sepsis piltpes, Lw. 

. Mycetaulus bipunctatus, F ln. 
. Drosophila obscura, Fln. 

. Anthracophaga frontosa, Mg. 
. Haplegis divergens, Lw.. 

. Chlorops puncticollis, Ztt. 

. Cacozxenus indagator, Lw. 

. WMilichia ornata, Ztt. 

. Phyllomyza securieornis, Fln. 


1894.} al 


As Diptera are now often sent to me for determination which I 
have long well known to be British, but which are not recorded in my 
“List,” I think I may as well clear off some about which there can be 
no reasonable doubt. Of course some may have been included in my 
“List” under names not yet recognised by me. I have purposely 
avoided describing any new species in this paper, as I think such 
species may be dealt with better in a different manner. 


1. Cordyla semiflava, Steg.: I am not yet at all satisfied with the 
species of the genus Cordyla, but I consider a specimen caught at 
Lodore on June 21st, 1889, and one at Dolgelley on June 18th, 1887, 
to be clearly this species. C. flaviceps, Steg., may also be confirmed 
as a British species from Tuddenham on September 16th, 1891. 


2. Dynatosoma nigricoxa, Ztt.: this well marked species occurred 
at Lodore on June 21st, 1889 (1g,19), and Mr. G. C. Bignell gave 
me a female caught at Cornwood on October 29th, 1890. 


3. Mycetophila vittipes, Ztt.: out of the numerous species in this 
genus not yet recorded as British, I select three which seem to be 
beyond doubt. J. vittipes has occurred at Lodore on June 21st, 1889, 
Colwich on June 8th and 15th, 1889, and at Three Bridges, Sussex, on 
August Ist, 1889. JZ. lineola, Mg., may be confirmed as a somewhat 
common species, occurring from Lewes to Rydal. 


4. WM. luctuosa, Mg.: caught in my garden on January 29th, 1887 
(1 2), and on September 18th, 1888 (1¢). 


5. Mf. obscura, Dzied.: out of the numerous species so minutely 
and carefully worked out by Dziedzicki, 1 consider this one undoubtedly 
occurred at Tuddenham near here on September 16th, 1891. 


6. Rhymosia cristata, Steg. : this strongly marked species occurred 
at Inveran on July 14th and 15th, 1886. Allodia ornaticollis, Mg., 
and A. erassicornis, Stan., may be confirmed as common British 
species. 


7. Brachycampta alternans, Winn.: when I published my “ List” 
I knew the genus occurred in Britain, and consequently I included it 
with a doubtful species; the species (B. bicolor, Mcq.) may now be 
confirmed as occurring in my garden, and also at Llangollen, and in 
addition to it about half a dozen more species occur in Britain. To 
distinguish these a most minute examination of the male appendages 
is necessary, but the distinctions are most pronounced and conclusive. 
B. alternans has occasionally occurred in my garden in June and 
‘November. 


78 [April, 


8. B. serena, Winn.: this species also has occurred in my garden, 
and in the other end of this parish of Exning, besides some doubtful 
female specimens from Three Bridges and Bettws-y-Coed. Although 
I cannot positively separate the females in this genus, I can form a 
somewhat strong opinion as to the species which they represent. 


9. B. amena, Winn. : apparently a common species in June and 
July, at any rate about the Lake District and North Wales, and also 
occurring at Lyndhurst. 


10. B. hastata, Winn.: a very well marked species, of which two 
males were caught by me at Wyre Forest on September 4th, 1892. 


1l. B. griseicollis, Steg.: another species apparently common 
from July to October in my garden, and at Dolgelley. 


12. Exechia tenuicornis, v.d. Wulp: an undoubted male at Wyre. 
Forest on September 4th, 1892, besides several females. 


13. EH. interrupta, Ztt.: this species occurs in my garden in 
September. 


14. H. spinigera, Winn.: specimens of what I believe to be this 
species have been caught by me more than once in my garden, and 
also at Rydal on June 19th, 1889. 


15. Anatella ciliata, Winn.: I think there can be no doubt but 
that I caught a male of this species at Dolgelley on July 26th, 1888. 


16. Phronia basalis, Winn.: when I published my “ List” I be- 
lieved at least a dozen species of this genus occurred in Britain, but 
I could not identify them ; of the two I accepted then I now know 
nothing more about P. nitidiventris, v.d. Wulp, while P. austriaca, 
Winn., although correctly identified by me, is only the female of P. 
signata, Winn., which has occurred abundantly at Inveran and Bettws- 
y-Coed. I believe I now possess at least eighteen species of the genus, 
and with considerable confidence I introduce seven as British, of which 
P. basalis is the first ; this seems to me an unmistakable species, which 
I caught freely at Dolgelley in June and July, and also at Lyndhurst. 


17. P. cinerascens, Winn.: abundant at Lodore on June 21st, 
1889. 

18. P. forcipula, Winn.: common from Plymcuth to Inveran. 

19. P. crassipes, Winn.: common at Colwich in June, 1889. 

20. P. Girschneri, Dzied.: I cannot doubt but that I have caught 


this remarkable species in my garden on September 18th, 1888, and 
also at Dolgelley on July 25th, 1888. 


1894. } 79 


21. P. dubia, Dzied.: at Colwich in June, 1889. 


22. P. flavipes, Winu.: the Lake District and Bettws-y-Coed in 
June. The Polylepta sp.? of my “List” is P. splendida, Winn., 
which has occurred at Lodore, Bettws-y-Coed and Wyre Forest. 


23. Platyura semirufa, Mg.: Whitsand Bay, Plymouth, on Sep- 
tember 38rd, 1888. 

24. P. cincta, Winn.: Ormesby, June 27th, 1888, and also some- 
where in Surrey on June Ist, 1892. 

25. P. nana, Mcq.: in my garden in May and June, also at 
Lymington and Three Bridges in June. I have never yet obtained 
any species of Platyura in abundance. 


26. Macrocera crassicornis, Winn.: a common species, allied to 
I. fasciata, occurring from Helston in Cornwall to Lodore. 


27. Scatopse pulicaria, Lw.: I caught a pair at Colwich on June 
15th, 1889, and found it abundant at Helston on May 5th, 1890. 


28. Simulium ornatum, Mg.: the genus Stmulium is in most 
urgent need of a Monograph, but a few species can be recognised if 
great care be exercised. I think S. ornatum is not uncommon from 
Sussex to Rannoch. 

29. 8. latipes, Mg.: this also seems to me a good species, imper- 
fectly understood by Schiner, which I caught at Lagg in Arran on 
June 18th, 1882, and at Helston on May 11th, 1890. 

30. S. nanum, Ztt.: Rannoch, Colwich and Tuddenham. 


31. Cricotopus pilitarsis, Ztt.: in the Chironomide I possess a 
very large number of species which I cannot yet identify, but this 
species occurred in thousands at Slapton Lea early in September. 

32. Tanypus lentiginosus, Fries: a handsome well marked species, 
not uncommon from Plymouth to Inveran. 

33. T. ornatus, Mg.: a most exquisitely beautiful species, of 
which I caught one male at Colwich on June 6th, 1889. 

34. T. trifascipennis, Ztt.: a handsome, conspicuous species, which 
has occurred abundantly at Dovedale, Wyre Forest, Colwich, Three 
Bridges, and Slapton Lea. 

35. T griseipennis, v.d. Walp: a very common species at Slapton 


Lea and at Colwich. 
(To be continued). 


80 [April, 


LITA INSTABILELLA, Dat., AND ITS NEAREST BRITISH ALLIES. 


BY EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S. 


Our knowledge of the group of Gelechie, including G. insta- 
bilella, Dgl., and its allies, which belong to the well-accepted genus 
Lita, Tr., has long been in confusion, but much new information 
acquired by different workers has now become available, and, after 
careful study and comparison of types, the complicated synonymy 
may be cleared up. The process by which the following deductions 
have been arrived at, and the evidence on which they are founded, will 
be more easily followed if I commence this paper by giving some at 
least of the references under which the seven species here dealt with 
are alluded to. Unless otherwise stated, the facts recorded concern 
their known habits and distribution in the British Isles only. 


1. Lira saticornim, Hering. 


Lita salicornie, Hrg., Stett. Ent. Zeit., L, pp. 302—5 (1889); Rehn., Ent. 
Mo. Mag., 2nd series, IV, pp. 243—8 (1893). 

= Gelechia instabilella, Stn., I. B. Lep. Tin., p. 126 (Zarva) (1854) ; Ent. Mo. 
Mag., XIX, pp. 251—3 (partim) (1883) ; Shield, Prac. Hints, p. 149 (partim), p. 
160 (partim) (1856). 

= Gelechia ocellatella, Threlfall, Ent. Mo. Mag., XV, p. 89 (1878). 

Larva—in and on leaves of Aster tripolium, V, VI, VII, VIII; Spergularia 
media, Salicornia herbacea, and Sueda maritima (= Chenopodium maritimum), 
VII, VIII. The last two plants, being annuals, are not available as food for the 
early broods. 


Pup@e—in cocoon of silk, mixed with mud, on surface of soil,* YV—IX. 


Imago—V1—IX. In Germany it has been taken from the middle of May 
onwards. 


Broods—two or more, apparently in succession. Probably hibernates as imago, 
though evidence is wanting.ft 

Hab.: Enetanp—Dorset, I. of Wight, Sussex, Kent, Essex, 
Durham, Lancashire ; widely distributed and locally common on the 
sea-coast, and in salt-marshes. Grrmany—Erdeborn, near Hisleben, 
in Prussian Saxony, and Artern in Thuringia, where it occurs amongst, 
and has been bred from, Salicornia herbacea at inland salt-lakes. 


* Herr W. Martini, finding that his larve in confinement spun up on the gauze over the jar, 
and not in the soil, was led to suppose that their natural habit is to spin up above the ground, but 
this is not the case in England, and he himself mentions it as “‘remarkabie” that he only found 
two pupse when searching among the food-plant in the open (8S. E. Z., l. c.). 


+ Major Hering suggests (S. E. Z., l. ¢.) that it hibernates as ‘‘half-grown or full-grown 
larva,” but this seems to me improbable as regards England, and unlikely anywhere. In 
Germany it has been found on S. herbacea only, but I scarcely see how it could hibernate ‘‘half- 
grown,” on that plant which, being an annual, is not available as food in the spring. It would 
surprise me to find that any one of these Lite hibernates as a “‘ full-grown” larva. 


1894. ] 81 


2. Lira InsTaBILeLta, Del. 

Anacampsis instabilella, Dgl., Zool., IV, p. 1270, p. 1268, fig. 10 (1846). 

= Gelechia instabilella, Dgl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., V, p. 201 (partim) (1849) ; 
Stn., I. B. Lep. Tin., p. 126 (partim) (1854); Ent. Ann., 1855, p. 84; Man., IT, 
p: 340 (partim : nec larva) (1859); Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, pp. 251—8 (partim) 
(1883). 

= Lita instabilella, Rchn., Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd series, IV, pp. 242—8 (1893). 

Larva—in leaves of Atripler portulacoides, I1I—IV (probably IX—IV) ; 
although full-fed by the middle or end of April (quite a month earlier than suedella, 
even when both occur on the same spot), the larva, after spinning up, lies for weeks 
unchanged in its cocoon! 

Pupa—in cocoon of silk and mud on surface of soil, V—VI. 

Imago—VI—VII. 

Brood—one. Probably hibernates as young larva, since its food-plant is ever- 
green. 


Hab.: Enetanp—Dorset, Sussex, Essex, &c.; generally to be 
found where its food-plant grows freely. 


3. Lira ocELLATELLA, Stn.* 


Gelechia ocellatella, Stn., Ent. Ann., 1859, pp. 151—2; Man., IT, p. 340 (1859) ; 
Barrett, Ent. Mo. Mag., XVI, pp. 261—2 (1880); Bankes, Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd 
Series, II, pp. 48—9 (1891). 

= Gelechia instabilella, Stn., Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, pp. 252—3 (partim) (1883). 

= Lita ocellatella, Rchn., Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd Series, IV, pp. 242 —7 (1893). 

Larva—in shoots, leaves, and flowers of Beta maritima, IV—V (probably 
X—V), VI—VIII. (In Ent. Mo. Mag., XV, p. 89, Mr. Threlfall records Aster 
tripolium as a food-plant of “ ocellatella ;” but knowing L. salicornia to be the only 
British Lita on A. tripolium, I asked for a sight of the bred moths, and found them 
to be that species.) 

Pupa—in slight cocoon of silk, often mixed with earth, on surface of soil, or 
among dead leaves, &c., V—VI, VII—IX. 

Imago—VI—VII, VIII—IX. 

Broods—two. Probably hibernates as young larva, since its food-plant is 
evergreen. 


Hab. : Enetanp—Cornwall, Dorset, Kent; widely distributed 
along the south coast, but Messrs. W. H. B. Fletcher and A. C. Vine 
have failed to find it in Sussex. Wates—Pembrokeshire. Scriuy 
Istes. Maperra Istes—Porto Sancto. 


4. Lira sumDELLA, Richardson. 


Lita suedella, Rchn., Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd Series, IV, pp. 241—8 (1893). 


= Gelechia instabilella, Stn., Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, pp. 252--3 (partim) 
(1883). 


* Ocellatella, Stn., n. syn., = horticolella, Rssl., Verz. Schm. Nassau, 240—1 (1866); Hein., 
8chm. Deutsch. Tin., 249 (1870); Stgr. and Wk., Cat. Lep. Eur., No. 1918 (1871). I received only 
last week from M. Ragonot two specimens of Lita horticolella from Wiesbaden, labelled ‘‘ type 
Réssler,” these are undoubtedly ocellatella, Stn., and agree with Réssler’s description. —W1sm. 


82 [April, 


Larva—in shoots of Sueda fruticosa, V—VI1; once only (if a solitary larva 
may be excepted) on S. maritima, VIII e (teste, N. M. Rehn.). Mr. Richardson 
once found the larve# rather plentiful on S. maritima, near Weymouth, on August 
31st, perhaps half a mile or so from any S. fruticosa, but probably its natural food- 
plant had disappeared, or some stray specimens had been driven to adopt the new - 
one. Mr. Richardson observes that S. maritima, being an annual, cannot be 
available for food in May, so that a July brood from it is impossible; on the other 
hand, I have no evidence of any other than a July brood from S. fruticosa. 

Pupa—in thin, but exceptionally tough, cocoon of silk, often coated with mud, 
on surface of soil, Ve—VII; once about IX or IX—IV (teste N. M. Rehn.). 

Imago—VI e—VII1; once about IX—X or IV (¢este N. M. Rehn.). 

Brood—one; see above remarks. The moths probably hibernate, or deposit 
their eggs, in the autumn, but evidence is wanting. The history of the June—July 
brood alone is well known. Mr. Richardson has recorded a single instance in which 
he met with larvee on S. maritima in August, in Dorset, and found the bred moths 
dead and stiff in the following May. 


Hab.: Enetanp—Dorset, Essex, Norfolk, and Lancashire (teste 
J. B. Hodgkinson) ; only found, with the exception of the single 
instance mentioned above, in the actual spots where its natural and 
very local food-plant, 8. fruticosa, grows freely. 


5. Lita PLANTAGINELLA, Stn. 


Gelechia plantaginella, Stn., Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 253 (1883). 

= Gelechia instabilella, Dgl., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., V, p. 201 (partim) 
(1849) ; Stn., I. B. Lep. Tin., p. 126 (partim) (1854); Ent. Ann., 1856, p. 52; 
Man., II, p. 340 (partim) (1859) ; Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 252 (partim) (1883) ; 
Shield, Prac. Hints, p. 128, p. 149 (partim), p. 160 (partim) (1856) ; Threlfall, 
Ent. Mo. Mag., XV, p. 89 (1878). 

= Lita plantaginella, Rchn., Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd Series, IV, pp. 242—6 (1893). 

Larva—in rootstocks of Plantago coronopus, P. maritima (teste R. Shield and 
J. H. Threlfall), and occasionally of P. lanceolata (teste N. M. Rehn.) ; apparently 
sometimes mining the leaves when very young. IV—-V, VII—VIII. 

Pupa—inside burrow in rootstock, V—VII, VIII. 

Imago—VI—VII, VITI—IxX. 

Broods—two, regularly, according to Mr. Richardson’s experience. Mr. W. H. 
B. Fletcher and myself have only, as yet, met with larve of the earlier one. 


Hab.: Great Britain; generally distributed all round the coast- 
lines, and in salt-marshes, and occurring as far north as the Shetland 
Isles. IreLanp—Dublin, Co. Derry. 

In Ent. Ann., 1856, p. 52, Mr. Stainton states that Mr. Shield bred “ Grelechia 
instabilella”’ from “ larve found early in April, near Dublin, mining the leaves of 
Plantago maritima,” and in Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 252, he refers this insect, 
which he there distinctly says Shield ‘‘bred from the leaves,” to the species that 
he proceeds to describe as plantaginella. In his collection of coloured drawings 


is the one by Mr. Wing (alluded to in Ent. Mo. Mag., l. c.) of these Dublin larve ; 
it is numbered ~;, and represents a plant of P. maritima, with two mined leaves, 


1894.) 83 


each containing a larva, without detail and apparently young, with an enlarged 
figure of one, apparently well-grown, beneath. 

Mr. C. G. Barrett, who knew the district well in 1860, doubts the occurrence 
of P. maritima in the actual spot indicated by Shield (“‘ Prac. Hints,” pp. 122—3, 
128 [1856]) as the locality for “ G. instabilella,’ and Hooker omits Ireland in 
mentioning its distribution in his “ Student’s Flora,” 3rd edition, p. 289 (1884), but 
as I learn on good authority that it appears to be common and generally distributed 
in Ireland, both on rocky coasts and mountains, and it is a known food-plant of 
plantaginella, I cannot question the published identification. 

It is contrary to modern experience, and seems incredible, that plantaginella 
should ever be “ bred from the leaves,”’ but, after weighing all the available evidence, 
I have no doubt whatever that Shield’s Zita was really that species, although I have 
failed to trace any of his bred moths. For Shield states (“‘ Prac. Hints,” p. 149), 
almost certainly on his own authority, that the larva of “ G. instabilella”’ “ mines 
the leaves OR BORES INTO THE sTEM”’ of P. maritima,* and the words in capitals, 
nowhere alluded to by Mr. Stainton, describe the characteristic habit of planta- 
ginella; to this day no other British Zita is known to feed on any species of 
plantain ; the locality described by Shield (“ Prac. Hints,” J. c.), would suit planta- 
ginella well; the magnified figure of the larva agrees exactly with the larva of 
plantaginella; the description of the larva of “instabilella”’ in the “ Manual ’’ 
agrees in all points with the figure (from which it was, in fact, most probably taken), 
and Mr. Stainton tells us (Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 253) that the description in the 
“ Manual” is really that of the larva of plantaginella. 

Further evidence would be desirable as to whether the newly hatched larva 
actually mines the leaves as stated by Shield, but not noticed by any other observer, 
and on this point I can only add that I have occasionally observed empty mines, 
apparently Lepidopterous, in leaves of tenanted plants of P. coronopus, and if the 
egg is ever laid on the leaf this would account for Shield’s statement, although 
not for Stainton’s. 


6. Lira atTripLicenta, F. v. R. 
Lita atriplicella, F. v. R., 228, pl. 78 (1839) ; Zell.; Dup. (?)+; Dgl.; Stn.; 
H.-S.; Frey; Hein. 
Larva—in silken gallery among, and feeding on, young leaves, flowers, and 


seeds of various species of Atriplex and Chenopodium, as well as of Sueda mari- 
tima and Salicornia radicans. 


Pupa—in slight silken cocoon among dead leaves, in honey-combed flints, &c., 
VI—IxX, X—V. 

Imago—V—1X. 

Broods—two or more, apparently a succession; hibernates as pupa. 

Hab. : Exewanp ; widely and pretty generally distributed ; apt 
to attach itself specially to only one of its food-plants in any given 
locality. 


* Shield adds: ‘‘ This larva also feeds on * * * Chenopodium maritimum,” and says, on 
p. 160: “‘while among Chenopodium maritimum [and Plantago maritima) we may find * * * 
Gelechia instabilella.” Both remarks are broadly general, the former of England, the latter of 
the British Isles, and are doubtless founded on the fact, recorded two years previously in the 
I. B. Lep. Tin., that Mr. Douglas had bred so-called ‘‘instabilella” from larvee on Chen. maritimum. 
These larve were L. salicornice. 

+ The original drawing of atriplicella, Dp., Sppl., 1V, LX XIII, 7, confirms this identifica- 


tion.—WLsM. : 
(Lo be continued). 


84 (April, 


NOTE ON THERMOBIA FURNORUY, ROVELLI. 


BY DR. D. SHARP, M.A., F.B.S. 


About two years ago Mr. W. Bateson, of St. John’s College, 
brought me two specimens of a Lepisma from a bakehouse here, which 
I thought were different from Z. saccharina, and which reminded me 
of Oudemans’ figure of Thermophila furnorum which 1 had recently 
seen ; the specimens, however, were not adult, and were in bad con- 
dition, so that I could only say that I thought it was a form that had 
not previously been recognised in England, and that I should like to 
see other examples. No more, however, have been forthcoming until 
three days ago, when a large number of specimens of various sizes 
were brought to me, having been caught in a bakehouse here. These 
specimens quite confirm Mr. McLachlan’s opinion expressed in the 
last number of this Magazine, that we have in England this interesting 
Thysanuran, which must be called Thermobia furnorum at present. 
The mottling with coloured scales is very characteristic, but varies 
greatly, as the scales are shed with great facility, though, according to 
Oudemans, they are renewed at the next moult. 

Mr. McLachlan’s paper refers to all the sources of information 
as to the insect so far as I am aware, and Oudemans’ paper is so very 
good, though brief, that casual observation does not allow me to add 
anything to it. There is, however, one point in the external anatomy 
of Thermobia and Lepisma of a very unusual nature, and which, so far 
as I know, has been alluded to only by Oudemans in Bijd. tot de 
Dierkunde, Afl. 16, p. 157, and by bim only ina few words. This is 
the peculiar folds or plates formed by the three sterna. In these 
Thysanura all the coxe are large, and form a shield to the under- 
surface of the body, as they do in the common cockroach, but instead 
of being quite free as in the cockroaches, they are, in these Thysanura, 
controlled by a large flap of the sternum; this flap has only a small 
point of connection with the extremely delicate integument of the 
body ; its outer surface is quite covered with scales, and its margins 
ciliated, so that it forms a beautiful object under the microscope. 
The only structures that I can recall at all similar to it in arrangement 
are the peculiar abdominal plates of Haliplide. It would, however, 
be possible to suggest an analogy with the patagia of Lepidoptera. In 
all these cases the structure consists of a flap with a comparatively 
small attachment to the body. I believe the use of these peculiar 
structures in all the three cases I have mentioned is unknown. 


Cambridge: March 8th, 1894, 


{I shall be glad of further information as to the distribution of Thermobia 
Jfurnorum in this country or on the Continent.—R. McLacuray]. : 


1894.] 85 


THERMOBIA FURNORUM, ROVELLI, axp LEPISMODES INQUILINA, 
NEWMAN. 
BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c. 

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse has just sent me the following note :— 
“ When I was at Hastings in 1877, packing Dr. Bowerbank’s collection 
of sponges, I came across a slip of paper, evidently in Newman’s 
handwriting, with a rough sketch; it is as follows:—‘In a bottle. 
Lepismodes inguilinus, four specimens, the fringe will at once distin- 
guish it from Lepisma saccharina.’ This slip I pinned in the drawer 
of Lepisme (in the Brit. Mus.). I did not get the bottle.” The 
Jringe shown in the sketch (on the sides of the body) points to the 
suspected identity of Newman’s insect with that now under con- 
sideration. But even if the identity be proved, it is still a very open 
question as to whether Newman’s name can be adopted. It would, 
however, have a bearing on the time the species has existed here, and 
on the possible origin of the insect in view of the probability of 
Packard’s species being the same. And here I would call attention 
especially to Lepisma parisiensis, Nicolet, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1847 
(cf. Lubbock, Collembola and Thysanura, p. 221), found in houses in 
Paris. The description, in some respects, points to identity with 
our insect. 


Lewisham, London: 
March 20th, 1894. 


The Entomology of a London Bakehouse.—As it is not often we see a record of 
insect-collecting in bakehouses, perhaps a list of my captures in a place of this kind 
at Hoxton may not be uninteresting, and as beetles were the most numerous in 
species and individuals, I will begin with them. 

Coleoptera.—Sphodrus leucophthalmus, one specimen running over the lid of 
the kneading trough. Pristonychus terricola, one amongst some old lumber. Tene- 
brioides mauritanicus, mostly obtained by breaking up the dry pieces of dough 
which had acenmulated under the troughs, not very common. Anobium paniceum, 
amongst the flour and dust under the troughs and under the sacks of flour, only a 
few. Blaps mucronata, under the troughs and amongst the coals, not common. 
Gnathocerus cornutus, under the troughs, fairly common. Palorus depressus and 
Hypophleus bicolor, under the ovens, amongst the cinders, flour and dust (the floor 
of the bakehouse was the ground, and as it dried about the oven’s mouth crevices 
were formed, most of the last named species being found in these crevices), not 
common. Alphitobius diaperinus and A. piceus, very common, under the troughs, 
under the fireplace, up over the ovens, and in the crevices of the walls ; although so 
nearly related, they are very unfriendly, as they were seldom found together; piceus 
seems most partial to the heat. Tenebrio obscurus and T. molitor, under the troughs, 


not common. Though beetles were so plentiful, larve were scarce, and pups still 
scarcer; from the larve I took I bred a few Tenebrio. 


86 (April, 


Orthoptera.—The most noticeable insect here was Periplaneta americana; the 
smell of these insects was very strong from the top of the stairs leading to the 
bakery, and even in the shop; they appeared to take no alarm from footsteps, but as 
soon as the light was turned up (I always went at night) they could be seen and 
heard scampering away to their hiding places; after a while they recover their fright 
and venture out, and will soon be seen in great numbers crawling over the white- 
washed walls, the floor, under the ovens, over the troughs, and in fact everywhere, 
and in various stages of development—now and then a white individual was seen, 
having just moulted, and amongst the females some were carrying their egg cases. 
They being so very quick I could only get them by dashing them off the walls into 
a pail of hot water. Their relatives, Acheta domestica, were not very numerous; I 
captured them in the same way as the last named. 

Lepidoptera were represented by EHphestia Kihniella, two specimens only. 
Diptera by Musca domestica, swarming even in winter. In Aphaniptera, Pulex 
irritans was much too common for the comfort of the bakers. 

The Thysanura were represented by Thermobia furnorum, these swarmed around 
the oven’s mouth where the bread was baking and under the ovens. As it is such a 
great lover of heat, the bakers call them “fire brats.” Though flour seems to be 
their general food, they are notorious cannibals, for so soon as one of their number 
is killed, a great struggle ensues amongst them for which shall have the greatest 
share of the body. Perfect specimens are somewhat rare, and these are much di- 
minished in setting as they are so fragile. It seems this has not been added to the 
British list with certainty before. | 

Although it is three years since I collected these insects, I have not been able 
to complete my list until now, owing to the difficulty of getting the Thysanuran 
named, and I am now indebted to the kindness of Mr. McLachlan for helping me 
out of my difficulty.—F. Minton, 184, Stamford Hill, N.: March 15th, 1894. 


“ Liste des Anthicides,’ par VM. Pic.—In the Annales de Ja Société Entomolo- 
gique de Belgique, 1894, pp. 43—59, M. Pic gives a list of Anthicide described 
since the publication of the Munich Catalogue, that is to say, from the years 1870— 
1893 inclusive. In this list one of the very few recently proposed genera is omitted, 
viz., Holcopyge, Champ. [Ent. Mo. Mag. (2), i, p. 292 (1890) ], with its two species, 
H. pallidicornis, Champ., from Colombia (loc. cit., p. 292), and H. meridionalis, 
Champ., from Venezuela (op. cit., p. 293). Moreover, M. Pic in the same paper 
(p. 59) describes H. pallidicornis under the name of Tomoderus sydmenideus (sic), 

he overlooking the sulcate pygidium; the insect, as he states, is very like 7. seyd- 
menoides, Reitt., from the Caucasus. Anthicus salinus, Crotch, is renamed A. 
Crotchi, and A. scoticus, Rye, is quoted as A. scoticus, Ray! The reference to 
Notoxus dendroides, Horn (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xv, p. 47), is altogether a mistake, 
no such species having been described by Dr. Horn. The total number of additions 
is given as 414, this number including many species of Desbrochers and Marseul 
which are not mentioned in the Zoological Records, and others omitted from the 
Munich Catalogue, as those from Australia described by King. To this number, 
in addition to the two species of Holcopyge above mentioned, may be added 
Anthicus Wollastoni, EF. Waterh., Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool., xiv, p. 5382 (1879), 
from St. Helena, the name Wollastoni, however, being long pre-occupied in the 


1894.] 87 


same genus (King, 1869); and the following species of Cotes—distincta, dorsata, 
optima, proxima, punctata, and rufa, Broun [Man. New Zeal. Col., pp. 1165—1167 
(1893)]. It is to be regretted that M. Pic, who has lately paid a good deal of 
attention to this interesting Family of Coleoptera, has considered it necessary to 
describe 80 many new species in obscure ephemeral unobtainable publications,* and 
that he has not been able to find better specific names than sutura-depressa, fortiter- 
punctatus, pygidiolongus, scutelloniger, &c. I would also here enter my protest 
against the wholesale naming of trivial varieties (upwards of twenty varietal names 
having been proposed by M. Pic in Anthicus alone), the study of these insects not 
being facilitated by a trinomial system of nomenclature. The list contains a large 
number of typographical errors, and references to all published figures are omitted. 
The number of species of Anthicid@ enumerated in the Munich Catalogue is 424, 
the additional 414 of M. Pic’s list making a total of 838 species.—G. C. CHAMPION, 
Horsell, Woking: March 6th, 1894. 


Aleurodes rubicola, Doug.—Yesterday I visited the restricted locality on 
Blackheath adjacent which is affected by these insects, and about the bases of the 
bare stems of the blackberry bushes saw a multitude of their larve (or now perhaps 
become pupe) tightly adherent to the under-side of the fallen leaves. These had 
been hustled about during the winter, some turned upside down, some very wet, 
others very dry and broken, but the Alewrodes maintained their hold. Against the 
dark background of the leaves their pale yellow colour rendered them very con- 
spicuous, yet they had no enemies, for neither birds, mice, parasites, nor other 
creatures had molested them. Nature had protected them, and unharmed they 
await the advent of June, then to expand their white, spotless, moth-like wings for 


the brief culminating stage of their existence.—J. W. Dovetas, 153, Lewisham 
Road, 8.E.: Warch 13th, 1894. 


Coccids associated with ants-—With reference to Mr. W. W. Smith’s articles on 
this subject (Vol. iii, 2nd series, pp. 60, 307) it may be of interest to state that at the 
end of May last year I found Pseudococcus aceris among ants (Lasius fuliginosus). 
At that time I had collected on lime trees, eggs of the Pseudococeus which had been 
laid in waxen secretion (and afterwards became larve) and females nearly all 
infested with parasitic Hymenoptera. The greater, therefore, was my surprise when 
I afterwards found on detached pieces of bark in the ants’ runs three large healthy 
? of the above-mentioned species, well filled with eggs, but they had no waxen 
threads attached to them; they were surrounded and caressed by the ants. Had 
they been dragged in by the ants, or had they strayed into the runs and there met 
with friendly treatment? Yet it is certain that their residence there was not un- 


favourable to them, and that they had met with no small enemies.—KAREL SuLc, 
Zoolog. Institut, Prague: March 1st, 1894. 


Why are large Perlide resident in Scotch but not in Swiss lakes ?—At p- 63 of 
the present volume Mr. K. J. Morton remarks that some of the larger Perlide, 
which in Switzerland live almost exclusively in running water, inhabit stony shores 
of lakes in Scotland. May not this be accounted for by a difference in the average 
maximum summer temperature of lake-shore waters in the two countries, in neigh- 


_ A large number of names quoted by M. Pic as published im 1892 are not to be found in the 
' Zoological Record for that year ! 


88 [April, 


bourhoods where Perlide are found? Assuming that the larger species require a 
certain large percentage of oxygen as a minimum within a given period for respira- 
tion, the Scottish shore waters in question must be cool enough to hold this in 
solution throughout the year. But along the margins of Swiss lakes the water in 
summer is apt to become decidedly warm, and consequently the percentage of oxygen 
which it contains is likely enough to be reduced below the minimum necessary for 
these insects. But where (as at Geneva, Lucerne, &c.) water issues from a lake 
with rapid flow, provided the reduction referred to be not excessive, species unable 
to live in the lake might find the same water habitable ; because the swiftness of the 
current would subject the insects to what amounts to accelerated respiration. A 
larger reduction even, up to a certain limit, could be compensated for by a mechanical 
admixture of air with the water. Therefore, where large Perlide live in a lake, the 
thermometer would probably always indicate a relatively low temperature; and in 
hot countries the water of rivers may be found at too high a temperature for them 
to exist, even in a brawling shallow or a boisterous rapid.—A. EH. Eaton, Biskra, 
Algeria: March 7th, 1894. 


Cloantha perspicillaris at Norwich.—Some time ago I received from Dr. E. W. 
Carlier, of Edinburgh University, a box of Lepidoptera for determination, part of 
them taken in Scotland, others at Dr. Carlier’s home at Norwich. Among them I 
was much surprised to find a beautiful specimen of the excessively rare Cloantha 
perspicillaris, L. Upon communicating with Dr. Carlier, he replies that he caught 
it one night in the summer of 1892 sitting upon the ironwork of a gas lamp in the 
Unthanks Road, in the outskirts of Norwich. The moth had chosen a spot which 
is not usually very productive, having only fields and market gardens with low 
hedges near it, and no trees for some distance. This specimen would thus have 
occurred in the same season as that secured at Shorncliff by Lieut. Brown. Among 
the extremely few previous records is one at Yarmouth many years ago, taken, if I 
remember right, by Messrs. Paget.—Cuas. G. Barrett, Nunhead: March, 1894. 


Plusia moneta at Tonbridge.—It may be worth recording that I captured a 
single specimen of this moth (rather worn) in our garden at the flowers of Nicotzana 
affinis on or about the 10th of July last. I had it unnamed in my collection till the 
other day, when I came across the moth figured in the “Entomologist” for 1890. 
To make quite sure I was not mistaken, I showed the moth to a son of Mr. Dallas 
Beeching, of Tunbridge Wells, who confirmed my opinion.—P. L. BaBrineron, 
Walmer House, Tonbridge: February 28th, 1894. 


Early appearance of Pieris rap@.—On March 9th a perfect specimen of this 
butterfly fluttered in at our kitchen window ; it did not seem very strong on the 
wing, and had evidently just emerged. I at first thought it must have pupated just 
outside, and so been, to a certain extent, “ forced”’ by the heat from within; but I 
could not find any trace of its chrysalis, and I do not see how the larva could have 
got there.—Ib.: March 11th, 1894. 


The supposed new British species of Diastata.—I see that in the last number 
(page 64) of this Magazine Mr. Beaumont has recorded three species of Diastata, 


1894] 8S . 


supposed to be new to Britain. I regret that I am unable to add them to my 
“ List,” as I suppose his D. odscurella, Fln.,is the very common Geomyza obscurella, 
Fin., while D. fumipennis, Mg., and D. basalis, Mg., are meaningless terms, as 
nobody knows what is meant by those names. Mr. Beaumont has kindly given me 
six gummed specimens of Diastata nigripennis, Lw. (which may include Mr. Beau- 
mont’s D. fumipennis, Mg., and also D. obscuripennis, Mg., of my “ List,” if only 
those names could be certified), taken at Neach Hill in December, 1893, and also 
two specimens of D. punctum, Mg., taken at the same place and time.—G. H. 
VERRALL, Newmarket: March, 1894. 


Societies. 

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EnTomotoericaL Society: March 12th, 1894— 
Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. W. 4. Sharp gave a brief description of the British species of the genus Silpha, 
particularly those of local occurrence, in the course of which he quoted an extract 
from the Transactions of the Société de Biologie of Paris, by Professor A. Giard, on 
Silpha opaca, an insect most destructive to the French beetroot crops. The notes 
were illustrated by specimens of the genus. Miss HE. H. Lea exhibited varieties of 
Cidaria psittacata and C. miata. Mr. John Lea, large specimens of Cidaria sagittata. 
Mr. John Watson, Meganostoma cesonia, Catopsilia crocea, Colias Vautierti, and 
C. Fieldii.—F. N. Prerce, Hon. Secretary. 


THe Souta Lonpon EntTomonoaicaL AND NaturaL History Society 
February 22nd, 1894. —H. Step, Esq., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. South, for Mr. Rose of Barnsley, exhibited a long bred series of Phigalia 
pedaria, Fb., some being uniformly black without a trace of markings; for Mr. 
Fowler of Ringwood, a var. of Huchelia jacobee, L., having the costal stripe carried 
round the hind margin to meet the spot; for Mr. Dennis of York, photographs of 
very long series of Spilosoma lubricepeda, Esp., ranging from very pale and almost 
spotless to very deep colouration, and a photograph of three other vars. from the 
Allis Collection, of York, of which two were undoubtedly of the Zatima form, 
although not extremes; for himself, a specimen of Argynnis Aglaia, L., from 
Hampshire, which was a modification of var. Charlotta, Sow., the silvery spots 
forming long streaks, and several vars. of Argynnis Euphrosyne, L. Mr. Frohawk, 
coloured drawings representing the complete life-history of both Argynnis Aglaia, 
L., and A. Adippe, L., with details, enlarged to show the remarkable larval structure. 
Mr. Warne, an asymmetrical specimen of Abraxas grossulariata, L. Mr. Moore, 
several cases of all Orders, containing specimens collected on a bicycle tour from 
Dieppe through Paris, Cote d’Or, and Jura to Geneva, and in Guienne, and con- 
tributed notes. Mr. Pearce, series of Feniseca tarquinius, Fab., spring and summer 
broods of Lycena pseudargiolus, Bd., L. comyntas, Godt., and Thecla EKdwardsii, 
Saund., from Pennsylvania, U.S. A. Mr. Auld, for Mr. Tugwell, to correct an 
error in the report of January 11th, series of the York city form of Spilosome 


lubricepeda, Esp., for which he suggests the name var. eboraci, series of var. Zatima, 
H 


90 [April, 


Cr., and series of the selected brood originating from Yorkshire, for which he suggests 
the name var. fasciata. A discussion ensued as to variation produced by artificial 
selection. Mr. Jenner Weir, a new Eupleine butterfly from North-Eastern Borneo, 
which he had described under the name of Caduga Crowleyi. Mr. Lewcock sent for 
exhibition a box of Coleoptera to illustrate a paper he communicated describing his 
observations during the various excursions of the Society. Mr. Mansbridge com- 
municated a paper containing his observations in the United States, entitled, “‘ Notes 
from the Indian Territory.” Remarks were made on the increase of Melanism in 


insects, and a discussion ensued. 


March 8th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 


Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Hrebia Epiphron, Knoch, var. Casstope, Fb., 
from Inverness, which were said to be of the type form (Epiphron). He had, 
however, failed to detect the white pupil to the ocellated spots, which was the typical 
character. Mr. Weir said that the British form had no trace of the white pupil. 
Mr. Routledge, specimens of a brood of Selenia bilunaria, Esp., which had laid over 
the summer of 1892, emerging in April, 1893; also individuals bred from a pair of 
the latter, which had emerged at intervals from August, 1893, to February, 1894, 
and were all of the small form, although some had the pigment well developed ; he 
also brought a series of Aporophyla lutulenta, Bork., captured in Cumberland, among 
which were both the var. sedi, Gn., and the var. luneburgensis, Frr. Mr. South, 
exceedingly large specimens of Ocneria dispar, L., one of which was bred about 
thirty years ago from a larva taken in the Fens. Mr. Frohawk, a third brood of 
Pararge Megera, L.,ten males and ten females, bred by himself from ova deposited 
on August 2nd, 1893. Mr. Billups, three species of rare Ichneumonidae, viz., Miecro- 
gaster russatus, Hal., taken at High Beach in 1884; Hyperacmus crassicornis, Gr., of 
which only one recorded British specimen was known, taken at Oxshott in 1892 ; 
and Huryproctus nemoralis, Four., taken at the same place last July. Mr. Filer, a 
series of Hybernia leucophearia, Schiff., taken at Richmond and Epping, among 
which were some exceptionally melanic forms. Mr. W. A. Pearce, specimens of 
Attacus Luna, L., and Citheronia regalis, F., from Wilkinsburg, U.S.A. Mr. 
Jenner Weir, male and female Heteronympha Merope, Fab., and stated that the 
sexes were so totally unlike as to be deemed different species until quite recently ; 
he also mentioned that the chrysalis was said to be contained in a frail network ou 
the ground. Mr. Auld, on behalf of Dr. Knaggs, a working model of the Decoy 
and Net described in the Entomologist, 1893, and a considerable discussion ensued. 
—Henry J. Turner, Hon. Secretary. 


EntomotoaicaL Society or Lonpon: February 28th, 1894.—Colonel CHARLES 
Swinuog, M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Professor August Forel, M.D., of the University of Zurich, was elected an 
Honorary Fellow of the Society, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the late 
Professor H. A. Hagen, M.D. Mr. John Pratt, of The Cedars, New Barnet, and 
Mr. Michael Yeatman Woolf, of 1, Marlborough Terrace, St. John’s Wood, N.W., 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 

Mr. G. C. Champion called attention to a supposed new Longicorn beetle, 


1894. | 91 


described and figured by Herr A. F. Nonfried, of Rakonitz, Bohemia, under the 
name of Callipogon Friedlénderi, in the Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., 1892, p. 22. He said 
that the supposed characters of the insect were due to the fact that the head had 
been gummed on upside down! He also exhibited an extensive collection of 
Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera made by himself in the Island of Corsica in 
June last. 

The Rev. Theodore Wood exhibited a variety of Saturnia carpini, with semi- 
transparent wings, a large proportion of the scales being apparently absent, bred 
with several examples of the type-form at Baldock, Herts; also a pale variety of 
Smerinthus populi, which was said to have been bred, with several similar specimens, 
from larve marked with rows of red spots on both sides. 

Mr. R. South exhibited a variety of Argynnis Aglaia, approaching the form 
known as var. Charlotta, and a variety of Huchelia jacobea@, in which the crimson 
costal streak was continued along the outer margin almost to the inner margin, taken 
by Mr. Fowler at Ringwood, Hants, in 1893; a variety of Argynnis Euphrosyne, 
taken by Mr. Mead in Epping Forest in 1893; and a series of black and other forms 
of Phigalia pedaria, bred during the present year from a black female captured last 
spring by Mr. Rose, of Barnsley. 

Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. C. B. Taylor, of Jamaica, a beautifully coloured 
drawing of the larva of Papilio Homerus, Fab. 

Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited drawings showing the complete life-history of 
Argynnis Aglaia and A. Adippe, every stage being figured ; also enlarged drawings 
of the segments of the larve in their first and last stages, showing the remarkable 
difference in structure. Mr. Merrifield commented on the beauty of the drawings. 

Mr. G. C. Champion read a paper, entitled, “ On the Tenebrionide collected in 
Australia and Tasmania by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., during the voyage of H.M. Ship 
‘Penguin, with descriptions of new genera and species ;” and he exhibited the 
specimens comprised in the collection. Mr. J. J. Walker and Colonel Swinhoe made 
some remarks on the paper. 

Mr. Champion also read a paper, entitled, “An Entomological Excursion to 
Corsica,” in which he described an expedition to the mountains of that island in 
June, 1893, in company with Mr. R. 8. Standen, Mr. A. H. Jones, Colonel Yerbury, 
R.A., Mr. Lemann, Mr. Raine, and others. Mr. Osbert Salvin, Colonel Yerbury, 
and Colonel Swinhoe took part in the discussion which ensued. 

Mr. Edward Saunders communicated a paper, entitled, “ A List of Hemiptera- 
Heteroptera collected by Mr. Champion in Corsica, with a description of one new 
species.” 

Mr. W. F. Kirby read a paper, entitled, ‘‘ Notes on Dorydium Westwoodi, 
Buchanan White, with observations on the use of the name Dorydium.” 

Mr. Charles B. Taylor communicated a paper, entitled, “Description of the 
Larva and Pupa of Papilio Homerus, Fab.” —H. Goss, Hon. Secretary. 


March 14th, 1894.—Colonel Cuartes Swinuor, M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, 
in the Chair. 
Mr. William Bateson, M.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge; Mr. H. 


Caracciolo, of Port of Spain, Trinidad; Mr. G. C. Dudgeon, of 53, Montagu Square, 
H 2 


92 [April, 


W.; and the Rev. Frank E. Lowe, M.A., of St. Stephen’s Vicarage, Guernsey ; 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 

Dr. D. Sharp exhibited a collection of White Ants (Termites), formed by Mr. 
G. D. Haviland in Singapore, which comprised about ten or twelve species, of most 
of which the various forms were obtained. He said that Professor Grassi had 
recently made observations on the European species, and had brought to light some 
important particulars; and also that, in the discussion that had recently been 
carried on between Mr. Herbert Spencer and Professor Weismann, the former had 
stated, that in his opinion the different forms of social insects were produced by 
nutrition. Professor Grassi’s observations showed this view to be correct, and the 
specimens now exhibited confirmed one of the most important points in his observa- 
tions. Dr. Sharp also stated that Mr. Haviland found in one nest eleven neoteinic 
queens—that is to say, individuals having the appearance of the queen in some 
respects, while in others they are still immature; these neoteinic queens were ac- 
companied by kings in a corresponding state. 

Mr. Haviland gave an account of the structure of some of the nests, and of the 
cells of the females, and stated that two of the species of White Ants exhibited 
certainly grow fungus for their use,as described by Mr. Smeathman, many years 
ago, in the “ Philosophical Transactions.” Mr. H. Goss remarked that the fact that 
the different forms of social insects were produced by nutrition was known to Virgil, 
who referred to it, and to the subject of Parthenogenesis in Bees, in the “‘ Georgics,” 
Book iv. Mr. McLachlan, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Champion, Mr. Jenner Weir, and 
Dr. Sharp continued the discussion. 

Mr. O. E. Janson exhibited specimens of Dicranoeephalus Adamsi, Pascoe, from 
Sze-chuen, Western China, and D. Dabryi, Auz., recently received from the neigh- 
bourhood of Moupin, in the same district; he observed that, although the latter 
had been quoted by Lucas, Bates, and others, as a synonym of Adamsi, the two 
species were perfectly distinct. . 

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse exhibited, for Mr. E. A. Waterhouse, a specimen of 
Colias Edusa closely resembling C. rate, a continental species, which was taken 
on Wimbledon Common; a varied series of Chrysophanus Phleas, from Barnes 
Common ; and a series of Lycena Arion, from Cornwall. 

The Rev. Canon Fowler read a paper, entitled, “Some new species of Membra- 
cide.” 

Mr. F. Merrifield read a paper, entitled, ““Temperature Experiments in 1893 
on several species of Vanessa and other Lepidoptera.” He said that the results 
tended to confirm Dr. Dixey’s conclusions as to the origin of the wing-markings in 
the Nymphalide, brought out many, presumably, ancestral features, and in some 
cases were very striking. There was much difference in sensitiveness between the 
seasonal broods of the same species, even in V. c-album, although both broods of that 
species passed the pupal state in the warmer part of the year. 

Dr. F. A. Dixey read a paper, entitled, “On Mr. Merrifield’s experiments in 
Temperature Variation, as bearing on theories of heredity,’ which was supple- 
mental to the previous paper. Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Hampson, Mr. Jenner Weir, 
Mr. Merrifield, and Dr. Dixey took part in the discussion which ensued.—H. Goss 
and W. W. Fowtsmr, Hon. Secretaries. 


1894.7 93 


NOTES ON THE EARLIER STAGES OF THE NEPTICULA, 
WITH A VIEW TO THEIR BETTER RECOGNITION AT THIS PERIOD 
OF THEIR LIFE. 


BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B. 
(Continued from page 50). 


The Nepticule of the pear (Pyrus communis). When making 
some observations on food plants early in the course of these notes, I 
remarked that I had never met with africollzs on the pear. This no 
longer holds good. Twice in the past autumn I have come upon 
a small colony on the plant, numbering between them perhaps a score 
of individuals. The species is so well known that nothing further 
need have been said, were it not that there was a peculiarity about the 
mines that is not commonly seen when they occur on apple or hawthorn. 
Every one is aware that the mine in the angulifasciella group has 
quite a character of its own. Starting from some point in the body 
of the leaf, it presents three perfectly distinct portions; first, a bunch 
of convolutions; next, shooting out from this, a gallery, seldom of 
any length; and lastly,a blotch. Now, atricollis when living on apple 
or hawthorn by no means follows this plan, but mines much after the 
fashion of regiella, setting out with a long gallery round the margin of 
the leaf, from which, as from a base, the blotch springs. Hach one, 
however, of the pear mines was true to type. Hach one began in the 
body of the leaf, and each one presented the bunch of convolutions, 
the short gallery, and the blotch. This sent me once more to the 
apple and hawthorn bushes, and I learnt that at any rate in the latter 
of these plants the mine does occasionally conform to type, when the 
ege happens to be deposited well away from the edge. It is, then, the 
position of the egg that determines the character of the mine. When 
it is laid upon or near the edge the larva seems unable to resist the 
fascination of keeping there (a fascination that appears to possess 
every species that finds itself, whether by rule or accident, in that 
position), and so the bunch of convolutions gets unravelled and spread 
out along the margin. It had always struck me as strange, that in a 
group so strongly accentuated by the similarity of the mines, larve, 
and imagos, one of its members, whilst closely conforming in the last 
two points, should fail to do so in the first; now the anomaly is to a 
great extent explained. 

I also find on the plant three gallery-miners, viz., ovyacanthella, 
pyri, and minusculella, but the last named in such scanty numbers that 
I have not yet succeeded in rearing it, and for the ability to determine 


94 te (April. 


my mines I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Bankes, who sent me 
some, from which the moths had been bred, for comparison. The first 
two make narrow galleries with the coil arrangement, the last a wide 
gallery with the frass collected into the middle ; all have bright green 
larvee. Oxyacanthella and minusculella lay on the under-side, pyri on 
either upper- or under-side, but with a very decided preference for 
the former, and I am inclined to think that it is the fouling of the 
upper surface with honey-dew that generally drives it to the lower 
one. Oxyacanthella can be recognised by its long and bold mine, by 
the dark head of the larva with the cephalic ganglia just visible behind, 
and by the yellowish intestinal canal—the characters, in fact, that 
distinguished it in the hawthorn leaves. The mines of the other two 
are small and cramped, the larve have pale heads and no trace of the 
cephalic ganglia, a tinge of blue in their ground colour, and the 
hinder part of the intestinal canal in pyri red. Seldom can any hesita- 
tion be felt in distinguishing oxyacanthella from pyri, and still less 
from minusculella, but it is not always as easy to discriminate between 
pyrt and minusculella. If the mines are typical, no difficulty arises. 
Bat occasionally the convolutions in pyr?, which always show a ten- 
dency to keep close together, will so run into each other as almost to 
form a blotch, and at the same time the coiling of the frass gets rather 
slovenly ; on the other hand, when minusculella happens to be in an 
over-thick leaf, and in consequence contracts to some extent the width 
of its gallery, signs of imperfect coiling may show themselves, probably 
an ancestral habit, indicating that the insect has only recently parted 
company from the species that use narrow galleries and the coil ar- 
rangement. Under these circumstances each mine encroaches some- 
what on the character of the other, and their distinction becomes not 
as clear as could be wished. It is, therefore, rather tantalizing that 
we should be in sight, though not quite in possession, of a very simple 
character that would solve the matter at once, I mean the position of 
the egg. For did pyri always lay on the upper-side of the leaf as 
minusculella does on the under-side, nothing more would be wanted, 
but since it does not do so, it is only in a limited number of cases, 
that is, where the egg is found above, that any conclusion from the 
position of this body can be safely drawn. 

Minusculella and pyri are double brooded, feeding in July and 
again in September ; differing in this respect from oxyacanthella, which 
is single brooded. I have never seen the cocoon of minusculella. The 
cocoon of pyri is very like that of oxyacanthella, but smaller and darker, 
and is placed in similar situations. 


1894. ] 95 


The gallery-miners of the birch (Betula alba and glutinosa). Six 
species occur here, whilst I learn from Mr. Fletcher that a seventh is 
found in Sussex, having a mine hard, perhaps impossible, to be dis- 
tinguished from that of continuella, and a cocoon and imago extremely 
like floslactella. My own six are continuella, distinguenda, betulicola, 
luteella, lapponica, and an unknown one, which I have only lately 
recognised as distinct by its mine and larva, but have not yet bred ; 
I will call it for the present No.1. They all lay on the under surface 
of the leaves, and have yellow larve, excepting No. 1, which has a 
greenish-white larva. As a first step towards differentiating them, 
they might be broken up into three pairs in accordance with the three 
types of frass arrangement; Japponica and No. 1 would be linked 
together with type 1, betulicola and luteella with type 2, and distingu- 
enda and continuella with type 3. But it will be more convenient, 
perhaps, if they are rather grouped by their larve, a plan which also 
arranges them in pairs. Thus, the first pair (Japponica and No.1) are 
characterized by mining with the back up, and showing distinctly the 
cephalic ganglia; the second pair (betulicola and distinguenda) by 
mining with the venter up, and showing the ventral cord; and the 
third pair (continuella and luteella) by mining with the back up, and 
showing neither cephalic ganglia nor ventral cord. Under either ar- 
rangement lapponica and No. 1 go together, so I will take them first. 

Lapponica and No.1. The mines of both are long galleries of 
moderate width, whose usual course is to follow a rib for some distance, 
and then to turn off at a tangent till another is reached, which in its 
turn is pursued ; but whether the ribs are taken as a guide or not, the 
mine is never contorted, and this holds good even with their very 
commencement, which, beginning in a delicate and hairlike manner, 
stretches straight away at once from the site of the egg. So far, and 
in a general view, the mines are precisely alike, but in the two portions 
which answer to the first three skins of the larva, and which, from 
their apparent insignificance, are apt to be overlooked, most excellent 
and easily appreciable characters may be gathered. In the case of 
lapennica it has already been pointed out, that the frass completely 
fills these two portions of the mine, that it is coiled in the second of 
them, and that its colour in both is green, thereby offering a striking 
contrast to the third or main portion of the mine, in which the frass 
is black, and collected into a narrow central thread. On the other 
hand, the frass in No. 1 is black throughout, there is no coiling in the 
middle portion, and a free margin borders its track in all three portions, 
_ so that the character of the mine is uniform from beginning to end. 


96 (April, 1894, 


This alone would, in my opinion, be sufficient to warrant their dis- 
tinctness, even if the larve did not also throw their weight into the 
scale. Lapponica is yellow, with the cephalic ganglia brown and 
distinct, yet at the same time less conspicuous than the head. No. 1 
is greenish-white, with the head very pale brown, the cephalic ganglia 
dark and distinct, and markedly more conspicuous than the head. No 
trace of the ventral cord is discoverable so long as the larve are zn sctw, 
but it becomes visible in Japponica when removed from its mine, and 
may also perhaps in No.1, but my notes are silent on the point. 
Lapponica is single brooded and feeds in June, though occasionally an 
odd mine or two may be picked up late in the autumn; No. 1 feeds a 
little later, in July, and has no second brood. The cocoon of lapponica 
is smooth, and varies from dark brown to almost black; it is difficult 
to find, as it is commonly placed under the soil. I have not yet seen 
the cocoon of No. 1. 


Distinguenda and betulicola. The mines are small and narrow— 
especially in distinguenda—are generally much contorted, several being | 
often crowded together in a leaf, and begin coarsely, very differently 
from the slender and delicate commencement adopted by the two 
preceding species. Here the resemblance between them ends. Dis- 
tinguenda fills its gallery with brown frass very neatly coiled, and is 
always most constant and true to type. Betulicola deposits its black 
frass without any order, and is distinctly irregular in its practice; 

usually it does not much more than half fill its gallery, but not un- 

frequently it very nearly does so, the mine at the same time being 
narrower and shorter than common, and coming extremely near the 
mine of luteella. The irregularity, there can be little doubt, is de- 
pendent on the nature of the leaves, for it will be found that the latter 
are appreciably thinner, and their network of veinlets more open 
where the gallery is only half filled than where it is more completely 
so. Larva—in distinguenda the head is dark brown, a black square- 
shaped spot (skin mark) is present on the under-side of segment two, 
the ventral cord is black and very distinct, and the urinary tubes are 
also plainly visible. Betwlicola differs in the ventral cord and spot on 
segment two being brown instead of black, and in wanting altogether 
the urinary tubes. Both are double brooded. Betulicola has a singular 
fancy for the little seedling plants, and may appear to be unaccountably 
scarce if the search is confined to the taller bushes, whilst all the time 
it is in abundance at the ground level. The cocoons are spun above 
ground, distinguenda being buff in colour, betulzcola brown. 


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CONTENTS. PAGE, 
Supplement to Annotated List of British Tachiniidze (continued).—R. H. Meade 73 


A new species of Alearodes.—J. W. Douglas, P.ES. ......sssceecessanceeccensneeenee 73 
Oleate of Copper —H. Guard Knaggs, M.D., F.L.S... i: ne 
A second hundred new British species of Diptera. wey. ce Topsel B. E. 8. saneey tO 
Lita instabilella, Dgl., and its nearest British allies.—Hustace R. Bankes, M.A., 
F.E.S. Reno fell) 
Note on Theriwobia ‘formoraan, Rovelli. i858 D. Sona, uM. me P. R. ) Soe Oe! 
Thermobia furnorum, Rovelli, and BERS pacer Newnan 7 vienna 
lan, F.R.S. Ste saa vebreee dea eeclata hte Ree edly BOO 
The idtntkennelleay of : a ender Baeohonses ii Mateo ssaecnsse dei heebeaeeeen SD. 
‘‘ Liste des Anthicides,’” par M. Pic.—G. C. Champion, ‘PL. 8. ata eo. 
Aleurodes rubicola, Doug.—J. W. Douglas, FHS. ...cccccc.e. cee ssneeeseeseeecnee von 87 
Coccids associated with Ants.—Karel Sulc ........... 87 
Why are large Perlidee resident in Scotch but not in Som tslkes Pie, Lh, ‘E. 
Eaton, M.A., F.E.S.  .........000-5 «ls scosanis be ge eee ech CES eM 
Cloantha perspicillaris at owaialn 6) @. “TReaenatth PF. zB. She. BepboEpeouGedcoD no ft) 
Plusia moneta at Tonbridge.—P. DL. Babington........0:6c.cccsesersertassetsssvecsesess 88 
Karly appearance of Pieris rapz.—Id. ........... paoceooeS Slsy 
The supposed new British species of TBRetinte 6, a “Weave F. E. 8... .. 88 
Societres.—Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society ..................... 89 
South London Entomological, &c., eee gaa ise sanasic eedteoene eRe Ree 89 
Entomological Society of London . ase 90 
Notes on the earlier stages of the Nopitoul, ih a view ip ee pene 
recognition (continued).—John H. Wood, M.B. BECOPEOO ISG eccedocccdhcos =| SG 


We greatly regret to announce the death of Mr. J. Jenner WEIk, F.L.S., on 
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was received too late for mention in the present No. 


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Me: 2 STEVENS will Sell by Auction at his Great Rooms, 38, 

Sey Street, Covent Garden, on Turspay, Aprin 24th, at half-past 12 
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[No. 860,] MAY, 1894. [Price Gd. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST S 
MONTHLY MAGAZINE, 


EDITED BY 


C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W.W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S. 


G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. R. MLACHLAN, F.B.S. 
J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.L.S. 
LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D. F.RBS., &c. 


—_— 


SECOND SERIES—VOL. V. 


LVOL. XXX.] 


> 


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(e 


May, 1894.] 97 


Continuella and luteella. Vhere is just as little similarity in the 
mines of these two species as in those of the preceding pair, and had 
the grouping been based upon this ground instead of upon the larve, 
continuella must have gone with distinguenda, and luteella with betulc- 
cola. My remarks will, therefore, have to be directed to this cross 
resemblance. Like distinguenda, continuella is a very perfect example 
of the mine with a small transverse capacity and coiled frass, the want 
of capacity in the former depending on the extreme narrowness of the 
mine, and in the latter upon the very partial manner in which the 
parenchyma is removed. They can, however, be readily distinguished 
from one another. Continuella is a much larger mine, it is filled with 
greenish frass, and begins invariably from a brown bunch of convolu- 
tions of some size, placed in an angle of the midrib; whereas, the 
other starts from a point, without any series of twists and turns or 
sign of discolouration, and contains brown frass. To distinguish be- 
tween the mines of luteelia and betulicola is a much harder matter. 
The relative breadth of the frass-track (about half filling the mine in 
betulicola, and almost completely so in luteella) ought to serve to 
differentiate them nicely, but then, under certain conditions, each 
varies so in the direction of the other, that it would be rash sometimes 
to say to which of them a mine belonged. There are other small 
points of difference, but I need not particularize them, since they too 
are liable to variation, and it is not after all a very important matter 
to distinguish the empty mines so long as we can recognise the full 
ones. Besides varying in the direction of betulicola, luteella also 
occasionally mimics the mine of distinguenda by a rough attempt at 
coiling, but so clumsy is the counterfeit that it ought never to deceive 
the collector. 


Utterly unlike in their mines, in their larve continuella and 
luteella are closely related. Both larve are yellow, with pale brown 
heads, and no trace of either cephalic ganglia or ventral cord. Luteella 
may be known out of the mine by the urinary tubes, but they are not 
dark enough to be seen when the creature is in the mine. Continuella, 
yellow though it be, looks zm situ green, and a very decided green too, 
in consequence of the light reflected from the floor of its mine. Both 
species are double brooded. Continuella almost restricts itself to the 
_downy variety of the birch, selecting the leaves at the ends of the 
uppermost shoots; and its cocoon varies from dark brown or blackish- 


brown to olive. The cocoon of luécella is white or pale buff. 
I 


98 [May, 


Briefly summarized :— 


No. 1—Mine large and angular, frass a central thread throughout ; 
larva greenish-white, with pale head and dark cephalic ganglia. 

Lapponica—Mine large and angular, frass a central thread in the 
last portion and coiled in the middle portion; larva yellow, with 
blackish head and brown and inconspicuous ganglia. 

Continuella—Mine large, greenish, and filled with coiled frass ; 
larva green in the mine but yellow out, with pale head and no other 
visible markings. 

Distinguenda—Mine small, brown, and filled with coiled frass ; 
larva yellow, with black head, a chain of black linear marks down the 
middle, and a pair of black lines at the hinder end. 

Betulicola—Mine small, usually about half filled with irregularly 
arranged frass ; larva yellow, with brown head and chain of inconspi- 
cuous brown linear marks, but no trace of any dark lines at the hinder 
end. 

Luteella—Mine small, usually nearly filled with irregularly ar- 
ranged frass; larva yellow, with pale head and no other visible 
markings. 

Thus, then, these six mines, all much alike in many ways, and all 
occurring in the same kind of plant, can be identified when full with 
the greatest readiness, and even in dealing with them when empty 
equal certainty can be felt as regards four out of the six. Whether 
Mr. Fletcher’s Sussex species will throw in a nete of discord as it half 
threatens to do, time alone will show, though I cannot but think that 
either mine or larva will offer some point or other by which we may 


learn to know it. 
(To be continued). 


ABUNDANCE OF PYRAMEIS CARDUI, L., IN THE ZIBAN, ALGERIA. 


BY THE REV. A. E. EATON, M.A., F.E.S. 


At the base of the Aures and south of the Hodna, in Eastern 
Algeria, the Ziban, with Biskra as their chief town, form the northern 
border of the Sahara. The country, hilly in parts and diversified with 
shallow irregular valleys, slopes gently towards the open desert, which 
viewed in clear weather from afar looks as blue and level as the sea; 
dark patches, like low islets, in the broad expanse are oases with 
palms. The valleys referred to are most of them waterless, excepting 
perhaps for a day or two after heavy rain once or twice in a winter. 

Just as March was ending, a spell of Mediterranean weather, 


1894.1 99 


with rain and snow on the mountains northwards, was at Biskra suc- 
ceeded by breezes and wind from the opposite quarters, with a rise of 
temperature. At the same time P. cardui (which hitherto had not 
been commoner during the winter than tortoise-shells in England are 
apt to be in early spring) increased rapidly in numbers daily, until the 
butterflies became as plentiful as Garden Whites in June over a 
cabbage plot, or Meadow Browns in a well-stocked hay field. A 
certain proportion of the increase in their population was undoubtedly 
due to some bred in the vicinage emerging from pupx ; because there 
were specimens to be seen, bright coloured and in prime condition 
amongst the faded and worn, and a cripple was noticed one day with 
wings not fully expanded. But the greater number must have 
wandered hither with the wind from southern districts, to loiter in the 
welcome shelter of hill sides and hollows. They soon made themselves 
quite at home. 

It was natural to wonder what so many butterflies would find 
about Biskra to lay their eggs upon. The plants selected by them 
varied with the locality. Near the town, or (to be exact) near the 
railway and Fort St. Germain, mallows were in favour. Strips of 
Malva parviflora, L., on open ground, were thronged for several days 
with egg layers, until some leaves were studded with from three to 
six eges apiece. A few plants of IL sylvestris, L., attracted less at- 
tention, but yet were not entirely passed over. But all this in large 
measure proved in the end to be “ love’s labour lost ;’ when the eggs 
were beginning to hatch out, the mallows were fed off by goats. Away 
from the oasis, on the stony hills and wastes, oviposition took place 
almost exclusively upon two species of inconspicuous plants, Hilago 
spathulata, Presl., and Plantago ovata, Forskall, Hach butterfly 
seemed to lay only upon one kind of these plants, not upon both 
indiscriminately ; and so where Plantago predominated and was at- 
tracting the attention of most of the egg layers, a single butterfly 
might be observed searching out chance Filago plants, and laying only 
upon them. ‘This was noticed in more than one place between Biskra 
and Hammam-es-Salahin, otherwise Fontaine Chaude. The only 
thistle met with in that neighbourhood, a miserable plant of Carduus 
pycnocephalus, L., was, however, found to have on it a single egg. 

Within the last week P. cardui seems to have diminished in 
numbers (although still very common), perhaps through dispersion 
over the district, or perhaps through emigration. 


siskra: April 11th, 1894. 


100 | May. 


CIONUS LONGICOLLIS, CH. BRISOUT: AN ADDITION TO THE 
BRITISH LIST. 


BY @. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S8. 


I am indebted to Mr. James Edwards for calling my attention to 
Cionus thapsus and its allies, as by so doing he has enabled me to add 
C. longicollis, Ch. Bris., to the British list. The inseet is a close ally 
of C. thapsus, Fabr., but, as stated by its describer [Ch. Brisout, in 
Grenier’s Cat. Col. de France, p. 114 (1863) ], it is more elongate, 
the rostrum is thicker, the thorax is longer, with the sides less oblique, 
and the sutural spots on the elytra are larger. I may also add that 
C. longicollis is a larger and more robust insect than C. thapsus, with 
stouter legs and rostrum, the latter (as in C. thapsus) roughened 
and pubescent nearly to the apex in both sexes; this last-mentioned 
character separates C. longicollis from C. hortulanus, Fourcr., which 
has the distal half of the rostrum smooth and shining in the female. 
My specimens of C. longicollis were given me many years ago by Mr. 
H. Moncreaff, who found them at Portsdown Hill in 1871. This adds 
yet another species to the list of discoveries of that most successful 
entomologist. Mr. Moncreaff’s specimens were, I believe, determined 
as C. thapsus, Fabr., by the late Mr. Crotch, or by Mr. Rye, and have 
since done duty for that species in my own and other collections. 
Brisout’s examples of C. longicollis were obtained at Vernet, in 
the Pyrenees Orientales, upon Verbascum, and the species also 
occurs in the Alps. I have to thank M. Louis Bedel for identifying 
the Portsdown insect for me, and also for comparing it with Brisout’s 
types. As M. Bedel remarks, C. longicollis has probably been con- 
fused with C. thapsus. The species is not mentioned in the “ Faune 
des Coléoptéres du Bassin de la Seine,” nor in the Rey. Canon Fowler’s 
British Coleoptera. Mr. Edwards informs me that he has taken both 
O. thapsus and C. hortulanus at Colesborne, Gloucestershire, the 
former upon Verbascum nigrum and Scrophularia nodosa, the latter 
upon Scrophularia aquatica and S. nodosa. These two species are, 
perhaps, about equally common as British, and I have taken specimens 
of both in various localities in the south. The only Cionus I met with 
at Vernet (the original locality of C. longicollis) in 1891 was C. 
hortulanus. Mr. Moncreaff in a letter just received states that his 
specimens were taken off a plant of Verbascum thapsus growing in 
an old roadway at Portsdown in 1871, and that he has not met with 
it since. 


Horsell, Woking : 
April 18th, 1894. 


1894.] 101 


PATENT POSTAL BOX WITHOUT PACKING. 
BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.LS. 


The chief object of the new postal box is to prevent vibration 
of the contents, but it also saves much time in packing. It is re- 
markably simple and inexpensive, and con- 
sists of a light box B, suspended “a la fagon 
du cercueil de Mahomet,’ in a larger and 


eT, 


Es 


f stronger box A, by means of two elastic 


the method of suspension according to the articles to be conveyed, 


but the one here given is most suitable for the postage of entomo- 
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bands, one of which is shown, in the section, 


at C C. There are numerous variations on 


The mode of construction was as follows:—having procured a 
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I made, with a bradawl, twin holes (as 
shown at A in the second figure) at 
A BCD (@e., front and back of box), 
and tied on with watercord (as shown 
at B) two elastic bands, B Cand A D, 
of a substance that will lightly sup- 
port the weight they have to carry, 
each half as long as the width of the 
box, but stretched to the full width in 
the tying process. N.B.—These knots 
could be tied on the inside between 
the bands if neatness be desired, and 


they should be touched with glue or varnish to prevent subsequent 
slipping. The distance between the bands should be at least two 
inches less than the length of the box to be suspended. The inner 
box should be as light as possible—a seidlitz powder box answers 
admirably. All that has now to be done is to slip the inner box 
between the bands, and—voila tout. 


Folkestone: April 7th, 1894. 


BRITISH HEMIPTERA: ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


BY JAMES EDWARDS, F.E.S. 


CorIxA SELECTA, Fieb. 
= Stali, D. & S. (nec Fieb.). 


Amongst our species of Coriza which are characterized by the rastrate prono- 


102 [May, 


tum, non-rastrate corium, and the basal joint of the hind tarsi not black at the apex, 
hieroglyphica is at once to be distinguished by the greater proportion of yellow in 
the colour of the pronotum, owing to the narrowness of the black transverse lines ; 
and there remain to be dealt with those specimens in which the black lines on the 
pronotum are wider than the pale interstices; of these latter we have certainly two 
species. According to authentic specimens kindly lent to me by Mr. Douglas, these 
two species are the dugubris and Stéli of Douglas and Scott, and the essential differ- 
ences between them are given in Brit. Hem., pp. 596, 597, but as these differences 
are not there emphasized, I have thought it worth while to set them out in greater 
detail below. Dr. Puton, who has examined Fieber’s type of lugubris, says that the 
Stali of Fieber is not separable from that author’s lugubris, and Mr. Douglas has 
been good enough to lend me a male specimen, which is undoubtedly C. lugubris, 
but which Fieber himself labelled “OC. S¢ali, Fieb., in K. K. zool. bot. Verein.” 
Under these circumstances, and the name lugubr/s being the older, that of Sta/i falls ; 
but as the Sté@/i of Douglas and Scott is clearly not conspecific with lugubris, Fieb., 
one has to determine what name it should bear. To this end I submitted male 
examples of both our species to Dr. Puton, who says that the dugubris of Douglas 
and Scott is the same as lugubris, Fieb., and that Stali, D. & S., is the same as 
selecta, Fab. In the male of selecta, Fieb., there is a strong transverse keel on the 
forehead at about one-third of the height of the inner margin of the eye (when 
viewed from in front), bounded above by a rather deep impression ; the entire frons 
below the keel is excavated, the excavation reaching from eye to eye. In the male of 
lugubris, Fieb., there is a feeble transverse keel on the frons on a level with the lower 
margin of the eyes (when viewed from in front), bounded above by a large shallow 
impression ; the excavation on the frons is feeble. The best character for separating 
the females of these two species lies in the middle keel on the front of the pronotum, 
which in selecta is nearly half as long as the pronotum, and in lugubris is not more 
than one-fourth as long as the pronotum. C. lugubris and C. selecta occur together 
in coast marshes in Norfolk, and I have always regarded them as being just as 
characteristic of such localities as Gyrinus elongatus or Salda pilosella; but such is 
not the experience of others, as Douglas and Scott give “Cambridge Fens” as the 
locality for lugubris, and “ brackish water in ditches at Gravesend ” for Stali (selecta), 
whilst Mr. Saunders says of /ugubris (he did not know selecta at the date of his 
Hem. Het. Brit. Islands) “common and generally distributed, often in brackish 
water.” Dr. Paton informs me that C. selecta has also been taken in Holland by 
M. Fokker. 


THAMNOTETTIX STRIATULELLUS, 7”. S&S. 


Very similar to 7’ strzatulus, Fall. Gndeed, the markings of the upper-side agree 
with those of that species ad punctum), but apparently only half as large, with the 
elytra subequal in length to the abdomen. Its actual length is 2,—2$ mm., as 
against 4 mm. for striatulus. Appendages of the apex of the sedeagus (viewed from 
above, fig. 1) two, lateral, gradually narrowing to their pointed apex, connivent about 
their apical third, afterwards recurved. In striatulus (fig. 4) the appendages of the 
eedeagus (viewed from above) are four, of which the two outer are short and 
spiniform, and the two inner are long, strap-shaped, pointed, bisinuate, and crossing 


one another after the manner of the lines which form the figure 8. 


1894.1] 108 


On Calluna, Roudham Heath, Norfolk; Woking (Saunders) ; also 


in coll. Douglas. 


This species occurs also in Finland, and is known to Dr. J. Sahl- 
berg as a depauperate form of sftriatulus. I sent specimens to Dr. 
Puton, who did not know the species, but referred me to M. Lethierry, 
who named it Athysanus russeolus, Fall.; it is, however, perfectly 
distinct from that species, as represented by description and a specimen 
kindly given to me by Dr. Sahlberg, but it is, nevertheless, in all 
probability, the A. russeolus of our British List. The latter was in- 
troduced to our list by the late Mr. George Norman, and the late Mr. 
Scott, replying to my application for the loan of specimens, said that 
he knew nothing about the species, as the specimens had been returned 
by M. Lethierry to Mr. Norman direct. I have never seen a British 
example of the true Athysanus russeolus, Fall., but there seems to be 
no reason why it should not occur here, since we have such things as 
Cicadula Dahibomi, &c. I place this insect next to 7. striatulus, Fall.,° 
on account of its resemblance in markings to that species, but, owing 
to its short elytra, it has as much the facies of Athysanus as A. melan- 
opis, Hardy. 


LIMOTETTIX AURANTIPES, %. S. 


3. Differs from L. quadrinotatus, Fab., which it otherwise very closely re- 
sembles, in its rather larger size, the deep (gamboge) yellow colour of the upper- 
side, and its yellow-red legs, of which the front tibize want the black stripe on the 
outer side, which is the rule in guadrinotatus. Appendages of the apex of the 
edeagus (viewed from above, fig. 3) three, the two lateral ones slightly incurved and 
about twice as long as the central one, of which the apical third is forked. In 
quadrinotatus (fig. 6) the appendages of the apex of the edeagus (viewed from above) 
are three, of which the two lateral ones are twice as long as the single middle one, 
and strongly curved outwards. 

From time to time for several years past Mr. E. A. Butler has 
taken near Wonersh, at Chobham, Gomshall, and Burnham Beeches, 
always in very boggy places,a Limotettix differing from quadrinotatus 
in the particulars given above. In the first instance I thought that it 
might be an unnamed variety of L. nigricornis, Sahl.; subsequently I 
put it, with doubt, as a variety of quadrinotatus, but having recently 
had the opportunity, through the kindness of Mr. Butler in furnishing 
specimens for dissection, to investigate the matter thoroughly, I am 
able to lay down its distinctive characters. I have not taken this 
insect myself, nor have I seen any specimens of it, except those taken 

_by Mr. Butler in the localities befure mentioned. 


104 [May, 


CICADULA LIVIDA, 7”. s. 
= cyane, Edw. (ante vol. ii, 2nd Ser., p. 33, excl. syn.). 


The following is a statement of the circumstances under which the above cor- 
rection has become necessary. Mr. EH. A. Butler wrote me some time since that he 
had found Cicadula eyane, and on examining some of his specimens it was at once 
apparent that his insect was not the same as mine. My insect is a true Cicadula, 
with the head wider than the pronotum, the sides of the latter exceedingly short, 
and the genital plates of the male attenuate and upturned at the apex, whilst it 
agrees in point of colour with the description of Boheman’s cyane. Mr. Butler’s 
insect, on the other hand, is as much a Thamnotettix as T. spendidulus, Fab., which 
it closely resembles in size and shape ; its head is narrower than the pronotum, the 
sides of the latter are as long as the hind margin of the eye, the yellowish fusco- 
hyaline elytra have (in life) an evident blue bloom, which is retained to a certain 
extent after death, and the upper branch of the cubital vein runs into the upper fork 
of the lower braneh near the middle of the elytron. 


After reading Tollin’s remarks (Stett. Ent. Zeit., xii, p. 69) I have 


a strong impression, which I record for what it is worth, that O. livida, 
mihi, is the same as his Jassus morio. 


THAMNOTETTIX CYAN®, Boh. 
(vide supra). 
Several females were taken by Mr. E. A. Butler at Loughton and 
Fifield on Potamogeton natans. The determination of our insect as _ 
Boheman’s species is confirmed by Dr. Puton, M. Lethierry, and Dr. 


J. Sahlberg, the latter kindly giving me an identical specimen taken 
in East Gothland by Haglund. 


LimMortertTix 5-noratus, Boh. 


This species occurred to me very sparingly at Ranworth in September and 
October, 1890. It may be distinguished from ZL. éntermedius, Boh., our only other 
species in which the sub-ocellar black spots on the crown are minute and punctiform, 
by the want of a black spot on the temples and (in most specimens of the male, at 
least) by having in the middle of the front margin of the crown a pair of very short, 
fine, geminate, longitudinal, black lines; the deep yellow colour of its upper-side 
and the two black spots on the forehead sufficiently distinguish it from L. sulphurellus. 
I managed to select a few specimens out of swarms of L. 4-notatus, from which it 
may be distinguished in the net by its larger size, different colour, and the want of 
the large black spots on the crown. 


CrcapuLa DaHLgBomt, Zett. 


In June, 1892, I discovered this fine and interesting species on an isolated patch 
of Epilobium angustifolium in Hilcot Wood near this place. Its food-plant is 


1894, 105 


common about here, but notwithstanding diligent search, I have hitherto failed to 
find the insect, except in one spot having an area of about five square yards, and 
unless it migrates to some of the numerous plants of the same species close by, it is 
doomed to speedy extinction there; for the Péeris has so rapidly crowded out the 
favoured patch of Hpilobiwm, that if the process goes on at the same rate in the 
coming year as it has done in the past, the original food-plants will have entirely 
disappeared. In June, 1893, I found that the Hpilobium plants frequented by C. 
Dahlbomi were, owing to the encroachment of the Pteris, reduced in quantity to 
less than one-half, and what remained were only about half as robust as in the 
previous year; but although I took considerable pains in the matter, I could not 
discover that the insect had spread to any of the numerous adjacent plants; the 
latter, however, were, so far as I could see, equally well suited for the support of the 
species. It is a comparatively large species, approaching C. punctifrons in point of 
size, and may readily be distinguished from its British congeners by the pale green 
elytra with stout black veins in the male, and the plain pale sea-green elytra in the 
female. Dr. Puton gives its range as Scandinavia and France. 


DELTOCEPHALUS PALEACEUS, J. Sahl. 


The insect which I identify with this species is most nearly allied to D. Flori, 
which it resembles in size and the milk-white veins of the elytra, but from which it 
may be distinguished by the reddish rust-yellow ground-colour of its upper-side, the 
almost entire absence of fuscous markings on the elytra (the most prominent fuscous 
markings on the elytra, except the dark hind margin to the apical areas, being a 
fuscous border to the hind margin of the third subapical area), and the shape of the 
hind margin of the last ventral segment in the female, which has the apical angles 
rounded off, and no small tooth between the sides of the projection and the sides of 
the segment as in Flori. The genital style of the male resembles that of Flori. I 
took a small series of this species at Brooke Wood, Norfolk, in August, 1888; it 
occurred sparingly in company with a profusion of D. Flori, and in the net its 
general rust-yellow colour contrasted strongly with the greyish-testaceous appearance 
of Flori. The late Mr. Scott put D. paleaceus as a synonym of Falleni, Fieb., and 
Dr. Puton in his Catalogue does the same; but if I am correct in referring the 
insect now under consideration to paleaceus (and it agrees well with Sahlberg’s 
description), then paleaceus does not — Fullent. I am scarcely so well acquainted 
with the latter species as I could wish, but I have a male specimen the genital style 
of which agrees fairly well with Fieber’s figure (Syn. Eur. Delt., pl. v), and which 
in point of facies agrees well with specimens named Wallen by Dr. J. Sahlberg for 
Mr. Douglas; and so far as one can judge from this material the most obvious point 
of distinction on the upper-side between Falleni and distinguendus lies in the more 
distinctly arcuate free sides of the crown in the former; this difference, however, 
is so small that it is difficult to appreciate, and a much more satisfactory distinction 
is found in the shape of the genital styles, since the simple clavate black style of. 
distinguendus cannot well be confounded with the pale style of Falleni, with its 
crenulation on the outer side from the apex downward. Having regard to Fieber’s 
figures of the male genitalia of distinguendus, I have no reason to doubt that my 
determination of that species is correct; and if this is so, then his figure of the 


106 {May, 


hind margin of the last ventral segment in the female of distinguendus is misleading, 
because that part in the female of my insect has two small triangular teeth about 
equidistant from the sides of the segment and from each other, and would, in fact, 
be well represented by Fieber’s figure of that part in Falleni if the two teeth shown 
in the figure were a little closer to each other. In examining a number of specimens 
one, of course, meets with slight differences of degree in these parts, but it is to be 
observed that the hind margin of the last ventral segment which Fieber in his figure 
gives to distinguendus is of the same character as that of Flori and picturatus ; that 
is to say, the central projection is the result of a notch near each side of the segment, 
and not as in Falleni (and distinguendus as I know it), caused by the production of 
the hind margin into small triangular teeth at two points. There is the more reason 
to suspect some mistake in this instance as Fieber’s figures, as a rule, are very 


characteristic. 
D. Panzert, Flor. 


This species, of which a few specimens have been taken by Mr. E. Saunders at 
Chobham, has considerable superficial resemblance to D. pascuellus; it belongs, 
however, to the same group as pulicaris, &c., in which the crown is rather convex 
than excavated, and it may further be distinguished from pascuellus by the costal 
vein not being conspicuously whitish; it is pale brownish-yellow above, and the 
veins of the elytra being almost imperceptibly margined with fuscous have the 
appearance of being unusually wide. The genitalia of both sexes, which I have 
examined, are well figured by Fieber ((/. ¢., pl. vi, fig. 39), and our insect agrees well 


with Flor’s excellent description. 


Eee 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 


Fig. 1, apex of edeagus of Thamnotettix striatulellus seen from above, 2, same from 
side; 8, same of Limotettix aurantipes from above; 4, same of Thamno- 
tettix striatulus from above, 5, same from side; 6, same of Limotettix 


quadrinotatus from above. 


Colesborne, Cheltenham : 


March, 1894. 


1894. } 107 


SUPPLEMENT TO ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACHINIIDA. 


BY R. H. MEADE. 
(Continued from p. 73). 


MACQUARTIA, Dsyv. 


M. arrriyis, Schr. 


This species is closely allied to WU. tenebricosa, from which it differs by having 
the outer cross vein of the wing placed nearly in the centre, between the little cross 
vein and the bend of the fourth longitudinal vein, instead of being much nearer to 
the latter than the former, as in MW. tenebricosa; the apical cross vein is also straight 
instead of being curved, and the size is usually rather larger than in WM. tenebricosa. 

A specimen of this fly is in Mr. Dale’s collection, bred from a beetle (Chrysomela). 


NEMORAA, Dsv. 


N. eraprata, Mgn. 


This has the palpi yellow; the antenne grey; the face white; the frontalia 
narrow in the male, with the central stripe black and wider than the sides; the 
thorax is dark grey, with three rather indistinct black stripes; the scutellum is red ; 
the abdomen is black and shining, with the sides tessellated with white, and marked 
by red patches, which are very small upon the sides of the 1st segment, but cover 
the whole width of the side of the segment in the second and sometimes in the 
third ring ; the discs of the 2nd and 3rd segments are without any large sete; and 
the bristles upon the edges are also small; the legs are black, and the wings clear 
with fuscous roots. 

This species has been found by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield near Hastings, and 
also by Mr. Harwood in Essex. 


EXORISTA, Mgn. 


EK. trpatrix, Men. 


Ochreous ; forehead rather prominent ; frontalia bright yellow ; frontal stripe 
black and narrower than the sides; face white; fronto-orbital sete extending as 
low as the base of the third antennal joint, which is five or six times as long as the 
second joint; arista with the second joint short, but distinct, and the third one 
thickened for about half its length; palpi yellow ; facial sete extending about half 
way up the face ; vibrisse very long; thorax covered with yellow pubescence, and 
marked with four stripes, the central pair being narrow, the outer ones broken and 
maculiform ; post sutural outer dorso-central bristles four in number; scutellum 
and abdomen yellow-grey, the latter oval, with both discal and marginal setee ; ven- 
tral surface black, with the edges of the segments white; wings with the apical 
cross veins straight, and the outer ones sinuous; calyptra and halteres yellow; legs 
black. 

This pretty little species has been taken near Hastings by Mr. Esam, and also 
at Colchester by Mr. Harwood ; a specimen was kindly sent to me by the Rev. H. 

_N. Bloomfield. 


108 (May, 


TACHINA, Men. 


A number of incongruous species have been placed together in 
this genus, having the following characters in common, viz., eyes 
nude; antenne with the second joint elongated, and at least half the 
length of the third; facialia bare, or only ciliated for some distance 
with fine hairs; the first posterior wing cell partly open at the end. 
The typical species always have the fourth longitudinal vein bent at a 
sharp angle, and furnished with a true or false cubital appendix; the 
eyes of the males much more approximated than those of the female ; 
the fronto-orbital sete in an elongated series; the facial cilize some- 
what extended; and the middle abdominal segments without discal 
sete. Many other species want these characters, and some closely 
resemble those in the genus Masicera, with the exception of having 
shorter antenne. Under these circumstances I think it better to 
subdivide the genus or group into several sub-genera, retaining under 
the name of Zachina those possessing the typical features which I. 
have mentioned. 


Sub-gen. I.—TACHINA, Men. 
Hutachina, Br. & v. Berg. 


Sub-gen. ch.—¥ rontal space distinctly narrower in the male than 
female ; facial angle slightly oblique ; fronto-orbital bristles extending 
nearly half way down the face; facialia ciliated with fine hairs for 
about half way up; arista with both basal joints short; abdomen 
without discal sete on the 2nd segment; wings with the fourth lon- 
gitudinal vein bent at a sharp angle, and having a cubital appendix ; 
apical cross vein terminating at some distance before the apex of 
the wing. 
1.—T. tarvaruM, L. 
2.—T. noctuaRuUM, Rnd. 
3.—T. LaTiFRONS. Rnd. 


4,—T. BRUCARUM, Rnd. 


Sub-gen. II—CHATOTACHINA, Br. & v. Berg. 


Sub-gen. ch.—The chief point of difference between this and 
Tachina is the presence of discal setze upon the second abdominal 
segment; the facial angle is also more oblique; the facialia less 
ciliated, and the second joint of the arista a little prolonged. 


1.—C. rustica, Fln. 


2.—C. NiGRICANS, Egger. 


1894. ] 109 


The latter species has not yet been recorded as British; it is thus characterized : 
—Forehead rather prominent; eyes widely separated in the female; frontal stripe 
black, and about equal in width to the sides of frontalia, which, like the face, are 
glistening white; fronto-orbital sets extending about half way down the face, but 
not so far as in C. rustica; facial cilie only present on the lower third of the 
facialia ; antenne black, with the third joint about twice as long as the second in 
the female, but is said to be not much more than the same length in the male; arista 
with the third joint thickened for about two-thirds of its length ; palpi piceous; 
thorax and scutellum grey, the former with four moderately wide black stripes, and 
three post sutural outer dorso-central bristles; abdomen oval, grey, marked with 
irregular, transverse, black bands and tessellations; legs black, with hind tibie 
irregularly armed with sete on their outer sides; wings grey, with yellow roots, 
apical cross veins oblique, and somewhat curved ; cubital appendix rather short. 


I have only seen a single female of this species, which was captured at Hast- 
bourne by Mr. W. Esam, and kindly sent to me by the Rev. EH. N. Bloomfield. 


Sub-gen. II].— APOROTACHINA, sub-g. n. 


Sub-gen. ch.—EHyes widely separated in both sexes; fronto-orbital 
sete only extending as low as the base of the third antennal joint; 
antenne with the third joint usually twice the length of the second ; 
facialia almost nude; abdomen with both discal and marginal sete on 
the middle rings; wings without cubital appendix, and with the fourth 
longitudinal vein often bent at a blunt angle, or ina slight curve ; 
apical cross vein mostly straight, and terminating rather nearer to the 
apex of the wing than in the species belonging to the two former 
sub-genera. 

1.—A. ANGELICH, Mgn. 
2.—A. BREVIPENNIS, ,, 
3.—A. MOROSA, 9 
4,—A, AGILIS, ie 


5.—A. HORTENSIS, ,, 


Sub-gen. [V.—PELATACHINA, 2. n. 
Hyria, Dsv.,* Br. et v. Brg., pre-occupied. 


Sub-gen. ch.—Face oblique; epistome prominent; eyes much 
nearer together in the male than the female; antenne short, the 
second joint a little elongated, and the third not more than one and a 
half times as long as the second; fronto-orbital sete only extending 
as low as the base of the second antennal joint ; facial sete very few ; 
abdomen narrow (in the male) and subcylindrical, having both discal 


* Dipteres des environs de Paris. T. 1, p. 1100. 


110 [May, 


and marginal bristles ; wings with the fourth vein bent in a curve, and 
the apical cross vein terminating near the apex of the wing. 


P. treats, Fn. 


This (the only known species belonging to this sub-genus) is very aberrant. 
Desvoidy, who formed the genus Hyria for its reception, placed it in his group of 
Macquartide, and it bears a good deal of resemblance in form and structure to 
some of the species of Macquartia, the size of the antenne, and the position and 
form of the wing veins being very similar ; it differs, however, by having bare instead 
of hairy eyes, and a naked instead of a tomentose arista; it varies also from most 
or all the species in that genus with the exception of MW. grisea by the absence of 
dark, shining, metallic colours. 


BRACHYCOMA, Dsv. 


B. erratica, Men. 


Forehead prominent, frontal space moderately and nearly equally wide in both 
male and female, central stripe black, and somewhat wider than the sides, which, 
Jike the face, are white with dark reflections ; fronto-orbital setee only extending as 
low as the base of the second antennal joint; the facialia are almost bare, but the 
cheeks are ciliated with a row of very fine hairs placed near the edges of the 
facialia ; antenne black, with the third joint rather more than twice the length of 
the second; arista bare and short, thickened for nearly its whole length; thorax 
grey, marked with four black stripes, having pale shoulders and sides, and three 
post-sutural outer dorso-central sete; abdomen conical, grey, marked with a central 
dorsal stripe and four large sub-triangular spots, one on each side of the second and 
third segments; discal setee absent on median rings; calyptra large and white; 
halteres yellow ; wings with the fourth longitudinal vein bent at a sharp angle, and 
furnished with a short spurious appendix; apical cross vein curved inwards; outer 
cross vein nearly straight, and placed almost in the centre between the inner cross 
vein and the angle of the fourth; legs black; fore tarsi of male with large claws 
and pulvilli and long hairs. The female is very similar to the male, but has a 
shorter and thicker abdomen. Length, about 6 mm. 

Both sexes of this well marked species were bred by Mr. Watkins, of Painswick, 
Gloucestershire, from some Hymenopterous borings in an old cherry stump. 

Meigen placed this anomalous species, together with B. devia, in the genus 
Tachina, in which he was followed by Schiner ; by the spotted abdomen and other 
characters, however, it more properly belongs to Brachycoma. 


MILTOGRAMMA, Men. 


M. contca, Fln. 


This species has been found by Mr. Beaumont at Woking. 


(To be continued.) 


1894.] 111 


Note on Thermobia furnorum, Rov.—in the Ent. Mo. Mag. for this year, p. 
58, Mr. McLachlan says that I have considered Lepisma domestica, Pack., and 
Thermobia furnorum, Rov., identical (Ent. Amer., vi, p. 233). But this is not the 
case, for I have expressly said (loco citato), that these insects are congeneric, but 
specifically distinct. As the name Thermophila is pre-occupied, I think Newman’s 
generic name must be substituted for it, and I would now prefer to call the insect 
Lepismodes furnorum, Rov.—H. Bereroru, Tammerfors, Finland: April, 1894. 


[I acknowledge Dr. Bergroth’s correction, with thanks. To me it appears 
highly probable that the insects are specifically identical. Whether the few words 
I quoted (ante p. 53) from Newman’s note can in any way entitle the generic term 
Lepismodes to acceptation, seems to me highly doubtful. Newman, as editor of the 
“ Zoologist,” attached so little importance to it that he omitted it from the Index 
to the volume.—R. McLacutan ]. 


Xanthia ocellaris alive at Wimbledon—On September 27th last, I took at 
sugar on Wimbledon Common a specimen of a Xanthia which was entirely new to 
me. As I was quite unable to identify it, I sent the insect to Mr. Barrett for his 
opinion, but as he was on the point of leaving home for some considerable time, the 
specimen remained with him until his return. He has now very kindly identified 
the insect as Xanthia ocellaris, Bork., but strangely, it appears not to be of the usual 
European form, but is the var. lineago, which Staudinger records only from the 
Altai Range. This being the case, it appears possible, as Mr. Barrett suggests, that 
the specimen may have been accidentally introduced by some means, e. g. from a 
garden, though the part of Wimbledon Common where I took the insect is a long 
way from any garden. It is a very fresh and perfect specimen, having apparently 
only just emerged.—E. H. Taytor, 52, Mimosa Street, Fulham: March, 1894. 


The larva of Mamestra anceps.—At a Meeting of the City of London Entomo- 
logical Society, held on February 2nd, 1894, it is reported, “Mr. Prout exhibited a 
specimen of Mamestra anceps, which he had bred in January from a larva found 
feeding on grass in the Isle of Wight.” As this is only the second time the insect 
has been bred in this country, the following extracts from a letter I received from 
the late Mr. Buckler, dated October 7th, 1882, giving particulars of all that was 
known of the larva in this country up to that time will prove interesting; and, as 
doubtless his figures are still in existence, it would be very desirable that they should 
appear in the next or some following volume of his “ Larve of British Lepidoptera.” 
—J. GARDNER, Hartlepool: April 10th, 1894. 


“ Some years ago the Rev. H. Harpur Crewe’s Parish Clerk picked up in a field 
a larva, which he took to him, and from it he bred Mamestra anceps. Subsequent 
finds of what looked like the same larva produced Apamea basilinea. But many 
years ago Mr. Robson sent me several larve which he said were M. anceps; he 
reared them from eggs on garden lettuce. They grew to be 13 inches long, and were 
fed on the same food, but several died, one only going to earth in November, but no 
moth resulted. Therefore, without this proof of identity, I was not sure what 
species I had figured-—for I think I took two figures—and certainly I have never 


112 (May, 


since seen a similar larva. There was, however, something that reminded one of 
Hadena dentina, and this, if I remember right, consisted of black dashes just along 
the upper edge of the paler, but obscure, subdorsal line, though in other respects it 
was different, in addition to its greater size. Probably the larva feeds on grasses.” 
—W. BuckirR: October 7th, 1882. 


[Borkhausen’s description (sordida) is as follows :—‘ Pale brown, with a faint 
dark dorsal line, and two similar lateral lines; on both sides of the dorsal line, on 
each segment, are four black points; below the lateral lines, on each segment, a 
backwardly-directed black streak. Head, thoracic plate and anal shield black- 
brown. Lives in March and April on grasses, concealed during the day time ; pupates 
in the earth. Moth in July and August.”—C. G. Barrerr]. 


Aporia crategi introduced at Windsor.—Myr. Edmunds of Windsor writes to 
me on the 17th inst., “I have taken three more broods of larve of A. crategi; this 
looks as if it had established itself here, or at any rate it is endeavouring to stay.”— 
F. MERRIFIELD, 24, Vernon Terrace, Brighton: April 19th, 1894. 


Accidental transposition of figures of two Gracilarie.—It may be useful to 
point out that on Plate xv of the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., N.S., i (1850—1, the figure 
standing in the seventh place and numbered “7” represents the fore-wing of Gra- 
cilaria Kollariella, while the following one, numbered “8,” shows that of G. 
ononidis. This was not so intended by Mr. Stainton, for he heads the accompanying 
descriptions—“ Sp. 22, ononidis, Zeller (Plate xv, fig. 7)” (p. 191), and “Sp. 24, 
Kollariella (F. v. R.), Zeller (Plate xv, fig. 8)” (p. 193). These references, which 
are therefore incorrect, according to the published Plate, were separately repeated 
by Mr. Stainton in I. B. Lep. Tin., p. 200 (ononidis), (1854), and Nat. Hist. Tin., 
viii, p. 186 (Kollariella), p. 182 (ononidis), (1864), although in Ent. Ann., 1862, p. 
118, he had correctly referred figure 7 to Kollariella. Unfortunately both errors 
re-appear in Staudinger’s Catalogue (1871).—Eustacrt R. Banxkus, The Rectory, 
Corfe Castle: February 24th, 1894. 


Coleophora potentille, Stn., under an alias.—This Coleophora, to which as 
“ potentille, Boyd in lit.,” Mr. G. Elisha had previously drawn attention in Ent. 
Mo. Mag., xxi, pp. 254—5, was first described by Mr. Stainton under that name in 
Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiv, p. 231. In both volumes it appears in the list of “ Additions 
to the British Insect Fauna brought forward in this Volume,”’ but in each case as 
“ Coleophora tormentille, Boyd,’ which strange alias it also assumes in the “ List 
of New Genera and Species, &c., described” in Vol. xxiv! In the other Indices it 
is correctly entered, in Vol. xxi as “ potentille, Boyd in lt.,” and in Vol. xxiv under 
its present name, “ potentille, Stainton.” —Ip.: March 2nd, 1894. 


Note on a Butalis hitherto undetermined.—Recently Mr. E. Meyrick very kindly 
lent me the single example of a Butalis, taken near Newbury, which is the subject 
of his note in Ent. Mo. Mag., xiv, p. 111, and is referred to in mine in Ent. Mo. 
Mag., N. S., iv, pp. 88—9, and, after a careful examination, I have no hesitation in 


1894.] 113 


saying that it is certainly grandipennis, Haw., 9, and must no longer pose as “A 
Butalis new to Britain.” I have little doubt that Mr. Stainton was led to return it 
as perhaps dissimilella, H.-S.,and Prof. Zeller (in whose native country grandipennis 
does not seem to occur) to suggest that it might be undescribed, by the presence of 
a longitudinal streak of white scales down the centre of the fore-wing: it is narrow 
at the base, but gradually widens out until towards the hind-margin, the white scales 
no longer form a streak, but are scattered over the disc. This form of grandipennis 
appears to be unknown to most Lepidopterists, but is well illustrated by some of the 
fifty females in my series, in a few of which the white streak is quite as prominent 
as in the moth under notice. The males occasionally, though very much less 
frequently, show indications of a similar streak, but I have never yet met with or 
seen any in which it is well pronounced. The Newbury specimen is rather small, 
though if as flatly set, it would be visibly larger than my smallest specimens, and is 
exactly the same colour as the somewhat faded individuals that I took about ten 
years ago; it was netted “ona heath,” which is, in my experience, quite the most 
likely place for grandipennis, if either of its food-plants (Ulex europeus and U. 
nanus) occurs there. The published date of capture (Ent. Mo. Mag,, J. c.) is 
“ June 29th, 1875,’ but this should be “June 28th, 1874,” as is rightly given on the 
MS. label on the pin. Mr. Meyrick, who was previously unacquainted with the 
white streaked form of the insect, has now no doubt that my determination is 
correct.—Ip.: Warch ith, 1894. 


Tinea pallescentella in a wasp’s nest.—In the Grosvenor Museum at Chester, 
among other cases illustrative of life histories, is one, set up by Mr. R. Newstead, 
Curator, which, along with a nest of Vespa germanica, found at Mold, North Wales, 
shows also the insects—Dipterous, Lepidopterous, and others—which were reared 
from the nest by Mr. Newstead, and were presumably parasitic in it. 

Among these I was greatly interested to find several specimens of Tinea 
pallescentella, and to hear that at least a dozen had been reared from this nest, some 
of them showing the dark markings, others almost plain. It was not, however, 
clearly established that the Tinea is parasitic in the nest of the wasp, i its natural 
state, out of doors. This nest had been brought home in the autumn of 1890, and 
the moths were reared in February, 1891, so that great probability exists that eggs 
were laid in the nest, indoors, by a moth of the usual late autumn brood. With 
the Tinee was (of course) one Lndrosis fenestrella.—Cuas. G. Barrett, Nunhead : 
March, 1894. 


Crambus ericellus in Cumberland.—When at Carlisle a few weeks ago, I was 
asked to examine a few unnamed moths by Mr. George Dawson of that town. 
Among them I was particularly interested to find several undoubted specimens of 
Crambus ericellus in excellent condition. Having no previous knowledge of the 
occurrence of this Crambus south of the border, I made particular enquiry, and 
found that the specimens bad been taken by Mr. Dawson himself; and that he had 
found them always at a great elevation, upon two or three of the Cumberland 
mountains, but most commonly upon Great Gable, where he might have secured 


many specimens had he known what it was. 
K 


114 [May, 


So far as I am aware, there is no previous record of this species in these islands 
south of Perthshire, and its discovery in Cumberland is, therefore, of exceptional 
interest.—Ip. 


Aberration of Deiopeia pulchella, L.—On October 19th last (1893), my cousin 
gave me a female of Deiopeia pulchella, which I confined in a box loosely lined with 
paper, with the lid slightly ajar, and which I fed on a mixture of honey, beer, and 
rum, the result being that I obtained fifty-two eggs, only one of which eventually 
reached the chrysalis state. The egg period lasted from October 20th, 1893, to 
October 22nd, 1893; the larval from October 22nd, 1893, to February 8th, 1894 ; 
the pupal from February 8th, 1894, to March 16th, 1894; on which last date the 
imago (a female) appeared, the following being a description :— 

Expanse of wings, 1,5, inches. The fore-wings have only nine red spots, those 
near the base being absent, but the four black spots (at the base) are confluent, with 
merely a little white in the centre. There are only two red dots near the inner 
margin, which are normal, however. At the hind margin there are only two spots 
instead of four, those nearest the apex being absent. The remaining red dots are 
all smaller than in the type, but the black spots are more extended, and are 
generally united ; moreover, the black dots near the cilia are all joined together. 

On the hind-wings the black at the hind margin occupies exactly half the wing, 
and the two discoidal spots (one of which shows through from the under-side) 
unite, and are joined to the main body of the black. The two dots on the lobes of 
the thorax, also, are confluent. The abdomen is blackish, instead of white, and has 
a row of six black spots, darker towards the anal segment, which are not present in 
typical examples, by this possibly showing a sort. of connecting link between Himydia 
and Nemeophila, or allied genera. 

The larva was fed entirely on Borago officinalis, in a room facing south.—F. 
Bromitow, Nice, France: February 21st, 1894. 


The genus Pseudonosoderma, v. Heyd.—In the Deutsche ent. Zeit., xxix, p. 305 
(1885), a supposed new genus of Tenebrionid@e was described by von Heyden under 
the name of Pseudonosoderma, to include a single species, P. amurense, v. Heyd. 
(op. cit., p. 306, t. 4, fig. 2), from the Amoor. He compares it with Nosoderma, of 
the group Zopherides, and states that it differs from that genus in having eleven 
distinct joints to the antenne, that is to say, the antenne (instead of having the 
tenth and eleventh joints connate, as in Nosoderma) are formed precisely as in 
Phellopsis, Lec. [Ulass. Col. N. Am., Ist edit., p. 216 (1862) ]. P. suberea, Lewis 
[Entom., xx, p. 219 (1887)], from Japan and Siberia, is no doubt synonymous with 
P. amurense, v. Heyd. Phellopsis is one of many genera of the Heteromerous- 
series common to the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, as Boros, Pytho, Zilora, 
Stenotrachelus, Phryganophilus, Pyrochroa, Dendroides, Pedilus, Microtonus, &e. 
It contains two North American species, P. obcordata, Kirby, and P. porcata, Lec. 
The recently described Pseudonosoderma chinense, Semen. [Hore Ent. Ross., xxvii, 
p- 499 (1893)], from Gan-su, China, is also a Phellopsis. By some mistake, the 
genus Pseudonosoderma is included in the Byrrhide in the Zoological Record for 
1885.—G. C. Cuampton, Horsell, Woking: April 9th, 1894. 


1894.] 115 


Pentaria Oberthiiri, Champ.—In the Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1894, p. lxxvi, Dr. 
Chobaut gives a Table of the palearctic species of Pentaria, but he omits all mention 
of P. Oberthiiri, Champ. [Ent. Mo. Mag., xxviii, p. 109 (1892) ], from the Pyrenees. 
This insect, however, proves to be synonymous with P. Defarguesi, Abeille de Perrin 
[Rev. d’Ent., iv, p. 161 (1885) ], who, not recognising its obvious generic characters, 
wrongly placed the species in Anaspis. The palearctic species of Pentaria (4) are 
as follows :—badia, Rosenh. (= sericaria, Muls.), and Defarguest, Ab. (= Oberthiir?, 
Champ.), from the south of Europe; libanicus, Mars., from Lebanon ; and Rertterz, 
Chob. (op. cit., p. xxv), from the Araxes valley.—Ib. 


Aphodius consputus, Creutz.—I have in past years occasionally met with this 
rare Aphodius, but always as casual single specimens, on walls and in flood refuse. 
The dates of these captures, corroborated by that of the larger hanl made by the 
Rey. T. Wood in East Kent (Ent. Mo. Mazg., Ser. I, vol. xxiii, p. 261), have hitherto 
induced me to regard the beetle as especially a late autumn or early winter species; and 
this idea was confirmed by my finding a fine specimen crawling on a wall in New 
Brompton as late as December 28rd last. Until the early part of the present month 
(April) all my efforts to find the insect in its natural pabulum have been in vain, but 
within the last few days I have taken it rather freely in sheep-droppings on the 
pasture lands in the Isle of Sheppey, near Queenborough. Although not exactly 
plentiful, it was actually the commonest member of its genus on the two occasions 
on which I have been able to look for it; as it even outnumbered its usually 
abundant ally, A. punctato-sulcatus, from which species its smaller average size, 
darker and comparatively uniform colour, and the conspicuous yellow spot on either 
side of the clypeus, distinguish A. consputus at a glance. With it occurred 4. 
luridus, hemorrhoidalis, pusillus, and other ordinary species, but none of them in 
any great numbers. I shall be happy to give a type of Aphodius consputus to any 
Coleopterist wishing for it—James J. WALKsR, 23, Ranelagh Road, Sheerness: 
April 11th, 1894. 


Curious locality for Crioceris asparagi, Linn.—On cutting open a pierced 
bramble stem the other day in search of Hymenopterous larve, I was very much 
surprised to come upon a living example of the above ; I do not know exactly where 
the bramble stem was found, but it was from this neighbourhood, and may have 
been near an asparagus bed, anyhow it is a curious position for the insect to occupy, 
and shows that it occasionally hibernates.—H. SaunpeErs, St. Ann’s, Woking: 
April 14th, 1894. 


Dytiscus dimidiatus at Askham Bog.—On Wednesday, March 28th, I visited 
Askham Bog. I found the Bog very full of water, which surprised me, as the winter 
and early spring have been so dry. It was in the state which I have always found 
most favourable to the capture of rare Hydradephaga. The morning was very 
misty, and the sun only broke out a little time before I began work. It was very 
noticeable how, as the warmth increased, the water-beetles got more and more on the 
move. I soon took about a dozen Agabus uliginosus and a score of Hydroporus rufi- 
frons. I then visited a large pond where, twelve years ago, I took a female dimidiatus. 


I put the net down in a place where deep water can be reached from the bank, and at 
K 2 


116 { May, 


once brought up a magnificent male D. dimidiatus ; the next haul afforded a glorious 
spectacle to the Coleopterist, two males and one female, and soon after I took two 
more females. I thus secured three pairs in about fifteen minutes. I visited the 
Bog again two days after, but though I worked hard, I could not find another spe- 
cimen. It was rather curious that D. marginalis, and that species only, occurred just 
in the spot where two days before I took only D. dimidiatus. I obtained several 
Hydroporus oblongus, Scalesianus and decoratus on this occasion, as well as many 
other good insects.—W. C. Huy, Westayton, York: April, 1894. 


Extraordinary abundance of Echinomyia ursina.—On Saturday, March 24th, 
in company with a friend, I went to Wyre Forest, in the hopes of doing a little 
collecting, but we were not prepared for what occurred. In the afternoon a few 
specimens of this fine insect were taken. On Sunday, the 25th, however, they 
appeared in gradually increasing numbers until after mid-day, when four to six 
could be taken at one stroke of the net from off the sallow blooms. We found it 
sunning itself in the road and on posts wherever we collected, and some friends 
working three miles the other side of the Forest said it was equally common there. 
Tt is difficult to account for this comparatively rare insect appearing in such pro- 
fusion ; but whatever larve it is parasitical upon must have had a bad time of it last 
year, judging from its numbers.—Ratpu C. Brapuzy, Sutton Coldfield, Warwick- 
shire: April 11th, 1894. 


Obituary. 


John Jenner Weir, F.L.S8., &c., who came of a family of Scotch descent, was 
born at Lewes, Sussex, on August 9th, 1822, and died suddenly at Beckenham, Kent, 
on March 28rd, 1894. In 1831 his family removed to Camberwell, near London, 
and he was educated chiefly at Dr. Rogers’ school in that suburb. In November, 
1839, he entered the service of the Custom House, and by 1874 had attained the 
high position of Accountant and Controller General, which he held until his retire- 
ment in 1885. From his early days he was passionately devoted to Natural History, 
especially Entomology, and in 1845 was elected a Member of the Entomological 
Society of London, at the Meetings of which he was one of the most constant 
attendants for very nearly half a century, was often on its Council, Treasurer from 
1876 to 1879 inclusive, and Vice-President in 1886. He joined the Linnean Society 
in 1865 and the Zoological in 1876, and had been on the Council of both. He was 
appointed on the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society only a 
month or two before his death. In addition he was an original Member of the 
West Kent Natural History, &c., Society, and was several times President; was 
President of the South London Entomological, &c., Society for the year imme- 
diately preceding his death ; and was for long on the Council of the Ray Society. 
His intimate knowledge of accounts caused him to be frequently appointed Auditor 
at all of these Societies. 

His first published notes appeared in the ‘ Zoologist”” for 1845, and the last, 
being the description of a new species of Butterfly (the only species we think he 
ever described), was published posthumously in the “ Entomologist” for last month. 
Weir was a man of vast general knowledge in all branches of Natural History, and 


1894,] 117 


freely imparted his information to others, and it is to be regretted that he produced 
comparatively little original work ; he had been heard to say that his time was too 
much occupied in testing the observations of others. In addition to notes in various 
serials, he published two papers on the edibility of certain caterpillars as correlated 
with their colours, &c., in the Trans. Ent. Soc. for 1869 and 1870, and, indeed, most 
of his observations lay in the direction of Philosophical Natural History, in con- 
nection with which he largely assisted Darwin (of whom he was an enthusiastic 
admirer), as acknowledged by him in his writings. It can truly be said of him that 
there was no branch of Natural History of which he had not some acquaintance, 
and of many it was intimate. 

Early in his career he studied British Miero-Lepidoptera, and several of his 
discoveries therein were named after him. At times he seemed to practically 
abandon Entomology, and to take up enthusiastically some other cognate subject, 
such as Ornithology, Botany, &c. His latter years were principally devoted to 
Horticulture and the formation of an extensive general collection of Butterflies, 
more especially of those groups that afforded subjects for the study of mimicry and 
protective resemblances. In conjunction with his brother, Harrison Weir, the 
artist (who differed from him in all respects as much as two men possibly could, save 
in the love of Nature common to both), he frequently acted as judge at the Crystal 
Palace cat, dog, and bird shows. 

In the foregoing notes we have endeavoured to bring prominently forward the 
many-sidedness of Weir’s acquirements. In social circles he will be long missed 
by a large number of friends, and not the least for his conversational powers, which 
were exhibited in a strikingly emphatic manner; with Jenner Weir for a companion 
a railway journey was never tedious. He had travelled much on the Continent, and 
never failed to acquire stores of information thereby ; his aptitude for exact obser- 
vation was of the highest order. 

Some years ago he was attacked by a form of heart disease of a terribly fatal 
character (angina pectoris was the cause of his extremely sudden death), but after 
the shock of the first knowledge of the nature of his malady he soon re-acquired 
his natural vivacity, and his friends noticed that latterly his innate vitality seemed 
more marked than ever. Those who knew him intimately realize the loss of a 
thorough naturalist, a genial companion, and a faithful friend. He leaves a widow, 
one son and two daughters; a second son died suddenly in Germany when com- 
pleting his education.—R. Mch. 


Societies. 

BirMingHaAm EnromonogicaL Society: March 19th, 1894.— Mr. R. C. 
BRavDLey in the Chair. 

Mr. A. H. Martineau showed a few Lepidoptera received from Sierra Leone ; 
he also showed a small collection of Lepidoptera, made by Mr. R. W. Chase in 
Lundy Island last year: it contained, amongst other things, Satyrus Semele, Vanessa 
Atalanta, V. urtice, V. polychloros, Macroglossa stellatarum, Bombyx rubi, Zygena 
trifolii, and Z. filipendule. Mr. Bradley remarked that many of the specimens 

were distinctly under the average size of the species. Mr. Bradley and Mr. Colbran 


118 (May, 


J. Wainwright each showed boxes taken from their collections containing the 
Tachinide. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed single specimens of Leucania obsoleta and 
Senta maritima from near Ely.—Co~Bran J. Wainwriaut, Hon. Sec. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE EntomotoaicaL Society: April 9th, 1894, 
the last Meeting of the winter session.—Mr. S. J. Cappsr, F.L.S., F.E.S., President, 
in the Chair. 

The following papers were read :—‘ Lepidoptera of Prescot,” by the Rev. R. 
Freeman; “A Note on Aculeate Hymenoptera and Diurnal Lepidoptera during 
March, 1894,” by Mr. Willoughby Gardner, F.R.G.S.; and “ Ammophila lutaria,” 
by Mr. C. H. Stott. The papers were all illustrated by specimens. Reports of the 
additions to the lists of the Insect Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire for the years 
1891-2-3 were read, as follows:—Coleoptera and Hemiptera- Heteroptera, by Mr. 
W. E. Sharp; Hymenoptera, by Mr. Willoughby Gardner; and Lepidoptera by 
Messrs. Capper and Pierce. The lists showed that many important additions had 
been made to these lists, and that steady work was being done in the neglected 
Orders. Mr. Jones exhibited a number of Teniocampe taken at sallows from 
Llangollen. Mr. Crabtree, Callimorpha Hera and light varieties of Zygena filipen- 
dule. Miss Tomlin, of Chester, a number of Hymenoptera from Madras. The Rev. 
R. Freeman, Rhopalocera from North-West India. Mr. Sharp, a collection of local 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera.—F. N. Pierce, Hon. Secretary, 7, The Elms, Dingle, 
Liverpool. 


THe SoutnH Lonpon EntomMotogicaL AND Naturat History Socrety: 
March 22nd, 1894.—E. Step, Esq., President, in the Chair. 

The Rev. J. E. Tarbat, The Common, Weybridge, was elected a Member. 

Mr. South exhibited a long bred series of Teniocampa gothica, L., including 
many var. gothicina, which he had received from Mr. Rose, of Barnsley. The whole 
were large, and of a deep red shade; also buds of Arundo phragmites, L., from 
Hampshire, which were infested by a large Dipterous larva. Mr. Turner, a long 
series of Hybernia leucophearia, Schiff., taken this year, including a considerable 
number of melanic forms. Mr. Adkin, a series of the same species from the New 
Forest, the common form among them being the white banded one. Mr. Auld, a 
very large recently bred specimen of Ocneria dispar, L. Mr. Sauzé, a locust 
(Gédipoda tartarica) captured at Brixton among vegetables imported from Italy. 
Several members noted that Teniocampa munda, Esp., Asphalia flavicornis, L., 
Diurnea fagella, Fb., and Semioscopus avellanella, Hb., were out. 


April 12th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 

The President referred to the great loss the Society had sustained by the death 
of Mr. J. Jenner Weir, who had always taken such an active interest in its meetings, 
and a resolution was unanimously adopted that a letter of condolence and sympathy 
should be sent to Mrs. Weir. Mr. Carpenter exhibited long series of Hybernia 
leucophearia, Schiff., from Coombe Wood, West Wickham, and the New Forest, 
showing the typical forms in each place, also ova of Trachea piniperda, Panz. 
Mr. Adkin, for Mr. Billups, the following rare Diptera: Meigenia majuscula, from 


1894.] 119 


Dulwich, new to Britain, Sciomyza rufiventris, from Ireland, Degeeria pulchella, 
bred from Peronea maccana by Mr. Adkin, Urellia elata, from Lewisham, and an 
unknown species of the genus Phorbia; also galls of Dryophanta divisa and their 
maker, with Synergus albipes, one of its inquilines, and five parasites, viz., Mesopo- 
lobus fasciventris, Syntomaspis caudatus, Upelmus urozonus, Decatoma biguttata, 
and a Chalecid. Mr. Adkin, a drawer showing series of the genus Noctua from 
various localities, especially NV. glareosa, Esp., and N. augur, Fb. Mr. Moore and 
Mr. Perks, wood which had been destroyed by Coleoptera. Mr. C. A. Briggs, a 
number of very striking varieties of Abraxas grossulariata, L., similar to those 
figured by Newman, and The Young Naturalist, Vol. I. Mr. Jager, a living Biston 
hirtaria, Clerck, stating that he had met with a considerable number of cripples, all 
malformed on the right side.—Hznry J. TuRNER, Hon. Secretary. 


ENtToMOLOGICAL SocieTyY oF Lonpon: March 28th, 1894.—Hrenry JoHN 
Exwes, Esq., F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw, of 58, Comiston Road, Edinburgh, was elected a 
Fellow of the Society. 


Mr. McLachlan announced the sudden death, on the 28rd inst., of Mr. J. 
Jenner Weir, who joined the Society in 1845, and had been one of its most regular 
attendants. He also commented on the scientific attainments of the deceased, and 
his social qualities. Mr. Goss and Mr. Merrifield also spoke of their long friendship 
with the deceased, and of the respect and esteem which they entertained for his 
varied knowledge and amiability of disposition. 

Mr. W. Borrer, Jun., exhibited a wasp’s nest which had been built in such a 
way as to conceal the entrance thereto and to protect the whole nest from observa- 
tion. He believed the nest to be that of Vespa vulgaris (cf. Proc. Ent. Soc. 
London, 1892, pp. 20 and 21). Mr. McLachlan and Mr. Blandford made some 
remarks on the subject. 

Mr. G. F. Hampson exhibited a specimen of Gaudaritis flavata, Moore, from 
the Khari Hills, and called attention to the existence in the males of this species, in 
the closely allied British species Cidaria dotata, Iinn., and also in two Japanese 
species (C. Agnes, Butl., and an undescribed species), of an organ on the under-side 
of the fore-wing, which he suggested might be for stridulation ; this organ consist- 
ing of a small scar of hyaline membrane situated just below the middle of vein 2, 
which is much curved : this scar is fringed with long hair, and has running down 
its middle a row of sharp spines situated on the aborted remains of vein 1, and 
which is curved up close to vein 2. Mr. Hampson said that in the Japanese species 
C. Fixreni of Brem., closely allied to flavata, the males have no trace of this organ ; 
and he hoped that entomologists who have an opportunity of observing dotata in 
life would make some experiments on living specimens during the ensuing summer ; 
probably confining males and females together would lead to some results. The 
President, Prof. E. B. Poulton, Lord Walsingham, and Mr. Hampson took part in 
the discussion which ensued. 

The Rey. I. A. Marshall communicated a paper, entitled, “ A Monograph of 
the British Braconide, Part V.” 


120 (May, 1894. 


Mr. Louis Péringuey communicated a paper, entitled, “ Descriptions of new 
Cicindelide from Mashunaland.” 

Prof. Poulton gave an account of his recent tour in the United States, and 
commented on the Entomological and other collections contained in the American 
museums. Lord Walsingham, Mr. Hampson, and the President also made some 
remarks on the subject. 


April 11th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 


Mr. F. W. Jones, of 63, Carlton Hill, St. John’s Wood, N.W., and Dr. William 
Steer Riding, B.A., M.D., of Buckerell, Honiton, Devon, were elected Fellows of 
the Society. 

The Hon. Walter Rothschild exhibited male and female specimens of Orni- 
thoptera paradisea, Stdgr., from Finisterre Mountains, New Guinea; O. trojana, 
Stder., from Palawan; O. Andromache, Stdgr., from Kina Balu, Borneo; Wnetus 
mirabilis, Rothsch., from Cedar Bay, Queensland ; and a few other splendid species 
from the Upper Amazons. The President, Mr. J. J. Walker, Mr. Osbert Salvin, 
Lord Walsingham, Colonel Lang, Mr. Champion, and Mr. Hampson made remarks 
on the geographical distribution of some of the species and the elevation at which 
they were taken. 

Mr. H. Goss exhibited, for Mr. G. A. J. Rothney, several specimens of a species 
of Hemiptera (Serinetha augur, Fab.), and a species of Lepidoptera (Phauda flam- 
mans, Walk.), the latter of which closely resembled and mimicked the former. He 
said that Mr. Rothney had found both species abundantly on the roots and trunks 
of trees in Mysore, in November last, in company with ants (several species of 
Camponotus and Cremastogaster). The Hemiptera appeared to be distasteful to 
the ants, as they were never molested by them, and he thought that the species of 
Lepidoptera was undoubtedly protected from attack by its close imitation of the 
Hemipteron. Mr. Goss said he was indebted to Mr. C. J. Gahan for determining 
the species. A discussion followed on the mimicking species, in which the President, 
Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. J. J. Walker, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Hampson, and others 
took part. 

Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited (1) a typical specimen of Lycena Corydon, captured 
in July, 1893; (2) a hybrid male (LZ. Corydon and L. Adonis), taken in copuld 
with a typical female Z. Adonis, May 20th, 1893; (8) a typical male LZ. Adonis, 
May 20th, 1893; (4) a female Z. Adonis, the pigment failing in one hind-wing ; 
(5) a pale var. of Z. Corydon, probably to be referred to var. apennina of Zeller, 
usually taken in Italian mountains, or var. albicans, H.-S., taken in Andalusia. Mr. 
Tutt remarked that the hybrid retains the external features of Corydon, but has 
taken on to a great extent the coloration of Z. Adonis. It was captured in copuld 
with a femaie L. Adonis, at a time when L. Adonis was very abundant, and some 
weeks before Z. Corydon occurred (vide Ent. Record, iv, p. 230). 

The question having been raised by the President as to the number of meetings 
of the Society which it was desirable to hold during the year, and the most con- 
venient dates for such meetings, a long discussion on the subject ensued, in which 
Mr. Waterhouse, Mr. Salvin, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, the Rev. T. Wood, 
Mr. 8. Stevens, the Rev. J. 8. St. John, and others took part.—H. Goss, Hon. 
Secretary. 


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CONTENTS. PAGE 

Notes on the earlier stages of the Nepticuls, with a view to their better 
recognition (continwed).—John H. Wood, M.B. .....:.....cceeceesee ten ieenee ne 
Abundance of Pyrameis cardui, L., in the Ziban, Algeria.—Rev. A. H. Haton, 


Cionns longicollis, Ch. Brisout : an addition to the British List.—G. C. Cham- 
Patent Postal Box without packing.—H. Guard Knaggs, M.D., F.L.S............. 101 
British Hemiptera: additions and corrections.—James Edwards, F.H.S........ 101 
Supplement to Annotated List of British Tachiniidee.—R. H. Meade ............ 107 
Note on Thermobia furnorum, Rov.—E. Bergroth, M.D. ...........0..6.06 seveeeeesee LIL 
Xanthia ocellaris alive at Wimbledon.—E. H. Taylor ..........c0.4 2c seeseeveneneses LIL 
The larva of Mamestra anceps.—J. Gardner, F.E.S. ..... ..ceecceceeceeeee eevee WDD 
Aporia cratzgi introduced at Windsor.—F. Merrifield, F.E.S. ...........002.-.00 112 
Accidental transposition of figures of two Gracilarie.—EH. R. Bankes, M.A., 
Coleophora potentille, Stn., under an alias.—Id. .. 1.0... es eeeten sentence eee 112 
Note on a Butalis hitherto undetermined.—Id. .. ..... 0c eee . 112 
Tinea pallescentella in a wasp’s nest.—C. G. Barrett, F.H.S. 10.0.0... cece 118 
Crambus ericellus in Cumberland.—Id. ... .........000.0 05 eeeee ceeee ce ceeeee cesses 118 
Aberration of Deiopeia pulchella, L.— Frank Bromilow, F.E.S....... . ........... 114 
The genus Pseudonosoderma, v. Heyd.—G. C. Champion, F.Z.S8. ........-......... 114 
Pentaria Oberthtiri, Champ:——I@. 9.0235 haesc-cc eo eee eeeteserie ose es-ee eee eee eer lee 
Aphodius consputus, Creutz.—J. J. Walker, R.N., F.L.S. ...... perme erodes cll 
Curious locality for Crioceris asparagi, L.— EH. Saunders, F.L.S. ... 0.2... ..0 116 
Dytiscus dimidiatus at Askham Bog.—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A ........... 0.5... .. 116 
Extraordinary abundance of Hchinomyia ursina.—R. C. Bradley ...... ........ 116 
Oxpiruary.—John Jenner Weir, F.L.S., &C.  .......00... sesso eeeceeceecee ce toesee sees LIG 
SocteT1es.—Birmingham Entomological Society .............s6sseseeeee ee ee 117 
Laneashire and Cheshire Entomological Society ................. 118 
South London Entomological, &c., Society .............. .....,... 118 
Entomological Society of London .. | ........0 06.00. eevee eee eee serene es LLY 


DE. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, BLASEWITZ- DRESDEN, 
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Hsq., and the late Horacr Francis, sq. 

On view the Saturday prior, 12 till 4, and Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. 


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_ Second Series, No. 54. | 
| (No. 361.] JUNE, 1894. [Prick 6d. 
THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S 
MONTHLY MAGAZINE, 


EDITED BY 


C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W. W. FOWLER, M.A., F.LS. 

G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.8. BR. MLACHLAN, FBS. 

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.LS. 
LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.B.S., &c. 


SECOND SERIES—VOL. V. 


[VOL. XXX.] 


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June, 1894.} 121 


IS ALEUROPTERYX LUTEA, LOW, IDENTICAL WITH CONIOPTERYX 
LUTEA, WAULG.? 


BY PROF. FR. KLAPALEK, F.E.S 


The question whether the species described under the name Alew- 
ropteryx lutea, Wallg., by Léw in his paper, “ Beitrag zur Kenntniss 
der Coniopterygiden,” is identical 
with the species whose name it 
| bears,arosein my mind when I was 
arranging and naming my mate- 
rialsof Bohemian Coniopterygide, 
amongst which I have detected 
a few specimens collected in the 
year 1891 during my excursion 
in Sudets, and others from the 
neighbourhood of Prague, all 


agreeing in the neuration, and 
distinguished by the twice furcated cubitus. Last year, when searching 
for more materials, I was delighted to find the same species very 
abundantly in a third locality in the neighbourhood of Prague. These 
specimens were likewise quite in accord with the above mentioned. 

When examining my materials more closely I found that they 
agreed tolerably well with the description and figures given by Low, 
but there were some little discrepancies. Then I applied to them the 
description given by Wallengren, with which they agreed very well. 
Comparing the descriptions given by Wallengren and Low, I came to 
the conviction that the species described by Low must be different 
from Coniopteryx lutea, Walle. 

For the sake of comparison I give here the description given by 
Low (A) and the description of my examples agreeing with that given 
by Wallengren (B), pointing out the differences only. 


A. 
Antenne 26—27-jointed in both sexes. 


Their second basal joint with a conical 
tooth beneath. 


‘The wings with a very slight brownish 
tinge and brown neuration. 


Sector radii in the anterior wings simple, 
arising almost from middle of the 
radius. 


B. 

Antenne 23—25-jointed in both sexes. 

No tooth on the second basal joint of the 
antenne. 

Wings with a slight brownish tinge, 
rather iridescent when deprived of 
the powder; neuration strong, distinct 
and brown. 

Sector radii simple, arising a little before 
the middle of the radius. 


122 


The transverse nervule in the area radi- 
alis not much further removed from 
the end of radius than the nervule in 


the area subcostalis. 


The outer nervule in the area discoidalis 
is placed on the upper branch of the 
first cubital fork on the base of the 
second fork, or a little removed from it. 


The nervule limiting outwardly the cel- 
lula postcubitalis intermedia lies a 
little behind the inner nervule in the 
area discoidalis (according to Léw’s 


figure !). 


The fork of the sector radii in posterior 
wings very short, a little shorter than 
its distance from the anastomosis of 
the transverse nervule in the area ra- 


dialis (according to Léw’s figure !). 


{ June, 


The transverse nervules in the area sub- 
costalis and radialis meet each other 


almost at the same point. 


The outer nervule in the area discoidalis 
runs into the sector radii very little 
before the nervule in the area radialis, 
and with its other end into the upper 
branch of the second fork of the 
cubitus. All the four nervules in the 


outer series form therefore a line. 


The nervule limiting outwardly the cel- 
lula postcubitalis intermedia forms 
almost a line with the inner nervule 


in the area discoidalis. 


The fork of the sector radii in posterior 
wings long, more than two-thirds of 
the length of its stalk, so that the 
transverse nervule in the area radialis 
runs into the first third of its upper 
branch. The same nervule meets the 

radius very little before the nervule 


in the area subcostalis. 


Though the differences seem slight, they are very constant and 


thorough. 


I supposed at first that Dr. Low had known the types of 


Wallengren, and considered perhaps his own examples as a variety 
not deserving further mention; but Mr. Wallengren was kind enough 
to inform me that his types are in the Museum at Stockholm, and have 
not even been seen by himself for 20 years. As Dr. Low does not 
mention he had before him materials of this Museum, I must infer he 
did not know the types, and was guided by the description only. I 
am now convinced of the distinctness of Alewropteryx (Coniopteryx) 
lutea, Wallg., and the Aleuropteryx described by Low, which may, in 
honour of its worthy discoverer, bear the name of Léwii. Our Bohe- 
mian specimens belong to the true A. lutea, Wallg. (the neuration of 
which is represented in the figure here given), and were collected on 
Abies picea. The Aleur. Lowi lives on Pinus mughus, Scop. 

Whether the specimens from Finland and Siberia belong to the 
true Aleuropteryx lutea or not remains to be decided. 


Prague, Bohemia : 
April 29th, 1894. 


1894. ] 123 


ON THE PROBABLE CASE OF MOLANNODES ZELLERI, Mcu., AND 
SOME NOTES ON THE LARVA. 


BY PROF. FR. KLAPALEK, F.E.S. 


Three years ago I chanced to collect in a brook near Jablonné in 
East Bohemia some young larve and empty nymph cases, which, 
though I have not been able to confirm this 
opinion by rearing, I hold as belonging to 
Molannodes Zelleri, McUach., which had been 
found rather abundantly in the same locality 
in the foregoing year. The reasons of my 
belief are based especially on the form of 
the case and larva. There is, except Mo- 
lanna angustata, Curt., no other allied species 
as yet known from any part of this king- 
dom, and it is not very probable any will be 
found here. AsIdo not hope to be able 
soon to observe the whole metamorphosis, 
and as the case and larva themselves are 


interesting enough to deserve attention, I 
will give here some preliminary notes on them. The cases show in 
every respect the greatest resemblance to those of Molanna angustata, 
Curt., which have been, from their singular form, several times de- 
scribed.* They are made of fine sand grains mingled with small plates 
of mica and minute particles of black bark, so that they are semipellucid 
and black spotted. The inner tube narrowed gradually bebind and a 
little curved downward, has its sides and the upper part of the anterior 
margin dilated. But it is easily to be distinguished from the case of 
DI. angustata by the side margins. These are, in the Molanna cases, 
broader and distinctly separated by a shallow groove from the tube 
proper. In Molannodes, on the contrary, the slightly arched upper- 
side of the case passes insensibly and directly into the side lobes. 
The transverse section of the case appears, therefore, triangular, 
rounded beneath, slightly arched above, and with sharp side angles. 
The posterior end of the case is narrowed as in Molanna, open above, 
and having an appearance as of a groove. The case is 14 mm. long 
and 4—5 mm. broad. 

The larva is also very similar to a Molanna larva. Its posterior 
legs are proportionately somewhat longer, their tibie show likewise 


*Dr H. Hagen: Ueber Phryganiden Gehiuse (Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1864, p. 223). K.J. Morton : 
Notes on the Metamorphoses of British Leptoceride (Ent. Mo. Mag., Ser. 2, vol. i, p. 128). Klapa- 
lek : Die Metamorphose der 7'richopteren, Sér. 2, p. 88. 

L 2 


124 {[June, 


the division into two parts, and the claws, which are in Molanna short 
and divided at their end into fine bristles, in IMJolannodes end in a 
fine long bristle, and bear numerous short hairs. The branchie of 
the young larve are in twos only (in Molanna in threes and fours). 
The lst and 2nd tibiew are prolonged on the inner edge into conical 
processes, each bearing on its tip a strong bristle. These processes 
are especially large on the middle tibie. 

Also the habits of the larve are very similar to those of the above 
named genus. I have collected them in a clear brook, but only near 
its entrance into the river T. Orlice, in places where the bottom is 
covered with fine sand, and where the water runs rather quietly. The 
larva moves slowly by fits and starts on the bottom, and one must be 
very attentive in order to see and catch them. The case is a very 
interesting instance of protective form and colour. 

The figures show a larva case and a transverse section of same, 
both x 6. 


Prague, Bohemia : 
April 28th, 1894. 


ANISOLABIS ANNULIPES, LUC., AT TAVISTOCK; AN EARWIG 
UNRECORDED FOR BRITAIN. 


BY HAROLD SWALE, M.B. 


After reading the “ Entomology of a London Bakehouse” in the 
April number of the Ent. Mo. Mag.,I paid a visit to the oldest 
bakehouse here to try and get some specimens. 

In Coleoptera I found only one example of Tenebrio molitor ; but 
among the ashes under the furnace were great numbers of an earwig, 
different in appearance to any I had seen before. I took home several, 
and made out that it was a species of Anisolabis. Mr. Saunders, to 
whom a specimen was sent, refers the earwig to Anisolabis annulipes, 
Lucas. The bakers say they have always seen them there, so they 
must have arrived in the bakery many years ago. 

It is easily distinguished by the 12th and 138th antennal joints 
being white, the rest brown, and by the dark ring round the femora 
of the otherwise testaceous legs. 


Tavistock: May loth, 1894. 


[This species has been found in several Mediterranean localities, 
and commonly in the Island of Madeira. How it obtained a footing 
in an inland town in Devonshire we leave to the conjecture of local 
entomologists.—Ep. Saunp. |. 


1894.) 125 


LITA INSTABILELLA, Dat., AND ITS NEAREST BRITISH ALLIES. 
BY EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Continued from page 83). 


7. Lira opsonEreria, F. v. R. 

Lita obsoletella, F. v. R., 225, pl. 79 (1840) ; Dup.; Dgl.; Stn.; H.-S. ; Frey ; 
Hein. 

Larva—inside stems of various species of Atriplex and Chenopodium, feeding 
on the pith, V—X. 

Pupa—in slight white silk cocoon in burrow inside stem, or occasionally outside 
among dead leaves, &c., VI—IX, X—V. 

Imago—V—IX. 

Broods—two or more, apparently a succession ; hibernates as pupa. 

Hab. : Exetanp—Dorset, I. of Wight, Sussex ; more local than 
the preceding. I have no knowledge of its occurrence away from the 
coast in this country, though it occurs inland on the continent. 

The usual habits of all the above species are liable to slight modifications, 
according to circumstances, and these may result in partial second broods, pups 
lying over, &e. 

The first systematic attempt to clear up the existing confusion 
was made, some few years ago, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, who, with 
great energy and perseverance, investigated the life-histories of all 
the Lite here mentioned, with the exception of suedella. Mr. J. B. 
Hodgkinson tells me that he bred this species in July, about the year 
1872, from larves found in May or June in shoots of 8. fruticosa, near 
the mouth of the Wyre, in Lancashire ;* it was taken by Mr. Atmore 
in Norfolk in 1881, bred by Mr Harwood, in Essex, in 1882, and bred 
from Dorset larve by Mr. Richardson in 1885, and by myself in 
1886. These discoveries were, in each case, made independently, and 
without previous knowledge of its existence. In no collection have I 
seen any but quite modern specimens. 

In Zool., 1V, p. 1270, p. 1268, fig. 10 (1846), are to be found the 
original description, by Mr. Douglas, and a figure of Anacampsis insta- 
bilella, but as these seemed insufiicient to indicate the exact species 
before him, Mr. Douglas’s cabinet series was, thanks to the kindness 
of the present owner, Mr. P. B. Mason, examined by both Mr. Fletcher 
and myself, independently. There was nothing to show which was the 


* I must add that there were no suedella among the specimens kindly forwarded by Mr. 
Hodgkinson, as, perhaps, some of those that he bred, nor could any of the moths sent have 
resulted from larvze with the habits of those then found by him, and the occurrence of the 

‘rare S. fruticosa, a perennial, in Lancashire is not recorded in Hooker’s “ Student’s Flora,” 3rd 
edition (1884), or thought at all probable by Mr. J. Britten, of the Butanical Department of the 
British Museum. 


126 [June, 


type specimen, Mr. Douglas having stated that the first place in the 
row was no guarantee, and the ten moths standing as “ dnstabzlella, 
Dgl.,” represented three distinct species, for 

(z) Nos. 1, 5, 6 proved to be what is now recognised as Lita instabilella. 

(©) ap » Lita plantaginella. 

(ec) ,, 8,4, 8, 9,10 proved to be Lita salicornia. 

(2) Last spring, however, it occurred to me that the one and only 
insect to which the original description and figure could apply was a 
scarce form of ZL. instabilella, for no known form of any of its allies 
ever shows the combination of “a lighter transverse striga near the 
apex,” and “a line (7. e., a dark line, as shown in the woodcut) down 
the centre.” Having no recollection of the actual specimens, I there- 
fore asked Mr. Mason for the loan of Nos. 1,5, and 6 in the Douglas 
series, and he obligingly sent me 1 and 5, but the third moth was 
plantaginella, and I afterwards found out that he had accidentally 
forwarded No. 7 instead of No. 6! No. 1 was, as expected, a splendid 
example of the scarce, dark-streaked form of instabilella, and there 
ean be no doubt that, being the most strongly marked, it was taken as 
the type, and described and figured in the Zoologist, which justifies 
me in restricting the name to the species, of which this form is a 
known variety. No.5 and No. 6 (which I subsequently examined) 
were ordinary streakless forms. To my great regret, Nos. 1, 5, and 
7 were lost in the post on the return journey, so the type has dis- 
appeared. 

(6) Itis equally clear that when Mr. Douglas captured the original 
specimens of instabilella, near St. Osyth, Essex, in July, 1845, he also 
took at the same time examples of the then unrecognised plantaginella, 
and considered them to be forms of the same variable insect, for, 
apart from the fact that Nos. 2 and 7 in his series are that species, the 
Zeller collection contains a typical plantaginella, received from the 
late Mr. Stainton, whose own label it bears :—‘Jnstabilella. Salt. 
marshes, St. Osyth. One of Douglas’ original specimens, captured 
1845 ;’ and in Professor Frey’s collection there also stands a single 
typical plantaginella, labelled :—“ G. instabilella, Dougl. Petrophila, 
ol. Frey. England (St. Osyth).” 

(c) In the I. B. Lep. Tin., p. 126 (1854), to his description of 
““ Gelechia instabilella,’ Mr. Stainton adds: “ Mr. Douglas bred this 
species last autumn from larve he found at Brighton, in August, 
feeding on Salicornia herbacea and Chenopodium maritimum.” This is 
the first allusion to the species now recognised as Lita salicornia, 
Hering, which alone feeds on both these plants, and is found on them 


1894.] 127 


in the larva state in August, by Mr. Fletcher, on the Brighton coast- 
line. Bred examples lately received from Major E. Hering, of Stettin, 
to whom I am greatly indebted, are identical with Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, and 
10 in the Douglas series, and with those reared by Mr. Fletcher. The 
Zeller collection contains a few examples of this insect, labelled :— 
“Salicornella, Stg. Salzig See, lit., 11/61 ;” five being dated “29.5.59,”’ 
and the rest, “ 14.5.62,” and these, Major Hering tells me, are the very 
ones alluded to in his paper on “ Lita salicornia, n. spec.,” in Stett. 
Ent. Zeit., L, pp. 8302—5 (1889), as having been taken at the Salt 
Lake, at Erdeborn, near Hisleben, and sent to Professor Zeller by 
the late brother of his friend, Herr G. Stange (‘‘Stg.,” = “ Stange.” 
HK. Hering). Full particulars about this species will be given below. 

(d) Gelechia (Lita) ocellatella was first described and named by 
Mr. Stainton in Ent. Ann., 1859, pp. 151—2, from specimens bred 
(Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 252) by Mr. Thomas Boyd from larve found 
feeding, in May, in flower-heads of Beta maritima at the Lizard, in 
Cornwall. And although Mr. Stainton in later years lost faith in his 
ocellatella, and finally sunk the name as a synonym of “‘instabilella” 
(Ent. Mo. Mag., . c.), yet the characteristics given in the original 
description and diagnosis prove beyond a doubt that the Lita which 
he described as ocellatella was the pretty “ ocellated ”’ insect, “dusted 
with ochreous,” of which the only known food-plant is Beta maritima. 
The name must, therefore, be retained for this species,* of which I 
have seen in Mr. Wollaston’s collection one of the examples taken by 
him at Porto Santo (EH. A., 1859, pp. 151—2). Through the kindness 
of Mr. W. C. Boyd, I have examined some fine specimens of “ ocella- 
tella”’ out of Mr. T. Boyd’s collection; presumably they were either 
the very moths, or bred from the same batch of larve as those from 
which Mr. Stainton took his description, and all are true ocellatella. 
Mr. Douglas’s series of “ ocellatella”’ consists solely and entirely of 
this species. 

In Mr. Stainton’s cabinet, the series of “instabilella, Dougl.” is 
composed in accordance with the views expressed in Ent. Mo. Mag., 
XIX, pp. 251—3, and, with its overflows into the spaces for L. 
Strelitziella and FR. leucatella, includes :— 

Two L. ocellatella, labelled, “ e. 1., Scilly, Jenkinson, 30.6.78.” Four L. ocel- 
latella, labelled, ‘‘e.1.,5—i, 7. Shoots and leaves, Beta maritima. C.G. Barrett. 


* In the Stainton continental collection are seven examples of a Lita, standing as “‘ ocellatella, 
Stt.,” and labelled ‘‘Golf Juan. Constant. 8.82,” and Lord Walsingham, in 1887, received 
specimens of the same from M. Constant, from Cannes, with the information that it had been 
identified by Mr. Stainton as “‘ ocellatella.” It is, however, very distinct from ocellatella, but is 
nearly allied to instabilella, from which it may be readily separated by its decidedly smaller size 
(5}/— 6!" as against 6}/”—-7'”), by the much more ochreous colour of the fcre-wings, and by the 
fascia, when present, being more indistinct. 


128 (June, 


25.10.79.” Four D. ocellatella, labelled, “e.1., Beta. Ocellatella, Barrett. CO. G. 
Barrett. 26.9.85.” Eleven ZL. instabilella, labelled, “e 1., Atriplex pdrtulacoides. 
Shoreham, Sussex. W. H. B. Fletcher. 15.4.82.”? One ZL. instabilella, labelled, 
“e. 1., 3.7.84. Statice limonium. Freshwater, 1. W. W. H. B. Fletcher.” As the 
larva of instabilella has never been found on Statice limonium by Mr. Fletcher 
(or by any one else!) a single pupa was doubtless in rubbish among the old 
Statice stems sent by him to Mr. Stainton in May, 1884 (Ent. Mo. Mag., XXT, 
p- 60). One ZL. instabilella, labelled, “e. 1. .18.6.54. Atriplex portulacoides. 
Brighton. J.N. Winter.” Four Z. swedella, labelled, “e. 1., Sueda fruticosa. 
Weymouth. N. M. Richardson. 20.8.85.” Two L. suedella, labelled, “ 8.86. 
Hunstanton. C.G. Barrett. 13.9.86.’’ Among these stand, side by side, two un- 
mounted and un-labelled specimens, that on the right being ocellatella (a worn 6), 
that on the left salicornie. There is also a moth mounted on pith, through which 
runs an extremely long continental pin, bearing a MS. label, “ oce/latella,” but no 
data, and a small ticket on which is printed “56.” It was most probably one of 
a set intended to be sent to a continental correspondent, but that the moth in 
question is not one of the types of ocellatella, Stn., is proved by a comparison with 
the description, and it is certainly instadilella. Next above the series of “insta- 
bilella”’ is obsoletella, to the right of which is G. aleella; pinned sideways on the 
line between them are four un-mounted and un-labelled instabilella, the lowest 
being the scarce dark-streaked form, which was described as the type; and in the 
aleella space are eight un-mounted atriplicella, labelled, “e. 1., Atriplex seeds. 
Bristol. Grigg, 23.8.80.” The series of “plantaginella, Stn.,” consists of six 
examples of that species, all labelled, “e.1., Roots of Plantago maritima. Fleet- 
wood. Threlfall, 12.11.79.” 


The descriptions of the imago of “instabilelia,” in the I. B. Lep. 
Tin., and the “ Manual,” appear to me to have been drawn up mainly 
from plantaginella, but partly from instabilella also, because in both a 
pale angulated fascia is mentioned, which is wanting in plantaginella. 
In both works the locality, “ St. Osyth,” applies to both instabilella 
and plantaginella, while in the I. B. Lep. Tin., “ Brighton,” and the 
remarks about the larve and food-plants, refer to salicornie only. In 
the “ Manual,” the larva described under “instabilella” is that of 
plantaginella, while “ Dublin,” and not improbably “Sc.” and “the 
Lizard” also, applies to that insect ; “ Brighton” refers certainly to 
salicornie, and, probably, to instabilella also, since Myr. Stainton had a 
specimen from there, bred in 1854. I cannot understand why the 
two food-plants of so-called “ inséabilella,’ given in the I. B. Lep. 
Tin., and the additional one in the Ent. Ann., 1865, p. 84, should have 
been omitted from the “ Manual.” 

The notes on “ instabilella”’ by Mr. Douglas, in Trans. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., V, p. 201 (1849) were doubtless made from both instabzlella 
and plantaginella ; of the localities, “ Essex” certainly, and, perhaps, 
“mouth of the Thames,” applies to both species, while “ Ireland” 
most probably applies to plantaginella only, for instabilella is not 
known to occur in Ireland, where its food-plant is very rare. 


(To be continued.) 


1894. 129 


CLUNIO MARINUS, HALIDAY: A MARINE CHIRONOMID. 


BY GEORGE H. CARPENTER B.Sc. 


It is now nearly forty years since Haliday* described the male of 
this small marine Dipteron from specimens taken on the coast of 
Kerry, and subsequently recorded the occurrence of stray individuals 
in Dublin Bay.+ Since then, no observations of the species appear to 
have been made, as Mr. Theobald, in his recent work on British 
Diptera,t is only able to copy Haliday’s description and figures. It 
is, therefore, with great satisfaction that I announce the re-discovery, 
on the Irish coast, of this interesting insect, especially as I have 
obtained the hitherto unknown female, eggs, and larva. Pending the 
detailed researches, which I hope to be able to make into the structure 
and life-history of the midge, the present short account of the chief 
points observed may be of interest. 

On April 28th, when walking along the shore of Killiney Bay, 
Co. Dublin, with a party of the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club, Mr. 
W. F. de V. Kane called my attention to a number of small flies - 
moving very quickly over the surface of the water in the rock-pools. 
These proved to be males of 
Clunio marinus, and, as described 
by Haliday, they were skimming 
over the surface, with their wings 
in rapid vibration. A little fur- 
ther on, we discovered quite a 
colony of them on a mass of 
green sea-weed (Cladophora) 
covering a rock which had been 
left exposed by the tide. On 
some of the weed with the insects 
upon it being placed in a tube 
and examined, it became clear 
that we had now secured both 
sexes, for two of the males were 
carrying about with them (at- 
tached in cop.) wingless females 


Fig. 1. (fig. 1). These, when captured, 
had their abdomens distended with eggs, and appeared of a dull 
greenish-yellow colour. The female Clwnio is much degraded. Not 


* Nat. History Review, vol. ii, 1855, Proc., p. 52, pl. 2. + Ib., vol. iii, 1856, Proc., p. 73. 
t “An Account of British Flies,” vol. i: E. Stock, London, 1892 (pp. 195—6). 


130 [ June, 


only are the wings reduced to very small vestiges, but the legs are 
weaker, and the autenne are shorter and of fewer joints (7) than 
are those of the male (whose antenne are 11-jointed). The male, by 
means of his strong claspers (so marked a character of the species), 
was able to hold the body of his mate out in a straight line with his 
own, and thus carry her about; so that, when he walked on the glass 
of the tube, her legs could be seen kicking freely in the air. 

During the next day, each of the females laid about seventy eggs, 
enclosed (like those of Chironomus) in a gelatinous tube. The egg is 
narrowly spindle-shaped, and measures ‘16 mm. in length. By the 
morning of the second day, egg-laying seemed to have finished, and 
the body of the mother became much shrivelled up. As, in both sexes, 
the mouth-organs are vestigial, it is probable that life in the imaginal 
state is short. I am not aware that any Chironomid has before been 
discovered with the wings aborted, as in the present insect. 

Further examination of the Cladophora revealed a larva (fig. 2) 
of the Chironomid type, which there can be little doubt is that of | 
Clunio. This larva (4 mm. in length) is, except the : 


head, which is brown, of a green colour, closely agreeing 
with the sea-weed on which it lives and feeds. The head 
bears two deep black ocelli on each side (the posterior 
much larger that the anterior), and a pair of short two- 
jointed antennw. The mandibles are powerful, armed 
with teeth, and articulated, so as to move in almost 
vertical planes, though somewhat 
—— 


inclined inwards. They act, in 
conjunction with the serrated 
labial plate, as scissor-like cut- 
ters. There are twelve body- ; Fig. 2. 

segments, the first and last of which are each provided with a pair of 
sucker-feet, the anterior-pair armed with numerous spines, and the 
posterior with a few hooks. This larva has not the ribbon-like 
appendages and special breathing-processes found in that of Chiro- 
nomus. 


Science and Art Museum, Dublin: 
May, 1894. 


KYANIZING. 
BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S. 


Collectors may come and collectors may go, but mites and mould 
go on for ever. Even with the experience of generations but little 


1894.] 131 


progress seems to be made, since even in these “fin de siécle”’ days, 
opinions differ considerably as to the best means of circumventing 
those exasperating animal and vegetable parasites, though all agree to 
grumble about them, and to wonder what Nature could be about to 
invent such pests. It would be tedious to enumerate the various 
specifics which have been successively in fashion, from camphor to 
gaseline ; suffice it that the best suggestion, to my fancy, was that of 
my good friend, the late Henry Doubleday, who advocated the use of 
a weak solution of corrosive sublimate (perchloride of mercury). 
His advice was that this liquid should be of the strength of six grains 
to the ounce of spirits of wine, and that it should be applied with a 
camel’s hair brush to the under-sides of the abdomina. 

With this many people were dissatisfied, they not unnaturally 
thought that there were other parts, besides those mentioned, which 
required protection, and so, acting on the dubious precept that “one 
eannot have too much of a good thing,” they dipped their insects 
bodily into the fluid. But though they thereby secured immunity 
from their enemies, they not unfrequently detracted from the beauty 
of their treasures. Sometimes they acted on the aforesaid illogical 
principle in another direction, and increased the strength of their 
solution, and thereby apparently ruined the appearance of their speci- 
mens irretrievably, for they did not know at that time that an ether 
bath would soon rectify the error which they had committed. It is 
human nature : as soon as a good idea is started, certain people always 
think that they can “go one better ;” I do it myself, that is why I am 
writing this paper. 

Just about a quarter of a century ago, while on this subject, I 
wrote thus: “A good cabinet, quarantine, and kyanizing are the 
things,’ and that advice does not appear to require much alteration 
at the present day, though certain modifications, especially as to the 
process of kyanizing, present themselves to my mind. Ether, which, 
particularly in the form of spray, so far from causing injury, will 
actually give freshness to a shabby specimen, has occurred to me as 
an excellent vehicle in which to apply the perchloride. The strength 
of the etherial solution should be five grains to the ounce—no more, 
but the difficulty is to keep it at that standard, on account of evapora- 
tion, and with this in view, my plan is as follows :— 

Prepare a narrow strip of corked wood, about a quarter of an 
inch wide, and a foot or so long, with a cross handle at one end for 
the treble purpose of steadying it when placed on a table, of obviating 
the frequent handling of the specimens, and of holding it in the hand 


132 [June, 


in such a manner as to present the under-sides of the insects pinned 
upon it to the action of the spray. The next thing to do is to find a 
half ounce phial, which will fit the cork of the spray apparatus, and 
then fill it with ether, to which two and a half grains of perchloride 
have been added. 

As soon as the agent is dissolved, the operation should at once be 
commenced, using the spray in such a way as to slightly damp each 
insect, and this should be continued till all the solution is used up, 
for which reason it is advisable to have a sufficient number of speci- 
mens pinned on the strips in readiness ; but we must always remember 
that as ether is very inflammable, naked lights must be kept out of 
the way, and also that it is not desirable to prolong this work beyond 
undue limits: the agent being a powerful alterative, and the solvent 
an anesthetic. 

Folkestone: April, 1894. 


Spring Lepidoptera.—The first day moths came under my notice this season in 
any abundance was on February 10th, when Phigalia pilosaria and Hybernia leuco- 
phearia were observed on the north and east sides of the fence that encloses 
Oatlands Park, near Weybridge; the latter insect being in great profusion and very 
variable. This species I record first on February 4th, and P. pilosaria (a?) on 
January llth. On February 10th a single Anisopteryx escularia was also noticed, 
and on the 16th Hybernia progemmaria began to appear. 

During the hot weather that prevailed at Easter, which i spent at Midhurst, 
Sussex, the hibernated Vanesse were to be seen in abundance, including V’. poly- 
chloros, which was common on March 25th between Midhurst and Haslemere. The 
blossoms of the sallows were now teeming with moths, chiefly T@niocampa, the 
most noticeable being 7. miniosa, of which a few were obtained. On the evening of 
April 1st I was much interested to observe that the blossoms of the blackthorn on 
Ashtead Common were visited in considerable numbers by Noctua, chiefly 7. eruda 
and Z. gothica and Cerastis vaccinii, which were in no ways disturbed by the rays of 
the lantern, but could be jerked down into the beating tray quite easily, where, 
however, they found the use of their wings more readily than do those that have 
been feeding on the sallows. On the same evening Xylocampa lithoriza and Hupi- 
thecia abbreviata were met with. Since then, and during the entire month, nocturnal 
Lepidoptera have been most unaccountably scarce in this neighbourhood, although 
gas lamps and sugared trees have been frequently visited. The season is, however, 
as evinced by the early Rhopalocera, a decidedly forward one, although not, of 
course, comparable with 1893 in this respect. Yesterday (April 29th) I had the 
pleasure of meeting with 14 species of butterflies in the vicinity of Dorking, in- 
cluding Pieris rape and P. napi, Huchloé cardamines, Argynnis Huphrosyne, 
hibernated specimens of Vanessa urtice and Gonepteryx rhamni, Cenonympha 
Pamphilus, Satyrus Egeria, Nemeobius Lucina, Thecla rubi, Polyommatus Phleas, 
Lycena Argiolus, Thanaos Tages, and Hesperia alveolus. Of these, A. Huphrosyne 
and L. Argiolus were first seen on the 22nd. Drepana unguicula was also observed 


1894. | 133 


yesterday, but the same evening, although a still and sultry one, no other moth was 

seen on the wing. A single specimen of Hepialus lupulinus turned up on the 22nd 

inst., and on the 28th I took Arctia fuliginosa near Reigate, flying in the sunshine. 
The present season must be looked forward to with unusual interest by Ento- 


mologists, following, as it does, such a remarkable year as 1893.—R. M. PRIpDEAUX, 
Ashtead, Surrey: April 30th, 1894. 


Abundance of Pyrameis cardui, L., in the Ziban, Algeria (second note).— 
Although the larve of this butterfly in this neighbourhood were thinned out a good 
deal last month, they are still common, and there are plenty of pups and imagos 
to be seen. In some parts the larve ran short of food, and it was pitiful to see 
them trying to relieve their hunger with a few mouthfuls of distasteful plants, such 
as Peganum Harmala, L., Ferula vesceritensis, Coss. and Dr. MS., Thymelea micro- 
phylla, Coss. and Dr. MS., and Euphorbia Guyoniana, Boissier and Reuter, among 
others. A few, in one spot where mallows failed, migrated to Diplotaxis pendula, 
D. C., and seemed to thrive. Then came some rough weather; strong winds swept 
numbers of larve along the ground in open places; a night or two’s heavy rain 
destroyed the younger larve and weaklings, and in certain places one or two days of 
drifting sand appear to have killed pupz exposed to its full influence. But now, in 
the early days of May, imagos have become very numerous once more, frequenting 
the blossoms of many kinds of plants in the desert, and crowding to the bushes of 
Tamarix brachystylis, J. Gay MS., now in flower along the Oued Biskra above the 
barrage. I have not noticed any ovipositing of late. Perhaps they are awaiting a 


sirocco to waft them to the highlands of Constantine and Sétif, if not to Europe.— 
A. E. Eaton, Biskra, Algeria: May 4th, 1894. 


Deilephila euphorbie, L., abundant near Biskra, Algeria.—It may not be 
unusual, but there may be entomologists interested to know how plentiful just now 
are larve of this hawkmoth within a few miles of Biskra. They feed on a common 
desert plant, Huphorbia Guyoniana, Boissier and Reuter, which flourishes in sandy 
places, especially among the dunes to the west and south of the town. Since April 
27th I must have seen between 1000 and 2000 larve of diverse ages—some in the 
blackish juvenile stage, and others over three inches in length. Standing still 
anywhere where the food-plant grows, one can generally see four or six larvee without 
stirring a step; but in exceptionally favourable situations they are much more 
numerous. Within the space of a quarter of an acre I counted up to 250 of them, 
and after ceasing to count say quite 200 or 309 more. A few bushes, occupying 
each about a square yard of ground, had on them over 20 or 30 larv# apiece. Ado- 
lescent larve did not present much variation in colour; some have the dorsal line 


red, others yellow. It is a real pleasure to stroll among them where nobody will 
molest them.—Jd. 


Ceuthorrhynchus suturellus, Gyll., ¥c., at Snodland.—More than twenty years 
ago, at the end of April, 1874, Mr. G. C. Champion and I took two examples of this 
rare and pretty little weevil by sweeping in a marshy place close to Snodland, Kent ; 
our impression being at the time that it came off Cardamine pratensis. On the oth 
of the present month I was again at Snodland, and diligently swept all the Carda- 
mine pratensis 1 could find, with the result of Ceuthorrhynchus cochlearia in plenty, 


134 ‘June, 


but no other species of the genus. A very small patch of the allied but very 
dissimilar looking plant, Cardamine amara, growing by the side of a drain in a 
swampy thicket, yielded, however, by persistent sweeping, eight or nine specimens 
of C. suturellus, and on the same plant I also found Phyllotreta tetrastigma. The 
Rev. W. Tylden, many years ago, took C. suturellus at Hythe, Kent, on Cardamine 
pratensis (Ent. Mo. Mag., ser. i, vol. vi, p. 33). Mantura obtusata occurred rather 
freely by sweeping, apparently coming off Spirea ulmaria, and Thyamis agilis was 
again found, but very rarely, on Scrophularia aquatica.—JAMES J. WALKER, 28, 
Ranelagh Road, Sheerness: May 8th, 1894. 


Pselaphus dresdensis, §c., at Armagh.—-On Friday, January 12th, as it was a 
fine mild day, I took my water net and set off for Mullinure to stir up the water 
beetles. On arriving there I found, somewhat to my surprise, that there was a 
considerable flood in the meadows; there was not much refuse being cast up, but I 
got a small amount in my water net. On sorting this refuse I found, to my delight, 
three specimens of Pselaphus dresdensis therein. This was encouraging, so I took a 
bag the next day and made my way again to the flood, to see what more refuse I 
could get. There was little,and I could not fill my bag. Quality, however, fully 
atoned for lack of quantity. I took, by careful examination, three dozen Pselaphus 
dresdensis out of this one bag of rubbish ; the curious thing was that other Psela- 
phide were scarcely represented. There were one or two P. Heisei, an odd Tychus 
niger, and a few Bythinus puncticollis. I seemed to have come on a regular 
“pocket” of P. dresdensis. Besides these I got but little, nor need I mention any, 
save Myrmedonia collaris, Gymnusa brevicollis, and Lathrobium terminatum. On 
that day month (February 13th) there was a tremendous flood in Mullinure, conse- 
quent on the very heavy rain of the preceding days. Again I sallied forth armed 
with my bags and net. This time there were lots of refuse, and I easily filled two 
large bags and started for home. Finding the bags rather heavy to carry in my 
hand, I slung them over my shoulder, with the result that before I reached home I 
was a kind of animated waterfall. However, the thought of P. desdrensis sustained 
me, and hastily doffing my wet garments I sat down to interview my insect friends. 
There were lots of beetles, but P. dresdensis was only represented by one solitary 
specimen. But this time the other Pselaphide were there in force; Tychus niger 
swarmed, Bryawis fossulata and B. juncorum were numerous, as also was Bythinus 
puncticollis. Besides these I took a considerable number of Myrmedonia collaris, 
also Bembidium doris, B. Clarki, B. Mannerheimi, Anchomenus gracilis, Pterostichus 
nigrita, Dromius linearis, D. melanocephalus, Cercyon quisquilius, Tachyporus 
brunneus, Mycetoporus splendens, Cryptobium glaberrimum, Lathrobium quadratum, 
Megarthrus depressus,a couple of Meligethes, an Atomaria which is like berolinensis, 
and a specimen of Orthochetes setiger, together with hosts of commoner species. 

I was very much struck by the absence of P. dresdensis in February, after its 
abundance in January. Both lots of refuse were got in the same place, so that alte- 
ration of locality could not be the cause; evidently in January I hit upon the period 
when they were abundant in the imago state. These imagines had apparently for 
the most part died off by February, and the other species of the Family had taken 
their place. This sort of fact helps to explain the apparent rarity of certain species. 
Their apparent scarceness arises from the fact that we are unacquainted with their 


1894 135 


life-histories, and so do not know the time of year when they are most abundant, 
consequently we must frequently look for species when we have not the slightest 
chance of obtaining them in the imago. Hence it is, too, that steady all the year 
round work at one spot produces such good results. I have, as the readers of the 
Ent. Mo. Mag. are aware, worked Mullinure at all times of year for several years, 
and I think the result justifies my suggestion. W. F. Jounson, Winder Terrace, 
Armagh: May, 1894. 


Coleoptera near Cardiff—Mniophila muscorum occurred in profusion at the 
end of March in moss in the Leckwith Woods, and with it a single specimen of Ortho- 
chetes setiger. I took a solitary Aphodius stictieus on April 4th. The capture of 
Hister stercorarius near Llandaff last autumn may be worth recording.—B. Tom.in, 
The Green, Llandaff: April 5th, 1894. 


Homalota (Aleuonota) rufotestacea, fc., at Guildford—On the 15th inst., 
between 2 and 4 p.m., I obtained twelve specimens of Homalota rufotestacea, by 
sweeping in shady grassy places on the chalk downs near Guildford. The insect was, 
I believe, hitherto unique as British, the original example having been captured by 
myself at Mickleham in April, 1868 (cf., Ent. Mo. Mag., v, p. 218, and Trans. Ent. 
Soe., 1869, p. 163). The day was an exceptionally favourable one for collecting pur- 
poses—very close, still, and humid—and small Staphylinide, Clavicornia, &c., were 
exceedingly abundant. Amongst the Staphylinide, in addition to the H. rufotestacea, 
the following species occurred :—Homalota depressa (abundant), H. hepatica, H. 
testaceipes, H. angustula, H. inquinula, and H. pagana, and Calodera umbrosa, with 
many other common forms. As recently as January last, M. Fauvel sent me a 
continental example of his H. aurantiaca (= rufotestacea, Rye and Sharp, nec 
Kraatz and Rey) to compare with my specimen of H. rufotestacea, with which it 
perfectly agreed. Aceording to M. Fauvel, the species of the Alewonota-section of 
Homalota have been much confused by authors, and their synonymy he gives as 
follows :— 

1—aurantiaca, Fauv. 4—egregia, Rye. 

rufotestacea, Rye, Sharp. gracilenta, Kr. 


2—atricapilla, Rey, Fairm., &c. hypogea, Fowl. 


rufotestacea, Kr., Rey. 5 eaniliiles, Bit, 

elegantula, Bris., Sharp, Rey. 8 iAecenomavier’, Tee 

3—gracilenta, Er., Fairm., Rey. , 

venustula, Heer. Slenneeps, Lins. 
splendens, Kr., Sharp. 
? hypogea, Rey. 

The last two are not British. H. aurantiaca has been found in France (Autun, 
Dijon, Dréme, and Limoges), Germany (Hesse), &c. The H. elegantula of our lists 
differs from it in the much more coarsely punctured head, and, according to Fauvel, 
in having the seventh ventral segment sinuate-emarginate (instead of truncate) in 
the 9. H. egregia, Rye, M. Fauvel informs me, has two tubercles upon the sixth 
abdominal segment in the g ; the specimen described by Rye, in my possession, is 


a 9 .—G. C. Cuampion, Horsell, Woking: May 18th, 1894. 


136 [June, 


Eumicrus rufus near Shirley.—I have much pleasure in recording the capture 
of Humicrus rufus near Shirley. I took three specimens of this very rare beetle on 
April 15th in wood stack refuse, and I went down again to-day and succeeded in 
taking six more.—Horacr DonistHorps, 73, West Cromwell Road, South Ken- 
sington: April 19th, 189}. 


Lecanium rubi, Schrank.—Since the rediscovery of this species in 1892 (ef. 
vol. ili, n. s., p. 105) the scales have not been noticed, but on April 24th I saw ona 
bramble shoot of last year’s growth, unaccompanied by even a single ant, one, and 
only one, finely developed ¢, radiant in her nuptial adornment, which consisted of 
a series of transverse white lines, showing effectively on the dark dorsal surface of 
the scale. It was attached to the under-side of the shoot, the locality being about 
a mile from the original place of capture; thus the species is well distributed, and 
is, I apprehend, not so rare as might be indicated from the fewness of its captures 
recently, and that it was not seen at all anywhere for 90 years; but there are 
reasons for the apparent scarcity of this large and conspicuous Coccid. Firstly, the 
intensely spiny habitat is deterrent of investigation ; 2ndly, the scale being attached 
to the under-side of a shoot is not visible from above; and 3rdly (in this country, 
as far as my experience goes), the species affects brambles that grow in hawthorn 
hedges, and as these are pruned and trimmed during the winter, the young shoots, 
to which the scales are attached, are either cut away entirely or are shortened, and ~ 
so the scales are destroyed, the race being continued only from those casually left 
by the hedgers and ditchers.—J. W. Dovautas, 153, Lewisham Road, S.E. : 
May 1st, 1894. 


The European bluebottle fly in New Zealand.—In the March No. of this 
Magazine Mr. W. W. Smith has recorded the presence of this fly in considerable 
numbers in New Zealand. There are two distinct but very similar looking species, 
belonging to the genus Calliphora, Dsv., respecting the names of which there 
has been some confusion. One, the Musca vomitoria of Linneus, has the lower 
part of the face and chin of a bluish-black colour, bearded with yellow or reddish 
hairs. The other, the C. erythrocephala of Meigen, has the face and mentum fulvous 
or rufous, and the beard black. KR. Desvoidy and Macquart named the latter C. 
vomitoria, calling the former C. fulvibarbis; Meigen’s name, however, has the priority, 
and is now universally adopted. Mr. Smith forwarded some of the New Zealand 
specimens to Mr. McLachlan, who kindly sent them on to me, and I find that they 
all belong to the black bearded species (C. erythrocephala). These meat flies have 
lately swarmed in immense numbers in the Falkland Islands, and (some of them 
having been sent to me through Miss Ormerod) I found that they were all of the 
same species as those from New Zealand. Baron C. R. Osten-Sacken records both 
species as inhabitants of North America. In England I find that C. erythrocephala 
is by far the most common in and about houses and towns, while C. vomitoria 
usually occurs in fields and country places.—R. H. Muapz, Bradford: April, 1894. 


Review. 

ALTERNATING GENERATIONS: A BrotogicaL Stupy oF Oaxk-GALLS AND 
Gatt-Fuigs: by HerMANN ADLER, M.D. ‘Translated and edited by CHARLES R. 
StraTon, F.R.C.S., F.H.S. 8vo, pp. xlii and 198, with three plates. Oxford : 
Clarendon Press; London: H. Frowde. 1894. 


1894.) 137 


It is now over 13 years since Dr. Adler published his remarkable memoir, 
proving that many gall-flies which had previously been considered not only distinct 
species, but also distinct genera, are merely alternating generations of one and the 
same species. This has since been so abundantly proved by independent observers, 
that doubt, if there were any, has long been dispelled. A French translation by 
Lichtenstein appeared in 1881. Rather late in the day, but none the less welcome, 
we have now an English translation by Mr. Straton, with a copious editorial intro- 
duction, in which is embodied a lucid explanation of the theory of alternation of 
generations, with notes on the pathological questions involved in gall production, 
with a chapter on Cynips Kollari, a synoptical table of galls, &. One of the three 
folded plates is anatomical ; the others are coloured, and will enable the student to 
identify almost any British Oak Gall with certainty. The type, paper, &e., are 
perfect, and we have no doubt the book will be studied with interest and advantage 
by the now somewhat numerous students of British Galls and their producers, and 
that they will thank Mr. Straton for having placed so remarkable a memoir before 


them in English dress. 


Obituary. 


Lucien Francois Lethierry.—We regret to announce the death of this eminent 
French entomologist on April 4th, at Lille, aged 64. He had been a Member of the 
Entomological Society of France since 1857, and was well known as an authority on 
Hemiptera, more especially Homoptera. Latterly he had commenced, in conjunction 
with Mons. Severin, of Brussels, a general Catalogue of the Hemiptera of the world, 
of which the first part appeared in 1893. 


Dr. Jacob Spzngberg.—Equally we regret to announce the death of this well- 
known Swedish entomologist, who held a professorial appointment at Gefle. He 
took a warm interest in the foundation of the Swedish Entomological Society, and 
was principally an Hemipterist, but he published a Monograph of the Scandinavian 
Psocide, and other papers outside his speciality. We are without particulars; but 
he was a comparatively young man, and visited London when on a European tour 


not many years ago. 


Societies. 
BrrMincHAM EntomotoeicaL Society: April 16th, 1894.— Mr. G. H. 
Kenrick, President, in the Chair. 


Mrs. Petley, Pedmore Lodge, near Stourbridge; Mrs. P. W. Abbott; and Miss 
Titley, Four Oaks; were elected Members of the Society. 

Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright showed a collection of Diptera made at Wyre 
Fovest at Easter; amongst others there was a large series of an Hchinomyia, perhaps 
ursina, which had been extremely abundant throughout the Forest, more particularly 
on the sallows; there were also short series of Cheilosia yrossa and flavicornis, and 
larger ones of Syrphus lasiophthalmus and Melanostoma quadrimaculata, all taken 


on ‘he sallow bloom. He remarked on the bee-like appearance of the Hehinomyia 
M 


138 [June, 


and the two species of Cheilosia; the latter resembled Andrena fulva so closely that 
it was with difficulty he recognised them on the bloom. Mr. R. C. Bradley also 
showed a ‘ong series of the above Hchinomyia taken at the same time and place ; 
also two specimens of Bombus Latreillellus from Sutton. Mr. W. Harrison showed 
living larvee of Melitea Artemis, of which he had taken a considerable number on 
the devil’s bit scabious at Arley. Mr. P. W. Abbott showed three specimens of 
Stauropus fagi, bred from larve obtained in Wyre Forest last year; also three 
specimens of Neuria saponariea from Wicken Fen. Mr. G. H. Kenrick read some 
“Notes on the Migration of Insects,” in which he called attention to such facts as 
were known about migration, and dealt with various possible explanations, suggesting 
that in some cases at least it might be possible that the migration was similar to that 
in birds; that with Vanessa cardui for example, which appears during the winter 
in the North of Africa, Egypt, &c., it was possible that it migrated northwards to 
moister climates for the summer broods. returning south again for the winter broods ; 
and he asked for information and evidence as to the actual hibernation of this and 
other migratory species in our country. A discussion ensued, in which Messrs. R. 
C. Bradley, G. T. Bethune-Baker, P. W. Abbott, W. Harrison, G. H. Kenrick, and 
C. J. Wainwright took part.— CotBran J. WaInwriaut, Hon. Secretary. 


LEICESTER LITERARY & PHILOSOPHICAL SoclETY—SEcTION F (ENTOMOLOGY): 
February 27th, 1894.—W. A. Vicz, Esq., M.B., in the Chair. 

Exhibits :—Mr. C. B. Headly, the larve of @strus bovis. Mr. F. Bouskell, 
life-histories, with ova, larve, pupa, and imagines of Papilio Machaon, Bombyx 
neustria, Orgyia antiqua, B. quercifolia, Biston hirtaria, and he recommended the 
formation of Local and British Collections by the Section, showing full life-histories. 
An enquiry as to the best means of dealing with the onion grub, which is very 
prevalent in the district, was replied to, recommending the cultivation in trenches 
and covering up the bulbs, according to Miss Ormerod’s plan. | 


April 2nd, 1894.—W. A. Vick, Esq , M.B., in the Chair. 


The Hon. Sec. read the Report of the Easter Excursions to Charnwood Forest. 
The chief captures being Lepidoptera. Brephos parthenias, in good condition, out 
fourteen days earlier than last year; Cymatophora flavicornis, (1) at rest (1) on the 
wing in the bright sunshine ; Hybernia leucophearia, H. progemmaria, A. escularia, 
at sallow; P. rubricosa (11), T:-gothica, T. stabilis, T. pulverulenta, T. munda (2), T. 
instabilis, very variable, T. gracilis (1), Cerastis vaccinii (8), exceedingly variable, 
S. satellitia (11), X. ferruginea (1). Coleoptera—Rhagium inquisitor (8) and a 
number of larve out of an old stump; Ips 4-guttatus, I. 4-pustulatus, Rhizophagus 
dispar, R. bipustulatus, Rhinosomus planirostris, Ilybius ater, I. obscurus, Acilius 
sulcatus. 

Exhibits—Mr. Moss, Sinodendron cylindricum, which he found in numbers in 
an old ash stump; Doreus paralellopipedus, Barynotus obscurus, B. Schinherri, 
and B. merens, all from near Loughborough ; larve of Acherontia Atropos, Sme- 
rinthus ocellatus, Sphinx elpenor, Cossus ligniperda, Bombyx queretis, Notoaonta 
ziczac, N. dictea, from the same locality. Mr. Dixon, Brephos Parthenias, An phi 
dasis prodromaria, dark form. Mr. Scott, very variable series of female Polyom- 


1894.] 139 


matus Alexis, also Lepidoptera from the south of France. Mr. Bouskell, series of 
Nyssia hispidaria from Buddon Wood, all taken on oak trunks within 12 inches from 
the ground, none being found higher up; also an exceedingly variable series of 
Hybernia leucophearia, with several melanic and light forms. Mr. Headly, larve of 
Cymatophora ridens, Cucullia verbasci, and imagines of C. ridens, C. or, Brephos 
notha, and Monohammus sartor, which was taken in Leicester on a willow. 

The Hon. Sec. read “ A Short Paper on the British Wicro-Lepidoptera,” by the 
Rey. C. T. Cruttwell, M.A. A long discussion ensued, in which the Chairman, 
Messrs. Moss, Scott, Dixon, Headly and Bouskell joined. Two Excursions were 
arranged, April 14th, Bardon Hill, and April 28th, Narborough Bogs. The next 
Meeting was fixed for April 30th.—Franx Bovuskenu, Hon. Secretary, 11, Lans- 
downe Road, Stoneygate, Leicester. 


Tue Sovran Lonpon EntomonoagicaL AND Narurat History Society: 
April 26th, 1894. —E. Strep, Esq., President, in the Chair. 

The Rev. M. Corden Jones and Mr. Francis Fell were elected Members. 

Mr. Dennis exhibited a bred variety of Pararge Egeria, L., having all the light 
markings much extended. Mr. Routledge, a series of Miselia oryacanthe, L., taken 
by Mr. Beaumont. Mr. Auld, a series of Teniocampa mund2, Esp., with several 
examples of var. immaculata, Stgr., taken at West Wickham, also a series of 7. 
populeti, Fb., taken at Westerham. Mr. Enock then gave his paper, entitled, ‘‘ Notes 
on Common Insects,” and illustrated it by about fifty slides shown with the oxy- 
hydrogen lantern. After a few remarks from the Chairman, Mr. Barrett proposed, 
and Mr. Auld seconded, a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Enock, which was unani- 


mously passed. 


May 10th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 


Mr. H. B. Laurence, of Anerley, was elected a Member. 

Mr. South exhibited a bred series of Boarmia cinctaria, Schiff., with the parent 
female, from Glengariff, Ireland ; like the female, they were pale, but not so pale 
as those captured by Mr. Kane some time ago; also the new postal box, invented 
by Dr. Knaggs: a trial was made, insects were placed in it, and after rough usage it 
was opened, and they were quite intact, showing it to be a very successful device. 
Mr. Barrett, on behalf of Mr. Sydney Webb, the pick of his valuable and extra- 
ordinary varieties of the “tigers,” viz., Arctia villica, L., varying from almost 
spotless to nearly black; A. Caia, L., spotless, brown marbled, pale blotched, pink 
shaded, black suffused, and half one colour, half another, &c. ; Nemeophila planta- 
ginis, L., red and pale; Callimorpha dominula, L., yellow, white spotted, pink and 
dusky ; and contributed notes on the normal and abnormal variation shown by the 
exhibit. Mr. Frohawk, a specimen of Vanessa urtice, L., having the blue mar- 
ginal spots exaggerated and extending into the black border about twice the usual 
distance. Mr. Adkin, a case containing series of most of the genus Teniocampa, 
showing extreme variation, all from the New Forest. Mr. Williams, a bred specimen 
of Pieris napi, L., in which only the hind-wings had developed. Mr. Turner, speci- 
mens of Sirex gigas from Box Hill and Chichester; several species of Neuroptera, 


and specimen of Bombylius major, from Box Hill.—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Sec. 
M 


140 { June, 


A SECOND HUNDRED NEW BRITISH SPECIES OF DIPTERA. 
BY G. H. VERRALL, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 79). 


36. Ceratopogon candidatus, Winn.: I can say, in direct opposition 
to the general opinion, that there are very few large genera in which 
species can be so readily and confidently identified as in this genus. 
I could now confirm as British most of the species in my “ List,” but 
no harm can be done by my waiting until I have had still more ex- 
amination, but in the mean time I may record C. candidatus as not 
uncommon in Wicken Fen on May 13th, 1892. 


37. C. unimaculatus, Meq. (= C. variegatus, Winn.) : a most re- 
markably distinct species, of which I caught one female at Ormesby 
on June 28th, 1888. 


38. C. rubiginosus, Winn.: a female at Three Bridges on August 
2nd, 1888. 


39. C. bicolor, Mg.: not uncommon at Ormesby on June 25th, 
1888. 

40. C. albipes, Winn.: Lewes, June 7th, 1888 (14), and August 
5th (19). 

41. C. solstitialis, Winn.: from June to December at Slapton 
Lea, Three Bridges, Ormesby and Dolgelley. 


42, Goniomyia schistacea, Schum.: sitting on large leaves near 
water in Millersdale, on June 18th, 1888, also at Ulleswater on June 
26th, 1889. 


43. Rhamphomyia filata, Ztt.: one male of this remarkable species 
at Keswick on June 20th, 1889. 


44. FR. costata, Ztt.: abundant at Bettws-y-Coed in the middle of 
Jnne, 1887; also occurred at Colwich in June, 1889, Ivybridge in 
May, 1890, and at Three Bridges in June, 1892. 


45. R. gibba, Fln.: a very distinct species, which has occurred 
near Three Bridges in August, 1889, at Woking on August Ist, 1875, 
and at Wyre Forest on September 4th, 1892. | 


46. R. sciarina, Fln.: one male at Coniston on July 19th, 1876. 


47. Empis prodromus, Lw.: one male and three females at Bran- 
don on July 9th, 1877. 


48. E. brevicornis, Lw.: a male near Barton Mills on September 
8th, 1879, and three females, which are probably the same species, 
taken since in the same neighbourhood. 


1894. } 144 


49. Pachymeria palparis, Egg.: a male at Rannoch on June 25th, 
1870, and a female at Braemar on July 25th, 1873. 


50. Hilara cornicula, Lw.: a male at Three Bridges on June 
10th, 1892. 


51. H. canescens, Ztt.: abundant at Inverness on July 10th, 
1886, also occurred at Braemar on July 22nd, 1873. 


52. Cdalea Holmgreni, Ztt.: common at Ivybridge on June 
13th, 1883, and has also occurred at Bettws-y-Coed, and in the Doone 
Valley near Lynton, and as long ago as May 12th, 1867, at Darenth. 


53. Porphyrops penicillata, Lw.: Dr. P. B. Mason possesses a 
male bearing the date of May 16th, 1868 ; he also has a male of 


54, P. nasuta, Fln.: both of which I fancy were caught in the 
neighbourhood of Deal. 


55. Lonchoptera fuscipennis, Boh.: it is curious that among the 
hundreds of specimens of Lonchoptera which I have examined I can 
only clearly distinguish one species, and that is not in any British 
List. All the rest seem to me at present to be one very variable 
species, but L. fuscipennis has abundant structural distinctions ; it is 
not uncommon in Wyre Forest, and has also occurred at Buttermere 
and Coniston. 


56. Cephalops villosus, v. Roser: has occurred at Eridge, Lynd- 
hurst, Doone Valley, and Bettws-y-Coed. 


57. Pipunculus varipes, Mg.: this species, so well distinguished 
by its shining thorax, was given to me this year by Rey. E. N. Bloom- 
field with his label of Guestling, 1892, attached to it. I previously 
possessed a male from Lagg,in Arran, caught on June 19th, 1882, and 
a female from Tuddenham, near here, on September 16th, L891. 


58. Paragus lacerus, Lw.: Mr. J. H. A. Jenner caught a male of 
this at Seaford on June 15th, 1890. 


59. Chilosia plumulifera, Lw.: somewhat common at Chippenham 
Fen in August, and has also occurred at Barton Mills, Three Bridges, 
Braemar, and Inveran. 


60. Platychirus spathulatus, Rnd.: I am gradually coming to the 
conclusion that two males caught by Mr. Coryndon Matthews at 
Ivybridge in May, 1888, must be referred to this little known species. 
T have just (May 4th, 1894) seen a male, caught by Mr. C. J. Wain- 
wright at Conway on June 22nd, 1893. 


14.2 | June, 


61. Syrphus arcticus, Ztt., and S. barbifrons, Fln.: one of these 
two must be considered new to Britain. In June, 1870, at Rannoch, 
I caught a lot of a Syrphus, which I considered 8. arcticus, but which 
I was informed by Loew was only the well known S. barbifrons, Fln., 
and consequently only S. barbifrons occurs in our English lists; but 
in 1889, when revising my Syrphide, and comparing many of them 
with continental types, J] came to the conclusion that our species was 
distinct from theirs. Since then, in April, 1892 and 1893, Mr. R. C. 
Bradley has taken true S. barbifrons in considerable numbers at Sutton 
Park, and I am consequently confirmed in my belief that the summer 
northern species is true S. arcticus, Ztt. Besides Rannoch, I have 
taken this northern species in June at Arran, Loch Maree, Lairg and 
Tongue, and in July at Inveran. 


62. Epicampocera ambulans,Mg.: Brauer and Bergenstamm have 
published three elaborate treatises on what they call the Muscarta 
ScHIZOMETOPA, in 1889, 1891 and 1893, which are intended to bring 
this difficult group into systematic order; .up to the present however 
they have almost added to the previously formidable difficulties of 
determining the names of species, and consequently I am still very 
averse to introducing new British species in this group until I become 
absolutely sure about their nomenclature. For instance, Ceromasza 
ambulans of Rondani turns out to be a very distinct species from 
Tachina ambulans, Mg.; Brauer and Bergenstamm place Rondani’s 
species in Dewxodes, a sub-genus of Ceromasia, while they put Meigen’s 
species in Megalocheta, a sub-genus of Epicampocera. I do not think 
there can be any doubt but that I possess this latter species in two 
males from Darenth on April 2nd, 1869, one male from Abbotts Wood 
on May 17th, 1873, and a female from there on June 28th, 1867. 


63. Myxexorista macrops, B. and B.: this Tachinid I should a few 
years ago have introduced without hesitation as Hxorista libatrix, Mg., 
but now Brauer and Bergenstamm’s writings have made me alter my 
opinion. They have formed a genus My«exorista, in which they have 
placed H. libatrix, which, however, they consider to be a jumble of 
three species. Certainly, I think my two specimens differ from my 
continental types named by Kowarz by the shallower cheeks, and 
consequently I accept the species MZ. macrops. One of my two males 
was caught at Darenth on May 12th, 1867, and the other at Abbotts 
Wood on July 5th, 1868. 


64. Hyetodesia quadrinotata, Mg.: two males at Barton Mills on 
August 14th, 1886. 


1894. 143 


65. H. boleticola, Rnd.: one male of this little known but per- 
fectly distinct species in Arran on June 15th, 1882. 


66. Spilogaster protuberans, Ztt.: for the last dozen years I have 
known a species which is very common in the summer wherever there 
are sandhills near the coast, and which I can only refer to this species. 
It was abundant at such widely distant localities as Barmouth, Yar- 
mouth, and Aberdeen. 


67. Hydrotea dentimana, Mg.: a beautiful male in my garden on 
May 29th, 1886. 


68. Hylemyia penicillaris, Rnd.: this may be readily distinguished 
from H. criniventris, Ztt. (= tibiaria, Rud.), by its black legs, besides 
other important distinctions. I have a male caught at St. Bees on 
July 18th, 1876, and another caught at Barmouth on July 20th, 1888. 
A monograph of the European species of Homalomyia has been com- 
pleted by Stein, and will appear very scon; several new species from 
Britain will be included in it. 


69. Lispe crassiuscula, Lw.: one male at Sutton Wash on July 
13th, 1881, and a female at Aberlady on June 23rd, 1884. 


70. L. uliginosa, Fln.: I possess an old obviously “ British 
pinned ”’ male, and the species ought to occur with us. 


71. L. pulchella, Lw.: a specimen given me for examination in 
September, 1889, by Mr. C. W. Dale as ZL. riparia, is, I believe, this 
species, and I also possess an old female from the late Wilson Saunders’ 
British collection. 


72. L gemina, v.d. Wulp: I caught two males of this species at 
Worthing on June 20th, 1876. It is very distinct from Z. lztorea, 
Fln., with which Kowarz has somewhat carelessly united it. I caught 
two males and one female of L. litorea at Fawley on June 22nd, 1875. 


73. Cordylura umbrosa, Lw.: this species, described by Loew in 
1873 from Hungary (as certified by types from Kowarz), has been 
the commonest to me of the large Cordylure in Britain. I have taken 
it at Abbey Wood in August, 1869, and May, 1871, at Wicken Fen 
in July, 1875, and at Lewes in May, 1881. The scutellum bearing 
only two bristles distinguishes it from any species recorded as British 
up to the present time. It is probably the species which was labelled 
CO. pudica, Mg , in most old English collections, but Meigen’s species 
is very distinct, and is probably the same as Zetterstedt’s C. geniculata, 


which has been taken recently by Mr. R. C. Bradley in Sutton Park, 


144: (June, 1894, 


near Birmingham. Mr. Bradley has also taken C. ciliata, Mg., there 
in July and August, 1891, while I have it from Warrengore, near 
Lewes, in July, 1870, and from Three Bridges, Sussex, in September, 
1874. 


74. Clidogastra vittata, Mg.: two females at Loch Maree on June 
7th, 1884, and one at Tongue on June 18th, 1884. This species is 
very much like Cordylura albipes, but can be distinguished immediately 
by the short-plumed arista. 


75. O. punctipes, Mg.: a pair at Inveran on July 17th, 1886, and 
a male at Martham on June 24th, 1881. - 


76. C. tarsea, Fln.: abundant at Aberdeen on June 8rd, 1884, I 
think in a wood on Scotsdon Moor; also at Tongue on June 18th, 
1884; in Arran on June 14th, 1882 ; and in England, at Hickling, on 
June 20th, 1881. I may as well record here C. apicalis, Mg., as 
occurring at Abbey Wood on May 7th, 1871, and at South Walsham 
on July 14th, 1883 ; this species belongs to a distinct genus, separated 
by Rondani as Cnemopogon. 


77. Stomphastica decora, Lw.: for about twenty years a single 
specimen of this beautiful species has been in my hands, without my 
being able to identify it, from Dr. A. Chapman, professing to come 
from Abergavenny. I now know its name without a doubt, and the 
gummed specimen shows that it is an English specimen, as no conti- 
nental Dipterist in possession of his senses ever gummed a Dipteron. 


78. Blepharoptera ruficornis, Mg.: a male of this most distinct 
species at Inveran on July 15th, 1886. 


79. Tephrochlamys flavipes, Ztt.: two females on my study win- 
dow here on October 17th and 20th, 1889. 


80. Dryomyza decrepita, Ztt.: no matter what doubts may exist 
as to this species, there can be no doubt but that I caught a number 
of the form distinguished by Zetterstedt, at Rannoch in June, 1870, 
and at Loch Maree in June, 1884. 


81. Sctomyza pallida, Fln.: a somewhat common species, of which 
I possess specimens from Lairg, June 21st, 1884; Lyndhurst, June 
14th, 1885 ; Frant, June 16th, 1886 ; and Three Bridges, June 16th, 
1892. I have also seen a specimen caught by Mr. R. C. Bradley, and 
quite correctly named by him, from Wyre Forest, on May 27th, 1890. 


82. S. simplex, Fln.: a female at Barton Mills, near here, on 
August 17th, 1883. 


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CONTENTS. PAGE 
Is Aleuropteryx lutea, Léw, identical with Coniopteryx anbee Walle. 8a Hel 


Fr. Klapdlek, F. Ei 121 
On the probable case of Molannodes Zelleri, “McL., and some notes on the 

larva.—Id. ............ . 123 
Anisolabis annulipes, Luc., at “Tavistock ; an vearwig “unrecorded ‘for ‘Britain.— 

Harold Swale, M.B. ..... 124 
Lita instabilella, Dgl., and its nearest British ‘allies (comtinued).— —Bustace R. 

Bankes, M.A., PE.S. . Se . 125 
Clunio marinus, Haliday : a marine e Chironomid. d.— George H. Carpenter, B. Se... . 129 
Kyanizing.—H. Guard Knaggs, M.D., F.L.S. . RPP rer reuocoucn snosep caacadose, Wall) 
Spring Lepidoptera.— R. MV. Prideaun. . 1382 
Abundance of Pyrameis cardui, L., in the ‘Ziban, Algeria (Second notice) .— a 

Rev A E. Eaton, M.A., F.E.S. . ‘ sceasevamomhiteene, Wee 
Deilephila euphorbie, L., abundant near - Biskra, "Algeria. aoe cae . 183 
Ceuthorrhynchus suturellus, Gyll., &c., at Snodland.—James iL Walker RN, 

TESTS SS eee eee eee . 183 
Pselaphus dresdensis, &e., at ‘Armagh. ie, W. F. Jotinsom, M. Ass F.E. s. 134 
Coleoptera near Cardiff.—B. Tomlin sietn a . 135 
Homalota (Aleuonota) rufotestacea, &c., at Guildford.- Ei, C. Champion, F. Z. 8. . 135 
Kumicrus rufus near Shirley.— Horace “Diarra 6, PLES. sajsescescen, oer eee 136 
Lecanium rubi, Schrank.—J. W. Douglas, F.E.S. . Hever aitleiundl ye ESO) 
The European bluebottle fly in New Zealand. —R. H. Meade ~ eeadad 136 


Rerview.—Alternating Generations: a Biological Study of Oak Galls and Gall 
Flies: by Hermann Adler, M.D. ‘Translated and edited ie C.R. 


SienmOrM, IT, Ol tSko IGIBS, soo 000 00000000000 abc : ; .. 136 
OxiTvARY.— lucien Krancois|Wethierry, 5.1)... 0ts se ene tte ee areeneeee ne eneemeleet 
Dr. Jacob Spangberg ...... wpdud Lacided (dg Seed eu cee eee ony 
Socirtizs.— Birmingham Entomological Society .. wean LOW 
Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society (Entomology)... Bee ane 138 
South London Entomological, &c., Society ............ 139 

A second hundred new British species of Diptera Os 226) Jel, Verrall, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—Meetings for the 
Session 1894—5:— 

Wednesday, June 6th, October 3rd & 17th, November 7th, Decem- 
ber 5th, 1894, and (Annual), January 16th, 1895. 


TUESDAY, JUNE 190. 

VALUABLE COLLECTION OF EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA, &c. 
ME. J.C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great Rooms, 38, 

King Street, Covent Garden, on TursDay, Junu 19th, at half-past 12 
precisely, the remaining portion of the Collection of Exotic Lepidoptera formed by 
the late J. JENNER WEIR, Esq., together with the Cabinets and Cases in which 
they are contained; also British Lepidoptera, Heads and Horns of Animals, Bird’s 
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On view the ony ge from 10 till 4, and renee of ce and Oo ee had. 


TUESDAY, JULY 10TH. 
THE VALUABLE COLLECTION OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA FORMED BY 
Mr. J. R. WELLMAN. 


ME. J.C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction at his Great Rooms, 38, 

sag King Street, Covent Garden, on TuEspay, Juny 10th, at half-past 12 
precisely, the Valuable Collection of British Lepidoptera, in unusually fine con- 
dition, formed by Mr. J. R. WELLMAN, the result of upwards of 40 years’ continuous 
work, and contained in three Mahogany Cabinets, one of 40 and two of 20 drawers 
each. The specimens are for the most part labelled, with full data. 


On view the day prior, from 10 till 4, and Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. 


py UROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA AND PREPARED LARVA. 
Nearly 5000 species. For Price List apply to 


AUGUST HOFFMANN, Sachsenring 13, Cologne, Germany. 


ae Series, : 0.55.] 


JULY, 1894. [Prick 6d. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
MONTHLY MAGAZINE. 


EDITED BY 


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G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S. RB. WLACHLAN, F.B.S. 

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.ES. E. SAUNDERS, F.LS. 
LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.RS., &. 


————— 


SECOND SERIES—VOL. V. 


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July, 1894. | 145 


83. Pelidnoptera nigripennis, F.: the dark-winged Sciomyzide 
are now growing into shape, and I can record this species without 
doubt from a male at Dolgelley on June 18th, 1887, and a female from 
Muchalls, near Aberdeen, on June 4th, 1884. 


84. Loxocera fulviventris, Mg.: Rev. E. N. Bloomfield has re- 
cently given me a female of this species, which he caught in 1892 at 
Guestling, near Hastings. 


85. Calobata adusta, Lw.: I caught two males and two females of 
this little known species in Millersdale on June 18th, 1886. 


86. C. triviahis, Lw.: probably a common species, which I have 
caught in June, July, and August from Devonshire to Dovedale. 


87. Aciura rotundiventris, Fln.: caught by Rev. T. A. Marshall 
at Lidford Gorge, Cornwall, on July 6th, 1892. 


88. Spilographa abrotani, Mg.: a male also caught by Rev. T. A. 
Marshall at Hatt, in Cornwall. 


89. Tephritis proboscidea, Lw.: probably not uncommon on Chry- 
santhemum leucanthemum. I caught two males at Gatwick, in Surrey, 
on August Ist, 1891, and previously possessed it from the late J. C. 
Dale in 1870, labelled 7. partetina. 


90. Sapromyza flaviventris, Costa: I have caught specimens at 
St. Mary Cray on June 9th, 1869; Leigh, on June 18th, 1871; and 
Dyffiryn on July 21st, 1888. 


91. S. biwmbrata, Lw.: three specimens from my garden, one on 
July 28th, 1883, and a pair on July 20th, 1890; also from Denmark 
Hill, London, on August Ist, 1867, and Penzance on July 8th, 1871. 


92. Sepsis pilipes, Lw.: this little species was first described by 
Loew in 1873 from Hungary, although he had long known it. I have 
not noticed any other reference to it, but I caught two males at Abbey 
Wood, one on July 24th, 1870, and the other on July 17th, 1874. 


93. Mycetaulus bipunctatus, Fln.: two fine specimens of this 
species have occurred at Tuddenham, near here, one on September 
16th, 1891, and the other on September 19th, 1892. 


94. Drosophila obscura, Fln.: abundant where sap was flowing on 
a tree trunk at Lingfield on July 30th, 1887. I may as well now con- 
firm Aulacigaster rufitarsis, Meq., as British, from a specimen caught 
here on May 12th, 1893; in my “ List” it is placed among the 
Agromyzide, but 1 think it is more allied to the Dresophilide and 
Ephydrida. 


N 


146 tJuly, 


95. Anthracophaga JSrontosa, Mg.: four specimens from Abbey 
Wood on May 7th, 1871. 


96. Haplegis divergens, Lw.: four specimens from Warrengore 
Wood, near Lewes, on July 16th, 1871. 


97. Chlorops puncticollis, Ztt.: common at Aberlady on June 
30th, 1870, and I have also taken it at Rannoch on June 18th, 1870, 
and at Redbridge, Hants, on June 18th, 1875. 


98. Cacoxenus indagator, Lw.: whether the Milichide are entitled 
to the rank of a separate family or not is still an unsettled question, 
but in Part iii of my “ List’ I included the family, with three reputed 
British species. I can now add this species, and partly confirm as 
British two of the previous ones. C. indagator appears to have a 
curious habit of occurring on windows, and I have caught three on 
my study window: one on May 29th, 1886; the second on May 24th, 
1892 ; and the third on May 28th, 1892. I have also seen some old 
British specimens. 


99. Milichia ornata, Ztt.: the various species of Milichia are at 
present very insufficiently differentiated, and, consequently, I can only 
say that a specimen caught by me at Ulleswater on June 26th, 1889, 
seems to be this species, even though the cross-veins on the wings are 
scarcely darkened at all. The species seem to vary in this respect, as 
well as in size, consequently Zetterstedt’s JZ. boletina may be only a 
variety, and perhaps both only varieties of our reputed species, J. 
maculata, Me. 


100. Phyllomyza securicornis, Fln.: I caught a few specimens 
of this curious species at Braemar on July 25th, 1873, by sweeping 
about nests of the wood ant; my specimens have somewhat darker 
legs than continental types and descriptions, but I do not know 
enough of the group to consider them distinct. 


Sussex Lodge, Newmarket: 
March, 1884. 


ABOUT SOME SAMOAN BUTTERFLIES. 


BY JANE FRASER. 


Within fourteen degrees of the equator, and under a cloudless 
sky, one naturally expects to see butterflies, birds and flowers of 
glowing colours, but the first thing that struck me on landing in Upolo 
was the almost universally quiet, even sombre tone of colour of the 
butterflies. Flowers there were in abundance of brilliant hue, searlet 
Hibiscus, yellow Alamanda, weeds by the wayside like small scarlet 


1894.J 147 


Gladioli, and trees with blossoms vivid as those of the flame tree of 
Ceylon. Kingfishers like living sapphires, and bright red and black 
honey eaters, flashed across one’s path, but with few exceptions the 
butterflies showed less colour than some of our own Vanesse. 

Perhaps the most generally distributed species was Hypolimnas 
Bolina, var. otaheite, black with round white spots shot with blue ; 
the female with spots of white or blue or more rarely yellow, the 
markings showing immense variety. In gardens and sunny open 
spots, where flowers were in profusion, this insect was sure to be 
found flying quickly from blossom to blossom, often three or four 
on one cluster with extended wings, basking in the sunshine, until 
perhaps disturbed by our cosmopolitan friend, Danais Plexippus, who 
seemed to take pleasure in chasing them off his own particular haunts. 
One of the first to appear in the morning, when the sun was well up, 
H. Bolina seemed to find the day all too short, and used to continue 
flying after the sun had set, and in the warm still evenings, as long as 
there was sufficient light to see, a few might be observed on the wing. 
Sometimes, when we were sitting indoors reading or writing by lamp- 
light, heavy rain clouds would drift up from the Pacific, and on those 
occasions it was no unusual thing for several of these butterflies to 
flit in by the open door, and, after circling round the room two or 
three times, finally settle on the rafters for the night. More than 
once, when out of doors late at night, and when there was neither 
wind nor rain to disturb them, I have caught it flying. It may be 
that the sound of footsteps scared it from its resting place, but I am 
almost inclined to believe that it has the habit of flying by night as 
well as by day. 

In clearings in the lower lying Forest the pretty velvety-brown 
Deragena Schmelzii, with the curious scaleless stripe on its wing, flitted 
gently in the sunshine, disappearing, if hunted or alarmed, into the 
dense undergrowth of the Forest, where it might be found hanging 
with drooping wings from leaf or twig, looking very like a withered 
leaf itself. In the same open spaces of the lower forest a butterfly 
that looked like a miniature edition of the large Queensland species, 
Tirumala hamata, often alighted on the yellow flowers of a most 
abundant weed, the flower contrasting beautifully with the delicate 
pale blue and black of the insect’s wings. The very remarkable 
pocket on the wing appears to be the source whence comes the evil 
odour which undoubtedly pervades this butterfly, and which lasts 
for quite a week after it is dead. 

The most handsome and striking butterfly which appeared during 

N 2 


148 {July 


my stay in Upolo was Papilio Godeffroyi, which, though pretty widely 
distributed, was by no means plentiful. In the early forenoon they 
might be seen hovering round the scarlet Hibiscus, but more frequently 
they were attracted by the blossoms of the mammee apple, which were 
unfortunately too high to be easily reached by the net, and if one 
missed a first stroke, P. Godeffroyi rarely allowed a second chance, but 
would go sailing up to the topmost branch of some tall tree, where 
perhaps he would sit and fan his wings for a while, and then soar out 
of sight right over the tops of the palms. When not hunted, this 
butterfly had a curious habit of going in a straight line through the 
thickest bushes, which proved no obstacle, and it is probably owing to 
this habit that so few of them have the long tails of the hind-wings 
unbroken. 

In a rather remote part of the Forest, about S00 feet above the 
sea, a very small clearing had been made by the fall of a huge tree, 
which had brought down some large branches of other trees, and had 
crushed down a lot of undergrowth, allowing the sun to blaze in on 
the spot for an hour or two at noontide. In this favoured retreat a 
bright fawn-coloured “ skipper,’ whose identity I have yet failed to 
discover, used to disport himself, flying rapidly at about 20 or 30 feet 
from the ground, and occasionally alighting on the leaves of the wild 
banana, where they loved to bask in the intense heat, as did also a 
pair of very beautiful golden-green lizards with bright blue tails, who 
had their favourite leaf, on which one was pretty sure to find them 
sunning themselves at noon. Probably they helped to keep the little 


P) 


“skippers ” scarce, for once when one of them incautiously lit near 
one of the lizards, it was caught and swallowed instantly. 

On the shore a little above tide mark grew in dense masses a low 
plant with large shining leaves, and here the gem-like deep blue 
Lycena Woodford: darted hither and thither, certainly the most 
brilliantly coloured butterfly I saw in Samoa. A much commoner 
“blue” was Lycena communis, which literally swarmed on sunny 
roadsides. 

A leaf-like butterfly, probably a variety of Melanitis Leda, haunted 
certain shady places. It would dart across your path and glide back 
again, seeming to dive into a bush or in among the ferns or weeds at 
the roots of trees. Among the many species of leaf-like butterflies 
I have seen in Java, not one had the power of concealing itself so 
absolutely as this Samoan species. One day one of them flew into a 
small isolated bunch of ferns close to where I stood, and in a moment 
my large ring net was over the spot. I felt so confident that the 


1894.) 149 


butterfly was under the net that I knelt on the grass for nearly an 
hour, holding the ring of the net tightly down the while, watching to 
see if it would re-appear, then one by one I pulled away the ferns 
and picked up every withered leaf, but never a glimpse of that leaf- 
butterfly did I get. A charming bright bit of colour in small openings 
of the Forest was Atella Bodenia, and there were a few localities, 
generally the beginning of a foot track on the edge of the Forest, 
where one was almost sure to find one or two of them. They were 
fond of the “fua fua” trees, and would sit sunning themselves on a 
bright green leaf just where a slender streak of sunshine could touch 
them, but they were wary and alert and off at the slightest alarm, 
circling round the tops of the trees, but generally returning to the 
same branch, often to the same leaf. The famous “ Hampstead ”’ 
butterfly, Junonia vellida,* was common in gardens, and in the garden 
of Mr. R. L. Stevenson, where Xenias of every shade and colour grew 
profusely, it was always to be found during the hottest hours of the 
day flying swiftly from flower to flower. 

In the different Colonies of Australia, in the Friendly Islands, 
and in the Navigator Islands, one of the first butterflies to be noticed 
is Danais Plexippus, and in Upolo it was very much at home, but was 
decidedly more numerous at a few hundred feet above the sea. 

There was a cleared space of a few acres about 700 feet above sea 
level, where a red-flowered cotton weed (Asclepias?) grew, and here 
Danais Plexippus might be found in all its stages. The greenish- 
yellow egg on the under-side of the leaf, the brightly banded black 
and yellow larva, the chrysalis (chartreuse-green with golden dots) 
hanging from leaf or twig, and the grand butterfly himself skimming 
with easy flight over the cotton weeds, sucking at the blossoms of 
orange or lemon trees, and often chasing butterflies of other species 
off his hunting grounds, for Danais Plexippus is, I fear, decidedly 
aggressive. In all stages of its existence the same unpleasant odour 
pervades it, probably one of the reasons why it is so abundant. When 
freshly emerged from the chrysalis, and with the sun shining directly 
down on it, a deep rich purple tint appears to be shot through the black 
markings, this disappears very soon, and he continues his unmolested 
career sometimes until his powerful wings are almost denuded of 
scales, which is not to be wondered at, when his unbutterfly-like 
disregard of weather is taken into consideration. 


31, Bloomsbury Street, Bedford Square : 
May, 1894. 


* “Albin’s Hampstead Eye” (Cynthia hampstediensis, Steph.). 


150 {July, 


NOTES ON THE EARLIER STAGES OF THE NEPTICUL, 
WITH A VIEW TO THEIR BETTER RECOGNITION AT THIS PERIOD 
OF THEIR LIFE. 


BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B. 
(Concluded from p. 98). 


I conclude with a subject intimately connected with the economy 
of these insects, though searcely perhaps relevant to the actual 
purpose of the paper. 

I allude to the singular power these insects possess of delaying 
the ripening and death of the part of the leaf they are occupying. 
Mentioning the subject some years ago to Mr. Stainton, he told me 
that it had first been noticed by Von Heyden, but I do not think it 
has received the attention it merits, and, at any rate, I have come 
across nothing bearing on it in our own publications. It is a most 
curious and striking phenomenon. The leaf shall have put on its 
red or yellow autumnal tint, it shall even have dropped from the tree, 
have died and turned brown, but the area in which the larva is feeding 
will remain alive and green, not merely for days but for weeks, pro- 
vided it be not exposed to excessive dryness. 

Now, it is well known that the fall of the leaf is associated with 
an acid condition of the sap, and the only explanation I have heard of 
the phenomenon we are considering is, that the mine, cutting like a 
trench across the leaf, stops the supply of this acid sap to the part 
beyond, and so preserves it from the change going on in the rest of 
the leaf. But I question whether there is not an erroneous notion 
here, for it is not the acidity of the sap that brings about the changes 
in the leaf, but the changes in the leaf that bring about the acidity of 
the sap. Those of us who do much rearing in air-tight vessels must 
have noticed, as the season drew to a close, that the leaves we placed 
in our bottles, though perfectly green at the time of picking, would 
not unfrequently, and in the course of a few days, dye the natural 
autumnal colour, and apparently more readily (it has seemed to me) 
than if they had remained on the plant and had continued to be fed 
by the sap. Here is proof, if proof be needed, that the sap can have 
little to do with the process, except in the way of retarding it, and 
that it is a property of the leaf tissue itself. This being so, how then 
does the larva manage to delay the process and keep that part of the 
leaf in which it is residing green and living P 

In the nature of things, the presence of the larva among the 
living cells must act on them as a stimulant or irritant, the first effect 


1894.) 151 


of which is to bring about an increased flow of sap to the part. That 
a free and over-abundant supply of sap is conducive to the longevity 
of leaves is shown by the length of time that the branches of recent 
pollards and still more the shoots thrown up from the stools of felled 
trees retain their greenness. Hence it might with good reason be 
argued that the afflux of sap brought about by the irritation of the 
larva is the sum and substance of the whole business. The explanation 
certainly is simple enough ; but simple explanations are not necessarily 
right, and in this case, when all attendant circumstances are considered, 
and especially the length of time that vitality is retained after the 
death of the leaf as a whole, I think it will be admitted that something 
more than mere mechanical irritation must be at work. Looking at 
one of these green patches, with its margins fading gradually into the 
surrounding brown area, it is almost impossible to escape the conviction 
that it is produced by some substance that we may call a poison, or 
better still, looking at its effects, a preservative, which, taken up by 
the sap, is carried to the cells, and being appropriated in its progress 
gets more diluted and attenuated the further it travels. What this 
substance may be, whether a secretion specially provided for the purpose 
and poured out from the mouth of the larva, or possibly some excretory 
substance present in the frass, I am quite unable to say. At any rate, 
the whole virtue of the operation seems to be exercised whilst the 
larva is still young, and once accomplished the life or death of the 
creature is of little or no consequence. 

Exhibited by very many species, in none does it offer a better 
opportunity for study than in subbimaculella, one of the commonest 
and best distributed of our species. Passing under the oak trees any 
time in the autumn, from September to November, it will hardly be 
possible to overlook its little green patches in the brown leaves lying 
on the ground. Usually the patches are roughly triangular, and extend 
from an angle of the midrib for some little way into the corresponding 
interspace, whilst at or near the apex is the larval blotch. If we look 
closely, the empty egg-shel! will be found on the upper surface of the 
midrib, or occasionally of a side rib, and proceeding from it a fine 
gallery that keeps accurately to the side of the rib, and catches and 
impregnates, we must suppose, the sap in its passage out of the vascular 
bundles. At any rate,it is whilst the larva is making this preliminary 
gallery that the whole of its singular influence over the leaf is exer- 
cised, for not unfrequently a patch is found as large and as green as 
usual, and yet nothing is to be seen but this preliminary gallery 
and the dead larva at the end of it. Even more striking as a 


152 (July, 


display are the leaves occupied by apicella and intimella, provided only 
the season is favourable to the production of rich autumnal colouring. 
To see, as I have more than once, an aspen tree with nearly every leaf 
of a pure yellow, save for a bold splash of vivid green striking across 
from stalk to margin, is an extraordinary sight, and one that can 
scarcely fail to arrest attention. Equally remarkable are the leaves of 
the Bedford willow (Salix Russelliana) when intimella is present, for 
one lateral half will be yellow or even brown, while the other half 
remains green. In both cases too the death of the larva whilst in the 
stalk in no way lessens the effect on the blade, and the simplest, indeed 
the only plausible, explanation I can see is, that some substance is 
produced, which being absorbed by the vascular bundles, among which 
the creature is burrowing, gets distributed to the parts of the leaf they 
supply, where it is taken up and appropriated by the cells. 

But this curious power is not restricted to the Nepticule. It is 
equally noticeable in the Lithocolletes, yet with a distinct difference as 
regards one point. In the former the patch faded more or less in- 
sensibly into the surrounding area; in the latter it is sharply defined 
and coterminous with the limits of the mine, in fact, it is neither more 
nor less than the mine itself. The first thing the Lithocolletis larva 
does is to separate the cuticle of the leaf, until an area sufficient for 
its future needs is mapped out. It then spins strands of silk across 
this separated cuticle, and presently by the natural contraction of the 
silk the sides of the mine are drawn together, and at the same time, 
aiding the operation, the larva nibbles all round the edge of the mine, 
picking out the parenchyma but leaving the veinlets untouched. After- 
wards it continues to feed upon the parenchyma from the commence- 
ment made at the edge, leaving the central parts to the last, and never 
at any time touching the network of veinlets. The virtue of the 
process lies, as it did in the Nepticula, in the first stage of the work, 
namely, the separation of the cuticle, for the larva, having effected 
this, may come to grief, and yet the patch it had so cunningly marked 
out for its future use will remain green and fresh as if nothing were 
amiss, whilst the rest of the leaf may long since have gone through 
the whole series of autumnal changes. 

Striking as the contrast is between the restriction of the process 
within definite limits in the one case, and the absence of any such 
limitation in the other, it can scarcely point to any real difference in 
the principle itself, but rather suggests a want of agreement in some 
detail of proceedure. Now, the Nepticula larva, though it may not 
eat down the veinlets to the same level as the parenchyma, does, never- 


1894. ] 153 


theless, undoubtedly nibble them, and we may, therefore, conclude 
that in this way it gains access to the vascular bundles and so to the 
general current of the circulation. On the other hand, the veinlets 
appear to be quite untouched by the Lithocolletis larva, and conse- 
quently the entrance of any animal product into the sap stream becomes 
difficult, if not impossible. In the one case, then, I imagine that the 
preservative is applied indirectly, through the current of the circula- 
tion, and in the other case, directly to the cells themselves, by which 
it is at once appropriated and prevented from spreading farther. 

If this view be correct, if some product of the larva be the real 
efficient cause, and mechanical irritation but at best a subsidiary one, 
then it seems to me that this curious condition of the leaf has much 
in it that allies it with gall formation, especially as seen in the Cynipide, 
in which the poison is provided by the larva and not by the parent 
insect at the time of oviposition. I am aware that Mr. Cameron, when 
discussing the nature and origin of galls in his “ Monograph of the 
British Phytophagous Hymenoptera,” vol. iv, issued by the Ray Society, 
gives his decision against any special poison, and ascribes their forma- 
tion to mere mechanical irritation. But it is hard to imagine that 
irritation by itself can give rise to such complicated forms, and of such 
endless variety, as are presented by galls. Granted, however, a poison, 
and then the formation of an organized body, a new birth as it were, 
from the union of the vegetable cell with the animal product, becomes 
to some extent understandable, with its independent life, carried on 
in some instances months after it has been shed by the parent plant, 
as is evidenced by its continued growth and development whilst lying 
free and exposed on the naked ground. Of course the action of the 
Lepidopterous larva on the leaf stops very short of this, yet the dif- 
ference, I fancy, is rather one of degree than of kind. For, in the 
first place, there is the existence of a substance, the product of the 
larva. In the next place, this substance is of such a nature that it 
can be assimilated by the plant tissues. And lastly, although no new 
growth results from this union of the vegetable cell with the animal 
product, yet there follows from it a sort of independent life almost as 
pronounced as in the case of the gall. Jet me give an instance of 
this that made a great impression on me at the time. On August 15th 
in the past year, at the very hottest period, be it noted, of the late 
extraordinary summer, I picked up on the side of a steep bank exposed 
to the full force of the sun, many brown oak leaves holding one or 
more of the little green patches of swbbimaculella. The leaves were 
dead beyond all doubt, shrunken, and so dry as to crackle when bent, 


154 [July, 


nevertheless, the little patches of the Nepticula were not only green 
but juicy, and to all intents and purposes alive. Yet they must have 
been lying for days upon the short turf, resisting alike the great heat 
and the drought, and by the force of their vitality storing up from 
the dews at night moisture enough to meet the wastes of the day. 

Here I will leave the question. Beyond noting some of the con- 
ditions under which it occurs, I feel I have done but little to elucidate 
it. Itisa matter so intimately bound up with the physiology of 
plant life in health and disease ; moreover, my opportunities of con- 
sulting recent authorities on these subjects are so scant, and any 
original investigations on my own part so out of the question, that it 
must remain for some one else to remove it from the domain of 
hypothesis to that of fact. 


Tarrington, Ledbury. 


ON TWO SPECIES OF ALEURODES FROM DORSET. 


BY J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. 


Mr. C. W. Dale has sent specimens in the imago state of two 
species of Alewrodes, which he has quite recently taken at Glanvilles 
Wootton. One of them (three specimens) is certainly A. spiree, 
Doug., but it comes from bramble, and from this it might be suspected 
that it is A. rvbi, Sign. (Ess. sur les Alewrodes), but there are some 
material differences that militate against such an opinion. In the 
larva state rwbi has (sec. Signoret) a series of long hairs on the dorsum 
(his pl. ix, fig. 4), but such are quite wanting in spree; and the 
remarkable dorsal tubercles of spir@@ are not present in rubi. Of the 
imago of rubz, Signoret merely says that there is a single black spot 
in each wing, making no remark on any peculiarities of its form, such 
as exist in spiree (cf. p. 74, ante), and which, if Signoret had seen 
in his species, he would surely have noticed. ‘These considerations 
weighed with me when I described A. spree, and 1 still think go to 
show a distinction of species. 


A. AVELLAN®, Sign. 


Signoret says: “This species is very near to A. quercis; like that it is trans- 
parent, only beginning to become rather opaque at the moment when it passes into 
the nymph-state. The perfect insect I have not been able to study well, having 
found only a mutilated individual, and still doubting if it be that of the nut-tree, as 
it may have proceeded from some of the numerous oaks around. 


1894.] 155 


“ But the larva is easy to distinguish, since it has, like that from the oak, some 
cavities in the form of excoriations on the median line of the abdomen ; the sides, or 
expansion around the body, are much broader, more transparent, more folliculated, 
very wrinkled, and at the point of distinction of this expansion of the body properly 
so-called, there are also the same kind of excoriations on each segment, eight on each 
side, and some of them also near the cephalic portion. On each side of the median 
line, on the first and second abdominal segment, is a blackish spot; the extremity 
of the abdomen or anus elongate and brownish. 

“This species, applied always to the under-side of the leaves, is as transparent 
as that of the oak and the bramble, and it is only by great attention that it can be 
discovered ; on each side of the prothoracic region beneath is, in the form of a line, 
a pale secretion from the stigmata, giving to the species the appearance of a small 


Lecanium.” 

Mr. Dale sends six specimens, all exactly alike, which he found 
on nut-bushes (Corylus avellana), where, he says, it is very abundant. 
IT conclude that it is the A. avellana, Sign., mainly on account of the 
habitat, but it is of so remarkable a character, and so distinct from all 
others, that it, at any rate, must be deemed to be special to the tree, 
and as no other Aleurodes lives thereon, I think there can be no doubt 
that it is correctly named, and I append a description :— 

Imago, 6 2. Body, antenne, and legs entirely gamboge-yellow; eyes black, 
* oval, not divided, in the least degree emarginate at the point where the antenna is 
inserted; wings somewhat narrow, white, transparent, the marginal nerve yellow, 
deeply so on the costa and apical curve, paler on the inner side; on the median 
nervure a small, undefined, yellow spot just where the nervure is deflected, but no 


dark spot. Expanse of wings, 2 mm. 
This is the smallest species I know, and is an addition to the 
British List. 


153, Lewisham Road, S.E.: 
May 12th, 1894. 


NOTE ON THERMOBIA DOMESTICA, AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN 
THE UNITED STATES. 


BY A. S. PACKARD, M.D., HON. F.E.S. 


The recent articles on Thermobia furnorum (Rovelli) by Dr. Sharp 
and by Mr. McLachlan in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 
March and April of the present year, lead me to affirm the identity of 
this insect with Lepisma domestica, described by myself in 1873. When 
I first saw Dr. Oudeman’s figure of this Thysanuran I felt very sure 
it was the insect I had in former years so frequently observed. 

I first noticed the insects living in abundance both in winter and 
in summer in the basement kitchen of my house at Salem, Maass., 


56h) | (July, 


about the year 1869 or 1870. They would come out from behind the 
range, and were observed in dry warm closets, but were not commonly 
noticed in the upper cooler portions of the house, though at times 
appearing about fireplaces. I kept specimens in confinement for some 
time, offering them sugar (which, however, I am not sure they eat), 
hoping to get some eggs for purposes of embryological study. 

I first called attention to it in an article in the American Natu- 
ralist, entitled, “ Bristle-tails and Spring-tails” (v, p. 94, April, 1871). 
Referring to the four American species of Lepisma,I stated, “ Besides 
the common L. saccharina ?, there are three undescribed species, one 
the heat-loving form, perhaps an imported species, found in a kitchen 
in Salem, and apparently allied to Z. thermophila, Lucas, of houses in 
Brest, France ; and two allied forms, one from Key West, and another 
from Putvon, Nicaragua, collected by Mr. McNeil.” ‘These last three 
species are beautifully ornamented with finely spinulated hairs, ar- 
ranged in tufts on the head ; while the side of the body and edges of 
the basal joints of the legs are fringed with them. As ZL. mucronata, 
Pack., from Nicaragua, which closely resembles Thermophila, has 
5-jointed maxillary palpi, it should be retained in Lepisma. 

The Salem species was afterwards described from both living and 
alcoholic examples in the Fifth Annual Report of the Peabody Academy 
of Science at Salem, Mass., July, 1873, p.48, under the name Lepisma 
domestica. J have not heard of its occurrence in any other locality 
in this country. 

It seems to agree perfectly with Oudeman’s figure and description 
in Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 1889, p. 425, pl. 12, both in the shape 
and the proportions of the joints of the maxillary palpi, and in the 
colours and markings ; the dark bands and spots being the same. 


Providence, R. I., U. S. A.: 
May 14th, 1894. 


SUPPLEMENT TO ANNOTATED LIST OF BRITISH TACHINIIDA. 
BY R. H. MEADE. 
(Concluded from page 110). 
MYOBIA, Dsv. et Rnd.* 


M. verusta, Men. 


Frontal stripe black, with forepart sometimes red ; sides of frontalia and face 
white or luteous, with dark reflections ; antenne black, with second joint rufous at 
the apex, and about half the length of the third; arista long, slender,. slightly 
pubescent, and a little thickened at the base ; palpi piceous or black ; thorax cine- 


* The additional species which I now introduce belongs to Rondani’s genus or sub-genus 
Myobia, all the other British species that I have seen are comprised in his sub-genus Pyrrosia. 


1894. ] 157 


reous, with four longitudinal black stripes, the middle pair being very narrow ; the 
post-sutural outer dorso-central bristles three in number; scutellum grey, with the 
apex sometimes testaceous; abdomen yellowish-grey, with brown reflections, the 
usual marginal bristles, and a few small disval setz on the middle segments ; calyptra 
and halteres luteous; wings brunescent, with the apical cross veins nearly straight, 
terminating near the apex of the wing, and curved at the base; outer cross veins 
slightly sinuous, and placed almost in the centre between the inner cross veins and 
the bend of the fourth ; legs black. 

Meigen and Schiner put this species in their genus Tachina, but Rondani has 
more properly placed it among the Myobdie. 

A female of this rare species was taken by Mr. Beaumont at Box Hill, Surrey. 


MEIGENIA, Dsyv. 


M. masuscuna, Rnd. 


Hyes thinly clothed with fine white hairs ; frontalia much narrower in the male 
than female, occupying about one-fifth of the width of the head in the former, and 
one-third in the latter; central stripe brown and rather wider than the sides, which 
are bluish-black ; face white ; antenne# grey, with the third joint from two to three 
times the length of the second ; arista long, slender, and thickened for about one- 
fourth of its length; palpi piceous or black; thorax black or brown, with five 
stripes, whick are indistinct in the female, and three post-sutural outer dorso-central 
bristles ; abdomen grey with black reflections, a short dorsal stripe, and black margins 
to the hinder parts of the segments, dilated into two large semilunar spots on the 
second ring, which are more distinct in the male than female; wings brunescent, 
especially in the male; apical cross vein straight, outer one sinuous; legs black, 
hind tibie ciliated along their outer sides with a nearly even row of bristles. 

This fine Tachinid was captured by Mr. Billups at Dulwich in June, 1893. 


MASICERA, Mcq. 


M. rntEerrupra, Mcq. 


Forehead prominent ; frontal stripe piceous, and rather wider than the sides of 
the frontalia, which are grey with dark reflections; antennew black, with the third 
joint three times the length of the second; which is a little elongated; arista 
thickened to the middle ; palpi piceous or black; facial setee few; thorax shining 
black with cinereous pubescence, and marked with four black stripes, the central 
pair narrow, and the lateral ones broad and irregular in shape; outer dorso-central 
post-sutural setee four in number; abdomen shining black, with a narrow, even, 
interrupted white band on the front margins of the second, third and fourth seg- 
ments ; dorsal bristles both marginal and discal ; wings with the apical cross veins 
nearly straight, and the outer ones slightly sinuous ; legs black. 

This fly was found at Wimbledon by Mr. Brunetti. 


M. virinis, Rnd. 


Forehead and face rather prominent ; frontalia occupying about one-fifth of the 
width of the head in the male, and one-third in the female; central stripe black, 


rather wider than the sides ; face flavescent or white; fronto-orbital setee extending 


158 (July, 


to about the root of the arista ; facial sete reaching about one-third of the way up ; 
antenne black with the third joint thick, and between two and three times the 
length of the second ; arista long, thickened for about a third of its length; palpi 
black ; epistome setose and slightly prominent; thorax black, covered with hoary 
pubescence, and marked with four black stripes of nearly equal width ; outer dorso- 
central post-sutural bristles three in number; abdomen cylindrico-conical in the 
male, black, with wide, grey, transverse fascize and tessellations ; discal and marginal 
setee long and numerous ; wings with the fourth longitudinal veins bent at an obtuse 
angle; apical cross veins straight; outer cross ones slightly sinuous, and fifth 
longitudinal one not quite reaching the margin of the wing; legs black and spinose ; 
hind tibiz armed with an irregular row of spines. 

This species has been taken by Mr. Dale in Dorset, and by Mr. Piffard at 
Felden, Herts. 

M. EceEns, Egg. 


This rare species has been captured by Mr. Esau near Eastbourne. 


HYPOSTENA, Men. 


H. procera, Mgn. 


Mr. Billups sent me a specimen of this fly which he had captured, for identifica- 
tion in March, 1893. 


BAUMHAUERIA, Mgn. 


B, atpocineunatra, Fln. 
B. gracilis, Egg. 

Forehead and face prominent and swollen ; eyes widely separated in both sexes ; 
frontal stripe wide, piceous or black, and bifid posteriorly, where it includes a grey 
ocellar triangle, the ocelli themselves being placed on a black spot; fronto-orbital 
sete numerous, in an irregular double or triple row; antenne black, with the second 
joint partly rufous, and five or six times shorter than the third; arista rather short 
and thickened nearly to the end; facialia ciliated along their lower halves ; palpi 
piceous or rufous; thorax black, covered with cinereous pubescence, especially on 
the front and sides; there are four longitudinal black stripes, and three outer post- 
sutural dorso-central bristles ; abdomen conical, black and shining, with a continuous 
rather narrow white band round the front margin of the second, third and fourth 
segments ; dorsal sete both marginal and discal ; wings with the apical cross veins 
straight, joined to the end of the third longitudinal vein close to the costa, and 
some distance before the apex of the wing; outer cross vein oblique, rather sinuous, 
and placed nearly in the centre between the inner cross vein and the angle of the 
fourth ; legs black. 

The Rey. E. N. Bloomfield kindly sent me both sexes of this pretty species, 
which were captured at Felden, Herts. 


DEGEERIA, Mgn. 


D. putcuEnia, Mgn. 


Mr. Billups sent me a female of this species in December, 1893, bred from 
Peronea maccana. 


1894.] 149 


D. Datit, sp. n. 
D. seria, ?, Mgn. 

Forehead rather prominent, eyes in the male rather.widely separated, frontalia 
occupying about one-fourth of the head ; frontal stripe black, and rather wider than 
the sides, which, like the face, are white with dark reflections; fronto-orbital 
bristles extending to a little below the base of the third antennal joint; facial sete 
reaching up about two-thirds of the face; antenne brown, with the third joint very 
thick and rounded, and five or six times as long as the second, which is short ; arista 
with the second joint indistinct, and the third thickened for half its length; palpi 
black at the base and rufous at the apex; thorax shining black, with the front half 
covered (particularly upon the shoulders and sides) with hoary pubescence, and 
marked with four black stripes; outer post-sutural dorso-central bristles three in 
number ; scutellum grey; calyptra dirty white; halteres yellow ; abdomen conico- 
cylindrical, with both discal and marginal sete, first segment nearly as long as the 
others, and black, second, third, and fourth cinereous, tessellated with black patches, 
and having a black dorsal line (most distinct on the second ring), as well as black 
hind margins; wings greyish, with the fourth vein bent at a slightly curved angle, 
and the apical and outer cross veins quite straight, the first posterior cell is nearly 
closed, and terminates a little before the apex of the wing; the outer cross vein is 
placed exactly in the centre between the inner cross vein and the angle of the fourth ; 
legs black, hind tibie irregularly ciliated on their outer sides. Length, 8 mm. 

This fly corresponds closely with Meigen’s short description of D. seria, with 
the exception of the palpi being rufous at the end ; he says nothing, however, about 
the large thick antenne, which are such a prominent feature in the species, so I 
have described it as new. By the structure of the antenne, it resembles the D. 
grandicornis of Zetterstedt, but it differs from that species by the second joint of 
the arista not being elongated, and by the abdomen being very differently marked. 

A male of this well marked species was captured at Glanvilles Wootton, Dorset, 


by Mr. Dale, and sent to me for my inspection, in May, 1894. I have much pleasure 
in naming it after him. , 


PHOROCERA, Dsv. 
P. pumicata, Mgn. et Rnd., non Mcq. 


In the first part of my Annotated List I remarked that I had not seen this 
species, and doubted whether it was distinct from P. cilipeda, Rnd.; the Rev. EB. 
N. Bloomfield, however, sent me two specimens last year, which had been captured 
by Mr. Piffard, at Felden, Herts, which I found to be characteristically different 
from P. cilipeda, Rnd., and may doubtless be considered as the P. pumicata of 
Meigen. In general form, colour, &c., they correspond closely with P. cilipeda, 
Rnd., but they differ by having only three outer dorso-central thoracic bristles 


behind the suture instead of four, and by the legs being quite black. This species 
seems to be rare. 


PLESINA, Mgn. 
P. nigrisguaMa, Zett., g. 
P. flavicornis, Lett., 9. 


_ This little species is black and shining. The antenne are brown in the male, 


160 [July, 


and usually yellow in the female; the palpi are piceous ; the calyptra have the upper 
scales nigrescent, and the under pale; the halteres are black; the wings have the 
front margins brown, and the fourth longitudinal vein bent in a curve. 


This rare species was captured by Mr. Frisby, at Maidstone. 


PENRO SD sv: 
P. MELANOCEPHALA, Men. 


Mr. Beaumont has captured this species at Bristol. 


P. ni@ra, Dev. 


Mr. Brunetti sent me a specimen of this fly, taken at Gloucester. 


‘ADDITION TO SUPPLEMENT. 


NEMORHA QUADRATICORNIS, sp. n. 


Male: forehead prominent; eyes clothed with long white hairs, rather widely 
separated, the frontalia occupying about one-fifth of the head; frontal stripe black, 
rather wider than the sides, which, with the face, are glistening white; fronto- 
orbital bristles extending as low as base of second joint of antenne; cheeks ciliated 
with a few fine black hairs below the termination of the fronto-orbital sete; antennze 
black, second joint marked with white on its upper surface, third joint fully twice 
as long as the second, widened and square-shaped at the extremity; arista short, 
with second joint indistinct, and gradually thickened nearly to the end; epistome 
white and prominent, facial set few and small; thorax cinereous, the front and 
sides being quite white; it is marked by four black, rather narrow, lines, and has 
three outer post-sutural dorso-central bristles; scutellum yellow and translucent, 
with the base grey ; calyptra white; halteres yellow; abdomen ovoid, with a rufous 
patch upon the second segment, and the other rings tessellated with large brown and 
white patches; sete rather small, there are none on the first segment, but two upon 
the disc, and two upon the margin of both the second and third ones; anal segment 
small; ventral surface marked with black and white reflections, and having narrow 
white margins to the segments; wings with roots yellowish ; fourth longitudinal 
vein bent at a sharp angle, where it is furnished with a rather long cubital appendix ; 
apical cross vein nearly straight, and terminating rather near to the apex of the 
wing; outer cross vein oblique and sinuous; legs black, hind tibis irregularly armed 
with setee on their outer sides. Length, 10 mm. 

This species bears close affinity with both the NV. truncata and N. breviseta of 
Zetterstedt ; it differs from the former by having the second joint of the arista 
short, instead of being elongated ; by the abdomen being tessellated with black and 
white, instead of being fasciated with white, and by being of larger size. It differs 
from the latter (4reviseta) by having a cubital appendix to the wings, by the square- 
shaped third joint of the antenna, and also by its larger size. 

This fine species was captured at Ipswich, and sent for my inspection in April, 
1894, by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield. 


Bradford: May, 1894. 


1894.] 161 


Xanthia ocellaris at Twickenham.—Among some moths taken at sugar last 
autumn in the garden of my friend, Mr. E. Boscher, of Belle Vue House, Twicken- 
ham, there were two specimens which I had mistaken at first for dark forms of 
Euperia fulvago. One of these had been taken a few nights previously, and was on 
Mr. Boscher’s setting boards ; the other was taken by me off the sugar the night I 
was there, and had remained in my collection as a doubtful EZ. fulvago, till an oppor- 
tunity should occur of comparing it with this species, which I do not happen to 
possess. On looking over my collection this week, Mr. Barrett at once recognised 
the species as X. ocellaris, and thought the capture sufficiently interesting to be 
recorded. I believe this species used to be included among the “reputed British ;” 
the only list in my possession in which I can find it is the Oxford and Cambridge 
Accentuated List. It would be interesting to know on what authority it was formerly 
regarded as British.—R. Metpota, 6, Brunswick Square, W.C.: June 16th, 1894. 


Xanthia ocellaris, Bork., @ British insect.—EKarly last winter a moth was sent 
to me for examination by Mr. E. H. Taylor, of Fulham, but as I was on the point of 
leaving home for some months it remained unnamed until the present spring. I 
then found that it was a specimen of Xanthia ocellaris, Bork., of the variety known 
as lineago, Gn., which is said to be found more especially in the Altai mountain 
district. On referring to Mr. Taylor for its history, he replied :—“I took it on 
September 27th, 1893, at sugar, on Wimbledon Common ” (ef. ante, p. 111). Had 
the specimen been of the European type of X. ocellaris, it would have been at 
once announced, but, under existing circumstances, the only conclusion which seemed 
possible was that a larva or pupa had been accidentally introduced, with plants, from 
some part of Asia, and had come to maturity. The matter was, therefore, with Mr. 
Taylor’s assent, dropped. Visiting Professor Meldola last week, I saw his specimen, 
and heard of its companion, and as these were captured at a place several miles 
distant from that of Mr. Taylor’s specimen, and almost at the same time, there seems 
no reason why the species should not be duly recorded. It is a pretty insect, a good 
deal like Xanthia gilvago, but having the fore-wings somewhat differently shaped, the 
hind-margin of the fore-wings being faintly concave below the pointed apex, which 
thus becomes almost faleate; the nervures are pale, and it has a white dot below the 
reniform stigma. The variety lineago, to which both the specimens which I have 
seen belong, is of a dull brownish-buff or greyish-yellow, without the intermixture 
of clearer yellow or reddish found in typical specimens, and is, therefore, much 
more uniformly coloured. 

As remarked by Professor Meldola above, this species has apparently already 
been included in the British fauna. This is correct only so far as the name is con- 
cerned. In 1857, the capture of a specimen was announced—with doubt—at 
Brighton, but although incredulity was expressed with regard to the capture, no 
doubt seems to have been felt as to the accuracy of the name. In the following 
year, 1858, the capture of several more specimens, also at Brighton, was put upon 
record ; and it was not until a year later that they were discovered to be nothing 
more than light, brightly marked, X. giluago. They were merely specimens of the 
paler variety of X. gilvago, which has a yellow ground with reddish mottling and 
spots, such as may be seen in any good variable series of the insect in this country. 
Such specimens are at times sent from abroad as types of X. ocellaris in error, but 

oO 


162 : (July, 


the characters given sufficiently distinguish the latter. Should it prove to have 
effected a permanent settlement, we may surely hope that the variety will prove to 
be accompanied by the better known European typical form.—Cuas. G. BARRETT, 
39, Linden Grove, Nunhead, S.E.: June 17th, 1894. 


Food-plants of Papilio Machaon, L., in the Ziban, Algeria.—When spring is 
advanced, the swallow-tail butterfly is common locally among the low hills that 
fringe the plain in this part of the country. Larvze were first noticed on the 17th 
of May, when almost every stage of growth was represented. Occasionally, on being 
approached, the youngest larve display uneasiness, and at once protrude the bifid 
tentacle. Older larvz need persuasion with a twig or finger to provoke its extrusion ; 
if teased with a grass awn they are apt to drop down off their plant precipitately. 
Their principal food about Biskra is Deverra scoparia, Coss. and Dr. (I have not yet 
seen any on D. chlorantha, id., although they may just as well feed on it also). This 
is an umbelliferous plant, allied to celery, that resembles at its best a tall clump of 
slender rushes: but camels and goats very often reduce it to a woe-begone stump. 
Its stem-leaves are nothing but rudimentary sheaths, and the others, short, with 
filiform segments, do not make any particular show. The larve eat the stems, and 
sometimes three or four can be found on one plant ; it is rather an exception for a 
plant to have none. Feniculum vulgare, Gertner, restricted seemingly to the Oued 
Biskra in this neighbourhood, and there local, yielded a solitary larva, after a long 
search. Another occasional food-plant of the species about here is Haplophyllum 
tuberculatum, Forsk., of the Rutacee, a plant that can be found, by one’s nose, in 


dry water-channels here and there out on the wastes; I have seen three larve on 
one small plant.—A. E. Eaton, Biskra, Algeria: June 6th, 1894. 


Abundance of Vanessa cardui and Plusia gamma.—\I do not know whether 
your attention has been called from other quarters to the sudden appearance of 
Vanessa cardui and Plusia gamma in considerable numbers, but as I know you take 
a special interest in this matter, I will tell you what I saw this morning. I went 
out for a short walk along our sea-wall in the Isle of Sheppey in the forenoon, and 
noticed that every little clump of thistles in bloom had two or three Vanessa cardut 
feeding at the flowers; and in the hay fields a little way inland, Plusia gamma was 
equally common, getting up out of the grass as one walked along the path. Both 
these insects were in the same condition, worn and faded, but not apparently torn 
or broken ; and I am inclined to believe that, as in 1879 (to which year the present 
one, up to this date, bears an unfortunate meteorological resemblance), there has 
been a considerable immigration of these species from abroad. Last summer Vanessa 
cardui was quite a rarity in Kent; indeed, I did not see more than about four 
specimens altogether, and Plusia gamma was by no means as common as usual, so I 
do not think that the insects seen to-day have hibernated on the spot. I may add 
that I have seen neither species before this date, except one V’. cardui at Chatham 
on the 14th.—J. J. Waker, Sheerness: June 17th, 1894. 


Rare Coleoptera in 1893.—Megapenthes sanguinicollis, at Bexley ; Bruchus 
affinis, Darenth Wood, May 14th; Phytecia cylindrica, Dorking, May 28th; An- 
thribus albinus, Oxted, June 4th; Telephorus translucidus, Mickleham, June 8th ; 
Oodes helopioides, Wicken Fen, July 23rd ; Dasytes niger, Winchester, June 18th ; 


1894.] 163 


Harpalus discoideus, Saltwood, Kent, August 24th ; Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, 
Addington Park, Kent, September 8rd ; Wolytes germanus, Addington Park, Kent, 
September 10th.—Horacrt DonistHorRPE, 73, West Cromwell Road, South Ken- 
sington: February 4th, 1894. 


Pyrochroa pectinicornis in Herefordshire.—On the 1st June, Dr. Wood and 
myself made an exploration in the Herefordshire portion of the Black Mountains, 
where northern species occasionally reward our search. There was a cold wind, and 
no insects would move. Dr. Wood was, however, rewarded by finding mines of 
Lithocolletis vacciniella, and others that appear to be those of Nepticula Weaveri, 
if so, new to the district. In an old birch stump I found 2 g,1 9 of Pyrochroa 
pectinicornis, and two larve thereof were also seen. According to Fowler’s Coleop- 
tera, this species has hitherto only been taken in Scotland.—T. A. CHAPMAN, 
Firbank, Hereford: June, 1894. 


Odonteus mobilicornis at Woking.—When walking with Mr. and Mrs. Champion 
on the 13th May on the high road at Woking, I picked up a beetle, which proved to 
be a female of the above extremely rare insect. I believe the last specimen that 
occurred in this country was one which I have never recorded, though it presented 
itself to my collection in an even more simple manner, by alighting on the sheet of 
paper on which I was writing by lamplight at Shirley Warren, Southampton, 28th 
June, 1887. The extreme rarity of this species is probably due to subterranean 
habits. It appears to be even more scarce in Sweden than it is in Britain, if we may 
judge from the note of Herr Lampa in Ent. Tidskr., xiv, p. 80, for in recording the 
occurrence of an individual near Malm6 last summer, he speaks as if it had occurred 
only in three localities in that country.—D. SuHarp, Cambridge: June 4th, 1894. 


[Mr. Elton found it at Wellington College in 1890 and 1892; ef. Ent. Mo. 
Mag., vol. ii, s. s., p. 109, and vol. iii, p. 288.—Evs. ] 


Osphya bipunctata, F., at Chattenden, Kent.—On the afternoon of May 24th, 
while I was beating hawthorn blossom in one of the “ rides” at Chattenden Roughs, 
a small brown Telephorid-looking beetle tumbled into my net, and puzzled me not a 
little by its novel appearance. This proved to be a 9 specimen of Osphya bipunc- 
tata, and is, I believe, the first example of this rare and local Heteromerous beetle 
recorded from Kent. I went to look for it again on the 28th, and in spite of very 
unfavourable conditions of weather, succeeded in obtaining another ? , almost in the 
same spot as the first. The hawthorn blossom is nearly over now, but I hope that 
the much more conspicuous ¢ will be found at Chattenden next year.—James J. 
WALEER, 23, Ranelagh Road, Sheerness: May 30th, 1894. 


Throscus elateroides, Heer, at Chatham.—I captured a considerable number of 
Throsci by sweeping on the extension works at Chatham Dockyard, between 5 and 
7 p.m. on May 16th. They have been examined by Mr. Champion, and about two- 
thirds of the number appear to be referable to 7. elateroides, Heer, the remainder 
being Z. carinifrons, Bony. The locality where they were taken is part of the tract 
of meadow and salt-marsh on the right bank of the Medway below Chatham, 
formerly known as St. Mary’s Island; but a large portion of its area has been 
covered with the mud and other refuse resulting from the excavation of the exten- 

O 2 


164 (July. 


sive dockyard basins, and now supports a rank and varied growth of weeds and long 
grass, with brackish ponds here and there. The original locality where T. elateroides 
was taken by the late Mr. Brewer and other Coleopterists, is, I believe, some three 
miles lower down the river near Rainham ; and a single unrecorded specimen has 
occurred to me by sweeping on the sea-wall at Sheerness, in June, 1874.—Ip. 


Is the Cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris) decreasing in numbers in this country ? 
—A recent visit to the New Forest for a few days, and the occurrence of Melolontha 
vulgaris there in small quantity, reminded me that thirty or forty years ago this 
insect used to be abundant, and that I had not seen it alive in this country for 
several years; no doubt partly because I have not latterly done much out-door 
collecting at the proper season. But there is an idea about that the insect is really 
less common than formerly. I shall be glad to have information bearing on this 
point, and more especially from those entomologists who can base their opinion on 
the experience of the last thirty years or more.—R. McLacutan, Lewisham, 
London: June 21st, 1894. 


Clunio marinus, Halid.—The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield has kindly called my 
attention to the fact that this species was observed on the surface of rock-pools at 
Hastings, in April, 1872, by Mr. C. W. Dale, who recorded it in a note on “ New and 
rare British Diptera,” in vol. xx of this Journal (p. 214). I wrote my account last 
month, under the impression that (excepting Prof. Westwood’s doubtful record for 
Plymouth, Walker’s Ins. Brit. Diptera, vol. iii) the midge had never been observed 
on the English coast. It would be interesting to ascertain its range around our 
shores. As the only other European species (C. adriaticus, Schin.) was obtained at 
Trieste, a southern and western distribution in Britain might be expected. Figures 
of the male are given in Walker’s work (vol. iii, pl. xxv, 5) apparently copied from 
Haliday.—Gro. H. Carpenter, Science and Art Museum, Dublin; June, 1894. 


Notes on Merodon equestris.—In January Mr. McLachlan kindly forwarded me 
a tin box containing a number of Merodon equestris grubs, found by a friend of his 
in a bed of seedling Bulbocodiums. The contents were placed in a small glass jar, 
about two inches in diameter, and occasionally moistened. The larve were very 
restless, doubtless owing to their being confined in such a small space, and tunnelled 
the earth in all directions. The first imago appeared April 13th, and they continued 
emerging to the end of the month. Twenty-six specimens were bred, four being 
cripples. They showed great variety in colouring, a few being entirely red, some 
inclined to yellowish-grey with the lower half of thorax and scutellum black, others 
entirely black with the exception of the last two segments, and several intermediate 
forms. The time taken in drying their wings surprised me, many after 24 hours 
emergence being limp and quite unable to fly; this was probably owing to absence 
of sun heat. They appeared about one month earlier than those I take in my 
garden, in fact, up to the present (June 16th) I have not met with it this season.— 
RaupH C. BRADLEY, Sutton Coldfield : June, 1894. 


“ Controlling the sexes.” —Now that July is upon us, and Orgyia antiqua will 
soon be abundant in most southern localities, it would seem a fitting opportunity for 


1894. ] 165 


testing the accuracy of the assertion that females can be converted into males, and vice 
versa, by the agency of food. I mention Orgyia antiqua partly because it is common, 
and does not take long to feed up, but chiefly because it appears to present the best 
chance of distinguishing the sexes in the larval state, particularly after the last 
moult, when it is popularly believed that under ordinary circumstances the larger 
larvee will produce females, the smaller males. 

In order to put to the proof the statement that semi-starvation will change 
females into males, I would suggest, as a first experiment, that a batch of say a 
hundred larve should be reared ad ovo on a plentiful nutritious diet in a spacious 
and well-ventilated cage, for the purpose of finding out the number of males which 
are usually produced by unstinted feeding ; then another batch of a hundred should 
be treated on the short commons principle, with a view to showing how many more 
than the average number of males will result. Another way would be to feed up, 
with fresh and frequent supplies of food, say a couple of hundred larve until the 
last moult, and then to select a score of the very largest for the starving process, and 
a score of the very smallest for high living. 

Perhaps the following extract from Mrs. Treat’s paper (Am. Nat., vii, 129) will 
give the cue to any one who may care to go into the question :—“ Soon after the 
last moult, I took twenty larve [of Papilio asterias]| and shut them away from food 
for twenty-four hours, at the end of that time I replaced ten on a good supply of 
food, watched them carefully, and kept them eating until they attained a large size ; 
they became chrysalides within a few hours of each other, and emerged as butterflies 
eight days after ; one of the chrysalides was accidentally crushed, the remaining 
nine were females; of the starved ones, eight males came out, the remaining two 
chrysalides died.”” Messrs. Geddes and Thompson (Evolution of Sex, p. 46) thus 
endorse Mrs. Treat’s inferences :—‘“ Still keeping to insects, we may note Mrs. 
Treat’s interesting experiments, that if caterpillars were shut up and starved before 
entering the chrysalis state, the resultant butterflies were males ; while others of the 
same brood, highly nourished, came out females.’’* 

The effect of nutrition, or deficient nutrition, to shape the future sex of the 
hermaphrodite or sexless embryo one can comprehend; the rearing of males, and 
the failure to rear females, by semi-starvation, is by no means difficult to explain ; 
but the assertion that female larve, especially at a stage when their ovaries are 
_ generally supposed to be furnished with eggs,t can be converted into males appears 


to me to require further confirmation—H. Guarp Kna@es, London, N.W.: 
June, 1894. 


Societies. 
BIRMINGHAM ENTOMOLOGICAL SociETY : WHITSUNTIDE Excursion, 1894.— 
A small party from this Society spent from May 12th to 15th in the neighbourhood 
of Selsley on the Cotswolds. In consequence of poor weather, the collections made 
were below expectations, and, consequently, there was some disappointment. The 
Lepidopterists took numbers of larva of Callimorpha dominula, Nemeophila plan- 
taginis, Nudaria mundana, &e., and found Nemeobius lucina and other insects on 


* Dr. Landois (Zeit. ftir wissen. Z., B. 17, 8. 375) was, I believe, the originator of this theory. 

+ Malpighi (de Bombyce, 29: discovered eggs in the silkworm larva, and Réaumur (Mem., I, 
359) discovered eggs in the larva of the gipsy-moth. These are old authorities, but I am not 
‘aware that their accuracy has been disputed.—H. G. K. 


166 (July, 


the wing, but nothing of importance. The Hymenopterists were well satisfied with 
their captures, and although the Dipterists, owing to want of sun, took comparatively 
little of interest, yet that little included two species of Syrphus new to the British 
list: Mr. R. C. Bradley taking one specimen of triangulifer, Zett., and Mr. C. J. 
Wainwright one specimen of annulipes, Zett. On the Monday, a drive to Cranham 
Woods was taken, in the company of two local entomologists, Messrs. Frank 
Stephens and R. W. Fitzgerald; and on the way back tea was taken at the house of 
Mr. C. J. Watkins, Painswick, and two profitable hours spent in the examination of 


his collection of Diptera, Hymenoptera, &c. 


May 21st, 1894.—Mr. G. T. Bernunz-Baxer, Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Mr. W. Harrison showed living larve of Callimorpha dominula, taken at 
Selsley during the recent excursion of the Society to the Cotswolds. Mr. A. H. 
Martineau showed pup of Crabro interruptus, which he had dug from an old 
rotten stump at Middleton, where he had previously taken the perfect insect. Mr. 
P. W. Abbott read a paper upon the genus Hadena, in which he dealt with firstly, 
the position of the genus, which he considered should follow Apamea ; secondly, 
the distribution of the genus in our own district ; he only knew of the occurrence 
of eight species, although it was probable swasa and trifolii might be added ; thirdly, 
variation, which he described at some length, generally concluding that the genus 
was not a variable one; and, fourthly, life-history, describing fully the life- 
history, &c., of glauca, which he knew well in Sutton Park. He showed the drawer 
from his cabinet which contained the genus, and other members also showed speci- 
mens.—COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon. Sec. 

THe South Lonpon EntomotogicaL and NaturaL History Society: 
May 24th, 1894. —E. Step, Esq., President, in the Chair. 

It was announced that Mr. T. W. Hall, F.E.S., had been elected a Vice- 
President in place of Mr. J. Jenner Weir. 

Mr. C. A. Briggs exhibited a var. of the under-side of Lycena Argiolus, L., 
having several spots considerably lengthened into streaks, and some united ; also a 
var. of Vanessa Jo, L., with the eye only partially developed. Mr. Hall,a specimen 
of Dicranura bicuspis, Bork., with its cocoon, and remarked how closely the cocoon 
harmonized with the bark. Mr. Fremlin, a large number of bred vars. of Vanessa 
urtice, L., one series being of premature varieties; another showing variation in 
number and size of the characteristic spots in the centre of the fore-wing, and 
ranging from only one spot present to four blotches; and a third series showed more 
or less suffusion of the orange coloration; one specimen was almost black. Mr. 
Dennis, a number of similar vars. of the same species. Mr. Filer, a series of Vyssia 
hispidaria, Fb., taken in Epping Forest this year. Mr. R. Adkin,a long and variable 
series of Boarmia cinctaria, Schiff., bred from Co. Cork ova, one extreme var. having 
only a broad marginal dark band, a central light band, and a basal dark patch; also 
living larve of the same species. Mr. Henderson, a specimen of Macroglossa bom- 
byliformis, Och., taken at Brockenhurst during Whitsun. Mr. Billups, the following 
new and rare Diptera: Chortophila setaria, Mg., from Dulwich; Blepharoptera 
inseripta, Mg., from Oxshott and Bromley; Heteromyza atricornis, Mg., from 
Oxshott ; Hypostena medorina, Schnr., from Oxshott; Sepsis punctum, F., and Cal- 
lomyia amena, Mg., both from Bromley ; also, on behalf of Mr. Manger, a small 


1894. } 167 


collection of Australian Coleoptera and Homoptera. Mr. Hamm, a series of Chry- 
sophanus Phleas, L., vars., one being an intermediate var., Schmidtii, Gerh.; a 
series of Hybernia leucophearia, Schiff., showing extreme range of variation; a 
series of bred Agrotis saucia, Hb., all very light, and following the female form ; a 
striking var. of Apamea unanimis, Tr.; also a specimen of Lithosia griseola, Hb., 
of a brown instead of a leaden hue. Mr. Williams, a long bred series of Pzeris 
napi, L., showing extreme variation, and read a short paper thereon. Mr. Sauzé, 
insects taken at Seal Chart, during the Society’s Field Meeting, on May 19th. Mr. 
Turner, two specimens of the Homopteron, Centrotus cornutus, taken by Mr. Lewcock 
at the same place—Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Sec. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL Society or Lonpon: May 2nd, 1894.—Henry Joun Ewes, 
Esq., F.L.S., President, in the Chair. 


Mr. 8. Stevens exhibited a specimen of Argynnis Aglaia, var. Charlotta, taken 
by the late Rev. James Watson in the New Forest in 1870. 

Mr. J. A. Clark exhibited a curious variety of Chelonia Caja, having an extra- 
ordinary wedge-shaped marking extending from the outer margin to the base of the 
left hind-wing, and also, on the same wing, a small spot. It was brown and white 
in colour, and had the appearance of having been taken from the fore-wing and 
inserted in the hind-wing. ‘The specimen was said to have been taken at Abbotts 
Wood in July, 1892. 

Prof. E. B. Poulton exhibited living specimens of the larve of Gastropacha 
guercifolia, surrounded respectively during the early stages of growth by black 
twigs and lichen coloured twigs, the food being the same in both cases. All the 
larve were shown upon a white paper background, but examples of the surrounding 
twigs which produced the change of colour were shown beside each batch. Mr. 
Merrifield made some remarks on the subject. 

Mr. E. Meyrick communicated a paper, entitled, “On Pyralidina from the 
Malay Archipelago.” 

. Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper, entitled, “ A Supplemental List of the Longicorn 


Coleoptera obtained by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., during the voyage of H.M.S. 
‘ Penguin.’ ” 


June 6th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 

Dr. K. Jordan, of “The Museum,” Tring, and the Honble. Nathaniel C. 
Rothschild, of Tring Park, Tring, were elected Fellows of the Society. 

Mr. W. F. H. Blandford exhibited a series of eleven male specimens of Rhina 
barbirostris, from British Honduras, of which the largest and smallest examples 
measure respectively 60 and 17 mm. ‘The difference in bulk, supposing the propor- 
tions to be identical, is as 43 to 1. He remarked that this variation of the size is 
especially common in the Brenthide, Cossonide@, and other wood-boring Coleoptera. 
The President, Dr. Sharp, the Rev. Canon Fowler, Mr. Jacoby, the Honble. Walter 
Rothschild, Mr. Merrifield, and Mr. Champion took part in the discussion which 
ensued. 

Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited specimens of Cardiophorus equiseti taken near 
Braunton, on the north coast of Devon, in May, 1891. Myr. Champion and Mr. 
Blandford made some remarks on the species. 


168 (July, 1894. 


Mr. McLachlan exhibited for Mr. J. W. Douglas male specimens of a Coccid 
(Lecanium prunastri), bred from scales attached to shoots of blackthorn (Prunus 
spinosa) received from Herr Karel Sule, of Prague. Mr. Douglas communicated 
notes on the subject, in which he stated that the species was common on blackthorn 
in France and Germany, and should be found in Britain. 

Lord Walsingham exhibited a series of Cacoecia Podana, Scop., reared from 
larvee feeding on Lapageria and palms in Messrs. Veitch’s conservatories in King’s 
Road, Chelsea, including some very dark (melanic) varieties. The Honble. Walter 
Rothschild stated that he had taken the species on lime. Mr. Hampson and Mr. 
Tutt also made some remarks on the habits of the species. 

Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a long series of Selenia lunaria, bred from one batch of 
eggs, including both the spring and summer forms; and also two unforced speci- 
mens, which emerged in November. He remarked that the variation between the 
two emergencies, viz., spring and summer, is considerable, and also the range of 
variation inter se, especially in the spring from; but it is very remarkable that the 
summer furm has one or two representatives among the specimens of the spring 
emergence. He said that the parent female was taken at Bexley in May, 1893. 

Mr. F. Lovell Keays exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Arthur Lovell Keays, a variety 
of L. Alexis (female), having the marginal ocelli on the hind-wings entirely without 
the usual orange-coloured lunules. The specimen was captured at Caterham on 
May 22nd, 1894, and was the first example of the species observed by the captor 
this season. Mr. Barrett made some remarks on the specimen. 

My. J. H. Durrant exhibited a series of Steganoptycha pygmeana, Hb., taken 
at Merton, Norfolk, between the 25th March and the middle of April last. Lord 
Walsingham made some remarks on the species. 

Mr. H. Goss read an extract from a report from Mr. J. R. Preece, H.M. Consul 
at Ispahan, to the Foreign Office, on the subject of damage caused to the wheat 
crop in the district of Rafsinjan by an insect which was called “Sen” by the natives, 
and which he described as “like a flying bug, reddish-olive in colour, with heavy 
broad shoulders.” Mr. Goss said he had been asked by Mr. W. H. Preece, C.B., to 
ascertain, if possible, the name of the species known to the natives as “Sen.” Dr. 
Sharp said that in the absence of a specimen of the insect it was impossible to 
express an opinion as to the identity of the species. 

The Rev. Canon Fowler exhibited for Miss Ormerod specimens of Diloboderus 
abderus, Sturm, Eucranium arachnoides, Brull., and Megathopa violacea, Blanch., 
which she had received from the La Plata district of the Argentine Territories, 


where they were said to be damaging the grass crops. He also read notes from 
Miss Ormerod on the subject. 

Mr. Hampson raised an important point as to what was the legal “ date of pub- 
lication” of Part I of the Transactions of the Society, 1894. He pointed out that 
the question of the priority of the names of certain new species described therein 
would depend upon the date of publication. A long discussion then ensued, in 
which Dr. Sharp, the Honble. W. Rothschild, Mr. Goss, Mr. McLachlan, Lord 
Walsingham, Prof. Poulton, and Mr. Verrall took part. 

Professor Franz Klapalek, of Prague, communicated a paper, entitled, ‘“ Descrip- 
tions of a new species of Raphidia, L., and of three new species of Trichoptera from 
the Balkan Peninsula, with critical remarks on Panorpa gibberosa, McLach.”— 
H. Goss and W. W. Fowurr, Hon. Secretaries. ° 


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CONTENTS. . PAGE 
A second hundred new British species of Diptera ae es H. Verrali, 


About. some Samoan Butterflies. —Mrs. Jane “Fraser.. Jom wine Aas 
Notes on the earlier stages of the Nepticule, with a view to their better recog- 
nition (concluded).—John H. Wood, M.B. ... .. ...... PPereremncicce Low) 
On two species of Aleurodes from Dorset.—J. W. “Douglas, F. E. sia iN eee 154 
Note on Thermobia domestica, and its occurrence in the United States.—A. S. 
Packard, M.D., Hon. FIRS, seo 155 
Supplement to Annotated List of British Tachiniides (concluded) — 21, (EL “Meade 156 
Xanthia ocellaris at Twickenham.—Prof. R. Meldola, F.R.S., &c. . one . 161 
Xanthia ocellaris, Bork., a British insect.—C. G. Barrett, PF, 'E So sae . 161 
Food-plants of Papilio Machaon, L., in the Ziban, Algeria.—Rev. A. H. Eaton, 
MvA.S BBS. lescaasetensises, . blake idullga dawecnte Ge uke cee eee eee eee EER EEE 162 
Abundance of Vanessa cardui and Plusia parma: — James J. Watker, R.N., F.L.8. 162 
Rare Coleoptera in 1893.—Horace Donisthorpe, F.H.S. ..... veo OZ, 
Pyrochroa pectinicornis in Herefordshire.—T. A. Chapman, M. De DUI oon UES 
Odontzeus mobilicornis at Woking.— D. Sharp, M.B., F.R.S., We. ....... . 163 
Osphya bipunctata, F., at Chattenden, Kent. ~ James J. Walker, R.N., FL. S... 163 
Throscus elatervides, Heer, at Chatham: Ty Sie es hy Ae 163 
Is the Cockehafer (Melolontha vulgaris) cooege oe in numbers in this country $ ? 
—R. McLachlan, PORES 6 (chek ies Pee reece ser ncecsocaccn Lae! 
Clunio marinus, Halid.—Geo. H. Carpenter, B. Se. Pere Perret secoocdacuosse- Cat! 
Notes on Merodon equestris.—R. C. Bradley .. Mrrrreere es cecncascas LO4) 
Controlling the sexes.—H. Guard Knaggs, M. D., F.LS. Mpereaaansarsarseo OE: 
SocietiEs.— Birmingham Entomological Society Aeeoee csas (sisal conte de eeeE eee Go. 
South London Entomological, &c., Society .. Leeoneey AP rmtnntrrcodis 1 On 
Entomological Society of London ....... ............ seecee 2 aes tenes 167 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—Meetings for the 
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Wednesday, October 3rd & 17th, November 7th, December 5th, 
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August, 1894. } 169 


ABUNDANCE OF CATERPILLARS OF THE ANTLER MOTH, 
CHARZAS GRAMINIS, LINN., IN THE SOUTH OF SCOTLAND. 


BY ELEANOR A. ORMEROD, F.E.S., &c. 


During the past few weeks considerable damage has been caused 
to grass at various localities in the south of Scotland by the ravages 
of the caterpillars of Chareas graminis, popularly known as the Antler 
Moth or Grass Moth. 

On June 22nd specimens were sent me by a correspondent at 
Hawick as samples of caterpillars which were making considerable 
havoc to the grasses on the hill pastures in the western part of Rox- 
burghshire, also the adjoining counties of Dumfries and Selkirk. | 

On July 2nd a few lines from Prof. R. Wallace (Professor of 
Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh) mentioned the caterpillars 
which were sent accompanying, as having “attacked in immense 
numbers the land in which the Voles did so much damage a few years 
ago ;” also that “they are said to be worse than the Voles in some 
places.” , 

At the same date, that is, on July 2nd, specimens of the larve 
were also sent me from Tanlawhile, Langholm (on the east of Dumfries- 
shire), as samples of grubs which were doing great damage to grass 
in those districts. 

The caterpillars were in all cases very characteristic specimens of 
Chareas graminis. To general observation (like some nearly allied 
species) they were stout, cylindrical larve, about an inch to an inch 
and a quarter in length, with brown head, and of deep brown or bronzy 
colour, and excessively shining on the back and upper part of the sides. 
This deep bronze being divided, longitudinally by three pale lines, and 
these dorsal and sub-dorsal stripes converging and meeting, or almost 
meeting, above the caudal extremity, and beneath each sub-dorsal stripe 
was another narrower pale stripe, more or less well defined. The 
characteristics (vide Brit. Butterflies and Moths, by the late W. 
Buckler, vol. iv, p. 69) which distinguish these larve from the cater- 
pillars of Heliophobus popularis and Luperina cespitis were well 
marked. The segmental folds were “of a different tint to the back,” 
* * “in fact catching the eye as narrow transverse bands ;” the skin 
on the back (1 did not chance to notice the condition of the lower 
surface) was certainly much wrinkled transversely ; and also (though 
I did not find them constantly present) there were “ transverse pale 
streaks in the space” * * “between the sub-dorsal and sub- 
spiracular stripes, though I could not say that these were always 

- 


170 [August, 


sufficiently well defined to be “three above the pale lowest line, and 
two below it on each segment.” 

The caterpillars, when about half grown, of which I had a few 
specimens, were of a more olive tint, which is stated to be a distinction 
from those of L. cespitis,and the more general habit of not curling up 
on annoyance, but throwing the head and about a third of the body 
back towards the tail was very marked. 

The “ Antler,” or Grass”? moth, is to be found in many parts of 
England—as noted in Stainton’s Manual, vol. i, p. 204—where about 
fourteen localities of observation, ranging from Brighton to the lake 
districts of Cumberland and Westmoreland are given, and also Edin- 
burgh in N. B., but the remarkable point of its history is the vast 
numbers, the myriads, and alsolutely devastating hordes, in which 
from time to time we are visited in upland or mountainous ground or 
pasturage, over an area of perhaps as much as ten miles, by an un- 
foreseen invasion of these bronzy, pale-striped caterpillars. The first 
outbreak which I was personally acquainted with was that of June, 
1884, when the caterpillars swarmed over an area of about ten miles 
diameter, running east and west, and not much less north and south, 
in Glamorganshire. The details of this I gave in my Annual Report 
for 1884, but it may be mentioned that the mountains of Ystrath-y- 
Fodwg (about ten miles north of Bridgend) were then infested by 
myriads of the caterpillars, devouring every green thing, leaving the 
mountains brown behind them, and others (and numerous neighbouring 
localities) specified were well-nigh overwhelmed. 

In the following year (1885) the “Antler” moth caterpillars 
appeared in great numbers in Selkirkshire, destroying in their advance 
some of the hill pastures in Ettrick and Yarrow. In this case the 
extent of attacked country was shown by a line on a map enclosing 
an area of about seven miles by five miles, in the west of Selkirkshire, 
with Ettrick Water running down the middle. 

In the present attack the area, judging by the reports received, is 
somewhat more extended, and there are one or two points about it 
which may prove of interest for investigation. 

One of these is, the extent to which parasitism may be helping 
us against recurrence of the attack. It has been mentioned to me by 
one of wy correspondents, writing from the area of infestation, that 
on cutting open the C. graminis caterpillars he found as many as 
“three or four hair worms within them, and in two cases maggots,” 
and that out of a hundred grubs he had only got three chrysalids. 
This matter might be of considerable interest to follow up, and I am 


1394. ] LF 


hoping for further notes from the observer, and for specimens for in- 
vestigation. 

Another point which seems of interest is the observation of Prof. 
Wallace of the Chareas larve being found in immense numbers on 
the land on which the Voles did so much damage a few years ago. 

The coincidences may very likely be of no scientific or practical 
interest beyond showing partiality of both the Vole and insect pests 
for the same kind of upland locality, and the same kind of vegetable 
food, so far as grass is concerned, but the occurence may be just worth 
mention. 

Agriculturally, these sweeping attacks of Chareas graminis are of 
a good deal of importance, as their ravages (bad enough in destroying 
the pasturage) may extend to such corn land as there may be in the 
mountainous or upland districts preferred by the infestation, but such 
measures of treatment as may lessen the evil, as well as descriptions 
of the imago, and details of the wide European distribution of the 
species have been given so fully by many entomological writers, that 
it is unnecessary to enter on them again here. 


Torrington House, St. Albans : 
July 10th, 1894. 


ON A NEW SPECIES OF PSYLLA. 


BY W. M. MASKELL. 


Genus Psylla, Low.—Head with arched ridges ; vertex with two 
posterior shallow perforations. Dorsulum well developed, about as 
broad in front as behind. Elytra more or less widely rounded, usually 
broadest near the middle; the apex is between the subcostal and the 
cubital veins; the stalk of the cubitus is shorter than the stalk of the 
subcosta. Frontal cones divided from the vertex. 


PSYLLA ACACIM, sp. n. 


9. Length of adult female about j; inch. General colour of the thorax, 
dorsally, dark brown with very faint, small, narrow, yellowish stripes. Head buff, 
with brown stripes; frontal cones black ; eyes yellowish ; anterior ocelli dark orange. 
Abdomen greenish, with bands of dark brown; genitalia orange. Antenne and 
feet light brown, darkening to the tips. Vertex rather flat, covered with a short 
light coloured pubescence. Eyes prominent, semiglobular. Dorsulum moderately 
elevated. Frontal cones rather short. Antenne with the first two joints thick and 
short, the rest long and slender; the whole antenna is nearly as long as the body. 
In the fore-wing the costa or marginal vein is stout, and runs all round the margin 
till it mects the clavus. The primary stalk is nearly one-fourth the length of the 


whole wing; at its extremity the stalk of the cubitus is half as long as the stalk of 
PZ 


172 [August, 


the sub-costa; the radius or main branch of the subcosta is very slightly convex, 
and reaches the margin above the apex ; the secondary subcosta is also very slightly 
convex, and throws off a very short reflex branch to the margin soon after its furca- 
tion, thus forming a long, narrow and obscurely punctate pterostigma; the main 
cubitus is convex, reaching the margin as far below the apex as the radius does 
above it, and forks at half its length, throwing off a branch reaching the margin at 
a, distance equal to that between the main branch and the radius; the secondary 
cubitus forks at half its length, but the upper branch is very convex, and therefore 
nearly twice as long as the lower; the clavus is very slightly concave. The veins 
just described form closed cells on the wing, in all of which, with the exception of 
the anterior basal cell, the stigma and the claval cell, there are a number of dis- 
connected patches formed of minute punctuation and shading; four of these are 
Y-shaped, with stalks starting inwards from the margin, the rest are irregular; 
these patches cover rather more than the outer half of the wing. The genitalia 
consist of two conical valves or plates, broad at the base, with slightly convex sides 
and sharp points ; between them the ovipositor slightly protrudes; these valves are 
very short, being scarcely longer than the penultimate abdominal segment. Both 
valves bear many short fine hairs. 

6. The adult male resembles the female in size and colour, and in the venation 
of the wings. The genitalia consist of the usual processes placed dorsally at the 
extremity of the abdomen. Viewed sideways the genital plate is anteriorly cylin- 
drical, and very broadly rounded posteriorly; the forceps consists of two rather 
narrow, somewhat pyriform processes with the tips turned backwards; the penis is 
subcylindrical. Viewed from above the rounded posterior portion of the genital 
plate is seen to consist of two lateral lobes, and the two processes of the forceps 
curve inwards. The segment which bears these organs is about as long as, ora 
little longer than, the two penultimates together. All the processes bear some short 
spiny hairs. 

Pupa naked, active ; average length about ~; inch. General colour buff, with 
dark brown patches on the thorax and transverse narrow brown stripes on the 
anterior abdominal region, the posterior region brown. Antenne long, slender, 
brown, darkening to the tips. The posterior abdominal extremity is truncate and 
not produced, and bears a few longish hairs. The anal ring is elongated, and as if 
formed of two oblique, convex, conical divisions, with their bases conjoined and 
their divergent tips pointed; in consequence the posterior margin is straight, the 
anterior deeply concave. 

Larva generally similar to the pupa, but smaller; the average length is 
about 5 inch. ; 

Habitat : in New Zealand, on Acacia melanoxylon at Wellington. 
A tree of this species in a garden is every summer covered with great 
numbers of the insects in all stages of growth. In winter an occa- 
sional stray adult may sometimes be found, but rarely. The tree, 
which is about 20 feet high, does not seem to have been as yet seriously 
damaged, though it is not as vigorous as it should be; it is, however, 
also attacked by Aspidiotus camellie, Boisduval, and the Coccid will 


probably be more injurious to it than the Psyllid. 


1894] 173 


The plant is Australian and Tasmanian ; doubtless, therefore, the 
insect may have also come from thence. J have not seen a specimen 
on any other tree in the same garden or elsewhere. 

The venation of the wings and other characters fix this species in 
the genus Psylla. But after close study of all the species mentioned 
by Léw, Scott and Riley, and comparison with more than twenty 
species in my own collection, I cannot find any which exhibit the same 
markings in the cells of the fore-wing. Psylla rhois, Low, P. limbata, 
Meyer-Diir, Pachypsylla venusta, Riley, come near it, but differ quite 
sufficiently in many particulars. Nor does it seem to be any of the 
species reported by Dobson (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1850). 


Wellington, New Zealand. 


PALPARES WALKERI, A REMARKABLE NEW SPECIES OF 
MYRMELEONIDZ FROM ADEN. 


BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S8., &c. 


On the voyage home from his late extended period of foreign 
service, Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., F.L.S., had the opportunity of part 
of a day’s (June 18th, 1893) collecting at Aden, and with his un- 
varying skill contrived to turn such an unpromising locality to good 
account. Amongst his captures were two males of a highly remarkable 
Ant-Lion, which I describe as under :— 


Patpares WALKERI, 2. sp. 


Head above yellowish- white, with indications of a dusky median spot posteriorly 
(but without distinct band) ; much swollen, and with a deep median longitudinal 
sulcus; a narrow transverse black band (in which the antenne are placed) connects 
the eyes; face whitish-yellow, tips of mandibles dark piceous. Palpi dark piceous, 
the labial very long. Antenne longer than the mesothorax, black, gradually 
clavate, the apex very acute. Thorax above whitish-yellow, with three black longi- 
tudinal bands, viz., one median, and one on either side (on the mesonotum these 
bands become confused and divided, and are still more vague on the metanotum) ; 
pronotum transverse, the fore and hind margins much raised, the former with a 
fringe of cinereous hairs directed forward, the latter with long erect blackish hairs 
and a fringe of cinereous directed backwards, between the raised fore and hind 
margins is a transverse elevated ridge: meso- and metanota clothed with cinereous 
hairs slightly mixed with blackish: sides of thorax, and beneath, blackish, with a 
short clothing of cinereous hairs. Legs black, and somewhat shining, with short 
cinereous and longer blackish hairs; tibial spurs and tarsal claws dark reddish- 
piceous. Abdomen comparatively short, stout, piceous or flavescent above to end of 
4th segment, then passing into blackish and blackish beneath (in one example, 
probably more mature, the abdomen is wholly black) ; there is a short, sparse, cine- 
reous clothing, longer at the base: the posterior margin of the last dorsal segment 


174 { August, 


produced into an elevated triangle, which is open in front. In the male the ap- 
pendages are about as long as the penultimate and ante-penultimate segments united, 
stout and broad, flattened laterally, attenuate at the base, and then dilated to the 
obtuse apex, slightly curved, dusky yellowish, but this colour is almost wholly con- 
cealed in a dense clothing of long black hairs. 

Wings with a slight lacteous ground, on which are very distinct deep black 
markings, and (especially in the anterior) black irrorations; both pairs nearly equal 
in form (the posterior slightly shorter), long and somewhut narrow, with straight 
costal margin (and narrow costal area), subacute apex, and gradually rounded inner 
margin, slightly sinuate below the apex. In the anterior wings the black markings 
are as follows :—small points at the junction of the costal nervules with the subcosta, 
larger ones at the commencement of the nervules arising from the radius, two or 
three still larger towards the base, and one at the commencement of the sector; the 
extreme base, post-costal region and the basal portion of the inner margin with 
rather dense irrorations, and there is a submarginal series of small irrorations ex- 
tending from near the apex to beyond the middle of the inner margin: there are 
also two nearly opposite spots towards the base, one below the commencement of the 
sector, the other at the termination of the branch of the lower cubitus ; an elongate 
isolated spot on the disc rather before the middle, another, irregular and subinter- 
rupted, beyond the middle, and yet another, more or less interrupted, ante-apical ; 
pterostigmatic region (in both pairs) slightly opaque, scarcely evident. Posterior 
wings almost without irrorations, save a few on the inner margin, but there are four 
very distinct short, black, oblique fasciw, viz., (1) slightly beyond the commencement 
of the sector, commencing from the radius and extending about half across the 
wing, excised within, and continued by a small spot at the end of the branch of the 
lower cubitus; (2) about the middle, also commencing from the radius, ex- 
tending more than half across, dilated at its lower end, continued by a® small 
round spot, more towards the base, on the inner margin; (3) ante-pterostigma- 
tical, commencing from the costal margin, extending more than half across, and 
with a spot, sometimes united to it, internal to its lower end; (4) ante-apical, en- 
closing an apical pale spot, or itself divided into two spots (none of the markings 
are quite symmetrical on the opposite wings of the same individual). Neuration 
close, whitish if seen against a dark ground (but appearing blackish if seen against 
a white ground), black where it traverses the black markings, and the radius is nearly 
wholly black in the posterior. 

Length of body (cum append.), 48—50 mm. Expanse of wings, 110—117 mm. ; 
greatest breadth of anterior wing, 16—17 mm. 


This fine insect is peculiar for the manner in which the black 
markings of the wings stand out conspicuously from the lacteous 
ground, this latter being naturally coincident with the desert habitat. 
It is also remarkable for the broad flattened appendages of the ¢@. As 
a near ally, the Indian P. patiens, Wlk., may be mentioned, with which 
it agrees entirely in form. Another undoubted near ally is the insect 
from Arabia Felix figured by Klug, Symb. Phys., pl. xxxv, fig. 3, as 
a variety of the male of his J. papilionoides. ' Several entomologists, 


1894.] 175 


including myself, have expressed doubts as to Klug’s type-form, and 
his variety, belonging to the same species. The late Dr. Hagen 
(Canad. Entom., xix, p. 110) came to the conclusion that they do 
belong to one species, the correctness of which I still doubt. Klug’s 
types are in the Berlin Museum. 


Lewisham, London : 
July 7th, 1894. 


NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE. 
BY ALBERT H. JONES, F.E.S. 


In the November number of this Magazine for 1890 I furnished 
an account of an Entomological Excursion to Digne, in the Basses 
Alpes, during the month of June. This Spring on my way to the 
south, I had the opportunity of spending a week there during the 
early days of May. On my arrival at Avignon on April 30th the 
mistral blew with considerable force, and on the following day in- 
creased almost to a hurricane, sweeping down the Rhone Valley and 
carrying with it leaves, boughs of trees, and dust in every direction. 
I was glad to leave for Digne, where I found a peaceful climate and 
perfect weather for collecting. 

I noticed about 40 species of butterflies, a very fair average for 
so early in the year. Pieris Daplidice was certainly the commonest 
butterfly, flying by scores over the lucerne fields on the Barcelonette 
Road. Colias Hyale was also extremely plentiful, and Colias Edusa 
fairly common. Leucophasia sinapis was very scarce; Leucophasia 
Duponcheli was fairly common, and, like its congener, never resting. 
Hibernated specimens of Gonopteryx rhamni and Cleopatra were both 
rather common. 

The dry hill side at the back of the cemetery is considered the 
great locality for Thais Rumina, var. Medesicaste, and here, in 1890, 
Mr. Nicholson and myself found the larve in considerable numbers 
on Aristolochia pistolochia. I naturally expected to meet with the 
butterfly, and possibly take the var. Honorati, but the species was 
not to be seen. The Aristolochia seemed to have suffered much from 
last year’s drought, and it is probable that the plants were dried up 
and the larve destroyed. Near the Baths, in another and more 
sheltered locality from the sun, I took a few of the butterfly. 

Thecla rubi and Polyommatus Phleas occurred occasionally. The 
commonest “ Blue” was Lyce@na melanops, which was locally abundant, 


176 [ August, 


especially in the Bois du Rocher Coupé. Of Z. Cyllarus, Icarus, bel- 
largus and Corydon I noticed a few, and one Z. Arion in its usual 
haunt among broom. I paid one visit to the Dourbes, and although I 
was told by local collectors that Huchloé Tagis, var. Bellezina, was out, 
I failed to sce it, and the only species I met with was Memeobius Lucina, 
Primula veris, which grows in the meadows, is no doubt its food-plant. 
I met with occasional hibernated specimens of Vanessa polychloros and 
Hgea, and of the latter species I found on Parietaria officinalis a full 
grown larva, which produced a butterfly on June 4th. Melitea Aurinia, 
var. provincialis, and Cinzia were common along the roadsides. J. 
Phebe and Argynnis Euphrosyne and Lathonia occurred at intervals. 

Erebia Evias was just emerging, but #. Epistygne, of which I 
took three or four worn specimens, was practically over, having been 
out since March 20th. Spilothyrus alcee and lavatere, a few of each, 
complete nearly the list of butterflies. 

Of moths I took a few, the best capture probably being Cleophana 
antirrhini. 

I reached Hyéres on May 6th, and was indeed sorry to find Mr. 
Frederic Raine, one of my companions in Corsica last year, too unwell 
to do any collecting. 

The same afternoon Mr. Raine pointed out the locality for Thais 
Polyxena, var. Cassandra, of which I found a good number of full 
grown larve on the food-plant, Arzstolochia rotunda, which grows on 
the hill sides. I had the pieasure of making the acquaintance of 
Professor Allen Harker, who had just returned from an Entomological 
trip to Corsica. In his company I had a very agreeable day’s collecting 
at Carqueiranne. Melanargia Syllius was very abundant. KHuchloé 
euphenoides females were not uncommon among its food-plant, Bisew- 
tella dedyma. Thais Rumina, var. Medesicaste, Limenitis Camilla, 
Melitea Cinzia, Phebe and didyma occurred occasionally. Epinephele 
Pasiphaé was just commencing to emerge. 

The Gapean Valley is also good collecting ground, and is the 
locality for the skipper, Syrichthus side, of which I took a beautiful 
series. It is extremely local, being confined to a very limited area in 
which the wild thyme I noticed was abundant. A large form of Acidalia 
ornata occurred here, and at flowers of the periwinkle Sesia fuciformis. 
Papilio Machaon and Podalirius were both oceasionally met with. | 

I left Hyéres on May 12th. 


Jhrublands, Eltham, Kent : 
July 4th, 1894. 


1894.) 17/7) 


ON MIMICRY IN DIPTERA. 


BY COLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT. 


When collecting Diptera on the sallows at Wyre Forest during 
the last Easter holidays, I came across some cases of mimicry which, to- 
gether with some conclusions suggested by them, I think worthy of 
notice. I obtained several each of Cheilosia grossa and flavicornis, 
two very similar but distinct species belonging to the Family Syr- 
phide, both of which seem remarkably partial to the sallows, where 
alone we found them. I was particularly anxious to get these two 
species, but had a great deal of difficulty in distinguishing them from 
the bees of the genus Andrena, many of which were on the blossom ; 
they particularly resembled Andrena fulva, and we netted far more of 
the bee than of the Dipteron, in our efforts to get the latter. The 
resemblance is very strong, colour, size and (to a considerable extent) 
shape being much the same; when at-rest ona flower the Dipteron 
curls its body under a little, as the bee does, and folds its wings over 
its back in the same manner, in fact, these two species (gross¢ and 
flavicornis) are undoubtedly very good mimics of the bees. 

In addition to the Cheilosie, we also took a large number of an 
Echinomyia, probably ursina, one of the Tachinide. This was very 
common throughout the Forest, but specially so upon the sallows. It 
was easily distinguished when once its presence was known, although 
it had a distinctly bee-like appearance, unlike the other species of 
Echinomyia with which I am familiar. It, however, resembled no 
species in particular; it bore a general resemblance to Bombus musco- 
rum in size, shape and colour, but it was not so hairy, and it did not 
fold its wings bee-fashion, but kept them fully extended in the well- 
known fashion of many of the Muscide, and so would fail to deceive 
the eyes of an entomologist. 

There is very little doubt that in the spring, when insects are not 
very numerous, and when, therefore, we may reasonably infer that 
their enemies are unusually alert in discovering and capturing them, 
that it must be even more necessary than during the summer, for those 
insects which do appear, to be well protected in some way from their 
foes, and especially if they happen to be species which, through feeble 
reproductive powers or other similar causes, are limited in numbers to 
commence with. Now, the two Cheilosie are distinctly species which 
are limited in numbers, in fact, they are somewhat rare species, and 
may be described as occurring singly ; they are not robust species, in 
fact, rather the reverse, and therefore, they are just such species one 


J 73 { August, 


would expect to find protected by mimetic resemblances. In every 
way they may be said to present all the requirements of an ordinary 
case of mimicry. 

The Echinomyia, however, does not present so ordinary a case. 
It is a wonderfully strong and robust species, belonging to a group of 
parasitic species, all of which are strong and robust, and ordinarily 
neither need nor possess any such protection as a mimetic resemblance. 
It is well protected on the body by strong hairs, answering, to some 
extent, the purpose of spines, and is very strong on the wing; it is 
very large, too, many specimens being 8 or 9 lines long. It, however, 
occurs at this time (March) when other insects are scarce, and it must 
be conspicuous and so tempt its foes, and although common on this 
particular occasion at Wyre Forest, I do not think it is usually a 
common species, at least, I never saw it before; altogether, although 
it does not answer the usual requirements of a mimetic species, yet 
there are obviously good reasons why a resemblance to the strong and 
and usually unmolested Bomb: would be an advantage to it. We 
accordingly find that it does possess some such resemblance, though 
imperfect, and it is just this imperfection which is its most interesting 
feature, and is to some extent the reason for these notes. 

Many or all of the opponents of the theory of mimicry urge very 
strongly the difficult question—how does the resemblance arise ?, in 
early stages it can be of no use to its possessor. But here, I think, 
we have a case showing how mimicry may arise, and even the early 
stages be of use. The Tachinide do not, as a rule, resemble in the 
least degree any Hymenoptera, they are quite unlike bees. The 
Echinomyié are a genus of unusually large and well-developed Tachi- 
nids, some of which (fera and ferox, for example) are simply ordinary 
Tachinids in appearance, though unusually large, and quite unlike 
bees; they are summer species: wrsina, however, a spring species, 
though closely allied to these others by a comparatively slight 
alteration in colour, a development rather than an alteration, and the 
increase of its hairs in number and size, at once and unexpectedly 
somewhat resembles Bombus muscorum, and almost certainly must 
derive some protection from even this superficial resemblance, at a 
time when food is being so eagerly sought by insect foes. It only 
needs a still further increase in hairiness, and to fold its wings over 
its body, and it would be an almost perfect mimic; and supposing its 
nearest allies to be lost, we should wonder how the early stages arose. 


147, Hall Road, Handsworth, 
Birmingham: May, 1894. 


1394. 179 


OBSERVATIONS ON COCCID (No. 8). 


BY R. NEWSTEAD, F.E.S., 
CURATOR OF THE GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER. 


ASPIDIOTUS ABIETIS. 

Coccus abietis, Schk., Beitr. zur Naturg., 48, 5, tab. 11, fig. 16—20 
(1776). 

Coccus arborum, Schk. (nec Geoffr.), Enum. Ins. Aust., 295, 585 
(1781). 

Coccus pineti, Schk., Fauna Boiea, ii, 146, 1269 (1801). 

Aspidiotus flavus, §, Hartig, Jahresber., i, 642 (1837). 

Aspidiotus pini, 9, Hartig, Jahresber , i, 642 (1837). 

? Aspidiotus ? pini, Comstock, Report, 1880, p. 306, pl. xv, fig. 2; pl. 
xvi, fig. 2; pl. xxi, fig. 7. 

Aspidiotus abietis, F. Léw, Wiener ent. Zeit., 1, 270 (1882). 
Seale of the 9 black, covered with a very thin grey film, most conspicuous near 

the centre and at the margins, giving the scale a greyish appearance under the 


FG fs 
Long., elongate form, 1°50—1-75 mm. ; circular form, °75 mm. 
microscope; ovate, with the sides parallel, ends rounded; or often more or less 
circular, varying according to position on the fir leaf; exuvie bright yellow. 

9. Pygidium either with or without grouped spinnerets; when present, the 
anterior groups consist of from 3—7, the anterior laterals 8—12, the posterior 
laterals 6—8; arising from both dorsal and ventral surface at the margin are 
numerous (? 16) long tubular spinnerets, which are directed forwards, and lie closely 
appressed to the body (fig. 1); at a a three of these tubes are shown misplaced and 
directed backwards ; all have a wide flange at the apex and base, but the latter not 
so strongly developed ; in the centre of the tube at the apex is a very short (scareely 
perceptible) cone-shaped organ, most easily seen in those tubes which have become 
shrivelled (fig. B). Dr. Léw (J. ce.) describes these tubes as “bottle-necked rods,” 
but does not say if they are free, or within the body of the insect. The shrivelled 
tubes shown at fig. 1 B I at first mistook for distorted hairs, for which they might 
well pass. Prof. Comstock (Rep., 1883, p. 52, pl. i, fig. 2) describes these forms as 
“ wax ducts,” but says nothing of their being shrivelled. Fig. 1i is a drawing of the 
fringe, not hitherto figured. 


180 fAugust, 


It will be seen on comparing the above with the descriptions given 
by previous writers that there are some slight discrepancies as to the 
colour of the scale, and the presence or absence of grouped spinnerets. 
“Grey,” “dark grey” (schwarzgrau), is given as the colour of the 
scale by Schrank and Léw respectively ; but I attach very little im- 
portance to this, so slight a difference in colour stands for very little ; 
but the presence or absence of grouped spinnerets is very important. 
So far as I can ascertain, it is the immature ? that is without the 
spinnerets, and that very probably these latter are not developed until 
the period of gestation, but I am not at all certain of this. It can 
only be proved by an examination of the living insects in their suc- 
cessive stages of development. 

Low (J. c.) found no grouped spinnerets, and says there are only 
two pairs of lobes. Quite half of my specimens are without grouped 
spinnerets, and the third lobe, which is very small, might easily have 
_ been overlooked.. The rest of his description agrees so well that I 
have no doubt as to the identity of the species. 

This species runs Prof. Comstock’s Aspidiotus ? pint (Rep., 1880, 
p- 806) very close. Externally there is no difference; and the mar- 
ginal fringe of both is almost identical. It is only by the number 
and arrangement of the grouped spinnerets that they can be separated. 
Some forty specimens of A. pini, Comst., which I examined are also 
without grouped spinnerets, which is very singular. Nothing is said 
of this in Prof. Comstock’s description. I imagine, therefore, the 
absence was overlooked by him. 

We have all been attaching very great importance to the presence 
or absence of spinnerets in the separation of species, and, I think, 
rightly ; but I am absolutely certain that in this species both forms 
occur in the same colony, on the same food-plant, and at the same 
time ; and that there is no external character by which they can be 
separated. 

Mr. Cockerell (Canad. Ent., 1894, p. 180) says that he has found 
the same variation in Asp. destructor, Sign., but I believe not in the 
same colony of insects, or under the other conditions stated above. - 
In this case, therefore, the doubt still remains. 

Hab.: near Prague, Bohemia, on Pinus sylvestris. Received 
from Herr Karel Sule, May, 1894. 


As to the synonymy of the species, I have had to fall back on 
Mr. J. W. Douglas for his valued help and translations, for which I 
am very greatly indebted to him. 


1894.] | 181 


LEUCASPIS PINI. 
8 Aspidiotus pint, Hartig, Jahresber., i, 642 (1837). 
2 Aspidiotus flavus, Hartig, id. 
2 Aspidiotus pini, Bouché, Stett. ent. Zeit., iii (1851). 
2 Leucaspis pini, Sign., Ess. Cochen., 146, 2, pl. 6, fig. 2 (1870) ; Witlaczil, Zeit., 
f. wiss. Zool., xliii, Taf., v, fig. 3—7 (1886). 
3 & id., F. Léw, Wiener ent. Zeit., i, 273 (1882); A.C. F. Morgan, Ent. Mo. Mag., 
xxv, 189, pl. iii, fig. 3 (1889) ; éd., ili, n. s., 13 (1892). 
Scale of the 9 white, more or less pyriform, according to position on the fir 
leaf; larval moult absent ?; second moult yellow, or yellowish-brown, with the 
cephalic portion greenish, often 


covered with a thin white film; =S 
ventral scale thin, apparently com- ee 

Y Az 
plete. Long., 1—13 mm. () 


? , after treatment with potash, 
has the margins brown, with the 
centre paler; very elongate, ends 
narrowly rounded, sides nearly 
paralJel, segments distinct ; margins 
with an interrupted band of nearly 
circular spinnerets or pores, very 
distinct, and there are two short 
bands of the same arising near the | 
vaginal opening, which gradually 
widen out as they extend across the 
abdominal segments. Antenne a 
mere group of stiff spines with 
basal swellings. Grouped spinnerets 
wanting. Pygidium crenulated, 
with four pairs of small lobes, of 
which the 4th is very small, and 
widely separated from the rest. 
There are two serrated plates be- 


tween the median and Ist and 2nd 
pairs of lobes; three between the 3rd and 4th, and beyond the 4th are five to six 
more, not shown in the figure; all are deeply serrated, varying in the number of 
serrations shown in the figure; arranged at the base of the plates are some twelve 
to thirteen crescent-shaped pores (“thickenings of the body wall,” Comstock), very 
distinct. There are also four pairs of very broad plates, partly overlapping the four 
pairs of lobes and the 2nd and 4th plates. There is a spine over each lobe, and one 
in front of the 1st and 2nd pair. Long., °75—1°25 mm. 

Scale of the g dirty white, flat, elongated, sides parallel, end rather narrowly 
rounded ; larval moult yellowish-brown, anterior portion greenish. 

g dark brown soon after death,* piceous afterwards; antenne of ten joints, 
each with a few hairs, which are longest on the terminal ones. Haltere, with a 


* The specimens which I succeeded in rearing died before they were discovered. 


182 {August, 


slender base, is much dilated for two-thirds of its length, and is surmounted 
with a single straight hair. Legs rather stout, with a few short scattered hairs ; 
claws narrow and pointed; digitules to tarsi very small, and there is a strong spine 
at the apex of the tarsi. Genital armature straight. Long., °75—1 mm. 

Hab. : Chuchle, near Prague, Central Bohemia; on Pinus sy!- 
vestris, generally between the leaves near the base, and often in 
company with Aspidiotus abietis, Sch. Collected by Herr Karel 
Sulc, May 6th, 1894. 

As to the colour of the living ¢ Dr. Low (J. ¢.) says: “ blackish 
olive-brown, with rather lighter greyer abdomen, and pale, often rather 
reddish, antenne and legs. In the middle of the mesonotum is a very 
glassy, equally broad, almost straight, convex, transverse band, which, 
on both sides, is truncate, and is only a little darker than the back.” 
The rest of his description of the ¢ agrees with mine in every par- 
ticular. 


The presence of only one moult in the scale of the ? is curious 
and abnormal; nothing is said of this in the previous descriptions of 
the species. I have ventured to describe the only moult as the second, 
as it is much larger than the larval moult on the two ¢ scales in my 
possession. In the entire absence of the marginal fringe of blunt 
hairs, and grouped spinnerets, I am inclined to think my specimens 
are slightly immature; although from their large size they do not 
appear to be so. The crenulated fringe of the pygidium is like that 
of a Parlatoria, to which genus I at first thought the species belonged. 
Later, if the material can be obtained, it is intended to further inves- 
tigate the matter, and if possible to clear up the discrepancies. 


POLLINIA GRANDIS, 7. sp. 


9. Adult viviparous; antenne and legs absent; mentum uniarticulate, apex 

widely rounded, filaments short and slender; anal tubercles very small, and without 

hairs; margin all round with a single row of double spin- 

GE nerets (fig. 1). Very difficult to restore with potash, and 

for this reason I could find no trace of the anal ring, and 

the anal tubercles were only found in a single specimen. 

oS The form of the ? is also doubtful. The body shrivels at 

3 gestation, and is then yellowish-brown, and visible through 
the scale. 

Ss Scale of the 2 semi-opaque, glassy-white, highly con- 

vex, slightly pyriform, widest behind; anal extremity with 

eB a very short tubular opening, which projects upwards; mar- 


gin with a rather wide single cilia all round, and of the same 
Fig. 2. Fig.1. colour and material as the scale, but is often broken away, 
and entirely wanting in some specimens. Long., 2—3 mm. 


1894.1 | 183 


Scale of the $ with the fringe (fig. 2) and colour like that of the 9; but is 


much smaller, elongate, sides parallel, ends widely rounded ; dorsum slightly ridged. 
; Long., 1 mm. 
6 unknown. 


Larva yellowish-brown when dead, very elongate, sides nearly parallel, some 
slightly widest behind (??); margin, and two sub-dorsal lines, with curly white 
glassy filaments; mentum uniarticulate, unexpanded filaments same length as 
mentum ; anal tubercles very small, each with a single short hair; antenne of 6 (?) 
joints much swollen at the apex, and with a few long hairs; legs rather short, cox» 
pointed on the outside, tarsi a little shorter than the tibis, claws and digitules of 
the tarsi exceedingly long and slender; the latter nearly as long as the tarsus and 
claw together, are attached to the tarsus beneath, and immediately behind them is a 
strong constriction running obliquely across the tarsus to the apex in front, forming 
@ projecting spine-like point; margin all round with about 28 large double spin- 
nerets, arranged wide apart. 

Hab.: Baluchistan ; on a very strong grass-like plant, leaves vary- 
ing from three-quarters to half an inch wide, strongly ribbed, and 
very hard when dry. Collected by Lieut. R. Tomlin, and forwarded 
from Calcutta, January 24th, 1894. 

Taking the characters altogether, the species is more conformable 
to the genus Pollinia than any other; but the uniarticulate mentum, 
and the uncertainty about the anal ring in the ? make it somewhat 
doubtful. In some respects it approaches Planchonia, but in this 
genus there is a double row of marginal spinnerets and fringe, and 
the scale is not glassy. 

The large size of the scale, and the curious fringe at once dis- 
tinguish it from any other known species. 

Described from many specimens. 


Chester: June 29th, 1894. 


BACTRA FURFURANA BRED, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE 
LARVA. 


BY A. THURNALL. 


After a search extending over several seasons, I at last succeeded 
in finding this exceedingly local species in the early part of last sum- 
mer (1893), and having procured a series, I turned my attention to 
the possible food-plant of the larva; having made up my mind that it 
must be one of two plants growing on the spot, and not anywhere else 
in the immediate neighbourhood, I resolved to look it up early this 
spring. Accordingly, May 1st found me once more on the ground, 
and seeing some of the suspected food-plant just appearing, some 
roots were dug up, and the plants minutely examined upon my return 
home, but not a larva of any kind could be found! Another visit 


184 : (August, 


paid on May 12th was more successful, for a very short search re- 
vealed a larva of a very Bactra-like appearance, snugly stowed away 
inastem. About half a dozen roots were brought home, potted and 
covered with gauze-topped cylinders, and the larve, or rather the green 
frass, from them could be plainly seen at intervals on the stems of the 
food-plant (which it may be as well to state is Scirpus lacustris,* the- 
common club-rush) ; they appear to move freely from stem to stem, 
hollowing each one out and stunting its growth, frequently causing 
the stems to turn brown, and gradually decay. Pupate in the stem in 
a light silken cocoon. The first imago, a g, appeared on June 23rd, 
the last,a 9, July 2nd. Six specimens in all, two males and four 
females. I will now give a description of the larva :— 

Length, about 5} lines, somewhat attenuated. Colour yellowish-green, and very 
shining and smooth. I could detect no hairs on the body ; a few scattered hairs on 
the head, which is black, divided by a whitish line. Second segment very dark 
brown. The dorsal canal can be very plainly seen through the semi-transparent 
skin. Full-fed last half of May. Pupa greenish-yellow, wing cases darker. 

Although the habits of this species, both in the larva and imago 
states, are very similar to its near ally, Janceolana, the appearance of 
the larve is very different. Perhaps it would be as well to give here 
a short description of the larva of this latter species by way of com- 
parison :— 

Larva of Bactra lanceolana :—Length, from 5} to 6 lines, when fully extended. 
Colour greenish. Head and second segment both black. Hach segment after the 
second contains six plainly visible blackish spots. Two on either side of sub-dorsal, 
and one just above and slightly in advance of each spiracle. Full-fed first week in 
May. ‘The above description was made on May 12th, when nearly all I found were 


in the pupa state; many of furfurana, on the contrary, were not more than half 
grown on the same date, and only one could be found full grown. 


144, Chobham Road, Stratford New Town, E.: 
July, 1894. 


Carpocapsa nimbana.—I first met with this local and rare Tortrix towards the 
end of May, 1889. One fine 2? emerged from a large pot containing beech nuts 
gathered the previous September. I did not meet with any more until this season, 
when another fine 9 emerged from a pot containing a lot of dead, moss-covered 
beech bark brought last autumn from the same locality. A search on the beech 
trunks on the first opportunity (May 26th) enabled me to add three more to my 
collection, two g and one 9 .—A. THURNALL, Stratford New Town: July, 1894. 


Butalis chenopodiella.—l have taken five or six of this local insect at rest on 
fences in this neighbourhood during the past month (June).—Ib. 


* In addition to the Scirpus, Sorhagen gives Juncus conglomeratus also.—EDs, . 


1394. } 185 


Notes on the larva of Ephestia elutella, Haw.—Having had an opportunity 
of seeing a great number of larve of this species doing considerable damage to 
biscuits, it may be of interest to give a description and an outline of its life- 
history. The larva tapers towards the head, colour brownish-white; head, plate 
on 2nd segment, and spots (or rather dots), brown; two dots on 2nd segment below 
the plate, four on the 8rd and 4th, six on 5th to 11th, three spots on 12th, and one 
on the 18th, the last four I designated as spots because they are three or four times 
larger than the others. The two dots on the 8rd and 11th segments below the sub- 
dorsal line are surrounded with a brown ring; all the dots bear a light coloured 
bristle, almost white, about 1 mm. in length; mouth black. The small round 
spiracles are brown, also the claspers. Below the spiracles a row of dots, haviug 
one and sometimes two bristles, and two smaller dots with bristles close to the 
ventral region. ‘They left their food (biscuits) in the middle of October, and 
wandered about until they had secured a place to their liking, crevice or crack in the 
wall or in the folds of the biscuit bags, or any hiding place, when they spun them- 
selves up a slight cocoon, therein they lay dormant until about April, when they 
changed to pups. ‘The perfect insects came out the following month.—G. C. 
BIGNELL, Stonehouse, Plymouth: July 1st, 1894. 


Aleochara maculata, Bris.,at Guildford.—Amongst the Staphylinide captured 
by me at Guildford on May 15th (cf. ante, p. 135) were two specimens of an 
Aleochara which I set aside for further examination. These now prove to be 
A. maculata, Bris., an insect hitherto unique as British, the original specimen of 
which was obtained by the Rev. H. S. Gorham on the banks of the Lyn, in North 
Devon, and recorded by him many years ago in this Magazine (cf. vol. v, p. 136). 
I am indebted to M. Fauvel for comparing one of my examples with Brisout’s types, 
which were from Vernet and Paris.—G. C. CHAmpron, Horsell, Woking: July, 1894. 


Thermobia furnorum at Hastings.—A few days ago I received some miscel- 
laneous insects, &c., from Hastings to determine ; in the box were two specimens of 
this species, and on Wednesday last I saw about half a dozen alive and uninjured 
in a small shallow jam pot covered with glass, so that they could be examined at 
leisure. They came from the kitchen of the private house of a gentleman on the 
West Hill at Hastings. His theory as to their introduction is this:—He bought a 
sack of Hungarian flour, which was placed in the kitchen ; before this they had not 
seen the “fire brats,’ now they must be fairly plentiful in that house. Of course, 
this is very likely to be a case of “ Post hoc,” not “ Propter hoe.” The Hungarian 
flour may have had nothing to do with the introduction of the Thermobia. I 
thought you would be sure to like to know of the occurrence.—H. N. BLooMFIELD, 
Guestling Rectory, Hastings: June 29th, 1894. 


Adicella filicornis, Pict., in the New Forest.—Amongst the contents of my 
collecting bottle during a few days’ stay (June 16th—20th) at Brockenhurst, in com- 
pany with Dr. Sharp and Mr. Champion, I found one female of this little longicorn 
Trichopteron, a species which, so far as I am aware, had hitherto only been known 
as British from specimens found in the Clyde Valley. I am unable to give the 
precise locality, but the only place visited at all likely to produce it was a portion of 

Q 


186 (August, 


the Lymington River, near Brockenhurst. Neither can I say with certainty that it 
was taken by myself, for my companions generously transferred to my bottle such 
Neuroptera as fellin their way. All I can do is to record the occurrence as a con- 
tribution to the distribution of the species in Britain —R. McLacutan, Lewisham» 
London: June 30th, 1894. 


Rhaphidia notata, F.,and R. maculicollis, Steph., common in the New Forest.— 
When I arrived at Brockenhurst, I found that Messrs. Sharp and Champion had 
been taking these two species commonly, in fact, in greater plenty than I had ever 
before seen any species of the genus in this country. By the time of my visit they 
were apparently becoming scarcer. They were beaten from various kinds of trees, 
if old and lichen-covered so much the better; and they also occurred in the flowers 
of hawthorn and Viburnum opulus. The larvee were to be found in dead wood, and 
under bark, and were not unfrequently disclosed by the beetle hunters, and they 
were sometimes dislodged by beating the jagged ends of broken branches on living 
trees. I have one larva, that I think belongs to R. maculicollis, in a glass tube with 
rotten wood; it is fed occasionally with a fly, and seems to thrive ; I suspect it 
feeds at night, for I have never been able to detect it in the act.—Ib. 


Nothochrysa capitata and other Neuroptera in Surrey.—On June 22nd, while 
beating the fir trees at the Hut Pond, Wisley, Surrey, my brother and I disturbed 
and captured a specimen of Nothochrysa capitata. The Hemerobiide were out in 
numbers, the chief being H. concinnus, H. inconspicuus, H. limbatus, and H. 
nitidulus. 

We also took one Rhaphidia notata. Chrysopa aspersa was plentiful, and C. 
tenella rare. 

On the 30th, at Newark Abbey, Ripley, Platycnemis pennipes was common, and 
I took one fine blue variety of the g, resembling the figure in Charpentier’s “ Libel- 
luline Europeee,” pl. 48. There seems to be a disparity of sex in this species, or 
else the g has a more wandering habit than the ?, as I took nineteen ? and only 
two 6, while on an earlier occasion I took four 2, and only one ¢. 

Chrysopa phyllochroma occurred in the waste land around the Abbey. I took 
six, and, probably, lost as many more, as they were difficult to see and catch ; when 
disturbed, they fluttered along the surface of the herbage for a few yards, and then 
dropped, and were difficult to move again. Although the field was to a great extent 
surrounded by luxuriant hedges with elm trees, and by the river, with clumps of 
alders, I failed to beat out a single specimen, all that I saw were walked up from 
among bugloss and thistles in the most open and hottest part of the field. I also 
took one Hemerobius elegans.—C. A. Briaas, 55, Linceln’s Inn Fields: July, 1894. 


> ogieties. 
BIRMINGHAM Entomonoaicat Soctety: June 18th, 1894.— Mr. R. C. 
BRADLEY in the Chair. 
Messrs. C. F. Haines, Stourbridge, and R. W. Fitzgerald, Uley, Dursley, 
Gloucestershire, were admitted Members of the Society. 
The insects captured on the Cotswolds during the recent visit of the Society 


1894.] 187 


were shown, as follows:—Mr. R. C. Bradley, Lepidoptera and Diptera, &c., the 
Lepidoptera included a specimen of Thecla rubi, with no trace of the white markings 
on the under-side ; there were many Diptera, including Syrphus triangulifer, an 
addition to our list, Cheilosia chrysocoma, Brachyopa bicolor, and others not yet 
satisfactorily identified. Mr. C. J. Wainwright had Diptera only, these included 
Syrphus annulipes, Zett., new to our list; Gymnocheta viridis and other Tachi- 
nid@, and one or two doubtful insects upon which he read a few notes. Mr. A. 
H. Martineau had Hymenoptera, including Osmia xanthomelana, Andrena bucephala, 
Nomada ochrostoma, a remarkably dark form of Bombus muscorum, &. Other 
insects, Lepidoptera, &c., were shown by Mr. O. W. Walker and Mr. W. Bowater, 
Mr. E. C. Rossiter showed a few Lepidoptera recently taken at Wyre Forest, 
Cherocampa porcellus, Notodonta dictea, &e. Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed a 
small box containing a few rare Diptera, including the three closely allied species of 
Syrphus, annulatus, vittiger, and lineola, Zett.; the determination and separation 
of which had been confirmed by Mr. G. H. Verrall, the last species is a further 
addition to the British list of Syrphi, and was taken at Sherwood; the box 
also contained one specimen of Platycheirus spathulatus, Rond., from Conway, a 
species just added to our list by Mr. Verrall, on the strength of two specimens from 
Devonshire.—CoLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon. Sec. 


Tue Souta Lonpon EntomoLoeicaL AND NaturaL History Socrery: 
June 14th, 1894. —E. Stzp, Esq., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Tugwell, a series of vars. of Spilo- 
soma lubricepeda, Esp., the product of a cross between var. radiata, and var. fasciata, 
and read notes; three specimens of hibernated Vanessa Antiopa, L., from Montreal, 
Canada, with pale margins; a series of Asteroscopus nubeculosa, Esp., bred from 
Rannoch ova, and some of which had been in pupe three years; also bred speci- 
mens of Aleucis pictaria, Curt., from the New Forest. Mr. Frohawk, on behalf of 
Mr. Fremlin, a var. of Apatura Iris, L., from Berlin, intermediate between the type 
and var. Jole, Schiff.; on behalf of Mr. South, a dwarf captured specimen of Euchlée 
cardamines, L., measuring only 14 in. in expanse, and another specimen with the 
apical patch of two shades of yellow; also an ovum, im situ on a nettle leaf, of 
Vanessa c-album, L., together with larve of the same species, showing all five stages 
of growth. Mr. Manger, a large collection of insects of all Orders captured on the 
8.S. Kara, by Captain T. Walker, during a voyage to N. York and Shanghai and 
back. It was interesting to note a specimen of <Acherontia Atropos, L., from 
Shanghai; some species shown were new; a discussion ensued as to the distribution 
of species and the distances from land insects have been noticed. Mr. Edwards, 
specimens of Papilio Priamus and P. Hewitsoni. Myr. West (Greenwich), speci- 
mens of Cryptocephalus nitidulus, Gyll., and C. coryli, L.,from Box Hill; also two 
very rosy males of Smerinthus populi, L., which had been assembled by a bred 
female. Mr. Filer, a long bred series of Smerinthus populi, L.; one male was of 
the female coloration ; one specimen had emerged in August of last year, and had 
the discoidal spot on the primaries much smaller than the rest of the brood, which 
went their usual period. Mr. Turner, a series of Cymatophora ridens, Fb., from the 
New Forest, a larva of the same species, and a pupa of Melitea Aurinia, Rott. The 


Report of the Field Meeting at Reigate was then read. 


188 {August, 


June 28th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 

Mr. G. A. Scorer was elected a Member. 

Mr. C. Fenn exhibited a bred series of Geometra papilionaria, L., from the 
brood of which some larve were not yet fully fed ; a specimen of Heliothis peltigera, 
Schiff., having the blotch in the dark border of hind-wing very large; a very long 
series of Selenia lunaria, Schiff., showing spring, summer, and intermediate forms 
from one batch of ova; and a Mantis from Australia. Mr. R. Adkin, specimens 
taken during the Society’s Field Meeting at Reigate, including Pachetra leucophea, 
View., and vars. of Lycena Icarus, Rott., and L. bellargus, Rott. Mr. Dennis, ova 
and young larvee of Bombyx rubi, L., from Reigate. Mr. Turner, a long series of 
Lycena bellargus, Rott., from Box Hill, showing all the ordinary variations, some 
of the females having a considerable amount of the male coloration. A discussion 
took place as to the scarcity and lateness of insects this year, especially with regard 
to the Geometers. 


July 12th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a bred series of Dianthecia nana, Rott., from Unst, all 
very dark, and some unicolorous, and a yellow banded var. of Sesia myopiformis, 
Bork., from Mr. Wellman’s collection. Mr. Oldham, series of Rumia crategata, 
D. L., Noctua triangulum, Hufn., and Dasychira pudibunda, L., all bred this year, 
from Epping Forest ; also insects taken at Wisley on July 7th. Mr. Dennis, varieties 
of Epinephele Janira, L., including a fine xanthic specimen. Mr. Auld, a long 
bred series of Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fb , from Essex, one specimen having only 
the discoidal spots present. Mr. C. A. Briggs, a specimen of the rare Lacewing 
Fly, Nothochrysa capitata, F., taken at Wisley. Mr. Edwards, two specimens of 
Ornithoptera Cresus, from Batchian, Papilio gyas, from India, and P. electra. Mr. 
Perks, the egg of a Coccinella deposited on the point of a thorn. Mr. Turner, series 
of Lycena minima, from Galway, showing gradual diminution of spots on the 
under-side, a brown-suffused var. of ZL. Astrarche, Bgstr., from Reigate, and an 
asymmetrical var. of Smerinthus tilie, L. Mr. Turner read the Report of the 
Field Meeting on July 7th at Wisley.— Hy. J. Turner, Hon. Sec. 


LITA INSTABILELLA, Deu., AND ITS NEAREST BRITISH ALLIES. 
BY EUSTACE R. BANKES, M.A., F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 128). 


Lira saLicornim, Hering. 


With more than 300 examples before me, I should deseribe the 
insect as it most frequently appears in this country as follows :— 


Exp. al., 6” —7¥”, usually about 6’. Antenne fuscous, annulated with pale 
ashy-grey. Palpi pale grey or greyish-ochreous, middle joint marked externally 
with brownish-fuscous, terminal joint broadly ringed with fuscous near the base and 
tip. Head and face pale grey or greyish-ochreous. Thorax and patagia grey or 
greyish-ochreous, usually somewhat darker than the head. 

Fore-wings moderately broad, costa fairly straight, apex rather blunt: ground- 


colour ranging from pale greyish-ochreous to greyish-fuscous, but commonly grey, 


1894. ] 189 


brown-grey, or ochreous-grey, much marbled with paler, and sometimes partially 
tinged with light rust-brown. From the costa, within the basal third, start two 
short, dark, oblique bars, often showing only as spots. On the fold are two large 
dark spots, apparently continuations of the interrupted costal bars, the second deci- 
dedly before the middle of the wing. On the disc are two large dark spots, the first 
just above the outer edge of the second spot on the fold, the second, crescent-shaped 
when complete, beyond the middle of the wing. The colour of the spots, and of 
the bars, ranges from bright rust-brown, through chocolate, to dark fuscous, and the 
spaces between them are frequently occupied by clusters of pale scales. ‘Towards 
the hind-margin is a pale angulated fascia, generally more or less well-defined. At 
the apex there is usually a dark spot, on either side of which the margins are 
chequered light and dark. Cilia pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes more grey than 
ochreous, often with traces of transverse fuscous lines. Hind-wings but slightly 
emarginate below apex, semi-transparent, satiny leaden-grey, veins darker; cilia 
pale greyish-ochreous, sometimes more strongly grey. 

Abdomen grey or greyish-fuscous above, greyish-ochreous beneath ; anal tuft 
greyish-ochreous. Legs: anterior pair fuscous, narrowly paler beneath, with pale 
rings at all the joints; posterior pair pale ochreous, dusted externally with fuscous 
except at the joints, the tarsi alone showing dark bars internally between the joints. 

From Major Hering’s statement (S. E. Z., /. c.) that the ground-colour is “ as 
a rule a bright roe-brown, rarely a mouse-grey,”’ and from the four examples that he 
kindly sent me, I conclude that in Thuringia the insect is, on the whole, browner 
and brighter than in England, where the typical “ bright roe-brown”’ form is not 
among those that occur most frequently. 


This species, though extremely variable in both sexes, may gene- 
rally be recognised by its delicately, though broadly, marbled appear- 
ance, due to the ground-colour being broken up by the pale fascia and 
the clusters of pale scales, and always by the large size and peculiar 
character of the spots, of which the most conspicuous are the second 
on the fold and the two on the disc. In its allies the typical spots are 
like spots or dots of black ink, in salicornie they resemble blots of 
some coloured ink. There is no dark longitudinal streak, nor any pale 
inner-marginal vitta. From marmorella, which it will follow in our 
lists, it is readily distinguished by its larger size, its less strongly- 
contrasted colours, and by the absence of any paler vitta. 


Larva of Lira sALicornim, Hrg. 


For the following description of the larva and its habits I am 
greatly indebted to Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher :— 


“ Length about 5 lines. Head varying from pale brown to nearly black: plate 
on second segment, and anal flap which is concolorous with the head, similarly 
variable in colour. Legs black. Ground-colour of body dull yellowish-green ; 
dorsal line red; sub-dorsal region broadly red, with patches of the ground-colour 
round the usual tubercles; claspers same as ground-colour. ‘The red markings vary 
greatly in intensity, often being nearly obsolete.” 


190 (August, 


“When the herbage is strong, the larvee spin together from two to six branches 
of Salicornia herbacea to form a sort of tent, and gnaw the inside of it; while, in 
the case of Sueda maritima, several leaves or shoots are joined, and the green part 
of the leaves is eaten from within, only whitened remains being left. Where the 
plants are dotted thinly over the more or less dry mud, and their branches are pro- 
cumbent, the larva spins a web of loose silk among the branches, much in the manner 
of a low-feeding Phycis or Butalis, and lives in a denser gallery of white silk on 
the surface of the ground, or often some little distance down a crack in it. Of the 
larvee that live in this way the ground-colour of the body is, on the average, lighter 
than in those from which the description was taken. I have also found them on 
Spergularia media, feeding in this same manner, and on Aster tripolium, of which 
they mine and inhabit the leaves.” 

Larve of the earlier broods have been found in leaves of Aster 
tripolium by Mr. G. Elisha, in Essex, on May 12th; and by Mr. J. H. 
Threlfall, in Lancashire, on June 5th; those of the later ones in this 
and other plants by Messrs. J. W. Douglas and W. H. B. Fletcher, 
in Sussex. 

The imago does not seem to have been often noticed on the wing ; 
Mr. Fletcher, who has taken it freely, finds blowing on the euotiae 


the most successful method of collecting. 


GENERAL REMARKS. 


In trying to distinguish these closely-allied Lite, it should be 
borne in mind that in general they vary very greatly, and on parallel 
lines. The ground-colour is inconstant, while the markings are un- 
stable in shape and colour, and are apt to be intensified, or to disappear 
almost entirely. But when long bred series of them are seen side by 
side, the special characteristics of each are very evident, and become 
impressed on the memory. The following is an attempt to tabulate 
them, so that, in their ordinary forms at least, they may be recognised :— 


1. Fore-wings moderately broad, apex rather blunt ...........ccc0cseccsceeeeesseeee 2 
Fore-wings decidedly narrow, apex acutely pointed ..............:c.ccceeee eee 5 
2. Pale hind fascia generally present and well defined ................cecceeee eee ees 3 
Without pale hind fascia, (inner margin paler) ....................000e = suedella. 
3=) Wath palerinnerimarpinvsp.ceascaeeee ete eee erence ence eee ere = ocellatella. 
Wathout paler inner margin (0s. cscs secsee tence cee cece eee e eee EERE Eee 4 
Ac Wath stall Spots. cctenicssen. same meielerem tc aceoseee Nie: enaivecoees Gee eee = instabilella. 
With large spots: stise. scot oiaceasnsesay aces cle Momeeeee rie Sree = ois ee RCE = salicornie. 
5. Inner margin paler, without pale hind fascia ..................... = plantaginella. 


Inner margin not paler, with or without pale hind fascia (generally 


ill-<detined: joftentobsolete)axciseqsececeen eee ee eae eee eee 6 
6. Ground-colour pale greyish-brown ...............c0cceesee eee cenees ees = atriplicella. 
Ground-colour pale greyish-stramineous .................0cee eee cee eee = obsoletella. 


1. L. salicornie may be known by its large coloured spots, and, in the commoner 
forms, by its prettily marbled fore-wings. 


1894. ; 191 


2. L. instabilella is distinguished by its more uniform appearance, seldom 
broken except by the pale fascia which itself is occasionally obsolete, and by its 
small black spots, which, however, are liable to disappear in part or in whole, and be 
replaced by rust-brown. In general, all the fringes, and the costal margin of the 
hind-wing towards the apex, are rather more ochreous, and less inclined towards 
grey, than in the preceding, and the pale ochreous tinge in the fore-wings is much 
more constant. 


3. L. ocellatella is characterized by its bright ochreous fascia and inner margin, 
and its conspicuous ocellated black spots. On the whole it is also noticeably smaller, 
and less robust, than its nearest allies. The sexes differ considerably, the 3s having 
darker, and much less ochreous, as well as apparently rather narrower and more 
pointed, fore-wings than the 9s. 


4. L. suedella, which is separated from all but plantaginella by the presence of 
an ochreous inner-marginal vitta, combined with the absence of any pale fascia, is 
more stoutly built and broader in the wing than that species, and has a brighter and 
more attractive facies. I always notice a most striking distinction between them, in 
all their ordinary forms, when the wings are closed ; in suedella, the pale thorax 
lying between the darker patagia unites with the pale stripe presented by the two 
overlapping inner-marginal viét@ to form, together with the head, one conspicuous 
and sharply-defined central ochreous stripe down the moth; in plantaginella this is 
never seen, for although the thorax matches the inner margin in colour, the patugia 
are equally pale. Again, in swedel/a the contrast between the dark upper part of 
the wing and the pale inner-margin is, in general, much stronger than in planta- 
ginella, in which the two parts, though often separated by a similar dark streak, 
approximate more nearly in colour. 


5. L. plantaginella, although most variable, may be recognised by the peculiar 
streaked appearance of the pointed fore-wings, due to the presence of more or fewer 
lines of pale scales, especially pronounced towards the apex; it has a paler inner- 
margin as a rule, but has no pale fascia. 

In his description of plantaginella (Ent. Mo. Mag., XIX, p. 253), Mr. Stainton 
says that it is “a larger and broader-winged insect than instabilella.” In any case 
the comparison could not stand, because his “ instabilella”’ (l.c.) is a mixture of the 
four preceding species; but, as to size, his remarks about the food-plant, and the 
exp. al. that he gives, to say nothing of his cabinet series, prove that he only knew 
the large salt-marsh form of plantaginella, and was unacquainted with the smaller 
dry-ground form; whilst, as regards breadth, the wings of plantaginella are visibly 
narrower in proportion to their length than in those four insects. 


6. L. atriplicella is separated from the first four species by its slender build and 
shape of wing, and from all the foregoing by its more sombre, unmarked facies. It 
is however, particularly in its paler forms, continually mistaken for obsoletella, 
partly, no doubt, because in the “ Manual,” II, p. 340, it is emphasized as a char- 
acteristic of obsoletella that the “ basal half of the abdomen”? is “ pale ochreous,” 
and no mention is made of the fact that atriplicel/a, as a rule, has the basal half of 
the abdomen ochreous or pale ochreous ; of both species individuals occur in which 
this part is not ochreous at all. 


In the open country, atriplicella is commonly pale greyish-brown, more or 


192 (August, 1894, 


less thickly dusted with fuscous, but in the London and Thames-mouth districts it 
is very dark, owing to the presence of numerous blackish scales. It is, therefore, so 
much deeper in colour than odsoletella, which is usually pale greyish-stramineous, 
sparingly peppered with fuscous, that only in aberrant individuals do these species 
resemble one another, After examining large numbers of both, I think that, in 
separating them, more reliance should be placed on colour than on size or markings ; 
they vary in size, and in both insects the black dot-like spots are similarly situated, 
and liable to be elongated into short streaks, while the pale hind fascia is often 
wanting. 

7. L. obsoletella, which otherwise differs from the first five species in the same 
points as the preceding, is best distinguished from it by its much paler ground-colour. 
Fischer von Réslerstamm says that obsoletella, when in good condition, is “ never so 
darkly coloured” as atriplicella, and that even worn specimens of the latter are 
“ sufficiently distinguished ”’ from the former by the presence of two blackish streaks 
on the under-side of the abdomen. But since he had only met with atriplicella in 
Vienna, and his type is the dark form, he probably did not know the paler forms, of 
which some examples show on the under-side of the abdomen no trace of any darker 
streaks, whereas, in obsoletella, on the other hand, the same part, as allowed by 
Fischer himself, “ occasionally shows traces of two grey longitudinal lines.” 

The life-histories of both atriplicella and obsoletella, and the entirely different 
modes of life by which the larve betray their identity even when feeding on the 
same plant, as well as the larve, pups and imagines, have been fuily described 
by Fischer, who also gives admirable figures (with magnified parts, &c.) of them in 
those stages [atriplicella (dark form), p. 223, pl. 78 (1839) ; obsoletella, p. 225, pl. 
79 (1840) ]. As no English descriptions of the larvee or pup appear to have been 
published, the following translations by myself of those in Fischer’s work may 
perhaps be useful :— _ 

Larva and pupa of LITA ATRIPLICELLA, F. v. R. 

Larva. “It has sixteen legs, it is greenish-yellow, sometimes even grass-green, 
with a dark—sometimes even only a light—rose-red suffusion on the back, and black 
shining warts, each of which emits a hair. The head is honey-yellow with four 
brown side spots (é. ¢., two on each side—H. R. B.), the prothoracic plate green, 
with a few brown dots on the sides, and on the green anal extremity ten small black 
warts are visible. The legs are pale green, the points of the claws blackish-brown.” 

[In the first sentence there is, in the original, no “,” after “grass-green,”’ and 
no “—” between “light” and “ rose-red,” but to avoid ambiguity, I have ventured 
to insert them, because, from Fischer’s language, apart from very strong corrobora- 
tive evidence, I myself entertain no doubt as to his exact meaning.—H. R. B.]. 

“ The pupa is brownish-yellow, it has paler wing-cases and, when the imago is 
well formed, dark red shining eyes; the anal extremity is armed with hooked 
bristles.” 

The larva, which “is very active and drops to the ground at a very slight 
touch ” (F. v. R.), lives in a silken gallery among, and feeds on, the young leaves, 
flowers, or seeds of its food-plants, and I have little doubt that the eggs are laid im 
the shoots, flowers, or young seeds, according to the time of year. Mr. Fletcher found 
that larve fromSouthend, which produced the dark form of the moth, although very 


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CONTENTS. PAGE 


Abundance of Caterpillars of the Antler Moth, Charzeas graminis, Linn., in the 


South of Scotland.—Miss E. A. Ormerod, F.EB.S., SCeecesersecsessesssveessereee 169 
On a new species of Psylla.—W. M. Maskell ............. gukee 
Palpares Walkeri, a remarkable new species of Myrmeleonide co ions — 

R. McLachlan, F.RS., Sc... rl tf) 
Notes on Lepidoptera in the South of Pieced may Te: A. Jones, P. E. 8. . 175 
Mimicry in Diptera.—Colbran J. Wainwright ........cce0 0c scar sessoncenseesecssesee LUT 
Observations on Coccides (No. 8).—R. Newstead, F.E.S... eee Shee Ass 
Bactra furfarana bred, with a description of the larva. aA! ‘Phurnalll lis, LSS 
Carpoeapsa nimbana.—Id. snaasaed -aqe eddieg eeielssisasiacetcese: e 6 ee aE EEE coe een eee 
Butalis chenopodiella.—Id. anisaes Rapeoarcnnt qn: esi 
Notes on the larva of Ephestia Sintelias 9) C Bignell, FP. E 8. uieice cenees ISD 
Aleochara maculata, Bris., at Guildford.—@. 0. Champion, F.Z. ca she. HAS 185 
Thermobia farnorum at Hacer ey: E. N. Bloomfield, M.A., F.E.S. ........ 185 
Adicella filicornis, Pict., in the New Forest.—R. McLachlan, F.R.S.. see. L85 
Rhaphidia notata, F., ayn R. maculicollis, ae common in the New 7 Boreal, =_ i 

Gis eters eee . 186 
Nothochrysa BEIT) aaa BEneE Nearonterar in Gee _@. A Brigg B. EB. 8. . 186 
Socteties.—Birmingham Entomological Society .,. ...........00. eesesterecenseceeeee, 187 

South London Entomological, &c., Seale | . 187 
Lita vitae rae and its nearest British Altres (continued), _—F, R. Bankes, 
U.A., F.E.S8. Eadie sor Abde bacGaco0 Pr aricncibianuices . 188 


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September, 1894. ! 193 


variable in such details as colour of head and plate, were much greener than those 
from other localities, which yielded the ordinary paler form. In both forms of the 
larva he would describe the prothoracic plate as usually, though by no means in- 
variably, concolorous with the head. 

(For other details, see Table of Species). 


Larva and pupa of Lira ossoLeTetta, F. v. R. 

“The larva has sixteen legs. When quite young it is pale green with a blackish- 
brown head and prothoracic plate; when full grown it has a pale rose-red dorsal 
stripe, and sometimes also shows that colour to a less degree on the sides. The 
warts are very small and blackish-grey, each emitting a whitish hair. The head is 
shining honey-yellow, the prothoracic plate blackish-brown, divided and edged with 


whitish, the shining anal flap without markings. The claws and ventral legs 
grrenish- white.” 


Mr. Fletcher (MS.) describes the head as “pale brown,” and mentions the fact, 
not actually stated by Fischer, that the body of the well-grown larva is pale yellowish- 
green. 

“The pupa is brownish-yellow, it has (shortly before emergence takes place) 


shining dark red eyes, and bears on the anal extremity small hooks, spikelets, and 
bristles of various shapes.” 


Fischer came to the conclusion that the egg is introduced through the soft bark 
into the pith, and says that the young larva tunnels to a spot close above the axil of 
a branch, twig, or leaf-stalk, where it bores a hole outwards for the extrusion of the 
frass (which is always seen in the mouth of it or hanging therefrom), and for the 
ultimate escape of the moth. He observed that in spite of their protected position 
large numbers of larve were dragged out by small yellow ants, or stung by ichneumon 
flies ; and mentions that the growth of the plant does not appear to be injured 
even when, as frequently happens, the stem, branches, and twigs are all tenanted (in 
one instance he counted 36 larve in one plant!), but Mr. Fletcher (MS.) says that 
their forward growth is checked and they become thickened. The larva, when ex- 
tracted from its burrow, is very active. 

(for other details, see Table of Species). 


In Ent. Ann., 1859, p. 163, Mr. Stainton says, that larve found by Mr. Bond at 
the beginning of October mining the leaves and boring the stems of Chenopodium 
maritimum (= Sueda maritima, Dum.), in the Isle of Wight, were probably those 
of Gelechia obsoletella. From the nature of the plant and the habits of obsoletella 
it seems clear that none of the larve then found were referable to this species, and 
I have little doubt that all were those of atriplicella, which, though not a true 
stem-borer, will at times gnaw into the soft upper parts of the stems. 


While closely studying this group it has been my good fortune 
to be able to examine all the allied continental species in the Frey, 
Stainton, and Zeller collections, as well as those in Lord Walsingham’s 
rich cabinet; these include almost all the described ones of which 
the names are known to me, and some that are still undescribed. 

In conclusion, I wish to express my hearty thanks to Lord Wal- 


singham for his kind assistance in many ways, and to my excellent 
R 


194, (September, 


friends, the Rev. C. R. Digby for various translations from German 
works, and Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher for much valuable information, 
and also for the loan of his very long and beautiful sets of these 
insects ; these, together with my own less lengthy series selected in 
most cases out of the larger numbers that I have bred, make up a 
total of some 1500 specimens, and illustrate well the known range of 
variation in each of the seven British species that belong to this more 
puzzling portion of the genus Lita. 


The Rectory, Corfe Castle : 
February 15th, 1894. 


SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE (ef. ante, pp. 82-8). 


I can now corroborate Shield’s statement (“ Prac. Hints,” p. 149) 
that the larva of L. plantaginella (=“ G. instabilella,” 1. c.) mines 
the leaves. Last month, Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher found on P. corono- 
pus, in the I. of Wight, one young larva so engaged, and many empty 
mined leaves, whilst in Purbeck I secured two very young larve mining 
down leaves of this plant, and a few mines, two containing cast skins 
only, the rest empty. The three larve, the skins, and the mines, were 
referable to plantaginella. It seems clear that the egg is sometimes, 
perhaps always, laid on a leaf, that the larva mines down the leaf, and 
sometimes part of another leaf or two, and then, while still quite 
young, enters a rootstock. In nature it apparently never feeds up in 
or on the leaves, and J have failed to induce it to do so in confinement. 
The older leaves, when mined, die off and decay rapidly, thus escaping 
notice.—H. R. B.: May 18th, 1894. . 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PERICOMA FROM 
DELAGOA BAY. 


BY THE REV. A. E. EATON, M.A., F.E.S. 


At page 23 of the present volume mention is made of an East 
African Pericoma, allied to P. notabilis, Btn. In some respects it 
approaches the P. advena, Etn., series of species, which with the 
former are included in the 8rd Section of this genus, tabulated in 
Ent. Mo. Mag. (2nd series), vol. iv, p. 127. 


PERICOMA MERIDIONALIS, sp. nov. 
?. Disc of wing broadly ovate, pointed exactly at the end of the prebrachial 
uervure. Antennee, allowing for difference of sex, as in P. advena (ef. Ent. Mo. 
Mag., 2nd ser., vol. iv, p. 127, step 8), reaching in 9 to only a little beyond the base 


1394.] 195 


of the wing. End of the subcosta not quite so far advanced as the end of the 
postical nervure. Radius forked distinctly beyond the pobrachial fork, but con- 
siderably before the end of the axillar nervure; its stem inserted in the anterior 
basal cell at a distance from the cell’s end subequal to the cell’s apical width. Stem 
of the pobrachial nervure short, equal to the difference in length of the two basal 
cells ; its proportion to the stem of the radius not ascertainable with exactitude 
from wings in siti. Hair of the disc thin, dark greyish-brown, shifting with change 
of posture to a warmer subfuligineous brown; the margin bordered with a narrow 
brown line, interrupted at the endings of all the nervures, except the axillar and 
prebrachial, by small white hair-spots. In the region of bristling hair, when the 
wing is viewed edgewise away from the light, the hairs shift to whitish; and at the 
outer edge of this region an angulated series of small white hair-spots spreading 
outwards becomes apparent, pointing towards the apex of the wing, the spots placed 
singly on the radial branches and cubitus, and on the pobrachial branches, the 
postical and the axillar nervure, with the most salient angle at the cubitus; the spot 
on the posterior pobrachial, much smaller than the others, stands inwards a little 
out of rank. Within the same region, near the forks, are two small blackish hair- 
spots, one on the anterior radius nearly opposite the other on the posterior pobrachial 
nervure. Fringes concolorous with the hair of the disc, glossy, and from certain 
standpoints varied faintly with dull whitish in close proximity to some of the white 
marginal spots; costal fringe dense, varying in hue with change of posture, at the 
base of the wing, in correspondence with the bristling hair, the darker colour 
lingering at the roots of the fringe. Legs densely clad with fuligineous hair, espe- 
cially the posterior pairs, and adorned with snow-white scales; the tibia and the 
first four joints in the tarsus dorsally strongly fringed, and the tarsal fringe densely 
loaded with black scales, glossed at their extreme tips with dull whitish ; the snow- 
white markings are—some scales at the knee; some scattered scales interspersed 
among the hairs on the exposed side of the tibia, and a narrow edging of imbricate 
scales at the tip; a similar edging at the tip of the first tarsal joint; also, in the 
fore tarsus, some scales at the tips of the next three joints clear of the fringe; also, 
on the intermediate tarsus, a very small dorsal spot at the base of the first joint. 

Frons and palpi clad in fuligineous. Scales on the two basal joints of the an- 
tenn fuligineous; flagellum brownish, with light brownish-grey hair, shifting to 
whitish-grey. Pubescence of the vertex and notum dense, and up to the wings 
light brownish-grey, shifting to brownish-white; that between the wings, from 
certain standpoints, light fuligineous-brown, followed on the 1st abdominal segment 
with long erect hair matching in colour that of the wing-roots and alule. Dorsum 
of abdomen very densely pubescent with upstanding hair (shorter than that on the 
1st segment), which remains light fuligineous-brown at the roots, but shifts with 
change of posture to light brownish-grey and whitish in its upper parts; last seg- 
ment with whitish pubescence; sides and venter with fuligineous hair. 

Length of wing, 3°5 mm. 


Hab.: Delagoa Bay, two ? described (Brit. Mus.). <A third 
specimen offered to the Museum in 1891, but there no longer, was 


labelled Kingarni River, German East Africa. 


London: August, 1894. 


196 {September, 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE LIST OF BRITISH 
ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA. 


- BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S. 
(Concluded from page 86). 


Prosoris Masont, Saund. (DILATATA, Saund., nec Kirby, Smith). 

In my Synopsis I described the wrong insect under dilatata, Kirb., and only dis- 
covered my mistake a few months ago when Mr. Billups lent me two males of this 
genus, both with white dilated antennary scapes, and told me that he felt sure they 
were distinct ; one had the apices of the posterior tibie black, the other had the 
entire tibia yellow. I did not think much of the colour character, as the species I 
have always called dilatata (Masoni) has often a black spot on the inner side of the 
posterior tibie, which might increase to a band, but on closer examination I found 
a distinct difference in puncturation, and in the shape of the scape of the antenne, 
and I at once recognised in the specimen with black apexed tibie the four-sided 
scape mentioned by several continental authors as characteristic of dilatata, Kirb. 
Professor Perez years ago questioned whether specimens of my so-called dilatata 
were Kirby’s species, and referred them to Rinki, Gorski. I carefully examined them 
with Gorski’s description and figure, and found they would not agree with these, 
and I assured Prof. Perez that they were the true dilatata, Kirb. ; there is, however, 
no doubt that I was wrong. I have examined Kirby’s and (through Dr. Mason’s 
kindness) Smith’s type specimens of dilatata, and they are both identical and distinct 
from what I have described in my Synopsis under that name, and I have, therefore, 
much pleasure in naming our second species, which appears distinct from any of 
those described by continental authors, Masoni, after Dr. Mason, whose kindness in 
lending me Smith’s specimens of the rarer Aculeatu has been extreme. In Smith’s 
collection the two species were mixed, but although I have taken Masoni pretty 
plentifully in some localities, I have never met with dilatata. The two species may 
be thus compared :— 


é. Mandibles white, the scape of the antenne nearly four-sided, its 
anterior and posterior sides subparallel, apical joint pale, abdomen 


more finely punctured, posterior tibise ringed with black at the 


apex. dil atata, 
Kirb. 


+90 


Basal segment of abdomen nearly impunctate, very finely punctured 
at the sides only, apical segments more clothed with brownish- 
white hairs. 


3g. Mandibles black, scape of antenne subtriangular, apex of terminal 
joint black, abdomen more coarsely punctured, posterior tibis 


without black apical rings. ' Masoni, 


Q. Basal segment distinctly but rather finely and remotely punctured | Saund. 
on the disc, apical segments less clothed with brownish-white 
hairs. 
SPHECODES DIVISUS, v. Hagen ?. 
I have placed the British exponents of this under variegatus, as the only 
character I can see to distinguish them lies in the extreme narrowness of the 2nd 


1894. ] | 197 


submarginal cell ; as this cell appears to vary in width, I do not think its form 


is sufficiently strong a character to consider specific. 


ANDRENA ROSH, Panz., and TRIMMERANA, Kirb. 

I have united these as races of one species under the name rose, as there can I 
think be little doubt that they are not specifically distinct ; the fact that in the 
same localities where Trimmerana and its var. spinigera occur in the spring on 
sallows, ros@ occurs in the late summer on brambles, goes a long way to prove their 
identity. The entire apex of the 8th ventral valve of the g, and the impunctate 
6th dorsal valve of the 2, in rose, which in my Synopsis I gave as its specific 
characteristics, I find are liable to variation, as I have autumn rose (¢) with the 
8th ventral valve emarginate, and ? with the 6th dorsal distinctly punctured. 


ANDEENA APICATA, Smith (= Lapponica, Smith, Saund., &c., nee Zett.). 
This change of name is necessary, as Zetterstedt’s lapponica is a species allied 
to helvola, Linn., and is quite distinct from the lapponica of our lists. 


ANDRENA HELVOLA, Linn., and FUCATA, Smith. 

These two closely allied species, which I considered distinct in my Synopsis, but 
afterwards united as varieties of one, I am again going to separate. Mr. R. C. L. 
Perkins has always maintained their distinctness, but until I came carefully to ex- 
amine a series of very fine examples of fucata (2), sent to me by Mr. W. H. Tuck, 
of Bury St. Edmunds, I could detect no satisfactory structural characters between 
them. C. G. Thomson, in his Hymenoptera Scandinavia, gives four allied species, 
varians, helvola, angulosa, and fucata; these have always been a puzzle to me, but 
on reading his descriptions over again I find his helvola is without doubt our 
precoz, which leaves three species agrecing with our three, his angulosa being our 
helvola. The characters he gives to distinguish angulosa and fucata are most exact, 
and although somewhat “ critical,” are quite sufficient to distinguish the species 
apart. The chief of these lies in the form of the labrum. This in helvola is nar- 
rower and more pointed than in fucata, so that the apical emargination is smaller 
and less distinct in both sexes; in the g the tooth at the base of the mandibles is 
rather less developed, and the abdomen is less polished and less finely punctured ; 
in the ? the clypeus is less regularly and less closely punctured, the abdomen is less 
shining, more hairy, more rugulose and more punctured, and the hairs of the dorsal 
surface are largely intermixed with white. 


MEGACHILE VERSICOLOR, Smith. 

I am very glad to re-instate this species, as I was the means of excluding it 
from our list. Years ago I sent a Megachile to the late Mr. F. Smith to name, who 
returned it as UZ. versicolor, 9. When I came to examine it I found it was only a 
variety of M. Willughbiella, and as years passed on and I found nothing which I 
could consider as distinct versicolor, and the g was unknown, I presumed that F. 
Smith’s species was only a var. of Willughbiella, 9 , and so i left it out. I had no 
reason to suspect otherwise till about three years ago, when the Rev. F. D. Morice, 
whilst staying with me at Woking, brought in a 9? Megachile which for some time 
we could make nothing of, but at last it occurred to him that it might be Smith’s 
versicolor, and so it clearly proved itself to be; in the same locality several females 
were found all alike in character, but still the g was wanting. I was anxious not 
to re-introduce the species till it was discovered, but this has now turned up. I was 


198 [September, 


fortunate enough to meet with several in the spring of 1893 at the flowers of Lotus 
corniculatus with the 2, and at this moment I have a series of males that have 
emerged, and females which are emerging, from some tubes formed of rose leaves, 
cut out of an old stem of a broom plant kindly sent to me last autumn by Mr. W. 
H. Tuck, of Bury St. Edmunds, who saw the making its nest there; about five 
males emerged from July 2nd to 5th, and to-day (the 7th) the females are coming 
out, four having already made their appearance. The stem was of nearly rotten 
wood, about three inches in diameter, and in it were five distinct tubes; whether 
these were all the work of one female I do not know, they vary much in length, 
two being three inches long at least, and the others from one and a half to two. 
The year before last Mr. Tuck also sent me a Megachile-bored broom stem, but 
somehow the insects died before emergence. This species does not always make its 
burrows in wood, as I have myself caught a 9 at Woking emerging from a hole in 
a sandy bank. 

The g resembles that of centuncularis, Linn., very closely, but the fringes of 
white hairs on the ventral segments are much less dense, in fact, hardly noticeable, 
whereas in centuncularis they catch the eye at once, and the sagitte of the armature 
are shorter and less produced at the apex; the ? has the abdomen blunt at the 
apex, asin Willughbiella, but with the pollen brush of the bright red colour of that 
of centuncularis, the apex of it, however, is black, the mandibles also are convex and 


shortly grooved, as in the centuneularis group. 


Bomsvs. 

In this genus the synonymy of our tawny species requires revision. 

Smithianus, White, I retain, as although Schmiedeknecht considers it as a 
variety of alpinus, Linn., I think he must be wrong, as he says of the g of that 
species that the posterior tibis and tarsi are “longe fulvo pilose,” whereas in 
Smithianus the hairs are short and black. Our species really more closely resembles 
the continental cognatus (which is quite distinct from cognatus, Steph.), but the 
black haired under-side and the shorter lacinia of the g armature (judging from the 
figures of ¢ cognatus in Schmiedeknecht’s and Hoffer’s works) seem to me to point 
to Smithianus being amply distinct. 

venustus, Smith, = variabilis, Schmied., = cognatus, Saund., nec Steph.—There 
appears to be no doubt of this synonymy, and Smith’s name being older than 
Schmiedeknecht’s must stand. I have again carefully examined Stephens’ type of 
cognatus, and although from its immaturity it is very difficult to speak for certain, 
still I am inclined to think from the uneven nature of its pubescence, that it is an 
immature agrorum, and that therefore the name should sink as a synonym of that 
species. F. Smith has placed it in the B. M. Collection under agrorum, so he evi- 
dently took the same view. 

agrorum, Fab., = muscorum, Saund., &c.—I have followed the continental 
authors in the name of this species, as it is very doubtful which of the allied species” 
Linneeus described, and tolerably clear what was meant by Fabricius, and therefore, 
although the Fabrician name is the younger of the two, I think it is perhaps wiser 


to adhere to it. 


72, St. John’s Park, Blackheath : 
July 10th, 1894. 


1994.) 199 


A NEW GENUS SEPARATED FROM HEYDENIA, HFM., WITH 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ENGLISH SPECIES. 


BY THE RIGHT HON. LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. 


CATAPLECTICA, Wlsm., gen. n. 


Type, Cataplectica Farreni, W\sm. 


ST I894- lsat 


SD rh igea. 
a—imago & enlarged. 
b—head, front view. c—head, side view. 


d—neuration. 


e—hind leg. (J. H. Durrant, delt.). 


Antenne moderately stout, scarcely more than half the length of the fore-wings, 
coarsely scaled, not ciliate, basal joint with a strong pecten. 

Labial Palpi short, slightly depressed, moderately clothed to apex, apical joint of 
about equal length with the second. 

VWarillary Palpi distinct, short, dependent. 

Haustellum well developed, naked. 

Ocelli absent. 

Head and Thorax smooth. 

Fore-wings elongate, lanceolate, costal margin straight, dorsal margin slightly convex, 
with long cilia, at the anal angle nearly as long as the width of the wing. 
Neuration, 12 veins ; 2 and 4 parallel with and equidistant from 3, which arises 
at the lower angle of cell; 5 and 6 parallel; 7 and 8 from a common stem, 
enclosing the apex; vein 1 furcate at base. 

Hind-wings narrower than the fore-wings, lanceolate, abdominal angle well de- 
veloped, thence tapering to the apex, costal margin moderately straight, dorsal 
slightly rounded, cilia more than twice the width of the wing. Newration, 


200 [September, 


8 veins; 2 and 4 equidistant from 3; 5 to upper half of cell and continued as 
an internal vein to the base; 6 and 7 from a short stalk; 8 free. 

Abdomen somewhat stout. 

Legs: hind tibiz clothed ith spine-like scales above, spurs moderate, the inner 
longer than the outer, the first and second tarsal joints are also spined. 

This genus differs from Heydenia, Hfm., in the forking of the 
apical vein of the fore-wings, and in the simple antennse; moreover, 
Heydenia has been hitherto described as having no maxillary palpi ; 
these are present in fulviguttella, Z., and auromaculata, Fr., which 
also possess the basal pecten to the antenne and agree in other generic 
characters with Cataplectica. 

Heydenia was originally described by Hofmann, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 
XXIX, 292-3 (1868), as having in the fore-wings twelve separate 
veins, but he included profugella and fulviguttella, pointing out that 
their neuration differed from that of devotella (which he made the 
type of the genus) in the junction of veins 7 and 8 of the fore-wings, 
the chief point on which I now rely for the separation of this group 
of species under the name of Cataplectica. 


The following is a list of the known European species :— 
1.—Veins 7 and 8 of fore-wings stalked. 
CATAPLECTICA, Wlsm. 


1. CatapPLecticaA Farreni, Wlsm., sp. x. 
Antenne dark leaden-grey above, paler beneath. 
Palpi \eaden-grey. 
Head dark leaden-grey ; face rather shining grey. 
Thorax dark leaden-grey, slightly iridescent. 


Fore-wings blackish, mottled with whitish-ochreous, forming three ill-defined blotch- 
like spots, followed by a subapical fascia; of the three spots the first is costal, 
the other two dorsal, the costal spot being at one-third from the base, diffused 
downwards nearly to the fold, the two dorsal spots lying, the first before the 
other beyond it; the first at about one-fourth from the base reaching upwards 
to the fold, the second before the commencement of the dorsal cilia reaching 
across the outer end of the fold; the fascia commencing at the beginning of the 
costal cilia is more or less interrupted by dark scales, tending slightly inwards, 
and somewhat attenuated towards the anal angle; a few ochreous scales are 
scattered towards the apex beyond it, and a few are also visible upon the dark 
ground-colour in other parts of the wing, rendering the markings ill-defined 
and variable ; cilia greyish-fuscous, paler at their tips. Exp. al., 9—10 mm. 

Hind-wings dark purplish-grey ; cilia greyish-fuscous. 

Abdomen greyish-fuscous, anal tuft slightly ochreous. 


Legs fuscous, the spurs and tarsal joints inclining to pale ochreous. 


1894.) 201 


TyPpE—¢ 9. Mus. Wism. 
_ Hab.: Cambridge. Wle—VIIm. 


Mr. William Farren met with this species at the end of June, 
1893, and during the first two weeks of July in the present year, by 
sweeping herbage near Cambridge. Its superficial resemblance to 
some of the obscurely marked forms of Elachista may easily account 
for its having so long escaped the notice of collectors. I am indebted 
to Mr. Farren for kindly supplying me with specimens and permitting 
me to describe them. 

The species hitherto placed in the genus Heydenia appear to be 
attached to various Umbellifere, the larve feeding among the seeds 
of Algopodium, Pimpinella, Laserpitium, Angelica, and Heracleum: 
search should be made for that of Cataplectica Farreni under similar 
conditions. 


2. profugella, Stn. 5. statariella, Hdn. 
3. auromaculata, Frey. 6. laserpitiella, Pfaffz. 
4. fulviguttella, Z. 7. silerinella, Z. 


I1.—Veins 7 and 8 of the fore-wings separate. 


HEYDENIA, Hfm. 
1. devotella, Hdn. 


Merton Hall, Thetford : 
July, 1894. 


A COMPARISON OF MOTH-GREASE SOLVENTS. 


BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S. 


Some time ago, whilst experimenting with moth-grease extracted 
by means of pure ether, I arrived at the following approximate results 
respecting the solving and evaporating properties of the under- 
mentioned fluids :— 


At about 565° F., 2 grains of moth-grease were | At about 60° F., 25 minims poured on to 


dissolved in 40 minims. a plate evaporated. 
Methylated chloroform...s. g.1°497 | 1 minute Methylated ether ......... under 1 minute 
Methylated ether .........8. g.°717 | 3 minutes } Pure ether ..................| over 1 minute 
Benzine-collas_ ............8. g. ‘850 | 44 minutes | Petroleum ether............) over 1 minute 
Pure ether ..................8 g. “720 | 6 minutes | Methylated chloroform...} 74 minutes 
Petroleum ether........... 8. g. 625 | 6 minutes | Benzine-collas...............| 35 minutes 


Rectified turpentine, kerosine, bisulphide of carbon, &c., have 
not been included, for the reason that the two former are themselves 


202 [September, 


of an unctuous character, whilst the obnoxious fumes of the latter are 
highly objectionable. As for alcohol, it is simply perfectly useless for 
dissolving grease. 

From the above table it will be seen that chloroform is by far the 
quickest solvent, and when to this it is added that it is non-inflammable, 
one would naturally imagine that the ne plus ultra of perfection had 
been reached; but as has been previously remarked (ante p. 6) 
rapidity of volatilization is a very important factor in restoring the 
specimen to its original freshness, and this quality ether undoubtedly 
possesses in the highest degree; so that we may thus sum up their 
relative merits—chloroform does its work more quickly, with less 
waste, than ether, and without the slightest danger of causing a con- 
flagration; either of the ethers mentioned, on the other hand, turns 
out a better finish, besides being less powerfully anesthetic than. 
chloroform, while the price of the methylated preparation is compara- 
tively insignificant. On the whole I still consider methylated ether 
to be the most serviceable for entomological purposes—especially at 
the price. i: 

London: June, 1894. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE NEW ZEALAND GLOW-WORM, 
BOLITOPHILA LUMINOSA. 


BY A. NORRIS. 


I have observed the larve in their natural haunts forming their 
webs, which consist of a kind of mucus, which is discharged from all 
parts of the body. If you take a larva from its web, and put it on 
the ground, it will stay there until it has discharged enough of this 
mucus from which to slide out. Wherever it goes it leaves a mark in 
the same way as the snail. When the larva is making a fresh web it 
raises its head and the first four or five segments in the air, and reaches 
round about until it strikes something. It then draws its head back 
a little way, thus making a very fine thread of mucus. It then passes 
it to the thick mucus on the first segment, then slides out a little way 
and makes another thread on the other side in the same way, fastening 
each to the thick mucus on the body. When it has made a sufficient 
number of these braces, it begins to make the strings of beads which 
hang downwards from these braces by gliding out on the braces, 
and lowering its head and about half the body. It then works its head 
and body up and down as if to vomit. You ean see the mucus 
gathering on the body. Then it draws its head right back into the 
first two segments, as if it were turning inside out. It then catches 
hold of the mucus on the edge of the segment and forces it forward. 


1894] 2038 


Now the head is out straight, with a large drop of mucus all round it, 
like a drop of water. Then it draws its head gently out of the mucus, 
thus making a short fine thread from it. It then makes another drop, 
and another short thread; then a drop, and so on, until it has made 
several of these pendants of beads, which vary in length. I have 
seen them from one inch to four or five inches. I believe in caves 
where there is no wind they reach the length of two feet. At night 
when the larva is shining, you can see the reflection of the light for a 
considerable distance along the main thread or tube. When it is ina 
small cave, the light also reflects on the pendants of beads, thus 
lighting up the whole of the cave. I call it the main tube, because 
the larva does not rest on the thread, but glides through it, which can 
easily be seen when the larva is in the centre of the thread, or tube, 
and tries to get out through the side. You can see it pushing, and 
moving its head about as if to break the side of the tube before it 
gets out. 

It is my belief that the web is formed to entangle insects, which 
are attracted by the light. 

The following are my reasons. I have frequently found small 
Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and a great many of the Crustacea 
entangled in the sticky web of the larva (which is very strong). I 
have also noticed that several of the Coleoptera, when taken out of the 
webs, were hollow, showing that the interior had been extracted in 
some way. When the insects are alive the larva may be seen smother- 
ing them with mucus. On the 17th February, 1894, I saw that one 
of the larve had a Crustacean in the web. The larva’s head was 
thrust inside the shell of the Crustacean. I at once used the lens, and 
could plainly see the mandibles working, and that the larva was eating 
the animal. I blew the web gently, when the larva at once stopped 
eating, but proceeded again. Again I blew, but harder, when it at 
once retreated, taking the animal part of the way with it. There are 
frequently fragments of insects to be seen stuck on the rocks at the 
sides of the webs, as if, when a larva had finished with an insect, he 
turned it out of the web and was ready for more. 

The g and 9 can easily be distinguished in the pupa. In the 
first place the g is much smaller, and not so stout, as the ?, and the 
end of the ¢ abdomen is very abrupt. On the other hand the 9 is 
much stouter, and the end of the abdomen comes to a point, and has 
two small fans. 

Both larve and pups are luminous, the 9 being so in all three 
stages. The @ is luminous in the pupa until the last two or three 
days before it hatches. I have three males and none of them was 
luminous in the imago, 


Wellington, N. Z.: May, 1894. 


904 (September, 


OBSERVATIONS ON COCCIDZ (No. 9). 


BY R. NEWSTEAD, F.E.S., 
CURATOR OF THE GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER. 


EX ARETOPUS, 2x. g. 


9 adult covered at gestation with a felted sac. Anterior tarsi 
dimerous. Mentum monomerous. Anal cleft and lobes as in the 
Lecaniide. 

EX ZRETOPUS FORMICETICOLA, 7. Sp. 

Q adult oviparous, subterranean, more or less reddish-brown, margins pale, 
“ with two purple lines on the dorsum” (Luff, in lit.) ;* rather widely ovate, narrow 
in front. Mentum short, widely rounded ; unexpanded filaments shorter than the 
mentum. Anal cleft deep. Anal 
dorsal lobes triangular when flat- 
tened, inner side slightly longest. 
Anal ring with eight short hairs. 
Antenne (fig. 1) of eight joints, of 
which the 2nd, 8rd, 4th, 5th are 
longest; 8rd longest of all, 8th 
smallest ; there is a short spine on 
the 1st, a very long hair on the 
2nd, one on each of the 5th, 6th, 
and 7th, and six or seven on the 
last. Legs very long: intermediate 
and posterior pairs much the longest 
(fig. 2, posterior leg), normal ; tibise 
not quite as long as the tarsi, in- 
dented near the centre on the upper- 


side, but no trace of articulation: 
anterior legs (fig. 3) with the tarsi dimerous (fig. 4), the articulation nearly in the 
centre ; widely and deeply divided above, for about one-third of its length; on each 
side the chitine is stronger and darker; the rest of the articulation quite evident, 
but rather faint. In nearly every case the 2nd joint is curved inwardly (figs. 3, 4) 
in one instance the two joints are placed almost in the same plane, and the deep 
division in front quite closed, rendering the articulation quite straight, with a very 
short constriction on either side of it infront. In this instance had the joint been a 
false one, there must have been an extreme fracture beneath; nothing of the kind, 
however, has taken place, and the joint appears of equal strength throughout ; there 
is a small hair near the apex of the 1st joint, and four or five near the apex of the 
2nd; digitules to tarsi long, slender, scarcely dilated at extremity, those of the 
claw much dilated at both extremities ; claw rather long. The articulations of all 
the joints are very clear, especially the tibio-tarsal joints. The tarsi of the front 
legs are attached on the under-side by two dark chitinous projections or flaps. 
Dermis with numerous short spiny hairs, numerous at the margins, and on abdo- 
minal segments. Long., 2°50—3°50 mm.; wide, 1‘50—1 mm. 


* Seen only in a single specimen. 


1894.] 205 


Sac of the ? very elongate, attenuated and often curved in front, composed of 
a rather close white felting, looser in front, where it is sometimes tricarinate ; open 
at the cephalic extremity, where the body of the closes it, but after gestation 
the insect often drops out. Long., 8—6°75 mm.; wide, 1°50—3°25 mm. 

Larva reddish-yellow, with numerous long waxy filaments on the dorsum, eyes 
black (after death). Antenne of six joints, of which the 3rd is the longest, 2nd 
shortest ; there are six or seven long hairs on the 6th, and one or two on the 4th 
and 5th. Mentum very short, uniarticulate ; unexpanded filaments about three 
times the length of those of the adult 2. Legs ordinary; coxa and trochanter 
each with a slender hair near the apex ; tibia and tarsus in length nearly equal, each 
with a very long hair near the apex; claw slender; digitules to claw and tarsus 
slender. Anal lobes dorsal, apex within margin, each with a very long hair, and two 
or three shorter ones. Anal ring with six rather short hairs. Cleft deep. Margin 
all round with strong spiny hairs, arranged close together in front, but wider at 
margins and behind. 

Hab. : Guernsey, in ants’ nests (species not determined). 

“Under stones, and also on roots of Nardus stricta and Dactylis glomerata, on 
the low north coast of the island. The stones were just on the edge of a beach, 
part of which has been rolled up beyond the action of the tide.. Under the same 
stones were larvee of Platynapsis luteo-rubra, which I at, first took for Coccids, as 
they were covered thickly with white fluff. They seem to be very local, * * 
only occurring in a spot about fifty yards long. I searched the coast for a long 
distance on either side without finding any more. I noticed that the ants did not 
trouble about or carry any of them off, as in the case of Ripersia Tomlinii, 
Newst.”—June, 1893. | 


For the foregoing information, as also for a liberal supply of 
specimens, I am indebted to the discoverer, Mr. W. A. Luff. 


So far this is the only Coccid described as having a two-jointed 
tarsus (and this only on the anterior legs); and it is for this reason 
alone that I establish a new genus for it; otherwise I should have 
placed it in Lichtensia, with which genus, although it is not strictly 
conformable in its normal characters, it agrees more nearly than any 
other. Mr. Maskell says “it requires, in my opinion, some very im- 
portant feature to make a generic character when only one species is 
known” (in lit.). Surely nothing could be more important than the 
anomalous character of the fore-legs. The rest of the characters of 
the ¢, and all those of the larva, are strictly Lecanid. On comparing 
the larva with that of Lecanium tilie, Lin., for instance, the only 
appreciable difference will be found in the arrangement of the 
hairs on the anal ring, a character that would hardly separate them 
generically. 

The indentation on the intermediate and posterior tarsi of the 9 
suggests articulation, and yet I fail to find the slightest trace of such. 


206 [September, 


In my hurried examination of the species last year the dimerous 
tarsi were overlooked, and the species was provisionally recorded as 
Spermococcus fallax, Giard (Ent. Mo. Mag., 1898, p. 207); subse- 
quently I thought it might be a more advanced ‘stage of Lecanopsis 
formicarum, Newst. That it is neither of these species I am now 
quite certain, for Mr. C. W. Dale has quite settled the matter as to 
the latter, and Giard’s description does not agree in any of the salient 
characters. 

Described from twelve mounted ? , many larve, and sacs of the 9. 


Lrcanopsts rormicarum, Newstead. 
Ent. Mo. Mag., 2nd Ser., vol. iv, p. 205 (1898). 


Adult 2 at gestation envelopes herself in a white cottony material, which is so 
loose that it can scarcely be called a sac. Long., about 5 mm. 

Larva elongate ; antennse of six short wide joints, of which the 3rd is longest, 
basal joint very wide. Legs with a few hairs, rather short and stout, tarsi shorter 
than the tibie ; digitules to claw and tarsi ordinary. Anal lobes and slit 
as in the Lecantide@. Anal setae long. Anal ring of (?) six hairs. Rostrum very 
large and wide; mentum uniarticulate, wider than long, anterior angles narrowly 
rounded ; unexpanded filaments very long, reaching to the base of the 4th abdominal 
segment. Arising from the centre of the mentum are three rather long, straight, 
wide filaments. Abdominal segments each with a conspicuous hemispherical disc, 
having a very slender short hair in the centre; these are not continued at the sides 
of the thorax, but there are about six of them on the margin in front between the 
antenns ; margin opposite the three pairs of legs with several large circular spin- 
nerets, arranged in groups of four or five. 


Described from two sacs of the ? and many larve. Received 
from Mr. C. W. Dale, who sent the following interesting communi- 
cation :— 

“The history of Z. formicarum, as far as I can make out, is that she spins and 
envelopes herself in cotton (after the manner of a moth larva), after forsaking the 
ants. 

“ Then the first meal of the young ones consists of the body of their mother. 
Your premise about the ? secreting a pad of cotton beneath her is not correct, and 
she is viviparous, like some of the Aphides. I have never found any ovisacs in 
company with ants, and I fancy that in previous years I have been rather too early 
for them. I have never seen ZL. formicarum except on the Chesil Beach. 

“ Beckia albinos and Platyarthrus Hoffmanseggit also occur in company with 
the ants, Formica nigra and flava, and it is a strange thing that very few Coleoptera 
occur in their nests. L. formicarum feeds on the roots of a short stiff grass which 
grows on sand hills.” — May 26th, 1894. 


It will be seen that in many of its structural characters the larva 
differs very considerably from that of the preceding species (Hwxere- 
topus formiceticola). The rostrum is exceptionally large, and the 


1894.] 207 


three long filaments arising from the mentum are curious; they are 
very probably connected with the ordinary filaments, but I cannot 
trace their connection, nor have I seen a similar character in other 
larve. That the larve should eat the body of their mother is most 
extraordinary ; yet I found no trace of her amongst the larve in the 
cottony material sent to me. I could not be quite certain of the 
number of hairs on the anal ring, but there do not appear to be eight. 
Mr. Dale also sent me two more ? which agree in every way with 
my description (J. ¢.). 
Chester: July, 1894. 


COLEOPTERA IN HAMPSHIRE, KENT AND ESSEX. 


BY JAMES J. WALKER, R.N., F.L.8. 


My recent appointment to H.M.S. “ Northampton,” commissioned in June as a 
training ship for home service, has induced me to place on record the more important 
species of Coleoptera which I have met with up to the present time; commencing 
with the new year, when the chances of Her Majesty’s Service located me a 
Portsmouth until March 17th. 

During this period very few opportunities of collecting fell to my share, owing 
to unfavourable weather and other circumstances; but I was able to visit some of 
the few remaining good localities in the vicinity of Portsmouth, to which I was first 
introduced by my friend, Mr. H. Moncreaff, many years ago. On the very last day 
of my stay I was able to ascertain that Drypta dentata was still to be found in its 
old haunt near Gosport by capturing some half dozen specimens at the roots of 
grass, in company with the var. chrysocephala of Lebia chlorocephala. In the same 
place occurred Badister sodalis, Acupalpus flavicollis, Anchomenus gracilis and 
oblongus (abundant), Demetrias unipunctatus, Aleochara brevipennis, and other 
marsh frequenting species. Sunius filiformis occurred in a tuft of grass at Stokes 
Bay, but only singly ; and on Southsea Beach Mecinus circulatus, hibernating at 
the roots of bent-grass in company with numerous Dermestes undulatus, was the 
only decent insect I could find in this once productive locality. An afternoon’s 
work at Titchfield, near Fareham, produced several Mycetophagus piceus under bark 
of a decayed oak, Anchomenus puellus, Hygronoma dimidiata, Pederus riparius in 
large numbers, Psammechus bipunctatus plentiful, &c., &e. | 

On my return to Chatham I visited Chattenden Roughs for the first time on 
March 24th, and had the satisfaction of once more taking Huryporus picipes in its 
old locality in moss, accompanied by Alexia pilifera (common), Corticaria cylindrica, 
Lnosomus ovatulus var. collaris, Cassida viber,and others. Myrmedonia limbata 
was unusually common in the same spot, and a very large light brown variety of 
Silpha atrata (quite mature) occurred in tufts of grass along with Pterostichus 
tmequalis, Achenium depressum, &c., &c. Within the next few days the following 
species of Carabide began to appear on the chalky slopes of Darland Hill, and were 
to be met with throughout April. Zarpalus punctatulus (one only), azureus (very 

common, the pitchy-black var. similis, Dej., occurring in the proportion of one to 


208 : (September, 


about a dozen of the blue type-form), parallelus (1), rubripes, and caspéus (in great 
numbers); Licinus depressus rare (also at Cobham Park, but I did not see a single 
specimen of the commoner JZ. silphoides, usually to be taken freely enough on the 
Chatham chalk-hills) ; Stomis pumicatus in plenty ; Amare apricaria, consularis, 
patricia (rare), ovata, similata (the commonest of its genus), acuminata, lunicollis, 
etc. ; and Brachinus crepitans, much more rarely than was the case some twenty 
years ago (this insect being also much scarcer than formerly in the Isle of Sheppey). 
The same locality produced Opilo mollis, beaten out of dead clematis, Telephorus 
fuscus, Amalus scortillum, and Ceuthorrhynchus alliarie, by sweeping in May, and 
Chrysomela marginalis (distinguenda) and géttingensis, walking on the paths, the 
latter as early as March 26th. Plagiogonus arenarius was found in great profusion 
under half dry dung on a road. 

Several brief visits to Snodland, between April 28th and May 19th, produced 
in addition to species already recorded from this locality, Anchomenus livens, micans, 
and puellus, Badister sodalis, Clivina collaris; Cercus bipustulatus, Aphthone lu- 
tescens and nonstriata (c@rulea), all three in great numbers ; Psylliodes dulcamare 
and picina, Ceuthorrhynchus urtica, rarely on Stachys palustris (not on nettle), and 
alliarie, Ceuthorrhynchidius quercicola, Rhinoncus subfasciatus, and Limnobaris 
T-album, not rare. 

At Chattenden Roughs, at the end of May and in June, the following species 
were taken* :—Staphylinus latebricola, one specimen by sweeping in a “ ride ;” 
Trachys minuéa, on sallows, sparingly ; Agrilus laticornis, Pachyta collaris; Tetrops 
preusta, in the utmost profusion, along with Magdalinus atramentarius and cerasi in 
equal numbers, on the sunny side of a hedge on May 24th, where one or two females 
of M. barbicornis were also taken; Lema puncticollis; Mordellistena abdominalis, 
several of both sexes on umbels (which also produced the scarce and pretty bug, 
Eysarcoris eneus) ; Byctiscus betuleti, Rhynchites uncinatus and ophthalmicus; Apion 
pomona, vicie, punctigerum and ebeninum, all common; Tanymecus palliatus, Hy- 
per@ suspiciosa and murina; Gymnetron labile, frequent; Ceuthorrhynchus cam- 
pestris, plentifully on ox-eye daisy ; Oroditis cyaneus, &c., &e. On July 7th, my 
last visit to Chattenden, Oxystoma (Apion) fuscirostre, usually by no means a 
common insect here, turned up in profusion by sweeping G'enista tinctoria in flower, 
and Mordella fasciata was just beginning to put in an appearance. 

The best things taken in three or four afternoons at Cobham Park were Abreus 
granulum, very sparingly in the ash tree in which it occurred in 1889, and accompa- 
nied by Mycetophagus quadriguttatus (last year the Abreus could not be found at 
all, though closely sought for at every visit) ; Philonthus decorus, Megacronus cingu- 
latus, Huplectus nanus, Cerylon fagi, Nitidula rufipes, in dead hooded crow, Dasytes 
oculatus, &c. 

By sweeping the rank herbage on the Extension works at Chatham Dockyard 
I obtained Hallomenus humeralis (one on June 14th), Olibrus oblongus, Apion 
Hookeri, Phytobius canaliculatus, &c., &e. Bembidium minimum and riparium, and 
Bledius spectabilis, occurred commonly in damp saline places in the same locality. 

At the end of March and in April Adelosia picimana was very common under 
clods and stones in the Isle of Sheppey, and Pterostichus inequalis was equally 
plentiful in grass tufts, with Achenium humile, by no means rare. Silusa rubiginosa 


* In addition to Osphya already recorded, cf. ante p. 163. 


1894.] - 209 


turned up in a Cossus-eaten ash at Elmley, along with dead specimens of Hylesinus 
crenatus, and Nitidula rufipes was taken rather freely in dry carcases of birds. The 
usual species of Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bledius, Heterocerus, &c., occurred 
abundantly on the saltings, but Agriotes sordidus was only to be found there very 
rarely. At the chemical works at Queenborough, Gnathoncus nannetensis was taken 
in company with large numbers of Carcinops 14-striata, and Limnobaris T-album, 
although very local, was obtained freely from old straw bottle envelopes laid 
down as traps in a damp place. In May Donacia typhe and lemne occurred in 
profusion on Sparganium ramosum in one ditch, and at the end of the month 
Telephorus fuscus made its appearance in considerable numbers on the cliffs and 
elsewhere. Saprinus virescens on a wall in the town itself, Limnichus pygmeus, a 
few in a damp sandy spot on the cliffs, and Bagéus subcarinatus, again not rarely by 
cliff sweeping and in company with Acupalpus consputus, Salpingus eratus, &., 
were among my captures in June near Sheerness. 

Zabrus gibbus, which had apparently been scarce for some years past, reappeared 
at the end of June in its old locality near Sheerness, coming up the grass stems in 
numbers at dusk in a restricted and very public spot, where not a single specimen 
could be found before sunset. On one hot sunny forenoon early in July, Bagdus 
argillaceus (inceratus), which I had scarcely seen since 1874, and had almost given 
up for lost as a Sheppey insect when its original locality was destroyed some years 
ago, occurred in profusion, running actively over the mud in the bed of a nearly 
dried-up ditch near Queenborough. So accurately was the colour of the beetle 
adapted to its surroundings, that it could only be detected when in motion, becoming 
to all intents and purposes invisible as soon as it stopped. On the same day I 
picked up the first Polystichus vittatus I have seen alive since 1875 within a hundred 
yards of my own door, and on my last day at home (July 13th) I found a specimen 
of the curious little Longicorn, Leptidia brevipennis, Muls., running on &® window 
in my house. 

On two occasions I visited Deal, on April 24th and May 29th. and each time I 
found the special Carabidae, &c., of that famous locality in more than the usual 
plenty, Harpalus servus, in particular, being quite common, and Psammobius suleci- 
collis occurring pretty frecly under small stones on my second visit, when, thanks to 
a hint from my friend, Mr. A. J. Chitty, I succeeded in taking two specimens of the 
rare Dyschirius extensus in rejectamenta on the banks of brackish pools. It is here 
probably associated with Bledius tricornis, which abounded in that particular spot, 
though a long search in the burrows of that Staphylinid failed to find the Dyschirius 
“at home.” D. impunctipennis, usually somewhat rare at Deal, occurred in profu- 
sion in April in a damp hollow in the sand hills, accompanied by Bledius arenarius. 

In an afternoon’s collecting at Southend, Essex, on June 28th, I found Ceuthor- 
rhynchus triangulum (vicinus) and C. Chevrolati locally not rare on Achillea mille- 
folium, and unaccompanied by any others of the genus; also Salpingus eratus and 
Bledius atricapillus on the low cliff towards Shoebury, Donacia thalassina commonly 
on Sparganium in the ditches, and Hypera fasciculata under Hrodium cicutarium 
on the beach. 


H.M.S. “Northampton,” at the Nore: 
July 16th, 1894. 


210 : "Septem ber, 


Smicronyx cecus, Boh., at Portland.—On July 25th, and again on the 27th, I 
took, on the Chesil Bank at Portland, a considerable number of specimens of a 
Smicronyx, whicn has been identified by Mr. Champion as S. cecus, Boh. (cuscute, 
Bris.), @ species hitherto apparently very rare in Britain. The beetle was found on 
the Lesser Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum), growing parasitically on Lotus corniculatus, 
Medicago maculata, and Ononis arvensis; and was most conveniently obtained by 
shaking the dodder-infested plants over paper. In this, way one little patch of 
dodder growing on Medicago, not more than six feet square, produced some forty 
specimens of the little weevil. It is probable that some of the specimens of Smi- 
eronyz mentioned in Canon Fowler’s “Coleoptera of the British Islands,” vol. v, 
p- 283, as S. Reichei and S. jungermannia, and as having been taken on the Chesil 
Bank by the Rev. H. 8S. Gorham and others, are to be referred to S. cecus.—J AMES 
J. WaLkeER, H.M.S. “ Northampton,” Plymouth Sound: August 2nd, 1894. 


Microrrhagus pygmaeus in the Plymouth district.—In company with Mr. J. J. 
Walker, R.N., I had the pleasure of taking the first specimen of the above-named 
rare beetle in the Plymouth district on August 10th last. Mr. Walker quickly 
followed with another example, and we were fortunate enough to secure half a 
dozen between us before leaving the wood. We caught them by sweeping bracken 
beneath oak trees. The locality is known as Cann Wood, and is about four miles 
from Plymouth.—James H. Krys, 7, Whimple Street, Plymouth: Aug. 12th, 1894. 


Abundance of Vanessa cardui.—l am very glad to see that my friend, Mr. J. J. 
Walker, has called attention (ante, p. 162) to the “sudden appearance’”’ in this 
country of large numbers of Vanessa cardui and Plusia gamma in June last. I first 
noticed V. cardui on June 4th, and for some time after that date it was to be seen 
plentifully in this district wherever one went, but, as was the case with those ob- 
served by Mr. Walker, all the specimens were much worn and faded. There can be 
no doubt that, as suggested by Mr. Walker, large flights have come over to this 
country from the continent, for during the whole of last year I only saw one V. 
eardut, which occurred near Dorchester on September 13th, and it appeared to be 
entirely absent from this neighbourhood! As regards P. gamma, 1 am inclined to 
think that no large flights from elsewhere have visited the Isle of Purbeck this 
summer ; at any rate,I have seen but few specimens, and there was nothing in their 
appearance to suggest the idea that they were immigrants.—EusTace R. BANKES, 
The Rectory, Corfe Castle, Dorset: July 19th, 1894. 


Abundance of Plutella cruciferarum.—Plutella cruciferarum is exceptionally 
common round here this season, and is an intolerable nuisance to the collector. I 
wonder whether the same is the case in other districts P—Ip. 


Lophopteryx carmelita in the New Forest.—As I am not aware of any record 
of the occurrence of Lophopteryx carmelita in the New Forest, and as the Rev. 
Bernard Smith, writing in 1888, says of it (Entom., xxii, p. 102), “Yet I have 
heard of no captures of late years except in Sussex,” it may be of interest to chronicle 
the fact that a very fine freshly emerged 2 was taken at rest on a birch trunk near 


1894.) 211 


Brockenhurst (Hants) by Mr. C. Gulliver in April, 1891. Happening to be at his 
house a few days later, I bespoke the insect (which was then on the setting-board) 
for my cabinet, where it is now in safe keeping. As all the other specimens in my 
series, selected out of a large number, have been bred in confinement, and are the 
progeny of a “tame”’ stock, it is hardly surprising to find that the alar. exp. of this 
captured is noticeably greater than that of any individual of either sex therein. 
| tbe 


The typical Erebia Epiphron in Scotland.—Having had occasion recently to 
point out that the typical #. Epiphron—-that- is to say, the form of H. Cassiope, F., 
having white centres to the black spots of the fore-wings—had not come under my 
notice from any part of England or Scotland, it was with great pleasure that I saw 
@ specimen, recently obtained by Mr. Salvage in Sutherlandshire, in the possession 
of Mr. O. 8. Gregson at Liverpool, which fully exhibits the desiderated character. 
In two of the black spots of each fore-wing it shows, distinctly, a circular white 
centre. Otherwise the specimen is of a much paler brown than is usual in fine 
specimens, and I still doubt whether the occurrence of the white-centred spots is at 
all frequent.—Cuas. G. Barrett, Nunhead: August, 1894. 


Plusia moneta in Norfolk.—I am pleased to record a capture of very great 
interest and rarity. The insect, which is a perfect specimen, is, on the authority of 
Mr. ©. G. Barrett, undoubtedly Plusia moneta. It was taken by my younger 
brother at Sprowston, near Norwich, on June 26th, whilst hovering over the flowers 
of a large rose bush about 9.30 p.n. Staudinger gives for it—Germany (exc. 8.W.), 
Switzerland, France (S. and E.), Hungary, Poland, Russia (S. and H.), and Siberia 
(E.).—B. C. Tituert, Sprowston Lodge, Norwich: July 25th, 1894. 


[The extension of the range of this beautiful species to Norwich is of the 
greatest interest.—C. G. B.]. 


Plusia moneta at Eastbourne.—One of the scholars at Eastbourne College 
(Mr. Saunders) captured a fine specimen of this species flying at the privet blossom 
in College Road on the evening of the 13th instant, and brought it to me for identi- 
fication. WILLIAM WatTKIns, Villa Sphinx, Eastbourne: July 28th, 1894. 


The food-plant of Bactra furfurana: a correction.—At p. 184 ante, the food- 
plant of B. furfurana was stated to be Scirpus lacustris instead of Eleocharis 
palustris, which latter was intended.—EDs. 


Lithosia complana in the North of Ireland.—\ send a specimen of Lithosia 
complana (as I believe) which I reared from a caterpillar found on the coast at 
Whitehead, Co. Antrim. It was feeding on Anthyllis vulneraria in the beginning of 
June.—W. Howarp Campse xt, Ballynagard House, Londonderry: Aug. 9th, 1894. 


[L. complana without doubt.—Eps. ]. 


Notes on Lepidoptera from Devon.—Aretia villica, L.: both larva and imago 
_ very abundant at Seaton, Devon. MNemeophila plantaginis, L.: 1 have found and 
Su 


ie; September, 


bred this insect from larvee picked up on the open moor (Dartmoor). Phragmatobia 
Juliginosa, L.: numerous at Seaton, and common in the Walleombe Woods, near 
Grensfan, Horrabridge. I have taken a dozen g in a few minutes on one spot, 
evidently after a 2. Hriogaster lanestris, L.: the larvee numerous in the thorn 
hedges round Seaton, but I do not think it is taken west of Exeter. I was once 
informed by Mr. Bignell that if larvee were brought west of Exeter they would not: 
turn to pups. In 18990, when at Seaton, I had 70 or 80 larve. As long as they 
were at Seaton they grew and thrived exceedingly ; when they were almost full-fed 
I took them to a house on Dartmoor, 890 feet above sea level; the larvee fed and fed 
but none attempted to pupate, and eventually died one by one, the last dying on 
November 8th. Whether this was owing to bringing them west of Exeter or from 
sea level to a higher altitude I cannot say. Peacilocampa populi, L.: some years 
abundant at Seaton. Boarmia repandata, var. conversaria, L.: more abundant than 
usual this year. Botys asinalis, Hiib.: I found this not uncommonly in June, 
1894; B.lancealis, W.V.: fairly numerous in all the woods round there. Melanippe 
galiata, W.V.: abundant this year. Acidalia imitaria, Hiib.: much more common 
this season than I have ever seen them. I took Deilephila livornica, Esp., on June 
7th at rhododendrons at Horrabridge. —Joun N. Sr1uu, Seaton: August, 1894. 


Occurrence of the yellow male of Hepialus humuli, L., in Lanarkshire. —On the 
evening of July 18th my nephew and I were collecting along the grassy borders of 
a small patch of unreclaimed bog land in South Lanarkshire, lying at an elevation 
of between 700 and 800 feet. A little after 9 o’clock Hepialus humuli began to fly, 
and I had just been commenting on the large size and beauty of the white males, 
when my attention was arrested by a hovering yellow Hepialus about the size of an 
ordinary ¢ H.humuli. No time was given me to come to any conclusions regarding 
it, for the sudden appearance on the scene of an undoubted 9 of H. humuli put an 
end to conjecture, and the two insects were soon united and settled on a grass stem. 
I have not before me any of the aberrations of H. humuli which have hitherto been 
considered peculiar to the Shetland Isles, but the insect now under consideration 
agrees entirely with the g figured by Mr. Barrett in his “ Lepidoptera of the British 
Isles,” pl. 63, fig. le. The ground colour of the fore-wings is nearly identical with 
that of the fore-wings of the ? along with which it was caught, but the markings 
on these wings are fainter and greyer in the g than in the 9. The hind-wings are 
decidedly blackish. H. humuli is just one of those common insects which no one 
thinks of going out specially to collect and observe. In no other way can I account 
for the fact that the yellow g does not appear to have been noticed hitherto on the 
mainland of Scotland, for of course it is now quite incredible that it should not 
occur occasionally over the greater part of that country.—Krnnetu J. Morton, 
Carluke, N.B.: July, 1894. 


Vespa austriaca, Panz.—During the closing weeks of June and early days of 
July 1 was fortunate in securing five ? of the above species in a garden at Llan- 
gollen, North Wales; this locality is in same county as Colwyn Bay, where Mr. R. 
Newstead took his specimens two or three years ago. I saw several others, which I 
missed boxing, owing to a desire to trace them “home,” if possible. I soon learned 


to distinguish them on the wing by their listless flight, like that of a “ cuckoo bee,” 


1894.) 213 


and their large size and pale colour. Their mode of flight, so different from the usual 
_ 9 wasp busy catering for a large family, certainly seems to confirm Mr. Saunders’ recent 
suggestion of “inquiline” habits like Psithyrus. I may mention also in this con- 
nection that I followed one, late in the evening, to a heap of manure and rubbish in 
the corner of the garden, where it proceeded to “ go to roost,” as if it had no nest of 
its own. The species is easily distinguishable from the other British Vespide by the 
combination in itself of the following characters,* viz. :—short face (as in the ground 
wasps), with yellow scape to antenns (as in tree wasps) ; also three dots on clypeus 
(as in some V. germanica), coupled with black hairs on tibiz (as in V. sylvestris and 
V. norvegica).—WILLOUGHBY GARDNER, Hoylake, Cheshire: August, 1894. 


Solenopsis fugaz, Latr., &c., near Weymouth.—In June last I found at Portland 
about a dozen workers of Solenopsis fugaz, Latr., on the under-side of a stone. 
These I sent to my friend, Rev. F. D. Morice, of Rugby, who kindly named them 
for me, informing me that it is one of our rarest ants. It appears to be quite new 
to Dorset. I have since searched for it, but with very limited success. The stone 
under which I found them was placed between a nest of Formica nigra on the one 
hand and F. flava on the other, about eight inches apart, but ants of several species 
are very abundant in the locality, and have nests under most stones. I have also 
found several specimens of Myrmecina Latreillei in my garden here, in half eaten 
strawberries, and been much interested in observing the manner in which they im- 
mediately curl up and sham death when looked at, a habit I have not noticed in 
other ants. I have not as yet found the nest. Some common ants appear to have 
been most abundant this year, and the mowers complained greatly of the size and 
number of the ant-hills (chiefly F. flava) through which they had to mow, which, 
before the grass was cut, were built far up the stalks, these being used as a foundation 
to which to attach the earth walls. Is it that in a wet spring like the last the earth 
(Oxford clay) gets rather sodden, and the ants like to raise their dwellings as high 
as possible so that they may be drier? Possibly one of your correspondents can 
inform us of a good and inexpensive way of getting rid of these ant-hills in the 
fields. —Nxrtson M. Ricnarpson, Monte Video, Chickerell, near Weymouth: 
July 22nd, 1894. 


Stylopized 2 of Andrena Gwynana, race bicolor, captured in cop.—The change 
produced by the presence of Stylops in a female bee is so conspicuous, that one 
might doubt whether the bee would retain any attraction for the male. That she 
does so I recently had proof, by capturing a male and female of Andrena bicolor 
copulated, and finding that the female was stylopized, having three of the parasites 
protruding from beneath the apices of the dorsal segments. Since stylopized bees are 
not abundant, and the intercourse of male and female not very frequently to be 
observed, it is possible that a similar concurrence may not hitherto have been 
noticed, and that the record of it be of interest to those who have investigated the 
history of Stylops. I may add that I endeavoured to keep the female alive by 
feeding, but that it died after four or five days.—A. Pirrarp, Felden, Boxmoor, 
Herts: August 6th, 1894. 


* Appertaining separately to our other wasps. 


214 |September, 


Obituary. 


William Machin.—One of our most experienced and reliable veteran entomo- 
logists has passed away.. Thirty-eight years ago, the writer, then a very young man, 
found the keenest possible pleasure in studying his (even then) rich and valuable 
collection of Lepidoptera, and in learning from him something of the habits of their 
various larve, which he was always skilful in rearing. His cireumstances—he was 
® compositor in a printing office—never allowed him to travel long distances in 
search of local species; but of the Lepidoptera of the environs of London and the 
home counties few had a more intimate personal knowledge. It was his inevitable 
misfortune to see locality after locality for interesting species destroyed by the steady 
extension of this great metropolis, or by the reckless mischief of its inhabitants. 
On the other hand, it was at times his good fortune to secure and even rescue from 
oblivion rarities (such, for instance, as Butalis chenopodiella) which found a tempo- 
rary home and suitable conditions in waste places induced by the extension of 
buildings, otherwise so destructive. 

His interest centred itself in the insects of the British Isles; these he could 
rear and study in life. Foreign insects had little charm for him. He was absolutely 
reliable, quiet and modest in demeanour, every word of information furnished by 
him could be depended upon, and such information was freely and willingly fur- 
nished. The writer feels his loss deeply—and the feeling is shared by all who 
knew him. 

He was born at Bristol. Early in life he came to London, and was for probably 
fifty years employed by the same firm. Troubles, however, hung about him from 
time to time. His own health was never very robust. His first wife died young, 
leaving a little girl, his only child, who survives him. His second wife, after many 
years of ill health, died last spring ; before that time his own health had seriously 
broken down, and the loss of his employment doubtless hastened the end. He died 
of apoplexy early on the morning of August 13th, aged 72.—C. G. B. 


Reviews. 


Tue Burrerriirs oF NortH America: by W. H. Epwarps. Third Series, 
Part XV. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. London: Tribner 
and Co. 4to. 1894. 


This Part is devoted to two species of Argynnis and three of Chionobas, which 
from their nature do not make the plates so attractive as those in some previous 
Parts, but their interest, as detailed in the text,is of the highest order. Both species 
of Argynnis belong to the Western Provinces of the Dominion of Canada. The first, 
Astarte, Dbdy. & Hew., is practically a re-discovery ; the other, Alberta, Edw., is a 
new discovery. In connection with this latter an interesting observation is made by 
Mr. Bean to the effect that its occurrence seems to be biennial. A similar statement 
has been made concerning at least one Swiss Butterfly ; there would be nothing ex- 
traordinary in the assertion that certain Alpine or Arctic Butterflies habitually 


1894.] 215 


require two years to complete their transformations, but’ we must be pardoned for 
being a little sceptical as to rigid biennial regularity. The three species of Chionobas 
are (1) subhyalina, Curtis, Edw. (= Beanii, Elwes), the remarks on which are 
mainly controversial as regards Mr. Elwes’ application of Curtis’ specific name ; 
(2) Norna, Thunbg., a European species which has occurred in Alaska; and (3) 
semidea, Say, the details of which occupy a plate with about 30 figures, and the text 
10 pages, full of most valuable information on metamorphoses, habits, and local 
variations, mainly from Myr. Scudder’s observations. 


ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE SoutH Lonpon ENTOMOLOGICAL AND 
Naturat History Socrery for 1892 and 1893. 8vo, pp. 160. Published by 
the Society. London (Hibernia Chambers), 1894. 


We congratulate the Society on the appearance of the present biennial Report, 
and on the attainment of its majority in 1893. The present volume contains two 
Presidential Addresses, by Mr. Barrett and the late Mr. Jenner Weir respectively, 
extended reports of the proceedings at the meetings, and abstracts of special papers 
read thereat, and last, but not least, a capital Index. A vast amount of information 
is scattered throughout its pages, and it may, we think, become a question with the 
executive of the Society whether the Index might not be made yet more complete 
in future by becoming more analytical, though a very laudable attempt has already 
been made in this direction. The number of members is not quite so large as it 
was a few years ago, but the List isa strong one, and includes many names well 
known outside “South London.” The financial position is very strong, those who 
have ruled this department having evidently had an eye to the future. The Society 
is also to be felicitated on the absence of personalities in. its published Reports : 
possibly the quotation on our own cover has not been lost sight of. 


CoxteoTTERI Irattani: del DorrerR ACHILLE GRIFFINI. 12mo, pp. 332, 
with 215 illustrations. Milano: Ulrico Hoepli. 1894. 


This is the first of a series of popular manuals on Entomology, proposed to be 
issued by the well-known scientific publisher, U. Hoepli. It is based on the common 
custom of taking the best known and most conspicuous genera and species in each 
Family and briefly describing them and their habits; the illustrations are mostly up 
to the average of such works. This should prove useful to English tourist entomo- 
logists who can read Italian. Paper and type are good, and it is strongly bound, an 
item too often neglected in continental works. 


WW . 
Sodietyp. 
Tune Sovurn Lonpon Entomonoaican AND Naturan History Society: 
July 26th, 1894. —i. Step, Esq., President, in the Chair. 
Mr. Frohawk exhibited a bred series of Melitea Cinzia, L., set to show the 


‘variation ou the under-side. Mr. Mall, a very variable series of Melanippe hastata, 


216 (September, 1894. 


L., from Sheffield, Scotland and the Hebrides ; some specimens showing the median 
white band almost obliterated. Mr. Carpenter, a bleached var. of Hpinephele Janira, 
L., from the New Forest, being the only insect captured worth recording during a 
fortnight’s hard work; he stated that sugar was an absolute failure. Mr. Robson, a 
series of Macroglossa bombyliformis, Ochs., taken on May 15th in the New Forest ; 
a discussion ensued as to the presence of scales on the wings at emergence. Mr. R. 
Adkin, a series of Coccyx strobilella, L., together with the spruce cones from which 
they had been reared, and read notes on the economy of the species; a discussion 
ensued. Mr. Auld, a bred series of Calymnia affinis, L., from Chattenden, and also - 
a series of Ephippiphora fenella, l., bred from mugwort roots, which were shown 
with pupa cases in sitd. Mr. Harrison, photographic views of Boldermere, taken 
during the Society’s Field Meeting at Wisley, and which he presented to the Society. 
Mr. Adkin read a communication from Mr. South, stating that the Dipterous larve 
exhibited some months ago in the stems of Arundo phragmites had been found to 
be those of Lipara lucens. Several members remarked upon the abundance of 
Acidalia virgularia, Hb. (incanaria, Hb.), and the scarcity of Spilosoma menthastri, 
Ksp., S. lubricepeda, Esp., and Huplexia lucipara, L., while last year just the 


reverse occurred. 


August 9th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 
Mr. A. W. Peach, of Chiswick, was clected a Member. 

_ Mr. Hall exhibited bred series of anehia fulvago, L. (cerago, Fb.), from Derby 
and Croydon, stating that it was usual to obtain more in proportion of var. flavescens, 
Esp., from the north than from the south; also bred series of X. citrago, L. Mr. 
West, of Streatham, exhibited two males and two females of Lastocampa quercifolia, 
L., bred from larvse obtained in the Fen District, Mr. Adkin, on behalf of Mr. 
South, bred series of Hypsipetes sordidata, Fb. (elutata, Hb.), from Northwood, 
having very dark ground-colour; bred series of Cleoceris viminalis, Fb., from 
Blatchworth, some being melanic, while others were very pale; a few Tortrix 
aylosteana, L., of which one had jet-black markings instead of the rich reddish- 
brown; a long series of Scoparia murana, Curt., from Macclesfield ; a series of Prays 
Curtisellus, Don., comprising the normal and the uniformly fuscous form, collected 
round Macclesfield; and an exceptionally strongly marked female of Hepialus 
humuli, L., taken at Elstree. Mr. Croker, a long and fine series of Leptogramma 
hastiana, L., bred from St. Anne’s-on-Sea, and two exceptionally distinct specimens 
of L. literana, L., from the New Forest. Mr. Adkin, a few specimens of Spilosoma 
mendica, Clerck, bred from Hartlepool, and three specimens of Hylophila bicolorana, 
Fues. (quercana, Schiff.), bred from New Forest larvee, with the cocoons, upon the 
mechanical structure of which he made remarks. Mr. Williams, a curiously scorched 
specimen of Urapteryx sambucata, Dup., from Highgate. Mr. Turner, a dark speci- 
men of Melanippe fluctuata, L., referable to var. neapolisata, Mill., taken at 
Brockley. Several Members made remarks upon the season, and gave their collecting 


experiences.—Hrwry J. TurnER, Hon. Secretary. 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS. 
Henry A. Hitt, from 132, Haverstock Hill, to 4, Rosslyn Gardens, Hampstead, N.W. 


EXCHANGE. 

Duplicates: Cicindela germanica, Anchomenus puellus, Ptinus germanus, Gib- 
bium Ochina, Omias, Czenopsis Waltoni, Philonthus fulvipes, P. micans, Homalota 
incana, Trogophleeus halophilus, Mycetoporus nanus, Hydnobius perrisi, Agabus 
nitidus, Hydroporus ferrugineus, Thymalus, Amalus, Phytobius 4-tuberculatus, 
Hyperaspis, Dryophilus pusillus, Metabletus obscuroguttatus, Telephorus translu- 
cidus (2), T. heemorrhoidalis, Agathidium nigripenne, Chrysomela fastuosa, Phil- 
hydrus testaceus, Apion vernale, &. Desiderata: offers of local Coleoptera.— 
A. Forp, Glen Mount, Braybrooke Road, Hastings. 


HENRY VAUCHER, at Tanger, Morocco, will supply the rarest 
COLEOPTERA of Morocco, ORTHOPTERA, Reptiles and Batrachians of all 
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CONTENTS. .. PAGE 
Lita instabilella, Dgl., and its nearest British allies (concluded).—H. R. gee? 


M.A., F.ES. ... . 193 
Description of a new ‘species of Eenuna oa Delagoa Bay. —Rev. A. Ei 
Eaton, M.A., FES. ... 194 
Additions and Corrections ‘to the List of British “Aculeate Hymenoptera 
(concluded).—HE. Saunders, F.L.S.  ..... . 196 
A new genus separated from Heydenia, Hfm., “With ‘description ‘of & new 
British species.—Rt. Hon. Lord Walsingham, MVA., -FRISS Ce see t= DOD 
A comparison of moth-grease solvents.—H. Guard Knaggs, MD. PYG Si.Ge0..65) ZOL 
Observations on the New Zealand Glow-worm, Bolitophila Juaminosa.—A. Norris 202 
Observations on Coccidse (No. 9).—R. Newstead, F.E.S. . 204 
Coleoptera in Hampshire, Essex and Kent.—James J. Walker, R. N., FLAS. ... 207 
Smicronyx czecus, Boh., at Portland ——Id.. ieeisescan sae ceeen O 
Microrrhagus pygmeeus in the Plymouth district. James ‘A. Kee peeeecacHce ce ANID) 
Abundance of Vanessa cardui.—H. R. Bankes, M.A., F.E.S. Mpiccisocemcoocaoes cu! 
Abundance of Plutella cruciferaruam.—Id. .... : EpopnGEHGcoDSoNDCORQHccoone ZO 
Lophopteryx carmelita in the New Forest. a podssassoc6o ZUG) 
The typical Krebia Epiphron in Scotland.—C. G. ‘Barrett, F.E.S. ee Sec. ead 
Plusia moneta in Norfolk.—B. C. Tillett ......... ... a's wie aig cleteos Spe CREECH 
Plusia moneta at Eastbourne.—W. Watkins ......... sini asidle sslaclep del eale se eeeetemiee Lal 
The food-plant of Bactra furfurana: a correction. Eds... we ere All 
Lithosia complana in the North of Ireland.—W. Howard Campbell .. oe pencil 
Notes on Lepidoptera from Devon.—WMajor J. N. Still, F.H.S. ......... 211 
Occurrence of the yellow male of Hepialus humuli in Lanarkshire. — Kenneth 
J. Morton, F.E.S. ... PACHOMMPR Sone sec oso 8G6 a ccd200cn ALLA 
Vespa austriaca, Panz. — Willoughby Gardner zee . 212 
Solenopsis fugax, mee &eo., near Wao “Nelson M. ‘Richardson, BA. 
FES. 213 
Stylopized Q of Andrena . Gwynana, race ‘bicolor, captured | in cop. oe, Piffard. 213 
OBITUARY.—William Machin ......... sro waeleleeroeleerelmtent eae 
Rrviews.—The Butterflies of North Aaetion. by W. i. eons Saat . 214 
Abstract of Proceedings of the South London m Entomological, ‘&e., oy 
Society for 1892 and 1893......... 4000000. ¢ aoScceeens . 215 
Coleotteri Italiani: del Dott. A. Griffini 000.000. cccscessccunvecs oe @ BIB 
Society.—South London Entomological, &c., Society........ 12......ccee ccc eeeeeeess 210 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—Meetings for the 
Session 1894—5:— 

Wednesday, October 3rd & 17th, November 7th, December 5th, 
1894, and (Annual), January 16th, 1895. 


D£. STAUDINGER & BANG-HAAS, BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 
in their new Price List, No. XXXVII, offer more than 12,500 species of well- 

named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of the world, in finest 

condition ; 1000 kinds at PREPARED LARV; numerous LIVING PUPA, &e. 

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BR RITISH LEPIDOPT ERA. 


Me J.C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction, at his Great Rooms, 38, 

King Street, Covent Garden, about the middle ‘of OcrToBER, the Valuable and 
Extensive Collection of British Lepidoptera formed by Mr. Joun W. Downine, 
containing fine series of Extinct and Rare Species, including C. dispar, L. ccenosa, 
N. subrosea, &c.; also the two well-made 40-drawer Mahogany Cabinets, and one 
17-drawer ditto, in which the Collection is contained; also a few Books. 


QATEPHIA ALCHYMISTA.—I have for Sale, price £5 each, a few 
specimens of this species, guaranteed caught in a wild state in the County 
of Sussex. WILLIAM WATKINS, Villa Sphinx, Fastbourne. 


“Second a ae OCTOBER, 1894. .. [Price 6d. 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
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EDITED BY 


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G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.8S. RB. MLACHLAN, F.RB.S. 

J. W. DOUGLAS, F.E.S. E. SAUNDERS, F.LS. 
LORD WALSINGHAM, M.A., LL.D., F.BS., &. 


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October, 1894. 217 


THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSYCHE, AND ITS ALLIES. 


BY C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. 


Tt has become necessary to arrive at some more definite know- 
ledge of the British species of this group of Bombyces than that 
hitherto obtained, and also to know a little more of their preparatory 
stages. To this end, part or the whole series of these species in 
several of our best collections have been placed in my hands. Dr. 
Mason has sent up the whole of his extensive series; Mr. Sydney 
Webb, his own, and also a large portion of those from the late Mr. 
Bond’s cabinet ; Mr. Nelson Richardson and Mr. E. R. Bankes, their 
Dorset specimens; Mr. Charles A. Briggs (I fear at great inconveni- 
ence to himself), his interesting collection of the smaller species ; 
Mr. S. Stevens, some particularly useful forms; and Mr. W. H. B. 
Fletcher those from Sussex and from the South of Ireland; while 
Mr. McRae, of Bournemouth, Mr. W. C. Boyd, and Mr. W. Holland, 
have exerted themselves greatly to afford information in respect of the 
living insects. Some of the results will, I think, be of interest. 


PSYCHE VILLOSELLA, Ochs., nigricans, Curt.—I think that this species is gene- 
rally known. ‘The male is about the size of that of Clisiocamyza neustria, with an 
equally robust thorax, very hairy ; antenne pectinated, wings smoky-blackish, but 
soon fading to dark smoky-brown, thinly covered with hairy scales and not completely 
opaque. The female is less known, appearing in collections as a dried up, wrinkled, 
brown maggot, of no particular shape. Buta living specimen is different, and I 
gladly embrace the opportunity of noting down a description from a specimen 
furnished this summer by Mr. W. C. Boyd. Its whole appearance is that of a large 
fat maggot, without a trace of wings or legs or of scales. The head is horny, like 
that of a larva, but shaped in a most singular manner, so as to form the oddest 
possible resemblance to that of a walrus, having a smooth, rounded, protruding 
forehead, beneath this two hollows like eye-sockets, between which is a prominent, 
smooth, rounded resemblance to a swollen nose. On each side of this the antennsx- 
cases are soldered down, and have their tips continued straight down into two sharp 
points, just like the tusks of a walrus. There is no indication of the usual compound 
eyes, nor of palpi, tongue, or any effective organs in the solid brown mask which 
forms the face. On each side, on the antenna-case, is a black spot. Upper portion of 
each of the three following segments covered with a thin, shining brown, horny plate 
like the dorsal plate of a larva; lower portion creamy-white ; on the under-side of 
these three segments are minute papille indicating the places of the non-existing 
legs ; whole remainder of the body creamy-white. 

There appears to be an idea that the females of this genus never leave the case 
in which they have passed the larva and pupa states. This is certainly an error. 
In some instances they do not; but very frequently, in this species, the female forces 

‘herself quite out of the case and falls, a helpless mass, upon the ground, and in Mr. 
T 


218 . { October, 


McRae’s opinion, it is only in these circumstances that impregnation takes place, In 
some instances the female forces herself about halfway out,and even works backward 
and forward, but after three or four days comes quite out. This seems very strange, 
the creature being so helpless when out of the case that it can barely roll over, and 
its only motion is a sort of pulsating constriction of the segments; but there is no 
doubt about it, specimens in my own possession have, this summer, behaved exactly 
as described. 

The larva is better known, and has been well figured and described. Its head 
and anterior segments have rather the appearance of porcelain, from the colour and 
texture of the horny plates with which they are covered ; these are creamy-white 
with black markings. The legs are very strong, rather long, and with conspicuous 
joints; prolegs very small and inconspicuous, except the anal pair, which are large 
and rather extended outwards, and are used for holding fast to the silken lining of 
the case, to which they cling with great force. The larva is never known voluntarily 
to leave its case. The latter is composed of silk, but totally covered with short 
pieces of twig, usually of heather, all pointing obliquely back, the only opening 
being at the anterior end, whence the head and next three segments are protruded 
for feeding or moving. When full fed this end is spun tightly down to some firm 
object, and the larva then turns round inside the case, opens the other end, and spins 
an extension of the silken case through which the male pupa or the female moth can 
wriggle its way. 

The pupa of the male is structurally like those of other winged moths, but that 
of the female is like a large brown Dipterous pupa, having no trace of the wing 
cases, and in this respect differing from the pupa of 2 Orgyie, in which the wing 
covers are well marked. In both sexes the change to the pupa state takes place in 
the larva case, but in the male the pupa works its way fully one half out before 
emergence. The creature is curiously docile as regards the material of which the 
larva case is formed, any dry bits of vegetable stick seem to be welcome, and in 
confinement bits of paper are substituted without much objection. The late Mr. 
J. Jenner Weir induced his larve to build cases almost entirely of bits of paper of 
various colours, producing results both ornamental and remarkable. On the other 
hand, the larva is most obstinate as regards food when in confinement, existing 
sometimes for months without any ; or else, after spinning its case tightly down as 
though for pupation, releasing it and feeding on for months, so as to pass over till 
another year. The only reasonably successful method of securing specimens of the 
adult of either sex (to call the females “ perfect insects’? would be an absurdity) is 
to secure the cases as soon as possible after they have been fixed down by the larvee 


for pupation. 


PSYCHE OPACELLA, H.-S. 
last, being found in several parts of the South of England and in the Highlands of 
Scotland, yet decidedly less common. The male is about one half the size of that 


This species is far more widely distributed than the 


of P. villosella, the thorax rather stout and densely covered with long soft hairs, 
the wings very slightly clothed with smoky-black hair-scales, and more than semi- 
transparent. It flies in the sunshine, and Mr. W. Holland, who took a specimen 
near Reading, describes its appearance as unexpectedly pale when on the wing, and 
also says that, when captured, the motion of the wings was continued with such 


1894. ] 219 


swiftness as to render them invisible until it was stupified. For opportunities of 
examining the living female I am indebted to Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher and Mr. W. C. 
Boyd. Like that of the last species it is in appearance a mere maggot, with a fat 
pinkish-white or brownish-pink body, devoid of scales, wings, legs and antenne 
The head is a mere mask of horny, brown, shining substance, like that usual in 
larve, rounded in front, but without regular eye lobes or mouth organs, but having 
faint indications of rudimentary antenne in the form of short glassy points. The 
2nd and 3rd segments are protected by, in each case, a large, thin, dark brown, horny 
plate, which covers the back and extends down the sides; the 4th segment has a 
smaller paler plate. Across the lower side of these three segments are slight ridges. 
The anal segment has a short, bluntly projecting, ovipositor sheath, and beneath it 
two rounded papille. At the sides of the 7th to the 9th segments are small tufts 
of erect, soft, white hairs. The dried and preserved female is a mere wrinkled 
shapeless mass. The female in some instances leaves the case on emergence from 
the pupa, but this is not always the rule. In the Zoologist for 1857 is a curious and 
interesting account, by Mr. Richard Weaver, of its habits, and of those of the pupa 
of both sexes, also of the extremely lively manner in which (as he states) they travel 
up and down the tubular part of the case to see (?) whether the climate outside is 
suitable for emergence. 


The larva is pale grey, whitish beneath, with black head, and the three following 
segments having each a rather narrow, dark grey, horny plate, which almost em- 
braces the segment ; each has a blackish dividing line down the middle of the back 
and whitish spots on the sides; the legs are large and well developed, with black 
claws. The case is about an inch in length, composed internally of soft, tough silk, 
and covered with small pieces of dried grass, pointing backward, morsels of bark, 
seed capsules, and other dried vegetable substances. Food probably grasses, but 
this is not clearly ascertained. ‘The pup are as in the previous species, but of 
course smaller. 


P. MUSCELLA, Hiib., is a species somewhat similar to P. opacella, of nearly the 
same size, and even more hairy, but its fore-wings are differently shaped, being 
narrow for some distance from the base, then broad and rounded, so as to bear a 
faint resemblance to a battledore. The female and case appear to be unknown. 

It appears possible that this species may be found to occur in mountain districts 
in this country. There is a specimen in the British series of P. opacella in Dr. 
Mason’s collection, but unfortunately its locality is not known. 


P. GRAMINELLA, 8. V., unicolor, Staudinger’s Catalog.—This also is a species 
which should occur here, since it is one of the commonest and most widely distri- 
buted of the whole group on the Continent. It is larger and blacker than P. 
villosella, and has a similar female. Its case is also larger, but sufficiently like that 
of the latter to be confounded with it. I have a male specimen which was sent me 
many years ago as a British opacella, I think from the New Forest, but unfortunately 
the record cannot be found. I therefore merely indicate this as a species to be 


looked for. 
(To be continued). 


230 [October, 


A HOLIDAY IN THE PYRENEKS. 


BY W. E. NICHOLSON, F.E.S., AND F. C. LEMANN, F.E.S. 


Desirous of visiting a new field, and encouraged by the interesting 
account of his experiences in the Pyrenees given by Mr. Elwes in the 
Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for the year 
1887, we left England on the morning of Friday, July 6th, and 
travelling straight through arrived at 10.30 p.m. the next day at 
Vernet-les-bains, in the Pyrénées Orientales, which corresponds to 
the old province of Roussillon. In selecting Vernet we had followed 
in Mr. Elwes’ footsteps, a course we had no cause to regret. The day 
after our arrival we made the acquaintance of Herr Seebold, a German 
entomologist from Bilbao, and through his kindness we obtained an 
introduction to M. René Oberthir, of Rennes, who was staying at 
Vernet, and who showed us great hospitality throughout our visit. The 
eastern Pyrenees, although not so familiar as the central and western 
to the English tourist, have many advantages over the latter from a » 
collector’s point of view. The weather is far more settled, being more 
of a Mediterranean character, and is much freer from storm and fog 
than the more western part of the range, where wet and foggy 
weather of the Atlantic type, with which we are unhappily so familiar 
at home, often prevails. Vernet, from its climate, the aridity of the 
lower hills flanking the valley between it and Prades, and the inter- 
mixture of alpine and southern species, reminded us somewhat of 
Digne, of which various accounts have appeared in this Magazine, 
but although very good, it is scarcely so rich in species as the latter. 

The principal difficulty in the way of collecting at Vernet, a 
difficulty which applies also to the whole range of the Pyrenees, is 
the absence of any accommodation in the higher mountains, so that a 
long ascent is necessary before arriving at the localities for the alpine 
species. We joined M. Oberthiir on one occasion in an expedition to 
such a locality, known as the Pla Guilhem, between 4000 and 5000 
feet above Vernet, for which we started at 4.30 a.m., not returning 
until 6.30 p.m., which will serve to show that the alpine species are 
not to be taken in a mere morning’s stroll from the hotel, as can be 
done in many parts of Switzerland. 

We left Vernet on July 17th, having spent ten days there, and 
as we noticed nearly all the butterflies mentioned by Mr. Elwes from 
his observations, supplemented by those of De Graslin and Struve, we 
could scarcely have visited the place at a more favourable time. 

Among the localities in the neighbourhood of Vernet that we 


1894.] ; 221 


visited were the wood on the left hand side of the torrent, which runs 
through Vernet, about ten minutes’ walk above the hotel, where 
Thecla roboris occurred in some numbers with Huchloé euphenoides 
and Melanargia Lachesis; the valley of St. Vincent, where many 
Species occur on an ancient glacial moraine of large extent; and the 
slopes between the Col du Cheval mort,and the Pla Guilhem for the 
alpine species. 

On leaving Vernet, we stayed for two days at Bagnéres de Luchon, 
whence we made the excursion to the Lac d’O6. The weather, how- 
ever, was unsatisfactory, and although we found many interesting 
plants, including the beautiful Ramondia pyrenaica, which is peculiar 
to the central and western Pyrenees, we saw very few batterflies of 
interest. 

From Luchon, after visiting Lourdes, which has been so much 
before the public, we went on to Cauterets, for which you leave the 
railway at Pierrefitte, and drive through one of the beautiful wooded 
valleys with a rushing torrent below, so characteristic of the central 
Pyrenees. Here we again rejoined Herr Seebold, who had just 
arrived from Vernet. As he was well acquainted with the localities 
in the neighbourhood, his assistance was of great value to us in our 
short visit. The best localities we visited were a steep bank on the 
left hand side of the valley between Cauterets and La Raillére, the 
neighbourhood of the Lac de Gaube, and the slopes of the Cabaliros 
to the north-west of the village. 

We concluded our expedition with a few days at Biarritz, where, 
on July 25th and 27th, we took several interesting species in some 
marshy ground near the Lac de la Négresse, on the left hand side of 
the Railway to Bayonne. This marsh was interesting from a botanical 
point of view, as Hrica ciliaris, Lobelia urens,and Spiranthes estivalis, 
all grew freely there. Here we took the curious Oyclopides Morpheus, 
Cenonympha Cdipus, Satyrus Dryas, S. Arethusa, and SW. statilinus. 
Their capture, however, was not effected without some difficulty, as 
owing to the wet weather which had preceded our visit, the marsh 
was unusually treacherous, and our first efforts after C. Morpheus 
were frequently rewarded by a partial immersion. 

Mr. Elwes remarks that it is strange that such an extensive and 
isolated range as the Pyrenees should have developed so few distinct 
forms. However, the present form of the alpine fauna of Europe is 
probably at least as old as the last Glacial Hpoch, when these species 
could have inhabited the plains between the Alps and the Pyrenees, 
and on the amelioration of climate, they may have retreated into the 


222 | October, 


mountains on eitner side of these plains without undergoing much - 
modification. In speaking of the flora, M. Eugéne Trutat, in a recent 
work on the Pyrenees, states that, “we may learn from paleontology 
that the species have varied but slightly since the Glacial Epoch, 
though their distribution has been profoundly modified ;” and where - 
we find very distinct species, what he calls, “espéces de premier 
ordre,” in the Alps and Pyrenees, they have probably not arisen since 
this period, but the conditions have been favourable to their survival 
in the one locality and not in the other. The interesting Pyrenean 
varieties of well known alpine species belong to quite a different 
category, and are only such as might be expected to arise in regions 
at present so isolated, and offering somewhat different conditions of 
climate. It has been stated that there is a far larger proportion of 
peculiar species among the plants, but the flora should be compared 
with the fauna as a whole, and not with a single zoological group, as 
the Lepidoptera. Besides which species are occasionally founded by 
botanists on distinctions that would hardly hold good with Lepidoptera. 
For example, M. Trutat gives a double list of what he calls corres- 
ponding plants in the Alps and Pyrenees, some of which might be 
considered as varieties of each other. 

Altogether during our trip we noticed 106 species of Rhopalocera, 
and we have added a few notes on the most interesting. 


Papilio Podalirius, var. Feisthamelit.—The specimens of this variety in the 
middle of July at Vernet were rather worn, but they probably belonged to a second 
brood, as the first brood is said to be typical, while our specimens were very black 


and white. We found young larve on some stunted blackthorns on the dry hil! 
slopes below Vernet. 


Thais rumina, var. Medesicaste.—A single specimen in fine condition was cap- 
tured by Herr Seebold during our visit. The larve were to be found nearly full-fed 
at the same time on Aristolochia pistolochia, on the dry slopes below Vernet, and 
among the rocks in the wood close to the hotel. 


Parnassius Apollo.—Not uncommon near Vernet, especially near St. Martin. 
The specimens, though larger than the usual Swiss form, are not so fine as those we 
took at Digne. P. Mnemosyne.—Taken on the Col du Cheval mort at Vernet, and 


again near the Lac de Gaube ; we did not, however, notice it in any abundance. 


Pieris Callidice—Not uncommon in the higher regions; on the Pla Guilhem 
and also on the Cabaliros above Cauterets. In the latter place it was abundant, but 


in poor condition, on July 21st. P. Daplidice occurred, but not very commonly, at 
Vernet. 


Huchloé euphenoides.—This beautiful little species was not uncommon at 
Vernet, in stony places where its food-plant, Biscutella levigata, occurred. It must 
be on the wing for a very long time, as we found a few nearly full-fed larvae. The 


1894.) 223 


larve are said to be cannibals, but those which were kept showed no desire to eat one 
another. They had, however, all been stung by ichneumons, which may have 
accounted for their gentler behaviour. As pointed out to us by M. Oberthiir, the 
under-side of this species mimicks the inflorescence of the Biscutella, on which it 


rests, and not an umbellate inflorescence, as is the case with our H. cardamines. 


Colias Edusa and C. Hyale.—Both these species were noticed, though not in 
any numbers, and, contrary to what occurs in Switzerland, C. Edusa was the com- 
moner of the two. Indeed, we only noticed C. Hyale on two occasions, once at 
Vernet, and again at Biarritz. C. Phicomone occurred on the Pla Guilhem, and 
near the Lac de Gaube ; the specimens, though possibly a little darker, do not differ 
materially from the Swiss form. 


Rhodocera rhamni.—We noticed a good many specimens of this species on the 
Cabaliros, at an elevation of over 7000 fect. R. Cleopatra.—Noticed at Vernet, 
and also seen in some abundance on some dry banks near the frontier town of 
Hendaye, in the Basses Pyrénées. 

(To be continued). 


CALLIMORPHA HERA AY HOME IN SOUTH DEVON. 
BY G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. 


Mr. J. Jager, of Notting Hill, having written to me from South 
Devon, that he was again taking Callimorpha Hera, and wishing me 
to join him, Monday morning, August 20th, saw me on my way to do 
so. The sight of a grand series on his setting boards the same evening 
made me impatient for next morning. Fortunately this proved fine, 
and under Mr. Jager’s guidance, I soon experienced for the first time 
the pleasure of taking and seeing on the wing this grand moth, my 
total for the morning’s work being four specimens, whilst my friend 
also took several. ‘The weather for the remainder of the week proved 
most disastrous—almost incessant heavy rain and several thunder- 
storms—so that scarcely anything could be done. The week following 
opened magnificently fine, and continned so until my leaving on 
Thursday, the 30th, by which time my “take” of O. Hera numbered 
exactly twenty specimens, the proportion of the various forms being 
as follows:—twelve red, four orange, and four yellow- (the var. 
lutescens) underwinged. Mr. Jager’s proportion of the orange form 
was not so large as mine, but he said this variety had been more 
plentiful than he had ever before seen it in any of the years he has 
collected the species. He had a greater proportion of the var. 
lutescens, which this year seemed to be almost as common as the red 
type. The species occurs over a wide district, as we took them our- 
selves three to four miles apart, and on all the intervening ground. 
It is certainly not at all rare, and has, I should say, been well 
established there for many more years than is generally supposed. 


224 (October, 


The locality evidently suits it exactly, and from its habits there is 
little fear of its extermination through collecting. What a succession 
of severe winters (if such were possible in South Devon) would do 
is another matter, The species had been out for some time before. 
my arrival, consequently most of my specimens were more or less 
damaged; the 9s of these were kept alive for eggs, and I obtained 
some from each of the three forms, from which I hope to breed a nice 
series next year. Our specimens were chiefly taken by beating the 
hedges in the lanes, when the moths flew out on the least disturbance, 
but the natural flight is just at dusk, when it is on the wing for 
apparently a very short time; in this way several were netted one fine 
evening in a few minutes, within a radius of only a few yards. That 
it also comes to light, probably late, was also evident, by several 
specimens being given to us by the cottagers, and which had flown 
into the cottages. The eggs. are deposited in batches in a similar 
manner to those of the Arctias, but are rather small for the size of 
the moth, and, as pointed out to us by Mr. G. C. Bignell, the shell is 
so very thin that the development of the young larva can, with a lens, 
be very distinctly seen through it; they hatch in about a fortnight, or 
a little over, and I have fed the larve on knotgrass, dandelion, and 
lettuce. 

Other species noticed during the expedition included Colias Edusa, 
several ; Vanessa cardui, plentiful, also V. Jo and V. Atalanta; Lycena 
Argiolus, occasionally about the hollies and ivy ; Gnophos obscurata, com- 
mon, the dark form only; Ephyra porata, Acidalia promutata, A.imitaria 
and A. emarginata, a few of each; Larentia olivata, abundant, but 
getting very worn; Melanippe rivata, very fine, the specimens much 
larger than those of MW. subtristata, which also occurred ; MW. galiata, 
common ; Anticlea rubidata, several ; Coremia unidentaria and C. ferru- 
gata; Cidara picata, several, but very worn; Anaztis plagiata, not un- 
common, &e. Sugar was tried, but, as everywhere else where I have 
tested it this season, was a complete failure, not a moth visiting it; 
there seemed, indeed, to be scarcely any Noctue about: an occasional 
Tryphena ganthina and T. orbona, with a few #ryophila perla, 
Luperina testacea,and Phlogophora meticulosa being all those observed. 
Botys asinalis, very worn, was the only decent Pyrale; and Crambus 
geniculellus and Melia sociella the best of the Crambites. In an ordi- 
narily good season the district could not fail to be productive of many 
good species, and the marvel is it has not been more worked. I cannot 
too highly thank Mr. Jager for his kindness and courtesy in showing me 
all the localities, and giving me every possible help in the district. 


Crosland Hall, Huddersfield : 
September 13th, 1894. 


1894. | 225 


COLEOPTERA IN THE NEW FOREST. 
BY G. C. CHAMPION, F.Z.S., AND D. SHARP, F.R.S. 


It is evident from our experience that for some reason or other 
Coleoptera in the New Forest are becoming rarer than they used to be. 
Each of us has visited the Forest more than once in former years, and 
as we have recently passed a month there (June 7th to July 7th) we 
think it may be of some interest to give a list of the more important 
Coleoptera we met with, although we found little or nothing new to’ 
the locality, or indeed that we had not, one or other of us, met with 
there before. | 

The New Forest has long been known as the only, or as the best, 
locality for some of our more interesting British beetles, and every 
Naturalist will agree that it is a matter for regret that these should 
be disappearing from among us. Some of Charles Turner’s captures, 
Endophleus spinulosus, for example, have not been found again, though, 
judging from our experience with this species on the Continent, there 
should be no great difficulty in securing it, if it still exist here. It 
appears probable, too, that Hucnemis capucina, though only discovered 
in Britain a few years ago, has, like Hxdophieus, nearly or quite dis- 
appeared ; possibly, however, it may still be represented by a few 
individuals, the last of their race, in the Forest, this insect being more 
difficult to find than Hndophleus. “ Red Elaters” are, it is generally 
agreed by collectors, becoming much rarer than formerly ; only four 
specimens, representing two species, were obtained in our month’s 
work. We were, however, probably not there at the best time for 
these insects, which are perhaps more readily met with in the late 
autumn, or in the spring; indeed, we found Elateride larve to be 
much more common than perfect insects of the same species. 

We were fortunate in tracing to their haunts two of Turner’s 
specially interesting prizes, very few specimens of which have been met 
with in this country during the 20 or 25 years that have elapsed since 
his decease. These were Velleius dilatatus and Anthazxia nitidula ; 
to meet with the latter is a treat even to those who are acquainted 
with it as a fairly common insect on the Continent, for in its brilliant 
colour and mode of living in and flitting about the flowers, it is really 
a “thing of beauty.” That it will be ‘‘a joy for ever” in the New 
Forest is to be doubted ; we found it very local and apparently quite 
restricted to the neighbourhood where we had heard it used to be 
found by Turner. We were also fortunate in meeting with Agrilus 
viridis, which was discovered in the Forest two or three seasons ago, 


9IG ‘October, 


we believe, by Mr. Gorham or Mr. Chitty ; the former gentleman, 
like ourselves, found the burrows of the insect under the bark; we 
were not, however, able to find the larva, and all our efforts to procure 
the allied species (A. sinwatus) were fruitless. The Longicornia, of 
which twenty-one species were observed, were more abundant than 
usual, the guelder-rose being particularly attractive to these beetles. 
Not an Anthribid of any kind could we find, and Scolytide were 
extremely scarce. During our stay we had the pleasure of being 
occasionally accompanied by various friends—Messrs. McLachlan and 
Bateson, Colonel Yerbury (whose Coleopterous finds helped to increase 
our “bottle’’), and the Rev. H. S. Gorham. 

The following list includes the more important species we met 
with:—Cychrus rostratus, Calosoma inquisitor, and Pterostichus oblongo- 
punctatus, a few specimens under chips of wood. Cuarabus arvensis, 
on the heaths. Hydrovatus clypealis, one specimen, in a pond near 
Lyndhurst ; previously taken by Sharp at the same locality, but not 
recorded. Hydroporus discretus, rarely, in a small muddy pool. De- 
ronectes latus, sparingly, in running water. Hydrena angustata and 
H. nigrita, by swilling the banks of running streams, not uncommon ; 
the first mentioned has not, we believe, been previously recorded from 
the south, though we have taken it here on previous occasions. Ocyusa 
tncrassata, several examples, under sappy bark of beech; this widely 
distributed insect seemed to be equally at home here, as it is in 
moss on the Scotch hills. Homalota hepatica, one specimen, by sweep- 
ing. Oligota apicata, in rotten wood. Megacronus cingulatus and WM. 
inclinans, rarely, in rotten wood, &c. Velleius dilatatus, occasional, at 
sugar; both sexes obtained. Qwedius truncicola, a few specimens 
in a hollow tree, in very wet rotten wood. Q. sxanthopus, one 
specimen, in rotten wood; not hitherto met with in the south by 
either of us. Staphylinus latebricola, S. erythropterus, and S. cesareus, 
occasionally, in the roads, &e. Medon obsoletus, two specimens, in very 
rotten wood. Stenus lustrator, two examples, running on old cord 
wood. Omalium topterum, under bark. Hapalarea pyqmea, by sweep- 
ing. Euplectus punctatus, EH. piceus, and KH. Karstent, Bibloporus 
bicolor, Scydmenus exilis, and Neuraphes Sparshalli, under bark or in 
wet rotten wood. Anisotoma nigrita, evening sweeping, under pines. 
Silpha quadripunctata, on oaks and also on the wing, frequent, during 
the early part of June. Hister merdarius, one specimen, in a hollow 
tree, in company with Quedius truncicola. Gnathoneus nannetensis, in 
a dead hedgehog. Plegaderus dissectus, in some numbers, in decaying 
beech. Ptenidiwm Gressneri, not uncommon in a hollow tree, in com- 


1894. } 227 


pany with Quedius truncicola; P. turgidum, in decaying beech. 
Hyperaspis reppensis, one specimen, crawling onalog. Triplax russica, 
in abundance, in fungoid growth on beech. Omosita depressa, one 
specimen, in a dead hedgehog ; not previously seen alive in the south 
by us. Cryptarcha strigata and C. imperialis, and Ips 4-guttata, at 
sap. Thymalus limbatus, freely, under loose bark. Synchita juglandis, 
Cicones variegatus, and Ditoma crenata, sparingly, in beech; of the 
first-mentioned a few specimens were found under bark. Pedzacus 
dermestoides, rarely, in freshly split oak and beech. Hnicmus testaceus, 
rarely, under bark; EH. minutus, a few specimens of a black variety (?) 
in fungoid growth on beech, in company with abundance of Conino- 
mus nodifer. Cartodere elongata, sparingly, in rotten wood. Crypto- 
phaqus pubescens, on flowers of honeysuckle. Mycetophagus piceus, in 
fungoid growth on oak, and JL atomarius, in beech. Tiresias serra, 
one specimen, on a beech log. Trox sabulosus, in a dead bird. Hoplia 
philanthus, on sallows. Gnorimus nobilis, one specimen, on a rose. 
Anthaxia nitidula, on various flowers, sparingly and extremely local. 
Agrilus viridis, good many specimens on old sallows, in which it 
breeds ; the sexes were found én copuld, the females constantly differing 
from the males in having the thorax and under-surface brassy or 
coppery [the females thus fitting Kiesenwetter’s description of his 
var. 6 (Naturg. Ins. Deutschl., iv, p. 151)]; all the males obtained 
were green above and beneath; this (like A. stnwatus) is a destructive 
insect on the Continent, and it also attacks the oak and the poplar; the 
larva has been described by Aubé and Perris. Melasis buprestoides, 
not rarely, on a hot sunny day, when the insect was found sitting 
outside its burrows in a decaying beech. MMicrorrhagus pygmaeus, 
rarely, by sweeping the bracken beneath old beeches, also in the en- 
closures under oaks. later pomone and EL. lythropterus, very rarely, 
on stumps or under bark. Athous rhombeus, a fair series, including 
both sexes, by splitting up beech logs; some of the specimens were 
dug out of very hard apparently quite sound wood; the larva (which 
has been described by Dufour) is black, and coarsely punctured above. 
Sericosomus brunneus, sparingly, by sweeping. Corymbites holosericeus, 
C. metallicus, C. bipustulatus, and C. tessellatus, on sallows, &¢. Lam- 
pyris noctiluca, males frequently attracted to light. Podabrus alpinus, 
very abundant, on flowers, &c. Malthodes dispar, by sweeping. Dasytes 
niger, in Hieraciwm and other flowers. illus elongatus, a few speci- 
mens of the typical and one of the black form, about the burrows of 
Ptilinus pectincornis. Lyctus canaliculatus, Dorcatoma flavicornis, 
and Anztys rubens, in decaying oak; as usual, dead specimens only of 


228 (October, 


the latter obtained. Callidium violaceum, on palings, Brockenhurst. 
Clytus mysticus, Anoplodera sexguttata, Strangalia nigra, and all four 
species of Grammoptera, freely on flowers, especially of Viburnum 
lantana. Strangalia quadrifasciata, dug out of beech. Leptura scu- 
tellata, many specimens, but nearly all females, crawling on old beech 
logs, and also (in all its stages) dug out of decaying standing or fallen 
beeches. Mycetochares bipustulata (both sexes), Orchesia undulata, 
and Phleotrya rufipes, about fungoid growth on beech, the first men- 
tioned in some numbers. Conopalpus testaceus, in plenty, in all its 
stages, in a fallen oak bough; one or two specimens also obtained by 
beating. Ischnomera sanguinicollis, one specimen, and J. cerulea, not 
rarely, on hawthorn blossom. Pyrochroa coccinea, one specimen, on a 
beech stump; the larva was common under bark, some of them being 
quite small and others full grown. TYomowia biguttata, a few specimens 
on beech logs and stumps, flying in the hot sun, and also dug out of 
stumps ; apparently a rare insect now in the Forest. Mordella fasciata, 
dug out of rotten beech; the larva also obtained. Mordellistena 
humeralis and Anaspis Garneysi, on flowers. Xylophilus oculatus, in a 
rotten oak, females predominating, with Dorcatoma flavicornis. Ehyn- 
chites eneovirens, on hawthorn blossom. Cenopsis jissirostris, one 
specimen, crawling in the road. Polydrusus flavipes, not rarely, on 
oaks. TZychius quinquepunctatus, on a small vetch. Magdalis barbi- 
cornis, both sexes, by beating old crab trees. 


August 15th, 1894. 


THE CHIGOE IN ASIA. 


BY W. F. H. BLANDFORD, M.A., F.Z.S, 


The sand-flea, chigoe or nigua (Sarcopsylia penetrans, L.), 1s one of 
the most troublesome pests in Tropical America and the West Indies to 
man and various domestic and wild animals, and, as such, has been the 
subject of numerous papers and monographs, chief among which are 
those of Karsten, Guyon and Bonnet. The female flea burrows into 
the skin, usually of the feet, but also of any other accessible region. 
After she has effected an entrance, her abdomen swells into a spheri- 
cal mass which, unlike the abdomen of a queen Termite, shows no 
trace of the component segments, except at the extremity, and of 
which the trachee suffer remarkable changes and lose their character- 
istic spiral threads. In this situation she ejects her eggs after they 
have reached maturity ; the larvee, according to Guyon, are free-living 
and not parasitic on the host of their mother, on whose remains they 
are said by Bonnet to feed in part. 


1894.] 229 


The chigoe is the only known flea which becomes enclosed in the 
integuments of its host; another species (8. gallinacea, Westw.), and 
those of the allied genera Rhynchopsylla, Hall., and Vermipsylla, 
Schimk., are ecto-parasites, and hang like ticks on the skin of birds or 
of cattle (Vermipsylia). 

The recorded distribution of the chigoe extends over Tropical 
America and the Antilles, from 30° N. to 30° S., and in late years it 
has been exported in ballast to Africa, and has established itself in 
Angola, Loango and the Congo. 

No Asiatic locality has been recorded for it, but it, or a closely- 
allied species, inhabits China. 

I have recently examined specimens of the ears of sewer-rats, 
forwarded from Ning-po by Mr. Szigetvary, of H.IM. Maritime 
Customs, to the Secretary of the Entomological Society of London. 
These ears exhibit one or more large oval cysts on the margins of the 
pinna, near its root, which communicate with the exterior by a small 
circular hole, usually on the border of the pinna, and blocked by the 
hinder end of the parasite. 

The latter are ovoid in form, tough-skinned, and contracted pos- 
teriorly into a short, tail-like process which exhibits chitinized 
structures at the tip. The largest specimen (preserved in alcohol) 
measures 8°5 mm. in its long axis, and about 6 mm. in breadth. The 
anterior extremity is produced into four rounded lobes, which almost 
conceal the minute head, thorax and limbs of the insect, which, owing 
to their small size, remained undetected for some time. Till they 
were discovered, the identity of the parasite, which is even less like 
a normal insect than is a queen Termite, remained unsuspected. 

It is a true chigoe, but not certainly identical with the American 
species. The shape of the dilated abdomen differs from that shown in 
published drawings of S. penetrans, and the disparity in size between 
it and the remainder of the body appears to be somewhat greater. 
No important differences can be made out between the pre-abdominal 
region, when mounted in balsam, and the same region in SN. penetrans, 
and the size of the appendages, measured under the microscope, 
though smaller, does not vary from the size of the same structures 
shewn in Karsten’s drawings more than may be expected between in- 
dividuals. The common flea is well known to be very variable in size. 

It is to be hoped that Mr. Szigetvary will obtain more material, 
so that the species can be accurately determined, and its identity 
established. 


230 (October, 


Ning-po is within the 30th parallel, near the port of Shang-hai, 
and as Mr. Szigetvary says that no one in China appears to be familiar 
with the animal, there is grave reason to suppose that it may have 
been imported to, and may spread in Asia as it has in Africa, and 
prove as troublesome a scourge among a people ignorant of its habits, 
and unused to and unable to deal with its attacks. 

An interesting point is the situation of the present examples in 
the tough skin of the pinna, which must have dilated with remarkable 
quickness to accommodate the rapidly growing parasite. 


48, Wimpole Street, London, W.: 
August, 1894. 


PRE-OCCUPIED GENERIC NAMES IN LEPIDOPTERA. 


BY E. MEYRICK, B.A., F.Z.S. 


It appears from Lord Walsingham’s paper on species previously 
referred to Heydenia (ante, p. 199), that he has overlooked the fact 
that the name Heydenita is pre-occupied in the Hymenoptera, and, 
therefore, not applicable. Hence it is possible that devotella, Heyd., 
may require a new generic name; but as I have never examined it, I 
abstain from suggesting one. 

I have, however, noted several other generic names in use for 
good genera of Lepidoptera, but pre-occupied in other groups. I 
propose accordingly, for Microdonta, Dup. (pre-occupied in Coleoptera), 
to substitute HieropHanta (type bicoloria, Schiff.) ; for Cleodora, 
Curt. (pre-oceupied in Mollusca), to substitute Patropora (type 
cytisella, Curt.) ; for Paecilia, Hein. (pre-occupied in Pisces), to sub- 
stitute STENOLECHIA (type nivea, Hw.). I may also call attention to 
the fact that Chauliodus, Tr., is thrice pre-oceupied in Pisces, Neurop- 
tera,* and Aves, but in this instance the name Hpermenia, Hb., already 
exists, and should be applied. 

Returning to Lord Walsingham’s paper above-mentioned, I 
observe that in his genus Cataplectica veins 6 and 7 of the hind-wings 
are described and figured as stalked; in my specimens of profugella, 
auromaculata, and fulviguttella, they are clearly separate. The point 
inay, however, here well be variable, as in the closely allied Epermenia. 


Ramsbury, Hungerford : 
September 1st, 1894. 


* This name was used by Billberg in his ‘‘ Enumeratio,” in 1820, and is a corrected form 
of the equivalent Chauliodes, Latreille, 1798.--R. McLacu.an. 


1291.] 231 


DISCOVERY OF TRIOZA CENTRANTHI, VAUL., IN ENGLAND. 


BY PHILIP B. MASON, F.L.S. 


About the middle of August, 1894, Mr. T. Gibbs brought to me a 
plant of Valerianella dentata, Poll., which he had gathered in a corn 
field near Bretby, Derbyshire. It was curiously deformed, and on 
looking at it closely the deformity was found to be due to the crowding 
together of the flowers and the great broadening of the bracts; the 
upper portions of the bracts were reflexed, and each bract was found 
to shelter a Psyllid larva. From these larve, in about ten days, were 
hatched specimens of Trioza Neilreichi, Frfid. (1864). They are very 
prettily marked with two bright silvery lines on the dorsal surface of 
the abdomen. 


Kaltenbach refers to a Psylla fedie, Forst., as feeding on Vale- 
rianella olitoria. Puton, in his Catalogue (1876), refers to neither of 
these names, so that I cannot say whether the species infesting these 
two nearly allied plants be the same or not. At all events it is, I 
believe, a species of this interesting Family hitherto unrecorded for 
this country. 


Burton-on-Trent : 
September dth, 1894. 


[This is a very interesting notice of the first capture of this 
Psyllid in England, but the appearance of the species in Britain has 
long been expected. The late F. Low had a comprehensive article on 
its natural history and bibliography in the “ Verhandlungen der k. k. 
zool.-botan. Gesellschaft in Wien,” 1886, from which the following 
synonymy is extracted :— 

Psylia centranthi, Vallot (1829) ; Trioza acutipennis, Frst. (1848), 
nec ZLett., nec Flor: Trioza Neilreichi, Frauent. (1864): Psylla 
fedie (Frst.), Kaltenbach (1874): Zrioza angulipennis, Puton (1875) : 
Trioza centranthi, André (1878) : id., F. Low (1886). 

The species lives within deformations the larva makes of the 
leaves and flowers of Centranthus ruber, C. angustifolius, Valerianella 
carinata, V. dentata, V. olitoria, and Fedia cornucopie, in France, Italy, 
Germany, Austria, and Hungary. It appears as imago from June to 
autumn, and hibernates.—J. W. D.]. 


Nothochrysa capitata, F., at York.—I obtained a dead specimen of NV. capitata 
from a spider’s web at Sandburn, York, on August 6th.—G. T. Porrirr, Hudders- 
field: August 31st, 1894. 


232 [ October, 


OBSERVATIONS ON COCCIDZ (No. 10). 


BY R. NEWSTEAD, F.E.S., 


CURATOR OF THE GROSVENOR MUSEUM, CHESTER. 


FrorINIA SULCII, 1. sp. 


Leucaspis pint, A. C. KF. Morgan, Ent. Mo. Mag., xxv, p. 189, pl. iii, 


fig. 8 (1889) ; 2d., ili, n. s., p. 18 (1892). Newstead, Ent. Mo. 
Mag., v, n. s., p. 181, fig. (1894). 
? adult lying within the second moult; the latter, however, is completely hidden 
beneath the scale, which is entirely secreted at the 2nd stage. 92. Pygidium (figs. 
1,2, 3) generally with two pairs of very short, rounded 
lobes ; sometimes there are a third or even a fourth 
pair, but these are inconstant and asymetrical; on 
either side beyond the median lobes are five or six 
(generally five) rather long spiny hairs, and between 
them two very short ones; within the margin are 
two irregular rows of pores or spinnerets; grouped 
spinnerets arranged in the form of an arch, but 
' generally well separated : the anterior group consists 


of from five to ten, the anterior laterals from ten to 
twelve, and the posterior laterals from nine to twelve. 


Scale of the 2. In my description (J. ec.) for ‘second moult yellow, &e.,” read 


“larval moult yellow, &e. ;” 


there is only the larval moult visible at the cephalic 
extremity.. Larva rather short-ovate. Eyes black. Antenne of five joints; Ist, 
2nd, 3rd and 4th shortest, and in length nearly equal; 5th about as long as the rest 
together, is strongly ringed, and has three very long hairs. Legs with coxa and 
femur broad ; tibise and tarsi much thinner, the latter very short, only about the 
same length as the claw; digitules to claw and tarsi simple. Mentum uniarticulate ; 
unexpanded filaments reaching nearly to end of body. Pygidium with two large 
median, almost rectangular lobes ; immediately within these are the two long anal 
sete, and two very short ones; the latter arising from a central raised prominence. 
On either side of the lobes are a varied number of broad, and very finely serrated 
plates, and several small spines. The median lobes are very distinct, and their bases 
run almost through the pygidium. Segments each with two elongated pores, one 
ventral and one dorsal. 


It is entirely through the persistent investigation of the species 
by Herr Karel Sule, and his discovery of both the adult ? of this 
species and Leucaspis pint, Hartig, that I have been able to clear up 
the identity of the two species. It is unfortunate, however, that I did 
not in the first instance describe the species as a new one; but like 
Mr. Morgan (J. ¢.) I was in doubt all along as to whether the peculiar 
fringe of blunt spines on the pygidium of 9 Leucaspis pini, as described 
by Signoret and Low, were really chitinous or only waxy secretions. 
Now the doubt no longer exists since Herr Sule has discovered the 


1894.] 233 


adult 9 of Lewcaspis pint, Hartig, which, after treatment with potash, 
still retains the marginal fringe of blunt spines, which is so charac- 
teristic of the genus. 

Mr. Morgan, in his description (J. c.), says, “the posterior margin 
of the female adult, unlike most species of Diaspina, is entire, possess- 
ing neither plates nor lobes.” In this my new species does not agree, 
all have the very small plates, but they vary exceedingly in number, 
scarcely two being alike. It is, therefore, quite possible that some 
have none at all. The rest of his description agrees so well, that I 
feel almost certain of the identity, and Herr Sule is of the same 
opinion. 

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 


1 and 2 after Sule, types coll. Newstead. 
3 % type coll. Sule; this is a very curious form, having three odd 
lobes grouped together on one side. 


LECANIUM PERFORATUM, 7%. sp. 


? adult (fig. 1, as seen with transmitted light), viviparous ; dark piceous, 
margins paler; extremely flat, short-ovate, generally much widened posteriorly ; on 
either side of dorsum are well defined, radiating, 
transverse carine ; the spaces between finely rugose. 
Dermis tessellated with irregular rows of tesserx ; 
four on either side of dorsum; margins of each 
tessera with very minute pores, which, under a low 
power, look very like perforations (fig. 2) ; posterior 
half of submarginal row with large, clear, jagged 
spaces (fig. 2) ; about five on either side of dorsum ; 
marginal row finely granulated outwardly. Antennee 
(fig. 3) of eight joints; 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 8th longest, 

Fig.l.  Fig.2. Fig.3, 1st, 5th, 6th and 7th shortest, and in length nearly 
equal ; 8th generally the longest. Legs rather short; intermediate and posterior pair 
wide apart; tarsi much shorter than the tibise; trochanter with a rather short 
hair; digitules to tarsi ordinary, those of the claw much dilated at the extremity ; 
claw short. Rostral filaments unexpanded, about the same length as the legs. Anal 
cleft very deep; lobes very small. Long, 3:50—4 mm.; wide, 250—3 mm. 


2, prior to gestation, dull reddish-brown ; younger forms much lighter. Larva 
dull reddish ; antenna of six joints, of which the 3rd and 6th are longest; 8rd 
longest, 4th and 5th equal, about same length as 1st and 2nd. Rostral filaments 
unexpanded, extending beyond tibise of posterior legs. Legs rather short; digitules 
to tarsi and claws ordinary. Anal sets rather shorter than is usual in the genus. 
Margins with a few stout hairs; and there are four very stout blunt spines, one over 
each of the trachee. 


Hab.: Palm House, Kew ; very numerous on the under-side of 


the leaves of Caryota Cumingii, a tropical palm. August, 1894. 
U 


234 [October, 


This very interesting and clearly distinct species was kindly for- 
warded to me by Mr. J. W. Douglas, to whom the specimens were 
sent by Mr. D. Morris, Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens. It 
is very closely allied to L. tessellatum, Sign. (Essai, p. 231, pl. xu, fig. 
4); but the eight-jointed antenne, the central division and arrange- 
ment of the pores in the tessere, readily distinguish it from this or 
any other known species. The larve occurred both beneath and in 
the bodies of the adults, which is conclusive proof that the @ is 
viviparous. This, together with the other characters set forth, place 
the species in Signoret’s 1st Series. 


Chester: September 5th, 1894. 


Coleoptera at Weymouth and Portland.—I spent the latter part of March last 
at Weymouth, and in consequence of the beautiful spring weather was able to doa 
good deal of collecting work. The hedges and trees were only showing very faint 
signs of the coming foliage, I therefore devoted most of my time to the coast and 
immediately adjoining land. Attention was mainly given to the Adephaga, and 
during ten days I was able to obtain about one-sixth of the total species found in 
Great Britain; of course a large proportion of these were very common, but a few 
were new to me, and are good species. 

One day was spent at Poole: there I obtained Cicindela sylvatica, but though 
I kept a sharp look out for C. maritima all the time, I failed to obtain a specimen ; 
perhaps it was too early, though campestris was in the utmost profusion all along 
the coast line, occurring on the clay cliffs as well as on the sandy portions of the 
coast. 

On the Isle of Portland I obtained a few good insects (I was not lucky enough 
to come across Scybalicus oblongiusculus), the best were Licinus silphoides and Cy- 
mindis axillaris, both new to me. 

On the Chesil Beach I obtained one specimen of Mesoreus Wetterhalit and 
Cillenus lateralis in great abundance, as also Harpalus neglectus and many common 
things. 

At Weymouth itself my best captures were Acupalpus consputus (1), Trechus 
lapidosus (8), and Harpalus rotundicollis. Harpalus and Calathus were distinctly 
the commonest genera. Bembidium varium was in great abundance in the salt 
marshes near the town, along with Pogonus chalceus, and littoralis (sparsely). 

In the other divisions perhaps the best take was a specimen of Cardiophorus 
asellus on Chesil Beach, where I found two last year about the same time. 

Amongst those taken were Aphodius luridus (under astone with Agriotes lineatus 
and sputator), Prasocuris junci (the only Phytophagous beetle met with), Anthicus 
humilis and antherinus, Meloé proscarabeus, Apion hematodes, miniatum and 
radiolus, Otiorhyncus tenebricosus, Philopedon geminatus, Barynotus obscurus, Hypera 
variabilis, Silpha levigata, rugosa and atrata, Bryaxis Waterhouset and Helferi, 
Micraspis sedecimpunctata, Nitidula bipustulata and rufipes, Dermestes murinus, 
Aleochara lata, Quedius tristis, Cafius xantholoma, Xantholinus tricolor, Bledius 
spectabilis, and many other common Staphylinide, &e.--T. Hupson Brars, Park 
House, Richmond: August, 1894. 


1894. ] 235 


Large number of Metecus paradoxus in one wasp’s nest.—I1 have just received from 
Mr. W. H. Tuck, of Tostock, near Bury St. Edmunds, a consignment of 24 specimens 
of Wetecus paradozxus (10 § and 14 2), which were all taken from one wasp’s nest. 
Mr. Tuck writes concerning them as follows:—“On Saturday, the 18th, I saw a 
wasp beetle (IZ. paradozxus) at the entrance of a nest belonging to Vespa vulgaris. 
That evening I destroyed the nest by turpentine ; it was in an old tree stump about 
two feet deep. On digging it out yesterday I found everything dead, and, to my 
surprise, 23 more of the beetles, either in the cells or in the débris of the nest, which 
I had to bring away bit by bit. I consider this a most unusual event ; first, to find 
a beetle outside, and again to find such a number, my previous experience being 
about three or four only in a nest.”” No doubt Coleopterists generally will be of the 
same opinion. The specimen met with outside was a fine male. One of the males 
from within the nest had lost the head and prothorax ; according to Mr. Tuck the 
wasps had eaten them off.—H. A. Buruer, 39, Ashley Road, Crouch Hill, N.: 
August 23rd, 1894. 


Catocala fraxini, L., at Norwich.—l was fortunate enough to catch a male 
specimen of Catocala fraxini this morning. It was at rest on the stump of a small 
alder tree on the banks of the back waters of the river Wensum, some two miles 
above the city of Norwich; unfortunately, owing to my being in a boat at the time, 
it suffered considerably in the catching, but when first seen was in a magnificent 
condition, and apparently not long emerged from the pupa. Though I hunted about 
for some time, I failed to see another specimen.—E. W. Caruier, Unthanks Road, 
Norwich: September 18th, 1894. 


Note on Eriogaster lanestris in Devon.—In Major Still’s note on Devon 
Lepidoptera (p. 212 ante) I see he doubts (on the authority of Mr. Bignell) whether 
Eriogaster lanestris is found west of Exeter, and he attributes his lack of success in 
rearing the larve of this insect possibly to this cause. I do not think this species is 
a rare moth on Dartmoor. In 1887 I was staying at Chagford, about the middle of 
the Moor, in June and July, and I then found the nests of these larve fairly common, 
and brought many caterpillars home, which pupated, and the perfect insects emerged 
in due time. I may mention that several remained three years in the pupa, and one 
or two four years, which is not unusual.—G. T. BretHune-BakeEr, 19, Clarendon 
Road, Edgbaston: September 14th, 1894. 


Great abundance of the larve of Heliophobus popularis in the North of France. 
—Recent Bulletins of the Société Entomologique de France contain several com- 
munications on this subject, especially concerning the Départements du Nord et de 
l’Aisne. The insect is ordinarily so rare in the district that it does not figure in 
more than one local list of Lepidoptera. This year the larve appeared in enormous 
numbers, marching in columns, and doing great damage; trenches were dug in the 
line of march, into which they fell, and great quantities were destroyed by means of 
quicklime, &c. The local entomological knowledge, or want of it, there, appears to 
be much on a par with what exists in some agricultural districts here. ‘The officials 
of a certain local Agricultural Society, and the departmental Professor of Agriculture 
arrived on the scene, and it was decided that the larva could be no other than that 
of Bombyx processionea (!), and most extraordinary measures were decreed for its 


destruction. 
10) 


236 [ October, 


As bearing on the subject of recent ravages of Chareas graminis in this country, 
it may be well to mention that there is a very elaborate article on its ravages in 
Sweden, by Sven Lampa, in the Entomologisk Tidsskrift for 1893, pp. 1—24, with 
an excellent plate. Herr Lampa, is a most painstaking student of Economic Ento- 
mology, and the pages of the Tidsskrift have latterly been considerably devoted to 
his observations on destructive insects of all Orders, which should not be lost sight 
of by our own workers in the same field.—Eps. 


Tinodes unicolor, Pict., in Ireland.~When collecting last July for the Fauna 
and Flora Committee of the Royal Irish Academy, I obtained two specimens of this 
Trichopteron at Coolmore, in Co. Donegal ; I took them on the banks of a little 
stream among Iris, Epilobium, &c.,in company with Agapetus fuscipes. T. unicolor 
seems not to have been recorded from Ireland before. At Armagh, with commoner 
things, I took Micromus variegatus, M. paganus, Hemerobius orotypus, H. subnebu- 
losus, and H. micans. All occurred in Maullinure, where I captured a very dark 
variety of Holocentropus picicornis. At Loughgilly I captured during an afternoon — 
that I spent there last month Limnophilus auricula, L. sparsus (a pale variety), and 
Hemerobius mioans.—W. F. Jounson, Armagh: September 18th, 1894. 


A black variety of Andrena rose, var. Trimmerana.—Among some Aculeate 
Hymenoptera which I sent to Mr. BH. Saunders for determination was the above 
curious variety. I took it along with several of the ordinary form of A. ros@ in 
Mullinure in April last. The fulvous pubescence of the thorax is entirely black, 
giving it a very distinct appearance. Other captures of Aculeata here were Halictus 
albipes, Andrena Clarkella, A. albicans, and A. cineraria. The first bee on the 
wing in the spring was Bombus lucorum, which I observed on March 16th, Vespa 
vulgaris making its appearance on the 28rd of the same month.—Zd. 


Decticus albifrons, F., at Ramsgate.—Mr. O. Janson has kindly given me from 
his father’s collection a specimen of this South European Orthopteron, which was 
taken at Ramsgate by the late Mr. Dossitor in or about 1850, and given by him to 
Mr. E. W. Janson, in whose collection it had remained ever since. The species has 
not, so far as I can ascertain, been previously recorded from Great Britain, but is of 
course only a chance visitor, having no doubt come ashore from a vessel passing or 
unloading at Ramsgate. It is a large and handsome species, measuring about 43 
inches across the elytra, the markings on which greatly resemble those on Schisto- 
cerca peregrina.—C. A. Briaas, 55, Lincoln’s Inn Fields: September 19th, 1894. 


Societies. 

BirMineHam EntomotoaicaL Society: August 20th, 1894.— Mr. G. T. 
BETHUNE-BAKER, Vice-President, in the Chair. 

Mr. R. G. B. Chase, Southville, Priory Road, Edgbaston, was elected a Member. 

Mr. C. J. Wainwright showed Stratiomys potamida taken this year in Sutton 
Park, and which was he believed the first authentic capture of a Stratzomys near 
Birmingham of which he knew. Mr. R. C. Bradley read some notes upon Merodon 
equatris. He had recently been breeding a number from some larve sent to him by 
Mr. McLachlan, and these he showed, and described their manner of emergence, &c. 


1894.) 237 


He said that they took a very long time to dry their wings, twenty-four hours after 
emergence some of them were still quite limp; this he attributed to want of sun. 
He said the species was becoming not at all uncommon round Birmingham, and he 
had taken many at Sutton, although a few years ago it probably did not occur here. 
Mr. A. H. Martineau described some experiments he had been making upon different 
killing substances, in order to ascertain their effect upon the colours of insects. 
Amongst other things, he had tried the fumes of sulphur, which certainly seemed 
to preserve the reds and yellows of Diptera and Hymenoptera better than ammonia 
or cyanide of potassium; if anything, the effect being that the colours were 
heightened, not turned:to black. On the whole he recommended at least a trial of 
sulphur.—CoLBRAN J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon. Sec. 


THe SourH Lonpon EntomonoaicaAL AND Naturat History Society: 
August 23rd, 1894. —E. Strep, Esq., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. Hall exhibited two cabinet drawers of Diurni, captured in Switzerland 
during a fortnight in July, comprising about 100 species, among which were noticed 
specimens of Hesperia lineola,O. Mr. Filer showed a very dark Stauropus fagi, 
L., from Ashdown Forest. Rey. J. HE. Tarbat, a remarkable aberration of Vanessa 
eardui, L., from N. Wales. Mr. Mera, Agrotis tritici, L., and A. aquilina, Hb., 
stating that it was considered by some persons that these were forms of one species. 
A discussion ensued, Messrs. Barrett, Fenn, and others taking part. Mr. Frohawk, 
pupe of Vanessa urtice, L., showing beautiful variation in colour, induced by 


artificial surroundings. Mr. Sauzé, various forms of Formica nigra, and contributed 
notes thereon. 


September 13th, 1894, the President in the Chair. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited, on behalf of Mr. South, all the named forms except 
var. albana of Peronea variegana, Schiff.; on behalf of Mr. Murray, of Carnforth, a 
beautifully bleached var. of Hrebia ethiops, Esp., from his neighbourhood; on 
behalf of Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, a pale grey var. of Agrotis segetum, from N. 
Ireland ; and a short series of Arctia Caja, L., bred this year, with notes on the 
variation shown by them. Mr. C. G. Barrett, the specimen of Plusia moneta, Eb., 
taken at Norwich by Mr. Tillett, and a beautiful red var. of Oncocera ahenella, 
Zinc., taken at Folkestone by Mr. Purdey. Mr. Filer, series of Mpinephele hyper- 
anthes, L., from Brockenhurst and Halstead, showing local variation. Mr. H. Moore, 
male and female living specimens of the Orthopteron, Hphippigera vitium, from 
Poitiers, and read notes as to their habits; he also contributed his observations 
upon Lepidoptera in France during August. Mr. A. Hall, a splendid var. of 
Pyrameis myrina, from Bogota, 8. America, with the type form for comparison. 
Mr. Dennis, a specimen of the “Silver Fish,” Lepisma saecharina. Mr. Manger, a 
specimen of the rare stalk-eyed Crustacean, Gonoplex angulata, which had been 
dredged off Weymouth. Mr. C. G. Barrett, photographs of the Entomologists who 
recently met at Mr. Capper’s house in Liverpool. Mr. Tutt gave a lengthy and 
interesting account of what Dr. Chapman and himself had observed during a tour 
through France, Switzerland, and N. Italy, especially referring to those species of 
Rhopalocera which occur in Great Britain. A discussion ensued; and Mr. Mans- 
bridge gave a few remarks upon Lepidoptera in the Indian Territory, U.S. A. Mr. 
West, of Greenwich, a specimen of the rare Coleopteron, Lebia cyanocephala, L., 
from Bookham, with specimens of the two races of LZ. chlorocephala, Hoff., for 
~ comparison.—Hrnry J. Turner, Hon. Seerctary. 


I38 | October, 


SOME ADDITIONS TO THE NEUROPTEROUS FAUNA OF NEW 
ZEALAND, WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN DESCRIBED SPECIES. 


BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c. 


More than 20 years ago I published (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
July, 1873) a Catalogue of the Neuropterous Insects of New Zealand. 
Since then a few additional species have been described, and sundry 
alterations in nomenclature, &c., have been found necessary. It is 
not my intention in the present paper to revise that Catalogue; I 
propose simply to give descriptions of a few hitherto unnamed species, 
and to intercalate therewith a few supplementary notes. The additions 
to my collection of these insects from the Colony during the period 
above mentioned have not been great; for several of them I am 
indebted to Mr. G. V. Hudson, of Wellington, an industrious ento- 
mologist and keen observer, who has done good work in Weuroptera 
(as in other Orders) by describing and figuring the metamorphoses of 
several species in his Manual of New Zealand Entomology (1892). 
From him, and from others, I still have a few species, chiefly Zr7- 
choptera, that await examination. 


TRICHOPTERA. 
Fam. SERICOSTOMATIDA. 


(iconesus, MeLach. 

This genus (¢) was established so long back as 1862 (Trans. 
Ent. Soe. Lond., 3rd ser., vol. i, p. 803, with further notes in Journ. 
Linn. Soe. Zool., x, p. 211, pl. i, fig. 1, 1868, and, 9 , in Annals and Mag. 
N. H., July, 1873, p. 39). It becomes necessary to supplement the 
published descriptions, more especially as there co-exists in New 
Zealand another genus the aspect of which is very similar. 


3. In the anterior wings there is a deep fold or groove commencing at the arculus 
on the inner margin, where it is very broad, extending to the thyridium, and thence 
continued obliquely: the neuration seems to defy comparison with a regular condi- 
tion ; the sector radii would seem to arise from the upper cubitus, which, in its 
turn, arises from the radius near its base (a condition that merits still further exami- 
nation and confirmation!), and the apical neuration is equally extraordinary (ef. 
fig., loc. cit. supra), especially the position of the 3rd apical cellule (which bears 
the “point” near its base common to that cellule). In the posterior wings there 
are indications, on the costal portion, of the fold on the anterior; the neuration is 
more regular, and the apical forks 1, 2 and 3 are present. 

?. Neuration regular; in the anterior the upper edge of discoidal wall is 
straight ; apical forks 1, 2, 3 and 5 present: in the posterior apical forks 1, 2, 3 and 
5 present (cf. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., J. c. supra). 


1894.] 239 


(Econests mMAoRI, McLach.— 3. There isa small triangular acute tooth on 
the ante-penultimate ventral segment. Last dorsal segment narrow; from its upper 
edge arise the superior appendages in the form of two narrow transverse lobes, con- 
tiguous in the middle of the margin, their outer edge furnished with long and strong 
pale hairs; intermediate appendages (upper penis cover ?) long and flattened, united 
for more than half their length, and then forming two branches, each oblique at its 
apex, leaving a deep triangular excision between them. Inferior appendages two- 
branched, the upper branch long, cylindrical and obtuse, bearing long pale hairs, 
lower branch attenuate at the apex, which is curved downward. 


Q. Larger (expanse, 30 mm., as against 26 mm.). In the anterior wings the 
pale irrorations are smaller and more evenly distributed. A sharp triangular brown- 
tipped tooth on the ante-penultimate ventral segment. Last dorsal segment in the 
form of a triangular plate; below it isa tubular piece, truncate at its apex, whence 
(viewed laterally) a narrow rounded valve proceeds on either side, projecting slightly 
beyond the tube. 


I have males from Wellington (Hudson, “ Nos. 1 and 11”); the 
only 2 bears no special indication of locality. 


PSEUDG@CONESUS, %. 9. 


The species of this genus resemble conesus in a very remarkable 
manner, but the neuration of the ¢ is quite different. The characters 
here given are mainly comparative. 


3g. Characters of antenne, palpi, legs, &c., practically the same. In the anterior 
wings there is no costal fold and no defined groove (present in @iconesus); the radius 
is confluent with the first apical sector (in both sexes and in both pairs, as in Gco- 
nesus) ; upper edge of discoidal cell excised (straight in @eonesus) ; apical forks 
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 present (irregular afterwards), the 6th apical cellule very much dilated 
at its base in a nearly circular manner. In the posterior wings apical forks Nos. 1, 
2,3 and 5 are present, and the neuration is apparently regular (but abnormally 
irregular on one side in the only male before me). 

9. The joints of the labial palpi shorter and broader, the terminal joint almost 
spoon-shaped. In the anterior and posterior wings apical forks Nos. 1, 2,3 and 5 
are present, and the neuration appears to be normal and regular. 


It appears to me probable that Giconesus and Pseudaconesus may 
have affinity with the group of genera represented by Goéra, Silo, &e. 


PSEUDGCONESUS MIMUS, 7. sp. 


9. Almost precisely similar to the same sex in @. maori, but slightly smaller. 
In the anterior wings the excised upper edge of the discoidal cell (mentioned in the 
generic characters) is a good structural definition; the pale irrorations are larger 
and less regular (more as in the g of @. maori); near the base of the 3rd apical 
cellule is a rather large rounded pale spot, on each side of which is a somewhat con- 
spicuous brown spot (wanting in @. maori). 

On the ante-penultimate ventral segment is a very strong triangular tooth. 

. End of abdomen very similar (in dried examples) to that of G2. maori. 


240 (October, 1894. 


I have two examples before me from Wellington (Hudson, “ Nos. 
16 and 11”), and in referring them to Pseudaconesus (in the absence 
of the g) have been principally guided by the form of the discoidal 
cell. | 

PsEUD@CONESUS STRAMINEUS, ”. &p. 

3. Much paler than Ps. mimus, stramineous or pale testaceous. Anterior wings 
pale greyish-stramineous, closely irrorated with small whitish spots, the pubescence 
greyish and stramineous intermixed (no dark spots in the 8rd apical cellule), apical 
margin narrowly fuscescent, slightly interrupted with the ground colour, and on the 
inner margin are four or five long fuscous lines alternating with long pale spaces. 
Posterior wings whitish-silky-stramineous, the apical portion more yellowish, fringes 
concolorous. On the ante-penultimate ventral segment is a long and strong narrow, 
testaceous, acute tooth, and another similar, but rather shorter, on the penultimate. 
Last dorsal segment concealed (in the example before me); superior appendages 
lateral, quadrate, furnished with long pale hairs. Intermediate appendages (or 
upper penis cover ?), viewed from above, consolidated into a broad elongate plate, 
canaliculate above, deeply notched at the apex, forming two obtuse apical points 
furnished with very long pale hairs. Inferior appendages 2-branched, the branches 
distant, both apparently stout and cylindrical, curved in such a manner as to leave 


@ semicircular space between them. 
Length of body, 7 mm. Expanse of wings, 28 mm. 


One ¢ from Wellington (Hudson, “ No. 126”), which I consider 
the type of Pseudeconesus. 


@. Asin the g, but the body darker, and the anterior wings with a more 
decided yellowish tint ; the pale and dark spaces on the inner margin less distinct. 
A sharp, broad, triangular tooth on the ante-penultimate ventral segment. 
Margin of last dorsal s6gment nearly straight, and slightly excised in its middle. 
Tubular piece forming two small, broad, triangular obtuse lobes, if viewed laterally, 


but open above and beneath. 
Length of body, 10 mm. Expanse of wings, 33 mm. 


‘One example from Mount Arthur, 2800 feet, January 19th (Mey- 
rick) ; a second much smaller example from the same locality but at 
4500 ft. elevation, expands to only 20 mm., it agrees with the larger 
in all essential points, and the dwarfing is probably due to altitude. 

Although the sexes above described are not from the same locality, 
I have coupled them on account of colour-likeness, it seeming to me 
very improbable that the ¢ described as stramineus can be of the same 
species as the 2 described as mimus. Feeling that there is yet a good 
deal to clear up in these allied forms, and that it could only be satis- 
factorily done by local observers, I have quoted the numbers on the 
specimens forwarded to me by Mr. Hudson. 


OLINGA, new name. 
= Olinz, McLach., Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool., x, p. 196 (1868). 


_ CHANGE OF ADDRESS. 
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(2) “ Palearctic Nemoure :” by Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S. 


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CONTENTS. PAGE 


The British species of the genus Psyche and its allies.—C. G. Barrett, F.E.8. .. 217 
A Holiday in the Pyrenees.— W. E. Nicholson, F.E.S., ¢ F. C. ibicninairn. F.E. 8. 220 


Callimorpha Hera at home in South Devon.—G. T. Porritt, BDSt eae 223 
Coleoptera in the New Forest.—@. C. Champion, F.Z.8 , and Dd. Ste F. R. S. 225 
The Chigoe in Asia.—W. F. H. Blandford, M.A., F.Z.S. . . 228 
Pre- -oceupied generic names in Lepidoptera. —_F. Meyrick, B. A, P. Z. isa 1. 230 
Discovery of Trioza centrauthi, Vall., in England. Tees B. } Mason, J F. id 8... 231 
Nothochrysa capitata in Yorkshire. —G. T. Porritt, E.L.S. . Woah OOl 
Observations on Coccides (No. 10).—R. Newstead, PES. WeucooboCesscabscckdasdaddo ZO 
Coleoptera at Weymouth and Portland.—T. Hudson Beare ane . 234 

Large number of Metcecus paradoxus in one Wasp’s Nest.—E. A Butler, ‘BA, 
Catocala Resta, Ls ab Norwich. 9. WwW. Gartien UD. Bie iuesheenesZ oO 
Note on Hriogaster lmacetira 2 in Devon.—@G. T. Bethune-Baker, P. Op 3. we... 235 

Great abundance of the larvea of Heliophobus popularis in. the North of 
France. —Eus.......... meee 
Tinodes unicolor, Pict., in Ireland. Rey, W. F. jannsan Mu. AL F. E. Ss. sa ciattes 236 
A black variety of Andrena ros, var. Trimmerana.—Id. ....... Rgreto coat) ZO 
Decticus albifrons, F , at Ramsgate.—C. A. Briggs, F.E.S.. RR iossceads OO 
Socretigs, —Birmingham Entomological Society .. weae + veined eaten pee eC 
South London Entomological, &c., Society . : saseandte peace 

Some additions to the Neuropterous “Fauna of New Zealand, with notes on 
certain described species.—R. McLachlan, F.B.S. 11... cc ceeeees. sevestcecees LOS 


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November, 1894. ] 241 


This change in nomenclature is necessary, and under rather peculiar 
circumstances. In 1856 Forster (Hym. Stnd.) used Olynx as a generic 
term. According to his derivation (which was the same as mine) it 
should have been Olinw. Possibly I might have been excused from 
* altering my term had not Taschenberg (Hym. Deutschl.), in 1866, 
given Forster’s name its correct rendering (Olina), in which he has 
been followed by others. The term I now propose changes the 
original as little as possible, and has practically the same meaning. 
The ? of O. Feredayi, McLach., remains unknown to me. 


NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA. 
Fam. OSMYLID. 
Srenosmyius, Mclach. 


I instituted this genus in 1867 for the reception of Osmylus tenuis, 
Walker, and other Australian species. It was chiefly characterized by 
the narrow wings, and (especially) by the bifid or deeply excised tarsal 
plantule. Subsequently, two New Zealand species (znczsus, McLach., 
and citrinus, McLach.), with the apical margin of the wings strongly 
excised, were included, and I see no reason for altering their position ; 
‘moreover, the Australian Osmylus pallidus, McLach., should be placed 
in Stenosmylus, and it has excised wings. I have since received another 
species from New Zealand (described below), in which the apical 
margin is scarcely excised, and the wings broader than in the Australian 
species, thus approaching some forms of Osmylus, therefore, species 
with both forms of wings are represented both in New Zealand and 
Australia. The latter genus has increased vastly of late in the number 
of known species, and there is much diversity in the form of the wings 
and in minute details of neural structure. The condition of the 
plantule remains the principal distinguishing character of Stenosmylus, 
for in Osmylus they are truncate, or at the most only very slightly 
excised. I have an undescribed Stenosmylus with excised wings 


from Chili. 


STENOSMYLUS LATIUSCULUS, 1”. sp. 


Head above and pronotum dull yellowish. On the head the hinder part of the 
vertex (behind the ocelli) is separated from the fore part by a transverse slightly 
raised line, from which two slightly divergent longitudinal impressed lines descend 
to the hinder margin ; ocelli large, but not prominent, approximate, their sockets 
narrowly blackish ; eyes blackish; antennz pale brown, the two basal joints and the 
base of the 3rd joint yellow; front fuscescent; palpi yellow. Pronotum narrowly 
black on its side margins, longer than broad, with a transverse sulcus on its posterior 
third, the dise with small black tubercles whence black hairs arise, and there are black 

x 


242, [November, 


hairs on the lateral margin. Meso- and meta-nota yellowish, clouded with fuscescent. 
Anterior legs pale yellow, with fine, short, dark hairs, the tips of the tibie and of 
the tarsal joints brownish, plantula brownish (intermediate legs wanting) ; posterior 
legs mostly fuscescent, but the base of the femora and tibie is somewhat yellowish. 
Abdomen (2) fuscous above, dull yellowish beneath, sparingly clothed with pale 
pubescence: apex obtuse, provided beneath with an ovipositor (?) which appears to 
consist of two closely applied two-jointed pieces, the second joint directed backward 
upon the first ; the posterior margin of the 7th ventral segment produced in its 
middle into a quadrate valve, from within which a cylindrical process (broad at its 
base) is directed between the basal joints of the above described apparatus. 

Wings long-oval, subacute at the apex, with a very slight subapical excision. 
The ground-colour is very pale grey, somewhat shining: in the anterior wings the 
neuration is blackish and whitish alternately, but in an irregular manner, closely set 
with minute black tubercles, whence arise black hairs; some of the black transverse 
nervules are faintly clouded, giving a faint irregular tessellated appearance; the 
margins all round are alternately whitish and dark in an irregular manner; there 
are faint dark spots on the transverse nervules between the radius and sector at their 
commencement, also along the lower cubitus, and the external series of gradate 
nervules form a somewhat curved dark line; pterostigmatic region (in both pairs) 
long but ill-defined, whitish-testaceous ; costal nervules irregular, some simple, some 
with a small fork at the costal end, or forked and each branch again forked: posterior 
wings almost without markings, save slight nebulosity occasioned by the grouping of 
the black nervules, which are less numerous than in the anterior, and the black 
tubercles are fewer in number and scarcely evident. ; 

Length of body, 13 mm. Expanse of wings, 54 mm.; length of anterior wing, 
26 mm., greatest breadth, 9 mm. 


I have one ¢? labelled “ Otira Gorge, on window at light.” 


Var. Smaller (expanse, 45 mm.). The head above and pronotum more dusky, 
and the black margins of the latter rather broader. Posterior legs wholly yellowish. 
The anterior wings rather more strongly marked, the spots under the radius and 
along the lower cubitus rather more distinct. 

One ¢? without special indication of locality, but which may 
possibly have come from Greymouth. The difference from the type 
is very slight, and any importance attached to the slight discrepancies 
mentioned would probably disappear with more materials. 


StenosMYLus rncisus, McLach.—I possess this species from 
Otago (Oxley), Waitara, and Wellington (Hudson). According to 
Mr. Hudson it is rare in the neighbourhood of Wellington. 


STENOSMYLUS cirRINUs, McLach.— This insect is apparently 
liable to variation, and perhaps from local causes, so far as I can judge 
from the three specimens in my collection. The precise locality of 
the type specimen is uncertain. A second, from Wellington (Hudson) 
has the anterior wings more strongly marked and the ground somewhat 


1894.] 243 


greyer; on the posterior wings there is a distinct discal point (as in 
the anterior), and the apical portion is distinctly clouded. Finally a 
third, from Waitara, differs still more widely ; the posterior femora 
are darker: the wings have scarcely a trace of the yellow colour so 
striking in the type, but could be more correctly described as pale 
grey ; the dark points in the anterior are much more numerous, and 
are spread over nearly the whole wing, but the whitish spot at the end 
of the upper cubitus is scarcely indicated, and is not margined with 
black ; in the posterior the neuration is blackish in certain places, 
causing a nebulous appearance. All three examples agree in size and 
form, and at present it seems prudent to consider that from Waitara 
as only a strongly marked variety, having in view the paucity of 


material. 
(To be concluded tn our next). 


TWO SPECIES OF PSOCIDZ NEW TO BRITAIN. 
BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &c. 


Herr H. Tetens, of Berlin, one of the most recent writers on 
European Psocidea, lately visited London, and through him I am able 
to confirm the following species, of which I give brief descriptions, as 
new to our List. 

Psocus Mason (Kolbe), Loens. 

Ps. sexpunctatus, L., var. major, Kolbe, Jahrb. d. Westf. Provinz. 
Ver., 1879-80, p. 109. Ps. major, Loens, Stett. Zeit., li, p. 7 (1890) ; 
Tetens, Ent. Nachr., xvii, p. 375 (1891) ; Reuter, Act. Fenn., ix, No. 
4, p. 25 (1893). 

Closely allied to Ps. 6-punctatus. Differs in the apex of the anterior wings 
being less rounded; the pterostigma less dilated at the apex, and its basal portion 
more or less opaque-whitish or yellowish; the six subapical spots the same, but the 
other markings of the wings are less evenly distributed, and in part congested into 
an oblique fascia from the base of the pterostigma to the inner margin (somewhat 
as in Ps. fasciatus), where it is widest, and the colour of the markings appears to me 
to be brown rather than grey (minute differences in the neuration are also indicated, 
and the colour of the body is said to differ in fresh individuals). 

I have one example in my British collection taken at Forest Hill, 
near London, on September 30th, 1861. Mr. J. J. King does not 
possess it amongst his extensive series of sexpunctatus from varied 
British localities, and Herr Tetens (/. ¢., p. 876) was mistaken (of which 
he is now convinced) in attributing (from description) Ps. subfasciatus, 
Steph., to this species. It is very possible I had more British examples 
in view when writing my Monogr. of Brit. Psocide (Ent. Mo. Mag. 

X 2 


244, (November, 


ii, 1867), for, in describing the markings of Ps. sexpunctatus, I said 
“some of them often uniting and forming an oblique fascia before the 
middle, broader on the inner margin.” 

I am now quite convinced of the specific distinctness of Ps. major. 
It is widely spread on the Continent. I have taken it at Paris, in the 
Schwarzwald, and in Belgium (Dinant), and possess it also from Berlin 
(Tetens), Finland (Reuter), and Switzerland (Bergin, Zeller, Burgdorf, 
Meyer-Dir). 

The specific term “ major” is unlucky, for the species is amongst 
the smallest of the genus (as restricted) ; all Kolbe intended was to 
indicate a form of sexpunctatus slightly larger than usual, and even 
this is scarcely apparent. 


Czcrtius Koxsetr, Tetens. 


C. Kolbet, Tetens, Ent. Nachr., xvii, p. 382 (1891). 

A small species about the size and form of C. obsoletus. Head shining dingy 
yellowish ; nasus shining fuscescent. Antenne shorter than the wings, blackish, 
the two basal joints yellowish. Thorax blackish. Legs yellowish. Abdomen 
yellow, black at the apex. Anterior wings greyish, with strong blackish neuration, 
which is margined with brownish, scarcely visibly so in the ¢, but strongly so in 
the ¢ (in which sex the wings are slightly shorter), where it forms a clouding under 
the pterostigma, and the apical margin is occasionally broadly brownish, but the 
amount of marking is very variable. 

The ¢ might sometimes be mistaken for very small C. flavidus 
from casual observation. Mr. J. J. King took about twenty examples 
on August 16th, 1892, just within the entrance to Tuddenham Fen 
(Suffolk) from the village of that name, by sweeping dead and dry 
stems of ragwort in the vicinity of Scotch Fir. Herr Tetens indicates 
it from Fir in sandy places near Berlin, and he told me that he only 
found it on the lower branches near the ground. I had practically 
identified the species from his informal description. 

There can be no doubt that both the above-mentioned species are 
widely distributed with us, and that several others remain to be 
detected. 


Lewisham, London: 
October 6th, 1894. 


A NEW SPECIES OF CORZBUS (BUPRESTIDZ) FROM JAPAN. 
BY G@. LEWIS, F.L.9. 


CoRHBUS NIPONICUS, sp. 2. 
Cyaneus, robustus, nitidus ; elytris albo-fasciatis, apicibus conspicue 
4-spinosis ; antennis pedibusque concoloribus. Long., 10 mm. 
Deep rich blue, with part of the thorax, base and sides of the elytra, purple in 


1894.] 245 


certain lights, robust, shining; the head somewhat sparsely punctate, frontal channel 
angulate posteriorly ; the thorax evenly arched from the anterior angle to the base, 
distinctly marginate at the sides, with the edges very evenly and finely crenulate, 
surface sculpture not very close, disc convex; the scutellum uneven, transverse 
in front, somewhat sharply acuminate behind ; the elytra wholly sculptured above, 
deeply and widely impressed in the middle close to the base, before the apex is 
a white pubescent fascia with the posterior edge almost straight, and a second 
undulating band well behind the middle, apices strongly 4-spinose; the legs and 
antenne cyaneous. 

This species is the fourth in the genus recorded from the Japanese 
Archipelago, it is similar to C. 4-undulatus, Motsch., in its elytral 
spines, but the large size, colour, and shape of the thorax and scutellum 
are very different. 


Hab.: Japan (Fenton). Also an example in the British Museum 
from the Ruikiu Islands, probably Oshima. 


Note.—Oorebus 4-undulatus, Motsch., is brassy or brassy-green 
in colour, or very rarely purple-black, and it usually measures 7-8 
mm. The thorax also is rather widened out behind, and the scutellum, 
although bulging out somewhat before the base, is more triangular, 
and in fresh specimens there are four patches of pubescence, which 
represent a median fascia. 


84, Sandgate Road, Folkestone : 
October 5th, 1894. 


EXOCHLAZNUS, SHIPP, A NEW GENUS OF LEUCOSPID. 
BY J. W. SHIPP. 


EXOCHLANUS. 


Closely allied to Leucospis, but the abdomen is short, stouter, and with the first 
or basal segment nearly as wide as thorax. Face rather more elongate from the 
lower margins of the eyes. Head narrower laterally. Antenne 11-jointed, scape as 
long as the three following joints ; 2nd joint short, not so thick at base as at apex ; 
3rd joint as long again as 2nd, narrow, wider at apex; the rest gradually thickening 
to the apex, and of equal length. Apex of anterior tibiz armed with a curved 
spine. Anterior coxe very elongate and almost as long as femora, the tibia not so 
long as the femur. Metathorax short, stout, and as wide as pronotum, with the 
posterior angles slightly rounded. Abdomen as long as thorax, with the posterior 
segments very much compressed. Apex of ovipositor flattened laterally at ex- 
tremity. Intermediate tibie with a small tooth at apex. Posterior coxe much 
dilated on the upper margin, with the apical angle rounded. Hind femora with one 
large tooth near the base, followed by seven smaller points; hind tibize enrved, 
produced to a tooth and armed with a small spine at apex; tarsi furnished with a 
number of spines at margins. 


Type: Leucospis anthidioides, Westw., Thes. Ent., p. 185, pl. xxv, 
fig. 7, 1874; in Mus. Oxon., from Brazil. 


Oxford University Museum : 
October, 1894. 


246 (November, 


A HOLIDAY IN THE PYRENEES. 
BY W. &. NICHOLSON, F.E.8., AND F. C. LEMANN, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 223). 


Thecla ilicis.—Not uncommon at Vernet; the specimens we captured are 
referable to the var. @sculi, which is a very dull looking insect compared with the 
brilliant var. cerri, which represents the insect at Digne. 7. roboris.—This in- 
teresting species was fairly common at Vernet in bushy places, especially in the wood 
above the hotel, where it delighted to sun itself on the leaves of ash, alder, and other 
trees. Unfortunately, nearly all the specimens we took were more or less worn. We 
were fortunate enough to find upwards of 50 ova on stunted ash trees. The egg is of 
a brownish-red colour, and in shape like a cone flattened at the top. It is laid on 
the knotted branches of very stunted ash trees, frequently on the scar left by a leaf 
of the preceding year. 7. quercis.—We took one specimen of this species at Vernet, 
which I have noted, as Mr. Elwes could not confirm Struve’s observation as to its 
occurrence. 


Polyommatus virgauree.—A brilliant form of this species occurred on the 
flowers of a species of Senecio, near St. Martin; the marginal row of black spots on 
the upper-surface of the hind-wings is well defined in our specimens, but we did 
not see any which could be referred to the var. Meigii, which is said to occur in the 
Pyrenees, and in which black spots occur on the upper-surface of the fore-wings near 
the apical angle. P. Alciphron, var. Gordius, P. Dorilis, and P. Phleas also 
occurred at Vernet, and two handsome varieties of the latter were taken by M. 
Oberthiir. 


Lycena betiea.—A few specimens were noticed at Vernet, and we found it 
fairly common at Biarritz on some heathy ground to the south of the town, and in 
the marsh near the station. LZ. argiades.—A few were noticed at Vernet, on the 
road to Casteills, near the monastery of St. Martin; it was common at Biarritz in 
company with ZL. detica, but usually worn. JL. orbitulus, var. pyrenaica.—We 
captured five specimens of the Pyrenean form of this insect on some marshy ground 
near the Lac de Gaube ; it differs from the Swiss form in being larger, and haying 
the spots on the under-side whiter. The form occurring in the eastern Pyrenees is 
claimed by M. Oberthiir as a distinct species. Unfortunately, we were too early for 
it on the Pla Guilhem, when we visited it on July 9th, as the season was backward. 
The variation of this insect appears to be analogous to that of our Artaxerxes, with 
its intermediate form, Salmacis. L. amanda.—We were too late for the first brood 
of this species at Vernet, but we subsequently took a few rather worn specimens 
between Cauterets and La Raillére. 2. Arion.—A dark form of this species, some- 
wnat like the var. obscura of Switzerland, but rather larger, occurred near the 
Lac d’O6. 

Nemeobius Lucina.—Worn specimens were noticed on July 9th at a considerable 
elevation on the Pla Guilhem route. 

All the British species of Vanessa occurred at Vernet, and V. cardui was 
present in the greatest profusion, probably the result of a large immigration from 


Spain. M. Oberthtr took a very curious bleached variety of this species. 


1894.] | 247 


Melitea Aurinia, var. Merope.—A fairly good series was taken on the Pla 
Guilhem ; the specimens are slightly more fulvous than the form occurring in the 
Upper Engadine. MM. Deione.—This species was over at Vernet at the time of our 
visit, but larvee were taken by M. Chrétien, while staying at Vernet, in the St. Vincent 
valley. I. Parthenie.—Taken on the Cabaliros near Cauterets ; the spots of the 
under-side are scarcely so white as in the Swiss form, varia. 


Argynnis Pales—Not uncommon on the Cabaliros and other elevated places. 
A specimen was taken with the whitish blotches occasionally noticed on Arg. Paphia 
in this country. A. Daphne.—A single specimen was taken by a M. Viard, who was 
staying at the hotel at Vernet, in the valley of St. Vincent. A. Pandora.—Several 
specimens of this handsome species were seen at Vernet, and we secured a fine female 
on a thistle head on the road to St. Martin. 


Welanargia Lachesis.— Abundant at Vernet, where it entirely replaces J. 
Galathea. Some of the specimens from Vernet are of a distinctly yellowish colour. 
M. Galathea—Common near Cauterets; the specimens were hardly so dark as the 
usual Swiss form. 


We took altogether ten species of Hrebia, nearly all of which differ more or less 
from the Swiss forms of the same species. 


Erebia Epiphron, var. pyrenaica.—This variety, which differs from the type in 
the greater extent of the fulvous bands, which have larger black spots, was not 
uncommon on the Pla Guilhem at Vernet, and near the Lac de Gaube at Cauterets. 
One specimen with very large black spots was taken at St. Martin, near Vernet, at an 
elevation of less than 3000 feet. #. Manto, var. Cecilia.—The first specimen which 
we captured of this species was mistaken for a form of glacialis. It is almost 
uniformly black on both surfaces of the wings, though some specimens retain faint 
indications of fulvous markings near the apical angle of the fore-wings, especially on 
the under-side. One female was taken which is quite fulvous on all the wings on the 
under-side, while another is perfectly black; in both cases they are destitute of 
markings. As far as our observations went, it entirely replaces the type in the 
Pyrenees. One specimen was taken on the shores of the Lac d’O6, and we found 
it in considerable abundance (thanks to Herr Seebold’s directions) between Cauterets 
and La Raillére, where we captured thirty males and three females in about an hour. 
E. @me.—Al\most over at the time of our visit. We took, however, a few scattered 
specimens near Vernet and at Lac de Gaube. ‘They appear to approach the var. 
spodia of the Austrian Alps. #. Stygne-—Common at Vernet and in the Hautes 
Pyrénées at the lower elevations. A specimen from the Lac d’O6 appears to be a 
male with the markings characteristic of the female. HH. Lvias.—Common at Vernet 
and Cauterets. It occurs at various elevations, those from the higher places being 
rather the smaller. . melas, var. Lefebrei.—We took two males and one female 
of this species on a mountain slope covered with loose boulders on the Pla Guil- 
hem, at about 8000 feet ; it is difficult to capture from the character of the ground 
it frequents. The form which occurs in the Eastern Pyrenees differs from that 
found more to the west. Unfortunately we failed to meet with it near Luchon or 
Cauterets, as the weather was generally unfavourable for exploring the higher 
mountains. L. lappona.—Rather common on the Pla Guilhem, and abundant on 
the Cabaliros. The forms from the two localities differ considerably ; those from 


248 [ November, 


the Pla Guiihem being smaller and more fulvous than those from Cauterets. Speci- 
mens from the latter locality have the fulvous band on the fore-wings almost entirely 
absent. 2H. Tyndarus, var. Dromus.—This pretty variety occurred on the Pla 
Guilhem and in great numbers near the Lac de Gaube. The Vernet specimens are 
more fulvous, and have larger ocelli than those we took near Cauterets. Both forms 
are, however, readily separable from that occurring in Switzerland. #. Pronoé, 
var. pyrenaica.—A single specimen of this variety was taken at Cauterets on July 
23rd; it is usually abundant there in August. H. Huryale-——Rather common on 
the route to the Lac d’O6; it also occurred abont Cauterets. We did not take a 
long series, and the individual specimens vary too much to enable one to point to 
any constant peculiarity separating them from the Swiss form. 


Satyrus Aleyone.—Fairly common at Vernet in dry stony places, and noticed 
also at Cauterets. It appears to entirely replace S. Hermione in the Pyrenees. S. 
Circe.—Taken at Vernet, but not in any numbers. 8. Briseis.—Taken on the 
dry hill sides below Vernet, where several other species of Satyrus occurred. S. 
Arethusa.—Two specimens were taken in company with one S. statilinus on the 
fringe of the marshy ground at Biarritz on July 27th; both species are probably 
abundant there in August. 


_ Epinephele Janira.—A very bleached variety was taken at Vernet. The females 


of this species are not so handsome in the Pyrenees as in other parts of the South 
of Hurope. 


Caenomympha Cdipus.—This very local species was abundant in the marshy 
ground at Biarritz, were we captured upwards of sixty specimens one morning. 
They vary considerably in the number and size of the ocelli on the under-side. 


Spilothyrus althee.—Occurred at Vernet and Cauterets, but not abundantly. 


Syrichthus alveus.—Very abundant near the Hotellerie du Pont d’Espagne on 
the route to the Lac de Gaube, where they congregate in great numbers on mules’ 
dung. 


Cyclopides Morpheus.—We were pleased to find this strange species in the 
marshy ground near Biarritz, where it flies over the reeds with a curious jerky 
flight. It was not uncommon, and would not be difficult to catch on dry land, but 
in the marsh its pursuit had frequently to be abandoned. 


We did no real work among the Heterocera, but a few interesting 
species came incidentally under our notice. Among these were Zygena 
anthyllidis and Psyche Leschenaultii, both of which are confined to 
the Pyrenees. We found them not uncommonly on the Cabaliros, 
where Herr Seebold directed our attention to them. The Psyche 
occurred on the lower slopes, while the Zygena frequented the summit 
of the mountain between 7000 and 8000 feet. Among other species 
of interest that we noted were :—Zyg. Sarpedon, the larve of which 
were found in abundance by M. Chrétien near Vernet on Eryngium 
campestre, Z. scabiose, Cauterets, Trochilium apiforme, Vernet, Arctia 
purpurea, not uncommon at Vernet, and Abraxas pantaria, abundant 
in the wood near the Hotel at Vernet. 


1894. ] 249 


In reference to the Heterocera, it struck us at the time that it is 
a pity there is so little communication between English and Conti- 
nental collectors. This want is seriously felt by the Continental 
collectors themselves, who, as Herr Seebold informed us, often find it 
very difficult to obtain in exchange types of peculiar British forms, 
especially among the Wicro-Lepidoptera. 


W. #E.N., Lewes: September 7th, 1894. 
F.C. L., Plymouth: September 8th, 1894. 


THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSYCHE, AND ITS ALLIES. 
BY C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. 
(Continued from page 219). 


EPICHNOPTERYX CALVELLA, Ochs., fusca, Haw., hirsutella, St. Cat.—if this is 
truly hirsutella, Hiib., the name must have been given it on a well known principle ! 
It is one of the least hairy of the group. This species, which was found twenty 
years ago and upwards, in the larva state, almost plentifully in the woods north of 
London, seems to have become very scarce, or to have been so completely overlooked 
more recently, that the announcement of its being observed in the neighbourhood 
of Reigate at an Excursion of the South London Society comes quite as a relief. 
The male is well known in collections, having a very thin body, but large fore-wings, 
expanding sometimes one inch, of a pale brown colour, and thinly clothed with very 
minute hair-scales. The female a mere maggot without any wings or legs, and in 
the dried condition shrivelled and shapeless. The case rather broad in the middle, 
narrowing rapidly at both ends, and covered with dried morsels of leaf, capsules of 
sallow or plantain, morsels of dried stalks, or any other vegetable material; which 
is placed crosswise or any way rather than lengthwise. This case the female is 
reported never to quit. The larva is after the fashion of those already described, 
living in the case, protruding a light brown head with some white lines upon it, and 
the three following segments, which are covered down to the legs with thin, grey, 
horny plates, and living on sallow, buckthorn, oak, bramble, hazel, hawthorn, and 
hornbeam. So far as I can ascertain, the male flies most freely towards evening, but 
for the reasons just given recent information is not forthcoming. 


E. purua, Esper, radiella, Curtis.— There seems to be no doubt of the 
identity of the forms sometimes known under these two names. The smaller, and 
far more plentiful, found in meadows and on hill sides, usually in chalky districts ; 
and the rather larger and blacker (sometimes noticeably larger), found rather rarely 
in marshy places, and especially at the edges of salt marshes ; appear to present no 
reliable distinguishing characters. This is a well known species, easily recognised 
by its blackness, and by the fact that the wings are covered thinly with minute hairs 
rather than scales, the cilia being especially hairy. Occasionally specimens which 
have become worn are also, probably from the effect of strong sunshine, faded to a 


950 [ November, 


browner colour, and where these have been more worn in the middle of the wings 
than at the margins, they appear to have been, at times, mistaken for H. margine- 
nigrella, Braund. The opportunity of examining a living female occurred rather 
unexpectedly. My. F. G. Whittle while searching, on my behalf, at Southend, met 
with three of the curious cases of this species, from one of which, most fortunately, 
a female emerged, excluding herself at once from the case. She was about half an 
inch long, stout, and very like a maggot, reddish-yellow, redder on the back, especially 
at the segmental divisions; head very small and tucked down, a mere brownish 
mask, browner where the mouth should be; no mouth organs, antenne, wings nor 
scales; legs just indicated by minute jointed yellow glassy points, without claws— 
mere papilla, apparently without motion or functions; seemingly without dorsal 
shields; pretty even in thickness to about the 11th segment, which, with the 
following, tapers off rapidly, the 13th being small, bluntly terminated, except a 
small point or ovipositor case projecting from its centre. This portion of the body 
has a vermicular motion, otherwise the creature seems quite inert. Preserved 
specimens which have laid their eggs shrink very short and small, and become curious 
little squared objects, ribbed closely at the insertions of the segments. Bruand 
describes the larva as dirty white, inclining to purplish, with two clearly indicated 
black-brown stripes on each side, a very small spot of the same colour between the 
two upper ones, and a rather irregular line above the stigmata; head and legs 
shining blackish. Feeding on grasses. Inhabiting a case of silk covered with short 
lengths of slender dried grass laid most carefully parallel lengthwise, not spreading, 
but of equal thickness at each end; nearly cylindrical, but in the smallest degree 
swollen in the middle. Usually two or three of the bits of grass are longer than 
the rest, and project beyond the ends of the case. 


Pupa also in the case; that of the female appearing as though Dipterous ; that 
of the male of the ordinary moth form, splitting down outside the wing cases on 
emergence, so as to throw off all the limb cases in an unbroken piece. The case is 
occasionally fixed for pupation to a post or other suitable object near the ground, 
but usually to a grass stem, and the larva keeps so near to the ground as to be 
difficult to find. The male moths are active enough, at times, in the sunshine, 
though they generally keep down among the grass a good deal. Mr. Sydney Webb 
tells me that he has often observed them to assemble round probably newly-emerged 
females. He says, “I have frequently seen perhaps a dozen fluttering about and 
settling in a spot which indicated the presence of a female. They seem to arrive 
quite suddenly from all directions within a limited area, and almost every blade of 
grass within a square yard will have its occupant.”’ 


E. RETICELLA, Newman.— This beautiful little species appears to be almost 
unknown outside a very limited portion of our southern and south-eastern coast. 
There is only one record of it abroad, so far as I know.* It frequents the salt marshes 
of the Kent, Essex, Sussex and Hants coast, the male flitting on a still sunny afternoon 
from blade to blade of grass, and closely resembling the pretty little Dipterous 
insects, with broad hairy wings, called Psychoda. Its markings are merely grey 
nervures and cross bars on a white ground, but these are very delicate. The grey 


* Dr. Heylaerts recorded it a few years ago from Breda in Holland. 


1894.1 251 


crossbars, lines or stripes vary in direction, from perpendicular to the margins of the 
wing to oblique, and in thickness and distance apart, not only in different specimens, 
but usually on the two sides of each insect, the pairs of wings being hardly ever 
quite symmetrical. The female is naked and without wings, legs or antenne, a mere 
maggot, red-brown when preserved, and with the segments deeply divided, but 
probably paler and much more plump when fresh. The curious brown mask which 
does duty for a head, has two blackish hollows in the place of eyes; a black spot 
where the mouth should be, and slight curved ridges at the sides, which seem to 
suggest antenna-cases. Anal segment terminated abruptly as though cut off, but 
having in its centre a protruding ovipositor in three abruptly terminated telescopic 
portions, the final one being a mere point. For the opportunity of examining this 
specimen I am indebted to Mr. B. A. Bower. It and one male (reared) are the sole 
result, so far as this species is concerned, of much searching on his part and that of 
Mr. George Bird ; and a search of many days this year by Mr. F. G. Whittle, for 
the purpose of assisting me, furnished nothing further as regards this species.* It is 
safe, therefore, to conclude that the habit of the larva is excessively secret and obscure. 
Four cases were however found, some years ago, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher on 
the Sussex coast, and as he preserved one larva it is possible to furnish a descrip- 
tion. This larva is, of course, small, moderately plump, and apparently thickest 
toward the hinder end ; head shining black; 2nd, 8rd and 4th segments each with 
a shining dark brown plate completely across the dorsal surface, and with a similar 
horny spot below each on each side; body pale pink or pinkish-white ; legs similar, 
but with dark brown claws; prolegs hardly indicated. In a soft, slender, close- 
fitting case, which is hardly cylindrical, but curved in, a little, at the ends, composed 
of silk mixed with morsels of Conferva, and partially covered with short bits of very 
slender dead grass, which look half decayed, and are dotted over with the confervoid 
matter so plentiful in salt marshes. The case has been found on Artemisia maritima 
in salt marshes, but there is no doubt that it is usually concealed low down among 
the tangled mass of Spartina stricta with which the drier portions are often covered. 


The pupz of the male and female are as in the last mentioned species. 


It is perhaps desirable to draw attention to the structure of the females of this 
and the last species, because females, and even cases, which evidently belong to the 
next genus, have been placed in some collections under these names. As the edges 
of salt marshes seem to be frequented by several species, an error of this description 
readily occurs. Mr. Whittle found and sent up cases of E. pulla and Fumea robo- 
ricolella while looking for those of the present species. 


EH. uNDULELLA, F. R.—This is also a small species, very little larger than Z. 
reticella, differing from it in the cross lines, which are very slender and form a 
delicate reticulation over all the wings. I only mention it because in the long series 
of LE. reticella in Dr. Mason’s collection I find a single specimen of this species. 
Unfortunately it has no label, but there is no indication of a foreign origin, and the 
insect may prove to have a habitation in these islands. It would be very easily 
overlooked. Abroad it is recorded from Hungary and Southern Russia. 


(To be concluded in our next). 


* Since the above was written he has sent me young larvee. 


252, {November, 


AN IMPROVED ENTOMOLOGICAL PIN. 
BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S., &. 

Two opinions can hardly exist as to the inefficiency of the ento- 
mological pins at present in use; everybody grumbles about them. 
The tinned and gilt sorts afford little or no security against the action 
of insect fluids, while the enamelled kind are rough, and the temper 
of the metal has been so deteriorated by the hot process to which it 
has been subjected, that the points often turn on meeting with but 
comparatively trifling resistance. 

For some months my attention has been directed towards in- 
vestigating this matter, and after patient enquiry I have come to the 
conclusion, that the primary cause of failure to satisfy our wants lies 
in the metal itself, and in the innumerable imperfections in the wire 
from which the pins are formed, these imperfections having been in- 
creased by twisting in the act of “drawing,” so that a surface is 
presented which it is seemingly impossible to coat, whether with tin, 
gold, silver, or nickel, with sufficient completeness to ensure the pro- 
tection of the metal beneath. Such being the case, a radical change 
in the original material would seem to be necessary in order to produce 
an ideal pin. For this purpose nickel appears to be the best suited ; 
it is as hard as iron, or nearly so, is ductile, and resists all acids ex- 
cepting nitric, which it is not likely to meet with in its entomological 
eareer.* My old friend, Mr. Charles Fenn, has suggested to me 
aluminium, but though this is ductile, and resists all acids excepting 
hydrochloric, it is, in its ordinary state, a soft metal, though it is said 
that it may be made as hard asiron by hammering. I have not yet been 
able to procure wire made from nickel or hammered aluminium, and 
have not the run of a pin making machine, or I might write with 
greater authority upon the subject. 

Still, though I almost despair of producing a perfect pin without 
a change in the metal basis, it has seemed to me that considerable 
improvement might be effected, in the way of remedying the defects 
of the article already in use, and with this end in view I have lately 
conducted a long series of experiments, with at any rate a moderate 
amount of success. . 

I will not weary your readers with an enumeration of my various 
attempts to solve the problem, but will content myself with laying 
before them one of the methods which appears to be as good as any, and 
is certainly the cheapest and simplest. ~First cleanse from grease and 
other impurities some ordinary white entomological pins by soaking 
them in a strong solution of washing soda or potash for not less than 


* Nickel pins are advertised by Deyrolle fils of Paris. —G. C. C. 


1894.] 253 


a quarter of an hour, giving the basin in which they have been placed 
an occasional shake ; after this pour off the liquid and let the tap run 
over them for another quarter of an hour or longer. Next pour off 
the water and do not quite dry the pins, but put them while wet into 
-a round wide mouthed bottle and cover them with a solution of nitric 
acid, one part of the commercial sort to twelve parts of water, and roll 
them round the bottle, but not violently. After two or three minutes 
again drain off the fluid, and cover the pins with the strongest solution 
of sulphohydrate of ammonium, cork the bottle and allow them to 
remain for five minutes, gently inverting them for half the time, but 
not shaking them. The liquor may now be poured off and bottled for 
future use. Lastly, distribute the pins carefully, for if roughly done 
their surfaces being yet soft will be scratched, over a paper-covered 
tray and expose them to the air, and to sunshine if obtainable, until 
they are thoroughly dry ; if thus left for a few days they will take no 
_ harm. They will now be of a rich bronze colour, which will become 
darker with age. It may here be noted that the addition of half a 
grain of nitrate of silver to each ounce of the acid bath will yield a 
much darker colour, while a couple of grains of nitrate of uranium 
used similarly will give a richer bronze, which will ultimately become 
darker, though not so dark as that obtained by the nitrate of silver. 
In order to test the resisting powers of all the different kinds of 
pins, stick examples of each into the cork of a wide mouthed bottle, 
then put a teaspoonful or two of strong acetic or butyric acid into the 
bottle and replace the cork. In the course of a few hours the vapour 
of the acids will show up the defects of the tinned and gilt kinds; 
the latter will go first, and will be irrorated with a bright green exuda- 
tion from every porous portion of the coating, and soon afterwards 
the former will appear to perspire a turquoise greenish-blue liquid 
from every pore, and the twist of the metal will be made very evident. 
Then, after thirty-six hours or so it will be found that the enamelling 
of the black pins has become brittle, and, if the enamel be removed, 
portions of the metal beneath will be found green. After about the 
same exposure the bronzed pins will be covered with a greenish bloom, 
and the surface will be brittle, but, if scratched off, the metal beneath 
will be found unaffected. The test here given is a much more powerful 
one than is likely to occur under ordinary entomological circumstances. 
The advantages claimed for pins prepared in the manner suggested 
are:—that the metal is actually hardened, especially at the points ; 
that the surface is smoother than that of enamel, and that they con- 
sequently have superior penetrating powers; that the colour (bronze) 


D5A [November, 


is less conspicuous than tin, gold, or jet black; that they better resist 
the action of acids; and lastly, perhaps, that they will improve with 
age. The first two points any one can very soon decide, the third is a 
matter of opinion; for the verification of the last two time will be 
required, and for this purpose it will afford me much pleasure to 
forward samples to any entomologists who would like to give them a 
trial, by using them to pin such species as are likely to go greasy, and 
watching the result. Address as below till November 10th, after that, 
Camden Road, London, N.W. 

A word of caution is here necessary. Pin bronzing is essentially 
an outdoor pastime, and can only be indulged in at home at the risk 
of being indicted for a nuisance, for there are not many liquids which 
can vie with the sulphuretted hydrogen given off in the process for 
vileness of odour, a few whiffs of which would amply suffice to set a 
whole neighbourhood sniffing, and an army of sanitary inspectors on 
the war path. It is likewise an occupation that should be conducted 
by daylight, for the gas evolved is inflammable, and when mixed with 
oxygen or air, explosive. The would-be operator, especially on a large 
scale, will therefore see the desirability of securing a shed for a work- 
shop in some secluded spot, remote from human habitations. 


Camden Villa, Lennard Road, Folkestone : 
September, 1894. 


AN ADDITION TO THE LIST OF BRITISH HEMIPTERA. 


BY EDWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S. 


PLAGIOGNATHUS (AGALLIASTES) EVANESCENS, Boh. 


This little species may be known at once from Wilkinsoni, which 
it resembles in the uniform brown coloration of the hemelytra, by its 
less shining surface, the coarser, more conspicuous yellowish-white 
pubescence, and the black antenne; from saltitans, the unspotted 
hemelytra, less shining and more coarsely pubescent surface, and 
longer 8rd and 4th antennal joints, will easily distinguish it. The 
antenne have the 2nd joint thickened, as in saltitans, and the 3rd and 
4th joints subequal in length, each being about four-fifths the length 
of the 2nd, the hemelytra have no apparent membrane; the femora 
are testaceous at the apex, and the tibie testaceous at the apex, darker 
at the base ; the spines, which are fine and black, do not spring from 
black spots. Length, 13—13 mm. 


1894.) 255 


For the addition of this species to our list we are indebted to 
Mr. Alfred Beaumont, who captured a few specimens amongst Sedum 
at Colwyn Bay in August, 1890, and has kindly given me the examples 
from which I have drawn up the above description. 


St. Ann’s, Woking, Surrey : 
October, 1894. 


TWO NEW BRITISH DIPTERA. 


BY F. C. ADAMS, F.E.S. 


On the 20th of July last, whilst collecting in the New Forest, 
near Lyndhurst, I took a single specimen of Mallota eristaloides, Lw. 
I did not know at the time what a prize I had found, but thought it 
was an HMristalis or Criorrhina, The insect, however, was new to me, 
so I kept a good look out for more, but without success, the weather 
being unfavourable for Diptera during the few remaining days of my 
stay. I recently took the specimen, with various other Dzptera, to 
the Natural History Museum for identification, and it at once attracted 
the attention of Mr. Austen, who kindly named it for me. 

About the middle of May I aiso took in the same district a 
Pipunculid, about which Mr. Austen was doubtful at first, but has 
since identified as Nephrocerus flavicornis, Zett. 

Both insects are new to the British List of Diptera, and I have 
presented them to the National Collection. 

68, St. Ermins Mansions, Westminster, 


and Fern Cottage, Lyndhurst : 
October, 1894. 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDA FROM DEVONSHIRE. 


BY G. C. BIGNELL, F.E.S. 


Pimpia BRIDGMANI, 7. sp. 

Head black; under-side of scape of antenne and palpi stramineous; antenne, 
upper-side of thorax and abdomen fuscous, mesothorax darkest; under-side, in- 
cluding coxe, legs and scutellum, ochraceous ; scutellum and adjacent part of 
mesothorax forming an oblong square patch; hind tibie light fuscous, with a ring 
near the base, and apex, dark. Antenne 25-jointed; length, 3} mm.; aculeus, 1 mm. 
Length of body, 5 mm. (excluding aculeus) ; expansion of wings, 9 mm. 


A parasite on a spider, Drassus lapidicolens, Walck. 


PRAON ABSINTHII, 7. sp. 


9 --black ; mouth and greater part of the abdomen, and terminal joints of tarsi, 
testaceous ; antenne, 3rd joint wholly, and 4th all but the extreme apex, pectus, 


956 {November, 


legs, apex of the upper-side of first segment of abdomen and base of the second, 
forming an oblong spot, ochraceous. ¢—much darker insect; antenne and pectus 
black.” Antenne of male with twenty-one joints ; female, nineteen. Length, 3mm.; 
expansion of wings, 6 mm. 


A parasite on Siphonophora absinthii, Linné (Koch, fig. 272). 
Stonehouse, Devon: 


October, 1894. 


[The above descriptions also appear in the Presidential Address to the Plymouth 
Institution and Devon and Cornwall Nat. Hist. Soc., delivered by Mr. Bignell on 
October 12th, 1893, and published in its Transactions for 1893-4.— Eps. ]. 


DR. HANSEN ON HEMIMERUS. 


BY D. SHARP, M.A., F.R.S., &c. 


A paper on Hemimerus has recently appeared in Ent. Tidskr., 
1894, p. 65, &., from the pen of Dr. H. J. Hansen, of Copenhagen. 
Through the kindness of Dr. E. Bergroth, I am able to give an account 
of this interesting memoir. The insect has been a puzzle to entomo- 
logists on account of its being said to possess two palpigerous labia ; 
it has, indeed, been proposed to exclude it altogether from the Insecta 
on that ground. Until lately the insect has been known only by the 
few specimens in our national collection, described by Walker as 
Hemimerus talpoides. Specimens of the genus have been recently 
received by the Stockholm Museum, found by the Naturalist Sjdstedt 
in Gambia. The insect proves, as its appearance suggested, to be a 
parasite on mammals ; it was found on a very large rat, Cricetomys 
gambianus. It occurred on only two individuals of the rat, but there 
were in each case plenty of specimens ; they were very active, running 
about, and even leaping. The food is unknown; Hansen suggests 
that it may be small parasttes, but this is rather improbable ; it would 
require an enormous stock of small parasites to keep a dozen or more 
Hemimerus—a fairly large insect—supplied with pabulum. The idea 
that the insect has two palpigerous lower lips is so completely 
erroneous that one can only wonder how it could have arisen. The 
mouth has the parts ordinarily found in a mandibulate insect, and 
nothing more. 

Dr. Hansen had at his disposal only three dead specimens pre- 
served in spirit; on cleaning one of them he was surprised to find 
that it had some foreign bodies inside it; these, on further examination, 
proved to be young Hemimerz ; six young were found, arranged, the 
larger one near the hind part of the body, the smaller near the 


1894. ] 257 


thoracic region. So that it is evident the insect is viviparous, and 
that the young are born in an advanced state of development, in all 
probability one at a time. 

Dr. Hansen thinks the insect allied to the earwigs, and he is in 
this probably correct. Still, the information we have about the 
development is very inadequate, and even the structural characters 
are by no means completely ascertained ; indeed, it is a matter of 
surprise that Dr. Hansen should have been able to give as much 
information as he has done from so scanty a material. The form of 
the unborn young is apparently much more elongate than the adult ; 
but the appendages are somewhat similar to those of the adult. A 
single young specimen was captured, and from the brief account given 
of it, the genus evidently belongs to the group of mandibulate insects 
with incomplete metamorphosis. How the young are nourished in 
the body of the parent, the exact position they occupy, and the period 
of life at which they are born, remain to be ascertained. Judging 
from Dr. Hansen’s figures, his species is. probably different from the 
HI. talpoides of Walker. 


Cambridge: September 28th, 1894. 


Phibalapteryx lapidata, Hb.,in South Lanarkshire.—I was delighted to observe 
Phibalapteryx lapidata flying over a rather extensive tract of upland pasture 
(700—900 feet) across which I had occasion to pass at the close of what had been, 
for the season and locality, a very fine mid-September day. The insect seemed to 
be especially attached to flats covered with rushes and carices intermixed with 
Scabiosa, and more rarely with meagre tufts of Calluna. Only a degree less in- 
teresting than the feeble flying Phibalapteryx, and in striking contrast to it, were 
swarms of Tapinostola fulva, which was careering about everywhere in its usual wild 
fashion, except when lured into the little assemblages which the virgin females 
gathered round them for a brief spell. These two species appeared to be the only 
characteristic Lepidoptera of the time and place. Other species represented could 
only be considered stragglers or belated examples belonging to an earlier period :— 
Hydrecia nictitans, Celena Haworth, Larentia didymata, Cidaria testata, one or 
two of each, and a few examples of Peronea aspersana make up the list of Lepidoptera 
seen. ‘The locality is very bleak; it borders a great stretch of boggy and heathy 
moorland, with a flora and fauna which appear to have few features of interest. 
Coremia munitata is the only other insect I have yet found there which is worthy of 
mention ; towards the end of July and beginning of August it occurs in the greatest 
abundance.—KeEnnetu J. Morton, Carluke, N.B.: September 25th, 1894. 


Phibalapteryx lapidata in Stirlingshire-—¥or the last few years my friend 
Mr. E. Eggleton has taken a small number each season of the above scarce Geometer 


in South Stirlingshire. As each year came round he has asked me to accompany 
06 


958 [November, 


him, but until this one I have not had an opportunity of doing so, when I spent 
September 7th and 8th with him in search of this species. During the daytime we 
beat the ground well, but without result; but as darkness set in on the 7th Mr. 
Eggleton was rewarded with a fine specimen (making his sixth of the season). My 
first capture was upon the 8th, and in quick succession I boxed five fine specimens, 
he only taking one that evening. During the following week we secured about 
twenty specimens, but many of them were worn.—JAmzs J. F. X. Kiya, 207, Sau- 
chiehall Street, Glasgow: October, 1894. 


Scarcity of Lepidoptera.—I do not think I can recollect a season in which 
Lepidoptera have been as scarce as the present. Sugar has been a perfect failure. 
Night after night I have spread the sweets, only to find them despised; even such 
abundant species as X. polyodon and T. pronuba were few in number, and as to 
varieties there were none. Last year dark X. polyodon were numerous, this year I 
have only met with one ; however, there is always some compensation, and mine 
has been that I have added to my Armagh list Orgyia antiqua, of which I captured 
a g specimen in Mullinure on September 8th, and to-day I succeeded in taking 
some nice white forms of Peronea variegana; P. perplexana, however, is not in its 
usual plenty. I presume we must blame the damp, sunless summer for the paucity 
of Lepidopterous fauna, and to this there is added an early autumn with peculiarly 
cold nights.—W. F. Jounson, Armagh: September 18th, 1894. 


Phylloxera punctata, Licht., at Hereford.—Without knowing its name, I have 
for a dozen years or so had a bowing acquaintance with this insect as a rather per- 
nicious form of blight on some young oak trees at Burghill. This autumn I was 
struck with its abundance on many large oak trees at Stoke Hdith, to which it gave 
quite a yellow and sickly hue in mid-September. Mr. Douglas, with the assent of 
Mr. Buckton, kindly supplies the name as above. At Burghill the leaves of our 
large oak trees are at present quite free from this species, but have still some common 
green Aphis, and are of a dark green colour, rendered even deeper by a thick sooty 
coating of the carbonized (?) honey-dew of earlier Aphides. ‘The leaves of the small 
trees to which at Burghill, as far as my observation is trustworthy, the Phyllorera 
has always been confined, are yellowish, the site of every specimen being a distinct 
yellow spot, the effect on the leaf-tissues being vastly more pernicious than the work 
of the common green fly. I imagine the Phylloxera is longer lived, and continues 
its work at the same point for a longer period. This would not, however, explain 
the difference, as the green fly makes up for more than this by excessive numbers. 
The work of the Phyllowera suggests poisoning as well as drainage of sap.—T. A. 
CuapMaN, Firbank, Hereford: September, 1894. 


Aépophilus Bonnairei, Sign., in the Isle of Wight.—On June 27th last I 
captured two larve of this insect at Totland Bay, in the Isle of Wight. They were 
clinging to the lower surface of very large, deeply embedded stones on the beach, 
just below high water mark, in company with Aépus marinus and A. Robini, and Micra- 
lymma brevipenne. The mature insect is probably not to be met with earlier than 
the month of August. The recorded British localities for Aépophilus are Cornwall, 
Plymouth and Lyme Regis. —G. C. Cuampion, Horsell, Woking : October 13th, 1894. 


1894.] 259 


Ptomaphagus varicornis, Rosenh., fc., at Guildford.—I have already recorded 
(cf. ante, pp. 185, 185) some few interesting Coleoptera from the neighbourhood of 
Guildford. To these I may add the results of three subsequent visits to the locality, 
in July, August and October:—Ptomaphagus varicornis, one $,in company with 
plenty of the common P. sericeus ; Colon viennense, Euplectus Abeillei, Scydmenus 
Sparshalli, Bythinus Burrelli, Choragus Sheppardi, Mycetoporus punctus, Agarico- 
phagus cephalotes, Hydnobius punctatissimus, Anisotoma litura, Syntomium eneum, 
Oxypoda spectabilis and incrassata, and Oxytelus clypeonitens; all obtained by 
evening sweeping. My friend Mr. R. W. Lloyd has also taken at the same place a 
fine ¢ of Colon rufescens.—Id. 


Latheticus oryze, C. O. Waterh.—I have recently had forwarded to me two 
lively “samples” of infected barley from a London granary. The first sample was 
Persian, from Bussorah. It contained an immense number of Coleoptera, which, on 
examination sorted out into five species—Latheticus oryze, Rhizopertha pusilla, 
Calandra granaria, Lemophleus pusillus, and Tribolium ferrugineum, the first 
mentioned being by far the most numerous in individuals. In the same lot I also 
found a single specimen of a peculiar Anthocorid, quite strange to me. The second 
sample, which was much older and dustier, came from Odessa. It contained 
specimens of the same species, but in more limited numbers. The Latheticus is very 
active, and when the samples were placed in the sun, or warmed, it rapidly emerged 
from the grain. I am informed that these insects soon spread from one bulk to 
another in the granaries. Latheticus, the real habitat of which is unknown at 
present, is, no doubt, of eastern origin ; it appears in British and European lists as 
an introduced species. It will probably soon rank with such cosmopolitan forms as 
Gnathocerus, Alphitobius, Palorus, &c.,and be carried to all parts of the world.—Zd. 


Rare Aculeate Hymenoptera.—I have been fortunate in taking males of the 
following, in spite of the wretched season :—WMethoca ichneumonides, Latr., at Oxshott 
on August Ist; Pompilus (Aporus) unicolor, at Boxhill, on August 8th; and Pom- 
pilus (Evagethes) bicolor, at Oxshott, on September Ist. I am indebted to Mr. 
Saunders for determining the species—ALFRED BEAUMONT, The Red Cottage, Pond 
Road, Blackheath: October 1st, 1894. 


Hymenoptera in Shetland and Orkney.—On August 25th last I left Aberdeen 
by the S.S. “ Rognvald,” ona visit of about three weeks to Shetland, hoping to 
secure a good series of Bombus Smithianus, and perhaps to solve the mystery of 
Bombus “nivalis.” Thad intended at first to stay at Lerwick, but finding that my 
steamer (the largest and most comfortable in the service) was going on to Unst, I 
resolved to do the same, and on August 27th I found myself in good quarters at 
Mr. Weber’s new hotel at Balta Sound, and ready to begin collecting. 

B. Smithianus was abundant beyond all my expectations. During the week I 
spent in Unst I found it everywhere. The entrances to its burrows were often in 
the unmortared stone walls, called dykes, which in these islands take the place of 
hedges ; and my attention was repeatedly called to them by the crowds of males, 


which dashed about them with loud hummings from morning till night whenever 
Pew) 


260 [ November, 


the weather was tolerable. The females and workers were common on flowers of all 
kinds. I saw them visiting potatoes, clover, thistles, dead nettles, and heather, but 
they seemed to have a special affection for the scabious. 


For “nivalis” I looked in vain in Unst, but, on returning to Lerwick, I was 
delighted at last to come across it. My first specimens were taken on September 4th, 
and from that day to the 13th, when I left Shetland, I never failed to find it on my 
walks over the hills, though it was by no means so common as Smithianus, and 
appeared to confine its visits entirely to the small heather, on whose flowers I took 
all the sexes in abundance. I did not succeed, however, in finding any of its nests. 
The moment I had extracted the ¢ armature, I felt satisfied that Mr. Saunders was 
right in his expectation (see Synopsis, p. 237), that “nivalis” would prove to be a 
variety of Serimshiranus. It is, no doubt, a very distinct variety; but that it is 


specifically distinct seems to me no longer conceivable. 


I was less surprised by what I found in Shetland, than by what I did no¢ find. 
No bees whatever, except these two remarkable species ; no wasps, nor fossors ; no 
ants, except Myrmica ruginodis! Even Apis mellifica seems to be wholly unknown 
in the islands; a negative proof of which is that Bombus Smithianus regularly goes 
there by the name of the “hive bee,” and its burrows are called by the natives 
“hives.” I heard rumours of the existence in some places of a “mason wasp,” 
which I suppose would be some kind of Odynerus, but I could not find it. No 
doubt I was late in the season, and there surely must be some kinds of Andrena and 
Halictus to be encountered earlier in the year ; but my actual experiences were as I 
have stated, and I was a good deal surprised by them. 


On my way home I had one day (September 14th) in Orkney, and did my best 
to ascertain in that time how far the Aculeata of the two groups of islands agreed 
or differed. Three kinds of bee presented themselves, Psithyrus vestalis, Bombus 
distinguendus, and a tawny Bombus with pale under-side, which I naturally took for 
agrorum or venustus, probably the former. However, after reaching home and ex- 
tracting the armatures, I found that on comparison they agreed with neither of those 
species. The pale under-side prevented me from thinking of Smithianus, and one 
idea alone suggested itself, that they might be the “cognatus” of Schmiedeknecht, 
which is only known to me through his description and plate. Ultimately I sent 
them to Mr. Saunders, who considers that (the pale hairs notwithstanding) my 
insects are specimens of Smithianus. ‘The normal black-haired Smithianus did not 
occur to me in Orkney, nor did I see anything there that could represent “nivalis.” 
But of course one cannot lay much stress on the negative results of a single day’s 
hunting, and that, too, in weather which was not particularly favourable for the 
appearance of Hymenoptera.—F. D. Morice, Rugby: September, 1894. 


Bombus soroensis, Fab., at Ilfracombe.—Some years ago I captured a single g 
of Bombus soroensis in this neighbourhood, but have not met with it anywhere else, 
so that I have never had any opportunity of becoming acquainted with the species 
in the field. I have, however, during the last week met with it in tolerable plenty 
and in several localities, so that I imagine that it is pretty generally distributed 
about Ilfracombe. It seems to prefer the ordinary Centaurea (C. nigra) to any other 
plant; occasionally I have found it on thistles, and once or twice on brambles, but 


1894.] 261 


otherwise always on Centaurea. The similarity of the white tailed form of the % 
of soroensis (the only one I have found about here) to that of terrestris, var. lucorum, 
is extreme. The first day that I met with it I caught two or three males, this 
made me look specially for the §, and I captured several specimens, hoping that 
they might prove to be of this species, but on my return home I was quite unable 
to feel certain that they were distinct from terrestris. I had no individuals of 
terrestris to compare them with, and although from taking them all on Centaurea, 
which the ¢ also visited, I felt confident that they ought to be soroensis, it was 
not until to-day, when I caught a veritable $ lucorum,that I was able to make up 
my mind for certain as to their identity. With the two species in front of one it is 
not very difficult to separate them, but it is difficult to express in words the exact 
characteristics of each ; soroensis, as is well known, is most protean in its coloration, 
sometimes resembling terrestris, sometimes pratorum, and occasionally occurring 
nearly black ; from terrestris the white tailed form of the $ can only be distinguished 
by the rather less definite abdominal bands, the 1st segment having a few yellow 
hairs on each side, and the 2nd a few black hairs at the apex, especially in the 
middle, which disposition of the hairs gives the bands a less straight and definite 
appearance ; the face is also distinctly longer and more narrowed towards the apex 
than that of terrestris. Still I cannot help feeling great doubts whether I should 
have suspected the workers I have caught here of being those of soroensis had I not 
first captured some males; these are quite distinct from terrestris g , being much 
narrower and less bulky, the legs much thinner, and the posterior metatarsi finer 
and more narrowed at the base, and fringed on their upper margin with long, fine 
hairs. The scarcity of Hymenoptera at Ilfracombe is very extraordinary ; although 
the weather has been magnificent, ] have met with no Aculeates except humble 
bees and wasps, with the exception of a very few Halicti, two or three Crabro’s, and 
two females of Andrena denticulata. In most places yellow Composite would 
swarm with ¢ Halicti, but here one passes any quantity of these flowers without 
seeing a single individual EH pDWarD SAUNDERS, Ilfracombe: September 15th, 1894. 


Pericoma revisenda, Etn., and Psychoda erminea, Htn., near Sherborne, Dorset- 
shire.—However wide may be their distribution (the Psychoda ranges to Algeria) 
these species are apparently so very local that their occurrence in a new locality 
seems worth recording. Between six and seven miles from Sherborne, on the way 
to Dorchester, an old cart road leads through the woods and fields to the right, on 
the confines of Middlemarsh Common and Grange Wood, and soon forks right and 
left. The left hand branch runs southwards to Lyon’s Gate, passing between Grange 
Wood and Gore Wood as an enclosed lane. Near the southern end of this lane a 
specimen of P. revisenda was beaten out of hazel at the side of a streamlet by a 
cottage on the 4th instant. Two specimens of Ps. erminea were caught the same 
day—one beaten out of the hedge of Gore Wood in the lane, at a damp corner by a 
gate ; the other out of low herbage or hazel at a moist place in the hedge dividing 
Grange Wood from the aforesaid Common. A third specimen was taken at the very 
same spot on August 29th. In the net Ps. erminea appears darker than Ps. phale- 
noides, but not quite so dark as Ps. serpunctata; and the dark tufts and spots on 
the wings, indistinctly visible to the unaided eye, contribute to its recognition.— 
A. E. Eaton, Westrow, Holwell, Sherborne, Dorset: September 11th, 1894. 


262 {November, 


Sovieties. 

BrrMincHam Entomonoeioan Sociery: September 12th, 1894.—Mr. G. H. 
Kenricr, F.E.S., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. Valentine Smith, Wellington Road, Edgbaston, was elected a Member of 
the Society. 

Messrs. R. C. Bradley and C. J. Wainwright showed a collection of insects made 
during ten days spent in the New Forest in the middle of July this year. The 
Lepidoptera included freshly emerged specimens of Lithosia mesomella and Erastria 
Jfuscula, which were thus a full month late, Cleora glabraria, Calligenia miniata, 
etc. ; there were 11 species of dragon-flies, and a number of Aculeate Hymenoptera, 
including Ammophila sabulosa, Crabro vagus, cribrarius, &e. The chief part of the 
collection, however, consisted of Diptera: Alophora hemiptera and Echinomyia 
grossa were in good series; one specimen of Z£. lurida fell to each, also Myolepta 
luteola, Laphria marginata, Dioctria Reinhardi, D. flavipes, Limnobia bifasciata, 
and many others not yet fully identified, including one Dicranomyia taken by Mr. 
Bradley, belonging probably to an undescribed species. Mr. H. C. Rossiter showed 
a fine collection of Lepidoptera taken during a month’s collecting in July at 
Brockenhurst, including Triphena subsequa, Cleora glabraria and lichenaria, Ma- 
caria alternata, and long series of the species more usually met with. Mr. R. G. B. 
Chase and Mr. W. Harrison also showed New Forest captures—the former series, bred 
this year, of Limenitis Sibylla, Apatura Iris, &c.; and the latter, insects captured 
in former years, including Selidosema plumaria. There were also exhibited by Mr. 
E. C. Rossiter, Asthena Blomeri, Cymatophora fluctuosa, &c., from Arley; and a 
series of Hepialus velleda from Clent, where he said it had occurred more freely 
than usual this year, but the specimens were much smaller; last year he took only 
a few, but much larger. And by Mr. C. F. Haines, insects taken by his father 30 
years ago, including Cymatophora octogesima from Bewdley.—CoLBran J. WAIN- 
WRIGHT, Hon. Secretary. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SocrrETY: October 8th, 1894, 
Opening Meeting of the winter session.—Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S., F.E.S., President, 
in the Chair. 

Mr. C. S. Gregson stated that Orgyia fascelina, which he supposed had been 
exterminated from the sandhills, was in profusion at Formby in the larval state. 
Mr. Percy Bright, F.E.8., of Bournemouth, made some interesting remarks on 
various Lepidoptera, which he had collected from the north of Scotland, and brought 
with him for exhibition. Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., read a short note respecting the 
genitalia of two specimens of Bombyx querctis. During the evening the President 
exhibited a fine series of Calymnia trapezina. Mr. Gregson, specimens of Lithosia 
sericea, taken by himself this year; Melanippe hastata, var. hastulata, Hb., from 
Sutherlandshire ; and varieties of Arctia Caja, bred by himself this year. Mr. C. 
K. Stott, on behalf of Mr. H. 8. Clark, of the Isle of Man, two specimens of Sphinx 
pinastri.-F. N. Pirrce, Hon. Sec., 7, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 


Tue Sour Lonpon Entromonoeican anp Naturat History Socrery: 
September 27th, 1894.—E. Step, Esq., President, in the Chair. 
Mr. Auld exhibited a larva of Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fb., which had been 


1894.) 268 


feeding fourteen months. Mr. Jager exhibited the series of Callimorpha Hera, L., 
taken by him in S. Devon this year. Mr. Winkley, two specimens of a second brood 
of Smerinthus populi, L., bred this year. Mr. Filer, long series of bred Papilio 
Machaon, L., from Cambridge, one specimen having the marginal band of the hind- 
wing extended so as to unite with the discoidal spot. Mr. H. Moore, a specimen of 
Vanessa urtice, L., from Vienne, having the two spots only represented by a few 
dark scales. Mr. A. Hall, about twenty species of Rhopalocera from Japan, identi- 
eal, or almost identical, with British species. Mr. T. W. Hall, a long series of 
Melanippe fluctuata, L., from Perth, one being ochreous, many dark, and several 
were var. neapolisata. Mr. Adkin, Zygena exulans, Hoch., from Braemar; Sesia 
seoliiformis, Bork., from Rannoch; light and dark forms of Abraxas grossulariata, 
L., and grey forms of Welanippe fluctuata, L., from Aberdeen. Mr. West (Green- 
wich), on behalf of Mr. Tugwell, a large number of Zygena exulans, Hoch., taken 
this year at; Braemar, with cocoons in sité, on Crowberry. Mr. Tutt made some very 
interesting remarks on the different climatal conditions which the same species of 
Lepidoptera experienced in the High Alps and in our own country, and noted 
various modifications of habits resulting therefrom. 


October 11th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 
Mr. E. H. Trenerry, of Clapham Park, was elected a Member. 


Mr. Oldham exhibited the following species from his own garden at Woodford : 
a very varied series of Triphena pronuba, L., a series of T. orbona, Fab., and a 
few Plusia gamma, L. Mr. R. Adkin, on behalf of Mr. South, series of Pedisca 
sordidana, Hb., Peronea hastiana, L., P. comparana, Hb., P. comariana, Zell., and 
P. Schalleriana, L., from Macclesfield, and read notes; a long discussion took place 
on the perplexities in differentiating the last three species ; on behalf of Rev. J. G. 
Greene, a series of well executed drawings of the most striking vars. of Abraxas 
grossulariata, L., bred by him during the last few years, and read notes; and, on 
behalf of himself, series of Acronycta rumicis, L., from many localities, and a bred 
series of Hupithecia jasioneata, Crewe, from Ireland, and read notes. Mr. Mans- 
bridge, long varied series of 4. grossulariata and A. sylvata from Yorkshire, and 
contributed notes. Mr. H. Moore, a female Lycena Corydon, Fb., with male 
coloration, and specimens of Bombyx quercis, L., Catocala nupta, L., and Ocneria 
dispar, L., with a batch of ova of the last species, all from France ; a long discussion 
on O. dispar ensued. Mr. McArthur, series of Torocampa cracce, ¥b., Noctua 
glareosa, Esp., Acronycta rumicis, L., and Agrotis agathina, Dup., all from N. 
Devon. Mr. C. A. Briggs exhibited specimens of Plusia ni, Hb. Mr. Tutt, a narrow- 
winged specimen of Eupithecia subnotata, Hb., Agrotis ripe, Hb., from St. Anne’s- 
on-Sea, and two specimens of Eupithecia subfulvata, Haw., var. oxydata, Tr. Mr. 
Fenn, series of Cirrhedia xerampelina, Hb., from the Isle of Man, and series or 
examples of Aporophyla australis, Gn., Epunda lutulenta, Bork., E. lichenea, Hb., 
Anchocelis lunosa, Haw., Calocampa vetusta, Hb.,and Xylina semibrunnea, Haw., all 
from Deal. Mr. Tugwell and Mr. Tutt exhibited a large number of Scotch and 
Swiss specimens of Zygena exulans, Hoch., and contributed papers thereon ; a con- 
siderable discussion ensued.-Henry J. Turner, Hon. Secretary. 


264 [November, 1894. 


EntomoLogicat Society or Lonpon: October 3rd, 1894.—The Right Hon. 
Lorp Watsineuam, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair. 

My. Alick Marshall, of Bexley, Kent, was elected a Fellow of the Society. 

Mr. W. F. H. Blandford exhibited specimens of a sand-flea, chigoe or nigua, 
received from Mr. Szigetvary, of the Imperial Maritime Customs, China, who had 
found them in the ears of sewer-rats trapped at Ning-po. [Vide Ent. Mo. Mag., 
ante pp. 228—230.—Eps.]. Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. McLachlan, Lord Walsingham, 
My. Champion, Mr. J.J. Walker, Mr. Barrett, and others, took part in the discussion 
which ensued. 

Mr. F. C. Adams exhibited a specimen of Mallota eristaloides, a species of 
Diptera new to Britain, taken by himself in the New Forest on the 20th July last. 
He said that the species had been identified by Mr. Austen, of the British Museum, 
and that he had presented the specimen to the National Collection. Mr. Verrall 
made some remarks on the species, and on the distribution of several allied species 
in the United Kingdom. 

Mr. Tutt exhibited specimens of a form of Zygena exulans, well scaled, and 
with the nervures and fore-legs of a decidedly orange colour, collected during the 
last week in July by Dr. Chapman in the La Grave district of the Alps, at a con- 
siderable elevation ; also specimens of the same species taken by Dr. Chapman near 
Cogne, and another locality, which were less well scaled. He also exhibited 
Scotch specimens for comparison, and stated that he was of opinion that the. 
latter were probably as thickly scaled as the Continental ones, but that, owing 
to the differences in the climate of Scotland and Switzerland, collectors had fewer 
opportunities of getting the Scotch specimens in good condition. 

Mr. P. M. Bright exhibited a remarkable series of varieties of Arctia menthastri 
from N. Scotland, also series of Liparis monacha (including dark varieties) and 
Boarmia roboraria from the New Forest ; Zygena exulans, from Braemar; Noctua 
glareosa, from Montrose and the Shetlands; Agrotis pyrophila, from the Isle of 
Portland, and Pitcaple, N.B.; red varieties of Teniocampa gracilis; and a specimen 
of Sterrha sacraria, taken at light, at Mudeford, in October, 1893 ; also living larvee 
of Hulepia eribrum. 

Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited a living specimen of a large species of Flea, which 
he believed to be Hystricopsylla talpe, Curtis, taken at Hartlip, Kent. Mr. Verrall 
and the Chairman made some remarks on this and allied species. 

Mr. K. J. Morton communicated a paper, entitled, “ Paleearctic Nemouran: 

Lord Walsingham read a paper, entitled, “ A Catalogue of the Pterophoride, 
Tortricidae, and Tineide of the Madeira Islands, with Notes and Descriptions of 
New Species.” In this paper sixty-six species of Lepidoptera belonging to these 
Families were recorded as occurring in the Madeiras, of which thirty were noticed 
as peculiar to the Islands, twelve as common to the Madeiras and Canaries, of which 
two were not known as occurring elsewhere, and one extends its range only to North 
Africa. Over thirty species were added to the list, and one new genus, seven new 
species, and two new varieties were described. Mr. Jacoby.and Mr. Bethune-Baker 
made some remarks on the species and their geographical distribution. _ 

Mr. Blandford read a paper, entitled, “A Supplementary Note on the Scolytide 
of Japan, with a List of Species.”—H. Goss, Hon. Secretary. 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS. 


Epwarp Saunpers, from St. Ann’s, Woking, to 27, Granville Park, Lewisham, 
S.H., till July, 1895. 


EXCHANGE. 
Duplicates: Anch. marginatus, Philydrus maritimus, Hyd. parallelogramus, 
Claviger, Myrmecoxenus, Dermestes lardarius, Phosphzenus, Drilus, Opatrum, Bru- 
chus cisti, Scolytus destructor.—C. H. Morris, Lewes, Sussex. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—Meetings for the 
Session 1894—5:— 

Wednesday, November 7th, December 5th, 1894, and (Annual), 
January 16th, 1895 


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CONTENTS. PAGE 


Some additions to the ieee Fauna of New Zealand (continued).—R. 


McLachlan, F.R.S... ane judined sic cc alo oetedelelelecte Giese ea acne CR ERMC En 
Two species of Psocidss new sti alee. ray bdehonaize .. 248 
A new species of Coreebus (Buprestidae) from Japan Zecca Teen E. i Se. 244, 
Hxochlenus, Shipp, a new genus of Leucospides.—J. W. Shipp ... ..... . 245 
A Holiday in the ee es —W. #. ee oe F.E.S., aii B C. 

Lemann, F.E.S. . 246 
The British species of the. ORE Payche ana is ‘lifes. (continued. =o. a 

Barrett, F.H.S. ...... sais cole sete 
An improved Tinbomollocioel Pin. iy Gian Riages Mt. D., 7 ib 8. paonaiaee g2Oe 
An addition to the List of British Hemiptera.—E. Saunders FLD. sae siidieseeseees 
Two new British Diptera. —F. C. Adams, F.E.S. Sante se6 oe 25S 
Two new species of Ichneumonide from Ie eprenetice, cg. C. Bignell F. BR. 9. a. 200 
Dr. Hanser on Hemimerus.—Dr. D. Sharp, U.A., F'.R.S., Se. a sivas 206 
Phibalapteryx lapidata, Hb., in South Lanarkshire.—K. J. Horton F. B. 8. bowen WO 
Phibalapteryx lapidata in Stirlingshire.—J. J. F. X. King, F.E.S.. eu seal y OM 
Scarcity of Lepidoptera.—Rev. W. F. Johnson, M.A., F.E.S. . aie Sebeeretiis. 
Phylloxera punctata, Licht., at Hereford.—T. A. Chapman, M. D., F. B. o we 258 
Aépophilus Bonnairei,.Sign., in the Isle of Wight.—G. C. Gienranen, F.Z. Ss. y-- 258 
Ptomaphagus varicornis, Rosenh., &c., at Guildford.—Id. ............20006 .sss-ee 209 
Latheticus oryze, ©. O. Waterh.—Id. .......... oa) p tee ee a RA ECD) 
Rare Aculeate Hymenoptera.—Aljred Benne, F. B. s. backs veoeee 209 
Hymenoptera in Shetland and Orkney.—Rev. F. D. Monee Mt. We FE. o snore OY) 
Bombus soroensis, Fab., at Ifracombe.—H. Saunders, F.E.S.. i Sombanee . 260 
Pericoma revisenda, Htn., and Psychoda erminea, Htn., near Sherborres Dome 

shire.—Rev. A. E. Eaton, MA. 5 BBS Sos S5 saciswteainse sis sales ooo SHEER EMRE 
Socretigs.—Birmingham Entomological Society .......... cs..ee.cecseseeeeeeee ee. 262 

Laneashire and Cheshire Teepe leeical Soret | BR Bec voteon tee 2OZ 
South London Entomological, &., Society .........c00:c. sees vereee ees 262 


Entomological mes of Tondiba Jr. an we seaiee: ten) eO® 


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Second ee DECEMBER, 1894. [Price 6d. 


. THE 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S 
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EDITED BY 


C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. W.W. FOWLER, M.A., F.L.S. 

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—_—_ 


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December, 1894. ] 265 


CONGRATULATORY 


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15th November, 1894. 


THE BRITISH SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSYCHE, AND ITS ALLIES. 
BY C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 251). 


Fumea, Hiib.—The species of this genus have given me a great 
deal of trouble and anxiety. -Undoubtedly the easier plan, and one 
worthy of very serious consideration, is to lump the majority of them 
together, as Mr. Stainton has done, under the name of nitidella. 

There are, however, two difficulties in the way of this:—one is, 
that Hiibner’s figure of mnitidella really does not represent either 
of the forms, and it is uncertain what species he had before him. 
This point has been gone into at considerable length, and with great 
care, by Bruand, and his conclusion is, I think, incontrovertible, that 
the name nztidella should be abandoned. The other difficulty is that, 
although difficult to separate, there certainly exist different forms, or 
races, and that our knowledge of them is not sufficient to enable us 
at present to say that they are not distinct species. Bruand gave 
ereat care to their elucidation, and achieved some success. Of his 
species we appear to have six. | 


FUMEA CRASSIORELLA, Bruand.—Introduced as British by the late Mr. F. Bond 
in 1868. Afterwards taken by Dr. Knaggs and Mr. Mitford, its localities being 
Hornsey Wood and Bishop’s Wood, Highgate. This is the largest of this genus 
with us, being six-tenths of an inch (15 mm.) in expanse. Its wings are rather 
broad, of an elongate ovate shape, clothed, but not very densely so, with large, 
glistening, dark purplish-brown scales; the hind-wings rather paler; cilia faintly 
paler at the tips. Female plump, completely bent into a hump, almost a semicircle, 
so that the anal segment touches its case almost in contact with the head. The head 
is small, horny and shining, the body reddish, with six bars of black-brown colour, 
of a rectangular form, on the backs of the segments after the 4th; the 2nd, 3rd, and 
4th, which are rather contracted, are covered, in each case, by a blackish horny 
shield. The legs are long and strong. The anal extremity is abruptly terminated 

Z 


266 {December, 


by a thick tuft of downy scales which are brown beneath, greyish-white or yellowish 
above; from within this, and from the middle of the body, projects a long ovi- 
positor in three telescopic sections. Antenne very short, but visible under a magnifier. 
I have condensed Bruand’s description, the preserved specimens hardly furnishing 
sufficiently accurate characters. On emerging from the pupa the female withdraws 
herself from the case, but remains upon it, clinging tightly with her long strong 
legs, and keeping her ovipositor inserted in the opening from which she has emerged. 

The larva is light purplish-brown, with two deep red dorsal lines, and another 
below the spiracles, extending along the 2nd to 4th segments, afterwards becoming 
obliterated ; between the dorsal lines, on the 2nd and 3rd segments, is a deep brown 
spot; head horny, shining, light brown or red-brown, with numerous slender 
blackish markings. The case is formed inside of silk, outside of bits of dried grass, or 
occasionally slender twigs of dried plants, placed longitudinally and nearly parallel ; 
it is thick in proportion to its length, and often formed of rather stout materials. 
The pupa state is passed in the case. 

The original localities, here, have been destroyed or rendered inaccessible, and 
I know of no recent captures of the species, but it must occur in other woods 
skirting the valley of the Thames. 


F. INTERMEDIELLA, Bruand.—This is smaller than the last, the apex of its 
fore-wings rather more rounded, but the costa rolled back slightly in the middle so 
as to interfere with the regular ovate form of the wings. It has a bright golden, or 
bronzy, gloss over its dark brown colour, and is well and generally known, its case 
being found on fences, palings, and tree trunks in woods over a large portion of the 
country. By collecting these when they are fastened down for pupation, the insect 
is easily reared. The female is very like that of the last species, the anal tuft rather 
more brown, but it has slender, drooping antenne lying in a curve close to the head ; 
its habits are similar. The male flies in a very lively manner in the early morning 
sunshine, and again in the sunshine late in the afternoon, and is readily captured. 
The larva is deep purple-brown; head dark brown or blackish, with faint yellowish 
lines; three following segments yellowish, each with a transverse blackish plate, 
extending downwards to the legs, which are long and strongly made, blackish. 
Case rather thinly constructed, of silk covered with slender bits of dried grass placed 
longitudinally, some parallel, some rather diverging, so as to give it a rather loose 
appearance. Pupa of the male of ordinary form, the wing and limb cases thrown 
off in one piece when it emerges ; of the female very like that of a Dipteron, except 
that the leg cases appear in a little bunch close to the head. This species occurs 
also in both Scotland and Ireland. 


F. Roportconenia, Bruand.—The male has its fore-wings decidedly broader 
and rounder that those of any other of this group, yet is very closely allied to the 
two preceding. Its colour is darker, bronzy blackish-brown, shot with purplish, not 
so smoothly glossy as in F. intermediella; the female similar in appearance and in 
habits to that of the preceding, but having a white tuft to the anal segment. Larva 
purplish-brown, with the head and dorsal plate black, and short black stripes on the 
3rd and 4th segments. Its case is formed of silk, usually covered with short bits of 
dried grass, but often with bits of fir needles, bits of various dead stalks, or thin 


1894.) 267 


filaments of bark, all laid lengthwise but not strictly parallel, as some of the short 
fragments curl outwards, or are placed a little divergently. Bruand believed that 
this species was principally attached to oak trees, feeding on the lichens. It, 
however, is often found on pine and birch trunks, and sometimes on rocks. It is by 
no means restricted to the fine powdery lichens, but certainly eats some low plants, 
and probably a little grass. Mr. A. H. Hamm has a brood at the present time 
feeding up well upon Polygonum aviculare. It seems to be mainly attached to 
woods and hills. Mr. Chas. Briggs finds large dark specimens at Leatherhead, 
Surrey ; others sent by Messrs. Richardson and Bankes from Portland are rather 
smaller; I have found it at Haslemere and at Cannock Chase, and Mr. Fletcher has 
specimens from the South of Ireland. Its range, therefore, is wide, but the records 
of captures available rarely furnish evidence whether this species or the previous 
is intended. 


F. BetuLina, Zeller.—In this species, which appears undoubtedly to be distinct, 
the fore-wings of the male are a little longer than in the two preceding, and 
differently shaped, being slightly narrower and decidedly more pointed. The colour 
is very dark glistening bronzy-brown, smooth, and opaque; hind-wings dark grey, 
with a faint purple gloss; the cilia are extremely glossy. The female is very much 
like those of the preceding species, but the tuft of the anal segment is said to be 
snowy-white. In dried specimens it probably becomes more dingy, since the speci- 
mens before me hardly possess snowy-white tufts, but their bodies are very brown 
and shrivelled, and quite unlike the living creature. The curve of the body is as in 
the other species, and it has strong legs with which to hold to the case. The head 
is provided with curved, drooping antenne, as part of the brown mask which serves 
for a face. 


The larva is purplish-brown, with a black head, and a large black plate on the 
2nd segment, extending downwards on both sides; and on the 3rd and 4th segments 
much narrower plates, so slender as almost to be linear; legs dark grey, with strong 
black claws. in a rather pointed blackish case, thickest in the middle, and some- 
what spindle-shaped, formed of silk, and covered with minute morsels of lichen or 
bark and bits of leaf, which are patched on in an irregular manner, and give the case 
a deceptive resemblance to a bit of rough dead twig. Apparently no grass in any 
condition is used by this species. It frequents old bushes of sallow, crab, blackthorn, 
and buckthorn, usually keeping upon the lichen covered branches. 

First found in Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead, by the late Mr. Mitford, who 
devoted himself with great energy to the working up of this group; and it has since 
been found at Box Hill and Epping Forest. Two cases containing the larva were 
found in the New Forest by Mr. Fletcher, who sacrificed his hope of the imagines 
to secure the preserved larve. But for this I should have had no opportunity of 
obtaining a description. 

Bruand described what appears to be this species under the name of F. ani- 
canella, but he was, from his own statement, not well acquainted with the species, 
and rather threw his description into confusion by the expression of a doubt whether 
F. anicanella was more than a variety of F. roboricolella. Possibly he lost sight of 
the contrast between the very round wings of the male of the latter, and the longer 

Zz 


968 [ December, 


more pointed wings of the present species, and was impressed by the agreement 
between them in the whiteness of the anal tufts of the females. 


F, sALICOLELLA, Bruand.—Staudinger calls this salicicolella—which is doubtless 
what was intended—though not published. This is a curious little species, the fore- 
wings of the male being decidedly narrow, so as to form a long slender oval, not 
pointed at the apex; shining brownish-black ; hind-wings rather short, rounded, pale 
grey-brown with darker nervures. Bruand describes the female as like that of 7. 
erassiorella, but smaller, the anal tuft light yellow-brown. He also describes the 
larva as dirty grey or very light brown, head shining black, jaws whitish ; feet black ; 
the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments with divided, blackish, horny plates ; in a case which 
is a little constricted at the mouth, but swells out in the middle and terminates in a 
blunt point; covered with little fragments of bark. Very similar to that of F, 
betulina, aud living on lichens on old sallow bushes. 

This species was first recorded, in this country, in 1858, when both sexes were 
said to have been reared, but I have not seen the specimens. Mr. Mitford afterwards 
recorded finding three cases, from which he reared a male and two females, but, 
unfortunately, his specimens, which are in Dr. Mason’s collection, do not appear to 
represent this species; the male is certainly #. betulina. In Mr. Bond’s collection is 
a case, possibly of this species, but which does not appear to have produced anything. 
The only British specimen of which I have any personal knowledge was taken, more 
than twenty years ago, by my old friend and companion, long since deceased, Edward 
G. Baldwin. It was captured by him, if I do not mistake, on the wing early one 
evening at Bishop’s Wood, Hampstead—which, indeed, seems to have been the 
head quarters of the group—and I have the most perfect recollection of it, since I 
lost no opportunity of examining so unusual a species. It agreed precisely in shape 
with Bruand’s figure. I regret to say that I have utterly lost all trace of the 


specimen, and cannot find out what became of Mr. Baldwin’s collection. 


F. TABULELLA, Bruand.—TI had given this species up. The specimens in 
Mr. Bond’s collection were obviously erroneous—apparently F. roboricolella; one 
from Mr. Mitford’s collection, in the possession of Mr. Philip Crowley, is really a 
faded Epichnopteryx pulla; and the specimen reared by our lamented friend, 
Mr. Machin, from a case beaten out of blackthorn at Box Hill, and which he gave 
to me before his death, is certainly Fumea betulina, both moth and case agree 
accurately. The only remaining evidence appeared to be that of the specimen caught 
forty years ago “flying round beeches, at Mickleham,” and one similarly obtained 
from Epping Forest ; and indeed captured specimens in this group are difficult to 
depend upon, unless there is a reliable difference in shape. But the appearance of 
the first instalment of the present notes brought me a letter from an entomologist 
well known for his acuteness and skill in finding and rearing larve of our more 
difficult minute moths, and a zealous helper of Mr. Stainton, Mr. J. E. Fletcher, of 
Worcester, which changed the whole aspect of the question. After asking whether 
I had any knowledge of a Fuwmea larva on spruce-fir, and receiving my prompt 
request for information, he wrote the following : — 

“ The little I know of the Fumea of the spruce is as follows :—In the spring of 
the year 1858, I beat from an old spruce (Abies excelsa) a single case-bearing larva, 
from which, in the following summer, appeared a small brown ¢ moth, the wings of 
one side of which were cramped. By some misadventure the moth was lost. 


1894. | 269 


“Tn the spring of the year 1877, I revisited the place where the above- 
mentioned insect was taken, the Old Hills, in Worcester, and succeeded in obtaining 
four larve. Two I sent to the late Mr. Stainton, who wrote, July 10th, that he had 
bred a g moth from one case, and that it was ‘in very good condition on one side, 
but rather crippled on the other.’ This specimen should be discoverable in the col- 
lection left by that gentleman. In December he wrote again to say that ‘the second 
case had not favoured him with a moth.’ The cases I retained yielded me nothing. 


“The next, and last, time I sought for the creature was in the spring of 1882, 
when I took five larve. From one of these was bred a 2 moth; from another a 
pupa fell out, and died; a specimen of a species of Braconide came from a third ; 
while the others contained dried-up larve. 

“The larva is stout, and brown, with head and corselet black. The larva-case 
has no anal opening. The boughs on which the larve occurred bore a good crop of 
lichen. 

“The 2 moth emerges completely from its case, and stands thereupon, with its 
head towards the twig, and its ovipositor directed outward and prominent. I 
watched the creature from time to time during two or three days before disturbing 
it, during which time it maintained the same posture. 

“T forward the male moth and the pupa for inspection, also one of the larva- 
cases.” 

Upon looking at this case, I instantly recognised Bruand’s “ thick ovate case, 
which stands perpendicularly from the plane of its position,” and in Mr. Fletcher’s 
clear description of the posture of the female, precise agreement with that figured 
by the same author. Finally, I went to South Kensington, and looked at our late 
friend Stainton’s collection. Among the Psychide, placed with the other Bombyces, 
disappointment met me: they were all evidently well-known species; but, by good 
fortune, the idea of looking among the Solenobie presented itself, and there, very 
obviously, was the moth, rather crippled on one side, but on the other agreeing most 
accurately with Bruand’s figure and description—F. tabulella evidently, but un- 
named. It is very nearly of the size and shape of F. betulina, but with the fore- 
wings slightly narrower and more pointed, and the apex of the hind-wings also more 
produced and pointed, so that the hind-margin of these wings is very little rounded ; 
colour, pale bronzy grey-brown. The female is very like that of the previous species, 
its anal tuft brownish. 

The larva has a shining black head, legs, and dorsal plates, but its body colour 
is variously stated to be brown, pale ochreous, and blackish-grey, so that our know- 
ledge of it is not yet complete. The pupa of the male is exceedingly neat, short, 
plump, prettily rounded, with short abdomen, the segments well supplied with the 
minute points which enable it to wriggle itself out of its case, and into danger. The 
case is round, short, thick, with the base broad and open, so that it does not lie 
obliquely, like those of most other species. Bruand found it on old oak palings, and 
on mossy branches of wych-elm. ‘The larva becomes full-fed in June, and the moth 


emerges in July. 


39, Linden Grove, Nunhead, 8.E. : 
October 19th, 1894. 


270 ‘December, 


SOME ADDITIONS TO THE NEUROPTEROUS FAUNA OF NEW 
ZEALAND, WITH NOTES ON CERTAIN DESCRIBED SPECIES. 


BY ROBERT McLACHLAN, F.R.S., &ec. 
(Concluded from page 243). 


PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA. 
Fam. PSOCIDA. 

Myorsocus Nov#-ZEALANDIM, Kolbe, Ent. Nachrichten, ix, p. 
145 (1883), = Psocus zealandicus, Hudson, Man. N. Z. Ent, p. 107; 
pl. xvi, fig. 2 (1892). 

The types of Kolbe’s species, in very bad condition (Wellington ; 
I believe from Mr. Hudson), are in my collection. There seems to be 
no doubt that Mr. Hudson’s insect is identical, but his figure (of the 
perfect insect) leaves much to be desired. 


Fam. EPHEMERIDA. 


EprHemMEra Hupsont, n. sp. 


3 imago. Body castaneous (abdomen mutilated after its 4th segment; its 
segmental divisions narrowly darker), paler beneath. Eyes liver-red. Legs pale 
dingy yellowish ; anterior femora with a short blackish line internally, and their 
tips, and those of the same tibise and tarsal joints, darker. Anterior wings vitreous, 
iridescent, the costal margin as far as the radius, from close to the base to the extreme 
apex, dark reddish-brown, otherwise these wings are quite without markings; neu- 
ration black, but the roots of the chief nervures and the cellules enclosed thereby, 
are pale yellowish ; pterostigmatic region with mostly two rows of irregular cellules, 
most of the nervules being connected, the cellules of the lower row mostly larger. 
Posterior wings vitreous, without markings, the dilated basal costal portion faintly 
tinged with yellowish ; neuration black, principal nervures yellowish at extreme base. 

Length of body (?). Expanse of anterior wings, 41 mm. Length of anterior 
wing, 195 mm. 

3 subimago. Body dull greyish-brown, without markings, save that the seg- 
mental divisions of the abdomen are narrowly darker. Legs pale whitish-yellow, 
the articulations blackish, and the last tarsal joint and claws also blackish or fuscous. 
Outer set long (the tips wanting), pale greyish-brown, finely pubescent; middle 
seta (in the example before me) rudimentary, shorter than the appendages, dilated 
and rounded at the apex, consisting of not more than ten transverse joints. Append- 
ages greyish-yellow, the long 2nd joint nearly straight, terminal two joints short, 
subequal and slightly incurved. Anterior wings sub-opaque, pale greyish, with the 
costal margin and neuration as in the imago, and in addition there are two oblique, 
irregular, transverse, smoky-grey fascix, one nodal at its origin, and not extending 
to the inner margin, the other sub-stigmatical, and extending right across, the sub- 
apical margin bordered with the same colour. Posterior wings concolorous with the 
anterior, with a faint, smoky-grey, median, oblique fascia, and the apical portion also 
smoky-grey. Length of body, 20mm. LEHxpanse as in imago. 

2 subimago. Almost entirely similar to the g subimago, but larger and more 


1894. ] DH Al 


robust. The middle seta (in the example before me) long and well developed, but 
considerably shorter than the two outer, and its apex apparently flattened and 
dilated (? inflated during life). Wings as in the ¢ subimago, but the ground has a 


slight greenish tinge; the dark costal margin of anterior more smoky, with scarcely 
any reddish tinge. 
Length of body, 20 mm. Expanse, about 43 mm. (the tips of wings broken). 


Wellington (Hudson). Ihave 1 g imago, 1 g subimago, and 1 
? subimago. This is the Ephemera from New Zealand mentioned, 
but not described, by Eaton in his Revis. Monogr., p. 59 ; he had then 
seen only the mutilated imago ; such a geographical distribution is ano- 
malous for the genus. A very remarkable species in coloration, and 
still more remarkable for the condition of the median caudal seta as 
exhibited in the g and 9 subimago in my collection ; such a condition, 
if constant, being probably sufficient for generic separation, showing 
relationship with Heptagenia on the one hand, and Pentagenia on the 
other: the precise condition remains to be confirmed and elucidated 


from an examination of many specimens of both sexes and in both 
winged stages. 


ODONATA. 


Sub-fam. LIBELLULINA. 


SYMPETRUM BIPUNCTATUM, Brauer, var. m. NOVH-ZEALANDIG. 

?. Apparently differing from the type form chiefly in the extension of the 
yellow at the base of the wings, and its deep tint. In the anterior wings this colour 
extends to the 2nd ante-cubital nervule, to the arculus, and to near the end of the 
median (or lower basal) cell, and in the posterior it forms a triangular basal space 
reaching the triangle, and continued in an oblique manner to the anal margin some 
distance below the end of the membranule. 


I have three females before me from Paikakariki, on the coast 
about 20 miles north of Wellington (Hudson). J am not aware that 
the g has been discovered. Another 2, from near Auckland (Col. 
Bolton) has been in the British Museum Collection for 40 years ; it 
differs slightly from those from near Wellington, the yellow at the 
base of the wings being less extended, and hence more typical, and the 
dark dorsal line of the abdomen appears to be wanting (it is present 
in the others, and is indicated in Brauer’s description). 

An examination of the ¢ is desirable, but at present I see no 
reason to consider the examples as forming more than a local race of 
S. bipunctatum, a species apparently widely distributed in Australia 
and the Polynesian Islands, and which is probably liable to local 
variation. I have, at present, no ? before me that I can refer to bi- 
punctatum (type), but those from New Zealand agree (with the ex- 
ception stated) with Brauer’s description, even to the structure of the 
vulvar scale (a crucial point). 


Die, | December, 


This is the only species of Libellulina at present known from 
New Zealand, and adds another to the ridiculously small number of 
Dragon-flies that appear to exist in the Colony. 

N.B.— Brauer quite correctly placed this species in Sympetrum 
(Diplax) as characterized by (inter alia) the large elevated bilobate 
posterior lobe of the prothorax. Mr. Kirby, ignoring this important 
character, places it, and others with the same form of prothorax, in 
Trithemis, Brauer, in the true species of which the prothorax is very 
differently formed (Catalogue of Odonata, p. 18). 


Sub-fam. AEscHNINA. 

/ESCHNA BREVISTYLA, Ramb.—The examples from New Zealand 
have perhaps a slightly different facies from the Australian typical 
form. My examples are all from Canterbury, but when compiling 
my list of New Zealand Neuroptera in 1873, 1 overlooked the fact 
that Brauer had already recorded the species from Auckland (Reise ~ 
der “ Novara”’); it is in the British Museum from Canterbury, 
Wellington and Auckland. 


Sub-fam. AGRIONINA. 

TELEBASIS.—The two species from New Zealand placed under 
this generic term have since been transferred by De Selys to Xantha- 
grion, Selys, and a doubtful “race” of X. zelandicum is described by 
him under the name antipodum, from a single imperfect ?, differing 
from the type chiefly in small colour characters. Of X. sobrinum, 
McLach., there are further examples in the British Museum. Colonial 
entomologists will do well in carefully studying these small Dragon-flies. 


Lewisham, London: 
August, 1894. 


NEPTICULA CONFUSELLA, A NEW BIRCH-MINING SPECIES. 


BY JOHN H. WOOD, M.B. 


Early in last May I had the satisfaction of breeding a few moths 
from the new Nepticula larve, provisionally known as “ No. 1,” which 
were described at pages 95-6 ante, mining in the leaves of birch. 
They were recently submitted to Lord Walsingham, who has most 
kindly drawn up for me the following description :— 

Antenne in the ¢ long (reaching to the fascia when laid back at rest), shorter 


in the 2, cinereous; eye-caps whitish. Head amber-yellow. Thorax brownish- 
cinereous. Fore-wings brownish-cinereous, with a slight purplish lustre in a strong 


1894.] Vis} 


light, especially towards the apex; a broad, ill-defined, whitish fascia at two-thirds 
of the wing length, scarcely oblique, but slightly inclining outwards from the costal 
margin to before the anal angle, somewhat narrower in the middle than on the costal 
and dorsal margins ; cilia brownish-grey, paler on their outer half and about the 
anal angle. Hind-wings greyish, cilia with a slightly browner tinge. Abdomen 


brownish-cinereous. Posterior legs pale cinereous. 
: Exp. alar., 45—6 mm. V6 (in confinement). 


Larva greenish-white ; head pale amber, immediately behind which are a pair 
of conspicuous dark spots, the cephalic ganglia; burrows in the leaf with the back 
uppermost. Mine a long angular gallery, moderately wide, with the frass black 
throughout and deposited in a thread-like line. Egg on the under-side of the leaf. 
Single brooded. VII. 

Cocoon an imperfect oval, being wider at the mouth than at the other end, 
smooth and dark brown ; on, or just beneath, the surface of the soil. . 

The perfect insect comes very near /apponica— painfully” so as 
Lord Walsingham observed, but may be known by its darker colour 
and more distinct fascia. Its position as an unquestionably good 
species must, therefore, chiefly rest on the larval characters, and these 
are ample for the purpose. Thus, instead of greenish-white, the larva 
of lapponica is yellow, with a black head and black plate on segment 2, 
the latter much obscuring the brown cephalic ganglia. The mine also 
of lapponica is quite distinct: in the early part the frass is green, 
coiled, and quite fills the bore; afterwards and concurrently with the 
last moult, it gets collected into a central thread and changes from 
green to black, becoming from this point a facsimile of the mine of 
the other. 

Like lapponica it is probably none too easy to rear. Some two or 
three dozen mines were collected in 1893, but only seven moths were 
bred. This year I was very anxious to lay in again a store of the 
mines, as well as of those of lapponica, but both were so scarce that 
it was idle attempting to collect them. Few however as they were, 
they held true to their relative dates, confusella just beginning to 
appear when Japponica was well over. It will, doubtless, be found to 
be pretty widely distributed. Lord Walsingham has been able to 
ascertain from dry specimens of the mine I sent him that it occurs 
near Merton, quite at the opposite side of the country. And in a 
good series of lapponica bred by Mr. Vine, of Brighton, which he very 
kindly allowed me to see, was one specimen which, by its dark colour, 
should be referable to the new species, though, until long and pure 
series of both insects have been bred, it must remain uncertain how 
far reliance can be placed upon the characters of the imago alone. 


Tarrington, Ledbury : 
November 16th, 1894. 


274: [December, 


THE NEW “NICKEL PIN.” 


BY H. GUARD KNAGGS, M.D., F.L.S. 


On the eve of the publication of my “improved pin” paper, it 
is an agreeable surprise to receive from my good friend McLachlan, 
a copy of the “ Naturaliste,” containing an account of a new “nickel 
pin,” the more so as I have stated that my bronze pin is at best but a 
makeshift, albeit superior to anything yet in use in this country ; that 
no perfect pin is to be expected with the present metal basis—brass ; 
and that nickel appeared to me to be the metal best adapted for the 
pin of the future. Under these circumstances, it affords me great 
satisfaction to find that Messrs. Deyrolle, of Paris, have just intro- 
duced a nickel pin. The following is extracted from “ Le Naturaliste” 
of 15th of the present October :— 


“For collections of Coleopterous, Lepidopterous, and other insects, the pin is a 
question of paramount importance. Ordinary pins of brass, even though well 
tinned, frequently oxidize in the very body of the insect, and, in course of time, 
have the great inconvenience of developing oxide of copper, produced by the grease 
of the insects ; it forms around the pin, within the insect, a sort of pad which con- 
tinually increases in size, and this distends the interior of the insect until it causes 
it to burst. All collectors know this well to their sorrow, but we mention it only as 
a reminder. To remedy this, people have made black varnished pins, and pins 
coated with silver. The black pins are of two sorts, brass and steel; should the 
varnish crack, leaving the metal exposed, the same annoyance is produced by the 
brass pins; as for the steel ones, they rust, entailing in consequence the loss of the 
specimen. The plated pins* have not any of these drawbacks, but they frequently 
end in turning black, and presenting anything but a pleasing appearance to the eye. 

“The problem, then, was to find a metal which had not any of the defects 
mentioned, but which might possess all the advantages. Nickel appeared to be in 
every way indicated, but the difficulty was to adapt it to the special use for which 
it was destined. For two years Messrs. Deyrolle have sought to make insect pins of 
nickel, and by dint of study and experiment, they are enabled to offer nickel pins, 
not of absolutely pure nickel, but of an alloy of which nickel is the principal com- 
ponent part. Pure nickel, in point of fact, cannot conveniently be drawn into a 
wire, it is brittle, and has but little power of resistance, it was therefore necessary 
to find a compound of nickel which had all the advantages of the pure metal, and 
it was to this class especially that their investigations were directed. The result 
obtained is conclusive, and nickel pins bid fair to be in demand for all Entomological 
collections, although the price may be a little higher than that of ordinary pins, 


but the advantages are such that we doubt if collectors will hesitate.—L. F.” 
At my request, Messrs. Deyrolle have obligingly forwarded 
specimens of their wares, and it seems to me that although the nickel 


* N.B.—I think Messrs. Deyrolle will find that plated pins will not resist the action of insect 
acids. Dr. Sharp’s solid silver ones will; and in my opinion, the tarnishing of them is an im- 
provement to their appearance: —but then, the price! —H. G. K. 


1894.] 275 


pin is by no means perfect, especially from a British collector’s point 
of view, it is, nevertheless, the first stride in the right direction; and 
now that the ball has been set rolling by a French firm, our British 
pin makers will probably wake up and be upon their mettle. 

I would suggest to Messrs. Deyrolle that their metal might be 
stiffened and rendered more elastic, with advantage; and that the 
element of copper which I find to be present should be eliminated. 
The latter has, no doubt, been added as a component of the alloy for 
hardening purposes, but surely some substitute for it could be found, 
for Entomologists have such a horror of copper. Then, of course, 
for the British market, the style would have to be considerably 
altered—the length of the pins reduced, the heads made solid, the 
points more tapering, and smaller sizes introduced. With these 
modifications there does not appear to be any particular reason why 
we should not ultimately enjoy the privilege of possessing A PERFECT 
PIN ! 

Folkestone: October, 1894. 


Phibalapteryx lapidata in South Argyleshire.—I saw and took two this autumn 
(both 9), one on September 24th, and the other on October 3rd. The two speci- 
mens were taken not far from the head of Loch Striven, at spots about two miles 
apart, but on the same hill, a rather grassy one, at 600 and 800 feet high. They 
were both taken where many rushes grew ; they were fluttering feebly in the sun in 
the early afternoon. It struck me that they much resembled Cidaria testata when 
flying.—W. M. Curisty, Watergate, Emsworth : November 6th, 1894. 


Phibalapteryx lapidata at Glen Messin, Argyleshire.—Some time ago I was 
shown an insect which was taken at Glen Messin on September 9th, 1892, by Mrs. 
Teacher, of this city ; although a worn specimen, I recognised it as Phibalapteryx 
lapidata ; to-day I had another look at it, and find that my determination was 
correct. This gives another locality for this interesting species—JameEs J. F. X. 
Kina, 207, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow: October 22nd, 1894. 


Lita suedella not found in Lancashire.—On p. 82 of the current volume of this 
Magazine I inserted “ Lancashire (teste J. B. Hodgkinson) ” as one of the localities 
for Lita suedella, and on p. 125 I wrote “ Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson tells me that he 
bred this species in July, about the year 1872, from larvee found in May or June in 
shoots of S. fruticosa, near the mouth of the Wyre in Lancashire,’ but added a 
foot-note to the effect that Mr. Hodgkinson, although forwarding other allied species 
under the idea that they were su@della, and probably some of the specimens that he 
had then bred, had failed to send me any of the Simon Pure, and that no evidence of 
the occurrence of Suada fruticosa in Lancashire was forthcoming. I had no choice 
but to make these entries, because, after a long correspondence with Mr. Hodgkinson» 


276 | December, 


to whom I had given some bred suedella, he could not entertain the idea that he 
might have been mistaken. I have since identified some more saltmarsh Lite and 
plants for him, and Mr. Hodgkinson has now come to the conclusion that he has 
never met with either L. suedella or its food-plant S. fruticosa. it is, therefore, 
advisable to cross out the above-quoted extracts from the text of my paper.— 
Eustace R. Bankes, West Wickham: November 18th, 1894. 


Notes on Aphodii.—A. porcus: the record of this species in Fowler’s Coleop- 
tera is, that it is local, and, as a rule, not common. I first met with it last autumn 
(1893), when early in September I secured a single specimen near Sandown, Isle of 
Wight, with it rwfescens occurred in plenty. This September I found another close 
to the same spot, and again in the same neighbourhood a few days later took three, 
but all of them singly, though in the same field. 

On September 14th, during a visit to Box Hill, I obtained more specimens, and 
_ a few days afterwards I met with the species in a field close to my house at 
Richmond. The species appears, therefore, to be an autumn one, but apparently 
occurs in very sparse numbers. 

All through September contaminatus has occurred in this neighbourhood, and 
in other districts in Surrey, in the most extraordinary profusion, its habitat often 
being one living mass, yet at other periods of the year it is scarce about here. 

A. subterraneus occurs in abundance near Chobham, both in spring and autumn, 
and I have found it not uncommonly in other localities. 

A. fetens, said by Fowler to be not common in the London district, I have secured 
in fair numbers (always in small colonies) in this neighbourhood, but always in the 
autumn. 

Amongst the better species I have this year taken sordidus, on the banks of the 
Thames, and again lately on the sea shore at New Brighton; éristis at Chobham in 
the spring; sticticus at Mickleham, and a single specimen of Zenkeri flying in the 
vicinity of Box Hill—T. Hupson Beare, Park House, King’s Road, Richmond : 
October 13th, 1894. 


Coleoptera in 1894.—Amongst the Coleoptera taken by us during the past 
season the following are the most noteworthy :—at Easter, on the mud flats 
between Shoreham and Lancing, we found a fair number of the early Carabidae, in- 
cluding one Pogonus luridipennis and one Bembidium ephippium. Whitsuntide 
in the New Forest was not so good this as last year. Haplocnemus impressus, Isch- 
nomera sanguinicollis, Cenopsis fissirostris, and Grammoptera preusta, being about 
the best of the things taken. We were, however, very fortunate at the Lymington 
Salterns the morning after one of the largest of them had been flooded, and amongst 
the débris were Bembidium ephippium, Tachys scutellaris and Anthicus salinus in 
plenty. Along the tidal mark under large stones were Aépus marinus and Robinii, 
Cillenus lateralis, Diglossa mersa, Hygronoma dimidiata, and Bryaxis Waterhouset 
in fair numbers. A day with Mr. Donisthorpe at his locality at Shirley produced a 
fine series of the rare Eumicrus rufus, and about three days later we turned up a 
single specimen under bark of a dead tree in Putney, quite close to its original 
locality, Richmond Park. Wimbledon Common produced Lyctus brunneus, Serico- 
somus brunneus, Balaninus cerasorum and rubidus, and the very rare Zeugophora 


1894. } 277 


Slavicollis; Mr. F. H. Waterhouse also captured a specimen of the Zeugophora the 
day previous to our taking it. The neighbourhood of Swanage was also good this 
year, Cicindela germanica being not uncommon; and Broseus cephalotes, Bembidium 
pallidipenne, Ocypus pedator, Antherophagus silaceus, the melanic var. of Homaloplia 
ruricola,and Anomala Frischii and its var. Julii (four specimens), were also found in 
some numbers there. Wicken Fen, owing to the incessant rain, was not quite as 
good as it might have been: among our captures there were Silis ruficollis, Lixus 
paraplecticus and Saperda carcharias, the two latter in large numbers. The river 
just above Sunbury produced Bryaxis hematica, Synaptus filiformis (six specimens) 
and Hrirhinus bimaculatus. Aphodius Zenkeri was very common in Richmond 
Park in the autumn, under the old oak trees. A visit to an old cellar in Shoe Lane 
rewarded a few hours’ search with endless Mezium affine, six of which were in their 
perfect form with the bristles all over the elytra, and Gibbium scotias ; of these two 
we have still a good many in duplicate, if any collectors are in want of them. A 
day’s collecting at Bardon Hill, Leicester, produced a fine series of Anisotoma 
cinnamomea and one specimen of the rare Triarthron Miérkeli. A capture of 
Asemum striatum, in the New Forest at Whitsun, 1893, was not recorded ; we believe 
this to be the earliest record of the species from south of the border.—BERTRAM G. 
Rye and Percy F. Sxinner, 212, Upper Richmond Road, Putney : November, 1894. 


Coleoptera in 1894.—During the past season I have not had many opportunities 
for collecting ; and on the few occasions when I had a little spare time on my hands 
the weather, as a rule, was unfavourable. Nevertheless, I managed to take a few 
things, which may perhaps be deemed worthy of record. 

At the end of April I spent four days with my brother in the New Forest. The 
wind was cold, and a good deal of rain fell, so that-I could not de very much, except 
in the way of searching decaying wood. The active little Orchesia undulata turned 
up under bark and in a faggot, and, thanks to my waterproof sheet, I succeeded in 
securing seven specimens. Thymalus limbatus was unusually common; and a dead 
oak yielded a couple of Mycetophagus piceus and three Anaspis Garneysi. In the 
course of our wanderings we hit on a small dead birch, still standing, which had 
already been visited by a Coleopterist, and partly pulled to pieces. But he had done 
his work very imperfectly, for on overthrowing the tree by a combined push, and 
completing its demolition, we found no less than five red Llaters—one EL. lythrop- 
terus, one L. sanguinolentus, of the immaculate variety, and three H.pomone, Two 
other specimens of the last named occurred under bark of an old log, and a sixth 
on the branch of a partly decayed tree. A dead oak on the road between Lyndhurst 
and Brockenhurst was simply swarming with the common Dryocetes villosus ; there 
must have been many thousands in the tree. Among these, however, was a speci- 
men of Callidium variabile, just out from the pupa, which I had to keep alive for 
nearly a week, in order that its colour might develop; and from a pupa taken from 
the same tree I bred out a second example a fortnight later. Another pupa, from 
an old stump, produced a beautiful example of Cistela ceramboides, which I had 
never met with before. 

In May I got an afternoon or two at Oxshott, where Pityophagus ferrugineus was 
very abundant on the stumps of newly-cut pines. With it were a few Clerus formi- 
carius; Ditoma erenata and Silvanus unidentatus turned up under bark of an oak 
stump ; Lnnearthron affine was fairly common in Golefi in one small spot, and all 


278 [Decemher, 


three species of Corynetes occurred in the dried carcase of a dog, C. ruficollis and 
C. violaceus being in the utmost profusion; Magdalinus cerasi tumbled into my 
umbrella, from hawthorn blossom; and two days after my first visit to this locality, 
I found a specimen of Callidium alni behind the ribbon of my hat, on which I 
suppose it must have fallen while I was engaged in shaking the branches of trees. 
A single example of Anisotoma nigrita found its way into my sweeping-net, but I 
had no opportunity of working for the genus at dusk. 

In the middle of June I had one day at Darenth, but unluckily the place was 
over-run with wood ants, which must have been present literally in millions. One 
could not sit down for them; they filled the sweeping-net, and, worse still, they 
appeared to have eaten all the beetles. So all I got were a couple of Agrilus lati- 
cornis, a single Oryptocephalus fulcratus from a dwarf birch, and an example of 
Magdalinus barbicornis, besides a few common things. 

A week later I had a couple of days’ collecting at Newbury, and worked care- 
fully along the canal from Thatcham. My best captures were a couple of Dasytes 
niger and a solitary Phyllotreta sinuata; Baris T-album was fairly plentiful in a 
marshy meadow, and Dryophilus pusillus swarmed at dusk on the grass beneath 
trees in a little copse. 

A couple of days at Happisburgh, Norfolk, in the middle of September, were 
rather disappointing, but an easterly wind was blowing. Fungi growing on old 
trees, however, yielded plenty of Zriphyllus punctatus and a single Orchesia micans ; 
seven Nebria livida turned up on the shore, under leaves of coltsfoot resting upon 
the sand; and a single Trechus micros was walking along the foot of the cliff, 
apparently bent on a voyage of discovery. My strangest capture was a specimen of 
Donacia bidens, hiding under rubbish on the shore, and miles away from the nearest 
fresh water. A nice example of Saperda carcharias, taken close by, was given me 
by a friend.—TuEoporEe Woop, 23, Brodrick Road, Upper Tooting, 8S.W.: October 
10th, 1894. 


Adimonia elandica, Boh., at Westward Ho!—I have lately had the pleasure 
of naming a specimen of this rare insect, which was found by a young lady floating 
in the swimming bath at Westward Ho! Oddly enough, an example of the only 
other British species of the genus (A. tanaceti) was taken in the same place and 
at the same time.—Ib. 


Coleoptera in the Plymouth district—The following species have, with one or 
two exceptions, been taken by me in the neighbourhood of Plymouth since the 
publication of my last note in this Magazine (ef. vol. xxviii, pp. 23, 24) :— 

Hlaphrus uliginosus, singly, on two occasions, on damp spots on the moor ; 
Harpalus tenebrosus, frequent, in Mr. J. J. Walker’s old locality at Whitsand Bay ; 
Pterostichus dimidiatus, a single specimen, given to me by Mr. Lemann, caught near 
Salcombe ; Aépus marinus and Aé. Robini, both in numbers on the shore; Dytiscus 
punctulatus, in a weedy ditch, very local, in just one spot; Deronectes latus 
(2), D. depressus, and D. 12-pustulatus, in quantity ; Hydroporus septentrionalis 
and H. rivalis and; Orectochilus villosus, in plenty, out of weed in the river Meavy ; 
Hydrena gracilis, several specimens, and H. pygmea, a single example (identified 
by Mr. Champion), in flood refuse about an old stump in the same river; Diglossa 
mersa, one specimen, under a stone on the shore ; Ocypus brunnipes (1), under bark ; 


1894, 279 


Phleocharis subtilissima (1), in moss; Quedius puncticollis (1), under bark, Q. 
scintillans, in hedge clippings; Hypocyptus leviusculus, one specimen by sweeping, 
and another at the roots of grass, H. seminulum (1), with the preceding ; Philonthus 
decorus, trapped in sugar, P. fumigatus (1), in hedge cuttings ; Dianéus eerulescens, 
abundant in moss in the river and in flood refuse; Stenus Guynemeri (3), with the 
preceding, S. geniculatus, at the roots of grass; Stilicus similis (2), amongst needles 
of afelled pine ; Trogophleus arcuatus, in moss on stones in the river Plym ; Homa- 
lium planum (1), under bark; Scaphidium 4-maculatum, several, in alder chips in the 
woods ; Lrichopteryx angusta (identified by the Rev. A. Matthews) (2), under bark 
of aspen; Ptinella denticollis, several, under oak bark; Agathidium nigripenne, 
several, in a pile of bark put up on a “trap,” A. levigatum (1), by sweeping, 4. 
atrum and A. seminulum, frequent, in alder chips, and A. rotundatum, several, in the 
same place; Colon brunneum (1), at the roots of grass; Leptinus testaceus (1), in 
the alder chips; Necrophorus interruptus and the var. gallicus (confirmed by the 
Rey. W. W. Fowler), in traps—these are old captures of 1885; Omosita depressa 
(2), ina dead dog; Pria duleamare, on Solanum duleamara, on the shore; Rhizo- 
phagus parallelocollis (1), at rest on a tombstone in Saleombe Churchyard ; Hippo- 
damia variegata (1), by sweeping; Coccinella 5-punctata, several specimens, in 
1893-4, chiefly by beating dwarfed sallow, growing in sand, near Yelverton, but also 
taken off gorse and found at roots of grass in the same locality; Chélocorus similis, 
off alder; Scymnus pygmeus (1), in alder chips, S. capitatus (1), in moss; 
Geotrupes vernalis (5),in the pathways on the moor in hot sunshine; Hydrocyphon 
deflexicollis, on shrubs, especially broom, beside the Erme and Plym ; Cis alni (1), 
by beating ; Orchesia undulata (8), off felled oak, and O. micans, beaten off holly, 
in Cann Woods; Ceénopsis fissirostris (2), at roots of grass in sandy soil, C. Wal- 
toni, many specimens, sifted out of moss on oaks; Larinus carline, on thistles, 
several, in May, 1893, none to be found in 1894; Erirhinus tremule (1), in flood 
refuse; Llleschus bipunctatus (1), in moss on oak; Phleophagus eneopiceus, in 
ash, P. spadiz, in a balk of timber lying on the shore ; Apion Hookeri and A. con- 
fluens (the latter in swarms), at roots of Watricaria on the shore; Phleophthorus 
rhododactylus (1 only), in hedge clippings near the moor; Gracilia pygmea, 
frequently in old baskets, &c.; Leptidea brevipennis, I have recently had given to 
me a batch of this introduced species, bred from a hamper which has been in the 
donor’s possession about two years; Pogonocherus dentatus, P. bidentatus, and 
Pachyta 8-maculata, off holly, the latter sometimes in great profusion; Chrysomela 
goettingensis (1), under stone on a slope leading to the sea; and Wniophila mus- 
corum, in numbers, sifted out of moss on oaks.——JameEs H. Krys, 7, Whimple 
Street, Plymouth: October 25th, 1894. 


Coleoptera from Herefordshire.—I have received during the last two years a 
great many Coleoptera, collected by my friend, the Rev. H. C. Binstead, in the 
neighbourhood of Eardisley, Herefordshire. The following species seem worthy 
of being recorded :—Anchomenus oblongus, Bembidium atroceruleum, femoratum, 
fluviatile, varium, prasinum, and punctulatum, along with several commoner ones, and 
Tachypus flavipes. The district is also pretty rich in Hydradephaga. ‘The following 
species, amongst many commoner ones, were sent to me :—Brychius elevatus, Noterus 
capricornis, Celambus inequalis, versicolor, and decoratus, Deronectes 12-pustulatus, 


280 {[December, 


depressus, and assimilis, Hydroporus septentrionalis, pictus, nigrita, and morio, 
Platambus maculatus, [lybius ater, Octhebius exsculptus, Hydrena testacea, nigrita, 
gracilis, and pygmea, Staphylinus stercorarius, Philonthus umbratilis, Baptolinus 
alternans, Dianéus cerulescens, Stenus bipunctatus, pubescens, pallitarsis var. niveus, 
and pallipes, Bledius fracticornis, Omalium pusillum and vile, Agathidium nigrinum, 
Meligethes morosus, Pocadius ferrugineus, Ips quadripustulatus, Rhizophagus bipus- 
tulatus and dispar, Cerylon angustatum, Pediacus dermestoides, Anisosticta 19- 
punctata, Halyzia 14-guttata, Chilocorus similis, Endomychus coccineus, Elmis 
eneus and Volkmari, Potaminus substriatus, Corymbites pectinicornis and quercis 
var. ochropterus, Melandrya caraboides, Rhinoncus perpendicularis, &c., Cissophagus 
hedere (a single specimen), Prionus coriarius.—ALFRED THORNLEY, South Leverton 
Vicarage, Notts.: October, 1894. 


Coleoptera from the Lake District.—I have also received some very interesting 
species of Coleoptera from the Eskdale district of the Cumberland Lakes. They 
were collected by Mr. Binstead between June 20th and July 9th, 1894. Carabus 
glabratus, a fine series; C. arvensis, a series showing considerable variation in colour, 
from black, through dark green, to copper; along with these a few black specimens 
of C. catenulatus. Notiophilus substriatus, from near one of the Tarns. Agabus 
arcticus, from a shallow peaty pool near Angle Tarn, along with A. unguicularis, 
Hydroporus morio, and several other common water beetles. Donacia comari was 
very common on water plants ina small Tarn. By beating broom and sweeping, 
Gontoctena pallida was obtained, and Luperus betulinus in abundance, with a single 
L. flavipes. The Sternoxi were in great force, and were chiefly obtained by sweeping 
bracken. Sericosomus brunneus, Athdus niger, Limonius minutus, Cryptohypnus 
riparius, Corymbites cupreus (out of about eighteen specimens only one was the type 
form, all the rest being var. eruginosus) ; O. tessellatus,a pair; Athéus vittatus and 
Agriotes sobrinus. Amongst the Malacodermata, Dascillus cervinus and Lampyris 
noctiluca were abundant; and several specimens of Helodes marginata. Amongst 
the Brachelytra, three often associated species turned up, Diandus cerulescens, 


Stenus Guynemeri, and Quedius auricomus.—Ip. 


Eros (Platycis) minutus in Nottinghamshire.—I took a single specimen of this 
local beetle in a little wood at Treswell near here, on the afternoon of September 
12th, 1894. We have now records for both minutus and affinis in this county.—ID. 


Societies. 
BIRMINGHAM EntTomoxoeican Soctrety: October 15th, 1894.— Mr. G. T. 
Beruune-Baxer, Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Mr. Wainwright showed a small collection of Hymenoptera made chiefly during 
the present year. Mr. R. C. Bradley showed a small collection of Aculeates made 
in the New Forest last July, which had been named for him by Mr. Saunders; it 
contained;’amongst other species Pompilus spissus and Myrmosa melanocephala. 
Mr. W. Harrison showed insects, including Lycena Adonis and L. Astrarche, taken 
in September last on Rodborough Hill, near Stroud; also Trochilium apiforme, 
which he had succeeded in breeding from larve obtained at Arley in April last; he 


1894.] ; 281 


had on several occasions obtained larve in the autumn before hibernation, and 
always failed to rear them, these, however, taken in the spring, he had found much 
easier to rear. Mr. A. H. Martineau showed a few insects taken at Nevin, North 
Wales, in September last; there were three specimens of Syrphus annulipes, Zett., 
the species which was introduced to the British list by Mr. Wainwright on the 
strength of one specimen taken by himself on the Cotswolds, near Stroud, in June 
last ; there were also specimens of Arctophila mussitans, and Mr. Martineau re- 
marked upon the extraordinary resemblance of this species, particularly when on 
the wing, to Bombus muscorum ; he had found it most diffieult to distinguish them. 
Mr. Bethune-Baker remarked upon the unusual numbers of Syrphide@ he had seen 
in his garden this autumn. Mr. Wainwright said that he had also been struck by 
the unusual numbers flying in his garden, Syrphus balteatus and corolle being pay- 
ticularly abundant. Mr. Bradley had had simular experiences, and said that in 
Sutton Park Catabomba (Syrphus) selenitica, which he had never noticed in the 
district before, had been quite common this autumn. Mr. A. W. Walker showed 
insects collected this summer in Devonshire, at Mort Hoe and Woolacombe, amongst 
others being Hpeolus rufipes, Thoms.—CoLtBran J. WAINWRIGHT, Hon. Secretary. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE HNTOMOLOGICAL Soctrty : November 12th, 1894. 
—Mr.S8. J. Cappsr, F.L.S., F.H.S., President, in the Chair. 

Mr. W. Hewett, Vice-President of the York and district Field Naturalists’ 
Society, read a paper on “Arctia lubricipeda and its varieties radiata, fasciata, and 
eboraci, &e.,in Yorkshire, Durham and Lincolnshire,” in which he spoke of the 
older specimens of radiata previous to 1891, and after giving a complete history of 
the present brood, stated that he believed this form to be genuine, and congratulated 
Mr. Harrison on his success. The paper was illustrated by a large number of 
varieties of the various forms, besides a number of specimens the result of crossing. 
Mr. Robson, of Hartlepool, exhibited also a number of exotic species of the genus. 
Mr. Capper, Mr. Crabtree, Mr. C. F. Johnson, and others exhibiting fine series of 
the species, Mr. G. T. Porritt’s intermediate forms being much admired. Mr. 
Crabtree exhibited a number of Scottish Lepidoptera, including Sesia scolieformis, 
Zygena exulans, Crambus myellus, &e. Mr. Gregson, specimens of Acidalia humi- 
liata, with continental specimens of A. osseata for comparison. Mr. Watson exhibited 
Parnassius Delius and P. Smintheus, with microscopic preparations of their palpi and 
antenne, and stated that after careful examination he had come to the conclusion 
that these so-called varieties were distinct species. Mr. Hewett had a box of 
varieties of Polia chi, including the forms of var. olivacea, also two olive-brown 
specimens of Bombyx quercts (gand@) from Rhanbolds Moor, Yorks. Mr. New- 
stead, a collection of Hemiptera- Heteroptera and Homoptera, including three cases 
of life-histories prepared by his brother, Master A. Newstead, a boy of 14, for which 
he had received the Kingsley Prize. Mr. Arkle, of Chester, a fine variety of Chelonia 
plantaginis, bred from larve taken at Winchester, and a female of Erebia Blandina 


from Witherslack, with five ocelli on each primary.—F. N. Prmrcn, Hon. Secretary, 
7, The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool. 


THe Sovurn Lonpon EntomotoaicaL AND Naturan History Socrery : 
October 25th, 1894, —E. Srp, Hsq., President, in the Chair. 
Mr. Henry Lamb, of Maidstone, and Mr. Arthur Cosway, of Watford, were 
elected Members. 
AA 


282 [December, 


Mr. Jobson exhibited a var. of Abraras grossulariata, L., from his garden, 
having only a few black scales in place of the usual markings. Mr. McArthur, bred 
series of Hypsipetes sordidata, Fb., from North Devon, the lighter specimens from 
bilberry-fed larvee, and the darker ones from sallow-fed larve. Mr. Frohawk, xanthic 
examples of Hpinephele hyperanthus, L.,and H. Janira, L.: a long discussion ensued 
as to the causes of this class of variation, and the effect upon the imago of injuries 
to the larva and pupa, with the bearing of Weismann’s theory thereon. Mr. Tutt, 
perfectly white vars. of Emydia cribrum, L., from the Alps, with New Forest exam- 
ples for comparison; also two specimens of the new British species, Cataplectica 
Farreni, Wals., from Cambridgeshire. Mr. Mansbridge, the dry carcase of a mole 
taken from a barn door, which was covered with Lepidopterous cocoons and pupa 
eases. Mr. H. Moore, two specimens of the Violet Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa violacea, 
L., from Podensac, Gironde. Mr. R. Adkin, bred series of Asphalia ridens, Fb. 
from the New Forest; and a Lycena Agon, Schiff., from Oxshott, having the two 
costal spots on the under-side of the lower wing united. Mr. Tutt read a paper, 
entitled, “ Zyge@na carniolica, Scop , and its varieties,’ in which he gave a graphic 
description of the scenery at the foot of Mont Blanc, and the delight it afforded to an 
entomologist by the beauty and abundance of the Lepidoptera to be obtained there. 


November 8th, 1894.—The President in the Chair. 

Mr. R. South exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera, representing his captures 
of the season, and stated that it was the most barren year he had ever experienced * 
among the specimens were a bred series of Cidaria truncata, Hufn., var. centum- 
notata, Fab., a unicolorous Hepialus velleda, Hb., and a series of Crambus margari- 
tellus, Hb. Mr. Frohawk, bred specimens of Vanessa Atalanta, L., with an incipient 
white blotch in the red band, and a pale Thecla rubi, L. Mr. H. Moore, a series of 
Chrysophanus Phleas. Mr. Edwards, specimens of Plusia moneta, Fab., Phibalap- 
teryx lapidata, Hb., Noctua depuncta, L., Acidalia immorata, L., Dasycampa 
rubiginea, Fb., &e. Mr. R. Adkin, bred series of Dicranura bifida, Hb., from Bucks, 
and of D. furcula, L., from Hants, and in remarking upon the similarity of the two 
species, pointed out their distinguishing features. Mr. Fremlin, nice varied series 

of Emydia cribrum, L, from the New Forest, and a series of Dasycampa rubiginea, 

Fb., from Berks. Mr. C. A. Briggs, very fine varieties of Lycena bellargus, Rott., 
from Kent: among them were (1) an under-side with the black spots much elongated ; 
(2) an under-side with most of the black spots absent ; and (3) an under-side with a 
considerable increase in size of all the white and lighter markings. Mr. Feun, a 
Shetland form of Cidaria immanata, Haw., and Scotch forms of Hepialus humuli, 
L., Emmelesia albulata, Schiff., Pygera pigra, Hufn., Hypsipetes ruberata, Frr., and 
Phibalapteryx lapidata, Hb. Mr. Trenerry, a light var. of Chrysophanus Phileas, L., 
from North Cornwall. Mr. Manger, a very large Vanessa cardui, L., the unusually 
fine band containing a white spot. Mr. Perks, a specimen of Blatta germanica, L. 
Mr. Carrington, a number of large galls on a species of golden rod, and a large water 
bug from British North America; he also gave an interesting account of his recent 
visit to Manitoba. Mr. Tutt read a descriptive account of his observations of Zygena 
achillee, Esp., in the Alps, illustrating his remarks by a large number of specimens 
taken this year. 

On December 13th Mr. William Mansbridge will read a paper on “The 
Lepidoptera of the Indian Territory, U. 8. A., as observed by himself in 1893-94, 
with special reference to allied British species.’—H. J. Turner, Hon. Secretary. 


1894.) 283 


Entomotogicat Soctery or Lonpon: October 17th, 1894.—HzEnryY JOHN 
Enwes, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S., President, in the Chair. 

Dr. H. G. Breyer, of Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa, was elected a Fellow 
of the Society. 

Mr. G. C. Champion read a letter, dated 15th August last, from Mr. J. Y. 
Johnson, of Funchal, Madeira, on the subject of a recent visitation of Locusts to the 
Island, and exhibited specimens. Mr. Johnson mentioned that Darwin, in his 
“Origin of Species,” recorded that in November, 1844, dense swarms of locusts 
visited Madeira. He said that since then, until August last, these insects had not 
visited the Island. Mr. Champion remarked that the species sent by Mr. Johnson 
was Decticus albifrons, Fabr., not a true migratory locust. Mr. Champion also 
exhibited specimens of Anthaxia nitidula, Velleius dilatatus and Athous rhombeus, 
taken in the New Forest during the past summer. 


Mr. H. Goss read a letter he had received from Captain Montgomery, J.P., of 
Mid-Ilovo, Natal, reporting vast flights of locusts there, extending over three miles 
in length, on the 3lst August last, and exhibited a specimen of the locust, a species 
of Acridium. Captain Montgomery stated that, as a rule, his district and most of 
Natal was free from the pest, but that an exceptional invasion had occurred in 1850, 

Mr. J. W. Tutt exhibited four typical specimens of Hmydia eribrum from the 
New Forest, and, for comparison, four specimens of the variety, candida, of the same 
species, taken at an elevation of 4,000 feet, near Courmayeur, on the Italian side of 
Mont Blane. He stated that he had also met with this form in the Cogne Valley, at 
an elevation of from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited for Mr. H. Murray a specimen of Hrebia ethiops, in 
which the left fore-wing was much bleached, taken in August last, near Carnforth. 
Mr. Adkin also exhibited a series of Acronycta rumicis from Co. Cork, Ireland, 
including light and black forms, with examples from the Scilly Isles, Isle of Man, 
and North of Scotland for comparison. 

Mr. Elwes exhibited a series of Chionobas Alberta, § 2, Chionobas Uhleri, var 
varuna, and Hrebia discoidalis, from Calgary, Alberta, N.W. Canada, collected in 
May last, by Mr. Woolley-Dod. He said that the validity of C. Alberta, which had 
been questioned by Mr. W. H. Edwards,-was fully established by these specimens. 

Professor Poulton gave an account of the changes he had recently made at 
Oxford in the arrangement of the Hope Collections in the Department of Zoology, 
and as to the rooms now available for students working at these collections. 

Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker communicated a paper, entitled, “ Descriptions of the 


Pyralide, Cramnbide, and Phycide, collected by the late T. Vernon Wollaston in 
Madeira.” —H. Goss, Hon. Secretary. 


November 7th, 1894.—Colonel CHARLES SwinHOEk, M.A., F.L.S., Vice-President, 
in tle Chair. 

Mr. W. P. Blackburne-Maze, of Shaw House, Newbury, Berkshire, and Mr. 
Bertram George Rye, of 212, Upper Richmond Road, Putney, S.W., were elected 
Fellows of the Society. 

Colonel Swinhoe exhibited a female of Papilio Telearchus, Hewitson, which he 
had received by the last mail from Cherra Punji. He said that this was the only 

A A 2 


284 [December, 1894. 


known specimen of the female of this species, with the exception of one in Mr. L. 
de Nicéville’s collection, which he had described in the Journal of the Bombay 
Natural History Society in 1893; he also exhibited a male of the same species for 
comparison. 

Mr. C. G. Barrett exhibited abnormal forms of Pararge Megera, P. Aigeria, 
Melitea Athalia, Chrysophanus Phileas, Chareas graminis, Lophopteryx camelina, 
Plusia gamma, Cucullia chamomille, Boarmia repandata, var. conversaria, Oidaria 
psittacata, and other species, all collected by Major J. N. Still on Dartmoor, Devon ; 
he also exhibited for Mr. Sydney Webb, of Dover, a long series of most remarkable 
varieties of Arctia Caja and A. villica. . 

Mr. Gervase F. Mathew exhibited seven beautiful and striking varieties of 
Arctia villica, bred from larve obtained on the Essex Coast near Dovercourt, in 
March and April, 1893 and 1894. 

Herr Jacoby exhibited two specimens of Blaps mucronata, with elytra which 
had not hardened, although the insects had been kept for some time, taken on a wall 
at Hampstead. The Rev. Canon Fowler and Mr. G. C. Champion made some re- 
marks on the subject of the elytra of immature beetles. 


Mr. H. Goss exhibited a specimen of Periplaneta australasie, received from 
Mr. C. E. Morris, of Preston, near Brighton. Mr. McJuachlan said the species had 
been introduced into this country, but was now considered a British insect. 


Mr. B. G. Rye exhibited specimens of the following rare or local species of 
Coleoptera, and gave the names of the localities in which they had been taken :— 
Cicindela germanica, Eumicrus rufus, Triarthron Mdrkeli, Mezium affine, Homa- 
loplia ruricola, Anomala Frischi, var. julii, Synaptus filiformis, Lixus paraplecticus, 


Balaninus cerasorum, Asemum striatum, and Zeugophora flavicollis. 


Mr. McLachlan exhibited for Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Plymouth, two new species 
of Ichneumonide from Devonshire, viz., Pimpla Bridgmani, Bign., a parasite on a 
spider, Drassus lapidicolens, Walck., and Praon absinthii, Bign.,a parasite on Sipho- 
nophora absinthii, Linné, together with Pimpla epeire, Bign., also a parasite on a 
spider. 

Mr. C. O. Waterhouse stated that the Acridium received from Capt. Mont- 
gomery, and exhibited by Mr. Goss at the last Meeting, was Acridium septemfascia- 
tum, and he exhibited the species with the wings extended. 

Mr. Ridley exhibited a species of a scale insect (? Lecanium) found on a nutmeg 
tree in Malacca, and made some remarks on Formica smaragdina, which makes its 
nest on the trees, joining the leaves together by a thin thread of silk at the ends. 
The first step in making the nest is for several ants to bend the leaves together and 
hold on with their hind legs, and one of their number after some time runs up with 
a larva and irritating it with its antenne makes it produce a thread with which the 
leaves are joined ; when one larva is exhausted a second is fetched, and the process 
is repeated. 

Mr. Waterhouse read a paper, entitled, “Some remarks on the Antenne of 
Insects.’ A discussion followed, in which Messrs. Champion, Jacoby, McLachlan, 
and Gahan took part.—H. Goss and W. W. Fowter, Hon. Secretaries. 


END OF VOL. V (SEconp SERIzgs). 


CHANGE OF ADDRESS. 


T. G. Bisuop, from Rock End Villa, to Dalmore, Helensburgh, N.B. 
G. Lewis, from Wimbledon, to St. Regulus, Archer’s Road, Southampton. 


EXCHANGE. 
Duplicates: Phibalapteryx lapidata. Desiderata: very numerous, especially 
Sphinges, Bombyces, Leucaniidee, Acidaliz, &c.—K. J. Morton, Glenview Cottage, 
Carluke, N.B. 


RNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, WEDNESDAY) 
DECEMBER 51H, at 8 p.m. Papers to be read :— 

(1) “A List of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills, Part III :” by Colonel Charles 
Swinhoe, M.A., F.L.8. (2) “A Monograph of British Braconide, Part VI:” 
by the Rev. T. A. Marshall, M.A.,F.H.S. (8) “On the Longicorn Coleoptera 
of the West India Islands:” by Charles J. Gahan, M.A.,F.E.S. (4) “Notes 
on the Fungus eating habit of Sericomyrmex opacus, Mayr:” by Frederic 

W. Urich, F.E.S. 


For SateE—5000 SPeciEs oF 
PUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA AND PREPARED LARVZ. 


Cheap Prices, Fine Specimens, Correct Determination. Highest References 
can be given. 


AUGUST HOFFMANN, Sachsenring 13, Cologne, Germany. 


NEW EDITION OF 


J. HUBNERS EXOTIC BUTTERFLIES 


Revisep sy W. F. KIRBY, F.L.S., F.E.S. 
Wth 664 Coloured Plates. Price of the whole work, £26. 


Published in 65 Parts, each with 10 Coloured Plates, each Part 8s. List of Sub- 
seribers and Specimen of Plates post free on demand. 


P. WYTSMAN, Scientific Bookseller, 79, Rue Neuve, Brussels. 


WATKINS & BONCASTER, Haturalists, 


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Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1/-, 1/6; Store Boxes, with Camphor Cells, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-, 6/-; Zinc 
Pocket Boxes, 9d., 1/-, 1/6, 2/-; Setting Boards, from 6d. to 1/10; Complete set 
of 14 boards, 10/6; Breeding Cages, 2/6, 4/-, 5/-; Sugaring Tins. 1/6, 2/-; Sugar- 
ing Mixture, ready for use, 1/9 per tin ; Setting Houses, 9/6, 11/6, 14/-; Glass 
Topped and Glass Bottomed Boxes, from 1/4 per doz. ; Zinc Killing Boxes, 9d., 1/- ; 
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Scalpels, with ebony handles, 1/3; Fine Pointed Scissors, 2/- per pair; Brass Blow- 
pipe, 4d., 6d.; Egg Drills, 2d., 3d.; ditto, best quality, 1/- each; Botanical Vascu- 
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and English Names, 1/6; List of British Lepidoptera (every species numbered), 1/- ; 
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A large stock of British, Ruropean, and bxotic Lepidoptera, 
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CONTENTS. PAGE 


Congratulatory to John William Douglas .... .. 265 
The British species of the genus Psyche and ‘its allies (concluded), =o @. 
Barrett, FBS. .........5.. 265 
Some additions to the Nenropterons ee of ‘New Zealand (comebuded) — oR ; 
Mclnachilan: sWolee Sic. -escie cet see es foe eeascer te «1 240 
Nepticula confusella, a new y birch-mining species. —John He Wood, DM. Be _ 272 
The New “ Nickel Pin.” —H. Guard Knaggs, M.D., F.L.S. . ...... Be 2A 
Phibalapteryx lapidata in South Argyleshire.— W. M. Christy, F.E.S.. . 275 
Phibalapteryx lapidata at Glen Messin, Argyleshire.—J. J. F. X. ieee F. E. Sy 278 
Lita sueedella not found in Lancashire —E. R. Bankes, M.A., F.H.S... | 275 
Notes on Aphodii.—T. Hudson Beare ... ... sfopcceip eto 
Coleoptera in 1894.— Bertram G. Rye, F E. oe and Perey I F. Skinner .. £5 Reise elo 
Coleoptera in 1894.— Rev. Theodore Wood, F-B.S. Tea saee oh atte ane 
Adimonia celandica, Boh., at Westward Ho ta. MURR acsoced ns. Mss 
Coleoptera in the Ply mouth District.—James H. Keys ...... Wactsprelee een eeees i. 
Coleoptera from Herefordshire.—Rev. A. 7 eee M.A., EBS. oielnce ou ace 
Coleoptera from the Lake Distriet.—Id. its sti Thus eaiagrinal oe SRE Cee. 
Hros (Platycis) minutus in Nottinghamshire. Te suictae nalele esiniselsiog Ae eye eet ReaercUe 
Socreties.— Birmingham Entomologieal Society ...... ens ABH us eee) 
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society se sieves’ ele) eee eee 
Sonth London Entomological, &., Society .........2.. 0 sesseseeeeee ee 282 
Entomological Society of London.......-. BE qUODUNDOOHOoeEe 902400000) “39 eS 
PiTTE PAG, ENDEX Ges Ge 3. eas le eee ne Re en ect 


*,* After the present No. had been made up, we heard with much regret of 
the death of Mr. J. R. WELLMAN, who was well known as a British Lepidopterist;, 
and especially as a skilful rearer of Geometride. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—Meetings for the 
Session 1894—5:— 
Wednesday, December 5th, 1894, and (Annual), January 16th, 1895. 


NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS. 
Vol. V, New Series (1894), ends with the present Number. Sub- 
scriptions, 6/- (POST-FREE) for 1895 are now due. Post Office or Postal 
Orders may be sent to the ‘* Editors ” 


Care of Gurney & Jackson, 1, Paternoster Row, London, E.C., 


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Intending new Subscribers should send in their names and addresses 
as soon as possible. 
Any one wishing to discontinue his Subscription must give notice to 


that effect on or before the 20th inst., otherwise he will be considered 
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Repeated or continuous Advertisements per contract. 
There is no charge for Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata. 


TUESDAY, DECEMBER 111x. 
VALUABLE NATURAL HISTORY SPECIMENS. 


ME. J. C. STEVENS will Sell by Auction at his Great Rooms, 38, 
King Street, Covent Garden, on Turspay, Dec. 11th, at half-past 12 precisely, 
a Collection of British Lepidoptera, containing varieties, Exotic Lepidoptera, many 
in papers, Some good Bird’s Eggs, Birds’ Skins, Birds in Cases, Shells, Minerals, 
Animal Skins, Heads and Horns, Native Weapons and Curiosities, &c., &c. 
On view the day prior, 12 till 4, and Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had. 


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