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THE

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
~_ JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EpitEp BY

R. S. BaGNan, D.SC., ¥.R.S.E. T. Bainpriccr FrLrercurr,
Maicorm Burr, D.&£C., F.E.s. ReNew ale Sap Ro 2.8. Manes:
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F-§:s. Major P. P. Graves, F.&.s.
EH. A. Cockayne, a.M., D.M., H. E. Pages, v.48.

F.E.S., F.R.C.P. AL¥RED SICH, F.E.8.
J. HK. Conuin, J.P., FBS. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S.
H, DonisTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ¥. 2.5.

G. T. Brruune-Baxer, F.7.8., F.E.8., Editor Hmeritus.

and
Henry J. TURNER, v.£.5., ¥.R.H.S., &
Editorial Secretary

oe
~
* ATLA
a
i ee
$U4 36 ‘s ;
yj ,
( ¥ - » * "

VOL. XLIV. (new series).
JANUARY tro DECEMBER, 1982.

PRICE 12s. 6d.

Special Index (with every reference) 1s. 6d.

We have much pleasure in welcoming Mr. T. Ba:nbrigge Fletcher,
R.N., F.L.S. F.Z.8., F.E.S., who has consented to join the panel of
editors of the magazine. His varied experience of practical entomo-
logy especially in the study of microlepidoptera in many parts of the
world, and his long tenure of duty in India as Imperial Entomologist
is a guarantee of his ability to assist in carrying on the study of Variation
initiated by our revered founder, the late J. W. Tutt, more than forty
years ago. We shall also have in Mr. Fletcher a man of wide experi-
ence in the economic field of Entomology, whilst as a field naturalist
among the macrolepidoptera his co-operation will be of great value.

In the Special Index an attempt has been made to correct the
errors in spelling of specific names and to indicate the correct up-to-
date genera with the alternatives or those in general use up to the
present. It was the late J. W. Tutt’s view that with all names below
the species name, a special (i.e. a species) index should include the
species and genus to which such names belong. ‘The labour of this is
considerable, and errors are almost bound to slip in unless several
collaborators take part. In all our current text books and lists
numerous names are incorrect, modern innovations and spellings
instead of the real original name.

We hope to get more notes of captures during the coming year.
Those readers who want information as to captures should also send
notes of their own captures. There are many parts of the country
still unrecorded as to their insect life; even the commoner species are
still unnoted for theni.

Good wishes to all.

JANUARY, 1932

DITED G. T. Beruoune-Baxer, F.z.8., ¥F.2.8., | J. BE. Conrin, ¥.u.s.
othe Chairman. H. DonistHorex, ¥.Z.8., F.E.8.
4 R. S. BaGnatt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.8.
, stance of | Matcorm Burr, D.80., ¥.u.s. H. KE. Paat, F.u.s.
/ Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.r.8, ALFRED SICH, F..8.
KE. A, Cockaynr, M.A., M.D., F.E.8,, Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8., F.Z.8.
F.R.C.P,

By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.8., ¥.R.H.8., Hditorial Seeretary.

CONTENTS

Stray Visits to Kerry in Search of Moths, Canon G. Foster, B.D. .. Ss 1
The Coleopterous Fauna of a Willow ene in Windsor Forest, H.

Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. ; 4
Notes on Algerian Butterflies with Special Metsience to some Laonlitios { in

Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison .. co 7
Lithosia pallifrons [vitellina] ab. Oe cate: i. B. D. otal. ie 8
Dates of Htibner’s Plates (Noctuae), Hy. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.8. .. 9
On the ‘‘ Illustrations of Varieties of British ean iG eee Peel

S. G. Castle-Russell, Ls 10

Norzs on CoLiectine. a ere ead te Earaiees . Nichotsan.
F.H.S.; Late Larvae of D. truncata, Id.; Larvae of P. brassicae, P.
rapae and P. napi on the same Plant, Id. : A Nature Story, Id.; EH.
polychloros in Essex, H. H. Bentall, F.H.S,; Butterflies in Kabylia,

Algeria in December, Miss L. M, Fison .. ae ae 3 “5 10
Current Norzs .. Be Be 13
Socitetizs.— Lancashire and @heshire cinteridloereal Society as age 15
Osrrvary.— Edward Step, F.L.S., Hy.Jj.T. .. we oe wie a 16
Spzcrat Inpex, Hy.J.T. .. ee oa 25 ae fs Bic (i.)- (xii.)

‘Titne-PaGce, for 1931.

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JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Wom olny: No: 1p January 157uH, 1982.

Stray Visits to Kerry in Search of Motks.
By CANON G. FOSTER, B.D.

It was with great interest that | read Major Graves’ article “ Col-
lecting in Kerry” in the July-August, 1930 number, since I myself,
have casually collected for many years in this county. It was
especially so since he has, to some extent, covered the same ground ag
I have done, only at a different season of the year. I did not, however,
touch upon either the Killarney or Kenmare districts proper, which
seem to have the highest reputation and where the vegetation is more
or less virgin. For much of Kerry strikes one as being but cut out
bog, while the more fertile districts have been completely cleared and
the old wood absolutely exterminated. The localities | have worked
in recent visits are the Inch peninsula on the North side of Dingle
Bay; the South side of Caragh and Glenbeigh, Kells, and Valentia
Island; then further South of Dingle Bay, Darrynane, West Cove,
Sneem and Blackwater. Inch is most promising, though | had only
about 10 days there, there are 5 miles of sandhill backed by marsh,
with cliff and mountain on the mainland. Caragh is a miniature
Killarney with plenty of wild native scrub. These are the 2 best
localities as worked. Hntomologists in Ireland labour under diffi-
culties principally from lack of fellowship. They may average one in
a county. They cannot compare notes and so learn what to look for,
or where to look for it. Under such circumstances, through ignorance,
no doubt numerous insects though perhaps locally abundant escape
detection. Again we have no one with whom we can compare our
specimens. Accordingly this record will be found, I am painfully
aware, much poorer than it ought to be, or would be, if made by a
trained English collector. It might be mentioned that some of the
commoner species are omitted as I did not preserve specimens.

RHOPALOCERA.
Pieris brassicae, L.—Summer brood abundant at Valentia ; autumn
ditto Ballymac Elligott. As Major Graves remarks they are very
similar to the English specimens.

2. ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1.1932

P. napi, L.—Both broods are very abundant; Valentia supplied a
small specimen, of which the upperside of the wings are both very
dark and also strongly tinged with yellow.

Colias croceus (edusa).—Single specimens at Caragh, July; Kells,
August; Valentia, August.

Euchloé cardamines, L.—As a schoolboy at Ballymac Elligott this
was my earliest capture,—the males. I took 2 females, June, 1928, at
Valentia, typically Irish, the lower wings upperside strongly tinged
with yellow.

Melitaea aurinia, Rott.—In the beginning of June, 1928, M. aurinia
was most abundant at Darrynane, both in the sandhills near the Abbey
and also higher up the valley among the woods. Later on in the month
a single specimen appeared on Valentia; where it came from I do not
know, but I am inclined to think the headquarters must have been on
the islands in the harbour. The Kerry awrinia, as far as my experience
went, is not nearly so strongly marked as Mr. T. Greer’s Tyrone broods,
which are far more highly coloured.

Dryas paphia, li.—Dallyearthy near Tralee used to be my hunting
ground in the early eighties for D. paphia. Some of the specimens
which I still possess are verging towards ab. valesina.

Aglais urticae, L.— Everywhere abundant, August, on the flowers of
the creeping thistle.

Pyrameis atalanta, L.—Abundant on every nettle patch at Ballymac
Hlligott in August-September. Here (Co. Down) I do not see it
frequenting the nettles, but instead it attends to the garden flowers.
Can it be that here in the north the specimens are but migrant, while
in the south they are native born and therefore continue attached to
the food-plant on which they were reared ?

Pyramets cardut, l4.—Abundant at Valentia, June, 1928, also on
the mountains above Aunascaul, July, 1905. I always, strange to say,
find P. cardui abundant on Irish mountain tops (as also P. atalanta
in the North) the earlier part of the season. So at Valentia it was on
the higher ground it occurred profusely, while in the lower parts of the
island I do not remember noticing it.

Vanessa io, L.—Abundant, August and September, at Ballymac
EKlligott. In July, 1905, there were some huge colonies of larvae on
nettles at Inch. [ have not noticed anything abnormal in the markings.
V. 10 constantly attempts to colonise the North of Ireland, but it never
seems to succeed.

Pararge aegeria, Li.—-Very generally distributed and is to be seen on
the wing here (Co. Down) from the end of April till late September.
Plentiful at Valentia in June and at Ballymac Elligott in August and
September. The Kerry specimens appear darker than those of the Co.
Down.

Pararge megera, l4.—Very general, abundant at Ballymac Hlligott
in August and September.

Hpinephele jurtina, L.—Abundant; Valentia, June, 1928.

EF. tithonus, L4.—The only place I have met it was on an island in
Lough Curran at Waterville in August.

Coenonyiipha pamphilus, L.—Abundant at Inch, June and July.

turalis betulae, L.—Was recorded in “ the Field”” some years ago
from Milltown in September, but I have not met it.

STRAY VISITS TO KERRY IN SEARCH OF MOTHS. 3

Strymon quercus, L.—The locality for S. quercis is the Glencar end
of Lough Caragh, but again I have not tried for it.

Callophrys rubi, L.—Abundant and widely distributed in south
Kerry. My localities are Caragh, Lough Acoose, Kells, and Darrynane
at the end of May and throughout June.

Rumicia phlaeas, L.—Valentia, June, including an abnormally small
specimen, otherwise they did not show much variation.

Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Lycaenopsis argiolus, L.—Very abundant at Caragh, May-June,
1912, but they were so worn as not to be worth taking. One specimen
was beaten out of a holly tree at Glanleaw, Valentia, June, 1928. I
have seen no signs of a second brood in Kerry.

SPHINGIDAB.

Mimas tiliae, L.—Miss O’Connell bas taken the larva and reared
the perfect insect at Darrynane.

Amorpha populi, L.—Abundant, e.y., the perfect insect was taken
by me on wing in Valentia, June, 1928.

Smerinthus ocellata, L.—Taken by the Miss Delaps at Valentia.

Theretra porcellus, L.—Inch, July, 1905.

Kumorpha elpenor, U.—Caterpillar abundant in Valentia, August.

Hemaris tityus, L.—Frequented rhododendron flower at Caragh in
extraordinary abundance, June, 1912; Valentia, June, 1928.

NovopontTiDAR.

Cerura vinula, L.—Caragh, Valentia, abundant.

Stauropus fagi, L.—The caterpillar has been taken and reared by
the Misses O’Connell at Darrynane.

Leucodonta bicolor, Hb.—I have obtained two specimens in 58.
Kerry.

After sheltering under a hazel tree from a heavy thunder shower,
I proceeded to beat my host with the result that L. bicolor tumbled out.
I showed it to my friends with whom I was staying and the next
evening on returning they informed me they had found a second
specimen resting on the window ledge. Both were in perfect condition.
This was the beginning of June.

Lophopteryx camelina, L.—No doubt abundant if searched for in
the larval stage. One specimen came to the light of my lamp while I was
reading, the beginning of July.

Phalera bucephala, L.—Abundant, e.g., at Valentia, June, 1928.

THYATIRIDAL.

Thyatira batis, L.—Abundant, Glanleam Valentia, June, 1928.

Palimpsestis duplavis, L.—Abundant in the Caragh woods, June,
1912.

P. fluctuosa, Hb.—I beat out a single specimen in the Glencar woods,
June, 1928.

LiymantTRuDAt.

| Orgyia antiqua, L.—Larva at Ballymac Elligott.
Dasychira pudibunda, L.—LULarva at Blackwater, October, 1908.

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. : 15.1.19382

LasIoOCAMPIDAE.

Macrothylacia rubi, L.—Most seasons the caterpillar is in profuse
abundance on blackberry leaves through the autumn, and the moth
itself flies wildly the end of May over the heather, ¢.g., at Caragh,
May-June, 1912.

DReEPANIDAE.
Drepana lacertinaria, L.—Abundant around Caragh, June, 1912.

AROTIIDAE.

Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri), Esp—Abundant, West Cove,
June, 1928.

Diaphora lutea (lubricipeda), Ksp.—Abundant, Valentia, June, 1928.
Both of the above I have found so abundant in both larval and perfect
stages that I have few records. But I have not met with any of the
remar<able varieties such as one finds in Scotland.

Parasemia plantaginis, L.—On the mountains around Aunascaul,
July, 1905.

Arctia catia, l.—Abundant everywhere, e.g., Valentia, 1928.

Hipocrita jacobaeae, L.—Apt to snow you out if you work with light
in July, e.g., at Inch, July, 1905. At times the ragweeds in August are
curtained with the larvae. The perfect insect has a habit of falling into
the dust of the road, and it used to be a duty of us children to rescue
them and restore them to the grass.

Nudaria mundana, L.—Locally abundant ; Inch, July, 1905.

(To be concluded.)

The Coleopterous Fauna of a Willow Swamp in Windsor Forest.
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete.

One of the many productive spots for insects in Windsor Forest is
a willow swamp where we have worked on and off for the last five
years—chiefly for Coleoptera, though a certain number of Hymenoptera
(Sawflies, etc.) and Diptera have been taken. Some of the willows
are cut down for faggots every year in different parts of the swamp
and these make very good traps for insects. A few of these faggots
are generally left from year to year; and these and the moss, which
grows around the roots and stumps of the willows, are very productive.
The undergrowth consists of Flags (Iris pseudacorus), which grow to a
great height; Comfrey (Symphytim officinale) ; Convolvulus (Calystegia
sepium); Meadow-sweet (Spiraea ulmaria); Meadow Crane’s-bill
(Geranium pratense) ; Marsh Yellow Cress (Nasturtium palustre) ; Purple
Loosestrife (Lythrwm salicaria); Woody Nightshade (Solanum dulcamara);
coarse grasses, etc., etc. Some of these, of course, grow on the
margins and more open spaces of the swamp, as do also a few Black-
thorns (Prunus spinosa) and Hawthorns (Crataegus owyacantha). A
couple of small pools of water are present, and sometimes after very
wet weather the bottom of the swamp is entirely under water in the
winter. A certain number of species I have only taken in this spot in
Windsor Forest, and others I have only taken here at all.

COLEOPTEROUS FAUNA OF A WILLOW SWAMP. 5

The total number of species taken in this swamp to date is 162; a
full list of which is given at the end of this paper. All the rare and
more interesting species are marked with an asterisk; but it may be
as well to say a few words about some of them.

Helophorus laticollis, Th.—As far as I know this species has only
been taken at Woking and the New Forest heretofore.

Oxypoda salictaria, Donis.—I have recently described this species
which is new to science, from a specimen taken in moss in this swamp.

Oxypoda nigrocincta, Muls.—This species has only been taken at
Yarnton near Oxford, before, where I first discovered it, new to Britain,
in a marshy place. In both localities it was found in damp moss in
company with Calodera riparia, Kr., and C. aethiops, Gr.

Proteinus macropterus, Gyll.—I have taken this species on several
occasions in this spot, by sifting moss. Fowler gives fungi as well as
flood refuse, ete. In the experience of others who have taken it since
Fowler’s work and in that of my own, this insect is not found in
fungus.

Meligethes morosus, Kr.—Fowler treats this insect as being a some-
what doubtful species. I swept a specimen in this swamp with dark
legs which Colonel J. Sainte Claire Deville identified as M. morosus,
Er.

Micrambe villosa, Heer.—Abundant by beating faggots (I have taken
it in plenty by beating faggots in a wood in Windsor Forest, very far
removed from this locality) and by sweeping. Neither broom nor
gorse occurs near this swamp.

Dasytes plumbeus, Muls. (oculatus, Fowler).—Plentiful by sweeping
and beating; this very distinct species may be easily known by the
very large eyes in the g', but especially by the partly yellow anterior
femora in both sexes.

Longitarsus pelluctdus, Foudr.—Locally plentiful on Convolvulus.
Fowler gives Trifolium and Mentha, but Reitter gives Convolvulus arvense
as the foodplant.

Ceuthorhynchidius palustre, Kdmonds.—By sweeping Nasturtium
palustre, This distinct little species has only been taken at Bovey
Tracey, Devon, the type locality before.

Ceuthorhynchidius rufulus, Dufonr.—This species is chiefly found
at the seaside and almost confined to the South Coast. I was rather
astonished at sweeping a specimen in this swamp.

I am indebted to Mr. Keys for the names of the Athetae, and Mr.
Britten for the name of the 7’richopterya species.

CarasipaE.—Dyschirius globosus, Hbst., Acupalpus meridianus, L.,
Anchomenus albipes, F., A. oblongus, F., A. micans, Nic., *A. scitulus,
Dj., Bembidium rufescens, Guér., B. biguttatum, F., B. riparium, Ol.,
*B. clarki, Daws., Dromius linearis, Ol., D. melanocephalus, Dj.

Hypropuitimar.—Helophorus aensipennis, Th., *H. laticollis, Th.,
H. brevipalpis, Bed.

STaPHYLInIDAE.—Aleochara lanuginosa, Gr., *Oaypoda_ salictaria,
Donis., O. longiuscula, Gr., *O. nigrocincta, Muls., Ocyusa maura, Er,,
*Calodera riparia, Er., *C. aethiops, Gr., *Atheta cambrica, Woll., A.
tomlin, Joy., A. graminicola, Gr., A. nigella, Er., A. aequata, Er., A.
etreellaris, Gr., A. analis, Gr., *A. major, Sharp., *A. decipiens, Sharp.,
A. ravilla, Er., *A. canescens, Sharp., A. sordida, Marsh., A. laticollis,
Steph., A. fungi, Gr., A. clientula, Er., “Gyrophaena lucidula, Er.,

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1982

*Placusa infima, Er., Hygronoma dimidiata, Gr., Oligota inflata, Man.,
*O. parva, Hr., *Conosoma pedicularium, Gr., Tachyporus obtusus, Li,
T. solutus, Er., 7. pallidus, Shp., T. chrysomelinus, L., T. humerosus,
Er., 7. hypnorun, F., Quedius fuliginosus, Gr., Q. cinctus, Pk., Q.
rufipes, Gr., Q. schatzmayri, Grid., Gabrius nigritulus, Gr., G. pennatus,
Shp., Lathrobium brunnipes, F., *L. filiforme, Gr., Stenus bimaculatus,
Gyll., S. juno, F., S. royert, Kr., S. pusillus, Er., *S. exiguus, Hr., 8S.
fuscipes, Gr., S. nanus, Fauv., *S. carbonarius, Gyll., *S. argus, Gr., S.
brunnipes, Steph., S. pallipes, Gr., S. bifoveolatus, Gyll., S. latifrons, Er.,
Oxytelus rugosus, F., Haploderus caelatus, Gr., Troyophloeus elongatulus,
Kr., 7. cortictnus, Gr., Lesteva longelytrata, Goez., L. heeri, Fauv.,
Homalium rivulare, Pk., H. caesum, Gr., Proteinus ovalis, Steph., *P.
macropterus, Gyll.

SrpHpan.— Choleva nigricans, Spence.

ScypMaENIDaE.—* Huconnus hirticollis, Il.

PseLapHipaE.—Tychus niger, Pk., Rybaxis sanguinea, L., *R.
sanguinea ab. niyripennis, F. and D.

TRICHOPTERYGIDAE.—T7ichopterya fratercula, Mat.

Puatacripar.— Olibrus aeneus, F.

CoccinELLipaE.—Coccinella 10-punctata, L., C. 11-punctata, L.,
Halyzia 22-punctata, L., Chilocorus similis, Ross., Coccidula rufa,
Hbst.

Nitiputipar.— Brachypterus urticae, F., Cercus bipustulatus, Pk.
Pria dulcamarae, Scop., Meligethes difficilis, Heer., *M. morosus, Er.
(black legs), Kpuraea aestiva, L., E. florea, Kr.

Laruripupar.—Hniemus transversus, Ol., Melanophthalma fuscula,
Hum.

CrypToPHaGIpaE.—OCryptophagus dentatus, Hbst., *Micrambe villosa,
Heer., Atomaria umbrina, Gyll., A. fuscata, Sch., A. atra, Hbst., A.
pusilla, Pk., A. analis, Er., A, ruficornis, Marsh.

ScaraBaEIDAE,—Aphodius sticticus, Pz.

TELEPHORIDAE.—Telephorus haemorrhotdalis, F., T. bicolor, Hbst.
(thoracicus, Ol.), 1’. bicolor, Hbst., ab. suturalis, Schil., *7’. bicolor, Hbst.,
ab. theresae, Pic., “Dasytes plumbeus, Muls. (oculatus, Fow.).

CurysoMELIpan.—Melasoma populi, L., *Plagiodera versicolora,
Laich., Phaedon tumidulus, Germ., Phyllodecta vitellinae, L., *Galerucella
pusilla, Dufts., *Longitarsus castaneus, Dufts., L. luridus, Scop., *L.
flavicornis, Steph., L. pusillus, Gyll., *L. pelluctdus, Foud., Phyllotreta
nodicornis, Marsh., P. atra, Pk., *Urepidodera chloris, Foud., C. aurata,
Marsh., Chaetocnema hortensis, Fourc., Psylliodes affinis, Pk.

Pyruipar.—Rhinosimus planirostris, F.

MorpeLtiman.—* Anaspis florenceae, Donis., A. subtestacea, Steph.,
A. maculata, Foure., A. maculata ab. pallida, Marsh.

AntuHicipaE.—Anthicus antherinus, L.

Curcutionipar.—fhynchites uncinatus, Th., Apion dissimile, Germ.,
A. nigritarse, Kirb., A. apricans, Hbst., A. onopordi, Kirb., A. virens,
Hbst., A. dichrown, Bed., A. loti, Kirb., “A. simile, Kirb., *A. pubescens,
Kirb., A. humile, Germ., A. aethiops, Hbst., Haomias araneiformis, Schr.,
Phyllobius vomonae, Ol., P. viridiaeris, Laich., Sitones sulcifrons, Thunb.,
Hypera variabilis, Hbst., H. nigrirostris, F., Anthonomus rubi, Hbst.,
Nanophyes lythri, F., Miccotrogus picirostris, F., Ceuthorhynehus
contractus, Marsh., C. erysimt, F., *C. hirtulus, Germ., Ceuthorhynchidius
floralis, Pk., *C. palustre, Edmonds, C. troglodytes, F., *C. rufulus,
Duf.!, Phytobius comari, Hbst.

NOTES ON ALGERIAN BUTTERFLIES IN KABYLIA, q

Notes on Algerian Butterflies with Special Reference to some
Localities in Kabylia.

By Miss L. M. FISON.
(Continued from Vol. XLIII., p. 167.)

Leptosia duponcheli.—Spring and summer.

Pontia daplidice.—The plain of the Sebaou near Azazga. (L.M.F.)

v. raphanit.—Sebaou, Tlemcen, Lambeése.

vy. albidice.—Algiers, Plateaux, Tell, Sahara.

v. flava.—Biskra.

Anthocharis belemia f. ylauce.—Biskra, Blida-Lambese, Guelma,
Bougie, Bon-Saada. Very fine in Sebaou Valley. (L.M.F.)

ab. distincta.—Philippeville, Batna.

ab. evanescens.—E1 Kantara.

ab. desertorum.—Tunis.

ab. fallouwi.—Biskra, Plateaux, Sahara.

ab. seitzt.—Biskra.

A. belia (crameri) rv. ausonia.—Kantara, Blida, Tell, Constantine,
Lambése, Guelma. This butterfly is one of the commonest insects of
Kabylia. I have frequently observed it from March until June on the
mountains at the back of Djemaa Sapridj—on the mountains above
Fréha and on the mountains and in the ravines all around Michelet.
It flies often at a considerable height. (L.M.F.)

Muchloé tagis.—Algiers, Kl Kantara, Plateaux, Lambeése.

E.. charlonia.—Biskra, Kantara, Msila, Plateaux.

E. eupheno.— Atlas, Lambese, Guelma, Blida, Philippeville, Tlemcen,
Hammam. This beautiful southern ‘‘ orange tip” is very common in
Kabylia, and is one of the earliest butterflies to appear. Sometimes in
February it is already on the wing. Some localities for eupheno are
the Valley of the Sebaou near Mékla, and mts. around, all around
Azazga, at Port Gueydon, in ravines around Michelet, in the Gorges
de la Chiffa near Blida; between Marbot and Teniett-el-Had, on the
Bauzarea hills near Algiers, and above the Boulevard Bru. It seems
to fly from end of February to May.

I have never seen H. cardamines in N. Africa and should be interested
to know if it exists here. (L.M.F.).

Teracolus evagore rv. nouna.—Biskra, Aurés Mts., Oran, Plateaux,
Sahara.

Gonepterya rhamni rx. meridionalis—Algiers, Tell, Plateaux,
Kabylia.

G. cleopatra.—Teniett, Algiers, Plateaux, Tell. Itis abundant in
Kabylia, and I have seen it at Mékla, Azazea, Fréha, Michelet, and
Port Gueydon. (L.M.F.)

Colias hyale and Colias croceus (edusa).—The ‘clouded yellows”
especially croceus are common in Kabylia, and in places they
literally swarm, ‘The fields in the plain of the Sebdou are alive with
these insects in March, April, May, and even in June. They appear
again in the autumn. Mr. Tutt says of ‘‘ edusa”’ that its true home
is along the Mediterranean littoral and in the Algerian Valleys.”
This is certainly true in Kabylia. It would be interesting to know
how many broods there are in Algeria. Mr. Tutt suggests there may be
four, in February, May, August, and October. I wonder is this so ? or if

8 ; ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1.19382

the clouded yellows are an especially strong race of butterflies and live
longer than some. I have seen them flying vigorously although
considerably worn and old. (L.M.F.)

Melanargia galathea.—Teniett, Saida.

M. ines.—Teniett, Plateaux, Tell. I shall hope to look more carefully
this year for ines, also for M. syllius. (l.M.F.)

The genus Satyrus.—This genus is well represented in Algeria.
The forest region between Azazga Yakouren and Elkseur should prove
a fruitful locality for the Satyrids. In this forest, composed for the
most part of the chéne-zien and the chéne-lieége wild boar are plentiful,
also hyaenas, and occasionally panthers are to be found. Flocks of
monkeys roam in the secluded parts, and occasionally may be seen
sporting in the trees, or in the ravines drinking at the brooks.
(L.M.F.)

Satyrus alcyone.—Philippeville, Kabylia.

Satyrus briseis, r. major.—Kabylia, Aures Mts., Tlemcen, Plateaux.

S. priewt.—Plateaux, Tell.

S. semele rv. alyirica.—Algiers, Teniett.

S, statilinus r. hansti.cW. Algeria, Sebaou.

S. fatua.—W., Algiers.

S. abdelkadir.—Oran, Plateaux, Tell. v. lambessana.—Aures Mts.

Pararge aegeria.—Azazea, Michelet, Sebaou, Mékla, all the season.
(L.M.F.) Algiers, Guelma, Bougie, Philippeville. rv. intermedia.—
Blida.

P. megera.—Aumels, Ageribbes, Port Gueydon, Sebaou, Michelet.
(L.M.F.)

P, maera x. lyssa.—Guelma.

E’pinephele janiroides.—Kabylia, Guelma.

E. pasiphae.—Teniett. xr. philippina, Teniett, Oran, Guelma.

FE. ida.—Tlemeen. r. caecilia.—§. Algiers.

E. jurtina rv. fortunata.—Teniett, Hamman, Oran. r. mauretanica.
—Teniett.

Coenonympha arcanoides.—Atlas, Blida, Plateaux, Tell.

C. fettigii.—Sebaou, Tell.

C. pamphilus—Hamman, Sebaou (common). Michelet. (L.M.F.)
r. dyllus, Sebaou, Tlemcen, Salda Marina, Guelma.

(To be concluded.)

Lithosia pallifrons [vitellina] ab. pygmaeola. (Doubleday.)
By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL.

On the night of August 5th I was collecting near Lydd in Kent.
Moths were coming in numbers to the headlights of my car. At
12.15 a.m. there arrived two “footmen” (gs) which I thought
must be Lithosia canivla on account of their habit of rolling their
wings around their bodies, thus making a narrow and very inconspicuous
cylinder of themselves.

Also LL. caniola is recorded as having been taken in ‘“ Romney
Marsh.”

On examining them a few days later I found that they were not.
L. caniola and did not fit in with any British “‘ footman ” | knew.

DATES OF HUBNER'S PLATES. 9

Mr. Tams at the British Museum (Natural History) has been good
enough to identify them. He made preparations of the genitalia of :—

i. Our so called L. lutarella ab. pygmaeola from Deal.

il. oe ane L. lutarella.

. Continental L. pallifrons.

iv. uy two Lithosia.

He has reported that the species which has flourished so long on
the Deal Sandhills under the specific name of ‘Jutarella”’ is not
really that species but is in fact a form of L. pallifrons (vitellina),
hitherto an exclusively continental species. Furthermore he has
identified my two Lithosia as this species also. Whereas the form
hitherto taken in England—namely at Deal and, I understand, the
Norfolk Sandhills—has been referable to ab. pygm raeola an account of
its marked difference from the Continental form, my two from near
Lydd are identical with the true Continental pallifrons and they difter
wee pygmaeola in the following points :—

i. Their much larger size—being nearly a quarter as large again
as my largest pygmacola male from Deal.

. The well-marked yellow colour of the wings.
The bright yellow thoracic tufts.

s The distinct black shading at the base of the hindwings.

It will be noted that this locality is nearly forty miles distant from
the original locality at Deal and that this new ground has no sandhills
anywhere near it. I think that this little colony (as I hope it is)
provides a link between our local pyymacola form on the one hand and
the true Continental pallifrons on the other.

I wish to thank Mr. Tams for his work in identifying these species.

Dates of Hubner’s Plates (Noctuae).

The date usually quoted for Hubner’s Text Noctwae is 1805. This
seems to be an impossible date, since there are descriptions of many
species which were not figured until much later ; for instance fig. 653
(Text p. 185) was issued between 1818 and 1822, and nearly 60 of the
figures mentioned in the text were issued between 1808 and 1818.
On the other hand fig. 6138 was mentioned on the third page of the
text, p. 158.

The dates of Htibner’s Noctuae Plates as given me by my late
colleague Mr. J. Durrant of the 8. Kensington Museum are as
follows :—

Plates 1-74 (figs. 1-845) 1802.
», 70-86 (346-405) 1802-1808.
» 87-94 (406-445) 1808.
» 90-139 (446-638) 1808-1818.
» 140-150 (639-697) 1818-1822.
», 151 (698-703) 1823.
», 152-160 (704-752) 1826-1828.
», 161-169 (753-802) 1828-1833.
» 170-176 (808-839) 1834.
», 177-185 (840.882) 1834-1841. Pelivap agli

10 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1.1932

On the “ Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera ”
S. L. Mosley.

By 8. G. CASTLE-RUSSELL.

With reference to Mr. Griffin’s interesting article on the above
work, I possess a copy which is identical with the one he describes.
My copy was obtained for me by Mr. Mosley himself in 1912 and
compared by him with an original subscriber's copy to which he had
access. I think it can therefore be taken for granted that the work as
described and collated by Mr. Griffin is complete, and as issued to
subscribers. Mr. Mosley told me that the parts were entirely his own
handiwork, including the printing. A cheaper edition appears to
have been issued consisting of 6 parts with 80 coloured plates, for in
a “ Quaritch” list of 1922 an extract from a letter from Mr. Mosley
to Van Voorst is given as follows :—‘‘If your subscriber desires he
can be supplied with hand painted copies of varieties at the usual
price of 8s. per part but they take so much labour that I sent ou’ the
5s. parts to all who would be satisfied with them.”

Information on these old books is very useful. Mr. Turner I believe
possesses a copy of the very rare work by Petiver and it would be of
great interest if he would describe it.

Y)OTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

CacORCIA PRONUBANA AND ITS Parasites.—On September 9th last I
received a consignment of some two dozen larvae and pupae of this
species very kindly sent by Mr. Robert Adkin from Hastbourne, with
some foliage of Hwonynius japonica and Coronilla glauca. Having
none of the former I substituted the wild F’. europaeus, which is abundant
about here and in the garden, and I also have a good sized plant of
the Coronilla. I subsequently found that the larvae did not appreciate
the wild spindle but fed up on the Coronilla entirely. The first moth, a
female, came out on the 5th, and the next was a male on the 138th,
after which one or two appeared about every other day until the end
of the month, most of them being males. I let 2 go, kept several for
egos and set the rest. Several batches of eggs were laid in a pillbox,
some being yellow and others green; no change has taken place in
their coloration, but all of them seem to have flattened and | fear all
are infertile, though I shall keep them until the spring to see whether
they will hatch.

Two Braconids, probably Meteorus sp., appeared in September but
unfortunately I lost them both. In October a couple of Tachinids
emerged which Miss Aubertin has kindly determined as Nemorilla
floralis and says that although they have been reared from several
lepidopterous hosts, including Cacoecia murinana—which, by the way,
I cannot find in Meyrick and suppose it is a continental species [yes] —
she has seen no record from C. pronubana.—C. Nicuotson, (F.H.§.)
Tresillian, Cornwall. November 23rd.

Late Larvar or Dysstroma truncata.—On October 18th I boxed
a somewhat worn female of the centwm-notata form of this species, the
dark forms of which are commonest about here, with an occasional
comma-notata and are usually seen in and about the house in late

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 11

autumn. I kept her for eges and was rewarded with about 50, laid
on the glass and paper of the receptable in which I kept her and also
on the potted sallow plant provided forher. I kept these eggs for three
weeks not expecting them to hatch, as several had caved in badly,
suggesting infertility, and wanting the glass I rubbed off those on it
(about a dozen) as most of them had collapsed. The rest were put
into a glass bottomed pillbox and I was surprised to see that in a few
days they began to darken slightly and a larva hatched on November
10th. ‘I'he sallows being all but leafless I potted up a small plant of
wild strawberry which abounds in the garden and as the larvae hatched
at the rate of one or two daily they were placed on the plant and at
once made themselves at home and began to feed. At present there are
about 20 feeding comfortably and the 5 remaining eggs will probably
not hatch. I send this note because it seemed very late for larvae to
hatch, but as they hibernate and strawberry is evergreen I suppose it
doesn’t matter! I have little doubt that strawberry is their normal
food here—in the winter at any rate—and a search of the wild plants
might result in a good haul of larvae, but they would be extremely
difficult to see, being at present only a fifth of an inch in length and
just the colour of the ribs on the underside of the strawberry leaves,
on which they extend themselves at rest. 1 was struck by their almost
perfect invisibility when extended upwards from the lid of the pillbox,
owing to their being nearly white, and even when I used a reading glass
to make sure that I did not miss one I often spotted them only because
of their brown heads.—C. Nicuotson, Tresillian, Cornwall. November
23rd,

LarvaE OF Pigris BRASSICAE, P. RAPAE AND P. NaPI ON SAME PLANT.—
I noticed some larvae of P. rapae on a plant of sea kale in the garden—
grown for iss wonderful autumn colouring and not for culinary
purposes—and on examining the plant carefully I found those of VP.
brassicae and P. napi also. I wonder if this is a record, as P. napi
does not usually descend to cabbage! One pupa of 7. napi was found
under a window sill in the verandah; this was bright green with a
few brownish marks and was evidently discovered by a wren, which
takes the place of the bat in winter and picks up spiders, flies and other
unconsidered trifles there. High up on the brown hall-window frame
is another of a pale buff-erey. Under another window-sill outside the
verandah is another pale grey pupa and high on the open wall
near is a dark grey one. ‘These two should have been reversed
in site to suggest the protective coloration theory! We always find a
few IP. rapae pupae in and about the verandah, but they always
disappear when the weather becomes generally colder, except in two
cases when the larvae (one P. rapae in the sitting-room and one P.
brassicae in the bedroom !) entered through the windows and pupated
in the rooms. It is remarkable that the larvae escape destruction
whilst crawling up the wall and awaiting pupation, but are picked off
as pupae which are on the whole less conspicuous, and it can only be
explained, 1 think, by the keener searching by the birds in colder
weather.—C. Nicuorson, Tresillian. November 23rd.

A Nature Srory.—The following anecdote appeared in the “‘ Western
Morning News ’”’ of November 7th under the above heading and I am

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1932:

sending it out of curiosity to see whether any reader can identify the
‘*« beetle ’’ and its “ parasite.’’ I do not know who J.B. is and I haven’t
attempted to communicate with him through the editor as I find that
such attempts are almost invariably futile.

“The streaked-winged lightning beetle crawls slowly up the rough
surface of the granite wall, its wing-cases of metallic blue glinting as-
it turns in and out of the crevices. ‘The beetle is in pain, for now and
then it pauses, to repeatedly strike with one hooked leg the roughened
surface, dislodging the weathered grains of stone with its wasted
efforts.

“« Faster it seems to writhe, almost losing its grip on the stone, then
suddenly a little insect appears on its head, running swiftly over the
polished, horny skin. Scarce as big as a pin’s head, it seems but a
yellow spot as it checks and turns, to creep round over the beetle’s-
back and push itself into the crevice between head and neck. Sharply
the beetle rears, and once more the parasite is dislodged, taking almost
the same path as before.

‘¢ While it creeps slowly back the beetle stumbles on wards, half-falling”
as the carelessly clutched granules give way. ‘The insect attacks again.
The antennae tremble, and the wing-cases are half lifted as if for
flight. Wearily the beetle raises itself, shifting its weight from leg
to leg. It is weaker now, and only for a brief space does the insect
withdraw from the neck. One more struggle, and then the beetle falls,
to le helpless on the ground with legs waving feebly in the air.—J.B.”

The description of the beetle suggests a Geotrupes, and of the
parasite, one of the usual mites, but how can the name be accounted
for? No doubt it is ‘something ”’ strzatus and there 1s a good deal of
fancy in the interpretation of the phenomena observed !—C. NrcHoxson.

HuGonta potycHLoros In Essex.—The large tortoiseshell had been
fairly common in this neighbourhood up to the year 1910. In 1911
it was fairly plentiful and nests of caterpillars could be seen on many
trees. | collected a number of the larvae, which were fullfed: they
proved to be all stung. Since that year I have not noted one butterfly,
although continuously on the look out. I wonder whether any of your
readers have noticed the absence of this species elsewhere. I expected
this area would have been peopled again by immigration, but it is not
so.—H. HE. Bentatt, (F.H.S.) Wickham Bishops, Essex.

Burrerriirs mw Kasyztra 1x Decemper.—The following butterflies
were flying here at Michelet, Kabylia, Algeria up to December 18th
last, when we had our first fall of snow. Colias croceus (edusa), Pyrameis
cardui excessively common, Pararge aegeria, P. megera, Aricia medon 1,.
Rumicia phlaeas common, Pieris rapae and P. brassicae occasionally.
Anthocharis belia (cramert) x. ausonia, Gonepterya rhamni and Hugonia
polychloros both of which last hibernate here.—(Miss) L. M. Fison,.
Michelet, Algeria. January, 1982.

CURRENT NOTES. 13

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

In the Ent. Zeit. for August, H. Auel reports finding a chrysalis
of Aglais urticae on October 26th, 1930, at Sansouci from which, in a
warm and moist atmosphere, the imago emerged on November 9th,
and contends that this represents a third generation.

The Int. Ent. Zeit. for Sept. contains a well illustrated account of
the breeding, biology and structure of Ruralis (Zephyrus) betulae, with
3 plates containing many figures.

The Ent. Zeit. for September contains a portion of the Faunal
List of Lepidoptera of Upper Styria.

The Mitt. Miinch, Ent. Ges. 1931 (1) has a very interesting article
on the insular parallel forms in the Genus Papilio, and (2) the
Lepidoptera of the Gran Chaco (Argentina), a collection made in 1925-6.
Sphingidae by Baron von Rosen, Geometridae by L. B. Prout, and
Pterophoridae (Alucitidae) by EK. Meyrick.

The Zeit. Oester. Hnt. Ver. contains an account of the career of the
well-known Dr. Hans Rebel of the Vienna Museum, who has just
reached his 70th year. ‘There is a very clear portrait of the Doctor.
It is very pleasing to see a portrait of one who has done so much to
spread the knowledge of European Lepidopterology for so long 2 space
of years.

We have recently received the T’rans. Ent. Soc. South of England,
no. 6. It contains XIV. pp. of Rules, Financial Statement, and List
of Members, and 186 pp. of matter made up of four important papers.
There are no Proceedings, as in former years. ‘Two papers are on
Diptera (1) The “ British Species of Asilidae and their Prey”’ by B.
M. Hobby and (2) “British Tabanidae” by EH. Rivenhall Goffe, the
latter with two plates. These will be reviewed at length in a subsequent
number of this magazine. ‘The other two papers are short and deal with
Lepidoptera. (1) ‘‘ Leucania favicolor,” a Life-history compiled from
the Notes of the late EHustace Bankes with notes, by W. Parkinson
Curtis, and (2) ‘‘ Additions and Corrections to the Lists of Lepidoptera
of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight,” by W. Fassnidge. The former
is a good piece of work, the putting together of scattered private notes
and observations in a species not commonly met with, and the latter
a necessary completion of two admirable lists published a few years
ago, to bring them up to date.

A considerable portion of Heft 3 of Jris is taken up with a
consideration of the Micro-lepidoptera. The first article by Dr.
Vorbrodt dealing with the Tessin Fauna and the second paper by H.
G. Amsell that of the Mark Brandenburg (Berlin area).

We note that the ‘ Painted Lady,” Pyrameis cardui, is reported
from as far north in the British Isles as Shetland.

In the Hunt. Rundschau for September is a List of the Butterflies
found in Haiti from May 15th to June 21st, 19380, some 75 in number,
including 5 Papilio.

We have received an interesting and useful separate of an account
published in Trans. Am. Ent. S., the ‘¢ Cuban Hesperiidae,’ by R. C.
Williams, Jr., with one coloured plate and 14 text figures of genitalia.
The collection was made by the Querci family from November, 1929,
to October, 1980. There is a table of emergences of each species.
36+5 are dealt with. -

14 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15.1.19382

A part of the Lepidopterorum Catalogus recently issued deals with a
second portion of the Satyridae. The enormous mass of references
collected in this wonderful encyclopedic catalogue is phenomenal.
The aid to research afforded by these volumes is of untold value. We
congratulate the compilers, editor and publishers on the production of
these volumes. That they are comprehensive may be judged from the
instance that seven and a half quarto pages are filled with references
to Erebia euryale.

We quote the following note from the Canadian Ent. ‘ Invaluable
Words.”

‘Certain invaluable words and phrases as ‘“‘ apparently,” ‘‘ seems to
be,” and ‘‘ it appears,’’ have become to be an almost necessary part of
the equipment of scientific investigators and writers. The majority of
the articles that come to hand are liberally sprinkled with such words,
and perhaps not unnecessarily so. To one unfamiliar with the subject
matter of an article or to a tyro in the field, the thought comes that
the author is treading as if on thin ice and is hesitant to commit
himself by drawing definite conclusions. Doubtless this is true and it
is well that it is so, for such an attitude makes for open-mindedness
and tolerance. It is ever a dangerous thing to approach the region
where opinions crystallize, and such words are buffers of the greatest
import. Such loophole phrases offer a way out to investigators and
probable often advert disagreements, which many times result in bitter
feelings. The words ‘“ apparently’’ and ‘‘probably’’ must serve on
numerous occasions as life preservers in the rough experimental waters
of science. The importance of the frequent and timely use of such
words as ‘‘ possibly”? and ‘‘nearly” should be early impressed upon
young scientists and authors. John Ray said that ‘‘ Nature refuses to
be forced into the fetters of a precise system’ and, with the infinite
number of exceptions and yet unexplained variances, a high premium
should be placed upon such pertinent tools and indispensible servants:
to progress in scientific research.”

We have received two separates from Dr. U. Rocci (1) A considera-
tion and Discussion of the Mode of Variation in Melitaea athalia. (2)
General Observations on a few species of Lepidoptera. The former is
illustrated by 2 plates giving figures of the two groups into which he
divides the various races he has met with in the Ticino area of N. Italy,
one of 22 figures of the melathalia group and the other of 18 figures of
the divergens group. Both seasonal (generations) and local variation
is dealt with.

An interesting and useful feature of some of the descriptions of the
distribution of the Lepidoptera in the continental magazines is the
inclusion of a map. The Ent. Zeit. for October contains such a map
of the distribution of Polyommatus meleager in Germany. Herr G.
Warnecke in his article shows that there is no connection of the German
races with those south of the Alps nor with the S. Western area the
French alpine slopes. The same number contains instructions for
handling and rearing the cocoons of the larger silk-moths.

As we go to press we regret to hear of the death of W. J. Lucas,
F.E.S., who was well-known as a student of the Orthoptera.

SOCIETIES. 15

SOCIETIES.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE E\nToMoLoGIcaL Society.

Exuisition Mertine—Ocroser 201Tu, 1931.—This being the annual
Exhibition Meeting was devoted to the inspection of exhibits brought
by the members. The scarcity of Lepidoptera in many parts of the
country during a remarkably wet, cold and sunless season was com-
mented upon, but those members who had collected in the South-eastern
Counties had found insects more numerous, and some good series of
local and rare species had been secured. Despite the poor reports
exhibits were quite as numerous and varied as usual.

Mr. R. Tait showed bred series of biston strataria and Asphalia
ridens from the New Forest, and from Dorset series of Agriades thetis
(bellargus), Polyommatus icarus, Aricta medon (astrarche), Cupido minimus,
Melitaea aurinia and Adscita (Ino) statices.

Mr. W. Buckley exhibited Ayriades coridon, A. medon (astrarche) and
Chiasmia clathrata from Royston. [rom Symonds Yat he had Brenthis
selene, Leptosia sinapis and bred specimens of Zyyaena filipendulae of a
dull, greasy appearance. ‘The same member also showed examples of
Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas from Nevin with only a trace of the
usual orange band on the hind wings.

Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Hughes, who had had a particularly productive
season, brought a very large exhibit representative of captures made up
to July. These included—from localities in Surrey. Apocheima
hispidaria, Lycta hirtaria, Hemerophila abruptaria, Mphyra pendularia,
Ectropts (Tephrosia) punctulata, Boarmia punctinalis. (consortaria), B.
roborarta, Comibaena (Huchloris) pustulata, Drymonia trimacula, Toxo-
campa pastinum, Calymnia pyralina, Dyschorista suspecta and a specimen
of Triphaena pronuba with partly bleached fore-wings. From Hssex—
Brephos notha. From Wye, Kent—Pachetra leucophaea, Aysticoptera
(Lobophora) sewalata and Anaitis efformata. From the New Forest—
Synanthedon (Sesia) culiciformis (bred), Apamea ophiogramma (bred),
Callimorpha dominula (bred), Boarmia cinctaria and Pachycnemia hippo-
castanaria. From Lewes, Sussex—Acidalia immorata. From the Isle
of Wight—Hndrosa irrorella, Ptychopoda (Acidalia) humiliata, Agrotis
lunigera, Xylophasta sublustris and Acosmetia caliginosa.

Mr. J. B. Garner-Richards brought an exhibit from the Isle of
Wight including Colias eroceus and Polygonia c-album and algo a golden
variety of ft. phlaeas from Formby.

Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited, on behalf of Mr. A. R. Davidson, a
specimen of Phrywxus livornica captured at Formby in June, and Mr.
G. de OC. Fraser exhibited one of two specimens of the same species
captured at rhododendron flowers in his garden at I reshfield during
the same month.

Mr. R. N. Snell had B. strataria from Dolgelly, a variable series
of Nyssia zonaria from Conway and Hibernia lencophaearia from East-
ham. From Symonds Yat—Leptosia sinapis, Abraxas sylvata, Anaitis
plagiata, Minoa murinata and Cepphis (Kpione) advenaria. From
Wicken—Arsilonche albovenosa, Phragmatobia fuliginosa and Calamia
phragnitidis. From Abbots Wood—Lymantria monacha (including
Specimens with yellow bodies), Aspitates ochrearia, Drepana binaria
and specimens of Nola albula, Eremobia ochroleuca and Lithosia complana,
and also bred examples of Pterostoma palpina from Devon.

16 ENTOMOLOGISL’ S RECORD. 15.1.1932

Mr. H. W. Wilson exhibited a bred series of Callimorpha quadri-
punctaria (ved, yellow and intermediate forms) from Devon, and from
the same County Xanthorhoé rivata and Acidalia imitaria. From
Wallasey—Taentocanpa opima and a specimen of Boarmia repandata
variety nigricata. From Burnt Wood—Bomolocha fontis and Semio-
thisa notata, and a long varied series of Calamia lutosa from South
Lancashire.

Mr. G. A. Longworth showed specimens of Calocampa solidayinis
from Moel Fammau, Dasychira fascelina (bred) from Formby and
Hipparchus (Geometra) papilionaria (bred) from Thurstaston.

@ BITUARY.

Edward Step, F.L.S.

There has recently passed from us one of the greatest teachers of
Natural History of the last half-a-century. Edward Step was born 76
years ago, and for more than half that period he had devoted the whole
of his energy to inculcate a knowledge of the natural beauties of our
countryside. An ardent lover of the woods, fields, hillsides and
commons, an adept photographer of taste and judgment, he gradually
acquired an encyclopedic knowledge of our indigenous plants and
animals. He early recognised that the more technical language of
biological science tended to repel would-be enquirers into nature’s
mysteries, and in all his work his aim was to present his facts in such
easy, and yet not over simple, language that the ‘‘man in the street,”
so to say, readily understood and grasped the truths. To illustrate
what he taught he looked upon as a “sine qua non” of bis work, and
this his skill and practice in photography successfully achieved.
Perhaps the leaning of his study was to Botany: his numerous
published volumes on wild flowers, garden flowers, trees and shrubs,
and fungi soon became the invaluable handbooks of ramblers in our
woodlands, heaths and commons. He joined the South London
Entomological and Natural History Society in 1872, the year of its
inception, had been its President more than once, and was to have
been again in the chair during 1982, its Jubilee Year. But unfor-
tunately this was not to be, and he passed away in mid-November last.
Every member of this popular Society esteemed him greatly, for he
was rarely absent from its meetings and was also particularly interested
and helpful in the field meetings. His writings differ from those of
the average bookmaker in natural history, in that they teem with his
own actual experiences in the field and many of his illustrations such
as those in ‘“‘ Wild Flowers Month by Month,’ can be recognised by
the ardent rambler as pictures of famous beauty spots of the wild
Surrey hills. A desire to study the life of the sea shore led him some
years ago to reside for a while on Cornwall’s rocky coast. The result
of the knowledge so gained we find in his ‘Shell Life,’ and his
lectures on crabs and other sea creatures were delivered out of the
fullness of the knowledge thus gained. London publishers discovered
his skill and knowledge and all the best natural history books for years
were issued under his editorship. Only one need be mentioned here,
and that is the three volumes of ‘‘ South’s Butterflies and Moths of the
British Isles,’’ which no British lepidopterist can possibly do without.
He will be missed by many a lover of nature throughout the land, but
he will still live and teach through his beautiful books.—Hy.J.T.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turnen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require InuusrRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHor
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D, caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. :

Excuanors.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Duplicates.—Ocellatus* 5, Hastata 1, Cambricaria 3, Blandina 12, Protea* (melanic)
2, Camelina* 2, Dromedarius* 1, well set on black pins with data.

Desiderata.—Betulae, Trepida, Diluta, Or and Myricae. Geo. Nicholson, 24, Nun’s
Moor Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Duplicates.— A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7.
8p.m. February 3rd, March 2nd.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
January 28th, Annual Meetiug, February 11th.—Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, Avenue
House, The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings 1st and 3rd Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
eeenere or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,

ssex.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.0.U.,
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Russell, A. J. Wightman, Miss L. M. Fison, Rev. Canon Foster, Lt. E. B. Ashby,
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Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, B. C. S. Warren, H. Willoughby-Ellis, W. H. T.
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and Reports of Societies.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
‘¢ Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam.

IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXYVI.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Puper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.

GONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Mxnanism AND Mepanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VaRIATION (many)-—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, efc., etc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S8.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

P Vol. XLIV.

FEBRUARY, 1932

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD
AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

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CONTENTS eS
The Harly Stages of P. globulariae, and of P. aca Dr. #. A. oe
A.M, BE. S. and C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S, 17
Stray Visits to Kerry in Search of as Rev. Canon G. Kee B.D.
(concluded) .. 23
The Specific Names and a Se Variations of M. parthenide and
M. parthenie, Dr. Roger Verity (concluded) Bd 27
Newly-Described Forms of British Species of Lepidoptera .. as an 30
Current Notes .. 4 Be oc ae ; Dc Be ae 31
Supriement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S. (213)-(216)

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EARLY STAGES OF PROCRIS GLOBULARIAE AND P. COGNATA. 17

The Early Stages of Procris globulariae, Hb.,
and of P. cognata, H.-S.

By Dr. H. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., F.E.S., and C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.

On May 2nd, 1931, we went to Lewes to look for larvae of
‘ globulariae.’ On the lower slopes of Cliffe Hill the leaves of Centawrea
nigra showed obvious signs that many larvae had been feeding, but
we found only a few. Higher up the hill they were much more plenti-
ful, so that presumably most of those lower down had pupated. We
found about 140 larvae, of which all but a few were in the last instar
and many were nearly full-fed. Most of them were in blisters of
various sizes formed by the cuticle of the leaf all the rest having been
eaten ; others were in the act of eating their way into a fresh leaf ;
some with nothing but the head inside, and others with a smaller or
larger part of the body already hidden. Larvae only partly inside a
leaf dropped to the ground as soon as they were disturbed. Some
were cutting a way in from the upper side, but the majority were
making a new blister, by entering a leaf from its under side. In one
leaf two larvae, both nearly full-grown, were lying side by side in the
same blister, but in no other blister was more than one larva found.
Three or four larvae were sitting on the central short leaf of the plant,
probably full-fed and resting prior to pupation, for they were not
changing skin, an operation carried out inside the leaf. Old blisters
of all sizes were seen and in many of them the cuticle had turned
brown, but not infrequently one was found still showing the shape of
the larva that had left it and with the pale green colour of the cuticle
unaltered. In such cases a larva was usually found pushing its way
in or already inside a neighbouring leaf. Frass was present in strings
between the two layers of cuticle in many of the old blisters, for though
the larvae extrude some frass, most of it is passed within the blister.
The plants of Centaurea nigra are very small with the leaves often few
in number, short, and rounded so that they are quite inconspicuous,
and the discoloured patches left by the larva are often the first thing to
draw attention to them. In some of the smaller leaves a blister
occupies the major part or even the whole of the leaf. The larvae
were surprisingly active, much more so than those of a Zygaena, rolling
themselves into a ball when disturbed and falling, but soon crawling
away to a better shelter if exposed to view.

Iixpecting a green larva we were surprised when the first larva
was seen to be greyish-brown and still more so when at the end of the
day we had not taken a single green one. Our first surmise as we
came home by train was, that two species. must occur on the continent
both forming blisters in Centaurea and that Buckler must have obtained
the wrong one for his figures and description, and on looking at his
book found that he obtained eges in the autumn and larvae in the
spring from Herr Heinrich Disqué of Speier. Referring to other
authorities it was seen that South, Barrett, and even Tutt had been
content to copy Buckler and that all gave the colour of the larva
as green. The article in Seitz showed that our guess was very nearly
correct.

Dr. Karl Jordan in Seitz Pulaearctic Macro-Lepidoptera Vol. U., p.
8 (1909) says that Procris cognata, H.-S., or what he takes to be this

18 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.11.1982

species, is very like ylobulariae, Hb., differing in the imago having
longer pectinations to the antennae and in the claspers of the male
being narrower and having a long free thorn-like process at the base ~
directed backwards. He goes on to say that it is found in Spain, Italy,
France, and the South coast of England, perhaps also in Germany
and Austria, and mines in the leaves of Centanrea, especially in C. nigra.
Of globulariae he says it is found in all the countries of Murope except
the most Northern and that it is not found in England. Meyrick how-
ever in his Revised Handbook of 1927, though admitting that globulariae
and cognata are distinct, retains the name globulariae for the British
species. In all probability it will never be possible to decide which
name was applied to the species accepted by Jordan as coynata, but it
will avoid endless confusion if his determination is accepted. Rebel
Berge Schm. Buch, 9th edition p. 450 (1910) also uses the name coynata
for the British species.

Freyer, Neve Beitrage. (1833), I. 119, Pl. 62, gives a figure and
description of the larva of globulariae. The figure shows a larva with
a greyish-green ground colour, narrow pale yellow dorsal stripe, a row
of large black dorsal spots, another lateral row and a red stripe between
them, but in the text he says that there is a row of red spots in a
light green (hell graun) line. Globularia vulgaris is given as the food-
plant. Kirby, Huropean Butterflies and Moths (1882) Pl. 21, fig. 2a,
fioures a pale green larva with a narrow pale yellow dorsal line, a row
of large black dorsal spots and another row of black subdorsal spots
and between them a blackish-green band with a red wart on each
somite. His description states that the larva is green with reddish
‘warts and two zigzag straw-coloured lines on the back. He gives
Centaurea scabiosaas the food-plant. Hoffmann, Schm. Hur. (1898) Pl. 9,
fig. 15. has a very similar figure, but the ground colour is not so
clear a green and the band between the two rows of black spots is a
pale bluish-white so that the red warts show much more distinctly.
In the text he says ‘‘ Grau mit rotlichen Warzen und zwei strohgelben,
eckig vortrenden Rwiicklinien.” He gives Centaurea scabiosa and
Globularia as food-plants. Spuler, Schm. Eu. (1906) uses the same
figure. Hoffmann’s figure shows the dorsal black spots as a series of
triangles occupying the whole of the anterior and outer part of the
dorsum of each somite and uniting anteriorly across the mid-line and
laterally, while the lateral row of spots forms a continuous band. It
seems Clear that these authors are all dealing with the same species.

Buckler’s figures, and description made from the larvae from
Speier on the Rhine are different in many respeets. The following
comparative account is extracted from Buckler.

“The larva has a green ground colour, the dorsal black spots are
rounder and meet neither across the middle line nor laterally, and there
is no pale yellow dorsal line shown in the figures or mentioned in the
text. The white subdorsal marking inclines to creamy-white, some-
times to yellowish-white, and this is strongly contrasted below by a
broadish stripe of dark green.’”’ These markings are not mentioned
or figured by Freyer, Kirby, and Hoffmann, while Buckler’s figures
show no red warts and they are not described. If these red warts are
the subdorsal tubercles, they are very unlike those of Buckler’s larvae,
for all the large tubercles in these are green, the dorsal ones being light
bluish green set with short fine blackish bristles.

EARLY STAGES OF PROCRIS GLOBULARIAE AND P. COGNATA, 19

It is not improbable that there are three species of Procris with
larvae mining in the leaves of Centaurea, one with a grey or greenish
larva with red warts first described by Schmidt and figured by Freyer,
Kirby, Hoffmann and Spuler, another with the bright green
larva with red warts figured by Buckler, and third, our British
Species with a brownish larva, of which I have found no published
description or figure.

If the green larvae belong to two species it is probable that a
microscopical examination of the skin of blown larvae would show
structural differences. The question as to whether they belong to one
or two species might be settled by breeding from green larvae with and
without red warts and examining the antennae and genitalia of the
two lots of imagines.

Although Jordan pointed out more than twenty years ago that the
British species is coynata and not the much commoner Continental
species qlobulariae, he did not mention the larva of either of them, and,
with the exception of Meyrick, no British author has taken any notice
of Jordan’s remarks. Both before and after Seitz published his book
all have followed Buckler attributing a green larva to the British
Species and they have in consequence taken the imago to be globulariae,
to which this green larva belongs. None of the Sussex collectors, who
have been breeding it from time to time for many years, seem to have
noticed that the larva they found was quite unlike that described in
all our books. It is remarkable that Tutt in his British Lepidoptera
copied the old mistake. He must have seen that Buckler’s larvae
came from abroad, but he never tried to confirm Buckler’s account by
obtaining larvae from Sussex as he could have done quite easily. The
description of the early stages contributed by Chapman is_ probably
correct, but unfortunately the source from which the eges came is not
stated.

The following is a description of our British species, P. cognata.

Lasr Instar.—Larva of the shape common to Procris and Zyyaena,
short and stout in the middle, tapering greatly at both extremities.
Head very small and flat, nearly black. Prothoracie plate dark brown
and shining, 1mm. in leneth, and 1:5mm. in breadth at the widest
part. The plate is triangular in shape with the posterior margin
forming the base of the triangle and the apex directed forward. The
apex however is very sharp pointed and the sides are not straight lines.
Commencing from the base, the sides run parallel or nearly parallel to
each other and to the long axis of the larva for about one fourth of
their length, then they curve sharply inwards, and finally curve gently
forwards again for about the last third of their length so as to meet at
a very sharp angle at the apex. The base is almost straight or is
slightly sinuous. A narrow strip of colourless chitin runs up the
middle of the posterior half dividing it into two parts. On each side
from the anterior end of the straight part of the lateral margin a
line runs inwards and forwards, curving first with a convexity and
then with a concavity forwards, and these lines form by their junction
a very sharp projection in the mid-line pointing towards the head.
The portion of the plate in front of these lines is covered with long
light brown setae and that behind is bare. The anterior portion of
the prothorax is not covered by the plate, but is quite soft and the

20 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1932

head can be retracted almost entirely within it or can be thrust far
forward for the purpose of eating out the parenchyma of a leaf.

Legs black. Ground colour pale greyish-brown (grayish olive—
Ridgway), appearing darker on the dorsum between the dorsal and
subdorsal tubercles and below these tubercles owing to the greater
abundance of black dots with which this part of the skin is studded.
At the beginning of an instar the larva appears to be very dark because
the dots are then close together, but it becomes paler as they separate
with the growth of the skin. There are four rows of large tubercles
either pink or avellaneous (Ridgway); the dorsal tubercles oval, set
obliquely with the anterior ends close together, so that only a small space
is left between them and almost touching one another on the 2nd thoracic;
the subdorsal tubercles oval with their long axis lying transversely.
These lie in the line of the anterior ends of the dorsal tubercles and
extend downwards nearly to the spiracles, which are at the level of
their anterior borders. Below the spiracles are the two subspiracular
rows of tubercles, smaller and nearly round. There is one tubercle of
each row on each somite. Hairs of two kinds arise from each tubercle,
short ones varying somewhat in size, sharp, smooth, pale brown with
dark brown tips, and much longer ones, white or colourless, divided
up into numerous short segments each a little wider at the distal than
at the proximal end. Small numbers of both kinds of hair are also
present on the lower part of each proleg, but both kinds are smaller
than on the tubercles.

Just external to the dorsal tubercles is a fairly broad stripe, whitish,
cream-coloured, or clear pale yellow, curving inwards towards the
middle line in the intervals between the tubercle of one somite and the
next and sometimes running up the sides of each tubercle. In some
larvae this stripe is bordered externally at a point opposite each tubercle
by a narrow bright red line. Anal plate small and dark brown.
Prolegs with brown crochets. Spiracles small, oval, and black.

Seen under high magnification (4 objective) the whole of the
prothorax excepting the plate is thickly covered with short sharp black
spines pointing backwards and similar spines are also present on the
dorsum of the second thoracic and there are also a few low down on
the lateral aspect of all the somites, some of them on the prolegs.
The black dots, seen with a lens on all somites except the first and
second thoracic, are small raised round black chitinous plates, from
which arise short blunt spines. These plates vary in size. A few
have only a single spine, others have three or four, while the largest
have a row of about eight around the margin and three or four in the
central part. The central spine is longer than the others and vertical,
while the rest point obliquely outwards from the centre. These spiny
plates are numerous on all parts above the spiracles with the exception
of the subdorsal stripe on which they are scanty, but become very
sparse at the level of the subspiracular tubercles.

In addition to these spiny plates the skin, except that of the
prothorax, is thickly studded with minute raised dots, much smaller
and more numerous than the plates, black where the ground colour is
brown and white on the subdorsal line.

On each somite from the second thoracic to the eighth abdominal,
in the mid-line half way between each pair of dorsal tubercles is a
small area, apparently a shallow depression, variable in size and shape,

EARLY STAGES OF PROCRIS GLOBULARIAE AND P. COGNATA. Dill

but as arule nearly oval. These areas are free from the small black dots
and the larger spiny plates and are occupied by flat plates of thickened
cuticle, each approximately round and outlined by a very narrow wavy
brown line. The average number in each area is about ten, but they
vary in number and in size. There is also a lateral row of similar
areas, one on either side of each somite at the level of the upper border
of the subdorsal tubercles and lying half way between one tubercle and
the next. These areas correspond with the flat black plates found in
the same situations in the larva of Zygaena exulans, on the dorsum of
which there are two roughly semicircular ones with posterior ends
close together or even touching, and between the subdorsal tubercles a
long narrow plate lying at right angles to the long axis of the larva.
Exulans however has another lateral row of small round plates at the
level of the subspiracular tubercles.

The skin is soft and distensible like that of a Zygaena, but no oily
drops are exuded, as they are from many points on the skin of a
Zygaena, when it is rolled preparatory to being blown. There appears
to be no prothoracic gland. The blood is a rich orange colour like
that of all the species of Zyyaena examined.

Penuttimatre [nstar.—In all respects the same, except that no
larva with a red line bordering the subdorsal stripe was met with.

Cocoon and Pura or Procris coacnata, H.-S.—When full-fed the
larva rests for some time, often as long as three or four days, on the
ground or some object such as a stem or leaf of the food-plant. It
then buries itself just beneath the surface of the ground, travelling
along for a short distance, frequently pushing up the surface of the
earth into a little mound above it. Next it spins the grains of earth
above it into a kind of cover with strands of soft silk, which may also
occasionally be attached to a leaf of the food-plant or other object tying
on the earth beneath it thus forming a fragile outer elongated oval
cocoon of earth, which is subsequently strengthened by spinning a
layer of silk all over the inside. Within this outer cocoon is an inner
one formed of soft but fairly tough pale brownish-grey silk (not
greenish-white as described by Buckler and Hofmann, but agreeing
very nearly with Zeller, who describes it as “‘braun-grauen’’), closely woven
and lightly attached to the outer cocoon, with little nodules of pure
white silk here and there in the texture. Very rarely a larva will in
captivity form its cocoon upon some object just above the surface of
the ground, but these cases are probably due to some abnormal circum-
stance such as disturbance by another larva. Upon emergence of the
imago the pupal skin is often withdrawn entirely from the cocoon and
left lying loose on the ground, but this is certainly not always the case.
Usually the empty pupal skin is left projecting from the cocoon as in
Zygaena, The dehisced pupa is fairly transparent, very pale brown in
colour, and evidently thinly chitinized. At the same time it is of
reasonably stout substance and does not usually lose shape badly on
emergence of the imago.

The male pupa is 11-5 to 12mm. long and nearly 4mm. wide out-
side the wings at the widest part, the third abdominal somite, while
the female is about 1mm. less in length, but of stouter build, that part
of the abdomen not covered by the wings being considerably stouter
than in the male. Chapman’s description of the pupa under the name
gluoulariae as quoted by Tutt in Brit. Lepidopt. Vol. I. pp. 412-8,

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1982

appears accurate so far as it goes except that the number of “ fine
brown spinous points ”’ forming the dorsal rows of spines near the anterior
margin of the abdominal somites 2 to 9 varies from 10 to 24 on each
side in a female and from 8 to 18 in a male according to the width
and position of the somite instead of from 14 to.18 as mentioned by
Tutt. A few further details can however now be given from an
examination of dehisced pupae. The dorsal head-piece is well developed,
as long as the prothorax, or even longer, at the sides and shortening
toward the centre-line to about one third of that length. Hpicranial
suture distinct and effective on dehiscence, leaving the dorsal head-
piece attached to the prothorax. Prothorax short and of nearly the
same length throughout its breadth, but becoming slightly shorter
towards the external margins and in the middle. Mesothorax
rather more than three times the length of the prothorax at the sides
and about four times the length at the mid-line, there being a large
backward projection into the area of the meta-thorax. Metathorax
comparatively short, about half the length of the meso-thorax at the
sides and shortened by nearly half in the middle by the backward
projection of the mesothorax. On dehiscence all these parts separate
partially from each other and from the abdomen and usually slide
over one another to a certain extent, which makes accurate measurement
difficult. The dorsal head-piece and prothorax divide completely
down the centre-line and the meso-thorax divides nearly but not quite
to the posterior margin. With regard to the head parts, the front is
placed well forward and there is no visible fronto-clypeal suture. There
does however appear to be some trace of a suture between the clypeus
and labrum although it is only a faint line. The invaginations for the
anterior arms of the tentorium are slit-like and of considerable size.
The labial palpi are either not visible at all externally or they are
reduced to two minute knobs at the posterior margin of the labrum,
probably the former, in which case the labrum appears to extend
slightly over the bases of the maxillae. Mandibles are clearly indicated
and consist of raised irregularly oval rougbened areas at the postero-
lateral angles of the labrum. The maxillae are long and reach to
about the posterior margin of the 6th abdominal somite or a little
further, as also do the tarsi of the 8rd pair of legs. The tarsi of the
2nd pair of legs and the antennae are much shorter and reach barely
to the posterior margin of the 4th abdominal. The meso-thoracic
wings are about 5mm. long in the female and slightly longer in the
male. There is one other point about Chapman’s description as quoted
by Tutt which appears to need correction. He says there is no definite
trace of maxillary palpi. In fact there is, just outside the sculptured
eye-piece on each side, a curious little knob-like projection, which
appears under the microscope and by transmitted light to show distinct
signs of segmentation, the apparent number of segments being three,
and a basal part extending to the outer angles of the maxillae.
There would seem no doubt that these are maxillary palpi.

As Chapman says there is no cremaster nor anal armature of any
description nor are there any setae or spines whatever on any part of
the pupa, except the dorsal rows of spines on the abdominal somites.
The spiracles on the 8th abdominal are placed very far back, almost
at the posterior margin of the somite, and are very prominent par-
ticularly in the female.

STRAY VISITS TO KERRY IN SKARCH OF MOTHS. 23

The date of emergence is much influenced by temperature, for from
the pupae kept in an unheated room in London, imagines appeared
from June 11th to June 18th with the exception of two belated ones ;
whereas from those taken on June 2nd to Braemar, where the weather
was cold, the imagines appeared from June 27th to July 5th.
Emergence generally took place in the afternoon.

Only two larvae were parasitized. A single specimen of Cremastus
bellicosus, Gr., an Ophionine ichneumon was bred from one, and several
Apanteles (probably) yeryonis, Marshall from the other. Our thanks
are due to Mr. Claude Morley, who identified the former, and to Mr.
K. G. Blair who identified the latter.

Stray Visits to Kerry it Search of Moths.
By CANON G. FOSTER, B.D.

(Concluded from page 4.)

Noorvuipaz£.

Pharetra (Acronicta) rwnicts, L.—Kells.

Agrotis segetum, L. — Blackwater, Oct., 1908.

A. vestivialis, Hufn.—Abundant on the flowers of the bent grass,
at the Inch sandhills, July, 1905.

A. corticea, Hb.—Inch, 1905.

A. nigricans, L.—Glenbeigh, August, on ragweed.

A. tritici, L.Abundant at Glenbeigh, on ragweed.

A, obelisca, Hb.—Glenbeigh.

A. strigula, Thnb.—Glenbeigh.

Noctua rubi, View.—Glenbeigh.

N. xanthographa, Fb.—Glenbeigh.

Axylia putris, L.—Inch, July, 1905.

Triphaena interjecta, Hb.—Glenbeigh, abundant on ragweed in
August.

Mamestra persicariae, L.—One came in to light, June 1928,
Valentia ; persicariae is very scarce in Ireland, and this is the only
occasion I have met with it.

M. brassicae, L.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Apamea gemina, Hb.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Hadena pisi, L.—Caterpillar often to be seen on rushes, etc., in
August.

A. nana (dentina ssp.)-—Sitting on rocks in daytime, Valentia, West
cove, June, 1928; also at sea campion by night.

Apamea oculea, Gn.—Generally abundant.

Dianthoecia cucubali, Fues.—Abundant. Darrynane, June, 1928,
also on sea campion at Valentia same date. Here (Strangford) I have
never seen it at sea campion ; its place is taken by DL. conspersa, Ksp.,
which | did not see at Valentia, or anywhere in Kerry. /). cucubali here
keeps to ‘ ragged robin.’

D. carpophaya, Bork.— I have never seen a typical carpophaga in
Ireland, but capsophila, Dup., is abundant on every part of the coast I
have worked ; ¢.g., Strangford and Ardglass, Down; Ballintoy, Antrim ;
Howth, Dublin; Greystones, Wicklow; Valentia and Inch, Kerry.
The darkest, and those with the obscurest markings, were from Inch,
Kerry, in late July.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1982

Cleoceris viminalis, Fb.—While beating for caterpillars at Glanleam,
Valentia, a specimen dropped into the umbrella, June 1928.

Xylophasia rurea, Fb.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Phlogophora meticulosa, L.—Blackwater, Oct., 1908.

Hydroeeia nictitans, Bovk.*—Darrynane, on window of Hotel. I
have not had an opportunity in recent years of visiting Kerry when
this insect was on the wing, but it used to be abundant at Glenbeigh.

Leucania litoralis, Curt.—Inch, July, 1905, abundant on sandhills.

L. conigera, °b.—Inch, July, 1905.

Caradrina alstnes, Brabm.— Inch, July, 1905.

C. taraxaci, Hb.—Inch, July 1905.

C. quadripunctata, Fb.—Common everywhere.

Amphipyra trayopagonis, L.—Glenbeigh.

Dyschorista iners, Tr. (suspecta, Hb.)—Glenbeigh.

Amathes lota, Clerck.—Blackwater, Oct., 1908; Valentia, larva,
June, 1928.

A. macilenta, Hb.—Blackwater.

A. circellaris, Hufn.—Blaekwater.

Xanthia lutea (flavago, Kb.)—Sneem.

Orrhodia vaccinit, L.— Blackwater.

Xylina socia, Rott.—Blackwater, Valentia, June, 1928, larva.

X. ornithopus, Rott.— Blackwater.

Calocampa exoleta, L.—Blackwater.

C. vetusta, Hb.— Blackwater.

Erastria fasciana, L.—Caragh, June, 1912. Glencar, June, 1928;
abundant.

Phytometra viridaria, Clerck.—

Plusia bractea, Fb.—Inch, July, 1905.

P. gamma, L.— There seemed to have been an invasion of Kerry by
gamma, in June, 1928. They rose in clouds as you tramped through
the heather and made it difficult to fix the eye on anything else.
They must have been in thousands. Strange to say there was also an
invasion of two other insects, Nomophila noctuella, Schiff., and Scopula
ferrugalis, Schiff. Usually of these last two but odd specimens turn
up here, but in June, 1928, they were ubiquitous in Kerry. And when
I returned home here (Co. Down) N. noctuwella was equally plentiful in
this district, while Scopula ferruyalis was far more so than usual.
P. gamma, of course, is a migrant, but why these other insects so
abounded I do not know. P. gamma here is frequently to be captured
hovering over the sea-campion in early June. Later its place is taken
by Plusia iota, P. pulchrina, and P. festucae. But when they go it
appears again at ragweed andivy. In Belfast I have reared a caterpillar
which was found on a geranium leaf ina greenhouse during September.

Habrostola tripartita, Hufn. —Abundant, Valentia, June.

H. triplasia, L.—Abundant, Valentia, June.

Kuclidia mit, Clerck.—Kells and Darrynane, frequent.

Zancloynatha tarsipennalis, Tr.—Inch, July, 1905.

Z. grisealis, Hb.— Valentia, June, 1928.

Bomolocha fontis, Thnb.—Abundant at Caragh and Glencay.

* crinanensis ?—.A.C. Some since identified are crinanensis.—Hy.J.T.

STRAY VISITS TO KERRY IN SEARCH OF MOTHS. 25

GEOMETRIDAE.

Hipparchus papilionaria, L.—Caragh, July.

Todis lactearia, L.—Caragh, June, 1912.

Hemithea aestivaria (striyata, Mull.)—Came to light, Inch, 1905.

Ptychopoda biselata, Hufn., and P. dimidiata.— Generally abundant.

Acidalia floslactata (remutaria, Hb.)—Caragh, June, 1912.

Cosymbia pendularia, Clerk.—Caragh, June, 1912.

Ortholitha mucronata (plumbaria, Fb.)—Abundant on the hills in
June.

QO. chenopodiata (limitata, Scop.)—Abundant everywhere in August.

Lygris pyraliata, Fb.—Abundant, Inch, July.

Cidaria fulvata, Forst.—Inch, Glenbeigh, June, July.

Euphyia corylata, Thnb.—Caragh, May and June, much lighter
coloured than Perthshire specimens.

Dysstroma truncata, Hufn.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Calostigia pectinitaria (viridaria, Eb.)—Abundant in June, e9.,
Caragh, 1928.

Entephria caesiata, Schiff.cGlenbeigh, June, 1928.

Aanthorhoé montanata, Bork.—Generally distributed.

E'pirrhoé yaliata, Hb.—Darrynane, June, 1928.

K. alternata (sociata, Bork.)—Caragh.

Huphyta unangulata, Haw.—Inch, July, 1905.

Hulype hastata, L.—Abundant, Caragh, June, 1912, caterpillars on
tips of bog myrtle at Sneem, September ; on birch, Glenbeigh.

Mesoleuca albicillata, L.—Inch, Caragh, Valentia, June and July.

Perizoma albulata, Schiff.—Valentia, Darrynane, June.

P. blandiata, Hb,—Abundant on the hill, ‘‘ Devil’s Elbow,” Caragh,
June, 1912 and 1928.

Huphyia bilineata, L.—Abundant, June-July.

Hydriomena coerulata, Fb. (impluviata, Hb.)—Valentia, June, 1928.

Hupithecia pulchellata, St.—Valentia, June, 1928.

F. suecenturiata, L.—Inch, July.

H). venosata, Kb.—Valentia, June, abundant.

Orthonoma obstipata, Fb. (fluviata, Hb.)—Two specimens on Ivy,
Oct., 1908, Blackwater.

Bapta bimaculata, Fb.—Abundant at Caragh, May and June, 1912.

Bb. temerata, Hb.—Caragh, June, 1912 and 1928.

Anagoga pulveraria, L.—Caragh and Glencar, June, 1912.

Selenia bilunaria, Esp.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Phalaena syringaria, L.—Caragh, July.

Gonodontis bidentata, Clerck.—Valentia, June, 1928.

Crocallis elinguaria, L.—Caragh.

Plagodis dolobraria, L.—Caragh, June, 1912.

Pseudopanthera macularia, L.—Abundant at Oulagh Lake, Caragh,
June, 1912. The Caragh specimens are much deeper yellow than
those taken at Rathdrum, Wicklow, 1925. Perhaps they are descended
from an earlier and more ancient colonisation of Ireland.

Semiothisa notata, L.—Caragh, June, 1912. Also June, 1928.

S. liturata, Clerck.—Caragh, June, 1912.

Biston betularia, L.—Ballymac Elligott, July. I have not seen
carbonaria (doubledayaria) in Ireland, though taking betularia in
Cos. Kerry, Armagh, Down, and Antrim.

26 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1932

Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff. (gemmaria, Brahm.)—Valentia,
Inch.

B. repandata, L.—Valentia, June, 1928.

B. consonaria, Hb.—Very local where it does occur. Robert’s Island,
Caragh, June, 1912; Glanleam Woods on left, Valentia, June, 1928.

Ectropts punctulata, Hb.—Abundant, Caragh, June, 1912.

Ematurga atomaria, L.—On all heaths in June..

Bupalus piniaria, L.—Abundant, Caragh, June, 1912.

Lithina chlorosata, Scop. (petraria, Hb.).—Abundant, Caragh, May
and June, 1912. Valentia, June, 1928.

Chiasmia clathrata, L.—I took a specimen in the train while
returning from a visit to Kerry, but cannot maintain it came on board
in Kerry. Of course clathrata is locally abundant in many Irish
counties, ¢.g., Antrim and Armagh.

ZYGAENIDAE.

Zyyaena filipendulae, L.—Is abundant on sandhills, eg., at Inch;
also Valentia, June, 1928.
Procris statices, L.—Inch, July, 1905.

HEPIALIDAE.

Hepialus hectus, L.—Glenear, June, 1928.

PYRALIDES, ETC.

Kirrhypara urticata, L.—Inch, July, 1905.

Botys fuscalis, Schiff.—Darrynane, June, 1928.

Scopula lutealis, Hb.—Abundant everywhere, August.

S. jerrugalis, Schiff—Abundant, Valentia, Kills, Darrynane, June,
1928.

Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.—I was interested to notice that Major
Graves comments on the abundance of noctuella July, 1928. Apparently
the June swarms which [ met with continued undiminished into July.
Kills to Darrynane, June, 1928. Killarney, September, 1904.

Scoparia dubitalis, Hb.—Valentia, June, 1928.

S. crataegella, Hb.— Glenear.

Schoenobius forficellus, Thnb.—l did not meet with it in Kerry, but
used to take it abundantly in the drains, locally called “ guts,”’ running
into Lough Neagh, west of Lurgan, Co. Armagh, in July, 1904 and
1905.

S. mucronellus, Schiff.—Inch, July.

Crambus pascuellus, L.—Abundant at Glencar, June, 1928.

CU. perlellus, Scop.—Inch, July, 1905.

C. yeniculeus, Haw.—Sandhills at Darrynane, June, 1928.

Hoimoeosoma binaevella, Hb.—Inch, July.

Aphomia sociella, L.—Valentia, June, 1928. The Miss Delaps have
unearthed the nest of a bumble bee of sorts, and it was crowded with
the cocoons of sociella, These kept emerging throughout the month of
June.

TORTRICES.

The list of Tortrices is short since I have not had them verified.
Tortriv viridana, L.—Glencar, June, 1928.

SPECIFIC NAMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS. 27

Capua favillaceana, Hb.—Inch, July.

Sericoris micana, Haw.—Caragh, June.

Aspis udmanniana, L.—Inch and Valentia, June and July.

Cnephasia chrysanthemana, Dup.—Inch, July.

Mixodia schulziana, Fb.—Inch, July.

Laspeyresia aurana, Fb.—Inch, July.

Excluding the Tineina something about 600 species of lepidoptera
have been recorded for Kerry. This list therefore, 166 or so, only
amounts to about one quarter. Many exceedingly common insects are
omitted, and a fair number are new records for Kerry. A_ resident
Entomologist working the year through would no doubt enlarge the
list immensely and in all probability make important discoveries. It
was only during three visits that I have done any serious work. These
took in, the end of May, June, and 10 days towards the end of July,
while my last visit was rendered almost hopeless by incessant wet
weather.

The specific names and the Geographical Variations of Melitaea
parthenoides, Kef. (=parthenie, auct. nec Borkh.) and of
parthenie, Borkh. (=aurelia, Nickerl).

By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Concluded from p. 189, vol. XLIII.)

We next come to the group of races, which fly on the southern
watershed of the Alps. One of its peculiarities is that at low altitudes
it produces a second generation at the end of August, often quite as
abundant as the first of May or June. Taken as a whole, this group
differs in a comparatively very distinct way from all those described
above: the wings are, on an average, shorter and rounder at the apex ;
the fulvous is more even in tone and thus less variable both as regards
the different parts of the wing surface and the various individuals ;
the black pattern is, on the contrary, less uniform and notably the
central elbowed row of spots tends to form a broad band, across all the
wing (never broadened at the back of the cell of the forewing into a
triangular patch, as it is particularly in niyrobscura), whereas the
premarginal bands tend to be thinner. ‘These features all contribute
to give the races of this group a more athalia- and parthenoides-like
aspect than one ever finds in the others, and some individuals may
even be so very like these species as to make it quite difficult to separate
them without the aid of the genitalia. My experience is that the
fulvous colour of the palpi, which is considered the best distinctive
feature of parthenie=aurelia, is not sufficiently sharpe and constant to
be reliable in all difficult specimens. It must also be noted that there
is a certain parallelism between these features of the southern Alpine
watershed and those which distinguish the athalia of the same regions
from the nominotypical one of Central Europe.

Race mendrisiota, Fruhst., J.c. The dry mountains of the Canton
Tessin (typical from 600 m. on Mount Generoso, south of Lugano,
and of June) produce the race with the thinnest black pattern known
in the species: in the males the inner premarginal streak goes so far

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1932

as to be entirely obliterated in some individuals, so that they might
easily be taken for varia, M.-D.; the females are very similar to that
form of rhaetica, which has a thin black pattern, because the fulvous
can be, as in the latter, either replaced by light yellow or by reddish-
brown, but on the other hand, they differ from it in that the two
colours are never combined together ; the light-coloured females recall
those of paithenoides, the darker-coloured those of athalia; both are
transitional between the appearance of auwrelia and that of luceria from
the Cogne valley; mendrisiota differs more from aurelia than does rhaetica
and what distinguishes it from luceria is the regularity of the rows of
spots over both fore and hindwing.

Race imitatrix, nom. nov.: The race, which is broadspread in the
Susa Valley, whence I have a large series of specimens from Oulx,
1100m., and others from Mount Musiné, 1000m., at the entrance of
that valley and only a few miles from Turin, certainly cannot be called
luceria as defined below. It is the one which VW. britomartis, Assm.
race aureliaeformis, Vrty, from the Venaria park of the latter locality
so exactly resembles that the genitalia are the only possible way of
distinguishing them, ‘The late Reverdin has dissected those of all my
males from Mt. Musiné and several I sent him direct from Oulx, in
hopes we might discover a new locality of britomartis, but the result
was they all turned out to be the species we are dealing with here.

Allowing for the usual very great variability in every respect, race
imitatrix, taken as a whole, can be described as being of small size, of
a rich tone of fulvous and as having a rather heavy black pattern,
comparatively with the other races of the southern Alpine water shed ;
it thus is exactly the opposite of luceria by all three of these features
and it resembles britomartis on this account, even the difference
of thickness between the elbowed band and the two premarginal
not usually being as accentuated as in the other races just men-
tioned. Only about 69% of both sexes can be considered transitional to
luceria by their larger size, clearer and brighter fulvous and by the
thinner and less uniform black pattern ; the females nearly invariably
belong to the form which resembles the male most and only 5% point
to the one characteristic of rhaetica by having a broad black suffusion
over the basal half of the wings and the fulvous alternately reddish and
yellowish, to the degree which is frequent in poenina.

Race luceria, Frubst., Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1916, A., 2, p. 11
(1917) : The original description is anything but a happy one and the
further comment in the Archiv of 1917 (publ. 1919), J.c., only adds to
its vagueness and confusion. Fruhstorfer at first only had six specimens,
he had collected above the village of Cogne at 1650m. ‘“ They
constitute,’ he says, ‘“‘the most striking form of awrelia we are hitherto
acquainted with from Kurope; their appearance is that of true children
of the south, on account of the brightness of the yellow-brown spots
and of their breadth, which is more than double. These specimens
are so much more remarkable than 386 I have from Martigny, the
Simplon and the Barmsee, in’ Upper Bavaria, that they are nearly
exactly like Seitz’s figure of mongolica, Stdgr. on pl. 66h.” He adds
that luceria is probably a transition to the ‘‘ aurelia ’’ recorded by Rocci
from Turin, but we, of course, now know, these are M. britomatis, Assm.

SPECIFIC NAMES AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS. 29

on the strength of the genitalia. In 1919 he complicates matters by
describing a “lowland form” of luceria, based on males collected in
August in the Brianza (hill district of Lombardy) and on spring
specimens from Salsomaggiore (province of Parma), which are said to
be of a still brighter leather-yellow and with thinner black streaks
than the Cogne examples. ‘Turati informs me he has three specimens
of the Soldo, near Alzate (Brianza), collected in May and June 1875.
The Salsomaggiore example evidently must have belonged to the
following race, which had already been named three years previously
from a locality about 30 miles further east and likewise nearly in the
plain, at the foot of the Apennines. Excluding, as it should be done,
the latter lowland race, one can positively take it that the name of
luceria must stand for a large Alpine one resembling Seitz’s figure of
monyolica, Stdgr. This sets it on a tolerably definite base.

Race mussinae, Costantini, Atti Soc. Nat. Modena (5) 38, p. 14 (1916)
has been described from La Mussina, near Borzano (prov. of Reggio
Emilia). It is said to be abundant there in June and it is described
very unsatisfactorily as follows; ‘“‘a little larger; wings slightly
rounded ; upperside of wings more fulvous ; underside wholly yellower ;
black pattern, whitish bands, premarginal lunules, ex., different.”
Some photographic plates the author has sent me show that he
compared his specimens with a few from Vienna and fortunately I
have also obtained some of his cotypes of both sexes collected on June
11th and a female of June 15th from Mount Gibbio 400m., afew miles
further east, near Modena. All doubts are thus removed as to
mussinae belonging to this species, except for a remote possibility that
they should be britomartis; this will have to be decided by the
dissection of the genitalia, but it compares so much better with the
second generation of the race of the Carso and to some specimens of
Oulx than to aureliaeformis, Vrty, of Turin, that I feel quite sure this
is not the case. Asa matter of fact it only differs from the second
generation of the Carso by its larger size (not equal, however, to that
of the first one) and by the black pattern being thicker than in the
darkest specimens of the latter; on the other hand it is far from
being as dark as many itmitatria of Oulx, so that the general aspect
of the race can be descrived as intermediate between the two. It
seems very likely that a second generation will be found to exist in
Emilia, as it does in Brianza, according to Fruhstorfer, and on the
Carso.

Race carsicola, nom. noy., and II gen. postcarsicola, nom. nov:
One is rather surprised at the fact that this species thrives on the dry
tableland of the Carso, at about 800m. above Trieste. The first
generation flies at the end of May and I have myself collected the
second emerging abundantly in late August on the slopes, facing north-
ward, near Opcina. The spring generation attains a larger size than
I have seen in any other race, some males having forewings of 18mm.
in length, whereas the late summer generation produces some extremely
minute individuals of only 14mm. The usual size is 17mm. in the
first and 16mm. in the second, and, trifling as this difference may seem,
it corresponds to quite a marked one in the aspect of the whole insect.
A feature which strikes one in both generations is the far lesser

30 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1982

variability than in other races. The shape of the wings is quite the
rounded, athalia-like one, of the southern watershed of the Alps. So
is the very uniform and even tone of the fulvous, which is rather clear,
but decidedly dull; it is lighter and a little brighter in the second
generation. So is also the pattern: the central elbowed band is
broader, the outer ones narrower, but they are all of the same even
breadth across the whole wings and the premarginal ones are very
straight and regular; in a few exceptional individuals the inner one is
partly or nearly entirely obliterated, but these specimens then stand
out amongst the rest, for there is no tendency to vary in this direction,
as there is in the very variable mendrisiota. The few individuals which
occur in both sexes with an extremely thin pattern are also of a very
light yellow-fulvous and give one the impression of being aberrations
due to the excessive drought. As a rule the females belong to the
form most similar to the male, as it is the case in all the driest localities
of the species, and thus contribute to increase the uniform aspect of
the race as a whole. The darker forms of the species never occur in
either sex, as they do further east, in Austria. The second generation,
besides being considerably smaller than the first, also exhibited on an
average, a thinner black pattern and a lesser and lighter coloured basal
suffusion, accompanied by a paler tone of fulvous, so that on the whole
there is quite a notable difference. Stauder figures three specimens
from this region in the Zeit. wissenschaft. Insektenbioliy, 1922, p. 83,
but in the text the figures referring to them are mistaken: fig. 12
represents the very small size to which the second generation is often
reduced, 13 is quite an abnormal form, with the pattern partly
obliterated, 14 is an unusually small female of the first generation,
but it shows the thin and even black pattern reduced to the utmost
extent; I have found one of the same sort, but smaller, in the second
generation.

Newly-described Forms of British Species of Lepidoptera.

Fuchloé cardamines ab. subflavopicta, Mezger.—‘‘ The underside of
the forewings have a yellow spot, between the discoidal and the outer
margin, of variable shape in different examples.’ Hungary, Lamb.
XXXI. 115 (1931).

Minas tiliae ab, vitrina, Gehlen.—‘‘ With a round transparent spot
on both hindwings symmetrically placed.” Ent. Zt. XXXV. 204
(1931).

Melitaea anrinia ab. tetramelana, Cabeau.—‘‘ The yellow basal
portion of the hindwings has four large black spots instead of the
typical pale yellow spots.” Lamb. XXXI. p. 174 (1981).

Minas tiliae ab. yriseothoracea, Cabeau.—‘‘ The thorax is entirely
whitish grey.” Lamb. XXXI. p. 174 (1981).

Melanargia yalathea ab. nigerrima, Kautz.—‘‘ Upperside almost
markingless black, with normal white fringes chequered at ends of the
veins with black. The forewings with a somewhat grey- whitish suffu-
sion ; above the middle of the inner margin in cells 1b and 2 there stands
a spot divided by the black vein 2; in cell 2 there is also a small spot
seen. The hindwings whitish on the inner-margin, the white of the
dise of zigzag shape; bestrewn thickly with fine grey scaling.” Zeit.
Oestr. Ent. Ver. XVI. 86, plt. TV. (1981),

CURRENT NOTES. 31

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘“‘ Durandesthorpe,”’
19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, on December 17th, 1931, Mr. H.
Donisthorpe in the Chair. Members present in addition to the
Chairman :—Messrs. Robert Adkin, H. Willoughby Ellis, Jas. EK.
Collin, W. J. Kaye, Dr. Harry Eltringham. Visitors present :—Sir
T. Hudson Beare, E. C. Bedwell, K. G. Blair, Capt. A. F. Hemming,
Dr. Karl Jordan, G. C. Leman, Martin E. Moseley, Wm. G. Nelson,
Capt. N. D. Riley, and W. H. T. Tams. The meeting was called for
6.30 p.m. On arrival the members and guests were received by Mr.
and Mrs. Donisthorpe, when light refreshments were dispensed in the
Drawing-Room. The Chairman’s collections were on view, and he
specially exhibited two living ant colonies and his collection of British
Coleoptera. The Windsor Pilot Files compiled by the Chairman,
recording a very large number of interesting insects, which during
many years he has collected at Windsor Forest, created much interest.
Supper was served at 8 o’clock, and the very enjoyable meeting was
continued to a late hour.—H.W.-E.

The Can. Ent. for October contains an interesting article ‘‘ The
Reactions of Some Insects to Rain.’’ Observations were made on the
action of bees and butterflies on the advent of sudden and violent
storms and these were compared with the reactions caused by artificial
similar showers from a hose and sprinkler. In spite of the absence of
the darkening of a heavy cloud in the latter case the insects responded
in the same way and hastened to shelter at once. ‘The reaction is
distinctly different from the sudden flight which takes place if the
insects recognise the movement of one’s own person.

In the Ent. Rund. for November, Herr H. Beuret discusses the
biology and systematic position, etc., of Plebeius ismenias under a
generic name Lycaenides. We have seen this species put under the
generic name Lycaeides. The Plebeiids seem to be unfortunate in the
hands of the nomenclator both specifically and generically.

Two further parts of the Catalogue of Indian Insects have recently
appeared. Pt. 21, The Lycidae (Col.) by R. Kleine and Pt. 22,
Phalontidae and Chlidanotidae (Liep.) by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher the
Imperial Entomologist.

Parts 28 and 29 of the Supplement to Seitz Fauna Palaearctica are
to hand. Pt. 29 contains additions to Rumicia phlaeas, Aricia astrarche
(medon), Polyommatus icarus, P. coridon and Pamphila palaemon, ete.,
and a large portion of the Index to the Rhopalocera. Pt. 29 is a
continuation of the volume of additions to the Bombyces some fifteen
of which are of British species. The correction of lubricipeda to lutea
is made but the necessary corollary, the correction of menthastri to
lubricipeda, has not been made. Of Lithosia pygmaeola M. Drauat
suggests that it is a genuine species although in the main
volume it was classified under pallifrons. This last was definitely
proved by Messrs. Kettlewell and Tams in our January number.
There is a long discussion of the various forms of Coscinia cribraria
and also of Parasemia plantaginis. Phragmatobia fuliginosa has a long
paragraph devoted to it. Among the other British species dealt with
are Miltochrista miniata, Philea irrorella, O¢eonwstis quadra, Utethetisa
pulchella and Lithosia caniola. There is a coloured plate of 67 figures
very well pourtrayed.

32 KNIOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.11.1931

There is an excellent portrait of Auguste Forel the great student
of Ants 1n the November Mitt. Deutsch. Hint. Gesell.

On the evidence of reports in most of the continental journal there
have been captures and observation of Phrywus (Celerio) livornica in
many places throughout Europe. In Lamb. for November last there
is an interesting and useful summary of the distribution, occurrence
and life-history of this species. The plate in this number contains
figures of 4 forms of Aglais urticae, viz., ab. leodiensis, ab. nigricaria, ab.
victor’ (melanic), and an albinistic form.

We have received a copy of a new journal, Stylops, promoted by the
Entomological Society of London, to be issued monthly. It is
“‘ primarily designed to meet the demand for the prompt publication
of short (and purely) taxonomic papers” we are told, and preference
will be given to “short”? communications of that description. We
trust that our three current British entomological journals will not be
adversely affected by this new periodical. The late founder and editor
of the Mut. Record decided to publish on the 15th of the month in order
to facilitate the ‘‘more prompt publication of new entomological
matter,” since the two other magazines came out on the Ist. Thus
our present current magazines give opportunity for prompt publication
twice a month. By far the greater number of both British and
continental students of the palaearctic fauna will either be ignorant of
this journal or unwilling to subscribe 24s. to a journal of which the
bulk of the contents will be of no interest to them. We trust that all
palaearctic taxonomic matter will be excluded. And specifically we
protest against the inclusion of the description of a new palaearctic
Lycaenid in the present issue. We believe that nearly all the contents
will be exotic matter and in that way the journal will doubtless be
very acceptable to all centres of economic entomological activity. But
all short palaearctic taxonomic matters would have much greater
dissemination if sent to either the Hntomolouist, the Hntomologist’s
Monthly Magazine or the Entomoloyist’s Record. Needless to say the
journal is well produced, as one would expect under the auspices of the
Entomological Society of London with its able Secretary, Dr. S. A.
Neave, who acts as editor.

The annual portly volume from Portici has recently come to hand,
Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Ayraria, the XX1Vth of its issue, consisting of
some 340 pp. 150 figures and 4 plates. It is astonishing what a
wonderful run of interesting and useful memoirs are issued from this
institution year by year. The subjects of these deal with Isopods,
Pseudoscorpions, Psyllidae, Chermidae, Tinea, the Honey-bee, Coceids,
Coleoptera, Ants, Chalcididae, Thysanura, ete. The whole of the
papers are well illustrated, most of the “ figures ’ being composite ones.
To lepidopterists the history of Ptychopoda herbariata will be very
interesting and is illustrated by no less than 73 diagrammatic figures.
The matter is dealt with under the following headings :—Systematic
position and nomenclature: adult (head, thorax, abdomen): ova:
larva (head, thorax, abdomen) at hatching: ditto at maturity: pupa:
descriction of life and habits (date of appearance, copulation, ovi-
position, number of ova, etc.): plants attacked by larva: economic
considerations: bibliography. A very thorough and comprehensive
study. Tour of the 21 memoirs are contributed by Signor Sylvestri,
five by Signor Boselli, the memoir on ants is by W. M. Wheeler.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTIOAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require In~usrRarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr. Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.
Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.
Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. ‘
Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.
Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.
Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Excuaners.—Living Eges of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 138, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—Ocellatus* 5, Hastata 1, Cambricaria 3, Blandina 12, Protea* (melanic)
2, Camelina* 2, Dromedarius* 1, well set on black pins with data.

Desiderata.—Betulae, Trepida, Diluta, Or and Myricae. Geo. Nicholson, 24, Nun’s
Moor Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7.
8 p.m. March 2nd, 16th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
February 25th, March 10th, 24th.—_Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, Avenue Homse,
The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
pererss or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,

BSeX.

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All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
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IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.):

GCGONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
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Menanism and MrtanocaroismM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
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CONTENTS
“« Catalogue des Insectes Coléoptéres de la Forét de Fontainebleau,’’ H.D. 33
Review of KE. Rivenhall Goff’s paper on Tabanidae, J. H. Collin, F.E.S.,.. 37
Nomenclature, Hy.J.T. .. Ee a ii ee es ae Ee 40
Cornish Notes for 1931, C. Nicholson .. : ore ae ae 41
Collecting Lepidoptera in 1931, H. B. D. Kettlewell . ae we Si 43
A new form of Boarmia rhomboidaria, H. B. Williams. Tie Dag BiB Sen nas 46
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CATALOGUE DES INSECTES COLEOPTERES. 33

“Catalogue des Insectes Coléoptéres de la Foret de Fontainebleau
avec indication des espéces nuisibles aux arbres.” Colonel F.
Gruardet.

Assn. Nat. Vallée du Loing. Moret-sur-Loing. 19380. pp. 1-227.

This very interesting work dealing with the Coleopterous Fauna of
the Forest of Fontainebleau is much more than a mere list and, as
will be seen later, it also gives a variety of other valuable information.

One may conveniently quote here from a letter written to me by
my friend Colonel J. Sainte Claire Deville (a friend of Colonel
Gruardet) some years ago :—

‘We have in the vicinity of Paris two old, well preserved, forests
with ‘réserves artistiques,’ the forét de Fontainebleau and the forét
de Compiégne. It is very striking that the fauna of the ancient British
woods is much more analogous with that of Fontainebleau. The
Compiégne forest, which was an extreme patch of the primitive
‘Arduena silva’ of Julius Caesar, has retained many elements of
Kastern origin, which do not occur in Fontainebleau. The relicta of
our semi-primitive woods on both sides of the Channel, are gradually
vanishing, and it is high time that a good list should be published of
them.” 9.xi.26.

In this review I propose to compare the Coleoptera of Windsor
Forest (of which I have the materials to hand, right up to date, ready
for publication) with that of Fontainebleau.

In the preface the author points out how the fauna is inclined to
change more or less rapidly by the disappearance of very old trees ;
the effect of forest fires; the changes in the flora and vegetation: the
replacing of oaks, etc. with other trees, especially pines; etc., etc.

He explains that the work is based on the numerous insects which
he captured in the forest and town during two sojourns at Fontaine-
bleau, from the end of December 1900 to April 1909, and October 1911
to December 1912. It is evident from two supplementary lists to the
Catalogue that he has collected in this district from time to time since
those dates. He has also obtained further information from tke works,
and collecting, of Iu. Bedel, J. Sainte-Claire Deville, H. du Buysson,
Max Bernhauer, A. Dubois, F. Duchaine, etc.; and from captures
recorded in the Annales et le Bulletin de la Société entomologique de
France.

He justly points out that to make a work of this sort as
complete as possible one must :

1. Live in the region for a number of years, 15 to 20, on account
of the variations in the number of individuals of the same species from
one year to another, and more generally during a period of many years.

2. Be able to give up one’s whole time to entomology. It is also
necessary not to neglect the commonest species. The number of species
listed in the main body of the catalogue is 2558 of which a large number
appear to be very rare, but with a printed supplementary list of 89,
dated December 15th, 1930, and a manuscript list of 67, dated
September 30th, 1931, the grand total is 2714. The order and the
names used are those of Reitter’s catalogue dated 1906.

All his own captures are indicated by the number of the month or
months of capture being given immediately after the name of the species,
and the circumstances of the capture.

ADD 7 AND 6)

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.J11.1922

The species harmful to trees are signified in a special manner, and
are classed in two grand categories.

1st Category.—Insects which attack healthy trees in full vigour,
and in consequence are especially harmful. Their species are not
numerous, and belong especially to the families Cerambycidae,
Curculionidae, and Ipidae. These species are preceeded by two
asterisks (**).

2nd Category.—Insects which either attack unhealthy trees in the
parts where the sap no longer circulates, or quite dead trees, either
blown down by the wind, or cut-down by the foresters. Their species
are a little more numerous than those of the first category. Most of
them attack trees which still retain their sap, the state in which one
finds trees recently cut down. Their larvae then live either under the
bark, or in the thickness of the same, or in the interior of the tree. A
certain number only attack quite dry trees, in the interior of which
their larvae excavate their galleries. In reality all these species are
not really harmful except that they depreciate the marketable value of
the trees by boring their galleries in the inner part of them. They do
not cause damage to healthy trees. Nearly all of them have almost
disappeared from forests which are regularly exploited, or are very
rave there. Most of those which attack dry trees are found again in
timber yards or houses.

Those species of which the larvae penetrate to the interior of the
tree either during their life, or to construct their cells, are marked
with a single asterisk (*).

Those species of which the larvae live between the bark and the
wood, or in the interior of the bark itself, but do not penetrate into
the wood itself are marked with a broad stop (#). These species are
not harmful properly speaking because they do not depreciate the
marketable value of the tree. Nevertheless their workings render easy
the introduction of damp under the bark, thus permitting the develop-
ment of fungi, and by this means the rapid decomposition of the wood.
He places in this last group a certain number of species of which the
larvae live in the little branches, and slender dead twigs, of different
trees, as well as the greater part of those which attack the leaves of
healthy trees, and of which the damage is almost nil.

The greater part of the species of which the larvae live under the
bark or in the interior of trees recently dead multiply in an extraordinary
manner as a consequence of forest fires. This is particularly remark-
able with those which belong the family [pidae.

There is occasion to remark that the insects of the first category
never attack dead trees, and those of the second category always
respect healthy and vigorous trees. The only exception is for
certain species in the family Jpidae, which having multiplied in an
extraordinary manner on account of forest fires as has already been
pointed out, become harmful to healthy trees on account of the great
invasion of these insects.

He marks species observed by himself with—CC=very common ;
C=common ; AC=fairly common: R=rare: and RR=very rare.

Two lists also are given at the end of the Catalogue—the one refers
to species that have been recorded in error, or whose existence in
the forest requires verification ; the other to species recorded in the

CATALOGUE DES INSECTES COLEOPTERES. 35

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (Bulletins), of whieh the
identity requires to be verified.

I now propose to compare the Coleopterous fauna of Windsor
Forest with that of the Forest of Fontainbleau. The number of species
listed by me for the former locality was on December 81st, 1931,—
1602 (on December 31st, 1922, the then known list was—147) a
considerably lower figure than that of the latter, but it must be
remembered that beetles in France are vastly more numerous in species
than in England. Also very local species, or those confined to a
single locality in England are widely distributed in France—one may
mention such very local British beetles as Cicindela germanica, L.,
Oberea oculata, L., and Chrysomela cerealis, L., which all occur at
Fontainebleau, and there are many otherg such. Some 1035 species
occur in, or have been recorded from, both localities. It will thus be
seen that nearly 600 species found at Windsor have not yet been
recorded for Fontainebleau, though nearly all the Windsor specialities
occur there.

A certain number of species have been recorded for both localities
which do not occur now, or at any rate have not been refound at Windsor.
The following is a list of such species:—Teretrius picipes, F., Tillus
unifasciatus, F., Triplax rufipes, F. +, Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst.,
Adelocera quercea, Hbst. +, Selatosomus cructatus, L. +, Melanotus puncto-
lineatus, Pel., Hlater cinnabarinus, Eisch., Phaeuops cyaena, F. +, Ptinus
lichenum, Marsh., Caenocara bovistae, Hoff., Scraptia dubia, Ol., Marolia
variegata, Bosc. t, Spondylis buprestoides, L. +, Leptura revestita, L.,
Donacia dentata, Hoff., Chrysomela limbata, F. +, OC. lurida, L. +,
Gymnetron rostellum, Hbst., Aphodius 4-maculatus, Li.

Those species marked with a dagger ({) are no longer included in
the British list; nevertheless it is very probable that some of them
at least were to be found formerly in Windsor Forest. To take two
examples : —

Selatosomus cruciatus, L. Stephens [Mand. 8 267 (1830)| records
that it was taken near Windsor by the late W. Griesbach, Esq., of
whose capturing four or five examples are in the British Museum.
There are five specimens (no doubt those referred to by Stephens) in
the drawer of doubtful British species in the British collection of
Coleoptera in the British Museum.

Spondylis buprestotdes, F. Stephens [Mand. 4 226 (1831)] records
that it was taken in Windsor Forest in August, 1831 by the Rev.
F. W. Hope. There are two specimens in the Hope-Westwood
British Collection of Coleoptera in the Oxford University Museum.
One is labelled ‘“ Coll. Hope,” and the other ‘‘ Windsor Forest, F.W.H.”

The following is a list of the Windsor specialities which also occur
at Fontainebleau :—

Huryusa optabilis, Heer, H. sinuata, Hr. §, Tachyusida gracilis, Kir. §,
Bolitochara reyi, Shp. §, Huplectus nitidus, Fair. §, EL. afer, Reitt.,
v. infirmus, Raffr. §, Batrisodes delaportet, Aubé. §, B. adnexus,
Hampe. §, Gnathoneus buyssoni, Auz. §, Abraeus granulum, Er.,
Fhizophagus oblongicollis, Blatch, Teredus cylindricus, Ol., Cis coluber,
Ab., Ludius ferrugineus, L., Megapenthes lugens, Redt., Procraerus tibialis,
Lac., Hlater nigerrimus, Lac., §, Ischnodes sanguinicoliis, Pz., Hucnemis
capucina, Ahr., Agrilus sinwatus, Ol., Lymeaylon navale, L., Lorcatoma
dresdensis, Hbst., D. serra, Pz., Dryophthorus corticalis, Pk. §, Rhyncolus
truncorum, Germ.

36 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1982

Those species marked with a section (§) have only been found in
Windsor Forest in Britain.

It is very remarkable that Gnorimus variabilis, L., which occurs
rather freely in suitable old oaks in Windsor Forest, should not be
recorded from the Forest of Fontainebleau.

Ti may be as well to mention the species which are attracted to
burnt areas after forest fires, though not all of them have been recorded
from both localities.

Winsor. _ FonrTatneBLeEau.
Pterostichus angustatus, Duft. Pterostichus angustatus, Duft.
Agonum 4-punctatum, De G. Agonum 4-punctatum, De G.

Micropeplus tesserula, Curt.

1Cryptophagus ruficornis, Steph.

?>Melanophila acuminata, De G. Melanophila acuminata, De G.
Ernobius mollis, I. Ernobius mollis, L.

FE. mulsantianus, Sharp.

H. oblitus, Sharp.

Cricephalus poloricus, Mots. Cricephalus poloricus, Mots.

Salpingus ater, Pk.

Pityophthorus ramulorum, Perr. Pityophthorus ramulorum, Perr.
(pubescens, Marsh.)

Pityogeres bidentatus, Hbst. Pityogene bidentatus, Hbst.

Of course many other species appear to be attracted to, or to become
more abundant in burnt areas, but those of the above list are usually
present.

Our final list consists of those species which are found in both
localities and which Gruardet has marked as being harmful. The
signs are used which he employed to classify such species :—

*Melasts buprestoides, L., **Agriotes lineatus, L., *Lyctus linearis,
Gvez. (canaliculatus, ¥.), *Xestobium rufovillosum, De G. (tessellatum,
F.), = Knorbius mollis, L., *Anobium striatum, Ol. (domesticum, Foure.),
*Ptilinus pectinicornis, L., *Prionus coriarius, L., *Leptura scutellata,
F., *Criocephalus polonicus, Mots., *Asemum striatum, L., *Tetropium
fuscum, F'., *Phymatodes testaceus, Li. (Callidium variabile, L.), = P. aint,
L., *Liopus nebulosus, L., **Saperda populnea, L., **Melasoma populr, L.,

# Phyllobius pyri, L., = Polydrusus cervinus, L., **Strophosomus melan-
ogrammus, Forst. (coryli, F.), 8. capitatus, DeG., ** Hylobius abietis, L.,
** Pissodes notatus, F., = Orchestes quercus, L., **O. fagi. L., = Rhyn-
chites betulae, Li., = Attelabus nitens, Scop. (curculionoides, L., **Hecop-
togaster scolytus, F. (Scolytus destructor, Ol.), = H. intricatus, Ratz.,

eH. rugulosus, Ratz., = H. multistriatus, Marsh., **Hylesinus fraaint,
Pz., **Myelophilus piniperda, L., **Hylastes ater, Pk., **H. attenuatus,
Hbst., **H. opacus, Kr., = H. palliatus, Gyll., = Cryphalus fagi, F.,
Pityogenes bidentatus, Hbst., **Ips lavicis, F. (Tomicus laracis, F-.),
» Dryocoetes villosus, i, *Xyleborus saweseni, Ratz., *X. dryographus,

sle se

L. (Melolontha vulgaris, F.).—H. DonistHoren.

1 In the Fungus Daldinia concentrica on young burnt birch trees.
2 The ‘‘ fire-beetle.”’

REVIEW OF PAPER ON TABANIDAE. 37

A Review of Mr. E. Rivenhall Goffe’s paper on Tabanidae (Trans. Ent.
Soc. S. of England 1930.)

By J. E. COLLIN, F.E.S.

There can be no Collector of any Order of Insects who has not
experienced during summer excursions unpleasant attentions from the
blood-thirsty Yabanidae ; few are interested beyond the immediate
destruction of such pests, but my friend Goffe for the last two or three
years has apparently never been really happy except when surrounded
by swarms of these insects, and would travel many miles to any locality
where ZTabanidae were known to be particularly venemous in their
attacks in order to secure specimens. ‘The interesting and instructive
pamphlet which he has published in the Transactions of the Entomo-
logical Society of Hampshire and the South of England is proof that
his energies and self-sacrifice in the cause of Science has not been in
vain.

About 70 pages are devoted to tables and short descriptions of all
the British species while there are two plates illustrating details of
some of the structural and other differences. ‘Twenty seven species are
listed as British while Verrall in Vol. V. of “ British Flies’ described
only twenty five, but one of Verrall’s species Tabanus ylaucus was
certainly partly described from the species correctly recorded by Goffe
as 7. miki, Brauer. The two additional species included by Goffe are
Therioplectes borealis, Mg., and Atylotus plebejus, Fln. Th. borealis is
reinstated as British on the strength of two specimens :—the male upon
which Austen introduced the species as British in 1906 (British blood-
sucking Flies), and a female without date or locality in the. old
Entomological Club Collection now in the Hope Department at Oxford.
The male can quite definitely be ruled out as being only J’h. montanus
as indeed it was considered to be by Verrall. Austen working with
Brauer’s Monograph quite correctly ran this male down to borealis (Mg.)
Brauer, but Villeneuve (Wien. Hint. Zeit. 1910) has proved from an
examination of Brauer’s specimens that the male of Brauer’s borealis
was montanus. With regard to the female, there must have been some
‘‘lapsus”’ on the part of Goffe. I have examined the specimen referred
to and it is only an ordinary Th. bisignatus ; Th. borealis therefore still
remains to be discovered in this country and has no right to remain in
our “hist.” Atylotus plebejus is recorded on the strength of two
specimens in the British Museum taken by Mr. H. Womersley in
Cheshire in 1911.

This paper of Goffe’s is a remarkably good one when the fact that
the author has only recently taken up the study of the Diptera is taken
into consideration, but one feels that it could have been much
improved if the author had delayed publication for another twelve
months and spent the time in special investigations on a few of the
more difficult species. There are also two outstanding faults, one being
the acceptance without enquiry of the generic names* contained in
Meigen’s Nouvelle Classification of 1800 and the consequent use of
Chrysozona in place of Haematopota ; the other is the practice of giving
names to ‘‘ forms” of a species. These “‘forms”’ are all dealt with

* For the present position in regard to the status of these names see the note
by F. W. Edwards in the January number of Ent. Mo. Mag. and Entomologist.

38 ENTOMOLOGISY’ S RECORD. 15.11.1982

under the heading “ variation’’ and the author makes no distinction
between a generally distributed variety or aberration such as those
occurring in the genus Chrysops and restricted to one sex only (the
female), and a possible local race such as his sudeticus meridionalis. No
doubt it is hoped that an easy reference to different ‘“‘forms’’ may lead
to a better knowledge of their distribution and biological significance,
but the value in this respect is no compensation for the immense
burden placed upon nomenclature. One can only hope that the author’s
action will hasten the day when it will be universally accepted that
such names are outside the pale of the ‘“‘ Law of priority”’ and can
consequently be ignored by taxonomists. Apart from these faults the
work is one which should not only stimulate present workers in this
family but add to their numbers.

Those who intend to help in the study of this interesting family
may be glad to note one or two observations and additions to Goffe’s
work which I am in a position to make, often largely due to the
examination of material collected by Goffe himself, or to the re-exam-
ination of my own material in the ght of that author’s work with the
idea of confirming or confuting some of his conclusions.

Tabanus bovinus group.

The common New Forest large Tabanus has so long been considered
to be bovinus that it comes as a shock to find that though true bovinus
does occur in the Forest it appears to be a rare species. Goffe and
Verrall both realized this in regard to the male, but both failed to
distinguish correctly the female. In fact I am not certain that Goffe
at present possesses a female while the great majority of Verrall’s
females were not borinus. This is not the place to go into details of
the characters distinguishing the true female of bovinus but one should
on no account fail to catch and pin any of these larger New Forest
Tabanids having green, or coppery-green, instead of coppery-brown,
eyes. The more common New Forest large Tabanus will probably
prove to be identical with saudeticus var. perpleaus, Verrall, which I am
convinced must rank as a species. .

In trying to separate his ‘‘forms”’ of swdeticus 9 Goffe places too
much faith in small differences in the shape of the shining frontal
callus, this is a character which is particularly liable to suffer from
abrasion, an injury which may increase with the age of the specimen
and is almost unavoidably inflicted to a greater or less extent when
specimens are caught. One has only to compare Goffe’s figure of the
frontal callus of his supposed female bovinus with that of his perpleaus,
to see that the differences are only such as might easily be due to
abrasion.

Therioplectes tropicus, L.

There has been much confusion in the use of this name. Brauer,
accurding to specimens sent to him by Verrall and returned as tropicus,
certainly included at least two species under this name, for the
‘‘ Worcester ”’ specimen is quite distinct from all the others. Verrall
noted the differences of this specimen but, though Brauer had returned
it as typical tropicus, treated it as an extreme pale form of tropicus,
and used the name tropicus for what I should call bisignatus; he

REVIEW OF PAPER ON TABANIDAE. 389

probably did this because Brauer had also returned some similar
bisignatus forms as typical tropicus. Having used the name tropicus
for this form, Verrall (perhaps influenced further by Brauer’s statement
that he considered bisiynatus to be a melanochroitic form of tropicus)
used the name bisignatus for the darkest form with ‘the reddish
colouring sometimes quite absent’’ from female abdomen. Goffe
naturally follows Verrall with the exception that he begins to be
suspicious of the tropicus tropicus of Verrall and would place males
which Verrall considered to belong to that form as males of bisignatus,
and in doing so is probably correct. The few females which Goffe
refers to tropicus tropicus are, like Verrall’s, almost certainly only a
form of bisignatus with the pale markings at sides of segments 1 and 2
more extensive.

True tropicus must be a species with the sides of the first three
abdominal segments yellowish in the female, and if it occurs in this
country is represented by the “‘ Worcester’ specimen mentioned above.
An examination of the so-called form of tropicus mentioned by Verrall
in the Addenda to British Flies, Vol. V., as taken by Col. Yerbury at
Crymlyn Bog in 1908, reveals the fact that they are specifically
identical with the Worcester specimen, and the same species also
occurs in the Norfolk Broads district. The separation of this species
(which I feel bound for the present to call tropicus) from bisiynatus and
the raising of 7. perpleaus to the rank of a species adds two additional
species to the British List, making 28 in all.

Therioplectes solstitialis, Mg.

I feel certain that Goffe has mixed up two species under this name.
I have not seen Andrews’ Sutton Broad specimens but the species I
have taken in the Norfolk Broads is the British tropicus (v. above) and
quite distinct from the species occurring in Chippenham Fen, and
at Lyndhurst and other parts of the New Forest, mentioned by Goffe,
these latter being probably the true solstitialis of Meigen. My speci-
mens of the Norfolk Broads species (tropicus) occurred early in August
in company with distinguendus but were at the time easily recognised
as distinct.

It may be gathered from the above remarks that there is still plenty
of useful work to be done in collecting Uabanidae, while a study of
Goffe’s paper will show that there is an immense field of research
awaiting those who will take up the study of variation, especially in
such species as Jabanus sudeticus and perpleaus and Therioplectes
distinguendus and montanus.

No one, I am gure, will be more pleased than my friend H.
Rivenhall Goffe if the publication of his paper gives the necessary
impetus to the collecting and study of this interesting family—which
includes some of the largest of the British Diptera—with the consequent
clearing up of outstanding problems, and the acquisition of a sound
knowledge of the species inhabiting these islands. He will, I know,
willingly offer information and advice to anyone interested who cares
to enter into correspondence with him, and I would conclude by asking
all students of Diptera to give him every possible help.

40 ENTOMOLOGIS'’ S RECORD. 15.111.1932

Nomenclature.

We have been asked what is the justification for the very modern
introduction of the generic name Lycaeides in place of the original
generic name Plebeius of Linneus. We can find none except a matter
of ignore-ance, ¢.e., ignoring the work of Linneus. The query has
caused us to look up what Tutt and his band of skilled helpers said in
British Lepidoptera. Tutt based his nomenclatorial conclusions upon
every scrap of information and fact, for which he gave ample
references.

Turning to the chapter on Tribe: Plebetidi in British Lepidoptera
Vol. X.= British Butterflies, Vol. II1. p. 150 and seq. p. 160 (1908)
we find every point dealt with. Of course one must bear in mind that
the terms “ family,” “ tribe,” “ genus,”’ etc., used by Linneus and other
early authors did not indicate the same degree of classification as in
modern usage.

A modern writer has said that true facts cannot be repeated too
often so that must be our excuse for reprinting here much of the fact
and argument given in the above, merely stating that we have verified
all the references except Kluk.

Ex Brit. Lep. p. 160. ‘‘ Scudder announces and states (Hist.
Sketch, pp. 98, 252, 1875) that Plebeius was not used by linneus in a
generic sense, and that he only used the name in the plural form.”*

After giving (Sys. Nat. Xth ed. p. 482) the name Pilebeti to the
whole of the “ hairstreaks,” “ blues,” ‘‘ coppers” and ‘‘ skippers,” and
subdividing them into (1) MPlebett rurales (p. 482) and (2) Plebett
urbicolae (p. 484), Linneus prefaced his description of every species of
these groups with the letters, ‘‘ P.P.” writing in full at the top of each
page the names thus contracted ‘ Papinio Puespesus.” Hach species
therefore had the singular form applied thereto, ¢e.g., ‘‘ P.P. betulae,”
“P,P. aryus,” etc., so that Plebeivs was here used quite in the modern
generic sense of the division next above the species. Tutt then refers
to Muller, Fn. Ins. Hrid. p. 87, (1764), to Linné Sys. Nat. XIIth. ed.,
p. 787 (1767), where Plebeius was used in exactly the same sense.
Tutt further says ‘‘ Considering, as we do, that the basis of binomial
nomenclature—species and genus—involves the necessity of treating
the group directly above the species as a genus, we consider this use
of Plebeius as essentially generic in the modern sense.” ‘Tutt then
cites (teste Prout) Kluk, Zwierzt. Hist. Nat. LV. p. 81 (1780) in which
the author ‘“‘ After briefly describing the butterflies in general, says
that they be grouped in five genera, the last of which is

Genus V, Purserus divided into

RuraLes— Plebeius cupido, ete.

Urpicotar— Plebeius comma, ete.
which is exactly what Linné did in his Sys. Nat. Xth ed. pp. 483 et seq.
where having divided Papilio into various divisions, of which the
Plebevi are one, and after subdividing these into Rurales and Urbicolae,
he calls each individual species in the Plebeti—‘‘P.P.” i.e. Papilio,
Plebeius, the names being placed at the top of every page on which the
Plebetid species are described.”

This argument seems so convincing to us that we shall continue to
use Plebeius for the aegon, aryyroymon group of Lycaenids.—Hy.J.T.

*It is inexplicable how Scudder could make such a statement if he ever saw
a copy of either the Xth or XIIth edition of the Systema Naturae.—H.J.T.

CORNISH NOTES FOR 1931, 41

Cornish Notes for 1931.
By CHARLES NICHOLSON.

Referring to my notes on Heliothis peltigera and some Cornish
Sphingids on pp. 157-8 of last volume [| should like to add that the
three peltigera that emerged were of the brown form, No. 2 in Mr.
Wightman’s classification on p. 182, and there is some brown suffusion
on all these specimens over the whole of the space between the sub-
terminal line and the basal line, except the subcostal area between the
basal line and the reniform stigma, and this area is the only ochreous
part of the wing. The other pupae either dried up or otherwise died.

The season of 1931, although on the whole a wet one here, was by
no means unproductive as regards numbers of lepidoptera, which were
about up to the average, but I have no records of Phrywus livornica to
set off against those of Agrius convolvuli last year and must be content
with Manduca atropos already noted.

Butterflies were about as usual with the exception of the following :—
Colias croceus, one crossed the garden on September 8th, and one was
seen on Perranporth Sandhills on August 30th. Gonepterya rhamni
was scarcer even than usual, only two males having been seen—one
in the garden on September 15th, and one on red campion (its favourite
flower about here) on October 11th. Aglais urticae was also even
scarcer than usual, having been seen four times only, and three of
hese (in garden August 6th, on buddleia variabilis flowers in next
garden August 31st; on road wall of next garden October 14th) may
have been the same specimen; the other was on flowers of /scallonia
illinita in Boscawen Park, Truro, on October 7th. Pyrameis cardut
was fairly common and seen in most localities I visited—in garden
June 3rd, Malpas (very wasted) August 2nd, common and fresh on
thistles near Probus on August 28rd, in garden on Sedum spectabile,
September 25th and on Michaelmas daisy (very sandy) October 11th,
finally at Boscawen Park, October 18th. Lycaenopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus,
very scarce ; I have no dates and cannot remember having seen a single
specimen, although we usually see examples of the first brood. Pararge
aegeria was even commoner than usual and seemed to be everywhere
in shady lanes and rides in woods. First seen in the garden on May
7th and then almost continuously until October 18th (Boscawen Park)
including a good many on thistles, August 23rd, and two in the garden
all day on Sedum spectabile, September 25th. One of my most interesting
captures was Synanthedon (Sesia) vespiformis, of which | boxed a pair
evidently just emerged—the male on an old oak stump in the garden on
June 11th, and the female within two yards of it, but on an Hscallonia
bush on June 8th. No doubt both these had fed up in the old stump and
as there are about a dozen other oak stumps in the garden I am surprised
that I have not seen more of this clearwing. About the middle of
May I found two-thirds grown larvae of Lasiocampa quercus f. callunae on
Bolenowe Moor, near Redruth, and on bramble in the hedges around
upland fields about here, and the moths emerged during the first half
of August. I tried sembling in the garden with the fresh females, and
males came on August Ist, 3rd, 5th, and 7th, but only one male on
each day! I allowed several of them to pair and also some of my
bred males, and got several hundred ova, which began to hatch on
August 30th. J fed them up on hazel, sallow and other things until

42 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1931

they were about half an inch long and then I turned them out into
the garden in suitable spots, except about 20 which are at present
feeding on ivy in the garden shed and are about an inch and a quarter
long. The moths, by the way, were very typical.

On Sept. 24th the forewings of Noctua c-nigrum left by the bats
were found in the verandah and on Sept. 25th the right forewing of
Chloroclysta siterata—the first time I have seen this species here.

Of ‘other orders”’ the most interesting example of the Diptera
taken was a female Sargus bipunctatus, which I saw settle on our hedge
of Cupressus macrocarpa late in the afternoon of Sept. 25th. As it
looked unfamiliar I netted it and was very pleased to see that it was
unfamiliar. It is remarkable that Verrall never saw it alive, as he says
in ‘‘ British Flies,” Vol. V. p. 170, although it seems to be widely
distributed in Great Britain, and has been taken in Ireland.

The outstanding species of the season, however, was one of the
Coleoptera, to wit, Strangalia aurulenta, which was quite common in
the garden here. It may be recalled that I recorded two captures of this
species, bothfemales, in 1930, on a young Turkey Oak (July 5th) anda
young Broom (July 22nd) respectively ; see this magazine Vol. XLII. p.
155. The first capture last year was on July 1st, when I felt something
alight on my head in the garden about 11 a.m. and, on putting up my
hand quickly, found it was a male of this species flying in the bright sun-
shine. The next seen was a fine 9 ona young tree of Pyrus intermedia
on July 10th; then the species was seen nearly every day up to the
27th, after which no more were seen at all. As the circumstances of
capture are rather interesting | give the list in brief, omitting the times
of capture, which were usually in the morning. The weather on most
days bright, but cloudy at first, usually followed by more or less sun-
shine all day and occasionally with a shower or two; the state of the
sky did not appear to make any difference to the beetles, but on every
day on which they were seen the temperature was between 58° and 75°..
These are the other records: July 18th, small male on granite boulder
on rockery. July 15th, fine ? on watercan in garden shed. July 16th,
male on doorstep of shed. July 17th, male on a flower stake in garden.
July 19th, male in shed with right posterior tarsus missing. July 21st,
another male on the rockery ; flew away before I could box it. July
22nd, female with damaged elytra tips, in shed. July 23rd, male on
American currant in garden. July 24th, a fine female buzzing on the
window of the shed fell down and was seized by a spider and carried
into its tunnel; another fine @ was found in a bush of Cistus salvifolius
and a male and a female were found on oak branches in shed, the male
having a hole in the “ shoulder ”’ of his right elytron ; these were boxed
in a large glass bottomed box and promptly paired. July 25th, male
with right posterior leg missing, in shed. July 27th, male and female
in cop. on ground in front of shed.

It will be noticed that ten of these specimens were found in or
about the garden shed, and as there were a number of oak branches
(for firewood) varying between 24 and 5 inches in diameter, and between
3 and 10 feet in length I was led to the opinion that the beetles had
emerged from these branches; as we have 8 large oaks and a number
of old stumps in the front garden (in which all the other specimens.
were seen) it seems practically certain that they were the sources from
which the other specimens came. We have no pines of any size in the:

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1931, 43

garden, so the idea I had previously been led to hold, that this species
was attached to conifers, is evidently erroneous. We have no birch in
the garden either except a young tree I myself planted, so Mr.
Donisthorpe’s note in this magazine, Vol. XLI. p. 125 will not apply.
Tt is curious that, with the exception of the one taken on July 1st and
the one that flew away on the 21st, I saw none on the wing in the
open, although I| have seen Vowotus meridianus flying in the sunshine
in some numbers in Epping Forest near Chingford, and there oaks were
almost the only trees.

It seems therefore from these records that July is the month for
this species, but although Fowler says: “ On flowers”’ I cannot corro-
borate this, for not a single specimen of those seen was on any sort of
flower and only five of them were on living plants at all. The only other
specimen I have was taken near Bovey Tracey in July 1924, when it
flew down from some pines into an adjoining clover field and its
unusual appearance aroused my curiosity. Dr. R. C. L. Perkins has
had some experience with this species in that locality and I hope he
will give us the benefit of it.

It may be well to call attention to an interesting point about the
copulation of this insect. As a rule both sexes of all species of insect
that I have observed are quiescent, if undisturbed, during this process,
but in the case of this species the male in each case showed a slow but
rhythmic pulsation (rather suggestive of pumping), which seemed to
“ flow” from his head backwards, causing a slight movement of the
whole beetle, including the milk-white aedaeagus, at least two-thirds
of which was visible. Has anything of this kind been observed in
other insects ?

Collecting Lepidoptera in 1931.
By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL.

Sprinc Coizuectinc In Scortanp AND THE NorruH.

For the first time this spring I bad the pleasure of doing what all my
older collecting friends have done many times in the past—namely of
visiting Scotland in early April, and although the results of their
various expeditions have more than once been written in the pages of
this journal, I do not hesitate to repeat my own experiences of such
pleasant and varied collecting.

I was accompanied by my mother who was a most active helper
throughout the trip. We reached Scotland on April 9th and the
following day leaving Stirling and travelling via the Sma Glen we
passed through Aberfeldy and so on to Struan where we halted for
about on hour.

We found Nyssta lapponaria fairly common but extremely local,
being confined to a couple of hundred yards—both sexes in equal
numbers were sitting about on posts. Several pairs were in copula.
Polyploca flavicornis was very abundant on these same _ posts.

We reached Aviemore about an hour later and in the failing light
of the day I found one worn specimen of Asteroscopus nubeculosa.

After dark large numbers of insects came to the sap, which was
running freely from recently cut birch trees.

Orrhodia vaccintit, Calocampa exoleta and C. vetusta were extremely

44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 111.1932

common together with magnificent forms of Taeniocampa incerta and
T. gothica var. yothicina. We spent the following days tree-searching
by day and examiniug birch sap at night and aided by Mr. Brookbanks
of Aberfeldy, who joined us, we took the following species :—

P, flavicornis.—Was common on some days on all posts and tree
trunks and then was absent on others. It flies freely to birch sap in
early afternoon particularly if the sun is shining. Some beautiful
banded forms were taken.

A, nubeculosa.—16 were taken in all. 1 on the 10th, 3 on the 11th,
2, on the 12th, 4 on the 13th, 5 on the 14th, 1 on the 15th and none
on the 16th or 17th. They sit on any side of a birch trunk from two
to 15 feet from the ground—usually about 6 feet. Occasionally they
are very difficult to see. We took a few on birch sap at night.

Kees were laid freely by a 9 in confinement on the muslin
covering a cardboard box. At first the ova are an orange red colour,
but they soon became dark. I gave Mr. Lees of Streetly the greater
number and kept a dozen myself. He succeeded in getting nearly a
hundred fullfed larvae, sleeving some and keeping others in breeding
cages. Due to the enormous depth to which these larvae bury them-
selves he lost the larger part of the brood through their entering the
ashes on which the eight or nine inches of peat stood.

Mine were fullfed by June 26th and throve in the middle of
London provided the birch was sprayed every evening.

E. versicolor.—I was surprised to see this beautiful creature out as
early as the 12th up here—the males dashing about in the few brief
moments of sunshine. It was here that Mr. Esson several years ago
assembled so many males around a cardboard box containing a female
that the box was knocked off the post on which it stood! My own
observations and method of catching were different,—I only saw four
males on the wing and three I obtained in perfect condition by giving
them a smart rap with a six foot birch bough !—in each case after
a very active two hundred yards or so, which made me Spare the
quieter modes of collecting such as pupa digging or even ‘assembling.’
I saw one or two males on wet days sitting conspicuous on the birch
trunks. I found them better sport when on the wing !

T. gothica.—Was very abundant on birch sap. About 40% were
var. yothicina, Some very extreme forms were obtained.

T. incerta.—Was not very abundant at Aviemore. Some beautiful
erey mottled forms were obtained.

Pachnobia rubricosa.—Only one example of this species was seen
at Aviemore. It came to birch sap and was the most extreme ab.
lucida, I have ever seen.

Orrhodia vaccintt.—Common on sap,

Scopelosoma satellitia.—A few on sap.

C, ewoleta,—Very common on birch sap. One pair in cop: on the
16th ova obtained.

Brephos parthenias.—Very common in the sunshine. Visited birch
sap by day but was even then alert. Ova not obtained.

Chloroclysta miata.—One on birch trunk.

Calostigia multistrigaria.— Very common after dark.

Nothopterya carpinata.—Fairly common. Some beautiful forms of
ab. fasciata taken ; ova obtained.

Lycia hirtaria. 2 on the 12th, 2 on 14th. One fine yellow female.

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1931, 45

Males of pale and bright yellow obtained. A very large number of ova
were laid. I attempted to get the crossing hirtaria ? with lapponaria
3, which I obtained so easily four or five years ago when the resulting
ova proved infertile, but was entirely unsuccessful. I hope to try it
again this spring.

Nyssia lapponaria.—At Struan, 9 on the 10th, 7 on the 12th (very
cold). On the 18th I noted a 9 busily engaged in ovipositing in
the afternoon sunshine. She had her ovipositor fully 4 inch extended
into the crack of an old post in the depths of which I could see a large
green batch of eggs. They laid very freely in captivity both in muslin
balls and fluted paper. Mr. Lees kindly bred me them. ‘The larvae
fed up very slowly throughout the summer.

On the 17th of April we left Aviemore and went to Rannoch, where
I met Messrs. Pennington and Poore. I[ learnt from them that the
local A. nubeculosa had not appeared in the Rannoch district for some
years, and in vain did | search its well known haunts of Finnart and
Cairie Wood. I was very disappointed about this as I hoped to be able
to point out what I have never seen noted before, namely the local
difference between the Rannoch and Aviemore “‘ sprawlers.’”’ All those
I have seen from Rannoch have a distinct purplish brown tint—this
never is seen from the Aviemore locality where a plain grey ground
colour is the usual form.

Sallow at Rannoch produced large numbers of P. rubricosa, most
of which were referrable to the form lucida. I also took a nearly white
Taeniocampa munda (ova obtained). At sugar we took the T’aenio-
campidae in moderate numbers and some magnificent forms of var.
gothicina turned up. J] was surprised to note a fine g JZ’. populeti on
sugar. NV. carpinata and vars. came commonly to light and was
plentiful on the tree trunks. One female /Mctropis bistortata was
observed on a birch tree.

In vain did I search the bilberry for early larvae but not one was
taken.

Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Pennington, I was put on the track
of two insects J had never before taken in numbers, namely Pachnobia
leucographa and Nothopterya polycommata, and was advised to try for
them near Grange Over Sands on my return journey.

On the 26th we spent the night at Keswick. I searched the birch
trunks in vain for newly hatched Lophopteryx carmelita without
sucGess.

The following night we arrived at Grange and were taken out to a
wood in the vicinity by Miss Reid and Miss Molyneux to whom I owed
all my success. They called it a ‘poor night’’ nevertheless we took
19 fine P. leucographa together with fewer numbers of Jaentocampidae
on the sallows. I was sorry not to take 7’. miniosa, which they had
been taking. N. polycommata was exceedingly abundant sitting
motionless on ash twigs and a fine series were taken. ‘There were
about ten males to one female. I was fortunate in taking one absolutely
black Mupithecia abbreviata and understand that this melanic form 1s
not at all unusual in this particular wood.

The following day (April 28rd) I had the pleasure of meeting Dr.
Lowther and seeing his wonderful local collection, and in the evening
we met at the same locality as on the previous night. P. lewcographa

46 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.111.1932

was again fairly abundant. The ¢s lay freely on muslin balls and
Mr. Lees has bred me a large number of larvae.

On the 24th we returned home and were thus away just a fortnight
and during that time took the surprising list of 25 different species
and this list not including many of the common spring Geometers which
were not sought after.

I can recommend this spring trip for this ‘“‘ Year of Economy’”’ to
any of my Entomological friends who normally spend their April in
possibly warmer climes but with certainly less invigorating collecting.

A new form of Boarmia rhomboidaria.
By H. B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.E.S.

As shown in my paper read before the South London Entomological
Society on March 10th inst. I think I have established that my
‘“‘ yellow,” so distinet in facies, has a genetic constitution distinct from
‘“‘orey”’ rhomboidaria—at least as distinct, it may be precisely as distinct, as
the violet grey perfumaria. I think then that it should now be described.
Where in the scale of organisms inferior to a species it should be placed,
Ido not know. ‘Turner calls perfumaria a ‘‘ race.” It is an odd one,
to say the least. It may be an assemblage of races. [am content to
call my form an aberration, and as a slight tribute to my friend and
helper Mr. J. C. Hageart of Glasgow, who introduced it to my know-
ledge, I wish it to bear his name.

Boarmia rhomboidaria ab. haggarti ab. nov.

Head, thorax, patagia, abdomen and wings of a smooth pale yellowish
grey, the bands on the abdomen only faintly suggested. The smooth
appearance of the wings, a conspicuous feature in both sexes, is due to
the almost entire absence of the freckling of black dots, which gives a
rougher and darker appearance to rhomboidaria. In fact the yellowish
erey ground colour of the wings, in spite of the pale appearance of the ~
insect, is not paler than the whitish grey of typical rhomboidaria, the
dark grey appearance of which is due to freckling, which is also a
prominent feature in the bright ochreous aberration australaria, Curt.

On the pale ground, the usual markings are indicated, but in a paler
shade than in other forms; the cross lines on the fore-wings quite
weakly marked, the discoidal spot, on the other hand, being very distinct
and prominent and accentuated by a clear pale area below it; the
subterminal line distinct, and the apical and subapical markings clear
and conspicuous.

The hind wings particularly smooth, but the markings are indicated.
The second cross line tends to be weak and is obsolescent in one 2
specimen.

Size of B. rhomboidaria.
Types. and 2 incoll. mihi. ¢ bred 19.vii.1928.
? bred 29.vi.80.
Co-types 39 9. 82 2 in coll. mihi.
2 other 2 2 in coll. mihi.
1 @ in coll. Dr. HE. A. Cockayne.
Other specimens in coll. J. C. Haggart.
Habitat. Largs, Ayrshire.

This aberration only occurs, so far as is at present known, at Largs,
on the Ayrshire coast. The only specimens found at rest have been
on walls to which their colour assimilated well.

CURRENT NOTES. AT

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Many local lists of the Lepidoptera have appeared in this country
from time to time, but few have included the so-calied Micro-lepidoptera.
All are for the most part mere lists including the names of a few
general collecting spots, but none show even an attempt to combine
such excellent biological facts and suggestive details of the life-history
of the micros as does the book before us. The Moths of Eastbourne,
Pt. I]. The Pyralidina to the Micropterygina with the Obtectae, the
Burnets, Clearwings, Swifts, ete. This third section of Mr. Robert
Adkin’s work, the most difficult portion, really outdoes the two excellent
parts previously published. One would have said that 1t was impossible
to condense so much information into the few sentences alloted to each
species native to Hastbourne. When one turns to the plates, 25 in
number one, is envious of the young nature lover whose privilege it
will be to start studying the smaller fry of the district with this
excellent guide in his possession. Even the older entomologist may
study this volume with great advantage to himself with the suggestive
details here given. Nothing is omitted that is of paramount importance,
from the most effectual method of killing to the provision of an excellent
map. We must congratulate the author on this most useful piece of
work,-and the Kastbourne Nat. Hist. Society, under whose auspices it
has been published as a Supplement to their 7’ransactions.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries have sent us a series of
14 “ Advisory Leaflets” and Bulletin 29 on “ Insect Pests and Fungus
Diseases of Basket Willows.” The latter is well-illustrated showing the
pests themselves and views of their depredations. Among the pests
are: Lepidoptera :—T'rochilium bembeciforme, Synanthedon formicae-
formis, Depressaria conterminella, and Hypermecia cruciana. Coleoptera.
—Aromia moschata, Galerucella lineola, Phyllodecta vulgatissima, and
Oryptorrhynchus lapatht. Diptera, the midge Rhabdophaga heterobia.
These are figured on the plates, but other species are referred to in
the text. The leaflets are re-issues of older leaflets brought up to
date with modern illustrations and additional information. They are
quite adequately illustrated.

The Int. Ent. Zeit. for Oct. 8th describes and figures a remarkable
aberration of Zygaena transalpina in which the spots of the forewing
are wanting except the lower spot of the outer marginal pair. Spots
3, 4 and 5 are completely absent, but of 1 and 2 there are obsolescent
traces. The captor O. Michalk has named it ab. paradowa, It was
taken in Bavaria.

To those who are interested in the naming of the lower grades of
species of the Lepidoptera, one would wish to call their attention to
an article in the Hnt. News for October. The writer would place the
naming of such on a biological basis and exclude most racial and
aberration names. He would recognise the great regional subspecies
but the naming of lower grades would be an exceptional occurrence.

To those Lepidopterists who visit Berne one would suggest a visit
to the ‘‘ Alpinen Museum”? to view the collection of alpine butterflies
under the care of the Entomological Society of Berne. There are six
sections. 1. Alpine species not found in the high north. 2. Alpine
species also occurring in the high north. 38 and 4. Species of the
lowland and the alpine slopes up to 4000 ft. 5. Lowland species and

48 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.111.1982

corresponding forms of the Alps, which are attached to the same
special alpine plants. 6. Species of the warmer zone and southern
alpine valleys. Many examples of melanism are included,

Our trusted correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward has sent us separates
of three articles he has contributed to the Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina.
1. Instruction, with 2 diagrammatic plates for detailed descriptions
of ova, larvae and pupae of a Lepidopteron. 2. Notes ona migration
of the Argentine subspecies automate of Pieris phileta (monuste). 3.
Abnormalities of four insects he has recently met, with figures of the
deformities.

A large quarto volume of 820 pages and 35 plates some coloured
has reached our table from Sao Paulo, Brazil. Archivos do Instituto
Biologico, vol. 1V. 1981 contains 18 articles on natural history of which
four deal with entomology Diptera, Coleoptera and Ants. The main
body of the volume is in Spanish but every article has a long abstract
of its contents in English and also several abstracts in German. The
volume is very well got up and records admirable work done on the Fauna
and Flora of S. America by competent experimenters.

We regret to note that several well-known continental entomologists
have died recently including M. J. Culot of Geneva, who was the
artist of those beautiful volumes on the Noctuelles et Geometres; P. J.
S. Tavares, who was the editor of Broteria and devoted to the Cécidiés ;
M. J. P. Dognin, the great Belgian student of 8. American Heterocera ;
and Dr. ’. Rambousck of Prague well-known for his knowledge of the
Staphylinidae.

A separate from the Ind. Jr. of Veterinary Sci. and Animal Husbandry
illustrating and describing 24 species of Tabanid Diptera has been
received from the authors, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher and 8. K. Sen. The
figures being in colour and of natural size must be of great practical
use and the correctness of the matter must be inferred from the prestige
of the authors,

L’ Amateur de Pap. continues the descriptions of good French
localities for Lepidoptera. In the November no. we have an account of
Huzet-Les-Bains (Gard) by M. le Comte A. d’Aldin. The article
includes a list of species indigenous to the neighbourhood. The same
number contains a further portion of ‘“ Collecting in Madagascar.”

There are two excellent black and white plates of albinistic and
melanistic forms of Welanargia galathea in the December no. of Zeit.
Oster. Ent.-Ver. with descriptive letterpress by Hans Hautz. A fine
gynandromorph from the Hofer collection in Wien is given. Thereis
a summary of the different named forms.

Hunting Insects in the South Seas. By Hvelyn Cheesman. Philip
Allan.—The authoress is rapidly becoming as good a writer as she is a
good collector and observer of insect habits and transformations. She
experiences unknown dangers often alone in the bush, even spending
nights alone in deserted huts at the full mercy of native attacks ;
hitherto she has emerged unscathed. In fact at times, as she told us one
evening in a lecture to the South London Hntomological Society she
was “‘ taboo’ and every native feared to cause her harm inany way. In
the present work are such subjects as Potter wasps, Friendly Butter-
flies, Caterpillars, Fireflies, Bees, Praying Mantises, A night in the
Bush, and A Climbing Adventure on the Marquesas Islands. This
is not a record of mere fact, but a search for the reason and object of

OURRENT NOTES. 49

all the curious habits of the creatures dealt with. Obviously the
cocoon is an arrangement gradually evolved for protection of the pupa
during its quiescent stage, when it would be exposed to attack without
ability of defence. But there is a second “ significance to the cocoon.”
“Why some caterpillars wrap themselves up so carefully in bales of
silk before yielding to those delicate operations by which they are
changed into the mature form is because they avoid risk of a shock by
doing so.” ‘There are a few illustrations but one would like more and
particularly one wants a map. The book is in a very attractive jacket
illustrating one of the strangely fashioned insects encountered. ‘Those
who have heard Miss Cheesman lecture will need no further inducement
to peruse this volume, and those who have perused the book will wish
for a closer acquaintance with her in her lectures.

In Lamb. for October M. Derenne gives a summary of the views of
different writers on the naming of varieties, which is well worth careful
reading and thought.

The Entomological Society of London have recently added two
eminent foreign entomologists to the much coveted honorary fellowship
of the Society, viz., Dr. Walther Horn of Berlin (Germany) and
Monsieur René Oberthtir of Rennes (France).

The following has been sent to us; an excerpt from a Daily News-
paper. It looks as if the writer was endeavouring to measure the depth
of utter rubbish which the editor would insert.—‘ A curious beetle.
Imprint of fly on its back. To the Editor of the Morning Post.
Sir,—I am no ornithologist, but to-day (Friday), on a mountain-side
in the Hifel, I saw a beetle which was quite new to me. He was
wholly of a vivid scarlet, except his proboscis, which was black. At
the end of each of his antennae was a good imitation of a penknife,
which opened and shut like one, and, when open, gleamed like steel.
On the perfectly flat back of this wholly scarlet beetle was the
perfect impress, in black, of a fly. From time to time my friend would
stop working his knife, and, with a hind leg, lazily polish the impress of
the fly, by which the wings of the fly gained an additional shimmer.”
WanpDervocEL, Altenahr.”’

We have just received the prospectus of the 5th International
Congress of Entomology to be held in Paris this summer from July
16th to 23rd. The Meeting of the Congress will coincide with the
celebration of the Centenary of the Entomological Society of France.
Arrangements have been made for the occasion. Dr. P. Marchal will
be President of the Congress, Dr. K. Jordan of Tring is the permanent
Secretary, Dr. H. Hltringham represents Gt. Britain on the Executive
Committee, Dr. R. Jeannel France, Dr. Walther Horn, Germany,
Dr. Y. Sjosteat Sweden, and Dr. O. A. Johannsen the United
States. We trust there will be a move in Nomenclature and
that the Entomologists will strike away from the domination of
the Zoologists. Those who wish to take part in the Congress
should write to the General Secretary, Dr. R. Jeannel, Laboratoire
d’Entomologie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 45bis, Rue
de Buffon, Paris (5e), France.

On page 126 of last year, July-August 1931, we called attention to
the immigrant lepidoptera of which we had heard in this country

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.19382

during the season. Any further records or a summary of what readers
have noted along the coast, or far inland would be most acceptable.
"Tis individual observations we want, which when pieced together may
give dates of arrival on the coast, dates of appearance in the inland
south, dates in the centre of the country, dates farther north, and so.
on, besides indicating second immigration if occurring. The portents
of the present season seems so far to point to further abnormal weather,
when no doubt further mass movements of insect species will occur.
The method of recording was well described by Dr. C. B. Williams in
a Supplement to our journal in November last and we can supply
prepared cards to all who ask for them.

The Annual Gathering of British Entomologists, The Verrall
Supper, took plaee on January 19th and was again a very successful
gathering of old friends from far and near with a fair sprinkling of new
and younger men. ‘There were not quite so many present as there has:
been for the past few years and a few of the old members were missing.
Appended is a list of those present: —B. W. Adkin, J. H. Adkin, R. Adkin,
H. EH. Andrewes, H. W. Andrews, Dr. R. Armstrong, EH. B. Ashby,
S. R. Ashby, Maj. EK. E, Austen, R. S. Bagnall, F. Balfour-Browne,
H. F. Barnes, Sir T. Hudson Beare, E. J. Bedford, HK. C. Bedwell,
R. B. Benson, G. T. Bethune-Baker, K. G. Blair, 5S. F. P. Blyth,
EK. D. Bostock, H. Britten, Dr. G. V. Bull, Dr. M. Burr, L. C. Bushby,
Prof. Bailey Butler, Dr. P. A. Buxton, Dr. M. Cameron, Dr. Hale
Carpenter, S. G. Castle-Russell, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, C. L. Collenette,
J. E. Collin, J. Collins, L. G. Cox, L. W. R. Cox, HK. §. Craske,
W. Parkinson Curtis, H. W. Daltry, R. P. Demuth, J. R. Dibb,
Dr. F. A. Dixey, A. W. Dods, H. Donisthorpe, 8. P. Duffield, H. M.
Edelsten, J. H. Hdmonds, F. W. Edwards, H. Willoughby-Ellis,
Dr. H. Eltringham, W. Fassnidge, R. A. Fisher, L. T. Ford, G. Fox-
Wilson, I’. W. Frohawk, J. C. F. Fryer, A. G. Gabriel, A. F. J. Gedye,
W.S. Gilles, F: J. Gilliat, E. Rivenhall Goffe, A. de B. Goodman,.
E. J. Griffen, T. H. L. Grosvenor, H. M. Hallett, A. R. Hamm,
H. §. Hanson, C. N. Hawkins, A. R. Hayward, Dr. L. G. Higgins,
W. D. Hincks, B. M. Hobby, A. W. Hughes, Prof. 8. Issiki, Dr. K.
Jordan, Dr. Norman Joy, H. B. D. Kettlewell, Dr. H. Lancaster, F.
Laing, H. A. Leeds, H. G. Leeson, G. C. Leman, J. Spedan Lewis, H.
Main, W. Mansbridge, A. M. Massee, Prof. S. Maulik, W. T. Mellows,
Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, Dr. S. A. Neave, L. Nell, L. W. Newman, L. H.
Newman, M. Niblett, F. A. Oldaker, H. EK. Page, T. Parker, J. F.
Perkins, F. N. Pierce, 8. W. P. Pooles, Prof. E. B. Poulton, R. M.
Prideaux, L. B. Prout, Capt. HW. B. Purefoy, W. Rait-Smith, O. W.
Richards, Capt. N. D. Riley, A. W. Richardson, Dr. EH. Scott,,
Dr. D. W. Seth-Smith, C. D. Sherborn, Dr. H. D. Smart, A. E.
Stafford, H. Stringer, H. E. Syms, G. Talbot, W. H. T. Tams,.
Rev. J. E. Tarbat, E. Taylor, HE. Terzi, J. le B. Tomlin, A. E. Tonge,
H. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright, Comm. J. J. Walker, Col. R. M.
West, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rt. Rev. W. G. Wittingham, Rev. Preb. A. P.
Wickham, V. R. Wigglesworth, D. 8. Wilkinson, H. R. Williams,
C. G. M. de Worms, C. Worssam, L. H. Bonaparte Wyse.

REVIEWS. 51

FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A Practican Hanpsoox or British Beertus. By Norman Joy,
M.R.S.C., L.R.C.P., F.E.S.,M.B.0.U. Witherby, 2 vols., 3 guineas.—
It may, perhaps, be permitted to an orthopterist to offer a few
observations on this remarkable work. Dr. Joy has devoted an
immense labour to its compilation over the last twenty years or more.
He was inspired by the fact that Canon Fowler’s work was not
compact and had no synoptical tables for the major groups, which
makes an orthopterist wonder, for no systematic work of importance
on that order without such table had appeared since Brunner introduced
them fifty years ago.

Anticipating the criticism of his colleagues because he has, in his
own words, “ returned to an older method of classification which the
author considers more practical,’ he quotes in defence such eminent
authorities as Sir Guy Marshall for sanction to use a key as opposed
to a classification, and General St. Claire Deville, who, in a particular
instance (the Alaeocharinae), hints at the possibility of the key evenly
proving to be the scientific system.

But supposing his key is not scientific? What of it? The sub-
title of the book is ‘‘ Tabulated and [llustrated.” It is, in fact, a
tabulation, not a classification. He disarms criticism by disclaiming
any pretensions to a scientific monograph and he should be judged
only on his own claims. Does he help us name our beetles? If so,
hats off to him, for that has been his sole object. If he places the
Brachelytra at the beginning, it does not mean that he considers them
either the most primitive or the most advanced form of beetle, but only
that they are of such distinctive appearance that any fool can recognise
them at a glance even in the field. Similarly with the Gyrinidae.
Logically, it is an ordinary process of elimination, just as though he
had started his classification like this,

5 (2) Males with enormous jaws... ie Stag Beetles.

2) (1) Males with ordinary jaws Lg Others.

Fee may not be scientific, but it would enable a beginner to tell
whether his capture is a stag beetle or not.

For Dr. Joy is a utilitarian unshamed and claims to be nothing
else. He has avoided certain characters merely because they are
inconvenient ; he prefers those which can be illustrated by figures,
which do not involve highly skilful dissection, nor even, if possible,
ungumming from a card.

He claims, too, to be a pioneer in the use of the aedeagus as a
specific character, presumably in. the Coleoptera, which, incidentally
makes an orthopterist sigh for uniformity of classification. Judging
by analogy, this should afford extremely useful characters, though
presumably little is known of individual variation in these organs.
Still, they must to a certain extent be a definite mechanical hindrance
to inter-breeding. Nor does he mention the soft parts, which must
offer valuable, though difficult, characters.

By economising space to the utmost, by avoiding characters that
cannot be used for the immediate purpose of identification, he has been
able to condense into one volume of synoptical keys the 3560 species
of British Coleoptera, which is 300 more than Canon Fowler knew.

52 KENIOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.111.1932

It is, in fact, in as compact a form as possible, a vade-mecum of British
beetles, though only a stalwart entomologist could take it into the field
with him. ‘The figures, in a separate volume, seem very clear, as
though showing up points of importance. They alone representa great
labour, as 1650 of them have been drawn by the author himself.

He seems to have achieved his object, which has been not to write a
monograph, which it is not, but to make a handbook, which it is, in
the simplest, most practical form. To what extent he has really
succeeded in this extremely difficult task can be proved only by the
touchstone of experience and actual test.

The publishers have done their work nobly. The price is a good
deal of money, especially nowadays, but the work is not for one year
only, and the information cannot be dear at the price.—M.B.

Tue Lepmorrrrous Fauna or Atpania. By Dr. Hans Rebel and
Dr. Hans Zerny, Vienna. Large quarto. 126 pp, 1 plate, 1 map.—
This extremely well got up and arranged work is an admirable report
of the Lepidopterological observations made in Albania in 1918 by the
members of the Expedition sent out by the Academy of Science, Vienna.
In the report the results of all previous coliecting in the same area
have been incorporated, and a really comprehensive account has been
produced. The introductory portion has been arranged on the same
useful and instructive plan which one finds in Dr. Rebel’s previous
works on the Lepidopterous Fauna of Balkan-lands. There isa useful
Geographical Sketch of the country, followed by a note on the Lepidop-
terous peculiarities of the adjoining territories, Montenegro and
Macedonia, then come summaries of the faunal character of Albania ;
endemic species 21; Eurosiberian species 618; Alpine species 68 ;
Boreal Alpine species 30; Mediterranean species 136; Pontic species
35, and Ponto-Mediterranean species 617; a List of References from
which matter has been culled, including a number from the pages of
our own magazine, and notes on the various places referred to in the
text. 1500 species are recorded exclusive of many local forms. The
inclusion of data concerning Montenegro, Macedonia, etc., have much
increased the value of the record. 21 new species and forms are
described, most of which are figured on the plate. The immense
amount of research for records is simply marvellous, and the whole
work will be of untold value to all future workers in Albania,
Montenegro and Macedonia. The nomenclature used is that of
Staudinger but is illumined in each species, by the insertion in brackets
of the genera used by more recent workers, e.y., Aricia, Hirsutina, lolana,
Agriades and others in the omnibus genus Lycaena of old, recognising
that such an unwieldy assemblage must be cut up to to be grasped by
the mind. We understand that Dr. Rebel has now completed his term
of duty in the museum—vwe wish him a long and pleasant relief from
official duties. The younger and most able Dr. Zerny will be a worthy
successor to Rebel and we look forward to a continuance of the able
memoirs which for so many years have been coming from the Viennese
Lepidopterists.—Hy.J.T.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require InuusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

‘Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey shonld

be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. VI’. Woolhouse, Hill
Howse, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ durago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and eponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—Ocellatus* 5, Hastata 1, Cambricaria 3, Blandina 12, Protea* (melanic)
2, Camelina* 2, Dromedarius* 1, well set on black pins with data.

Desiderata.—Betulae, Trepida, Diluta, Or and Myricae. Geo. Nicholson, 24, Nun’s
Moor Crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Duplicates. —A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

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8 p.m. March 16th, April 6th.

The South London Entomological and ,Natural History Society, Hibernia
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The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3.

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A MAGAZINE OF
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

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All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
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IMPORTANT
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BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
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GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday. collection—
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MeLanisM aND MetaNnocarotsmMm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
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CONTENTS
Lepidoptera at Dieulefit, 1930 and 1931, Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.H.S, .. 53
Aigle and the Rhone Valley, 1931, Lt. H. B. Ashby, F.Z.S., F.E.S. Bt 55
Notes on Algerian Butterflies ; Kabylia, Miss L. M, Fison. .. oi bc 58
Mosley’s Original Descriptions. .. oe 5e aie ar 60
George Crabbe 1754-1832, H. Donisthorpe, Pa Z.S., PI E.S. ye 61

Norss on CoLtectine.—Lepidoptera from Salonika, Dr. G. “8. Tara
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atropos, C. Nicholson : Additions to the Irish List, Rev. Ganon S. G.

Foster, B.D, .. re aie ae : 61
Current Notes .. ne oe 2: Se ae sc S06 Se 64
Nomenclature, Hy.J.T. .. a ag se oA ne 50 65
Rerviews.—‘‘ Butterflies of Columbia ”’ by A. H. Clar oe Biology of Spiders,

by EL. Nielson... 3 : 56 ef ee at 67
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LEPIDOPTERA AT DIEULEFI?. 53

Lepidoptera at Dieulefit (Dréme) in April, 1930 and 1931.
By Wu. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.E.S.

When my wife and I chose the small village of Dieulefit, of 3,600
inhabitants, in the entomologically unknown Department of the Drome,
as the place where we would like to spend the Haster holiday of 1930,
we certainly had no intention of paying asecond visit. But the finding
of one or two interestiny insects, coupled with the fact that 1930 was
a very late season in that region, and further strengthened by our
stumbling on a very pleasant ‘‘ pension,” induced us to go there again
in 1931, in order to explore more fully the possibilities of the locality,
while at the same time gathering material for the solution of at least
one of the problems raised. Dieulefit is quite a small village in a
lateral valley about 15 miles east of the Rhone at Montélimar. It hes
at the end of a ‘“ tramway,’ which has now been replaced by a motor-
bus service run by the same company, in the foothills of the Basses-Alpes
at no great altitude, and the mountains in the vicinity range from
about three to four thousand feet in height. One higher mountain is
to be seen from the town—La Lance—which reaches over five thousand
feet. For the most part the hillsides are steep and stony; dry and
rather barren, with here and there oak scrub, pines, juniper, viburnum,
etc. Hven in April there is not much water in the streams, and no
doubt later in the year the vegetation on the hillsides suffers much from
drought. In April, 1980, the season was a late one, but in 1931 it was
more normal, possibly even a little earlier than usual. In both years
we spent about three weeks at Dieulefit, staying at ‘ Le Jas,” a pension
run by Mlle. Barral, where we found ourselves very comfortable at a
moderate price, being especially delighted with the spacious gardens
gay with flowers of every kind.

I have already said something concerning three insects bred fre
galls on juniper found at Dieulefit (Hunt. Rec. MOG al OST ip. 3A),
namely, Poecilonota festiva, L., Laspeyresia Fniemaetnonaine, Moschl., and
Synanthedon spuleri, Fuchs, and propose now to add further observations
made in 1931 to what I wrote there. One of my reasons for revisiting
this locality was to investigate these juniper galls, though as my wife
had already decided that she wished to spend another holiday there,
perhaps it was just as well that I was able to agree so readily. We
began at once in dull and windy weather to search on the junipers that
grow so abundantly on every hillside and in every stony valley all
around the town ; we continued the process at intervals and I made
notes on the spot. The hammer headed larva of the lovely green
Buprestid, P. festiva, L., did not seem to be so common as in 1930, but
still was plentiful enough, feeding ir a flat burrow between the bark
and the wood in stems of moderate thickness, and stuffing the mine
behind it full with tightly packed sawdust-like frass. I soon learned
to distinguish its mine from any other, and only bred two specimens
this year, brought home by chance, as I did not want them. I found
the beetle larva and the Aegeriid larva mining together occasionally,
and the beetle larva and the Tortrix larva mining together rather more
frequently. Normally, however, the’beetle larva was all alone, and the
swelling caused by it was not at all conspicuous, only the brown needles
on the half dead twig betraying its presence. I did not once find two

APR °Q 1932

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1V.19382

beetle larvae mining in the same stem. The Tortrix larva, which has
kindly been identified by Mr. E. Meyrick from insects bred in 1930 as
Laspeyresia interscindana, Moéschl, was very common. On April 5th, I
found it mostly full fed or nearly so, sometimes spun up for pupation,
twice already changed to pupa, in a silk lined chamber scooped out of
the wood just under the bark. Fine reddish frass betrays its presence
as well as the shght swelling of thestem. Twigs ofall sizes are affected,
sometimes quite thin ones only a quarter of an inch thick below the
swelling. ‘The larva is yellowish white, with a chestnut brown head
and paler two-lobed neck shield, but no sign of an anal plate. Often
there are three or even more larvae in one twig and but rarely only one.
It is very frequently parasitised, and one may see the hymenopteron
fully formed within the pupa. JI carelessly did not note that Kennel
in his great work on the Palearctic Tortricidae does not mention the
larva of L. interscindana, or I would have made more voluminous notes
on it when I had the opportunity. I have no doubt whatever that this
species is the sole cause of the slight swelling observed, but I cannot
say if the swelling deserves to be ranked among the galls. The Aegeriid
larva—that of Synanthedon spulert, Fuchs, stated to be conspecific with
S. tipuliformis, Cl.—was only moderately common although its old
workings were comparatively abundant. In early April the larvae were
of varying sizes, some being still quite small, while many were spun
up for pupation, some few having already changed. The pupal chamber
is formed well within the stem and lined with silk. It greatly weakens
the thinner stems at that point so that there is great danger that they
will break if carelessly handled, damaging the pupae. Apart from risk
of damage there is no great harm done, for 1 succeeded in breeding a
good proportion of pupae extracted from their mines. The smallest
larvae were about three eighths of an inch in length, in borings just
under the bark, rather more transparent than larger larvae, and having
a reddish alimentary canal. ‘They are quite easy to distinguish from
the Tortrix larvae, which occur fairly frequently in the same swellings.
I think these smaller larvae would feed up and emerge in the same
season, though it is not possible to make a definite statement.
Emergence in captivity is spread over a considerable period, as is often
the case with Aegeriids, and almost certainly the species has only a one
year cycle. [ found this species in stems of all sizes, often in stems
from which insects had emerged in previous years, in which case they
were boring lower down in the stem nearer to the living wood, and
not above the gall where the stem was dead or dying. Several times
I found two or three larvae together, and a few times more than three.
They are very heavily parasitised indeed. Old mines are easily found
because of the dead and brown needles, but I found several larvae in
galls where the stem was still quite living and the needles still almost
as green as ever. These stems must have been only recently affected,
and would not die away until after the first tenants had emerged.
Many times I found the remains of the pupa case, sometimes even the
complete case, projecting from stems containing one or more living
larvae. Clearly the affected stem is used for several years by successive
generations. Theswelling thus caused is sometimes a very conspicuous
one, for in September, 1981, I found these larvae at San Juan de la
Pefia, near to Jaca, in Aragon, feeding in stems as thick as my wrist,
causing galls more than eight inches in length and four inches in thick-

AIGLE AND THE RHONE VALLEY, 5d

ness. I have no reasonable doubt that these swellings are caused solely
by the larvae of S. spulert, which must certainly be maintained on the
short list of gall-making lepidoptera. One very curious and welcome
find came to break the monotony of the search for these juniper galls.
After cutting off a galled stem I discovered that I was grasping a fine
large cocoon of Hoplitis milhauseri, F'b., fixed to the stem close above
the gall, from which cocoon a fine large female duly emerged as late as
July Ist, at 4.30 p.m. Before leaving the subject of juniper galls, I
ought to state that in spite of the rather large number of larvae
necessarily spoiled by my investigations, yet I brought home a sufficient
number of galls to yield a long series both of the Aegeriid and of the
Tortrix. One other insect also emerged from these juniper twigs,
namely, a single specimen of Laspeyresia juniperana, Mill., which is
well known to feed on the berries, and doubtless had simply found a
convenient spot for pupation in one of the mines.

One other Aegeriid rewarded my search at last, Sciapteron tabani-
formis, Rott., a species | have sought for in vain in many localities in
France. I found full fed larvae and pupae low down in young shoots
of lombardy poplar growing in the open far from the parent trees, and
bred two moths. Although this species has long been known as a gall-
maker, these larvae had not caused the slightest swelling, and the
copious frass extruded alone betrayed their presence.

(To be concluded.)

Aigle and the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, in May, 1931.
By Lieut. H. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.

Leaving London at 2 p.m. on May 9th, I arrived at Aigle station
via Paris and Vallorbe at 9.1 a.m. on the following day. I decided to
stay again at the Hotel Beau Site, because of its immediate proximity
to Aigle station, and I was made very comfortable there during the
whole of this trip.

May 10th.—I went out before and after déjeuner, but my bag only
included the Butterflies, a g Carterocephalus palaemon, and 8 Leptosia
sinapis, the Bombilius fly B. discolor ; and two specimens of Chrysotoaum
festivum, l., the Coleoptera Carabus auratus, L., Cocinella bipunctata, L.,
var.,and Corymbites purpureus, Poda., the Hymenoptera Halictus laticeps
9, Hucera longicornis, and the Rhyncotid Triecophora dorsata, Germ.
This last is new to the British Museum collection at 5. Kensington,
and more specimens are wanted. The B.M. is rather weak in
Triecophora species in general. 7’. dorsata is to be found in Spain,
S. France, Switzerland, Italy and Dalmatia. The country was looking
exceedingly pretty and the weather was fine, tempered with a nice
breeze. I also took a single specimen of the bee Bombus hypnorum, L.
=meridiana, Panz., for the first time.

As I imagine that English collectors might very easily overlook
this bee I give the following description of it by Dr. Schmiedeknecht,
viz.: “ Bombus hypnorum, L., is so characteristically coloured, that a
mistake cannot occur. Only Bombus gerstdckeri and Bombus hortorwmn
var. consobrinus have any resemblance. In the female the head in front
is blackish-grey, above the thorax it is covered with hairs of a fox-red
colour. The black hairs of the abdomen appear dull on account of

56 ° ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1932

interspersed greyish hairs. The whole underside is black with inter-
mingled yellow-grey hairs. Segments 4 to 6 dingy white, segment 6
rather bare, underneath at the extremity covered with short fox red
hairs. Legs black, the tarsi yellow-grey. In Germany the females
nearly always have a black abdominal base, on the other hand the fore
segments in the males are mostly rust-red coloured, less so in the
workers. Varieties, in which the thorax is partially coloured black,
appear to be very rare, J at any rate have never come across such.

“ Bombus hypnorum moreover nowhere belongs to the over abundant
species, but occurs everywhere in the northerly and central regions.
I have noticed, that the species is extraordinarily variable in its
occurrences. Thus it was, about 10 years ago, not exactly rare at
Gumperda, but disappeared in the following years, so that for about 8
years I came across no specimen. In the year 1880 it occurred very
suddenly again rather abundantly and single specimens occurred in
the last two years. The females appear here about the middle of April
and seek by preference the blossoms of gooseberry bushes. They also
visit other spring flowers, such as Anchusa, Lamtinmn, Taraxacum, ete.
The workers have an especial preference for the flowers of Rubus and
are met with there in company with pratorwm and scrimshiranus. The
males appear from the end of August. They may then be found freely
on thistles, very freely also on Hypilobium auyustifolinm and Solidago.
On the latter flowers especially in company of the male of Bombus
lapidarius.

“ They are rather inactive. The nest above the ground.”

Patria: Huropa borealis et centralis.

From ‘‘ Apidae Europaeae’’ by Dr.. H. L. Otto Schmiedeknecht,
Gumperda in Sachsen.—Altenburg. 1882.

May 11th.—This morning I walked up the Sepey road for several
kilometers and then turning down to the right of the road on to a
wooded footpath I found a collecting ground well shaded from the
morning sun. Here I found some nice Aglaia tau in good condition ;
L. sinapis, Nisoniades tages, Brenthis enphrosyne, Polyommatus semiargus
males only, and Hesperia malvae among the butterflies. Papilio
podalirius and P, machaon were also flying but were out of reach.

The Coleoptera Telephorus rustica, Fall., Cicindela hybrida, L.,
Necrophorus mortuorum, F., the beautiful longicorn Apanthia cardut,
L., Cetonia hirtella, L., Malachius aeneus, L.; the Hymenoptera
Chalicodoma muraria, F., Psithyrus vestalis, Foure., and Andrena
hattorfiana, Fab.; and the Dipteron Syritta pipiens ; the moths Melanippe
sociata, Bork., Bapta temerata, Hb., and Boarmia repandata. At night
the beetle Melolontha vulgaris 3, flew into my bedroom with great
noise. In the morming I also took the Ants Formica sanguinea,
Latr. and Camponotus ligniperdus.

May 13th.—This morning by train to St. Triphon at 8a.m. Thence
by walking along a track directly parallel to and north of the railway
in due course I reached the banks of the RiverGryonne. These banks
I found better up stream, rather than down stream, as the section
where the Gryonne joins the Rhone and the Rhone banks themselves
produced practically nothing. Working up the Gryonne banks against
the stream I found Hamearis lucina, the “ blue” L. cyllarus in some
abundance and both sexes, some fresh C. palaemon, Polyommatus
thersites, Cant., a few of both sexes but in splendid condition ; Cupido

AIGLE AND THE RHONE VALLEY, 57

sebrus, P. icarus; the moth Lobophora halterata, Hufn., 2 ; and the
Neuropteron Ascalaphus longicornis in abundance ; also the Rhyncotid
Carpocoris purpuretpennis, De Geer, on bushes in some numbers by
the River bank.

After walking back along the banks of the Rhone, a most fruitless
journey, I came to some woods alongside the Rhone, and just opposite
to St. Triphon these produced a nice fresh series of C. palaemon; the
Coleoptera Trichodes alrearins, Kabr., Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop.,
Phyllopertha horticola, L., Melanotus vittatus, F., Abaw striola, F.,
and Leptura aethiops, Poda; the Hymenoptera Arge enodis, Tenthredella
solitaria, Scop., and the ant Pormica pratense, Ritz.; Macrophya ribis,
Schrk. and Syrphus ribesii, L., and the Diptera H’mpis tessellata, Fabr.,
and Chrysotowum ttalicum, Rond., and the Neuropteron Philopotamus
gudificatus, Mch. After midday the heat was pretty awful and I was
glad to rest and take the afternoon train back from St. Triphon station
to Aigle. I may mention that the road electric tramway Aigle—Ollon
-—Monthey serves this locality just as well and provides a more frequent
stopping service than the Railway. It was interesting this morning
to watch Ascalaphus longicornis emerging in great numbers along the
banks of the River Gryonne. When the wings first begin to grow
they are of a pale yellowish green, the distinctive colorations appearing
later, but in short duration.

May 15th.—To St. Triphon station this morning early. Then I
found the road which leads through the Charpigny Estate, only a short
distance from the Railway, to the north of it. I spent several hours
on this rocky eminence and took Hrebia medusa quite fresh, also Heodes
dorilis ; Melitaea cinxia; the moth Aglia tan ; and a few Coleoptera,
amongst them Telephorus rustica, Fall. ; and the Hymenoptera Tenthre-
della temula, Scop. ; Chalicodoma muraria, F.; Bombus pratorum, Ly;
B. sylvarum, L.; Odynerus pictus; Bombus subterraneus (latretllellus) ;
and the Diptera Chrysotoxum fasciolatum, M.G.,a beautiful fly. Cupido
minima Was conspicuous amongst the Butterflies, and I saw several P.
machaon, but they were elusive. ‘The day was very hot, and the only
one or two men I| saw walking through the Estate seemed too much
affected with the heat to take any notice of me. There is suitable
collecting ground throughout the length of the road which winds around
the Hstate, which appeared to have hardly altered at all since I was last
there by the courtesy of the late Monsieur Fison, in July 1909, a day
which [ shall never forget.

May 16th.—This morning I spent on the sloping marshy pastures
between the Grand Hotel, Aigle, and Ollon. I took the following in
superb condition H. dorilis, both sexes; P. semiargus, males only; M.
cinaia, and P. icarus, I noticed also the moth Aglia tau, and Hrebia
medusa. ‘There is a small pond in the area, to the right of the road
around which a number of Dragon Flies were flying, but they managed
to keep out of reach. I took the Rhyncotid Syromastes marginatus, L.
At night a male and female of the moth Melanippe procellata flew
into my bedroom.

May 17th.—Today by the River Gryonne, which flows into the Rhone
between St. Triphon and Bex, and in the marshy fields adjoining the
River for some distance Hrebia medusa was becoming more abundant,
and Melitaea parthenie was justemerging. A nice number of P. thersites,

58 - ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1932

both sexes and in good condition were found settled on Onobrychis sativa
by the banks of the Gryonne. P. icarus were also in the same situation,
I thought not so common as P. thersites; I took one specimen of the
moth Lithosia sororcula, The day became stormy about 3.0 p.m. and
ended in torrents of rain from 5.80 p.m. onwards after my return.
Zygaena achilleae, Esp, were beginning to emerge.

(To be concluded.)

Notes on Algerian Butterflies with Special Reference to some
Localities. in Kabylia.

By Miss L. M. FISON.
(Concluded from page 8.)

The genus V'anessa.—A pparently the ‘‘ Peacock Butterfly” (J. io)
does not exist in Algeria. 1 have never seen it nor have | found any
record of it.

Pyraneis atalanta.—Not uncommon in Kabylia. It seems to fly
early and late. I have seen it as late as December, and yesterday,
January 22nd, 1931, I saw one near a Kabyle village at a height of
about 8000 ft. above sea-level. It must have been a hibernated
specimen—which the first sunny day had brought out after weeks of
torrential rain, snow and sleet. Michelet itself is placed at a height
of 1182 French metres above the sea, and in winter we are frequently
blocked with snow which lies at a depth of anything between 30
centimetres to 1 metré 50.

P. cardui.i—Common in the valley of the Sebaou. (L.M.F.)
Plateaux, Tell, Sahara, Biskra and Blida. Sometimes in great
numbers.

Eugonia polychloros.—Azazga, Djidjelli, Port Gueydon, Mékla,
Michelet, Yakouren ; also I think I’, erythromelas.

Euvanessa antiopa.—The ‘‘ Camberwell Beauty” I have seen only
occasionally in the forest of Yakouren. (L.M.F.)

Polygonia egea.—Azazea, Michelet, Valley of Oued, Djemaa, } Mekla.

P. c-albtum.—The same localities.

Melitaea aurinia subsp. iberica.—N. Africa, no locality given, | have
never seen it yet. (L.M.F.)

M. desfontainii.—The Tell.

M. aetherie subsp. alyerica.—Tlemcen, Teniett, Plateaux and Tell.

M. phoebe.—Tlem¢en, Lambeése.

M. didyma.—Plateaux, Tell, Sahara, Michelet, Oued, Djemaa.

M. didyma subsp. deserticola.—Biskra and Teniett.

M. deione.—Not seen.

M. cinwia.—Not seen.

Issoria lathonia.—Valley of the Sebaou, mountains above Fréha,
(L.M.F.)

Argynnis aglaia.—Not seen.

A. adippe.—Kabylia. Probably subsp. auresiana.—Valley of the
Sebaou. (L.M.F.) Aurés Mts. and Plateau.

A. paphia and A. pandora.—Both in woods near Azazga. (L.M.F.)
Aurés Mts., Plateaux, Blida, Teniett, Sebaou, Tlemcen, Oran.

The interesting and beautiful genus Mrebia does not seem to exist

NOTES ON ALGERIAN BUTTERFLIES IN KABYLIA. 59

in North Africa, although of course probably the extreme heights of
the Atlas Mountains have as yet not been much worked.

Libythea celtis.—I have not as yet found a specimen of this butterfly,
but probably because I have not paid sufficient attention to it.

Neither the ‘“‘ Purple Emperors”’ nor ‘‘ White Admirals’? seem to
exist here. The ‘‘ Hairstreaks’’ were remarkably abundant in two
localities with a profusion of rare ‘‘ blues’? in June and July, 1921,
in a ravine near Djemaa Sahridj. 1 would especially recommend this
locality to any entomologist who should visit Kabylia. In 1922 again
they swarmed in a wood near the river Sebaou, close to the village of
Aboubrouu half-way between Azazga and Mékla at the end of May,
June and July, 1922. I should be very pleased to direct any
entomologist to these two localities should they wish to visit them.

They are the best I know for these species and undoubtedly an
expert would discover interesting secrets in both these local spots.
Also in Azazga forest. (L.M.F.)

Strymon (Thecla) tlicts.—Guelma, Souk Ahras.

Zephyrus quercus subsp. tberica.—Sebdou.

Cigaritis zohra.—Guelma.

C. siphav.—Teniett.

Thestor ballus.—Abundant each year in the valley of the Sebaou,
Azazea, Mékla, Michelet, Ageribbes, Port Gueydon. (L.M.F.) Blida,
Kantara, Lambése, Bougie, Algeria, Constantine and Hammam.

T’. mauretanica.—Algiers, Lambése, Mustapha Superieur,
Constantine.

Rumicia phlaeas.—Valley of the Sebaou. (L.M.F). Lambese,
Constantine, Biskra, Blida, Oran, Tlemcen, Hamman. ff. elens.—
Guelma.

Lampides boeticus and Syntarucus telicanus.—Both, I think, very
abundant in the two localities mentioned with the ‘ hairstreaks ”’ with
a lot of other blues, which I could not identify—as I had never seen
specimens in Kurope and I have never seen an Algerian collection. Very
interesting localities to entomologists. (L.M.F.) I shall hope to
re-visit these spots this year.

Tarucus theophrastus.—Teniett, Sebdou, Kantara, Souk-ahras.

Zizera lorquinit.—Teniett, Blida, Tlemcen.

Plebeius martini.—Lambése, Teniett, Cascade.

Scolitantides baton (=vicrama).—Kantara, Hamman.

Iiveres argiades.—Blida.

Aricia medon.—Lambese, Michelet.

Polyommatus icarus.—Valley of the Sebaou, Michelet, Mékla,
Azazga. (L.M.F.)

P. thetis (bellargus).—Sebdou.

Glaucopsyche cyllarus.—Hammam.

Lycaenopsis aryiolus.—Spring and summer, Valley of Sebaou,
Ait Sadda, Michelet. (L.M.i.)

G. melanops.—Kantara, Blida, Lambeése, Philippeville, Michelet
(com.).

Carcharodus lavatherae.

Spilothyrus boeticus.—Guelma.

[rynnis alceae.—Sebdou, Tlemcen, Salda, Maglim1.

Powellia therapne.—Blida, Sebdou.

Hesperia alveus.—Sebdou, Tlemcen, Saida.

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1V.1922

H.. onopordi.—Lambese.

Sloperia proto subsp. mohammed.—Algiers, Teniett, Sebdou.

Powellia sertorius (sao).—Guelma, Michelet.

Thymelicus acteon.— Lallah, Magnia.

Adopaea lineola.—Teniett.

A. hamza.—Teniett.

A. flava (thaumas).—Lallab, Magnia.

Augiades sylvanus.—

Parnara nostradamus, P. mathias, and P. zelleri.mSebdou.

In conclusion let me say that ] fully realise how incomplete these
notes are—and how much more ground needs yet to be covered in
order to get an adequate knowledge of these localities. ‘hese notes are
however intended to be merely preliminary to others and we hope
year by year to add to them. ‘The primary object has been to suggest
localities for further researeh—and to encourage entomologists more
expert than myself to come to Kabylia and discover more about the
rich butterfly fauna produced in this beautiful land. A visit of several
months from February to the end of June would well repay the eager
searcher. Azazga, Tizi-Ouzou, Tigzirt and Michelet are certainly
good centres from which to work. Probably Kerrata too at the foot
of the famous Gorges du Chanet-es-Akra would also prove a good
hunting-ground. Kabylia is opening up in all directions with a good
communication of trains and motor-buses, etc., and the hotels are
quite moderately comfortably. It is therefore with no hesitation that
we affirm the Djurjura Mts. of Kabylia to hold secrets well worth
unravelling—and secrets which have certainly remained for centuries
absolutely hidden to the great majority of the inhabitants of Algeria.

Original Descriptions. By C. Mosley.

Below are the original descriptions of several aberrational forms
which have appeared in more or less obscure journals or publications
and therefore very difficult for the average worker to obtain.

I. The new formsannounced by C. Mosley in the Naturalist’s Journal
more than 30 years ago.

Pieris napt ab, aurea, Mrly. Nat. Jr. Sup. p. 6 (1856). The name
was given to a coloured figure on plt. 11. fig. 10. from an example in
Capper’s Coll. Yellow with nervures clouded with grey and the usual
females markings on all wings; not the bright canary-yellow. S. of
England.

Kuchloé cardamines ab. minor, Mrly. Nat. Jr. Sup. p. 6 (1896).
“ g and 2 measuring 15 lines in expanse ; fairly constant and recurring.
It is in many collections: I have taken it at Arnside,.and Mr. Barrett
says (/J1.M. XXY. 81) it occurred regularly for some years in Surrey,
a few days before the ordinary form.”

Aricia medon (agestis), Mrly. Nat. Jr. Sup. p. 8 (1896). <‘ Ground
colour below brown. A form of the second brood.”

Polyommatus thetis (adonis} ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 9 (1896).
“The g pale lilac, the 2 pale brown.” This form occurs on the
Kentish coast.

Lycaena arion ab. immaculata, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 10 (1896). ‘* With
only disc spot,” plt. IV. fig. 13.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61

Aglais urticae ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 14 (1896). ‘* Ground
straw-colour.”’

Melanargia galathea ab. rubra, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 16 (1896). “* Black
markings replaced by red-brown.”

Pararge aegeria ab. bipupillata, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 16 (1896). <‘ Tip
spot on fore-wings with two white spots.”

Pararge megera ab. bipupillata, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p.16 (1896). ‘“ Apical
spot: with two white dots.”

Adopaea sylvanus ab, pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 16 (1896). ‘The
ground colour being of a yellowish bone-colour.”’

Adopaea comma ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 17 (1896) pale.

Adopaea lineola ab. pallida, Mrly. Nat. Jr. p. 17 (1896) pale.

George Crabbe 1754-1832.

This year is the centenary of the Poet Crabbe.

Everyone of course, has heard of him as a poet, but [ should
imagine that very few people know that he was an entomologist !

He was born at Aldborough, in Suffolk, on December 24th, 1754,
and was brought up to be a doctor, but he soon gave up the medical
profession, and took to literature, in which he became eventually
distinguished.

In 1781 he qualified himself for holy orders, and became domestic
chaplain to the Karl of Rutland. He had many distinguished friends
including Dr. Johnson, Burke, Fox, etc. He was presented with a
number of livings, including Muston, and Croxton Kerrial, in
Leicestershire. It was in Leicestershire that he did much of his
collecting, and he published an essay on ‘“‘ The Natural History of the
Vale of Belvoir” which was written for ‘‘ Nichols’s History of Leicester-
shire” (1795). The part containing the Coleoptera in this paper was
reviewed by the writer in the Transactions of the Leicester Literary
and Philosophical Society & 198-200 (1896). I came across this paper
when taking notes for the Donisthorpe pedigree in Nichols’s History.

Crabbe evidently had a very fair idea of Natural History and also
a knowledge of the various works on Entomology then extant. In
Thomas Marsham’s ‘‘ Entomologia Britanica’’ several beetles are given
as “‘ Hix mus D. Crabbe.’ It would be interesting if possible to find
out what has become of this collection. To mention some of his
Poems the best known are ‘‘ The Candidate”; ‘‘The Village’”’ ;
‘The Borough,” perhaps his best ; ‘‘ Tales in Verse”; and “ Tales of
the Hall.”—Horacze DonistHoren.

YOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Norss on a FEW Lepipoprera From SaLonika.—It may be of interest
to record a few insects I took in Salonika in 1918 and early 1919; as
the box containing them was mislaid, until recently, there was no
opportunity to do so before.

Kpinephele jurtina and f. hispulla, Polyommatus icarus (type), Varucus
balkanica, Syntarucus telicanus, Coenonympha pamphilus race lyllus,
Ocnogyna parasita, Hiibn., Huaoa spinifera, Hibn., Huaoa radius, Haw.,
Cucullia chamomiliae, Zamacra flabellaria, Heeger., Cidaria obstipata,
Fabr., Celama chlamitulalis, Hiibn.

62 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1932

These were identified by Capt. Riley and others at the Natural
History Museum, 8. Kensington, without whose kind assistance several
species could not have been named.

O. parasita came freely to ight in the army huts during the last
few days of Dec. 1918 and first week of January 1919—at that time
there was a severe frost, and snow was on theground. Cidaria obstipata
was out in February.—G. 8. Rosertson, M.D., ‘‘ Struan,” Storrington.
February 9th, 1982.

A Nore on Ustunea typica, Dist., (Pentatomipan).—Harly in
June of last year ] found a number of Pentatomid egg-clusters on the
leaves of a wild species of fig. (Ficus ingens, Miq.), growing in my
garden at Barberton. The egg-clusters were more or less circular in
form, and each consisted of a single layer of eggs varying from about
thirty to fifty in number. In each case the female Pentatomid was
observed resting on the eggs, remaining there, or in close proximity to
the eggs, until hatching took place. The nymphs, on hatching, migrated
to the fruits where they, as well as adults, were to be found in
considerable numbers. The insect has since been determined as being
Uhlunga typica, Dist., by Mr. B. P. Uvarov, of the Imperial Institute
of Entomology. Dr. Imms in his General Teatbook of Entomology, p.
346, under “ Pentatumidae,’ quotes two similar cases with reference to
other species.—J. Sneyp Taynor, (M.A., D.I.C., F.H.S.), Pretoria,
Transvaal.

Procris GLOBULARIAE aND P. cognata.—Dr. E. A. Cockayne in his
paper on the early stages of Procris ylobulariae, Hb. and of P. cognata, H.S.
in the Frebruary number of the Hnt. Record states, p. 19, ‘‘ None of
the Sussex collectors, who have been breeding it from time to time
for many years, seem to have noticed that the larva they found was
quite unlike that described in all our books.” Jam afraid Dr. Cockayne
hardly gives the credit to at least one Sussex collector that he deserves. —
If he will turn to Mntomologist Vol. LIV. (1921) p. 240, he will find
there a note by myself on this larva in which I state ‘“*] am indebted
to the kindness of Mr. F. G. 8. Bramwell of Brighton, for a supply of
larvae of this extremely local moth, and also for pointing out that
Buckler’s figures and description do not agree with British examples of
the larvae.”

Dr. Cockayne says ‘‘I have found no published description or
fioure’”’ of the larva. It is true in my short note I did not give a full
description, but I did in it point out the differences, as I noted them,
between the larvae supplied by Mr, Bramwell, and Buckler’s description,
and suggested that the difference is so great that I am inclined to
think Buckler, who obtained his larvae from Continental sources,
must have had some other species.—W. G. Saetpon (F.Z.5., F.E.S.),
“West Watch,’ Oxted. March 4th, 1982.

More azout Manpuca atropos.—Adverting to my note on a larva
of this species, found on privet in this village on August 19th last and
recorded on p. 157 of last volume, I think it will be desirable to give
its further history. ‘lhe larva duly pupated in about a fortnight after
it went down in a pot of soil on the 21st and was left in the pot
covered with the soil, but under a ‘“ tent”’ of cardboard to prevent the

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 63

soil from pressing on it. It was kept thus in a cold, but frost-proof,
room with a north aspect and IJ decided to try the experiment of leaving
it thus for at least several months, as I had no bellglass, or similar
convenience, for forcing it in the recognised way. Every few weeks
the pupa was inspected and touched, and it responded vigorously with
tail turnings and twitchings until about the middle of December it
occurred to me to try a little mild forcing on it. It was therefore
established in an old breeding cage, made out of a “50” cigar box with
perforated zinc sides, ends and lid. This was stood on end and fitted
at the ‘‘ bottom ’”’ with a small tin box containing damp earth on which
several layers of newspaper were laid and finally a piece of tissue paper;
on this the pupa rested quite exposed, and remained so (with occasional
soakings of the earth with warm water, to prevent the pupa from being
chilled) between the hot water cistern and the wall in our kitchen
airing cupboard at a temperature varying between 65° and 80° Fahr.,
until a fine male of the intermediate form emerged in the evening of
February 15th. Next day I took it in the box to show such of the
villagers as were interested, and all were much impressed with its
handsome, but uncanny, appearance and said they had never seen such
a moth before. It was perfectly quiescent, probably on account of the
prevailing chilly weather, and [ could not induce it to squeak. I kept
it alive, still in the box, until the 21st, when, as it had not moved and
seemed torpid with the cold, I put it in the cyanide bottle.—C.
Nicuotson, Tresillian, Cornwall.

Criticism, Corroporation, Appirions to ‘‘ Recent additions to Irish
Fauna and Flora” Proc. Roy. Irish 4c. XXIX. Sect. B. No. 1, pp. 19-
20 (1929)—-Fucosmia cruciana, Li. (angustana, Hb.).—Among willows
at Narin and Portnoo, Co. Donegal, August, 19380, but Meyrick says,
‘‘ Britain to the Orkneys, Ireland, common,” p. 546. Kane gives a
long list of Irish localities. Aryyroploce semifasciana, Hb.—Abundant
at Inch, Kerry, July, 1905. A. corticana, Hb.—One in woods skirting
Carrig Mt., Co. Wicklow. Meyrick, ‘“‘ Britain to Ross, local.’ June,
1925. A. profundana, Fb.—Rathdrum, .Co. Wicklow, August, 1924.
A. micana, Fr6l.—One, Caragh, Co. Kerry, June, 1912.

Of the following I can find no previous records. Hucosma crenana,
Hb.—Kilclief, Co. Down, August 17th, 1929 (Identification doubtful).
Meyrick, ‘“ North of England, Perth.” Therefore Co. Down, is a
likely locality. Penthina staintoniana, Barr. (yrevillana, Curt.).—One
at Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow, June, 1924. Meyrick, ‘Perth to
Sutherland, local. Not recorded elsewhere.” Simaethis pariana,
Clerck.— One at Donegal Town, August, 1931. Meyrick, ‘‘ Britain to
the Clyde, local.” Platyptilia calodactylus, Schiff. (zetterstedtii, Zell.)
(taeniodactyla, South).—One at Valentia, Kerry, on the road beside
the old reservoir, June, 23rd, 1928. Meyrick, ‘‘ Kent, Devon, Cornwall,
local.” Tinea semifulvella, Haw.—One Strangford, Co. Down, July,
4th, 1980. Meyrick, ‘‘ Britain to Perth, rather common.

The only really remarkable record among the above is that of P.
staintoniana, as it is a long hop from Perthshire mountains to Co.
Wicklow. Mr. A. Stelfox says, however, in a letter on the subject,
‘¢ Wicklow is full of Northern Hymenoptera so you need not be sur-
prised to get a Scottish type of micro there.” However, as regards
the other four insects, the sea is the only gap, while with staintoniana

64 ENTOMOLOGIS"’S RECORD. 15.1V.19382

there is not only sea, but wide stretches of land, intervening. As
regards calodactylus, for example, Kerry and Cornwali are closely
connected botanically and zoologically, and (Gnophos myrtillata
(obfuscaria), Entephria flavicinctata and Nyssia zonaria show the same
connection between N. Ireland and W. Scotland.—(Reyv. Canon) G.
Foster (B.D.), Strangford, Co. Down.

G;URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Caracas,”
Ditton Hill, Surbiton, on March 8rd, 1982, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the
Chair. embers Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robt.
Adkin, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Harry Eltringham,
Prof. EK. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis. Visitors Present :—
Mr. J. A. Simes, Mr. G. C. Leman, Mr. C. H. Lankester, Dr. Karl
Jordan, Mr. C. N. Hughes. The guests were received by Mr. and Mrs.
Kaye, and Tea was dispensed by Mrs. Kaye. The comprehensive and
interesting collections of Lepidoptera were on view throughout the
evening. Supper was served at 8 o'clock. During the evening it was
announced that Dr. Karl Jordan had been nominated a Fellow of the
Royal Society. A very successful and most enjoyable evening was
spent.—H.W.-E.

Our readers will no doubt have been surprised that the review on
Dr. Joy’s recently published Hand Book of British Beetles (antea
p. 51) was written by our sub-editor for Orthoptera and not by
myself. I may mention that my friend Dr. Burr asked me first
if I minded if he wrote a general review on the above work, as he
had half promised Dr. Joy he would do so, and I of course replied
that I did not mind. The Hntomologist’s Record was not given a copy
to review as were its two contemporaries, one of which does not now cater
for the coleopterist while the nt. Record does. In these difficult times.
the price of the book is almost, if not quite, prohibitive to most working
coleopterists. Moreover the Record has as large a circulation abroad if
not larger than either of its contemporaries. The publishers however
know their own business best? it is the author that suffers generally in
restricted issues. The chief point, however, is this—the whole object
of the book is to enable beginners, and others, to easily identify their
beetles with the use of its tables. No one could properly, or fairly,
criticise this work until he, and others, have used the tables for some
months, and not just dipped into it, here and there. If this object
is attained then as my colleague says ‘“‘ Hats off to him’! but if
on the other hand it is not, then the book is worthless, an unnecessary
expense, and a woeful waste of time. I propose later to publish a
critical review in our magazine, and shall be much obliged if any
Coleopetrist who has used the book will let me know what his experience:
is with regard to the tables.—H.D.

A List of the Butterflies and Moths of Folkestone (Macro-Lep.) by
A. M. Morley, M.A., 1/- (lolkestone Natural History Society). No
doubt the List will be found useful to those lepidopterists visiting
this neighbourhood. It is a List only with scarcely any information
beyond “‘ local,’ “‘ scarce,” etc., an occasional localisation, and a very
occasional line of real information. Some so-called English names.
are given. ‘The real names are given from Seitz Pal. Lepidoptera.

NOMENCLATURE. 65

Several errors have crept in partly owing to the printer and partly
that 1t was not checked by one of our up to date lepidopterists. We
note megaera, hyperanthus, corydon, astrarche, sibylla which are modern
unnecessary alterations in place of the originals megera, hyperantus,
coridon, medon, sibilla. We British always use aegon (as Seitz notes to
be preferable). Lubricipeda should now be replaced by the prior lutea.
Chrysorrhoea by phacorrhoea the prior name. Derasa was shown a
decade or more ago to be pyritoides, and Rothschild long before showed
that Macroglussa should be the prior Macroglossum. Curtis spelled
litoralis from Latin litus, a shore, and not from the Italian littorale.
Apamea nicitans speaks for itself. Cosymbia puppillaria (porata) was
funny ; the porata intended was on the next page of Seitz. We rather
think that all our modern British collectors use South’s 8 Vols. and that
the List would have been better based on them, in spite of the want of
Indexes.

The Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera is making
Steady progress; Parts 30 and 31 are recently to hand. Part 30 con-
tinues the additions to the Bombycids, the species found in Britain to
which additions have been made are Diaphora mendica, Diacrisia
sanuio (14 names), Arctia caja (41 names), A. villica (12 names),
Callimorpha dominula, OC. quadripunctaria, Hipocrita jacobaeae, Dasy-
chira fascelina (6 names), Orgyta antiqua, Lymantria dispar (13 names),
LL. monacha and Euproctis chrysorrhoea. Those working with the
polymorphic species A. caja and L. dispar connot dispense with the
matter contained in this part, showing what an amount of study has
been put into almost every species since our late editor initiated the
intensive study of aberration and variation. Part 30 continues the
additions to the Agrotids by Dr. A. Corti, with 2 plates containing no
less than 111 very good figures of forms of various species of Huwoa.
In the 4 pp. of text of this part the only species found in Britain is
tritici of which the author notes the extreme variability and remarks
that possibly some aberrations may turn out to be good species. ‘The
author says “Other denominations of aberrations by Tutt and other
English authors appear to me absolutely unjustified as they only refer
to quite unimportant colour and marking aberrations and cannot be
clearly separated from one another.” The var. psendogothica, P. Curt.
is both described and figured as a local race of Britain.

In the Int. Hnt. Zeit. for February Ist is an article on ‘“‘ Melanism
in Butterflies’ by Dr. Walther, and in the report of the Verein Apollo
a summary of aberration in Mimas tiliae.

Nomenclature.

Linneus in Systema Nat, Kd. X., p. 505 (1758), described under the
name lubricepeda two forms which were subsequently proved to be two
species. He numbered these (a) a white form and (b) a yellow form.
Subsequently Hufnagel, Berl. Mag. IL. p. 412 (1766), revised this
and naturally named the (b) the yellow form, as lutea, properly
restricting the name lubricepeda to the first form the white. This
white form was redescribed by Esper as menthastri, Schm. Abbild. ILI.
334, plt. 66 (1786). Unfortunately this redundant name was copied

66 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1932

by most subsequent authors, in spite of periodical reminders. In
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Het, 227, 228 (1892) the nomenclature is correct. It
is much to be regretted that in our latest British authority this
repeated correction is ignored.—Hy.J.T.

Nomenclature—Errors IV.

Coleophora lineolea, Haw.—In 1828 Haworth described a species
under the name lineolea. ‘I'he specimens still exist. The description,
although possibly sufficient at that date, is very incomplete. Stephens
in 1829 copied the description (translated from the Latin) but did not
enlarge it, in his /dlustratious. In 1850 Zeller from a single example
introduced a species under the name crocogrammos with an adequate
description, in the Linn. Hunt. In 1854, Stainton, recognised
crocogrammos, Gell. as the lineolea, Haw., in the Ins. Brit. Tineina, and
in Nat. Hist. Tin. LV. verified his recognition by comparison of Zeller’s
species with Haworth’s specimens in the Brit. Museum, 1859. Zeller
was joint author of this last volume and must have fully agreed with
the correctness of Stainton’s judgment. In Meyrick’s Hand. 1895, the
name lineola is accepted but in the Revised edition, 1928, we get the
mutilated name crocogramma for Haworth’s lineolea. The larva of this
species feed in rough irregular cases on Ballota nigra and Stachys sps.

Jn Stainton’s Annual, 1858, is described another species of the
genus Coleophora under the name apicella, the larvae of which feed in
neat cylindrical cases on the stichwort seeds, and the species belongs
to a different section of this large genus according to Heinemann, Schm.
Deutsch. und Schw. In Meyrick Revised edn., the name has been sub-
stituted for Stainton’s name apicella, a most strange and inexplicable
muddle.

These species should stand Revised Hand. p. 761. No. 54 C.
apicella, Stain. and 55 C. lineolea, Haw.

Norr.—It has been pointed out by T. B. Fletcher, Generic names
Microl., 52, that Hupista, Hb. should be used for Coleophora, Hb. if
the Tentamen of Hubner be rejected finally in the Entomological Rules
of Nomenclature now being revised.

Aspilates citraria, Hb.—This should be Aspitates, Tr. (a case of
wrong copying) ochrearia, Rossi (prior name). Corrected by Prout in
Seitz; see Hnt. Record List of British Geometers.

Ptychopoda bdisetata, Rott. should be P. biselata, Hufn. The
specific name was copied wrongly by Rottemberg. Corrected by Prout
in Seitz.

Corydon, Fb. and sibylla, L. should be coridon, Poda, and sibilla,
L. respectively.

Actaeon, Rott. is another strange spelling error or “ rectification,”
Rottemberg wrote acteon.

FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Tue Burrerriizs or THE Districr or Cotumpia anp Vicinity. By
A. H. Clarke, Smithsonian Institute, U.S.A., 1982. 282 pp., 64 plates.
—One of the first essentials of a work on a limited fauna is a map.
Unfortunately this otherwise excellent work is spoiled by the

REVIEWS. 67

absence of this key to the understanding of the district and the species
distribution. The distinguishing generic and specific characteristics are
allcarefully tabulated from the descriptions given by Scudder in his great
work on the ‘‘ Butterflies of the Eastern United States’? and thus
much repetition is precluded. Every species is figured and in the
text under each species the whole account is restricted to biological
facts, under headings :—Occurrence, History, Seasons, Habits, Spring
forms, Sequence of forms, Notes and Remarks and occasional
references to Broods, Caterpillar, Chrysalis, Local Variation, ete.
Some 60 pp. are devoted to summaries of the facts; Racial Forms,
Faunal Limits and Relation, Species Permanent in District, Immigrant
Species, Typical species of various habitats, Day and Seasonal occurrence
of Butterflies, Succession of Butterflies, Pressure of Population, Kffects
of Storms, Butterfly Mieration, etc. A mass of well digested matter
and full of interest rather for the entomologist than for the mere
collector. There are some notes on the Odours of Butterflies, and plts.
59-64 deal with the curious and so far unexplained effects shown on a
sensitive photographic plate when the wings of butterflies are placed
on thei in complete darkness.—Hy.J.T.

THe Biotoey or Sprpers with Esvecial Reference to the Danish
Fauna, by HK. Nielson. Vols. I. II. 248 pp. XXXII plates (89 figs) +
724 pp. V. plts. (4 coloured), 465 figs. Messrs. Levin and Munksgard,
Copenhagen 1932.—These two small quarto volumes are printed partly
in English and partly in Danish. Vol. | wholly in English is a most
interesting and full discussion of the Biology of these creatures, while
Vol. IL is the systematic portion and deals not only with species found
in Denmark, but includes notes on species native of Sweden, the Tyrol
and the Riesen-gebirge. Spiders are generally considered as outside
the perview of the entomologist, but the biologies of spiders and insects
are so closely interwoven that entomologists must often desire to gain
a certain amount of knowledge of the former group. Although a
number of figures of the creatures themselves is given, the bulk of the
illustrations are of the snares, the retreats, cocoons, etc. with a few
exhibiting special structures which have been evolved for functions
which are specific rather than of general occurrence. The sections
devoted to the “ water spider,” Argyroneta aquatica, the “garden” or
“eross” spider, Hypetra diademata, and Atypus affinis, the so-called
*‘trap-door ” spider of England, are most interesting and full. In fact
the whole of the first volume is most attractive reading. The intro-
ductory portion is, perhaps, the most useful portion for a beginner
dealing as it does with (1) Moulting; (2) Regeneration of limbs; (3)
Sound producing organs; (4) Types of Webs; (5) Types of Snares ;
(6) Special Threads; (7) Uses of Claws; (8) Nests of spiders; (9)
Copulation ; (10) Hgg-laying ; (11) Cocoon ; (12) Gossamer ; and finally
(13) The Spider as a Sky-pilot. A large number of references is given
to each species both in the ext and in the List of Danish Spiders, a
good Bibliography and two Indexes are also given. But one would
like to have seen in the sections of Vol. I. reference to the sections of
Vol. II. where more detailed information could be found without con-
sulting the index of that volume. The get up of these volumes is
everything that could be desired. It is rarely that one gets such a
wealth of illustration as one finds in these two volumes.—Hy.J.T.

68 KNLTOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.1 V.1932

@BITUARY.

J. J. Joicey.

We much regret to record the death of Mr. James J. Joicey from
heart failure on March 10th at his residence, the Hill, Witley, Surrey.
He was 61 years of age.

From boyhood he was interested in Lepidoptera, but it was not
until a few years before the war that his interest in Exotic Lepidoptera
led him to build up the vast collection which he has left... His purchase
of the Grose-Smith Collection in 1910 and of the Druce Collection in
1912, served at once to make his own Collection one of the largest
private Collections in existence. Since 1914, Mr. Joicey’s Collection
has steadily grown in size and in scientific importance. It was
developed by the purchase of other private Collections, among which
the most notable were those of Trimen and Elwes. At the same time,
Mr. Joicey sent the brothers Pratt to S. America and to New Guinea,
and later, the late T. A. Barns to little-known parts of Africa. These
collectors sent home an immense amount of material, a great deal of
which was new to science.

In 1921, Mr. Joicey published the first part of the Bulletin of the
Hill Museum, of which four volumes have been completed. In addition
to this, the work carried out at the Museum formed the subject of 87
papers in other journals. Mr. Joicey was also responsible for the
publication of Talbot’s ‘‘ Monograph of the genus Delias”’ of which
however only five parts have been issued. A Catalogue of the Type
specimens of Rhopalocera in the Collection has heen prepared and will
be published shortly. He made yery large gifts of specimens to the
B.M., including the entire material of a number of families. Recently
he had arranged to concentrate on African Lepidoptera, and arrange-
ments were being made to extend this fauna very considerably, whilst
reducing many other groups.

Mr. Joicey was a fellow of the Entomological, Zoological, Linnean,
Royal Geographical and Royal Horticultural Societies.

[An interesting account of Mr. Joicey’s gifts to the Natural History
Museum appeared in the J’imes of March 16th. |

Richard South.

We much regret to announce the death of one whose name has been
an oracle with all the budding lepidopterists of the last quarter of a
century. Richard South died on March 28th, at the fine old age of 85.
To the younger generation he was known as the author of that wonder-
ful work on British Butterflies and Moths in 8 vols., a work that every
older lepidopterist would have been only too glad to possess when he
began his collecting career. ‘l’o the older men he was known personally
as an ever present member of the South London Entomological Society
of which he had been a strong supporter during the whole of the active
part of his life. He had been on the Council many times, had held the
chair for two periods and shared in all the Society’s activities until
some twenty years ago. He had been a Fellow of the Entomological
Seciety for many years and had served on the Council. A full Obituary
of him was in the 7imes of March 31st.—Hy.J.T.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require Intustrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. T'urnmr, '‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.— Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.— Rh. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’
Bromsields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.
Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. .
Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia. Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.

flavescens, Liturata yv. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Duplicates.— A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8p.m. May 4th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
April 28th, May 12th.—Hon. Secretury, Stanley Edwards, Avenue House,
The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.3. 5

Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Essex.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF
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Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U.,
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All communications should be addressed to the Acting Hditor, Hy. J. TURNER,
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IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVL.)
GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection —
Parthenogenesis— Puper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many) —
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynits paplia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrogpect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of dgrotis pyrophila, Hpwnda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus —
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. i

GONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Mesanism and MetanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
Vanration (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generie nomen-
clature and the dcronyctidac—A fortnight at Riunnoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyaxna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, etc., ete., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New ‘Cross, Lond 8
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 0

MAY, 1932

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By Henry J. TURNER, F.z.s., ¥.n.H.8., Hditorial Seeretary.

CONTENTS

Lepidoptera in and around the Ran-dan Woods, Bromsgrove, P. S. Smith 69
M. Pacifica, a species hitherto confused with M. britomartis, Dr. R. Verity 70
Aigle and the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, May, 1931, Lt. H. B. Ashby,

The Spring of 1931 in Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison .. ae ae ve 74
Notrs on Conuectine,—Northern insects in C. Wicklow, A. W. Stelfox;

A Note, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A. F.H.S. .. a ais ai a 76

Current Notes .. Sie 40 He a8 ae A ue a 78

Reyimw.—Medical Entomology, Hy.J.T. He e Bi a0 Se 80
SuprLement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.S. (225)-(232)

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LEPIDOPTERA IN AND AROUND THE RAN-DAN WOODS. 69

Lepidoptera observed in and around the Ran-dan Woods,
Nr. Bromsgrove, 1927-1931.
By P. SIVITER SMITH.

The following list is an attempt to wotk out the insects occurring
in the Ran-dan Woods, consisting of Oak (chiefly), Birch, with Ash and
Poplar in very small numbers. The soil is sandy and very light.
Honeysuckle is common, and there are odd little patches of Larch. I[
was at Bromsgrove School during this period 1927-1931, and as all my
observations are made during the term, it will be grasped how inadequate
the time allowed was for a thorough investigation. This accounts for
the almost complete absence of the common Noctuidae and other night-
fliers which almost certainly occur in large numbers. The locality is,
I imagine, a very good one.

Ruopatocera,—Pieris brassicae, generally common in a large central
clearing ; less common elsewhere. P.rapae, common. P. napt, very
common, especially on the south side of the woods. Muchloé cardamines,
common, females scarce. [/.eptosia sinapis, an intensive search was
made for this elusive species, which used to occur here, but without
result.| Aylais urticae, common. Vanessa io, common on the out-
skirts of the wood facing east. Pararge meyera, occurs in small numbers.
Mpinephele jurtina, abundant. Coenonympha pamphilus, very common.
Rumicita (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, common. Polyommatus icarus,
common.

In the Report of the Bromsgrove School Natural History Society
(September, 1930, to July, 1931) occur the following species, listed as
occurring in these woods: Dryas (Argynnis) paphia, “1 specimen in
19381.” Aryynnis adippe, ‘‘ probably of regular occurrence.” A species
whose presence has not been verified and which therefore should not
be in the list. J doubt if it occurs there. A. aglaia is not listed.
Breuthis euphrosyne, “common in some years.” In the text of the
Report it says that in the woods “several Small Pearl-bordered
Fritillaries (A. selene) were seen,” but A. selene is not in the district list
so there is a mistake somewhere, Probably B. exphrosyne is the species
meant in both cases. Pararge aegeria var. eyerides, ‘‘\Vood Ringlets
were abundant in the Ran-dans in July.”’ I am not clear if this is P.
egerides or Aphantopus hyperantus, the Ringlet. In the lst for the
Ran-dans, P. eyerides is not represented, while 4. hyperantus is
“common.” /.ycaenopsis aryiolus, “not common.” I have searched
for this species as hard as | have for 1. sinapts but have not turned it
up. I don’t know of any specimens being caught lately. dAdopaea
flava (thaumas), “fairly common.” Augiades sylvanus, ‘ fairly
common.”

Heterocera.— Polyploca flavicornis, 1 took one specimen, March
26th, 1931, just emerged. I imagine the species is quite common.
Cosmotriche potatoria, larvae of course common. Spilosoma menthastri,
larvae common. Arctia caja, larvae more abundant than I have ever
inet them in one locality. “T'aéniocampa cruda, I have found the wings
of this species floating in ditches. Brephos parthenias, this species is
most abundant, and flies around trees of all species all over the woods.
I have not seen B. notha; there is no Aspen in the woods that I have
seen. Ortholitha chenopodiata (limitata), common everywhere. Odezia

JUN 6 1939

70 ENTOMOLOGIS’ S RECORD. 15.V.19382

atrata, occurs in one field about 14 miles from the wood, on the east
side, but it is not common there. Hulype hastata, frequent but by no
means common. HKuphyia (Camptogramma) bilineata, common, but
no nice forms. Aunticlea derivata (nigrofasciaria), not uncommon ;
generally on Pine trees. Hupithecia pusillata, this is probably the
most interesting insect that has been recorded in this district. South
(Moths Brit. Isles. Vol. II.) says, “ very local’’ and gives as localities
Kent, Surrey, Hants, Devon, Wilts, and Suffolk. Meyrick (Brit. Lep.
1928) gives “ Kent to Devon and Wilts, Derby, local.’ In the
Entemologist, 1918, p. 187, EH. pusillata is recorded from Cambridge-
shire. I have one specimen taken on May 25th, 1931, resting on a Pine
trunk on the outskirts of the wood. This would appear to be the first
record of this insect in Worcestershire. Col. C. Donovan kindly con-
firmed the identification of the insect from a fine series he has taken
in the Cotswolds. Cabera pusaria, not uncommon. Selenia bilunaria,
a few specimens seen in 1931. Hrannis (Hybernia) leucophaearia,
common on oak trunks, ab. merularia in 19381 was about i8%, and
ab. marmorinaria also about 18% of the whole number seen. Hrannis
(Hybernia) marginaria, I found one female on a small oak bush in
1930. Phigalia pedaria, a few, resting on tree trunks. Hetropis
(Tephrosia) bistortata (spring form), one in 1980. Lozogramma
chlorosata (petraria), abundant in the bracken.

The following species ara mentioned in the School Report, and
are insects I have not recorded in that list. Phalera bucephala, ‘ not
uncommon.” Tephrosia bistortata, ‘1 specimen 1931.” Date not
given.

This list is, of course, absurdly smali, but on the average I probably
would not have visited the wood more than six times a year, and most
of these visits would be in the spring which did not help the number
of species observed. Possibly others have notes from this locality
which would be of interest, as I have seen no references to it before
except by the Rev. F. O. Morris.

Melitaea pacifica, a species hitherto confused with M. britomartis
form plotina, Bremer.

By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

On closing the series of papers on the Melitaea, | have published
during the last few years in this Journal, I must make an addition to
what | have said about plotina, Bremer, in Vol. XLII., page 110. On
the strength of Bremer’s original figure I remarked that this name
applied perfectly to the Asiatic form of britomartis, Assm., which
somewhat recalls, in some respects, the look of M. diamina, Lang=
dictynna, Ksp., so that he was quite right in describing it as a variety
of the former and in saying that, although it had a very distinct aspect,
it was connected with it by transitions ; in his description he does not
mention the upperside, but it is to be observed that in the figure the
whole of the black pattern is remarkably thick, so that, for instance,
the inner one of the two premarginal bands of both forewing and
hindwing is very broad, and the whole basal half of the hindwing is
black, with only a few very small fulvous spaces; the wings are also
elongated and rather pointed. All this corresponds exactly to my

MELITAEA PACIFICA AND M. BRITOMARTIS. fib

diamina-like specimens of britomartis from high altitudes in the Altai
and from Mondy in the Sajan Mts. 2600m. Riihl describes all these
features in his long description of plotina, page 414. Staudinger in
the Mém. Romanoff, V1., p. 187, began to mix things up; he states that
Bremer figures a specimen with a very broad dark pattern, whereas all
the ones received from both eastern and western Siberia by himself
had a thin one. Now, since writing my paper of 1930, I have received
from Bang-Haas some speimens which have cleared up the situation.
They are obviously what Staudinger called plotina, but they are
distinctly different, notably on the upperside, from Bremer’s and there
is no sign of transition to the latter in any of them; they are frailer
in build, the wings are less elongated, the fringes are shorter and less
broadly white, the whole pattern on the upperside is very much thinner
so that the inner premarginal band is even partly effaced in one or two
of my specimens and the base of the hindwing is fulvous down to the
root, with separate bands and streaks across it; there is a remarkable
contrast with the underside black pattern, which, in some specimens,
is thick on both the forewing and the hindwing and would correspond
quite well, in a general way, to Bremer’s description. Evidently this
resemblance has been the cause of the confusion made by Staudinger
and which has spread with his specimens. It is unfortunate, but there
can be no doubt that a confusion has been made. ‘The two insects are
quite distinct and the fact there is no approach of one to the other, as
stated by Staudinger and as shown by my specimens, in a genus such
as this one, makes it quite clear. Itis possible that Bremer’s specimens
from lower Ussuria belonged to the other species, but, anyhow, the
one he figures must be taken as the “‘ type”’ of plotina and this name
used accordingly ; it was, presumably, one of those collected by Radd
in the Bureja Mts. and it was in this set he noticed the transition to
the aspect of the European britomartis, which he mentions in his
original description and which thus settles, together with the figure,
the insect his name must apply to. As to the other, described above,
Staudinger’s misuse of plotina has leftit, to this day, without a name and
I propose giving it that of pacifica, owing to its restricted eastern area, as
compared with those of the other species, which stretch across the
Palaearctic region. J select as ‘‘ Holotype’’ one of my male specimens
of July from Troiz Kossowsk, 800m., on the Tshikoi river, in the
south-western Trans Baikal province ; others from Sutshanski Rudnik,
near Vladivostok, are very similar to them, but larger. The former
are smaller than most plotina and agree very exactly, in every respect,
with Seitz’s figure of plotina on pl. 67c; two have the underside quite
as intensely suffused with ochre-yellow as that figure, whereas this
never occurs in the true plotina, as | remarked it.in 1980, when
I thought that tone of colour could only be a mistake in the plate;
other pacifica have no signs of it and, as a matter of fact, have spaces
of a very pure silvery white; these, whether white or yellow, are
always separated into small roundish spots with a thick black edge, to
a degree not seen in true plotina; also the russet spotting of the
hindwing is more restricted than in the latter and replaced, in some
cases, by a more yellow colour.

It seems highly probable that the single specimen from Ussuria,
which Suschkin says he possessed under the name of plotina and whose
genitalia are, according to his figure and description, extremely similar

72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1932

to those of niphona, Butler, was a pacifica. If the genitalia of the
latter actually are of this kind, its position would evidently be between
britomaréis and niphona and it would confirm my view that athalia and
niphona have sprung, as parallel branches, from a common ancestor.
As soon as I can, I will have my own specimens dissected in this
connection. The large Vladivostok race of pacifica might be called
ussuriae.

Aigle and the Rhone Valley, Switzerland, in May, 1931.
By Lizur. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S.
(Concluded from page 58.)

May 18th.—After heavy rain in the night the only possible ground
was Charpigny, which dries quicker than the low lying meadows
around. On the ascent through the property from the St. Triphon
station side the males and females of the bee Andrena hattorfiana, Fab.,
were flying numerously around a seat on the right hand side of the
twisting path. The Charpigny property now belongs to a Frenchman,
who lives in Paris. To-day I met his brother who manages the property
for him, and we had a very pleasant chat. I could only box a number
of Polyommatus semiargus, males, and P. hylas, which latter were
emerging this morning, and were found at the damp puddles in the
Charpigny entrance road, near St. Triphon station. The coleoptera
Blaps mucronata, Latr.; Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.; the Hymenoptera
Ammophila sabulosa; Proanthidium laterale=4-lobum, Per.; Diprion
polytomus, Hartig. ; the Rhyncolta Cornutus centrotus, Lygaeus saxatalis,
Stenodema laevigatum, Li. ; etc., were noted.

After midday I went along to the banks of the river Gryonne to
complete my good series of P. thersites which were all resting on the
heads of Onobrychis sativa. I also took the beetle Meloé brevicollis,
Panz., g ; and Melolontha vulgaris g ; and several specimens of
Lavinus sternus, Schaller; and the moth, so distinctive and so often
overlooked, Thyris fenestrella, Scop.

May 19th.—To Vernayaz for the walk to Martigny, but a poor day
taking only units of P. podalirius; C. dorilis; S. orion; and a few IM.
cinwia; the Rhyncotid Rhaphigaster sagittifera; the Hymenoptera
Chalicodoma muraria, F.; Bombus sylvarum; Arge enodis; Tenthredella
temula, Scop. ; and the Coleoptera Silpha thoracica, L.; Cryptocephalus
aureolus, Suf.; and the Neuropteron Stalis fuliginosa.

What is much worse, they are making a new road along under the
cliffs, from Martigny up to Salvan, which will destroy most of this
well known famous walk ‘‘ under the cliffs ” from Vernayaz to Martiony.
I went in peril of my life to-day as they were blasting high up most of
the way and frequently many rocks and stones were falling. The
small piece left of the old walk is from the Vernayaz end. I did not
reach quite as far as Martigny, as it was quite useless and I had to
walk part of the way on very marshy ground.

May 20th.—Pouring with rain all day; frogs for the entree at
dinner ; and at night the moth Huaoa cinerea, Schiff., flew into my
bedroom.

May 21tb.—To the St. Triphon marshes, and along the bed of the
canal which runs parallel to but a little distance south of, the railway

AIGLE AND THE RHONE VALLEY. 73

line. Anthocharis simplonia var. flavidior, Wh., are fresh out to-day
and settle frequently along the canal bed on the yellow flowers of
apparently a crucifer, which is abundant right along the canal bed on
both sides.

M. parthenie and Erebia medusa are now more plentiful in the marshy
meadows, and | took one ¢ ab. procopiani, Hormuzaki, of the latter.
A. sylvanus was out quite fresh, and I took a fine Hesperia malvae var.
taras in the marshy meadows, with the Hymenoptera Ophion luteus,
L., Tenthredopsis stigma, the beautiful Andrena hessae, Panz., prominent
on blossoms all along the canal bed; Anoplius viaticus, F. (= Pompilus
viaticus, auctorum) ; also the Dipteron Chrysotowum festivum, L.

May 22nd.—Along the canal bed south of the railway from Aigle
towards St. Triphon. I completed my series of A. simplonia var.
flavidior, which includes 8 fresh females; I completed also my series
of H. medusa and M. parthenie. The Neuropteron Sialis fuliginosa was
common along the canal bed; 2 more Andrena hessae, Panz., and
Psammochares fuscus, L., amongst the Hymenoptera.

To Charpigny for an hour when I found the moth Z. achilleae in
full emergence; the Coleopteron Silpha obscura, L.; the Rbhyncota
Hurydema oleraceum, L., form annulatum, Fall.; the Neuropteron
Fihyacophila abttindens, McL. ‘Today was extremely hot.

May 238rd.—To Branson. A few S. orion, var. and ab. nigra,
Gerhard, were taken on the rocks between the Rhone Bridge and
Branson Village. I had the pleasure of meeting, I think, Mr. C. W.
Wyatt in the middle of Branson village. I went on and up further
taking halt a dozen Everes argiades ab. polysperchon, Brgstr., 3 g sand
3 2s. P. apollo and A. crataeyi, were on the wing in units, and one
specimen of H. malvae, ab. taras, Mg. I took also the Hymenoptera
Allantus bifaseiatus, Mull. and Sphecodes gibbus.

May 24th.—To St. Triphon Village station by the electric tramway ;
and then down towards Charpigny; then again down to and across
the bridge over the railway line proper, and then down to the canal
bed. Susa is hot in July, but that canal bed worked twice over to-day
nearly boiled me. I took the largest g of P. machavn I have ever
taken and two more 4. simplonia var. flavidior, Wh. one a go; M.
dictynna was commencing to emerge and the moths Diacrisia sanio and
Tanagra atrata, L., alone the canal bed. Also the Hymenoptera
Allantus bifasciatus, Mull.; Andrena hessae, Panz.; and T'enthredella
flavicornis, Fabr. The Rbyncotid Cercopis sanguinolenta; and the
Coleopteron Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf.; and a female of the moth
Aphomia sociella, L.

May 25th.—To-day to Martigny, whence by funicular to Marecottes
on the Martigny-Chatelard line. I went too high for this date this
spring only getting two fine S. arion var. and ab. nigra at Marecottes,
and afterwards descending by road the 15 kilometers down to Vernayaz
I took units of Glaucopsyche cyllarus; M. cinxia; Callophrys rubi; 1.
aryiolus; and M. dictynna in the marshes at Vernayaz; with one I.
podalirius on the road just by Vernayaz station. I feel sure 1 saw P.
mnemosyne on the way down, but it was unreachable. One specimen
of the Hymenopteron Chrysis ignita, and one specimen of the beetle
Dermestes lardarius, L., were taken.

May 26th.—At Aigle to-day a single specimen of the Hymenopteron
Odynerus parietum.

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1932

May 27th.—To Caux via Territet and Glion. My best thanks to
the Rev. G. Wheeler who directed me so well that I walked into the
Loweta amphidamas spot. I was able to take 12 specimens, about 6 of
each sex ; and discarded two others as they were chipped; and in view
of the late spring I think I was very fortunate. On the way back to
Caux some nice Cupido minimus were boxed, but I was unable to take
a selection of the Alpine moths, as a sudden thunderstorm broke.

May 28th.—To Villeneuve station to walk up the Val Tiniére. I
apparently missed the reservoirs mentioned in Mr. John Alderson’s
article in Ent. Record, Vol. XXII., No. 9, page 207, unless they have
long since gone, but I followed the directions given by him and made
straight, a long climb, for the place where the road crosses the stream
over a wooden bridge, and taking a footpath to the left, which led to
some favourable collecting, a large flowery field, on a steep hillside ;
here Hrebia medusa were in great quantity; and M. parthenie in fair
numbers; H. dorilis, Powellia sertorius (sao) and some H. malvoides*
but I could not find Aricia eumedon, nor H. hippothoé, though I was
told yesterday on the railway between Caux and Glion that ‘“ Large
Coppers”’ had been seen in the near district. [| also took the
Hymenopteron Ammophila hirsuta, Scop. and the Neuroptera Chrysopa
perla, L., and a specimen of a Nemouwra species? After descending a
little by the main road, and taking a path to the right leading to a
small chalet-restaurant Folquier-Sequier, | succeeded in getting one
fresh specimen of Aricia ewmedon, the possibility of getting any others
being dispelled by the advent of a thunderstorm, which had the after
effects of attracting the Lycaenid blues of the district to the puddles
and wet mud of the main road down to Villeneuve station. Two
specimens to-day of the interesting Dipteron Coelomyia ferruyinia,
Scop., more of which are wanted for the South Kensington Natural
History Museum. Colias hyale and Pieris napi var bryoniae males
were frequently noticeable during the day, and one or two C. palaemon.
Lalso took the Coleopteron Mylabris variabilis, Pall.

May 29th.—This morning I took the Coleopteron 7richius fasciatus,
L., near the Grand Hotel, at Aigle. Beating for larvae in the same
spot was useless. I left Aigle for London after dinner, at which I had
the pleasure to meet Mr. Symmons, who had just arrived at the Hotel
to collect in the district. Before concluding I must again thank those
many Naturalists who have helped me to identify the more difficult
species mentioned in this article.

The Spring of 1931 in Kabylia.
By Miss L. M. FISON.

There is perhaps nothing more beautiful than the early spring in
North Africa, before the extreme heat of summer sets in, and after the
often severe winter has done its worst, for contrary to what is
popularly believed of sunny Africa, December, January, and February
are often bitterly cold, and heavy falls of snow and torrential gales of
hail, rain and wind are experienced. In Kabylia we have had falls of
snow of about 3 feet deep.

* H. malvoides? So far only H. malvae has been found up to S. Maurice and
is certainly very common in the Tiniére Valley.—G.W.

THE SPRING OF 1931 IN KABYLIA. iio

There is a great charm in my mind in early collecting in Kabylia,
for although there is no great profusion of insects, yet everything is
fresh and there is the daily interest of seeing fresh species emerge, and
the joy of feeling that one is escaping at least two months cold of
Hnegland or of North and Central Kurope.

During March, April and May the Djurjura Mountains are at their
best, and the Genista, Lavender, Cistus and Asphode] covered slopes,
the young green corn, etc., produce a brave show of brightness and
colour. Long days out in the open air are a glorious delight in the
brilliant sunshine, but oh! the heat later in July, August and
September, during which months everything is parched and burnt up.
Then indeed it may be said of North Africa that it is a thirsty land
where no water is, where cattle, sheep and flocks die often in thousands
for lack of sustenance, and where the sirocco blows for days
on end, withering all before it in its burning blast.

For the last 12 years it has been my privilege and joy to carry the
Gospel to the Kabyle tribes who inhabit little primitive villages perched
amongst these mountains, and it is during the long walks or rides
amongst these neglected tribes that we are learning more each year of
the secrets of the butterfly fauna common to this range.

Our headquarters is Michelet, a mountain village and chef d’arron
dissement de la Commune Mixte di Djurjura situated at a height of
3,000 feet above sea level.

In the plain of the Sebaou, and Mitidja, hundreds of feet lower
down, and away in other low-lying regions on the Hauts Plateaux,
Tell, and great Sahara, species emerge certainly earlier than those at
Michelet, indeed certain species fly all the winter in parts of 8. Algeria.
We shall, however, write merely of an experience in the Djurjura
range.

Our earliest entry for 1931 is that of Pyrameis atalanta (an un-
doubted case of hibernation), found near the Kabyle village of Aguemoun
Izem, on January 21st, during a fine spell between falls of snow and
sleet. Frequently at Michelet the snow is so deep that we are without
communication of any sort for days. However, lately a service
of a snow-tractor has been established, so we trust the Government
Road at least will now be kept open during the snow.

We have no further entry between January 21st and March 4th;
but on the latter date Huyonia polychloros (hibernated specimens) was
common around the “ Chéne-Zéen ”’ trees (kind of Algerian oak) near
the village of Tafraout. We captured 3 specimens.

On March 5th near Taka we again found HM. polychloros and also
saw 2 hibernated ‘‘ Brimstones,” Gonepteryxy rhamni. On the 11th
near Thaurirti Huchioé eupheno began to emerge, also Pieris brassicae
and P, rapae.

From March 11th-24th we spent at a little sea-side port called
Port Gueydon, and at Les Agegribbes in the mountains the other side
of the Valley of the Sebaou towards the coast.

March 18th.—Between Tizi-Ouzou and Aggribbes we observed the
following species flying in the Sebaou Valley, Pieris brassicae, P.vapae,
Gonepteryx rhamni, Anthocharis belia (ausonia) and Huchloé eupheno.
Whilst at Aggribbes we caught several A. belia (ausonia) and Antho-
charis belemia.

March 19th.—Pyrameis cardui appeared, also Thestor ballus.

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1932

Whilst at Port Gueydon we discovered a sheltered ravine which proved
to be a good butterfly corner, and here we saw or captured Huchloé
eupheno, Gonepteryx rhamni, Pararge aegeria, Colias croceus (edusa),
P. brassicae, Thestor ballus, P. rapae, and Zerynthia (Thais) runina.
On a beautiful piece of the corniche road by the side of the Mediter-
ranean between Bizarga and Port Gueydon we saw or took Pararye
aegeria, G. rhamni, P. brassicae, P. rapae, EH. eupheno, 1’. ballus and
A, belia (ausonia).

March 20th.—At Agegribbes we took 2 7%. rumina, 1’. ballus and
A. belia (ausonia).

March 30th.—After our return to Michelet we found the following
species had emerged near the Kabyle village of Tril Igonlmimen.—
P. brassicae, P. rapae, A. belia (ausonia), KH. eupheno, T. ballus, G.
rhamni, G. cleopatra and Eugonia polychloros.

April 2nd.—Near Agoni-Gsaad produced Callophrys rubi and C.
avis (2), Pyrameis cardui, EF. polychloros, P. brassicae, P. rapae and
Huchloé eupheno and @ ; also Polyommatus icarus, Powellia sertorius
(sao) and T’. ballus.

April 8rd.—We took Anthocharis belemia for the first time near
Michelet.

On Hiaster Monday we discovered a good butterfly corner near the
village of Agoni-Taslent and had a good day. We captured 3 lapilio
podalirius, Rumicia phlaeas, Pieris napi very fine and fresh, P. rapae,
P. brassicae, T’. ballus, P. icarus, P. sertorius (sao), Hugonia polychloros,
E. eupheno particularly common and also A. belia (ausonia). We also
came across Libythea celtis, and this is the only locality where I have
as yet seen it in Kabylia. There are a good many ‘ Micocoulier ”
(Celtis) trees in the district.

(To be concluded.)

TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Nortuern Insects 1n Co. Wickxiow, I[revann.—In the April
number of this Journal, p. 63, Canon Foster refers to the presence of
northern insects in Co. Wicklow and quotes from a somewhat hastily
written letter of mine. He had expressed surprise that he had captured
in Wicklow a micro-lepidopteron not previously recorded as British
except from Scotland, but knowing this district this did not surprise
me. Although situated on the eastern seaboard of Ireland, Wicklow
has in its fauna and flora many species characteristic of the western
counties of Kerry, Mayo and Donegal, some of which have southern
and some northern affinites. When J wrote Canon Foster [ had in
my mind some of the latter of which I will give two good examples.
Both are ichneumon flies and possibly parasitic on lepidoptera, though
so far as I am aware their hosts have not yeé been ascertained. One,
Cryptopimpla anomala, Holgrn., is reported by Morley (Brit. Ichn. ILI.
184) from near Currie in Midlothian, Scotland, and doubtfully by
Bridgman from ‘“‘ Wickham ”’ (Joe. cit.). This species I have found in

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 77

an oak wood, with much hazel, holly, etc., in the Gold Mines Valley,
Co. Wicklow, where it appears to be not uncommon towards the end
of March. Both sexes have occurred to me as early as the 25th of
that month. This locality is one of the mildest in Wicklow and not
more than a hundred feet above sea level.

Farther north, in Co. Dublin, I have taken males at 1,000 to 1,200
feet alt. in Glenasmole on May 25th. Dr. A. Roman of Stockholm
seems to regard this as a species typical of the northern parts of
Sweden, and on receipt of specimens expressed his surprise at my getting
it so far south, adding that “ Thomson does not mention this species,
evidently because he never met with 1t, he living in the southernmost
part of Sweden, and C. anomala not going so far south.’’*

The second species I wish to refer to is Lissonota maydalenae,
Pfankuch of which I took a single female on the elevated plateau near
the source of the R. Liffey, at 1,700 feet alt., on June 7th, 1929.
This was kindly identified for me by Dr. Roman, to whom I had sent
it as possibly a new species. So far as I know it has not previously
been reported from the British Isles. When returning my specimen,
Dr. Roman remarked :—‘ Your first specimen astonished me, for I
recognised in it a species from my own country. It isa regular spring
species which | in 1924 (Arkiv. for Zooloyi, Band 17a, No. 4, p. 24,
1924), described as L. vernalis, but before my paper appeared in print
I discovered that Pfankuch had already (Arancher’s Knut. Jahr., 1921,
p. 125) described it from his region as 1. magdalenae.” In, passing
I may mention that on the central plateau of Wicklow the ‘northern
water-beetle Agabus arcticus occurs in extraordinary abundance in the
shallow ‘“‘ pans” which stud the moor.

I hope that my reason for not being surprised at Canon Foster’s
capture of Penthina staintoniana in Wicklow will now be more obvious.
—A. W. Sretrox, (M.R.I.A.), 14, Clareville Road, Dublin.

A Notr.—The following two footnotes should have appeared in
the last number on pages 58 and 59 respectively with the article on
Algerian Butterflies by Miss L. M. Fison.

(1) “* Argynnis adippe.” ‘ Probably subspecies auwrestana.”

“As I pointed out at a meeting of the Entomological Society of
London some years ago when [| exhibited the first specimen (I believe)
of A. auresiana seen in England, this is not a form of cydippe=adippe,
the andreconia being quite different and is much ore nearly related
to A. niobe.”—G. WHEELER.

(2) ‘“ Powellia therapne.”

“Ts this P. therapne or P. sertorius (sao)? The former is usually
supposed to be confined to Corsica and Sardinia. The latter mention
of P. sertorius (sao) would however seem to point to both species
occurring in Algeria.” —G. WHEELER.

* It may be well to point out that Schmiedeknecht’s description of the 3 of
his anomala (Opuscula Ichn. p. 1251) is not taken from the ¢ of this species, which
has no yellow markings as there described by him. Dr. Roman agrees and tells
me that the Wicklow ¢ is identical with one in the Swedish National Museum.

78 ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.V.1932

GZYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Mr. W. G. Sheldon has again asked us to call attention to the
““Wicken Fen Fund” of which he is Treasurer. May we remind
subscribers that now is the time to renew their annual contribution.
No doubt they have all had a copy of the Ann. Report of the Fund so
that they are aware of the work that has to be done annually, and
which needs keeping up to preserve the wonderful local fauna and
flora of the district from the destruction of neglect and depredation.
We hope that all who have helped in the past will continue to do so,
despite the devastating attacks that the activities of world financiers
have caused upon pockets of late.

Our colleague Dr. Burr has made use of his intimate knowledge of
the Russian language to translate the MS. of P. S. Nazaroff, Hunted
through Central Asia. The author relates his adventures among the
Sarts and Kirghiz for two years as a geologist and naturalist, his
forged credentials holding him in good stead until he could escape
across the Tian Shan Mts. into Kashgar where he lived for four more
years before passing on into Thibet. The book not only relates the
incidents of his adventure as a fugitive, but contains interesting
descriptions of the countries visited, the people in whose encampments
he often lived, the plants and animals, and the results of his keenness
for scientific research such as his discovery of tin ore in Central Asia.
Dr. Burr’s translation well reproduces the vigour and humour of the
author ; the book has a map which aid no book should be without.
The price, too, is low.

We much regret to report the death of another young and able
entomologist, J. C. Robbins, F.E.S., of the staff of the Imperial
Bureau of Entomology. Like the late Dr. Withycombe, he had the
keenness, the skill and the basic acquirements which would, in the
future, have led him to eminence.

The Fifth International Congress of Entomology takes place in
July when the Centenary of the founding of the Société Entomologique
de France takes place. The Itinerary already arranged is a long one
embracing the period from Friday, July 15th to Sunday, July 81st.
The French Government has made a considerable grant towards the
Congress expenses and there will be a 50% reduction of railway fares
during the period of the meeting for all those taking part. Papers
will be read each day from Monday, July 18th till Saturday, July 23rd,
and various entomological questions of international concern will be
discussed. We are wondering what will be done over Nomen-
clature. Our British National Committee is the only active one, if
not the only one existing, and of that we have heard nothing of its
activity since the last Congress. Hach day Excursions will take place
at very reasonable costs; two different itineries for Paris, Forest of
Fontainebleau, Versailles, Chantilly, a visit to the tomb of Latreille,
to the Museum of Natural History, etc. At the finish of the Congress
there will be an organised excursion to the Pyrenees, in course of
which visits will be paid to Lourdes, Gavarnie, San Sauveur, Luchon
Lac d’Oo, Tarascon, Carcassonne, Toulouse, ete., largely by autocar.
The permanent Secretary of the Congress is Dr. Karl Jordan of Tring,
and Dr. H. Eltringham is one of the executive Committee. The
travelling arrangements and hotel accommodation is in the hands of

CURRENT NOTES. 79

Messrs. Thos. Cook & Son. The meeting should prove a most inter-
esting and enjoyable one to all those who take part; we hope that every
success will attend it.

Nos. 1-8, Vol. [V. Revista Soc. Ent. Aryentina, are to hand and
contain a long and complete Memoir, ‘“‘The Lepidoptera of the
Argentine. Family Nymphalidae,” by our friend and correspondent
Capt. K. J. Hayward, F.Z.8., F.E.S., F.R.G.S. After some five or six
years of collecting in various areas of the country, the author has put
his notes and observations together, compared his results with all the
chief collections, public and private, in the state, and written this
admirable contribution to our science. It is comprised in about 200
quarto pages and 21 black and white plates, with a few text figures.
The life histories as far as known are given with descriptions, habitats
and the principal references. Subspecies and forms are dealt with,
the newly described being also given in English. The author has ably
used his long experience of entomological matters in the Eastern
Hemisphere to bring the Argentine material up to date not only for the
use of the scientist but also for the beginner. Introductory matter
gives a map showing the relative positions of the various provinces, the
terms as the author uses them, the limits of venation, what he under-
stands as subspecies, form, aberration, etc., a list of the species in their
systematic grouping. At the end is a list of foodplants of the
Nymphalids, the legends of the plates, a good bibliography of works
dealing with the group as found in the Argentine and an Index. We
must congratulate the author on the success of his work and compli-
ment Messrs. Breyer, the two great patrons of natural history especially
entomology in the state, for the great assistance they have rendered
Capt. Hayward in every way so that this admirable piece of work
could be accomplished.

In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for December 22nd, there is a summary of
what is known of the Palluperina nickerlit forms (of which our British
guenéei is one). There is a view of the ground on which the species is
taken at Halle, a figure of the egg, one of the position of the batch
when laid on a stem of grass, and figures of the valves of the genitalia.
On the accompanying plate there are 17 good figures of representatives
from Halle (dark generally), from Meissen (lighter with conspicuous
reniform), from lschwege (generally still lighter), and from
Lancashire (the very light form guenéet). This is a very useful article,
but one would like to have seen the French forms included.

The illustrated supplement to Lambillionea for December contains
figures of 8 aberrations of Melitaea aurinia and 2 of Aglais urticae.
This completes another set of 12 plates, year1931. These illustrations
will be found most useful in illumining the descriptions of the many
newly described forms to commonly occurring species by the con-
tributors to this most useful periodical.

In the January number of Lambillionea is commenced a new set of
plates of aberrations, the present one containing 8 figures of
Chrysophanus (Heodes) dispar including race batavus, subspecies rutilus
(with gen. vern. burdigalensis and gen. est. aestivalis). The text deals
in detail with the various races and forms of this species by Dr.
Mezeer.

In his Annual Address to the Entomological Society of London,
the President, Dr. Eltringham, dealt with Entomology (1) as a subject

80 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V.1922

of great interest for itself, and (2) as something having a bearing on
human progress.

In the recently issued Memories Soc. Knt. Italiana, X. 1, Signor
Rocci deals intensively with the forms of variation exhibited in
Melitaea athalia and illustrates his remarks with 2 plates of 40 figures.
He makes two types of forms. A: examples of small size, always less
than B, but variable, and in two diverse generations each in three
recognisable forms. B: examples of larger size, always larger than
A, some larger still. The former group comparable to aurelia and
dictynna, the latter comparable to athalia true and helvetica.

May we again remind our readers to look out for early spring
immigrants now that there is a break in the cold drought spell which
has lasted so phenomenally long.

The recently received Vol. LXXXI. pts. 1-4, Verh. Zoo. Bot. Gesell.
Wien. has an important article “‘ Critical and Synonymic Notes on
Diptera’ by F. Hendel. There are notes by M. Kitt on the “ Lepidop-
tera of the Oeztale,’”’ and another article on the material taken during
a trip to Algeria with a long list of the captures, some 300 species of
Macro-lepidoptera. F. Preissecker also contributed an interesting
account of the Lepidoptera occurring in Lower Austria, particularly
referring to the most notable micro-lepidoptera.

FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Mepican Entomotocy.—A Survey of Insects and Allied Forms
which affect the Health of Man and Animals. By W. A. Riley, Ph.D.,
Se.D., and O. A. Johannsen, Ph.D. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Lid., pp. xii.+476, figs. 184. Large 8vo., 19382.—This is really a
revision of a book published some years ago, now re-arranged, enlarged
and brought up to date. It is not a record of original investigation
but a compilation and classification of all that is known of the
Relation of Insects to Man. After two or three short introductory
chapters containing a few historical facts on transmission of disease,
the ways in which the health of man can be affected (1) by poison,
(2) by parasites, (3) by transmission of disease, and the classes of the
Arthropoda, the following chapters deal with the attacks by Arachnida,
Ticks, Myriapods, ete. An introduction to the metamorphoses of
Hexapoda (Insects) and their external and internal anatomy, upon
which the remainder of the information relies, follows. The next
thirteen or fourteen chapters deal with the various orders of Insects,
nine chapters, more than half the volume, discuss fully the relations
of the Diptera to Man. Most of the illustrations are taken from well
known and reliable sources and are adequate for their purpose. A
most valuable addition is given in the exhaustive Bibliography of 26
pages containing quite 600 references. The book should prove of
outstanding use to students of medical practice, health committees,
and all interested in the well-being of man and animals. The printers
and publishers have done their part admirably. Every library should
hold a copy not only for the information it contains but for the
wonderful list of references.—Hy.J.T.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nov to send ws comnuunications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require InLusTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AurHoR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr, Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Duplicates.—§S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Excuanaus.—Living Begs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Hrfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. t

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8p.m. May 4th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
April 28th, May 12th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent. ;

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Hssex.

Entomological Society of the South of England,

102 High Street, Southampton.
PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE (Prices are ‘ post free ’)—
Syn. Brit. NEUROPTERA, F. J. Killington, 5s. FAUNAL LISTS (WITH LOCALITIES)—

(86 pp. with Tables, 6 Pl., 6 Figs.) Hants. Macro-Lepidoptera, W. Fassnidge, 2s. 6d.
Syn. Brit. TABANIDAE, E. R. Goffe, 6s. 6d. Hants. Tortrices, W. Fassnidge .. .. Qs. 6d.
(71 pp. with Tables, 2 Pl.) Hants. Hymenoptera-Aculeata, H. P. Jones 1s.
Syn. Brit. HETEROPTERA, H. P. Jones, 5s. 6d. Hants. Orthoptera, F. J. Killington ws 1s.
(88 pp. 2 Pl.) Hants. Paraneuroptera, F. J. Killington 1s.

E, RIVENHALL GOFFH, Hon. Sec.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF ;
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.,
Assisted by Sectional Editors.

Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3.

All communications to be addressed to :—

VW. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy.,

ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST.

Communications have been received from or have been promised by Miss L. M.
Fison, Rev. Canon Foster, Lt. E. B. Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge,
Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Hllis,
W.H. T. Tams, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H.
Edwards, H. B. D. Kettlewell, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, and Reports of
Bocieties.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. -

IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at lighnt—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., efc., 360 pp.

GONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Metanism and Metanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyectidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

JUNE, 1932

'ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD

q
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Eprrep G. T. Bernone-Baxsr, F.z.8., ¥.E.8., | J. H. Cou.in, F.4.8.
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By Heyry J. TURNER, F.u.3., F.R.0.8 (get i
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CONTENTS
; : ae 4 199
Lepidoptera at Dieulefit, April 1930 and 1931, Wm. Fassnidge, Mst.4hZ.S. si ee
A List of Lepidoptera, Bromsgrove, 1927-1931, P. Siviter-Smith Nel Se Mu 84

<YSEUM

Parasitic Hymenoptera found with Ants, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F. ES ddl
Mosley’s Illustrations of Varieties of Brit. Lepidoptera, C. Mosley, M.B.0.U. 86
What is the Meaning of a oe Norman H., Tous M.R.C.S., F.E.S.,

M.B.0.U. ee : 87
Some Forms of Pieris ene 7. T. eae (ote ae i: 88
Tke Spring of 1931 in Kabylia, Miss L. M. Fison .. 5 50 a 90
Notrs on Coniectine.—Byturus fumatus in ee H. Donisthorpe :

Early appearance of the Red Admiral, Zd.: Psilota anthracina (Dip.)

in Windsor Forest, Id. Ath ave wy 56 ae He 93
Currant Notes .. 94
Rzyvizws.—Die Biologie Age Re beinlinas R. T. Sebo, W. BF:

** Hntomology and Ethics,’’ Wm. Fassnidge, Hy.J.T. .. 95

Suprpiement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.S. (233). -(236)

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LEPIDOPTERA AT DIEKULEFIT. 81

Lepidoptera at Dieulefit (Dréme) in April, 1930 and 1931.
By Wa. FASSNIDGH, M.A., F.E.S. |
(Concluded from page 55.)

It is hardly to be expected that in the month of April there will be
many butterflies flying in this locality, and the total of 42 species
seems quite a respectable one. Anthocharis euphenoides, Stgr., was
everywhere common from the beginning of our stay, and could be
found at sunset and on dull days resting on the flowers of Biscutella
laevigata, Li., sometimes several on a plant. In bright sunshine the
larva of the Mantid Hmpusa pauperata, Latr., would lie in wait for
this species and catch one male after another as they settled on the
flowers, devouring their bodies with incredible speed. A. tayis var.
bellezina, Boisd., appeared in the middle of the month, and was not
uncommon on several stony hillsides where its foodplant Jberis pinnata,
L., grows. As always they were very difficult to catch, except on days
when occasional big clouds obscured the sun, and it was possible to
take them resting on grass stems during the recurrent short periods of
dullness. Pieris manni, Mayer, occurs here on the hillside as one
might expect, and Polyyonia egea, Cram., was a regular visitor in the
morning to the flowers of laurel on the terrace of the pension. I[
searched long for the foodplant of P. egea, Parietaria officinalis, L.,
hoping to find larvae of this species, but could only find a few scattered
plants. The Spring blues, Scolitantides (Polyommatus) baton, Bergs.,
Glaucopsyche melanops, Bdy., and G. cyllarus, Rott., were very scarce
in 1930 but were all fairly common in 1931, the specimens of the last-
named being much smaller than any I have seen before. At the very
end of our stay Cupido sebrus, Boisd., began to emerge, but we could
not wait to see it plentiful. Of butterfly larvae worthy of note, we
found Melitaea deione, Hb., in countless numbers on every wall where
the ivy leaved toadflax grew, especially abundant on the walls of the
terraces of the pension. They fed also on what I thought was a species
of thistle growing as a weed in the garden, and mostly pupated by the
end of April. Larvae of M. aurinia, Rott., were abundant, feeding
indifferently on scabious or honeysuckle, this being the first time I
have seen them feeding in nature on the latter plant. In the stony
torrent beds and on bare hillsides the small larvae of M. pseudathalia,
Reverdin, were locally common feeding in groups on young plants of
Digitalis ambigua. At home they fed up fairly well on narrow-leaved
plantain. I probably should not have noticed these larvae had not my
attention been attracted by the curious appearance of some of last
year’s stems of this rather local plant. They had been gnawed off a
few inches above the ground in the same manner as other stems are
gnawed off by the larvae of certain longicorn beetles, for example, as
larvae of Ayapanthia cardui, L., gnaw off the stems of Salvia pratensis,
L., and A. asphodeli, Latr., those of Asphodel. The stumps had been
neatly stopped with gnawed ayd_strin articles of stem, reminding
one forcibly of the work of AS See L., in stems of-Artemisia
vulgaris. I brought home a number of these tenanted roots, finding
incidentally the larvae of M. pseudathalia feeding on the new leaves,
and forced out in May and June a good series of Aryyroploce lapideana,

H.-S.
JUL 1 1932

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1932

Of Bombyces 28 species were observed, among them /Mucharia
festiva, Hufn. (hebe, L.) of which males came fairly freely to the town
lamps; Diacrisia cesarea, Goeze, one male at light ; Cymbalophura
pudiea, EHsp., larvae common after dark on grasses; Hyphoraia
testudinaria, Koure., a few larvae in 1980, and one male at light in
1931; Huprepia striata, L., larvae fairly common on low plants after
dark; Celama thymula, Mill., local and not common; Saturnia pyri,
Schiff., imagines at light and cocoons under copings ; Notodonta anceps,
Goeze (trepida, Esp.), Pheosia tremula, Cl., and Drymonia chaonia, Hb.,
all fairly common at light; Hrioyaster cataw, L. a few nests of larvae
on hawthorn, imagines from which emerged in November, although
the majority of the pupae are lying over. Searching by day yielded
a fair number of larvae of Zygaena rhadamanthus, Esp., nearly full
grown on Dorycnium suffruticosum. I was obliged to bring a good
supply of the foodplant home with me and fortunately managed to
rear a good series. A most interesting sigbt was noted one Sunday
morning in the park of the neighbouring chateau, where by far the
longest procession of the larvae of the pine processionary (Thaumatopoea
pityocampa, Schiff.) that | have ever seen was observed crawling slowly
along a hard gravel path and laboriously digging itself in for pupation.
When we came across them a seething mass of larvae showed that
many had already disappeared, but there still remained head to tail in
single file no less than one hundred and eighteen. We amused
ourselves for about half an hour by watching them and repeatedly
timing their rate of progress, arriving each time at the figure of about
ten inches or five lengths every two minutes. The whole long string
resembled nothing so much as a long thin yellow and black speckled
snake, and I am bound to confess that when I suddenly saw it right
at my feet, I jumped backwards in alarm. Perhaps J may be allowed
here to state what has been my experience with regard to the urticating
properties of these larvae. For years I handled larvae and nests with
complete impunity, even going so far one August as to make exhaustive
search for beetles in every old larval nest that I could find and reach.
Yet in 1930 at Dieulefit, baving decided to breed the species once more,
after picking up a procession of some forty larvae on their way to
pupation, I found next morning that I had every symptom of a violent
cold in the head, with great irritation of the eyes and lips and of the
mucous membrane of the nose. Small blisters appeared all over the
face and altogether for about 24 hours I felt and looked a very sorry
object. My wife a day or two later had almost exactly the same
experience through carelessly bandling and shaking the bag which had
contained these larvae. It may be that the period of wandering that
immediately precedes pupation is the time of greatest danger, possibly
owing to the fact that the urticating hairs then break more easily into
short pieres, which are carried in the air to any tender part of the
skin.

Of Noctuae about 40 species were observed, mostly at the catkins
of various species of Salia growing by every stream and in every
torrent bed. Even on cold nights moths are swarming at these
“ sallows’”’: Panolis fammea, Scbiff, (piniperda, Panz.), Monima mintiosa,
Schiff., a dark purple form of Tviphaena rubricosa, Fb., Melanchra
conspicillaris, Li. typical and varieties, Xantholeuca croceago, Schift.,
very different from our bright form, Polyploca ridens, Fb., hardly

LEPIDOPTERA AT DIEULEFIT. 83

recognisable at first sight, Conistra staudingert, de Gras., etc. At the
town lamps we took Valeria jaspidea, Vill. odd specimens, Luperina
leucophaea, Schiff., Huaoa turatii, Standfuss, among other less
interesting species. Noctuid larvae were abundant after dark, but
except for a single specimen of Rhizotype flammea, Esp., only common
species were bred, such as Sideridis vitellina, Hb., Leucania albipuncta,
Pb., Triphaena fimbria, L., Ayrotis comes, Tr., A. pronuba, L. Sugar
yielded very little and was soon abandoned. Beating for larvae on
oaks whose young leaves were just appearing yielded small brown
larvae of Hylophila bicolorana, Fuess,, not uncommonly, and from them
I bred one nice variety with the lines on the forewings quite close
together.

Of the 25 species of Geometers observed those perhaps worthy of
record are Hydriomena polygrammata, Bkh., Scodiona lentiscaria, Donz.
at light, Alewcis pictaria, Curt. fairly common on low blackthorns by
night, and Selenia lunaria, Schiff. From larvae were bred Mupithectia
owycedrata, Rbr. and Synopsia sociara, Hb. At the end of April a
Pyralid turned up that was new to me, disturbed from herbage by day,
but unfortunately it has not yet been indentified. Larvae of Adaina
microdactyla, Hb., were found in old stems of Eupatorinm cannabinum
by the stream; in the grounds of the Chateau among spruce a few
larvae of Dioryctria abvetella, Fb., were found spun up for pupation in
or on fallen cones, and larvae of Cateremna terebrella, Zinck., were
fairly common in small aborted cones at the same time and place.
The Tortrices were represented by 14 species. Larvae of Laspeyresia
strobilella, L., were very abundant in newly fallen spruce cones; L
dorsana, Fb. flew in bright sunshine near to patches of its foodplant;
Pammene splendidulana, Guen. swarmed around the tops of young oaks ;
Hucosma panperana, Dup., rewarded in fair numbers much hard work
among old bushes of Rosa canina ; Chlidonia baumanniana, Schiff., was
locally fairly common among white scabious ; galls of Hvetria resinella,
L., were not scarce on the hillside Scots pines; and #. duplana, Hb.
flew sparingly among young pines and heather. Tineids were naturally
not much in evidence at this early date. Larvae of Metzneria carlinella,
Stt. occurred high up on St. Maurice and probably elsewhere ; cases
of Coleophora onosmella, Brahm. were quite abundant on Hehium, on
which plant a few larvae of Mthmia pusiella, Rom. were also found.
Psychidae were very scarce; EHpischnopterya pulla, Esp. flew by day,
and one male of /’syche constancella, Bruand was bred from cases found
on a roadside bank,

One unusual observation was made at Dieulefit. A number of cats
were kept about the place in the usual half-starved condition which
the Irench consider necessary 1f the animals are to catch any mice.
One of these cats was observed repeatedly lying in wait among the
flowering double stocks until a Pieris brassicae or Gonepteryx rhamni
came to alight upon them, when it would dexterously catch the insect
in its forepaws and eat it wings and all. The same cat used every
night to haunt the window ledge outside the salon and catch and eat
every moth that fluttered to the glass attracted by the light.

Of course it can hardly be expected that a locality no further south
than Dieulefit will yield very much so early in the season as the
month of April, but enough bas been said to give some idea of the
possibilities of the place, which would undoubtedly pay for working

84 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15.V1.1932

throughout the Spring and Summer. If only future visitors to France
do not confine their attentions to the Rhopalocera, or to the genera
usually included among the Macro-lepidoptera, but will collect also
the so-called ‘‘ micros.” they will almost certainly discover species
hitherto unknown, and will at all events add largely to our knowledge
of distribution and of life-histories, where so much still remains to be
done.

A List of Lepidoptera on and around Breakback Hill, Bromsgrove,
Worcs., 1927-1931.

By P. SIVITER-SMITH.

The soil on the Hill appears to be a fairly stiff clay, with considerable
outcrops of sandstone on its southern extremities (Rock Hill), well
timbered, elm and oak being about equal in numbers, with smaller
quantities of sycamore, horse-chestnut, etc. There are one or two
little marshes near Grafton Manor, the chief one, Longpool, being
between Grafton and Breakback. Alderley and Cobbler’s Coppices
consist chiefly of oak, on the western side of the Hill. The northern
and eastern boundary is Battlefield Brook running through Whitford
Mill by the Rifle Range.

The Rhopalocera of the district are not particulary interesting,
being the usual species to be found in well-grazed pasture land, so
mention will only be made of two species.

Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, L.—‘* Common in some years ”’ (on
the Rifle Range). [Report of B’gve School Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. I.,
part 2, 1931.) I have not observed this species, but it is apparently
common.

Melitaea aurinia, Rott.—Mentioned by the Rev. F. O. Morris as
occurring ‘behind Grafton’ and at ‘‘ Whiteford Mill” but searches
in both places failed to disclose them. Longpool is undoubtedly
meant by ‘‘ behind Grafton.”

In the Heterocera, the list of Noctuidae is very small owing to the
fact that sugaring, etc., could not be indulged in.

Mimas (Dilina) nila. L.—I found a female drying its wings at
the base of a large elm between Whitford Mill and the Parish Chureh
in 1927. This is really outside the district, but I mention it as it is
the only record that has come to my notice.

Cosmotriche potatoria, L.—'The larva is comparatively common, but
should be worked for along roadsides.

Spilosoma lubricipeda, Li. (menthastri, Ksp.).—Larvae common.

Diaphora mendica, Cl.—I found one pair in the grass by Whitford
Mill in 1929.

Arctia caja, Li.—Larvae not as common as in the Ran-dans.

Hipocrita jacobaeae, L.—Commonly observed near the Gas Works
and on the way up to the Hill by that route.

Acronicta leporina, L.—I found one specimen (var. bradiporina,
Treits.) of this uncommon species on an elm tree on The Hill, June
22nd, 1980. I also have another poor specimen, found by a boy the
previous year, but where exactly I do not know.

- LEPIDOPTERA ON AND AROUND BREAKBACK HILL. 85

Acronicta psi, L.—To be found resting on tree-trunks.

A. megacephala, F.—Not uncommon on tree-trunks; pupae may
be found under bark on willow trees.

A. rumicis, L.—Found with the two previous species.

Diloba caeruleocephala, L.—The larvae can be found on the longer
shoots of hawthorn hedges that are kept in good order.

Amphipyra pyramidea, L.—I have found young larvae of this species
near Grafton Manor and at Alderley Coppice.

Taeniocampa gothica, I1.—A very dark imago hatehed from a pupa
I dug from under an oak tree in 1930.

Heliaca tenebrata, Sc.— Common in suitable waste patches on the
Hill and near Grafton.

Plusia yamma, L.—Common.

Huclidia mi, Cl.—Common all over the district.

Ff’. glyphica, L.—As last, and in company with it.

Ortholitha chenopodiata, L. (limitata, Se.)—Common.

Lobophora halterata, Hufn.—This local species is confined to
Longpool, where, if carefully approached, it may be boxed from Poplar
trunks. It is very little use climbing for them as they are so easily
scared. I have caught var. zonata, Thnbg. there too.

Euphyia (Cidaria) corylata, Thnb.—Found at Longpool and
Alderley, but not commonly.

Xanthorhoé montanata, Bkh.—Common,

X. fluctuata, L.—Not uncommon on the Hill.

X. alternata, Mill. (sociata, Bkh.)—Common.

Camptogramma bilineata, L.—Very common.

Coenotephria (Anticlea) derivata, Schiff. (niyrofasciaria, Gz.)—Can be
found in some numbers around Grafton Pond and in a neighbouring
orchard.

Eupithecia centaureata, Schiff. (oblongata, Thnb.).—Not uncommon
on tree-trunks.

Cabera pusaria, L.—Quite common.

Campaea (Metrocampa) maryaritaria, l4.—I have found one or two
resting on nettles on the Hill at various times.

Plagodis (HKurymene) dolabraria, L.—On June 8th, 1930, I found
two, both freshly emerged, on the Hill. Both were on fruit trees.

Opisthograptis luteolata, L.—Quite common.

Biston (Pachys) stratavia, Hufn.—On March 25th, 19380, I found a
dead specimen, and a boy caught one in 1931, both on Rock Hill.

Zygaena lonicerae, EXsp.—To be found on a waste patch of the
Hill facing the town, and all around Grafton.

Z. filipendulae, L.—-With the last mentioned species.

Adscita (Ino) statices, L.—There is a colony on the waste patch of
the Hill mentioned above. June 22nd is a good date for them.

Hepialus humuli, L.—Fairly common. I took the largest female
on the Hill that I have ever seen.

Al. lupulina, L.—Fairly common. Sometimes to be found at rest
on nettles.

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.19382

Some species of Parasitic Hymenoptera found with Ants.
By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete.

Mons. Ferriére has been good enough to name for me a certain
number of Parasitic Hymenoptera, which J had found with ants and
put on one side, as I was unable to get them identified here-to-fore.

As they are not mentioned in my book “ The Guests of British Ants,”
it is well to place them on record now. I believe most of them are
parasitic on Diptera and may have no, or at any rate no direct,
connection with ants; but never-the-less they were all taken with ants,
or bred out of ants nests :—

Cuatomwimar.— FE crizotes filicornis, Th., bred out of an observation nest
of Formica rufa, L., from Oxshott, 19.iv.04. This is a new gonusand
species to Britain; it belongs to the Pireninae.

Lamprotates tarsalis, Walk., bred out of an observation nest of
Formica rufa, li., from Weybridge, 31.11.08.

Arthrotylus maculipennis, Walk., taken in a nest of Acanthomyops
(Chthonolasius) flavus, F., at Whitsand Bay, Cornwall, 14.iv.09.

Micromelus pyrrhogaster, Walker, taken with the above.

Tetrastichus vroesellae, Nees., taken in a nest of Acanthomyops
(Dendrolasius) fuliyinosus, Latr, at Cothill, 80.vi.09.

Plenrotropis epigonis, Walk., bred out of an observation nest of
Formica fusca, Li., from Porlock, 23.v.07.

Micromelus pyrrhogaster, Walk., bred out of the above nest, 30.v.07.

Microterys clavellatus, Dl., 8 specimens bred out of an observation
nest of Formica rufa, L., from Nethy Bridge, 12.vi.13.

Halticoptera sp. ? bred out of the above nest, 14.vi.12.

Habrocytus sp.?, taken in a nest of F, fusca, L., at Kingswear,
23.iv.08.

Aprostocetus sp. ?, bred out of F’. rufa observation nest from
Oxshott, 12.v.04.

Cynipipar.—Alloxysta perpleva, Cam., taken in a nest of F’. fusca
var. glebaria, Nyl., in the New Forest, 22.vi1.18.

Icunrumomipan.— Gelis (Pezomachus) corruptor, Férst., taken with A.
(D.) fuliginosus at Weybridge, 8.ix.14.

Gelis (Pezomachus) instabilis, Forst., running in company with 3% % of
A. (D.) niger in Windsor Forest, 3.Vil. 31.

On the “Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera,” by S. L.
Mosley (1878-1885 ?).

My attention was recently called to an article on this subject which
appeared in your issue of November, 1981, and which I have since
perused with much interest. Mr. Griffin has done well to tabulate for
a generation nearly fifty years afterwards, the magnificent contents of
this unique work. As he has said, the work is very rare, and so far as
I know, nothing has ever been attempted on the same lines either
before or since. I was two years old when my father began this work,
_ consequently could not have had much personal interest in it at the
time! In fact | had never been so fortunate as ever to see a copy

WHAT IS THE MEANING OF A PUPA? 87

until a few months ago, when I purchased a complete set in parts from
a second-hand bookseller—incidentally having to pay a very stiff
figure for it.

Mr. Griffin’s tabulation, valuable though it is, does not convey
anything of the exquisite delicacy and beauty of the drawings.
Although perhaps I ought not to wax eulogistic, owing to my personal
relationship, S. L. Mosley was an artist, who has possibly not had an
equal in his own particular line, and I venture to suggest that his
earlier works show him to much better advantage than do his later
ones, when he rather tended to mass production and consequently his
sketches lost much of the individual delicacy which he put into every
sketch before-time.

Simultaneously with his Varieties of British Lepidoptera, my father
was issuing Illustrations of Muropean Butterflies, which was upon an
even more magnificent scale. Of this too, I had never seen anything
but very occasional unfinished plates; I have now become possessed
of a perfect complete and clean set, for which I had to pay dearly, but
which I would not re-sell for ten times what I gave for it.

During the whole of his life, S. L. Mosley was the producer of
voluminous literary and artistic works, and knowing him so well, as I
ultimately was privileged to do as his son, J saw in him certain
peculiar traits, which are manifest even in these early works, but which
a casual observer might never detect. He always started off a new
project with impetuous enthusiasm, which however failed to be
sustained for any great period. It was not, however, that his interest
abated, but rather because his fertile mind was conceiving other fields
to explore and in his eagerness to be there he tended to neglect the
unfinished task already in hand.

The fourteen parts which Mr. Griffin has so ably analysed, were
not the only /llustrations of Varieties which my father produced,
although probably it was his best, and if the Kditor of the Record cares
to have it, I shall be glad to contribute thereto an article dealing with
such other works of that character as | have knowledge of.—Cwar.es
Mostuy, M.B.O0.U., The City Museum and Art Gallery, Wakefield.
May 21st, 1982.

What is the meaning of a pupa?
By NORMAN H. JOY, M.B.C.S., F.E.S., M.B.O.U.

lam writing another book now on quite different lines from my
Practical Hand-book of British Beetles, and I want to refer to this
subject. The averaye entomologist has never given it a thought, as he
is a mere collector of Lepidoptera. There are some who realise there
are other orders of insects, and there are even a few now who realise that
an insect is a living thing, and not a mere specimen. This is referred
to very well by Mr. W. Fassnidge in his Presidential Address to the
Entomological Society of the South of Hngland, 1931. In my
coming book I shall go into the question ‘‘ What is a species?” from
what I think is quite a new light, which will be ignored by the average
entomologist, because it is new !

One of the greatest strongholds of the truth of evolution is the
study of Embryology. We profess to know now that the bird first came

88 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.19382

into this world in water, because the examination of a bird’s egg on
the fourth day of incubation, reveals what almost exactly resembles a
tadpole, having no wings or legs, but gills and a tadpole like tail.
The embryo of man has gills, cleft-palate and hare-lip, signifying what
our very ancient ancestors were like, and where they lived.

Let us try to trace back the life-history of an insect. The one I
particularly want to know is a Dipteron, as for instance the common
house-fly. On the same lines presumably this was once like its larva,
the “maggot,” with the same nervous system, intestinal tract, and
breathing apparatus, a very simple organism. This pupates, and this,
by analogy, traces up the rest of its life-history, I understand (I want
to know if correctly) that its epidermis is’ altered, so as to form the
pupal case, and it is the contents of this which we must examine. I
have spoken to several who ought to know, and they declare that the
whole of the internal structure of the “‘ maggot’’ is completely broken up,
except the cental nervous system. Out of this pupa there comes, I
think I am right in stating, in less than a fortnight, a fully developed
fly, with its very elaborate head, thorax, abdomen, wings and legs.
Nothing whatever is known about how these are formed, and I believe
no one has really seriously troubled to try to find out, because it would
be a very difficult thing to do.

We can of course trace up the life-history of a chicken in the egg, but
here we have a blank between the larva and the imago. Examination
of the pupae of the Lepidoptera does not help us. Here we have no
gradual growth of the wings, antennae and legs, as we have in the
wings and legs of the chicken, but their sudden appearance, but not
quite fully developed. Think of the complete change there is between
the larva and imago of the Dipteron; what was the insect like in the
world between these times? Why this apparent sudden jump from
one to the other? It is a question which has probably been brought
up at some time before the Entomological Society. It, at any rate,
most certainly ought to have been. I have an idea myself to account
for it, but I want the opinions of others.

On some forms of Pieris brassicae, L.
By T. J. LEMPKE, Amsterdam.

In 1929-19380 (Hntom. Record, Vols. XLI. and XLII.) Messrs. G. 8.
and W. Graham-Smith published their excellent study of Pieris
brassicae, L. As a number of forms, described by Rocci in 1919 (Atti
Soc. Lig., Vol. XXX., No. 1), are not cited by the authors and as these
forms are neither to be found in the Supplement of Seitz nor in the
Novitates of Bang-Haas, I think it very nseful to give an account of
Rocci’s forms and to discuss the synonymy of one or two of them.
As special spring forms Rocci described :

1. ab. niyroviridescens, Rocci, p. 16. ‘‘Specimens in which the
underside of the hindwings is of a greenish colour, extraordinarily
suffused with black scales, assuming an obscure green tint.” To this
name anthrax, Gr.-Smith, certainly falls as a synonym.

2. ab. flavopicta, Rocci, p. 16. ‘‘ The ground colour of the
underside of the hindwings of a yellowish colour, very little suffused
with black.” ab. pallida, Gr.-Smith, seems to be an extreme form of

ON SOME FORMS OF PIERIS BRASSICAE. 89

this aberration. It must be observed, that Rocci used as much as
possible the names proposed by Verity for the genus Pieris. Of course
this is well done, but it is wrong to consider Verity as the author, as
Rocci did. Verity has never described a Pieris brassicae ab. flavopicta.
The first who did this was Rocci himself. I think it necessary to
point out this mistake especially, as such kinds of errors are often
made at present.

3. ab. emigrisea, Rocci, p. 17. ‘The apical blotch is completely
pale greyish (as in rapae-metra), but the other spots (of the @ 9)
remain of a deep black.”” A synonym of ab vazquezi, Oberthir, 1913.

4. ab. parvomaculata, Rocci, p. 17. ‘Some @? @ of the preceding
form have the spots much reduced, not much larger than in rapae-
metra.”

Further Rocci described :

5. ab. trimaculata, Rocci, p. 20. ‘‘ With an extra dot between the
two normal ones on the forewings of the female. Rare and exclusively
in the second generation.”

6. ab. nana, Rocci, p. 20. ‘Very small examples of the first
generation.”” A synonym of minor, Ksienschopolsky, 1911.

7. ab. griseopicta, Rocci, p. 20. ‘‘ The markings of the forewings
‘are strongly suffused with white; a further grade of the modification
shown by emigrisea and which is only found in specimens of the first
generation.” It differs from vazquezi, Ob., that all the markings are
greyish.

8. ab. striata, Rocci, p. 20. ‘ The discoidal spot is united to the
apical one by one or two lines. Examples of the second and third
generation.” ab. biligata, Cabeau (1925), is a synonym of this form.

9. f. meridionaiis, Rocci, p. 18, is called the second generation of
the Italian Riviera, It is very large (9? 9 65-70mm.), has strongly
developed black markings, the discoidal spot is often united to the
apical blotch. Intermediate between lepidii and catoleuca.

Another form, not dealt with in the article on Pieris brassicae is:

ab. separata, Pionneau, L’ Kchange, Revue Linnéenne, January, 1928.
‘ Differs from the type by the second spot of the forewings on the
undersides, which is divided into two very distinct parts.”

I must further add, that the synonymy of the ab, fasciata, Kiefer,
as stated by Messrs. Graham-Smith, is not quite right. Ab. maria,
Van Mellaerts (Lambillionea, 1926, p. 84) is the only good name for
the form in which the two discal spots are united by a suffusion of
black scales, while ab. fasciata, Kiefer (Zeitschr. Ocesterr. Ent. Ver., vol.
III., p. 122, with figures) is the form, in which not only the two spots
are united to each other, but the upper one also by two black lines to
the apical blotch, as the original description of Kiefer (‘‘ connected to
each other and to the hind margin of the forewings’’) and his figure
clearly show. So ab. maria is not a synonym of fasciata, but ab.
alliyata, Cabeau (Revue Mens. Nam., 1924, p. 25). The result is that
we have: ab. maria, Van Mellaerts, with the two sub-forms abs. supra-
and infra-fasciata, Gr. Smith, and ab. fasciata, Kiefer (=ab. alligata,
Cabeau). It is a real pity that Van Mellaerts’ name must be re-estab-
lished. One should never name an aberration after a person, be it
one’s wife, or a kind cousin, or ‘“‘ the dear hand which made my net,”’
as a German author writes. In the Supplement of Seitz Chr. Bollow
has rightly treated the synonymy of these two forms.

90 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1L.1932

Of course this little correction has not in the least, the intention to
diminish the great value of Messrs. Graham-Smith’s study. Such
articles are published only too little. It would be for continental (and
British) entomologists of very much value, to know the range of
variation of the common British lepidoptera and the great riches of
the collections in the British museums. And therefore 1t would be
very interesting to study for instance Pieris rapae, L., and P. napi, L.,
Epinephele jurtina, Li. and EF. tithonus, L., Satyrus semele, L., Pararge
aegeria, Li. and P, megera, L., Aphantopus hyperantus, L., and
Coenonympha pamphilus, L. (to take only the common Rhopalocera) as
seriously as Messrs. Granam-Smith did for Pieris brassicae. Such
work costs a great deal of time and trouble, but the value of it is far
greater.

The Spring of 1931 in Kabylia.

By Miss L. M. FISON.
(Concluded from page 76.)

April 11th.—We went to a distant village about four hours from
Michelet and in a deep ravine we saw G. rhamni, A. belia, H. eupheno,
the ‘““whites” and Papilio podalirius. Melitaea didyma appeared for
the first time, also the “blue” Glaucopsyche melanops, we saw too
Pararge aeygeria, T. ballus and Rumicia phlaeas, also some ‘“ skippers”
which we failed to capture.

April 15th—We went to a village called Ait Ailem and found the
following butterflies P. podalirius, the three ‘ whites,’ G. melanops,
P. aegeria, Pyrameis cardui, EH. polychloros (1), Polygonia egea (worn),
Anthocharis belia (ausonia) and EH. eupheno, also Coenonympha pamphilus
and U. arcanoides.

April 16th.—We had a very good day near Ait Saida and found
the following insects, P. podalirius, A. belia (ausonia), E. eupheno, —
Lycaenopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus, (singly) and Ayriades thersites (2) also
C.rubi, C. avis (2), Rumicia phlaeas, T, ballus, C. croceus (edusa), P.
cardut, C. pamphilus and EH. polychloros.

April 17th.—On a lavender-covered slope near Michelet we found
Glaucopsyche melanops abundant and fresh, flying with Rumicia phlaeas,
and the two ‘‘ Whites,’ we also took P. podalirius, E. eupheno, and T.
ballus.

April 18th.—We saw the same species near the villages of
Tassaft Ongoumoun, together with G. cleopatra, CU. avis, C. rubi,
and Pararge meyera.

April 28th.—We took the early bus and spent a day in the low-
lying Oued Aissi and found Anthocharis belemia flying fine and fresh
over fields of fresh corn, with P. rapae, and I rather think P. mannit.
We also took C. pamphilus, R. phlaeas, P. aegeria, P. cardui and FE.
eupheno (going over.)

April 29th.—Near Agoni-Taslent we found Melitaca didyma fine
and fresh, also R. phlaeas, P. sertorius (sao), P. icarus g and 9, C.
arcanoides, P. cardui, HK, eupheno, P. podalirius, T. ballus (going over),
and G. melanops.

May 10th.—Near Ait Moraou we took C’. rubi and C. avis, C.

arcanoides, G@. melanops, P.icarus, P.megeraand P. aegeria, C. pamphilus,

THE SPRING OF 1931 IN KABYLIA. 91

-P. podalirius, P. brassicae, A. belia (ausonta), EF. eupheno, P. cardui, E.
polychloros, Powellia sertortus (sao).

May 17th.—We went to Tagnemount and Abdoun, and came across
6 M. didyma, P. aegeria, P. megera, T. ballus, G. melanops, the
“whites”? C. areanotdes, C. pamphilus, P. cardi, I’. eupheno (going
over), C. avis (2) and R. phlaeas.

May 15th.—Near the Oued Djemaa we took M. didyma, P. cardut,
LL. argiolus, P. icarus, Aricia medon, C. arcanotdes, Muchloé eupheno,
the ‘‘ whites,” P. sertorius (sao), C. pamphilus and Huchloé belia (ausonia).

May 21st.—At Michelet we saw P. atalanta, P. megera, Colias
croceus, G. melanops, (going over), /. belia (ausonia) P. cardui, and
some ‘‘ whites.”

At the end of May we left Kabylia until mid-September. So we
must wait for another year to describe the summer months around
Michelet. After our return we found several Dryas pandora (worn) on
a Slope above Michelet—and the following butterflies have been quite
common locally around Michelet until about December 8th, Colias
croceus, Pyrameis cardut, Rumicia phlaeas, Pararye aegeria, Pararye
meyera, Anthocharis belia (ausonia), Coenonympha pamphilus, Gonepteryx
rhamni, Hugonia polychloros, Pyrameis atalanta and we have also come
across Polyommatus icarus and Aricia medon. However since this date
we have had very wintry weather with heavy falls of snow (67-70
centimetres) so this will probably be the last date now until the spring
of 1982. May 1982 enable us to discover much more of interest—-and
many more of the secrets which still remain unravelled of the butterfly
fauna of this fascinating region of Kabylia.

In conclusion it may be of interest to add a little about the habits
and variation observed in some of the above above mentioned species.

Papilio podalirius.—Common locally around Michelet, i.e. Agoni-
Taslent, 6.iv.; Michelet, 9-10.iv.; Tamjoat, 15.iv.; Ait Saida, 16.1Vv. ;
Iril Ouammas, 1l.iv.; Ait Ailem, 15.iv.; Ait Moraou, 6.v.

Podalirius was particularly common at one spot close to Michelet
so much so that we named this spot ‘“‘ Swallow-Tail corner.” For
several weeks each time we passed there we found one or several settled
on a thorn-bush in the same spot—in spite of our capturing several
specimens from there. I have not yet come across P. machaon near
Michelet. Our specimens of podalirius vary in size—also in some
specimens there is a decided whitening of the ground colour—still none
can really be referred to the var. feisthamelit. In one or two specimens
I note on the upperside hindwing that the long black streak is divided
by a bright orange line—so I refer these to the ab. ornata, Wh.

Zerynthia (Thais) rumina.—Port Gueydon, 19.iii.; Aggribbes, 26.i11.;
Michelet, 10.iv. I can refer two of my specimens to the ab. cantenert,
one specimen was taken at Aggribbes and the other at Michelet,
rumina seems fond of settling on stones near flowers.

Pieris napi.—Very fine and fresh near Michelet at Kaster-time.

Pontia daplidice.—I faney I saw a specimen near Bou-Messaoud in
early November, but cannot be sure as I failed to catch it.

Anthocharis belenia.—Very fine and large in Oued Aissi on 28.1v.
It varies somewhat in size; also taken at Michelet on 3.iv. and at Fréha,
20.iv.

Euchloé belia (ausonia)—One of the commonest of butterflies, well-

92, ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1932

distributed over the region. It varies vary greatly in size, also in the
markings of the upperside, especally in the size and depth of costal
spot. I rather fancy I have two specimens of Enehloé tagis.

Euchloé eupheno.—This pretty little southern ‘“ Orange-tip”’ is the
commonest of spring butterflies, and may be seen everywhere fluttering
gaily over the spring flowers. Both g and @ vary very much in
size. In the g I have one or two specimens without the black
discoidal spot; and in other specimens this spot is elongated into a
long, black, sometimes wavy streak.

Gonepteryx rhamni.—Undoubtedly hibernates in Kabylia.

Colias croceus- (edusa).—First observed on March 9th, at Port
Gueydon, last seen near Michelet on December 7th.

Pararge aegeria.—Locally to be found, but never really common.
Usually seen singly. I have a very small specimen from Port
Gueydon. The size of eye-spots upperside hindwing vary very distinctly.

Coenonympha arcanoides.—Locally common in the region. It
varies considerably in depth and breadth of dark suffusion on upper-
side, also in size and colouring of costal spots underside upperwing,
and in position of spots on undersides hindwing.

Pyramets atalanta.—Never abundant, but found locally. Apparently
some specimens succeed in hybernating.

Pyrameis cardui.Perhaps the commonest butterfly in Kabylia,
often in immense numbers. Last seen on December 7th.

Eugonia polychloros.—F requents places where the ‘‘ chéne-zéen ”’
grows. Varies considerably in size.

Polygonia egea.— Occurs locally.

Melitaea didyma.—Very fine and bright orange, around Michelet,
i.e. Taguemount and Tafraout, 7.v.; Oued Djemaa, 15.v.; Agoni-
Taslent, 29.iv. Dr. Verity reports it from Yakouren, another part of
Kabylia. Didyma varies somewhat in depth of ground-colouring.

Dryas pandora.—Several specimens found on high sandy slope at
the back of our house at Michelet in mid-September, very worn. ;

Libythea celtis.—Agoni-Taslent, HKaster Monday, so far the only
locality I know of.

Callophrys avis.—In several places, I think, around Michelet. Seems
to frequent spots where the Cistus grows. Several of my specimens
of C. rubi may [ think be referred to the var. fervida.

Thestor ballus.—One of the commonest of the spring butterflies all
over the region. Varies somewhat in size, also in depth and suffusion
of ground colour upperside. In one specimen a blue suffusion around
the spots under-side front wing is very marked.

Fiumicia phlaeas.—Flourishes all over the region. Especially
common in the autumn. Varies somewhat in ground colour and in
spots on upperside, also in size. A fine race, and strong on the
wing.

Polyommatus icarus.—Found locally all around Michelet, never in
numbers. I have a fine ? ab. caerulea from Ait Meraou, 6.v.

Agriades thersites.—Met with locally.

Lycaenopsis argiolus.—Local, never more than two together. Ait
Sadda, 16.iv. ;

Aricia medon.—Local, but fine and well-marked.

Glaucopsyehe melanops.—Well distributed locally in the region.
Particularly abundant on sandy lJayender slopes near Michelet (also

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 93

locally elsewhere) iv., v. Varies very greatly in size. I have one
tiny specimen with black suffusion on front wings. ‘The spots on
underwings vary greatly too, in size and in number.

Coenonympha pamphilus.—Well distributed in the region, varies
somewhat in size.

Pararge megera.—To be found locally, never really abundant.

Hesperia sertorius (sao).—I wonder if my specimens should be
referred to the race mahommedani ?

WOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Byrurus Fumatos, F., 1s Burrercurs.—On May 10th, 1898, I took
two specimens of Byturus fumatus, F., in Windsor Forest, and on
looking up my register for that year [ find that they were taken by
beating hawthorn blossoms in company with b. tomentosus, F.

Up to this year I had never found it again in Windsor Forest,
although B. tomentosus has turned up freely, by beating hawthorn
and sweeping wild raspberry canes.

Last year having given the two Windsor specimens from my
cabinet to Oxford for the Windsor collection, I was anxious to replace
them, and I went down to Harpenden on May 21st, as Mr. Williams
had told me it could be taken in a lane there, by beating hawthorn
blossom: No blossoms were found, but eventually I swept four
specimens off butter-cups. On May 18th, this year, we observed B.
fumatus sitting in the butter-cup Ranunculus auricomus, Li. (“ Wood
Crowfoot ’’) growing in a lime tree avenue in Windsor Forest, and on
sweeping these a series of the beetle was quickly secured.

Reitter and Ganglbauer give the flowers of dandelions; but B.
fumatus, F'. (the species with the large eyes) is evidently associated
with butter-cups.—Horace DonistHoRPE.

HWaRLY APPEARANCE OF THE ‘‘ Rep ApmiraL”’ (PYRAMEIS ATALANTA).—
On April 26th, this year, when collecting in a willow swamp in Windsor
Forest, a specimen of the “‘ Red Admiral” was observed flitting about
among the willows. On getting close to it, it was seen to be in very
fine plumage, the colours being very bright.

When at this same locality on May 10th, this, or another specimen
was again seen. It flew rapidly out of the swamp and across some
fields, returning again after a short absence. It repeated this perform-
ance several times whilst we were there.—Horace DonistHorpr.

Psttota anrHracina, Mg., a RARE DipreRon Taken 1n Wrnsor
Forest.—On May 10th last when beating hawthorn blossoms for
Coleoptera in Windsor Forest I captured a specimen of Psilota
anthracina, Mg. Mr. Edwards, who kindly named it for me, tells
me that it has only been taken in the New Forest in Britain here-to-
fore, where some six specimens were taken by the late Colonel Yerbury,
also off hawthorn blossoms. There were only two specimens in the
National Collection of British Diptera.—Horacz DonistHorpr.

94 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1932

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

We have received samples of long Stainless Steel Entomological
Pins from Messrs. Taylor & Co., Ltd., whom we all know as Entmo-
logical Pin Makers. They have been and still are experimenting in
this direction. So far only one guage of pin has been attempted, one
that would only be useful for the larger and average sized butterflies
and moths, and other insects,, and we think it an excellent pin at the
start. Of course the real test will be how it will stand a course of
years in the body of a moth in the presence of the body acids. Stain-
less steel is high priced, but this guage they estimate will be on sale
at 7/6 per 1000 in packets of 100. We are anxious to know if stainless
steel wire of guage suitable for the smaller Geometers and Tortrices
can be produced at a reasonable cost. This guage pin is firm and
appears not to have that flexibility which the well-known continental
pins have, a good characteristic.

A while ago a small local publication came to our table, Proc.
Coventry N.H. d Sci. Socy., containing a short record of the doings of
the Society in giving its members local information on various matters
of Natural History of a local nature. An average of 44 at its meetings
proves that considerable interest has been aroused. ‘The meetings are
held twice a month and in summer consist of country rambles. Much
matter has been got into the 16 pages, and besides local notes, records
of plants, etc., an account of the Tile Hill Nature Reserve, and two
original articles. One of these last is from the pen of our sometime
correspondent J. W. Saunt, A.L.S., on ‘‘ Trypetidae (Dip.) in War-
wickshire,” giving an account of the species of this family he had met
with during the last two seasons and a photograph of 5 species
admirably reproduced and quite effective in giving five very clear
figures of typical species of five different genera. In fact just the kind
of paper which we wish our British dipterist readers would send us.

We should be very pleased to have notes on the Noctuid species we
are about to deal with. Miana literosa, Phothedes captiuncula, Celaena
haworthti, the Mamestra sps. abjecta, sordida, furva, albicolon, brassicae
and persicaviae. Among the queries are What is the haworthi: of
Graslin ? and Where is the description of it? Of M. sordida (anceps)
the reference and description of intacta, Peterson, and obscura, Th.
Miegen. Of M. brassicae, Moore, the reference and original description.
It often occurs that in local faunal lists aberrations are noted, described
and named in Proceedings, Annuals, etc., with very limited circulation,
causing additional and unnecessary synonymy both directly and
indirectly. A month or two ago we published such a list of descriptions
and names recorded by 8. Mosley. Workers find the greatest trouble —
to dig them out. There are such publications as the Zvoloyical Record,
Staudinger and Bang Haas Novitates Macrolep. Katalog, ete., which
endeavour to record all such names, but even then the publications
themselves are unobtainable to the average student, even in large
libraries. e.g., subsp. albiluna of fasciunenla, described by Kozbant-
schikov in Jahrbuch Martjanow Minussinsk. Siberia in 1929, is probably
unattainable in this country except in the Brit. Mus. Library (Nat.
Hist.

‘e the Verh. Ent. Ver. Hamburg-Altona Herr Warnecke has been
contributing a series of notes on the Lepidoptera of Hamburg. Part

REVIEWS 95

V. dealing with the Noctuidae has recently been received, and contains
the observations of the author with those of his fellow members of the
Society. More than a hundred species are dealt with and there are
descriptions of two new forms Acronicta auricoma, new f. basistriata and
Mamestra advena, new f. purpurisata and a new subspecies rubrifera of
Agrotis subrosea. More than 100 species are recorded with considerable
notes on their larval variation and occurrence. There isa full account
of Agrotis subrosea and its local forms. The species probably occurs
by no means rarely on all the suitable marshy land in the area.
Ayrotis ripae is found on all the sea-coast lands suitable for the growth
of saltloving plants. The author accepts Miana latruncula as a good-
species.

FIREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

K. T. Scxutrzs, Diz Brotoeie per KieinscHMETTERLINGE, published by
the Internationaler Entomologische Verein at Frankfurt am Main ;
Price, cardboard covers 20 Reich Mark, half linen 23 RM : 2385 pages ;
1931.—This eagerly awaited work, whose sub-title further explains its
scope, is from the pen of a veteran worker, well-known for his life-long
researches in the field. As was expected the chief stress is laid on
foodplants, times of appearance, life-bistories, while descriptions of
larvae are given when the information is new or not readily accessible.
All the writings of previous authors such as Disqué, Hering, Kaltenbach,
Kennel, Sorhagen, Stainton, Stange, have been utilised, and many
errors that have been long in circulation are here corrected. “The
arrangement is botanical, the plants with their hosts being given in
the order of the /llustrierte Deutsche Flora of H. Wagner. This method
is of course a very convenient one, for every microlepidopterist must
also be a good botanist. Both generic and specific names are those
of the Staudinger-Rebel Catalog, and only those families placed in
Part Il. of this Catalogue are dealt with, so that the Aeyeritdae,
Cossidae, Hepialidae and others now generally included among the
‘‘micros’’ receive no mention. Good indexes of both plants and
insects—specific names only—make reference an easy task. It is a
great pity that is was found necessary to use such a large number of
contractions—it would hardly be an exaggeration to say that nearly
every word of the text is contracted—but it will be found that these
offer no difficulty to anyone baving an ordinary knowledge of German,
and their use alone made the production of the work possible by
reducing its price to one that is already high enough for the English
student at the present rate of exchange. No field lepidopterist can
afford to be without this work, which contains a vast wealth of original
observations compressed into a small space, and which marks a great
advance in our knowledge, besides indicating where gaps still exist and
where statements require confirmation. May we hope with the author
that his labours may lead more entomologists to devote themselves to
the study of the ‘‘ micros,” of whose life-histories we know after all so
little, and especially that all those who style themselves lepidopterists
may be stimulated to study in its entirety the order in which they
profess to be interested.—W.F.

96 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 15.V1.1932

The Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of the South
of England for 1931 by Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.EH.S. has come to
our table. It is entitled ‘‘ Entomology and Ethics,’ and deals fromm
all points of view with the ethical attitude of the serious student of
entomology towards the objects of his study, with the rights and duties
of the real entomologist, who finds intellectual pleasure in the study
of insects. he author collects the opinions of those well-known in
entomological science from Kirby and Spenceto Darwin. The subjects
“mere collectors’ and ‘‘dealers”’ are fully discussed ; the mania for
‘‘vars.” and ‘‘ abs.,”’ the exchange and sale columns of our magazines,
the ‘illegitimate use’ of butterflies wings as ornaments and in schools.
In this last connection we are urged to quote the remarks of the late
Edward Step when writing of the Orchids. ‘In our own time, the
war against Orchids has been intensified, paradoxically, by those who
proclaim themselves lovers of the beautiful and curious. Possession
and present gratification count with these persons more than the
conservation of the species admired. ‘I'he members of Botanical
Exchange Clubs, too, when they come across a good thing, take a
liberal helping to improve their powers of barter for a species they
have not found—a distinctly commercial consideration, though not so
regarded. Nature-study classes, and prizes for wild flower collections
at local flower-shows, add to the waste and decimation.” (Wayside
and Woodland Blossoms, III. 81). We were once induced to take a
nature-study class of grown-ups for a ramble to Oxshott; among the
objects noted were dragonflies in the teneral state, and the students
were asked to leave them. They were annexed by several who lagged
behind. The worst case of this kind we know was that which
occurred to a well-known 8. London naturalist, who took a party of
school-teachers to the far-famed bank where Darwin’s study of orchids
was carried on for many years. ‘The visitors were asked not to dig
any of the plants from this sacred spot and they did not. But the
following week members of the party returned and cleared the bank of
orchids. No doubt true lovers of nature could illustrate the dangers
of species extinction by numerous further examples. We would ask
all entomologists to peruse this admirable address, containing as 1t
does so much food for thought on ethical and other aspects of our
beloved study.—Hy.J.T.

Corrections, etc.

On page 60 of the current volume, April number, the important
word has dropped. It should read Aricia medon (agestis) ab. aestiva,
Msly., line 7 from the bottom.

A correspondent has kindly pointed out that in the last volume,
1931, there are several printer’s errors in the article on Mosley’s Jllus.
Varieties Brit. Lep., viz., p. 162, line 2 from bottom for Pt. XIII.
substitute Pt. XII., on p. 168, line 5, for Pt. XIII. substitute Pt. XIL.,
p. 165 Fidonia plt. 2 was issued with part VI. Abravas plate 1 was
issued with part I. We are indebted to C. Mosley the Curator of the
Wakefield City Museum and Art Gallery the son of the late 8. Mosley
for the above information.

We understand that owing to the Whitsun holiday there was some
delay 1n the distribution of copies of the magazine. Our own copies
came to hand on May 17th.

a
*

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1DENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require IntustRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHoR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. Whey should
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam,
Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.
Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.
Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.
Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.
Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. a D.caesia, A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8 p.m. October 5th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the wonth, at 7 p.m.
June 23rd, July 14th, July 28th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’? Hayes
Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Hssex.

FOR SALE

“Tllustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera.”

A selection of watercolour drawings by S. L. Mosley (1878-1885)
Very rare, 80 plates, nearly 400 figures. Ten guineas. Apply, CuarLEs
Mostey, M.B.0.U. The City Museum and Art Gallery, Wakefield.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF :
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U.,
Assisted by Sectional Editors.

Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3.

All communications to be addressed to :—

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy.,

ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST.

Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. EH. B.
Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev.
C. R.N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Hllis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau,
W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, C. Mosley, and
Reports of Societies.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
«‘ Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam.

IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890 —Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Menanism anD Mrnanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and 4. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, ete., efc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, ‘“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E, 14
to, whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

Nos. 7-8

a
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JULY-AUGUST, 1932

JOURNAL OF

Epirep G. T. Beraune-Baker, F.Z.8., F.E.S., J. K. Couuin, F.£.8.
! Chairman. H. DonistHoRPE, F.z.8., F.0.S.
with the R.S.B E
. S. BAGNALL, D.SC., F-R.S.E. Major P. P. GRavEs, F.B.S.

Ysistance of | Maucoum Bors, D.s80., V.u.s. H. EK. Paas, F.x.s.
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.4.s. ALFRED SIcH, F.2.8.
H. A. CockAyntr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.U.S., F.Z.8.

F.R.C.P.

By Henry J. TURNER, F.u.8., F.z.H.8., Editorial Seeretary.

CONTENTS

A New Genus of Psychides, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.H.S. (Plate I.) .. 97

ES aaa Harwigs. A Problem for Field Workers, Malcolm Burr,
D.Se., F.E.S... : ae sii a ae be ve 3c 98

A Holiday at Braemar, H. A. Cockayne, D.M., A.M., F.E.S. Bi Et 99

On ‘Illustrations of eld age rt aa Seo eee C. Mosley:
M.B.O.U. oe : 102

The Geographical Variations of B. euphrosyne, Roger Verity, M.D. Dt 110
Current Notes .. on ae 28 o8 oe ie ar ais 115
Suprrement.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S, (237)-(240)

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JUL 28 1832

A NEW GENUS OF PSYCHIDES. 97

A New Genus of Psychides. (With Plate I.)
By Rry. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S.

In my ‘‘ Notes on the Psychides”’ in the Hnt. Record, XXXV. p. 9,
1925, I placed the species vestalis tentatively under a separate heading as,
although agreeing generally with the genus DBijugis, in which it had
hitherto been placed, it has no trace of a spur on the anterior tibia.
This species has been distributed under the name Psychidea vestalis.
In the British Museum collection there were, when I went through
them, four male specimens in the Hoffmann collection, but I have seen
no others, except such as have subsequently come into my hands. In
my possession there appear to be four distinct species, which are
spurless ; some were sent to me as nudella, to which they bear a close
resemblance, but can readily be separated by the short spur in nudella.
These specimens are markedly smaller than any species included in
either the genus Psychidea or in the genus Bijugis. The wings are
‘inclined to be on the narrow side and not so broad in proportion as the
well known casta, nor have they the curved costa of the latter species.
In colour the wings are grey to white. The fringes are pale, and in a
strong light conspicuously white. The antennae are well pectinated
and pointed, the pectinations being of medium length throughout, only
diminishing near the point. To this genus I assign the name
Acentra from the Greek a, without, and kentron, point or spur, the
absence of the anterior tibial spur being the chief point of differentia-
tion from allied genera.

1. Acentra vestalis.__The form to which | restrict the specific name
vestalis and of which I have three specimens, is the smallest species of
this genus I have met with. No. 951 type of genus. The wing
measurement 10mm. The colour of these three is pure white without
admixture of grey; all are from Hungary.. Case slender, long,
cylindrical.

2. Acentra sp. ?—The two largest specimens I have, both obtained
from Vienna through the kindness of Dr. Zerny, of which the colour
is light grey and without markings. The wing measurement 17mm.
Case, stouter, not much longer.

3. Acentra sp.?—One specimen, intermediate in size between No.
1 and No. 2 is of a very pale grey colour and markingless. It is also
from the Vienna neighbourhood. The wing measurement 12mm.

4. Acentra sp. ?—Two specimens (one, body gummed on and there-
fore doubtful) slightly larger than No. 1 and of the pure coloration of
number 1. The reliable example is from Digne. The wing measure-
ment llmm. Case, very short, somewhat stout, but sharply pointed.

The differentiation of these four suggested species is supported by
the evidence of the genitalia. But the material at present is quite
insufficient to justify bestowing a specific name. These all belong to
the “ Humea form” group in my Resumé in the: Hut. Record, XXXYV.,
p. 183, the sacculus is V-shaped and not hooked, the 7th emarginate.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15. V1I1.1932

Brachypterous Earwigs. A Problem for Field Workers.
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S.

A short time ago Mr. E. E. Green sent me a few earwigs which he
had taken under boulders at Kyrenia in Cyprus. They were For/icula
lurida, Fisch., and the sight of them recalled old memories, more
particularly of one nice problem still waiting to be solved, which I
will put forward now once more, in the hope that entomologists in the
field may solve it during the summer. J called attention to the point
in the nt. Mo. Mag. twenty-five years ago, but without result.

The common earwig, F’. auricularia, L., has the pronotum rounded
at the hinder angle, which is correlated with the development of wings.
_ In brachyterous forms the pronotum is rectangular. The forceps of
the male are broadened near the base and this dilated part ends in a
strong tooth. It ranges all over Hurope and Africa and half way
across Asia.

In the Mediterranean area it is replaced by very closely related
species in which the tooth at the end of the dilated part of the male
forceps is absent. This seems but a trifling feature, yet is very
constant, and | have never known this tooth absent from any other
area. It really does seem to bea permanent specific character. In the
eastern portion of the Mediterranean, the species is normally fully
winged; this is ’. luwida, the species sent me from Cyprus by Mr.
Green. In the western half, it is normally brachypterous, and is then
known as I’. decipiens, Géné. This form reaches the Levant, though
the durida form seems dominant there.

Now in Calabria there is another form, brachypterous like F.
decipiens, but with a marked tooth on the forceps, like F’. awricularia.
In fact, it differs from I’. auricularia only in having the wings shortened
with the pronotum more square, and the hinder border of the elytra
rounded, both features correlative with the shortening of the wings. ~
It is in fact, to my mind, not a distinct species but a brachypterous /.
auricularia, just as I’, dicipiens is a brachypterous #’. durida. As in
the true Ortbhoptera and many Rynchota, brachypterous and macrop-
terous forms of a single species are by no means rare.

Now we are coming to the point. In 19038, collecting on the south
coast of the Isle of Wight, I casually turned over a cowpat. In
channels in it I caught sight of two earwigs. There was something
odd about their appearance that made me look a second time. They
were brachypterous! To my mind that cowpat became classical. It
stimulated me into quotation, as Mr. Donisthorpe may remember,

‘‘ Thou odoriferous stench! Sound rottenness !”

King John, Act Il. Scene 4.

They were nothing like F’. desne’, common enough along the south
coast, which is normally if not always brachypterous, but indistinguish-
able from the common or garden earwig, F’. auricularia, a brachypterous
form of which had not hitherto been recorded.

Now comes the fly in the ointment. They were both females.
That means, that there were no means of saying whether they are
Ht. decipiens, hitherto regarded as a purely Mediterranean form, or
brachypterous specimens of true F’. auriculavia. J hunted in vain, but
did not find a brachypterous male.

A HOLIDAY AT BRAEMAR. 99

It seems very probable that they were brachypterous F’. auricularia,
and perhaps their own brothers and sisters were as macropterous as
any normal earwig, but it is very desirable that the male be found.

It is a strange thing that the only ones recorded previously were
from Calabria, to which two specific names have been given, F’. targionit,
Br., and F’. silana, Costa, neither of which can stand, in my opinion,
as they are nothing more or less than brachypterous specimens of F’.
auricularia. Brachypterism in this common and abundant species,
therefore, is so very rare that it has been recorded only in these
instances.

Everybody knows where earwigs are to be found, so I hope all friends
in the field, especially Coleopterists, will have a second look at any
earwigs they may see, and save them if they come across any brachyp-
terous specimens.

A Holiday at Braemar.
By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.

I decided to spend my holiday in 1931 at Braemar to try to find
the larvae of some species | have not yet seen, especially that of
Zyyaena exulans. Mr, Russell James very kindly marked my maps
for me and gave me many useful hints derived from his experiences in
1911 and 1912. [ arrived on June 8rd, and found that there had been
a heavy fall of snow on the hills during the night and there was
another on June 6th, which covered the eawlans ground. During the
first part of my stay clouds enveloped the hill tops almost continuously
and the weather was cold as well as wet, so that I had only one oppor-
tunity of looking for larvae of evudans and that was a failure. On June
16th however I found a few young larvae before | was.caught in a
heavy thunderstorm and on the next day saw about eighty larvae and
a few cocoons, and two full grown larvae. 1 was unlucky because in
several of the cocoons there were larvae, which had not pupated.
Later I climbed the mountain three or four times and found more
larvae and cocoons, and as very little has been written about the habits
of the insect in its early stages in Scotland | will give a general
account of my observations. The larvae seen were, | think, in four
different instars ; two in the last were a rich velvety black with rather
large yellow lateral spots; the great majority were about half the size
of the full grown ones, with a uniform ground colour of a less intense
black and with a lateral row of smaller yellow spots, but if one may
judge by the size of their heads two instars were represented amongst
them.

A number of much smaller larvae were found, 6mm. long, and the
ground colour of these was greyish green, the green tint being due to
the green fat under the skin. On each somite above and in front of
the yellow lateral spot was a smaller black spot. Ina blown larva it
can be seen that this black spot is still present even in the last instar,
but in the living larva the blackness of the ground colour hides it. A
few larvae still smaller, 3:5 to 4mm. long, were found, and in these

100) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1IIL.1982

the ground colour was paler greenish grey and the lateral yellow and
black spots were more conspicuous. An attempt was made to blow
larvae in each instar, but with the smallest it failed, though in one
case it disclosed the presence of a parasite almost completely filling
the larval skin. Other small larvae however had no parasites and their
size was not due to this cause.

Larvae were found on two widely separated parts of the mountain
summits so far apart that they have received different names on the
ordnance survey map. Almost all-were on the barer patches covered
with lichen, a short growth of crowberry, Empetrum nigrum, and
scattered plants of other species including heather, but the patches of
longer heather round them were avoided. Larvae were seen feeding
and moving about actively in the sunshine, eating the terminal buds
of crowberry and in one case an unripe berry, which was hollowed out.
Two were seen eating Vaccinium vitis-idaea, one Vaccinium myrtillus,
and one heather. There was no Lo/seleuria procumbens, the azalea, on
the part where they were most plentiful, and in the other place I saw
no larvae on the azalea, though doubtless the statement that it is one
of their food-plants is correct. Of more than two hundred larvae seen
all except the four already mentioned were on crowberry, and there is
no doubt that this is the staple food at Braemar.

On June 26th larvae were very much scarcer and most of those I
was keeping had stopped feeding. I suspected that they were beginning
to hibernate. To confirm this I examined some of each instar and
found that their intestines were empty and they contained little but
rich emerald green fat and orange blood. This applied equally to the
larger black and the smaller greyer larvae. After resting for a time
they changed skin, and some I sent to Mr. C. N. Hawkins remained
inactive and without feeding until winter had come, and one of them
lived until the spring. This larva, one of the larger grey ones,
ehanged skin at the end of May, but was very little bigger than
before. [ think that the two larger sizes of black larvae, which were
so common, really represent larvae of two different years, and probably
the two sizes of greyer larvae also represent two different years. If so
the insect passes at least five winters in the larval state, and only
feeds for a short time each spring. It seems most remarkable that it
should spend the warmest part of the year, July, August and September,
in a state of suspended animation and feed at a time when snow may
fall any night and cover the ground it lives on,

The larvae are by no means easy to see even when they are resting
fully exposed, for the black ground colour blends well with the dark
foliage of the crowberry and the yellow spots closely simulate the pale
tips of the small fleshy leaves.

Of cocoons containing either a larva or a pupa I found about a
hundred and sixty and about twenty with a hole in the side, and either
empty or with a pupa, of which the abdomen and thorax had been
partly eaten. Possibly the enemy was Carabus violaceus, which was
rather common. Most of the pupae were well concealed and almost
always attached to the underside of a stem of crowberry or less often a
bit of dead heather or reindeer moss. A few were very conspicuously
placed on a long piece of living or dead heather at the edge of one of
the barer patches on which they had fed. | discovered that it was

A HOLIDAY AT BRAEMAR. 101

much easier to find cocoons by passing my hand lightly over the crow-
berry and listening for the dry rustling sound made when | touched
one than by looking for them, though a rather similar sound was made
by a dry blackish lichen. ‘The cocoons are very fragile and so loosely
attached that they fall off at a touch. There were seldom more than
one or two ona plant or group of plants, though once I found one
fastened on to the top of another.

Almost all the moths emerged between July 1st and 6th and the
few remaining ones appeared between the 6th and 10th. Emergence
took place at any hour from early morning to late at night, though
most of them emerged during the hours of day light.

Beating for larvae of Gnophos myrtillata produced a single dead
one, which had been sucked by a bug, and searching for them at night
gave little better success, though | did find two, both sitting with the
body almost at right angles to the food-plant rigid and motionless.
The larva is remarkably short and stout for a geometer and of a soft
grey colour. Larvae of Plusia interrogationis were widely spread over
the moors and I found one or two, nearly every day, but never more
than six. They were always resting high up on a sprig of heather,
both by day and by night, in rain or in sunshine. A high percentage
were however parasitized by a species of Apanteles which killed them
before they were more than three-quarters grown. Beating nettles
gave me sixteen larvae of Plusia pulchrina, but these were parasitized
by another Apanteles, which killed them, when they were full-fed.

Larvae of Lygris pyraliata were common and were easy to see by
day at rest on Galiuwm verwn growing on the banks along the roadside
or between the fields. Those of Lyyris populata were abundant in a
birch wood on the bilberry, but green forms were rare. The moths
were very variable, from typical ones to the darkest chocolate forms,
and one female had a white instead of a yellow ground colour.

Larvae of Noctua castanea were common and the moths bred were
very variable, grey, pink, red of several shades, and dark brown.
Larvae and cocoons of Dasychira fascelina were widely distributed on
the low ground, and there were many small larvae all of which were
parasitized. The parasite spins its cocoon under the abdomen of the
larvae, so that it is almost impossible to distinguish a dead larva from
a living one. On the junipers larvae of Thera simulata and Hupithecia
sobrinata were abundant, and the imagines of the latter emerged from
July 6th to 21st. On Pinus sylvestris there were a few larvae of Thera
obeliscata, but those of 7’. firmata were much commoner. Unfortun-
ately the larvae of all the Theras were heavily parasitized by a
Proctotrypid.

On a series of low rock-capped hills some miles down the valley
there is an abundant growth of bearberry and a visit on one of the
few sunny days, June 13th, was very successful. Istwrgia carbonaria
was common but worn, and males were flying freely between 11.80
and 1.30 summer time. ['emales were found at rest or disturbed from
the bearberry and eggs were obtained and the larvae brought to
maturity later in the season. Anarta cordiyera was still on the wing
here and in Glen Callater.

Carbonaria was also seen on Meall an t-Slugain. A single female
of Kpirrhoé tristata was taken between the pine wood and the burn

102 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V11.1932

that rises on Meikle Elrick, and from the ova obtained larvae were
brought to full growth, but died of some infectious disease.

Calostiyia salicata was first found on June 5th, but was much
commoner later on the large lime stone rocks up Glen Callater. HKggs
were laid on the tips of moss and the larvae fed up well on Galiwm.

Anarta melanopa, though in poor condition remained fairly common
up to the end of my visit, June 30th, but all my friends failed to rear
larvae, though they were sleeved on sallow out of doors or fed on
growing plants. Mr. Lees, who did better than anyone else, kindly
let me have the full-fed larva for preservation, but failed to get a single
pupa. We have bad the same experience with this larva before and it
seems to be very delicate, when it is removed from its natural
habitat.

Two nights’ sugaring produced a nice series of Hadena rectilinea
and I distributed eggs to a few friends. The moth comes very
punctually at 11.45 p.m. summer time.

I had hoped to get eggs of Psodos trepidaria, but the moth was
late, and I only took two males just before I left Braemar.

The weather was cold and wet almost every day, but whatever the
weather may be at Braemar the sight of interesting local plants such
as Cornus suecicus, Betula nana, and Thalictrum alpinum and the
beauty of the scene from the hill-tops, from which one sees mountain
crest upon mountain crest, many with huge snow-drifts under the
higher ledges and in the deep gullies, compensates one for one’s
failures.

On the “Illustrations of European Butterflies” by S. L. Mosley
(1879-1894).

By CHARLES MOSLEY, M.B.0.U.
(Curator of The City of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.)

Following the example of Mr. Francis J. Griffin, who, in the
‘ Entomologist’s Record’ of November last, itemised the contents of
the ‘Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera,” it may be of
equal interest to treat similarly another of the early works by the same
author, whose son | have the honour to be.

These works are probably unique, both in their inception and in their
production. Until quite recently I had never seen complete copies of
either of them; my father did not even keep one for himself, hence it
was a delight to be able to pick up perfect copies from a second-hand
bookseller even though incomplete.

The “ Illustrations of Huropean Butterflies ’’ was issued ‘for private
circulation to subscribers only,” this fact being inscribed in the author’s
handwriting on the covers of the earlier parts; later it was printed
thereon. ‘The copy at present under review was subscribed for by a
“Mr. Sidebotham’”’ from whose library it came into the market,
probably at his death. It is evident that a stock of covers were printed
and used for the several parts as issued until exhausted, certain details
filied in in ink as may be appropiate in each case. The script and
printing on the front cover is as follows:

ON THE “ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES. 1038

For private circulation to subscribers only.
Science and Fine Art.
Illustrations of
EUROPHAN BUTTERFLIES:
A Series of Hand-painted Figures,
by :
5. L. MOSLEY,
To be had of 8. L. Mosley, Primrose Hill, Huddersfield.

The cover only contains matter on its front page. The size of the
work is 104 ins. by 7 ins., and each part is priced at 5/- post free. In
the earlier parts the plates are entirely hand-produced throughout, but
later, the hand-coloucing has been imposed upon a black lithographed
outline, which in turn was dropped in the concluding parts. For
nearly two years the parts appeared regularly once per month, after-
wards at irregular intervals, until finally completed in 1894. Hach
plate is overlaid with white tissue paper and the plates constituting
a part are thread-stitched together before being gummed into the
cover. There is no text, the plates are not numbered, but the species
figured are numbered consecutively although they do not appear in
regular order in the parts. The following are the detailed contents of
each respective part available, preceeded by the inscription on each
cover (partly in MS. and in print) :—

Part I., January, 1879. Containing 4 Plates (9 figures). Representing
6 species.

First plate : 1. Papilio podalirius, Linn. One figure.
2. Papilio alewanor, Esp. One figure.

Second plate : 3. Papilio machaon, Linn. One figure, with
larva and pupa on plant of water Drop-
wort.

Third plate : 4. Papilio hospiton, Gene. One figure.

5. Uhais cerisyt, Godt. One figure.
Fourth plate : 6. Thais polyxena, W.V. Two figures (upper

and under sides).

Part II., February, 1879. Containing 4 plates (10 figures). Represent-
ing 6 Species.
7. Thais rumina, Linn. One figure.
8. Doritis apollinus, Herbst. One figure.
Second plate : 9. Parnassius apollo, Linn. One figure.
10. Parnassius phoebus, Hub. 1795; delins, Hsp.
1800. One figure.
Third plate : 14. Pieris brassicae, Linn. Four figures (male
and under side, female, and larva) on
. spray of T’ropaeolum.
Fourth plate : 15. Pieris krueperi, Stg. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

First plate :

104 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15. V11.19382

Part III., March, 1879. Containing 4 Plates (13 figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

First plate : 16. Pieris rapae, Linn. Five figures (male and
under side, female, larva, and pupa), on
sprays of Mignonette and grass.

Second plate: 18. Pieris callidice, Esp. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Third plate : 20. Pieris chloridice, Hub. ‘Three figures (male
and under side, and female), with spray of
Hairbell.

Fourth plate: 21. Anthocharis belemia, Esp. Two figures
(upper and under sides).

Part IV., April, 1879. Containing 4 Plates (12 Figures). Representing
4 Species.

First plate : 22. Anthocharis belia, Esp. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Second plate: 28. Anthocharis tayis, Hub. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Third plate : 24. Anthocharis cardamines, Linn. Five figures
(male and under side, female, larva, and
pupa) and sprig of Lady’s Smock.

Fourth plate: 25. Anthocharis yruneri, H.S. Three figures
(male and under side, and female).

Part V., May, 1879. Containing 4 Plates (12 Figures). Representing
4 Species.

First plate : 19. Pieris daplidice, Linn. Five figures (male
and under side, female, larva, and pupa)
with plant of Mignonette:

Second plate : 27. Anthocharis eupheno, Linn. Three figures
(male, female and under side).

Third plate : 29. Zeyris eupheme, lisp. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Fourth plate: 381. Leucophasia lathyri, Hub. Two figures
(upper and under sides) with spray of

Vetch.
Part VI., June, 1879. Containing 4 plates (14 Higures). Representing

4 species.

First plate: 32. Colias palaeno, Linn. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Second plate: 38. Colias phicomone, Esp. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Third plate : 38a. Colias nastes, Boisd., variety phicomone ?
Three figures (male, female and under
side).

Fourth plate: 40. Colias edusa, Fab. Five figures (male and
under side, female, larva, and pupa), on
spray of Clover leaves.

Part VII., July, 1879. Containing 4 Plates (11 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.
First plate : 35. Colias erate, Esp. Three figures (male,
female and under side).

ON THE ‘‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.” 105

Second plate: 89. Colias myrmidone, Esp. Three figures
(male and under side, and female).

Third plate : 42. Colias aurorina, H.S. Three figures (male
and under side. and female) with spray of
Speedwell.

Fourth plate : 44, Gonepterya cleopatra, Linn. Two figures
(male and female).

Part VIII., August, 1879. Containing 5 Plates (11 Figures). Repre-
senting 5 Species.

First plate : 26. Anthocharis damone, Boisd. Three figures
(male and under side, and female).

Second plate: 28. Zeyris pyrothoe, Ksp. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Third plate : 86. Colias chrysotheme, Esp. Two figures (male
and female).

Fourth plate : 37. Colias hecla, Le.; boothii, Bd. Two figures

_ (male and female).

Fifth plate: 41. Colias heldreichi, St. Two figures (male
and female).

Part [X., September, 1879. Containing 6 Plates (12 Figures). Repre-
senting 6 Species.

First plate : 36a. Colias bovthii, Curt. Two figures (male
and female).

Second plate: 84. Argynnis levdice, Ps. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Third plate : 92. Vanessa v-album, W.V., 1776; L-album, Esp.,
1780. Two figures (upper and under
sides).

Fourth plate: 99. Neptis aceris, Fab. Two figures (upper and

under sides).

Fifth plate : 100. Neptis lucilla, W.V. Two figures (upper

and under sides).

Sixth plate: 108. Melitaea lachesis, Hub. ‘lwo figures (upper
and under sides).

Part X., October, 1879. Containing 4 plates (16 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

First plate : 34. Colias hyale, Linn. Four figures (male and
under side, pale form of female, and larva)
with bunch of Dutch Clover and grass.

Second plate : 43. Gonepterya vhamni, Linn. Four figures
(male, female, larva, and pupa) with sprig
of Buckthorn.

Third plate : 51. Melitaea cinwia, Linn. Four figures (upper
and under sides, larva, and pupa) with
Ribwort Plantain.

Fourth plate: 93. Vanessa wrticae, Linn, Four figures (upper
and under sides, larva, and pupa) on
Nettle.

Part XI., November, 1879. Containing 4 Plates (9 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.
First plate : 45. Danais chrysippus, Linn. Two figures
(upper and under sides).

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V1I1.1982

Second plate: 102. Lamenitis camilla, W.V. Two figures (upper
and under sides).
Third plate: 105, Apatura ilia, W.V. Three figures (upper
and under sides, and variety clytie, Hub.).
Fourth plate: 106. Charawes jasius, Fab. Two figures (upper
and under sides).
Part XII., December 1879. Containing 7 Plates (14 Figures).
Representing 7 Species.

First plate : 113. Melitaea syllius, Hbst., 1794; psyche, Hub.
1825. Two figures (upper and under
sides).

Second plate: 116. Melitaea thetis, Hub., 1795 ? ines, Hoff., 1804.
Two figures (upper and under sides).

Third plate : 123. Lasiommata dejanira, Linn. Two figures
(upper and under sides).

Fourth plate: 126. Satyrus aleyone, W.V. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Fifth plate : 127. Satyrus briseis, Linn. ‘Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Sixth plate: 128. Satyrus anthe, Boisd. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Seventh plate: 188. Satyrus fidia, Linn. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

Part XIII., January, 1880. Containing 4 Plates (12 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

First plate : 119. Lasiommata maera, Linn. Three figures
(male and under side, and female).

Second plate: 189. Satyrus dryas, Se., 1768; phaedra, Linn.,
1764. Three figures (male, female and
under side).

Third plate : 140. Satyrus cordula, Fab., variety of actaea ?
Three figures (male under side, female and
under side).

Fourth plate: 148. Satyrus ida, Stg. Three figures (male,
female and under side).

Part XIV., February, 1880. Containing 5 Plates (11 Figures). Rep-
resenting 5 Species.

First plate: 48. Melitaea maturna, Linn. Two figures (upper

= and under sides).

Second plate : 53. Melitaea phoebe, Fab. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Third plate: 55. Melitaea trivia, W.V. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Fourth plate: 76. Argynnis hecate, W.V. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Fifth plate : 82. Argynnis niobe, Linn. Three figures (upper
and under sides, and under side of variety
eris, Meig.).

Part XV., March, 1880. Containing 5 Plates (11 Figures). Repre-
senting 5 Species.

First plate : 185. Hrebia medusa, W.V. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

‘CTL LUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES. 107

ON THE

Second plate: 190. Mrebia alecto, Hub. Three figures (male
and under side, female under side).

Third plate : 192. Hrebia styyne, Hub.; epistygne, Bd. Two
figures (upper and under sides).

Fourth plate: 193. Hrebia afra, Esp. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

Fifth plate: 208. Hrebia neoridas, Bdy. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Part XVI., April, 1880. Containing 5 Plates (11 Figures). Repre-
senting 5 Species.

First plate : 177. Evebia melampus, Fuessly. Two figures
(upper and under sides).

Second plate: 182. Hrebia pyrrha, W.V., 1776; manto, Ksp.,
1781? Three figures (male and under
side, female under side).

Third plate : 183. Hvrebio ceto, Hub. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

Fourth plate: 188. Hvrebia evias, Lefe. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

Fifth plate: 195. Hrebia manto, W.V.,1776; lappona, Thunb.,
1791. Two figures (upper and under
sides).

Part XVII., May 1880. Containing 4 plates (10 figures). Represent-
ing 4 Species.

First plate : 135. Satyrusiolaus, Bonelli ; neomiris, Bdv. Two
figures (upper and under sides).

Second Plate: 186. Satyrus arethusa, W.V. Three figures (upper
and under sides, and under side of variety
erythia, Hub.).

Third plate : 209. Libythea celtis, Fuessly. Two figures (upper
and under sides) with tiny spray of
Speedwell.

Fourth plate: 221. Thestor ballus, Fab. Three figures (male,
female and under side) with spray of Vetch.

Part XVIII, June, 1880. Containing 4 plates (12 figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

First plate : 234. Lycaena baeticus, Linn. Three figures (male,
female and under side).

Second Plate: 268. Lycaena dorylas, W.V. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Third plate : 270. Lycaena admetus, Hsp. ‘Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Fourth plate: 284. Lycaena cyllarus, Rottg. Three figures
(male, female and under side).

Part XIX., July, 1880. Containing 4 plates (12 figures). Represent-
ing 4 Species.
First plate : 225. Polyommatus thersamon, Esp. Three figures
(male, female and under side).
Second plate: 226. Polyommatus hippothoe,W.V. Three figures
(male, female and under side) with spray
of Sorrel.

i108 ENLTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.VI1.1982

Third plate : 227. Polyommatus hippothoe, Linn., 1761; eurydice,
Rott., 1775 ; chryseis, W.V., 1776. Three
figures (male and under side, and female)
with small spray of Sorrel.

Fourth plate: 228. Polyommatus aleiphron, Rott. Three figures
(male, female and under side) with spray
of Sorrel.

At this period the author changes his address, and subsequent parts:
are issued. from Woodside Road, Beaumont Park, Huddersfield,.
instead of Primrose Hill.

Part XX., August, 1880. Containing 4 plates (19 figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

First plate : 94. Vannessa io, Linn. .Four figures (upper
and under sides, larva and pupa) on Nettle.

Second plate: 122. Satyrus aegeria, Linn. Five figures (upper
and under side, variety meone, Hb., larva,
and pupa) on tuft of grass.

Third plate: 180. Satyrus semele, Linn. Five figures (male
and under side, female, larva, and pupa)
on tuft of grass.

Fourth plate: 149. Satyrus tithonus, Linn. Five figures (male,
female and under side, larva, and pupa) on
grass stems.

Part XXIJ., September 1880. Containing 4 plates (15 figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

First plate : 77. Argynnis lathonia, Linn. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Second plate: 96. Pyrameis atalanta, Linn. Four figures
(upper and under sides, larva, and pupa)
on Nettle.

Third plate : 145. Satyrus janira, Linn. Five figures (male,
female and under side, larva, and pupa)
on tuft of grass.

Fourth plate: 204. Hrebia medea, W.V., 1776; blandina, Fab.,
1787. Four figures (sexes not marked,
presumable male and under side, female
under side, and larva) on grass stems.

Part 22, October, 1880. Containing 4 Plates (22 Figures). Repre-
senting 8 Species.

First plate : 312. Hesperia thaumas, Hufn,, 1775; linea, W.V.,
1776. Three figures (male and under
side, and female.)

318. Hesperia lineola, Och. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Second plate: 3814. Hesperia actaeon, Rott. Your figures (male
and under side, female, and larva) on tuft
of grass.

Third plate : 315. Hesperia sylvanus, Esp. Three figures
(male, female and under side).

316. Hesperia conma, Linn. Three figures (male
female and under side) with spray of
orass.

ON THE ‘‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.” 109

Fourth plate :

319. Cyclopides morpheus, Pall., 1776; steropes,
W.V.,.1776. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

320. Cyclopides palaemon, Pall., 17715; paniscus,
Fab., 1775. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

321. Cyclopides sylvius, Knoch. Two figures
(upper and under sides).

Part XXIII., November, 1880. Containing 4 Plates (12 Figures).

First plate :

Second plate:

Third plate :

Fourth plate :

Representing 4 Species.

258. Lycaena pheretes, Hub. ‘Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

254. Lycaena orbitulus, Stg. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

262. Lycaena chiron, Rott., 1775; ewnedon, Esp.,
1760. Three figures (male and under
side, and female).

281. Lycaena semiaryus, Rott., 1775; acis, W.V.,
1776. Three figures (male and under
side, and female).

‘SEER OG ONES eae ea 1881. Containing 4 Plates (16 Figures). Rep-

First plate :

Second plate:

Third plate:

Fourth plate :

_ resenting 4 Species.

13. Aporia crataegi, Linn. Three figures (upper
side, larva, and pupa) on sprig of
Hawthorn.

89. Grapta c-album, Linn. Six figures (upper
and under sides of the ordinary form and
spring brood, larva, and pupa) on sprig of
Red Currant in fruit.

95. Vanessa antiopa, Linn. Three figures (upper
and under sides, and larva) on sprig of
Willow.

232, Polyommatus phlaeas, Linn. Your figures
(upper and under sides, larva, and pupa)
on plant of Sheep’s Sorrel.

Ari MOV i ies 1882. Containing 4 Plates (18 Figures). Repre-

First plate :

Second plate :

Third plate :

Fourth plate:

senting 4 Species.

30. Leucophasia sinapis, Linn. Three figures
(two upper sides—male and female ?—and
larva) on plant of Vetch.

65. Argynnis euphrosyne, Linn. Three figures
(upper and under sides, and larva) on plant
of Dog Violet.

85. Argynnis paphia, Linn. Four figures (male,
female, and an under side, and larva) on
Dog Violet.

107. Melanagria (surely intended for Melanarge ?)
yalathea, Linn. ‘Three figures (upper side,
and two forms of the larva) on grass
stems.

110 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15. VI1.1932

Part:26, 225.28... 1882. Containing 5 Plates (18 Figures). Repre-
senting 5 Species.
First plate : 12. Parnassius mnemosyne, Linn. One figure.

Second plate: 161. Coenonympha dorus, Esp. Three figures
(male, female, and an under side).

Third plate : 248. Lycaena baton, Bg.; hylas, Hub. Three
figures (male, female, and an under side).

Fourth plate: 285. Lycaena melanops, Bdv. Three figures
(male, female, and an under side).

Fifth plate : 286. Lycaena tolas, Och. Three figures (male,
female, and an under side).
Parte Ve esac 1882. Containing 4 plates (11 Figures).
Representing 5 Species.
First plate : 64. Argynnis selene, W.V. Two figures (upper
and under sides) with plant of Dog Violet.
Second plate: 117. Lasiommata rowvelana, Cr. Two figures

(upper and under sides).

Third plate : 288. Lycaena diomedes, Rg.; euphenus, Ub.
Three figures (male, female, and an under
side).

Fourth plate: 294. Pyryus proto, Esp. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

808. Pyrgus sao, Hub. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

(To be concluded.)

The Geographical Variations of Boloria euphrosyne, L.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

To discuss generic names and to come to definite conclusions about
their proper use, according to Nomenclatorial Rules, seems nearly to
be a hopeless undertaking, because the old names have been erected
and subsequently used, in some cases, so vaguely and so differently from
what modern rules require that their position can be viewed from different
standpoints and different results reached. Nothing but a final verdict
by an international commission can in such circumstances fix their use
by aformal act, to be accepted without further discussion.

In the present one Fruhstorfer has well summarised the unfortunate
history of the names Brenthis, Hub., and Boloria, Moore, in Seitz’s
Fauna Indo-Australica, p. 512, and his conclusion is that the first is
nothing but a synonym of Argynnis and the second must be used for
the sharply defined genus, with only one subcostal nervule rising before
the apex of the cell of the forewing, whereas in the Aryynnis two are
invariably given forth. According to this definition, out of the species
included by Staudinger in his Catalog of 1901, those numbered 202 to
220 are Boloria and to these are to be added engenia, Kr., which is wrongly
placed there after A. daphne, and the purely Indian jerdoni, Lang, as
well as several American species.

I thus use the name of Boloria for euphrosyne. It will be seen at
the end of this paper that the distribution of this species all over Asia

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF BOLORIA EUPHROSYNE. 111

Minor, as far as Armenia, and other facts, such as the two extremely
different aspects it exhibits, corresponding to those of other species in
their Northern and Central exerge, seem to show the way enphrosyne
reached Europe a first time with the Miocene migration by the
Hyrcanian isthmus and the Central route and a second time, after the
Glacial Epoch, by the Northern, Siberian, one. It also appears that
the first of these stocks spread northward, after this Epoch, to central
Europe and England, together with species purely Mediterranean in
origin, such as N. statilinus, H. briseis, A. coridon. What, apparently
shows it is that in central Hurope and in England one meets, locally
and individually, with a remarkable extent of variation, distinctly
covering the features of both the Northern and the Central exerges of
- euphrosyne, although it does not reach their culminating degrees, in
either case.

The Central exerge, which should be called apennina, Stdgr., as

this is the first race described and it also happens to be the most highly
characterised one, exhibits the following features when taken as a
whole: Size larger in some cases than it ever is in the Northern
exerge, but often quite as small; tone of fulvous brighter, clearer and
warmer; underside of hindwings of a bright, clear, orange colour and
very much more uniform, in that darker shadings are scarcely percep-
tible ; black vattern of both surfaces very reduced and sharp in outline:
thus, there is no basal shading or it is very limited and not very dark ;
the two outer rows of spots are notably small and the marginal one is
often reduced, especially in race apennina, to mere specks; some of
these spots are often entirely missing on the underside, towards the
apex of the forewing, and the others, on these wings, are small and
pale.
: The Northern exerge, to which belongs the specimen labelled by
Linneus, preserved at Burlington House, and those I have received
from Southern Sweden, and which should, hence, be called euphrosyne,
L., is characterised as follows: Constantly small size; tone of colour
dull and pale, but in some of the more extreme northern and alpine
races, occasionally, of a rich chestnut tinge; underside of hindwing
more or less extensively shaded and patched with russet, which may
be of a bright tone or, in extreme northern and alpine races, consider-
ably deep in tone; the black pattern is much more extensive on
both surfaces than in the preceding exerge, including a broad and
deep black basal suffusion, more prominent in the female than in
the male; the sexual dimorphism is more accentuated here than in
the other exerge also in other respects, such as by the more variegated
and variable tone of fulvous of the female.

Fruhstorfer has already remarked that race neston, described by him
from Mt. Generoso in southern Tessin, is a near approach to apennina.
I can confirm this on the strength of the large series I have collected
at Pian Quageie, 900m., above Intra, on Lake Maggiore, at the
beginning of June, and higher up, at the Passo di Colle, 1450m., at the
end of that month. ‘The few specimens I have from Oulx, at 1000 to
1200m. in the Cottian Alps, seem to belong to the same race and thus
agree with other species, which very much resemble, there, the races
of the Apennines, as I have already pointed out. Also my series from
the Baths of Valdieri, 1500m., in the Maritime Alps, comes very close
to neston, although they may point more than the Oulx ones to race

112 ENTOMOLOGIS"’S RECORD. 15.V1II.1932

densot, Fruhst.; the latter is described from Champéry (Dent du Midi)
as being similar to neston, but larger, with more elongated wings and
with a remarkably broad yellow band across the underside of the
hindwing. I take neston to be the broadspread race in the more dry
and warm valleys of the Alps, whereas, on the northern watershed,
the Central exerge loses, in some localities, its vivid colouring and
acquires the pale, washed-out appearance described on both surfaces of
race cynosoma, Frubst., from the Saleve, near Geneva, and compared
by its author with luciflua of M. athalia and with leonina of B. dia of the
same region.

As a rule, however, the Central exerge, spreading northward, has in
no way become debilitated, evidently owing to the fact that also in the
Central Zone it keeps to the mountains and it is one of the very first
species to emerge there, in the spring, so that the difference of
constitution between the two exerges seems due to transformation and
debilitation of the Northern one, as the result of the extremely cold
and damp regions and epochs it has lived in, since it has separated,
very anciently, from the Central stock in Asia; this agrees with the
general rule of the origin of palaearctic exerges and species from tropical
ones.

As a matter of fact, there is a broadspread form, often showing no
signs of intermixture with the Northern exerge, locally, and thus
constituting a distinct race from it, which spreads from Berlin and
Ingland to the rest of Germany and to the whole of France (I possess
it from as far west as Amboise and the Gironde, at Saint Laurent
d’Arce) and which differs, on the whole, in no way from my series of
specimens of race neston from the Tessin, so that this name should be
extended to it. Exceptions are afforded here and there, by an increase
in the range of individual variation, evidently due to crossings with
the Northern exerge, precisely as in the case of M. didyma in about
the same broad area of Central Europe. Sometimes an exception
occurs also in connection with the tone of colour, which is much
paler and more yellowish than in true neston, and Fruhstorfer
remarks, in the Int. Hntom. Zeit., 1907, p. 164, that it is a racial feature
in the neighbourhood of Berlin: it may be useful to designate it by
the name of nestonclara.

Finally, I must note that Calberla and Staudinger give: “minor,”
as a characteristic of race apennina, Stdgr., but that this is not correct,
if it be compared with nominotypical euphrosyne of Sweden; on the
other hand, they are both small if compared with neston and the other
lowland races of Central Kurope, but the average apennina is not as
small as the Swedish examples ; this pot must be made clear and it
must, furthermore, be added that in some localities of the Apennines,
such as Vallombrosa, in the province of Florence, apennina is larger
than usual and quite the size of neston and that on the northern, Po,
watershed of the northern Apennines there exists at low altitudes a
strikingly large race, some specimens of which from Mount Gibbio
400 m., in the province of Modena, are actually the largest euphrosyne I
have seen from any locality; the length of the forewing, from base to
tip, reaches 25 mm. in both sexes, against the 20 to 22 of the largest
neston of Central Europe. This race is rendered truly magnificent also
by its extremely vivid, warm and clear fulvous tinge and by its bright
orange underside; the black markings are as reduced as in apennina

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF BOLORIA EKUPHROSYNE. 1138

and even more so, the marginal ones of the forewing often being entirely
obliterated; it is well worthy of the name, I suggest for it, of
padimira.

Passing, now, to the races of the northern exerge, as defined above,
we first find one, which, by its large size and general appearance, gives
one the impression of being somewhat intermediate between the two
exerges and, possibly, a synexerge produced by the crossing of the two
Strains: in size it is similar to the largest neston (20 to 22 mm.)
and a few individuals recall the latter also by the orange tone of the
underside of the hindwing, but, as a rule, this colour is replaced by the
darker and redder russet one, which characterises the northern exerge,
and also the black markings of both surfaces are, as in the latter, very
extensive, including, on the upperside, a broad and dark basal suffusion
and a broad marginal band or large spots, only just falling short of
blending together; the fulvous is usually duller than in neston. My
series of examples of this form is from Gédre, in the Hautes Pyrénées,
and from the Caralps of Catalonia, at 1400 m.; one can presume it
reached the Pyrenees from the Alps and that it had got there amongst
the early alpine, species, which came, along the outskirts of the ice-
sheet, from Siberia, when the glacial period was coming to an end; as
a matter of fact, a single specimen I possess from the Ural Mountains
is perfectly identical with some of my Pyrenean ones. This very
distinct form and race I propose calling, by a descriptive name
eminens for this reason and also because Hubner gives (figs. 28-80)
excellent figures of a couple, which, according to all probabilities, was
German, so that it will, no doubt, turn out to exist in many localities
of Central Europe and Russia, where the climate has been more
favourable to the Northern exerge than to the Central one and
eminens has had the upperhand on neston.

The next race to consider is the nominotypical one, I have already
mentioned, decidedly smaller (male: 18 to 20 and female occasionally
21mm.) and duller in colour than eminens and neston ; it is well, though
roughly, figured by Hsper on plate 18, and it contrasts with his neston,
from the south of France, of plate 72. This form is probably the only
one found in southern Sweden and thence it spreads over the northern
part of the area of neston (Northern Germany, Northern France and
England), with which it is often found locally or individually, producing
races which are evidently synexerges ; for instance, I have a specimen
amongst my nestonclara of Berlin and I have it from the Seine depart-
ment. Further south it disappears in the lowlands and it becomes the
characteristic mountain race: I have, myself, collected it at Sappada,
1300m., in the Carnic Alps, in the cool, woody ravines of the Anzasca
Valley, as low as 700m., and in the Cottian Alps, at Cesana, 1300m.,
and at Claviéres, 1700m., and Sestriéres, 2100m.; all these series are
perfectly identical with the Swedish one from Scania, and correspond
to the Linnean specimen. If anything, they tend to differ from them
by being, on the whole, a little more melanic and the description of
Fruhstorfer of race calynda from Fusio, Val Piora, 1250m., in Tessin,
sounds as though it applied to a further degree of variation in that
direction : both surfaces are described as more melanic than in any
other race he possessed, the basal suffusion being broad on the hind-
wing, the markings prominent, the underside of a dark reddish brown,
the marginal silver spaces very large; the average size of the race is
said to be markedly larger than Geneva examples.

114 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.VII.19382

The same cannot be said of a pretty set I have from Birtley, in
Durham: it is the smallest euphrosyne I have seen, the forewing of
the males measuring from 16 to 19mm. and the females 18 to 20, and
also being rather narrower from costa to tornus than in other races ;
the fulvous is rather brighter and clearer than in the Scania examples
and the black pattern rather less pronounced, so that, on the upperside,
it varies in the direction opposite to that of race finyal; on the under-
side, there is, on the contrary, an approach to the latter in the rich,
red tone of the russet patches, but the chief peculiarity of this race is
the way in which, on the hindwing, these patches stand out sharply
on others of a pure yellow colour; in nominotypical euphrosyne these
two colours blend much more into each other and in fingal the red
covers nearly the entire space between the central yellow band and the
premarginal lunules; here, instead, this space is strikingly variegated,
and chequered, somewhat recalling its aspect in selene for which this
race might, at first sight, be mistaken also on account of its small size
and of the shape of the wings, mentioned above. I name it
varianana.

Fruhstorfer (/.c.), in connection with the nominotypical normal
race from Sweden and Norway, says that ‘‘the small, pale specimens
from Norway, with large black spots can be designated by the name
of answina, if that of fingal dues not cover them.’ It is difficult to
settle this point without seeing his specimens and it is to be regretted
he has not done so himself, before erecting a new name. The only
remark one can make is that it does not seem to be equivalent to
fingal, because it is ‘‘ paler’’ whereas the latter is, on the contrary, of
a much richer and redder tone of fulvous than nominotypical ewphrosyne.
It thus seems as though answina must be an extreme degenerate form
of the Northern exerge, found in unfavourable local conditions, whereas
fingal, Herbst, must be something more than an ordinary race and
must posses a particular hereditary constitution, one might consider
as that of an Arctic exerge, which thrives in the arctic region and on
the outskirts of glaciers much better than does the Northern exerge
in less glacial conditions. Its size is small (length of forewing about
20mm. in both sexes), and the shape of the wings is rounder at the
apex, especially in the female; the colours are not bright, but strikingly
more saturated than in any other ewphrosyne and the underside is of a
rich red tone; the black markings are much larger and the extreme
form, in which they blend and blacken the greater part of the wings
has been named obscurior by Seitz, who, figures it from Kuusamo, in
Finland.

This insect has, by its peculiar aspect, struck entomologists from
the outset: Esper thought it was a dia and named it lapponica,
ficuring it on pl. 108, but he had already applied this name to a
specimen of freija on pl. 97, so that Herbst was right in erecting his
name of fingal. Herrich-Schiffer, instead, overlooks it entirely, as he
was apt to do, and figures it under the synonyum of nephele from a
fully characterised specimen, which, in his description in the
Supplement, p. 5, he says was from Lapland; Seitz is thus quite
wrong in calling nephele a transitional race from Esthonia. I fear
Ebert has only introduced a third synonym in nomenclature by naming
alpina in the Iris, 40, p. 133, the race of the Alps of Algau from 1000

CURRENT NOTES. 115

to 1600m. of altitude, for I can detect no difference between finyal and
either his description or the specimens I[ have collected at Sulden,
1800m.. in the moraines of the great Ortler glaciers and it is well
known that such races are often exactly similar to those of the arctic
region. The name alpina would, besides, be a homonym of the b. dia
called in the same way by Elwes in 1899.

(To be concluded.)

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

Again we wish to mention the travel and hotel arrangements for
the forthcoming International Congress of Entomology to be held
from July 16th to 28rd are in the hands of Messrs. Cook & Son, Ltd.,
Berkeley Street, London, W.C. ‘The arrangements for the Post-
Congress Tour to the Pyrenees July 24th to 30th, are also in the hands
of Messrs. Cook & Son, Ltd.

May we again ask our readers to look out for immigrant species.

So far as we can hear Nomenclature is in the background altogether
at the forthcoming Congress. The British Committee is apparently
inactive, and one hears of no other national committee either functioning
or even having been formed. We believe certain action was attempted
at the Zoological Congress at Vienna, but complete ignorance on the
matter prevails, and whether intentional or otherwise no report
of what occurred (if anything) has been distributed. The lethargy,
delay, procrastination on this most needed regulation is astounding.
We are all left still to our own individual actions on nomenclatorial
questions, and to the domination of jelly fish and stuffed elephants.
Apropos of this question may we refer readers to the short note and
the enlivening sketch accompanying it in the Bull. Brook. Ent. Socy.
for February last, by our industrious correspondent J. D. Gunder of
Pasadena, Calif., on “‘ Kow-towing to the General Zoologist.’’ In this
Dr. E. N. Tom Otoey is represented as doing homage to a chubby
crowned kid labelled ‘‘ zoologist” holding a book of “ Rules from jelly-
fish to Elephants’ having a toy elephant by his side and a “‘ committee
wand ”’ in his hand.

Our note on stainless steel pins for insects in the last number
(June) has elicited a letter from the well-known firm Watkins and
Doncaster of 36 Strand, in which they write, ‘‘ It may interest you to
know that we have for some considerable time been carrying large
stocks of stainless steel pins continental length in all guages. We
also stock stainless steel pins in varying guages and leneths for micro-
lepidoptera. As regards your remarks re the test of time, we have
every confidence in recommending these pins as they have been sub-
jected to every test that it has been possible to apply to them.’’ The
samples sent, so far aS we can see, are quite good, and we note particu-
larly no. 0124 for Tortrices and the average Tineid as being a most
efficient pin. We might suggest that the very particular collector
might cut the long pins to his own length with sharp pliers. No. 0
long makes an admirable micro pin when cut.

The Supplement to Vol. I of Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World.
Palaearctic Rhopalocera, has now been completed, and consists, including
Index, etc., of more than 400 large quarto pages and 16 plates contain-
ing a very large number of supplementary figures. In the present

116 ENTOMOLOGIS®’S RECORD. 15.V11.19382

volume all the names of abnormal specimens, omitted from the main
volume, such as those given by Tutt, have been included. In fact the
Index contains the huge number of more than 9000 supplementary
names in the Rhopalocera alone. The remarks on Nomenclature in
the Preface are quite interesting. One reads ‘‘It is open to doubt
whether such denominations as for instance a form croceo-semt-virgatus-
caerulescens Gan be held to be valid for forms in accordance with Linné’s
nomenclature.” Such as these are ‘abbreviated diagnoses.” Of the
9000 names only 39 are entirsaly new. Reference is made to
Courvoisier’s attempt to introduce some consistency in the terms of
denomination, ey., privata for all forms with reduced markings or
decorata for all forms with increased marking and so forth. Dr. Seitz,
however, although he does not favour these schemes of nomenclature
takes no stand on the question and leaves each reader to act on his own
as to the use of such and other names. Although “race,” as apart
from ‘‘ subspecies,” is referred to, the author has declined to enter into
any definite pronouncement on the question.

Progress is also being made in the Supplement to Volume II. of
Seitz Pal. Lepid. (Bombyces, etc.) this having reached 16 sheets and
and several additional plates. In the last part published, the British
species included are Malacosoma neustria and M. castrensis, |.asiocampa
quercus and L, trifoliit, Macrothylacia rubi, Gastropacha quercifolia, ete.

Of the main volumes of Setz, that on the American Fauna of the
Bombycid Section is in a very forward state. At present the sheets
116-118 are reached and plates 90-95 are issued. These latter contain
more than 100 excellent figures of Sphingidae of which the letterpress
has already appeared.

The corresponding volume of the Indo-australica Fauna is also in
a forward state having reached part 188 and plate 89 of the Bombyces
section. Itis very gratifying to note that in the present depressed
state of world economies it has been possible to continue the publication
and great praise and thanks are due to the publishers for the assiduity
with which they have continued their project. The parts have appeared
without intermission for 26 years, the first part having appeared in
1906.— Hy.J.T.

We have received a Catalogue of the Type Specimens of Lepidoptera
Rhopalocera in the Hill Museum, which has been compiled by Mr. A. G.
Gabriel of the British Museum. This Catalogue was undertaken at
the request of the late Mr. J. J. Joicey and is a lasting memorial of
the amazing amount of material which had been amassed at the Hill
Museum. It is important for all systematic workers to be able readily
to find out where the type of a species is and where particulars about
it can be found. This list furnishes full details as to name and
present (1932) classification, the reference for the original description,
date of the same and locality of origin. Some 2000 types are dealt
with all of which either have been or are destined to be placed in the
British Museum Collections. A most useful piece of work well done.

“ What is the meaning of a pupa’? If your contributor, Mr.
Norman H. Joy, will read the chapter in Imms “ Text-book of
Entomology ”’ on Post-embryonic Development he will find the clue
to practically all that is known upon the subject he raises, a difficult
subject admittedly, but one which a number of workers have
investigated, as he will find on perusing the extensive literature quoted
by Imms.—N. D. Rizey (F.Z.8., F.H.S8.).

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
- Hy. J. Vorner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.
Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at

the time of sending in MS.
Articles that require InLusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AuTHOoR

defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge, ‘hey should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, —

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Excuaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8 p.m. October 5th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
July 28th, August 11th, 25th, September 8th, 22nd.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs,
** Ditehling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m, at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from ite Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,

88@X

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BACK VOLUMES OF
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GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
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Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
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Meuanism AND Menanocnuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
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fee
a CONTENTS
ee on the Psychidae, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.H.S. .. is Bt 117
| Se The Geographical Variations of B. euphrosyne, Roger Verity, M.D. Pe 119
Diptera i in 1931, H, W. Andrews, F.E.S. a ee 122
me On the ‘‘ Illustrations of Huropean Butterflies,”’ 8. L. Mosley (1879-
1894), C. Mosley, M.B.O.U. cs cieke liad!

_ Notes on Counectine.—Butterflies of Bborenene. TA fe Wightman :
2 Worcestershire Lepidoptera, P. Siviter-Smith; Hi. jurtina, a query,
a B. J, Lempke ; Birds and 8. gigas, T. B. Foster ; How RB. linearis
swims, H, Donisthorpe; E. vestigialis from Dorset, Hy.J.1'. ; Scarcity of
‘t Insects, Id.; Immigrants, Capt. Dannreuther, R.N. .. Ay air 127
_ Curnenr Norrs .. ae 131
_ Review,—'' Bees, Wasps, fon a Allied wee B, Sey Hy. J. r. ate 131

UPPLEMENT.— British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.H.S., F.R.H.S. (241)-(244)

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NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDAE. 117

Notes on the Psychidae.
By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S.

When my last contribution to this journal upon the subject was
published on February 15th, 1925, I found that I had reached an
impasse. I had gathered a huge mass of material, some 2000 specimens
or more, mostly prepared for the microscope, I realised that I could get
very little further, until I was more certain as to the identity of species.
Being no longer able to undertake the journey to London; on account
of failing strength and sight, it became impossible to compare my
Specimens with those in the British Museum. My library is quite
insufficient to help me, being confined to Staudinger and Rebel’s
Catalog, 1901; Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. II.; a repro-
duction of plates and names of Bruand’s Monograph; and lastly Tutt’s
Brit. Lepid., Vol. 11., 1900. ‘To this last I have been greatly indebted,
and have continuously referred. I find this last book is very rare
now, and feel obliged to quote it now and then, in case my readers
should not be able to obtain a copy.

At the point at which I was compelled to hold up my work, I had
planned to begin again at the commencement of the series, and examine,
systematically, the preparations which I had made. This primary
investigation did not however, reach very far.

Passing over the earlier species (those possessing winged females),
I dealt first with the Sotenopia. I can add nothing to what I have
already said, about the uncertainty of some of the named species.

Of the Genus Banxesia I have already recorded all the information
I could find. Later, owing to the kindness of the Abbé J. de Joannis,
T have been able to clear up a problem set by Tutt, as to the occurrence
of some species on the Continent, especially in the neighbourhood of
Paris. Tutt’s enquiry (Brit. Lepid. Vol. 2, p. 212) reads:

“On p. 206 ante, in the synonyms of B. vernella, Const., there is a
reference to the conspurcatella of Chrétien (le Nat. 1898, pp. 108-05),
and we are informed (in Jit.), by Constant, that Chrétien is responsible
for the specimens from Fountainebleau, that he notes as being sent out
ag conspurcatella, and which he fails to distinguish from the vernella,
Const. of the Alpes Maritimes. On reference to le Naturaliste as
quoted, we find in reality, no mention of the moths obtained at
Fountainebleau, but Chrétien states that he obtained 200 cases from
the Isle of Jersey, where they were in great numbers, on the rocks.
The account of the egg, larva, pupa, case, and life-history, that he gives
of these, agrees well with that of Bb. staintoni, but he gives no
description of the imago. He then adds that conspurcatella is certainly
French, since it is not rare on the rocks in the Forest of Fountainebleau.
The Jersey locality suggests strongly the possibility of the insect ~
obtained there being the same species as that taken at Southampton.
There is no doubt that vernella, Const., conspurcatella, Chrétien, from
Fountainebleau, and conspurcatella, Chrétien, from Jersey, require to
be very critically compared, before their relationship can be finally
determined.”

Of course the name conspurcatella was applied by Chrétien (as by so
many more), in ignorance of the separation of this insect under the
name staintoni, Walsingham (Hnt. Rec. Vol. II., p. 257). The Jersey

OCT 1. 1929

118 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

species is certainly Luffia lapidella, and not Bankesia staintoni of
Southampton Water. It may be well to repeat that the unique
specimen of conspurcatella, now in the Zeller collection at the British
Museum, is distinguished by the great length of the cilia of the
antennae. The specimens submitted to me by Abbé de Joannis assured
me that both B. staintont, Walsm. and L. lapidella, Goeze, occur, or
have occurred, in the environs of Paris. Two of his specimens however,
which came from a different locality agree well with B. vernella, Const.,
of which I possess one of Constant’s labelled specimens. Both specimens
of this very delicate insect were in somewhat poor condition, and that
which I used for dissection, had suffered much, yet was just sufficiently
preserved to enable me to compare it with my type.

The following is a copy of my determinations as to his specimens
kindly sent to me by the Abbé de Joannis with their localities.

Luffia lapidella, Jersey, Vannes, Athis (11 miles from Paris).

Bankesia staintoni, Vannes, Janville, Paris. (Chrétien).

Bankesia vernella, (almost certainly), Lannemerzan. Hautes

Pyrenees.
I am always in doubt. For instance Chapman handed over to me
two sets of B. alpestrella, one large from Fusio, the other small. He
was quite uncertain which is this species, and what the other might be.
So am I. One of the smaller specimens was examined by Durrant,
and J have his note to the effect that it is indistinguishable from Zeller’s
conspurcatelia. But it lacks the decisive feature of the long cilia on
the antennae.

There are three species ascribed to this genus, and uncertain.

B. douglasella, Stainton, unique. 1 specimen in B.M.

B. conspurcatella, Z., unique. 1 specimenin B.M. |

B. montanella, Walsm. 26 specimens were taken. All in B.M.

There remains defoliella, Const. of which I know nothing.

Of Taueporia, I found that, as far as I could perceive, the second
so-called species, politella, agrees exactly with the common tubulosa,
the presence of wing-speckling in tvbulosa and its absence in politella
(of which I possess three specimens), are the only differences I can
detect.

Coming to the Fumerprea I may add to my former remarks, that I
have grave doubts, still, as to the validity of most of the new species
named by Chapman and Tutt. So far as the Tibial Spur ratio serves,
I am convinced, that though this may afford some generic evidence of
interest, it is possible to carry it too far. J have stated previously the
reason for this conviction. | can accept its indication of the genus
Bruandia from internal evidence, with which the “spur” evidence
seems to agree, but my scanty supply of material prevents me from
saying whether | have found more than one species.

Masonia has a certain claim to recognition, but there appears to be
no fine line of distinction, to be drawn between it, and Fumsa.

The position of these suggested new species, to my mind, stands
thus—of 426 mixed specimens of Bruandia, Masonia, and Fumea, mostly
received from Chapman, I have measurements of all available tibial
spurs, and compared these with Chapman’s. The result is far from
convincing, thus—

M. edwardsella C’s. figure 71. Limits -65--72. I have 94 speci-
mens within these.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS OF BOLORIA EUPHROSYNE. 119

*M. mitfordella O's figure 70. Limits ‘70-:76. Ihave 63 specimens
within these.

tM. hibernicella C’s. figure ‘67. Limits -76--77. I have 29 speci-
mens within these.

F’, bowerella C’s figure ‘77-80. Limits -77-°80. I have 145 speci-
mens within these.

_F, scotica C’s figure ‘78-81. Limits:78-:81. I have 171 specimens
within these.

tF’. germanica C’s. figure :86-°88. Limits °81-:88. I have 166
Specimens within these.

*T have Chapman’s type specimen, and two mounts of legs. 23 of
my measured specimens are actually ascribed to Mitford as captor.
+There is evidently some error here, for Chapman places the Ratio
at 67 (‘‘ Hntom. Rec., 1900, p. 123”) while the measurement of his
own specimens is -76-°77, which comes well within the usual position
of Humea casta.

{I have his own specimen without body, labelled in his own writing
var. germanica, and his mount of a leg. I have no British Masonia,
and imagine that the only evidence of the genus in this country is the
pairing of a foreign male, with a British female recorded by Chapman.
Probably this female was F'wmea casta. I record a similar occurrence,
between a male of L. lapidella from the Channel Islands and a female
L,. ferchaultella from Mucking. All these Tibial Spur measurements
fall between °65-:88, Tutt gives °65-°71 to Masonia, and from °72-:88
to Humea. It is evident that the figures for these new species overlap,
and are entirely indefinite. :

I have no Hwmea with ratio °88. The most frequent measurement
for the genus is .80 which covers the three new species. For Masonia
it is -70--71 which embraces edwardsella and mitfordella.

(To be continued.)

The Geographical Variations of Boloria euphrosyne, L.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

To end with a few words about the eastern races of euphrosyne, it
must first be noted, in a general way, that this species has no repre-
sentative in America, whereas most of its congeners exist there
(aphirape, selenis, chariclea, pales, fretja, polaris, frigga). The fact that
the other broadspread western species, selene, does not exist there
either and that the very interesting hegemone, Stdgr., restricted to the
mountains of Central Asia, exhibits a mixture of the features of both
those species and also seems to connect them with aphirape, which it
resembles to an extraordinary degree, gives one the impression that
the development and the history of this genus would be well worth
working out, as I have attempted to do it in the case of the Melitaea.

Here, however, I must limit myself to remarking that the Central
exerge of euphrosyne only exists to the west of Central Asia, as though
it had developed when this species joined the great western migration,
during the Miocene, whilst the stock which remained further north, in
Siberia, became the Northern exerge and culminated into /ingal where it

120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

underwent more glacial conditions and particularly during the Glacial
Epoch. In other words, the development of euphrosyne, of selene and
of heyemone seems to have been a later (from the end of the Cretaceous
co that of the Oligocene) repetition, on a smaller scale, in Asia, of the
process which had in previous geological Epochs originated, in the
great Polar Continent, aphirape, selenis and the more extreme glacial
species, mentioned above, which have subsequently spread southward
in America as well as in the Palaearctic region. There unquestionably
must have been general causes which have affected many generic
groups in this same way and made thei develop according to certain
rules. The very similar distribution of Melitaea savatilis and of the
recently separated species ala to that of B. hegemone, not to speak of
their resemblance to it in some features, compared with the broadspread
didyma and trivia in the first case and to euphrosyne and selene in the
second, cannot be a mere coincidence, if one bears in mind there are
several other cases of the same kind, such as that of Parnassius discobolus
compared with apollo. I have pointed out in other papers how the
origin and the migrations of this western species can only be accounted
for, in a way exactly contemporary and parallel to that described above
in euphrosyne, by the late repetition in Asia of the process which had
produced nomion and phoebus (=delius) from bremeri- and eversmannt-
like ancestors in the Polar Continent.

Thus, P. apollo and B. euphrosyne must have reached the Mediter-
ranean region, following the Elburz chain of mountains, during the
Miocene cold pericd, when they were driven down by the climate from
the mountains of Central Asia. From this stock has presumably
descended the Central exerge of ewphrosyne, as I have already mentioned,
and a long time after, when the Glacial Kpochs had come and gone, it
evidently spread northward, into southern Russia, at the same time as
it did in Central Kurope. At Saratoff there exists, in fact, with many
Mediterranean species, a race of euphrosyne, which is highly characteristic
of the central exerge aud recalls the nestonclara of Berlin; it has been
named rusalka by Frihstorfer; race dagestanica, Sowinsky, described
from the Dagestan Territory, is, apparantly, more like cynosoma of
Geneva ; race phaénna, Jachontov, of Borzhom in Transcaucasia, seems
to belong to the same group, but IJ find no absolute evidence of it in
the original Latin diagnosis: ‘‘ Supra paullo fulvior, subtus lituris ad
apicem alarum anticarum saturatius flavis, alis posticis maciulis argentets
splendidissimis, antemarginalibus autem majoribus, area postmediana latius
ferruyineo-nebulosa, fascia media saturatius flava.’ There can be no
question, on the contrary, concerning the race of Amasia, which Ruhl
describes, p. 423, as “‘ larger and more lightly coloured on both surfaces,”
and which, in fact, might well be called magnaclara. It is interesting
to note how also the small mountain race of the Caucasus, anka, Fruhbst.,
has small black markings on both surfaces and 1s delicately coloured,
so that it certainly is a mountain race of the Central exerge and this
species falls in with the general rule that none of the alpine species or
exerges of Siberia have reached the Caucasus.

Vice-versa, as I have already stated, in Siberia and in China there
is nowhere any trace of the central exerge, such as one finds it in many
other species originating in those regions. The three races which have
been described belong markedly to the Northern exerge.and all exhibit
very constantly the noteworthy peculiarity, as compared with those of

VARIATION OF BOLORIA EUPHROSYNE, L. 121

the west, of a greater accentuation of the marginal and premarginal
row of black markings in proportion to those of the basal half of the
wing; they thus stand still further from the central exerge: Race
orphanus, ¥rhst. of the Siberian Amur (no exact locality) is said to be
as pale in colour on both surfaces as answinu of Norway, but with large
black markings, as in fingal; the underside is more uniform in colour
than the Huropean examples and the marginal spots of the hindwing
are larger. This description applies perfectly to the specimens of both
sexes from Chulugaischa, 2600 m., near Mondy, in the eastern Sajan
mountains and from Tunkun in the same region. Two years later
than Frihstorfer’s description Seitz described and figured from the
Sajan under the name of wnbra a peculiar “form” (he does not state
in the least it is racial) which “ bears, on the hindwing beneath, between
the distal margin and the median band, dark brown clouds, which render
the outerhalf of the hindwing similar to that of selene”; the figure
completes the description by exhibiting an abnormal dark chocolate
brown tone, instead of the usual russet one. It would thus be quite
a mistake to apply the name of wwubra, which is an aberration more
than an extreme individual form, to the race of the Sajan, as Bang-
Haas did when he sent me thespecimens. Let us not start one of these
fatal mistakes, which get carried on for ever, and let us call the race
of that locality by the racial name of orphanius, unless it is discovered
that it 1s different from [ruhstorfer’s and a new one 1s required, but,
anyhow, it must not be wmbra.

Another large series sent to me by Bang-Haas too, and which is
from the same region, but evidently caught in a different year and in
a different place, because the prinied label is worded differently and
the altitude is stated to be 8100m., has quite another aspect. In this
set of specimens, still less than in the preceding, does there exist in
any of them the dark underside shade, which has suggested the name
of wmbra to Seitz. Apart from their much larger size, about equivalent
to the average one of neston, the European race they resemble most by
markings and colours is the dwarf rarianana from Durham. The
former, in fact, are much less extensive than in orphanus and the
latter are of a much brighter and richer tone on both surfaces; the
russet red is an approach to that of finyal and in some specimens it is
also nearly as uniformly spread on the hindwing, whilst in others it
is broken up into patches by clear yellow spaces and it recalls the
chequered appearance of rarianana. I think this race should be named
orientisvivax.

Finally there is the very distinct race kamtschadalis of Staudinger’s
price-list, which Seitz describes quite inadequately, but figures
recocnisably. As some of Staudinger’s cotypes labelled : ‘‘ Kamchatka,”
are in my possession, I can add that the colours are very dull and pale
on both surfaces and the black markings remarkably thin for an
eastern race and rather like those of apennina, except, of course, that
the marginal and the two premarginal rows of spots are not more
reduced than the rest, as they are in the Central exerge, and the
marginal silver ones of the underside are particularly large ; the russet
of this surface is brownish, but thin and dull, so that it does not
stand out.

122 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1X.1922

Diptera in 1931.
By H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.

A long succession of wet week-ends in the spring and early summer
and a general absence of sun made 1981 a disappointing year as regards
weather, and told against one, who like myself, is not free to devote all
his time to his hobby and thus unable to take full advantage of fine
weather when it occurs ; but the following extracts from my diary may
be of sufficient interest to justify their existence in print.

A late spring and poor weather made sallow-collecting a blank as
far as I was concerned, but on April 11th, I got a series of the
Helomyzid Neoleria ruficauda, Ztt. 3 g, off the contents of a game-
keeper’s larder in the Bexley Woods. I have taken this species in
similar situations in other localities of N. Kent. On May 9th in
Farningham Woods I got two or three Hrnestia neilsent, Vill., and one
2 Platypeza infumata, Hall: this latter is the second specimen only
that I have taken in N. Kent, the first being at Dartford in October
many years ago. On the 22nd I visited the Hylephila locality at
Hextable. H. personata, Coll. was common, ? 2 only and I got 3
Hi. obtusa, Ztt. 9 2. In both these species I have found the 2 ? very
much more abundant than the g g, whilein H. sponsa, Mg., the reverse
is the case, the ? ? being extremely scarce™.

On my way home | passed a small stack of bags of fertiliser by the
side of a field-path and found it swarming with Protocalliphora terra-
novae, R.D. | had taken this species formerly, by a fish-manure factory
in the Thames Marshes, but had not met with it elsewhere. -I have
little doubt it had bred out of the fertiliser.

No other item worth recording till May 30th, when at the Hast-
bourne Meeting of the Entomological Club I was able —thanks to Mr.
Collin who put me on its track—to get a small series of the Anthomyiid
Chortophila (Nudaria) flavidipennis, Stein., a recent addition to out lists,
by sweeping Silene maritima on the shingle beds at The Crumbles;
Helomyza modesta, Mg., was very common there and single specimens
of Sarcophaya haemorrhoidalis, Mg., and Sarcophila latifrons, Fall., were
taken.

From June 27th to July 2nd, I was on holiday at Tunbridge Wells,
a fine week but for some reason or other disappointing as regards
collecting ; the rhododendrons were over and the thistles and large
umbellifers not fully out. The only dipteron worth recording was
Dioctria linearis, Mg.: in some 25 years collecting I had only taken
three odd specimens of this species, but in the last few days of my stay I
discovered a small colony in the woods near Hridge Warren and got a
good series of both sexes, also a record of one with prey (a small
Empid), which was of interest as there did not appear to be any previous
British record on the prey of this species. In the same locality | took
Beris morissii, Dale. On July 12th J gota nice dark form of Ischyrosyr-
phus laternarius, Muller, at Farningham, and on July 25th I gota
Phaonia rufipalpis, Mcq., an addition to my local list of N. Kent
Anthomyiids. On August 1st at the Thames Marshes by Abbey Wood

*This year (1932) going earlier, on May 7th, I got several ¢ ¢ F. personata
and ? ? were scarce, pointing to a difference in time of emergence of the two sexes.

DIPTERA IN 1931. 125)

I got a Fannia glaucescens, Ztt., which I bave taken sparingly in the
same locality, but never found in abundance.

From August 29th to September 13th I was at Salisbury on a
‘family ”’ holiday with a week-end at Linwood in the New Forest on
September 6-7th. The weather though not all that could be desired
was tolerable. This locality was new to me and looked very promising
but I did not have sufficient time to myself to do much collecting.
On September 1st I had a day’s collecting with Mr. EK. Rivenhall Goffe
who first motored me to the Forest to the locality where Messrs. Collin
and Wainwright turned up Hydrotaea borussica, Stein., in 1980. Mr.
Goffe had previously sent me a number of females of H. borussica,
which come round about one like H. iritans which species they closely
resemble. This insect was still about and we managed to get a few of
the high hovering §¢ g. Then in the afternoon Mr. Goffe took me to
his collecting ground at Farley Down, where the same two dipterists took
in one day in August over 50 species of Tachinids, and where other
rarities such as J'abanus glaucopsis, Mg., and Machimus rusticus, Mg.,
have occurred. I was there considerably later in the year on a dull
day that wound up with a steady drizzle of rain, but I saw enough to
realise what a delectable spot it was and despite the poor weather took
several species more or less common, and half a dozen Deawia rustica,
Fab., a species new to me.

As stated above I spent September 6th and 7th at Linwood, on the
western edge of the New Forest and had the pleasure of getting some
collecting under the guidance of Dr. F. H. Haines, and looking at some
of his large collections of insects of all Orders, coming away with some
rich booty in the shape of several types of rare and local Diptera he
generously gave me. On Sunday there was the unusual sight of four
dipterists collecting together, as Dr. Haines had telephoned to Mr.
Goffe to come over and he had brought Mr. Audcent who was staying
with him after a holiday in the south of France, where in contrast to
us they had been suffering from a heat wave. After a preliminary
ramble through the neighbouring enclosures we motored to Matley in
the hope of getting some Hristalis cryptarum, Fab., but a long search
only produced one specimen. I swept a small series of T'richopticus
(now Lophosceles) cristatus, Ztt., off Umbelliferae, and took a single
Hammomyia grisea, Fall., on the way to the sandpit. On the Monday
- Dr. Haines took me to Highland Water enclosure in search of Arctuphila
mussitans, Fab., but here again only one specimen was taken.

Finally on September 19th, in the Bexley Woods I got a series of
Didea intermedia, Lw., along the side of a fir-plantation, and to my
delight and surprise a very fine @ of Didea alneti, Fall., a prolonged
search produced no more, nor did another visit the next day, but in
compensation I took another prize in the shape of a g Echinomyia
ferox, Pz., and with these two new records for the district my active
collecting for 1931 came to an end.

124 ENTOMOLOGIS? S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

On the “Illustrations of European Butterflies” by S. L. Mosley
(1879-1894).

By CHARLES MOSLEY, M.B.0O.U.
(Curator of The City of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.)

(Continued from page 110.)

Pasig X XaVellily s eee. 1882. - Containing 4 Plates (9 Figures). Repre-

senting 5 Species.
First plate: 17. Pieris napi, Linn. Three figures (two upper
sides—male and female—and an under
side).

Second plate: 125. Satyrus hermione, Linn. Two figures (upper
and under sides).
Third plate : 229. Polyommatus ygordius, Esp. Two figures
(upper and under sides).
Fourth plate: 291. Pyryus malrarun, Linn. One figure.
293. Pyrgus lavaterae, Esp. One figure.

Bart 29). cence. 1882. Containing 4 Plates (11 Figures). Repre-
senting 5 Species.
First plate : 97. Pyrameis cardui, Linn. Three figures

(upper and under sides, and larva) on
sprig of Thistle.
Second plate: 61. Melitaea asteria, Fr. Two figures (upper
and under sides).
Third plate: 73. Argynnis thore, Hub. Two figures (upper
and under sides).
Fourth plate: 288. Lycaena fischeri Ksp. Two figures (upper
and under sides).
239. Lycaena trochilus, (no authority). Two
figures (upper and under sides).
Of the four figures on this plate, there is no
indication as to which belong to which
species.

Part 380, January, 1884. Containing 4 Plates (15 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.
First plate : 81. Argynnis aglaia, Linn. Three figures (male
and under side, and female) with plant of
Hearts-ease.

Second plate: 101. Limenitis sibylla, Linn. Four figures (upper
and under sides, larva, and pupa) on spray
of Honeysuckle.

Third plate: 104. Apatura iris, Linn. Five figures (male and
under side, female, larva, and pupa) on
sprig of Willow.

Fourth plate: 210. Nemeobius lucina, Linn. Three figures
(upper and under sides, and larva) on plant
of Cowslip.

Part 31, January, 1884. Containing 4 Plates (16 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

ON THE ‘‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTLERFLIES. 125

First plate :
Second plate:
Third plate ;
Fourth plate:

aT GOs: css... 1884.
First plate :
Second plate :
Third plate :

Fourth plate:

211. Thecla betulae, Linn. Four figures (male,
female and under side, and larva) on sprig
of Blackthorn in fruit.

213. Theela w-album, Kh. Five figures (upper
and under sides, two forms of the larva,
and pupa) on sprig of Wych Elm in fruit.

216. Thecla pruni, Linn. ‘Three figures (male
and under side, and female) with sprig of
Blackthorn in flower.

218. Vhecla quercus, Linn. Four figures (male,
female and under side, and Jarva) on sprig
of Oak.

Containing 4 Plates (8 Figures). Representing
4 Species.

68. Argynnis polaris, Bdv. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

110. Melanarge larissa, Hub. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

114. Melanarye pherusa, Bdv. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

115. Melanarye arye, Sulz. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Part ? 1884. Containing 4 Plates (9 Figures). Representing 4

First plate :

Second plate:
Third plate :

Fourth plate :

Species.

176. Hvrebia epiphron, Kh. Three figures (upper
and under sides, and variety cussiope,
Fab.).

179. Hrebia arete, Fab. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

184. Hrebia oeme, Esp. ‘Two figures (upper and
under sides).

208. Erebia disa, Th. (Two figures (upper and
under sides).

Part ? (an old cover used and not correctly numbered nor dated).

First plate :

Second plate:

Third plate:

Fourth plate:

Containing 4 Plates (10 Figures). Repre-
senting 4 Species.

50. Melitaea desfontainesti, Bdv., a variety of
artemis? Two figures (upper and under
sides).

79. Argynnis elisa, Gdt., 1828; cyrene, Bon.,
1826. ‘Two figures (upperand under sides),
with spray of Bluebell.

1038. Nymphalis popult, Linn. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

152. Triphysa phryne, Pall. Four figures (male
and under side, female and under side).

Part ? (same remarks as against the last part). Containing 4 Plates

First plate :

(15 Figures). Representing 5 Species.
235. Lycaena telicanus, Hub. Three figures (male
and female, and an under side).
236. Lycaena balcanica, Fr. Three figures (male.
and female, and an under side).

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

Second plate: 287. Lycaena tiresias, Rg. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Third plate: 241. Lycaena argus, Linn. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Fourth plate: 269. Lycaena daphnis, W.V. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Part; 43 5qssteeee 1886. Containing 4 Plate (17 Figures). Representing
4 Species.
First plate : 238. Polyommatus halle, W.V. Two figures

(upper and under sides).

Second plate: 240. Lycaena aegon, W.V. Five figures (male,
female and under side, larva and pupa).

Third plate : 261. Lycaena alexis, W.V. Five figures (male,
female and underside, larva, and pupa) on
sprig of Restharrow.

Fourth plate: (Missing).

Part 59. No intervening parts are available between 43 and 59.
Some time in the interim a new cover has
been adopted with the following printing,
‘‘ Water-colour Drawings of European
Butterflies, taken direct from Nature by S.
L. Mosley, F.E.S., Hon. Memb. Lanes.
Ches. Ent. Soc., etc. Founded on Kirby’s
Manual. Huddersfield: Museum of Econ-
omic Natural History, 1894.”

First plate : 250. Lycaena lysimon, Hb. Three figures (male
and under side, and female).

Second Plate: 251. Lycaena rhymnus, Esp. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Third plate: 252. Lycaena psylorita, Fr. Two figures (upper
and under sides).

Fourth plate: 289. Lycaena arion, L. Two figures (upper and
under sides).

This part also contains Title-pages and Table of Contents for
volumes 1, 2, and 8, into which it was
intended the work should be divided; there
is also a Preface, dated Huddersfield,
February 6th, 1884,” from which the
‘following paragraphs are extracted :—

“ This Series of Figures was begun in 1884,
but pressure of other important work, and
latterly the difficulty of obtaining authentic
and reliable specimens, have retarded its
completion. The figures have all been
painted by my own hands, and | found it
impossible to secure any assistant who
could produce similar work at the same
rate. So the number of copies issued has
been, necessarily, limited. I started with
13 Subscribers. One half of these have

* Obviously an error, should be 1879.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 127

dropped off, from deaths, or other causes,

. so there will not be more than half a
dozen complete copies of this work in
OxISteMCe.n 2k os.

‘‘T hope that this colleetion of Figures will
be found to be of almost as much service
to the student of Rhopalocera, as a collec-
tion of the real insects.”

(To be concluded.)

TW OTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

BurrerFiies oF THE PuLtBoroueH Distrior (West Sussex).— During
the last five years, I have kept a record of the various species of butter-
flies, which I have noted to occur in the above district, which I define
as five miles in any direction from the Southern Railway station.
This area contains a great deal of meadow-land and marsh, but is well
wooded especially to the north and west, while there are also consider-
able areas of downland and heaths. The remarks as t> the abundance
or otherwise simply give my impression, as I have never worked for
any butterflies and it may well be that some species | have thought
local are in fact wide spread.

Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, and P. napi: abundant.

EFuchloé cardanines: plentiful.

Leptosia sinapis: very local and not plentiful.

Colias hyale: once only.

C. croceus (edtisa): most seasons in small numbers and some years
abundant.

Gonepteryx rhamni: plentiful.

Apatura tris: rather local and apparently scarce.

Limenttis sibilla: plentiful.

Polygonia c-album: rather plentiful these last few years.

Aglais urticae and Vanessa io: abundant.

Pyrameis cardut and P. atalanta: usually plentiful.

Dryas (Argynnis) paphia: plentiful in woods.

Argynnis adippe and A. aglaia: fairly plentiful.

Brenthis euphrosyne and B, selene: plentiful.

Melanargia galathea : local.

Satyrus semele: rather local.

Pararge aegeria: abundant 1p woods.

P. megera ; plentiful.

Epinephele jurtina and FE. tithonus: plentiful.

Aphantopus hyperantus: plentiful.

Caenonympha pamphilus : plentiful.

Zephyrus betulae: well distributed but nowhere abundant.

Strymon quercis: abundant.

Thecla w-album : local.

Callophrys rubi: plentiful.

Rumicia phlaeas: plentiful.

Cupido minima : local.

128 ENTOMOLOGIS’’ S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

Plebeius aegon: abundant on heaths.
Aricla medon (astrarche) : abundant on downs. +
Polyommatus tcarus : abundant.
P. coridon: abundant locally.
P. thetis (bellargus) : local.
Lycaenopsis argiolus: plentiful.
Hamearts lucina: local.
Hesperia malvae: plentiful.
Nisontades tages and Adopaca flava (thaumas) : common.
Auytades comma : scarce.
A. sylvanus: plentiful.
A. J. WigHtman.

HuPItHECIA PUSILLATA IN WoRCESTERSHIRE.—1 have recorded the
date of the capture of the specimen mentioned on page 70 of the May
issue of this magazine as May 25th, 19381. This is a mistake on my
part, as it should be May 25th, 19380.

Hyropaina Brcotorana, Fuess. (quercana, Schiff.) can be added to
the list of species occurring in the Ran-dan Woods, Wors., as I now
know that a larva I found in June, 1980, in the woods was that species.
I failed to rear it.

GasTROPACHA QUERCIFOLIA, Li.,1n WoRcESTERSHIRE.— On July 16th last
I had the pleasure of rearing a splendid female of this species, from a
larva beaten from wild plum near this village on June 5th, I fancy it
is not a common insect in this district.

Immigrant Leprpoprera.—Plusia yamma first appeared on the
Cotswolds on June 12th, when I saw about five at Guiting, and netted
two worn males, and a female in better condition. It has been common
everywhere since that date. The only Pyrameis cardui I have seen
were two in Kent, both very worn indeed, one at Herne Bay on July
3rd, and one near Margate on July 8th. A male Macroglossum stell-
atarwn caught at Valerian in the garden here on June 28th looks almost
in too fine condition to be a migrant—the fringes are hardly worn at
all.

Rhopalocera are very scarce this year. JI have only seen two
Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, one in Cornwall in May and one in
Kent in July, and only one Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, also in Kent at
the beginning of July.—P. Sivirer Smitrx, Pebworth.

A Query re EpinepHELE gurtTiIna-—Fpinephele jurtina, Li. ab.
splendida, B. White is described in Scott. Nat. I. 200 (1872) as follows—
“¢ Larger and brighter coloured ; the apical spot of the front wing w.th
two white dots.” He adds that it is the only form to be found in the
island of Longa, on the west coast of Rossshire, that it is occasionally
found in Aberdeenshire and that he has also taken it in the island of
Capri. Could any of our readers give us more information about this
form, ¢.g., Is it really the only form of Longa Island? and is it a
combination of the forms fulvocincta, Fuchs and bioculata, Rebel, as I
suppose from the description? A more detailed description is badly
needed.—B. J. Lempxe, Amsterdam.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 129

Birps ann Srirex eicgas.—The following observations may be of
interest. Beneath the sloping glass roof of my verandah a variety of
insects are trapped daily (and nightly) owing to the fact that the angle
formed by the wooden plate and the end of the glass affords no exit.
Many species of moths, flies, bees, wasps, beetles, etc., incessantly keep
to the line of the glass and few only escape the birds (mostly sparrows)
that fly in to ‘‘clear them up”’ especially in the early hours after day-
break. About a fortnight ago a fine specimen of Sirea gigas arrived
and roused me with the noise of the rapid vibration of its wings against
the glass (I sleep on the verandah), but although the birds have been
busy with their usual slaughter of trapped insects, this formidable
looking though harmless creature had not been attacked.

LimEnItTIs sIBILLA 1N Croypon.—My wife saw a freshly emerged
Limenitis sibilla flying in the strong sunshine over sone fruit vegetable
stalls in Surrey St. (Croydon) one day last week. This thoroughfare
is a street market, and two or three excited people tried to catch the
butterfly. Iam glad to say they did not succeed and that it flew safely
away.

I have never met either of the above mentioned insects before in
these densely built-up:parts of Croydon, that is, not in a state of
nature.—Tuos. B. Fostrr, Croydon, July 26th.

How Ranatra uinearis, L., swis.—This large water-bug occurs
in a large and ancient pond in Windsor Forest; though widely
distributed it is a decidedly local species in England. On May 1st
last, when fishing for water beetles in the above mentioned forest,
several specimens were taken, and subsequently housed in an aquarium
in the Natural History Museum—one at least being still alive.

The object of this note, however, is to describe how we saw the
bugs swimming on the top of the water. Butler describes this in his
Biology of the British Hemiptera as follows :—‘‘ The swimming is done
mainly by the hind legs, which are then moved simultaneously and
with a graceful motion lke that of a frog’s hind legs. The inter-
mediate legs are also moved simultaneously, but in a less rhythmical
way. . . . The raptorial legs are sometimes moved vertically in
the water as if to aid in progression.” But what we saw was quite
different to this. The bug appeared to stand on the water ina slanting
position and using the front legs like a dog swimming, and swimming
with the back legs, it rushed forward, looking like a miniature motor-
boat. We observed this several times; one specimen swept out and
round in a great circle; another went right across the large pond in
an incredibly short time, leaving a regular wave, as if from a steam-
boat, inits wake. Theday was warm and sunny which probably stimu-
lated the creatures, and it looked as if they were taking this exercise
purely for pleasure. In the aquarium they are very sluggish, and
remain submerged beneath the surface of the water.—Horace
DonistHoRPE. ;

Huxoa yesrictatis From Dorser. —More than 2 years ago my kind
correspondent, Mr. Parkinson Curtis of Parkstone, Dorset, very thought-
fully sent me the following note for inclusion in my British Noctwae notes.
This was pigeon-holed and forgotten. Still I think rather than be so
long deferred it would be better to record the form described in print.

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

Mr. Curtis writes thus, ‘‘ There is one beautiful form, which seems to
be worth naming and apparently has not so far been named. It is
not very common here and occurs in both sexes. The double basal
line is the usual two rich madder brown lines with a greyish interspace,
but the basal between vein 1 and the median nervure is a very lively
pale burnt sienna brown. Tke colour unfortunately deteriorates after
death somewhat, but I have a g before me, which is particularly well
marked, and besides has the patagia tipped with the same ruddy
brown, which is a very unusual feature in my experience. The form
may of course be usual elsewhere, but I am told the vestigialis from
Dorset are particularly well-marked.” Jn a consideable series we note
one or two which approach the above, but none are marked sufficiently
to be conspicuous, and some, especially the females, certainly have this
feature almost distinctively dark asin Newman’s fifth figure. Newman,
in his description mentions this oval area as being hght brown. I
suggest the name hasidistincta for this form with the almost pink
basal oval.—Hy.J.T.

Ruopometra (STeRRHA) SACRARIA IN Sussex.—On the West Sussex
Downs to-day I tooka g R. (S). sacraria in bred condition. At the
same spot 3 Colias croceus were seen.—H. B. Witurams (UL.D., F.E.S.)
August 28rd.

[Another example has been taken by Mr. Rayward at Eastbourne.
—Hy.J.T.]

Scarcity or Insecrs.—A day spent on the ‘“‘ Crumbles” at Hast-
bourne (August 17th) on one of the extremely hot days produced the
now usual paucity of Lepidoptera. Heliothis peltigera, eight medium-
sized green larvae on the Senecio viscosa. Six pupae of Dianthoecia
carpophaga. Abundance of Plusia gamma. One Pyramets cardui.
One Pararge megera. One or two Pieris brassicae. A solitary micro
unidentified. A few Hpirrhoé galiata, the dark banded form. It was
suggested that we might get all sorts of things but not even a solitary
C. croceus was seen and even the flies (Diptera) ceased to worry.—

Hy.J.T.

Imuierants.—So far no Pyrameis cardui has been seen in Hastings
this year until August 13th, when one was taken and released next
day ; it went up to at least 300 ft. when set free and flew due north.
After one P. atalanta on May 28th no further specimen was seen until
August 8th when seven were seen. As far as I know Niton in the Isle
of Wight was the only place recorded P. cardui in numbers in May.
Two Macroglossum stellatariun were caught at Round Island Red Light
in the Scillies in June. In July the Light Vessel (7 miles 8.8.E. of
Selsey Bill) sent me many moths in the light westerly winds. They
include Ourapterya sambucarta, Abraxas grossulariata, Tortrix viridana,
Cabera pusaria, Pieris brassicae, and others which Mr. Wm. Fassnidge
has for identification. Perhaps some of these may be classed as
“reinforced resident.” Seven miles off seems hardly far enough for
certainty though that is as far as Aglats urticae has ever been reported.
The Owers also sent in two “ lacewings’’ in their catch. Plusia gamma
has been repeatedly seen at Hastings since June 28th. P. atalanta
released on August 15th flew north as did 8 Colias croceus on August
9th.—From Notes received from Captain DannreurHer, August 15th,
Hastings.

REVIEWS 131

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at EKastbourne on
May 28th, 1982, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair.

Members Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. H. Donisthorpe,
Prof. E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Dr.
Harry Eltringham, and Mr. W. J. Kaye.

Visitors Present :—Mr. B. W. Adkin, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Dr. BR. R.
Armstrong, Maj. E. HE. Austen, Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, Mr. E. C.
Bedwell, Mr. K. G. Blair, Dr. Malcolm Burr, Capt. J. D. Dannreuter,
Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Col. F. A. Labouchere, Dr.
H. Lankester, Mr. Hugh Main, Rev. John W. Metcalfe, Mr. W. Rait-
Smith, Mr. Edwin P. Sharp, Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin, Mr. Alfred E.
Tonge, Mr. H. J. Turner, Mr. G. C. Leman, Rev. Geo. Wheeler, and
Mr. Cyril G. M. de Worms.

Several of the guests arrived by car. Those travelling by train
were met at the station by the Chairman and conveyed to the Grand
Hotel where luncheon was provided in a private room at 1.15 p.m.
After luncheon the party divided, one section making a tour of the
Downs and the other of the Crumbles. The latter locality provided
Mr. Collin with a series of Delia flavidipennis, Stein., on Silene. The
Hntomological Club Supper took place at the Grand Hotel at 6 o’clock,
and after a most enjoyable evening many of the guests returned to
London. The Chairman had kindly extended an invitation to all who
were able to stay over the week-end and this was very freely accepted,
a considerable number remaining. Owing to Mrs. Adkin’s delicate health
all were accommodated at the Grand Hotel. On Sunday morning an
excursion in motor cars was organized to Abbotts Wood. The rides
and wood generally after the recent rains were in a very sudden and
muddy condition. The weather at first was rather dull and insects
appeared to be scarce, but during the morning the sun shone brilliantly and
insects were very plentiful, and Pyrochroa coccinea was flying freely in
the sunshine. On returning to Kastbourne luncheon was provided at
the Grand Hotel Public Dining Room. During the afternoon a visit
was paid to Hodeslea, Meads, the Chairman’s residence, where tea was
provided and the gardens inspected. In the evening the Chairman
and his family entertained the guests to dinner at the Grand Hotel,
after which an exellent concert by the Hotel Band was much enjoyed.
The meeting was throughout most successful and enjoyable, and the
party broke up on Monday morning.—-H. Wittovexsy-Euuis.

FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Bers, Wasps, Anis anp Auuiep Insects of the British Isles, by
Kdward Step, F.L.S., 264 pp., 44 coloured plates, 67 other plates, 64
wing maps, and many text figures. Price 10/6, Messrs. Frederick
Warne and Co., Ltd.—Earlier in the year we recorded the death of a
great figure in the dissemination of a knowledge of the natural history
of our own country, the late Edward Step, F.L.8. We now have had
sent to our table a posthumously published work, the last unfortunately,
of which he had completed the MS. just previous to his death. We

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.1932

have no hesitation in saying that it is the best of all his works. It is
a happy combination of author and publisher, in which both have done
their best to produce a book, which must be of inestimable value to
field naturalists. The amount of classified information pleasantly
put by the author and the unstinted wealth of illustrations by the
publishers make it one of the cheapest books of its kind on the market.
The price versus the contents is negligible. An Introductory Book on
the Order Hymenoptera has been a great desideratum for all time.
We have had erudite volumes on sections of the Order, of little use to
the incipient student, or to the field naturalist, but no book existed
where the average nature lover of a countryside could run down, more
or less closely, the bees, wasps, ants, etc., one so often disturbs in the
open field or garden of flowers. The wing venation is a structure of
much use in the discrimination of the various sections of the
Hymenoptera, and here we have no less than 64 diagrams of such.
Lepidopterists often meet with larvae of Sawflies when beating; here
we have two coloured plates of 24 figures of the more commonly
occurring kinds. Illustrations of the saws of this group are given as
text figures, and 5 plates are devoted to figure many species of sawfly.
Of the Ichneumons there are 5 plates figuring numerous species
and of the gall-flies numerous illustrations both of species and of
galls.

The body of the work deals with the Hymenoptera-Aculeata, the
Humble-bees, Cuckoo-bees, Social Wasps, Potter Wasps, Mason Wasps,
Spider-hunting Wasps, Sand Wasps, Digger Wasps, Wood-boring
Wasps, Solitary Bees, Mining Bees, Carpenter-bees, Homeless Bees,
Ants, etc. Under each of these classes we have a readable general
account of the creatures, with perhaps a reference to those who have
made a special study of them, and then particulars and illustrations of
the more commonly met with species. These illustrations are not
limited merely to the figure of the species, but include cells of the
Mason-wasp, ditto opened up, heath potter-wasp building its clay cell,
queen wasp scraping a wooden post for material for ‘‘ paper-making,” -
leaf-cutter bee entering its nesting site, sand-wasp dragging its victim
a paralysed caterpillar, and so on. The ordinarily met with bees,
humble-bees, wasps, ants, ete., are similarly dealt with; one interesting
chapter describes the lives of the ‘“‘ cuckoo-bees,” of the fights between
unwelcome visitor and unwilling host, and another chapter the violent
banditry of the murderous spider-hunting wasps. The fascinating
life-histories, so wonderful in their variety and interest, although
known to the specialist perhaps for many years, are inthis work
brought together, compared and contrasted for the first time for the
general lover of nature. Our local societies must have a copy of this
work on its shelves and individual members will find a personal copy
is indispensable. Appended we have a short list of reference books, a
classified list of families and genera referred to in the book, a glossary
of terms and a capital index, in fact nothing is omitted to spoil the
completion. We congratulate the publishers, Messrs. Frederick Warne
and Co., on the result of their efforts and trust that their reward may
be a circulation better than they even anticipate.—Hy.J,T.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Turnen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require InLusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AuTrHoR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge, hey should
be sent to Mr. Hy, J. T'urnen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Tlinlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and gponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8 p.m. October 5th.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the wonth, at 7 p.m.
September 22nd. October 13th, 27th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Hssex.

FOR SALE

Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera. Second series. Hand-coloured by
(late) S. L. Mosley, F.E.S. (1B... . to 1903). Thirty plates, 150 figures. Original
parts as issued—vyery rare, £2 2s. 6d.—Curator, Museum, Wakefield.

Seitz. Palaearctic Volumes J. and IJ. (Butterflies and Bombyces) in parts complete
and clean (German edition), price £4.—Otto Michalk, Leipzig-Kleinsch. W. 32,
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CONTENTS

Notes on the Psychidae. XIII. (With plate.) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows,

133
On the ‘Illustrations of Huropean Butterflies,’ S. L. See (1879-

1894), C. Mosley, M.B.O.U. (concluded) .. Be 135
Newly described forms of Species found in Britain, Hy.J.T. ns as 138
Zygaenae, Geypocers and ae of the Cottian ee Dr, ae

Verity . 139
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SuprPLemEenT.—British Noctuae, H. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S. (245)-(248)

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Prate II.

PsycwiDEA NuDELLA,

Busveis PectinELLAa EPicHNOPTERY* pullA.

The Entomologist’s Record. del C. R. N. Burrows.

Mate Geniratia oF PsycHiDanr.

NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDAE. 133

Notes on the Psychidae. XIII. (With Plate.)
By Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 119.)

Passing from the Fuwmeidae, still following Tutt’s arrangement, we
arrive at the extraordinarily awkward term /picnopteriyidae. This we
owe to Hubner, who in his Sammlung (1822) introduced the name
Epichnopteria for a certain group of the Psychides, which later proved
to be a very mixed lot (Tutt, Vol. 2, p. 348).

Rambur (Cat. Sys. Lep. Andalousie, 1858, p. 814 et seq.) examining
Hiibner’s group, separated certain species which possess a_ short
anterior tibial spur, under the generic name of Psychidea. His words
translated read ‘‘ Thighs and anterior tibia shorter than the posterior,
having a very short epiphysis.”’*

Most unfortunately, Rambur identified his type, so far as the name
is concerned, with pectinella, Schiff., an error which has had unforeseen,
and confusing, results.

Rambur, as a matter of fact, collected entirely in Andalusia. His
insect must have been wdella, Ochs. HKven up to the date of the
publication of Seitz, vol. 2, there would appear to be no record of the
occurrence of peetinella in Spain. Itis however sufficient for our purpose
to note, that the spur in Rambur’s Psychidea must-be, markedly short.
The spur in pectinella is long, and the insect which he examined had
a short spur. Nudella does occur in Spain, and is very like pectinedla.
Nudella is figured by Bruand (Monograph, Fig. 58). Hubner figures
pectinella twice. First in 17938, and much later in his Sammluny.
The former figure is unquestionably Bruand’s niwdella.

This mistake in a name has led to repeated error, to which Tutt
called attention (Hntom. Record. Vol. 12, p. 168, 1900).

First of all, Dr. Heylaerts in 1879 named the long spurred genus,
Bijugis, and later (Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely., May 14th, 1900, p. 189) stail
mislead by Rambur’s mistake in identification, places pectinella, and
its long spurred congeners in Rambur’s short spurred genus, Psychidea,
and for the short spurred forms created a new genus,—Rebelia,
which must, of course, fall before Rambur’s older name. ‘The rest of
Hubner’s species were left in Mpichnopteria. Staudinger (Catalog,
1901) unfortunately follows Heylaerts, as also does Seitz. Staudinger
places Psychidea next to Fumea, but his Psychidea is the long spurred
genus containing pectinella, and not Rambur’s.

Seitz also, gives Psychidea the long spur, and the “ cellula intrusa ”’
which really belongs to Heylaerts’ Bijugis, the long spurred genus.
But there are other, and equally important differences between these
genera.

Firstly, Psychidea, as separated by Rambur, has its final segments
in agreement with Humea, and not with Hpichnopteria.

Secondly, the tibial spur ratio is noticeably different (Psychidea,
83-51, Bijugis, 52-64.

Again Psychidea has the spur short, and no “cellula intrusa,”’
Bijuyis has the spur long and possesses the ‘‘ cellula intrusa,’”’ while
Eipichnopterix has no spur, but has the “ cellula intrusa.’’ I am

* This term according to Smith’s Glossury vs ntomology, means—‘‘ A lappet-
like process, covering an excavation on the fore tibia of many Lepidoptera.” I
must confess that I have not discovered this excavation, the cover must be that
which we call the spur.

134 ENTOMOLOGIS'’ S RECORD. 15.X.19382

unable to detect the ‘“cellula intrusa”’ in Acentra. Besides these
differences the position of the genera is somewhat critical, and very
interesting.

It will be remembered that there has been some uncertainty in
time past as to the continuity of the Psychides. The ancient case of
Stainton’s ‘‘ Manual”’ is an example of this. Tutt was wholeheartedly

in favour of considering them to be ‘‘ one separate, distinct, homo-
geneous, group of the Lepidoptera,” with which opinion I entirely
agree.

The genera now under consideration occupy this interesting
position, but require shifting slightly, to bring them into line.

I have therefore thought myself justified in revising Tutt’s arrange-
ment, by placing Psychidea next to Kumea, that is above Bijugis and
outside his Mpichnopteryyidae, and between these genera I have placed
my new Genus. Acentra, which is introduced, and defined, in my
former paper. This sugvested rearrangement will be found in the
amended table now provided.

Fumea.
PsycHIpKIDI.
PsycuHipEA. Ramb. 1866.
62. Sarno, Mill.
63. NocrurneLa, Alph.
64. Nupexva, Och.
v. Suriens, -ntella Ren.
65. PLuMELLa, Hs.
67. SraubINGEnt, Heyl.
v. MasorELua,
68. MiLnreret, Heyl.
69. |*LavEScENS, Heyl.
ACENTRA, Burrows.
61. VestaLis, Staud.

HT picHNOPTERYGIDAR.
JipI1cHNOPTERYGINAE.
BisuGinae.

Bisuerpt.
Bisuais. Heyl. 1879.

57. BompyceLya, Schiff.

v. RoTuNDELLA, Brd.

v. ELONGATELLA, Brd.

58. Proxima, Led.
59. PEcTINELLA, Schiff.

vy. PERLUCIDELLA, Brd.
ALTalIca, Staud.

60. ALPHERAKI, Heyl.
71. GRAECELLA, Mill.

In the plate attached I have tried to indicate the position. The
resemblance of Psychidea, Rambur., to Fumea, and of Bijugis, Heyl.
to Epichnopterix. I doubt however whether I have succeeded in
marking sufficiently the delicate Funea form, as contrasted with the
much stouter Hpichnopteria.

ON THE ‘‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.” 135

I have not found the species here discussed to be freely offered by
dealers, and imagine them to be difficult to collect. In Chapman’s
material are a good many cases which agree with those which have
been identified, but there is no specimen which can be identified as
bred, or collected by him. I have in my collection now 6 specimens
of G. pectinella. Such as bear data, come from Hungary, Lautarets,
and Vienna, two having been bred.

Of P. nudella I have 5, which come from Fiume, Hungary, and
Spain. The larval cases of all these insects so far as I have been able
to ascertain (with the exception of B. bombycella, which appears to
construct a ‘‘ faggot’) would appear to be cylindrical, long, and slender,
consisting of silk, intersperced with fine black sand. There is complete
absence of an attempt at decoration, in the shape of leaves, and sticks.

I have measured those of Acentra.

1. Acentra vestalis 2 females 14+ 8mm., slender, narrower towards exit.
2. ie 2males ?15+38mm., stouter, parallel sides.

3. I have no ease.

AL lmale ?10+38mm., swollen in middle, very

pointed towards exit.
As to the genitalia I have made these notes.
1. 10 see. ventral view, conical, very narrow and sharp, edge well
infolded, 8th sternite strongly “hooked
laterally.

2. Be 3 Wide, slightly infolded, Saccus blunt, forward
edge lobed.

3. s : Narrower, slightly infolded, Saccus blunt,
forward edge not lobed.

4. ” 55 Conical, narrow, slightly infolded, Saccus

produced, inner edge not lobed, but with
two points.

I observe that vestalis, Staud., appears in the Catalog, 1901, as a
var. of Rebelia nudella, but is identified with pectinella, Hub. It is
described as ‘‘ minor, tota alba.,”’ while nudella is, ‘‘ cinereus, ciliis al.
albis.”’

On the “Illustrations of European Butterflies” by S. L. Mosley
(1879-1894).

By CHARLES MOSLEY, M.B.O.U.
(Curator of The City of Wakefield Museum and Art Gallery.)

(Concluded from page 127.)

CONTENTS OF VOLUME I.

PAPILIONIDAE DoRrirtTIs PEIRIS
Pp 8. Apollina - 14. Brassicae
=) 15. Krueperi
1. Podalirius PaRNASSIUS 16. Rapae
2. Alexanor 17. Napi
: 9. Apollo BL
3. Machaon WOW Dalans 18. Callidice

3. Hospiton 19. Daplidice

11. Nordmanni 20. Chlorodice

12. Mnemosyne

TualIs
5. Cerisyi ANTHOCHARIS
6. Rumina Aporta (PrERIs) Si Belomin

7. Polyxena 13. Crataegi 22. Belia

136

23. Tagis

24. Cardamines
25. Gruneri
26. Damone
27. Kupheno

Leraris

28. Pyrothoe
29. Kupheme

LEUCOPHASIA
30. Sinapis
31. Lathryi

Couias
32. Palaeno
33. Phicomone
34. Hyale
35. Erate
36. Chrysothome
37. Hecla
38. Thisoa
39. Myrmidone
40. Edusa
41. Heldreichi
42. Aurorina

GONEPTERYX

43. Rhamni
44. Cleopatra

DANAIDAE
Danalis
45. Chrysippus

NYMPHALIDAE

MELITAEA

46. Cynthia
47. Iduna

ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD.

48. Maturna
49. Artemis
50. Desfontainesii
51. Cinxia

52. Arduinna
53. Phoebe

54. Didyma
55. ‘Trivia

56. Deiona

57. Athalia

58. Dictynna
59. Britomartis
60. Parthenie
61. Asteria

ARGYNNIS
62. Aphirape
63. Selenis
64. Selene
65. EKuphrosyne
66. Pales
67. Chariclea
68. Polaris
69. Freja
70. Dia
71. Amathusia
72. Frigga
73. Thore
74. Daphne
75. Ino
76. Hecate
77. Lathonia
78. Hugenia
79. Cyrene
80. Alexandra
81. Aglais
82. Niobe
83. Adippe
84. Loadice
85. Paphia
86. Pandora

ARASCHNIA
87. Prorsa

GRAPTA

88. Egea
89. C-album

VANESSA

90. Polychloros
91. Xanthomelas
92. V-album

93. Urticae

94. Io

95. Antiope

PyRAmMnris
96. Atalanta
97. Cardui
98. Ionia

NEPTIS

99. Aceris
100. Lucilla

LIMENITIS
101. Sibylla
102. Camilla
NyYMPHALIA
103. Populi

APATURA

104. Iris
105. Llia

CHARAXES
106. Jasius

CONTENTS: OF VOEUMIET Ir

SATYRIDAE

MELANARGIA (ARGE)
107. Galathea
108. Laschesis
109. Teneates
110. Larissa
111. Hylata
112. Clotho
113. Pherusa
115. Arge
116. Thetis

Lastommara (Saryrvs)

117. Roxelana
118. Clymene
119. Maere
120. Hiera
121. Megaera
122, Aegeria
123. Dejanira

Hrpparcuta (SATYRUs)

124. Proserpina
125. Hermione
126. Akeycone
127. Briseis
128. Anthe
129. Autonoe
130. Semele
131. Anthelea
132. Peplopea
133. Agave
134. Beroe

135. Lolaus
136. Arethusa
137. Statilinus
138. Fidia

139. Phoedra
140. Cordula
i141. Actaea
(142 not figured)
143. Lycaon

144. Narica

145, Janira

146. Janiroides
147. Nurag

148. Ida

149. Tithonus
150. Pasiphae
151. Hyperanthus

TRIPHYSA
152. Phryne
153. Sunbecca

CoENONYMPHA

154. Oedipus
155. Hero

156. Iphis

(157 not figured)
158. Areanius
159. Leander
160. Philea

15.X.1932

ON THE “‘ ILLUSTRATIONS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES.” 1B 7

161. Dorus EREBIA 192. Stygne
162. Dorinna 176. Epiphron (Cassiope) 193. Afra
163. Amaryllis 177. Melampus 194. Parmenio
164, Pamphilus 178. Eriphyle 195. Manto
165. Thyrsis 179. Arete 196. Ocnus
166. Davus 180. Mnestra 197. Tyndarus
167. Typhon 181. Pharte 198. Gorge
182. Pyrrha _ 199. Gorgone.
CHIONOBUS 183. Ceto 200. Goante-
168. Jutta 184. Oeme 201. Rechlini
169. Aello 185. Medusa 202. Pronoe
170. Tarpeia 186. Pirene 203. Neoridas :
171. Norna 187. Nerine 204. Medea (Blandina)
172. Bore 188. Kvias 205. Ligea
173. Taygete 189. Melas _ 206. Euryale
174. Crambis 190. Alecto 207. Embla
175. Oeno 191. Scipio 208. Disa
CONTENTS OF, VOLUME il
LIBYTHEIDAE 238. Fischeri 284. Cyllarus
LIpyrHea 239. Trochilus 285. Melanops
: 240. Aegon 286. Tolas
AIDS (Gets 241. Argus 287. Alcon
242. Optilete 288. Diomedes
N SECU SND J (243 not figured) 289. Arion
Bee 244. Zephyrus 290. Arcus
210. Lucina 245. Pylaon :
246. Bavius HESPERIDAE
LYCAENIDAE 247. Battus Pyreus (Hxsprrta)
THECA : 242. Hylas 291. Malvarum
211. Betulne 249. Panope 292. Marrubii
212. Spini 250. Lysimon 293. Lavaterae
213. W-album 251. Rhymnus 294. Proto
214. Tlicis 252. Psylorita 295. ‘Tessellum
215. Acaciae 253. Pheretes 296. Cribrellum
216. Pruni 254. Orbitulus 297. Cynarae
Sitqemlvederani 255. Medon (Agestis) 298. Side
218. Quercus 206. Idas ; 299. Carthami
219. Rubi aoe eae 300. Alveus
258. Anteros ‘
Lom B59. Eros = + «82 Onloaline.
220. Roboris 260. Bee oy fy ; PI coenedac
THESTOR 20, canus) (les) 304. Centaureae
262. Chiron 305. Malvae (Alveolus)
221. Ballus 263. Amandus 306 Phlomidis
222. Callimachus 264. Agestor Seta State
3 307. Orbifer
CHRYSOPHANUS ore rataeeee 308. Sao
(PoiyommaTus) as 6 Bony 309. Therapne
223. Vigaureae 267. Corydon
268. Dorylas NISONIADES (HESPERIA)
224. Ottomanus Sloss
555! Mersntion 269. Daphnis 310. Tages
996. Hippothoe 270. Admeyus 311. Marloyi
227. Kurydice (Chryeis) zie eigen PAMPHILA (HESPERIA)

E 272. Lefebvrei
228. Alciphron 312. Thaumas
999. Gordius 273. Menaleas

i 313. Lineola
230. Dorilis 274. Hopfferi 3

. 314. Actaeon
»)
(231 not figured) egonoy figured) 315. Sylvanus

726. Damon Ca
Bap claens 277. Donezelii 316. Comma,
zee. Jaleille 278. Argiolus 317. Aetna”
Potyommatus (Lycaena) 279. Sebrus 318. Nostradamus
234. Boeticus 280. Alsus Cytcoprmpes (HESPERIA)
235. Telicanus 281. Semiargus (Acis) 319. Steropes
236. Baleanica (282 not figured) 320. Paniscus
237. Tiresias 283. Coelestina 321. Sylvius

* This item is crossed through with ink, and it is written ‘‘N. Amer. Sp.
Not Europ.’’

188 ENTOMOLOGIS'’’S RECORD. 15.X.1932

Newly-described Forms of Species of Lepidoptera found in Britain.

1. Zygaena purpuralis.—In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for December 8th,1931
(Vol. XXV., p. 841) the Oban race of this species is named caledonensis,
by H. Reiss. It is characterised by the thin scaling, and the very
strong hairs on the thorax and abdomen, and is smaller than the
purpuralis from Germany while exceeding somewhat in size the small
high alpine race niubigena.

2. Zygaena achilleae.—In the same place the Scottish subspecies
of this species is named caledonica by H. Reiss. It is characterised by
smaller size, resembles mostly the subspecies alpestris from the high
alpine districts of Kurope, and has thinner scaling, with hyaline |
streaks at the base of the hindwings. Ground colour blackish in both
sexes without gloss or scattered yellowish scales and distinctly strongly
‘haired. Forewing spots much contracted. Spot 6 small, attached to
spot 5. Hindwings lead coloured with blackish fringes.

3. Zygaena melilotimOn p. 344 of the same Herr Reiss names the
English (Lyndhurst) race of this species asanylica. It is characterised
as smaller than the typical form in Bavaria. Ground colour in the
3s with practically no gloss, but in the females with a slight green
sheen. ‘Thorax and abdomen more thickly clothed with hair than in
the typical form, comparable with f. niyrina of Hast Prussia, from
which it is readily separated by its much narrower black margin of
the hindwings.

In Lamb. for December, Vol. XX XI. p. 199, M. C. Cabeau describes
an aberration of Melitaea aurinia as ab. simiyracilens. It is charac-
terised by the forewings being of an almost uniform fawn colour with
the black markings very thin or quite obsolete; while the hindwings
are greyish black with some of the fulvous markings more or iess well
emphasised. Rabais-Virton.

In Lamb. for January, Vol. XXXII. p. 8, M. C. Cabeau describes
a new form of Arctia caja as ab. flavomacula. ‘This form is character-
ised by the forewings being white and the dark marking being separate
and not united by lines. But the hindwings are orange red; the
spots, numbering five, are not of the usual bluish black colour but are
of a pale yellow. Caught at Ruffac, Charente, in September, 1980.

Gonepterya rhamni, L.—In Lamb. for February, p. 88, Herr B.-J.
Lempke describes and names two hitherto unnoted forms of this
species. (1) ab. $ awrantiaca, “Ground colour of a magnificent
golden yellow.” It must not be confused with ab. fervida, Fritsch, in
which this coloration is less intensive and confined to the upperside
only. (2) ab. ? alba, ‘‘ Ground colour of a pure white.”

Melitaea aurinia, Rott., ab. melanolenca, Cabeau.—In Lamb. for
April, p. 76, this aberration is described as an extraordinary mixture of
melanism and albinism and is figured on Plate IV., fig. 1. The base
and disc of the forewings are black leaving only 2 fawn coloured spots
somewhat reddish, while the submarginal area is much lighter and of
a yellowish fawn. The hindwings are similarly suffused but the
marginal area is not so pronouncedly light. The nervures are all well
emphasised with black. On the underside the ground is as above but
less emphasised and the submarginal area is greyish. Digne.

Mamestra oleracea, Li.iM. Dufrane describes 8 new forms of this
species in Lamb. XXII. 81. (1) ab. minov.—of small size. 32mm.

ZYGAENAK, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 139

Framiéres, Belgium. (2) ab. nana.—Of small size but the colour that
of obscura, Spul. Framiéres. (8) ab. minuscula.—Of the same size as
ab. minor but has the colour of ab. obsvieta, Lambl. Framiéres.

Sideritis (Leucania) pallens, L.—M. Dufrane describes 2 new forms
of this species in Lamb.—(1) ab. minor, 28mm., with coloration as in
the type. Framiéres, etc. (2) ab. nana like ab. minor but coloration
as in ab. sujusa, Steph.

Miana (Oligia) furuncula, Schiff. (bicoloria, Vill.)—M. Dufrane

described 2 new forms of this species in the same magazine.—(1) ab.
minor, 17mm. in expanse, similar to the form bicoloria, Vill. (2) ab.
minuscula, same as ab. minor but similar to ab, rufuneula. Both from
Framiéres.

Rivula sericealis, Scop., ab. ochrea, Cab.—The ground of the fore-
wings deep yellow ochre and not straw-yellow as in the type; the
hindwings are of a greyish yellow. Hautes-Pyrénées.

Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps
compared with other races.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.

(Continued from Vol. XL., p. 163.)

Melitaea trivia, Schiff., race ?—Oulx (‘‘one specimen taken by Mr.
Lawson, July 31st, flying with J. didyma”’). This information is
furnished by L. G. Higgins in The Hntomoloyist, 1930, p. 158, who
also says it is “ very different from examples from Hastern Hurope; a
most distinct form.” Not having met with this species at Oulx and
having two male didyma, which resemble trivia very much, from that
locality, | asked Mr. Higgins whether it was quite sure that Lawson’s
specimen exhibited Riley’s distinctive feature of trivia on the under-
side of the hindwing, 7.e., the first row of black dots, beyond the end
of the cell, very near and quite parallel to the following row, which is
on the edge of the orange band. This is the only character which
I have found to be perfectly reliable in separating the two species. His
angwer was that it is unmistakably present.

Melitaea diamina, Lang (=dietynna, Esp. hom. prim.) eexrge
vernetensis, Rondou, race alpestris, Frhst., at Sestrieres, and race
alpestris, Frhst., trans. ad maynaclara, Vrty., at Oulx (only one male
on July lst and a female on the 17th) and Cesana (males abundant
and all very fresh on July 11th; females from the 15th and a few of
both sexes still emerging on the 24th).—I have stated in my recent
paper on this species in the Hint. Rec. that the race of Sestriéres is
small and very melanic and that its underside exhibits the features of
the Central exerge, so that it corresponds exactly with the broadspread
alpestris, Frhst., of the western and central Alps. The Cesana and
Oulx race is larger and has broader fulvous spaces, so that it is
intermediate between the preceding and the still larger maynaclara,
Vrty., of the Maritime Alps. I think the Central exerge of diamina
should, taken as a whole, bear the name of vernetensis, Rondou,
because it is the first one given to one of its races, although the latter
is not a pure strain of that exerge, many individuals showing they
carry a strain of the Northern one mixed with it, so that the race is a
synexerge, as I have pointed out in the aforesaid paper.

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1932

Melitaea (parthenoides, Kef.=parthenie, Auct. nec Borkh. exerge ?)
varia, Meyer-Diir. race variabella, Vrty.: Clavieres, 1800 m. (on July
29th, and, according to Higgins, Sestrieres on July 4th).—I have des-
eribed this race and established its position in the Hnt. Rec. of 19381,
p. 152, so that nothing need be added here about it.

Melitaea parthenie, Borkh.=anrelia, Nickerl, race imitatriz, Vrty.
Oulx (males already abundant, but all quite fresh, at the end of June
and still emerging after the middle of July ; females from the beginning
of this month and a few still emerging at the beginning of August).—I
have already stated in the paper mentioned above that the species is
found also on Mt. Musiné, which stands at the foot of the Susa Valley,
near Turin, and is about 1000m. in height. I sent specimens from
both these localities to Reverdin, who made sure of the species by dis-
secting the genitalia of several, with a view to discovering whether any
belonged to the exactly similar J/. britomartis, Assm. race anreliaeformis,
Vrty., but it was not found. I have described race imitatria and its
appearance and variations at Oulx in the same paper. [ must record
here an aberration, in which the fulvous is replaced by deep chestnut,
inclining to chocolate colour, whereas the black pattern is so poorly
pigmented that it looks grey; it is a male with the edge of the wings
on the right side ill-developed. -

Melitaea athalia, Rott., exerge helvetica, Rubl=pseudathalia,Reverdin,
race celadussa, Frhst.—Oulx (males from June 30th; females from
July 4th; on the 20th this species had nearly entirely disappeared, but
a few sporadic females still emerged till the 28th) ; Cesana (a few still
fresh at the beginning of August).

Melitaea deiune, H.-G., race berisalii (spelt with a double 7 in the
original description), Rtthl—I have not met with this species, but
Higgins informs us in The Hntomologist of 19380, p. 158, that he has
collected at Oulx, on July 8rd, one worn example at about 38000 ift.,
which he cannot separate from those he has from Martigny. If the
genitalia and other specimens confirm this diagnosis, it will be an
interesting discovery, as berisalii was only known from the Valais
and the dvione of Tessin and the Alto Adige stand nearer to the
nominotypical race of the species than to it. Whilst race tessinorwmn,
of Biasca, is described as a transition to berisalii by Fruhstorfer, nobody
seems to have noticed that in the Maritime Alps there exists another
very fine race, transitional to rondoui, Obth., of Gédre in the valley of
Saint-Sauveur (Hautes Pyrénées), and to the, more or less, similar
siynata, Sagarra, of Catalonia (Seva), which could easily be mistaken
for the athalia of the same region, owing to their heavy black markings
and their deep fulvous. The original figures of the species in Hubner’s
magnificent plates represent a very extreme and rather unusual form
of both sexes, from what, one may be sure, was a remarkably arid
locality: the size is strikingly small, as compared with the usual,
normal, one of the lowlands of southern [france, but not as much so,
especially in the male sex, as in the tiny dejonella, Vrty., of the second
generation (the length of forewing from base to tip measures 20mm.
in Hiibner’s figure, whereas in my typical series of dejonella from
Marseilles it measures 18); the tone of the fulvous is very pale and
_ cold; the black markings are extremely thin and notably the central
elbowed row of spots are reduced to a degree one seldom meets with.
Hemming, in the 7ans. Ent. Soc. London, 1981, p. 504, points out

ZYGAENAE, GRYPOCERA AND RHOPALOCERA. 141

that, on the strength of a statement of Duponchel.. Hiibner’s
specimens must have been from ‘‘ Aix-en-Provence.” There
remains to be seen whether Hubner’s form ever is so constant
locally as to constitute a peculiar race ; anyhow, I think it will be use-
ful to distinguish the usual, larger, brighter and more bodly marked
form by the name of praestantior, taking as typical a series of speci-
mens collected for me by Foulquier at the well known Sainte Baume,
in the Var, on May 20th.

The race of the Maritime Alps, mentioned above, as represented by
a series collected by C. Hofer at Saint Martin de Vésubie, at the
beginning of June, and again from August 10th to 27th in the second
generation, is constantly, in all the specimens, and markedly distinct
from praestantior, of the Var, and can be described as a further degree
in the direction of rondoni and signata to which it is a near approach.
Both generations are distinctly larger than the corresponding ones of
the Var and the first is, in fact, as large as mayna, Seitz, of Andalusia,
the male’s forewing measuring 22 and the females 22 to 23mm.; the
fulvous is of a rich, warm and bright tone; some females are hand-
somely variegated in that this colour is alternated with a yellowish
fulvous in some of the spaces; both the basal suffusion and the rest of
the black pattern are always much more prominent than they ever are
in praestantior and thus resemble some rondout and siynata,’and even
berisalii, except for the peculiar broad black marginal band of the latter,
which does not exist at all; the underside does not differ much from
that of praestantior, and there is no tendency on this surface to the
prominent markings of berisalii. I propose naming this fine race
vesubiana and its small second generation (male 18, female 18 to
20mm.) yesubiella. The latter, compared with the former, exhibits
no tendency to a reduction ‘of the black pattern, as does dejonella
compared with praestantior.

As I am dealing with this species | must also note that, now Ribbe
has made it clear that magna, Seitz, is the Andalusian race of deione
and not athalia, Oberthur’s name of nitida, given to the Algerian race,
which is exactly the same, makes it a synonym, as Seitz’s was published
on October 7th and Oberthir’s in June of the same year, 1909. I can-
not agree with Ribbe that mayna is a synonym of nevadensis, Obth. :
the original figure of the latter is exactly like one of my vesubiana and
it must apply to the mountain race, whereas nitida =mayna is the larger
one, with broader wings, a brighter colouring and a very thin black
pattern, of the lowlands of southern Spain ; I possess it from Murcia.

Boloria euphrosyne, Li. race neston, Frhst. Oulx (beginning of June)
and along the path from Jouvenceau to Notre Dame des Broussailles
(beginning of July) ; race ewphrosyne, LL. Cesana (July 11th), Clavieres
(July 29th) and Sestrieres (July 4th, according to Higgins).—] have
shown in my recent paper on this species that in the drier and warmer
valley of Oulx a race similar to the neston of Tessin is produced,
whereas, further up in the mountains, from Cesana, one meets with a
distinctly different one, which is quite similar to the nominotypical
one of Sweden.

Boloria pales, Schiff. race palustris, Frhst. Claviéres (both sexes
emerging on July 29th); Sestriéres (Swarming on August 8th, from
very worn to pertectly fresh conditions).—I have discussed this race,
together with other cases afforded by this interesting and somewhat

142 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.1922

puzzling species, in a monograph on this subject, published in the
‘Tris’ of September, 1932. It unquestionably is, on the whole, a
true palustris, but I have pointed out that some specimens, to my
mind, distinctly betray a strain of broyotarus, Frhst. = tendensis,
Higgins, so that this is one of the reasons, which scarcely admits con-
sidering the latter as belonging to a distinct species, according to
Higgins’s view (Lhe Entomologist, 1980, p. 199).

(Lo be continued.)

YOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

M. (H.) surria spLenoipa, B. Wuire. Repry to Mr. Lempxe.—
Mr. Lempke has only to consult the Mntomologist, LXIII., nos. 802,
808 to find an account of Buchanan White’s insect ‘ Mpinephele jurtina
ab. splendida,’ which is there proved to be a good subspecies. Since
the paper was published I have visited Longa Island and Gairloch.
and taken splendida in fair numbers. It is unmistakeably a subspecies
and when seen in flight looks much darker than the ordinary §S.
English jurtina.—P. P. Graves (F.H.S.).

AnotHeR Literary Curiosrry.—Another loss for Parisians. Paris
without butterflies is inconceivable. It is a prospect calculated to
bring infinite sadness to the entomologist, and nothing short of
consternation to the Secretary of State for Tourist Propaganda. But
it is a dread possibility serious entertained, it would seem, by expert
Nature observers.

According to one of these, M. Gérard d’Houville, the beautiful
insect is this year a rare sight in the gardens of the Luxemburg and
the Bagatelle Gardens of the Bois de Boulogne. M. d’Houville
remembers years when his eyes were gladdened in these delightful
resorts by great flights of butterflies. He recalls a night of long ago
when Andre Gide offered him a superb specimen that he had captured
on an electric globe in the Rue Royale.

To the plaints of old Parisian about the demise of famous cafés
and of familiar boulevard landmarks, and about the decay of manners,
there may now have to be added yet another variant of the poignant
familiar line—‘‘Ou sont les papillons d’antan ?” (‘‘ Where are the
butterflies of yester-year ?”.—‘“ D.T.” 18. vii.32. ;

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Speldhurst Close,
Sevenoaks, on July 9th, 19382, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis in the Chair.
Members Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robt. Adkin, Mr.
Horace Donisthorpe, Mr. Jas. E. Collin. Visitors Present:—Mr. L.
W. Adkin, Maj. E. E. Austen, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Mr. EH. C. Bedwell,
Mr. F. W. Frohawk, Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. Hugh Main, Mr. J. F. Perkins,
Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. H. J. Turner.

The members and visitors arrived at 3 o’clock and were received by
Mr. and Mrs. Willoughby-Hllis. The Chairman’s Museum was open
for inspection, which included his re-arranged collection of British

CURRENT NOTES. 1438

Butterflies in 160 drawers, the British Moths in 60 drawers, British
Hemiptera and British Coleoptera. Mr. Hugh Main brought a number
of newly-hatched larvae of the Cetoniid beetle, Gnorimus nobilis, in
their pabulum of decayed brown mould, from an oak tree, in which the
eggs were laid. ‘Tea was served on the lawns at 4 o'clock, after which,
in brilliant weather, a tour was made of the gardens and woods.
Supper was served at 6.30 p.m., and the party dispersed about 11
o'clock. Some of the guests remained at Speldhurst Close for the
week-end, and on Sunday morning Darenth Wood was visited in very
hot weather. The portions of the wood which still remain are very
much overgrown, and considerable difficulty was experienced in
proceeding from one part to another ; insects were found to be some-
what scarce. yctiscus betuleti and many other species of Coleoptera
were captured, amongst which was a very white variety of Strangalia
armata,

The Members of the Club took the opportunity of their meeting
together to join in sending its congratulations and good wishes to Mr.
Robert Armstrong Adkin, the only son of Mr. and Mrs. R. Adkin,
senior member of the Club, on the occasion of his marriage to Miss
Hileen Marguerite Melvill late of Johannesberg, 5. Africa, at the same
time presenting the bridegroom with a clock suitably inscribed. Mr.
R. A. Adkin has for many years past assisted his father in the meetings
of the Club at Mastbourne. He takes a particular interest in the
Mollusea,—H.W.-E.

The volunie of the Ann. Soc. ent. France for 1932, contains articles
or the Faunas of the Azores Islands and the Mascarene Islands, dealing
with spiders, Orthoptera and Coleoptera. There are six plates, one
coloured. The format of this journal is now quarto.

We have to thank Dr. F. Heydeman for various separates of his
writings. In Hnt. Rund. of the present year he has been dealing with
Liycaenid species of the Palaearctic Fauna. His articles are very
thorough and all palaearctic students should consult them for the
results of his study.

L’ Amat. de Pap. for March has an account of Lanslebourg as a
good collecting ground by M. Catherine.. More than once both Dr.
Chapman and Mr. J. W. Tutt spent many days in this neighbourhood.

We have received a copy of no. 1 of the Journal of the Hntomo-
logical Society of the South of England. In addition to the valuable
Transactions which this Society is publishing year by year, this new
journal has been established to take the smaller communications of
local value and interest, which may not be of sufficient comprehensive-
ness for the former. The Society does not intend to publish it us a
journal of proceedings at their meetings, but it will contain each year
the list of officers, a list of members and their addresses, a financial
statement, and other matters of general interest to the Society. The
issue will, we understand, be at regular intervals. There are no less
than 86 items contributed by sixteen members the subjects being
mostly of the ‘‘ other orders”’ six only being purely Jepidopterous in
content although two, such as the interesting note by Prof. EH. B.
Poulton, deal in part with lepidoptera. Needless to say the general
get up of the journal is admirable. The progress and usefulness

144 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X.19382

of this Society has been wonderful since its inception some
10 years ago and is a great credit to all concerned in its
management. The position it has so quickly attained is a
measure of the importance of entomology in itself, and indicates
that it is not in anyway necessary to tack the subject on to general
zoology to make it an attractive and successful branch of natural
science. Jt can stand on its own basis. We wish it all the future it
so well deserves.

In the February no. of Lamb. Herr. B.-J. Lempke discusses the
variation which has been recognised in Gonepter ya rhamni. He divides
the aberrations into four groups to which he adds the races recorded.
Those species in the first group have developed an orange ground
colour above with a tendency more or less to reddish and are eight in
number, which the writer reduces to three. Those in the second group
have the basic colour of the other sex. Of these there are three.
Those in the third group are aberrations of the underside, four in
number. Those in the fourth group are six aberrations not classed in
the other three groups. The races are two besides the typical one.

The species of the genus Cacullia are considered by A. Dufrane in
the March no. of Lamb; especially the closely allied species or forms
C. verbasci, C. lychnitis, and C. scrophulariae, but the difficulties remain
unsolved still.

In the same no, of Lamb. Command. de Sandt contributes an article
‘* Some figures’ in which he gives some appalling cnlculations on the
results of the present extreme desire to enregister the aberrations in
the Lepidoptera.

An Exrract.—A Diagram speaks for itself but it is not always one
can carry it around with one so that it may be handy to show to
friends. ‘ However, Nature has built a copy of this into each of us.
Stretch your arms out horizontally at your sides. . Now, if you take
the distance between the tips of the fingers of your outstretched arms
as representing the number of different kinds of animals living to-day,
the last joint of the middle finger of your right hand will represent the
number of different kinds of mammals. The middle joint of that
finger will represent the number of different kinds of reptiles and their
kin. The first joint of the same finger will represent the number of
different kinds of birds; and the distance from the knuckles to the
wrist will represent the fishes. In other words you can hold our so-
called zoological gardens and their aquarium annexes in one hand.
The length of one fore-arm from the wrist to the elbow would, on the
same scale, represent the number of the different kinds of spiders,
worms, known protozoa and all other invertebrates which are not
insects. And you have left the distance from that elbow to the
shoulder across your chest, and out to the tips of the outstretched
fingers of the other arm to represent the number of different, already
described, insects now living on this earth. What right has any man
to call himself a zoologist who does not know a bug from a beetle?”
From an Address given by Frank EK. Lutz to the Entomological Society
of Ontario And yet we entomologists allow ourselves to be ‘‘ ruled”
by a relatively small section who do “ not know a bug from a beetle,”
the so-called zoologists. We let the tail wag the dog.—Hy.J.T.

A Fry Y1siration.—Motorists on the coastal road near Mablethorpe,
Lincolnshire, were recently held up by a swarm of flies. There were

CURRENT NOTES. 145

many species amongst the swarm. They came apparently from the
sea, and by the time night fell they had mostly disappeared.—The
Motor.

Those who take an interest in our British species Miana (Oliyia)
striguis should read Dr. Heydemann’s thorough discussion of that and
the closely allied species, M. latruncula, M. fasciuncula and MM. versicolor,
Bork. ‘This last he says is Tutt’s form virgata. The paper is
illustrated by 2 plates. Unfortunately the results of tne author are
not summarised in our notes on British Noctuae as they were published
after our own notes had appeared. Dr. Heydemann’s paper appeared
in the Hnt. Zeit. for April, May, June, July.

A further portion of the Schmett. Siidbayerns, Heft 4, Geometers
(continued), has been received, as a supplement to the Mitt. Junch.
Entom. Gesellschaft. There are 2 photographic plates, 47 figs. of local
forms and a number of new aberrations and races are described in the
text. ‘I’bose of species occurring in Britain will be dealt with later.

Parnassiana—a iagazine devoted solely to the restricted genus
Parnassius and one or two allied genera which are more closely allied
to it than to any other, has reached the end of its first volume in 8
numbers from June, 1930, to November, 1931. Jt contains 2 plates
and 34 figures, and is probably a magazine with the most restricted
outlook known, A register of an extreme example of specialisation.

Our correspondent Herr Warnecke of Kiel has kindly sent us a
copy of the first portion of his work on the Noctuidae of the Hamburg-
Altona area. His work on the Macro-lepidoptera began in 1924 with
the butterflies and the present section is the fifth in order. ‘T’he order
of Staudinger’s Cataloy 1901 is followed with Warr.-Seitz corrections
In nomenclature. ‘The new forms of any species occurring in Britain
will be recorded later. ‘I'he author treats latruncula and fasciuneula
as separate species.

One of our contributors, Herr B. J. Lempke of Amsterdam has sent
us his summary of the history, relationship and variation of Colias
croceus in which he has followed the action of the more advanced
entomologists in treating croceus as a subspecies of Col/as electo, L.
[‘« Colias electo, L. subsp. crocens, Fourer. (edusa, 'b.).”| | Deseriptions
and notes are given of no Jess than 80 forms 2 of which are new.
The paper is published in the Hutomologische Berichten for May. He
refers to the statement of Kloss and Hannemann in Supp. Mnt. that
the genus name Cvlias properly refers to rhammni, ete. and that Murymnus,
Swains., is the correct genus name for croceus, etc. Unfortunately
the average British reader is handicapped by ‘his ignorance of the
language in which this most useful paper is written.

A copy of the Hastings and I. Sussea Naturalist, Vol. IV., No. 5,
lies before us. A very interesting and useful local magazine of a
seaside resort dominated, as it should be just now, by the subject of
Immigration, for which our friend Capt. Dannreuther is largely
responsible with the paper he read on March 8rd. The rest of the
pages contain useful records in all branches of natural history, but in
the List of 18 species of Butterflies observed on July 31st at that
famous collecting ground, Abbott's Wood, surely, if only for the
education of the younger members, the nomenclature and spelling
should be up-to-date. H. thawnas for more than 20 years has been H.
flava, and KE. janira has been FE. jurtina, the prior names. Sibylla

146 WNLOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.X.1932

should be stbilla, galatea should be galathea, hyperanthus should be
hyperantus; all the prior spelling. In another page we have the
variation sybila !

We noticed Dr. F. Heydemann’ s exhaustive paper on the ein ronei
nictitans Group of species while 1t was in course of publication. The
author has now sent us a copy of the completed paper with the 6
plates. Four species are recognised: oculea, L. (1761), with form
nictitans, Bork. (1792); fucosa, Freyer (1830), with subsp. paludis,
Tutt (1888), and subsp. pallescens, Stdgr. (1899) ; lucens, Freyer (1845) ;
and erinanensis, Burrows and Pierce (1908).

It is often the case that first class work is done by members of a
local society but that want of funds make it impossible to publish the
records of such and there the matter ends. With the Entomological
Society of the South of England such appears not to be the case for
there lies before us Pt. 2 of the Transactions of the Society for 1981
and Pt. 1 of the Journal for 1982, both recently issued. The former
contains three excellent papers. (1) ‘‘A Biological Survey of the
Megaloptera—Neuroptera of Hampshire and the I. of Wight” by Fred
J. Killington, W.W.S. (2) ‘* Observations on the Wasp Mellinus
arvensis,’ by B. M. Hobby, M.A., F.H.S. (8) ‘‘ An Annotated List of
the Coleoptera of Sheppey,” by ee J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.5.,
F.E.S. Allof outstanding merit and usefulness. The Jounal contains
some 36 extended Notes and Observations by no less than 18 meibers,
relating mostly to the area of operations of the Society. These notes
are of a hich jevel and such as we would much like to see in our three
entomological journals where they would most propably have the
more extended circulation which they are quite worthy of.

In the Bull. Soc. Mnt. de France M. Le Charles describes and
figures the abnormally bifid antennae of a Zygaena occitanica and
Ortholitha mucronata (plunbaria) with a supplementary lower left wing
perfectly developed and of almost normal size.

In a recent number of the Bull. Soc. ent. Bulyaria, Herr Drenowski
makes a comparative investigation of the butterfly fauna of the
Bulgarian High Mountain Regions. Unfortunately the paper is
written in the Bulgarian tongue, but an admirable summary has been
given in German. ‘The species recorded are mostly alpine and racially
differ from the typical alpine forms, e.g., Hrebia tyndarus var, balcanica,
Coenonympha tiphon race rhodopensis, Erebia lappona, EF. tyndarus race
ottomana, I. yorye race peronica, Psodos trepidaria, Titanio phrygialis,
T. schranktana, Brenthis pales race balcanica, Gnophos myrtillata,
Pararye hiera, etc.

In another paper in the same number Herr Tuleschkow discussed
the species of lepidoptera discovered from 1928 onwards new to the
Bulgaria area. The account describes and announces two new forms:
(1) Agrotis lucernea subsp. bureschi, and (2) Plebeius orbitulus subsp.
rebeli.

On p. 95 of Lamb. Herr B.J. Lempke points out how ignorant we
still are on the biology of Colias hyale. He collates the various notes
published in recent years in what stage hibernation takes piace, when
the larva appears and how many broods occur per year, and finds no
agreement, and no probable solution.

REVIEWS 147

FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Aw Annotated List or THE CoLEOPTERA OF THE IsLE oF SHEPPEY.
By James J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.1.8S., F.B.S., ete. Reprinted
from the Transactions of the Entomological Society of the South
of HKngland. 7 (2) 81-140, June Ist, 193%, with Map.—This
excellent and interesting little production is not a mere list
of names but, as its title denotes, an annotated lst, giving
full information about many species, and at least how all are
to be found. It is also of much historical value, many of
the ancient coleopterists of the past being referred to, and
their doings in the Isle of Sheppey mentioned. It is probable that
only the author with his special knowledge of this locality and the
many years he collected there, could have written it. Sheerness is
his native town, and was his home and headquarters until the end of
last century during the intervals of his naval service abroad.

The map of the Island is very clear and well executed. In the
Introduction the physical features of the Island are dealt with, and
some historical facts are mentioned.

The capture of the beautiful little beetle Acupalpus elegans, De}.
(now alas! extinct in Britain) by Rev. Hamlet Clark in 1853 and
subsequently by others is referred to here, but dealt with fully in the
body of the list. We believe that the author is the only living
coleopterist who has taken this beetle in Britain.

The value of such a list as this is greatly increased by the fact that
a lasting record of the whole coleopterous fauna is brought together
here; as building operations gradually destroy many of the best
collecting grounds, many of the rarer species become extinct, and
their occurrence forgotten.

To refer to some of the rarer species:
(p. 76) we have already mentioned.

Amara strenua, Zimm. (p. 89).—It is pointed out that Dr. Power
and Dawson captured it in 1858 and the author in 1897. Mention is
made that the writer and my old friend the late A. J. Chitty took it
with the author in the Iwade Marshes in 1898, 1899. My friend
Sir T. Hudson Beare also took it with us, for | have an interesting
“snapshot ’’ of Commander Walker and Sir Thomas sitting in the
*‘ Lord Nelson’’ at Iwade. I believe the only other known british
locality was Ryde in the Isle of Wight, where it used to occur very
many years ago—except that I have recently taken it, in June last, at
Port Victoria !

Pogonus Luridipennis, Germ. (p. 91), is another fine species, once
abundant, which appears to be extinct in Sheppey now. Through the
author’s kindness I took a nice series in company with Professor
Beare near Sheerness in 1897.

Polystichus connexus, Geof. (p. 92), one of the specialities of the
Isle of Sheppey. It also occurred in numbers in flood refuse at Lwade,
where we found Amara strenua sparingly in 1899. I was very
surprised to capture two specimens of this beetle at the roots of a tree
in Windsor Forest in 1923.

Berosus spinosus, Stev. (p. 95), another of the Island’s specialities ;
it appears that the brackish ditches in which it occurred are now filled
up.

Acupalpus elegans, Dj.

148 ENTOMOLOGISL S RECORD. 15.X.1982

Emus hirtus, L. (p. 102). This grand beetle was first taken in
Sheppey in 1859. Many of us, including the author and the writer,
are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Malcolm Cameron for the pleasure
of taking this insect.

Malachins vulneratus, Al. (p. 123), bas only occurred in Sheppey in
Britain ; the author is the only Coleopterist who has found it in any
numbers.

Haemonia mutica, F., var. curtisi, Lac. (p. 125). For the capture
of this very local beetle, which occurs in brackish ditches, the writer is
again indebted to the kindness of the author. Stephens records it for
Windsor, no doubt erroneously, in the place of H. appendiculata, Pz.,
though he records that species for Windsor also.

Bayous argillaceus, Gyll. (p. 184). This very local beetle discovered
in Sheppey by Messrs: Champion and Marsh in 1869, has been taken
in greater numbers in Sheppey than in any other British locality.

Baris scolopacea, Germ. (p. 1386), was taken in the Isle of Sheppey
by the late Mr. Champion and the author in 1872 and it has occurred
in numbers there by sweeping Atriplea portulacoides, L., the Sea
Purslane.

The only other known British locality is a salt-marsh near Bosham,
West Sussex, where I discovered it on August 19th, 1920 [cf. Knt.
Mo. May., 57153 (1921)]. Iwas collecting there with Mr. P. Harwood
and I pointed out that the Sea Purslane, which was growing in the
salt-marsh, was the plant on which this beetle occurred in the I of
Sheppey, I proceeded to sweep it and immediately captured the Baris.

At the end of the list is a useful table comprising the number of
species recorded from—bBritish Isles 8587; Isle of Sheppey 1211;
Rochester District 1615 ; Oxford District 2141; and Wicken Fen, 1044.
I may add— Windsor Forest 1631.

Conrrisuto aLLa Conoscenza DeLLA Brotogia DEI RHopaLocERA
Isericr. (Contribution to the knowledge of the Biology of the Iberian
Rhopalocera), by Orazio Querci, published by the Barcelona Museum
of Natural Sciences. Vol. XIV. of the Annals.—The MS. of this work
of some 270 quarto pages was left behind by the author in 1929 when
he went to the United States. Nearly 200 species are discussed from
varietal and biological points of view. The remarks on the various
broods are very enlightening. He notes for instance that sometimes
the common Pierids appear to emerge almost uninterruptedly from
April to November. The suggestion is that there are two independent
cycles of emergence running contemporary, both having three annual
broods, but one cycle is retarded so that while in the one case pupae
hibernate in the other the ova hibernate being laid too late to hatch
before the winter influence arises. It was unfortunate that the
author had no opportunity to correct the proofs, as there are numerous
‘“‘ printer’s errors,” and the 34 new forms described and named are not
in any way indicated. We thank the author for kindly emending our
own copy and compliment him on this fine piece of work.—Hy.J.T.

Will readers send us accounts of their doings of the year. These
records are most valuable for reference, and many areas are still
unworked or unrecorded.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Tornen, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1iDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLusrRarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Duyplicates.— S. Andrenaeformis, Bied 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’
Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Excuanoers.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and eponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 18, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. °

Desiderata— Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata y. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 386, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany.

Ureent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange
will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Eglise
Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.— J, Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde),
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—4J], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7.
8 p.m. October 19th, November 2nd.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
October 27th. November 10th, 24th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Hssex.

tah hentai

a eh CR!

in al

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U.,
Assisted by Sectional Editors.

Annual Subseription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3.

All communications to be addressed to :—

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy.,

ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST.

Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lf. H. B.
Ashby, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev.
C. R.N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau,
W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, C. Mosley,
J. Sneyd Taylor, Q. Querci and Reports of Societies.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
‘* Tatemar,’? West Drive, Cheam.

IMPORTANT |
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genos Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp.

GONTENTS OF VOL. Ii.

Mevanism AND Mruanocarotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VarraTIon (inany)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and 4. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, ete., efc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mv. H. E. PAGE, ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New ‘Gross, London, §8.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

No. 1l

NOVEMBER, 1932

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD
: AND
~ JOURNAL OF VARIATION

UDITED G. T. Beraune-Baker, ¥.z.8., F.u.s., | J.B. Corn, F.z.s.
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By Hewry J. TURNER, F.z.8., F aA, E - Seeretary. Mins

CONTENTS Yo
Races, Hy.J. r. b¢ AZT _Musel
Notes on some Devonshire Gaicoskers: H. Denonee ‘pe, F. Z. S., FESS
Notes from Spain, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.E.S.

Reduviidae collected in Barberton District, EH. Transvaal, J. Sney Payton,
M.A., D.I.C., F.E.S. HG 154

Records of Immigrant Lepidoptera at Hadtings Cane T. Danner Sane Bo 156
Newly-described Forms of Species of Lepidoptera found in Britain, Hy.J.T. 157
Screntiric Notrs.—The Biology of Triple-brooded Species, Q. Quercit .. 158

Norzs on Cotnectina.—S. dubius a rare Trichopteron in Windsor Forest,
H. Donisthorpe; The Season in Cumberland, C. B. Rowtledge; Notes
on A. atropos in E. Suffolk, 1932, Lt. Col. Hawley; Notes from the
Stratford-on-Avon area, etc., P. Siviter- ee Notes from Dorset,

Robert Troup . Be a0 ee oe : ee 36 ae 160
Current Notes .. : 162
Ruvinws.—Seitz Wiaaiotepidgaters: Supplement, Hy. : Tes Regort of ne

Eton College N.H.S., Hy.J.T. .. 164
SuprLement.—British Noctuae, H. J. ner. P. E. 8. ER. H. S. (249)- (252)

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THE: VASCUEUM

A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for
the Northern Counties
ELITED BY
The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland,
assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D-Sc.,
George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths,

D.Sc., F.L.S., J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D.,
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The Vasculum is now in its seventeenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings
and should be sent to

WILLIAM CARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastic-on-Tyne.

The Wayside and Woodland Series.
BUTTERFLIES
OF THE BRITISH ISLES

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RACES. 149

Races.

At the request of Mr. Bethune-Baker some while ago I have been
endeavouring to trace the specimen of Polyommatus coridon in the
Herrich-Schaffer collection from which he drew the figure 500 labelled
hispana, without success. During the quest I have received a letter from
our old correspondent Signor Querci containing some very interesting
facts and suggestions that should be registered for future reference.
Signor Querci has been in Cuba and Philadelphia for two or three
years since leaving the Iberian Peninsula where he collected for
several seasons. He writes from the Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, U.S.A., as follows :—

‘‘T have carefully searched everywhere but I have been able to find
no Kuropean butterflies, which might have belonged to Herrich-
Schaffer’s collection. All the Pocy’s specimens are Cuban; there is
an explanatory list written by him, but not any list of Palaearctic
insects. The main Pocy collection remained at Habana as I have
heard say.

“‘T am convinced that the specimen figured by H.-S., by the name
of hispana, was taken in Catalonia. Probably it was collected by ~
Martorell, when he was a boy. [I still possess a series of specimens,
taken in September near Barcelona, which look like the type figure.
The type of hispana does not belong to the most frequent form, but
this often occurs. If you compare Esper’s figure of belemia and
Hiubner’s figure of aesculi with specimens we took in Portugal, you
will see that the types differ from most specimens we found in the
same place whence the types came. Isper’s type of proto looks different
from every specimen of proto from Portugal I have seen, save 5
specimens in the Museum Bocage at Lisbon. They were taken only
a few miles from the place where we found a quite different form in
the exceptionally fine spring of 1927.

‘“« The fact is that the so-called ‘‘ races’’ are not constant. The
- larvae fed in a season favourable for vegetation produce bigger examples
than when the larvae have suffered from the scarcity of food. The
specimens emerging in a hot and dry period are brighter than these,
which have emerged when it is cold and damp.

*« The coridon (true coridon) we collected in Central Spain in the
very dry summer seasons of 1924 and 1926, look different from
Pyrenean specimens, but in 1928 Central Spain was as wet as a marsh,
and the coridun (true coridon) from Cuenca does not differ from those
in the damp valleys of Catalonia. Most butterflies from Cuenca in
the damp summer of 1928, and particularly actaea, statilinus, lachesis,
russiae (japyyia), iphioides, thetis (bellaryus), comma, cinarea, ete., look
different from those taken, quite in the same place, in the dry summer
of 1926. Most species from the Sierra Nevada in the dry summer of
1926, are showier than in the same place in the damp summer of 1925.
The specimens from Sierra da Estrella in the Museum Bocage of
Lisbon, taken by Lima and Lemos in 1886, during a very dry summer,
are very different from those collected by us in 1927, For instance
statilinus in 1886 perfectly agree with allionta, which Fabricius described
_from Portugal ; our specimens taken during a rainy and mild summer,
are much bigger and darker. .

“At Una (Cuenca), both in 1926 and 1928, we daily collected all

150 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X1.19382

the proto and fritillim, which gradually emerged in a valley near our
home. ‘The period of emergence was long, the weather often changed
from one day to another. We observed

1. When it was hot and dry most specimens were orange-cinnamon
on the underside of the hindwings.

2. When it was hot and damp the tint was verona-brown, or
mikado-brown.

8. When it was mild and dry the tint was cinnamon-buff.

4. When it was mild and damp the tone varied from saccard’s-
umber to tawny-olive.

“The reddish: underside was much more frequent in 1926 than in
1928 ; the yellowish underside occurred only in September, 1926, not
in August; while in the milder and damper August of 1928 we found
many specimens haying a yellowish underside.

‘“¢ My conclusion about racial names would be, that in many cases
the description of a geographical race is but the opinion of an author
who looked at a few specimens taken at a given time in a locality. If
he had observed another series, collected quite in the same place, but
either in another season, or in another year, his description would
have probably been different. The material, which I collected, some-
times more than one year in the same place, seems to prove this
statement.”’

Notes on some Devonshire Coleoptera.
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete.

Having paid two short visits to Devonshire this year to collect
Coleoptera, my friend Mr. T. H. Edmonds has asked me to put on
record the species taken. From June 7th-14th, Miss Kirk and J stayed
at 'Torcross, where we were joined by Mr. Edmonds, and collected at
Slapton Ley and other places near by. The chief object of the visit
was to take more of the new species discovered last year, viz. Oxypoda
maritima, Donis., Scopaeus minutus, Hr., Cephennium edmondst, Donis.,
C. pallida, Edmonds, and Malachius elegans, Ol.; all except the last
two being again secured.

The following is a list of the species taken :—Suapron Ley.
Lionychus quadrillum, Duft., running on shingle, and under larger
stones. ‘The typical form was very scarce, but the abs. bipunctatus,
Heer., and wnicolor, Schil., occurred in small numbers. J/etabletus
foveatus, Geoff. (foveola, Gyll.) was running in company with them,
and on June 9th, a specimen was taken in cop. with the ab. wnicolor!
Oxypoda maritima, Donis., a short series was secured, after very hard
work, under small stones and sifting very fine shingle. Atheta
flavipes, Jh. (halobrectha, Shp.) under shingle, A. euryptera, Steph.,
and A. atramentaria, Gyll., under flood refuse. Philonthus varius, Gyll.,
P. bimaculatus, Gr., and Gabrius nigritulus, Gr., under stones. G.
pennatus, Shp. under flood refuse. Othius laevinsciulus, Steph., under
stones. Scopaeus ryei, Woll.,and S. minutus, Er., sifting very fine shingle,
the formerin some numbers, but the latter very scarce. Paederus riparius,
L., and P. fuscipes, Curt., under flood refuse. Cephennium edmondst,
Donis., a short series, after very hard work, under small stones and
sifting very fine shingle; Stenichnus pusillus, Mull., ditto, but in some

NOTES ON DEVONSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 151

numbers. Cryptohypnus dermestoides, Hbst., ab. 4-guttatus, Lap., under
flood refuse. Malachius marginellus, Ol., some hundreds of specimens
were examined in the hope of finding M. elegans, Ol. All the specimens
of the former were found to have very narrow borders on the thorax,
and I shall shortly publish more on this subject. Psilothria cyaneus,
Ol. (nobilis, Kies) occurred in profusion on the flowers of Thrift, ete. ;
all green (ab. viridis, Rossi) different shades of blue, blue and green,
and deep violet forms occurring. Rhynchites germanicus, Hbst., and
Strophosomus retusus, Marsh., sweeping. Apion wurticariun, Hbst., on
Urtica wrens.

Between Stapron Ley and Hatusanps, by sweeping—Atheta
hypnorum, Kies., A. fungi, Gr., Mycetoporus angularis, Rey., Stenus
nanus, Steph. (declaratus; Kr.) Phalacrus corruscus, Pz., Lathridius
angusticollis, Gyll., Meligethes fulvipes, Bris., Micrurula melanocephala,
Marsh., Malachius viridis, F., abundant in a grassy hollow on top of
the cliff—at first glance we thought we had got on to MW. eleyans, Ol. ;
Bruchus lott, Pk., abundant sweeping Lotus corniculatus ; Lamprosoma
concolor, Stm., Psylliodes chrysocephala, L.; Barypithes aranetformis,
Schr., B. sulcifrons, Boh., and T'ychius flavicollis, Steph. (squamulatus,
Gyll.). Laccobius nigriceps, Th., not uncommon in a pool in an old
stone quarry.

Hauusanps. Trechus fulvus, Dej. (lapidosus, Daws.) under large
stone on, and in shingle. Gyrinus elongatus, Aub., common in the
Ley outside the reeds and in a stream running out of it into the sea.
G. urinator, Ill., a certain number of specimens were taken, but only
in the water outside the reeds in one spot. ‘This capture is of impor-
tance as Fowler writes [Coll. Brit. Isles. 1 218 (1887)] ‘ Very local ;
recorded by Stephens from Slapton Ley near Dartmouth, but this
appears to have been in error, as it has not occurred there since.”
The only other records I know of are near Newcastle-on-Tyne ;
Strathglass, Scotland; Kerry, Ireland; Bath; Bodelstreet, near Battle
(where I took it with the late W. H. Bennett many years ago); New
Forest; and Bude. Atheta graminicola, Gr., and A. clientula, Kr., on
the wing, A. vestita, Gr., and A. sulcifrons, Steph., in shingle, Scopaeus
abbreviatus, Rey., recently added to the British list by Mr. Edmonds, of
which some 15 specimens were taken on damp sand under fine shingle ;
Medon pectiniventris, Donis., recently described by me, of which several
specimens were taken under a large stone on and in, coarse shingle.

My second visit was from August 19th-22nd when I stayed with
Mr. Edmonds at Totnes. Agabus melanarius, Aub., occurred in some
numbers in pools in the sphagnum bog at Haldon Moor. A. chalconatus,
Pz., and A. bipustulatus, L., occurred with it, but it is easy enough to
recognise melanarius at a glance by reason of its very different punctur-
ation. Crepidodera ventralis, Ill., was swept in plenty off Solanwm
nigrum at Slapton Ley. Several specimens of.a Lema were swept up,
which raised hopes of L, erichsoni, Suffr., but eventually proved to be
only L. puncticollis (cyanella, L.). Considerable rain spoilt a greater
part of the visit.

152 ENTOMOLOGIS2’S RECORD. 15.X1.1932

Notes from Spain.
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S.

After an interval of twenty years it was very nice paying a flying
visit to Spain again. I was only there a few days and did not
penetrate beyond the frontier village of Port-Bou, but was able to take
a few strolls around the rocky cliffs and pick up a few Orthoptera.

The air was fragrant with the aromatic shrubs. Rosemary was
the chief, and apparently it is the rocky cliffs of the Mediterranean
coast that are the original home of this sweet shrub, as indeed, its
name implies, Rosmarinus. Another sweet-smelling herb was a
lavendar, Lavandula stoechus, neither so large nor interesting a plant
as our garden species, but with a certain reputation. I find from the
books that it extends from Asia Minor to the Canaries and was in our
pharmacopeia until 1746, while the Arabs still use it as an anti-
spasmodic and expectorant. I found also that the Stoechades, to-day
known as Hyeres, were so called from the abundance of this herb.

It was October when I was there aud the plants were over. The
thistles were dried up; there was some gorse, without flowers, and a
dark green shrub like a broom, with pods, and very hard sharp spikes,
Genista scorpius, a member of the same genus as our dyer’s weed and
needle furze. Here and there was a pleasant green shrub with small
red berries, which I was surprised to learn was a pistacio. I had
known the more familiar kind, P. terebinthia, in Macedonia and seen
it in the Caucasus, where it grows into a tree, but this was P. lentiscus,
the lentisk, a quite important shrub, for it is the source of mastic, an
exudation which appears in incisions in the bark in the form of rounded
tears, as big as peas, with a glassy fracture, once an important
ingredient in medicine. It is still used largely as a chewing-gum and
in the form of the favourite drink of the Levantines, and too as a
varnish. It is chiefly cultivated in Asia Minor and some of the Greek
islands. For some reason Chios was specially famous for its mastic in
classical days.

There was a heath, too, Hvica arborea, chiefly interesting from its
remarkable distribution, for it occurs on Kilimandjaro, where it grows
like a gigantic cabbage to a height of twelve feet or more and I rather
think it is the same species which forms thickets among which I have
hunted Orthoptera on Tenerife, There was also an Huphorbia, much
stouter than our English species, but of course far feebler than the
Canary or African kinds.

But the dominating shrubs on those rocky slopes are two species
of Cistus, C. albidus and CQ. clusti. It must be a beautiful sight when
they are in flower. Apparently these species are of no particular use,
but several of the rock roses give “‘ ladanum,” a kind of balsam which
was once very highly prized in ancient Greece and still used in
perfumery and for making fumigating pastilles. The grey green
velvety leaves of these shrubs give the hillsides a characteristic colour,
the greyish green tint, suggestive of the olive, characteristic of the
maquis. The Spaniards give special names for these plant assoc-
iations, from the dominant species; thus, the great groves of
Cistus are jarales, from yaras, a rock rose, which are in places so
extensive as to cover great areas, and give a characteristic appear-
ance to the scenery. The Sierra Morena derives its name from the

NOTES FROM SPAIN. 153

dark colour of the extensive thickets of jarales, but what a splendid
sight it must be in the spring when they are in flower. Where
thyme and the low growing Labiates dominate, they call them
tomiilares, from tomillo, thyme, with Thymus, Lavandula, Rosmarinus,
etc. Both forms seem to be about equally divided on these rocks
around Port-Bou. ;

Here and there was a prickly pear, which fitted in very well with
the native scenery, where it is Jong since naturalised. It is strange
that so queer and uncouth a plant should have so delicate a flower,
suggestive of a lemon-yellow tulip.

The scarcity of birds was surprising. There were plenty of insects
about and no lack of food. I caught a glimpse of a yellow wagtail and
of alark. A few pigeons sometimes flew over, but these were probably
domesticated or perhaps rock doves. One evening a couple of crows
flew over the sea, on their way to roost among the cliffs, where here
and there a stunted pine was the only tree to offer them a perch.

I was surprised to move a rabbit as no creature could dig a burrow
on those hard rocks.

I picked up a few Orthoptera. The tinkling tintinnabulation of
Decticus albifrons, so characteristic of a Meditterranean autumn, at once
evoked many memories. He has a strange preference for the thorniest
shrubs and driest ground. His colour fitting in well and his great
activity made him not easy to catch. The last time I had heard it was at
Doiran in Macedonia under very different circumstances. The only
other Tettigonid was Metrioptera intermedia, Serv., barely distin-
guishable from M. grisea,so common in suitable localities along our
south coast. Of Mantids I picked up a couple of small Ameles, but
Mr. Uvarov, who was good enough to determine these Orthoptera for
me, declines to venture on a specific name, so complete is the muddle
in this genus. It is an extraordinary thing that even such a marked
physical feature as conical eyes have no specific value, as they vary
considerably and seem to pass into the rounded form.

The coloured-winged grasshoppers of course were quite at home
on these rocks. There was a Sphinyonotus, without smoky bands to
the wings, but here again, no one can offer a certain identification of
the numerous and apparently plastic species of this extensive and
almost world-wide genus. Oedipoda caerulescens, Li., with blue wings,
and O. germanica, Latr., with red, both quite common central and
south Huropean species, were plentiful. The pretty Ramburiella
hispanica, Ramn., was fairly common; it is a purely meridional
species and seems to prefer the coast, as not penetrating far inland, in
Spain, the south of France and north coast of Africa. Of the
Stenobothrine grasshoppers, that is the group of true grasshoppers,
there were three species, two central Huropean and one typically
southern, Omocestus raymondi, Yers. This is closely related to our
O. rufipes, but much paler in colour and purely southern in distribution ;
it is a native of the western Mediterranean countries, where it may be
found adult from the early summer to the end of the year. Chorthippus
vagans, Hy., was there too, a regular but somewhat localised Central
Kuropean species which Mr. Uvarov has identified in some British
material in the museum. In appearance it is very close to the
generally abundant Ch. bicolor. The third grasshopper was
Euchorthippus pulvinatus, F.W., which may be found commonly

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X1.1932

adult throughout southern Europe from the early summer to the
end of the year. I was surprised to find a high proportion of immature
grass-hoppers so late in the season.

Of course, Calliptamus italicus, L., was numerous. This is a
remarkable species. ‘The male is about half the size of the female,
but both vary extensively in dimensions as well as colour. Brunner
has recognised several of these forms by name, but it has been regarded
as a single species. However Captain Campbell, an excellent observer,
but with no systematic knowledge, noticed in Macedonia that there
were two quite distinct races which never met, as they appeared at
different times, and now the opinion is in favour of splitting it.
Hitherto, only the Canary form, C. vuleanius, Kr., has been recognised
as distinct, the Madeiran form being associated to the Huropean. But
now it looks as though the Madeiran is really near the Canary one and
that the whole group will be split into half a dozen distinct species,
or perhaps even more.

I sent the Orthoptera to Mr. Uvarov to be verified. In the bottles
with them were a few casuals, four common Rhynchota, Graphosoma
lineatum, L., Hurydema ornatum, Li, EH. festivum, Li. and Codophila
varia, FE, These are very ordinary and call for no comment, but what
puzzled the staff at the Museum was a big wasp. This was clearly a
species of Belonogastzr, a big handsome fellow, but what was he doing
in Spain? He caused, in fact, quite a commotion, and they came to
the conclusion that it must have been a stragegler from the tropics.
When I heard this, I realised that I was myself the cause of all the
pother. I had used an old killing-bottle that I had last had in my
hands in Northern Rhodesia. ‘That wasp must have come from the
Luano Valley, and been lying in the bottle four years.

Reduviidae collected in the Barberton District, Eastern Transvaal.
By J. SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.I.C., F.E.S.

The following twenty-nine species of Reduviidae were collected in
the Barberton District, Hastern Transvaal, during five-and-a-half years
residence there. As sufficient time was not available in order to make
a systematic collection, the list is probably very far from being complete,
and it could doubtless be considerably augmented by anyone fortunate
enough to be able to devote all his time to collecting in this district,
which is so rich in entomological fauna. The majority of the species
contained in the list were collected in the vicinity of the town of Bar-
berton, and the remaining few on brief and occasional visits to other
parts of the district.

The altitudes of the various localities mentioned are as follows :—
Barberton, 2,825 feet ; Nelspruit, 2,849 feet ; White River, about 3,300
feet ; Tonetti, about 1,860 feet.

In five cases, where the specific name is not given, the species con-
cerned were not previously represented in the British Museum collection,
while in one instance the genus was also not represented.

I am indebted to Mr. B. P. Uvarov, of the Imperisl Institute of
. Entomology, for determining the majority of the species.

Tribelocephala boschjesmana, St.—'T'wo specimens obtained at light,
October and November, Barberton.

REDUVIIDAE COLLECTED IN BARBERTON DISTRICT. 155

Oncocephalus caffer, St.—T wo specimens obtained at light, September
and March, Barberton and Nelspruit.

Oncocephalus annulipes, St.—Two specimens obtained at light,
March, Nelspruit.

Varus flavoannulatus, St.—One specimen obtained at light, October,
Barberton.

Reduvius tarsatus, Germ.—Common at light, October, February,
Barberton.

Reduvius sp. ?—One specimen obtained at light, November,
Barberton.

Sastrapoda baerensprungti, St.—One specimen obtained at light,
December, Barberton.

Edola sp. 2—One specimen found under a stone, apparently
hibernating, July, Barberton.

Acanthaspis obscura, St.—Common at light, November-June,
Barberton.

Acanthaspis lurco, St.—Common at light, October-February,
Barberton.

Pirates lugubris, St.—One specimen obtained at light, January,
Barberton.

Pirates sp. ?—Two specimens obtained at light, March, Nelspruit.

Leptodema acanthocephala, Carl.—One specimen found in the house,
apparently at light, January, Barberton.

Rhinocoris violentus, Germ.—One specimen found in cotton field,
March, Barberton.

Rhinocoris tristis, St.—One specimen obtained on tobacco plant,
January, Barberton.

Rhinocoris tibialis, St.—One specimen found in house, apparently
at light, April, Barberton. (Two specimens obtained on cotton plant,
February, Magut, N. Natal).

Rhinocoris albopunctatus, St.—Occasionally found in cotton fields,
and on wild plants. Has been observed preying upon Lepidopterous
larvae. October-June, Barberton.

Rhinocoris segmentarius, Germ.—The commonest species met with in
the field, it has frequently been observed in association with infestations
of cotton, maize, tomatoes, peas, etc., by larvae of Heliothis obsoleta,
Fabr. and other Noctuids, upon which it preys. Egg-clusters (nt. Rec.
d Jr. Var. XL, p. 141) have been found on cotton foliage. The species
occurs commonly, September-May, Barberton and Tonetti.

Rhinccoris sp.—One specimen found on grass, April, Barberton.

Rhinocoris sp.—One specimen found in cotton field, March,

~ Barberton.

Pantoleistes princeps, St.—Fairly numerous on trunk and branches
of Acacia sp. ?, February, 1928, Barberton. 5

Endochus cinnamopterous, Dist.—(?) One specimen obtained on
citrus tree on which larvae of H. obsoleta were abundant at the time,
September, Nelspruit.

Phonoctomus formosus, Dist.—Two specimens found on citrus,
November and February, White River.

Coranus carbonarius, St.—One specimen found under pea plant in
the presence of larvae of Euaoa segetum, Schiff., August, Barberton.

Coranus paptillosus, St.—A common species found in the field.
During the summer it has frequently been observed in cotton fields

156 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 15.X1.1982

where it preys upon ‘ bollworms ”’ and other Lepidopterous larvae. In
the winter months it has been found under pea plants in the presence
of larvae of I’. segetwn and Laphygma exigua, Hbn., and also among
debris in cotton fields. Barberton.

Coranopsis vittata, Horv.—Three specimens obtained, one on kaffir-
corn, infested by larvae H. obsoleta, one among debris in cotton field,
and one at light, January, August, and September respectively,
Barberton.

Ploearia hewitti, China.—Three specimens obtained, two at light,
and one on grass, April, September, and July, Barberton.

Physorhynchus crux, Thunberg.—Two specimens obtained, one on
garden path, and one in house, January, and March, Barberton.

Records of Immigrant Lepidoptera seen at Hastings (East Hill),
with dates on which specimens were on the wing.
By Carr. T. DANNREUTHER.

Pyrameis cardwi.—First appearance in Hastings Aug. 3rd (W.F.)
Single specimens 12th: 13th: 17th four rosy fresh: 18th two worn:
19th three: 28rd: Sept. 4th three.

Pyrameis atalanta.—May 15th: Aug. 8th seven: 15th: 17th three:
18th four: 23rd: 28th two: Sept. 7th two.

Colius croceus.—Aug. 9th three: 12th: 16th two: 24th.

Pieris brassicae.—First appearance May 29th then average.

Pieris rapae.—More abundant than usual but no direct evidence of
immigration. In hot spellin August at the maximum 19 summer
brood counted feeding on one lavender bush. Few left in Sept.

Pieris napi.—Not common. Seen July 27th: and Aug. 17th two.

Aylais uwrticae—Common but no indication of immigration.
Several taken Aug. 5th and 8th: 17th eight: Sept. 12th two on the
beach.

No Hawk-Moths or vagrant lepidoptera seen [exept one Amorpha
popult at Battle July 18th, and larvae of Chaerocampa elpenor Aug. 20th
(J. Hi. Ray.)]

Plusia yanma.—Taken in daylight: June 28th: July 28th two:
Aug. 6th: 9th: 10th two: 18th seven: 15th fourteen : 16th two: 18th
twenty-one: 19th four: 21st: 24th: 25th: 28th.

Nomophila noctuella.— Sept. 6th.

Pionea ferrugalis—Aug. 16th two.

Dragonflies, probably residents—Sympetrim sanguineum Aug. 25th.
Aeschna niata Aug. 16th: 17th five. (Aeschna cyanea, Sympetrum
striolatum, Aeschna grandis, and Agrion puella also taken but not classed
as possible immigrants).

Other records reported from elsewhere :—

Colias hyale and C. croceus at Waldringfield (Suffolk) May [3th
(Rev. A. P. Waller.)

Pyrameis cardui.— Corton Cliffs. July 5th, three worn. (J.G.)

Pyrameis atalanta.—Norwich. Aug. 4th new brood. (G.J.C.)

Phrywxus livornica.—Grantham (Lines.) early June (H. Preston.)

Nomophila noctwella—Crumbles (Hastbourne) May 28th (H. Main).
_ Wm. Fassnidge wrote from Maurin, Basses-Alpes, on Aug. 29th :—
“Glorious weather but a bad season. A few immigrants have shown

NEWLY-DESCRIBED FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA, 157

up, and last night N. noctwella was in thousands at the lamp and
sheet.”

Mr. H. Main writes from South Woodford, E. 18, ‘‘ Nothing but
Large and Small Whites on Buddleias but a few P. atalanta in vicinity.”

Whenever | obtain migrant species tired or merely fluttering at the
flowers they are kept captive until the following morning and then
released from a lawn. About half the P. cardui and L. atalanta so
released will dart up at an angle of 45 degrees flying fast and straight
to the North or N.N.W. (true) thus showing that the urge to migrate
is still present though not observed when captured. Others will merely
flutter in the vicinity and Plusia gamma will usually remain where
released. One very worn P. cardui died in the house before release on
August 18th. ‘The specimen was exhibited at the B.A. meeting at
York.

Newly-described Forms of Species of Lepidoptera found in Britain.

Phragmitiphila (Nonagria) typhae, Thnbg.—M. Dufrane describes
two new forms. (1) ab. obsvleta, on the forewings, the black spots
before the submarginal line are completely obsolete, or reduced to the
merest atoms. Dampremy, France. (2) ab. punctata, on the fore-
wings these same dots are enlarged and very black. Mons. Lamb.
XXXII. 83.

Hybernia defoliaria.—Herr Gornik describes and names two un-
recorded forms of this species in Zeit. Oestr. Hnt. Ver. XVII. 5.
(1) ab. destrigata. ‘The ground colour of the upperside forewing
lighter or darker reddish ochre-brown and more or less powdered.
But the blaek brown sharp, transverse streak wanting while the rest of
the marking is present, hence the darker brown unevenly wide scaling
of the large hinder transverse band shows clearly just as does the
smaller more basal line. Thus the enclosed central area becomes
somewhat lighter. The discal spots of both fore- and hindwings are
very distinct. Fringes unicolorous. Hindwings finely powdered
brown.” (2) ab. punctata. Like holmgreni, Lamp., but the discal
spots of both fore- and hindwings upperside are very distinct,

Metachrostis (Bryophila) muralis ab. vividior—Herr Schawerda
describes and names this form taken at light in Corsica, in the Zeit.
Oestr. Ent. Ver., vol. XVII. 30 as intensively suffused with bright
green, above other green examples.

Hadena didyma ab. wanthostigna.—Herr Schawerda also describes
and names on the same page an example of this species with the
stigmata yellow instead of white as in the well-known form leucostiyma.
Col de Vizzavona, Corsica.

- Metrocampa margaritata ab. rubrociliata.—The same writer names
a new form of this species with carmine red fringes on both wings,
taken at light on the Col de Vizzavona, Corsica.

In the Mnt. Bericht for May, Herr B. J. Lempke records and
describes two new aberrations of our familiar Colias croceus. (1) ab.
hasisuffusa, an ‘‘orange § with strongly suffused base.” (=ab.
suffusa, Tutt, 1896, nec. Cockerell, 1889). (2) ab. rufomaculata, “ the
double silver spot wholly suffused with carmine red.”

158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1932

Chloroclystis rectangulata ab. ochrea, Derenne, Lamb. (1932) XXXII.
156.—The ground colour of the wings is yellow ochre. Ixelles,
Brussels.

Hydroecia fucosa, Freyer (paludis, auct.)—Dr. Heydeman in his
masterly paper (Hnt. Zeit. 1930) on the nictitans group describes and
names the following forms. (1) ab. fucosa-albo, Heyde., ‘“‘ with larger,
snow-white reniform stigma, but in which the 2 white spots on the
innerside do not uppear quite so perfect and roundish as in oculea,
L.” (2) ab. intermedia, Heyde., ‘somewhat darker leather yellow-brown.”
(3) intermedia-albo, Heyde., ‘‘as the last with white reniform.”
(4) brunnea, Heyde., ‘ dull yellow, often suffused violet-grey in the
marginal area, with larger more fully yellow reniform.” (5) brunnea-
albo, Heyde., ‘‘ ditto with restricted white reniform.” (6) grisea,
Heyde., ‘“‘in which the yellow-brown ground-colour is quite masked
by a dusky slight yellowish grey on which the often quite large reni-
form is clearly evident and yellow in colour.” (7) grisea-albo, Heyde.
“‘ ditto with white reniform.” [rufa, Dadd, and rufa-albo, Dadd, were
not recorded in British Noctuae. Without grey or ochre-yellowish tone
with deep orange coloured reniform in the former and reniform white
in the latter.]

H. fucosa, Freyer, subspecies paludis, Tutt. (1) rufa, Heyde, “pale
red brownish with ochre-yellow-toned reniform.” (2) rwfa-albo, Heyde.
‘ditto reniform not yellow.” (8) obscura, Heyde., “ deep chocolate
leather brown, without red tone, melanistic, with quite narrow streak-
like reniform.”

H1. lucens, Freyer. (1) ab. brunnea, Heyde. “‘ brown to dark leather
brown without red tone in the disc and with mostly dark grey hind-
wings and red ochre fringes. Yellow reniform.” (2) ab. brunnea-albo,
Heyde. ‘“ not yellow reniform.”

Coremia (Ochyria) spadicearia (ferrugata, Clrck.) ab. eatrema,
Schneider.—In Hnt. Runds. XLIX. 145 (1982), Carl Schneider
describes and figures this new form. ‘ Forewings :—basal area
normal, central band wholly obliterated by the encroachment of the
adjoined markingless grey outer area. Hindwing markingless as well
as the whole undersides of the wings.” Cannstatt, Wurtemburg.

In the Mnt. Ziet. XLVI, p. 112 (1982) Dr. Przegendza of Nurnberg
describes and names new races of Zyyaena species. Z. purpuralis
race (subsp.) erythroides from Managgio. ‘‘ Middle size, with very
broad bright red forewing marking. The central wedge spot is much
enlarged and cut off slnenp hye The wings are narrow of a dull black
ground without gloss. In 33% the forewing marking is so much enlarged
that only a small area of cae black ground colour remains. Z.
purpuralis race (subsp.) kijevana. “ Scaling of the 3 thickly overspread
with dull bluish black gloss, the ¢? thinner scaled and duller in
colour. The markings of a clear dark scarlet red colour very regular,
but tolerably narrow. Spot 6 short and of oval form united with 5
broadly. Gov. Kijer. There are 4 figs. on plt.

SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Tur BroLoGy oF TRIPLE-BROODED SPEcIES.—I have been studying the
Pieris and other triple-brooded species with the help of Scudder’s and
Edward’s data and the large and magnificent series of specimens, which

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 159

I sent here from Spain and Portugal. All these series are here at my
disposal and with them at hand I can speak much more fully than in
my recently published book. After three years since I wrote at Bar-
celona the note printed last January I still believe what I then said
about the triple-brooded species is right. My hypothesis explains every
case.

Everyone says that the Pieris, and some other species having more
than one brood, pass the winter as a chrysalis. I feel sure that when,
in the fall, there is a marked and sudden change in the weather, which
continues until the following year, some eggs remain unhatched.
They are those only which have been laid in the last week, or so, of
fine weather. Ifa few eggs hatch, the larvae die when the country
becomes icy and barren. But both the chrysalides and a few eggs
survive. The eges hatch as soon as the fields become green again, for
instance in March, producing a brood in May, a second late in July and in
August, and a third late in October. The hibernating pupae, however,
produce imagines 20 to 30 days later than the hatching of the eggs, in
the warm days of April, with a second brood in June, and a third in
September and early October.

Thus sometimes there is a continued emergence of the butterflies
from April to November, and we must admit that there exist in the
country two quite independent cycles of emergence: viz. that from the
hibernating chrysalis and that from the hibernating egg. When the
rainfalls are frequent and the country generally verdant throughout the
year, we have what appears to be six broods, when really there are only
two sets of three.

It is quite impossible to admit that this second group, which emerge
even less than one month later than the hatching of the eggs of the
first group may be the descendants of the first. The eges from the
earliest emerged specimens have not time to complete their life cycle
in such a short period and while the climate is still mild. Besides
that we have sometimes found larvae of Pieris in early spring before
any specimen of that genus had emerged.

I came to this conclusion, observing what happens in spring, after
a sudden change of weather in the previous fall. In April (for instance)
we collected the small and grey forms produced by lethargic pupae:
Pieris rapae f, metra, P. manni f. farpa, P. napi f. vulgaris, P. brassicae
f. verna, P. daplidice f. bellidice, Colias hyale f. vernalis, C. croceus f.
vernalis, Coenonympha pamphilus £. murina, Polyommatusicarusf. vernalis,
etc. About 20 to 30 days later than the earliest appearance of these
forms and while they were still in full emergence, we found on the wing
the showiest forms of the same species P. rapae f. messanensis, P. mannt
f. secundogenita, P. napi f. atlantica, P. daplidice f. ewpansa, C. hyale f.
ealida, C. croceus £. ampla, P. megera f. vividior, C. pamphilus f. australis,
P. tcarus £. meridionalis, etc. etc.

When the previous fall gradually becomes cold, which allows all
the eggs to hatch in the autumn and the larvae to develope pupae that
overwintered as such, the showy forms of butterflies cannot emerge,
because there are no pupae produced in early spring.—Orazio QuERcI.

i160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1932

OTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

STENOPHYLAX DUBIUS, STEPH., A VERY RARE T'RICHOPTERON IN WINDSOR
Forrest.— When fishing for waterbeetles in a stream in Windsor Forest
on October 2nd, 1931, I noticed a Trichopteron on the water net. As
it looked darker in colour than any other species | had seen at Windsor
before, it was promptly bottled.

Mr. Martin Ki. Mosely informed me, at the British Museum, that
it was a male of the very rare Stenophylax dubius, Steph., of which
there was only one example in the B.M. collection, the type, also a
male. Stephens described the species from ‘‘ near London” in 1887,
and it has never been taken in this country again until now. The
species has been taken on the Continent in Germany, Galicia, Croatia,
Finland, Russia and Courland.

On September 18th this year when sweeping long grass, ete., in
another spot in Windsor Forest, but near to the same stream I
captured a second specimen which Mr. Mosely tells me is a female,
and of course that sex has not been taken in this country before.—
Horacr DonistHoRpE.

THe Season in Cumpertanp.—LlLately I have been sugarine the
trees. Amathes litura, Scopelosoma satellitia, Orrhodia ligula, O. vaccinti,
and A. circellaris are about at present (October 11th). On October 2nd
I took Calocampa vetusta my fourth example in Cumberland. I mostly
take C. eavoleta here. We have had a bad summer, wet and frosty
nights must have been bad for the summer larvae. Of course larvae
that hibernate can stand the cold.—G. B. Rourieper (J.P., F.H.S.),
Tarn Lodge, Head’s Nook, Carlisle. October 11th.

Norres on A. atropos in Hast Surronx, 1932.—I came here on
August 17th, and the same day 2 larvae of A. atropos were brought to
me from the village of Orford. I imagine that these had been dug up
with potatoes, as they immediately burrowed when | gave them the
chance. Another larva was brought to me on September 10th, about
2 grown. I then made a personal search and secured 12. More
were brought to me, until I at last had about 80. Several of these
had been dug up while pupating, and 8 or 4 of them died, but the
others, though unable to burrow or form their earthen case, succeeded
in pupating when placed in a hollow on damp sand, and covered with
moss. At this time most of the potato leaves had died down and the
larvae were, I think, underfed while in the open. The pupae seemed
small. The only pupa brought to me was received on September 19th
from a village boy. This produced a good medium sized 9 on October
15th. Of the larvae which pupated in captivity, none has so far
attained the perfect state. I have never seen it noted that this larva
makes a peculiar sharp clicking sound when disturbed. Of all the
larvae seen, only one was of the dark form. The remainder were of a
brilliant green ground colour.—D. G. B. Hawuwy (Lieut.-Colonel),
October 17th, 1932.

Norrs From THE SrTRaTFORD-oN-Avon arEA, ETC.—The output of
useful entomological work has diminished tremendously since the
death of Tutt; how he ever found the time necessary for his work I
don’t know.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 161

I have been having a very interesting ten days at Bourton-on-the-
Cotswolds, but the good Noctuae are just arriving as I have to leave.
I have been quite successful in getting pupae of Aydraecia petasitis,
which occurs there, but J] am afraid a large percentage of them come
‘out crippled. I have had a few nice ones so far. I have tried sugar
and light for them, and also took down a crippled @ but I could see no
imagines at all. Barrett says they fly at dusk, but I could not confirm
it, and I don’t think it has been confirmed anywhere.

I caught an interesting Noctua at sugar which appears to be a
second brood of Mamestra (Hadena) thalassina, Rott., but when it is
set I will let you see it as it may interest you. It is not at all like
ordinary thalasina, having a broader forewing and a more rosy tinge
over the whole. The hindwings are much darker too.

C. xerampelina was just coming to sugar and I got one female at
light. At light also I got Luperina testacea of course and a single
Ennomos fuscantaria, which is rare in the district.

One Triphaena orbona, Hufn. (subsequa, Hb.) came to my sugar, but
I believe Col. Donovan has had several thisseason. A very interesting
visitor was the var. sufwsa of Polia chi, and another between that and
the type, which is of course common in the district.

My friend Col. Donovan has been very successful in Ireland this
year getting three larvae of Leucodonta bicoloria and other prominents,
not, I think, recorded in Ireland before. A note about them will
appear soon I fancy.

It is a bad year for immigrants, but I caught a splendid P. cardui
on the Cotswolds which is rather nicely coloured.—P. Srvirer-Smiru,
Pebworth. August 81st.

Norrs From Dorset.—On August 1st I visited our local colony of
Polyommatus (Agriades) coridon, but found none on the wing, owing,
no doubt, to the lateness of the season and the site being some
600 ft. above sea level. On August 20th I again visited this site
and found P. coridon on the wing but very scarce; P. icarus,
Plebetus medon and Coenonympha pamphilus were also flying, the slope
being covered with Hippocrepis, Lotus and Helianthemum. I took
about a dozen very ordinary g¢ and @ P. coridon as | wished to
procure some ova to breed from, and was on the point of leaving when,
what I took at first sight for a moth, got up infront of me. On netting
it I found it to be a worn pathological specimen of coridon corresponding
almost exactly with the description of specimen € on p. 7 of Tutt’s
British Butterflies, vol. IV. 2 diameter 88 mm. The forewings are
the same pale fawn tone as the hindwings but in some lights look
much paler. Fringes worn, hairs on wings in good condition. Hind-
wings each with a small piece missing. Underside also pale fawn,
fully spotted, orange lunules rather pale. As this ¢ had evidently
laid most of her ova I set her rather than risk further damage to her
wings. I hope to visit the locality next year and work for her offspring
ifany. I again visited the slope in September but coridon was no
longer on the wing, my only capture being a 9 Rumicia phlaeas which
‘gave me a good batch of ova.—Rosert Trove, Buckland Newton,
Dorchester. October 24th.

162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.19382

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 52, Oakhill Road,
Kast Putney, on September 21st, 1932, Mr. H. Donisthorpe in the Chair.
Members Present in addition to the Chairman:—Mr. H. Willoughby-
Ellis, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors Present:—Sir T.
Hudson Beare, Mr. K. G. Blair, Dr. M. Burr, Dr. EK. A. Cockayne,
Mr. F. W. Edwards, Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. M. E. Moseley, Mr. W. H. T.
Tams. The meeting was called for 6.80 p.m., and the members and
guests were received by the Chairman, when tea and light refreshments
were served. A retirement was made to the Chairman’s study, where
his collections and recent work were inspected. His method of filing
notes and separata in the Orders in which most of his work has been
done, which enables any reference to be found within the space of a
few minutes, was greatly admired and appreciated. Supper was
served at 8 o'clock, after which the Chairman made the following
exhibits :—

Scopaeus abbreviatus, Rey., a Staphylinid beetle taken at Hallsands,
S. Devon, 12.vi.82, new to Britain, taken by Miss Kirk and Messrs.
Edmonds and Donisthorpe. The first named found the first and most
of the specimens. Next day Mr. Keys joined the party and more
specimens were taken. Recently further captures have been made by
Messrs. Edmonds, P. Harwood and Sir T, H. Beare. Medon, n. sp.
A specimen was taken at Hallsands, 8. Devon on 12.vi.382., by Mr.
Donisthorpe in fairly coarse shingle. Subsequently Miss Kirk took a
second specimen, and recently Messrs. Edmonds, Harwood and Sir T.
H. Beare have made further captures. Stenichnus, n. sp. A number
of specimens were taken at Slapton Ley, June 8th-12th, 1932, in fine
shingle on turf. A very pleasant and interesting evening was spent.
—H.W.-E.

The Insect Immigration Committee of the South-Hastern Union of
Scientific Societies request that all who have been supplied with the
standard Immigrant Insect Record cards since April 1st, 1932, will —
send in any filled in records (with specimens if available), in time to
reach the local Recorder for the County, by November 1st, annually
(or if his address is unknown, to Captain T. Dannreuther, R.N.,
** Windycroft,’ Hastings), in order that Recorders may complete their
lists by November 10th.

As negative evidence is of value, it is requested that if it can be
definitely stated that any of the common immigrant species were absent
from the observer’s district during 1932, that the word “‘ Absent ’’ may
be against it in the list given below, and the list returned to Recorder.

Locauiry :—Painted Lady, Pyramets cardui; Red Admiral, Pyrameis
atalanta ; Clouded Yellow, Colias croceus or edusa; Pale Clouded Yellow,
Colias hyale; Silver Y Moth, Plusia gamma; Diamond-back Moth,
Plutella maculipennis ; Rush Veneer Moth, Nomophila noctuella.

Vol. XXVI. of the Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agraria issued by the
Institution at Portici, contains the usual well done and adequately
illustrated memoirs of the original work done by the able staff, under
the Directorship of Prof. Silvestri. The papers are devoted to Coleoptera
2, Diptera 2, Hymenoptera 2, Isopoda 3, Hemiptera 2, Thysanura, etc.
There are 2 plates with nearly 60 figures of galls and most of the papers
are illustrated by a very large number of figures. The volume is very
clearly printed and displayed, and a credit to-all concerned.

CURRENT NOTES. 168

In the recent numbers of Hint. Rundschau, Herr H. Beuret has been
issuing a number of biological and nomenclatorial ‘*‘ Notes on the
Continental Lycaenidae’’; and Herr H. Marshener is giving an account
of the “‘ Macrolepidoptera of the Riesengebirge”’ ; Dr. A. Seitz continues
the account of his journies abroad. In No. 17, Herr H. Reiss and Herr
H. G. A. Schneider give an account of the Zygaena-fauna of the
Southern Urals illustrated by a plate of 34 figures. New forms are
described of 7%. meliloti and Z. lonicerae of both of which figures are
given. 3
For some time past an account of the ‘ Lepidoptera of Inner-
Anatolia ”’ by Fritz Wagner kas been appearing in the Int. Mnt. Zeit.
Various authors are giving Notes on the Zygaentdae. There is a
register of the Noctuidae occurring in Wirtemburg and Hohenzollern.
Dr. W. Stichel writes on the Genus Notonecta in N. Germany. Herr
Schneider discusses the Geometrid Genus Boarmia as laid down by L.
B. Prout in Vol. LV of Seitz Palaearctic Geometridae. No less than 16
species are noted as occurring in Wurtemburg. Herr G. Warnecke is
contributing an article on the myrmecophilous larvae of the butterfly
family Lycaenidae, summarising the facts of the connection so far as
investigated, with a detail plate. Herr Hugo Reiss is discussing the
the races of the beautiful Zyyaena fausta of the more southern portions
of Europe. There is a very good black and white plate of about 3
dozen figures.

The Ant. Zeit. during the past few months has articles on The
Breeding of Acherontia atropos from the egg ; a <<‘ List of the Lepidoptera
of Glatz’’; C. Schneider writes concerning the Geometers of Wurtem-
burg; Kurt John introduces a series of new Sphingid hybrids and
contributes two plates of figures of Celerio with Mimas, and Sphina.
Fortunately none of results of this hybridisation has received names.

The ‘‘ Lepidopterous Fauna of Corsica’? by Dr. C. Schawerda
continues to occupy pages in the Zeit. Oesterr. Mnt. Ver. Dr.
Heydemann with his usual thoroughness, discusses Oporinia christyi.
There is a plate with comparative figures of the g antennae, the octavals
or portions of the hind margin of the 8th segment with tufts, and the
last segment of the pupae of C. autiwnnata, C. nebulata (dilutata) and
C. christyt.

The Report of the London N. Hist. Socy. for the year 1931 contains
considerably more entomological matter than it has for some years.
For this thanks are due to the energetic Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. J.
Burkill, M.A., .R.G.S., whose contributions are (1) the Report of the
Entomological Section, (2) a very interesting paper ‘‘ An Introduction
to the Study of Plant Galls”’ in which study Mr, Burkill is a specialist,
(8) ‘* Plant Gall Records for 1981 ”’ with notes on each species observed,
(4) “ British Butterflies in 1981,” a compilation of the observations
sent in by some thirty members with the notes summarised. (5)
‘“« Heterocera Notes in 1931,” a similiar compilation on the Moths.
Also there is a few Notes on the Large Wood Wasp (Sirea gigas) by
Arthur Richardson, and Studies on the Biology of Fleas by Patrick A.
Buxton, M.A., M.R.C.S. (The Bacot Memorial Lecture). We are
surprised that the Society had to go to Scotland to get it printed.

Some so-called “‘gynandromorphs’’ are circulating; they are
‘“‘ reported” from three different centres.

164 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.X1.1982

FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

Seitz MacronepipoprEra, Supplement to the Palaearctic Section pts.
34, 35, 36 have been just published. Parts 34 and 36 with 2 plates
deal with additions to the Saturniidae and Sphingidae and an Appendix
to the latter dealing with the Hybridisation that has been carried out.
There is only one British species of Saturniidae dealt with but such
well-known species as Graeéllsta isabellae, Sannio eynthia, and Saturnia
pyrt have considerable additional forms named. ‘The hybrids with
Saturnia pyri have a section to themselves. Aglaia taw has no less
than 15 further recorded forms, while our native S. (Hudia) pavonia
has added 16 named forms from localities scattered all over Europe,
but none British. Additional names are added to the British
Sphingids as follows: to Acherontia atropos 7, to Herse convolvuli 8, to
Sphina liqustri 5, to Sphina pinastri including those of Dr. Cockayne,
8+4 genitalic forms, to Mimas tiliae 17, Smerinthus ocellata 4, Amorpha
popult 5, Haemorrhagia fuciformis 4, Macroglossum stellatarum 1, Celerio
euphorbiae 86, C. livornica 2, Pergesa elpenor 4, P. porcellus 2, Hippotion
celerio 8. The above summary shows how necessary it is for all
British workers to consult the pages of Seitz volumes ere venturing to
add further synonyms to our already overburdened Lists. Part 35 is
a continuation of Dr. Corti’s summary of the Agrotidae, 8 pages and 2
plates. The British species dealt with are Agrotis ypsilon (sujfusa)
with 2 additions, A. segetis (segetwm) 9, A. corticea 7, A. vestiyialis 8,
and A. cinerea 6. The two plates are quite good. With regard to the
Agrotid larvae Dr. Corti makes some interesting remarks. He says,
«‘ The larvae are as a rule typical subterranean larvae, like those of the
genus Huwvoa and outwardly very similar to same. However various
species already show a tendency to leave the earth and exist above the
surface.” ‘ The eggs are almost without ridges, occasionally weakly
ridged. Generally they are laid loose or in clusters 1 in or on the earth.”
itt Jal.

The Report of the Kton College Natural History Society for 1981-2
lies before us. It is a very interesting little report of this very active
School Society. Several times throughout each month there is some
meeting or other, either Lecture or Excursion, devoted to one of the
subjects embraced in the comprehensive term ‘natural history.”
Several of the excursions were largely devoted to the search for
Lepidoptera. Among the Lectures we note ‘“ Life among the Ants,”
by Mr. W. U. Tutton, “ Colourin Animals ” by C. R. White-Thompson.
Brigadier General B. H. Cooke is thanked for his valuable help in the
excellent Collection of Kuropean Butterflies and Moths in process of
formation. There is a useful article by N. G. Wykes on ‘“ Moth
Traps’ describing the making and use and the results after a three
weeks trial. In the last report was a list of Coleoptera taken during
the year. The present report gives an additional list of some 82
species collected near Hiton. There are 5 admirable plates. A record
of another successful year adequately reported.—Hy.J.T.

We regret to learn of the death of the Abbé Joannis, one of the
best micro-lepidopterists of France with a fine all-round knowledge of
our science.

—"

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. 'Founnn, ‘‘ Lutemar,’? West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that 1equire Inusrrarions are inserted on condition that the Aurnor
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam,

Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. JI’. Woolhouse, Hill
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list
sent.— ht. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Destderatu.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia, A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.— C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayuaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.— yale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, D:ffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate lioad,
Kingston Surrey.

Duplicates.— A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.— All British species especially those iilustrating characteristics of an
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Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F.H.S. .. sts Sle 6 165
Immigration Report, Lancashire and Cheshire, H. W. Wilson ae ne 167

An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae, O. Querct Be 168
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Current Notes .. ae ac a otk wi dita 25 si 177
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INDEX vs oe Se 56 Se Sic ue Se Se Sc 178
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NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES, 165

Notes on Erebiid Species.
By. B. C. 8S. WARREN, F.E.S.

(1) H. pronoé.—I have recently received specimens of a remarkable
little race of this species, from the mountains near Krunn, on the
south-side of the Isar Tal, in the Bavarian Highlands. This new
race at once reminds one of the beautiful little race yardeina, Schaw.,
but the latter is characterised by the reduction of all markings on the
upperside, while the new race is very strongly marked. It may be
described as :—

Race varia, nov.—The smallest form of the species, g averages
46-48, 2? 42-46mm. Other average sizes are; pronvé 50-52mm. both
sexes ; races, tarcenta, f'rhst. 48-50mm. both sexes, yardeina gf 46-
50mm., 2? 44-48mm.

On the upperside varia is suggestive of tarcenta, for all the black
spots excepting the apical two on the forewings, are much reduced in
size, and any, or all of them may be lost. The two apical ones remain
as large as in typical pronoe. Varia differs from tarcenta in that, in
spite of its sinall size, the bands are as fully developed as in typical
pronoé, and the coloured spots on the hindwings often even more
developed. In tarcenta the bands are narrow on the forewings, and
reduced to mere dots on the hind. In the 9 tarcenta they are
extremely reduced on the forewings and entirely wanting on the hind.
In the varia Q they are broader on the forewings than in @ pronoé
and equally so on the hind, ‘This, of course, makes the reduction of
the spots all the more conspicuous. There is much variation in the
width of the bands on the forewings, which can sometimes be as
narrow as in tarcenta, but such specimens still differ from the latter by
their smaller size and the invariably greater size of the reddish spots
on the hindwings. ‘The variation in the number of the black spots,
other than the two apical ones, is endless; but even when all are
present they are never fully developed as in pronoé. The underside is
typical of the species.

(2) EH. neoridas, Boisd.—There have been many uncertain references
as to the locality of typical neoridas. In the Index Meth., 1829, Boisduval
merely gives ‘“ Alpes’’ as the locality, which naturally has been inter-
preted in various different meanings. Fortunately in the Icones in
1832 he is more explicit and writes: ‘‘ Cette espece a été découverte
par nous aux environs de Grenoble. [lle a été retrouvée depuis dans
le départiment des Basses Alpes . . . et de la Drome.” The typical
race is therefore that of the mountains of the Isere. A decidedly
different race occurs in Lozére, which I would describe as :—

Ssp. lozerica, nov.—A much smaller race, averaging 40-43mm.
in both sexes; typical weoridas averages 44-52mm. The colour of
the bands on the upperside of the forewings is golden rather than a
dark reddish, the spots on the hindwings of the same colour but very
sinall; the black spots are reduced in size on both wings and the
white pupils frequently wanting on the hindwings. Sometimes the
black spots are also lost, and speciinens with quite black hindwings,
all markings lost, also occur. In the feature of the hindwing markings,
lozerica resembles the little race of the Sibillini mountains—s/byllina, —
Vty.—but in this the spots are still smaller and the colour of the

JAN 4 1953

166 ENTOMOLOGIS’’S RECORD. 15.X11.19382

bands darker ; the colour of the lozerica g being very like that of the
sibyllina 9. The underside of the hindwings in lozerica is a pale
brown, the antemarginal band only very faintly silvered, and the
basal area practically unmarled, and merged with the median area.
This underside is very different from sibyllina where the bands contrast
strongly, but it is extremely like the underside in FH’. zapateri, in fact
both in colouring and marking lozerica might well be taken for a race
of the latter. Types from the Causse above Mende, Lozere.

(3) Some races of H. ottomana.—One of the most interesting
discoveries in connection with the Erebias was made last year by
Herr Dannehl, who found a race of ottomana on Monte Baldo above
lake Garda; which he 1s describing. This race is closest to the ssp.
balcanica, Rbl., but differs in being much darker on the upperside,
the rusty patches around the apical spots on the forewings being
reduced to mere rings, and the spots on the hindwings to mere
points, in some cases hardly visible. On the underside of the hind-
wings, especially in the g, the Garda race is strongly banded and there-
fore strikingly different from the more even colour of balcanica. The
antemarginal band in the @ is also a little better marked than in the
2 balcanica. In his description of the latter, Rebel included specimens
from all the known Balkan localities, north of Greece. But balcanica
varies a good deal, and the form from the Durmitor in north
Montenegro, forms a remarkable transition to the Garda race. This
race I would describe as:

Race durmitorensis, nov.—-A transition between balcanica and
Garda specimens, nearest the former, being similar to it on the
underside. All the markings on the upperside are considerably
reduced, the black spots being affected as well as the bands, the two
apical on the forewings being a little smaller than in balcanica and all
the others reduced to mere points, or completely lost. In the loss of
markings duyrmitorensis resembles Garda specimens, though as a rule
the spots on the hindwings in the latter ave still smaller. I have
one specimen, however, which is indistinguishable from Garda ones
on the upperside, but this is not normal, and the underside remains
closer to balcanica. From these notes it might seem that durmitorensis
was scarcely worthy of a name, but if attention was not drawn to
this race it would be a certain source of trouble, for Durmitor speci-
mens if taken ag typical of balcanica would mislead anyone into
concluding that the Garda race was the same as balcanica, or that it
occurred in Montenegro, either of which would greatly confuse the
records of the future.

(4) Nomenclature.—I take this opportunity to make three changes
which unfortunately are necessary :

(a) FE. erinna, Stg.—This name has already been changed once, by
Staudinger himself, but as it is a secondary homonym of Pap. erina,
Fab. 1787, it must be changed a second time. I propose the name
E. erinnyn, nov. pro zrinna, Stg.

(6) HE. tyndarus var. retyezatica, Didsz.—This name is a primary
homonym of manto var. retyezatica, Didsz. which has page priority
over the former. For this Transylvanian form of tyndarus I propose
the name, transylvaniensis, noy.

EXTRACTS FROM A LETTER. IMMIGRATION. 167

(c) EH. evias orientalis, Rbl. (1914) —A primary homomonym of FH.
epiphron orientalis, Elw. (Trans. Hnt. Soc. Lond. 1900). I propose the
name rebeli pro orientalis, Rbl.

It may be noted that in the case of (a) ertnna, Ste., was never a
valid name under any rules, only asynonym. If it were not for the
rules on homonyms, it would fall under the law of priority. The
older name, erynnis, is also a secondary homonym, which was why
Staudinger changed it, noting that it was not wise to retain two
similar names in the genus. He overlooked the crina of Fabricius or
he would certainly have chosen another name. Whatever changes
entomologists may make, it is to be hoped they do not alter the rules
on homonyms, which are nearly ‘‘ fool proof’’ in use, and of great
value in dealing with the earliest names. But for them such familiar
names as Hf. aethiops and FE. euryale would be lost under the law of
priority.

[These 3 examples of thé homonymic stupidity of the ‘* Zoological”
Rules well emphasise the necessity for the Entomologists to make
their own Rules which would apply as such to quite 95% of the world’s
organisms. As this is being done (notoriously slowly) it does not
seem wise to add further to the already overloaded nomenclature.
(a) erinna is not strictly a homonym of erina. (b) There seems no
practical reason why the name retyezatica, Didsz. should not be applied
to every Hrebia species if necessary, even if it were a subspecies and
(c) vrientalis can be applied to every species if necessary.—Hy.J.T. |]

Extracts from a letter dated November 7th, 1932 from H. W. Wilson,
Hon. Sec., Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.

Only three Plusta gamma and Pyrameis atalanta have been recorded
for Lancashire and Cheshire this year.

Pyrameis cardui in the larval stage is usually observed on the coast
sandhills in July, but I am not aware that the species has been seen
there in 1982. It had been noted in three of the four preceding years
including 1931. Since writing this I have learnt that a single imago
was observed early in May at Freshfield, Lancs.

It would be interesting to know what evidence there is of the
migration of /’lusia moneta, The increase in the range of this species
has been steady and its northward progress has been noted step by
step. In these circumstance there does not seem to be any adequate
reason for discarding the theory of its introduction with imported
delphiniums, unless of course it has been observed well out to sea.

Pyrameis atalanta is apparently classified with P. cardui as a
migrant, but its status as a migratory species seems to call for careful
consideration. It is curious that although this insect 1s a very more
abundant and more generally distributed species in this country than
P. cardui the evidence of migration is not nearly so conclusive. I
have not seen any reference to a migrating swarm consisting solely of
P. atalanta, but mere notes of its presence, in much smaller numbers,
accompanying migrating hordes of P. cardut.*

* See Hnt. Record, Vol. XI, p. 279, 1899, P. atalanta seen in numbers 500
miles from the Lizard bound for S. America and Ent. Mo. Mag. No. 809, October
1931, p. 229, which gives an instance contradictory to this view.—T.D.

168 . ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. - br 15.X11.1932

All the Vanessids, including Polygonia c-album (not regarded as
a migrant) have a disposition to wander about, and as P. atalanta is so
strong on the wing its general distribution seems to be sufficiently
explained, in the absence of direct evidence of true migration, by its
notorious vagrant habits. It certainly seems to be impartial as to the
direction of its long distance flights and may be observed on cecasion
flying fast on an undeviating southerly course. The value as immigrant
records of observations of P. atalanta inthis country is also so
dependent on the question of whether the species is capable of surviving
the winter here that it is important that the evidence in favour of its
being a local resident should be carefully examined. I have noted
below a few significant facts which have come under my notice.

(1) Kept in captivity by myself throughout winter and remained
vigorous in spring—also by H. W. Head (Hntom. Nov. 32).

(2) Seen ovipositing in April (Penmaenmawr, N. Wales).

(3) Found drying wings beside empty pupa case in early July
(Penmaenmawr) not same year as (2).

(4) Regularly seen in fresh condition in July in many places in
N. Wales.

(5) Observers frequently remark on excellent condition of specimens
seen in June-July, when P. cardi is invariably very worn. ‘The possi-
bility cannot be ignored that such specimens may be bred from ova
deposited in April by hibernated butterflies. It will be appreciated that
the North Wales observations so early in the year carry greater weight
than similar records from the south coast and indicate that local

conditions are favourable for the species to maintain itself there from
year to year. I would suggest that it 1s desirable to explore the
subject further.

(Letter from H. W. Wilson to Capt. T. Dannreuther, 7.xi.32.)

An Account of my Studies in the Biology of Pieris rapae.
By ORAZIO. QUERCI.

This year I have made some experiments to get data about the life-
history of L’ieris rapac, Linné, and-some other polygenetic species of
butterflies. I found an excellent collecting place on the Parkway,
near the Art Museum, which by solicitation of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia was left to grow wild.

Last year, at Philadelphia, the butterflies began to emerge in April,
but. in 1982 the weather was bad in early spring and we saw the first
Lepidoptera on the wing on May J5th. I'rom that day until now we
have collected without interruption taking about 7000 specimens which
were brought hoie still living ; some were set in cages, with thei
host plants, where they laid eggs ; others were mounted. Higgs, larvae,
chrysalids and imagines were also tried in different temperatures in
refrigerators and incubators kindly put to my use by several.
institutions.

I. Bwepine From tHe liaes.
\A). ‘Lhe butterflies taken in the field were set in a cage with
wild flowers and food plants. Some females laid eggs, and those
laid on the same day were reared all together. The lots of eggs

STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE, 169

obtained in different days were kept separated. Both in spring and
summer the mean temperatures varied from 65° to 75°F, and almost
always the eggs hatched in four or five days. In each lot there were
a few larvae which grew very rapidly and became full grown in seven
days; for others, although being laid by the same female on the same
day, full development required 8 to 14 days. The butterflies emerged
from the chrysalids in from one to two weeks. From May 19th to
September 15th we reared more than 100 lots of eges, and the whole
life-cycle was never shorter than 18 days, and longer than four weeks.

(B). In this fall the temperature was lower; the eggs hatched in
5 to 7 days, the most rapid larvae grew in 10 days, and the imagines
emerged after 8 days. The minimum required in development of the
imago from the ege is now 23 days instead of 18. Ido not yet know
the maximum because the other chrysalids of the same lot have not
yet emerged.

(C). On May 19th and 20th we obtained two big lots of eggs from
specimens of the first brood taken in the field. Those eggs hatched in
5 days, and one of the larvae, from the eges laid on May 19th, hatched
on the 23rd, pupated on May 80th, and a female emerged on June 7th.
That female was not well developed and died withont laying eggs.
Un June 8th one male and one female emerged at home from eggs
laid on May 20th; they mated on the same day of their birth and the
female laid eges from June 9th to the 13th, which hatched from the
18th to the 17th of the same month. A few larvae, from the lot of
eggs laid on June 9th, pupated on the 20th, and the imagines emerged
from them on June 27th.

The male and female of the second brood, emerged on June 8th
(mounted after their death), are large, with pale and reduced pattern
at the tips of the wings; their descendants, born on June 27th and
following days are smaller, with a very black and extensive pattern.
All the rapae which emerged in our cage on June 27th from the home
born specimens of the second brood, were placed in another cage,
where the females laid many eggs for six days. I wished to mount
those specimens of the pure-line third brood, but they were so badly
broken, while flying in the cage, that I preferred to set in my collection
one male and one female, which emerged on June 29th, from the
same lot of eges, which looked very like those emerged two days
before and from which I had six lots of eges from June 27th to July
2nd.

At the beginning of July it was bot: the thermometer reached up
to 98° F., and all the larvae of five lots died. Placing the larvae
in an ice box and in front of a fan, a few of them, from the eggs laid
on June 29th, were able to survive, and pupated. Two females
emerged on July 19th, another female and two males on the 21st.
These five specimens of the pure-line fourth brood are very small with
pale and reduced pattern. The three females laid many eggs, but, in
spite of every care, only three larvae survived the heat and pupated.
One male and one female of the pure-line fifth brood, emerged on
August 9th, mated and the @ laid 19 eges only. Another female
emerged on the 18th, but did not lay egos as the male of the same ou
was dead.

_ The pure line rapae of the fifth brood are larger than their paneer

170 ENTOMOLOGIS’ S RECORD. 15.X 11.1932

and with a very black pattern; they resemble their grand-parents of
the third brood.

The 19 eggs, from which | expected specimens of the sixth brood,
hatched in four days, the larvae became very big, but all died on
August 22nd, on a sultry day when the thermometer reached up to
88° F. Thus my series of pure-line breedings remained uncompleted
before reaching the sixth brood, but my experiment proves that if I
have obtained five consecutive broods from May 20th to August 9th,
at least three other broods may occur before the frost in October.

Il. Temprraturn Experiments.

(D). Higgs, larvae and chrysalids tried for 5 to 20 days at 0° F.,
and later gradually warmed at 30°, 50° and 70° I’, died when they
returned to normal temperature.

(KE). The spring eggs, larvae and chrysalids died when tried for 25
days at 30° F. The experiment was made again with summer
specimens, which remained one month at 30°, and later were gradually
returned to the temperature of our rooms. Abouta half of the eggs
hatched, the larvae survived and the chrysalids emerged. Another
big lot of eggs was tried for 45 daysat 30° F. Very few larvae hatched
when they returned to normal temperature.

(F). At the temperature of 45° to 50° F, most eggs of a big lot
hatched there after 14 days. The larvae were left in that rather cold
room with fresh plants. They grew very little and in about one
month died.

(G). Some chrysalids, placed in a room at 50° I', emerged there
after 27 days, but the Lepidoptera were not able to spread their wings.
_ (H). Many butterflies of different species remained at 60° F for
18 days. All the males died; most females survived and laid eggs
when they were placed in our cages.

(1). A lot of eggs placed at 98° F, hatched there in 4 days. All
the larvae died almost at once, also if they were taken out from the
incubator they died.

(J). Most larvae in our breeding cages turned yellow and later died
when the temperature reached 85° F for a few hours.

(K). It seems that also in the field, many larvae die when it is
hotter than 90° F. As the heat does not injure the chrysalids, the
butterflies continue to be plentiful, for about one week, after a wave
of heat, later they become scarce for about ten days because the high
temperature kills both the small and big larvae. Comparing the
results of our collecting with the data of the Weather Bureau of
Philadelphia, I am finding a perfect concordance.

The scarcity and often the total absence of polygenetic species
which sometimes I observed for ten and more days while collecting in
Southern Kurope, and which I supposed to be intervals between one
brood and its following, are but the effect of the waves of heat.

III. Lire-nisrory or Pieris RAPAE AT PHILADELPHIA, IN THE YEAR 1932.

The American authors relate that rapae begins to emerge some-
times by the end of March, and often in April. This year the
weather was fine in winter but it became bad in early spring, until
mid May. On the 15th of this month we took some butterflies.

STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE, 171

They continued to emerge until May 20th, and later, until the 26th,
only worn specimens were on the wing. The duration of the flying
period of the first brood was 12 days. The lack of Lepidoptera in the
last days of May was not due to the climate as the weather was fine.

In the afternoon of June 2nd we saw a few rapae in the City, and
the following morning we collected two males and one female. ‘The
second brood had begun to emerge 19 days later than the first emerged
specimens of the first brood. This period corresponds with the result
of our breedings.

To know when the second brood might cease to emerge | had the
support of the data of our breedings: minimum of duration of the
larval stages 18 days, maximum 28 days, but I was not sure that,
both in the cages and in the field, the period would have been the same.
A useful indication I might perhaps get by looking at the forms. While
most rapae of the first brood are small and with a pale apical pattern
of reduced extent, many specimens of the second brood are very large,
the grey pattern is a little wider and the ocelli are bigger: Fresh
rapae of this exuberant form were taken until June 22nd, that is 28
days later than May 26th, when we saw the last female of the first brood
laying eges. Worn rapae of its largest form were found until June
28th. The flying period of the second brood was 27 days and it was
15 days longer than that (12 days) of the first brood.

In-accordance with what I believe to be a rule (when the tempera-
ture does not change) tke earliest rapae of the third brood should begin
to emerge on June 19th, but on that day it was raining. ‘The
following day there was 63 per cent of sunshine, and we took some
rapae a little smaller than those of the prevailing form of the second
brood but with a wide and very black pattern. Specimens of this
form became more frequent later. Irom June 20th to 28th we saw
Specimens both of the second and third brood flying together and
when, on June 29th, the second brood ended, the black-spotted rapae
of the third brood remained on the wing alone urtil July 7th, when
the striking form of the fourth brood began to emerge.

I expected that the rapae of the third brood would have disappeared
from the field by the end of July, instead the specimens with a
prominent black pattern continued to emerge in August, September
and until now. For some time I was unable to understand why the
duration of the third brood might have been so long, while at home
rapae continued to emerge in no more than 28 days since its ege was
laid. Only later I knew that the deep black-spotted rapae is also the
prevailing form of the fifth brood. This is confirmed by the three
pure-line rapae of the fifth brood, which emerged in our cages and
which are black (not grey) at the tips of their wings.

With the support of these data I suppose that the third brood, began
on June 19th or 20th, and ended on July 24th. Some females con-
tinued to fly until the 30th, or so. By theend of July the butterflies in
our cages had lived long and laid many eggs. The probable flying period
of the third brood was 44 days, about 17 days longer than in the second
brood.

The fourth brood of rapae, which is rare in the hot and barren

172 ENTOMOLOGIS?’ S$ RECORD. 15.X 11.1982

countries of Southern Europe and of which we found no specimen in
North Africa, has been plentiful at Philadelphia this year. We have
taken at least 600 specimens of that pretty form. Last summer the
country was always verdant: almost as luxuriant as we have seen in
the Tropics in the raining season. At the Weather Bureau I have been
told that such a fine summer has not happened in this City for 30 years.

Many specimens of the fourth brood, we collected in the field, are
as small and with as pale a pattern as the five pure-line rapae which
emerged in our cage from the cross of a male of the third brood with
a female of the same generation. ‘This seems to prove that the small
size of some polygenetic species is produced by heredity and not by
environment. Until now I had believed that the butterflies smaller
than usual might be the ones which had grown in distress, but I must
change my opinion. ‘The largest number of small Lieris rapae, Vontia
protodice, Colias philodice and C. eurytheme were taken, this year, after
the field had been for a long time (during their larval stages) the most
luxuriant I have seen in the Temperate Zone. From my breedings [
have learned that when the larvae of the Vieridae are in distress they
die.

The nice rapae of the fourth brood began to emerge on July 7th;
fresh specimens were found until August 28th, and some worn females
until September 3rd. The flying period of this brood has been 59
days.

Why individuals of the fourth brood (form phaiosoma, Verity) 1
my collection look to be from the cross of both third brood male and
female, as this last brood remained to fly alone for some time last June.
In August we found some very small vapae with a black (not pale grey)
pattern, which are perhaps the mongrels between the third and fourth
broods, which flew together in July.

For the fifth brood Iam unable to check whether it began on July
25th and ended on October 7th, according to my forecast, or nob.
When it began, there still were on the wing specimens of the similar
third brood, and in September it mixed with the eighth brood, the form
of which is, J believe, the same as in the third and fifth broods.
Almost every day, from June 20th until now, we have taken some rapae
with a very black pattern; this is the most frequent form of the species,
being of the third, fifth and eighth broods, Also among the so-called
second brood there are speciiuens which resemble those of the third,
etc. This occurs for a cause which I will try to explain later.

The large rapae of the second brood did not fly after June 28th ;
after that day we found only smaller (third and fifth brood) and much
smaller (fourth brood) specimens on the wing; also their mongrels
were not large. On August 12th a few white rapae, which looked lke
those of the second brood, were found. ‘The appearance of this showy
form, which we had not seen for 45 days, happened just when I had
foreseen that the sixth brood should begin to emerge, and this allows
ime to suppose it may be the peculiar form of rapae when two pure-
bred specimens of the fifth brood cross together or when the third
brood crosses with the fifth. Some large rapae have been taken almost
every day from August 12th until now, but they have not been
plentiful, because the fifth brood, having flown together with the

STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 178

fourth, which is small, produced mongrels of reduced size. I was not
able to get in my cages any specimen of the sixth brood, as the 19
larvae, I had from the pure-line rapae of the fifth, died after the wave
of heat of August 22nd, but from that breeding I learned that the pure
sixth brood rapae must be large, as the larvae which grew more
rapidly and that were trying to pupate when the heat killed them,
were very big.

The pure bred vapae of the seventh brood, which began to emerge
on August 29th, have been scarce, as their pure bred parents had not
been plentiful and had mated with those of the fourth and fifth broods
and their mongrels. I have no positive data to establish which may
be the peculiar form of the seventh generation ; I suppose that some
small rapae, like those of the fourth, but dusted with black scales
(owing to the increasing humidity in the fall) may be those of the
seventh when one pure-bred male of the sixth crossed with a pure-bred
female of the same brood. This year these dwarf rapae, the smallest
in my series, emerged from chrysalids made by larvae which, in
August, had lived among the most luxuriant vegetation. Also in this
case, the very reduced size seems not to be produced by environment
but by heredity. I think these specimens, flying in September and
also in these last days (October 1st to 10th) can not be still those of
the fourth brood which should be ended by the beginning of last
September.

On August 31st, after the eclipse, a wave of heat (up to 95°I*)
arrived in this country and continued for some days. In spite of that
the Lepidicum virginicum, which is the plant that the larvae of rapae
prefer to eat, remained verdant everywhere, and the period, 18 to 28
days, for the metamorphosis, remained unvaried for the specimens
which we bred in September. I suppose that the eighth generation
began to emerge on September 18th, but [ cannot prove my assertion.
I also suppose that the pure bred rapae of the eighth brood may be as
black spotted as those of the third and fifth broods.

What I observe is that, in spite of the considerable hybridisation,
rapae has never been so variable as in September: dwarf specimens of
the seventh flew together with the giants of the sixth and the black-
spotted individuals of the fifth. If some vapae of this last form are
those of the eighth brood, is not sure but likely.

By the middle of September until now the weather bas been
unsettled and the field is not so verdantasin summer. The butterflies
in the cages die quickly, laying very few eggs. The wave of heat at
the beginning of September has lowered the number of butterflies on
the wing. However the larvae, which we are rearing, continue to grow
almost in the same time as in spring and summer. Perhaps the
emergence of the chrysalids will be delayed, but if the weather
continues fair for a few days longer, a ninth brood may occur this
year although last spring the lepidoptera began to appear very late in
the season.

What I have tried to explain alove can be shown by the following
table where (1) for every brood, J record (2) the day on which the speci-
mens of each brood probably began to emerge; (3) the not so probable

174 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X 11.1982

days on which the last specimens of every brood emerged ; (4) the day
on which they ceased to fly and to lay eggs; and (5) the presumed
duration, in days, of each brood :

(Eye aL II III IV Vv VI VII VIII IX
(2) May15. Jun. 2. Jun.19. Jul. 7. Jul. 25. Aug.12. Aug.29. Sep.18. Oct.?
(3) May 20. Jun. 22. Jul. 24. Aug.28. Oct. 1. (a) (a) (a) (a)
(4) May 26. Jun. 28. Jul. 30. Sep. 3. Oct. ? (a) (a) (a) (a) ,
(5) (12 27 44 59 75? (b) (0) (b) (0)

(a) A few chrysalids of the VI, some of the VII, many of the VIII
and most of the IX brood will go over winter, emerging in the spring
of 1933.
() It is not possible to state the duration of the flying period of
the last broods, which will occur after the winter pause.

In accordance with the data of the preceding table, the broods of
Pieris rapae have probably emerged and overlapped (at Philadelphia and
in the very regular season of 1932) as follow:

from May 15 to May 26, first brood ;

from May 27 to June 1, interval between the first and second
brood ;

from June 2 to June 18, second brood alone ;

from Jun. 19 to Jun. 28, second and third ;

from Jun, 29 to Jul. 6, third alone ;

from Jul. 7 to Jul. 24, third and fourth ;

from Jul. 25 to Jul. 80, third, fourth and fifth.

from Jul. 81 to Aug. 11, fourth and fifth ;

from Aug. 12 to Aug. 28, fourth, fifth and sixth ;

from Aug. 29 to Sept. 3, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh ;

from Sep. 4 to Sep. 17, fifth, sixth, and seventh ;

from Sep. 18 to Oct. ?, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth ;

from Oct. ? to Oct. ?, sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth.

Now I hope to be able to get the data which are still missing ;
later I will check better, with the support of my collection of more than
2000 rapae, 800 protodice, 200 philodice and eurytheme, which seem to
emerge in the same manner as rapae, all mounted and labelled.

I regret not to have been able to breed all the larvae from the eggs
laid by one single female of Pieridae, to see whether all the imagines
are equal among them, or not. I succeeded with the larvae of Papilio
and Phyciodes, when I obtained imagines 98 per 100 of the laid eggs, but
the larvae of Pieridae are very frail, and from more than 12,000 larvae,
which I tried to rear, I had no more than 250 chrysalids.

Also in the field the mortality must be considerable when it is
very hot, and still more when it is hot and dry. Some authors say
that one female of rapae can lay more than 200 eggs; also supposing
that the eggs are only 25 of which 15 males and 10 females, if each
egg might produce the imago there would be 10 females at the second
brood, 100 at the third, 1,000 at the fourth, 10,000 at the fifth,
100,000 at the sixth, 1,000,000 at the seventh, 10,000,000 at the eighth.
This does not happen; the butterflies instead of being plentiful
are scarce chiefly because the heat killed most larvae.

STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF PIERIS RAPAE. 175

IV. Osservations.

I feel almost sure that the data I record for the beginning of the
first to the seventh brood are right. At any rate the error can be no
more than one day or two. From May 15th to September 10th the
temperature lowered to 50°F only thrice (May 19th and 23rd, and
June 8th) during the night. The minimum mean temperature varied
from 61°3° in May to 69:4° in August, and in those conditions, the
larval stages went ahead with the greatest regularity.

The data which I quote for the end of every brood are tentative,
because in each lot of larvae, which we have bred, those which grew
slowly always died. The search in the field for the last living female
of every brood is not an easy task, not only because it is hard to find
her, but also because I based my investigation looking at the form.

That the form of rapae should change from a generation to its
following is a simple opinion which I base on the fact that the speci-
mens of the second, third, fourth and fifth brood, which I obtained
from consecutive breeding, changed at each brood, and that their
change corresponding with it had occurred in the field some days
before. However I must notice that my series of pure-line rapae is
very poor. I had many chrysalids of the second brood, most were
tried in temperature experiments and in many cases died; also of the
third brood I had many pupae, some died when tried at low tempera-
ture, others emerged but the specimens were ruined in the cages; of
the fourth brood I obtained five specimens, of the fifth only three.
This is all.

The study of the variation, referred to the identification of the
broods, is also doubtful because also the specimens of the first gener-
ations are not alike among themselves in my series of rapae, the
earliest emerged almost afi the same time from May 15th to 20th,
there are a few, which look different from the others and seem to have
not been produced by chrysalids, which had gone over winter.
Among the rapae of the second brood, emerged in the first fortnight
of June, when certainly the real third brood specimens had not had
time to emerge, | see some specimens, with very black spots, which
look like those of the true third brood, which surely did not began to
emerge before June 19th.

The presence of these specimens which apparently have advanced
one brood over their time of emergence, allow me to suppose that either
the eggs, or the larvae, or both, might go over winter together with
the chrysalids.

From my experiment (I), related at p. 170, I have learned that very
few eggs, of a big lot, survived when kept 45 days at 28° to 30°F.
At Philadelphia, this year it was never cold in winter for long. The
coldest days were: Dec. 8th, 1931, Jan. 28rd, Feb. Ist and 16th,
March 9th, 1982, on which the thermometer was 28°F for a short
time. Perhaps some eggs, laid in the last fair days of October, 1981
and remained unhatched, were able to survive, and hatched during the
first days of April, when it was 67° and 73°F. The larvae did not
die, as is shown in my experiment (fF) at p. 170, and pupated about on
April 23rd, when the max. temperature was 72 to 79°F, but were not
able to emerge until middle May, when it was 77° to 87°F. The

176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.19382

presence of these specimens from the egg-cycle are a trouble when
they are mixed with those of the chrysalids-cycle in the first brood.
Now I am arranging to keep many eggs to see wether they will hatch
next spring, or not.

V. Concuusion.

My experiments are still incomplete, but at any rate I can state
that:

1. Pieris rapae and many other polygenetic species are ready to
be prolific at any time of the year, as soon as the temperature allows
their eggs to hatch. Jn Southern Portugal we collected many poly-
genetic butterflies in January of 1928.

2. The cold injures only when it is, probably, below 15°F.
Otherwise it only delays the metamorphosis.

3. The intensive heat, above 90°!" produces a terrible massacre of
larvae, but does not injure either eggs or chrysalids.

4. When the mean temperature is above 60°F, a new brood occurs
about every 18 or 19 days. (I have not yet full data for the fall.)

5. ‘The duration of every brood is at least 15 days longer than
that of its preceding brood, and therefore all the broods, save the first,
overlap.

6. This year, at Philadelphia, with a uniform and favourable
season, but shorter than in most years, certainly eight broods have
emerged, and probably a ninth may occur. When the butterflies
emerge here from April to October there may be 10 or 11 broods. In
Southern Spain and Portugal, and in the southern portion of the
United states, perhaps 14 broods occur in most years.

PuHinapELPHIA. October 11th, 1932.

SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Levers or Lire or tHe [Maco or Orrwopra LtiguLa.— Of this species
South (Moths Brit. Is.) says “1 lives through the winter ,
but does not seem to turn up at sallow catkins in the spring,” Adkin
(Moths of Hastbourne) “It is doubtful whether it ever lives through
the winter.’”’ In this connection it may be interesting to note that I
took a specimen at Chipstead, Surrey, on January 30th of this year, at
rest on a hawthorn by night, which was fed with sugar at intervals
and lived until mid-April.—J. A. Downes.

“ Koop” or CucuLiia verBasct Larvan.—This year I collected a
. few larvae of C. verbasci at Box Hill. They were kept in a cardboard
honey carton, which as usual had a thin layer of wax on its surface.
One day the larvae were given insufficient food, with the result that
they nibbled through the wax and started on the cardboard underneath.
A friend of mine had a somewhat similar experience with this species.
He enclosed them in a muslin sleeve, again with insufficient food, and
found next day that they had eaten a hole in it and escaped.—Ip.

CURRENT NOTES. : LE

JFWoOoTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Recent Appitions ro THE [ish Fauna anp Fora. [Proc. Roy.
Irish Acd. XXIX (1929.)] —With reference to the comments of Canon
G. Foster on the above in the April No. of this journal, page 63, the
following are additional records and corrections.

Argyroploce (Diluta) semifasciana, Hb.—Barrett writes, in british
Lepidoptera (1905), “taken by Canon Cruttwell in Connemara ;”’ not
uncommon. among sallows, Killycolpy Wood, Co Tyrone, June 1920.

A. (Penthina) corticana, Hb.—Beaten out of birch near Maghery,
Co Tyrone; and Churchill, Co Armagh.

A. (Huchromia) rufana, Scop.—-Near Stewartstown, Co Tyrone,
June 1921.

Eypiblema crenana, Hb.—Lisdoonvarna Co. Clare, larva found and
imago bred August 1929, W. G. Sheldon: Mntom. Vol. LXII page
241.
Ohimabache (Diurnea) phryganella, Hb.—Tullylagan Co. Tyrone,
October 1921.

Tinea semifulvella, Haw. —Already recorded by Kane from Sligo,
Clonbrock, and Bray; near Stewartstown, August 1923.—Tuomas
Greer, Milton, Dungannon.

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS.

The Hon. Treasurer will be obliged if those subscribers who have
not yet paid for the current volume (1932) will do so before the end of
the year. The amount (10/-) should be sent to Ll. W. Andrews, I°.E.5.,
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.1.9.

Several readers have sent or promised to send notes on the season’s
experiences. We shall be very pleased to have others. General
reports seem to tell us that there never was a worse season and yet
we hear of captures of unusual species and some of our very young
collectors have not done badly.

Corrections.—By an oversight an incompleted proof of the
November number was passed ‘“ for press’ and thus several important
corrections are necessary, besides spelling, ete.

p. 149, 1. 18, Poey= Poey: |. 28, aescult=escull.

Packo byl. 2, peer a‘‘,’’ before *‘ different” 1.27, Coll. = Coleoptera.

Pala Zel. Oye avendar ’ =“ lavender’: stoechus=stoechas.

p. 158, 1. 40, ‘‘ Ramm.” =“ Ramb.”: |. 41, del “as”: Mediterranean.

p- 156, Ie 14, insert ‘°1932” after “wing.” pee EO Blestilunain |e
* Aeshna”: except.

p- 157, 1. 84, “ vividior ” =“ viridior ”: 1, 48, del stop after ‘ nec.”

p-. 161, 1. 8, Hydraecia= Hydroecia. ;

Os 162, iP 25, Stenichuus = Stenichus. 4
p. 168, 1. 35, the generic initial ‘ C.”” should Me SO aes : journeys.
p. 164, 1. 8, ad ie

CONTENTS OF “VOEUME Kisii?
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.

Aberrations of R. phlaeas, 15; C.
quadripunctaria, 16; E. jurtina,

128; EH. vestigialis 4 pelis0
Abundance of Theelids in Kabylia 59
“« Addition to List of Lepidoptera of

Treland,’’ Rev. Canon Foster, 63 ;

‘Recent additions to ditto,” T.

Greer 177
Address to Ent. Soc. of the S. of

England 96
Aegeriides connected with juniper 54
Affinity of Faunas of N. Scotland

and Ireland (Lep.) a 76
*« Aigle and the Rhone Valley i in

May, 1931,’’ Lt. E. B. al 55, 72
Assembling .. 44
Biology of, S. spuleri in ‘juniper,

54; M. atropos, 62; Spiders,

Review, 67; Microlepidoptera,

Review, 95; Z%. erulans, 99;

‘« Triple-brooded species,” O.

Querci, 158; ‘‘An Account of

my Studies on the B. of P.

rapae,’’ O. Querci . 168
*¢ Birds and S. gigus,’’ T. B. Foster 129
‘“‘Brachypterous lHarwigs. A

Problem,’’ Dr. M. Burr .. 98
Breeding of, 1). trwncata from ovo,

11; nubeculosa, 44; Pierids from

the ege : . 168
Broods of C. croceus i Serre
**Buttercups, B. fumatus ay? Jel

Donisthor pe 93
** Butterflies, in Kabylia, Miss L.

M. Fison, 12; at flowers,

41; ‘of the Pulborough District,”

A. Ts Wightman 50 -. 127
Cat lying in wait for moths. 83
“Catalogue of the Coleoptera of

the Forest of Fontainebleau,’’

Review, H. Donisthorpe.. 50. Be
Classification of the Psychidae, 118, 133
Comparison of Faunae (Col.) of

Fontainebleau and Windsor

Forests oo BB)
Cocoon of P. cognata oo ell
‘* Coleoptera of a Willow Swamp,”

H. Donisthorpe ..

Collecting Notes, 10, 61, 76, 93,
127, 142, 160, 177; ‘‘ Lepidop-
tera in 1931,’’ H. B. D. Kettlewell 43

Correction in, British List of Lepid-
optera 9, 17, 65, 66, 89, 128;
Footnote Correction is 77, 96

‘Cornish Notes for 1981,’’ C.
Nicholson . . c se AL

C. pronubana and its Parasites 10

Current Notes, 13. 31, 47, 64, 78,

94, 115, 131, 142, 162, 177

Cuttings, A Nature Story, 11; In-
valuable Words, 14; A Curious
Beetle, 49; A literary Curiosity 142

‘¢ Dates of Hiibner’s Plates,’’
Hy.J.T. a6 oe co

PAGE

Description of, Kerry, Iceland, 1;
a willow swamp, 4; L. of P.
globulariae, 17; L. of P. cognata,
19; New forms of Melitaea, 28,
29 ; Fontainebleau, 34 ; Dieulefit
(Drome), 53; B. hypnorwm,
(Hym.), 55 ; Sie pacifica, 71;
Bromsgrove area ae

| ‘* Devonshire Coleoptera, Notes on

some,’’ H. Donisthorpe ..
“ Dieulefit (Drome), in April, 1930-
31, Lepidoptera at,’ Wm.
Fassnidge -
“* Diptera in 1931,”’ H.W. ‘Andrews
‘“‘Harly stages of P. globulariae
and of P. cognata,’’ Dr. H. A.
Cockayne and C. N. Hawkins,

. 161
150

53
122

17; appearance of P. atalanta.. 93

| Entomological Club, 31, 50, 64,
131, 142, 162

‘“* H. polychloros in Essex,” K.
Bentall : 12

“« Hrebtid species, Notes Oi,” 18). C.
S. Warren 165

“ H. vestigialis in Dorset, Hy, J. T.
(ite 125 Cwrtiis)) gs 129

Exhibition, Lancashire & Cheshire
Ent. Socy.. : 15

| “Fauna of Albania, ” Rebel and
| Zerny, Review, Hy. J. Turner.. 52

| ‘* Food of C. verbasci larvae,’’ J.
A. Downes Se so LID

Forms of aurinia in Kerry, 2 2 pide
brassicae be 89
Galls, juniper : aoe

‘« Geographical Variation of B.
euphrosyne,”’ Dr. KR. Verity 119
Geometers in Kerry a5 29)

‘* Handbook of British Beetles, 2 IN.

Joy, Review, M. ae pS ale
Donisthorpe 64
| Heterocera in Kerry ‘ Sano
Hibernation of, P. atalanta ~ +. 58

‘Holiday at Braemar, A,’’ Dr.
H. A. Cockayne .. > 68)

How R. linearis (Hem.) swims, H.
Donisthorpe : 129
Hiibner’s Plates, Dates of . : )

| ‘*Tlustrations ra Varieties of,

British Lepidoptera,’ S. G.

Castle-Russell, 10; ditto, C.

Mosley, 86; ditto ‘‘ Huropean
Butterflies,’’ C. Mosley, 102, 124, 135

| Immigrant, Lepidoptera, etc., 49,

128 (P.S. Smith); 130, 156 (Capt.

Dannreuther); 162; ‘‘ Species

in Lancashire and Cheshire,”’
H. W. Wilson . 167

International Congress of Entomo-
logy, 5th, uel .49, 78, 115
‘Invaluable Words ” : 14
Juniper Insects at Dieulefit 53

‘«Tarvae of P. rapae, P. napi and

P. brassicae on the same plant,”’
C. Nicholson abil

179

CONTENTS.
PAGE PAGE
+‘ Tate larvae of D. truncata,’”’ C. Pupa of C. cognata, 21 ; ‘‘ What is
Nicholson .. 10 the meaning of a P. ?,’’ N. H.
4‘Tength of Life of Imago of 0. Joy.. 87
ligula,’”’ J. A. Downes .. 176 Pupation of Z. exulans 100
“« Lepidoptera, at Dieulefit (Dréme) ‘* Query, A, re E. es 2s iD
in 1930-31, 53, 81; near Broms- | Lempke ‘ -. 128, 142
grove (Ran-dan Woods) ” 1827- | ‘* Races,” O. Querci_ 149
31, P. S. Smith 69, 84 | Races, of, M. parthenie, ete., 27 :
“‘ Lithosia pallifrons (vitellina) ab. B. euphrosyne, 110; Ry.
pygmaeola,’’ H. B. D. Kettlewell 8 jurtina,’’ P. P. Graves ~: 142
Local Lists 47 | Rare species, L. bicolor, 3; 4H.
Medical Entomology, Review 80 laticollis (C.), 5; O. salictaria
Melanie, A. urticae . 32 (C.),5; O. nigrocincta (C.), 5;
4¢ Melitaea pacifica, ‘hitherto con- M. morosus (C), 5; C. palustre
fused with M. britomartis,’’ Dr. (C.), 53 C. rufulus (C), 5; LP.
R. Verity .. 70 lwornica, 16; H. peltigera, 41;
Migrant, P. aiicianatien F in Ireland, Q: M. atropos, 41, 62; S. bipunctatus
P. gamma in Ireland, 24 ; N. (D), 42; S. aurulenta (C.), 42;
noctuella in Ireland dit 126 E. versicolor, 44; A. nubeculosa,
Misuse of ‘ Lycaeides ”” for 44 ; So). Gaullord, Gee IS.
‘« Plebeius, etc., 40 tabaniformis, 55; B. hypnorum
New forms of, Melitaeae, 98, 29, (Hym.), 55; P. cognata, 62;
70, 140 ; British Species of P. globularia, 62; P. staintoniana,
Lepidoptera, 0), TBS}, Usi7/ S J8ie 63; BP. anthacina (Col.), 93;
rhomboidaria, 46; Genus of R. sacraria, 1380; S. dubius
Psychides, 97 ; races of B. euphro- (Trich.) 160
syne, 112, 113, 114, 120, 121; of ‘* Rare we taken in Windsor
Erebia, 165; E. vestigialis 130 Forest, A,’’ H. Donisthorpe 93
4« New form, A, ‘of B. rhomboidaria,” “ Records 6 Immierants at
H. B. Williams, 45; M. pacifica 71 | Hastings,’ Capt. T. Dannreuther 156
Noctuidae in Kerry . nye .. 28 | ‘ Reduviidae collected in the Bar-
Nomenclature, 40, 65, 115, 144 | berton District, E. Transvaal,’’
+“ Northern Insectsin Co. Wicklow,’’ | do Si, Wayyllowe 154
A. W. Stelfox 76 | ‘* Report on Immigrant Species i in
4¢Notes on, Algerian Butterflies,’ Lancashire and Cheshire,’ H.W.
Miss L. M. Fison, 7, 58 ; mete | Wills 3. so Gr
doptera of Saloniea,” De G. 8S. | Reviews, Short, 13, id. 31, 32 , Bei,
Robertson, 61 ; ‘‘ the Psychidae,’’ loin ain4on49. olesaoe 64, 65, 66,
Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, 117, 67, 68, 78, 80, 94, 95, 96, 115,
133; ‘‘ Worcestershire Lepidop- 116, 131, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148,
tera,’’ P. S. Smith, 128; ‘‘ from 162, 163, 164
Spain,” Dr. M. Burr, 152; ‘‘ A. | Review of, Mr. E. R. Goffe’s
atropos in EK. Sussex, Lt.-Col. D. | Paper on ‘‘ Tabanidae,” J. E,
G. B. Hawley, 160; ‘‘ from Collin, 37; ‘‘Stylops,’’ Hy. J.
Stratford-on-Avon,’’ P. S. Smith, Turner, 32; ‘‘ Catalogue of Col-
160; ‘‘ from Dorset,” K. Troup, eoptera of Fontainebleau,’’ Col
161; ‘‘ Hrebiid SIE B.C.58. Guardet, H. Donisthorpe, 33;
Warren .. 165 ‘Practical Handbook of British
Obituary, E. Step, 16; G. Crabbe, Beetles,’ Dr. N. Joy, M. Burr,
61; J. J. Joicey, 68; R. South, 51; ‘‘Biology of Spiders,” E.
68; J. C. Robbins : 78 Nielson, Hy. J. Turner, 67;
Original Descriptions, The, of the ‘‘Medical Entomology, W. A.
late S. L. Mosley (C. Mosley in Riley, Hy.J.T., 80; ‘* Biology of
error) ; 60 the Microlepidoptera, iden Gea al
+¢ Parasites of C. pronubana, ve C. Schutz, Wm. Fassnidge, 95;
Nicholson, 10 ; Parasitic Hymen- “« Bees, Wasps, Ants and Allied
optera with Ants . 86 Insects of the British Isles.’’ E.
*¢ Pentatomid, A S. African (U. Step, Hy.J.T., 131; ‘Journal
typica),’’ J. S. Taylor . 62 and Trans, of the S. of England
Pests of basket-willow wan 47 Ent. Socy., Hy.J.T., 143, 146;
Pins, Entomological oe 115 ‘* Annotated List of Coleoptera
P. rapae at Philadelphia in 1 1932... 170 of the Isle of Sheppey, J. J.
Processionary caterpillars .. oo Se Walker, H. Donisthorpe, 147;
+* Psychides, A new genus of,” Rev. ‘¢ Tberican Ue O.
C. R. N. Burrows ate sa Oe Querci, Hy.J.T. .. .. 148

180 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.X11.1922
PAGE PAGE

Rhopalocera in Kerry 5¢ .. 177 | “Stray visits to Kerry in Search of

Sallows at Rannoch 4 AD Moths,” Canon G. Foster #323;

Satyrus, The genus, in Kabylia not IP 8 Sis ylops 1 ee cy 4

Searcity of Rhopalocera, 128 ; ‘¢ Tabulation of Psychidae,” Rev. C.
Insects .. ee ie .. 130 kK. N. Burrows 134

Scientific Notes : .. 158, 176 | ‘‘ Temperature Experiments with

“ Season, of 1931, » 1Big Mayen 135 Pierids”’ PEO
Kettlewell, 43; of 1931, mp) ««Tricopteron, A rare, S. dubius in
IPR Onin Cumberland, GB. Windsor Forest,” H. Donisthorpe 160
Routledge .. Ac .. 160 | Unusual locality, for C. rufulus (C),

Seitz Supplement .. 31, 115, 164 5; for L.-sibilla, T. B. Foster .. 129

Societies : Lancashire and Cheshire Variation in, WM. parthenie, ete. 27 ;
i.8. Be . 15 M. euphrosyne, 119; WM.

‘« Some species of ‘Hymenoptera britomaris, 70; M. pacifica, 70;
parasitic on Ants,” H. Donis- 12, brassicae, 88; ‘‘ Geographical
thorpe ah .. 86 V. in B. by Dr. R.

‘¢Some forms of P. "brassicae, he Be Verity 23 ay: -« 216
J. Lempke.. , 88 | Verrall Supper, The 50

“* Specific Names and Geographical Willow swamp, Fauna of a a
Variations of MW. parthenie, etc.,”’ “« Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopa-

Dr. R. Verity ae ix oo AY locera of the Cottian Bey ee ee

Spring, in Scotland, etc., 43; ‘‘ in Verity 139
Kabylia, in 1931,’’ Miss L. M. |
Fison 20 D0 50 -- 74

Locauities :—Abbots Wood, 15; Aigle, 55, 72; Algeria, 7, 58, 74; Argentine,

65, 79; Barberton, 154; Braemar, 99; Bromsgrove, 69, 84; Columbia,
66; Cornwall, 10, 41; Devonshire, 150; Dieulefit (Drédme) 53, 81;
Dorset, 161; Folkestone, 64; Fontainebleau, 33; Hallsands, 151;
Hastings, 156; Ireland, 1, 23, 63, 76, 177; Kabylia, 7, 10,58, 74; Kerry,
1, 23,43; New Forest, 15; Pulboro, 127; Ran-dan Woods, 69; Rhone
Valley, 55, 72; Salonica, 61; Scotland, 43, 76; Slapton, 151; South Seas,
48; Spain, 152 ; Stratford-on- Avon, 160; Surrey, 1 15; Symons ¥ Yat, 15;
Windsor, 4, 33; Worcestershire, ae ae

LEST OF CONDE TRO EO les

Ashby, Lt. HE. B. .. Ae 59, 72 Kettlewell, H. B. D. is 8,
Bentall, E. EH. Lo int .. 12 | Lempke, T. J. ae ws 88,
Burr, M. ek Sd 51, 152 | Mosley, C. .. .. 86, 102, 124,
Burrows, Rev. C. R.] 97, 117, 133 | Nicholson, C. ..10, 11, 12, 41,
Castle-Russell, S. e a -. 10 | Querci,O. . Be 149, 158,
Cockayne, ibe H. A. a 17, 99 Robertson, Dr, Gaon ah ae
Collin, J. HE... OG Ke .. 87 | Routledge, G. B. :
Curtis, ‘E. PB... x Ne ahd Sheldon, W. G. as Si te
Dannreuther, Capt... .. 130, 156 | Smith, P.S... .. 69, 84, 129,
Donisthorpe, H., F.E.S., F.Z.8., Stelfox, A. W. sai Si a
4, 32, 61, 64, 86, 93, 129, 150, 160 | Taylor, J.S.. Bs Pe 63,
Downes, J. A. 176 | Troup, R. -
Ellis, H. Willoughby-, 31, 50, 64, Turner, Hy. ae 9, Te 14, ae 30,
131, 142, 162 31, 32, 40, 47, 48, 49, 52, 61, 65,
Fassnidge, W. oe _.58, 81, 95 a, 67, 68, 78, 79, 80, 94, 96,
Fison, Miss. M. .. 7,10, 58, 74 115, 116, 129, 130, 131, 138, 145-
Foster, Canon G. .. je lle BB BR} 6, 157, 162,
Foster, T. B. ad: ANG aa JAAS) Verity, Dr. R., 27, 70, 110, 119,
Graves, P. P. bf .. 142, 177 | Warren, B.©.8. .. i we
Hawkins, C. N. i .- 17 | Whiteman, A.J. ..
Hawley, Lt.-Col. D. @, Be .. 160 Williams, Dr. H. B.
Hewitt, E. H. Sis ae .. 177 | Wilson, H. W.
NOW, i, Tie) 6 a xe asi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate I. Male Genitalia of Acentra vestralis .. cis .. to face page

IJ. Male Genitalia of Psychidae .. se pibdtia ase a #5 a

128

133

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. Tonner, ‘‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send us communications IDENTIOAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require InLUsTRaTions are inserted on condition that the AuTHoR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam,

Duplicates.—§S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data.

Desiderata.— Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hilt
House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks.

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*.

Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of
British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera
and Heterocera.

Desiderata.— All British species eepecially those illustrating characteristics of an
island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz
Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-sir. 77, Germany.

Urcrent.— Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange
will be made in European Lepidoptera.—B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de 1’ Holise
Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with
English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksleldrde),
Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7.
8p.m. January 18th, Annual Meeting.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
January 12th, 26th, Annual Meeting.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Hssex.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U.,
Assisted by Sectional Editors.

Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3.

All communications to be addressed to :—

W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E'S., F.Z’S., Tion. Seey.,

ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST.

Communications have been received from or have been promised by Lt. E._B.
Ashby, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, A. Russell, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau,
W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, Dr. N. H. Joy, J. Sneyd
Taylor, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, C. Nicholson,
A. G, Whiteman, Malcolm Burr, Rev. Canon Foster, J. A. Downes, Thos. Greer,
H. W. Wilson, F. B. Welch, A. E. Welch, and Reports of Societies.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
‘* Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, He liophobus hisptdus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Menanism AND Menanocarotism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
Variation (many)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. HE. PAGE, “ Bertroge,’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (213)

ascribed to bastlinea by its author in his Vol. J. of additions since the
issue of Seitz Pal. Noctuae.

Orie. Descriep.—‘ Has a pale clear brown colour of forewing
running slightly into reddish, while in lama it is light (yellowish) grey.
The females agree consistently in having the hindwings almost
uniformly darker grey brownish; the central line of the hindwing is
also clearly developed on the upperside. In the single g obtained
the colour of the forewing is more reddish than in the females; but
the hindwings of the male are darker than in lama, although not so
dark by far as those of the females of dubiosa. The eyes are naked
as in lama.”

Apamea Tr. (1816-25) Tutt, Gn., Barr. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802)
Stder., Meyr., Culot: Xylina, Tr. (1816-25): Trachea, Tr. (1816-25)
Hamps.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1827) Warr.-Seitz: Hama, Steph. (1829) :
Luperina, Dup. (1842)] pabulatricula, Brahm. (1791) =conneawa, Bork.
(1792).

Bork., Nat. Hur. Schm., [V. 360, although he referred to the name
pabulatricula (mis-spelled papulatricula) of Brahm, Seriba’s beitr, ILI.
259, plt. XVIII., renamed the species connewa, a name which stood
many years for this species.

Hiven Treit. /.c. V(2). 105 (1825), used the name connewa giving
Brahm’s name as a synonym. So did Gn. and Dup.

The spelling papulatricula was used on the plate in Scriba but
pabulatricula was used in the text.’

Tutt B.N. I. 86 (1891): Barr., Lep. Br. Is. IV. 398, plt. 184 (1897) :
Stdgr. Cat. [[led. 175 (1901): Splr. Schin. Hur. I. 196, plt. 41 (1905) :
South Moths Br. Is., I. 278, plt. 182 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII.
172 (1908): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. II]. 168, plt. 40d (1911): Culot
N. et. G. 1(1). 165, plt. 30 (1909-13).

Hb., J.c., 462 (1808-18), figured a form of the species under
the name elota, in which there was a wide transverse brown clouded
band with the almost black inner-marginal square spot included.
Subsequently in his 7’eat Hb. p. 182 (1805-18) altered this to connexa.

Hirnst and Engr. l.c. VI., p. 116, fig. 851 (1788), figure two examples
without name, the one nearer to the fig. of Brahm but darker clouded,
the other closely resembling the edota of Hb.

Dup. Sup. l.c. plt. 68, 4, is a good figure but somewhat too bluish
grey.

Spuler, /.c. 196, treats semibrunnea, Petersen, as the same as elota,
Hb

Culot, lc. I(1). plt. 30, has an excellent figure.

Of the variation Barrett says—‘‘ Hardly variable except in the
greater or less completeness of the broad central band, and in the
tinge of brown over the grey-white ground colour.”

Barrett records a specimen, ‘‘ of which the ground colour is wholly
dark grey, and the central band tinged with brown.”

(214) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD.

List of Forms and Names to be considered :—

pabulatricula, Brahm Ins. Kal. I1(1). 895 (1791).

connexa, Bork. Naturg. [V. 860 (1792).

ab. elota, Hb. Saml. 46% (1808-18).

ab. semibrunnea, Ptrsn. Bertr. (Lep.) Kunde Hst. de. 1V. 84 (1902).

ab. conjunta, Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 196, plt. 41 (1905).

Tutt dealt with elota with ochreous central and basal area and with
the typical form pabulatricula =connewa.

ab. semibrunnea, Petersen, Beitr. Lep. Kn. Est. dc. 84 (1902.)

Orie. Descrip.—‘ There occur examples in which the basal half of
the forewings up to the reniform and the outer transverse line is
uniformly brown or brown black, so that the forewings have a dark
basal half and a pale marginal half.”” Wesenburg-Reval.

Sple. l.c., 196, says that semibrunnea is the same as elota, Hb.

ab. conjuncta, Splr., Schm. Hur. I., 196 (1905).

Orie. Descrrrp.—‘ A form in which the pale basal area (of the
type) is united with the outer light marginal area by a broad yellowish
white band above the orbicular and reniform along the costa.”

Apamea, Tr. (1816-25) Steph., Tutt, Barr. [| Hadena, Schrnk. (1802)
Meyr.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Seitz: Oligia, Hb. (1822)
Hamps.: Miana, Steph. (1829) Stdgr., Splr., Culot.] ophiogramma,
Ksp.

Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 87 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br, Is. 1V. 399, plt. 184
(1897): Stdgr. Cat. [Iled. 164 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 180, plt. 41
(1906): South Moths Br. I. I. 274, plt. 182 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal.
VIL. 874 (1908) : Culot Noct. et G. I(1). 121, plt. 21 (1909-18) : Warr.-
Seitz Pal. Noct. II. 170, plt. 40f. (1911).

Ksper’s fig. on plt. 182, Vol. IV., is very wooden and rough, and
the darker markings are much too dark in contrast with the light ground
which errs in being much too smooth and light; no lunule on h-wing.

Ernst and Ener. l.c., VIII. fig. 529 is more like Esper’s fig. and
by no means good.

Hiibner, l.c., fig. 855, correct in contour of marking is too much
slate in colour and no suggestion of the normal ochreous suffusion, 7.e.,
a badly coloured figure.

Treit. in 1825 said that the fle. 529 of Ernst and Engr. was better
than Hubner’s and mueb better than Esper’s.

Dup. l.c. plt. 109 vol. VII. has a good figure but the dark area is
too contrasted with the ground and there is very little trace of the
yellow ochreous.

Wood’s fig. Ind. 272, is a somewhat dark form and not like Hubner’s
fic. in colour at all. The former has a rich brown tone over all, the
latter a pale grey or slate tone.

Freyer’s fig. on plt. 75 is better than those of his predecessors but
not very successful. It is between Esper’s and Hitbner’s in general
tone of colour.

South, J.c., I., plt. 182 gives a good fig. except that the lighter
ground hardly shows the tone of average examples.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (215)

Warr.-S., J.c., plt. 40 f. has one of the best figures of the yellowish
ochreous typical form.
Culot has an excellent figure, J.c., 1(1). plt. 21. |

Since Haworth identifies his biloba with Hubner’s figure which is
not coloured as Esper’s fig. and description, the name biloba should
take the place of ophiogramma for Hubner’s fig. This is supported by
Haworth’s description “‘ alae anticae griseae,’’ while Hsper’s figure is
yellowish ochreous. ;

Variation according to Barrett.—‘‘ Usually not very variable.”
Barrett records specimens, ‘‘ having the ground colour pale slate-
Pp 8 g I
grey, dark slate, and smoky slate with intermediates.”
He also records a specimen “ which has the orbicular stigma and
Pp g
a blotch near the hind margin rich orange-yellow.”

List of Names and Forms to be considered :
ophiogramma, Ksp. Abbil. LV(8). 10, plt. 182 (1794 ?).
ophiogramma, Hb. Noct. 855 (1802-8).

ab. biloba, Haw. Lep. Br, 209 (1806-10).

ab. moerens, Stdgr. Cat. 164 (1901).

Tutt dealt with the typical form and ab. biloba.

ab. moerens, Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 164 (1901).

Fie.—Snell. Hnt. Tijds. plt. XII. 3 (1897).

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Multo obscurior, al. ant. fere unicolor nigricanti-
bus ; ab. frequens.”’

Ground colour blackish; forewing with the grey area suffused with
fuscous. (Hamp. Lep. Ph. VIL. 375).

Apamea, Tr. (1816-25) Gn., Tutt, New. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802)
Frr., Culot, Splr., Steph., Stder.; Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-S.:
Trachea, Tr. (1816-25) Hamp.] yemina, Hb. (1808-18) | =remissa, Hb.
(1808) ] .

Hubner, l.c., figs. 482, 483 are labelled gemina, but 483 is obviously
not a gemina but thalassina. Hitibner in his Jat. p. 193 refers to 483
only as gemina. Tutt, B.N., does not refer to fig. 483 but only to 482
which may be considered the type figure of the gemina form. This
was published between 1808 and 1818.

Hubner, J.c. fig. 423 is labelled remissa, a good figure of a form with
an extremely light ground and dark band. This was published in
1808, and consequently should be considered in the light of subsequent
discovery that gemina and remissa are one species, the typical form and
name.

Haworth, Lep. Brit. 189 gave a description of a moth and referred
it to Htibner’s remissa 428. This was published in 1806-1810 and
must have been subsequent to Hubner. On the same page Haworth
described a variety of remissa under the name obscura (“ varietas
praecedentis”’). Whereas remissa was a yenistae-like insect, obscura
was described as ‘“‘ Alae anticae magis obscurae, seu fusco-cinereae,
macula magna basi eostali pallidiore, lineolae atrae interne adnata.
Juxta marginem posticum striga obsoletissima undulata vix pallescens.

(216) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Posticae cinereo-fuscescentes,’ and thus described and preceded the
figure of gemina, Hiibner 482.

The actual Synonymy for the two chief forms would thus appear
to be according to priority.

remissa, Hub., 423 (Haw.).

f. obscura, Haw. (genvina, Hb. 482).

Both Hampson and Warren-Seitz use the name obscura, Haw. for
this species.

The satura of the Verz. (1775) p. 84, is said to be the gemina form.
It was described by Bork. Naturyes., IV. 877 (1792). Teste Wrnbrg.
Beitr. II, 175 (1864). H.-S. Bearb. I]. 24 (index) also teste.

Tutt Hnt. XXII. 302 (1889): Brit. Noct. I. 87 (1891): Smith Cat.
Noct. N, Am. 182 (1893): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is, IV. 886 (1897): Stdgr.
Cat. Illed. 175 (1901) : Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 194 (1905): South Moths.
Bre ts. UV 272: (1907)= Bamps. Cat. eps Phal. Ville leORGSOs)e
Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. I[I. 168 (1911): Culot Noct. et. Geoms. (1).
162 (1909-13): Draudt-Seitz Am. Noct. VII. 214 (1925).

Ernst and Engr., Pap. a’ Hur. VIL. f. 471 depiet a very brightly
variegated form of remissa (1790).

Of his obscura, Haw. said, “ Greatly allied to remissa and its affinities,
and probably a variety.”

Stephens, JJ. II. 181-184 treats remissa, oblonga and obscura as
three separate species although with some doubt ; and says of oblonga,
Haw. “The resemblance between this and remissa is almost too close
to warrant their separation.”

Treit. Schm. V(1). 846, commends Htbner’s fig. 482 as being good
but the general colour two dark. He says that 483 is undoubtedly
thalassina.

Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 91, has a very fair figure of gemina —
probably representing the intermedia, Tutt. On plt. 107, fig. 5 named
anceps, is a very fair figure of gemina but too dark, black brown, for a
British example.

Spuler figures remissa, Schm. Hur. plt. 40, 24 in which the sub-
marginal area devoid of marking i is rather too dark.

Culot l.c., plt. 80 has good figures of the two dominant forms.

Freyer, N. Beitr. L. 49, says that Hub. f. 483 labelled gemina is
thalassina and notes the fic. of Hib. 482 as too dark suffused. He
says that Hubner’s figure 423 vemissa appears to have been drawn from
an old and worn specimen whereas his own figure plt. 29 is from a
fresh bred example. H.-S. says that Freyer’s fig. plt. 29 is good but
slightly too white in pts. and that the colour of Freyer plt. 29 is better
than Hubner’s 482.

Neither Hub. nor Frey depict the uniform mottled form with lines
and stigmata obscure, which we have been accustomed to call gemina,
and which agrees so well with Haworth’s description of obscura.

Wood, Ind. fig. 1668 figures obscura from Haworth’s cabinet, p.
240, and fig. 237 depicts a remissa form without any lighter areas
(whitish) as in the typical yenistae-like typical fig. Hub. 423. The
black + is present.

Her.-Schiaf. Bearb. LV. fig. 584, has an exceedingly good figure of
remissa, and, l.c., IV. p. 280, says that Hubner’s fig. 483 labelled

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (217)

yemina is thalassina. He also says, l.c., IV. p. 274 that be does not
know an example so dark as Hiibner’s 482 (481 in error) and that the
toothed marginal line is incorrect. He does not like the fig. 428
remissa of Hb. The wings are too long, the ground too light, the
characteristic basal line is correct, but the central band too much
emphasised and its border near the reniform far too pale.

Of the constantly recurrent ‘‘ grey form with davk black blotch
from 4 -like mark under stigmata, remissa,” Barrett says—‘ In some
examples the base of the costa is also clouded with pale grey down to
the black central streak ; but the central space around the stigmata
and the greater portion of the basal hind marginal areas remain of the
usual brown-black or purple-brown, and has a striking and distinct
appearance, and is constantly mistaken for a different species or
mistaken for Hadena genistae.”

The remissa form ‘‘ varies in shade of colour and all intermediate
gradations between it and the type are met with; while in northern
and western districts its peculiarities are intensified.” Those from
the Waterford area ‘‘ unusually large, clouded with bright brown and
the stigmata conspicuously yellowish- white.”

Barrett records a very old example which, ‘‘has a broad and
distinct stripe of pale ochreous down the median nervure, completely
dividing the central dark colouring.”

He also records ‘another of an almost unicolorous grey-brown.”’

And he reports a variety from Cork, “ smaller dark grey, but the
markings all traceable.”

From near Waterford Barrett records ‘“ the more typical form
tinged with red-brown, and with the stigmata yellow.”

The two dominant forms remissa and obscura (gemina) are suggestive
of two species at a glance and early authors all considered them as
such; even H.-S. treats them as such.

The forms to be considered are :—

remissa, Hb. Noct. 423 (1808).

f. obscura, Haw. Lep. Brit. 189 (1806-10): Wood. Jnd. 1663, plt.
52.

ab. oblonga, Haw. lc.

gemina, Hb. Noct. 482 (1808-1818): Text p. 193.

ab. submissa, Tr. Schm. V(1). 346 (1816-25): Seitz Pal. Noct. III.,
plt. 40d.

? anceps, Dup. Hist. Nat. VII. 109 (1827) plt. 107, 5.

subsp. indocilis, Walk. Cat. Noct. B.M. 1X. 178 (1856): Seitz Am.
Noct. VII. plt. 31c.

ab. intermedia-grisea, Tutt Ent. XXII. 304 (1889): Brit. Noct. I.
89 (1891).

ab. intermedia-rufa, Tutt, l.c.

ab. rufescens, Tutt, lc.

ab. supermissa, Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 194 (19085).

Tutt dealt with (1) yemina and (2) obscura, the obscure form ; (3) the
intermediate form oblonga with dark costa and fascia and pale stigmata ;
(4) and (5) intermedia-grisea and intermedia-rufa both with the dark —
mark; (6) remissa the genistae-like form ; (7) rufescens, a red or brown
grey mottled form.

(218) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The variation of this species seems to plan out thus :—

Unicolorous finely mottled melanie blackish grey gemina (obscura).

», brownish grey or reddish brown ru feseens.

Slightly banded, + below stigma, grey intermedia-grisea.

Bah Alecia », Yeddish brown intermedia-rufa.

The + mark becomes a dark fascia renvissa.
a re A with subterminal space) | oe

SUDMIUSSA..

light and clear)
The 4 mark becomes a dark fascia with subterminal space )
light and clear and basal area also clear}

An intermedia form with dark costal fascia including pale stigmata
oblonga.

supermissa.

Barrett, Lep. Br. I. I1V., mentions separans as being the American
form of gemina.

Grote in his notes on allied and representative species of Noctuidae
inhabiting Europe and N. America mentions neither remissa nor
separans, although he gives long lists of species.

Smith says, Cat. Noct. N. Am. 182 (1898), ‘‘It is a very close ally
in maculation to remissa, or yet nearer to the Huropean ygemina, but
much darker and with all the pale markings wanting. The W mark
in the sub-terminal line is distinct, the orbicular oblique, and there is
a broad dash between the ordinary lines.” The figure of separans in
Seitz is not in accord with this description.

This must have been in error, as Dyar’s List of N.A. Lep. gives
indocilis, Walk. (remissa, Hb.) and gives separans, Grote, as a distinct
species from it.

Drauat, in Seitz Amer. Noct. VII. 214, says ‘“ indocilis, Walkr.
(=remissa, Auct.) and on plt. 31c¢ is certainly a remissa form.

Smith says, Cat. Noct. N. Am., 182 (1893) ‘“ Walker’s type of

be)

indocilis is in the B.M, and is this species of Hubner’s,” remissa.

ab. submissa, Treit. Schm. V(1). 846 (1825).

Fie.—Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. plt. 40d.

Oric. Drscrip.— var. remissa is the most striking; in a few
specimens there runs from the base a distinct reddish-white longitudinal
streak below the claviform, in others it starts from the first complete
transverse line. The reniform is also bright reddish—mostly united
with the similarly coloured waved line. But here I find a very slight.
transition, distinguished if one gives to it the new name submissa,
which stands between remissa and yemina and which has the light area
on the hind margin not so light, but the band more distinct than in
gemina.” Vienna.

indocilis, Walk. Cat. B.M. 1X. 178 (1856).

Orig. Drscrip.—‘ Brownish testaceous. Thorax with a black
stripe on each side. Forewings with ferruginous black-varied marks.
along the costa and towards the base, with a large angular one which
extends between and behind the discal ringlets, and with two on the
exterior border, which is adorned with a row of deep black lunules ;
the large spot forms a right angle hindwards, and is bounded on the
interior side by a double transverse undulating line; hindwings pale

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (219)

cinereous, with two transverse lines and very broad borders of a
brownish hue.” New York; Massachusetts.

ab. supermissa, Splr. Schm. Mur. I. 194 (1905).

Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ The basal area on the inside of the transverse
line, also frequently the costa, becomes considerably paler, and the
greyish white or yellowish colour extends much forward, joining with
the reniform, while the pale orbicular stands out in the dark central
area and inside the waved line there is only the dark claviform near
vein [II. but the marginal area outside the waved line is much
darkened.”

Apamea, Tr. (1816-25) Frr., Gn., New. [ Polia, Tr. (1816-25) H.-5S.,
Bdy.: Trachea, Tr. (1816-25) Hamps.: Hadena, Schrnk (1802) Frr.
Stdgr., Splr.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Seitz.] wnanimis, Hb.
(1808-18).

Tutt. Brit. Noct. I. 90 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. 387 (1897):
Stder. Cat. I[led. 175 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. vie isda South
Moths Br. Is. 1. 273 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. Vil. 184 (1908) :
Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 168 (1911): Culot, N. et G. I(1). 163
(1909-13).

Hubner’s fig. 556 the type is not a good one. The distinguishing
characters of the species such as the reniform, are scarcely in evidence.
H.-S. says it is recognisable.

Newman’s figure, p. 305, is too large, and also depicts the reniform
badly. Unaccountably the text says ‘‘larger”’ than gemina, whereas it
should be “‘ smaller.”

Guenée, V. 209 (1852), says that no good figure had yet been made
of it.

Freyer, N. Beitr., 144 says that because of the close resemblance of
the larva of this species to those of yemina and rurea he thinks it would
better be classified in the genus Hadena than in Apamea.

Freyer’s fig. plt. 871, is good although the markings are somewhat
too bold. H.-S. says this fig. is good.

Steph., //7. III. 9 (1829), never having seen it, and trusting to
Treit.’s remarks, doubts it as a species. He accepts, J.c. 8, the secalina
of Haw. as a species.

Treit., Schm. X(2). 62 (1834), in a long dissertation suggests that
unanimis is connected with didyma but, in his Sys. Verz. p. 250, places
it as a var. of gemina.

Wood has a recognisable figure, /nd. 265 (1834).

Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. plt. 40c has a good figure of the typical
form and figs. of secalina, and of each of his three newly described forms
(see below).

Of the Variation Barrett says—‘“ A little variable in the depth of
the ground colour, more so in the extent and intensity of the
red-brown or dark marbling; this last being in some individuals
almost absent from the dorsal margin and from a broad band beyond
the second line, while in others it is uniform to the exclusion of central
darker clouding.”

(220) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Barrett records ‘‘ one having a broad pale yellow-brown band before
the hind margin.”

The forms to be considered are: —

unanimis, Hb, Noct. 556 (1808-18).

f. secalina, Haw. Lep. Brit. 210 (1806-10): Seitz lc. plt. 4¢ (1911).

scortea, H.-S. (Led.), Sys. Bearb. 11. Nach. I. 57, fig. 588 (1845).

ab. rufithoraa, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. 111. 168, plt. 40ce. (1911).

ab. fasciata, Warr.-Seitz, l.c. plt. 40d.

ab. semtochrea, Warr--Seitz, l.c. plt. 40d.

ab. ngrobrunnea, Hoffmn., Zt. Oestr. Hint. Ver. I. 14 (1916).

Tutt dealt with the two forms (1) wnanimis without the 4 mark
and without central dark band. (2) secalina with the 4 mark and with
a darker central area.

f. scortea, H.-S. (Led.).

Staudinger, Cat. IIled. (1901), included the scortea, H.-S. fig. 588,
as this species. H.-S. says, Nachtr. to vol. II. p. 57, that although
Lederer considered figs. 482-483 as representing a new species which
he named scortea, he himself considered that they were both forms of
gemina. The figures are both a close approach to fig. 484 which is
rightly named remissa, of which it is a good figure.

Hampson put scortea as a syn. of wnanimis, and Warr.-Seitz does
the same.

ab. rufithoraw, Warr.-Seitz, Pal Noct. Il]. 168 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. 40e.

Oric. Descrie.—‘ With black streak on submedian fold, sometimes
with paler basal and submarginal areas, and has the whole head and
thorax including the patagia bright rufous.” Wiesbaden.

ab. fasciata, Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

Fie.—l.c. 40d.

Orie. Descrie.—‘ Has the median area filled up with dark fuscous,
the pale upper stigmata and the inner and outer lines more conspicuous ;
the head and thorax blackish.”’

ab. semtochrea, Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

Fire.—t.c. 40d.

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Has the postmedian area between outer and
submarginal lines and the lower part of the median area pale ochreous,
and might easily be mistaken for an example of secalis ab. vculea,
Guen.”’

ab. niyrobrunnea, Hoffm. Zeit. Oest. Hint. Ver. I. 14 (1916).

Orie. Descrre.—‘ Dark brown, almost without marking. The
generally light transverse markings are not apparent. The most that
can be distinguished is the outer lne towards the inner margin. The
stigma is outwardly—as in the typical form—finely white margined.
This form corresponds to the leucostigna form of H. secalis.” Bred
from Krieglacher.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (221)

Apamea, Ochs. (1816-1825) Frr., Tutt, Barr., South. (Hadena,
Schrnk. (1802) Stdgr., Splr., Cul., Meyr.: Trachea, Tr. (1816-25)
Hamp.: Polia, Tr. (1816-25) Hb. (1806) H.-S.: Parastichtis, Hb.
(1827) Warr.-Seitz,|] didyma, Esp. (1786) =oculea, Li. (1761) =?? secalis,
L. (1758).

The dates of the publication of the sections of Vol. IV. of Esper
(Noct.) are unknown except that on the title-page of IV(1) is the date
1786. Most of the plates were issued long before the letterpress and
descriptions, hence early authors attributed the name didyma to
Borkhausen. Borkhausen himself refers to Esper’s plate but not to
the page, hence we may infer that Esper’s text dealing with plate 126
was not issued until after Borkhausen’s Noctva Vol. [V. was published.
Esper has priority. And we find that Esper’s text p. 378, to plate 126
f. 7, refers to Borkhausen’s text, p.465. Bork. calls 126, f. 7, oculea, Fb.
but Esper says that cannot be as it has the characteristic black line
of didyma above the inner margin.

Guenée says that didyina is the oveulea of Linné and fa abricius.
But we have shown ante p. (167). that oculea, Li. is the prior name of
nictitans, Linn. Hence didyma, Esp. is the priority name.

Werneburg Stett. e. Z7t., 52 (1858), identified secalis, L. as stramen-
talis, Tr. This, after becoming acquainted with the citation quoted by
Linn., viz. Rolander in Acta Holm. 62 (1752), he considered an error,
and said that on the evidence of all three stages it was the ovhrolenca,
Tr. cf. Fuess. New. Mag. II. 355.

Schoyen, Stett. e. Zt. 389 (1879) discusses the identity of sevalis, L.
at great length and finally decides that didyma, Esp. is secalis, Li. in spite
of Linné’s own statement that it is a Pyrale. Stdgr., Hamp., South,
and Warr.-Seitz use secalis, while Meyr. uses didyma.

Werneburg, ascribes the brunnea, Htifn. to didyma, Tr. Hufnagel’s
description runs ‘‘ Whitespot, dull brown with darkbrown shading and
a white spot in the middle of the fore-wing,’ which Werneburg says
denotes the lighter variety of didyma. He goes on to say that the
citation of Kleemann. plt. X. fig. B. by Rottemburg to brinnea, Hutn.
is quite excusable, since the figure is so poor, but that the notes of
Kleemann are quite conclusive that he was giving a figure of wictitans.

Tutt. Brit. Noct. 1.91. (1891): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is., 1V. 894 (1897) :
Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 175 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 195. (1905) : South,
Moths. Br. Is. 1. 274 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 211 (1908): Warr.-
Seitz., Pal. Noct. 111.171 (1911): Culot Noct. et G. [(1). 163 (1909-18).

Ernst. and Ener. Pap. d’ Eur. have 9 figs. on plts. 256-7 Vol. VI.

Treit. /.c. V(2) 87 points out that Hb. in his text cites secalina to no.
19 on p. 183 instead of to no. 18. the fig. Hb. 420 being secalina.

Preyer says, Nev. Beitr. I. 1389, that Esper’s fig. 6 on plt. 47 (126)
as well as the accompanying description belong to true nictitans=
chrysographa, Hb.; but that fie. 7. l.c. was certainly didyna to which
Hubner’s fig. 420 secalina was undoubtedly to be referred.

Freyer, New. Beitr., plt. 448, has two figs. of dtdyma both good.
The second is very comparable to the vilis, Hb., but has the white
markings, lines and dots very delicately put in, while in Hb’s fig. they
are very thick and hard. The ground colour is the same.

(222) HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

H.-8., Beard. I]. 274, criticising figures of authors, says, Freyer. I.
plt. 75 recognisable; Hb. 619, 620 (nictitans) usual red-brown
specimens ; Hb. 97 quite unrecognisable; Hb. 420 (seculina) a large
fresh coloured example ; Hb. 511 (vilis) ‘I can in no sense place it here.”
He puts oculea, Fb. and leucostigua, Esp. as synonyms of didyma (Bork.)
Esp.

H.-S. says, lc. Il. 275, “The colour of moderata is brown-grey
duller than that of all specimens of didyma. ‘The reniform is smaller,
narrower, without any appearance of white, the marking on the inner
portion of the margin very sharp, veins 3 and 4 are somewhat lighter
where they-start from it.”” The example was supplied by Eversmann
himself.

Warr.-Seitz. gives 12(10) figures. 1. [-niyer should be /-niger-albo,
%. didyma, 3. oculea, 4. rava should be rava-flavo, 5. yrisea probably grisea-
flavo, 6. reticulata should be retigulata-flavo, 7. nictitans but does not
show the black H characteristic of nictitans, 8. leucostiyma should be
albostigma, 9. pulverosa, and 10. lilacina both new forms, 11. muderata
treated as a true species, 12. strwvei also treated as a true species.

Culot, N. et G., 1(1), gives beautiful figures of oculea, Gn., secalis,
armoricae, nictitans, leucostigma, lugens, struvet (2). Neither of the two
figures of strwvet are pure white in the characteristic area, as descriptions
in Hamp., Seitz and Culot state.

Barrett describes the variation thus :—‘‘ Variable in an extra-
ordinary degree in all localittes. The most abundant is that of those
having the forewings brown in some shade, marbled or mottled all over
with darker; but one of extreme frequency has also a faint or more
distinct central band from a blackening of the space between the first
and second lines; and another, also plentiful, has the dorsal margin
and the broad band between the second and subterminal lines of some
light bright brown, while the enclosed portion forms a very large,
darker red-brown, purple brown, or umbreous triangle along the costal
half of the wing; these characters are partially combined in those
specimens which with the broad pale hinder band have a dark central
space, and in these there is in some individuals a deep black horizontal
bar, above the dorsal margin, joining the first and second lines.

‘‘ Another and rather different range of variation is of uniform
deep purplish brown to brown black, or dull black, often with the
subterminal line more visible and yellow, or dotted with yellow; often
also with blacker marbling on the central band; very often with a
brightly contrasting yellow, orange, or white reniform stigma. It
may be remarked that this stigma is most eccentric in colour, varying
through yellow, brown, and white, in every different form of the insect,
and apparently in no way governed by any tendency in them to be
darker or paler. In all varieties the thorax follows the colour of the
forewings, except that the back crest, or the portion lying between its
tufts is erratic in colour, usually not differing, but in some examples
without reference to their colour, yellow, orange, reddish-brown, or
even chestnut.”

Barrett records a specimen, ‘‘ of which the dorsal half of the wing
and the broad hinder band are of a pale cream colour, with the costal
region and hind marginal clouds blackish brown.”

He also records another ‘“‘ from Ireland which is actually tinged
with rosy-purple.”

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (223)

The names and forms to be considered are as follow.—

[secalis, Linn. Sys, Nat. Xed. 519 (1758). ]

[oculea, Linn. Hn. Suec. 1382 (1761)].

2? bombycina, Hufn. Berl. Mag. III. (1766).

didyma, Esp. Abbild, 1V. 878. plt. 126. 7 (1786).

ab. lancea, Hsp. l.c. LV(2). 663. plt. 174 (17862).

ab. nictitans, Hsp. l.c. LV. 375. plt. 126. 6 (1786).

ab. lencostigna, Hsp. l.c. 1V(2). 542. plt. 159 (17862).

lamda, View. Tabell. II. 81 (1790).

ab. secalina, Hb. Noct. 420 (1808).

ab. I-niger, Haw. Lep. Brit. 210 (1806-10).

ab. rava, Haw. l.c. 209 (1806-10).

[ab. secalina, Haw. l.c, 210 (1806-10. |

ab. furca, Haw. l.c. 209 (1806-10).

ab. lugens, Haw. l.c. 212 (1806-10).

ab. vilis, Hb. Noct. 511 (1808-18).

ab. moderata, Kvers. Bull. Mosc. 547 (1848).

ab. oculea, Gn. Noct. V. 210 (1852).

ab. struvei, Rag. Nat. Sicil. [V. 274, plt. 4. f. 7 (1885). Culot N. ¢
G. Hy. 164 (1909).

ab. grisea-albo, Tutt. Brit. Noct. I. 93 (1891).

ab. grisea- hao, Tutt. lc.

ab. reticulata-albo, Tutt. l.c,

ab. reticulata-flavo, Tutt. Lc.

ab. secalina-albo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. secalina-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. I-niger-albo, Tutt. lc.

ab. viryata-albo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. viryata-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. oculea-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. rufa-albo, Tutt. L.c.

ab. rufa-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. nictitans-linea, Tutt. l.c.

ab. secalina-linea, Tutt. l.c.

ab. rava-flavo, Tutt. lc.

ab. didyma-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. furca-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. nigra-albo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. nigra-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. lugens-flavo, Tutt. l.c.

ab. albostigma, Tutt. lc.

ab. uniformis, Splr. Sch. Hur. I, 195 (1905).

ochracea, n.ab. (Hamp.) Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 212 (1908).

ab. atrocyanea, Krul. Rev. Russe. 1X. 807 (1909).

ab. armoricae, Cul. (Obthr.) Noct. et G. I(1), 164. plt. XXX. f. 7
(1909-13).

ab. lilacina, Wavr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 171. plt. 40h. (1911).

ab. pulverosa, Warr’-Seitz. l.c.

ab. binota, n.ab.

ab. albo-excessa, n.ab.

(224) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Tutt dealt with the following forms :—
A. Ground colour :—Whitish grey, grey, or yellowish grey.
I. Unicolorous form.
j, (a. Whitish reniform=vyrisea-albo.
Lo eleven = mark 7 Ochreous reniform =grisea-flavo.
II. Reticulated form.
Whiti Oo as arte :
Lanna cree (o Whitish reniform=reticulata-albo.

(5. Ochreous reniform = reticulata-flavo.
2 With SAAD ONE Whitish reniform= secalina, var. y, Haw.
: Be (b. Ochreous reniform = secalina-flava.
III. Central banded form.
aa a. Whitish reniform =virgata-albo.
Bh, Wauiso 5 1 ian 1b. Ochreous reniform =virgata-flavo.
: ! (a. Whitish reniform = /-niger-albo.
A Where) caneiels (o. Ochreous reniform =/-niger, Haw.
IV. Dark costal form.
“i (a. Whitish reniform = oculea, Gn.
1. Without 4 mark (6. Ochreous reniform = oculea-flavo.
B. Ground colour :—Ferruginous red, reddish brown, or purplish
s purp
brown:
I. Unicolorous form.
i (4. Whitish reniform =71fa-albo.
fo Witlnomth mos b. Cchreous reniform =r7wfa-flavo.
II. Reticulated form.
;.(a. Whitish reniform =nictitans, Hsp. Hb.
1. Without 4 mark (b. Ochreous reniform = secalina, Hb.
2. With eee (a. Whitish reniform = nictitans-linea.
f a b. Ochreous reniform = secalina-linea.
III. Central-banded form.
; a. Whitish reniform=vrava, Haw.
1. Without 4 mark, b. Ochreous reniform=vrava-flavo.
ane a. Whitish reniform=didyma, Esp.
2, WONG han (b. Ochreous reniform =didyma-flavo.
lV. Dark costal form.
si, ,, (a. Whitish reniform= fwrca, Haw.
Be Wunlbenath 1 ings (6. Ochreous reniform = firca-flavo.
C. Ground colour :—Black.
I. Unicolorous form.
; ,,(a. Whitish reniform=niyra-albo.
1) Without mark? Ochreous reniform=niyra-flavo.
IJ. Reticulated form.
(a. Witish reniform=lugens, Haw.
Liane arate (b. Ochreous reniform =liyens-flavo.
E a. Whitish reniform=albistiqma.
2. With 1 mark i Ochreous reniform=lencostigma, Esp.
Warr.-Seitz. says (1) lamda, View., lancea, EKsp., vilis, Hb. are
synonyms of secalis, Li. (2) ab. didyma, Esp. is secalina, Hb. (8) ab.
oculea, Gn. is doubtfully -oculea, Li. (4) ab. reticulata, Tutt is doubtfully
ab. wniformis, Splr. (5) ab. lencostigma, Hsp. is luyens, Haw.+ nigra,
Tutt,+albistigna, Tutt. (6) Treats moderata, Kv. as a true species,
“Quite distinct from secalis,” (7) Treats struve/, Ragusa as a true
species.
Tutt considered moderata as doubtfully the same as ab. grisea.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (225)

secalis, Linn. Sys. Nat. Xed. 519 (1758).

Orie. Descrie.—* Noctua spirilinguis cristata, alis deflexis:
superioribus griseo-fuscis striatis : macula reniformi A latino.”

This species was not included in the Hn. Swec. (1761) by Linn. but
in the Sys. Nat. XIled. 882 (1767) it was transferred to the Pyrales.

bombycina, Hutn., Berl. Mag. ILI. 410 (1766).

Werneburg Beitraye I. 252 (1864) says ‘Concerning bombycina of
which Rottemburg found no longer in. Hufnagel’s collection, the
diagnosis runs “ Grey with brown markings, a whitish encircled space
and white reniform stigma. On the stems of trees. Rare.” Since
this deals with a moderately large noctuid, and Hufnagel mentions no
transverse lines, which are certainly very non-apparent in advena, and
for which also the rest of the diagnosis passes, I consider my deter-
mination as well grounded.” t.e.=advena.

ab. lancea, Hsp, Abbild. IV(2). 663, plt. 174, 5 (1786 ?).

This figure may be anything. Werneburg say that this is brunnea,
Hufn.=didyma, Tr. From the description one infers that this lancea
is none other than a variety of didyma with lighter suffused bands and
coppery red terminations of the stigmata.

Hisper’s description is a long one. ‘The ground colour is reddish
strewn with black spots andatoms. A light submarginal band bordered
on both sides with a yellowish line, curved inwards and toothed near
the costa outwardly. From this band extends above the inner margin
a broad blacker streak, elongated both ways. ‘The stigmata are also
margined with yellowish. ‘I'he reniform has two black dots towards
the inner side and a similar black lunular-streak. The oval stigma is
lengthened. The outer margin has yellowish dots and the edge is
black brown. The hind wings and the undersides are of pale red-colour
and only have an obsolescent blackish marginal area. Both sides are
somewhat glossy.

The description and the figure do not agree, both being unsatis-
factory.

lamda, View. Tabell, II. 81 (1790).

Orig. Descrir.—‘ The fore-wings are yellowish brown on the
Outer margin. Across the disc runs a brown transverse line, margined
on both sides by a pale line; on the outer side of this, there lies,
towards the upper margin a brown whitish mixed reniform stigma, and
before this another circular spot wholly brown and almost obsolete ;
under it lies a black longitudinal line running out to two points. On
the outer margin stands a small black spot white in the middle just in
front of which lies an angled pale transverse line. Besides this one
finds a short black streak at its commencement. ‘The body and hind
wings are dark grey.” Berlin.

Werneburg, II. 216, says this is the brwnnea, Hufn, and the didyma,
Tr. ‘This is accepted by Hampson (Lep. Phal.)

ab. vilis, Hb. Saml, Noct. 511 (1808-18) Tewt. 175 (1805-18).

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Red brown: Head and thorax dark scaled: the
forewings very dark, with chalk white reniform and waved-lines, which
are mostly broken up: the lower wings and abdomen brownish grey,

(226) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

8. Tyrol.” This is an inadequate description of a very remarkable
specimen (aberration) which H.-S. says he can under no consideration
place here. Hampson accepts it as a synonym of didyma.

Description of vilis, Hb. fig. 511.

_ The size of didyma. Of a very dull uniform brown with a slight
shade of chestnut in it. The markings, chalky white and very
conspicuous, consist of 2 or 3 small white dots near base of costa, a
line midway between base and reniform somewhat waved,
a reniform a large white blotch with a dark curved line in the
middle, the curve hollow outwards, a broken continuation of this
stigma to costa and to timer margin, a few spots from costa parallel
with the reniform, a row of submarginal dots, with lghter brown
fringes. Possibly the spots outside the reniform and those below may
represent the elbowed line much broken in the middle.—Hvy.J.T.

ab. moderata, Kvers. Bull. Mosc. III. 547 (18438).

Fie.—Seitz. Pal. Noct. ILL. plt. 40h.

Orie. Derscrre.— Alae anticae olivaceo fuscae, nebulosae, fascia
lata externa pallidiore unicolore ;-—posticae fuscescentes.”

‘Of the same size and appearance as didyma and similar to it,

“‘Alae anticae a basi usque ad strigam seu lineam transversam
externam ordinariam olivaceo-fuscae, nigro-nebulosae, linea transversa
interna maculisque ordinaris pallidioribus, his fusco inscriptis: extra
lineain externam sequitur, fascia seu spatium latum olivaceo-fuscescens
uaicolor, sine uimbris, externe spatio angustissimo terminali bis sinuato
limitatum ; cilia fusca, pallido-varia. Alae posticae fuscae, aut fusces-
centes, externe sensim obscuriores. Subtus alae sericeo-nitidae: antice
e luteo et griseo fusconigricantes ; posticae sordide lutescentes, pulvere
fuscescenti paulului. adspersae punctoque medio obsoleto: omne
mareine externo pallidiore strigaque externa obsoleta obscuriore.”

Habitat in promontariis Uralensibus. .

ab. moderata, Evers. Hn. Volg. 240 (1843-1844).

Furtser Nores.—A further description appeared in F'n. Voly.
1844 = 1843 (see back of title-page.)

“‘ Alae anticae thoraci concolores, fusco-olivaceae, fusco-nebulosae,
spatio submarginali latius-culo, olivaceo unicolore, spatio terminal:
angustissimo fusco, maculis ordinariis pallide circumscriptis ;—posticae
fuscescentes.”’

“Very like didyma, differs by the olivaceous colour and by the
submarginal area being devoid of clouding. Habitat in the Ural
mountains, etc.”

_ In his 1856 notes he uses the word “ pallidiore ” of the subterminal
area and adds ‘‘ lineis medianis crenulatis fuscis’’ and ‘linea subter-
minali sinuata, edentata,’’ He adds “‘ southern” to Ural Mts.

This seems to be exactly like didyma in disposition of marking, size,
ete. but is of a distinct colour, suffused somewhat with olivaceous.

ab. struvet, Ragusa, Nat. Sictl. LV. 274 (1805) plt. 4.

The author does not deseribe the aberration but refers it to the
description given by Berce, Noct. France ILI. p. 106 (1870).

Oric. Descrir.—‘ Basal and subterminal areas white.’’ On his
plate Ragusa figures a “didyma’”’ form as struvei which does not agree
with the above description at all and must be discarded. Its description

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (227)

is ‘‘ hase dark mottled to the first transverse line or band which is
whiy3 centred by a dark line, making really a doubled line. The
discal area is similarly dark mottled, the reniform having a still darker
centre with a well defined broad white line along its inner margin.
The immediately succeeding white band :s fairly wide but split up
into three by two dark lines. Outside this the marginal ground is of
the same mottling with a portion of a wide white line just below the
apex losing itself in the ground about the middle of the margin.”
This figure certainly does not apply to the described struver.

Hampson says ‘‘ suffused with white.” But the figure is not so.

Culot, Noet. et G. I(1). plt. 30, 11, figures a specimen in Turati’s
collection sent to him by Ragusa himself in which the basal and sub-
terminal areas are suffused with very light coloration and may be
accepted as typical instead of the figure in Nat. Sicil.

ab. uniformis, Splr. Schm. Eur, I. 195 (1905).
Orie. Descrie.—“ A unicolorous, very slightly finely marked reddish
yellow grey distinct form, which is found far and wide but very sparsely.”

ab. atrocyanea, Krul. Rev. Russe. 1X. 307 (1907).

Orie. Drscrie.—In Russian only ‘ Alis anticis atris, cyaneo
micantibus, picturis omnibus indistinctis, macula reniformi nivea.”
Very rare in the oriental provinces of Russia.

ab. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VIL. 212 (1908).

Orig. Descrip. Fore-wing rufous, the costal area to subterminal
line, the cell and area below it to submedian fold, and the terminal
area except at apex suffused with fuscous.” This is very much like
Tutt’s furca-flavo.

ab. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph, VII. 212 (1908).

Ortc. Descrrp.—‘ Forewing with the ground colovr brownish
ochreous, the costal area to subterminal line, the cell and area below
it to submedian fold, and the terminal area except at apex suffused
with fuscous.” This does not appear to fall in Tutt’s scheme, and I
suggest the name ab. ochracea, ab. nov.

ab. armoricae, Obthr. Culot. Noct. I. 164 (1909-13).

Fie.—l.c. plt. XXX. f. 7.

Orig. Descrip.—Culot does not describe in words this striking (trés
claire) aberration, but figures it on plate 30, of vol. I of his Noct. et.
Geom. fig. 7 under the name armoricae. The specimen was taken at
Huelgoat, Finnistere.

The coloration is of a very light ochreous sandy shade, the forewings
somewhat darker basally, with blackish claviform tie to the two weakly
expressed transverse lines, an orbicular defined by two oblique curves,
a reniform less clearly defined but with a pure white centre, and a few
scraps of marginal markings. The hindwings uniformly pale. | have
not seen an example with the colour and markings so washed out as
it were.

ab. armoricae, Obthr. var. taken by Dr. Cockayne.
Orie. Descriep.—‘ A whitish insect, ground colour palest grey with

(228) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

slight yellow or ochreous tint. The markings are very distinct, those
limiting the orbicular and reniform nearly black and the bar posteri~sly
also nearly black, those below the stigmata and near the termen, very
dark grey- brown, those at base and apex palish grey-brown.” 9°
Oxshott.

This would appear to be a variation on armoricae, Culot, N. et. G.
I(1). plt. 30. 7. in which the ground is paler and the marking more
emphasised in black.

ab. lilacina, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 171 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. 40h.

Or1c. Descrrep.— Has a dull lilac grey ground colour in basal and
postmedian areas, with the median area and the terminal more diffusely
dull rufous brown; the inner and outer lines and the reniform stigma
filled up with lilac grey; pectus and legs paler but strongly tinged
with violet; anal tufts fulvous.”’ Silvaplana, Engadine.

ab. pulverosa, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 171 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. 40h.

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Somewhat like ab. reticulata, Tutt, but darker,
suffused with brown and clouded, especially along costa, with blackish
fuscous, in places thickly irrorated with whitish scales; veins strongly
. dusted with dark and pale scales : inner and outer lines distinct, filled
up with ochreous ; subterminal line brownish ochreous preceded by a
deep brown cloud and followed by dull blackish terminal blotches on
both folds; claviform and orbicular dull, brown, with black edges ;
reniform large, the inner half dark with a dark edged central brown
lunule, the external margin yellow ochreous, except at lower end,
which is white; hindwing dark fuscous, head and thorax black brown.”
Pescocostanza, Italy.

binota, n. ab*.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour is nearly black. The reniform
is white and there runs out from it to the line limiting the central area a
further patch of white.’”’ Forres. The appearance is as if the reniform
were duplicated. Dr. Cockayne has seen two rsava with the same
additional white mark.

struvei-excessa, n. ab.

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Ground colour white, markings nearly black.
The broad submarginal area is white, the basal area very largely
white, and thus far resembling struvei, Ragusa, but in addition the
area uniting these two areas alony the inner margin is white and very
wide, with only a thin irregular line crossing it, the vestiges of the
transverse line.” @ Kingsgate.

Miana strigilis and M. latruncula.

For many years a number of named forms have been associated by
most collectors with that known as strigilis. But now and again the
real student of the lepidoptera felt that there were at least two species

* T think any form with the additional white should fall under this name.
Mine happened to be blackish, hut the two others were rava. All three were from
Forres.—E..A.C.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (229)

associated together (1) that which was generally the larger and with
chalky white colour and (2) that which was smaller and sturdy of a
black, black brown, or reddish tinge usually. But not until the advent
of the study of the genitalia was there any stable character to differen-
tiate the two with certainty.

In 1907 in the Schrift. Phys. ock. Ges. Konigs. p. 75, Dampf
differentiated the two species by their genitalia. And in the same
year Petersen in a more detailed paper in the Rev. Russe. d’Hnt. vol.
VII. ». 206, showed definitely that latruncula was not a form of strigilis.
Both the above communications appeared in local and little distributed
publications, and the information was more or less hidden from general
knowledge.

DIFFERENTIATION BY GENITALIA.

Genitalia of Miana latruncula and of M. strigilis.

Dampf. Schrift. Phys. ock. Ges. Konigsb. p. 75 (1907).—‘ Latruncula
is not an ab. or a var. of strigilis, but a true species, as Rossler rightly
conjectured. The examination of the genital organs give a constant
difference between the two forms. The tooth on the lower margin of
the valve in the 3 of M. strigilis is long and pointed (bodkin-like), in
M. latruncula shorter and conical; we also found a similar difference
in the snout-like apex bent downwards at the free-end of the valva.
The other differences are best seen on the attached figure. The 9? of
M. strigilis possesses a distinctly longer “‘ ductus bursae”’ which before
the ostium of the bursa is swollen out into a globular shape. In M.
latruncula the ductus is shorter and shows no striking enlargement.
Similarly constant distinctions are found between the outer genital-
organs of the females of the two species.” Figures of the male organs
of the two species were given.

Petersen Rev. Russe. d’Ent. VII. 206 (1907).—After referring to
Rossler’s conjecture and to the discovery of Dampf that it was an
actual fact that latrwncula was neither an ab. nor a var. of strigilis but a
good species, Petersen goes on to confirm the discovery, and gives
figures of the organs of both sexes of both species more in detail than
does Dampf. He says that the distinctions of the two species are so
constant in a long series of examples without any intermediate
occurring, that it leaves no doubt whatever but that there are two
species. He bas examined Estland, German and Tyrolese series.
“The valve of the g shows the Hadena-type of modification; the
axe-shaped form of the distal end of the valve is rounded at the front
angle, produced at the back angle into a continuation, which in profile
looks not unlike the head of a bird; the “ bill” in strigzlis is distinctly
longer than in latruncula, in the former 4 times, in the latter twice,
as long as the width. The projection arising from the lower edge of
the valve is in strigilis, as Dampf stated, bodkin-like and longer, in
latruncula conical and shorter. At the base of this projection on the
basal side of the upper margin of the pocket, one finds a projection in
strigilis, which is absent in latrwncula. At the foot of the penis-body
in latruncula in front and below lies a strong conical tooth, while in
the corresponding position in strigilis there is only to be seen a chitinous
thickening with three fine points. In the @ the essentially distinctive
character, by which one can with certainty distinguish the species, lies

(230) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

in the surround of the ostium of the ductus bursae. In strigilis this
is abruptly strongly widened, developed almost globular, deeply indented
on the outer side, in /atrwncula it is only shallow and gradually runs
into the ductus bursae. The inner chitinous plate marginine the
ostium ventrally is wide in strigilis, narrower in latruncula.” There
are further differences. Petersen based his results on the examination
of at least 1700 examples.

Two years later we have the evidence of a British observer as
follows :—

Genitalia of Miana strigilis, Pierce, Noctuidae p. 33, plt. xiii. (1909).

“‘T examined a a great number of this, and the other species of the
Miana, of every variety.” ‘“« Harpe angulated, with corona; cucullus
divided, the anal angle produced and lobed, the lobe being thickly
clothed with spines ; below the cucullus on the outer edge is astraight
arm ; Clasper not produced ; ampulla rounded ; clavus peaked, bulbed
at the base, and clothed with short hair; uncus narrow waist, diamond
pointed; vesica with curved bulbed cornutus; juxta without side
spines.”

It is very remarkable that not a single latrwncula was found in the
great number examined. For the skill of the observer is unassailable.

At a meoting of the South London Entomological Society in April,
1930, Mr. W. H. T. Tams stated that he was convinced that under the
name striyilis there were two definite species and illnstrated his remarks
by sketches of the genitalia.
_ Dr, E. A. Cockayne has independently confirmed the observations of
Dampf and Petersen and has no doubt whatever that there are two
species which he can readily distinguish by their facies.

DirFerEnTIATION BY Marxine, erc.—Dr. Cockayne says ‘‘I have
examined genitalia of many British specimens from various places and
find no difficulty in dividing them correctly by eye first. There are
no intermediate genitalia. Both have forms with and without the
black bar as in didyma. (This is probably inherited as an independent
character in these species and in didyma).”

“ Strigilis. Almost always larger.

“‘(1) Various black and white forms from very pale to very heavily
and darkly marked.

‘‘ (2) Suffused all over with grey—no brown tinge.

Norr.—‘‘ I have two strigilis as black as the black latruncula, one
with the black bar the other without, and two with the usual white
markings somewhat suffused with grey.

““T have seen one British brown strigilis and such are said to
occur on the continent.’’ He further says (in lit).

‘«T see no clear cut division between the lightest strigilis and the
darkest of these with white markings. Nor do I see any clean cut
division between the various forms of latruncula.”

“ Both strigilis and latrwncula have forms with and without the
black bar below the stigmata.

“T have a latruncula with greyish white (nearly white) submarginal
band but the stigmata are of the same colour as the ground, darkish
grey brown and the other markings are not much darker; the termen
is also bordered with uniform grey brown. It has none of the clean
cut black and white of strigilis.”

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. | (231)

Latruncula. Smaller.

‘* All shades of brown to unicolorous black. The palest do show
some definite markings much like those of pale strigilis.

“JT have a single specimen with white and blackish markings
rather like a strigilis.” :

In the Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Soc. p. 89 (1930-31) I have summed up
the recorded differences between strigilis and latruncula as follows.—
“ Strigilis has a somewhat larger expanse than latruncula; 3 up to
26 mm., 9 28 mm., against 24 mm., (latrwncula) and has somewhat
narrower and more pointed forewings. In typical strigilis the ground
colour is a pure blackish grey without brown powdering, while latrun-
cula is brown. The marginal area in strigilis has chalk white in it,
replaced in latruncula with pale brown suffusion, although some may
have impure white markings occasionally. The outer transverse line
is in strigilis strongly bent inwards towards the inner margin, but is
more straight in latruncula. In its upper part in strigilis, as a rule,
on the outer side there are five distinct black streaks which in latrun-
cula are very weakly developed or wholly wanting. In latruncula there
stands almost always between the transverse line and the claviform a
blacker streak-like spot, which unites with it to form a black bridge
joining the two transverse lines. In strigilis this mark is absent or if
present very obsolesceut. The fact of both species having parallel
series of similar variations emphasises the confusion.”

Miana, Steph. (1829). Tutt, Gn., Barr., Splr. [Oliyia, Hb. (1822)
Hamps.: Parastichtis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Seitz.: Apamea, 'I'r. (1816-25)
Freyer, Tr.: Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Meyr.] strigilis, L.. (1758) and
latruncula, Schiff. (1775).

Tutt’s citing strivilis to Clerk was an error (Brit. N. p. 99). He
quoted the description of strigilis from Linn. 8.N. XIled and did not
refer to the prior works except Clerck’s Icones. Striyilis was redeseribed
in the XIled, S.N., from the F'n. Suec. p. 318. (1761). In Sys. Nat.
(L758) p. 516 is the prior description, thus strigilis must be cited to L.
and not to Clrk. In his descriptions subsequent to (1758) Linn. sub-
stituted ‘‘ prior’ for ‘ fusca.”

Strigilis, Linn. Sys. N. Xed. 516.

Orie. Descrie.—“ Alis deflexis nebulosis: denticulis setaceis intra
fasciam albam terminalem.” ‘Alae griseo-cinereae tribus annulis
ovalibus nigris ; facia alba alas terminans latior, intra quam area fusca
inferit 5 vel 6 striae nigras fere ad ejus medium.”’ The description
of the type, and different from Clerck’s description which is possibly
that of a latruncula form.

Tutt does not place the striyilis of Linn. although he states it differs
from that of Clerck, nor does he refer to the strigilis of Haw. According
to Haw. himself he says that both his praeduncula and his strigilis are
the same as the strigilis, Linn. of the F'n. Suec., and that he hesitated
whether he should unite the three slightly differing species (= forms)
praeduncula, strigilis and latruncula into one species.

The descriptions of strigilis, Linn., praeduncula, Haw., and strigilis,
Haw. are only very slight differences of the same form, and almost
negligible for differentiation. Strigilis, Haw. is said to be a little

(252) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

smaller than praeduncula, but scarcely differs except in the black
connecting streak which is constant in all forms.

Tutt put Haw. as the authority for both latruncula and praeduncuia
whereas Schiff. Verz. p. 89 (1775) introduced both latruncula and
praeduncula among their ‘“‘ Kleine Kulen”’ characterised by small size,
having on the very dusky dependant forewings a transverse band which
narrows inwardly and is narrowest on the inner margin, with a white
waved little streak on its edge. On the abdomen stands a small single
tuft. The latruncula has its narrow forewings brown varied’ with red :
the praeduncula has its narrow forewings brown with white in the
marginal area.

Tutt Brit. Noct. J. 99 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Is. V. 12, plt. 186
(1899): Stdgr. Cat. Illed. 164 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 181, plt.
41 (1905): South Moths Br, Is. I. 275, plt. 134, figs. 1, 4, 7, 10, 18,
16 (1907): Hamps. Ley. Phal. VII. 381, fig. 63 (1908): Culot Noct.
et. G. I(1). 122, plt. 21, figs. 16-18 (1909-13).

Ksper’s figure, LV. plt. 146, 1, 2,3? are bad portraits of strigilis ;
the figs. 4, 5, 6 Esper calls var. aerata. Werneburg calls the latter
strigilis var. without comment.

HKsper’s figures 4, 5, 6 are quite distinct from one another, fig. 4 a
very light brown form resembling striyilis without any white. Tligs.
5, 6, both apparently ‘‘ alis cupreo-micantibus ” are more alike, while
5 has some of the marking clearly visible, fig. 6 has all but the outer
waved line obsolescent, smooth shining brown. Treyer says that figs.
2 and 3 are more certainly latrunenla than strigilis. Fig. 3 has the
reddish coppery colour of latruncula.

Hsp. l.c. re aerata plt. 146, figs. 4, 5, 6 in his Teawt. p. 469 calls
fie. 6 latruncula.

Esper’s fig. on plt. 162 called latrwncula was corrected in the text
p. 557 to aerata.

[It is noted in Pap. d’ Hur. VILL. 38 that the description of Esper’s
fig. IV. plt. 146, (1786), had not been published in 1792.]

Ernst and Kngramelle, Pap. @’ Mur, VIII. figs. 550-1, have 7 figures
of strigilis-latruncula. In the text p. 88 the authors say that 551a, c
are the strigilis, L. and they consider that the figures 550a, .b, c, e, f,
are so like strigilis in every respect but colour that they must be
considered as varieties of it. Werneburg, eitr. I]. 128, says that
550a, b, c, are latruncula, Schiff. and that b. with whitish in the border
is the form rubeuncula, H.-S.; 550e, f, are also latruncula, but e is an
extraordinary figure, which may belong here asa rare form; and 551a,
c, are striyilis, L. One would agree with this except that 550f, is
strigilis rather than latruncula.

Borkhausen, IV., seems to have mixed up several species with
strigilis, ete. Werneburg points out that on p. 174 his latruncula is
strigilis, L. var. latruncula, Schiff. ; on p. 175 his praedunciula is fasciana,
L.; on p. 176 his furuncula is latruncula, Schiff. var.; on p. 187 his
meretricula is latruncula, Schiff. var. (teste Bork. in Rhein. Mag. 1); and
on p. 188 his versicolor is strigilis, L.

Hibner has three figures, 94 latruneula, 95 praeduncula, and 776
latruncula. 94 and 776 have nothing in common as regards colour.
In Hiibner’s Text. he alters praeduncula to strigilis, L., p. 183 and
says that 94 latruncula is aerata, Hsp. p. 184. To this latter Tutt
agrees, but strangely does not refer to either of the other figures of

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (233)

Hubner. MHibner’s fig. 776 seems to be a small example of aethiops,
Haw. [fig. 776 is Geyer’s, after Hiibner’s death. |

Boisduval put rubeuncula, Ramb. as a form of latruncula, Ind.
Meth. no. 901 (1840), but Donzel and Freyer both think it is a true
species (Frr. N. Beitr. V. 148).

Wood. Ind. 274-6, has good figures of the same three.

Guenée recalls the fact that Freyer figures strigilis and latruncula
with unlike larvae, but he (Guenée) states emphatically that he has
observed no difference between the two and that Freyer’s figures have
not been verified in nature. Dr. Cockayne says (in lit.) ‘I agree with
Guenée’s statement. [can see no difference. If there be one it must
be very slight indeed.”

Like many continental lepidopterists Guenée puts fasciuncula as a
form of the strigilis-latruncula complex. He recognises praeduncula,
Schiff., etc., as strigilis.

Guenée points out that in latruncula the subterminal line is
preceded by a ferruginous tint and also that in aethiops this tint is
traceable.

Guenée describes latruncula ‘‘ All individuals in which the grey-
white of the subterminal space is replaced by grey-brownish. The
subterminal is generally preceded by a ferruginous tint.”

Werneberg, Beitr. I. 518, says ‘‘I accept the determination of
Lederer that latruncula, Tr., is not specifically distinct from striyilis,
L.; I have no hesitation in placing together strigilis, Fb... with praed-
uncula, W.V., which is certainly latruncula, Tr., the variety with more
whitish mixed band.”

Staudinger, Cat. IIled. (1901), treated latruncula as an ab. of
strigilis.

Spuler notes, Sehm. Hur. I. 181, 1906, that Hormuzaki’s intermedia
is the dusky form of latruncnla parallel to the aethiops of strigilis.

Rebel, Berye- Reb. (1909) treats latruncula as an ab. of strigilis, more
reddish brown, the outer band pale brown (not white), mostly smaller
but equally common.

Rebel says, Berge-Reb. (1909), p. 189, that intermedia, Hormuz.,
without the lighter area in the submarginal field, is identical with the
latruncula, Haw., of Tutt’s tabular scheme, Brit. Noct. I. 99. It
would appear to be the var. 8 of Haw. named wnicolor by Tutt.

Warr.-Seitz, U.c. plt. 40, gives eleven figures but not one of the
typical strigilis, L. The nearest is that called praeduncula ; latruncula
is next, a brown form; aerata; fasciata, which agrees with Tutt’s
description ; suffumata, an extreme form of the last; viryata; 2 of
aethiops, one can be allotted to latruncula with just a shade of a brown
outer marginal area, the other a strigilis form with a grey shade;
intermedia, Hormuz.; unicolor; terrea, Warren.

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. (1911), treated latruncula as a form of
strigilis, and aerata as an extreme form of latruneula with a more or
less rufous tint, instead of the pale more or less luteous outer band.

Culot, Noct. et G. (1909-13) says on the authority of Stdgr. that
latruncula is a local form of Sicily.

Culot, NV. et G. I. plt. 21, has three figs. all very good, strigilis, a
small one with only a few white markings, latrwncula and a very small
aethiops.

(234) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Barrett describes the Variation as follows—‘‘ Exceedingly variable
the more typical form varies in the ground colour from greyish-white,
through various shades of grey, grey-brown, whitish-brown, and pale
reddish brown, even pale olive-brown, or tinted with fulvous, and has
the described markings in various dark shades, varying with the ground
colour, or becoming at times even dark purple-red.

‘In other cases the ground colour assumes dark brown and dark red-
brown shades, the white wholly obliterated, or the white crescent above
the anal angle alone remaining ; and the wings are then marbled with
more monotonous tones of brown and red-brown, the central band is
but little darker, or not so at all.

‘* But the most usual variation, and the most striking, which seems
to accompany the type everywhere, except where it supersedes it, is
deep black—wholly so—or else the thorax and ground colour of the
forewings smoky black with a deep black central band; the stigmata
often not visible. '

“Tn all the forms the thorax follows in colour the darker portion of
the forewings ; and the hindwings are darker or paler in unison.

Barrett records a specimen “large, of the typical colouring, with
the markings grey-black, and of so bright a colour as almost to appear
blue.”

The names and forms to be considered are :—

strigilis, L., Sys. Nat. Xed. 516 (1758).

strigilis, Clerck., cones, plt. IX. 6 (1759).

latruncwa, Schiff., Verz. 89 (1775). Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. IIL,
plt. 40i. :

praeduncula, Schiff., l.c.; Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

aerata, Ksp., Schm. Abbild. 1V(2). 466, plt. 146, f. 4-6 (1786 etc.) ;
Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

meretricula, Bork., Natura, [V., 187 (1792).

versicolor, Bork., l.c., 188 (1792).

praeduncula, Haw., Lep. Brit. 218 (1806-10). -

latruncula, Haw., l.c. 214. (1806-10).

aethiops, Haw., l.c. 215 (1806-10) ; Warr.-Seitz, J.c.

suffuruncula, Frr., N. Beitr. V. 148, plt. 471 (1845). .

Prubeuncula, Ramb. Donz., Ann. Soc. ent Fr, 480, plt. 12, 3-4
(18388).

invisa, Walk., Cat. Noct. B.M. X., 259 (1856).

ab. virgata, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I., 99 (1891) ; Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

ab. nigro-rufa, Tutt, l.c.

ab. rufa, Tutt, Jc.

ab. wnicolor, Tutt, l.c.; Warr.-Seitz, J.c.

ab. fasciata, Tutt, l.c.; Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

ab. amoena, Krul., Soc. Hnt. XXIII., 11 (1908).

ab. intermedia, Horm., ; Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

ab. suffumata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III, 172, plt. 40 k, i (1911).

ab. terrea, Warr.-Seitz, l.c.

ab. fasciata, Lenz., Oesth. Sudbay. I1(2)., 269 (1927), plt. XIV. 19.

Tutt treats of praeduncula which is striyilis, L.; ashy grey ground
with reddish grey outer fascia, suffuruncula ; ditto with reddish median
band, virgata (both latruncula forms) ; ground reddish-grey or -brown
with whitish or whitish grey outer fascia, strigilis, Clk. (a latrunenla

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (235)
e

form) ; ditto with pale reddish outer fascia, aerata (alatruncula form) ;
ditto unicolorous, latrucula, Haw. ; ground blackish or reddish-brown
with whitish outer fascia, nigro-rufa (a strigilis form); ditto with red
outer fascia, rufa, (a latruncula form); ditto unicolorous, wnicolor (a
latrnncula form); ground black with white outer fascia, fasciata (a
strigilis form) ; ditto unicolorous, aethiops (a strigilis form deep black,
a latruncula form a paler slightly brown black).

The allocation of these-forms and names between the two species
is a difficult matter and quite open to criticism. The attempt is
below.

Miana strigilis, L. (1758).

praeduncula, Schiff. (1775) : Haw. (1806-10).

versicolor, Bork. (1792).

ab. aethiops, Haw. (1806-10) very black form.

ab. nigro-rufa, Tutt (1891).

ab. fasciata, Tutt (1891).

r. amoena, Krul. (1908).

ab. suffumata, Warr,-Seitz (1911).

ab. terrea, Warr.-Seitz (1911).

ab. fasciata, Lenz. (1927) =fasciata, Tutt.

versicolor, Bork., Naturg. IV., 188 (1792).

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ This Noctua has the size and appearance of
striyilis. The forewings have a reddish-brown ground colour which is
mixed with blackish brown chequered with whitish markings. At
the base there is a trace of a whitish transverse line, then follows a
whiter transparent streak. Next following there are the usual
stigmata of which the orbicular is first, the reniform beyond, both of
these are white edged, and below the orbicular there is a small claviform
stigma of similar character. Beyond these stigmata is a white trans-
verse band, in which blackish hairlike projections extend from the
ground. ‘he fringes are chequered white and black. The costa is
black spotted and towards the apex of the wing white dotted. The
hindwings are brown-grey ; darker scaled on the outer margin.”’

This appears to be none other than the usual strigilis: Werneburg,
l.c. is of this opinion. Bork, refers to Esper’s plt. 146, fig. 3, labelled
strigilis var.

ab. amoena, Krul., Soc. Hnt. XXIII. 11 (1908).

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ The whitish colour in the marginal area of the
forewings has a distinctly greenish tone.” Very scarce. Hastern
Russia (Wiatka and Kasan). |

ab. terrea, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 172 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 40k.

Orie. Descrie.—‘ A dull grey unicolorous form, with the lines,
the outlines of stigmata, and the teeth of outer line finely black.”
Tring.

ab. suffumata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 172 (1911).

Fieg,—l.c. plt. 401.

Ornic. Descrir.—‘ Has the white areas of fasciata, Tutt, still
farther reduced.”

(236) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ab. fasciata, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay. II. (2), 269 (1927).
Fie. —l.c. plt. XIV. 19.
Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Suffused to the white marginal area.”

[Miana strigilis, Clrk. (1759).] ?
latruncula, Schiff. (1775).

aerata, Ksp. (1786).

meretricula, Bork. (1792).

ab. aethiops, Haw. (1806-10), paler form.
latruncula, Haw. (1806-10), var. a.

ab. suffuruncula, Tr. (1816-25).

ab. rubeuncula, Ramb. (1838).

r. invisa, Walk. (1856).

ab. virgata, Tutt (1891).

ab. unicolor, Tutt (1891), =latruncula, Haw. var. 8.
ab. rufa, Tutt (1891).

ab. intermedia, Hormuz., teste Splr.

meretricula, Bork., Natury. LV. 187 (1792).

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ It is somewhat smaller than strigilis. which it
resembles in shape and also much in marking. The ground colour of
the forewing is brown and somewhat suffused with red-yellow scaling.
The usual spots (stigmata) are yellow with brownish centres. Before
these are a few yellowish wavy lines, and beyond them a yellow some-
what obsolete band, in which five or six black streaks run over into
the brown area to the middle. Inside the fringes lies a yellow line;
and the fringes are yellowish and black spotted. The hindwings are
ashy-grey with yellow margin.” ‘This seems to indicate a latruncula
form.

Werneburg, Beitr. Il. 171, says this is latruncula and notes that
Bork. himself in the Rhien. Mag. subsequently explained that this was
a variety of latruncula.

ab. suffurucula, Treit. Schm. Hur, V(2). 97 (1816-25).

Tutt gave Freyer plt. 471 as the original of suffuruncula. This is
not so as Freyer gives a reference to Treit.

Fies.—Freyer. Neu. Beit. 11. plt. 142, 471. Freyer says his first
figure was from a not quite fresh example.

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ The forewings have three distinct areas, of
which the first near the base and particularly the third are wide.
These two are a shiny and near the second area a more silvery, and to-
wards the base and fringes of a more coppery suffusion. The first
area extends to the orbicular. A black streak lies towards the costa
which ends at the orbicular. ‘Then follows the stigma itself, and a
longish, black streak, emphasised with silver and coppery colour.
Under it lies a strong black square in place of the claviform. Beyond
the orbicular and claviform the third area begins which contains the
reniform which is wholly filled with silvery powdering. The waved
line contains fine black dots and is coppery coloured. ‘The fringes are
dark brown and double edged.” Vienna (Frr.).

rubeuncula, Ramb., Ann. Fr. (1838), 480-1.
Fic.—l.c. plt. XII. f, 3-4.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (237)

Orie. Desorre.— Like latruncula but smaller. It is a brick-red,
while that is black brown. The forewings have a brick-red ground
lighter transverse sinuous wavy lines. The most notable is the third,
which, before reaching the inner margin, takes the form of a white
crescent of which the points are turned to the outer margin. On the
inside of this.is seen a squared space of a red brown; the stiymata
are scarcely apparent ; they are paler than the ground upon which
they rest; the fringe is pale reddish streaked with brown.

“ The hindwings are blackish with the fringes of a reddish white.”’
Pyrénées Orientales.

The inner half length of the 2nd line is well marked by white in the
figure.

I note that Bdv. and Dup., attributes rubewneula to Donzel and not
to Rambur [Ind. Meth. no. 901 (1840) and Cat. 126 (1844)]

Guenée describes aethiops. ‘‘ The brown colour has become blackish
and has invaded almost the entire wings: the subterminal space
remains, however, just a little lighter, with a trace of a little ferruginous
before the subterminal line. The other lines are almost entirely lost
in the colour of the ground.”” Hb.-Gey. 776. Haworth’s var. a. “ totus
niger’ would be the ab. aethiops of striyilis.

race invisa, Walk. X. 259 (1856).

Orie. Descrte.—‘‘ Pallide fusca: thorax fasciis obscurioribus
cristaque postica nigricante; abdomen cinereum, cristatum; alae
anticae gutta basali nigricante, lineis tranversis undulatis pallidis fusco
marginatis, fascia cervina exteriore punctisque marginalibus obscure
fuscis ; posticae cinereae, ciliis testaceis interlineatis.”’

“Pale brown. Thorax with darker bands, and with a blackish
hind crest. Abdomen cinereous, crested. Forewings with a blackish
discal dot near the base, with transverse undulating pale dark brown
bordered lines, with a fawn coloured exterior band and with dark brown
marginal points. Hind wings cinereous, with testaceous interlined
ciliae.” ‘Turkestan.

Miana, Steph. (1829) Stdgr., Tutt, Barrett, Splr., South. [Hadena,
Schrnk, (1802) Meyr., H.-S.,: Oligia, Hb. (1822) Hamp. Warr.-Stz. :
Apamea, Ochs. (1816-25)] fasctuncula, Haw. (1806-10).

This species has been so confused on the continent with strigilis-
latruncula that it is difficult to trace its history. Speyer, however,
Stett. e. Zt. 126 (1867), with English examples before him considers
that the British judgment is correct, less on account of the differences
of colour and marking than in the shape of the wings, the straighter
costa, less concave beyond the middle, the apex more produced and
sharper, the border area, the narrowness of the median area on the
inner margin, etc. H.-S. even put fasciuncula as a var. of latruncula.

Tutt remarked in 1891 that ‘‘ This species (fascinncula) which is
generally treated as a variety of M. strigilis by the Continental authors,*
is so exactly like that species in shape and markings, that, besides

* Stdgr. Cat. Iled. (1871) treated fasciuncula as a species.

(238) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

colour there appears to be no distinguishing mark in the imago state
by which it can be separated.” [Brit. Noct. I. 102.]

Pierce in Genitalia of the Noctuidae, p. 88, figs. on plt. XIII., gives
the following definite differences :—

Strigilis. (1) Loss of the anal angle of the cucullus thickly clothed
with spines. (2) Cxavus peaked, bulbed at the base, and clothed with
short hairs. (3) Unous narrow waist, diamond pointed. (4) Juxta
without side spines. (5) AmpuLia rounded.

Fasciuncula. (1) Loss of the anal angle of the cucullus thinly
clothed with spines. (2) Cravus peaked and clothed with short hair.
(3) Uncus broad without waist and pointed. (4) Juxra two arms
surmounted with a bunch of spines on each. (5) Amputta stout and
rounded.

These differences are well shown on the plate.

In addition the terminal portion of the valve is produced in a
“bird’s head ”’ in profile but the beak portion is still longer than in
strigilis, and quite distinctive (teste Dr. Cockayne in lit.).

Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 101 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 15, plt. 186
(1899): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 165 (1901): Splr. Sehm. Hur. 1.181. plt. 41
(1905): South Moths. B. I. I. 275. plt. 1384 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Phal.
VII. 877 (1908): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 172. plt. 40k (1911):
Culot Noct. et. G. (1). 122. plt. XXII. 1-2 (1909-18).

Figure 550b of Ernst. and Engram. Pap. d@’Eur. VII. (1792) is
that of a fasctuncula form possibly Donzel’s rubeuncula.

Hubner’s erratricula 587 does not belong here. The central fascia
unites it undoubtedly with bicoloria. There are no traces of the white
characters on the inner margin. Warr. in Seitz place it to bicoloria.

Wood, Ind. plt. 13. figs. 279-280, figures two forms, the former
named rufuncula, reniform red not so red as the typical and with the
fascia ‘“‘ Plain red minor,” only showing on inner margin and the
latter a typical form. The fig. 279 of Wood is a fasciuncula form
undoubtedly and not the rufincula of Haw. and Steph. Haworth’s
description of ‘‘strigis duabus rectis medio ”’ undoubtedly refers to
bicoloria. Fig. 279 has the med. fascia identical with that of the normal
fasc. albeit somewhat wider on the inner margin.

H.-S’s. figures are all three much like erratricula of Rambur but of
normal size; all are characterised by the central area (fascia) being
darker on the inner margin and contracted to half its width above and
bordered there by a conspicuous curve of white.

Spuler’s figure is a very red-brown colour, plt. 40, f. 8.

Warr.-Seitz, l.c. plt. 40k figures the grey and the red forms.

Culot, U.c. I(1). plt. 22 figures a typical form with an intermediate
without very suppressed red colouring.

Guenée treats erratricula, Hb. nec Frr., as a species and states the
essential characteristics as a ground colour of grey-violet, with the
narrow median area of a decided black. s

He describes a form of it (A) much mixed with reddish, the median
area being of an agatha red. Thorax of a decided red with the black
line of the collar very feeble.

Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ There is a constantly recurrent
variety of the male, often common, which bears a far greater resem-

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (239)

blance to the female—of a pale brownish-drab or yellow-brown, clouded
with dull umbreous, and having the central band of a very soft
umbreous, the markings normal except that the white edges to the
transverse lines are less distinct, and the stigmata sometimes dusky
white. Intermediates occur much more rarely. In all the colour of
the thorax follows that of the central band of the forewings. In the
North of Ireland and in Scotland the red forms are sometimes brighter
red and the drab-brown rather darker, while some take a smoky
tinge.”

Barrett records a specimen having “the central band of a rich
purple-red, with shading of the same on both base and apex of the
wings.”

He also records a specimen ‘“ Entirely suffused with golden-yellow,
through which the darker markings are perceptible.”

The names and forms to be considered are—

fasciuncula, Haw. Lep. Brit. 215-16 (1806-10).

ab. rubewncula, Donz, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 480. plt. XII. 3-4 (1838).

ab. erratricula, Rambr. Cat. Sys. Lep. And. plt. XVI. 1-2 (1858).

ab. cana, Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 102 (1871) [Haw. Lep. Brit. 216 (1806-
10)].

ab. pallida, Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 101.

ab. extrema, Tutt L.c.

ab. suffusa, Tutt l.c.

ab. brnnneata, Warr.-Seitz. Pal, Noct. III. 172. plt. 40k (1911)
(Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 877 (1908)].

ab. grandis, n. ab.

Tutt dealt with (1) fasciuncula typical ; (2) rubewncula, Frr. (not of
Donz.) almost unicolorous, less red, band not developed ; (3) cana, Stdgr.
Haworth’s var. B. the ground pale, with distinct fascia (red or dark
fuscous); (4) pallida pale all over, fascia only on inner margin; (5)
(pallida) eatrema pale, entire absence of fascia; (6) swffusa dark greyish
black with obsolescence of markings.

Tutt gives ab. rubewncula as of Freyer (1845) whereas it should
have been of Donzel (1888) as Freyer states. Tutt’s description of
the figure is wrong from my copy of Freyer. The figure is not ‘‘ almost
unicolorous.” The usual markings of fasciuncula are quite apparent
and the arrangement of markings well defined.

Freyer, NV. beitr., V. 143 (1845), considers this, as did Donzel, a
true species, whereas Bdv., Ind. Meth. (1840), placed it as a form of
latruncula. No doubt this last opinion was in accord with the generally
received continental view that fasciuncula was a form of strigilis.

H.-S. treats rubeuncula as a species only separable from latruncula
with difficulty by the outer transverse line being cut through or not
by the black veins, the appearance of the stigmata as lighter spots
without sharp dark margins, the colour either clear cinnamon red (both
sexes) or pale ochre-yellow at the base, in area 2 and beyond the
elbowed line most red.

Warr.-Seitz. gives rubewncula, Donz. and erratricula, Hb. and
suffuruncula, Tr. as synonyms of literosa.

(240) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ab. rubewncula, Donz. Ann. Soc. ent. France. VII. p. 429 (1888).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 12.

Orie. Descriep.— It has the appearance of latruncula, but is smaller.
It is of a brick red, while that is a blackish brown. The fore-wings
are a brick red ground with the sinuous transverse lines lighter. The
most notable is the third, which before reaching the inner margin takes
the form of a white cresent of which the points are directed to the
outer margin. Within this crescent one sees a small square space of
ared brown. The stigmata are obsolescent ; they are paler than the
ground on which they stand. The fringe is pale reddish cut into by
brown. The lower-wings are blackish with the fringes of a reddish-
white. The female is of a paler tint, tending to soiled yellow; the
lines are better indicated. Some males are the colour of the females.”’
Mont-Louis. Pyrenées Orientales.

ab. grandis, n. ab.

Fic.—Ramb. l.c., plt. XVI. 1-2 (erratricula, Hb. ? error).

Orica. Drscrie.—No letterpress.

Ramber, Cat. Sys. Lep. And. plt. XVI. f. 1-2 (1858) figures an
insect under the name erratriewla, Hb.? A careful comparison of the
figures show complete dissimilarity. There is no letterpress.

Hubner’s fig. 487, erratricula is certainly a bad figure to represent
any form of fasciuncula with which | am acquainted. It is smaller
than Rambur’s figure and the markings are not comparable, all being
more or less regularly transverse. and the general colour is not the
beautiful red of fasctuncula, of which Rambur’s figure certainly partakes.
Warr.-Seitz. places it to diterosa and I think rightly so, and Rambur’s
figures they place to fasciuneula.

In this case Rambur’s fig. is without a name and as it is nearly
twice the size of typical fasciuncula it might be called grandis.

ab. brunneata, Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. ILI. 172 (1911) [Hamp. Lep.
Phal. VII. 878 (1908)}.

Orie. Descrre.—Hamp. Ab. 1. “ Darker brown,” Scotland.

Warr.-Seitz. “‘ Scotch form browner, especially the lower half of
median area.”

ab. (ssp.) albtluna, Kozhants. Jahr. Martian. Minussinsk. VI. 76
1929
! ee Descrip.— This was placed to the species Oligia lewconephra,
Hamps. The determination of it as that species arose from an error since
lewconephra does not belong to the genus Oligia. But the species
which we included under the name leuconephra is a true Oligia which
obviously possessed the habitus and the marking of O. fasciuncula.
The distinction from the typical form consists only in the golden
reflection from the brown forewings and the clear white half moon-
shaped spot in place of the indefinite reniform stigma.”

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (241)

Miana, Steph. (1829) Gn. New. Barrett, Stdgr. Splr. Cul. [ Hadena,
Schrnk. (1802), Meyr.: Apamea, Tr. (1816-25). Bdy.: Oligia, Hb.
(1822) Hamp., Warr.-S.] bicoloria, Vill. (1789)=furuncula, Schiff.
(1775).

Tutt took Villar’s name for this species viz. bicoloria, Linn.
Entomologia, II. 288 (1789), which name Bork. used Sehm. IV. 190
(1792). Treit. Schm. Hur. V(2). 94 (1825), discusses the name and
points out the agreement of Hitibner’s fig. 545, the specimens in
Schiffermiiller’s collection, and the German description in the Verz.,
p. 89, 1775, that furuncula is the prior name for bieoloria, Vill.

Hub. Teat-Noct., 184 (1805-18) gives bicoloria, Bork. and meretricula,
Bork. as synonyms of furuncula, Schiff.

Villars gives a reference for bicoloria to ‘‘ Entomologia Paristensis,
194,” which I have failed to trace. It would appear to refer to
Fourcroy or to Geoffroy, but I fail to find the name in either of these
books.

furuneula, Schiff. Vere. 89 (1775).

Orig. Descrie.—‘ Small Noctua, has a transverse band on the
dependent very dusky forewings, which narrows inwards, is least on
the inner margin and is margined with a white wavy contour line.
There stands a few tufts of hair on the body. Braune Weissstreifigte
Wule.” It is classified with latruncula, praeduneula (strigilis), ete.

There seems great uncertainty among earlier authors what is the
colour and marking of the earliest named form, 7.e., of furuncula, Schiff.
If we may depend on the remarks of Treit., /.c., 94, this fig. 545 is of the
typical form, which Hb. describes, Text p. 184, as ‘‘ reddish brown, the
outer half of the wings pale in colour, with whitish reniform and
waved line, the body and abdomen grey. Syn, furuncula, Treit.,
bicoloria, Bork. and meretricula, Bork.”

Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 108 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Is. V. 20, plt. 187
(1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[led., 165 (1901): Splr. Sehm. Hur. I. 181, plt.
41 (1905): South M. Br. Is, I. 277, plt. 134 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Phat.
VIL. 3893 (1908): Warr-Seitz. Pal. Lep, Noct. II. 178, plt. 41 (1911):
Culot N. et G. I(1). 122, plt. 22 (1909-13).

Hsper’s fig. aerata plt. 146, 5, which is sometimes referred to this
species is undoubtedly a strigtlis form.

The figures of Ernst. and Engr. Pap. d’Hur. VIII. are very mixed
and difficult to elucidate. Werneburg says 548a small and light clay
yellow furuncula ; 548b-e, he also calls furunenla. Probably correctly
except that b is exceptionally large for this species, 549a-c he calls
furuncula. I would only call a this species. 550f he calls strigilis,
but I should certainly agree with Guenée and call it furwneula.

Hibner’s Noct. 96 (1808) shows the characteristic transverse line
of vinctuncula very clearly. 545 (1808-18) has a uniform strongly
dark mahogany brown base with ochreous brown ground. Tutt calls
this the typical figure of furwncnla, and thus does not agree with Gn.
who gives Ernst. and Ener. fig. 550f which has no shade of reddish or
brown in it. Hibner’s fig. therefore does not represent the bicoloria as
described by Villars. But Borkhausen IV. 190, however, describes the

(242) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

basal half as either brighter or darker red-brown. Hence Gn. has not
indicated the typical furuncula but the bicoloria form. Goetze calls it
the ‘‘ white streaked brown.” Ent. Beitr. I11(8), 222.

Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. CI. £. 3 is of a very dark form of two main
shades of dark reddish-grey, the basal half being of a deep brown
(VII..1).

Wena. Indew. figs. 277 and 278 plt. 13, are Anmeralis and terminalis.
He does not figure the very light form with which one is so familar on
the sea coast, sandhills, ete. His figure 279 labelled rufunenla is not
this species ban a fascituncula form.

South. M. Br. Is. I. plt. 184. gives five figures not one of which is
typical furwncula as depicted by Hb. Fig. 8, is probably the bicoloria,
Villars, ground colour greyish fuscous with outer balf paler than basal
half.

Warr.-Seitz figures bicoloria, Vill. plt. 401, furuncuia, Hb. plt. 401,
rufuncula, Haw. 2 figs. 401, terminalis, Haw. plt. 401, vinctuneula, Hb.
plt. 41a, wnicolor, Warr.-8. pit. 41a, pallidior, Stder. pli. 40], reticulata,
Tutt. plt. 401, brunneo-reticulata, Tutt. plt. 401, lonyistriata, Warr. S.
plt. 401. Yet none of the really pale forms are figured, all are what I
should call dominantly dark.

Culot figures, l.c. plt. XXII. £.3. bicoloria; £.4. furuncula; £.5.
insulicola ; and £.6. vinctuncula ; as usual all are quite excellent figures.

Of the Variation Barrett says.—‘‘ A form which instead of having
the colours of the forewings equally divided [as in typically marked
forms] has them completely marbled with some shade of brown or
reddish-brown, is in many districts even more plentiful, and in this
the perpendicular line is usually obliterated. Intermediate forms
retaining the division, but having the outer portion almost any shade
of brown paler than the inner are not infrequent.”

‘Tn some parts of the South Coast and especially in the Isle of
Wight, the brown of the basal half is invaded with white, so as in
some instances to leave a darker central band and eyen to furnish iis
lower half with a dark brown or black bar, while in others the orbicular
stigma and an oblique blotch below it become white; in all these the
white outside the perpendicular line has a chalky tint. In these
localities the female in some instances has similarly divided colouring.

‘Tn Berkshire and clsewhere inland the basal half is not seldom
of a rich purple-red or purple-brown, and the hind marginal cloud
similar or darker.”

Barrett records a form in great abundance from some parts of the
Irish coast, ‘‘ having the forewings unicolorous yellowish-drab, varying
but little darker or paler.’ ‘This form stands broadly out from the
rest, but language altogether fails to express the intermingling of all
these variations.”

Barrett adds ‘ Various names have been given to these forms, in
the first place under the impression that they formed distinct species,
more recently as varieties :—from our great knowledge of the inter-
mediates, these have lost all definite meaning and seem to be of little
value.”

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
furuncula, Schiff. Verz. 89 (1775).
f. bicoloria, Vill. Linn. Ent. 288 (1789).

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (243)

ab. terminalis, Haw. Lep. Brit. 215 (1806-10).

ab. rufuncula, Haw. l.c.

ab, humeralis, Haw. l.c. var. y.

ab. vinctuncula, Hb., Noct. 96 (1802).

furuncula, Hb., l.c. 545 (1808-18) =furnncula, Schiff.

furuncula, Tr., Schm. V(2). $2 (1816-25).

ab. pulmonariae, Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. 47 (1826) plt. 75.

erratricula, Freyer, Neu. Beitr. I. 81, plt. 142, 3 (1836).

furuncula, H.-S., New. Schm. p. 4, figs. 19, 22, 23 (1856) =insulicola,
Stder. |

subsp. insulicola, Stdgr., Cat. Iled. 103 (1871).

subsp. pallidivr, Stdgr. Stett. e. Zt. XLII. 42 (1882).

ab. pallida, Tutt, Brit. N. I. 105 (1891).

ab. albicans, Tutt, l.c.

ab. reticulata, Tutt, l.c.

ab. fusca-reticulata, Tutt, l.c.

ab. brunnea-reticulata, Tutt l.c.

ab. rufa-reticulata, Tutt l.c.

ab. yrisea-reticulata, Tutt l.c.

ab. semicretacea, Alph. Mem. Rom. 1X. 29 (1897).

ab. albimacula, Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 181. plt. 41 (1905).

ab. unicolor, Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 178. plt. 41a (1911).

ab. longistriata, Warr.-Seitz. l.c.

Tutt dealt with pallida, whitish grey of two shades, the basal half
slightly darker: subsp. insulica the mottled whitish grey form; the
unicolorous whitish grey, albicans; bicoloria the grey fuscous with
outer half paler=humeralis, Haw. ; reticulata, the mottled fuscous grey
with distinct markings; /himeralis, var. y, Haw., the unicolorous
fuscous grey; the reddish-or ochreous-brown form, furuncula, Hb.
(Haw. ?); the mottled ochreous- or reddish-brown, brunnea-reticulata ;
the unicolorous ochreous- or reddish-brown, terminalis, Haw. a and b. ;
pale reddish ochreous with outer half pale reddish grey, pulmonariae ;
the mottled pale reddish ochreous, ru/a-reticulata ; the unicolorous pale
reddish-ochreous, rufuncula, Haw.; vinetuncula, the narrow banded
(black) form ; and in the Appendix Vol. LV. pallidior, a paler form
with basal half rufous, terminal half whitish, hindwings white. He
also refers to fusca-reticulata and grisea-reticulata, neither of which he
otherwise mentions. Probably the former refers to reticulata above
and the latter insulicola above.

Haworth evidently did not consider his rufwncula related closely to
his Aumeralis and terminalis as he separated them by his fasciwncula,
and if Wood’s fig. 279 of rufuncula be correct it certainly is not a form
of furwncula as the outer limit of the fascia of fasciuncula form, outside
the reniform, is double curved and not straight. The colour also is the
red of the latter and not the ted with pubescent white surface of the
former. Stephens only had one poor example.

Freyer, New Beitr. Il. p. 81. plt. 142. 3 (1836) erratricula does not
belong here nor is it the erratricula, Hb. It has been put here by
some authors.

Guenée considers the typical form to be the bipartite brown and
white form, as figured in Ernst and Engr. VIII. fig. 550f. This figure

(244) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

is too large and also too clearly and brightly marked and has a much
better appearance for strigilis. Werneburg considers it to be strigilis.
eee says :—typical form: half brown, half white, (i.e. bicoloria
orm).

terminalis, A: white half replaced (=548 d. e.) with division
line still distinet by a. brown, b. reddish.

rufuncula, B: whole wing uniform tint, one sees only the division
line, the basal line and black traces in the terminal space.

. eR A: whole wing uniform tint, line very pronounced
ack.

pulmonariae, C: ground yellow-ochre, stigmata clear, obsolescent
central line = Engr. 548a b.

pulmonariae, D: grey black, extra basal area brown mixed with
yellow to base.

Stdgr. Cat. Iled., 108, gives var. et ab. insulicola with reference to
H.-S. New Schm, 4, figs. 19, 22, 28, (al. ant., griseis, albido, nigroque,
strigulosis) thus naming the form of furunciula figured by H.-S.

Newman, brit. Moths, 809 (1869) points out that Haworth’s
Ahumeralis, terminalis, and rufuucula are the 8 chief forms of furuncula,
and he (Newman) figures all three rather crudely.

Tutt quotes Stdgr. (Iled.) for the typical form “ab. ant. usque ad
medium fuscis.” (iisque is a printer’s error, B. N. I. p. 103) as deseribing
the typical form. In IIled. Stdgr. adds ‘“ deinde albicantibus.”

Tutt says 4 ground colours, white, fuscous grey, pale reddish, dark
reddish, and of each. (1) unicolorous (2) mottled with transverse
whitish lines (3) basal half dark, outer pale grey or white. a. uni-
colorous base. 6. mottled base.

Stder., Cat. ILled. 165, lists semtcretacea, Alph. as his pallidior
(dilutior, al. ant. dimidio basali rufescenti, dimid. exter. subalbido, al.
post. sordide albidis).

He lists the rufuncula, Gn. as the vinctuncula, Hb. (ut rufuncula
sed al. ant. fasci media tenui nigra; ab. rarissima).

He says that the furwncula, H.-S. New Schm. is the same as his ©
insulicola (alis ant, griseis, albido nigroque strigulosis).

He says that the erratricula, Frr. is the same as the rufuncula, Haw.
(alis ant. fere unicoloribus rufescenti-griseis) see ante.

He lists terminalis, Haw. as the furwncula, Hb. 545.

He omits all reference to the pulmonariae, Dup.

Splr. takes bicoloria, Vill. as the type, where the basal half of the
forewing is brown and the outer- marginal half whitish. If the base
be very pale it is ab. pallida. If the outer half is reddish or brownish,
it is ab. furwncula. When the forewings are unicolorous red-grey it is
ab. rufuncula, and with white reniform is ab. albimacula. If similarly
coloured with narrower black brown transverse bands it is the rare
form ab. vinctuncula. The var. (race) insulicola has greyish forewings,
which are marked by whitish and brown-grey, and come from
Helgoland. In sandy steppe-like areas occurs rufuncula, with reddish
base, lighter and whiter marginal half of forewing and dusky whitish
hindwings, which form is paler further east as var. pallidior (Schm.
Eur., I. 181-2).

Hamp., l.c., adopts furuncula, Schiff., he treats ervatricula, Frr.
(nec. Hb.) as synonymous as well as suffurwneula, Bdv., Ind. 116.

Warr.-Seitz uses bicoloria, Vill., and states that “typical bicoloria

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (245)

has the outer area whitish or grey with arufoustinge.” Of furuncula,
Hb., he says, ‘‘ the outer half is reddish-brown approaching the colour
of the basal half,” with which his fig. plt. 401, somewhat agrees, but
does not agree with Hiibner’s fig. 545, which is remarkably rich in
colour.

He puts humeralis, Haw., as a syn. of bicoloria; rufuncula, Haw. is
the erratricula of Freyer, nec. Hb.; insulicola, Stdegr. is furuncula,

H.-S. (nec. Hb.).

Dup. Gist. Nat. VI. 47, plt. 75, f. 3, bas described and figured his
form pulmonariae, in proximity with Caradrina in which he followed
Ochs.-Treit. Gn. Noct. V. 217, draws attention to the yellow-ochreous
ground and the very slight separation into the two shade areas of the
usual forms. He says that fig. 548 a, 6, Engram. is the same, but
the colours of this insect in my copy of the latter work are much too
bright and 4 bas the separation very well defined.

subsp. fmsulicola, Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 108 (1871).

H.-S. New Schmett. p. 4, 1856, writes the following note concerning
figs. 19, 22, 23 on his plate.

‘“‘T consider there is almost a specific difference from A. furunciula;
it appears somewhat more slender, the colour not so reddish, but
brownish yeliow, the reniform more distinct, smaller, and whiter.

‘One example as pale as fig. 23 has the basal half of the forewing
and the marginal area beyond the waved line as dark as typical
furuncula.”

From the Island of Norderney. in numbers, where no ordinary
furuncula occur.

These three figs. 19, 22, 23 may be described—

19 has a darker ground, more dark ochraceous, but the markings
are quite distinct.

22 1s very uniform grey, with suppressed markings just visible, the
most apparent being the submarginal.

23 has the upper 2 of the f.w. very whitish and also a thin whitish
inner margin. A darker chevron before the apex. The remaining +
being darker still, forming a long wedge from submarginal near inner
angle to the base in a blunt point.

Culot, N. et. G. I(1). 123 remarks, ‘‘The example which has
served me as a copy was furnished by Stdegr. to the old collection of
Pictet, forming now a part of the Museum of Geneva; thus one may
assume that the determination is correct.’ However, there seems to
me but little agreement with Stdgr’s description, which reads thus,
Alis ant, griseis albido niyroque strigulosis. In my opinion it belongs
to the ab. rufunenla, Hw.

subsp. semicretacea, Alph., Mem. Rom. 1X. 29 (1897).

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Var. major, pagina postica anticarum albidiore.
$=26mm. A single g larger than the Kuropean type, with the
exterior half of the forewings whiter, appears sufficient to me to form
a characteristic geographical race of bicoloria, Vill.” Cent. Asia near
Moudjik.

ab. albimacula, Splr., Schin. Hur. I. 181 (1905).
Orie. Descrie.—* When the unicolorous red-grey form has a white
reniform it is ab. albimacula.”’

(246) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ab. unicolor, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct, II, 173 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 41a.

Orie. Descrie.—“ Differs from vinetuncula, Hb. in being unicolorous
fawn brown with a slightly darker band instead of the black band.”’

ab. longistriata, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 178 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 400.

Orig. Descrie.—‘“ In which a straight black streak runs along the
submedian fold from base to termen; the ground colour is pale grey,
suffused with rufous-brown except at base of costa and beyond the
pale grey reniform stigma, the terminal area being paler rufous-brown ;
hindwings grey.” Bilbao, Spain.

ADDENDA.

var. reissert, Schawerda, Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver. XVII. 13 (1932).

reg—iBbr, IUUL S. (;

Orig. Descrir.—‘ The ground colour of the forewings is grey-
brown. The central area is dark brown, in the small examples almost
black brown. ‘The central area is margined both on the outside and
inside by a white double line. ‘The outer white double line is con-
spicuously scalloped on the inner margin in both specimens bow-
formed. The orbicular is clearly visible, with hight margin. The
reniform large, distinctly white, and since it reaches a white larger
costal marginal spot, appears conspicuously larger and whiter. Three
very small white spots on the costa towards the apex. An indistinct
whitish premarginal transverse line. Blackish marginal lunules.
Light and dark chequered fringes on the forewing. ‘The outer area
between the light curved lines and the outer margin darker. In and
near the white of the marking a lighter variegated tone. In the larger
g there is a darker cell space on the hindwing very clearly defined.
Thorax the colour of the torewing, along the abdomen more dark grey
than the hindwing and the unicolorous underside.” High Mountains
of Corsica. Nearest to ab. reticulata, Tutt, and ab. brunneo-reticulata,
Tutt.

ab minor, Cabeau, Lamb. XXXII. 82 (1982).
Oric. Descrie.—‘ Very small, 17mm., but in coloration as in ab.
bicoloria, Vill. ramiéres.”

ab. minuscula, Cabeau, l.c. :
Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Small as in ab. minor, but the coloration of ab.
rufuncula, Haw. Framiéres.”’

Miana, Steph. (1829), Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., Cul. [ Hadena, Schrnk.
(1802) Meyr.: Apamea, Ochs. (1816-25) Frr.: Oliyia, Hb. (1822)
Warr.-S., Hamp.] Jiterosa, Haw. (1809).

Gn. Noct. VY. 216, like many continental authors, says that
literosa is the erratricula, Hb., but not of Freyer. His var. A “Of a
rosy-grey, much suffused with reddish ”’ may represent literosa. Warr.-
Seitz gives this latter varietal status under the name subrosea. Hamp.
Lep. Phal. VII. 389, treats erratricula, Hb. as synonymous.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (247)

Although Tutt does not refer to erratricula, Hb. under bicoloria=
furuncula, under literosa he expresses the opinion that erratricula is a
form of bicoloria, although on the continent literosa has always been
included with it. J am in agreement with Tutt here for all the literosa
I have seen and all those recorded have a peculiar rosy coloration
which is unmistakable.

Reference to the figures of the genitalia of literosa and furuncula in
Pierce Gen. Noct. plt. XIII. is quite convincing as to their specific
distinctness. The text l.c., p. 32, 33 is rather meagure and not
sufficiently comparative.

Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 106 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 8, plt 185,
2 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. [[led. 164 (1901): Splr. Schm. Kur. [., 180,
plt. 41 (1905) : South Moths Br, Is. I. 276, plt. 184 (1907): Hamp.
Lep. Phal. VII. 889 (1908): Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. III. 172, plt. 40k
(1911): Culot N. and G. I(1). 121, plt. 21, £. 15 (1909-13).

Stephens has a good figure but somewhat larger than average
examples. Ul. III. plt. 25, fig. 1 (1829).

Warr.-Seitz includes the erratricula of Hb. and the suffuruncula,
Tr. as Synonyms.

He figures g and ?, typical markings but the rosy flush practically
suppressed ; constricta; subarcta with no red tints; subrosea, the whole
forewing suffused rosy brown; and onychina, reduction of dark tints,
the whole forewing creamy grey, a striking ab. Ab. subrosea is var.
A of Guenée.

Culot N. et G. I(1). plt. 21, fig. 15 has a very good figure of the
typical form.

Oberthtr (1918) treats literosa as the same as the erratricula,
Hb. 537.

Barrett says of the Variation—‘‘ Very slightly variable in the
general colour of the forewings, from purplish-red to purple-grey, and
in the degree of silvery-grey clouding.”

Barrett records a specimen which ‘‘ has these wings entirely dark
purple, without any pale clouding ; from Essex.”

He also records another ‘‘ strongly tinged with rusty-red and has
no pale clouding.”

Tutt notes, ‘“‘ rather paler’ specimens from Forres, Scotland,
“ variation in the width of the median band,” “also its intensity,” and
the “ development of the longitudinal 4 mark under the stigmata.”
“Tt is the most constant of all the British species of Miana.”

The Names and Forms to be reviewed are :—

literosa, Haw. (1809) Lep. br. 218.

erratricula, Hb. (1808-18) Noct. 537, Text 184.

ab. suffuruncula, Tr. (1816-25) Schm. V(2). 97.

ab. suffuruncula, (Frr.) (1825) New. Beitr. I. plt. 142, 4.

subsp. onychina, H.-S. (1856) New. Sch. 4, figs. 20-21.

race subarcta, Stdgr. (1897) Jris. X. 2838, plt. LX. 14.

ab. constricta, Warr.-S. (1911) Pal. Noct. II]. 172, plt. 40k.

ab. subrosea, Warr.-S. =Gn. (1911) lc.

race powelli, Obthr. (1918) Lep. Comp. XVI., 185, plt. 496, f. 417.

(248) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Of erratricula Hiibner, Teat Noct. p. 184, says, “ brownish red,
grey shading ; the wings dusky, marked with pale yellowish-brown
centered stigmata.’’ This cannot be literosa, which is ‘ violet grey
with a partial rosy brown flush” (Warr.-S.). Stdgr. also queries the
identity, Cat. 165.

ab. ? suffuruncula, Tr. Schum. Hur, V(2). 97 (1816-25).

Fie.—Freyer. New. Beitr. II. plt. 142, f. 4.

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Fresh specimens are very bright and shine with
a mixture of silver and coppery colour on the forewings. This feature
is sufficient to distinguish it from the other species, even if no other
character is to be found.

‘“‘ Head, neck and thorax grey with reddish and white hairs. The
neck is darker edged, the thorax crested. The abdomen ashy coloured.
The antennae clear brown, not toothed in the male. The feet grey,
white ringed.

‘‘The forewings have three areas, of which the first at the base
and especially the third are very wide. They are both very glossy,
towards the second area more silvery, towards the base and fringes
more suffused copper colour. ‘The first area reaches up to the orbicular.
Towards the costa there lies a black streak, which ends before the
orbicular. Then follow the orbicular itself as a longish blacker
marking filled in with silvery and coppery colour. Under it lies a
strong black square in place of the claviform. Beyond the orbicular
and reniform stigma the third area hegins; the reniform is wholly
suffused with silvery. The waved band is fine, black points and
finally there comes coppery colour. ‘The fringes are double-edged
dark-brown. The hindwings are uniform grey somewat darker towards
the outer margin and strongly glossy. The fringes again are
brighter.”

Hamps., Lep. Phal. VII. 389, treats suffuruncula, Ochs. and Treit.
as well as erratricula, Hb. as synonyms of literosa.

Freyer, New. Beitr. 11. 81, plt. 142, f. 4, figures the su/furuncula,
Tr. from the actual specimen from which Treit. made his description
many years before, Sch. V(2). 97. The figure wants the peculiar rosy
colour of literosa and if that species, must be considered as a form of
it. The band is certainly like that of typical literosa and not com-
parable with either erratricula or fasctuncula or bicoloria (furuneuta).
The example would not be a fresh specimen and therefore would not
be ‘sehr schon und frangen mit einer silber—und kupferfarbigen
Mischung auf den Vorderflugeln.”’

race onychiona, H.-S. Neu. Schm. 4 (1856).

Fies.—l.c., 20-21.

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The more unicolorous the specimen is and the
more indistinct all the marking is, the more sharp do the veins stand
out, while in the darkest example they are resolved into small dots;
the central area is always broader than in erratricula, the orbicular is
more oblique and more produced, the black streak in cell 1b of the
central area is always wanting.”

“Compared with eratricula(sic): 28 examples which I have before me
are quite different from that. ‘There is wanting the bright cinnamon-
brown suffusion, the ground colour is a pale red grey mixed with

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (249)

shining grey, the latter colour being most apparent on the reniform
and on the veins.”

Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VII., 389 (1908) ‘“‘ Much paler; forewing
grey white, the marking obsolescent.”

Oberthtr says, ep. Comp. XVI. 135. ‘“ With wings unicolorous
and of a uniform clear ochre tint. None of the ordinary spots or lines
are present on the forewings above. Of a uniform clay or dust
colour.” Heligoland.

race subarcta, Stdgr. Iris. X. 283 (1897).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 9, f. 14.

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Herr J. Paulus sent me a tolerably fresh (only
somewhat damaged) example, 28mm. in expanse, a 9 caught at light
on June 1lth at Jerusalem, to which a g sent much later by him
measuring 25mm. belongs. 1 see now that both these insects can
only be a local form of A. literosa, to which a tolerably perfect ¢
30mm. in expanse caught in Sicily by Herr Kalchberg and one found
by Haberhauer in mid August at Lepsa in N.W. Central Asia belong.
I have described the last in the Stett. MNnt. Zeit. 1882, p. 41, as
* Literosa with very little reddish suffusion.” Thus itis apparent, that
these var. swharcta on the average are larger than diterosa, A chief point
of distinction from typical English and German literosa is the
obsolescent nature of the reddish suffusion of the forewings, which in
the Palestine specimen is quite absent. This absence of the reddish
coloration mislead me especially to identify (compare) the laree
female from Palestine with the somewhat larger arcta, Led., and the
equally large arctides, Stder., from the Amur area. Irom both these
forms very similar to one another literosa is to be distinguished, and
also from subarcta by the lighter almost markingless underside.
There shows in the first two forms distinctly, broad, dark transverse
lines particularly on the lighter hindwings which also bears a sharp,
dark discal spot, while the almost white-grey underside of the wings of
literosa is mostly not marked, or only on the hindwing bears a very
obsolescent dark discal spot and traces of an obsolete transverse line.
The v. subarcta differs from the confusedly tolerably variable Central-
Asian literosa (unter eiander), moreover by no constant difference ; the
middle area of the forewing between the two transverse lines, is
mostly wider and produced somewhat blacker or black margined, by
which subarcta appears very like the arcta form.”

Hamp. says, l.c. 889, ‘‘ Larger ; forewing not tinged with rufous.’’—
Sicily, Palestine, Ala Tau.

ab. constricta, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 173 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 40k.

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ Principally confined to the g g ; the median
area between the two lines is narrowed and much darker, especially in
the two folds, and the red flush 1s less developed.”’

ab. subrosea, Warr.-Seitz. Pal, Noct. III. 178 (1911).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 40k.

Orie. Duscrie.—‘‘ The darker grey and fuscous tints may be
reduced and the whole forewing suffused with rosy brown, the whole
thorax also showing rufous.” A common form in England.

(250) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

The ab. A. of Gn. is this form (1925) Noct. V. 216 “of a rosy
grey, much suffused with reddish.”

race powellii, Obthr. Lep. Comp. XVI. 185 (1918).

Fie.—l.c, plt. 496, f. 4117.

Orie. Descrip.—< The Algerian race is more uniformly grey and
the appearance more frail. Divested of all trace of red.” Greyville.
“Tt is not exactly referable to the Sicilian suwbarcta, Stder.”

The figure is larger than the average British races and the colour
is quite distinctive dull orange apparent even through the markings.
The stigmata are somewhat lighter. There is a transverse narrow
dark band inside the orbicular, a similar but wider band between the
orbicular and reniform which is curiously but clearly interrupted by
the lighter claviform, also a slight dark chevron lies on the costa
behind the apex. The hindwing has a dark marginal band of some
width ; the ground colour is not a shade lighter than on the forewing.

Phothedes, Led. (1857) New., Stdgr., Tutt, South. [Hadena, Schrnk.
(1802) Meyr.: Apaniea B. Treit. (1816-25), Bdv., Dup., H.-S., Evers. :
Oligia, Hb. (1822), Warr.-5., Hamp.: Jliana, Steph. (1829), Dbldy.,
Stain., Stdgr., Barr., Splr., Culot.] captiwneula, Tr. (1816-25).

Tutt Br Noct: [. WOT (i891): ) Barr eps 7. Iss Vin 24 saoliemsles
{1899) ; Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 165 (1901): Splr. Sch. Hur. I. 182, plt.
51, 45 (1906) : South Moths Br. Is. L. 277, plt. 184, figs. 17-18 (1907) ;
Hamp. /.ep. Phal. VII. 894 (1908): Warr.-Scitz. Pal. Noct. III. 174,
plt. 41b (1911): Culot \. et G. 1(1). 128, plt. 28, f. 7-9 (1909-13).

Dup. Hist. Nat. Noct. VIL(1), has a good fig. of the variegated
continental form.

H.-S. Noct. I1., figs. 178, 174, are very variegated forms of the
purple-red continental suffused form.

Meyr. Hand. Jed. 136, places eapolita as not differing from
captiuncula, and also refers it to Stain., possibly correctly in part.

Warr.-Seitz, Jc. plt. 41b, figures the typical form and eapolita,
Dbldy. In the typical figure the purple-red colour predominates, but
in that of eapolita it is completely absent.

Culot, \. € G. I(1). plt. XXII. figs. 7, 8, 9, gives 8 very good
figures of the variegated purple-red continental form.

The Forms and Names for consideration are : —

captinuneula, Tr. (1825) Sch, V(2), 96.

eubsp. eapolita, Dbldy.-Stain. (1855), Stain. Ann. I. 41 (68).

ab. wrica, Frr. (1858), New. Beitr.. VII. 68, plt. 640.

subsp. tincta, Kane (1895), Hnt. 165.

ab. captiunculoides, Hamp. [Strand] (1908-1915), Lep. Phal. VII.
394 [Arch. Nat. ges. LXXXI.154. Abt. A. Heft. 11.]

ab. albosuffusana, Hamp. [Strand] (1908-1915) Jc.

Tutt dealt with (1) captinncula the purple-red continental type,
(2) the grey British form eapolita.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIE (251)

Barrett says of the Variation—‘ Not very variable, but there is a
tendency in the male to the brighter purple-red colour of the female ;
and in the West of Ireland this is accentuated, so that all the specimens
from that district are of a much richer, brighter red colour.

He records an example from Durham which “has the reniform
stigma distinct with white margins and a broadly white second line.”

He also records another which ‘“ has a rich red central band and a
white stripe on each side of it.”

And of another he says “‘‘has the second line, not only broadly
white, but strongly angulated.”

The Russian race described by Eversman, Noct. pt. 1V. 41 (1856),
has no purple-red and from the description more resembles the British
dark grey form.

ab. wuica, Frr. New. Beit. VII. p. 68 (1858).

Fic.—l.c. plt. 640, f. 1.
_ Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ This striking little Lepidopteron stands nearest
to N. latrunenla. Jt is smaller and smoother than latruncula. Thorax
and forewing black with purple-red suffusion. The stigmata are
purple-red and fairly distinct. From the base runs a purple-red thin
streak through the first paler scarcely visible band. Beyond the reni-
form lies a white narrow band toothed on the outer edge across the
whole breadth of the wing up to the inner margin, which divides the
forewing into two areas. To this white band succeeds a purple-red
dark marbled area. The fringes are black grey. The abdomen and
the hindwings as well as the whole underside is dark, black-brown.”

The figure and description only agree in a general way. The detail
is partly incorrect in either figure or description. More probably the
figure wants the delicate detail of the description. Warr.-Seitz, l.c. p.
174, treats wnica, Frr., as of the type form.

subsp. tincta, Kane, nt. 155 (1895).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A richly coloured form found by Mr. Birchall.
Forewings: basal third of a warm grey, somewhat mottled followed
by a deep rose-coloured band reaching from costa to inner margin,
bordered interiorly by a very sinuous festooned line of purple-brown,
edged externally with grey, and exteriorly by ove of similar colours,
deeply elbowed towards the outer margin of the wing; the outer third
of the wing is of a shining pink, with a dark ruddy patch along the
costa, but not reaching to the apex, and a clear whitish suffusion along
the lower and outer portion of the red central band, corresponding to
the whitish patch shown in the same position in J/. striyilis and M.
fasciuncula. Hindwings of a sooty-brown, shot with a ruddy reflection.
All fringes of a dirty grey. Thorax of adingy brown; abdomen paler.”
Local but plentiful. Ardrahan, Ireland.

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 895 (1908), ‘‘ Forewing with the basal
area grey, the medial area deep pink, the terminal area pale glossy
pink.’ —Ireland.

ab. captiunculoides, Strand, Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 394 (1908-
1915).

Oric. Descrip.—‘ Forewing with the postmedial area rufous with-
out white beyond the postmedial line.”

(252) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

ab. albosnffusana, Strand, Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. VII. 395 (1908-
1915).

Orie. Desorie.—‘‘ Forewing with the ante- and postmedial areas
largely suffused with white.”

Celaena, Steph. 1829: Gn., Stdgr., Barrett, Splr., South, Hamp.,
Cul. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802), Meyr.: Apamea, Ochs. and Tr, (1816-
25), Curt., Frr.: Oligia, Hb. (1822), Hamp., Warr.-S., Matsu.: Gortyna,
Hb. (1822), Evers.: Luperina, Bdv. (1829), Hoffm.: Neurita, Gn.
(1841), H.8.] haworthii, Curt., 1829.*

Tutt, B.N. I. 107 (1891): Barrett, Lep. BI. V. 1, plt. 185 (1899):
Stdegr. Cat. led. 169 (1901): Splr. Schin. Hur. I. 186, plt. 89 (1905) :
South Moths Br. Is. 1. 269, plt. 128 (1907) : Hamps. Lep. Ph. VII. 195
(1908) : Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 174, plt. 41b (1911): Culot, N. et
G.I. (1), 142, plt. 26 (1909-13).

Steph. Cat. II. 87, gives Esp. Abbild. IV. plt. 166, f. 7, for lancea.
However there is no fig. 7 to plt. 166, nor can I trace the name in
Werneberg’s Beitr.

Eversmann in Bull. Mosc. p. 550 (1842) and in Fn. Voly. p. 72
(1846) described a species morto, which in his subsequent Noctwites
Bull. Cazan, pt. Il. p. 895 (1855) he identified with typical haworthii,
and also with Freyer’s erupta.

Wood’s figures, Ind. 288, is fairly typical, but not variegated as.
much as the usually occurring type; 284 is lancea of a lighter brown
with light hindwings; 285 is hibernica a darker, richer brown; both
the last are more uniform in coloration with suppression of the
orbicular.

Freyer’s fig. of morio, N. Bettr. V. 888, 1, is a uniformly red brown
with white-ringed reniform stigma from which a few white lines run
outwards, a white submarginal line, and marginal white dots. This
is much like one of the figures of Graslin, Ann. Soc. ent. Hr. (1848).
It is of good size. His fig. 472, U.c. erupta, has a similar reniform but
white inside, a white orbicular, a white inner marginal line and numerous
white transverse lines along the submarginal area. This is smaller.
Neither is like typical haworthit. ‘

H.-S. says that the morio of Freyer plt. 888, 1, is unrecognisable.
In his Synonymic Catalog-Index, he cites lyncea, Steph. (recte lancea)
but omits it in the text.

Graslin, Ann. Soc. ent. F'r., p. 58 (1848) gives 4 good figures. 38, no
veins white; 5, veins in submargin only white; 4, veins generally
white but not continuous; 6, veining white continuously.

Tutt says morio runs Freyer’s erupta closely (B.N. 109).

H.-8., Sys. Bearb. figs. 467-8, has two excellent figures of the
typical form, g and ¢.

Fig. 14 in Humph. and Westw. is an average well marked example
of the typical form and of good size. None of the marking in either
fig. is white, all are rich yellow.

* Hampson gives the weird spelling havorthi.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (258)

The fig. of tripuncta in H. and W., plt. 38, f. 15, does not agree
with the description, p. 182; it does not show the subapical blotch
near the apex below the costa. ;

The fig. of Jancea in H. and W., plt. 38, f. 16, also is defective,
only the R. forewing being nearly uniformly coloured.

South, Moths Br. Is., I., plt. 128, has a very good typical figure.

Seitz, Le, p. 174, fioures typical haworthii, plt. 41b, er ne plt. 41b,
and hibernica, plt. 41b, all good figures.

Warr. Seitz treats tripwnucta as a synonym of Peo morio a
synonym of erwpta and lancea a synonym of hibernica.

Culot, N. et. G. I(1). plt. 26, gives two figs., 1 a very poorly marked,
typical devoid of much light markings, and which i in the text he says
agrees with erupta.

In describing the Variation Barrett says—‘‘Not usually very
variable, except in the degree of whiteness of the nervures, which some-
times is much obscured or even obliterated. This in some instances
extends to the whiteness of the orbicular stigma. There is a little
difference also in the ground colour, which sometimes is of a redder
chocolate.”

Barrett records a specimen ‘of a pale grey, but with the paler
markings quite normal.”

He records also one “of a very rich purple- red and another
extremely pale olive-brown.”’

Dr. Cockayne says (in lit.) ‘‘On some of my York specimens the
ground colour is very pale brown or buff. In East Aberdeenshire
ones it is nearly black. The orbicular varies much in size and shape
(and in colour) and it and the reniform are very white, in most
ones.”

The forms to be discussed are—

haworthii, Curtis (1829) br. Ent. VI. 260.

subsp. hibernica, Steph. (1829) Jd. III. 16. pl. 25.

ab. lancea, Steph. (1829) J.c.

ab. tripuncta, Curt. (1829) l.c.; H. and W., I. plt. 38, f. 16.

ab. erupta, Freyer (1845) Neu. Beitr. V. 150, plt. 472.

race morio, Hivers. (1842) Bull. Mosc. III. 550; Freyr. l.c. plt. 388.

ssp. sachelinensis, Matsu. (1925) Jr. Coll. Agr. XV. 140. plt. 11.

Tutt treats of (1) the typical haworthii: (2) hibernica the Irish form
very red: (3) lancea of small size nearly uniform in coloration: (4)
tripuncta both stigmata distinct and pale, and a pale patch near the sub-
apical costa: (5) morio the Volga form: (6) erwpta with reniform and
orbicular and with numerous other white markings.

Tutt gave Freyer’s description and figure as the original of erupta,
but Germar’s figure and description in 1827 was the original.

ab. erupta, Germar. Ahrens’ Fn. Insect. Hur. XXI. (1827).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 15.

Orie. Descrrp.—“ Affinis Agrotis celtae (F'n. Eur. fasc. [V. Hb. 16) ;
A. lidea, Hb. Tr.; minime, Cram. sed minor. Caput et thorax nigra,
antennis setaceis. Abdominecinereum. Alae anticae atomiis cinereiis
basi et ad costam adspersis, maculis ordinariis albis, fascia postica
repando-dentata, squamis fuscis et maculis sagitatis nigris variegata

(254) __._ THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

albida. Costa maculis aliquot albis. Ciliae nigrae, griseo-maculatae.
Pagina inferior alarum anticarum nigro-fusca maculis et fusea paginae
superiores. Alae posticae nigricantes, basi dilutiores, subtus
concolores.”’

subsp. sachalinensis, Matsu. Jn. Coll. Agri. Sapporo. XV. 140
(1924-5). ORS

Fie.—l.c. plt. XI. 16, g (a very bad indistinguishable figure in
black and white).

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Reniform much larger, being bifid at the veins
8 and 4, and on its outerside with a broad, oblique, fuscous patch ;
at the termen in each interspace of 4 and 5 with a fuscous patch;
marginal band relatively broad, and of a blackish colour; fringe
yellowish, traversed by a fuscous line.”. §S. Saghalien. ee ace

I am indebted to Dr. Cockayne for pointing out that ‘* Helotropha
leucostivyma is congeneric with Celaena haworthei both by larval charac-
ters and by genitalia.”

Mannestra: (Ochs. and Tr. 1816) Hb. (1822) Tr. (1825).

- The genus name Mamestra was proposed by Ochs. and Tr. in 1816
(Schm. TV. 76) but not described. In 18%5 Treit. (Schm. V(2), 127)
described the genus quite fully. But in 1822 (Verz. 214) Hubner had
adopted the genus name and described it briefly (but imnden maeelyy
Hence it seems that the genus should date from 1822.

- One finds the utmost divergence of opinion as to the spate of
this genus and the more modern systematists discard the use of
it. The six species included by Tutt have been shifted alps singly
or in groups in at least 14 different genera.

In 1816 Ochs. and Tr. proposed the following species for Magee:
—pisi, splendens, oleracea, suasa, aliena, abjecta (nigricans, View.),
chenopodit, albicolon, brassicae, furva and persicariae (Schm. IV. p. 76).
In 1825 Treit adequately described the genus and added rubrirena the
12th species. (Schm. V(2). p. 127). But in the meantime Hubner
(Verz, p. 214) in 1822 had adopted and described the genus including
in it the 8 species pisi, wnanimis and leucophaea only, of which_ pist
alone was in the original genus proposed by Ochs. and Tr. Hence it
seems that the genus should date from Hb. (1822).

Herr.-Schaff., Sys. Bearb. (1845) suppressed the name Measciae
and placed the 6 spomes we are concerned with in his huge en
genus Polia.

* Guenée in 1852 (Noct. Wei p- 188), places about 25 species in
the genus including our six species, abjecta, anceps (sordida), and
albicolon” in his group II.; furva, brassicae and persicariae in his group
IDDE,

Stder. in 1861 (Cat. Ted. 39) places brassicae, persicariae ‘and
albicolon in Mamestra, and furva, aljecta and infesta = sordida in Hadena.
In 1871 (Cat. led. 101) he copied this arrangement.

South in the Hntomologist Syn. List. (1884) placed the whole 6 i in
the-genus Mamestra. Although his List was mainly an adaptation of
Stdgr. Cat. 1871, he was no doubt influenced by the Doubleday List,

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND HEIR’ VARIETIES. (255)

which British collectors of the day used almost exclusively, and
accepted Mamestra as in that List. Doubleday no donbt, based his
arrangement on the work of Guenée. ‘This List took the place. of
Doubleday’s List and it was from it that Tutt selected his genera and
species.

Meyrick (Hand. 79) in 1895, did not use Mamestra, but put brassicae,
persicariae and albicolon in the genus Melanchra, Hb. and the other three
species in Hadena.

Stdgr. in 1901 simply copied his own List of 187i.

~ In his Moth of the Brit. Is., South (I..270) in 1907, retained the
2 species. persicariae and Eitan only for Mamestra, selected abjecta,
sordida and furva tor the Hama of Stephens, and brassicae he put in
Barathra as Hubner had done.

Pierce in the following year 1908 (Gen. Noct. 38) placed ai cu in
the genus Neuria, Gn. and the other five of ‘l'utt’s species with saponariae
in Mamestra remarking that from a genitalic view, Mamestra as consti-
tuted by him was not separable from Apamea and all should be
included with Xylophasia.

Hampson, Ley. Phal. (VII. 208) in 1908, suppressed Mamestra and
used the genus Trachea, (Ochs. and 'lreit) Hb. for abjecta=niyricans =
oblonga, Haw., sordida=anceps and furva, placed albicolen in the
Trichoclea, Grote, brassicae in Barathra, and persicariae in Polia, Ochs.
and 'l'reit.

Warren in Seitz in 1911 (Pal. Noct. II]. 167) placed abjecta and
sordida in Parastictis, Hb., furva in Crymodes, the other three as in
Hampson, the name Mamestra being, completely ignored.

Meyr. Revised Brit. Lep. (1927), repeated his action of 1895.

Evidently with so many diverse views we are far from stability in
this group of our Noctuids.

Mamestra, Ochs.-Treit. (Hb.) Treit. (1816-1822-1825), Tutt, South.
[Hadena, Schrnk. (1802), Hb., Stdgr., Cul., Meyr.: Polia, Ochs.-Treit.
(1816-25), H.-S.: Trachea, Ochs.-Tr. (1816-25), Hb. (1822), Hamp.:
Hama, Steph. (1829), South : Newria, Gn. (1841-52), Dup. (1844).]
abjecta, Hb. (1818) = [niyricans, View. (1789), nec. I*b., Hb. (preoe.).].

Tutt describes Htibner’s figure, ‘“‘ Anterior wings of deep, but clear
brown (almost reddish) grey, an abbreviated basal transverse line and
a complete one in contact with the inner edge of the orbicular, both
double; a short dark (black) longitudinal streak under base of median
nervure, orbicular distinct, reniform outlined in white (lightish); an
oblique line from costa to median nervure between stigmata; a wavy
transverse line just beyond reniform, followed by four (five) short
longitudinal wedge-shaped spots. The dark longitudinal mark under
the “stigmata in Newman’s figure.(Dritish Moths, p. 298) is absent,
The hindwing dark grey on outer edge, with pale base and indistinct
(no) lunule.” The interpolations are mine from my copy of Hubner’s
Noctua. ¥ gaa od

(256) p - THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S. RECORD.

nigricans, Vieweg. Tabell. Verz. If. 66 (1789) [placed between pist
and persicariae and thus shows the relationship as interpreted by
Vieweg].

Orta. Desorrp.—‘‘ Antennae, head, thorax and fore-wings are
blackish. The last have a few paler transverse lines, and the usual
spots depicted only very indistinctly. On the outer margin and
parallel with it lies a row of dark black, separate triangular spots, and
on the costa away from the apex stand four small whitish dots. The
hindwings and the body are grey,” Mark Brandenburg. He refers to
Fab. Sys. Hnt. 616, whose short Latin description he copies.

Fab. Sys. Ins. II. 288 (1781) gives Fb. Sys. Ent. 616; Linn. Sys.
Nat. XIIled. 855; and Fn. Suec. no. 1220 as references to nigricans.
The description in Latin in these authors “ Alis nigricantibus, maculis
ordinariis pallidioribus ” with the added comment of Linné “ fusco-
nigricantes magis quam in alia ulla nostratum ; cannot refer to abjecta,
Hb., 5389, (=nigricans, View.)

Werneburg, Beitr. II. 215, agrees that abjecta, Hb. is nigricans,
View.

Many authors have mixed the nigricans, View. with the nigricans,
Linn. and Fab. as did Vieweg himself, although his description is
undoubtedly that of abjecta, Hb. The nigricans of the other early
authors are emphasised “ black” and have no triangular black spots
in the submargin.

Treit. Schm. V(1). 141, puts nigricans, View. under fumosa, Hb.
=nigricans, L. in Hn, S, and again on p. 186 under aethiops =nigricans,
Hb. touches on this intricate complex in the application of the
name nigricans by Linn., Schiff., Fab., Esp., de Vill., View., Hb., and
Ochs. Then in l.c. V(2). he very exhaustively and clearly states the
case with the following results.—I. That the nigricans, Schiff. and
Fab., Illiger, Gotze and Rossi belongs to famosa. Il. That nigricans,
Hsp. goes best with frumosa and is much too small for abjecta. III. That
nigricans, Linn. agrees less with abjecta than with fumosa. Treit goes
on to say that he cancels his citation of nigricans, View. to fumosa as
held by Ochsenheimer, and confirms the citation to abjecta, Hb. 5389,
noting that nigricans, Schiff. is cited to abjecta, in error.

Stephens, Jl. II. 198, describes and figures, plt. XXIV. 2, nigricans,
which he ascribes to Vieweg. The figure is a very fair representation
of our ordinary obscurely marked abjecta. There is a blue mother-of-
pearl sheen on all 8 figures on the plate, which no doubt is not
intended.

Wood’s figure of nigricans (after Steph.) is a very poor unrecog-
nisable one. Jndew, plt. XII., f. 254.

Freyer, Nev. Beitr. II. 92, calls attention to the many authors who
have used the name nigricans, which, as Treitschke had stated after
full examination, that abjecta, Hb. 539 and nigricans, View. referred to
the same species, and that the other authors’ nigricans, should be
referred to frumosa and aethiops, the nigricans, Hb. 709.

Hampson, J.c. 208, identifies niyricans, View. as this species as well
as the oblonya, Haw. Lep. Brit., 188 (1809). As the name nigricans
is not available, he uses oblonya, Haw. as the prior specific name. In
this last action he is followed by Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. but not
by Meyr. in using oblonya as the name of this species.

SPEC FAT.

iN ye.

By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S., F.R.H.S.

VOL. XLIV. (new series) (1932.)

The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation.

Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera.

to Science) with: two pier isks.

: : : PAGE
The following Lists of mere names
are not indexed.
List of Coleoptera, in a Willow
Swamp in Windsor Forest, 5-6;
at Fontainbleau and not in
Windsor Forest, 35; pests of
basket willow, 47; both in
Windsor and _ Fontainebleau
- Forests, 35; new last year in
Devonshire, 150; attracted to
burnt, areag, 36; harmful in both
“Windsor and _ Fontainebleau
’ Forests, 36; taken by sweeping. ;
at Slapton and. Hallsand, Devon 151

COLEOPTERA...
Abax striola.. ... oes Taye oll
Acupalpus elegans... .. .. 147
Agabus arcticus Biter Res ea hh
bipustulatus stone Caio ots oo 151
chalconatus she sf ve LBL
melanarius Ea emeltonl
Agapanthia asphodel S50 ser Ok
eardui is bs 56,- 8k
Alaeocharinae Beovebs re sd OE Ga biiag boul
Amara strenua Wee we RAT
Anthicidae .. eer stryke
Anthicus Aatherinvs ie Pe 6
Aphodius sticticus .. i sear 8
Apion urticarium. .. 5 .. 151
Atheta she <2 oe sfersah yo
atramentaria a wi .. 150
clientula .. se Se -. 151
“euryptera .. ae .. 150
flavipes (halobrectha) oe .. 150
graminicola is 56 .. 151
sulcifrons ... phat ote 50) Kill
vestita .. is ive .. 151
Bagous argillaceus :< Er .. 148
Baris scolopacea _... Ve .. 148
Berosus spinosus » .. ae «~-L47
Blaps mucronata ... ste sent?
STA CHELY ETA, cc. ow seu these 1h 1s eon
Byctiscus betulae . .~ ts .. 148
Byturusfumatus .. as SiGe)
‘tomentosus pe [os GRR Stee.

The other orders arranged by Species.
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new

Calodera aethiops...
riparia
Carabidae _..
Carabus auratus
violaceus
Cephennium edmondsi
pallida _.
Cerambycidae
Cetonia hirtella
ne palustre
rufulus :
Choleva nigricans
. Chrysomela cerealis
Chrysomelidae
Cicindela germanica
hybrida _.
Coccinella bipunctata
Coecinellidae
Corymbites purpureus
Crepidodera ventralis
Cryptocephalus aureolus
Cryptohypnus dermestoides
ab. 4-cuttatus :
Cryptophagidae
Curculionidae. :
Dasytes plumbeus (oculatus)
Dermestes lardarius :
Emus hirtus.. Ba
Enicmus transversus
Huconnus hirticollis
Gabrius nigritulus ..
pennatus. ..
Geotrupes
Gnorimus nobilis
variabilis. ..
Gyrinidae Ae
Gyrinus elongatus ..
urinator .
Haemonia mutica
-v. curtisi O10
appendiculata ..
Helophorus laticollis
Hydrophilidae
Ipidae 0 .
Laccobius nigriceps,
Larinus sternus ...
Lathrydiidae ale

72;

ii. SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
Lema erichsoni es Ae .. 151 | Strangalia armata .. ae LAS
puncticollis (cyanella) .. -. 151 aurulenta . ae . 42
Leptura aethiops .. Se -. 57 | Strophosomus retusus 151
Lionychus quadrillum 3¢ .. 150 | Telephoridae.. 3 ae gq) ls
ab. bipunctatus .. 50 .. 150 | Telephorus rustica .. Be 56, 57
ab. unicolor ib .. 150 | Toxotus meridianus : 43
Longitarsus pellucidus 50 -. 6 | Trechus fulvus (lapidosus).. 151
Lycidae 30 Sc O6 .. 31 | Trichius fasciatus .. 74
Malachius aeneus .. 30 .. 66 | Trichodes alvearius.. 57
elegans... ot Se .. 151 | Tricopterygidae 6
marginellus a ae .. 151 | Trichopteryx 5
viridis ae Bic 36 an. Gt fratercula .. i of 6
vulneratus.. 30 ne .. 148
Medon YO RROD Mi AOR ETE DIPTERA.
pectiniventris ae ae .. 151 | alneti, Didea : 123
Melanophthalma fuscula .. .. 6 | anthracina, Psilota.. 93
Melanotus vittatus .. 50 .. 57 | Asilidae 00 i)
Meligethes morosus.. ba .. 86 | bipunctatus, Sargus.. ae oe 42
Meloé brevicollis .. ete .- 72 | bisignatus, Therioplectes 37,38, 39
Melolontha vulgaris a8 56, 72 | borealis, Therioplectes 2. SFT
Metabletus foveatus (foveolus) .. 150 | borussica, Hydrotaea 123
ab. unicolor Bie 50 .. 150 | bovinus, Tabanus 38
Micrambe villosa .. a -. 9 | cristatus, Trichopticus, Lophosceles 123
Mordellidae .. es Sc on. & Chrysozona eee oners) 37
Mylabris variabilis .. ts .- 74 | Chrysops a 38
Necrophorus mortuorum .. .. 56 | cryptarum, Eristalis 123
Nitidulidae .. bid a .. 6 | discolor, Bombylius ; 55
Oberea oculata A eh Bo) os) distinguendus, Therioplectes 39
Olibrus aeneus ai an .. 6 | fasciolatum, Chrysotoxum.. 57
Othius laeviusculus. . the .. 150 | ferruginea, Coclomyia 50 aan (5
Oxypoda maritima .. oe .. 150 | festivum, Chrysotoxum .. 55, 73
nigrocincta oe 50 .. 6 | ferox, Echinomyia a 123
salictaria .. a ae .. 65 | flavidipennis, Chor tophila, Delia,
Paederus fuscipes .. Sa .. 150 Nudaria .. : -. 122, 181
riparius .. & .. 150 | floralis, Nemorilla .. . 10
Pagodus luridipennis 40 .. 147 | glaucescens, Fannia 123
Phalacridae .. 5 tee 6 | glaucopis, Tabanus 123
Philonthus bimaculatus oe -. 150 | glaucus, Tabanus 37
varius ¢ 00 .. 150 | grisea, Hammomyia : 123
Phyllopertha horticola .. -. 937 | Haematopota= Chrysozona 37
Polystichus connexus So .. 147 | haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga 122
Proteinus macropterus -.. -- 5 | heterobia, Rhabdophaga 47
Pselaphidae .. Soaks Hylephila 122
Psilothrix cyaneus (nobilis) -. 151 | infumata, Platypeza oSpohee BB2
ab. viridis . a ots .. 151 | intermedia, Didea .. as -. 123
Pyrochroa coccinea. . oo .. 131 | irritans, Hydrotaea.. oe 123
serraticornis ie oe .. OV | italicum, Chrysotoxum 57
Pythidae ee be .. 6 | laternarius, Ischyrosyrphus 122
Rhinosimus planirostris 5c -- 6 | latifrons, Sarcophila 122
Rhynchites germanicus .. .. 151 | Lophosceles=Tricopticus .. 123
Scarabaeidae aa Oo -- 6 | linearis, Dioctria : .. 122
Scopaeus abbreviatus -. 151, 162 meridionalis (sudeticus SSp.),
minutus .. -.. o0 -. 150 Tabanus ae oe 38
ryel.. 3 DC 30 .. 150 | miki, Tabanus ms 3c 37
Seydmaenidae o6 ne -. 6 | modesta, Helomyza o6 .. 122
Selatosomus cruciatus A -- 35 | montanus, Therioplectes .. 37, 39
Silpha obscura 30 3c .. 73 | morissii, Beris OG od .. 122
thoracica .. a6 0 .. 72 | mussitans, Arctophila ar ion -b}
Silphidae a Ste aye 6 | neilseni, Ernestia 122
Spondylis buprestoides ais .. 35 | obtusa, Hylephila Se see}
Staphylinidae 2c wa 5, 48 | perplexus (sudeticus var.), Tabanus
Stenichnus .. ate Be -. 162 38, 39
pusillus .. 50 ee -- 150 | personata, Hylephila .. 122
pipiens, Syritta a ae 56

SPECIAL

plebejus, Atylotus .. ee oc
ribesii, Syrphus at a0
ribis, Macrophya .. oe
ruficauda, Neoleria .. 5
rufipalpis, Phaonia .. -
rustica, Dexia a ae aie
rusticus, Machimus.. wea ae
sponsa, Hylephila :
solstitialis, Therioplectes .. fos
sudeticus, Tabanus .. 38,

Tabanus (idae) 13, 37, 38,
terranovae, Protocalliphora
tessellata, Empis oa
Tricopticus (Lophosceles) -.
tropicus, Therioplectes —
Trypetidae .. ae :

HYMENOPTERA.

anomala, Cryptopimpla
Apanteles
Aprostocetus.. cg
arvensis, Mellinus Bf
Belonogaster. . :
bellicosus, Cremastus
bifasciatus, Allantus
Chaleididae .. 30
clavellatus, Microterys ..
consobrinus (hortorum var.), Bom-
bus. ote
corruptor, Gelis, Pezomachus
Cynipides Ce

38,

76,

32.

enodis, Arge .. i 57,
epigonus, Pleurotropis aie
*filicornis, Ecrizotes aks
flavicornis, Tenthredella ..
flavus, Acanthomyops
fuliginosus, Acanthomyops
fusca, Formica ; bs
fuscus, Pezomachus ae
gerstaickeri, Bombus
geryonis, Apanteles.. oc
gibbus, Sphecodes .. Se
gigas, Sirex .. 129,
glabaria (fusca ab.), “Formica
Habrocytus .... ce ec
Halticoptera oc Zé
hattorfiana, Andrena ae 56,
hessae, Andrena .. ae tr
hirsuta, Ammophila aa 30
hortorum, Bombus .. ue ans
hypnorum (meridiana), Bombus
50,
Ichneumonidae AG Oc oc

ignita, Chrysis So ae 26
instabilis, Gelis, Pezomachus 06
lapidarius, Bombus..
laterale (quatuor-lobum), Proanthi-
dium : an ae a
laticeps, Halictus .. : oe
latreillellus = subterraneus
ligniperdus, Camponotus ..
longicornis, Eucera.. :
luteus, Ophion ah : cc
maculipennis, Arthrotylus ie

INDEX. ili.

PAGE
magdalenae, Lissonota Ct
meridiana=hypnorum .. 55
Meteorus 45 -- 40
muraria, Chalicodoma ..56, 57, T2
niger, Acanthomyops ep co ig,
parietum, Odynerus 73
perplexa, Alloxysta.. 86
pictus, Odynerus 57
Pireninae .. 5 86
polytomus, Diprion | 72
pratense, Formica .. So Bil
pratorum, Bombus .. ee 56, 57
pyrrhogaster, Micromelus . . 86
quatuor-lobum = laterale 72
roesellae, Tetrastichus 86
rufa, Formica 86
Sabulosa, Ammophila 72
sanguinea, Formica 56
scrimshiranus, Bombus 56
solitaria, Tenthredella oT
stigma, Tenthredopsis 4 73
subterraneus (latreillelJus) Bombus 57
sylvarum, Bombus .. 57, 72
tarsalis, Lamprotatus so SE.
temula, Tenthredella a7, 72
vernalis, Lissonota . so UG
vestalis, Psithyrus .. 56
viaticus, Anoplius, Pompilus 13

LEPIDOPTERA.

List of Lepidoptera, in Kabylia in
1931, 12, 90; from Surrey and
Sussex, 15; pests of the basket
willow, 47; from Salonica 1918-

19, 61; Seitz additions to forms
of British species, 65; Noctuids
of which notes are wanted, 94;
in Mosley's ‘‘Illustrations,’’ 102,
‘124, 135; Rhopalocera in the
Pulborough area, 127; British
Psychides, 134; alpine forms of,
Bulgaria, 146; butterflies with
lethargic pupae, 159 ; immi-
grant species for special observa-
tion and note ab .. 162

abbreviata, Hupithecia .. 45

abdelkader, Satyrus His dts

abietella, Doryctria Oe

Abraxas ac 50 65 OE

**Acentra .. ae “ 97, 134

achilleae, Zygaena .. 58, 73, 138

actaea, Satyrus, Nytha 149

actaeon =acteon -. 66

acteon, Thymelicus 60, 66

adippe=cydippe .. ..08, 69, 77

adonis = thetis oe 56 60

advena, Mamestra .. 95

advenaria, Cepphis, Epione aa ek

aegeria, Pararge 2, 12, 41, 61, 69,

76, 90, 92

Aegeriidae .. ec ate bo) MG:

aegon, Plebeius 50 40, 65

aesculi (error) =esculi oc . 149

aestiva (medonab.), Plebeius, Aricia 96

7 SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

aestivalis(dispar oars aest.), Chiyso,
phanus .. 79
aestivaria (strigata), Hemithea Aone)
aetherie, Melitaea .. ee ee amIOS,
aethiops, Erebia .. ite peeling)
agestis=medon ‘ 60, 96
aglaia, Argynnis .. so BS. BY)
Agriades ae me a 50) 2
Agrotidae .. sia he .. 164
ala, Melitaea.. 120
alba (rhamni ab. ? i eee 138
albula, Nola .. oe lls
albidice (daplidice ab. Np Pontia. .. 7
albicillata, Mesoleuca Se se OS

albiluna (fasciuncula ab.), Miana,
Oligia ae aie Oe
albipuncta, Leucania Ene oo | eB
albovenosa, Arsilonche .. ogi lld)
albulata, Perizoma . a0 on BS
aleeae, Erynnis ke go) @Y)
aleyone =fagi, Satyrus, Nytha ae eS

algirica (aetherie ssp.), Melitaea .. 58
algirica (semele ssp.), Hipparchia.. 8
alligata=fasciata .. a so) BY
allionia (statilinus race), Satyrus.. 149
alpestrella, Bankesia = .. 118

alpestris (achilleae ssp.), Zygaena.. 138
alpestris (didvyma race), Melitaea.. 139
alpina (enpmosine ¢ r.), Brenthis,

Boloria .. ; so Ualeh, as
alsines, Caradrina .. sages 55
alternata, (sociata), Hpirrhoé,

Melanippe, Xanthorhoé ..25, 56, 85
Alucitidae = Pterophoridae. . 5 eR
alveus, Hesperia sis se oo &)
amphidamas, Loweia ae So es
anceps (trepida), Notodonta do 1s
anglica (meliloti race), ee 50 J1ByS
angustana=cruciana 63
anka (euphrosyne r.), “Boloria,

Brenthis .. 120
answina. (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis,

Boloria Ae i lela ile
anthrax = nigroviridescens.. oo fs
antiopa, Huvanessa. . 56 -, 08
antiqua, Orgyia 8 a8 cree ra)
apenning (euphrosyner.), Brenthis,

Boloria .. AD 111, 112, 121
spline te, Brenthis, Boloria 119, 120
apicella, Coleophora is .. 66
apollo, Parnassius .. te 73, 120
arcanoides, Coenonympha... 8, 92
Arctiidae .. oo OS 4

argiades, Everes .. Se 59) 13

argiolus, Lycaenopsis 8.41, 59,

A a 69, 73, 92
Argynnis .. ‘ee ae ‘.. 110
argyrognomon, Plebeius dé .. 40
Aricia.. : 50 a6 jo) OP
arion, Lycaena OG 5d nOO
Aspitates .. “bo 66
astrarche=medon -. Si 31, 65

atalanta, Pyrameis 2, 58, 75, 92,
93, 130, 156, 157, 167, 168

PAGE
athalia, Melitaea 14, 27, 30, 72, 80,

112, 140, 141
atomaria, Kmaturga ac se Se
atrata, Odezia, Tanagra .. 10; 773
atropos, Manduca 41, 62, 160, 163, 164
aurana, Laspeyresia af Bion AE
aurantiaca (rhamni ab. 3 ) Gonep-

teryx ; . 2 1387
aurea (napi ab. ), Pieris... =< O0-
aureliaeformis (britomartis Tavs js

Melitaea é .28, 29, 140:

aurelia = parthenie, Bor h. , Melitaea

27, 28, 29, 30, 80, 140
auresiana (cydippe =adippe 8sp.),

ausonia (belia), Anthocharis a 12,
5, 76, 92
australaria ~ higetegiaasieye ae yeegs

Boarmia .. “oo ae .. 46
automate (phileta=monuste ssp.);

Piefis oc be -. 48
autumnata, Oporinia - 163!
avis, Callophrys .. 55 YfSy 282
baeticus, Spilothyrus oc =. 09
baleanica: (ottomana ssp.), Hrebia 166
ballus, Thestor 59, 75, 76, 92
Bankesia .. 117
**basidistincta (vestigialis ab.), -

Agrotis ~-. <2 130
basistriata (auricoma ab.), Acronicta 95
basisuffusa (croceus ab.), Colias .. 157

batavus (dispar ssp.), Chrysophanus ua
batis, Thyatira

baton= vicrama, Seolitantides,
Turanana’ < 5 at 59, 81
baumanniana, " Chlidonia Je zs. 83

belemia, Anthocharis Up Woe 09, 90,
-91, 149
eee f, L270, 1605 (Ose
bellezina’ (tagis ssp.), Anthocharis 81
bellargus=thetis . .15, 59, 149
berisalii (deione r.), “Melitaea 140, 141.

belia Sausonia

betulae, Ruralis, Bre 2, 13
betularia, Biston .. .. 25
bicolor, Leucodonta:. 3, 161
bicolorana, Hylophila 83, 128
bicoloria = furuncula 50 so dIEE)
bidentata, Gonodontis 2 Hb es
Bijugis 3 20 97, 133, Ae
biligaita =striata 89

bilineata, Euphyia, Camptogramma

25, 70, 86
bilunafia, Selenia -.. v, SQE ZO!
bimaculata, Bapta’.. ~ —.. Sea
binaevella, Homoeosoma .. ‘3,°' 26
binaria, Drepana ~:. ; lds

bioculata, (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 128
bipupillata (aegeria ab.), Pararge.. - 61
bipupillata (megera ab.), Pararge.. 61
biselata, Ptychopoda 25, 66
bisetata =biselata ~.. <.) 926) 366

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
bistortata, Ectropis, Boarmia 45, 70
blandiata, Perizoma ~ i 25
Boarmia . 163
boeticus, Lampides .. eo)
Boloria (Brenthis) bs dic LG
bombycella, PRUE -.. 135
bowerella, Masonia . . 119
bractea, Plusia 24
bradyporina (leporina ab.), Acronicta 84
brassicae, Mamestra oe 23, 94
brassicae, Pieris 11, 12, 23, 69, 75,
76, 83, 88, 89, 90, 130, 156
bremeri, Parnassius ; 120
Brenthis = Boloria ue 110
britomartis, Melitaea 28, 29, 70, 71,
72, 140
briseis, Satyrus, Hipparchia 8, 111
brogotarus (pales r.), Boloria,
Brenthis a ae so Ne)
Bruandia : of Be xo) 1S}
brunnea (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia .. 158
brunnea (lucens ab.), Hydroecia .. 158

brunnea-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia
brunnea-albo (iucensab.), Hydroecia
bryoniae (napi subsp.), Pieris
bucephala, Phalera .
burdigalensis (dispar —rutilus ab. ),
Chrysophanus
bureschi (lucernea ssp.), Agrotis
caecilia (ida r.), Epinephele -
caerulea (icarus ab.), Polyommatus
caeruleocephala, Diloba, Bia
caesiata, Entephria..
caia, Arctia .. . 4, 65, 69, 84,
c-album, Polygonia .. 15, 58,
calidonica (achilleae r.), Zygaena..
calidonensis (purpuralisr.),Zygaena
caliginosa, Acosmetia : dy
callunae (quercus f.), Lasiocampa
ealodactyla, Platyptilia 63,
calynda (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis,

Boloria.. oe
camelina, Lophopteryx 6
caniola, Lithosia .. 8,
canteneri (rumina ab.), Zerynthia,

Thais

capsophila, Dianthoecia
ae "-doubledayaria(betularia
b.), Biston 30
peehee ain, Isturgia
cardamines, Huchloé 2, 7, 30, 60,
cardui, Pyrameis 2, 12, 13, 41, 58,
75, 76, 90, 92, 128, 130, 156, ‘157,

161, 167,
carlinella, Metzneria : ar
carmelita, Lophopteryx a
carpinata, Nothopteryx 44,
carpophaga, Dianthoecia 130,

**carsicola(parthenie=parthenoides
r.), Melitaea
castanea, Noctua
castrensis, Malacosoma
catax, Eriogaster
cataleuca (brassicas ab.), Pieris

97, 101,

119

. 116

v.
PAGE
celadussa (athalia 7.), Melitaea .. 140
celtis, Libythea as Sobis Tas aOR:
Celerio 163, 164
centaureata, Hupithecia oo (slay
centum-notata (truncata ab.),
Dysstroma. . oa de
cesarea, Diacrisia so
chariclea, Brenthis, Boloria q Jil)
chaonia, Drymonia . . 82
charlonia, Euchloé .. 7
chenopodiata(mensuraria, limitata),
Ortholitha.. eo PADy (3)q (S15)
chi, Polia Be 5 gil
Chlidanotidae 3 He Ogu Gul
chlorosata, (petraria), Lithina,
Lozogramma 26, 70
christyi, Oporinia . 163
chrysanthemana, Cnephasia 27
chrysorrhoea = phaeorrhoea 65
cinctaria, Boarmia .. aac eee el)
cinerea, Euxoa, Agrotis .. 72, 164
cinarae, Hesperia ah o6 LAG
cinxia, Melitaea NO 2 he
circellaris, Amathes : 24, 160
citraria =ochrearia .. a 6G
clathrata, Chiasmia ae Open 6
cleopatra, Gonepteryx ee CUS
e-nigrum, Noctua a Re eo:
coerulata (impluviata), Hydriomena “25
cognata, Procris Wie disk, i), Oe
Colias. . ; Mal .. 145
Coleophora (Eupistia) 66
comes,, Agrotis egy eh:
comma, (Adopaea) Urbicola 61, 149
comma-notata areas ab.),
Dysstroma 10
complana, Lithosia. . 15
conigera, Leucania . 24
consonaria, Boarmia 26
conspersa, Dianthoecia og) hE
conspicillaris, Melanchra,
Xylomiges be sy
conspurcatella, Bankesia 117, 118
constancella, Psyche ao, CR
convolvuli, Agrius, Herse .. 41, 164
cordigera, Anarta ae ge OI
coridon, Polyommatus 15, 31, 65,
66, 111, 149, 161
corticana, Argyroploce, Paedisca 63, 177
corticea, Agrotis, Huxoa 23, 164
corydon =coridon OG
corylata, Huphyia 25, 85
Cossidae 5% so.) G5;
crameri= belia Rive A Cy UB
crataegella, Scoparia 26
craetaegi, Aporia oo (Ae
crenana, Hucosma, Epiblema 63, 177
cribraria, Coscinia .. co Bil
cise ETE, Hydroecia 24, 146
croceago, Xantholeuca 82
croceus (edusa), Colias 2, 7, 12, 15,
41, 76, 92, 130, 145, 156, 157
crocogrammos (a in error) =lineolea 66
cruciana (angustana), Hucosma .. 63

vi. SPECIAL
PAGE
eruda, Taeniocampa 69
eucubali, Dianthoecia : 23
culiciformis, Synanthedon.. eal,
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 58, 69, 177
cyllarus, Glaucopsyche 56, 59,73, 81
¢eynosoma open” r.), Brenthis,
Boloria .. : sa II, 120)
cynthia, Samia .. 164
dagestanica (euphrosyne r) Bren-
this, Boloria . .. 120
daphne, Brenthis, Boloria. . 110
daplidice, Pontia .. a Up Si
defoliaria, Hybernia 157
defoliella, Bankesia.. oe 50 IVS
deione, Melitaea ..98, 81, 140
dejonella (deione 7.), Melitaea 140
delius = phoebus : Be .. 120
densoi (Un TESRIES., r.), Brenthis,
Boloria c a0 .. 112
dentina =nana ; oe
derasa=pyritoides .. is $6 OD
derivata (nigrofasciaria), Anticlea,
Coenotephria .. re > TW, 13)
deserticola (didyma r.), Melitaea .. 58
desertorum(belemia?r.),Anthocharis 7
desfontainii, Melitaea no Bs}
destrigata (defoliaria ab.), Erannis,
Hybernia A ao IST
dia, Brenthis, Boloria 112, 114
diamina (dictynna), Melitaea 70, 71,
73, 80, 139
dictynna=diamina 70, 71, 73, 80, 139
didyma, Melitaea 58, 92, 112, 120, 139
didyma, Hadena, Apamea.. so La
diJutata—nebulata .. 163
dimidiata, Ptychopoda 25
discobolus, Parnassius 120
dispar, Chrysopbanus ae 79
distincta (belemia ab.), Anthocharis 7
divergens (athalia Gp.), Melitaea.. 14
dolobraria, Plagodis, Hurymene 25, 85
dominula, Callimorpha .. gg dls
dorilis, Heodes 3 soils WA We
dorylas (hylas), Polyommatus 72
dorsana, Laspeyresia 83
doubledayaria = carbonaria 25
douglasella, Bankesia 118
Drepanidae oc 4
dubitalis, Scoparia .. 26
~duplana, Evetria 83
duplaris, Palimpsestis 38
duponcheli, Leptosia Be age edt
**durmitorensis(ottomanar.),Hrebia 166
edusa = croceus 2, 7, 12, 76, 92, 145
edwardsella, Masonia 3 118
efformata, Anaitis . ; eli)
egea, Polygonia 58, 81, 92
egerides (aegeria ssp.), Pararge 69
electo, Colias ; om Seale
elpenor, Pergesa 30 . 164
eleus (phlaeas f.), Rumicia 59
elinguaria, Crocallis 25
elpenor, Eumorpha, Pergesa 3, 156, 164
emigrisea (brassicae ab.), Pieris .. 89

INDEX.

PAGE
**eminens (euphrosyne r.), Bren-
this, Boloria bis eS
Epicnopterix, ygidae 133, 134
epiphron, Erebia ne LOT
Erebia 58, 167
erina, Erebia 166, 167
unr, Erebia 166, 167
**erinnyn=erinna .. Ae Jory
erythroides (purpuralis r.), Zygaena 158
erythromelas, Eugonia : 58
esculi (ilicis ssp.), Strymon (aeseuli
inerror) .. .. 149
eugenia, Brenthis, Boloria.. 110
eumedon, Aricia .. 74
eupheno, Euchloé, Anthocharis 1,
75, 76, 92
euphenoides, Anthocharis, Euchloé 81
euphorbiae, Celerio . 164
euphrosyne, Brenthis, Boloria 56
69, 84, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114,
Ug). 120, 141
Kupista = Coleophora oo We,
euryale, Erebia 14, 167
EHurymus : .. 145
eurytheme, Cclias 172, 174
Buxoa be .. 164
evagore, Teracolus é Ht eT
evanescens (belemia ab.), Antho-
charis Bee ih
eversmanni, Parnassius 120
evlas, Erebia ae 167
exigua, Laphygma .. eh so. Late
exoleta, Calocampa.. 24, 43, 44, 160
on ae (spadicearia = ferrugata
b.), Xanthorhoé, Coremia .. 158
ee Zygaena .. 21, 99
fagi (aleyone), Satyrus, Nytha 8
fagi, Stauropus : Temes
falloui (belemia r.), Anthocharis .. 7
fascelina, Dasychira ne 16, 101
fasciana, Krastria Ae 24
fasciata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
fasciata (carpinata ab.), Psa ae 44
fasciuncula, Miana, Oligia.. 145
tatua, Satyrus, Nytha 8
fausta, Zygaena 163
favicolor, Leucania .. 13
favillaceana, Capua 27
feisthamelii (podalirius ft), Papilio 91
fernestrella, Thyris .. : 72
ferchaultella, Luffia 119
ferrugalis, Scopula, Pionea 24, 26, 156
ferrugata = spadicearia 158
fervida, (rhamni ab.), Gonepteryx 138
fervida (rubi ab.), Callophrys 92
festucae, Plusia 50 Mie 24
festiva, Poecilonota. . af oii ata)
festiva (hebe), Eucharia 82
fettigii, Coenonympha 8
Fidonia A By on WE
filipendulae, Zygaena ..15, 26, 85
fimbria, Triphaena .. oe bo e)
fingal (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis,
Boloria 114, 115, 119, 121

SPECIAL

PAGE
firmata, Thera . .. 101
flammea (piniperda), Panolis so tH
flammea (empyrea), Rhizotype .. 83

flava (daplidice ab.), Pontia be
flava (thaumas, linea), Adopaea 60,

69, 145
flava (lutea), Xanthia ae .. 24
flavago=lutea ad ts .. 24
flavicinctata, Entephria .. .. 64
flavicornis, Polyploca .43, 44, 69
flavidior (simplonia ab. ), Antho-

charis ie . 1
flavomacula (caja ab. ), Aretia
flavopicta (brassicae ab.), Pieris 88, 89

floslactata (remutaria), Acidalia .. 25
fluctuata, Xanthorhoé ae Aga tela)
fluctuosa, Palimpsestis .. eke yo
fluviata=obstipata .. 25, 62
foenella, Eucosma .. 2 chiagy etek
fontis, Bomolocha .. ae 16, 24
forficellus, Scbhoenobius .. 26

fortunata (jurtina ssp.), Epinephele 8

freija, Brenthis, Boloria 114, 119
frigga, Brenthis, Boloria 119
fritillaum, Hesperia . ae .. 150
fuciformis, Hemaris, Haemorr-
hagia .. 164
fucosa, Hydroecia .. 146, 158
fucosa-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia 158

fuliginosa, Phragmatobia .. 1B), Bll
fulvata, Cidaria si = Ree
fulvocincta (jurtina ab.), Epinephele
Fumea, eidae . 97, 118, 133,
furuncula (bicoloria), ieee Oligia
fuscalis, Botys are ao 2

fuscantaria, Ennomos : 161
gulathea, Melanargia 8, 30, “48, 61, 146
galiata, Epirrhoé .. 25, 130
gamma, Plusia 24, 85, 128, 130, 156,
157, 167
gardeina (pronoé r.), Hrebia 165
gemina, Apamea .. a6 a Pa)
gemmaria=—rhomboidaria .. 26, 46
geniculeus, Crambus Fr erp OU
Geometridae. . ee ae serie)
germanica, Fumea .. 119

glauce (belemia ssp.), Anthocharis 7
globulariae, Procris 17, 18,19, 21, 62

glyphica, Kuclidia .. : 85
gothica, Taeniocampa : 44, 85
gothicina (gothica ab.), “Taenio-
campa HA 26 44, 45
grevillana = staintoniana ae 63
grisea-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia 158
grisea (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia 158
grisealis, Zanclognatha .. Leos nat
griseopicta (brassicae ab.), Pieris.. 89
griseothoracea (tiliae ab.), Mimas 30
grossulariata, Abraxas 130
guenéei (nickerlii ssp.), Apamea,
Palluperina 79
**hagegarti (chomboidaria ab, 3)
Boarmia .. are 5 .. 46

INDEX. vii.
PAGE
halterata (hexapterata), Lobophora
57,
hamza, Adopaea .. So OU)
hansii (statilinus ab.), Satyrus,
Nytha AA aif ae Sie eet)
hastata, Hulype if a8 25, 70
hebe = festiva De as oo Se
hectus, Hepialus' .. .. 26
hegemone, Brenthis, Boloria 119, 120
helvetica (pseudathalia), Melitaea
80, 140
Hepialidae .. ibis 26, 95
herbariata, Ptychopoda 50 aoe Bi)
Hesperiidae Me ea ae hd ue)
hibernicella, Masonia : go ght
hippothoé, Heodes .. : bee
hippocastanaria, Pachynemia dee nal)
Hirsutina .. =e See 2
hispana, Polyommatus .. 149
hirtaria, Lycia, Biston 44, 45
holingreni (defoliaria ab.), Hrannis,
Hybernia .. 157

humiliata (osseata), Ptyehopoda isis

humuli, Hepialus .. ae =. 89,
hyale, Colias.. i 7, 74, 146, 156
hylas (dorylas), Polyommatus .. 72
hyperantus, Aphantopus 65, 69, 90, 146
‘iberica (aurinia r.), Melitaea .. 68
iberica (querctis r.), Strymon,
Zephyrus .. 59
icarus, Polyommatus 3, 15, ‘31, 57,
58, 59, 69, 76, 92, 161
ida, Epinephele atl ae aH 8
ilicis, Strymon, Thecla_ .. aig BR)
imitaria, Acidalia .. 16
**imitatrix iparthenie = partheno-
ides r.), Melitaea . , 29, 140
immaculata (arion ab.), pels ao (ol)
immorata, Acidalia.. Pa den ees
impluviata =caerulata 60 nee
incerta, Taeniocampa ae .. 44
ines, Melanargia .. NG aN 8
iners (suspecta), Dyschorista dow eee!
infra-fasciata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
intacta (sordida ab.), Mamestra .. 94
interjecta, Triphaena dc PP)
intermedia (aegeria r.), Pararge .. 8
intermedia-albo (fucosa ab.),
Hydroecia.. .. 158
interrogationis, Plusia go MO)
interscindana, Toebeyrcsls 53, 54
io, Vanessa .. : : 2,058, 69
Tolana ate a ae co BY
iota, Plusia .. a6 .. 24
iphioides, Coenonympha .. 149
irrorella, Endrosa, Philea .. i}, ) Ble
isabellae, Graellsia .. 164
ismenias, Plebeius .. fs ego
jacobaeae, Hipocrita 3c 4, 84
janira =jurtina 56 36 .. 145
janiroides, Hpinephele .. aaintaiites
japygia =russiae ae .. 149
jaspidea, Valeria .. ab .. 83
jerdoni, Brenthis, Boloria .. aoe a Li)

viii. SPECIAL

PAGE
juniperana, Laspeyresia -. 55
jurtina (janira), Epinephele 2, 8,
: 69, 90, 128, 142, 145
kamtschadalis (euphrosyne 7.),
Brenthis, Boloria.. a 5q- Al
kijevana (purpuralis 7.), Zygaena.. 158
lacertinaria, Drepana 4
lachesis, Melanargia 149
lactearia, lodis : : sq 2a)
lambessana (abdelkader r. ), Satyrus 8
lapideana, Argyroploce 56. Bill
lapidella, Luffia 5 dS, TN)
lapponaria, Poecilopsis, Nyssia 43, 45
lapponica Cane r.), Boloria,
Brenthis : 114
Lasiocampidae ang 4
lathonia, Issoria ee so.) OS
latruncula, Miana, Oligia .. 95, 145
lavatherae, Carcharodus .. .. 59
lentiscaria, Scodiona - : 83
leodiensis (urticae ab.), Aglais 32
leonina (dia 7.), Boloria, Brenthis 112
lepidii (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
leporina, Acronicta . é 84
leucographa, Pachnobia 45
leucophaea, Pachetra, Luperina 15, 83
leucophaearia, Hybernia, Erannis
15, 70
leucostigma (didyma ab.), Hadena 157
ligula, Orrhodia 160, 176
ligustri, Sphinx ae oe .. 164
limitata=chenopodiata ..25,69, 85
lineola, Adopaea oe 60, 61
lineolea, Coleophora 66

Lithosia Me is z : By 9

litoralis, Leucania .. 24, 65
litura, Amathes 160
liturata, Semiothisa.. : 25
livornica, Phryxus, Celerio ‘6, 32,
41, 156, 164
lonicerae, Zygaena .. . 2, 85, 163
lorquinii, Zizera : 59
lota, Amathes a ae yeaa
**lozerica (neoridas r.), Erebia 165, 166
lubricepeda (menthastri),Spilosoma —_-
4,31, 65, 69, 84
lubricepeda=lutea .. 56 4 Bly GD
lucens, Hydroecia 2. 46, 158
luceria(parthenie=parthenoidesr.),
Melitaea 28, 29
lucernea, Agrotis ide .. 146
lucida (rubricosaab.), Pachnobia 44, 45
luciflua (atbalia r.), Melitaea 112
Jucina, Hamearis 56
lunaria, Selenia 83
lunigera, Agrotis 15

lupulina, Hepialus . , a6
lutarella, Lithosia .. ee Be eS)

lutea (flavago), Xanthia .. 24
lutea (lubricepeda), Spilosoma a, 65
lutealis, Scopula ae 26
luteolata, Opisthograptis 85
lutosa, Calamia ate soe Al
Lycaeides=Plebeius 31, 40

INDEX.

PAGE
lychnitis, Cucullia .. .. 144
Lycaenidae, Lycaena .31, 52, 163

lyllus (pamphilus SP, ); Coenonym-
ha... a6 oe
Lymantriidae a ae sie aD

lyssa (maera r.), Pararge... aoe ts
machaon, Papilio 56, 57, 73, 91
macilenta, Amathes Bade 71:
Macroglossum 65
macularia, Pseudopanthera. 25
maera, Pararge te 8
magna (deione r.), Melitaea, .. 141
**magnaclara (euphrosyne ~7.),
Brenthis, Boloria.. ce . 120
magnaclara (dictynna = diamina r. +
Melitaea ~ 139
mahommedani (sao =sertorius IP ine
Hesperia, Powellia 93
major (briseis r.), Bani ‘Hippar-
chia : 8
malvae, Hesperia 5B, 73, 74
malvoides, Hesperia 74
manni, Pieris 81
manto, Hrebia ae ae oa HET
| margaritata, Campaea, Metro-
campa ; ake 85, 157
marginaria, Brannis P soe TO
maria (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
marmorinaria (leucophaearia ab.),
Erannis, Hybernia 70
martini, Plebeius - 5 BS)
Masonia : 118, 119.
mathias, Parnara See So) aid)
mauretanica (ballus ssp.), Thestor 59
mauretanica (jurtina ssp.), Epine-
phele . 00 os ERP aS)
medon (astrarche), Plebeius, Aricia z
12, 15, 31, 59, 60, 65, 92, 96, 161
medusa, Hrebia ..d7, 73, 74
megacephala, Acronicta 85

Pararge 2, 8, 12, 65, 69,

90, 93,” 130
melanoleuca (aurinia ab.), Melitaea 138
melanops, Glaucopsyche 59, 81, 90,

megera,

92, 102

melathalia (athalia Gp.), Melitaea 14

meleager, Polvommatus sears ke!

meliloti, Zygaena 138, 163

Melitaea 70, 119

mendica, Diaphora. . Bs 65, 84
mendrisiota (parthenoides = par-

thenie r.), Melitaea ‘ PA es)
menthastri=lubricepeda 4, 31, 65,

69, 84

meridionalis (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89

meridionalis (rhamni 7r.), Gonep-
teryx oo fee 7

merularia (leucophaearia ab. ‘4
Erannis, Hybernia J5 gh
meticulosa, pe .. 24
mi, Euclidia . ‘ 24, 85
miata, Chloroclysta. . 44
micana, Sericoris, Areyroploce 27, 63
microdactyla, Adaina 83

SPECIAL
~ PAGE
fuilhandert, Hoplites 55
Mimas 163
miniata, Miltochrista ob 31
minimus, Cupido 15, 57, 74, 82
miniosa, Taeniocampa 45
minor. (cardamines. ab.), “Buchloé 60
minor- (furuncula.. ab.), Miana, |
» Oligia : ae Me og dishs) |
minor (pallens av.), Leucania 139 |
minor—nana (brassicae ab.) so) S|
minor: (oleracea ab.), Mamestra, |

Hadena ae 36 .. 138
minuscula (furuncula ab.), Miana 13y
mitfordella, Masonia 119 —
mnemosyne, Parnassius 73 |
mohammed (proto ssp.), Sloperia. . 60
monacha, Lymantria 15 |
moneta, Plusia 167
mongolien(parthenie = parthenoides

r.); Melitaea oo AS 8) |
montanata, Xanthorhoé 25, 85
montanella, Bankesia 5g) JSS)
monuste=phileta .. 48
mucronata (plumbaria), Ortholitha, |

r.); Melitaea : 29
myrtillata (obfuscaria), Gnophos 64, 101
nana (dentina), Hadena etie23) |
nana (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
nana (oleracea ab.), Mamestra 139 |
nana (pallens ab.), Leucania >. 139
napi, Pieris 2, 11, 60, 69, 74, 76,

90, 91, 156 |
nebulata (dilutata), Oporinia 163 |
neoridas, Hrebia se ye lGa |
**nestonclara (euphrosyne 1.),

Brenthis, Boloria.. 112, 113, 120 |
nephele (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, |
Boloria As .. 114 |
neston (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis, |

Boloria 111, 112, 113, 121, 141
neustria, MMaleocora te .. 116
nevadensis (deione 7.), Melitaea .. 141
nickerlii, Palluperina, Luperina .. 79 |
nictitans, Hydroecia 24, 146, 158 |
nictitans = crinanensis 24, 146 |
nictitans (oculea 7.), Hydroecia 146 |
nigerrima (galathea ab.), Melanargia 30 |
nigra (orion ad.), Scolitantides 73 |
nigricans, Agrotis 23
nigricaria (urticae ab.), Aglais 32 |
nigricata (repandata ab.), Boarmia 16 |
nigrina (meliloti ab.), Zygaena .. 138 |
nigrofasciaria=derivata .. 70, 85 |
nigroviridescens=anthrax (brassi- |

eae ab.), Pieris ; 88 |

INDEX.

-niobe, Argynnis °°...

niphona, Melitaea .

nitida (deione r.), Melitaea
Noctua, idae 9, 23, 69, 84, 95, 145,
noctuella, Nomophila 24, 26, 156,
nomion, Parnassius. .
nostradamus, Parnara

notata, Semiothisa vs 16,
notha, Brephos 15,
Notodontidae i aa
nouna (evagore r.), Teracolus

nubeculosa, Asteroscopus .. 43,

nubigena (purpuralis ssp.), Zygaena
nudella, Psychidea . 8), N63},

Nymphalidae 65,
obelisca, Agrotis Aa
obeliscata, Thera
obfuscaria = myrtillata

oblongata =centaureata

obscura (fucosa ab.), Hydoecia
obscura (oleracea oe Hadena,

Mamestra .. te 54
obscura (sordida ab.), Mamestra ..
obscurior (euphrosyne r.), ee

Boloria <i 5
obsoleta, Heliothis ..
obsoleta (oleracea ae

Mamestra .. 3¢
obsoleta (typhae ab. ), “Nonagria
obstipata (fluviata), Orthonoma,

Cidaria 3 Doe
occitanica, Zygaena
ocellata, Smerinthus
ochrea (rectangulata ab. Y.

chlystis
ochrea (sericealis ab. ), Rivula
ochrearia, Aspitates. .
ochroleuca, Hremobia
oculea, Apamea
oculea (nictitans),

15
Hadena,

Bi
Glilore:
15;

Hydroecia 24,
146,
oleracea, Hadena, Mamestra
onopordi, Hesperia .
onosmella, Coleophora
ophiogramma, Apamea
opima, Taeniocampa
orbitulus, Plebeius .. Ae
orbona (subsequa), Triphaena
orientalis (epiphron ssp.), Hrebia ..
orientalis (evias ssp.), Hrebia 40
**orientisvivax LE r.),
Brenthis, Boloria. . : a0
orion, Scolitantides.. ; sy Minh
ornata (podalirius ab.), Papilio
ornithopus, Xylina . ny Be
orphanus (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis,
Boloria a i ae
ottomana, Hrebia
oxycedrata, Kupithecia -
**nacifica, Melitaea.. . so TO TAL,
**pnadimira (euphrosyne r.), Bren-

this, Boloria Bib i,
palaemon, Cyclopides, Pamphila,
Carterocephalus 31, 55, 56, 57,

x. SPECIAL

61 |

INDEX.

PAGE
phragmitidis, Leucania, Calamia.. 15
phryganella, Chimabache, Diurnea Wie)
Phyciodes . . 174

pictaria, Aleucis .. 83
Pieris, dae . 89, 158, 172, 174
pinastri, Sphinx ‘is .. 164
piniaria, Bupalus 26
piniperda=flammea 82
pisi, Hadena ae 23
pityocampa, Thaumatopoea 82
plagiata, Anaitis i <n
Plebeius 31, 40
plantaginis, Parasemia ek
plotina, Melitaea TAU 773!
plumbaria=mucronata .. 25, 146
podalirius, Papilio 56, 72, 73, 76, 91
poenina (parthenoides 7.}, Melitaea 28
polaris, Brenthis, Boloria . . 119
politella, Taleporia . ee ae alate
polychloros, Hugonia _ 12, 58, 75,
76, 92
polycommata, Nophopteryx 45
polygrammata, Hydriomena = 83
polysperchon (argiades ab.), Hveres 73
populata, Lygris a6 seeOL
populeti, Taeniocampa .. .. 45
populi, Amorpha ..3, 156, 164
porcellus, Pergesa, Theretra 3, 164
**nostcarsicola (parthenoides r.),
Melitaea .. ce a ot)
potatoria, Cosmotriche 69, 84
procopiani (medusa ab.), Hrebia .. 73
**praestantior (deione r.), Melitaea 141

prieurl, Satyrus, Nytha .. apr tie)

procellata, Melanthia, Cidaria 57
Procris at 19
pronoé, Erebia 165
profundana, Argyroploce -. 63
pronuba, Triphaena, Agrotis 15, 83
pronubana, Cacoecia oe ied
proto, Sloperia 60, 149, 150
protodice, Colias .. 172, 174
pseudathalia=helvetica, Melitaea

81, 140
psi, Acronicta 85
Psychidae, Psychidea, es 83, 97, 117,

133, 134
Pterophoridae (Alucitidae).. aco Ua

pudibunda, Dasychira So Bes
pudica, Cymbalophora j

pulchella, Utetheisa oe
pulchellata, Hupithecia .. -. 25

pulchrina, Plusia 24, 101
pulla, Epichnopterix .. 83
pulveraria, Anagoga, Numeria 25

| punctata (defoliaria ab.), Hybensay

pales, Brenthis, Boloria .. 119, 141
pallens, Leucania 139
pallescens (fucosa ssp.), Hydroecia ne
pallida (brassicae ab.), Pieris :
pallida (comma _ ab.), ES OnRES
Urbicola .. 61
pallida (lineola ab. v ‘Adopaea
pallida (sylvanus ab.), Adopaea 61
pallida (thetis ab.), Polyommatus.. 60
' pallida (urticae ab.), Aglais . 61
pallifrons, Lithosia. . 8,9, 31
palpina, Pterostoma 15
paludis (fucosa ssp.), Hydroecia 146, 158
palustris (pales .), Brenthis,
Boloria .. 141, 142
pamphilus, Coenonympha 2, 8, 69, |
93, 98, 161 |
pandora, Dryas . 58, 92
paphia, Dryas .. 2,58, 69
Papilio .13, 40, 174
papilionaria, Hipparchus,
Geometra .. 16, 25
paradoxa (transalpina Tayis Yygaena 47
parasita, sa a ee O2
pariana, Simaethis . 63
Parnassius .. .. 145
parthenias, Brephos” : 44, 69
parthenie, Melitaea 57, 73, 74, 140
parthenie necBork.) = _ parthenoides,
Kef. ..27, 28, 29, 30, 140
parthenie, Bork.=aurelia, Nekrl.
27, 28, 29, 30, 80, 140
parthenoides (parthenie), Melitaea
27, 28, 29, 140
parvomaculata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
pascuellus, Crambus 26
pasiphaé, Epinephele 8
pauperana, Hucosma 83
pavonia, Saturnia .. .. 164
pectinella, Psychidea 133, 135
pectinitaria (viridaria), Calostigia 25
pedaria, Phiyalia Aegon scl)
peltigera, Heliothis . eo 130
pendularia, Cosymbia Bo 25
perfumaria (r homboidaria =
gemmaria f.), Boarmia .. 26, 46
perlellus, Crambus .. no XO
persicariae, Mamestra Hoes
petraria = chlorosata ae 26, 70
petasitis, Hydroecia 161
phaeorrhoea (chrysorrhoea), Nygmia
Spilosoma 65
phaenna (euphrosyne r.), Brenthis,
Boloria 120
phaiosoma (rapae rad Pieris 172
Phaloniidae .. i ae 31
phileta (monuste), Pieris ae 48
philippina (pasiphaé r.),° Hpine-
phele a oe 40 Laney S
philodice, Colias .. .. 172, 174
phlaeas, Rumicia 3, 12, 15, 31, 59,
69, 76, 90, 92, 128, 161
phoebe, Melitaea 58
phoebus (delius), Parnassius 120

Hrannis .. . 157
punctata (typhae ab.), Nonagria .. 157

| punctulata, Ectropis, Tephrosia .. 26
purpuralis, Zygaena 138, 158
purpuraria (advena ab.), Aplecta -. 95
pusaria, Cabera ..70, 85, 130
pusiella, Ethmia sea fe) eb}
pusillata, Hupithecia 70, 128

SPECIAL

PAGE

putris, Axylia nc

pygmaeola ( pallitrons ab.), Lithosia

8,9, 31

pyraliata, Lygris 25, 101

Pyralides gig ekg

pyramidea, Amphipyra oo tS

pyri, Saturnia oe 82, 164
pyvitoides (derasa), ae aie |
Habrosyne B10 Seo |
quadra, Oeonistis 31 |
quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha 16

quadripunctata, Caradrina 24
quercifolia, Gastropacha 116, 128 |
querctis, Lasiocampa 41, 116 |
querctis, Strymon, Zephyrus 3, 59 |

raphani (daplidice f.), Pontia .. 7
rapae, Pieris 11, 12, 69, 75, 76, 90,
156, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 1738,

174, 175, 176
rapae-metra (rapae ab.), Pieris 89
rebeli (orbitulus ssp.), Plebeius 146
**rebeli (evias ssp.), Erebia 167
rebeli=orientalis 167
Rebelia : ‘ 133
rectangulata, Chloroclystis 158
rectilinea, Hadena .. 102
remutaria —floslactata 25
repandata, Boarmia nie 26, 56 |
resinella, Evetria, Retinia.. 83
retyezatica (manto r.), Erebia 166
retyezatica (tyndarus 7.), Hrebia .. 166
rhadamanthus, Zygaena 82
rhaetica (parth enoides = parthenie
r.), Melitaea ¢ 28
rhamni, Gonepteryx 7, 12, “41, 75,

76, 83, 92, 138, 144, 148 |
rhomboidaria, Boarmia 26, 46
Rhopalocera .. eet |
ridens, Asphalia, Polyploca. 15, 32
ripae, Agrotis a oo OS)
rivata, Epirrhoé, Xanthorhoé so LG
rondoui (deione r.), Melitaea 140, 141
rubi, Callophrys 3, 73, 76, 92
rubi, Macrothylacia a6 a 116
rubi, Noctua.. 23

rubra (galathea ab. ), “Melanargia .. 61
rubricosa, Pachnobia, Triphaena 44,
45, 82
rubrifera (adyena ab.), Aplecta,
Mamestra .. 95
rubrociliata (margaritata ab.),
Campaea, Metrocampa . Bell i/
rufa (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia . 158
rufana, Argyroploce a0 Lh |
rufo-albo (fucosa ab.), Hydroecia.. 158 |
rufo-maculata (croceus ab.), Colias 157 |
rufuncula (furuncula ab.), Miana,
Oligia .. 139
rumicis, Pharetra, cronicta 23, 85
rumina, Zerynthia, Thais.. 76, 91
Rurales 46 .. 40
rurea, Xylophasia : .. 24
rusalka ang r.), ‘Boloria,
Brenthis .. : : .. 120

INDEX. xi:
PAGE
russiae (japygia), Melanargia . 149
rutilus (dispar ssp.), Chrysophanus 79
sacraria, Rhodometra, Sterrha . 130
salicata, Calostigia, Cidaria . 102
sambucaria, Ourapteryx .. 130
sanio (russula), Diacrisia .. 73
sao =ecertorius 60, 74, 76, 93
satellitia, Scopelosoma te 44, 160
Saturniidae .. nfs Ae .. 164
Satyrus, idae af ok 8, 14
saxatilis, Melitaea ee oon E20
schulziana, Mixodia 27
scotica, Masonia 119
scrophulariae, Cucullia .. 144
sebrus, Cupido ihe Ae 457, 81
segetis (um), Agrotis, Huxoa 23, 155,
156, 164
seitzi, Anthocharis, Euchloé se 7
selene, Brenthis, Boloria 15, 69,
114, 119, 120, 121
selenis, Brenthis, Boloria .. 119, 120
semele, Hipparchia, Satyrus 8, 90
semiargus, Polyommatus ..56,57, 72
semifasciana, ieee Oleuth-
reutes A 63, 177
semifulvella, Tinea . ais G35 Util,
‘ semigracilens (aurinia av.), Melitaea 138
separata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
sericealis, Rivula .. 139
sertorius (sao), Powellia 60, 74, 76,
77, 93
sexalata (sexalisata), Mysticoptera,
Lobophora a8 Boi ela)
sibilla, Limenitis 65, 66, 129, 146
sibyllina (neoridas r.), Erebia 165, 166
signata (deione 7.), Melitaea 140, 141
simplonia, Anthocharis, Euchloé.. 73
simulata, Thera, Cidaria eo
sinapis, Leptosia 15, 55, 56, 69
siphax, Cigaritis su BY)
siterata, Chloroclysta, Cidaria 42
sobrinata, Kupithecia 101
socia, Xylina 24
sociaria, Synopsia . 83
sociata =alternata 25, 56, 85
sociella, Aphomia 26, 73
Solenobia i 56. Lae!
solidaginis, Calocampa 16
sororcula, Lithosia .. Rae EGHSS
spadicearia (ferrugata), Coremia,
Xanthorhoé 158

Sphinx (gidae) 3, 13, 116, 163, 164
splendida (jurtina ab.), Epinephele

128, 142
splendidulana, Pammene, Coccyx 83
spuleri, Synanthedon, Sesia 53, 54, 55
staintoni, Bankesia.. 117, 118
staintoniana (grevillana) Penthina

63, 77
statices, Adscita, Procris,Ino 15, 26, 85
statilinus, Nytha, Satyrus.. 111, 149
staudingeri, Conistra 5) fee)
stellatarum,Macroglorsum 128, 130, 164
strataria, Biston, Amphidasis 15, 85

xii.

striata, (brassicae ab.), Pieris a:
striata, Huprepia

strigata =aestivaria

strigilis, Miana, Oligia ;
strigula (porphyrea), Agyotis, Buxoa

strobilella, Laspeyresia, Grapho-
litha : 36 bs aie
subflavopicta (cardamines~ ab.),
Kuchloé me ae

sublustris, Xylophasia

subrosea, ‘Agrotis, HKuxoa

subsequa —orbona Ae

succenturiata, Hupithecia ..

suffusa = ypsilon

suffusa (chi ab.), Polia

suffusa (croceus ab.), Colias

suffusa (pallens ab.), Leucania

supra-fasciata (brassicae ab.), Pieris

suspecta =iners oe O09

syllius, Melanargia .

sylvanus, Augiades, _ Adopaea 60,
61, 69,

sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas .

syringaria, Phalaena, Hygrochroa

tabaniformis, Sciapteron, Paran-
' threna : :
Taeniocampidae

taeniadactylus —calodactylus
tages, Nisoniades ..

tagis, Huchloé, Anthocharis
Taleporia

taras (malvae ab.), Hesperia
taraxaci (blanda), Caradrina
tarcenta (pronoé 7.), Hrebia
tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha

7, 81,

tau, Aglia . .06, 57,
telicanus, Syntarucus

temerata, Bapta of 25,
tendensis=brogotarus tales rs

Brenthis, Boloria..
tenebrata, Heliaca .
terebrella, Cateremna, Xystophora
tessinorum (deione 7.), Melitaea..
testacea, Luperina .
testudinaria, Hyphoraia, Arctia

tetramelana (aurinia ab.), Melitaea’ :

thalassina, Mamestra, Hadena .~

thaumas= flava (linea) ....60, 69,.
theophrastus, Tarucus 3 Ae
therapne, Powellia . 59,

thersites, Polyommatus 56, 57, 58,

72,

thetis (bellargus, adonis), Polyom-
matus ; so 1G, GY), (30),
Thyatiridae .. 50 ae

thymula, Celama .. OP 50
tiliae, Mimas ..3, 30, 65. 84,
tipuliformis, Synanthedon, Sesia..
tithonus, Epinephele aa 2,
tityus, Hemaris a :
Tortrices 5 a0
tragopoginis, Amphipyra
transalpina, Zygaena

SPECIAL INDEX,

PAGE
**transylvaniensis (tyndarus r.), .
Erebia ie L6G
transylvaniensis —retyezarica . 166
tremulae (dictaea), Pheosia,
Notodonta =i a bom BY
trepida=anceps .. 82
trepidaria, Psodos : 102
trifolii, Pachygastria, Lasiocampa 116
trimaculata (brassicae ab.), Pieris -89
tripartita, Habrostola 24
triplasia, Habrostola 24
tristata, Epirrhoé 101
tritici, Agrotis, See
trivia, Melitaea 120, 139
truncata, Dysstroma 10, 25:
tubulosa, Taleporia .. 118
turattli, Huxoa 83
tyndarus, Hrebia 166
typhae, Nonagria 157
udmanniana, Aspis.. 27
umbra (euphrosyne 7.), Brenthis
Boloria “121
unangulata, Euphyia, Anticlea 25
Urbicolae .. 40.
urticae, Aglais 2, 13, ‘99, 32, Ale ail.
69, 79, 128, 130, 156
urticata, Hurrhypara 26
**ussuriae (pacifica r.), Melitaea .. 72
vaccinii, Orrhodia, Cerastis 24, 43, al
44, 160:
valesina (paphia ab. ) Dryas 2
Vanessa a «=: , 98
varia, Melitaea i 28, 140
**varia (pronoé r.), Brebia 165
variabella. (varia r.), Melitaea .. 140
**varianana (euphrosyne r.), Bren-
this, Boloria 3 oo UNS Te
vazquezi (brassicae ab.), Pieris 89
venosata, Eupithecia. Spe 25)
verbasci, Cucullia 144, 176
vernella, Bankesia .. 117, 118
vernetensis (dictynna=diamina r.),
Melitaea 139
versicolora, Dimorpha, Tinos 44
versicolor, Miana 145
vespiformis (asiliformis), “Synan-
thedon, Sesia O° oe AL
vestalis, Bijugis, Acentra .. 97, 135
vestigialis, Agrotis, Huxoa 23, 129,
130, 164
**vesubiana (deione r.), Melitaea.. 141
**vesubiella (deione r.), Melitaea.. 141
vetusta, Calocampa.. ..24, 43, 160
yicrama (baton), Scolitantides 59:
victori (urticae, ab.), Aglais 32
viminalis, Cleoceris.. 24
vinula, Cerura er wd ois eae:
virgata (strigilis ab.), Miana, Oligia 165
viridana, Tortrix ae 26, 130:
viridaria, Phytometra .. 24
viridaria = pectinitaria 25
vitellina, Sideridis . .. 83
vitellina = pallifrons, Lithosia oh
vitrina (tiliae ab.), Mimas.. apa

SPECIAL INDEX. xiii.

PAGE PAGE
viridior (muralis ab.), Metachrostis, RHYNCHOTA.
che Nocian ie a acanthocephala, Leptodema 22 LEB
xanthostigma (didyma =secalis ab.), albopunctatus, Rhinocoris.. -. 155

Hadena x | 157 | #nnulatum (oleraceum v.), Hury-
xerampelina, Cirrhoedia .. 116 dema of ae ee 73
ypsilon (suffusa), Agrotis, Euxoa .. 164 | ®2nulipes, Oneocephalus rs -» 155
zapateri, Erebia .. ie GB baerensprungi, Sastrapoda. : .. 155
zelleri, Parnara nf -. @0 | boschjesmana, Tribelocephala .. 154
zetterstedtii—calodactylus.. Bercy cee Oncocephulus a co Ee
zohra, Cigaritis ire carbonarius, Coranus ae pee 335)
zonaria, Nyssia, Apocheima. 15, 64 | Centrotus, Cornutus de -- 72
zonata(halterata =hexapterata ab.), cinnamopterus, Endochus. . -» 155

i es See onde
Zygaena (idae) 19, 21, 26, 158, 163 | erie ei een a a 154

NEUROPTERA. flavoannulatus, Varus My so 5S
abttindens, Rhyacophila .. .. 73 | formosus, Phonoctomus .. -- 155
fuliginosa, Sialis .. ae 72, 73 | fuscus, Psammochares Oe -- 73
gudificatus, Philopotamus .. .. 57 | hbewitti, Ploearia .. oc -. 106
longicornis, Ascalaphus_ .. .. 57 | laevigatum, Stenodema .. +» 72
Nemoura .. i 5 .. 74 | limearis, Ranatra .. Oc 5.6, Leg)
perla, Chrysopa es sey ge | oes 30 56 ioe
| lugubris, Pirates .. og .. 155
ORTHOPTE RA. lurco, Acanthaspis .. ie .. 155
albifrons, Decticus .. ; .. 153 | marginatus, Syromastes .. oo OT
Ameles : i .. 155 | Notonecta .. Be el63
auricularia, Forficula -- 98, 99 | -obscura, Acanthaspis be .. 155
bicolor, Chorthippus ie loon oleraceum, Eurydema ws sc GS
caerulescens, Oedipoda .. .. 153 | ornatum, Eurydema . .. 154
decipiens, Forficula ree .. 98 | papillosus, Coranus be nig Lays}
germanica, Oedipoda a .. 153 | Pentatomidae Be 50 oo, OP
grisea, Metrioptera .. em .. 153 | princeps, Pantoleistes At eel
hispanica, Ramburiella .. .. 153 | Psyllidae.. . aA) Bw
intermedia, Metrioptera .. .. 153 | purpureipennis, Carpocoris sar bY
italicus, Calliptenus 5s .. 154 | Reduviidae .. ae a9 08)
Jesnei, Forficula ie ae .. 98 | sagittifera, Rhaphigaster ais ay
lurida, Forficula .. one eet 98. Sanguinolenta, Cercopis .. eaame Tie
pauperata, Empusa.. ; .. 81 | saxatalis, Lygaeus .. 5c 50 OY
pulvinatus, Euchorthippus .. 153 | segmentarius, Rhinocoris .. .. 155
raymondi, Omocestus an .. 153 | tarsatus, Reduvius .. a6 .. 155
rufipes, Omocestus .. a .. 153 | tibialis, Rhinocoris .. a sig)! dllsys3
silana, Forficula .. wt .. 99 | Triecphora .. ats sit oe GS)
Sphingonotus Ay baie .. 153 | tristis, Rhinocoris .. ate alton)
targionii, Forficula .. ioe .. 99 | typica, Uhlunga .. oe oa) (es
vagans, Chorthippus ie .. 153 | varia, Codophila .. os ». 154
vulcanius, Calliptenus a 154 | violentus, Rhinocoris dc .. 155
PARANEUROPTER iN vittata, Coranopsis .. a lao
cyanea, Aeshna ah .. 156
grandis, Aeshna .. le .. 156 | affinis, Atypus (Aran.) at ao OY
miata, Aeshna ae aie ..._ 156 aquatica, Argyroneta (Aran.) Seton Oil
puella, Agrion ae Fa .. 156 | Chermidae .. a hs)
Sanguineum, Sympetrum .. .. 156 | diademata, Epeira (Aran.) so OF
striolatum, Sympetrum .. .. 156 | dubius, Stenophylax (Trich.) .. 160
CoRRECTIONS.

7. After ‘* p. 167’? insert <‘ Vol. 43.”

33. Insert author’s name ‘‘ H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

60. Correct ‘‘ C,.’’ Mosley to ‘‘ S. L.’’ Mosley in title of article.

60. Insert (line 6 from bottom) aestiva the name of the 2nd brood of
medon.

73. Line 9 from bottom read orion in place of arion.

. 156. In title insert date ‘‘1932.”’

157. Correct vividior to viridior.

. 164. Correct Aglaia to Aglia.

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