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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION
>isTitimpi-:,
iUHK,\NT,'r.'i.
vol,, \SXII,
JAM .\!;\ 1.. hKCiaillKH. 1820.
P-R IC-E 12s. &d.
Spt^cia! Index -m-Ii •^•i'} ivrnvnc.-'., Is. 6d.
/(^
295098
/ ::
The Entomologist's Record & Joarnal of Variation.
TOIi. XXXII.
SPECIAL INDEX.
By Hy, J. TURNER, F.E.S.
CoUoptera arranged m order of Genera, TJie other orders arrayiged by SpecieS'
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new
to Science with two asterisks.
PAOK
ACARINA.
▲ntennophorus 181
casei, Piophila 215
equitMi's, Laelapsis . . . . . . 183
oophilus, Laelaps . . . . . . 183
farinosBB, Aleurobiua . . . . 175
flalacarideB . . . . . . . . 19
Hydraoarina . . . . . . 19
COLEOPTERA.
*Abax, ater (striola)
paTallelas . .
Adalia bipanctata . .
.10-puDotata (variabiiis)
Adimonia ianaoeti . . . . 15^
Agelastica alni
&gatbidium marginatum
Anieotoma cinnamonea
Anfehaxia manoa
AntfaeropbHgus 181, 182, 183, 184,
oonvexulns
181, 182, 184, 185,
181
181* 182, i84, 185,*
181, 182,
glaber
nigricornis
ochraceus .
pallens
silaceus
satnralis . .
AnthribidflB . .
Apion pomonsB
rabens . .
rufirostre . .
Aphodius scybalarius
Atemeles
Ateaebus
Atomaria linearis
Altelabus nitons (ouronlionides)
Balaninus mioam
villosus
Baris picicornis
Blaps mucronata
similis
Braohonyx- pineti
Bracon
■Brosons cepbalotes
'Bmehus loti . .
BaprestidfB- . .
t)alodera x^gtHK^
63
63
207
2^
194
200
200
99
185
J81
182
186
182
186
184
181
167
153
200
154
169
73
181
153
196
174
169
153
87
100
168
167
199
164
99
163
Gantharis f usca
rufa
Carabus granulatas . .
hortensis . .
nitens
Cassida equestris
Oetonia aurata . 43,
ah. nigra . .
birtella
Chrysomela distinguenda
fastuosa . .
margin ata . .
mentbastri
Gicindela oampestris
i gernuinica..
»<]!la^igeF' testaceus . .
GieridsB
Glytbra
JaBriuscula . .
qaadripunctata . .
Gly tus arietis . .
Goocinella distincta 1
ab. domiduca
subtp. labilis
hieroglypbica
septempunctata 1, 2
undecimpunctata
subsp, boreolitoralis
GocoinellidflB . .
Goeliodes ruber
Goenooara bovist» . .
Gopris lunaris
Grypbaius abietis . .
Gryptopbagus
rufioornis . . . .
setulosus . .
Dipbyllus iunatus . .
Donacia - ■ . .
Dorcus parallelopipidus
Dorytomus iortrix . .
Dryopbiius' anobioides
pusilluB
Endomyobide
EpuraBa
**^bickhardi • ,.
depressa - - . .
Eumicrus tarsatttS . .
Fidiaviticida
PAGE
.. 193
.. 208
.. 100
.. 62
.. 216
.. 195
121, 169, 193
.. 43
.. 193
.. 200
.. 207
.. 200
194, 208
.. 193
.. 196
.. 183
.. 195
.. 2
.. 208
1,2.3
.. 195
3, 24, 40
3
.. 3
.. 215
3, 24, 61
.. 2
.. 2
2, 20
. . 154
.. 199
172, 208
.. 153
.. 182
.. 167
.. 184
.. 167
196, 215
121, 214
.. 173
.. 163
.. 153
.. 1^
.. m
.. 18P7
.. 163
.. 41
11.
SPECIAL INDEX.
PAGE
Gallerucella lineola 195
Gastroidea 207
viridula 206
Geotrupes 63
Goniootena olivacea . . . . 154
HabroceruB oapillaricornis.. .. 40
Harpalus picipennis . . . . 153
punctatulus 153
serripes 153
Hammaticherus oerdo .. .. 194
Hippodamia variegata . . . . 200
ab. carpini 200
ah. constellata . . . . . . 200
ah. ditylotus 200
*ah. inhonesta 200
*ah. neglecta 200
ab. quinquemaculata . . . . 200
Homalium conoinnum .. .. 153
rivulare 153
Homalota caesula .. .. ... 153
divisa 200
ignobilis . . 153
laevana . . . . . . . . 200
parva .. 200
sericea . . . . . . . . 153
Hylotrupes bajulus . . ... . . 37
Lacon murinus . . . . . . 194
LsBmophloeus ater .. .. ..154
Lathrobium muUipunotum . . 200
Lema brunnea . . . . 100, 193
erichsoni . . . . . . . . 196
Leptinus testaceus . . . . 183, 187
Leptura hastata . . . . . . 208
Lina populi . . . . . . . . 193
Lomacbusa . . . . . . . . 73
Longi tarsus fiavicornis . . . . 38
ah. fumigatus . . . . . . 38
Lucanus cervus . . . . 38, 121
Lytta vesicatoria . . . . 121, 209
Medon obscurellus . . . . . . 63
obsoletus . . . . . . . . 63
Melanopbila acuminata . . . . 174
Meloe 59, 181, 195
brevicollis . . . . . . . . 59
proscarabsBus . . 16, 59, 100, 193
variegata . . . . . . . . 59
violaceus ... ... . . . . 59
MeloJontha hippooastani • r . . 168
vulgaris 193, 196
Metaxya 170
Micrambe villosa . . . . . . 154
Micraspis 22-punotata . . . . 200
Microzoum tibiale . . . . . . 153
Monohammus titilata . . . . 21
Mycetophagus atomarius . . . . 157
Nebria brevicollis 121
Necropborus 213
humator 121, 172
Kotoxus monoceras.. .. .. 153
Olibrus corticalis . . . . . . 200
Onthophagus vaocf^ 172
Orthocerus muticus . . .. •• 153
Otiorrhyncbus ligustici . . . . 212
Phalacrus substriatus . . . • 200
Philop«don geminatus . . . . 153
PAOB
Phloeophthorus rbododaotylus . . 154
Phyllognatbus silenus . . . . 134
Pimelia 134
Pityogenes bidentatus . . 153, 154
Pityopbtborus pubesoens . . 153, 154
**Plagiartbrina fordhamiana .. 170
Platyrhinus latirostris .. .. 157
Pterosticbus madidus . . . . 121
Polyphylla fuUo 208
Psylliodes obrysocepbala . . . . 199
Purpuricenus koehleri . . . . 208
Bbagium inquisitor.. .. 121, 214
Bhinomacer attelaboides . . . . 153
Hbyzobius litura . . • . . . 200
Bosalia alpina . . . . . . 208
Saperda populnea 173
ScarabsBidsB 157
ScarabsBus . . . . . . . . 134
Silpba ..••.. . . . . 213
Sitaris .. 181
StapbylinidaB .. .. 170, 195
Strophosomus faber . . . . 153
Synaptus filiformis . . . . . . 193
Syncalypta hirsuta 153
Tanymecus palliatus . . . . 169
TelepboridsB . . . . . . . . 134
Tetropium gabrielli 154
Tborictus , 181
Timarcba laevigata . . . . . . 215
Tracbypbloeus scaber . . . . 153
scabriusculus . . . . . . 153
Trichodes alveariqs 194
apioarius . . 208
Tropinota squalida 134
Tycbius venustus . . . . . . 154
Xantbolinus tricolor • . . . 200
Zeugopbora abnormis . . . . 84
scutellaris . . . . * * . . 84
DIPTERA.
ssneus, Eristalis . . . . 136, 193
Anastropha .. , 100
Anopbeles . . ' . . 132, 133, 135
AntbomyiidsB .. .. .. 136
Antbrax . . . . . . 136, 138
arbustorum, Cbrysotoxum . . . . 193
arctica, Theobaldia . . . . . . 169
ater, Tabanus 229
Atylotus 136
autumnalis (corvina), Musca . . 103
autumnalis, Tachina .. .. 136
balteatus, Syrphus 136
Bibio . . . . 186
bifurcatus. Anopheles .. 122, 175
Bombylius 135, 136
bovinus, Tacbina 136
bromius, Tabanus 136
calcitrans, Stomoxys . . . . 136
carnaria, Sarcophaga . . . . 229
Carpbotricba 131
Cbrysogaster 136
Cbrysopilus .. .. - .. 131
cinerascens, Bhamphomyia . . 41
Corethra .. .. .. .. 122
SPECIUi INDEX.
orabroniformis, Uileaia
orooala, Pachjrrbina
Cnlai 132,183,136.
' dasipugnn, Asilue ..
dispar, Spbieiopharift
DoliohopoiildB?
domestica, Musca . . 134,
elegaus, Oirjsotoxum
Erislaliilic
Eriataiis
axoproaopa, Bombjliua
fadDJatH. Ste^Dinjia. ■
flavipEH, Bombjlios
flocea, Mjiutropa
gqniculiitita, Ocblerobatua ■ ■
gigantea, Xipu)a
HippobMca
HfetodesU ..
Hjlemfia
Bntnatobia
inflata, Volucella
inveraa, DroaophUa..
italicum, CbrjBotoiam
LlmoEina
mac u latum, CbrjBotoiitiD. .
maculipenois, Auopboiss ■■
marci, Bibio
niediua. Bonibjlius . .
Miorodon
Uoohlon ji
moraitans, Glosaina
UoBcids
Nemooera
nemoTOBUB, OohlarobatuB . .
Ophyrvi
piilpalia, Glossina
pBllucens, Volucella .. 99,
pendulus, HelophiluB
pertinax, Eclatalls . .
pbaroensjs, ADupbelea
Pbilonicufl
plumbeue, Anophelea ■• 175.
pluvialU, Antbomjia
FailopaB
pjraetci, Catabomba ■• 100,
liparia. Melanochila
TuSbarbu. EutolmuB
Baroopbaga
SoatophaRa
Bphntoptaoria
BtntioiDjiideB
Btiatiomja
Syrpbidn
^rpbna 131,
Taahinid«
tonai, BrlBtalia . . 100, 136,
tenellata. Empis
Tetanoeera . .
Tbareva
193, 30B
. 193
Tipullds 13S
vallata.BeriB .. .. 171, 173
Volucella 186
EOD aria. Vol uoella 299
HYMENOPTERA.
abeillei, Monomoriam . . . . 163
scBtis. Pbylloloraa ..
acervurUDi. Anlliopbi
aericepa. Dolerul •• .. ■■ 173
asBtrana, Xjlocopa .. .. -- 139
AgaoQiQi - • ' . 100
agrorum. BombUB . . 97, 98, 184, 193
albicans. Catagljphia .. ..177
albocinctns. Camponotoa. Colo-
bopais 317
aaenuB.Laams 177
alpLiia Iriiftt rdcr:), Formica . . 74
amerinai, Cliivellaria ■■ -. 193
Aranuiphila .. .. 30,137, 188
ampbjgea (oertieni race), Meaaor 164
AnargaMa 184
Antheropborabia 1B6
Apbnnogaster .. .• 168
arduenncB. U;riiiiaa . . 7S
arcDariua, MesaoT .. .. 163,164
arenarum (pallidula nibtp.), Pbai-
dole 165
aUatulua. ADargatee - . 164
Blerrima, Phymatooew . . 87
barbaruB, Measor 72, 164
baleei, Cardiocondjla . . . . 181
betgi, Mjrmicft 168
bicolnr. Calagljphia . . 177, 178
bicornia. Formica 71
BombuB 99, 168, 181, 182, 183, 184
boavieri, Mesaor
"brilteni, Cardiooondyla
brunoeua. LasiuB ..
'buxtoni, Hon
. 101
. 180
131 : c^pitum, Tetramorioiu 166. 163, 184
310 I Cttiupoiwlua . 78
136 , Caiiit>Diioti.iie "7
135 I oapenaia, Pbeidole 173
ISl I oapitata. Formica 75
136 ; Chthonolasiua ^*
136 COB rolata, Pone ra 73
186 oordieri, Leptotboras .. ..76
136 eordieri (pratenpiB par.}, Formica.. 76
186 I ootnuta, Osmia 100
136 ; orabra. VBspa ..193, 280
131 ouraor. Catagljphia 7*
186 dalequi, FormiCK 76
135 davieaaua, CollBtaa 196
216 Dendrola^iua T4
136 dentigera. Monomorium .. ■■ 166
aiS dBrhametluB. Bombua 183, 184, 187, 196
175 ! deatructac, Monomoriam .. .. 179
186 I diapar, Anthophora.. -. ■■ 198
329 DolichodorinBB -• ■■ "". 166
136 I Doniathorpea ■■ .- ■- 74
136 Dotjlinffl 73, 168
186 I dr^i {oapenaiB par.), Pheldole .. 178
8FB0IAL INDEX.
ebeaina (barbuQB var.), MsBaor ..
emarginatuB, Lnaiue
emerji, Caniicmondjla
epbippiatua, Bombus
erratlcum. Tapinoma
europaiB, Mutilla '
evBtiai, Moaomorium
••eTaoBi (maeulatQB lalap.), Cbhi-
ponotua
eieacta, Formica
eiBecto-prassilabriE, ForrakM
iellab (maculatus vur.}, Campo-
flava, FormiciDft
flava. Formica
flavos, AcantboifLjopE
floricola, Monomorium
Formioa 71,
FormioiDa
Formicidte
•"fortior (bergi "ar.(, Myrmica - .
tranenfeJdi, AoaQtholepis ..
(uliginoBus, Formioina
fulvuB. Dorylua
(uflca, Fomiiuft
fusoB-iutl barbie, Formica
galUca, Polistea . . 9B, 194, '
germanica. Veapa ..
gbiliana, ADOcbetUB
gig4LB, Siret . . . . .. 21,
gilvipes, Lodeius
gle b aria, Korn ilea
gloDiPtatus, Mictoeaatar . .
gracilJimum, Monamorium 163,
graiuitiicola, Mjimeciua .. 13,
grisea, Anthopbora . .
grouvellii (rula var.), Formica ..
Halictoa
barriBeUue (faortorum var.), Bom-
hejdenl, Ammophila
HolDomjnneK
hOFlorum, Bombua 63, 97, 191,
Icbneumoriidie .. .. 101,
jtugerBkioldi, I'repolepaie ..
juvencua, DotyluB
katteri, Mjrmecina
Iffivinodis, Mjrmica
lajiidariUB, Bombus 100, 164, 193,
latipes, AoaathomjopB
labeillellus, Bombus
Leptothorax . .
Ugoipcrdus, Ciimponotua ■ ■
liguBtica (melliflca t'ltr.), Apie
JiguelicuB. Bombua .. .. 100, 193
lineolala. Athaiia
lobicoraiB, Mjriea ..
lon^ioorniB, Bucora..
luctuosa. Meleala
lutea (albioane i<ur.), CatigljpfaiB. .
maoulaCua, Camponotua . .
maiie = pallidum
iDaontaoioa (Quda nubtp.), Cutiin-
eondyla 165
megacephala, Pheldole . . 134, 178
Megachile 104
mellilica, Apia . . . .37, 61, 1*8
Tni(;togynft = bicomis, Foimiica .. 71
miWa, Formica 74
DiiKto-uiobraiuB, Formioa • . 74
MoDomoHum "9
moDtanuB, BombuB. . .. .. 193
iDUBCorum,Bombua 184
Mutilla 215
Mjrineoinie 73, 163
Mjrmioa , . . . . . 15
natalensia (tmgaordhi txir.),PreDO-
lepiB 179
niger, Lauus . . . ■ . . }77
nigerrimam (erratioum lubtp.),
Tapinoma 166
nigriutps. Leptothorai ■ - . . 75
ni(j;rD - emar(>Lnatus (ema^ilifttus
™r.|,LaBiUB 177
nodiL, Cardiocondjla .. 166,181
oaaium (maculatua var.), Campo-
notae 179
obscura, Opbioo 100
••obacurior (barharus far.)- Ueaaor 164
oertaeni, Meaaor .. .. 163, 16t
OphioniniH 103
orientslia, Vespa .. 131. 135. IIU
orientalis (pallidula itw".). Phaldole 165
pallidula, Pheidole 166
pallidum, Monomorium .. 179, 179
palliduB (deBtraotor var.). Mono-
iiiorium 179
Paraholcumjrmei 179
Da^uorum laeronim var.l, BombuB
97, 98. 1H3
picea, Formica . . • ■ 74
pictuB. Od.vneru8 195
pinipbila, Formica . . . . . . 74
■■pliilyceras, Measor _ IBS, 164, 179
poljotena, FovTuioa.. .. -■ 71
Poljrhaebia 178
pomorum. Bombus .. .. -- 19*
Pompilidm - PaammoahatideB -- 103
Ponera 78
PonariDie . . 73. 168
prateDaia, Formica 75
pratorum, Bombua . . . . . . 192
Prenolapia 1,66
preaailabris, Formioa . . . . 76
Proctotrupidie ■ ■ 186
"protaberata (bioolor var.), Cato-
gljpbiB 177
Psaminoaharidn (Pompilidn) . . 103
punotulatuB (megacepfa^ua var.),
Pheidola 179
pjKnnA, Plagiolepia . . 165, 177
pyroDuue (oigricepa oar.), Leplo-
tborax 76
quadriilentiita, CkelioxjB . . . . 61
quadnruaciala. Cercasia . . . . 6»
ribflBii, Pteronus 170
rolandi. MjniitiOina. - .■ ■■ 76
roHgeti (oordieri vaT.), Leptothorai 76
SPEOIAL INDEX.
V.
PAGE
* "rubella (platyceras var.), Messor 164
rabescens (fusca var.)^ Formica . . 74
rofa, Formica 1, 2, 3, 40, 74, 75, 183
ruabarbis, Formica.. 74, 178, 217
rufo-pratensis (rufa var.)^ Formica 74
rugiDo-lsevinodis (laBvinodis var,)y
Myrmica . .
ruguiosa, Myrmica . .
rugolosoides, Myrmica
rupestris, Psithyrus..
sabuleti, Myrmica . .
salomonis, Monomorium
Bcabrinodis, Myrmica
sanguiaea, Formica
schencki, Formica . .
sciimidti (scutellaris var.)^
togaster . .
scutellaris, Crematogaster
semirufus (barbarus var.)
serva, Selandria
sexfasciatus, Halictus
simillimum, Tetramorium
simplex, Polyrhachis
siogaporensis, Phyracaces
solidaginis. Nomad a
sordid us, Messor
specioides, Myrmica
spinifex, Sceliphron
Btructor, Messor
sulcinodis, Myrmica
succincta, Nomada . .
syl varum, Bombus
TenthredinideB
terrestris, Bombus
Tetramorium
tboracicH, Andrena..
217
.. 217
.. 76
.. 99
.. 75
.. 165
75, 217
73, 184
.. 75
Crema-
.. 165
.. 165
Messor lt)4
.. 172
.. 194
.. 217
163, 178
.. 217
.. 61
.. 75
.. 75
.. 135
75, 164
76, 217
99, 100, 193
182, 184, 185, 193
..172
97, 184, 193
73, 184
193
thoracicus (maculatus suhsp.), Cam-
ponotus . . . . . . . . 178
tibialis, Cataglypbis . . . . 74
trsBgaordhi. Prenolepis .. .. 178
tuberum (nigriceps var.)^ Lepto-
thorax . . . . . . . . 75
turcomanica (bicolor var,), Cata-
glypbis . . . . . . . . 177
umbrata, Formica . . . . 74, 111
undulatus, Opbion . . . . . . 103
vagans, Bombus . . . . . . 181
viaticoides (albicans subsp.), Cata-
glypbis . . . . . . . . 177
violacea, Xylocopa .. ..59, 60, 193
vulgaris, Vespa .. 37, 135, 142, 194
wesmali, Lygaeonematus . . 40, 75
xerxes (tboracicus var.)j Campon-
otus . . . . . . . * 178
Xylocopa . . . . . . . . 16
LEPIDOPTERA.
abbreviata, Eupithecia
44,
114
ahietaria, Boarmia . .
• •
116
abruptaria, Hemerophila . .
• •
115
absinthiata, Eupithecia . .
52,
114
acacise, Nordmannia
68,
227
Aoalla
• a
95
aceris, Apatela (Acronicta)
.. 208
PAGE
aceris, Limenitie . . . . 62, 67
acbilleee, Zygffina .. ..43,77,226
acbine, Pararge . . . . . . 208
AcidaliinaB . . . . . . . . Ill
acis = semiargus
Acronicta . . . . . . . . 211
AcronyctinsB . . . . . . . . 89
acteon, Thymelicus.. ..65,68,224
adaequata, Perizoma . . . . 231
addenda (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 166
adflata (transalpina ah.), Zygasna 26
adippe = cydippe
adonis = thetis
adrasta (maera race), Pararge . . 211
adustata, Ligdia . . . . . . 114
adusta (revayana ah,), Sarrothrlpus 22
advena, Aplecta . . . . 22, 231
advenaria, Epione . . . . . . 115
BBgeria, Pararge 9, 63, 66, 67, 70,
98, 107, 108, 192, 208, 226
eegon (argus), Plebeius 22, 34, 37,
41, 42, 43, 54, 64, 67, 70, 105,
106, 107, 122, 143, 193, 213, 214,
224, 231
sBode, Heliconius .. .. .. 104
SBScularia, Alsopbila, Anisopteryx 115
aestiva (medon var.), Aricia 146,
147, 149, 150, 151, 162
aBstivus (phlaeas race), Bumicia 6, 7
aethiops, Erebia . . . . 22, 222
affinltata, Perizoma . . . . 113
affinis, Calymnia . . . . . . 231
afzelianus (revayana ah.), Sarro-
tbripus . . . . . . . . 22
agamemnon, Papilio . . . . 203
agestis (a8trarche) = medon 146,
147, 148, 150, 151
aglaia, Argynnis LO, 22, 69, 208,
213, 221, 228
Aglais . . . . . . . . 21
Agriades 8, 140, 142, 144, 145, 220
alba (phlaeas ah.), Bumicia 33, 43
albicans (coridon a&.), Agriades .. 216
albicans (medon a&.), Aricia .. 148
albicillata, Mesoleuca, Melanthia
44, 113
albipunctata, Eupithecia .. .. 114
albovenosa, Arsilonche . . . . 231
**albovittata (rhadamanthus ah.),
Zygaena . . . . . . . . 161
albulata, Perizoma . . . . . . 113
alceae, Erynnis, Carcharodus 66,
70, 99, 105, 106
alcetas, Everes . . 67, 106, 219, 226
alchemillata, Perizoma . . . . 113
alciphron, Loweia 8, 68, 70, 224
aicon, Lycaena . . 5, 40, 68, 219
alcyone = hermione . . . . . . 68
alexandrap, Troides . . . . . . 212
alexanor, Papilio . . . . . . 214
alexis = ioarus .. .. .. 208
algira, Grammodes . . . . . . 208
allous (medon race), Aricia 147, 160
almana, Junonia . . . . . . 206
alni, Acronicta 89, 100, 192, 207, 232
VI.
SPECIAL INDEX.
PAGE
alniaria (tiliaria), Ennomos 16, 17, 116
* *alpicola = alpina (transalpina
race), Zygesna . . 29, 80, 32, 77
alpina (alpioola) (transalpina race)^
ZygsBna . . 29, 30, 32, 76, 77
alpina (filipendnlas race), Zygeena 77
alpina (medon race), Aricia 147, 150
althesB, Erynnis, Carcharodus 66,
70, 71, 133, 223
altitudinaria, Zygaena 28, 30, 31, 32
**aUivolan8 (escheri race), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 144
alveus, Hesperia 4, 5, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 52, 69, 79, 80, 81, 86,
117, 121, 130
amandus, Polyommatus . . . . 68
amandus (melpomene var.), Heli-
conius . . . . . . . . 104
amata, Colotis . . . . . . 204
amata (ria), Timandra . . . . Ill
amathusia, Heliconius . . . . 124
ambigua, Caradrina . . 52, 91
Amelia 95
ameriana, Tortrix . . . . . . 95
amphidamas, Loweia . . 8, 67, 129
amyntas, Everes . . . . . . 62
andromedas Hesperia 47, 50, 79,
117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 126, 129, 130
angelic8B, Zygaena 77
angularia, Ennomos . . . . 22
annulata, Epbyra Ill
annulata (transalpina var.), Zy-
gsena . . . . . . . . 26
anomala, Stilbia . . . . . . 156
anteros, Aricia . . . . . . 105
Antbelidse . . . . . . . . 40
antbyllidis, ZygBBna .. .. 158
antice-conjuncta (transalpina ah.),
Zygssna . . . . . . . . 26
antiopa, Euvanessa . . 9,68,192,214
antiqua, Orgyia . . . . . . 56
Apaturidse .. .. .. ..53
apennina (coridon race), Agriades
142, 215
apenninieola (sBgon race), Plebeius 224
apbirape, Brentbis . . . . . . 168
ApbnsBus . . . . . . . . 124
apicella (Braun) = apioialbella
(Braun), Coleopbora .. .. 101
apicialbella (apicella, Braun),
Coleopbora . . . . . . 101
apollina, Doritis . . . . . . 140
apollo, Parnassius .. 69,214, 220
Aporia . . . . . . . . 220
appenina (msBra I. gen.), Pararge. . 226
aprilina, Agriopis . . . . . . 91
aquilana, Tortrix . . . . . . 94
aragonensis, Agriades 67, 141, 142, 224
arcania, Cssnonympba 67, 69, 70,
170, 193, 208, 225
areas, Lycsena . . . . 5, 68, 219
ArctiidsB . . . . . . . . 57
arcua (tbetis ah.), Agriades . . 23
arcuosa, Petilampa . . . . . . 117
areola, Xylocampa . . . . 92, 173
PAGE
arge, Melanargia . . . . 68, 191
argentula, Bankia . . . . 22, 2(il
argiades, Everes . . 67, 100, 192, 229
argioluB, Ce]astrina22, 33, 34, 37, 42,
54, 63, 66, 67, 71, 98, 106, 143,
171, 192, 208, 212, 224
argus, Bustious (Linn.) . . . . 13
argu8 = 8Bgon. . 54, 67, 70, 143, 224
Argynnidse . . . . . . 8, 221
Argyrestbia . . . . . . . . 103
Aricia.. .. .. .. 8, 2i9
arion, LycaBna . . 65, 68, 70, 219
aristolocbias, Papilio . . . . 202
armorioanus, Hesperia 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 67, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85,
86, 105, 106, 125, 126, 127, 223
artaxerxes (medon race), Aricia
145, 150, 151
arundinis = typbsB .. .. .. 231
assimillata, Eupitbecia . . . . 114
associata, Lygris .. .. ..112
asteris, CucuUia . . . . . . 92
astragali, Zygaena . . . . 29, 76
astrarcbe (age8tis) = medon 146, 148
astydamia, Heliconius . . . . 104
atalanta, Pyrameis 10, 38, 41, 53,
68, 106, 108, 122, 173, 214
atbalia, Melitsea 33, 44, 105,
144, 393, 208, 221, 226
atbamas, Eulepis . . . . . . 206
atlas, Attacus . . . . . . 42
atomaria, Ematurga 23, 97, 116,
165, 193, 214
atrata, Nacaduba . . . . . . 124
atrata, Odezia .. .. ..Ill
atricollis, Nepticula. . .. .. 14
augur, Noctua . . . . : 89
aurago, Ochria (Tiliacea) . . . . 92
aurantiaria, Hibernia . . . . 115
aurinia, Melitssa 5, 33, 41, 68, 84,
155, 195, 196
ausonia, Antbocbaris . . . . 226
australiformis(altb eaerac^), Erynnis 223
australior (lavatberee race), Erynnis 223
australis (cinxia race), Melitaea .. 226
australis(glaucippe race), Hebomoia 204
australis (pamphilus race), Cceno-
nympba . . . . . . 225
autumnaria (ata), Oporabia 21, 52, 112
autumnalis (transalpina var.),
Zygaena . . . . . . . . 30
aversata, Ptycbopoda, Acidalia .. Ill
badiata, Anticlea . . . . . . 113
balcanicus, Tarucus . . . . 67
barbalis, Pechipogon : . . 93
**barcina (rbadamantbus race),
ZygBBua . . . . . . . . 161
bari, Heliconius .. .. .. 103
barrettii (luteago race), Diantboecia 41
basilinea, Apamea . . . . . . 90
batesii, Pbyciodes .. .. .. 168
batis, Thyatira . . . . . . 55
baton, Scolitan tides 67, 105, 106,
193, 224
belemia, Antbocbaris . . 67, 133
SPEOIAL INDEX.
vu.
PAGE
belisaria (io a&.), Vanessa . . . . 10
bella, Utetheisa 173
beUargas=<iheti6 23, 34, 37, 208,
228, 232
beliidioe (daplidioe race), Pontia . . 225
bellieri, Hesperia . . . . 4, 46, 47
benevittatus (maohaon ah,), Papilio 169
bergi, Protoparoe 43
betulsB, Buralis 52, 54, 62, 64, 68
betolsQ, Salebria 196
betularia, Paohys .. .. 44, 115
bianor, Papilio .... ..42
bicolorana, Hylopbila .. 57, 212
bicoloria, Miana .. .. ..90
bioolorata, Mesoleuoa . . . . 113
bidentata, Gonodontis, Odontopera
17, 44, 115, 173
bifida, Gerura 55
bilineata, Camptogramma . . 113, 169
bilineata (malvsB ab.), Hesperia . . 127
bilunaria, Selenia . . . . 115, 123
bimaculata, Bapta 114
binaria, Drepana . . . . . . 56
bisetata, Ptyobopoda, Acidalia .. Ill
bislortata, Tephrosia . . 116, 173
biundularia, Tephroeia 22, 43, 231
bivittata (sinapis race), Leptosia . . 225
blandina^sethiops 22
BoarmiinsB 114
bocbus, Lampides . . . . . . 204
boeticus, Erynnis . . . . 5, 66
boeticus, Lampides 17, 62, 68, 105, 205
boisduvalii (transalpina race),
Zygtena 28, 78
bolina, Hypolimnas . . 206
boreata, Cheimatobia . . . . 112
brassicsB, Barathra . . . . . . 90
brassicsB, Pieris, Mancipium 9, 15,
16, 43, 52, 66, 71, 90, 98. 106,
108, 109. 133, 169, 192, 225, 226
Brentbis *^21
briseis, Satyrus . . . . 68, 105
bmmata, Cbeimatobia .. 59, 112
bmnnea, Noctua . . . . . . 89
brunneata. Thamnonoma . . . . 232
bryonisB (napi race), Pieris. . 100, 220
Bucculatrix 168
bucephala, Phalera . . . . . . 55
caoalise. Hesperia 47, 68, 79, 117,
• 119, 120, 125, 130
ceeca (serratulae ab.), Hesperia . . 87
csBTuleocepbala, Diloba . . . . 90
cseruleopunctata (pblaeas ab.), Bu-
micia ; . . . . . . . 156
caja, Arctia . . 42. 57, 84, 102, 123
calabrica (transalpioa rac^), Zygsena
28, 31, 21, 32, 77, 158
calabrica-bexamaculata (trans-
alpina ab,)-, Zygasna . . . . 28
c-album, Polygonia 10, 15, 37, 62,
67, 70, 97, 98, 106, 191, 192, 208
calida (byale race), Colias . . . . 225
calida'(medon race), Aricia 146,
• 147, 148, 149, 150, 152
oallidioe, Pontia . . . . 20, 62
PAGE
callidogenita (argiolus I. gen,),
Celastrina . . . . . . . . 224
callune (qaerctls race), Lasiooampa 56
calydonius (thetis ab,), Agriades
141, 142
oambysea, Zygiena . . . . . . 158
oameiina, Lopbopteryx . . 22, 55
Camilla (rivularis), Limenitis 10,
66, 70, 71, 106, 193, 208, 226, 228
Candida (pulobella ab,), Utetbeisa 173
oandidata, Asibena . . . . . . 113
canidia, Pieris . . . . 203, 216
cardamines, Euobloe 9, 87, 42, 53,
68, 69, 108, 109, 154, 173, 192, 225
cardui, Pyrameis 10, 15, 53, 59,
67, 68. 70, 106, 108, 131, 139,
140, 201, 206, 280
carinenta, Libytbea.. .. ..43
carlinsB, Hesperia 47, 50, 68, 80,
82, 83, 117, 126, 127, 130
carniolica, Zygssna . . 43, 208, 226
carpinata, Tricopteryx, Lobopbora
112, 154, 173, 215
earpini = pavonia .. .. .. 196
carpopbaga, Diantboecia . . . . 90
cartbami, Hesperia 3, 5, 46, 47,
50, 67, 69, 70, 87, 88, 125, 193
casbmirensis, Zygasna . . 215
castanea (negleota var.), Noctua 89, 232
castigata, Bapitbecia . . . . 114
Gatopsilia 203, 204
catoleuca (brassicsB ra>ce), Pieris . . 225
caucasica (ooridon race), Agriades 141
caudata = initia (pblseas race), Bu-
micia . . . . . . 5, 6
celeno, Lampides . . . . . . 204
eeltis, Libytbea . . . .62, 67, 68
centauresB, Hesperia . . 47. 130
centralis (provincialis) (transalpina
rac6), Zygaena .. .. 29, 32
centralitalica (alveus race) , Hesperia 4
certata, Eucosmia . . . . . . 112
cerusellus, Elacbista . . . . 214
cetbosia (xantbocles suhsp.), Heli-
conius . . . . . . . . 187
ceto, Erebia . . . . . . . . 68
chariclea (brassicsB I, gen.), Pieris 225
cbarlotta (aglaia a&.), Argynnis .. 10
cbi, Polia . . . . . . . . 216
chinensis (phlaeas race), Bumicia. . 7
CbloephoridsB . . . . . . 57
cbioridice, Pontia . . . . 66. 106
**cblorographa (eupbrosyne ab.),
Brentbis . . . . . . . . 170
**cblorographa (selene ah.), Bren-
tbis.. .. .. .. .. 170
cbromus, Prepona . . . . . . 43
cbrysippus, Danaida 43, 131, 133,
138, 205, 206
chrysitis, Plusia . . . . . . 93
Cbrysopbanid . . . . . . 8
Cbrysopbanus . . . . 8, 219
cbrysotbeme, Colias . . . . 66
ciliana (reticulata var.), Acalla 94,
95, 96
Vlll.
SPECIAL INDEX.
.. 20
.. 62
204, 205
.. 122
.. 89
.. 222
.. 103
.. 226
. . 102
43, 90
.. 91
34, 68
.. 89
PAOB
cimon (semiargus race)^ Cyaniris. . 224
cinxia, Melitaa 33, 41, 44, 67, 68,
70, 84, 106, 108, 110, 174, 193, 226
circe, Satyrus . . 68, 106, 222
circellaris, Amatbes . . . . 92
cirsii (fritillum race), Hesperia 80, 86
citrata (immanata), Dysstroma 44,
112, 173
clara (lineola ab.), Augiades . . 224
clarens (tages race), Nisoniades .. 223
clathrata, Chiasmia, Phasiane,
Strenia, Lozogramxua 24, 116,
155, 193
Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 62, 66, 70,
108, 197, 198, 199, 225, 227, 228
cloacella. Tinea
clytie (ilia ah.), Apatura
cnejus, Catochrysops
cnioella, Depressaria
c-nigrum, Nootua . .
Coenonympha
ooerulea, Cocytodes . .
oognata, Procris
Coleophora . .
comes, TriphsBna . .
comma, Leuoania . .
comma, Urbicola
complana, Lithosia..
confluens (graslini ab,), ZygsBna . . 158
confluens (oxytropis ab.), Zygasna 160
conigera, Leucania . . . . . . 91
consonaria, Boarmia . . . . 116
consortaria, Boarmia . . . . 116
conspicua (oxytropis ab.), ZygsBna 160
contaminana = reticulata 93, 94,
95, 96
convolvuli, Agrius, Sphinx . . 15
conyzflB (onopordi var.), Hesperia
125, 126
cordula, Satyrus . . . . . . 69
core, Euploea . . . . . . 205
coreta, Euploea . . . . . . 205
coridon, Agriades 19, 22, 23, 23, 34,
' 37, 42, }3, 68, 70, 117, 122, 140.
141, 142, 143, 169, 215, 220
corinna, Coenonympha . . 66, 67
coronata, Eupithecia, Chlorodystis
22, 114
**correpta(hylasa^.),Polyommatu8 144
oorticea, Agrotis . . . . . . 89
corydonius (coridon ab,), Agriadep 142
corylana, Tortrix . . . . . . 94
corylata, Cidaria . . . . . . 112
ooryli, Demas . . . . . . 89
OossidaB . . . . . . . . 116
G0SBU8 = ligniperda .. .. ..116
craboniformis, Trochilium.. 22, 173
crameri (belia), Anthocbaris 68, 108
**crassifasciana, Cnepbasia .. 169
crata'gana, Tortrix . . . . . . 43
cratuegi, Aporia 9, 68, 108, 109,
193, 208, 220, 225, 227, 231
crata^gi, Tricbiura .. .. 56, 196
crepuscularia. Tepbrosia 43, 116,
173, 190
PAOB
oribrellum, Hesperia .«. .. 67
crinaneasis, Hydrceoia . . . . 156
oristana, Peronea . . . . . . 44
croatica, Leptoua, Leptidia * • 66
crooale, Catopsilia . . . . 203, 204
crooeus^edusa 66, 70, 108, 225, 226
croeeus, Troides . . . . . . 212
cubicularis, Caradrina . . . . 41
cuoubali, Dianthoecia .. ..90
cuoullatella, Nola . . . . 52, 57
Cupido 219
ourtula, Pyg»ra 56
cuspis, Acronicta . . . . . . 211
Cyaniris 219
cydippe (adippe), Argynnia 10, 21,
22. 43, 53, 68, 105, 167, 208, 221, 2S1
cyllarus, Glaucopsycbe 68, 69,
193, 219. 224
cynarsd, Hesperia 47
cyntbia, Melitoa . . . . . . 62
cytbera (volcanaB iuhip.)^ Heli-
oonius . . . . . . . . 1H><
cytisi (filipendul89 a&.), ZygtBoa 76, 21
damon, Hirsutina .. .. 69, .'
dana, Nacaduba
daphne, Brenthis . . (>-'^
daplidioe, Pontia 9, 15* 16, 17, <'•
70,106,108,1'
dardanus, Papilio . .
darsius, Troiaes
dealbata=lineata ..
decoraria (subroaeata) (po
ab.), Oosymbia . .
defoliaria, Hybemia
deione, Melitna
delamerensis (biundalaria
Tepbrosia . •
delius, ParnaasiuB . .
demnogia (polyzena rac^). ^
demoleus, Papilio . .
dentina, Mamestra . .
Depressaria . .
depuncta (transalpina nu,,
derasa, Habrosyne . .
designata, Oobyria . .
detersa (thetis ab.), A^ *
dia, Brenthis 66, 70, ■
Diotyopteryx . . -*
didyma, Melitflsa 67, ^'
didymata, Meleny>
diffinis, Oalymnia
dlJuta, Asphaliftk
dilutata, Eplrrita f^^
I dimidiata, P^^o:
' dipaaoea, Heliothi
' dispar, Ohrysophi
dispar, Lymani
**diBparata, M
dolabraria, En;
dolus, Hirsn*
dominula, *
SFSCUI 3!3!EL
XI.
doDzelii, Arieis
dorilis, LoweiA 8, 66, 7(1. TL 106
106, 1«. mt. SM.
doris, Helioonias
dorus, GoBDonympfaa .. 2
doiycnii, ZygseoA
dorylas^hylas
DrepanidsB
dromedariua, NotodonH . . 3L
drasilia, Glutopbrisn
Drjas
dryas, Enodia 6t(. 306l StI. 2ft.
dnbia (stoBchadis ab.), Zi^na H.
dubitata, Tripb
duplaris, Pali
duponcbeli, I
dystrepta (sarpedoo db.)^
Eaoles
edusa (onxseos), Coliu 9. U. JS.
16, 17, 37, 41, 4S. 51. 66. 7D. 9b.
106, 108, 133, 139, 14B, fli.SK.
edwardsi, Attaeiu .. 4t.
egea, Polygonia
electa, Catooala
eleas (phleaa nee), BnmiBB i. C.
7,J71.
elevatuB, Heliooniia
elingnaria, Cioeallis
elatata=farcata
emarginate, Ania .
Ematarga . .
emendata (
Zygsna . .
emiflorens (lathonia
Enodia
eos (afehalia ab.],
eo8 (ilia a5J, ApL.
ephialtee, Zygama
epijasias, Chamm ..
Epinephele ..
epiphron, EreUa ..
Erastria . . •«
erate, Ooliaa..
erato, Heiiooniiu- ..
Erebia • . «.
ergane, PietiB
erioetaria, SeiUonHi
eris (niobe raM)^MMgjnLj
aroB (tiihonni)^
Bxydnidn ..
BzyniuB
er^rm^ (entofttcf r
eiyihnu, ij^gnna ..
esoheri, AgriidM C? *
€Bperi— flfdippfl ^^^^
«ftheoclM, OhuET
edUina^Oalthod'
96
3^
& r:
•-ti-i
••
'i.
mn
m «
. liu-
5,6.
- .). Ku-
6,
•). 0, 129,
j2
149
152,
149
196
-lOnlmannia
(thetiB
(tiH
Bpinepheli
Bnbolift
«iii9hari<
eucfaor
«acb!
ti(v), Runiicia
Jplna rare)^
. . 2M, 30, :-i'i,
■ 53, 62, 67. 68,
122, 192.
. . 5, {)H,
"iiariata uh.).
7
221
111
225
169
111
156
226
20H
219
43
173
08
PAOE
.. 206
'..3, 122, 1«7
.. 205
large .. 226
. >\veia .. 224
>/».), Gluto-
• • • • ioo
68, 84, 173
. . 68
.. 67
.. 36
35, 36
:iele 9, 43, 54, 68,
. 155, 193,208,221,
225, 226, 227
/.ueria 133
•• •• •• •■ o
^ri (oxytropis ab.), Zygae-
. > . . 158, 161
MiiL-as rae«), Bumieia .. 173
HierJB .. .. 66, 216
^..^u,i-ia. Drepana . . . . 57
iih, lodis .. . . . . 110
.joior (groBBulariata ab.),
.-.bxas 43, 104
.ca, Morpbo 104
___ -t. Terias 204
^ aor (dia 7. flen.), Brentbis . . 226
I ..a:«. Chilades 124
7 alburn, Polygonia . . 62, G7
'lamonti, Hesperocbaris .. .. 188
laiiceolafca (byperantas a/>.), Aphan-
topus 9, 42
. lanceolata (tiphon a&.), Cccno-
nympba 42
I lapidella, Luffia 211
..114
.. 105
LasiocampidsB . . . . 56
**Iaterubra (oxytropis race), Zy-
RSBna . . . . 158, 16*0, KJl
. **laterubra (rbadamanthus race),
Zygeena . . . . 158, 160, 161
latbonia, IsBoria 10. 14, 15, 06, 70,
' 98, 144, 174, 192, 208. 226
latbyri (sinapis I. (jeti.), Leptosia. . 225
**latina (transalpina race), Z\gtena
28, 30, 31. 32. 77. 78
Latiorina . . . . . . 220
latoua, Cycligramma . . . . 103
iavanduio), ZygH'na 158
lavatberso, Hesperia 68. 70, 218,
223, 227
lefebvrei, Gegenes . . . . 5, 68
lemonias, Junonia 206
lepidii (rapa- rem. yen.), Pieris . . 169
leporiiia, Aoronicta . . . . 89, 190
leucoinelaB (gaiathea ah.), Melan-
argia 62
leucopbaearia, Hibernia 115. 123.
173, 215
leucopbana (cinxia race), Melitaea
41, 84
levana, Arascbnia 07
lariciata, Eupitbecia
I larisBa, Meianargia..
X.
SPECIAL I^DEX.
PAGE
fiava (cardamines a6.), Euchloe . . 154
fiava (transalpina a&.), Zygsna .. 28
flavago=lutea .. .. ..92
fiavicinota, Polia 22
fiavicorDis, Poljploca 55, 190, 232
fiavofasciata, Perizoma .. ..113
**ilayosia (zanthocles tubsp,)^
Heliconius . . . . . . . . 187
fletoheri, Stigmella, Nepticala . . 97
flexula, Laspeyria . . . . . . 93
fiorella, Catopsilia . . . . 124, 203
florentina (aragonensis racej^ Agri-
ades 142, 224
florentina (carniolica race)j Zy-
gaena 226
florentina (galatbea race), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 226
florida (heoate race), Brenthis . . 226
fluctuata, Xantborhoe . . . . 113
fluviata, Percnoptilota . . . . 114
fontis, Bomolocba . . . . . . 93
forskaleana, Tortrix . . . . 95
foulquieri, Hesperia 4, 5, 46, 48,
67, 68
**foulquieriformi8 (alveus ab.),
Hesperia . . . . . . . . 4
foulquieriformis (alveus race),
Hesperia . . . . . . . . 4
fowleri (coridon ah,), Agriades . . 34
fritillum, Hesperia 46, 47, 68, 80,
81, 83, 85, 127, 129, 130
fuciformis, Hemaris . . . . 55
fuliginaria. Parascotia . . . . 42
fuliginosa, Pbragmatocera. . 57, 61
fulvago, Xantbia . . . . . . 92
fulvapicata (grossulariata ah.).
Abraxas . . . . . . . . 43
fulvata, Cidaria . . . . . . 112
fulvia = loti .. .. .. ..77
f ulvotincta (onopordi race) , Hesperia 223
fumata (ridleyanus ah.), Papilio.. 103
furcata (elutata ah.), Hydriomena
173, 196, 214
fuscata (pblaeas ah.), Bumicia 6, 8
fuscata-caudata (pblaeas ab.),
Bumicia . . . . . . 6, 7
fusGula = fasciana .. .. 35, 36
fusculina (revayana ah.), Sarro-
tbripus . . . . . . . . 22
gaika, Zizera . . . . 124. 204
galatbea, Melanargia 9, 62, 68,
108, 208, 213, 222, 226, 227, 232
gallica (medon race), Aricia 146,
147, 149, 160, 153
gamma, Plusia . . 14, 93, 134, 196
garuda, Eutbalia . . . . . . 202
gemmaria, Boarmia . . . . 116
gemina, Apaniea . . . . . . 90
geminipuncta, Nonagria . . 22, 122
genistaB, Mamestra . . . . . . 90
GeometraB (-idse) ;.. 52,120, 156
gilvago, Mellinia . . . . . . 231
gilvaria, Aspilates . . . . . . 212
glacial is, Erebia . . . . . . 68
glarearia, Pbasiane.. .. 23, 24
PAGE
glareosa, Noctua . . . . . . 232
glaucata, Cilix . '. . . . . 57
glaucippe, Hebomoia . . . . 204
Glaaoopsyche .219
glycirrbizffi (trifolii ah.), Zygaena
116, 191
glyphica, Euclidia . . . . 93, 193
goante, Erebia . . . . . . 68
golgus (by las race), Polyom^iatus 144
Gonepterinse.. .. .. ..93
Gonepteryx 197, 199
gorge, Erebia . . . . 5, 69, 222
gossypiella, Pectinopbora . . . . 170
gotbioa, TaBniocampa . . . . 91
gracilis, Taeniocampa . . 92, 154
gracilis (sao i>ar.), Powellia .. 224
graminis, Cbaraeas . . . . . . 21
grandis, Eacles .. .. 158, 215
graslini, Zygaena . . . . 158, 159
grisea (rbadamantbusab.), Zygaena 161
grisealis, Zanclognatba . . . . 93
grisearia (strigillaria ab.). Perconia 116
griseovariegata (piniperda), Panolis 91
griseola, Litbosia . . . . 89, 231
grossulariata. Abraxas 19, 43, 169, 196
balipbron, Troides . . .. .. 212
halterata, Lobppbora . . 112, 231
bastata, Eulype . . . . 113, 231
bavercampfi (eupbrosyne ah.),
Brenthis .. .. .. •• 168
haworthi^ta, Eupitbecia . . . . 114
becabe, Terias . . . • • • 204
becate, Brentbis . . 68, 226, 227
becta, Hepialus . . . . . . 117
bector, Papilio .. .. 201, 202
belena, Troides . . . . . . 212
belice(edusavar.),Colias 9, 14, 15, 41
HeliconidaB(ius) 103, 104, 166, 167, 187
Heodes . . • • . • • • 8
bepatica, Xylopbasia . . . . 91
Hepialidae . . . . . . • • 117
bermione, Satyrus . . . . . . 68
Hesperia (-idae) 43, 45, 46, 47, 50,
54, 78, 82, 85, 88, 117, 118, 125,
129, 166, 205, 218
bibernata (tbersites /. gen.), Agri-
ades . . . . . . . . 224
.. 84
.. 221
.. 206
.. 204
.. 116
Hibernia
biera, Pararge
bierta, Junonia
bippia, Pareronia
bippocastanaria, Pacbycnema
bippocrepidip, Zygaena ..29,77, 78
bippothoe, Chrysopbanus 8, 62, 68, 219
Hirsutina . . . . . . • • 220
**bispana (transalpina race), Zyg-
aena . . . . . . 30, 31
bispidaria, Apocbeima 115, 172, 232
bobleyi (eurytus race), Pseudacrsea 195
bonratbi, Tenaris . . . . . . 173
bumuli, Hepialus . . . . 117, 212
byale, Colias 9, 14, 17, 37, 66, 174,
208, 225, 227, 229
bydara (erato race), Heliconius . . 104
Hydriomeninae .. .. .. Ill
SPECIAL INDEX.
zi.
PAGE
hyemana, Cheimatopbila . . . . 209
hylas, Polyommatus 34, 65, 67, 68,
70, 144, 220
hyperantus, Aphantopus 9, 42, 43,
54, 123, 208
Hypeninae 93
hypermnestra=polyxena .. ..68
hypophlaeas (phlseas race)^ Ba-
micia . . . . 6, 7
•*hypotricha, Scythris .. .. 169
hypsiphy]e=polyxena .. ..62
iberioa (flava race), Adopeea 224
ibipennella, Coleophora . . . . 214
ioarinus (icarus ab.) , Polyommatus
122, 224
icarus, Polyommatus 8, 21, 34, 37,
43, 54, 67, 68, 70, 106, 106, 108,
122, 144,146, 147, 148, 160, 151,
152, 191, 193, 206,208, 220, 224, 226
ida, Epinephele . . 62, 68, 108, 226
idas, LycsBna . . . . 5, 67, 70
idas = ramburi •. 149, 162, 169
ignorata (meleager race), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 146
ilaire (drusilla suhsp,), Glutophrissa 188
ilia, Apatura 62,67,208
ilicis, Nordmannia 68, 174, 208,
225, 227
iilunaria, Ennomos. . .. .. 196
imitaria, Leptomeris .. ..Ill
immanata = citrata .. .. 44, 112
imperialis, Eacles, Basilona 21, 216
imperialis, Teinopalpus . . . . 201
impluviata, Hydriomena . . 113, 173
impura, Leucania . . . . . . 91
incerta, Tieniocampa . . 92, 99
indigata, Eupithecia . . . . 114
**infracandida (medon race), Aricia
146, 147, 148, 150, 161, 152
**infracacaotica (medon race),
Aricia . . . . . . . . 149
infralbens (medon race), Aricia 148,
149, 151, 162,
**infraplumbea (medon race),
Aricia . . . . . . . . 149
infuscata (furcata ah.), Hydriomena 1^6
initia (caudata) (phlseas ab.), Bu-
micia . . . . . . 6, 6, 7
initia- caudata (phlaBas var.), Bu-
micia . . . . . . 6, 7
ino. Brenthis . . 5, 6, 129, 221
inornata, Ptychopoda .. ..Ill
inomata (ilicis ab.), Nordmannia 225
inspercella, Scytbris . . . . 169
interjectaria, Ptycbopoda .. ..Ill
intermedia (pblseas race), Bumicia 156
intermedia (transalpina race),
ZygflBna . . . . 28, 30, 32, 226
io, Vanessa 10, 43, 63, 62, 67, 68,
122, 192, 208
iolas, Lyoasna, lolana . . 5, 68, 219
iochalcea (grossulariata ab.).
Abraxas . . . . . . . . 43
iota, Plusia . . . . . . . . 17S
ipbis, GaBUonympba . . . . 68
PAGE
iphita, Junonia . . . . . . 206
iris, Apatura.. .. 9, 63, 122, 167
ismene, Melanitis . . .^ 205
italica (aBgeria I. gen.), Pararge . . 226
italorum (dorilis race), Loweia . . 224
**iack8oni (drusilla subsp.), Qluto-
pbrissa . . . . . . . . 188
jacobsBfe, Hipocrita . . 68, 84, 173
jantbina, TripbaBna . . 90
japygia, Melanargia . . 68
jasius, Cbaraxes .. •• ..67
j u liana =fasciana .. .. ..36
Juliana, Pammene . . . 36, 36
jurtina, Epinepbele 9, 43, 64, 68,
106, 107, 108, 165, 193, 208, 221,
226, 226, 227
karsandra, Zizeeria. . .. .. 133
Kasyapa • • . . . . . . 8'
kiesenwetteri (oxytropis ab.), ZygaB-
na . . . . . . . . 168, 161
koobi (pblffias race), Bumioia .. 17^
krueperi, Pieris . . . . 66, 216
bicertinaria. Drepana . . . . 67
lactcaria, lodis . . . . . . 110
lac ti CO lor (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas . . . . 43, 104
laertes, Morpbo . . . . . . 104
laeta, Terias.. .. .. .. 204
laetior (dia I. gen.), Brentbis . . 226
laius. Cbilades .. .. .. 124
1-album, Polygonia . . . . 62, 67
**lamonti, Hesperocbaris . . .. 18&
lanceolata (byperantus ab.), Apban-
topus . . . . . . 9, 42
lanceolata (tipbon ab.), Goeno-
nympba . . . . . . . . 42
lapidella, Luffia . . . . . . 211
lariciata, Eupitbecia .. ..114
larissa, Melanargia.. .. ..106
LasiocampidsB . . . . . . 56
♦*laterubra (oxytropis race), Zy-
gaena . . . . 158, 160, 161
**laterubra (rbadamantbus race),
Zygffina . . . . 158, 160, 161
latbonia, Issoria 10, 14, 15, 66, 70,
98, 144, 174, 192, 208, 226
latbyri (sinapis /. gen.), Leptosia. . 226
**Iatina (transalpina race), ZvgaBna
28, 30, 31, 32, 77, 7&
Latiorina . . . . . . . . 220
latona, Cycligramma . . . . 103
lavandulsB, ZygaBna. . .. .. 158
lavatberae, Hesperia 68, 70, 218,
223, 227
lefebvrei, Gegenes . . . . 5, 68
lemonias, Junonia . . . . . . 206
lepidii (rapaB vern. gen.), Pieris . . 169
leporina, Acronicta . . . . 89, 190
leucomelas (galatbea ab.), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 62
leucopbaearia, Hibernia 116, 123,
173, 215
leucopbana (cinxia race), Melitaea
41, 84
levana, Arascbnia . . . . . . 67
SPEOIAL INDEX.
libylhea, TeriAB
libHtrix, Seoliopterjs
lidderdhlii, Annandia .. ..
'ligen. Ej-Bbia. .
liguipeida, Cossus
liKulii, Orrhodia
ligiirioft, Plebeius
ligQBttl, Craniopbora
liguilFi, SpbiiiK
liliaoa, Pinaoopterji
liaiu:in&, CjoUeramma
limitabi. Ortbolibha
limniaoe. Dannido, ■■ .. .. '
linearis. Ephjra
ilinetitn. Builephila ..
lioeata (dealbata). Scoria . . . . '
lineoU, Augiades .. ttS. TO, 136, '
li|i8ianft, Poronen
ItterttDR, Leptogrsmma
Lithocodia 35,
lithargyria, Lenoftnia
litliorjlea, Xjlophaaia
iilurata, Semiothisa . . 43,
livornioR flineatu race), Fbrjxas
156, 169, 19ti, 213, '
loeflingiana, Tortriz
JonioariH, Zygmia . . 77, 155, :
lota. Amnthes
]oti, Zygmnii.. .. 26,28.29.
loti = tr».na«lpinft 76. 77, 78, 158,
loirliL (pulchella sb.). Utetbeisa . . .
IiOweia . . . . .. 8, '.
lubricipeda, Spiloaoma
luoilla, Neptis
lucina, Hamearis 51, 67, 68, 70,
IDS. 110, 193, 225, '
luciparn, Kuplexia . .
Iii(
9, l^pinepbeie
I, Hepi,
I. Tepbroflia . .
lurideok, LithoBia ..
lusoria. Toxuoumpa. .
lutea (fl*¥ttgo), Xanthia
luleago, DiantbfEciiL
Jateata, Aslbsna
luteolata, Opistbograptis
lutosu, Calamia
LyofflDft (idffi) e, 35, 54, 152, 166,
212.
Ljooiidfs allusticUB
Jycaon. Epinephele . ,
Lyman (Hid IB
lyaimnia, Mecfaanitie
IjshnQii.ZiEera
Maoariii- Seniiotbi^iL
maccana, Peronea . .
macbaon, Papilio 8, 20. 62. 66,70.
71, 106, 108, 109, 169, 192, 208, ;
macilenta. Ariiatbea
"mftcra (meleager raet), Polyorii-
maluB I
mticrops. Criebna . . .. ',
macularia. Veoilia .. .. .. ;
raooulosa (vaoills race), Dioue . .
, Fararge 67, 70, 211, 221, 2
naa, Iraote 2
magniSoella, GlocbisU. . . 122, 1
maba, Zizern 2
major, SntyrDa
nialvie. Hexpena 34, 43, 45, 46,
50,51, 85,97,105, 126, 127, 128,
129, 130, 2
malvoides, Hesperia 45, 47. 50, 67,
89, 105, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130,
192, 2
manni, Pielis 66, 106, 125, 220.
225, 2
manto, Erebia . . . . . . 2
rtiargaritaria, Metrocampa. ■ . ■ 1
iniirgB.ritoBa(Ea,iieift (i/i.), Agrotis,.
marRinaria, Hibernia .. 115, 1
marginnta. LomaapilJB .. 42, 1
miirginata (cardamines ab.),
Euchloe 1
marginepunotftla, Aoidalia . . 2
maritiina,'senttt .. .. 171, 2
mariUma (tranaalpina race), Zy-
gsna 28, 30, ■
mnritiiiin Iriiiiaculaba jtransalpina
r,.«). Zygffioa
marloyi, BalUa . . . . . . i
maaseyi (tegon race), PlobsiuB 22,
11, '
maCarna, MeliteeA .. ., .. i
maura, Morroo
inaurus, Atlucua
MecbiLnitia >iereiE
medioSiisens ImecFia nb.), Pararge
tnednn (astiai'ctie) (agestis), Aricia
31, 43, 68, 70. 71. 105, 106, 108,
145, 146, 147, 148. 149. 150.
151, 152, 219, 2
medusa. Erebia
megera. Pararge 9. 15, 16. 17, 53,
63. 66. 67, 70, 81, 98, 106, 107.
2US, 221, 226, 2
mebadtensis (athalia Tace}. Melltaa 1
Melanai^ia . . . . . . . . 2
melanopa, Olaucopsycbe . . . . 2
melanoElicta (macbaon ah.), Papilio
melanoBticCa (revayana ab.), Snrro-
mele^er. Polyommatus 68, 69, 144. 1
melete (xantboclcB race), Helieo-
niuB 1
meliloti, Zjgiena . . . . 76,
MeliUea 45, 2
luelalia, Heaperi*
melpomene. Helieoniua . . . . 1
memnon, Papilio 2
luendioB, Diuphora . .
mentbagtri, Spiloaoma . . 13,
meridiaiiu (Clier&ites race), Agriadea 2
iiJBi'idioriiHs [cardamines race),
Euobloe 2
meridionaliB {cratffigi race), Aporin 2
mesantina, Anapbceis ■ . ■ . S
meaomella, CyboBJa. .
SF£CJAL INDEX.
xui.
PAGE
mestralii, Syntomis 134
meta (polyxena race), Thais . . 192
BQieticulosa} PhlogQphora . . 17, 91
metra (rapae var.)y Pieris . . . . 225
mi, EuolidiA 22, 93, 1^5
mioaoea, fiydroecia.. .. ..91
Micropteryx . . . . . . . . 1^3
zniltosa (loti) ((ransalpina a&.), Zy-
gaena . . . . . . . . 168
miniata, Miltoohrista .. ..89
minimus, Cupido 34, 41, 54, 67,
68, 70, 108, 208, 224
minima (oxytropis ab.), Zygauia . . 160
miniosa, Taeoiocampa . . 91, 190
minoldes (trifolii a&.), Zygaena 21,
40, 1X6, 167, 191
mirabilis (alcipbron ad.), Loweia. . 224
misippus, Hypolimnas ... 43, 206
mnemosyjoe, Paraassi^s . .62, 68, 107
modeeriana, Tortrix . . . . 94
zaonacba, Lymantria . . . . 56
moneta, Plusia . . . . 22, 93
monililera, Narycia.. .. .. 216
monoglypba, Xylophasia . . 15, 91
montana = nevadensis (medon race) ,
Aricia . . . . 146, 148, 160, 152
montanata, Xanthorhoe . . . . 113
morpheq?, Heteropterus . . 4, 68
morpbeus, Gacadrina . • . . 91
muliistrigaria, Mel«Qydris.. .. 112
munda, Taeniocampa . . 92, 164
muralis, Bryophila . . . . 22
murinata, Minoa .. .. ..Ill
myrmidone, Colias . . . . 66
myrtilli, Anarta . . . . 92, 165
nanata, £upitbeoia 114
napi, Pieris 9, 63, 66, 71, 97, 100,
106, 154, 165, 169, 192, 208, 216,
220, 226, 226
napoleon, Dynastor.. .. 173
neapolitana (ida race), Epinepbile 225
nebulosa, Aplecta . . . . 22, 90
neglecta, Noctua . . . . 89, 232
nera, Hesperocbaris . « . . 188
Nereis (Mecbanitis). . .. .. 13
neoridas, Erebia 69
neustria, Malacosoma . . . . 66
nevadensis = monto>na 145, 148, 149,
160, 162
nictitans, Hydrcecia . . . . 81
oigra (bidentata, ab.), Oonodootis
(Odontopem^ 44
nigra (trapes^lma ab.), Calymnia . . 196
nigricans, Agrotia ... . . . . 22
nigrina (sibilia ab.), Limenitis 21, 42
**nigriorelens (pbbsAS race), JEUi-
mieia 6, 6, 7, 224
nigriaparsata (grossulariata ab.i,
Abi^xas . . . . . . . . 43
oigrojEasciaria, Antielfia . . . . 113
nigrofulvata (liturata ah.), Semio-
tbiSA • • • • • • . . 43
oigronotata (br.a8&ic«B ab,), Pieris. . 169
nigropunctajba (brassicsB ajb), Pieris 169
PAOS
oigrovirgato (trapezina ab.), Ga-
Jymnia
196
nimbana r Catoptria . .
14
joiobe, Argynnis . . 68, 208,
221
Nisoniades ..
2ia
fiobilis, Pibpilio
64
Noctun 164,
16&
NolidfiB 42,
57
nomius, Parnassius . .
203
nora, Nacaduba
124
noreia, Nacaduba
124
nostrodamus, G^enes . . 6,
6a
notata, ISemiotbisa
231
NotodontidsB
66
nubilus, Apbnraus
124
numida, Hesperia . .
61
nup^, Catooala . . 16, 93,
171
NympbalidsB 63,
64
Nycteolid^
42
uyseus, Talicada
204
obeliscata, Tbera . . . . 62,
112^
obliterata, Eucboeca
113
obscura, Agrotis . .
231
oblongata, Eupitbecia
113
obsourana = ciliana . .
94
obscuraria, Gnopbos . . 22,
116
obsoleta, (aegon ab.), Plebeius
42^
obsoleta (coiidon ab.), Agriades ..
42
obsoleta (icarus ab.), Polyommatua
122,
191
occideotalis (sidse race), Hesperia
223
occidentalis (transalpina race), Zy-
gsena 29,32,
158
occitanioa (pboebe race), Melitasa . .
193
ucellata, Mesoleuoa
113
oebraeea, Gortyna . .
91
oebracea (zonaria ab.), Nyssia . .
22
ocbrea (oardaminesad.), Eucbloe. .
164
ocbrearift (strataria ah.), Ampbidia-
S19
22
Ocbsenbeimeria . . . .
214
octogesijna, Palimpsestis . .52, 66«
231
oedipus, G(JHfionympba
97
oeme, Erebia ^
222
CEneis
166
oieraoea, Mamestra
90
oiivaoea (cbi ab.), PoUa . .
216
ODO|)ocdi, Hesperia 46, 47, 61, 67,
80, 82, 126, 126, U27, 130, 223,
227
opbiogramwa, Apaotea . . 6S
t, 9e>
opima, TaBniocampa . . 117,
164
C^sipbfines . .
173
or, Palimpsestis
66
orbifer, Powellia . . . . 67,
106
orbltalus, Jjatiorina
220
orientalis, Hesperia.. .. 106,
10&
orion^ ScoUtan tides . . . . 67,
70
oritbya, Junonia
206
ornate. Idea
19a
ornato (m«doci ab.^), Ajricia 148,
150
ornalUrix, Utetbeisa ,
17*
omltbopus, Xylina
92^
orobi (trifoiU ab.), Zygasoa 40, 116,
167,
191
obtomanusv -Gibryaopbanus . .
67.-
SPECIAL INDEX.
■attonU (eratorar.),HeUoomuB .. 104
oxjftcftntbte. Misalia . . 16, 91
"'oKjtropiterenB [rhftdMHanthus
rn'-e). ZyRtena . . - ■ ISS, 161
oxvtropis. ZygiBna 21, 43, 158,
159,160,161. 226
naliBmon (panNoQsl.OyolopidoB .. 62
palffino. Colka 62
palea, Brenthia .. .- 5, 66
pallans. Leuoania -■ ■- -.91
pallidetulvft (medon race), Alloift
149, ISO, 151, 152, S24
palpina, Pteroitoma . . 55, 206
?»ludBtft, Careia 231
amphilioEe 54
pamphilus, Cienoiiyiiipfaa 9, 42,
43, 64, 67, «8, 70, 98, 106. 107,
108, 122, IBS, 192, 308, 223,
225, 227, 232
Pftoda^va, Caloohryaopg . . 124
pandora, Dryaa .. ..62, 68, 106
nuiiscuE = palEB[ilon ■■ ■■ 62
paphia, Ditm. . 10, 21, 67, 42, 43,
58, 68, 106, 189, 106. 206, 220,
228, 232
"•paphos, GInuoopajche .. 124, 195
Papiliu (onid«i| . . 52, 201. 226, 227
papilionaria, Geomet.ra -. HO, 155
Paratge 221
pMipennellft, Coleophota .. .,14
ParnasaiuB 201, 220
partheDiBs, Brephos 22, 110, 172,
173, 190, 209
piirthenle, Mel<t>ea. . 6,67.68, 169
pftOQer(oTUaniaruce|,Glao«)p8jcha 224
pavonia. Batamia .. 56,96, 193, 196
pedarU, Phigalia .. 84, 115, 128
peltiKera, Heliothis 92
pendularift, CoaymbU . .22. 24, 111
neaelope Imelpomene race), Heli-
conma . . 104
pannaria, Himera 16, 17, 42, 44,
115, 122. 232
periua, Athyma . . . - - ■ 206
perla, Brjophila .. .. 44, 89
perinixtana, Jjobesia . . . . 102
porsBUB, MjcaleaiB . . . . . . 306
peraioa (icariiB race), Poljommatufl 191
perspicillarie^polyodon .. .. 42
pelrarift. Lozogramma ,. llti, 190
-■petri (thetiB uh.), AgrJadea 140, 142
pbalantba, Atella 206
kasiane 2*
pb«gea, STDtomia .. .. 206,228
oherates, Albnlina 152
phio<.moDa,ColiaB 62
pbidiae. Papilio liH
phlaaai Bumicia 6, 6. 7, 8, 17. 19,
23. S3, 13 54. 66, 70, 98, 106,
lOM, Jaa, 151, I5B, 171, 173, 192,
208, 216, 219. 224, 227, 229
pbcabe, Melitna 67, 70, 193, 226
phormia (iurlmariwe), Bpinephele 225
phylUa (eFftto raet), Belioonloi . . 104
picata, Euphjia .. .. .. 118
"picena (fomquieti raet), Hespeiia 4
Fierldie Ids) (il . . . . 8, 52. 188
PieriB 220
plgia. Pygii:ra . • . . 55
piniaria, Bupalus .. 116, 15S, 219
pinaatiJ, HylolcuB 216
piniperda — KriBeo-varlegatB 91
plagiata, Anaitia . . 22, 111
plantaginia. Parasemia .. .. 214
Plebeiua 6
plecta, Noolua .. .. 16, 90
plexippua, Danaida,. .. .• 205
pliniuB (teHcaDUB'jb.), Tarucaa .. 124
plumbana, Tortcix . . . . 94, 95
plumbaria, Ortholitba . . Ill
plumbeolata, Eapittaecia .. 114, 231
Pluaia 104, 178
podalirioa, Papilio 66, 70. 99, 106,
108, 192, 2U, 231
piuyi {druailla jiuh«p.),01iitopbrls9a 168
"pollodea (tages ah,). Miaoniades 170
poUutai'ia (marginatavur.), Lomas-
pilua 114
polonua (thetiB ab.), Agriades 140.
141, ua
poljohloros, Eugonia 53. 60, 67,
70.98. 109, 122. 173, 208
poljgalie (purpuralia ab.), Z;g«na 169
polyaiiiestor, Papilio .. .. 202
poljniDia, MechaaitiH (Nereis) .. 13
puljodon (perBpioillaiiE ab.i,
CloEintha 42
Folyommatua .. .. 8, 220
poljtea, Papilio 203
poljiena (hjpajphile), Thaia 62,
68, 192
pontLca, Hesperia .. .. .. lOS
popalaria, Neuronia.. .. ..90
populala, LjgrU .. .. 62, 112
populi, Amorpba .. ..42.54,206
popuil, LltneniliB 62
populi, Poeoilooampa . . 56
pocata, Epbjra .. .. 111. 214
poaeidon. Troidea .. .. .. 212
poatBromaculatH (napi ab.), Pieria 169
"pobua (aeru lubip.), Heapero-
oharia 188
potatoria. Coamotriobe ..22.56. 232
praecooior (batoD I. gen,), Soolitan-
tides 224
praeooi (tranaalpina abX Zygiena SO
praaiaaaa, H7lopbila,HBliaB22, 57, 213
prasina, Euroia 90
primuliB (feativa), Nootua .. . . SO
proboaoidaliB. Hypena . . . . 98
procida (gaiatfaea raet), Melan-
argia 63, 208
pronuba, Trlphmna.. .. 16, 90
protiubana, Tortrii 88
p rod api aria, Ell opia .. 22. 114
p ro lea. Hade na .. .. ..90
prolea (didyma 1, gat.), Melitoa . . 22S
pruto, Pjrgua .. .. ..67
PtotoparoB 4S
SPECIAL INDEX.
XV.
PAGE
provinoialiss= centralis (transalpina
race) . . . . . . . . 29
pruinata, Pseudoterpna . . . . 110
prunaria, Angerona 115, 190, 208
prunata, Lygris 112
pruni, Strymon 22, 40, 48, 52, 54,
62, 68, 208
pseudomalvBB (mal voides race), Hes-
peria .. 223
pseudomaritima (transalpina race)^
Zygaena . . 28
psdudosorrentina (transalpina ab.),
Zygeena ..".... . . 28
pseudoaorrentina-depanota (trans-
alpina a6.), Zygeena .. ..28
psi, Trisena ... . . . . 89, 211
Psyohides 216
pudibanda, Dasychira 15, 66, 193
padorina, Leacania.. .. ..231
pulchella, Utetheisa, Deiopeia 15, 178
polchellata, Eupitheoia .. ..113
polohrina, Plusia . . . . 63, 93
pulveraria, Nameria . . . . 114
pulverolenta, Tseniocampa . . 92
pomilata, Gymnosoelis . . . . 114
♦•pnmlla (oxytropis nice), Zygesna •
160, 161
ponotaria, Ephyra 214
punotularia, Tephrosia . . 116, 173
punctum, Zygeena . . . . 43, 226
purdeyi, Betinia . . . . . . 122
purpuralis, Zygnna.. .. 158, 159
pusaria, Cabera . . . . . . 114
pusiHata, Eupitheoia . . . . 114
paspa, Cyaniris . . . . . . 204
pustnlata, Eachloris .. ..110
puta, Agrotis . . . . . . 89
putris, Axylia 90
pygarga=fa8oiana .. .. 35, 86
pygmasata, Eupitheoia . . . . 155
P^nrftles 212
pyraliata, Cidaria 112
. pyralina, Calymnia 196
pynunidea, Amphipyra . . . . 91
pyranthe, Catopsilia . . . . 203
pyrensa (rhadamanthus raee)^
ZygSBna . . . . . . . . 161
pyrene, Ixias " . . . . . . 203
pyri, Satumia . . 60, 133, 196
'Quadrifinaa . . . . . . . . 93
•♦quercii (oxytropis race), Zygsena
160, 161
^uerciU, Bithys, Zephyrus 22, 33,
37, 54, 68, 105
-queroiU, Lasiooampa * . . 56, 103
radiata (aragonensis a&.), Agriades 224
radfaia (oardamines ab.), Euohloe 154
xadiata (grossulariata ab.). Abraxas 43
radiata-lutea (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas 196
xambnri (idas), Aricia . . 149, 152
' ranidsana ' (revayana ab,), Sarro-
thripas .22
rapae, Pieris 9, 16, 17, 37, 53, 62, 66,
PAOB
71, 97, 106, 108, 123, 169, 192,
208, 215, 216, 225, 226
rasa (ioarus ah), Polyommatus . . 145
Baywardia . . . . . . . . 8
reotangulata, Chloroclystis . . 114
reducta (alTeus ab.), Hesperia . . 51
reduota (andromedae ab,), Hesperia
119, 180
reduota (oacaliaB ab.), Hesperia 121, 130
reduota (oamilla at,), Limenitis . . 226
reduota (oarthami abX Hesperia.. 88
reduota (malvaB ab.), Hesperia 127,
128, 130
reduota (malvoides ab,), Hesperia 130
reducta (onopordi ab,), Hesperia
126, 180
remus, Troides 212
remutaria, Leptomeris, Aoidalia . . Ill
repandata, Boarmia .. ..116
reticulata (oontaminana), Aoalla 93,
94, 95, 96
retusa, Plastenis 92
revayana, Sarrotbripus 22, 44, 57, 282
rhadamanthus, Zygeana 158, 159,
160, 161
rhamni, Gk)nepteryx 9, 37, 53, 60,
61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 71, 106, 108,
173, 192, 208, 225, 226, 227
rhodomelas (transalpina race), Zy-
gaBua . . . . . . . . 28
rhombana (reticulata var.), Aoalla
94, 95, 96
ridens, Polyplooa . . . . 55, 211
ridleyanus, Papilio 103
rivularis= Camilla .. 66,70,71,226
roboraria, Boarmia.. .. ..116
romana (ausoniara(;e),Anthooharis 225
rondoui (esoberi race), Polyom-
matus 144
rosana, Tortrix 95
rosimon, Costalius 205
rossii (manni J J. gen,), Pieris . . 225
rostralis, Hypena 93
rubi, Callophrys 33, 41, 43, 54, 68,
90. 108, 192, 195, 208, 225
rubi, Maorothylaoia 16, 56, 62, 190
rubioundus, Zygaana . . 21, 159
rubiginea, Dasycampa . . . . 92
rubricosa, Pacfanobia . . . . 91
rufa, Coenobia 22
Bumioia .. .. .. 8, 219
rusina, Dasyophthalma . . . . 108
russulas^sannio * .. .. .. 57
Bustious (Lycaeides) . . . . 13
rurea, Xylophasia . . . . 91
rutilus (dispar race), Chrysophanus
193, 280
ryffelensis, Hesperia 47, 50, 78,
79, 117, 120, 218
salicis, StilpoDotia 56
salmaois (medon race), Aricia 145,
150, 151
sambucaria, Ourapteryx .. 115, 212
* * samsoni' (coridon var . ) , Agriades
140, 141, 142
XVI.
SPEGIAIi INDEX.
PAGE
sannio (russula), Diiftcrisia. . .. 57
mo, Powellia .. 67, 68, 70, 224
sari, Terias . . . . . . . . 204
sarmatis (medon race), Aricia 147,
148, 150, 151, 152
sarpedon, Zjgsena .. .. .. 159
Sarrotbripinse .. .. .. 57
aatellitia, Scopelosoma . . .92
Baturniidce . . . . . . . . 56
satyrata, Eupitheoia .. &2, 114
Satyridaa (-U8) .. .. 53, 222
satjrion, Goenonympha . . . . 222
saucia, Agrotis . . . . 42, 156
scabiosae,, Zygasna 226
soabriuscula (pinastri), Dipterygia. 91
Bchmidtii (phlsBas ah.), Bumioia
33, 156, 171
8coparia .. .. .. .. 102
8(cy tbrns . . . . . . . . 169
sebcos, Capido 67, 106, 208, 219,
225, 227, 228
secalis, Apamea . . . . . . 90
segetum, Agrotis . . . . . . 89
selene, Brentbis 8, 10, 22, 43, 53,
67, 170, 192, 208, 228, 231
selene, Tenaris . . . . . . 173
semele, Hipparobia ,9, 43, 53, 68,
106, 122
semi-allous (medon ab.), Aricia
146, 147, 150, 151
semiargus (acis), Cyaniris, Poly-
ouamatus 34, 67, 70, 106, 208,
219, 224, 227
semibrunnea, Xylina . . . . 92
Eemif nsoata (aurinia ab.), Melitaaa
41, 84
fiemilutea (grossulariata var.).
Abraxas . . . . ... . . 43
Bemiotbisa (Macaria) . . . . 24
semisyngrapba (coridon ab.), Agri>
ades . . . . . . 23, 34
septembreUA, Nepticula . . . . 196
Serena, Hecatera . . . . . . 90
sericialis, lEiivula . . . . . . 92
serratulaB, Heeperia 3, 4« 5, 47, 50,
68, 85, 86, 87, 117, X19, 121, X30, 218
Besiidffi . . . . . . . . 116
sexalisata,Mystiooptera(Iiobophiora) 112
Bibilla, Limenitis 9, 21, 42. 43, 53,
189, 208, 228
sibyllina (oxytropis race), Zygtena
160, 161
sides, Hesperia . . 47, 68, 223, 227
fiignatipennis (elingoariib ab.), Cro-
callis ..22
silaceata, Eustroma . . . . 112
similis, Porthesia . . . . . . 56
sina^is, Leptosia 53, 66, 71, 106,
192, 208, 223, 225, 229
sinuana. Gnepbasia . . . 169
. . 114
92, 156
.. 113
.. 122
sobrinata, Eupithecia
socia, Xylina
Booiata, Xanthorboe
Borbi, LitbocoUetis . .
PAGE
Bororoula, Litbosia . . . . . . 89
sorrentina (transalpina race),
Zygasna . . . . 28, 30, 31, 32
sorrentina-sexmaculata (trans-
alpina race), ZygaBna .. ..28
spartiata, Gbe^s .. .. ..112
spbeciformis, Trocbilium, Sesia . . 116
Spbingidffi . . . . . . 23, 54
spbyrus (macbaon ab,), Papilio . . 62
Spilosoma . . . . . « . . 24
spini, Elugia. . .. .. 5, 68
splendens (escberi race), Polyom-
matus . . . . 70, 144, 224
**squalida (meleager race)., Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . ] 45
Btabilis, TsBniocampa . . . . 92
statices, Adscita, Procris 155, 195,
226, 231
fttatilinas, Hipparebia, Satyrus
68, 107, 229
Bteeveni (meleager var,), Polyom-
noatus . . . . . . . . 145
stellatarum, Sesia, Macroglossa 14,
17, 55, 61, 62, 133, 189, 208, 280
stcecbadis, Zygaena 21, 29, 31, 43, 226
stoninus (revayana var.), Sarro-
tbripas . . . . . . . . 22
strabo, Gatocbrysops . . . . 204
straminata, Ptycbopoda . . . . Ill
straminea, Leucania .. ..231
strataria, Ampbidasis, Pacbys 22, 115
striata (aBgon a6.), Plebeius .. 42
striata (coridon ab.), Agriades 23, 42
striata (tbetis ah.), Agriftdes . . 23
strigata, Hemitbea . . . . . . Ill
strigilis, Miana . , . . . . 90
strigillaria, Perconia . . 116, 155
strigula, Agrotis . . . . . . 89
strigula, Nola . . . . . . 57
stygne, Erebia . . . . . . 68
sabalpina (dorilis race), Ijoweia . . 219
**subcalida (medon r/OLce), Aricia . . 150
subfulvata, Eupitbeoia . . . . 114
subnotata, Eupitbecia . . . . 117
**subornata (medon ab.), Aricia
148, 150, 224
SQbroseata(pendulariaa&.), Gosym-
Dia .. •• .« .. .. si>-
Bubaericeata, Ptycfaopoda .. Ill, 231
succenturiata, Eupitbecia . . . . 19&
suffumata, Lampropteryx . . . . 112
suffQ0a=yp8ilon .. .. ..89
suftttsa (pblsBas ah.), Bumicia 6, 229
snlfureo-yenata (cardamines ab.),
Eaebloe 154
••supra-bellieri (foulqaieri ab,),
Hesperia . . . . . . 4
Buspecta, Dysoborista, Ortbosia . . 155
sylvanus, AJugiades 54, 67, 68, 70,
193, 208, 224
sylvata, Abraxas . . . . . . 153
sylviaa, Hepialus .. .. .. 117
syngrapba (coridon ah.), Agriades
34, 42
SPECIAL INDEX.
xvu.
PAGE
Syntomidae 189
syriaoa, Satynis 107
syringaria, Hygroohroa . . . . 116
ftabaniformis, Soiopteron . . . . 174
tages, Nisoniades 54, 67, 68, 70,
100. 106, 170, 192, 219, 223. 227
taras (malvae ab.), Hesperia 34, 127
laras (malvoides ab.), Hesperia . . 192
**tarasina (ooridon ab.), Agriades 169
tarasoides (serratalsB ab.), Hesperia 87
taraxici, Caradrina 91
tersipennalis, Zanclognatha .. 93
Taruous 206
tau, Aglia . . . . : . . . 174
telicanus, Langia . . 62, 68, 106, 124
tellus (erato race)^ Helioonius . . 104
temerata, Bapta 114
tonebrata, Heliaoa . . . . 92, 193
tonebrosa, Busina .. .. ..91
tenuelimbo (aroania J. gen.) Goeno-
nympha 226
tenuiata, Eupitbeoia . . . . 114
**tenuis (athalia ah,), Melitaea . . 226
**tenui8triga (vulcanus aubsp.),
Heliconius 188
Teracolus 137
Terias 204, 215
tersata, Pbibalapteryx .. ..117
tessellum, Hesperia. . .. ..67
testacea, Luperina .. .. 42, 90
testata, Lygris . . . . . . 112
totralunaria, Selenia 116, 214
thalassina, Mamestra . . 90
tbaros, Phyciodes . . . . . . 168
thaumas = flava .. ..64,70, 224
TheclinBB 122
thelxiope (melpomene race), Heli-
oonius . . . . . . . . 104
tbeopbrastus, Tarucus . . 67, 204
Tbermopila (ZygsBna) . . 13
thersamon, Tbersamonia ..67,97, 106
Thersamonia . . . . . . 8
tbersites, Agriades 67, 68, 105, 106,
123,147, 224
tbetis (bellargus), Agriades 8, 23,
34, 37, 48, 67, 140, 141, J 42, 143,
144, 145, 147, 161, 193, 208, 220,
224, 226, 228, 232
tbetis, Curetis . . . . . . 206
TbyatiridsB 55
thyodamus, Gyrestis . . . . 206
tbyter (pulcbella ab.), Utetbeisa .. 173
tiliae, Mimas.. .. .. 24, 43
tiliaria = alniaria .. .. 16, 17
tincta, Aplecta . . . . 90
tineana, ADcylis .. .. 41, 64
Tineina . . . . . . . . 216
tiphon, Ccenonympba 42, 68, 165,
222, 231
tipuliformis, Aegeria . . 37
tithonus = eros, Polyommatus 5, 69
tithonus, Epinepbele 9, 24, 43,
54, 68, 107, 173, 196, 222, 225,
226, 229
tityrus, Epargyreus 195
PAOS
lityus, Hemaris . . . . . . 66
Tortricina (ides) . . . . 24, 123
Tortrix . . . . . . 64
trabealis (sulphuralis), Agrophila
36, 208
tragopogonis, Ampbipyra . . 20, 94
transalpina, ZygaBna 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 30, 31, 32, 43, 76, 77, 78, 104,
168, 169, 213, 226
transf uscata = mediolugens(megera) 84
transiens (rbamni ab.), Gonepteryx 225
transiens (transalpiDa ah.), Zygaena
28, 80, 32
trapezina, Calymnia . . 92, 196
tremulaB (populi ab.), Limenitis .. 62
trepida, Notodonta . . . . 56
triangulum, Noctua . . . . 89
tridens, Triaena .. .. 89, 2 LI
TrifinsB . . . . . . . . 89
trifolii, Zygaena 21, 38, 39, 40, 77,
116, 167, 168, 190, 191, 215
trigemlnata, Ptycbopoda . . . . Ill
trigrammica, Grammesia . . . . 91
trimacula, Drymonia . . . . 66
tripartita, Abrostola . . . . 93
triplasia, Abrostola . . . . . . 93
triptolemus (acbilleaB rac6), Zygaena 226
tritici, Agrotis . . . . . . 89
tritopbus, Notodonta . . . . 174
trivia, Melitaea . . . . 6, 67, 106
truncata, Dysstronia, Cidaria 22,
24, 112, 122, 172, 173
tubulosa, Taleporia.. .. .. 173
turfosalis, Tbolomiges . . . . 117
turnus, Papiiio . . . . 20, 170
tusca (pblaeas I. gen,), Kumicia . . 226
tyndarus, Erebia . . . . . . 69
typbae (arundinis), Nonagria 21, 231
ubaldus, Azanus . . . . . . 204
uliginosellus, Crambus . . . . 122
ulmivora, Nepticula . . . . 14
umbratica, Cucullia . . . . 92
unangulata, Xantborboe . . . . 113
unca, Hydrelia . . . . . . 22
uncula, Hydrelia . . . . . . 155
undulata, Eucosmia . . . . 112
unicolorella, Ari&totelia . . . . 14
unidentaria, Ocbyria . . . . 112
unita (oxytropis ab.), Zygasna .. 160
uranus, Azanus . . . . . . 204
urlicaB, Aglais 10, 21, 38, 43, 53,
62, 63, 67, 70, 98, 102, 110, 122,
156, 173, 193, 232, 233
urvilleana, Troides.. .. .. 212
Utetheisa 172, 173
vaccinii, Orrbodia, Cerastis . . 92
vaculella, Ocbsenbeimerla. . .. 14
v-albuni (l-album ab.), Polygonia.. 62
valesina (papbia ab.), Dry as 10, 42, 232
Vanessidae . . . . 67, 68, 226, 227
vanillae, Dione . . . . . . 21
varitita, Thera .. .. .. 112
variegata (revayana var.), Sarro-
tbripus . . . . . . . . 22
il'ECIAL INDEX.
irieleua (phlnas race). TtumicU
laan-nn Tlmtuiionoma ..
venosft (biundularia nl.), Tephroaia
veooatefbellaraeel, "Utethaiaa ..
verbaBci, CuaulIiA . . . . 92, '
vernallB (eduEaJ. ^fii.), Golias ., !
varnalU (hjftle I. geu.), ColiftB . . i
vernaria, Oeometrft.. .. 52,
verBioolor (meleager race), Poljom-
veaCiglalie, Agrotie . . . . 62,
villica, Arclia .. 58, 100,
vitnirjalie Bomfayoia, Cleocerie 23,
vitiula, Ceiura
TioU (elheoclsB var.), CbaraxeB
violie TelchmiiL
vireljait&, Trioopter;i
virgatus (rubi race), Cftllophrjs
virganreiE, Beades . . . . 3,
virgularia, Ptjcliopodn
viridniiH, Chariptera
viridorU, Amirbe ..
viridaria, Pb jto Dietra
viahnu, Ttabala
vogleri, Cilheronia . .
vuTcana-', HelicuniuB
volgariB (napi race), Pieria
mlBata, Bupilheoia
w-EJbum, CbatteudenU 33, 62,
walberi (menthaBtvl var.), Sp
xanChoaleB, Heliconius . . 104, :
aautlioerapha, Noctoa . . 21,
lanlbogiupba (trail Ealpina ab.),
Zjetena
lantbomelas, Eugonia
xerampelina. Cirrhoedin . .
lipliin, Nviibitona !
Ijlaattaiia, Toitris
jpailoi) (suffuBa). Agratls . .
Ypthima I
aelleri (icarua ab.), PoljomMfttUs
146, 2
zicherti (tranaalpioa ab.), Zjgtena
43, f
I, 226
NEUROPTERA.
ABcalaphus 214
armatus, Siphhiiua 196
bicaudala, Peria 193
ObrjBOpa .. .. 37, 121, 215
commuDia. Panorpa .. ..193
cruciatuB, SlenopBocas . . . . 121
darninensis, Maatotermes ■ . 106
diplerum, Clofion .. '.. .. 168
Peria . .
Bapbidia
vulgarit, Cbrjsopa
annulatuB. CordulegasteF .
ojanea, Ae^cbna
depresaa, Libellula . .
erjtbnea, Libellnla..
loQsooloiiibii, fijinpetrom
forcip.itu, OnjohogoiapbaB
(ortnosa, Ao^bua , .
LibeilulidtB ..
uigin Halyslolbemia
iiyiiipliula, Pjrrhoaooift
pwleuiDubLiia liibellula
puella, Agrion
■ ■ ■■ AgnoD ..
iiculata, Libellula..
Hj.li guinea, Sjmpetrum
Booticit, Sympetrura..
flplendena, Calopteryx
aCiiolatii, SjmpeWuiii
Tiri-o, Cttloplerji
vuigalisaimua, GompbuB
ORTHOPTERA.
legjptica, Acridiuui . . 97,
aucicularia, Forlicula . . . , 2
bicQlor, StauroderuH
biuiaoulatuB, Gryllas, LiogrjIiuB . . 1
brunneus, Megapliatua
eiKLulmia, Spbingonotus .. 15,2
cici-uleHcenB, tEdipodit 16, 16, 2
caiupeMris. OrjIJua, Liogryllua 69, 1
dnliaaliria. Gryllomorpba ..
danicuB, Pacbjtyliia ., BO, I
douieatJouB, OryiluB. .
lalcata, Pbaoetopteia . . IS,
fusoum, Stathopbjnm, Areyptera. .
Mantidffi
L, Oeiiip
niorio, SttturoderuB. .
morosuB, CumuaiuB.. .. 17:
naauta, Acrida . . . . II
perBpioilloFiB, Ectobiua
pulvinutue, Cbortbippua ..
religLoaa, Mantis ,,14, II
sjlvBBtria, Gryllufl
tbakibsina, Lpaorumiu
viridisEima, LocuBlia .. 19.
vulgaris, Gryllotalpa
RHVNCHOTA.
SPECIAL INDEX.
ziz.
1
PAGE
PAGE
aurita, Ledra
• • • •
196
pomi, Aphis . . . .
.. 102
beckeri, Megaooelum
• • • •
41
prunastri, SphaBrcleoanium
.. 100
baxtooi, Aphis
• • • •
177
punioae, Aphis
. 165, 166
carpiaicobi, Oncopsis
• • • •
168
rhododendri, Stephanitis .
.. 42
OoccidaB
• • • •
168
sagittifer, Khapigaster
.. 99
ooryli, Eulecanium . .
• • • •
100
sanguinolentus, Cercopis .
.. 194
electa (ai^ocincta var.).
ItyraBa . .
104
scotti, Macropsis . .
.. 168
Flatidae
• • • •
104
speciosa, ItyraBa
.. 104
gregoryi (iiigrocincta var
.), ItyraBa
104
speciosa (nigrocincta var.)
, ItyraBa
kirsohbaumi, Anacopus
• • • •
168
103, 104
lineafca, Graphosoma
• • • •
208
tripolii, Aphis
.. 20
loniceraB, Aleurodes. .
• « • •
38
maculata, Aprophora
maculatus, Corizus..
• • • •
• •
168
42
SIPHONAPTERA.
marginatus, Meiacurus
• • • •
194
cheopis, Xenopsylla
.. 176
melissHB, Eupteryx . .
• • • •
38
fasciatus, Ceratophyllus .
.. 175
nigrocincta, ItyraBa . .
. . 103,
104
obtusa, Clastoptera . .
• • • •
64
TRICOPTERA.
patricia (nigrocincta var
.), Ityrasa
104
persimilis, Limotettix
• • • •
168
Hydropsyche
.. 168
personatus, Reduvius
• • • •
2Q8
Hydroptila . .
.. 40
pipistrellus, Gimex . .
• • • •
213
simulus, Hydroptila
.. 40
CORRIGENDA, Etc.
Corrections in spelling of scientific names are made in the Special Index.
Page 45. line 4 from bottom, for " habits " read " habitats."
,, 67. last line transferred above footnote.
118. line 21, •• when " should read ♦' where."
128. line 4 from bottom, for ♦' north-western " read ** south-western.*'
144. Dr. Chapman points out that the footnote is in error, and refers me to
a result subsequent to that I had relied on.
157. for " frontale " and ♦' parietale " read " frontal " and ♦♦ parietal."
,, 207. line 6 from the bottom, for •' 100 " read ♦♦ 194."
PI. v., figs. 2 and 2a, "mariae, sp. nov.," should read ''.pallidum, Donisthorpe.
Vol. xxxi., p, 170, 172, etc., delete " Strymon pruni " in Lieut. B. B. Ashby's notes.
» »
»>
» »
■ 1 I
ClHiCJINHJ^ niBTIMCT*, FiLO.
^^luwflUfiisi^ ^
^ ... ^^^. ^
« • •
JOURNAL OF VARIA^i^ION.
-*— ^
~r
Vol. XXXII. No. 1. January 15th^4920.
** —
#
The Myrmecophilous Lady- Bird, Coccinella distincta, Fald.,**ljt:^.
Life-history and Association with Ants. **.'",.
(With two plates.)
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc,
(Concluded from Vol. xxxi., p. 222.)
The most difficuU problem in connection with C, distincta is to
explain why it is always associated with ants. The beetles, as we
have seen, do not as a rule hibernate in the nests ; nor do the larvsB
and pupsB live in the nests, nor are the eggs dropped on to them, as is
the case with Clythra quadrijnmctata. The lady-birds (and their
larvae) will feed on any plant-lice and could often obtain a richer
supply of food by visiting trees far away from the rufa nests, as do the
ants themselves. Therefore it is not a question of food. It
cannot be - to obtain protection from the ants because its near
ally the seven-spot lady-bird is much more common and occurs
everywhere miles away from F, rufa nests. The fact that the
latter sometimes occurs with distincta on the trees over rnfa
nests, and also alone in such situations — at Oxshott I frequently find
septempunctata on fir trees over rufa nests, but have never been able
to discover distincta there — serves to show the kind of variation in
habit which may lead to a myrmecophilous mode of life, and not why
it lives such a life. Wasmann^** considers that distincta has
adapted itself to such a life through a spontaneous variation, which
embraced and retained, gave to the species a new direction in evolution,
and this in spite of the limitation in food-supply which was incidentally
brought about through this new habit. He believes that it has
differentiated itself — not through, but in spite of the operation of
natural selection — into a true morphological species. This again does
not explain why it lives with ants, but only how the habit started ;
moreover I am more inclined to think that the habit was brought
about gradually, by its ancestors experimenting in a myrmecophilous
existence, as we see septempunctata doing at this day. [For other
examples of a like nature — see my paper "On the Origin and
Ancestral Form of Myrmecophilous Coleoptera." Trans, Ent, Soc,
Lond, 1909 418-29] . I consider the reason for its association with F,
rufa is that it is a Miillerian mimic of Clythra 4-punctata, In 1900^*
I wrote of the latter — "I am inclined to think that this beetle is
a mimic of Coccinella distincta, as it has a strong superficial
January, 1920.
THC ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
resemblance to a * lady-bird,* and the Coccinellida are known to be
distasteful to insectivora.". Again in 1901^^ I repeated this statement,
but added — " At the sanae time Clythra may be disteeteful on its own
account, and thus prcQvide an example of Miillerian mimicry, a
question which I hope to settle this year.'* As mentioned m my paper
on " The Life Hh^tory of Clythra quadri-punctata, L.*' (Trans, EnL
Soc, Lond. lSl|93'*ll-23) I proved the Clythra to be distasteful by
experiment^- WiiH various birds, lizards, marmosettes, etc., at the
Zoological/GTaVdens. We therefore see that it is a case of Miillerian
mimicry 'aM I now think that the Cocdnella is a mimic of. the
Clythra^ :AXiA not vice versa as I originally suggested. The Clythra' 8
eggs,* larvae, and pupae occur in the ants* nests, and it is a commoner
and nioie widely distributed species — it ranges from Sutherland in
Scotland to Cornwall and the Isle of Wight. This suggests that the
^CoQtinella is of comparatively more recent phylogenetic development ;
and it is also highly specialized as regards the male genitalia.
It has been suggested that as the shape of C. distincta is very
different from that of Clythra, it can not be a mimic of the latter ; but
mimicry can be valuable in spite of differences in shape, furthermore
that shape may be very stable and difficult to alter, as probably here,
for it runs through many allied species. Everyone will agree that C,
diatincta is more like Clythra than is the common C. 7-punctatay as the
shape is actually a little longer, and the spots much larger than in the
latter. I have also been told that as the size of the spots varies in other
species of CoccinellidcB — for example my subspecies boreolitoralis of the
common eleven-spot Lady-bird, C. undecim punctata, L., which occurs
on the coasts in the north and west — these also ought to be mimics of
Clythra. Variation occurs independently in different species and may
produce the same results for different reasons, and one inight just as
well maintain that C. distincta ought to occur on sandy coasts I
Cocdnella distincta and Clythra quadripunctata are frequently found
together on the trees over, and flying round the nests, and it must be
admitted that by those who are not Entomologists, Coleopterists, or
specialists, they might well be mistaken for each other.
My friend Professor W. M. Wheeler writes in one of his charming
papers [" The Parasitic Aculeata, a Study in Evolution *' Proc. Amer,
Phil. Soc. 58 1-40 (1919)]—" There is undoubtedly much to be said in
favour of the opinion commonly held by entomologists that the fruit-
fulness of their investigations is apt to be directly proportional to the
intensity of their specialization, but it is also true that this very
specialization may often preclude an adequate appreciation or even a
recognition of phenomena that would profoundly impress the worker
who possesses more general biological interests.'* This statement is
not inapplicable to the subject in question.
Both species are distasteful, both exhibit warning colours, and it
would be an advantage to the Cocdnella to have shared any experi-
mental tasting by young birds, etc., with the Clythra, which would help
to protect it in the winter when birds are hungry and will sometimes
eat insects they would not otherwise touch.
The Clythra dies off in the summer, whereas, as we have seen, the
Cocdnella passes the whole winter on the trees over the rufa nests.
If it be admitted that it is an advantage to the latter to resemble
the farmer, then natural selection would have seized on any small
SEASONAL POLYMORPHiaM. O
variations that arose, the larger size of the spots, etc., and gradually
increased the same. I have submitted this part of my paper to my
friend Professor Poulton and he considers that the above arguments
are quite sound, but would not exclude the possibility of some
additional advantage being gained by the selection of trees in the
neighbourhood of the ants' nests, and therefore presumably visited more
freely than others by the ants.
The life history of this insect may be briefly recapitulated as
follows ; —
Coccinella distincta passes its whole life in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of ants' nests. Copulation takes place in May and June, and
the female. lays her eggs on the underside of pine needles, and leaves
of trees, over the ants' nests. The eggs are long, bright yellow in
colour, and arranged close together two and three abreast, varying in
number from seven to some twenty odd. The eggs hatch in five to
seven, days, and the young larvaB feed on the Aphids on the trees on
which they were born. There appear to be four moults, and the full-
grown larva fastens itself up ready to pupate, having spent some
twenty-five to twenty-niiie days in .the larval condition. It pupates in
three to five days and about nine to eleven days elapse before the
imago emerges from the pupal skin. The whole process lasting some
fort^ to fifty days. The perfect insects feed on the plant lice on trees
close to the nests, and the majority of them pass the winter on these
trees ; a few individuals only entering the nests for hibernation.
Usually there is only one generation, but in some years, when the
weather is favourable, there may be two.
Finally I consider the reason for its occurrence with Formica rufa
is that it is a Miillerian mimic of Clijthra ^-punctata.
Explanation of Plate I.
1. Eggs of Coccinella distincta on pine-needle.
2. Pupa of Coccinella distincta.
3. Empty pupa case of Coccinella distincta on pine-needle.
4. top. Coccinella distincta, Fald., subsp. labilis, Muls.
4. middle. Form with spots 1 on elyftra very small, showing a disposition to become
effaced and approaching the type form L. distincta,
4. bottom. Coccinella distincta, Fald., subsp. labilis, Muls., ab. domiditca, Weise.
Explanation of Plate JI.
1. Small larva of Coccinella distincta.
2. Full sized larva of Coccinella distincta.
-5 (S: S. Male genitalia of C. distincta (5. median lobe, etc. ; 3. tegmen, etc.).
6 (& 4. Male genitalia of C septempunctata (6. median lobe, etc. ; 4. tegmen, etc.).
Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera
and Rhopalocera.— Additional Notes.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Continued J rom page 201.)
Hespeiiasenatulae, Bbr., and H. carthanii, Hiib. The races of the
Sibillini Mountains in Central Italy do not seem to differ from the
Alpine ones, judging by a comparison with those of the Baths of
Valdieri, although the former locality is separated by such a distance
from the Alps, and both the species are not known to occur in any
othef intermediate one.
THE entomologist's RECORD.
Hespetia alveiis, Hiib., race centralitaliae, mihi. What has
been said of serratiilae concerning the distribution may be repeated
here, but in this case individual variation is distinctly different and
clearly constitutes a different race. The size varies much less than in
the Alps and the Pyrenees, keeping constantly to the lesser size known
(28mm. •25mm. in expanse) ; the wings are narrow and elongated ; the
extent of the white spaces varies on the contrary very much more than
usual, specimens with a well defined band-like space of a distinctly
white tone on hindwing being quite frequent in both sexes, and much
more so than the opposite'extreme variation, in which those wings are
uniformly grey; the underside of hindwings varies widely, ranging
from the form with dull greyish-green, and with extensive white spaces
having their outline rather shadowed, to the form with bright yellowish-
green and with white spaces limited in extent and sharply outlined. The
latter, when combined with the very white spaces on upperside of
hindwing, mentioned above, so resemble foulquieri that Querci and I
have not been able to detect a way of separating them from it, and we
only know they are alveus from the verdict of Eeverdin, who has
examined their genitalia microscopically. Notwithstanding these
exceptional specimens, which might well be called foulquieriformis,.
mihi, alveus and foulquieri keep, on the whole, distinct in the Sibillini
mountains, as in other regions, and can be separated with a little^ cara
and practice, so that we do not doubt they are distinct species, as sup-
posed originally by Oberthiir, and confirmed very emphatically by
Eeverdin on examining the genitalia.
Hesperia foulquieriy Obth., race picena, mihi. M. G. Foulquier has
kindly collected for me a nice series of the nymotypical race from St.
Zacharie in the Var ; on comparing it with the Sibillini Mountains
one, I find they differ considerably : the Italian insect is much frailer,,
and its narrow wings give it a much smaller appearance than would
seem from actual measurements of the expanse (about 24mm. as com-
pared to the 26mm. of the French one) ; the colour is a little duller
and inclining more to brownish, more suffused with grey scaling on
the forewing, and with more extensive white spaces on hindwing^
which culminate in the very white hellierij Obth. This was suspected
to be a distinct species, but the genitalia gave no evidence in this sense,,
having been found identical with those of foulquieri ; although in the
locality of the " types " (Larcbe) it greatly predominates, it evidently is
but a distinct mountain race ; the material collected in the Sibillini by
Querci distinctly points to this conclusion. In 1919 the captures
were as follows : S s foulquieri, 15 ; transitions to bellieri, 8 ; hellieri,
4 ; $ s respectively 17, 4, and 4. I have called " transitions *' those
specimens which on the upperside came very near the extent of white
of bellieri or reached it entirely, whereas on the underside they had the
limited white spaces, broken up into separate spots, of foulquieii, and
not the broad band -like spaces of bellieri ; this form might be called
SUPRA-BELLIERI, mihi.
Heteropterus morpheus, Pall. This species was discovered in Italy
by Calberla at Monte Rotondo, 165m., near Rome, and no other
locality had been discovered since, to my knowledge, in peninsular
Italy. It has now been found in June, 1919, in the Mainarde Moun-
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. O
tains (prov. of Gaserta), at 500m. altitade, near Yillalatina. These
isolated colonies, in the south, of species proper to Central Europe, and
separated hy hundreds of miles from their congeners, are interesting to
notice.
The other species found in Central Italy under the same conditions,
are the following : — Gegenes nostrodamus (collected by Bostagno round
Borne, and pronounced by Beverdin to be this species, distinct from the
widespread lefevbvrei) ; Hespena alveus, H, foulquiti'i, H, serratulae, H.
carthami* (all four found as yet in the Sibillini mountains only) ; Eryn-
nis boeticus (Sibillini and Oricola, on boundary between Latium and
Abruzzi ; only two or three specimens known) ; Birsntina dolus (Sibil-
lini and Abruzzi) ; Polyommatus tithonus (=ero8) (Sibillini and Abruzzi) ;
Aricta enniedon (Aurunci mountains and Aspromonte in Calabria) ;
lolanajolas (Bologna, Bome, and Aurunci mountains) ; Lycaena areas
discovered by Querci at the end of June, on Mt. Cairo, above Monte-
cassino, at the junction of the paths from Colle S. Magno and Castro-
cielo) ; Lycaena aleon (discovered by Turati at Sestola on the Modenese
slopes of Mt. Cimone, in July, and said to have been found in the
Abruzzi by Standfuss) ; Klugia spini (Sibillini, Aurunci, and Mainarde
mountains) ; Anthochans euphenoides (at Filettino, in the Simbruini
mountains, in S. Latium) ; Coenonympha dor us (Assisi, discovered by
Wheeler, and Sibillini) ; Erebia gorge (Sibillini and Abruzzi) ; Melitaea
aurinia (Aurunci mountains) ; M. trivia (said to have been found by
Stauder in Calabria) ; M. part/ienie (Sibillini and Abruzzi) ; Brenthis
pales (Abruzzi).
Rumicia phlaeas, L., race nigrioreleus, mihi, race vari-
ELEUs, mihi, and ' its other European races. Tutt, in Brit,
Butts,, i., has made a remarkably accurate and exhaustive critical
analysis of the bibliography of this species. From it, and from
a few further observations on phlaeas in the South, I think
the following synthetical conclusions can be drawn concerning
seasonal polymorphism and races in Europe. These are invariably
produced by variation in the shape of the wings, and especially by
different degrees of melanism (in the summer and autumn broods),
which constitute a progressive series along one single line. The fol-
lowing grades are clearly discernible and broadly correspond to geo-
graphical areas in their distribution, as will be seen when dealing with
the races they produce: (1) form phlaeas, L.; (2) form initia [=caudata] ,
Tutt ; no black suffusion over copper ground-colour of forewing, but
broader dark bands along the three margins ; I should add that the
external margin of forewings is straighter, that the black dots are
larger, and that the band -like copper space of hind wings is reduced in
extent, just as it is in all the following forms ; (8) form eleus, Fabr. : a
* H, alveus is a speoies about which one may be easily mistaken, but H,
serratulae certainly ooonrs at Palona in the Abruzzi, and at Subiaco. H. car-
thami occurs at Boccaraso and ViUala in the Abruzzi on Monte Subasco, Assisi,
where I have taken several specimens at the side of the path leading to the
*' Carceri." H. dolus and L. Idas also occur at Assisi ; the former on both sides
of the road leading to Piano della Pieve, and of the latter I have taken one worn $
only (being too late for the species) just above the Cemetery road. K. spini also
occurs in the Abruzzi, near Aquila, at Sulmona, and at the Lago di Scanno, qa
well as at Subiaoo. (See Ent, Rec, zzi., pp. 250, 252, 253 *, xidV., i^^. '^^^.'Il^^
286.)— [G.W.]
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
black suffusion, always abundantly mixed with copper, covers the hind
part of forewing more or less up to cubital nervure, and to its anterior
branch ; Tutt has called suffusa the corresponding form with no tails
to hindwings ; (4) form aestivus, Z. : like the preceding, but with a
much denser and slightly more extensive suffusion ; (6) form fuscata
[-^caudata], Tutt, the whole of the copper replaced by dark scaling,
except, in less extreme specimens, two small areas '^ before and beyond
the discal spot " showing very faintly. Melanism and all these
characters are far less marked in the female. The seasonal and geo-
graphical distribution of these forms in Europe can be tabulated as
follows : —
Race.
First gen.
Second gen
. Third gen.
Fourth
Lapland,
EXTRAORD.GEN.
hypophlaeaSf Boisd.
(one generation only)
Extreme N. Europe,
phlaeaSj L.
phlaeas.
phlaeas.
(none)
N. Europe,
initia, Tutt.
phlaeas.
initia.
phlaeas.
Southern N, Europe,
sufusa, Tutt.
phlaeas.
suffusa.
initia.
Central Europe,
initia-caadata, Tutt.
phlaeas.
initia-
initia.
and
caudata.
eleus, Fabr.
phlaeas.
eleus.
initia-
initial
Northern S. Europe,
caudata.
[-caudata] .
nigrioreleus, Vrty.
phlaeas.
nigrioreleus.
eleus.
initia
Southern S. Europe,
[-caudata] .
aestivus, Z.
phlaeas.
aestivus.
eleus.
t7ittta-
caudata f
fuscata-caudata, Tutt,
phlaeas.
fu^cata-
eleus.
initia-
caudata.
•
caudata t
It will be noticed that the highest degree of melanism is always
produced by the second gen., which consequently characterises the
race.
The race hypophlaeas, B., of Lapland, is very distinct and stands
apd.rt from the single line of variation of the others ; it is like the
American one. The nymotypical race is said by Linnaeus to " habitat
in pratis Westmamiiae." The race initia initiates seasonal dimorphism
in the second gen., and perhaps in the third, which differ from the
first in most individuals. The race sufusa of the South of England
resembles eleusy but only has marked tails quite exceptionally. In the
two Central European races the forms initia-caudata and eleus are
found mixed together in the second gen., one or the other predominat-
ing, and a few aestivus appearing now and then amongst them. I
have found it necessary to create the new name of nicfvioreleus for the
next grade, as it could in no way be joined en either to eleiis or to
afstivus ; the form initia-caudata is frequent in the second generation
amongst the precocious sporadic emerc^ences of May and in
early June, but later it nearly entirely disappears, and some
individuals are eleus^ whereas more than half the individuals
belong to transitions from the latter to aestivus^ which is
frequent even in its most highly characterised form, although
percentages fluctuate according to localities; the third generation con-
trasts sharply with the second only in the tardy families (in Florence,
after September 15th, early ones emerging from the end of August),
because in these it retrocedes of two grades to initia-caudata ^ whereas
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 7
early families belong chiefly to eleus with still quite a good percentage
of aestivus ; the fourth extraordinary generation comes still nearer
phlaeas, the tails becoming very short and often as in the northern
initia, which it resembles furthermore by its small size; there thus
exists in Tuscany the entire scale of variation, completed by the
existence of fnscata-candata as an extreme variation in the race aestivus
of the Isle of Elba : in my series of 34 males from this locality, five
are perfect specimens of it ; the rest vary much less than on the conti-
nent, and, more or less, all belong to the form aestivus except early
specimens of May. Zeller first described the very dark summer brood
of southern Europe from series of ** the mountains above Messina,"
and Tutt rightly points out (page 371) that this name, although un-
fortunate for a race, must be used for the southern one. I now add
the suggestion that it should be restricted to races similar to the
Sicilian one, in which rt^stiV^/.s largely predominates and fuscata-cawlata
makes its first appearance as an extreme individual form, wbereas racQ
nifjrioreleus never produces it. Finally, when fuscata-caudata is abun-
dant or predominates the race should take this name : it is more likely
to occur in the eastern Mediterranean, as suggested by Tutt, but two
out of three specimens collected by me during a short excursion in
a little marsh near Tempio, in Sardinia, belong to this form ; I was
deterred from enquiring further into the matter by the presence of
several bulls nervously inspecting me and my net.
I need scarcely say that the geographical areas mentioned -ibove
are set down on broad lines, for, locally, one may find in each, races
which come near the races of other regions. In the hottest Alpine
valleys the form aestivus is frequent, but it occurs mixed with the
extreme opposite variations ; thus, the medium is brought back to the
eleus grade in these very variable races, such as are those of many species
m the Alps: varieleus. On the contrary, at the highest altitudes of
phlaeas in the Apennines, melanism is as limited as in Central Europe,
and the same names eleusj and even initia-caudata, are well suited to
it. As a general rule, at equal temperatures, dampness increases
melanism, so that it often increases markedly in the Alps and con-
staujbly in the Islands and in marshy localities.
The table given above shows that in this species seasonal and geo-
graphical variations are identical. In the production of race-charac-
ters in the Lepidoptera, phenomena of two orders generally combine :
heredity and surroundings. It is clear that in this species the latter
alone produce them by their action during the development of each
individual ; even here, however, a slight hereditary difference seems to
have been produced, because Weismann [Ent.y xxix., p. 75] claims to
have proved by experimental breeding that extreme northern races
respond more to cold, and southern races to heat. The races /////>o-
phlaeas and ckinensis show, besides, some characters which seem
hereditary ; they might be called " phylogenetic " races, as compared
to the ** ONTOGENETIC " Europeau ones described above, which alto-
gether consist of only one phylogenetic race, equivalent to liiipopldaeas
or to ckinensis. A high degree of ontogenetic variability is perhaps a
prelude to phylogenetic scission or difi'erentiation ; it evidently is an
index of sensitiveness to surroundings, and one would naturally take
it to mean a state of instability. Most Lepidoptera produce individuals
or entire generations which resemble other kindred races, but a pervod\Q,^V
8 THE entomologist's beoobd.
return to a constant type, such as takes place in phlaeas in its first genera-
tion, is very unusual. It seems obvious that in a case of this sort the
thought of instability must be discarded, and the hypothesis of an
unusually high degree of " individual elasticity " is more likely to be
correct ; this would allow the species, or one of its races, to move into
very different surroundings without being compelled to modify itself
for adaptation, by recurring to its "specific elasticity" (see introduction
to Rhopalocera Palaearctica).
That individual elasticity, if drawn top far, must issue in a phylo-
genetic split (to use the mechanical image of the process further), and
in the establishment of two new centres of balance, seems to be
shown by the fact that allied genera carry on variation along the same
line either in one direction or in the other. In this cage of the Chry-
sophanidi sexual dimorphism brings it to its extreme limits both ways
in the male : in Thersamoniay Ghrysophanus, and Heodes^ the reduction
in the extent of the dark scaling of nymotypical phlaeas is. pushed to
its total or nearly total obliteration ; in the Loxoeia the dark suffusion
of fuscata goes so far as to cover the whole of the wings. It will be
noticed that the Lycaenidi vary in broad lines in an exactly parallel
way : the Lycaena correspond roughly to Riimiciay and still better to
Rasyapa, Moore; the Raywardia to the Thersamonia, the Aricia and the
females of PolyommatuSf Ay Hades, Pleheius, etc. to the male type of
pattern of Loweia dorilis, whilst the males of the three genera last
mentioned take up and develop to its highest degree the male
refracting scaling which is golden in virgaureae, dispar, etc., and
which becomes violet in hippotho'e, alciphron and amphidamas, etc.,
besides the uniformly black ground colour, which is seen in eumedon^
and which acts as a background in thetis, icat us, etc., and gives the
reflected light its brilliancy, thus also greatly due to extreme
melanism. In the genus Lycaena and others the blue, on the contrary,
is equivalent to the copper of Rwnicia and of the females of other ^
Ch-y sophanidi, and originates from the so-called ground colour of the
wing, so that it increases as the dark pattern diminishes in extent, in
a way exactly inverse to that of the blue mentioned before. All this
constitutes only one of the countless examples offered by the Lepi-
doptera, which tend to show that variation occurs according to defi-
nite plans ; these are seen on a lesser scale in the individual variations
of races and species, and reappear in a magnified form when allied
species or genera are compared to each other, besides repeating them-
selves more or less completely and constantly in each equivalent and
collateral branch.
{To he continued.)
The Sydney Webb Collection of British Rhopalocera.
This famous collection, rich in aberrations, was sold at Steven's
Auction Rooms on the 21st October and 9th December last.
Admittedly the collection was one of the best in private hands in the
country, and a short description of the principal lots and prices
obtained, should be of interest. The first sale commenced with
the Vieridi and ended with the Argynnidae as far as Brenthis
selene, a fine lot of 15 Chry soph aims dispar coming as a finale.
Lots comprising 1 to 8 Papilio machaon, nearly all being minor
THE STDNET WEBB COLLECTION OF BBITISH BHOPALOCBEA. 9
ftberratioDs, fetched from^5s. to 18s., and one lot, including a specimen
of deep ground colour, realised 80s. The ApoHa crataegi caused more
competition, and a male with a broad dark colour from the Bond
Collection realiseci £8 15s. Another dark bordered male with 7 others
realised £1 5s. Considering the rarity of aberrations in this species,
the purchaser of these two lots undoubtedly obtained a bargain. A
female var. of Puris brassicae with very large united spots realised
£2 10s. Minor aberrations and forms of Pieris rapae and P, napae in
lots of over 20 were sold for prices varying from 5s. to £2 5s. The
Pontia daplidice prices varied from 16s. for three to 46s. for lots of one
and two. With the arrival of Kuchlq'e cardamines price? began to soar,
a pale orange form and a specimen with all the black scales on the
upperside and underside absent went for £5. Specimens with pale
orange tips realised 25s. and 60s. each, and a perfect gynandromorph
was bought for £5. Other gynandromorphic specimens realised 90s.,
80s., 65s., 65s., 110s., and 50s. each, and a specimen with white spots
in orange, with disc of wings and underside pale pink 120s. A perfect
gynandromorph of Gonepteryx rhamni was acquired for £9, and other
gynandromorphic specimens realised £7 10s., £7 10s., 25s., £2 2s.,
£2 15s., and £1 8s. A specimen of Colias edusa with suffused disc of
forewings and black markings, figured by Newman, was bought for
£2 5s., and one rayed and suffused with black for £5. A perfect
gynandromorph went for £9. Lot 88 — Three wings helice and the
fourth hind wing edusa ^ was accused of being a manipulated specimen
and had to be coupled with the next lot. Various forms of this species
and Colias hyale, in lots of 1 to 16, realised from 5s. to £2 5s. The
outstanding specimen among the Melanargia galathea was a fine light
var. from the Harper Collection figured by Barratt, p. 28, fig. 1, c,
sold for £8 10s., and one with buff ground for £8 15s. Lot 108 was
challenged as being a type of a Continental species resembling galatliea,
A really beautiful specimen of Pararge aegei-ia, nearly unicolorous,
brought £5, and a Pararge megera, with unicolorous pale hindwings, the
ocelli on a fulvous band, was acquired for £5. Another entirely brown
with clear fulvous disc to forewings was sold for £8 10s., and a nearly
unicolorous light female for £4 4s. A white female was cheap at 16s.,
and a curiously marked female, figured in Barrett, p. 82, fig. Id., from
the Cox collection, went at the bargain price of 16s. Lot 112 was
challenged as being a Continental insect closely allied to P. megera,
and was not competed for. Bleached and pale specimens of Epine-
phele jurtina and E. tithonus, in lots of 1 to 22, realised from 15s. to
30s. each. A white male of Hipparchia semele and a female without
spots was bought for £8 5s., and a gynandromorphous specimen, taken
at Ipswich in 1868, in excellent condition, was acquired at the absurd
price of 10s. A specimen of Aphantopus hyperantus ab. lanceolata,
realise £2, and pairs of white Caenonympha pamphilnSy 14s. to 18s.
Apatura iris, with white bands and spots more or less absent, fetched
£8 10s., £6 10s., £5 10s., £10 lOs., and £16 16s. each, and one with
white bands absent on forewings, in good condition, for the curiously
low price of 12s. A specimen with buff marking and pale band near
margin of hindwings, £8 10s.
Limenitis sibUla with white bands more or less obliterated, realised
from 8s. to £2 10s. each, and one entirely black, figured in Newman,
p. 67, £6 6s. Eighteen Euvanesm antiopa fetched from 10s. to 60s.
10 THE BNTOMOLOGIST's RKCORD.
each, according to condition. Two aberrations of Pyrameis carduiy
similar to one figured in Newman, p. 64, brought £1 each. A very
long series of Pyrameis atalanta produced nothing higher than 16s.^
there being no striking aberrations. The series of Vanessa io, includ-
ing forms of ab. helisaria, produced £6 10s., £11, £11, £6, £3 10s.,.
£1 4s., £4 10s., £4, £2, £2 6s., and £12 12s., this last being an ex-
ceedingly beautiful specimen with green ocelli. A very curiously
shaded example was sold at an absurdly low price of 10s. Some very
varied Aglais urticae realised £6, £2 5s., £3, £2, £2, £7, £2 16s., and
£11. The gem of the series was a light specimen with the black
markings mostly absent, and was run up to £18. Three good aberra-
tions of Polyyonia c-alhum realised £2, £8 10s., and £1 7s. 6d. each.
The Fritillaries now came to the table, and included really
beautiful forms. Dryas paphia with cells black and a broad band
through the wings and rayed margins brought £7 10s. Two extremely
pretty aberrations, one figured in Newman, p. 22, and one similar,
were surely not dear at £2 16s. and £2 10s. each. A female with dark
forewings and one with a cluster of large spots on the forewings
together produced £7 7s. A dark female with suffused spots reached
60s., and one with bluish spots or blotches on all the wings and described
as half valesina and half paphia brought £4 10s. The valedna-\ike
male figured in " Mosley*s Varieties," a rather worn specimen, was
acquired for £9. The series of valesina did not shew anything out of
the usual, which was surprising considering the number of paphia
varieties. Some fine Argynnis (^ydipiM (adippe) now appeared, and a
very suffused specimen figured in Barrett, p. 23, fig. Ic, cost the buyer
£14. Another with half of forewings suffused fetched £11. Lot 284
with forewings almost entirely black, produced a sensational first bid
of £20, and was secured by the next bid of £22 for a Museum. It
seemed rather a dear purchase. This price, I believe, created a record
for a specimen of a British butterfly. Another cydippe, greatly
obscured and with silvery spots at base of hindwings, and figured in
Barrett, p. 28, fig. lb, went for £17. Suffused Arfjynnisaylaia realised
£2 5s., £4, and £8 each, and a var. charlotta figured in Newman, p. 26,
realised £8. Eight Issuria lathonia realised 20s. to 40s. in lots of one
or two, and a variety with three spots in inner margin fetched £2 10s.
Five cream and yellow or buff Brenthis eiiphrosyne realised from £2 2s.
to £8 8s. each, and one light variety with band of large spots near the
margin £5 10s. A very lovely B, euphmsyue figured as Brenthis selene
in "Mosley's Varieties," plate 5, fig. 4, with light forewings and broad
band on hindwing margins, and one very similar brought £11 lis. each.
Another almost entirely suffused fetched £11, and other heavily
marked examples realised £2 2s., £8, £8 10s.. £2 15s., and £3 each.
A golden yellow Brenthis selene figured in " Mosley," plate 5, fig. 2,
reached £2 10s., and a rayed underside figured in Newman, p. 87^
£8. Another with tawny forewings realised £3, and one almost
entirely black upper and underside cost the purchaser £21, the second
highest price in the sale. Fifteen Chrysophanits dispar completed the
sale, and these, which were all very fine and in exceptionally good
condition, went for prices varying from £5 10s. to £7 for the males,
and £1 10s. to £12 10s. for the females. A pupa case realised £5.
The total amount realised by the first day's sale was about £920,
constituting 1 should opine, a record, and there were 852 lots
» 11
REMARKS ON HUBNER S TSNTAMEN.
contained in 16 cabinet drawers. Most of the specimens were in good
condition although somewhat faded as might be expected as the
collection was an old one, numbers of the insects being from the Bond '
and other contemporary collections. It was noticeable that all the
insects described as being figured in well known Entomological works
realised good prices. The majority of the extreme aberrations were
acquired for the Percy Bright Collection, and Mr. Home, of Aberdeen,
also made many purchases. Messrs Newman and Janson were also
buying, presumably on commission.
{To be concluded.)
Remarks on Hubner's Tentamen.
By J. McDUNNOUGfl, Ph.D., Ottawa, Canada.
In the May number of the EiH. Record for 1919, the second instal-
ment of Baker and Durrant's comparison of Jacob Hubner's Tenta-
men with his Verzeichniss, elucidating his system of Lepidoptera, is •
prefaced by a few remarks by my good friend Mr. Bethune- Baker, who
strongly supports the view that the Tentamen creates generic names
perfectly valid for use by systematic workers.
As my name is mentioned as one of those opposing the adoption of
the ** Tentamen " terms as valid genera, perhaps a few brief words,
explaining my views more explicitly than 1 have heretofore done, may
not be amiss.
The question of the validity or non -validity of the so-called
" genera " of the Tentamen has already been the subject of much con-
troversey, and no one is more anxious than I am to arrive at a definite
decision regarding this perplexing pamphlet. Until this is done it will
be impossible to introduce stability into the generic nomenclature of
Lepidoptera as, owing to the early date of issue (1805), the Tentamen
terms, if accepted, will take priority over numerous long-established
generic names.
Since the publication of the brief statement in the introduction to
Barnes and McDunnough*s Check List of North American Lepidoptera,
I have given the matter considerable further study, and I am now
perfectly willing to agree with Mr. Baker that we must consider the
Tentamen to have at least been published, and that it certainly will
not be sufficient to discard the terms therein proposed as ined. This,
however, does not settle the matter to my mind, and we are still faced
with the question as to whether Hubner created what can be termed
modern genera in tlje aforesaid work or not.
It is a well-known fact that Hubner did not employ the term
** genus " to signify the category immediately above a species. The
Hubnerian "coitus" as used in the Verzeichniss has been, however,
generally accepted as typifying the modern " genus '* and as fulfilling
the requirements of the International Code in respect to generic
validity. Turning to the Tentamen, we at once see from the title that
Hubner is not dealing with coitl but with stirpes^ and that, in fact, the
Tentamen is but the merest skeleton of a system which was amplified
ten years later in the Verzeichniss, where the stirpes of the Tentamen
are employed only in a plural sense and correspond with our modern *
ideas of a subfamily, or even family. The unfortunate fact remains
that, in the Tentamen, Hubner, besides his plural usage, actually h^'s>
VA THE entomologist's regord.
employed the stirps name in the singalar in connection with a valid
specific name. To an unbiased mind it must seem evident that the
ilitention was merely to cite a species considered by the author to be
typical of each stirps, and the usage of the term in the singular num-
ber was probably merely to conform to the rules of correct Latin ; one
of the strongest arguments in favour of this view is the fact that in
the Yerzeichniss each and every specific name used in the Tentamen
is placed by Hubner in a coitus not identical in name with the term
employed in the Tentamen (as would naturally be the case if he had
intended creating coiti in this pamphlet), but for which he either uses
a generic name created by one of the early writers (Fabricius, Schrank,
Ochsenheimer, etc.), or, failing this, actually proposes a new term.
The vital question then is, briefly stated : Did Hubner by his em-
ployment of a stirps name in the singular, along with a valid specific
name actually — even if unintentionally — create a valid generic name ?
Common sense would seem to tell us, No, but on the other hand there
is nothing in the International Code which would definitely forbid the
use of these terms as genera, nor can I find any ruling under the
Opinions rendered by the International Committee which would cover
this case. Under the Code the sole absolute requirements for generic
validity would appear to be uninominality and association with a valid
specific name.
I would, therefore, offer the suggestion that the decision be left to
an International Committee. I, for one, would willingly abide by
their ruling, and I am sure that most systematic workers in Lepi-
doptera would be glad to see the end of a vexation question which,
while affecting considerably the nomenclature of Lepidoptera, has,
after all, no vital bearing on the larger problem of the interrelation-
ships of the various species. x
[I am very glad to see my friend Dr. McDunnough's paper and to
read his views on the Tentamen, Especially important is his view that
it is no longer possible to consider the publication referred to as " ined."
I cannot however follow him in his effort to reconcile the exact
terminology of the Tentamen with the Verzeichniss, It is to me
immaterial whether " stirpes " and " coiti " have any relation to the
Tentamen or not, because such relationship would not invalidate the
nomenclature of the latter. Priority of publication is the all important
point and this being so the nomenclature of the Verzeichniss falls to the
Tentamen,
Dr. McDunnough says of the Tentamen : " Di^ Hiibner by his
employment of a stirpes name in the singular along with a valid
specific name — even if unintentionally — create a valid generic name?"
He replies to his question by saying *^ Common sense would seem to
tell us No."
Here I differ entirely from my friend. It is years ago since Tutt's
reprint of the Tentamen came into my hands, and I then studied the
question quite independently and came to the same conclusion that
Mr. Durrant had already come to. At that time I had no knowledge
that Durrant had worked out the two schemes in tabulated form as
they have appeared in the pages of this journal, it being only last year
that I discovered this, when I asked him to help me tabulate tbe two
works. He then told me he had got the whole thing worked out. I
NOTES ON COLLECTINO. IS
mention this now merely to show that I had come to the same con-
clusion as he had from an independent and unbiassed standpoint. But
to reply to Dr. McDunnough. Why does he insert the word " stirpes **
in his question, this confuses the issue, " stirpes " and " coiti " have
nothing to do with the issue, the Tentamen does not refer to them at
all. It uses '' Phalanx *' and ''Tribus*' and it then splits up the latter
into sections, and in my judgment the use of the singular name with
the specific name definitely creates what we now call a genus or a
generic name. Let me give a few examples.
The Tentamen in Phalanx I., Tribus I., says " Nereides — Nereis
Polymnia"
The Verzeichnus divides Nereides up into four families, Familia
A. B. 0. D. Familia A., " VitreaB," is divided into six genera,'
" coiti." Familia B., ** Fulvae,'* is divided into five genera of
which the third is " Mechaniten-^Mechanitae " with three species
" Mechanitis eiicrate, Mech, lysimnia, Mech. polytmiia,'* but Keren
polymnia of the Tentamen has priority, and Mechanitis therefore falls as
a synonym to Nereis.
In all cases the author gives the vernacular equivalent of the Latin
name, in all cases he gives the plural in the first instance and the
singular with the specific names. Let us consider a couple more
examples. In Tribus II. the Tentawen gives '* I. Rustici — Rusticus
argus " ; the Verzeichniss drops the use " Eustici '* and adopts that of
" A^olescentes,'* which it divides up into eleven genera or " coiti," the
fifth of these is " LycsBidae," the first species of this genus being
" No 670 Lycaeides arc/us, Linn." It is quite evident that the name
Lycaeides must sink as a synonym to the earlier Rusticus whilst
" Adolescentes " should also fall to "Rustici" should such a super group
name be necessary.
Again in Phalanx II of the Tentamen, the first citation is
" I ZygaensB — Zygaena filipendulae.'* The Verzeichniss divides Zygaen©
into Familia A and Familia B. A is subdivided into two genera
and B is subdivided into six genera (coiti) of which the fourth is
" ThermophilfiB," No. 1278 being Thermophila filipendulae. Here again
as was the case with Rusticus, the name Zygaena as a genus or
" Coitus " is dropped in favour of Thermophila by the Verzeichniss ;
this, however, is inadmissible, and the genus Thermophila must sink as
a synonym of the earlier Zygaena.
Throughout both works the plural is first used and the singular
then follows with the citation of the specific name, so that if common
sense says " no" to the adoption of the singular use in the Tentamen it
must without any question do the same with the Verzeichniss as well.
Taking into consideration all these facts it seems to me quite clear
that in the Tentamen Hiibner was dealing with what we now call
genera quite as much as in his later work, only in the latter he bad
had time to develop his terminology to a greater extent.
The more healthy criticism we get (like this of my kind friend) the
better, for it is only thus that we shall arrive at the correct solution
of the matter.— G.T.B-B.]
:ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Marriage flight of a rare Ant in London. — The ant, Myrmecina
graminicola, Ltr., is one of the rarest of our British species, and there-
14 THE entomologist's RECORD.
fore its appearance in a back garden at Kensington is unusual. In the
afternoon of September 9th last I found seven alate females on the
flagstones in my garden, and later the same day I actually saw others
coming out of a hole between the stones. The next two days about
twenty more appeared, so that altogether I captured about thirty.
Several climbed up some steps and attempted to fly. It is curious that
no male or workers were seen. It is clear that the nest must be under
the stones, as the ants kept coming out and going into the same hole.
My first acquaintance with this species was in August, 1897, also under
flagstones, but in a garden in Oxfordshire, where both workers and a
dealated female were found. Two of the females taken last September
were confined in an artificial nest, and removed their 5wn wings, so I
■ am in hopes they are fertilised and will succeed in founding a colony.
— W. C. Crawley, 29, Holland Park Road, W.
••
Gloucestershire Lepidoptera. — In continuation of my notes on
unrecorded Gloucestershire Lepidoptera, I find I can add the following
species, all from the neighbourhood of Stroud. Catoptria nimbana,
June 6tb, 1912, taken off a beech trunk ; OcJinenheimeHa vaculellay
July 11th, 1919, by brushing with a sweeping-net the dead twigs of a
large oak ; Aristotelia nnicolorella, July 3rd, 1916, and Coleoplwra
paripennella. June 11th, 1910, netted early evening; Nepticula
atncolliv, June 8rd, 191b, and N. ulunvora, May 30th, 1918, bred from
larvsB on Crab and Elm, respectively. ^
The Tortrix had been for some time among my puzzles, but getting
another example this year I showed it to the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, and
he recognised it as nimhana, and subsequently compared a specimen
with his own types. This interesting insect has previously, I think,
only been captured in Bucks., but its presence here is not surprising
as the food -plant, beech, may be considered the typical forest tree of
the district. — W. B. Davis, 3, Rosebank Villas, Churchfield Road,
Stroud, Glos. September 15th, 1919.
Collecting in France and Italy in 1917-18 (concluded.) —
September 17th. — The precious days of this busy month are flying
fast. This afternoon the collecting weather conditions in the bed of
the Scrivia were again perfect, and the presence of a fairly strong
wind lessened the heat of the sun on one's back, and also compelled
insects to settle frequently. But a sun helmet is still an essential even
at this date, as the glare of the sun on the stony white river bed is
very strong. Flusia (jamma was in abundance on the hawk weed
flowers, and Senia stellatarnni was swarming. Tw^o more summer
form of males of Mantis reliffiosa and one made of the brown autumn
form were taken at widely difterent altitudes, and the sight of another
in the wood near the ** Bluff" shows that the species is well established
in this rich entomological district. Among the numbers of C. edusa
and C, hijale seen to-day was a good var. Jwlice, which I took, the first
1 have met with here.
September 21st. — After some rather windy weather this afternoon
WHS an entomological opportunity, and under a blazing sun I again
collected among the flowers up and down the river bed. The females
of ( '. edma were as numerous as ever and I secured two more var.
helice, A fine female Issoria lathonia escaped me, but Folygunia
NOTES ON COLLEOTINO. 15
€-alhum was captured. The large dark race of P. brassicae were still
on the wing, and 1 saw two Catocala nupta on the rocky clefts where
C electa was so numerous in July *and August last. Amongst the
Orthoptera swarming in the dry river hed I took two males and a female
of the brown autumn form of M. reWfiosa, and after some patience
secured three fine Stethophyma fusciim with a number of CEdipoda
^aernlescens. In the garden I took a fine female of the dragon-fly
Aeschna cyaneaj which had been haunting it for some days, and a male
GrylUis sylvestris,
September 26th. — After the heavy thunderstorms on September
22nd and 2drd, the Scrivia was flowing again for the first time since
July, but after another storm on the 25th the sun came out again
brilliantly. The recent rain brought down a good deal of water, which
was decroasing to-day, and had left considerable deposits of mud* in
the bed of the river, around which insect life was teeming in the after-
noon. Orthoptera rose at every step. I took tliree more var. helice
^nd the brown form of the Mantis, as well as a fine female C\ nupta,
on the rocky cleft. Fyrameh cardui were in scores on the hawkweed
flowers, while Pontia daplidice was lessening in number, females 7.
lathonia were common with a few of Vara rye t)ieyera. The great heat
prevented one from doing much.
September 80th. — In the teeth of a strong equinoctial gale this
afternoon I roamed along the river bed, and although the water is now
continuous, the beds of flowers are still quite accessible. The Colzas
species were still plentiful and fresh. As the Orthoptera were in
thousands, I was led to pay considerable attention to this group during
October.
October 2nd. — Last night some very fine dark brown, almost black,
imagines of Xylophasia monoylypha came to the electric light. This
species is usually on the wing in June and July, and those taken in
October would appear to be a second emergence. It is not common
in N. Italy. I was given a fine larva of Ayrius coyivolvuli^ which fed
readily on both Convolvulus sepium and C, arvensu. This species is
quite common in North Italy, and is on the wing in April and
September and October.
October 6th. — This afternoon of a perfectly still day with a bright
sun all nature in the wide river bed was alive. The Scrivia was
flowing in thfee separate streams since the recent thunderstorms, but
I was able to ford them all by stepping-stones. Again the Orthoptera
rose at every step, conspicuous among them being O. caerulescens and
SphintjonotHs caerulans. F, eardui were getting worn, P, daplidice
were abundant, C, edusa, though less numerous, was very perfect,
mostly females, only one Mantis was noted, the large S, fuscum rose at
intervals, and under the C, electa clefts I took two Deiopeia pulchella
among low plants. C. nupta was on the tree trunks in the outskirts of
the wooded bottom quite plentiful, fluttering from trunk to trunk and
settling a short distance from the ground. Just outside the wood here
A few dra^onflies were seen, and I took S. strlolatum male, and
S. scoticum female. I had a larva of Dasychira pudihunda brought me
to-day, which spun up immediately among the leaves of apple which it
xeadily feeds upon. Just inside the first gorge near Vocemola the
hG^tlQ Adimonia tanacetl was taken.
October 8th. — Despite the strong wind to-day a number of butter-
16 THE entomologist's RECORD.
flies were flying in the bed of the river. C, edusa^ P. daplidice, the-
Orthopteron 0, caervleHcens were taken here. In the wood
Phaneroptera falcata was captured. Summer and autumn forms of
Mantis were in the dry bed of the stream behind the woods. On the
top of the bluff and on the way down the beetle Melo'e proscarabaeus
was taken. At night thunderstorms again affected the flow of water
in the Scrivia river.
*
October 17th. — We have had continuous rains and thunderstorms
day and night since October 12th, and the ground is very sodden^
the three main channels of the river are now getting very full of water.
Last night Calocampa exoleta came to light accompanied by several
Miselia oxyacanthae, and one specimen of Ennomos alniaHa [tiliaria),
October 20th. — Last evening Tnphaena pronuba came to light.
This afternoon collecting was done in a very strong breeze on the high
ground near the cemetery behind Vocemola. A male and a female of
C. edusa were found resting on young oak-trees with their wings closed,
exactly matching the half changed leaves around them, thus rendering
them practically invisible. The Xylocopa bee was noted on the sunny
side of the gorge with P. brassicae.
October 23rd. — Along the main road running through the village
of Rigoroso, this afternoon, I found the larvae of Macrothylacia rubi
walking about in all directions. A P. brassicae was seen asleep resting
sideways on a stone wall, and thus rendered particularly visible by it&
general light coloration contrasting with the much darker stone,,
whereas had it rested at right angles with closed wings it would have
been quite invisible. The heavy rain came on again this evening, and
fine fresh Miselia oxyacanthae, a couple of Himera pennaria^ and the
late emergence of Noctua plecta came in to the electric light.
October 25th. — The sun broke through in the afternoon and it
was pleasant walking. I crossed the river and turned down the right
hank, where a worn specimen of the Orthopteron Acrida nasuta was
taken. In the first stage I took a pair of Sympetrum striolatujn in cop
flying up and down the stream in full current again. C, edusa were
resting among leaves on the dry pasture, perfectly resembling them
with their closed wings. Among some small trees I took the smaller
dragon-fly Ischnura pumilio. A female Gryllomorjjha dalmatina was
taken in the dry pasture.
October 26th. — A glorious summer afternoon after the torrents of
rain. I crossed the bridge over the river and turned up the river bed
for some distance. Only a few blossoms of the hawkweed remain, but
even these attract the few C. edusa to them. The Orthopteron St^mro-
derus. morio were numerous among the stones and low shrubs, and I took
the large yellow-brown Orthopteron Chorthippus pulvinatus as it was
sitting on a stone facing me as I turned suddenly. Leaving the stream
past the village of Vocemola I turned up through the clump of trees
on the lower hillsides where P. rapae and a solitary specimen of Pararge
mefjera accompanied the C. edusa.
October 28th. — There is very little insect life left along the river
bed now, the additional species to-day was a Pontia daplidice. Quite
a number of dragonfiies were flying along the little stream which
comes down from behind the " bluff." Sympetrum stnolatum were
taken in cup, and the females were easy to take as they were
ovipositing on the young shoots and blades of grass just below and on
the surface of the water.
NOTES ON OOLLEOTING. 17
October 29th. — Tlie thGrmometer down to 61° F. in the shade, but
a bright sun and no wind afforded a pleasant afternoon's walk up the
river bed, where Stauroderiis niorio was stirred up to be caught among the
Calluna growing on the bank. Pieris rapae appeared to be a fresh
emergence in number, and C, hyale in poor condition was among the
abundant C edusa. Rumicia phlaeas were in good order and a female
P. megera turned up with P. daplidice. The interest of the afternoon
was the capture of two good specimens of Lampides boeticuSf an addition
to my list of the butterflies of this district. Evidently I missed the
summer brood (possibly the middle of June) owing to the great heat,
as the place where I met with the species to-day would then have been
practically unbearable. This morning on a stone wall in the sun
behind the villa Vittoria I found a specimen of the Noctuid Chanptera
viridana^ a rare moth in N. Italy, probably a second brood, the usual
emergence being June and July.
October 81 st. — South wind and a warm sun produced a perfect
afternoon. Another L, boeticas was taken in the same place, but I saw
no more. R. phlaeas and O. hyale with the usual C, edusa were the
chief Lepidoptera seen. A specimen of Oedipoda miniata fell to my
net. This morning a fresh example of S. stellatamm was handed to
me by my friend. Major Broadmore, which he had taken at Bordighera
on the Italian Riviera.
November 4th. — Last night both sexes of Uim&ra pennana came to
light in abundance at the villa Pisano during the heavy rain with a
few Ennomos alniaria (tiliana), Odontopera bidentata, and Epirrita
(Oporabia) dihitata^ all in good condition.
November 6th. — Last night the pretty Orthopteron Phaneroptera
falcata jumped into my bedroom, and a Phlogophora meticulosa came in
to light.
November 9th. — I left for England and before concluding I wish
to express my indebtedness to the following authors, whose books
were consulted constantly.
Italian Hynienoptera, Neuroptera, and Orthoptera, by Dr. A. Griffini.
Ulrico Hoepli. Milan. 1897.
A Synopsis of tlie Orthoptera of Western Europe, by Dr. Malcolm
Burr, London. 1910.
Biitish Draqonflies — Odonata, by W. J. Lucas, F.E.S., London.
1899.
Le Farfalle, by Proff. Ferdinando Sordelli. Ulrico Hoepli. Milan.
1912.
/ZZiZ^rorf^ CoZ^oMm, by Dr. Achille Griffini. Ulrico Hoepli. Milan.
1896.— Lieut. E. B. Ashby (F.E.S.), Hounslow.
(.CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The Rev. G. H. Raynor is publishing " A Compendium of Named
Varieties of the Large Magpie Moth " accompanied by a Label List.
Examining an advance copy we are struck by the enormous amount of
really scientific labour which it records. One is perhaps tempted to
look upon the insect concerned rather from a commercial than from a
scientific point of view. Mr. Raynor's brochure contains descriptions
of two classes of variation, those taken wild in Britain, and these
produced by careful breeding experiments. As long as a form has
18 THE BNTOMOLOG'IST's bbgord.
been named, it finds a place in the " Compendium," whioh becomes
thus a sort of " Bradshaw *' for the species. Farther it is a record
which (as far as we know) has no parallel in Entomology, or other
branch of Natural History, unless it be Domestic Animals — a record
of the possible modifications in appearance, which may be produced
by the patient continuous working out of a system of scientific expert^
ment. There is probably no other insect of which a catalogue of 55
different forms could be compiled. Alike to the Collector of Varieties
of Lepidoptera, and to the student this list should be indispensable. —
C.R.N.B.
The following Fellows have been nominated by the Council of the
Entomological Society of London as Officers and Council for the
Session 1920-21 and will be elected at the Annual Meeting to be held
on January 21st, 1920. President : Comm. J. J. Walker, M.A., R.N.,
F.L.S. Treasurer: W. G. Sheldon, F.Z.S. Secretaries: Rev.- G.
Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S. ; S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc, F.Z.S. Librarian:
G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.Z.S. Council: H. E. Andrews; G. T.
Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ; K. G. Blair, B.Sc. ; Surg. Comm. M.
Cameron, M.B., R.N. ; J. Hartley-Durrant ; H. Eltriugham, M.A.,
D.Sc. ; A. D. Imms, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S. ; G. A. K. Marshall, D.Sc.,
F.Z.S. ; Rev. F. D. Morice, M.A., F.Z.S. ; H. E. Page; Rt. Honble.
Lord Rothschild, M.A., F.R.S., etc.; Capfc. Rev. J. B. Waterston,
B.D., B.Sc.
The following is a List of Members recommended by the Council
of the South London Entomological Society to be appointed Officers
and Council for the Season 1920-21 at the Annual Meeting to be held
on January 22nd, 1920. President: K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S. Vice-
Presidents : E. J. Bunnett, M. A., F.E.S. ; S. Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
F.E.S. Treasurer: A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. Librarian: A. W. Dods.
Curatm^ : W. West. Assistant Curator : S. R. Ashby, F.E.S. Editor
of Proceedings: H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon, Secretaries: S. Edwards,
F.L.S., F.Z.S.,' F.E.S. (Corresponding), and H. J. Turner, F.E.S.
Recorder of Attendances: B. S. Williams. Hon, Lanternist : A. W.
Dennis. Council : R. Adkin, F.E.S. ; R. T. Bowman ; L. E.
Dunster; F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S., M.B.O.U ; Lachlan Gibb, F.E.S.;
T. W. Hall, F.E.S. ; N. D. Riley, F.E.S. ; Dr. G. C. Robertson, M.D. ;
E. Step, F.L.S.
While searching through " volumes of forgotten lore " we recently
came across the following poetical (sic) gem apropo of the malarial
guest. Dr. Koch, the German Professor, had gone to Java and the
fact was thus reported in the Singapore Free Press.
Koch has settled down in Java for to find a febrifuge ;
I fancy these Dutch Doctors find the joke exceeding huge,
Trotting round the swamps malarious ; laying in a buzzing stock
Of the Javanese mosquito for the febrile Doctor Eocb .
I have oft gone butterflying for the beetle in his lair :
Even hunted "irritations " in my puppy's curly hair :
But these pleasuracble pastimes all must go into the shade,
When compared to catching skeeters to find how fever's made.
In my mind's eye I can picture each Dutch doctor setting out,
For the hotbeds of the fever where the skeeters fly about ;
Having tended to the dying and interred their dead, — eii bloc
They troop out to catch mosquitoes for the festive Doctor Koch.
Well ! 1 fancy, if our Governmental medicos were told
To undertake such duties, that they'd quickly quit the fold :
That e'en though it were for Science, they'd be likely thus to mock —
" Go and oatoh your own mosquitoes and be blowed to you, old Cook.*'
h
OUBBBNT NOTES. 19
Prof. Morel says that throughout the summer of 1919 he found
Butterflies to be very scarce both at Hyeres in late April and in May
and at Alios in the Dauphin^ Alps from June to August. The same
report is sent to us by Signor Querci whose wife and daughter spent
the whole summer collecting in many places in Central Italy, butter-
flies were scarce everywhere. Reports from our own islands are quite
the reverse. Have any of our readers continental experience as to
scarcity in other parts ? Lieut. Ashby certainly found quite the
reverse in the northern slopes of the Apennines.
The Vasculum for the earlier half of 1918 contains further
contributions towards the elucidation of the hitherto much neglected
Orders. In "British Hydracarina" Chas. D. Soar says that **the
Acarina or Mites are divided into eight super- families, of which
Hydrachmoidea is one. This is divided into two families, Halacaridd
usually found in the sea, and Hydracanna usually found in
fresh water.*' He says that in the British area about two
hundred and fifty species of forty- two genera have been recorded
so far. The writer deals with the general life-history in detail,
describes the method of preparation for microscopical examination,
and adds a plate with numerous figures to illustrate his remarks.
Messrs. R. S. Bagnall, F.L.S., and J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc,
contribute the sixth portion of their " Talk about Plant Galls," on this
occasion dealing with the Wasp Galls of the British Oak. They
briefly consider (1) the outward forms and position of the galls ; (2)
the internal form ; (3) uninvited guests and others — inquilines ; (4)
alternating generations ; (5) economic considerations, and (6) details
of the species found in the Northumberland and Durham area. There
are in addition Records of insects occurring locally, short accounts of
some eight Field Meetings of the North, and Durh. N.H.S. in
1918, with other matters dealing with Ornithology, Geology, History,
and Literature.
Many Annuals have been late in appearance and curtailed in size
this year, no doubt caused by the excessive expense in all matters
dealing with the production of books and papers. The Transactions of
the London Natural History Society for 1918 is one more record added
to the work which has been going on for more than sixty years. In
Extracts from the Minutes only the most important items of the
Proceedings of the meetings are given, including " Mosquitoes " by
Mr. Bacot, " Notes from Gloucestershire " by Mr. C. Nicholson, and
" Notes from N.E. Ireland " by Mr. H. B. Williams dealing with the
Insecta, and various papers and notes on Ornithology and Botany. A
" Pocket Box Exhibition " was as usual held in February and many
aberrations and local species were shown, particularly of Agriades
coridon, Abraxas grossulanata, and Rnmicia phlaeas. Much of the
work of the Society is carried on by individual effort collected into
subject sections, each with an active chairman and secretary. Some
ten pages are devoted to reports from these branches. Two papers are
printed in full and the Transactions end with biographies of three
membjers who passed away during the year. No reports of the Council,
Annual Address, and business statement for the year are printed.
In the Ent, News for November is an interesting article by
E. C. Van Dyke, " The Tendency of Insects to Collect on Ridges and
Mountain Snowfields,*' giving the writer's experiences on the high
20' THE entomologist's becord.
•
mouDtains. Among other species and other Orders he notes the
fondness of Papilio zolicaon and the Alpi|^ Pierids to favour the
highest ridges and points, as also vast quantities of Coccinellidqe.
This recalls to mind how certain one is to meet P. machaqn on the
topmost ridges of the Rigi, the Biirgenstock, and other like places in
Switzerland, while the Alpine Pierid P. callidice frequents the steep
ridges near the Eiger-glacier station of the Jung Frau Railways.
Prof. Skinner records a fine gynandromorph of PapUio turnus, the left
side wings normal and the right side wings those of the black female.
H. B. Weiss records another immigrant from Europe in Tinea cloacella,
of which a number have been bred from Polyporus gathered from
telegraph poles in more than one locality in New Jersey, Dr. Howard
furnishes a list of the Hymenopterous Parasites of Kermes, a useful
compilation for practical economic purposes.
In the EnU Mo. Mag. for November Mr. H. Mace contributes an
article on " Balkan Butterflies."
In the Rev. Mens. Namur for November, M. T. Derenne records
two unusual assemblages of Amphipyra tragopogonis under loosely
attached bark on trees which had been thrown down in the citadel of
Namur. On one of the occasions in August, 1918, he counted between
80 and 40 specimens massed in one group. The aberration of PapUio
machaon recorded by Dr. Reverdin in Geneva in 1910 as ab. melanostida,
with a black streak in the discoidal cell of the forewings, has been
bred in some number in Belgium, near Ganshoren.
A new species of British Aphis is recorded in the Ent. Mo. Mag.
for December, by T. Laing, M.A., as Apliis tripolii ; it was taken at
Shoeburyness on Aster tripolinm in- August. The same writer also
contributes a note on " Insects damaging Lead."
In the Ent. for November, Prof. T. D. A. Cockcrell describes
several insects found in Burmese Amber ; Mr. W. J. Lucas writes on
** Orthoptera in Captivity " and " Preserving Orthoptera " ; and
Mr. Sheldon tackles some more of the problems in the Genus Peronea
dealing with P. maccana and P. lipsiana, of which the larva were
obtained from Rannoch.
In his researches into the Biology of the sand Ammophila (Hym.),
detailed in the Bull. Soc. ent. Belg. M. Descy deals in a very
interesting manner at some considerable length with the Theory of
Paralysation.
Mr. Cyril T. Carpenter, F.E.S., is shortly starting on a tour to the
Andes. He writes to say that he is proceeding in a few days to
Panama, and from thence proposes to go down the S.W. coast and
enter Colombia. The first town he will touch will be Medellin, where
he proposes to stay for about a month. From there he will make for
Bogota where he will probably stay some time. Then he "proceeds to
Purificacion ; after leaving which he will pass down through Neiva,
Popagan, to Pasto, and will enter Ecuador at Ibarra. Then he will go
on to Quito, Latacunga, Riobamba, Cuenca and Loja, and pass into
Peru at Pongo de Mansericke. From there he expects to go towards
the coast and continue on to Lima, from whence he will reach Cuzco
and enter Bolivia at La Paz. He then intends to make a bee-line for
Villa Maria, Brazil, and to work through the district of the Matto
G rosso to Cataldo and on to S. Rondo, thence following the River San
Francisco to its mouth and to embark at Bahia for Colon. Mr. John
Ward will forward correspondence.
800UET1BS. 21
, J^ 0 C I E T I E S .
The South London Entomological and Natural History Sooiety,
October 9th. — New Member. — Dr. T. R. Leeson, M.D., J.P., F.L.S.,
of Twickenham, was elected a member.
Ztoaenids from S. Italy. — Mr. Curwen, Zygaenids from S.
Italy, Z. rubicuHcluSf Z, eryihruz^ Z, stoechadisj and ab. dubia, and Z.
oxytropis ; aberrations of Z, filipendidae from Deal ; and Z, tripolii ab.
minoides from Swinley Woods.
An Ibimigrant Longicorn. — Mr. Moore, Monohamus titilata (Col.)
from Rotherhithe..
P. ICARUS, females OF TWO BROODS. — Mr. Bamett, series of the two
broods of female Folyonnnatus icarus, Surrey.
S. American Lepidoptera. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Dione vanUlae var.
maculosa^ Calthodes ethliusy and Basilona iynperialiSf all from Cordoba,
Argentina.
October 2Srd, — Exhibition of and discussion on the Variation in
Aglais urticae. — The President introduced the subject by referring to
the establishment of the genus Atjlais by Dalman in 1816.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner read a series of Notes dealing with (1) the
features available for variation, (2) the lines of actual variation, (8)
the various named forms which fall mto these groups, (4) less fre-
quently occurring forms, (5) extremely rare aberrations, (6) a reference
list of the named forms, and (7) short diagnoses of these forms.
Mr. Sperring read a series of Notes dealing with (1) racial series
from S.E. London, Essex, Cambridge, Lincoln, Tyrone, Inverness,
Kincardine, Paisley, and Arran, (2) aberrational and racial variation,
(8) characteristics of various named forms which he exhibited, and (4)
colour aberration caused by applied chemical action.
S. GiGAS. — Mr. Curwen exhibited Sirex gigas from Twickenham.
Variation in C. graminis. — Mr. B. S. Williams, a series of Charaeas
graminis with variable ground colour and a specimen with coalesced
marking.
Melanig 0. autumnaria. — Mr. Tonge, a series of Oporabia autiim-
naria from Langridge Fell and near Preston, including a strongly
melanic form.
Aberration of British Ntmphalids. N. ttphae two tears as a
LARTA. — Mr. Frohawk, a small living larva of Nonagria typhae, already
fourteen months old ; a series of Limenitis sibilla showing gradation
from type form to ^.b. nigrina : Dryas paphia with somewhat radiated
hindwings, and others showing coalescence and suffusion of spots ;
and ArgynnU cydippe, a series showing gradation in extension of the
spotting and one with only three spots in the row on the hindwing.
November 18t/t, 1919. — Decease of a Member. — The decease of Mr.
W. J. Ashdown (1895) was announced.
Addition to the Society's Collections. — On behalf of the Rev.
0. R. N. Burrows, a series of larval cases of various species of British
Psychides were presented to the Society's collections.
Exhibition and discussion of N. xanthographa. — Series of Noctva
xanthographa were exhibited by Messrs. R. Adkin, A. E. Tonge, B. S.
Williams, Hy. J. Turner, etc., and a discussion took place.
22 THE entomologist's bboord.
Mr. H. J. Turner gave a list of the named forms with short
descriptions, and mentioned the characters iltf jh were available for
variation as the ground, the stigmata, the transverse markings, and the
scale textures.
Several members remarked on the extremely large numbers of this
species which came to sugar.
Aberrations of C. xerampelina and E. anoularia. — Mr. Newman,
a very dark banded large form of Girrhoedia xerampelina from Sligo
and males of Ennomos angulaiia from Eegent*s Park with considerable
contrast between the light central band and the dark outer-marginal
area.
Lancashire and GnEsmRE Entomological Society.
October 20th, 1919. — Lepidoptera taken at Cartmel. — Mr. R.
Wilding had a large number of Lepidoptera from Cartmel including
long series of Argynnis dglaia and Brenthis selene, the latter included a
very fine underside variety ; he also shewed Plusia festucae from the
same district.
Notes on B. muralis. — Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited, on behalf
of Mr. H. M. Hallett of Penarth, a series of Bryopkila muralis from
Cardiff, also Polia flavicincta, and contributed notes.
Aberrations of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. S. P. Doudney shewed
series of Erebia blandina (aethiops), with a xanthic aberration, Argynnis
cydippe, very strongly marked underside, Zephyrus quereus and Anaitis
plagiata from Arnside ; Plebeius aegon race masseyi, xanthic aberration,
Agriades coridon, Bryophila muralis and Gnophos obscurata from
Folkestone.
Local Species and Forms of British LEPmopTERA. — Mr. R. Tait
brought Celastrina argiolus from Penmaenmawr, and reported the
presence of larvaB of Plusia moneta in the same locality ; Strymon
(Thecla) pruni and Aplecta advena from Monks Wood ; he remarked on
the great scarcity of Lepidoptera in S. Devon and at Wicken.
Mr. J. W. Griffin, Tephrosia biundularia, Ellopia prompiariay
Eupithecia coronata, Aplecta nebulosa, and Brephos parthenias from
Delamere ; Notodonta camelina, N, dromedarius, N. ziczac, Hylophila
prasinana, and Euclidia mi from Simonswood ; Trochilium crabroni-
formis and Agrotis nigricans from Wallasey.
Mr. S. Gordon Smith exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera,
including the type specimens of the recently described aberrations
Crocallis elinguaria ab. signatipennis, Newst. and Smith, Nyssia zonaria
ab. ochracea, N. and S., Amphidasis strataria ab. ochrearia, N. and S.,
and Tephrosia biundularia ab. venosa, N. and S. From Chester, chiefly
taken at light, Coenobia rufa, Girrhoedia xerampelina and Calamia
lutosa ; from Delaware, Nonagria geminipuncta, captured by Prof.
Newstead and new to the L. and C. List. A series of Gallimorpha
dominula from Aberhosan, N. Wales ; from Prestatyn, a series of
GosDiotriche potatoria, including two dark females and a male having
three of the wings dark, the other, right forewing, being yellow.
Mr. W. Mansbridge brought a long series of Sarrothripus revayana
from the New Forest, which included the aberrations variegata, adusta,
afzeliana, fasciata, fusculina, melanosticta, ramosana and stoninus ;
Plebeius aegon from Holker and Witherslack, Hydrelia unca from
Holker, Gydaria truncata and Gosymbia (Zonosoma) pendularia
REVIBWS. 2S
var. dscpraria {subroseata) from N. Staffs, also a fine radiate aberration
of Rumicia phlaeas from Ainsdale.
Mr. Prince had a very fine lot of Agriadss coridon comprising ab.
semisyngrapha, ab. fitriata^ and other forms.
•
November 17th, 1919.— Nkw Member.— Mr. H. M. Hallett, F.E.S.,
of 64, Westboume Boad, Penarth, Glam., was elected a member of
the Society.
Near Eastern Lepidopteba. — Mr. A. W. Hughes brought an
exhibit of Lepidoptera from Palestine and Egypt, and described the
difficulty of collecting under service conditions and also of getting the
insects safely home.
Aberrations of A. thetis and series of Exotic Sphinoidae
SHOWN. — Mr. H. B. Prince exhibited a large number of Agriades thetis
{bellargus), which included abs. stnata, arena, and other forms ; also a
collection of Sphinyidae bred by the Rev. A. Miles Moss in Colombia,
S. America.
EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
PROOBEDINOS OF THE SoUTH LoNDON EnTOMOLOOIOAL AND NaTURAL
History Society, 1918-19. 124 +xv. pp., 2 plates and Text figure.
The Volume presented for Review is a very substantial one,
marking, one presumes, the end of War-stress, the increased supply of
(excellent) paper, and above all, the return of our men and Members
of Societies to their pre-war occupations.
The pagination of the present issue 124+xv. pages, compared with
85-fxv. in the last, is indeed rather startling when one puts the
volumes side by side.
The Society's Membership has been again well sustained, totalling
157 against 168 of last year's return, in spite of the loss of 6 by death
and 2 by resignation. This maintenance of numbers betokens a
healthy life and abundant vigour.
The Report of, the Council chronicles the renewed activities. Eight
formal Papers read, two special Lectures and five Field Meetings
provide ample material for interest and observation.
There is a difference between a Critic and a Reviewer. The Critic
is supposed to, indeed generally does, find fault [wisely has it been
written that a Critic is one who is bereft of the power to construct] ,
the Reviewer, to commend and praise. This Reviewer is therefore
anxious to be understood when he begins his remarks by picking a
little hole in Mr. H. J. Turner's Paper upon Kmatnrga atomaria, L.,
which it need scarcely be said is in itself a most interesting, instructive,
and lastingly useful contribution to Entomological Knowledge. Mr.
Turner has allowed a little confusion to escape his notice and forgot
that his Paper would come under the notice of " one who knows."
^he trouble is concerning the inclusion of a form var. glarearia as a
variety of E, atom aria. It would appear from his words that he wa3
completely certain himself that the suggestion was incorrect, but does
not quite make his position clear. The writer has not had opportunity
to examine the material at the British Museum, or elsewhere, so
cannot say how ** or why " the mistake arose. Probably there is some
considerable resemblance between the species, but as a matter of
2^ THE entomologist's bboobd.
fact glarearia is not in any way related to Ematurga, bat a very well
defined Macariid, allied to clathrata and to Macaria. As our friend
notes, glareana, in Staudinger's Catalog, 1901, is placed next to
clathrata in the genus Phadane, 'Where the reference to Haworth
comes in is a mystery, as glariaria is not a British insect. It was
submitted to the writer some years ago, probably by Mr. Prout, for
investigation, doubtlessly on account of this confusion, and was at
once placed in its proper position. So much for genitalia. '< But to
return to our muttons."
Perhaps after this outburst of criticism, our senses are quickened,
but to find Alfred Sich describing himself as a ^' Beginner " in the
study of Tortricina^ does seem a " bit thick." Maybe we are wrong on
this point, but in our ignorance we have thought that our old friend
knew as much on the subject as most students of the group long before
some of us were born.
Here a very serious trouble meets the Reviewer. The volume
under notice is thick, but the editor of The Record is urgent. Time
(and also space) is short. We don't like the appearance of '^ scamping,"
and don't want to appear careless or unappreciative. This must be
our excuse for brevity.
The Paper by the Rev. G. Wheeler on the variation of Epinephele
tithonusy with two nice photographic plates, is more than a mere
catalogue of known forms, as the title suggests, but is a careful com-
parison of this species with other allies.
The Presidential Address [Mr. Stanley Edwards] forms a useful
compendium of facts about injurious and beneficial Insecta under Hhe
title of " Economic Entomology." -
The Abstract of Proceedings is too extensive to summarise, too
varied to deal with in detail. The exhibits continue to be numerous
(increasingly so), especially at the Annual Exhibition, thirteen pages
of the Proceedings being occupied by the list of objects, with brief
explanatory notes thereupon.
We notice in turning over the pages numerous very interesting
notes on various species of Lepidoptera. Mr. L. W. Newman on the
variation amongst bred specimens of Cosymbia pendutaria, Mr. B. W.
Ad kin on the genus Spilosoma. Mr. Sperring*s Notes on Mimas tUiae^
practically a life history — with notes on the variation. Mr. Blair's
table of differentiation between Coccinella 7-punctata and G, distincta.
Mr. Bowman's *' record " of four successive broods, including the wild
mother, in one year, of Dysstroma truncata, is of peculiar interest, in
connection with the usual complaint as to deterioration resulting from
inbreeding, and also on account of the disappearance of variation.
The Annual Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera must not
escape notice, and appears to have been loyally supported, as it well
deserves to be, if only to remind Lepidopterists that there are forms of
life other than butterflies and moths.
The Reviewer's own practical experience of the aggravating, soul
disturbing, nature of the work of index making (usually within a
strictly limited period of time) inclines him to bear gently with those
who undertake a most thankless business, and discount criticism upon
the accuracy thereof, desirable though that be, until he knows that the
critic is one who is capable of constructing himself. — (Rev.) C. B. N.
BuRuows.
ZTGAENAE OF PENINSULAR ITALY. 25
Comparative data and statistics on some Zygaenae of Peninsular
Italy.
By OBAZIO QUEBOI.
!• Zygarna transalpina, Esp.
The Italian Zygaenae have been made the subject of accurate
studies by many entomologists, who have described species, races, and
many individal forms. Being in possession of abundant materials I
propose to furnish, above all, exact statistics, and to make observa-
tions in order to establish, on real numerical bases, the frequency of
the particular forms in the races of Central Italy, leaving to Dr.
Verity the synthetic comparative study of the same races, and their
nomenclature.
The specimens which I possess come chiefly from the following
localities, in which my family have collected during the last ten
years : —
1. Florence, Tuscany, Central Italy. — Grassy clearings in the oak
coppices of the Pian di Mugnone (600 ft.) and of the Fiesole hills
(1,700 ft.).
2. Fonte-buona, Florence.— Meadows on the slopes of Poggio
Cooca (1,200 ft.), near Monte Morello.
8. Palazzuolo di Bomagna, Tuscany. — Meadows at about 1,000 ft.,
amongst the oak woods on the slopes of Monte Carsolano.
4. Montefegatesi, Lucca, Tuscany, Central Italy. — Uncultivated
ground on the slopes of Monte Pratofiorito (3,000 ft.).
5. Firenzuola, Florence. — Clearings at about 1,500 ft. above the
sea, in the locality called il Palasaccio.
6. Macerata, Marche, Central Italy. — Clearings in the oak woods of ^
CoUe Torri (900 ft. above the sea).
7. Bolognola, Macerata. — Bare slopes and clearings among the
beech woods on the Sibillini mountains (8,600 ft.).
8. Formia, Caserta, Campania. — Grassy hills near the Gulf of
Gaeta (150 ft.).
9. Pollecca, Caserta. — Clearings among the oak woods on the
Monti Aurunci.
10. Yillalatina; Caserta. — Meadows and thickets along the road
which borders the Mollarino river (1,500 ft.), in the Mainarde hills.
11. Aspromonte, Calabria, South Italy. — Clearings and meadows
on the plateau of Carmelia (2,000 ft.).
12. 8. Martin 0, Palermo, Sicily. — Grassy dells among the bare
slopes of Monte Cuccio and Monte Pietroso (2,500 ft.).
I b^in with Z, transalpinaj which is the most interesting of the
Italian Zygaenae, on account of the numerous varieties and inaividual
forms which it produces, and I give the data and statistics of the four
varieties of which I possess a sufficient number of specimens.
Zyffaena transalpina, Esp. flies at the end of June or in the first
days of July at Florence, Fontebuona, Palazzuolo, Firenzuola, Mace-
rata, Polleca, and Yillalatina ; at Formia it begins to appear in
January and flies in March ; at Bolognola it first appears in July and
re-appears in September. It has not been found in the other localities
above mentioned.
Febbuabt 15th, 1920.
^6 THE ENT0M0L0OIST*S RECORD.
In the following synopsis the principal characteristics of the varia-
tion of each race are indicated, and for each characteristic the num-
ber of specimens found in each of the four localities above mentioned
is marked. For the locality of Yillalatina I have divided the data into
three columns according to the colours, red, yellow, or rose, of each
specimen. (See table I.)
The numbers in large letters of table I. are the ordinal numbers of
the forms, and refer to the following list, in which are mentioned the
names which have been ascribed to some of the different individual
forms.
Besides the 53 different forms to which I have alluded in the table,
Z, transalpina produces also other accidental forms the following of
which deserve to be noted : —
The abdomen^ generally of dark blue colour, may be adorned by a
red circle {annrdatay Trti). Of this aberration I have found four
specimens amongst about 4000 examined at Formia, and one amongst
500 individuals examined at Florence. [The existence of this form is
to my mind important, because it seems to shew that the Asiatic Z,
dorycnUf 0. is but a sub-species of Z, loti, just as transalpina is
another. It will be noticed that, but for the abdominal belt, doi-ycnn
is identical with some forms of transalpina, including position of red
spots on forewing. — R. Verity.]
Upon the dorsal margin of the hindwings and on the- external
angle of the same, there may be a shading more or less intense of
golden scales {adflata, Trti). I have found twelve specimens with this
characteristic well-marked amongst the Z. transalpina of Formia, and
one amongst about 400 specimens examined at Polleca, on the Monti
Aurunci.
The upper basal spot may extend along the costa until it joins the
^median upper spot {antlceconjimctaj Vrty.). One specimen out of more
than 300 examined at Bolognola, on the Monti Sibillini.
Whether in the plain or on the hills Z, transalpina has only one
and continuous period on the wing, and then disappears. On the
high mountains, on the contrary, it flies in July, ceases to fly in
August, and then re-appears in September. The September specimens
are generally smaller and more faintly coloured than those of July. I
think I can explain this phenomenon excluding the hypothesis of a
second generation. In the higher parts of the Apennines the grass is
cut in the middle of July ; the less grown larvae of Z, transalpina are
thus deprived of food and must travel about to find it. In this way
their development is retarded, and the chrysalid is • overtaken by the
period of intense heat and absolute drought, during which nearly all
the species of Lepidoptera cease to fly. After the rains the surviving
chrysalids complete their development, but having suffered the difi&culties
of life, are of reduced dimensions and poor in scales. Similar speci-
mens have often been produced amongst those which I had neglected
in the breeding cages.
The appearonce of not a few specimens of Z, transalpina, which
happens in January and February at Formia, as well as their normal
period of flying in March, is most extraordinary, and all the more
notable when you consider that in northern Africa the Zygaenae fly in
May and June.
ZYOAENAE OF PENINSULAR ITALY.
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28 THE bntomologist's rboord.
t •
f
Nomenclature of the variation mentioned in Table I.
[The ordinal numbers and letters correspond to those in the
Table.]
A. Race of Florence : intermedia^ Rocci.
B. Race of Bolognola : altitudinarla, Turati.
C. Race of Formia : tramiens, Rocci : —
1-8. Unnamed forms transitional to emendata, Vrty. (15%).
4-6. Forms similar to those of race mantitna, Oberthiir
(56%).
7-8. Variations of form pseudotiiaritima, Turati (10%).
12-18. Form maritima'trimaculata, Obthr. (14%).
14. Form depuncta, Trti. (2%).
15. Form pseudosorrentinat Trti. (2%).
16. Form pseudowrrentina-depancta, Trti. (only one speci-
men amongst about 8,000 individuals which have
been examined).
Race of Villalatina : latina, Vrty : —
D. Bright red colour :
4-6-8. Variations of form sorrentina'Sexmacnlaj Dz. (4%).
9-10. Unnamed red forms (31%).
11. Form calahrica-hexavtacidata, Trti. (4%).
18-16. Form sovrentina, Stgr. (1%).
17-19. Unnamed red forms (26%).
20-22. Variations of form calahrica^ Calb. (6%).
E. Yellow colour :
6. Form ilava, Dz. (2%).
8-10. Form xanthographa, Germ. (12%).
15. Unnamed form.
17-19. Form boisdurali, Costa.
20-21. Variations of form zic/certiy Hoff. (5%).
F. Pinkish colour :
9-11-18. Form rhodomelas, Trti.
On the Geographical Variation of Zygaena loti, Wien. Verz.
subspecies transalpina, Esp.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
The magnificent material collected during the last few years in-
Central and Southern Italy, by Querci and his family, has been more
or less a revelation as regards the geographical variation of several
species of Zyaena in that region. They are extremely variable, and
far too many fancy names have been given to individual forms with-
out a notion of their frequency and distribution. Querci has just
drawn out a very instructive statistic of the forms of transalpina in
several races, utilising thousands of specimens he has at hand.
I will now try and make out a brief summary of the races which
have proved to be discernible in Italy, making a clear distinction
between them and individual variations. This does not seem to have
been achieved by any of the authors of Monographs on this genus,
such as Dziurzynski and Seitz, who give interminable lists of names*
of minute variations without furnishing any information as to their
frequency and importance.
The nomenclature of this genus is unfortunately extremely intri-
OBOORAPmOAL VARIATION OF ZYGABNA LOTI. 29
cate, owing to the difficultj of distingaishiDg even the species from
each other and the blunders which have ensued. Even at the present
time it needs quite a long practice to utilise the knowledge that has
been acquired on the subject ; for instance, I rarely receive a series of
filipendulae and of loH from localities where they fly together, in
which the specimens have been properly separated, and in as recent a
work as Die-schmett, Kuropas, of Spuler, one finds at pi. 77, fig. 18a, a
transalpina figured under the name of utoechadis var. duhia ! An un-
mistakable character which distinguishes all the subspecies of JUi-
pendulae from all those of transalpina, no matter how similar to each
other tbey may be in certain regioqs, is the position of the hind row
of red spots of the forewing as compared to the corresponding spots of
the fore-row ; the former in transalpina are always situated more out-
wardly, and a line drawn parallel to the direction of the body through
these spots does not pass through the spot which stands in front of it,
as it does in fHipendulae and in its subspecies stoechadis. No author
seems to have noticed this character, which is the only really constant
and reliable one, to my knowledge, the thickly scaled and extensive
red patch of the underside of the forewings of lotij which distinguishes
the two species in Central Europe, being so often reduced or absent in
the Italian transalpina.
I must take this occasion to note first of all that, if I am not
wrong, the specific name of the Zy^aena in question has not yet been
established correctly according to strict rules of priority ! It has always
been called transalpina^ but in the second vol. of his Kur. Schtnett., in
which Esper creates this name, this author also publishes the figure of
a Zygaena under the name of loti, which certainly is the little Central
European subspecies of the same species, and he says in the text (page
224) that the latter name was given to specimens from Vienna by
** the Authors of the System, Ve^zeichniss der Wienei- Schnetteiiinffe.**
This can leave no doubt that the name existed in this well-known list,
from which several specific names have been drawn in other instances,
some time before Esper published his second vol. with the name trans-
alpina. Also Hiibner refers the name loti, not to Esper, but to " d.
Ther.," that is to say to the Theresians, who are the authors of the
Vienna List. I conclude that the specific name should be loti, and
that the nymotypical group of races of Central Europe should bear the
same name, whereas the name transalpina should be restricted to the
South European subspecies or group of races.
The name astragali is purely a synonym, created fancifully by
£orkbausen, and so is hippocrepidis, first used by Hiibner in his text,
and then taken up by Stephens and by Herrich-Schafifer.
I do not intend dealing here with the group of races of Central
Europe, distinguished by their small size, frail build, and extent of red
scaling, especially on the underside of the forewings ; suffice it to
mention that the following races have been distinguished: occidentalism
nymotypical, centralis (provincialis), and alpicola, mihi. The name
last mentioned I propose using instead of the name alpina, which
Boisduval has given first to a filipendulae and then to a loti : the other
racep mentioned have 'been described by Oberthiir. The Alps and
Pyrenees race alpicola, evidently belongs to the same subspecies, on
account of the development of the red scaling on the underside of fore-
wings, but by its stouter build and larger size it is clearly a trati^v^\ox^
to the subspecies transalpina.
80 THE ENrqM01.00IST's RECORD.
Eace emendata, Vrty. : — Of the transalpina subspecies one race
comes nearest to alpicola by the extent of the red scaling on underside
of forewings ; the red spots of upperside are more extensive and the
blue-black border of hindwings narrower than in any other race of
transalpina ; on the other hand it unmistakably belongs to it by its
larger size, robust build, very bright colouring, the scaling being thick.
I have called it ewendata [Bull. Soc, Knt. 7f., xlvii.,np. 76 (1915)] ,
because at one time it was thought by Turati and others to be the
nymotypical transalpina y whereas I have pointed out that Esper's
figure clearly, though roughly, represents either altitudinaria, Trti., or
intermedia, Rocci. (vide antea). It is widely distributed in the Po
valley and lower localities of the Alps (Como-Brunate, Valcamonica at
Cogno, Limone in Piedmont), and even extends to Central Italy along
the Adriatic (Macerata
From this race transalpina may be described as branching off into
two groups : [a) the small, frail, thinly scaled and less bright moun-
tain group of races, and (6) the maritime group, with exactly opposite
characters. In each of these two groups the races may be classified,
ascording to the extent of the blue-green scaling, as follows : —
(a) intermedia, Rocci. ; altitudinaria, Trti. ; sorrentina, Stdgr. ;
latina, mihi ; calabrica, Calb. (to this group seems also to belong
hispana, mihi).
{b) maritima, Obth. ; transiens, Rocci.
Race intermedia, Rocci. — Between emendata and altitudinaria,
there exists a race which is intermediate in build and which, in extreme
individuals, is identical either with ^;/7e/2fl?afa or with altitudinaria, accord-
ing to localities, thus leading gradually up from one to the other. Also
its distribution proves it is intermediate. It spreads all over the Po
valley, especially south of this river, where it is less localised than
emendata ; in Liguria, Rocci found it at median altitudes, above maH-
tima, Obth., and below altitudinaHa, Trti. ; in Tuscany it is the only
representtttive of the species, both on the sea coast (Leghorn) and in
the plains and low hills of the hinterland, so that it constitutes there
a very definite race, only blending with altitudinaria, Trti., in the
higher mountains. Rocci has called it intermedia.
Race altitudinaria, Trti. — Small, reaching the smallest size of
transalpina \n extreme individuals, such as those who emerge late
(autumn), but are probably not at all a second brood \autumnalis,
Vrty.] ; antennae thin ; body frail ; wings narrow ; red spots pale ^
red patch on underside of forewings generally absent in male and very
reduced in female ; dark scaling of a decided green tinge, and light
enough to show off black circles round red spots ; dark band along
margin of hindwing very narrow. This race extends from Liguria. to
the Abruzzi, all along the tops of the Appennines, and also in lower
mountain localities, when they are particularly cold.
The race described above vary comparatively very little in single
individuals ; they all belong to the six-spotted form, with narrow dark
margin to hindwing ; only occasionally does it get a little broader and
diffused in intermedia and altitudinaria ; Costantini has observed in
the Modenese that this happens chiefly in early emergences and he has
called these specimens form praecox.
These races are equivalent to the nymotypical group of races
of Z. tilipe^idulae, L. The following ones are characterised by a
OEOORAPHIOAL VARIATION OF ZTGAENA LOTI. 81
greater extent of the dark scaling, which often reduces the spots
of forewing to five, and which tends to invade the whole hindwing
and the underside of the forewing, confering a much more variable
look to the individual forms of each race. They correspond to
the dark stoechadis sub-species of filipendalae and group h also has
the same robust structure. The mountain melanotic forms of
transalpina have been called sorrentina, Stdgr., and calahricay Calb.,
the latter having the whole of hmdwing darkened and the former
being a transition, with a broad space left free of dark scales. These
forms occur together and occur mixed with transitions to altitudinaria
in very variable proportions, according to localities, so that local races
are produced having on the whole very different aspects. To give a
name to every gradation would be impossible and quite useless, but we
can agree on a few names to designate the principle types of variation
and then use statistical data to better define the races of the various
localities.
Race sorrentina^ Stdgr. — There are regions in which variation
extends from altitudinaria to sorrentina, extreme specimens of these
forms being frequent, but the majority consisting of a form similar to
altitudinaria with the difference that the dark border of the hind-
margin is broad, or very broad, and sends out rays towards the dorsal
margin, such as are never seen in altitudinaria \ the five-spotted form
also occurs occasionally ; the size of the insect is on the whole a little
larger and the very small individuals of altitudinaria are not produced.
To these races I should give the name of sorrentina, extending it to
those in which calabrica does occur, but in a very small percentage.
This is the case in the Sorrento Peninsula ; at Polleca, in the Aurunci
Mountains, calabrica does not exist at all. This race is proper to the
extreme southern portion of Central Italy and to Southern Italy, and
we were very surprised when Querci in 1915 found it as far north as
Northern Tuscany on Pratofiorito, 1,000 m., and at Monte fegatesi,
700m. (Lucca). Here altitudinaria has an unusually broad marginal
band and extreme specimens are identical with nymotypical sorrentina.
Bace calabrica^ Calb. — The races in which this form is found in
a very high percentage, which sometimes is over 50%, and the remain-
der consists of sorrentina, should, I think, bear this name.
BaceLATiNA, mihi. — In the Mainarde Mountains, at Yillalatina, and
along the road from Atina to S. Biagio Saracinasco, a magnificent
race is found, more variable than any other ; Querci's statistical table
illustrates it better than any words. It will be noticed that the extent
of the dark sciaJing corresponds to calabrica, but what makes it quite
distinct and peculiar is the variation of the red scaling to pink and to
yellow in more than half the individuals. In some localities the two
preceding races do produce the y6llow form constantly and not merely
as a very rare aberration, but in no other has it been found to pre-
dominate. Most specimens thus belong to the yellow calabrica, called
zickerti by Hoffman, but I think that to use the name of a single very
special form for such a variable race would only lead to confusion, and
both Querci and I have agreed to give it a geographical name. It is
worthy of notice that in peninsular Italy also Callimorpka dounnula,li.,
produces a race characterised by yellow scaling, instead of red, and by
the variability and occasionally very great extent of the black pattern.
Bace hispana, mihi. — In the Biihl collection, preserved in Florence
82
TBB BNTOMOLOGIBT ft BBOOBD.
in the B. Stazione d'Entomologia Agraria, there exists a very inter-
esting specimen labelled : *' Yalenzia," which I must take this occasion
to mention. It is quite similar to ny mo typical sorrentina^ as described
above, but each one of the six spots of the forewing is surrounded by a
white ring ; this character is extremely rare and never so marked in
Italy. Does transalpina, then, occur in Spain and does it produce
quite a distinct race ?
The races of group b hereunto described are the two following :
Race maritima, Obth. — Similar to emendata, but with brighter
colouring and with the dark scaling tending to expand ; red spots
smaller ; the sixth often absent ; hindwing with a broa^d dark margin;
sometimes very broad and never as narrow as in emendata ; red patch
of underside forewings always narrow and occasionally entirely absent.
This is the race of the south of France, which extends in Italy, along
the Eiviera, as far as is known, up to Genoa.
Race transiens, Rocci. — So called because in extreme specimens the
dark scaling is as extensive as in sorrentina, invading the whole dorsal
margin and anterior portion of the hindwing, and thus believed to be
a transition from maritima to sorrentina. This view^ however is not
correct, for the structure of transims is even more robust than that of
marithna, whereas a real transition to sorrentina should come nearer
the frailer build of the latter. The right way of putting it is that
transiens stands to maritiwa as sorrentina stands to altitudinaria or
inter tnedia, being the most melanotic race of the robust maritime
group. Hocci says at Genoa it flies quite near the sea, lower than
maritinia. The race, found by Querci at Formia, in the province of
Caserta, at low altitudes and considered as waritima by Oberthiir and
Turati, has turned out to be identical with transiens on comparison with
a series from Genoa sent to me by Rocci.
I think the following diagram will help to clear the connections
between the different races, if it be borne in mind that the robustness
of their structure increases from above downwards and the extent of
dark scaling from left to right : —
occidentalis — loti altitudinaria
emendata
centralis
I
alpicola
intermedia — sorrentina — latina — calabrica
maritima — transiens
Comparison of four races of subspecies transalpina, Esp. :■
Locality
Name
Florence. Bolognola.
. .iwtermedia,Rocci. altitudinaria^
Trti.
Formia. Villalatina.
transiens, Rocci. Zatina, Vrty.
Body
AntennflB
Density of scal-
ing
Light coloured
scaling.
Thick.
Thick.
Thick.
Bright red.
Thin.
Thin.
Thin.
Pale red.
Very thick.
Very thick.
Very thick.
Bright red.
Thick.
Thick.
Thick.
Dark scaling
Indigo. Greenish-indigo. Dark indigo.
Bright red or
yellow, occa-
sionally pink-
ish.
Dark blackish
indigo.
Spots of upper- Constantly six Constantly six Five or six spots, Five for six
side of fore- well developed well developed the sixth being spots, the
win(.'R. spots. spots. anyhow much sixth being
reduced in the anyhow much
majority of in- reduced in the
dividuals. majority of
individuals.
THE STDMET WEBB COLLEOTIOM OF BBITI8H RHOPALOCEBA.
88
Dark marginal Aboat 1 mm. in About 1 mm. in
scaling of hind- width. width,
wings.
Spots of under- Always six,
side of fore- often more or
wings,
usual
.2 flS-<
9
maximum
minimum
less confluent.
(T 31 mm.
? 31 mm.
(f 36 mm.
¥ 33 mm.
S 27 mm.
? 29 mm.
Always six,
often more or
less confluent.
S 27 mm.
9 28 mm.
(f 29 mm.
$ 33 mm.
(f 26 mm.
$ 26 mm.
Breadth of wings Narrow. Very narrow.
Variable : 1 to
3 mm., but
often extends
to dorsal mar-
gin and fore-
part of wing.
Five or six,
confluent or
isolated.
S 31 mm.
9 31 mm.
S 36 mm.
$ 36 mm.
S 26 mm.
9 29 mm.
Broad.
Usually exten-
8iye,and often
so much so as
to cover the
whole wing.
Five or six, al-
ways distinct-
ly isolated.
(T 29 mm.
$ 80 mm.
(T 31 mm.
? 83 mm.
<? 27 mm.
? 28 mm.
Narrow.
Sydney Webb Collection.— 2nd Day's Sale. December 9tii, 1919.
{Coticluded from p. 11.)
This sale comprised the remainder of the Fritillaries and all the
remaining species, finishing with the Skippers.
The first insect of note was a dark brown var. of Melitaea athalia
with markings almost obsolete which realised £12 12s. Another var.
eos figured in Newman, p. 46, fig. 8, and a similar var. with many bands
of distinct spots on the underside fig. in Newman brought. £6 10s. A
third specimen somewhat similar also recorded £6 10s. A Melitaea
aurinia with broad b«fif bands fetched £2, and two similar £4 the pair;
a very dark specimen cost £5 10s. and one nearly all black £7 ; other
good forms realised £1 Is. to £2 in lots of 2 to 20, various localities
being represented. A very fine underside of Melitaea cinxia realised
£5, and vanous underside forms from 88. to 60s. in lots.
Fourteen Chryaophanus dispar were next produced, but were not
nearly so fine as the series sold in the first sale and were priced at
£2 5s. to £8 according to condition. Lot 45 a fine female C, dispar
with coppery hindwings, a really good variety, was remarkably cheap
at £10, and in my opinion was one of the best insects in the sale.
Aberrations of this species are not often met with even in Covent
Garden. Ruwicia phlaeas was represented by a splendid lot of varieties,
the best realising £12 12s., being a specimen witb the black replaced
by golden brown and figured in Barrett, p. 9, fig. 2e. Another one
figured in Barrett, p. 9, fig. 2c, with large confluent spots, realised the
exceptionally good price of £12. A specimen with forewings without
spots except discoidals, figured in Barrett, p. 9, fig. 2d, went for £7 10s.
The silvery white (ab.« alba) and pale golden coloured (ab. schmidtii)
aberrations were not in the best of condition, but fourteen specimens
aggregated £18 lis. Three fine and perfect pale golden vars. were
well worth £3 5s. Two rayed and four with hindwings all black were
cheap at £2 ; a lot of 11, including five others, realised £5, and a
similar lot £2 5s. The remaining noticeable specimen with spots on
forewings absent realised £8 5s. The Chatteiuienia (Thecla) w-alhum
underside with broad white fascia figured in Newman, p. 108, cost the
purchaser £5, lAit although in poor condition it is a unique variety and
of much interest. Two Bithys querciis females with the blue shading
almost absent, and one with orange spots were undeniably cheap at
128. the two lots. Callophrys rubi and Celastrina aryiolus were not
84 THE BNTOMOLOGIST*S RECORI>.
very conspicuous examples and went for a few shillings only, the only
exception being a C, arqiolus with whitish forewings which brought
£2 15s.
Twenty-five Polyonimatiis semiargm realised £17 6s., the best twa
pairs fetching 60s. and 8()s. each. A long series of Agriades coridon
now appeared, and many fine varieties were included. A pair of pale
males fetched 60s. and a very dark or brown male £10. Three true
gynandromorphs were sold each for £7, £7, £5 10s., but the last was
in very poor condition, and none in tbe fine condition of the gynandro-
morph of Arpiaties thetis (bellargiis) sold later for £12 10s. A dark
leaden blue male realised £4, and a fine female var. fowleri £6v
Mumerous otber forms of this species were sold at prices varying from
20s. to 63s. It was curious to note that no fine examples of var.
fowleri except the one female (were included in the series), and there
was only one gynandromorph of the type now so commonly taken in
Herts. Recent years have seen great developments in obtaining
aberrations of this species. Five of the once great rarity v. synyrapha
only realised 20s., although they were quite historical specimen ««. A
specimen of the Continental species dorylas labelled Folkstone, 1868,
was not very keenly sought after and only realised 25s. with another
lot included. Ayriades thetis now claimed attention, and several
beautifully coloured silvery-grey males could not be sold owing to their
very poor condition and were included with a male having the outer
half of wings dusky ; with the aid of this specimen £6 was realised
for the lot. A white underside, with broad black streaks on forewings,
from the Bond collection, being in beautiful condition was keenly
competed for and cost the buyer £11. A lilac-blue female figured by
Barrett, pi. 13, reached £3, and a similar one and one dusky blue
£2 15s. A leaden male figured in Barrett, pi. 13, only fetched £2. A
very rich blue female with dark marginal spots was bidden up to £8,
and a female with blue hindwings and seven others were cheap at 24s.
An underside witH broad streaks on forewings figured in Barrett, pi.
13, fetched £4, but was not in the best of condition. A very fine
gynandromorph, one side being heavily shot with male coloration
realised £12 10s. A pale brown shot blue Polyommatus icarus and
three silvery-blue males realised £3 5s., and two good undersides
(defective) £6. The underside figured in Newman, p. 83, was cheap
at £3. Seven lots each of three gynandromorphs fetched 26s., 858.,
30s., 60s., 60s., 90s., 65s. each, but all the lots contained one or more
insects in poor condition. A good underside, all the spots forming a
broad band of dashes, realised £4 10s., but was defective. Plebeius
aeyon was represented by a series of colour variations from lilac-blue
to purple and many undersides, and were sold very cheaply. Five
gynandromorphs realised £9 10s., and there were a score of other
gynandromorphous specimens. The remaining species consisting of
Alicia inedon, Cupido )nini}nuSf and the Skippers did not exhibit
marked variation, but two Urbicola (Auyiades) comfiia^ creB,m coloured,
and an underside figured in Barrett, p. 39, realised £8 10s. the two.
Nine Uenperia nialcae var. taras and five intermediates fetched only 98.
This completed the day's sale and yielded a totafl of about £480,
which added to the sum of the first day £920 made a total of £1,400,
surely a record for Rhopalocera alone. As at the last sale the
majority of the extreme aberrations were acquired for the Bright
REVI8I0NAL NOTES (lEPIDOPTERa). , 85
collection, Messrs. Newman and Janson again buying freely. Taken
as a whole the condition of the smaller insects was not so good as
those in the first sale, in fact quite a number were more or less
defective. The cataloguing of the collection by Mr. Janson was well
and painstakingly done and favourably affected the financial result of
the sale.
Thus has been dispersed a fine collection accumulated by one of the
old time collectors over which a vast amount of time and patience
must have been expended, adding much to our knowledgs of the
particular species and their distribution : every insect appeared to be
labelled. The Lycenidae were mostly obtained from Dover and
Folkestone, and a collector named Bailey seems to have possessed a
keen eye for aberrational forms. The writer hq,s seen only two private
collections that excel the one sold, viz., those belonging to Mr. P. M.
Bright and Mr. A. B. Farn.~S. G. C.-R.
Revisional Notes (Lepidoptera).
By Jno. hartley DURRANT, F.E.S.
(Published by permission cl the Trustees of the British Museum).
1.
Phalaena Tortrix fasciana, L.
In 1864, Werneburg (Btr. Schm. 1. 224-5, 268-4, no. 82) wrote a
critical note on Tortrix faacianay L., and arriving at the conclusion that
the insect described by Linne was the well-known Erastria which had
also been described as fnscula, Schiff., Tr., and pytfim^a, Hfn., he sank
these later names as synonyms, writing : " Ich glaube nicht zu fehlen.
wenn ich fasciana, L. fiir fiiscula, Tr. erklare." Staudinger and
Wocke, who in the first edition of their Catahnj (1861) called the species
Erastn'a pytjaiya, Hfn. (=fuscula, Schifif.), adopted Werneburg*s views
in their second edition (1871) and '* fasdana " came definitely into use
for this Erasiria. In Staudinger and Kebel's Catalog (1901), for some
reason unknown, pyyarya is omitted from the synonymy of *' fasciana,
L.," and Harapson, who also adopts *^ fasciana, L.," refers it to
Lithacodia, Hb., likewise omitting pyyarya from the synonymy.
Linne's description is as follows; —
rhalaena TortvLv fascimia, L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) 342 sp. 1804 (1761).
" Ph. Tortrix fasciana alis fusco cinerascentibus : fascia alba.
Habitat in Pomariis.
Descr. Media. Alae superiores obscure cinerascentes margine
exteriore alba nigroque maculato; fascia lata, albida recurvata.
Inferiores alae nigricantes : margine ciliari albido.*'
If the above description be compared with specimens of Erastn'a
fusciila (2264) and 2287 Hamwene Juliana, Crt., it will be at once
observed that the ** fascia lata, albida re<:urvata " is present in juliava,
while no such marking is to be found in fuscula, which is white only
around the tornus. Also FW. costa *' albo nigroque maculato " and
HW. ** nigricantes : margine ciliari albido " refer obviously to Juliana
and not to fuscula. Should any doubt remain, this will at once
vanish after an examination of Linne's type at Burlington House,
which is undoubtedly ./MZiflMa. We must therefore adopt the following
corrected synonymy : —
86 THE entomologist's reoobd.
2237 Pammene fasciana, L.
n.syn, =julianaf Crt.
Phalaena Tortrix fasciana, L. Fn. Suec. (ed. 2) 842 sp. 1804 (1761).
= Phil alcea Juliana f Crt. Br. Ent. 13 588 (1886). \Pamene Juliana ,
Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Lp. Pal. 2 124 sp. 2287 (1901).
We are now left with the ErastHa, which requires a name. There
can be no reasonable doubt that this is the insect described by
Hufnagel and by Bottemburg as Phalaena pygarga, and as this name
is older than Nnctua furcula, SD., the synonymy will be : —
2464 Lithacodia pygarga, Hfn.
Phalaena pygarga, Hfn. Berl. Mag. 3 408 sp. 86 (1766) ; Rtmbg.
Naturf. 9 186-7 sp. 85 (1776).
Erastria pygarga, Stgr.-Wk. Cat. Lep. Eur. 59 sp. 847 (1861).
= Xoctna'fuscula, S.-D. Schm. Wien. 89 sp. 6 (1775); Bkh. Eur.
Schm. 4 192^8 sp. 87 (1792).
— ^^'fa^ciana (nee L.), Wrnbg. {=^pygarga, Hfn.; =fuscula^ Tr.),
Wrnbg. Btr. Schm. 1 224-5 268-4 no. 82 (1864).
= Erastiia "^fasciana (nee L.), Stgr.-Wk. Cat. Lep. Eur. 134 sp.
1901 (1871); Stgr.-Rbl. Cat. Lp. Pal. 1 281 sp. 2464 (1901).
Lithacodia ''fasciana (nee L.), Hmsn. Cat. Lp. Phal. B.M, 10 516,
589-40 sp. 5807 (1910).
Sir George Hampson refers pygarga { = *fasciana [nee. L.] Hmsn.)
to Lithacodia, Hb. 1818, employing Erastria, Ochs. (1816) for trabealis^
Sep., while Erastria is used by Stg.-Rbl. for pygarga and its allies. There
is, however, an earlier Erastria, Hb. Tent. (1805), Geometr,, which
will in any case justify the adoption of Lithacodia for the species under
discussion.
:ig>OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
References for Localities. — Gavarnie. — Ent. Rec, xx,, 50, 179;
xxii., 109 ; xxiv., 150, 157 ; xxvi., 287.
Guethery. — Ent, Uec, xxv., 88.
Pyrenees. — Ejit, Rec, xxii., 57, 308; Ent, Mo. Mag., xx., 205 ;
XXX., 220; Ent,, xxxviii., 248, 278; xliv., 834 ; xlv., 57. '
Vernet-les-Bains. — Ent, Rec, xx., 176 ; xxii., 58 ; xxv., 28, 227 ;
xxvi., 8 ; Ent., xxxviii., 277, 299.
AmeliE'Les-Bains. — Ent., xlii., 120.
Dorking, Surrey. — Ent., xxx'iy., 110, 205, 228, 258; xxxv., 118,
828 ; xxxvi., 27, 195 ; xxxviii., 68 ; xxxix., 157, 188.
Box Hill. — Ent. Rec, xv., 807; Ent. Mo. Mag., i., 119; Proc. S.
Lond. Ent., Socy. (1907), 67; Ent., xii., 297; xvi., 268; xvii., 201 ;
xix., 101, 298.
Ranmore Common. — Proc. S. Lond, Ent, Socy, (1902), 46 ; (1906),
29 ; (1914), 90.
Leith Hill. — Proc. S. Lond. Ent. Socy. (1906), 21.
Perfect Gynandromorphs. — I should be very glad to have
particulars of any examples of perfect gynandromorphs of British
Rhopalocera, i.e., specimens in which the wings on one side are
NOTES ON COLLBOTIN6. 87
typically male and on the other side typioally female, existing
in our collections at the present time. In the Ent. Rec,
Vol. 27 is a much more comprehensive list, hat in this are
included mainly Continental examples. I am anxious to compile
as complete a list as possible of British specimens. Any information
"will be very gratefully received. So far I have particulars of -some
examples in the following species — Pie^'ia rapae, blnchloe caniamines,
Colias hyaUy C, ediisa, Qotiept&ry.v rfiamnif Bithys qnercii'tt Aijiiade*
thetis (bellargus), A, coridon, Plebeiim aegon, Celastrina argiolus^
Polyooimatutt teams, Di'yas ftaphia, and Polygonia c-albanu — H. G.
Castle-Russbll (P.E.S.), Monkswood, Woking.
A FEW Entomological Notes from Putney for 1919. — lu 1917
[Ent. Tiec, 29 285 (1917)] I recorded some dates of insects noticed at
Putney, chiefly in my garden (and elsewhere). By a printer's error
these were signed *' Ibid,*' instead of with my nama; thus making it
appear that they were written by Mr. Sich ! I have since 1917 always
jotted down in my pocket book dates when insects were first noticed at
Putney. Unfortunately I lost my last year's book, so was unable to
publish the dates for 1918. Putney at one time was a very good
locality (the late E. C. Rye recorded many rare beetles for it as he
lived here for many years), and probably is so still if properly worked.
Before giving my 1919 dates, I may mention that a fence near my
house is riddled with the boriags of Hylotrupes bajidus, 1 have
watched it for the last three years, but have not seen the perfect insect.
Putney is one of the old records for this fine Longicorn. As may be
seen elsewhere [EnU liec, 31 (1919)] I have taken a nice series of it
through the kindness of my friend, Mr. E. S. Mitford, near Weybridge.
February 21st. — The honey bee {Apis melifica) out in road.
March 24th. — The Churchyard Beetle (Blaps mucronata) on foot-
path. I have several times found this beetle in roads in Putney.
April 6th. — The first Queen Wasp (Vespa vulgaris) seen out. In
1918 I saw the first on the wing in January. ^ ^ appeared end of
October and beginning of November.
April 7th. — The Brimstone Butterfly {Gonepteryx rhamni) in
my garden.
In May (I forgot to put the date) the Solomon's Seal Sawfly
(Phymatocera aterrima) was flying about over the Polygonatum, and
subsequently the larvae occurred in profusion on the plants. This was
also the case in 1918.
May 8th. — The small White {Pieris rapae) was seen on the wing
in the High Street.
May 12th. — The Holly Blue Celastrina (^Cyaniris) argiolus in
my garden.
May 29th. — The Lace Wing Fly {Chrysopa sp. ?j in my garden.
June 28th. — My neighbour brought me a specimen of the Currant
Clearwing, Sesia tipnliformis ; a few days later I saw another specimen
in my own garden.
July 18th. — I saw and chased a black and white Butterfly in the
Hazlewell Road. I believe it to have been a foreign species intro-
duced in some way, or bred by someone and allowed to escape. It
appeared to be striped black and white, to have long narrow wings,
and it flew very fast and straight.
88 THE entomologist's record.
July 28rd. — The Stag-Beetle {Lucanus cervus) in my garden. I
frequently saw specimens (mostly females) in Hazlewell Bead and the
roads near by during July.
August 24th. — I captured a fine specimen of the House Cricket
(Oryllus domesticua) in a coal bin. This bin is not warm, as it is out
in the yard, not near the kitchen. It is the first time I have seen a
Cricket alive for over forty years. It used to occur behind the
wainscotting in the large old-fashioned kitchen in my father's house
at Earls Shilton in Leicestershire.
September 7th. — Longitarsus Jiavicornis was in abundance on
Convolvulus in a road near here : the plants, which were growing beside
& fence near some waste ground, being riddled with holes. The ab.
fumigatiis occurred sparingly. Fowler gives the foodplant as Eufta-
torium ; but in the supplement we give Convolvulus, which is the proper
foodplant of the beetle.
September 18t?h. — The Bed Admiral {Pyrameis atalanta) was flying
in the High Street.
September 26th. — I noticed the little moth {Tortrix pronbana)
in numbers hovering about a fence in Upper Park Fields. The
time was 10.80 a.m., and the moths were evidently "sembling," as
about 50 were fluttering over and settling on one board in the fence ;
running up and down and flying off the board again. When I returned
in half an hour's time only a few specimens were to be seen, but always
on the one board. Mr. Durrant tells me that this moth has only been
in Britain for a few years, having been introduced from the
Mediterranean coast lands.
September 27th. — The Small Tortoiseshell (Vanessa nrticae) flying
in my garden.
October 1st. — Captured some specimens of 7^wpt6j;*ya; tw^Zisscrg on a
<3lump of garden sage in my front garden. This little frog-hopper,
which is coloured exactly to match the leaves of the sage, has occurred
All the summer in some numbers. Even to-day, December 12th, a few
are present, m spite of the rain, snow, and frost we have had lately.
Specimens taken on November 2nd and put in a bottle with a few sage
leaves, laid eggs, or at any rate produced young, as very tiny larvae
were found in a day or so. I do not know if anything of the life
history of the species is known, or not.
November 19th. — Aleurodes lonicerae. Walker. A neighbour told
me that a small white insect was destroying some honeysuckle in a
cold conservatory and asked me to come and see it. I secured
specimens and ran it down as a species of Aleurodes^ in the Cambridge
Natural History, The insects are breeding still (December) in spite of
the very cold weather. The nymph does not show the segments and
limbs of the insect as is figured in the work referred to above. Very
little is known about these little creatures, and I had thought of
breeding them and working out the life-history. I found, however,
that Mr. Laing of the British Museum wanted to do this, so I have
turned them over to him. — Horace Donisthorpe.
Zyg;ena trifolii again (ante vol. xxiii., p. 28). — Last summer I
spent a few weeks in the Malvern district and in my wanderings I came
across an interesting colony of X. trifolii ; the colony was interesting
from its environment and its very close proximity to a large ^Zi/jm^wZa^
area rather than from a varietal point of view.
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 89
On June dOth I was passing through a meadow path in a fairly
wide valley, when I came across a locality with an abundance of
Zygaena HUp^ndidae, It was a nice ordinary dry meadow pasture of
considerable extent, &nd Jilipendulae was abun^nt, many in good con-
dition, many decidedly '*pass6." After watching them for a time I
passed on up a steepish hill ; when just at the edge of the wooded
summit in a pocket of slightly damp ground with rushes and the like,
I found a trifolii, then another and another, it at once became
apparent that I had struck a small colony of this (to me) interesting
species, the slight depression was of very limited extent and not three
hundred yards from the filipendulae meadow.
I kept the colony under close and continuous inspection for nearly
three weeks, and during th^ emergence period I never saw one outside
their special area, though as they increased in numbers and age they
wandered further afield, but I did not see one *^ five-spot" actually down
in the meadow already referred to.
On June dOth the species was absolutely fresh. I watched them
drying their wings on that and the few following days by the dozen,
but I did not discover one emergence on the dry ground fifty or a
hundred yards below their own little damp depression. After the first
ten days the emergences became very considerably reduced ; I might
see one or possibly two in a day, whereas during the first four or five
days I have no doubt I witnessed a dozen to two dozen each day, for
the species was abundant.
What especially interested me was the almost complete separation
of the two species. I was particularly on the watch for the mating of
the two, but I did not see a single instance, and it was most rare to see
filipendidae among the trifolii colony ; I counted about half a dozen
such cases. At the bottom of the hill was a ditch or a hedge which
we might perhaps consider the boundary line, for I only found two
tHfolii on the other side of that hedge, Le,lm the filipendulae area, and
those two bad evidently been on the wing a long time. There was,
however, an intermediate district much nearer the colony, a rich bit of
pasture on the side of the hill, where both species met, but even here
the " six-spot *' was very much commoner than the ** five-spot." This
would, however, be more or less what one would expect, for as the
meadow land became dryevjiUpetididae would naturally be attracted by
the flowera further up the hill, whereas trifolii did not need to be
attracted downwards, having all they needed in their own locality.
In this district also, as in others in my experience, filipejididae was
probably on the wane when trifolii began its emergence ; the race here
IS a fine one, the specimens being fine, fairly large ones, uniform in
iype, with good large spots and very little variation — very different
indeed from what I have found in several of the Devon localities. I
must have examined hundreds and hundreds of specimens in the
Malvern colony, and I only found ten with the least inclination to the
extension of spots and this but very slight, but two of tbem have the
upper median spot alpaost connected with the fifth spot by a narrow
red line on the right wing only, whilst I took one only with these two
spots confluent though separate from the lower median spot.
The race found here is I think the most uniform and stable I have
ever met ; out of a very large series there is not one of the type race,
40 THK MNTOMOLOUIST'S RBOORD.
all are of the orobi race, i,e,, with the median spots separated, I must
have examined several hundred and I did not meet with one true
trifolii, Esp., with the median spots confluent, neither did I meet with
one var. minoides, Sel^^., the nearest being the one specimen thair
has the fifth spot confluent with the upper median only. The almost
strict uniformity I might almost say rigidity to the var. orobif Hb., is
extraotdinary, as my experience in England has led me to expect a
considerable amount of variation whenever a really flourishing colony,
such as this was, has been found. The Malvern race is not quite so
large as the Devon one, but the bronze colour is brighter and clearer
though this may possibly be owing to the fact that I discovered them
at the very beginning of their emergence, but the almost rigid
constancy of the form is perhaps the most interesting character of the
colony. — G. T. Bethune-Bakbr, Jamiary, 1920.
The Ooourrence of Strymon pruni, L., in Surrey. — The larv8&
of this species were beaten out from sloe in May, 1919, by Mr. A. A,
Tullett, F.EJ.S., of the staff of this Museum. Six specimens were
hatched and are in the " Joicey " collection. We believe this to be
the first record of 8, pruni as occurring in Surrey. For obvious
reasons the locality cannot be given, but is within 12 miles of
Haslemere. — George Talbot, The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey.
January 26^^.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
Parts III. and IV. of the Trans, Ent, Soc. Lond. have just been
issued and contains (1) " Notes on Exotic Proctotrupoidea," by Alan
P. Dodd ; (2) " The Scent Scales of Pinacopteryx liliana,** by F. A.
Dixey, M.A., F.R.S., with one plate; (8) "A new Hydroptila, H.
simnlus,'' by M. E. Moseley, F.E.S., with one plate ; (4) ** Scent-
organs in the Hydroptila (Trich.)," by M. E. Moseley, F.E.S., with
two plates; (5) '*The male abdominal segments and sedeagus of
Habroceriis capillaHcornis (Col.)," by F. Muir, with a plate ; (6) ** On
the Mechanism of the Male Genital Tube in Coleoptera," by F. Muir,
with one plate ; (7) ** A new family of Lepidoptera, the 4nthelidae,**
by A. J. Turner, M.D., F.E.S. ; (8) " The Histology of the Scent-organff
in the Genus Hydroptila^'' by H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc, with one
plate ; (9) " New Moths collected by A. Avinoff in W. Turkistan and
Kashmir," by Sir Geo. Hampson and J. H. Durrant, F.E.S. ; (10)
** Cocoon softening in some Agrotids (Noctuae)," by Dr. T. A*
Chapman, F.R.S. ; (11) " Notes on Lycaena alcon,' by Dr. T. A.
Chapman, F.R.S. , with six plates, one coloured ; (12) " Contributions
to the Life- history of Lycaena enpheuius" by Dr. T. A. Chapman,
F.R.S., with eight plates, one coloured ; and 48 pages of Proceedioga
at the ordinary meetings. This last contains some very important
items, among which may be mentioned (1) The announcement
of a saw-fly new to Britain, Lygaeoneinatus wesmaelij by the Rev*
F. D. Morice ; (2) ** The Association of Fonnica rufa (Hym.) with
Cocci nella distinctay' by H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. ; (8) Many observa-
tions communicated by Prof. Poulton, on Neotropical Insects ; (4)
Mendelian Heredity in Papilio dardanm, by C. F. Swynnerton ; (6)
OUBBBNT NOTES. 41
Androcottia in a Bee, by the Bev. F. D. Morice ; (6) The differentiation
of British Dianthoecia harrettii from the Continental D, luteago, by
H. Edelstein, with a plate ; (7) A Hemipteron, Megacoelum becken\
was announced as new to Britain by H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S. ; (8) A
Tineid, Ancylis tineana, was announced as new to Britain by
J. H. Durrant ; (9) A discussion of the races of Plebeius aegon^
especially of yar. inasseyi, by J. J. Lister.
The New York Agricultural Experiment Station regularly issues
Bulletins of the work it is carrying on. The last two to hand are : —
1. '< The Rosy- Aphis in relation to abnormal apple structures/' with
two coloured and six other plates ; and 2. <* Experiments for the control
of the grape root- worm, the larva of a beetle Fidia vitidda,*' with ten
plates and numerous figures.
In the Rev, Mens, for December, M. Chas. Cabeau describes a new
aberration of Melitaea auHnia as ab. semifusca in which the fore wings
are suffused with brownish to such an extent that all the yellowish
markings have disappeared and most of the markings are practically
indistinguishable ; at the same time he describes a new aberration of
M, dnxia as ab. leucophana ; the upperside of tbe wings had the typical
black markings, but the ground of the forewings is of a slightly
yellowish white, that of the hindwings of a whitish yellow ; the under-
side of the former is very pale ; the three bands of markings of the
latter are white ; and the two other bands scarcely show yellow.
In the Irish Nat, for November- December the Rev. W. F. Johnson
gives a series of Entomological Notes for 1919 mainly from Poyntypass
and Portnoo. He records a Pyrameu atalanta, Cupido minimus at
Portnoo, a scarcity of Meliiaea annnia where it was abundant last
year, Callophrys rubi among heather, etc. His further records are of
Coleoptera, several species of which order had invaded a beehive,
tbe occupants of which had succumbed during the previous
winter; Diptera, recording interesting captures by the Empid Fly
Wiawphomyia cinefascens ; and Hymenoptera, which had evidently been
affected by the long spell of cold and wet weather.
In the Scottish Nat. for November-December are several records of
the occurrence of Colias edusa in the Edinburgh and Forfar areas,
including the capture of var. Mice in June. Jun^, August, and
September are the months of the records. In the same number is a
record of a large number of the larvsB of Caradnna cubicularis being
taken in bundles of flax.
On January 20th was held once more the '* Yerrall " Supper, when
about a hundred entomologists from all over the country assembled to
recall the memory of tbe genial host of years gone by, at the invitation
of the ''Association of Entomologists." The meeting took place at
tbe Imperial Restaurant, Regent Sti*eBt, where the arrangements were
carried out quite satisfactorily. Among those present we noted Messrs.
Adkin, B. W., Adkin, R., Andrews, H. W., Ashby, E. B., Ashby, S. R.,
Arrow, Q., Bagwell*Purefoy, Capt., Bethell, E. G., Bethune-Baker,
G. T., Blair, K. G., Box, L. A., Carr, F. B., Cameron, M., Cant, A.,
Carr, Prof. J. W., Champion, G. C, Collin, J. E., Colthrup, C. W.,
Copeman, Col. S. M., Dixey, Dr., Dods, A. W., Edelsten, H. M.,
Edwards, F. W., Edwards, Stanley, Ellis, B. Willoughby, Eltringham,
Dr. H., Elwes, H. J., Fagan, C. E., Frisby, G. E., Frohawk, F. W.,
42 THE entomologist's record.
Gahan, 0. J., Gibb, Lachlan, Green, E. E., Grosvenor, T. H. L.,
Hamm, A. H.,"Harwood, B. S., Hodge, H., Hunter, Dr. D., Image,
Prof., Imms, Dr. A. D., Janson, 0. E., Jones, A. H., Joy, Dr. Norman,
Joy, E. C, Kirkpatrick, T. W., Leman, E. Curfcis, Leman, G. Curtis,
Lister, J. J., Lloyd, R. W., Lofthouse, T. A., Lucas, W. J., Lyle,
G. F., Main, H., Mera, A. W., Morey, F., Morice, Rev. F. D.,
Marshall, G. A. K., Neave, Dr. S. A., Newman, L. W., Nicholson, C,
Nicholson, W. E., Nurse, Col. C. G., Pierce, F. N., Porritt, G. T.,
Poulton, Prof. E. B., Riley, N. D., Rothschild, Lord, Rowland-Brown,
H., Sich, A., Scott, H., Shaw, V. E., Sheldon,' W. G., South, R.,
Step," E., Stiff, Rev. A. T., Tomlin, J. Le B., Tonge, A. E., Turner,
H. J., Wainwright, C. J., Walker, Comm. J. J., Wheeler, Rev. G.,
.Wyse, L. H. B., Yerbury, Col. J. W.
j^ 0 01 E T 1 E S .
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
Novembei' 27th, 1919. — Annual Exhibition. — Mr. S. G. Castle-
Russell exhibited aberrations of the following British Lepidoptera: —
Dry as paphiay rayed and suffused, varied valezina forms, intermediate,
bleached, blue shade below, etc. ; Limenitis sibilla ab. nigrina under-
side ; yellow tipped Euchlo'e cardamiyies ; Brenthts euphrosyne rayed,
cream coloured, etc.; Coenonympha pamphilus, a very .pale series;
Aphantopus hyperantiis, a long series of bred ab. lanceolata ; C* tiphofif
long series of aberrations, pale, ab. lanceolata ; Celastrina aryiohis^ a
perfect gynandromorph, and colour forms ; Agriades coiidon, a perfect
gynandromorph, ab. syngrapha, ab. striata, ab. obsoleta, etc. ; Flebeius
aegon, 80 aberrations, ab. striata, ab. obsoleta, etc., and 40 females with
one wing, the smaller, shot with male blue coloration ; all taken or bred
in the last two or three seasons.
Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, a pair of Attacus atlas form edwardsi from
the Khasia Hills and a large number of Scorpions taken in the Punjab,
N.W. Provinces, etc.
Mr. B. S. Williams, a series of Lomaspilis marginatatrom Finchley
showing an extreme range of variations.
Mr. E. E. Green, (1) Papilio Manor taken at Camberley ; (2) a
series of Parascotia fuUginaria, taken at light at Camberley ; (8) two
Agrotis saucia ab. margaritosa taken at sugar ; (4) aberrations of
Luperina testacea and Himera pennaria ; (6) Stephanitis rhododendri an
introduced pest of rhododendrons ; (6) the rare Hemipteron Corizm
maculatus from birth ; and (7) a contrivance of an iron ring and muslin
for covering cylinders, jars, etc., for breeding.
Mr. A. E. Tonge, an Amorpha jm)puli entirely devoid of marking;
and the very rare Noctuid Cloantha polyodon {perspicillaris) from
Worthing.
Mr. Leonard Tatchell, two very dark Arctia caja, one having
scarcely any traces of cream on the fore wings.
Mr. R. Adkin, series of the British species of Nolidae and
Xycteolidae, illustrating their range of variation.
Mr. L. A. Box, examples of the more common species of the
parasitic Chalcids.
SOCIETIES. 48
Mr. C. W. Sperring, a selection of aberrations of Mimas tiliae,
Brenthis euphrosyne, Aijriad^s coridon, and Plebeius aegon.
Mr. Percy Bright, very long series of aberrations of Brenthis
euphrosyne, B, selene, Chrysophanus dispar, and Rinnicia phlaeas with
the rare ab. alba,
Mr. K. G. Blair, the black form ab, nv^ra of Cetonia aiirata from
St. Mary's Scilly, 1919.
Mr. Johnston, a series of aberrations of D, paphia and L, sibUla
from the New Forest, July, 1919.
Mr. H. A. Leeds, a large number of aberrations of P. icarus^
A, medon, and A. cot-idon, named by Tutt's Brit, Lepid,^ no less than
18 being of the last species, and of A, hyperantus, H, malvae, E,juitvna^
S. pruni, etc.
Mr. R. South, aberrations of B. selene^ confluent and suffused ;
0. pamphilus, pale splashed and dark ; silvery-grey TortHx crataegana
and dark suffused T, xyloateana.
Mr. Cur wen, a very fine selection of Zygaenidae from Italy,
including many striking races and aberrations of Z, transalpina from
Central Italy ; races of Z, stoechadis, Z, achilleae, Z, oxytropis, and Z,
camiolica, and Z, pmutuniy Z. erythruSf etc.
Mr. Clifford Craufurd, aberrations of L), paphia and L. sihilla.
Prof. Bateson, drawings of flowers produced by plants propagated
as root cuttings, to compare with flowerR produced by normal plants
grown from seeds.
Mr. H. Moore, various forms of Danaida ch-ysippus and Hypolinmas
misippusj and read notes on the association of the two species.
Mr. A. W. Mera, bred series of Tephrosia crepuscularia and T.
biundularia with melanic and hybrid races.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, aberrations of Colias edasa, dark and pale
ground ; Callophrys rubi, pale blotched ; Pieris brasnicae, green lined ;
Triphaena fimbria ; T, comes ; ab. nigrofnlcata of Semiothisa litarata, etc.
Mr. C. W. Colthrup, aberrations of many British butterflies taken
in 1918-19, including C. edusa^ B. euphrosyne^ E, tithonus^ extra
spots, H. semele^ A, urticae, H, phlaeas, K, jurtina, A. coridon, etc.
Mr. Newman, bred ab. walker i of Spilosoma menthastH ; yellow and
salmon coloured Zygaenajilipendulae ; Z, achilleae from N. Britain, etc.
Mr. C. H. Wiliiams, aberrations of Agnades coridon ; and a series
of named forms of A, gross idariata, including ab. radiata, ab. iochalcea,
ab. lacticolor, ab. fulvapicata^ ab. nigrisparsata, ab. semilutea, etc.
Mr. H. 0. Wells, two perfect gynandromorphs of Plebeius aegon
from Berkshire.
Mr. Edwards, exotic Papilios.
Mr. Garrett, E, jurtina with one wing suffused black, and Ochyria
designata with curiously irregular markings.
Mr. H. J. Turner, a collection of Lepidoptera sent to him from
8. America, including the Ceratocampid, CitJieronia vogleri, with a
photograph of its hitherto unknown larva, an unnamed local form of
Propona chromus^ the rare Protoparce bergi, several other Protoparce,
Attaciis manrus, several species of Hesperidae, Libythea carinenta, etc.
Mr. F. W. Frohawk, aberrations of Vanessa io ; L. sibilla, gradation
to complete dark suffusion ; D. paphia^ various forms of confluence of
apots upper and undersides; A, cydippe (adippe), i^&rtiaMy sAhiniatic,
leaden coloured markings, etc.
44 THE KNTOMOLOGIST's RECORD.
Mr. W. J. Eaye, long varied serries of Melitaea cinoda and M,
athalia, great reduction of dark markings to heavy extension of
markings, on both upper and undersides.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Soctett.
Navember 17th, 1919. — Paper on Peronea cristana and on S.
REVATANA, ETC. — Mr. Win. Mansbridge read a short paper on
Peronea cristana and Sarrothripus revayana in the New Forest.
The paper was a description of a few days holiday at Brockenhtirst
in pursuit of these variable moths, and was illustrated bv the
insects captured. Some twenty varieties of P. cristana and fifteen
of 8, revayana were exhibited. Mr. Mansbridge also showed a
long series of Bryophila pei'la from Wavertree, taken from about
800 yards of red sandstone wall which was only sparsely covered
with light grey lichen. The moth was in unusual plenty in
August, 1919, and was exceptionally variable. The exhibit comprised
bright yellow, orange-mottled forms with the black markings reduced ;
bright green mottled with darker, the black markings normal ; speci-
mens with the usual oohreous ground colour of a greenish grey ; also
some with all the markings v^ry much intensified ; and finally, a few
almost unicolorous, pale ochreous examples. There was no orange
coloured lichen on the wall, neither has any been seen elsewhere in the
district. Several members brought their series of B, perla tot
exhibition.
Some Winter Moths. — Mr. S. Gordon Smith shewed a fine brick red
variety of Himera pennaria from Chester, an apparently wingless
female of the same from Delamere, and uncommon forms of Hibernia
defoliaria also from Delamere.
Local British Lbpidoptera. — Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited bred
Melanthia alhicillata from near Prescot ; Odontopera bidentata ab. nixjiru
and typical Amphidasis betiUaHa from Simons wood ; Cidaria itnmanata
from Prenton, and Eupithecia abbreviata from Llangollen.
December 15th, 1919, — Annual Meeting. — The usual reports were
presented and the following were elected as Officers and Council for
the ensuing year. President: Mr. S. P. Doudney. Vice-Presidents:
Messrs. R. Tait, F.E.S.; R. Wilding ; and Dr. C. B. Longstaff, M.A.,
F.E.S. Hon, Treasurer: Dr. John Cotton. Hon. Librarian: Mr.
A. W. Hughes. Ho7i, Secretary: Wm. Mansbridge, F.E.S. Council:
Messrs. W. A. Tyerman ; W. Buckley ; Prof. R. Newstead, M.Sc. ;
F.R.S.; G. F. Mathew, F.L.S. ; L. West, M.LM.E. ; A. W. Boyd,
M.C., M.A. ; Dr. A. R. Jackson,; W. J. Lucas, B.Sc, F.E.S. ; S.
Gordon Smith; Alfred Newstead, F.E.S.; Rev. F. M. B. Oarr ; and
E. F. Studd, M.A., F.E.S. Mr. F. N. Pierce, of Warmington, Oundle,
Northants, was elected an Honorary -Member of the Society.
Annual Address. — The President read an address entitled ** Notes
from Cartmel Fell."
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HB8PERIA. 45
The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. 8. WARBEN, F.E.S.
Id recent years there have been great changes in the classification
of the PalsBarctic Hespeiiidae, The defining and separating of species
and varieties, which has been worked out in detail, both in the structural
and superficial characteristics of the various forms, has gone far to
simplify the task of the collector interested in the genus Hesperia.
These changes are, by now, probably familiar to most collectors inter-
ested in the subject, while recently Dr. Chapman has given {EnU Rec,
vol. xxix. and xxx.) a review of Prof. Reverdin*s Revision du Genre
Hesperia, accompanied by some useful plates. Although the separat-
ing of the species in the genus may always be a matter of some diffi-
culty^ yet we now know that it is nothing like the impossibility it was
so long considered to be ; and with a certain amount of experience
the European species will be found to offer no greater difficulty than
do the closely allied species of ilelitaea. One must of course except
the case of malvae and malvoides, for it is not possible to separate these
two species with certainty, by their superficial characteristics. It is
easy enough with a series of the two side by side, to note certain
differences (such as the colour of the palpi and the antennae; the
presence or absence of the white sub-marginal spots on the upperside
of the forewing) which are more prevalent in one species than the
other, but they are, unfortunately, not constant to either, and are also
subject to individual variation. As a general rule the locality will be
suf&cient to determine the species, but in places where the two are
known to approach, this test will also fail. Then, again, there will
always be the possibility of finding both species in the same locality in
some district, from which they have not yet been recorded. There-
fore, the identification of specimens, taken near the northern or
eastern limits of the area inhabited by malvoides, can never be reliable,
unless the genitalia have been examined. The mutilation of speci-
mens is of course the principal objection to this method of identifica-
tion ; but, when one wishes to examine the genitalia merely for the
purpose of identification, it is not necessary to remove the body. This
I fancy is not generally known. When dealing with fresh killed
specimens it is quite possible, with the aid of a strong hand lens, to
determine the species by their genitalia, without removing the body,
or injuring the specimen in the least. Of course the greater the
power of the lens the better, but a very high power is by no means
essential, and when examining species in which the differences in the
genitalia are pronounced (as they are in most of the Hesperias) it is
not only possible, but a perfectly simple matter. The collector who
identifies his captures of malvae and malvoides by this means, will only
have to examine one or two specimens from each locality ; as, up to
the present time, the two species have never been found to overlap.
I may add here, however, that my subsequent records of the distribu-
tion of these two species are not based on any such casual examina-
tion ; for, while I was endeavouring to ascertain the exact extent of
their habits in the Rhone Valley and elsewhere, I examined two- thirds
of all the specimens taken. Of course it is quite impossible to deal
with old and dry specimens in any way except by removing the body.
CoUeetora > who have no previous knowledge of the genitalia of the
Masoh 15th, 1920.
46 THE entomologist's record.
Hesperiid species, but who wish to check the identification of their
captures in th^ manner, described above, will dotibtless find it con-
venient to take the plates from Dr. Chapman's articles which illustrate
the gBnitftlia with them for reference on their continental butterfly .
hunts. The plates of the speci«j themselves, however, I would recom-
mend them to leave behind. Many of the special cha^acteristkns
exhibited by the species of Hesperia are very small, and consequently
difficult to memorise ; but enlarged figures, though theoretically a&
advantage, are very apt to be misleading. li some small spot happens
to be iti question, as being slightly different in two species, and one
has studied the difference on a magnified illustration ; on examining
the insects themselves, the feature we are looking for appears so much
less pronounced than what we have been accustomed to in the illus-
tration^ and consequently so alike in both speci4BS, that a doubt is at
once raised in our minds. But, if one has been accustomed to thesd
slight differences, as shown by two natural sized figures, on ^seeing
them in nature they are immediately recognised. I therefore advise
collectors not to trust much to enlarged figures, even the perfect
photographs accompanying Dr. Chapman's papers.
Of the seventeen (eighteen if fovlqnieri and hellveri should prove to
be distinct) European species belonging to the genus Hesperia (sens,
restr.) no fewer than twelve are to be found in Switzerland, and they
can all be taken in the cantons of Vaud and Valais ; while several
more occur in central and southern Europe. In spite of thi-s m^ny
collectors in recording the results of their continental trips, ignore th«
existence of the Hesperias ; or, j.ust casually mention the capture of
carthaudf alveiiSy or malvae, the names of the other species being but
occasionally to be seen in the pages of our entomological magaeine««
The fact remains, I am afraid, that there are but few English col-
lectors who have taken the trouble to make themselves familiar with
the various forms of the Hesperias, or have any definite idea what the
names fritillnm, arworicanuH, onopordif etc., should be applied to*
This is doubtless to be attributed to the two following causes : firstly,
the fact that all the systematic works on the European butterfli«A
which are at present in use, were published before Prof. Reverdin's
researches cleared matters up, and secondly, the difficulty in identifying
the frequently occurring minor aberrations. Generally speaking, the
typical forms of each species can readily be identified by anyone who
has studied the genus at all carefully ; but the slightly aberrant speci-
mens which do not vary on any constant lines (but which deviate
slightly from the type, often assuming a likeness to some other species
while at the same time losing some of their own distinctive features)
often become puzzling, and are almost invariably responsible lor
mistakes in identification. The range of this transitional variation 18
probably not surpassed in any other genus of European butterflies, but
up to the present little or nothing has been published on the subject.
I hope, therefore, the following notes (which although of a most frag-
mentary nature are the result of careful observations made during
many seasons) on the Swiss species in the various localities where I
have come across them will be of interest to those who collect abroad,
and will help to dispel some of the difficulties of identification arising
from this transitional variation.
There is one more point which I must mention before oomisig to
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HS3PERIA. 47
4he species themselves. In the first vol. of Seitz* Macrolepidoptera of
the World all the palsearcbio blsbck and white *' skippers '* are massed in
the genus Hesperia. The reason for this '* lumping " matters little ;
but it is interesting to note that to treat this swarm of speoies in an
intelligible fashion, MabiUe had to divide them into sections and sub-
sections, more or less corresponding to the specialised genera in which
the species have been placed by modern writers. Thus we find the
restricted genus Hesperia approximately represented by section ** C,",
divided into two sub-sections : (a) Those species having the ** white
discocellular spot of the hindwing beneath straight and without a
projection towards the base,** and (b) those species having the *' white
discocellular spot on the underside of the hindwing prolonged towards
the base." The species of the genus fall naturally into these two
groups, and, it is safe to say, that if, in the past, writers had always
so divided the genus, much of the confusion which has so long
enveloped it would have been avoided. The characteristic features of
these two groups have been noted by many authors, but only as
applicable to individual species. I have therefore, in the following
notes, placed the species in their respective groups, " A " and ** B," as
designated by Mabille, hoping that I may help to bring tbem into more
general use, and so demonstrate their practical value. The majority
of collectors will appreciate the fact that by identifying the group to
which their specimen belongs, they are reducing by half the difficulty
of naming it. Further, if it is desired to make any detailed study of
the variation of the species of the genus, it is absolutely necessary to
familiarize oneself with the characteristics of each of these groups, as
one of the most important lines of variation is tbat in which the
features of one group are assumed by an individual of a species
belonging to the other. This division of the species, applied to the
European species, gives one the following results : —
I. Those species in which the inner edge of the median band
underside hindwing is rectilinear, the central spot not
projecting towards the base of the wing = group A, and
1 ncludes :
alvcits, njffclensh, armoricanus, bellien, carlinae, fntilluin,
serratnlae, cynaiae, and tnelotis.
11. Those species in which the inner edge of the median band
underside hindwing is not rectilinear, the central spot pro-
jecting sharply towards the base of the wing = group B, and
includes :
carthamif andvomedae, centaureaef cacaliae, onopordi, sidae,
malvae^ and malvoides.
The position of melotis is, perhaps, doubtful. Mabille places it in
group A, and in M. Culot's excellent figures {Ihdl. Soc. Lep, de Gen,)
such remnants of the median band as are visible seem to justify his
doing so.
Group A.
H. alveiis, Hb.
AlveuB is one of the most interesting species of the genus, owino:
to the fact that it is so prolific in local races. Many of these so-called
races have turned out to be distinct species, and probably in the future
uiore of ithem will be found to be so too. In very few instances, how-
48 THE entomologist's record.
ever, do these local forms entirely replace the type. In Switzerland
many localities produce some specialised form, whiqh occurs with
more typical examples in about equal numbers, such a form being, as a
rule, difficult to describe on paper in a manner useful to anyone
unacquainted with it, but which looks very different when placed with
specimens from other localities. The two chief races in Switzerland
are, to a certain extent, divided by altitude ; the one typical in Alpine
and sub-Alpine regions, the other in the plains ; each being subject to
considerable variation, and frequently appearing in the converse
localities in small numbers. The typical mountain alveus are darker,
with the white spots on the upperside of the forewing, small in size,
and the ground colour of the underside of the hindwing of a
yellowish tone, while in the plain form the white spots are much
larger, and the ground colour of the underside of the hindwing is
usually of a darker shade, and sometimes greenish. In this last
particular, however, the plain form is exceedingly variable. Alveus is
well distributed throughout Switzerland, being more frequently met
with in the mountains, where it is one of the commonest (though not
the most widely distributed) species of the genus. In the plains,
although occurring less universally, it is by no means rare. I have so
far come across it in five lowland localities, namely, Follaterre,
Vernayaz and Aigle, in the Rhone Valley, a little above Clarens, and
Eclepens, and seen a few specimens from the lake of Thoune. The
specimens from Eclepens, dnd some from Vernayaz, are worthy of
special notice.^ While very obviously belonging to the plain
form, they are remarkably similar to the mountain race of alveus
from the Pyrenees. This southern Alpine race makes an extraordinary
contrast with alveus of the Swiss Alps, and some years ago when first
reading Prof. Reverdin's description of foxdquieriy I was struck with
the resemblance between that (then) newly -described species and the
Pyrenean alveus. The likeness was so great that I sent some specimens
to Prof. Reverdin, who subsequently informed me that it was not the
first time his attention had been called to this race of alveus, M.
Oberthiir having suggested it was foulquieri, or a distinct species. The
genitalia, however, do not differ from alreus. The Swiss form is
racial in the Jura, but, as already noted, it occurs as an aberration at
Vernayaz, and I also have a couple of specimens from the Grisons.
Alveus is single- brooded, and is to be found on the wing by July,
appearing just as early (sometimes earlier) at moderate altitudes as in
the plains, though, of course, at great altitudes it is later, but
never very much. The existing records of the time of flight of alveus
in the plains are almost useless, as it is impossible to tell whether they
are referable to alveus or to arworicanus, and since the separation of
this latter species, many collectors apparently hold the quite erroneous
idea that alveus is entirely a mountain species. Of course, as a
general rule, it will be perfectly safe to assume that the specimens
recorded as taken in May and early June are atmoricanus, particularly
if any number have been taken, there can be no doubt on the subject ;
but, while the facts just mentioned are undoubtedly correct, and alveus
is beyond question a single- brooded species, on very rare occasions a
few prematurely emerged specimens have been taken in the spring,
always, so far, isolated examples. I had the good fortune to take such
a specimen once, on May 24th, at Branson, in the Rhone Valley. It
THE SWISS SPECIES OF T^E GENUS HESPERIA. 49
was, supecficially, most distinctly alveits, the only other possihility
heing that it was a hybrid alveusxarmoi-icanusj an idea which was
fostered more by the extraordinary date of capture than the appearance
of the specimen. As it was, unfortunately, a $ , anatomical proof of
its identity was difficult to come by, so I sent it to Prof. Beverdin.
Unfortunately, even in such expert hands, the dissection was not quite
a success, and failed to give the desired information ; nevertheless, the
Professor remarked that the superficial characteristics were so pro-
nounced that he felt no doubt whatever tbat the specimen was alveus.
He further informed me that two other ^ specimens of alveus^
captured in May, had come to his notice, one from Locarno, the other
from the Grand Sal^ve, which latter was taken by M. Behfous of
Geneva. When one -recalls tbat Prof. Beverdin receives material from
all over the Palsearctic Begion, and that, in spite of this, previous to
the capture of my specimen, only two others had come to his notice,
it will be readily realised how extremely rare this spring emergence of
individuals of alveus must be. This then, being the case, the fact that
these few specimens have been taken, and the probability that in time
others will be recorded, does not appear to be any sufficient reason for
regarding alveus as anything but a single-brooded species.
July, as has been already noted, is, in the majority of localities,
the normal time of emergence of tbe species, but I have taken it on a
few occasions in late June, more often (curiously enough) in sub-
Alpine regions than lowland ones, and once at over 5,000 feet, but only
three times in more than single specimens. Once, on June 2drd, at
Yerossaz, above St. Maurice, where I took two ^ s ; once in the
Ueschinen Tal above Kanders teg, when I took three ^ s, on June 30th,
and once at Lenzerheide, in the Grisons, where, between 5,000 feet
and 5,800 feet, the species commenced to emerge on June 21st, and
from the 23rd on was seen daily in increasing numbers. Other June
specimens that I have taken come from Vernayaz, Caux (this latter on
June 10th), and the hills behind Olarens. In these latter localities,
between my capture of the single specimens and the subsequent
emergence of the rest of the brood, there was a period varying from a
week at Vernayaz to nearly three at Caux. In early seasons it is
probable that the species is often out by the end of June, and I hear
from Prof. Beverdin that in some southern localities, such as St.
Martin de Vesubie, the time of emergence is late June, but otherwise,
in his experience, it is always July. At altitudes over 5,500 feet it is
safe to say the species will never be found before the first week in July.
But, although alveus in the plains appears no earlier than it does some
thousands of feet higher up, it also (strangely enough) remains longer
on the wing in its mountain habitats. The duration of the period of
flight of tbe species is difficult to ascertain exactly, on account of its
very irregular emergence, and necessitates constant observation for
quite two months in one locality, if any useful result is to be obtained.
Li its lowland habitats the species is normally over by early August,
but some years it is often to been seen well on in the month, while on
one occasion I have taken a (^ in quite fair condition on September 2nd.
The longest period of time I have noted alveus on the wing is seven
weeks. This was at Lenzerheide (Grisons), between 5,000 feet and
5,300 feet, from June 21st to August 9th, at which date, when I left
the locality, it was still- about in some numbers, and would certoiwV^
50 THE entomologist's record.
harve lasted for another week or ten days. This would give a period
of flight of from eight to nine weeks, and exceeds the greatest length
I have recorded in the plains : six-and-a-half weeks ; i,e., from
July 18th to September 2nd. My observations, on the whole, lead me
to think that the abundance or rareness of the insect in a given locality
is more the deciding factor as to the length of the period of flight,
than altitude or climatic conditions, though, of course, the latter,
indirectly, may be said to be partly responsible, in as much as it helps
to determine the abundance, or otherwise, of the species. The actual
life of the individual does not last more than half the total period, if
one may judge by the time which elapses between the first appeatrance
of the insect and the first really worn examples seen. Hence, when
there is a plentiful supply of individuals, three-fourths of which
probably emerge in the first ten days of their season (which is the
moment of greatest abundance), and the remainder continue to emerge
periodically, we get an extended period of flight. The converse, I have
noted, too, on more than one occasion. This irregular emergence is
common to all the species of the genus, in several instances to a much
greater extent even than shown by ahem. But it should be most
carefully noted that the irregularity only applies to that fraction of the
brood which does not appear with the majority, for the first instalment
of all species of Hesperia appears with the regularity of clockwork.
So much so is this the case that at any given altitude one can foretell
what the next species of Hesperia to emerge will be with complete
certainty. For instance, between 5,000 feet and 6,000 feet, the first
species of the season met with will be either malvae or walvoides,
according to the locality, between May 15th and 25th. By the first
week in June a large species will be noticed — avdromedae. About a
week later two more species appear at different eleVations — cacaliae
and serratidae. Ten days to a fortnight later, by which time the first
species will be past its prime, and serratidae flying with the others up
to 6,000 feet, while they have emerged still higher, and alveus will
appear ; or, if it is a locality where carthawi occurs, it will precede
alveus by a few days. About a month will then elapse before carlinae
puts in an appearance, and about the same time njfelensis will also com-
mence. The same regularity will be found at any level, high or low,
I have tested this repeatedly and never found it otherwise ; iri the
plains, too, even the double- brooded species appearing in the most
perfect rotation.
The variation shown by alveus, as we at present know it, is con-
siderable. Many races are in their extreme form very different, but
the transitional forms are always numerous. In spite of this, aberra-
tions of alveus are not often very troublesome to identify. Difficulty is
only experienced when dealing with aberrations which resemole species
very nearly related to alveus, which have, as it happens, all been
previously treated as varieties of the latter. There are among the
Swiss members of the genus only two such species, namely : armori-
canus and ryfeleinis (for the latter will, I think, undoubtedly prove
distinct). Armoricanus, though it bears, in a general way, a closer
resemblance to alvius than any other Swiss species, can always, with a
little care, be distinguished. Typical alveus is a decidedly larger
insect, and the white markings are proportionately heavier ; the ground
colour of the hindwings, underside, is not usually so bright in alvevs ;
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE ORNUS HESPERIA. ^1
and finally, alveus is single brooded. These are well known facts, and
throughout these notes I have made it a point, as much as possible, to
avoid descriptions of typical forms, but in this case it was necessary ;
for both species in question vary on similar lines, and so two aberra-
tions are often best distinguished by the differences which mark the
types. Alveus, strange to say, rarely produces aberrations suggestive
of arnwricanm, a specimen reduced in size being extremely rare ; but
the latter frequently approaches alveus, (These will be mentioned in
notes on armoincanus,) From the remaining species, typical alrens is
easily distinguished, only with the following aberrations will any
difficulty arise. The form in which the central spot of the median
band on the underside of the hindwings, projects towards the base of the
wing, thus assuming the characteristic feature of the B. group species,
is not very uncommon ; but it is, as previously noted, quite the most
important form of variation occurring in the genu^, for, with one
exception, I have found it in every specie^ of the A. group, and no
matter what the species, a specimen of this form usually resembles
some member of the B. group. The extent to which the projection
from the central spot towards the base of the wing is developed, varies
in alveus indefinitely ; ranging from a mere excrescence, just sufficient
to break the straight edge of the band, to a well pronounced tooth, half
as long as the spot itself. I have never seen it of exactly the same
formation in any two specimens, a feature worth noting for purposes
of identification ; as in group B., this projection has a more or less
distinctive formation in each species. To this form of variation I give
the name externa, for it is found throughout the group in the form of
more or less pronounced aberrations, which in themselves it would be
useless to name, as they never develop the same formation twice in any
given species. However, in order to avoid a great amount of repeti-
tion with each species it is necessary to name the form of variation,
and I do so in a collective manner, to cover it in all stages of develop-
ment, the diagnosis being, any aberration of an A. group species, pre-
sen ting to a greater or less extent, the features of the median band
(underside hindwing) characteristic of group B. Conversely, I give
the name reducta to those aberrations of the B. group species which
assume the even inner edge to the median band, as in group A., or have
their typical markings so modified as to approach it. The e.vtensa forms
of alveus are to be found wherever the species occurs. I have taken more
than a dozen of these aberrations both in the lowlands and mountains,
in the Valais, Bernese Oberland, and Grisons, and I must acknowledge
having recorded as onopordi, in the Kntomolotfist for 1911, such aber-
rations of alveus, which I had taken in the Pyrenees. I can only hope
that my record has not misled many collectors in the past ; and add
that at that time I was not acquainted with genuine onopordi, the only
condition which could have made such a mistake possible, for with its
much greater size, and totally different character of markings, alveus
never can be said in the least to resemble onopordi. There is one
species which some of these aberrations must resemble very closely,
n&vaely, numida. It does not come within the scope of this paper, but
it would be interesting to know if the projection from the central spot
in that species (?) has a constant formation, which would enable it to
be distinguished from the fluctuating formations of the extensa aber-
rations of alveus ; especially as there is no difference in the genitalia of
52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST*S RECORD.
the two species. There is another aberration of alveus in which the
median band is not rectilinear (but which is quite distinct from the
extensa form), which is worth noting ; for though it resembles no other
species in particular, it destroys the typical alvem-WkQ appearance of
the specimen. In this aberration the costal spot of the median band
is lengthened basewards. So far I have seen no specimen in which
this spot and its corresponding basal one, are joined, but it is more
than likely that such a form does occur occasionally, for I know it to
do so in other species.
The ground colour of the underside hindwing is somewhat variable,
especially in the plains ; but in this respect alvem has nothing like the
range of variation shown by other species.
{To he concluded.)
Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District
from 1912 to 1919.
By AUSTIN A. TULLETT, F.E.8.
The following notes and observations were made from field-work
undertaken by Mr. Joicey and his assistants.
The Joicey Collection of British Lepidoptera was arranged in 1917
by Miss N. Prout, after South's Butterflies and Moths of the British
Isles, and we are indebted to Mr. L. B. Prout for his assistance in
arranging the Geotnetridae. The majority of specimens recorded are
in the Joicey collection.
Both night and day collecting was at a standstill from 1914 until
1919, though every opportunity was taken on ** collecting days " to add
to the collection, and the tree-trunks have been well worked.
Collecting has been done principally by Mr. Joicey, the late Mr. A.
Noakes, sen., the late Mr. A. Noakes, jun., Mr. G. Talbot, Mr. L. B. Prout,
Miss N. Prout, Mr. W. Hawker-Smith, in 1919, and the writer.
The district worked 'by us comprises the parishes of Witley, Hamble-
don, and Chiddingfold, though very little work has been done around
Witley village and none on Witley Common.
The following species taken by us are not recorded in '•' ** A List of
the Lepidoptera occurring within six miles of Haslemere," by F. A.
Oldaker, M.A., F.E.S., June, 1913 :—
Ruralis (/^ephyrus) hetulae, L. $ recorded by H. Watkins from
Hindhead, September 8th, 1917 ; St^-ymon (Thecla) pi-unifjj., Lymantria
dispar, L., ynla cucullatella^ L., Palimpsestis octoyesinia, Hb., Agrotis
vestlgialis, Rott., Apamea ophiogj'anwia, Esp., Caradrina ambigua^ F.,
Geometra vemaina, Hb., FjUfdthecia satyrata, Hb., Kupithecia absin-
thiata, CI., Oporabia antinnnata^ Gn., Thera obeliscata, Hb., Lygris
populatttf L.
The most interesting record in this list is undoubtedly that of
Stryinon pnini, which has never been recorded from Surrey before.
Eight larvae were beaten from sloe by the writer in May, 1919, and of
these six were reared to the imago.
Papilionid^e. — Sub- family Pierinae.
Pieris brassicae, L. — Common, May. Larvae common in June and
July.
* Science Paper No. 5. Printed and published for the Committee of the
Haslemere Natural History Society.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLBY DISTRICT. 58
P. rapae, L. — Common, April, June, July. Larvae common June and
September.
P. na-pi, L. — Common, 'May and August. Larvae common June and
September.
Euchloe cardamines, L. — Common, May and June. Larvae common
on charlock, July and August.
Leptosia (Leucophasia) sinapis, L. — 2l8t May, 1912 ; 9th May, 1918 ;
2nd May, 1919. Tbis species quite plentiful in 1912.
Colias edusa, Fabr. — One ^ , September, 1918 ; one ^ , July, 1918,
Witley ; one ? , July, 1912, Enton, Witley, A. Noakes, jun.
Gonepteryx rhamniy L. — Common, September to May. Larvae in June-
. July. V
Apaturid^. — Sub-family Apaturinae,
Apatura iris^ L. — One S i one $ , 1912. Three J s, one ? , July 27tb,
1917. One ^ , July 27th, 1917, taken by J. J. Joicey. Two
S s, one 5> , July 27th, 1917, including pair captured at one
swoop by W. Hawker- Smith. Several seen flying same day.
Ooe ^ , July 9th, 1919, in perfect condition, A. A. Tullett.
July 16th, 1919, fine specimen seen flying near Hambledon
Common, A. A. Tullett.
NYMPHALiDiE. — Sub-family, Xymphalinae.
Limenitis sibilla, L. — Very common at Hambledon and in Chiddingfold
•district, June and July. Larvae found on honeysuckle in
Hambledon Woods, May and June. In abundance July 9th,
near Chiddingfold. Observed settling on horse-droppings
near Chiddingfold, on July 11th, 1919.
Eugonia polychloros, L. — Not uncommon, July and August. A good
series bred from larvae found on poplar at ** The Hill," June
28th, 1918.
Aglais urticaey L. — Common, June to September. Larva common
May and July.
Vanessa io, L. — Common, August- September. Larva very common in
June and July, on nettles.
Pyrameis atalanta, L. — Not common. Several were taken during one
September.
Pyrameis cardui^ L. — One, Witley, May 16th, 1912. This is the only
specimen observed.
di-yas paphia, L. — Common in woods, Hambledon and Chiddingfold
districts in July, Larva unobserved.
Argynnis cydippe {adippe), L. — Not common compared with paphia.
Can be taken by tlie brook at Chiddingfold. July l4th, 1919,
fairly common.
Brenthis euphrosyne, L. — Very common in May at Hambledon and in
Chiddingfold Woods.
Brenthis selene, W.V. — Very common in Hambledon and Chiddingfold
Woods district, in May and June.
Satyrid^. — Sub- family Satyrinae,
Satyru9 semele, L. — Not uncommon on Hambledon Common in June.
Pararge aegeria, L. — Not uncommon in woods in May and August.
Parargc megera^ L. — Common in May and August. Can be taken
. anywhere in the district ; plentiful on Hambledon Common.
54 THE BNTOMOIiOeiST'S REOORD.
•
Eidnephele jurtina, L. — Very common in the district June to SiBptem-
ber. July 9th, in swarms near Chiddingfold.
EfmiepJtele tithonus, L. — Common in July and August. Hambledon
district.
Apfiantopus hypeiantusj L. — Very common in July and August. July
9th, in abundance at Chiddingfold Woods.
Oaenonympha paiiiphiluny L. — Common from May to September.
Lyc^enid^.. — Sub-family Lyeaeninae,
Ruralis {Zephyrm) betulae, L.—One ? , October, 1919, in " The Hill "
Gardens. A series of both sexes bred from larvse beaten from
sloe trees end of May- June, 1919. The adults emerged
daring July and August. Imago rarely seen on the wing.
Bitkys quercux, L. — A series taken one July. Five larv8B beaten from.
oak in May, 1919. Three emerged July^ 1919. One taken
on wing by W. Hawker-Smith, 1919.
Strymon prnni, L. — Eight larvae beaten from sloe, in May, 1919. Six
emerged in July, 1919.
Callophrys rubi, L. — Not uncommon on Hambledon Common in May
and June, flying round brambles.
Bumicia phlaeas, L. — Common on Hambledon Common. First broody
May. Second brood, July, August.
PlebeiHs aerjon {aryuH), Esp. — Very common on Hambledon Common
during June and July.
Polyommatus icanis, Rofct. — Common in meadows May to September.
Cdastrina (Cyaniris) argiobts, L. — Common at Witley April and May,
July and August.
Cupido minima^ Leech. — Rare in this district, three specimens ai
Witley, 1918.
ERYciNiDiE. — Sub-family Nemeobiijiae.
Hamearis (XemeobiuH) lucina, L. —Five, May, 1919, in meadows. One
larva found in June, on primrose ; spun up end of July. Six,
June, Humbledon Woods. Two, taken 1913 or 1914, by A.
Noakes.
HESPBRiiDiE. — Sub- family Hesperiinae,
Hesperia malvoe, L. — Very common in meadows in Hambledon and
Chiddingfold, May and June. One, July 20th, 1918, Witley.
yisoniades [Thanaoa) tacfes, L. — Common in meadows in May and June.
Sub-family Pamphilinae.
Adopaea fiava (thainnas), Hufn. — Common in Hambledon and Chid-
dingfold in July.
Ai(i/iades sylvanus, Esp. — Common, Hambledon and Chiddingfold in
May and June.
SPHINGIDiE.
Smen'nthHH popidi, L.— July 17th, from larvre taken off poplars at ** The
Hill," in August and September. About 30 larvae were
obtained in 1912, but it has not turned up so plentifully
since.
Sphiii.c liynstri, L.—One on June 13th, 1912, on a fence. One in
August, 1913 (? bred). One larva found at Chiddingfold,
August, 1919.
OBSERVATIONS ON TBE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DI8TBIGT. 55
Marroglossmn nUllatcn'um, L. — One larva taken off hedge-bedstraw,
July 12th. This died at pupation. July, 1919, moth seen
flying on Hambledon Common.
Hemaris fuciformU, L.— One in May, 1919, at "The Hill," hovering
over rhododendrons. July, 1919, over 100 larv» taken near
Hambledon, on honeysuckle, but nearly all parasitised. —
A.A.T. July 7th, 1919, larvae taken in three stages, and also
ova found. Four specimens pupated July 12th, 18th, 14th, and
21st.— A.A.T.
Hewaris tityus, L. — Common, Chiddingfold, beginning of June. A
series of 42, June 7th, 1918.— A.A.T. A series of 16, May
29th, 1919. Larvae found on field scabious, Chiddingfold, in
July.— A.A.T.
NoTODONTIDiE.
Cerura bifida, Hb.— One taken at light, July 7th, 1914, at "The HiU."
One larva taken on poplar, at " The Hill," September, 1918,
emerged, June, 1919.
Dicranura vinula, L. — Two at Witley, 1915. One larva on poplar,
August, 1918, at "The Hill." One brought in from Chid-
dingfold by a boy, July 20th, 1919.
Stauropus fayi, L. — One on June 20th, 1918, bred from larva found by
L. B. Prout, at Witley, in August, 1917.
NotodoHta droniedariusy L. — One, August 16th, 1912, Witley.
Dtyifwnia tHmacula, Esp. — One, June 4th, 1918, Witley.
Notodmita trepida, Esp. — Eight, Witley, in May and June, 1912.
Bred from larvae taken on oak at Witley, in July, 1911.
Lophopteryx camelitmy L. — Two in June, 1912. Three in July, 1912.
Taken at light. One in May, 1914.
Pterostoma palpinay L. — One, March 10th, 1918. One, April, 1918.
Two, May. One, June, 1912. Two, August 1st, 1912. All
taken at light.
PhaUra bucephala, L. — Common in June and July at light. Larv»
very common in August and September, 1919, on a lime tree
at " The Hill."
Pytjaera curtula, L. — Four on May 20th, 1919, bred by L. B. Prout
from larvag taken in Hambledon Woods, September, 1918, on
aspen.
Pyfiaem pigra, Hiifn.— One, May 20th, 1919, from larva, Hamble-
don Woods, September, 1918, on aspen.
TBYATIRIDiE.
Habroayne derasa, L. — A good series taken oflF sugar at Hambledon
Woods, end of June and beginning of July, 1914.
Thyatira batisy L.— Eight, June, 1914. One, July, 1914. At light,
Hambledon Woods. One, July 16th, 1918, " The Hill."
Paliinpsestia octogesima^ Hb. — One, July 2nd, 1914, at Witley.
Palimpsestis or, F. — One, July 6th, 1914, Witley.
Palimpsestu duplaris, L. — One, July 28rd, 1914, Witley.
Axphalia dilnta, F. — A series, September 6th, 1912, at sugar in
Hambledon Woods. One, August 1st, 1918.
Polyfioca Jlaticmjiig, L. — One, Mav 1st, 1914. One August 1st, 1912,
Witley.
Polyploca ridens, F. — One, April, 1918. A series of larvae bek«A>6tv Vtoxa.
56 THE entomologist's beoord.
oak, near Ghiddingfold, in June, 1919 ; spun up in July,
1919. One 2 emerged February 6th, 1920.
Lymantriid^.
Orgyia antiqua, L. — Not uncommon on the wing in October, flying in
sunshine. Larvae common on most trees from May to
September.
Dasychira piidibunda, L. — Common from May to July on fences, twigs,
etc. Larva common on hawthorn, etc.
Porthesia aimilisy Fiiesl. — Very common on fences and at light in July.
Larvae very common in May on hawthorn, oak, etc. Pupae
on most fences, trees, etc.
Stilpnotia mlicu, L. — One, July 80th, 1912. Three, August 20th,
1918. One, September 10th, 1912. At light near
Hambledon.
Lymantria dispar, L. — One, bred August 20th, 1912, Witley.
Lymantria monachal L. — Not uncommon on tree trunks, and at light,
in July, August and September.
LASIOCAMPro^.
Malacosoma nemtria^ L. — Common in July and August. Larva very
common on fruit and oak trees.
Trichiura cratae(jiy L. — One ^ , Witley, September 27th, 1919. One
^ , two ? s, bred from larvae found on sloe in June, 1919,
emerged September, 1919.
Poecilocampa populi, L. — One S" , November, 1911. One ^ , Novem-
ber, 1913. Two ^ s, February, 1914. One <^ , April, 1916.
One $ , November, 1913. One ? , December, 1918. Larvce
taken June, 1919, on oak.
Lasiocampa qitercm, L., f. callnnae. — One ^ , June 1912. One $ ,
July 1st, 1912. Probably bred from larvae taken at Hamble-
don.
Macrothylacia rubi, L. — Moth common, flying at dusk on Hambledon
Common in late May and June. Larva to be found on
•bramble from August to October.
Cosmotriche potatoria, L. — Twelve S s, four 2 s, Witley, July. Larvae
taken in May and June.
Saturniidae.
Satinnia pavonia, L. — Seven ^ s. May. Two $ s, May 1918. One
$ , April, 1919. Larva on Hambledon Common, July and
August, 1919, feeding on heather.
Mr. Smith reports the finding of one larva in the last instar in
1919, which carried three ova of a Dipteron (probably a Tachinid)
fixed on the dorsum near the head.
I have bred Diptera from the pupae of this species some years ago.
Drepanid^.
hrepana falcataria^ L. — Twelve, at Witley, May, June, July, and
August.
Drepana hinaria, Hiifn. — Three S s, May 10th, 1912. One ? , May
4th, 1912. One ? , August 16th, 1912. One $ /May,
1919.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 67
Drepana lacertinaria, L. — One ? , May 1914. Two $ s, May, 1918.
Two ? s, 1915. Two (^ s, July, 1916.
Cilia' fflaucata, Schiff. — Seventeen, at Witley, May, June, July, and
August.
NoLIDiE.
JSola aicidlatella, L. — Larva beaten from sloe in June, 1919, near
Chiddingfold.
Nola strigida, Schiff.— One, Witley, May 27th, 1918. One, Witley,
July 2nd, 1918. One, Witley, June 1919, taken on pine
tree, opposite ** The Hill."
Chloephorid^.
Hylophila praainana, L. — Three, Witley, 1915, Witley, May 20th,
1914, and Witley, June 11th. 1912.
Hylopkila bicolorana, Fiiesl. — Two, Witley, July 1912. One, Witley,
June, 1919, bred from larva taken off oak, May, 1919.
Sarrothripin^e.
SarrotliripKs revayana, Tr. — Four, Witley, August. One, Witley,
March 28th, 1918.
ARCTiiDiE. — Sub-family Arctiinae.
Spilosoma uienthastri, Esp. — Moth plentiful at Witley in May and June.
Larvae common in August and September.
Diaphora mendica, Cl.^— Three ^ s, Witley, May 1912. One S' , Witley,
May, 1919.
Spilosowa luhricipeda, Esp.— Three S s, June, 1912. One ^ , May,
1914. One S , June, 1914. Two $ s. May and June, 1912.
LarvflB reared from ova laid by a ? taken in June, pupated
in September.
Phraymatohia fuliginosa, L. — One ? taken at Witley in June, 1917.
A series was bred from this specimen. Two or three taken
in 1912.
Diacrisia sannio {russida)., L. — Twenty-four <^ s, June, 1912. Three
2 s, June 1912. Thirty-one <^s, June, 1919. Moth plenti-
ful in afternoon sunshine on Hambledou Common, June,
1919. Thirteen $ s, June, 1919. Larva not observed. One
S" , July, 1919, with broad forewings.
Arctia caja, L.
.One or two damaged moths taken at Witley, in July. Larva not
plentiful, a few found in Witley district in May and June.
Description of a 2 form, bred at ** The Hill Museum," Witley,
April 2nd, 1918, from a $ taken wild at Witley, 1917.
Foretdngs, — Ground colour a rich cream, with the brown markings
greatly reduced ; on right forewing the marginal band disappears
altogether, likewise the submarginal, excepting two small posterior
spots, and on the left forewing the marginal band is represented by a
smudge of brown, submarginal by a small spot in cell 5, overlapping
into cell 4, and two small posterior spots. Second and third transverse
bands united, forming a heavy V shaped mark. The first band well
separated from the second and third. The brown blotch near base
very small.
58 THfi ENTOMOIiOai8T*S BEOOBD.
Hindwingn, —Ground colour a pale scarlet with distinct blue-black
spots edged with yellow, central spot shaped after a bird's head, a
small spot nearer the hindmargin, a row of three spots.
Hipocrita jacobaeae, L. — Moth common in June. Larva common in
July and August, where ragwort is plentiful.
Arytia villiea, L. — Larva found near Hambledon in April, 1919. — W.
H.-Smith. One, June 4th, 1912, taken near Brook Village.
Three, June, 1914.
(To be continued,)
GIENTIFIG NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Gynandromorphs. — As there seems some uncertainty in the general
use of the terms " Gynandromprph " and " Hermaphrodite,*' I have
asked Dr. Cockayne if he would kindly write out a full explanation of
their application in our scientific communication. He has very kindly
sent me the following, which shows that we should restrict the use of
the latter term to those specimens of which we have actual evidence
that both male and female generating organs are functionally perfect
in one and the same individual.
" The terms hermaphrodite and gynandromorph are still used as if
they were synonymous and this practice is supported by the definitions
given in the larger dictionaries. In the interests of science it would
be better to confine the term hermaphrodite to genetic hermaphrodites.
" In these one gonad is an ovary and one a testis, or a gonad in one
or both sides consists of a mixture of ovarian and testicular tissue
forming an ovotestis.
** The term gyandromorph has a wider meaning and is applied to
insects showing both male and female characters in its somatic tissues.
" A gynandromorph may have secondary sexual characters inter-
mediate between those of the fully developed male and female, or it
may have them in some parts completely male and in others
completely female.
*^ In the latter case the secondary sexual characters of the one sex
may preponderate greatly, those of the other being present merely on a
small area of wing surface, or in one antenna, or they may be almost
equally represented in the form of a fine or coarse mosaic on both
sides, or they may be completely or nearly completely segregated to
opposite sides of the insects, one half having the secondary sexual
characters of the male, the other those of the female. The term
* intersex ' is sometimes applied to insects which show intermediate
sexual characters on both sides, or a mosaic of those of the two sexes.
** Some of the mixed or halved gynandromorphs are genetic
hermaphrodites, but these cannot be recognised from their extemel
appearance. Unlike those of mammals the secondary sexual characters
of insects are not influenced by an internal secretion derived from
the gonads.
" Thus the term * hermaphrodite * should be restricted to insects
possessing both ovarian and testicular tissue, whereas * gynandromorph *
can be applied to any insect showin^^ both male and female sexual
characters irrespective of the nature of its gonads."
NOTK8 ON CM)LIjBOT1NG. S$
i^OTfiS ON COLLEGTIMG, Etc.
PaLatability op Yanessid lary£. — On 80th April, 1919, I found
larvae, from which I subsequently bred Fyrameis (Vanessa) cardui,
extremely abundant along the shore of the Caspian Sea at Enzeli, in
N.W. Persia. Large numbers of female House Sparrows {Passer
domesticus, Subsp?) were collecting the larvae and feeding their
fledged young upon them. This seems remarkable : not only are the
larvse covered with branched spines, but all sorts of other insects were
^certainly abundant. — P. A. Buxton (M.A., F.E.S.), 81, Grange Road,
Cambridge.
Notes on collecting in Italy (1918 and 1919). — December Sth,
1918. — I returned from England to Arquata Scrivia and found the
place enveloped in a sea of fog, which was general in the whole
•district among the mountains ; the mud, too, on the churned- up roads
reminded one again of Northern France. On the evening of
December 10th two specimens of Cheimatobia brumata came to the
electric light at the Villa Pisani, and proved to be in fresh condition.
December 1 6fA.^ Walking past the village of Vocemola, and
ascending the grassy slopes amongst the vineyards opposite the village
of Rigoroso, I found many specimens of the grasshopper Epacrowia
thalassitta, which took readily to flight when disturbed. In northern
Italy this species is very common throughout the summer, and is
found late into the winter, to-day*s specimens being in good condition,
and the only insects of interest on the wing, notwithstanding the
warmth of the sun.
December 2dt/i. — Below the village of Vocemola to-day, on the hill-
fiides above the right bank of the Scrivia, I found a fine female
specimen of the beetle Meloe brevicollis slowly crawling amongst the
Head leaves on the ground. In northern Italy it is rare in the plains,
though frequent in the higher altitudes. The four different beetles of
the genus Meloe found in Italy, liz,^ M. proscarabaens, M, riolaceus, M.
variegatus and M, brevicollu are collected to form medicines used in
veterinary work. Continuing ray walk among the fields and vineyards
on the hillside, I came across a specimen of the Hymenopteron Cercasia
^uadrifasciatay which* collects beetles of various families and carries
them to its own nest. Practically all plant-life appears dead, Clematis
titalba is every where in seed, and Rosa canina and Euonymus eiiropaeus
(the European spindle-tree) are in fruit.
January lut, 1919. — One doesn't expect to find much stirring in
northern Italy at this date, but to-day, just above the village of
Vocemola, I found a specimen of the dragon-fly, hchnura pumUio,
which flew on to a post in the bright sunshine, and settled there just
long enough to be netted.
January 10th, — On the Vocemola side of the river Scrivia I found
a specimen of Gryllus campestris busily crawling along the damp ground
«mid fresh grass. The catkins of the hazel were everywhere beginning
to be in evidence, and walking along the slopes towards the large
fit wood I heard the well-known " buzz '* of Xylocopa violacea. As I
itood motionless it settled on the trunk of a small tree quite close, and
ftiBn entered a hole in the tree-trunk. A few minute? later another
** buzz " annotmced that the female had arrived, and she, too, disap-
peared in the tree. This bee seldom ventures far from its winter
60
THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S KEGORD.
quarters at this time of the year, but from the middle of February
onwards these bees are to be seen everywhere throughout southern
Europe.
January 20th, — A few fresh primroses and the glossy, star-like
blossoms of Raminculus ficana^ the Lesser Celandine, have apparently
just burst into flower.
January 21st, — I left Arquata Scrivia to-day for Vicenza, which I
reached the following afternoon. En route I visited the famous
Certosa di Pavia, some twenty minutes by steam tram from Pavia
Station. This magnificent monastery is one of the wonders of
northern Italy, in some respects surpassing even Milan Cathedral.
January 2^th. — Nature is more advanced here, at Vicenza, than at
Arquata ; Helleborus vhidis. Ranunculus aun'cornus, Galanthus nivalis
and Vinca minor are all well in flower, but the feature of the day is
the purplish- blue blossom of Anemoue coronaria everywhere on the
hill-sides around the Villa Pagello, on the top of Monte Berico.
January 26«/<. — I took my walk this afternoon on the further
slopes of Monte Berico, where in May last I found the hill-sides
crowded with summer flowers and insect life. More flowers are out
to-day, but space forbids me to enumerate them all, except the
beautiful blossoms of Corydalis cava, hiding in the hedges.
Januanj 29fA. — A walk as far as Tormeno, nestled amongst the
foothills of a further range of the Monti Berici, convinces me that it
is a perfect holiday resort in the season for the naturalist or botanist.
The sunset to-day reflects a brilliant glow on the red-tiled roofs and
campanile of Vicenza. This glorious city seems unknown to travellers
in general from western Europe. Small lizards are running about
along the stone walls round our villa under the glare of the hot sun.
February 6th, — To-day Signore Cav. Barrufaldi, of the Vicenza
Post Office, brought me a flne large cocoon containing the chrysalis
of Satmniq pyri (the great peacock moth), which flies commonly in
northern Italy from the end of April and throughout May. Signore
Barriifaldi also brought me a cluster of eggs of the parasitic
Hymenopteron Microy aster glomei'atus.
February 16th, — The warm sun which rose so strongly thi&
morning, yielding a warmer temperature, announcing that spring had
really come, brought out what insect life there was, and to-day I saw^
a hibernated specimen of Fuyonia polychloros as it sailed over the
garden walls. Amid the ivy leaves around tree-trunks on the warm
slopes of Monte Berico, bright yellow male specimens of the Brim-
stone butterfly Gonepteryx rhamni were flying in some numbers, and
in such flne condition as to support the contention that this must be
a first fresh brood, and not the hiberated specimens of this butterfly
that one looks for in early spring in more northern climes, especially
as NO female specimens were on the wing to-day. The Carpenter bee
{Xylocopa violacea) has now come out of hibernation, and is busy
flying along the hot walls, where the lizards are basking in the son.
Along one of the stone walls, among some dead briars, I found a
hibernated male specimen of the Orthopteron Pachytylus danicus, one
of the migratory locusts. It so happens that to-day, through the
kindness of Major A. U. Keenan, I have received a very flne fenoiale
specimen of this same species, which was found in hibernation at the
British headquarters at Tressino. This insect i€ common in many
parts of northern Italy. The female is considerably larger than the
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61
male in the measurements of the body, pronofcuin and elytra. Large
black ants, the workers of the species, CajnponotHs Uijniperdus (I
believe), are swarming in great numbers over our supply of wood at
the Villa Pagello, conspicuous by their longish legs and rather shorfc
antennae.
Ffhrnary \^th. — After two days of rain and fog the sun was very
hot this afternoon, making us begin to think of sun helmets.
Descending the slopes of Monte Berico on the western side, I found
the fresh males of G. rhamni in perfect condition and in greater
numbers, with no females flying as yet, thus further pointing to my
belief that these males are all an early spring brood, and not hibernated
specimens. If anything, they appear to be slightly smaller than the
usual July emergence. Grasshoppers were numerous and many were
apparently in freshly emerged condition, especially Stauroderns bkolor,
which is perhaps the most abundant and widely distributed European
grasshopper, and very variable in colour ; the prevailing form here is
brownish, though one fine fresh specimen I took to-day was strongly
marked with red. A fine brownish -grey larva of Phrafjmatohia juli-
ginosa was enjoying the hot sun at the very top of a high wall. A
few of the solitary bees were flying about the hill-sides and settling on
the pretty purple blossoms of Anemone coronaria. Amongst these I
took specimens of Nowada soUdaf/inis, This insect frequents the
flowers of the fields and deposits its eggs in the nests of various
other species of its own order, the Hymenoptera. I also took a
specimen of the allied solitary bee Coelioxys quadridentata. This
species is not rare on the flowers of the Pa))ilionaceae, on the large
umbelliferous tribe, and on some of the Labiate tribe, and lays its
eggs in the cells of other solitary bees. A considerable number of
specimens ot Coccinella sejitempiinctata were crawling about on various
plants. It is very common everywhere in Italy, in fields, kitchen
gardens and cultivated lands.
February 24:th, — The very hot sun has brought out the apparently
fresh females of G, rha)nni, and I took two in the most perfect con-
dition, one of which was surrounded by four males as she settled
on the ivy leaves round a tree stump. Four males and one female,
all in perfect condition, in my net at one stroke, is my record, for
this butterfly, at any rate. Odd bright yellow flowers of Ranunculus
hulhofius are standing out noticeably erect to-day on the hill- sides after
the fresh rain, and will shortly be out in profusion.
February 25th. — This morning, on the well in the garden of the
Villa Pagello, I took a specimen of the small apterous Mefjoplistus
hrunneusy a small elongated insect of delicate appearance, with very
slender antennae, and distinguished among crickets by the armature
of the hind tibiae, which bear a tine serrulation instead of spines ; it
has oval-shaped eyes, and general chestnut colour. This afternoon the
imagines of Apis vullifica were crowding to the purple- blue blossoms
of the beautiful Anemone coronaria. A grass snake of grey-black colour
scuttled away under a mass of dead leaves before I could diagnose it
farther, and as I was returning home in the duller part of the after-
' noon before rain fell, two specimens of Macroylossuw atellataruiu were
swiftly searching the blossoms of Anemone coronaria, but I was unable
tio observe the condition of the wings of this moth, which appears in
Italy very commonly thft)ughout the fine season in two or moroi
broods.
62 THE entomologist's RECORD.
February 26t/i. — Single perfectly fresh males of Pararge megei-a
and of Pieris rapae were flying to-day in the gardens towards the
sWmmit* of Monte Berica
February 29th, — This morning an Italian peasant brought round
sfeins of some animals which were all found in the mountains around
Schio, a cathedral town of some 11,000 inhabitants, some 15^ miles
N.N. W. of Vicenza. I found the skins were of the following animals :
viz,t Volpe (fox), Puzzola (pole-cat), Donnola (weasel), Fuina (stoat),
atifd Martora (marten).
March 1st, — This afternoon, on the slopes of Monte Berico, I took
two fresh specimens of Pieris rapae, and hibernated single specimens
of Macroglossum stellatarum, and of Polygonia c-album, I saw also a
hibernated specimen of Vanessa io sunning itself on the rocky sides of
the I'oad which winds up through the gardens — this last insect was in
s«tch good condition that it was worth taking, had I been able to reach
it. The bees were swarming at the blossoms of Corydalis cava, and I
gbt a fine specimen of Bombus hortorunf/ which is everywhere common
in northern Italy. This bee greedily visits the various wild flowera
d«ily, but flies off rapidly to some distance at a good height, on any
shght disturbance.
March 6th, — The bees Bombus hortorum are as busy as ever at the
blossoms of Corydalis cava this sunless afternoon, though there is no
other insect life visible on the wing, but the hibernated velvety cater-
pillars which will later on produce the moth Bombyx rubi, are crawling
about the roads, before deciding to enter the chrysalis state. Amid
our wood supply to-day I have found specimens of the beetle Carabus
hortensis, which is found in northern and central Italy in hilly and
mountainous districts.
March 7th. — Pieris rapae is now out commonly in both sexes, and
G. rhawni is swarming. Hibernated specimens of Vanessa io and of
Polyffonia c-album are numerous, and many of the latter especially are
in excellent condition. Hibernated specimens of Atjlais urticae, on the
other hand, seemed too worn to take. Yesterday, in the Biblioteca
Bertoliana at Vicenza, I came across a copy of a book entitled ** Ento-
mologica Vicentina ossia Catalogo Sistematico degl' Insetti della
Provincia di Vicenza," by Francesco Dott. *Disconzi, a priest of
Vicenza. This book of great interest, published in 1865 at Padua,
though now out of print, and (it seems) extremely difficult to purchase,
deals with various orders of insects found in the Province of Vicenza,
with copious lists, etc. The following more interesting butterflies are
quoted, among others, in this Italian book, as occurring in the
Province of Vicenza, viz.^ Papilio machaon var. sphyrus, Hiib. ; Thais
hypsiphyle, Fab., and var. demnosia, Dahl. ; Parnassius mnemosyne, L. ;
Pieris callidice, Esp. ; Fihodocera cleopatra, L. ; Colias palaeno, L. ; C,
phicomene, Esp. ; Melitaea cynthia. Fab. ; M. maturna, L. ; Argynnis
pandora, Esp. ; ^ymphalis populi, L.,and var. tremnlae, Dup. ; Apatura
ilia, Fab., and var. dytie, Hiib. ; Graptu L-alhum, Hiib., and var.
\'-albiim, FiSip.; Libythea cdtis, Fab.; ^eptis luHlla, Fab.; Limenitis
ar^m-, Lepech ; Satyr us /Jrt,Esp.; Aryc yalathea B,nd war , leiicomelas, Esp.»
and var. procida, lierbst. ; Lyvaena boeticits, L. ; />. amyntas. Fab. ;
I J. telicanus, Herbst. ; Thevla betulae, L. ; T. pruni, L. (Italian =
" Tecla del pruno ") ; 7\ W'albu)n, 111. ; Pobpwwiatus hippothoe, Fab.;
/'. viryaureae, L. ; Sterttpes pauisnis, Fab., etcis etc. T have copied the
Dames as they stand in the work. — E. D. Ashby, F.E.S. {To be
contLnned.)
Records. — It may be of interest to the readers of the Ent, Record
to know that I saw a specimen of Gonepteryx rhauml flattering along
a hedgerow, on Wednesday, February 18th, at Danbury, Essex. It
had rather torn wings and was, I believe, a female. lb was a glorious
day and quite warm, and for three weeks it has been very mild, dry
weather, with a large amount of sunshine in this part of the country^
and Aglais urticae has been flying here at Chelmsford. The sallow
bloom is out also, for I saw a branch in almost full bloom, which a
lady had picked, together with some wild primrose blossoms, on
February 17th, at Danbury. As these are early records I thought you
might like to hear of them. — (Miss) E. Miller, The Croft, Bainsford-
Lane, Chelmsford, Essex. February 21.se, 1920.
Geotrupes and Sparrows. — On January 16th, at about 12.0 p.m.^
as I was leaving the riding school at Putney, in Lytton Grove, my
attention was attracted by some sparrows which were flying about in an
erratic manner. On looking over the fence I saw that the cause of
the disturbance was a "Dumble-Dor," which was being pursued by
aboftt six sparrows.
Although flying sluggishly he managed to elude them and
eventually settled on the ground ; but unfortunately I could see no
more as the sparrows were alarmed at my presence and had flown off.
— G. B. C. Leman. January 28rr/, 1920.
Early Appearance of Celastrina argiolus. — In the hope that it
may interest your readers, I have to report that T have this day seen a
specimen of C. aryiolus flying in bright sunshine in Bellenden Road,
Peckham, S.E.— A. J. Winn, E. Dulwich. February llth, 1920.
The Early Season. — Quite early in February the sallow was
reported to be out in various places in the South of England. On
February 16th the Viburnum blossoms were showing, as were the green
buds, and in several parts of Kent on the 20th the damson trees were
reported to be in full blossom. — H.J.T.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
In the E7it. Mo, Ma(/. for Januarv, Mr. K. G. Blair announces a
beetle, Abax (Pterostlc/ius) paralldus as new to Britain. It was taken
on the island of St. Mary's, Scilly, in July, 1913. It -is closely allied
to A. ater (P. striola) and not uncommon in Central and Western
Europe. Mr. E. A. Newbery announces another beetle, Medon
"kcurellus as new to Britain. It has hitherto been confused with M,
"bsoletus in British collections, and has been identified by Col. St.
Claire Deville. The specimens were taken in haystack refuse in
Surrey many years ago. There are also several interesting communi-
cations on the subject of insects damaging lead and other metal-work.
In the Ent. for January is recorded a new aberration of riusia
I'ulehrina in which the *' usual golden Y-mark is replaced by a large
wedge-shaped golden blotch." The specimen is unusually brilliant
64 THE KNTOl^LornVr's liKCORO.
and has an increase of the pink shaded area. It was taken on the
hills near Gloucester by Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck. Mr. F. G. Whittle
announces a species of Tortrix new to Britain, Ancylh tineaiia, taken
by him at Rannoch last June among Krica and Vacciniuni, It appears
to be common in Central and Northern Europe.
The F^7it. yews for January contains a most interesting article,
" An unusual Case of Parasitism on Clafitoptera obtttsa (Hem.), by a
Dipteron, Drosophila inversa.'' The Hemipteron is one which forms
spittle- masses on alder. These masses are frequently found to be
inhabited»not only by the larva of the Hemipteron, but by the larva of
the Dipteron as well, some lying loose in the mass, but most attached
to the host by their caudal end. " It seems to be parasitic only in so far
that it utilizes the excess of sap drawn from the plant tissues by
the spittle insect."
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
December llth, 1919. — Dr. Boulanger, F.R.S., read a Paper on
** Batrachians," illustrated with lantern slides. •
January Sth, 1920. — New Members. — Messrs. T. H. Grosvenor of
Redhill, F. W. Cocks of Reading, 0. R. Goodman and A. de B.
Goodman of Goswell Road, H. L. Gauntlett of Putney, R. Swift and
H. Garrett of Bexley, were elected members.
Races of P. aegon. — Mr. Lister exhibited his local races of
Flebeins aegon and gave an account of his observations on the mosses
of Witherslack, where the race masneyi is the dominant form.
Local series and special forms of the same species were exhibited
by Messrs. Buckstone, Mera, Sperring, B. S. Williams, A. E.Tonge, and
Swift.
A discussion ensued. The problem was " What are the causes
which produce the masseyi form and make it dominant in the small
area at Witherslack ? "
A further considerable number of species from the Digby collection
of Tinea about to be placed in the Society's cabinet were exhibited.
Aberration of R. betulae. — Mr. Tonge, -an underside of Ruralvt
betulae with a curious perfect circle beside the normal narrow silvery
band.
Rare Papilio. — Mr. Moore, the very rare Papilio nobilis from E.
Africa.
Pupation in Nymphalids. — Mr. Bunnett read notes on, and showed
photographs of, the act of Pupation in the yyw})halidae.
January ^%id, 1920. — The Annual Meeting. — The Balance Sheet
and the Report of the Council were presented and passed. The
Annual Address was read by the retiring President, Mr. Stanley
Edwards. Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S., the new President, then
took the chair, and the usual votes of thanks to the retiring officers
were passed. At the Ordinary Meeting which followed, Mr. H. Morell,
of Wallington, and Mr. S. W. Harvey, of S^^denham, were elected
members.
ON BMBBOENOE OF THE ORYPOCERA AND RHOPALOGERA. 65
On Emergence of the Grypocera and Rhopalocera in relation to
Altitude and Latitude.
Illustrated chiefly by the Sibillini Mts. (Central Italy) and by the Baths of
Valdieri (Maritime Alps).
By ROGER VERITY.
Orazio Qaerci kindly undertook in 1918 to take notes regularly of
the abundant material which the Signora Clorinda and the Signorina
Erilda collected during all the good season in the Sibillini Mountains
(Piceno) at Bolognola and in the surrounding mountains, at a height
of 1200 to 1800 m.i This has allowed me to form a sufficiently exact
idea of emergence at the highest altitudes at which an abundant and
varied lepidopterous fauna exists, and has allowed me to complete
other observations made by me in some localities of Tuscany (Abetone,
1800 m.2, Vallombrosa, 1000 m.^, Prato Fiorito, 1000 m.), and
at the Baths of Valdieri, 1875 m., in the Maritime Alps.* By this
comparison I have obtained an agreement of data really notable, and
I believe that the following rules derived from them may be applied to
what occurs in all the great mountain ranges of Europe.
As regards the mountains of the Italian peninsula we have
generally a tendency to an exaggerated idea of the modification
produced by altitude in the emergence of the different species ; this
is chiefly owing to the exaggerated value given to the number of
broods in the plain by mistaking the graduated emergence of some
common species for a series of generations. ( Vide my paper on " The
Various Modes of Emergence, etc.," in Hnt. hiec.^ xxxi. p. 66).
It is found instead that reproduction greatly resists the effect of
altitude and of the resulting shortness of the good season, partly
by shortening the period of emergence of the different broods :
" graduated " emergence is almost abolished and ** long " periods of
emergence are often reduced to " short " ones. The altitudes at which
.the Quercis have collected are the highest reached in our region by the
species which extend to the plains ; the mountains round Bolognola
are a good example and a proof of it ; all the trigene rates, except
rhamniy and all the bigenerates, except hylaSf completely disappear
above 1800 m., at which height a zone begins inhabited only by strictly
mountain species and by acteon and ario7i amongst the other annuals.
Up to 1800 m. no species seems to meet with conditions which prevent
it from producing as many broods as it produces in the plains.
The contrary is the case in the Alps, as we shall see, where nearly
all the species emerge so late in summer that they would not have
time to complete another cycle in the same season. In Central Italy
the I. brood of the trigenerates emerges a month late compared with
^ A Catalogue and Description of the Lepidoptera collected in this region in
1912 and 1913 has abready been published by me in the Bull, Soc. Ent, Ital., xlvii.
pp. 45-78 (Dec. 16th, 1916).
^**Eleneo di Leptdotteri Ropaloceri delV Alto Appennino Pistoiese.'^ I.e.
xlv. pp. 139>154 (1914).
^ ** Elenco dei Leptdotteri della Vallombrosa (Appennino Toscano). I.e.
axvui. pp. 20-51 (1906).
» * Torati and Verity. " Faunula Valderiensis nelV Alta Valle del Gesso.^*
I.C. xUi. pp. 170-265 (1911) and xliii. pp. 168-236 (1912).
Apbil 15th, 1920.
66 THK KNTOMOLOGIST's IIKCORD.
the end of emergence on the plain, and in the ^ case of precocious
species of the plain even three months late compared with
the commencement, but the II. brood in the case of the greater part
of these species flies, notwithstanding, in the second part of July, with
only a delay of one month compared with those of the plain, and
leaves ample time for the III. to be produced, as in fact is verified in
various species. There is no delay as in the first two broods, but it
appears simultaneously with the III. of the plain ; in fact, in napl it
is clearly in anticipation, flying together with the other species at the
end of August and the beginning of September instead of in the
second half of September, after the other species, as in the plain.
Therefore, what happensfin these mountains is a simple '.' suppression *'
of one or two broods, similar to the suppression in many localities of
the plain and in many seasons, but more frequent and more marked.
That it is a case of suppression simply for local reasons and only
indirectly by reason of altitude is shown by the fact that often even
the suppressed broods are represented by a few sporadic individuals,
who appear at the season at which the entire brood ought to emerge,
and also by the fact that the suppression follows, more or less, the
same order as in the plain, beginning with the tertiary brood, and
then reducing or abolishing the secondary brood. A fair idea of it can
be drawn from the material collected by Querci in the Sibillini
concerning the 26 trjgenerate Italian specie?, which are also the.
European ones^, bearing in mind, however, that local and annual
factors intervene ; to these is doubtless to be attributed the absence of
alceae, cleojtatra, manni^ tuachaon and dia, and that only a single
individual of arr^iohis and of aegeria was found, because I have
observed some specimens of cleopatra and of manni in other localities
equally elevated (Vallombrosa and Valdieri), of dia at Vallombrosa,
and the other species mentioned are not rare in many mountains ;
ergane has been collected in the Sibillini, but has not been searched
for continuously. Of Enjnnis boeticus only one or two specimens were
found at the end of June. I must note that Foulquier was certainly
led wrong by the '* summer pause " when he attributed four broods to
this species in Oberthiir's Et. Lep. Comply xvi., p. 265. It has three
like altheae.
The remaining trigenerate species can be divided as follows : —
The first and second broods suppressed or almost suppressed :
Croceus {eduna), daplidice, rivnlarU (caniilla).
The second and third broods suppressed : podalirius.
The third brood suppressed : medon, rhainni, hgale, sinapisy brassicae.
With three broods : altheae^ pidaeas, dor His, napi, rapae, megera^
lathoniu.
With regard to double4>rooded species it may be remarised that
1 The fact should be noted that all the trigenerates, except ergane, have a very
extensive distribution in the Palasarctic region ; vice-versa the much localised and
characteristic species of limited faunaB are all annual, except coriniia and two or
three of the double-brooded non-Italian. The bigenerates have also in the great
majority of cases a great diffusion. The European non-Italian species, which
probably have three broods, are only : G. farinosa, P. krueperi and P. chloridicey
Colias chrysotheme, C. erate, and C, myrmidone, P. Jeisthameli and Leptosia
croatica. •
ON EMERGENCE OF THE OKYPOOERA AND RHOPALOOERA. 67
c
various species of the 41 of peninsular Italy ^ never ascend the
mountains, and therefore are absent in the Sibillini (dLsparj ara<fonpnus,
iliay jadits) ; three others on the contrary are always limited
in peninsular Italy to the hip^h mountains, and to only one
brood [rarthami, parthenie, enphn)Hi/ne), To the local causes
mentioned above for the triple- brooded must be ascribed the
absence of thersatHon, idan and liijurica^ and the extreme scarcity of
didyina and pkoehe, found once only in August : these specimens had
the characteristic appearance of XL brood. For phoehe this is explained
because the 11. brood is specifically the primary one, but in the case of
(/irfi/mtf,. which has a partial summer emergence as a rule even in the
plain, the phenomenon seems abnormal ; of alcetas one ? of the I.
brood has been found. It is worth noting that sporadic individuals,
like thf'se, or avf/iolus and ^etjeria above-mentioned, or aefferia and
meffera found once only at Valdieri, are nearly always females and bear
on their wings the signs of a certain age. It will be interesting to
observe by multiplying the observations, whether there is not found to
be a migration to some distance of some fecundated females more
frequently than has hitherto been suspected, and that would explain
the mysterious disappearance and abundant re-appearance of some
species in some localities from one year to another. The other
bigt^nerate species of peninsular Italy are found in sufficient abundance
in the valley of Bolognola and can be divided as follows: —
The 1. brood suppressed : onopordi^ arworicanun^ carthami.
The II. brood suppressed : malroides, Hylranua, baton ^ aemiarffus,
argnHf sebruHy Inciua^ arcania, maera, cinxia^ parthenie, cardni.
With two broods : tiK^ea^ foulqnieri^ saoy thetis^ hylofi, thersitefit
icarus, winimiis^ pamphilusy ?>;, urticae, polychloros, c-album^ ^fl^di
and probably celth, which was collected in June but which
seems to behave like some Vanesndi^ emerging also in the autumn and
hybernating. It is to be noted that the suppressed brood is alway.s
the second brood of the plain, and in many cases is often suppressed
also in the plain. The only exceptions are waera and cardni\ where-
ever I have collected the first in high mountains I have found that the I.
brood was primary or only the I. brood existed ; the contrary to what
happens in the plain ; as to the second we have in 1917 observed the
suppression of the II. brood, even in the environs of Florence, there-
fore this phenomenon does not appear to.be related to the altitude.
We have just remarked that the time of emergence of the I. brood of
the trigenerates did not at all impede the development of the other
two broods. With still more reason can we say this of the bigenerates.
The species which in the plain have a compact emergence in the
second half of the spring emerge instead in the district of Bolognola
at the beginning of summer, with about a month's delay (tliy.fis,
arcania, waera). The graduated emergence of the plain is. shortened
and becomes compact, so that the beginning is displaced even by
two months, receding from April to June (tayea, mali'oides, saa, thtrsites,
1 The rest of the Italian non-peninsular bigenerates are : orhifer, oriov,
argiadeSy theophrastus, duponcheli, belemia (Sardinia? if a bigenerate at all!),
corinnuy trivia^ selenCy levana. The other European species are : marloyi^ proto,
tesselluniy cribrellum, ottomanus, amphidamas, fischeri^ balcauica, aceris, deioney
xanthomelas, l-album (II.?).
icarnHy pamphilus), or from the beginning of May to the end of June
68 THE entomologist's record.
(cardui) ; an exception is sylvanua^ which preserves its graduated
emergence of about two months duration, and flies from the end of
June to late August, instead of from May to the beginning of August.
This is not surprising because even in the plain this species is mostly
annual and almost essentially produces the second brood partially. It
is, therefore, natural that in the mountains it should follow the rule
of the annuals. Finally, the double-brooded species with a late I. brood
in the plain (June and beginning of July) emerge at the same epoch even
in the high mountain (bigenerate Vanessidi, except cardui, and
L. celtis). As regards the II. brood it appears that it does not suffer
like the I., a delay in the epoch of emergence and a shortening in
duration, but that instead it emerges, species by species, at the same
season as in the plain. The short and precocious emergence of ta^fea
takes place during the first days of August,. that of sao, of hylaSf and of
minimus during August, that of thetis in the first decade of September,
those of foulquieii, and of the bigenerate Vanessidi in September;
the graduated emergence of thersites, of icarus, and of pamphilus are
also graduated but only from the end of July to the beginning of
September.
The annual species follow the simple rule of emerging at the epoch
which in the high mountain best corresponds with the season in the
plain, therefore the species which in the plain begin to emerge
precociously in April fly in June or during the first days of July
(cyllarus, rubi, cardamines^) ; those of May fly from the end of June to
about the 20th of July (lucina, crataegi, cinxia) ; those of June fly from
July till the beginning of August {lavaterae, fiava, acteon,
alciphron, amandusy spiniy ilicis, acaciae, jurtina^ (jalathea, japyyia,
cydippe = esperi ; thus the delay is reduced from two months to one
month or less, until' the species proper to July {arion, quercus, dorus^
atalanta, antiopa, io) fly contemporaneously at all altitudes. The same
happens for those species proper to July- August [meleayer, tithonus, L.,
semeLe, hermione L. \ = alcyone]y paphia), and for those proper to
August only [com ma, coridon, brisein), in the same way as at this season
the II. brood of double- brooded, and the III. of triple- brooded species
do not suffer modifications, when not entirely suppressed. ^
The annual species exclusively of the high mountain, or which are
such in Central Italy ^ can be divided into several categories, according
to the epoch in which they emerge : —
June and beginning of July: stygne, euphrosyne.
End of June to 20th July : serratulae, hippothoey mnemosyne, ti phon,
ceto, parthenie, niobe,
! : ■ " ■ — ' -^
^ This species was not found by Querci without doubt, because it has a short
and very precocious emergence at the beginning of June, corresponding to April of
the plain, as has been observed in other localities of the high mountain.
2 The annual species of peninsular Italy which have not been found in the
Sibillini are the following : Existing in the high mountain and probably wanting
only for local reasons: lineolay boetica, L., telicanus, hetulae, circe^ majors daphne.
Very local or belonging to more southern regions : — nostrodamusy morpheus^ fritillumy
Hb. ?, carliTiae ?, alcon, areas, iolas, pruni ?, euphenoides, iphis, arge, aurinia, pandora.
Never found above 1000 m. : lefebvrei, sidae, escheri (it is to be noted that this
species in peninsular Italy is scarce in the mountains, whereas in the Alps it is-
abundant at great heights), IP. -aZ/>Jtwi, craweri, /t?/pe;7/me«fra, ida, lupinus, dryaSy
statiliuus, hecate.
^ The remaining species not found in the district of Bolognola are : cacaliaey
eumedon, meduta, euryale, glacialis, goante, pales.
ON EMERGENCE OF THE ORYVOGERA AND RHOPALOGERA. 69
1st to 20th July : epiphroji, gorge, ligeay aglaia,
15th July to 10th August: tithonm { = eros), apollo, lycaon,cordtda.
End of July to late August : virganreae, damon, dolus, tyndarus,
15th August to beginning of September : alveus^ carthami, neoridas.
A study of the modes of emergence with respect to altitude in a
vast and varied mountain range like the Alps would doubtless furnish
interesting data, but I must leave it to those who have a better know-
ledge of that region than I have. I must limit myself to some
observations on the only locality, which I have explored sufficiently
well during various years : the Baths of Valdieri in the valley of the
Gesso (Maritime Alps). The altitude is the same as that explored by
Querci in the Sibillini, but the climatic conditions are very different,
both on account of the more northern latitude, and of the neighbour-
hood of the great Alpine glaciers. The fauna offer *' high -mountain "
characteristics much more marked on account of the morphological
appearance of the races and on account of the much greater numi3erof
species proper to the great altitudes, and of the very small number of
individuals or the total absence of many species' of the plains. The
favourable season for the perfect insect is limited to little more than
two months, and that in which larval activity is possible to little more
owing to the early and late snowstorms. Therefore the Baths of
Valdieri precede very little that zone of highest altitude at which the
normal development of Grypncera and Rhopalocera is possible, and
which is inhabited almost exclusively by its own proper species,
analagous to the arctic. Turati and I have found this glacial
fauna a little higher than the Baths, in the Vallasco Valley, at 1700m.;
in peninsular Italy it does not exist at all, not even on the tops of the
mountains which surpass that height, and the corresponding zone is
inhabited by mountain species, which in the Alps descend much
further down. It is natural therefore that in conditions with such
special environment emergence should take place very differently from
what happens in the mountains of peninsular Italy. The phenomena
produced by altitude as regards the broods no longer consist of simple
reduction of the number of individuals or in suppression of one or two
broods in the sense above indicated, but consist in the reduction to one
single annual cycle of all the species (except a few rare trigenerates)
owing to the impossibility of producing a greater number during the
very short favourable season. Besides, whilst in other climatic
conditions the annual species are partly precocious and partly tardy,
here their emergences all group together so as to adapt themselves to
the short period above mentioned, and between the beginning of such
extremes as cyllanis, cardamines, euphrosyne on the one hand, and of
mrgaureae, tyndarus, neoridas on the other, there remains but little
more than three weeks, from the end of June to the end of July.
Apropos of this I must allude to the really notable delay which
meleager suffers, emerging much later than the other species (in the
second half of August) instead of in a middle period compared with
the others, as in the plain (July), or in the Sibillini (end of July to
late August). I do not know of other examples of this phenomenon,
but I have observed that in Tuscany this same species tends to
reproduce it : in the lower hills of Florence it emerges in July ;
70 THE entomologist's record.
instead, in the Apennines, at about 700m., it begins to emerge only at
the end of the month or at the beginning of August, whilst we have
seen that the other annual species of July do not suffer any delay. It
is not a question of a delay of the same kind in the case of other
annual species, such as alciphrmi and escherij because the beginning of
their emergence is only retarded from June to July, which is the
general rule for the June species ; if the end of the emergence is
delayed actually for two months in the Sibillini iov alciphron (beginning
of September), and for six weeks at Valdieri in the two species, this
happens because in those localities the emergence from being short
becomes very long, the greater part of the males emerging from the
first to the last days of July and the females from the last days of July
to the last of August. In localities less elevated (M. Senario, 700-
800m., near Florence) and even at the height of 1,000m. and more,
above Covigliaio, I have found that the males of alciphron emerge in
June and the females in the first half of July; encheri at Covigliaio
appears at 900m. in very small numbers at the same time, whilst in
the plain, and on the hills near Florence, it emerges during a period
of twenty days in June. All this proves that alciphron in Italy in
the high mountains finds conditions better adapted to its development,
and that the summer heat and drought stops its development lower
down. The same may be said of lineola and flava. { = thanmas). I have
just mentioned that Alpine escheri behaves in the same manner, whilst
on the contrarj'^ escheriy race splendens, of peninsular Italy behaves in
exactly the oppoisite one. The species which evidently have a greater
development in the higher zone than in the lower might be called
" sKMi-MouNTAiN." Other annual Italian species with this specific
biological character are : avion, coridon^ daphne. Amongst the
bigenerates the following have it ; hylaa, semiarym, argus, maera,
nrticae. Amongst the trigenerates only altheae and lavaterae. The
other intermediate grades between the purely mountain species and
those proper to the plains, are represented by those above mentioned
which inhabit also the mountains at moderate heights, but become
scarcer as the altitude increases.
Returning to the question of the change of the epoch of emergence
in the high Alpine localities, such as I am illustrating in the example
of the Baths of Valdieri, we remark that of the 49 bigenerate species
of Northern Italy there exist in this locality only the following 22 :
taiies, carthami^ sylvaniis, sao, orion, hijlas, icarus, semiartjiis, artjus, idas,
minim ua, lucina, paniphilufi, arcania, maera, cijixia, phoebe, euphrosyne,
cardui, nrticae, polychlorofi, c-alhinn. Of these some have been found only
in the cases of two or three individuals, very old, probably immigrants
from the less elevated part of the valley : .sflro, pamphilus, phnehe, cardui.
All these species, except nrticae and c-alhnm have only one brood in July
(fifmiarijns, minim ns, and arcania), or in July and beginning of August,
and therefore in the intermediate epoch between the emergences of the
broods when two exist. The appearance of the insects is always that
of the I. brood. Of the 25 trigenerate Italian species three only are
absent at the Baths of Valdieri : enjane, because it is excessively local
in north Italy, jKulalirius and dia. The following six have been found
only as sporadic individuals : cleojtatra, croceus, daplidice, mefjera,
affferia. The others are found : — With one brood : alceae, altheae,
dtnilis^ medim, machaon, riridaris, lathania. With two broods : phlaeas.
THE ANTS OF FRANCE AND BKLOIUM. 71
rhatnnit sinapis, rapae. With three broods : artjiolns, napt\ braasicae^
The first lot moDtioDed emerges either in Jaly (altheae^ machaon), or in
August (donlin^ medon)^ or during these two mouths ; they have the
oharacteristics of the I. brood, except rlvnlaris, which has those oE the
II. brood. The sdeond lot emerges first at the end oi June and in the
first days of July, then again in August, but precocious individuals
appear sometimes even art the end of July, when the old ones of the L
brood are still flying ; thus it happens that the I. emerge when in the
plain tbe II. is flying, and that the II. emerges between its own epoch
and that of the III. brood. In rapae the morphological characteristics of
the two last broods of the plain are found mixed in the II. during all
the emergence. Of the species with three broods the II. begins towards
the 10th July, when the late individuals of the I. are still numerous ;
the III. begins towards the 10th August, and I have both seen it
flying and reared it from the 15th to the 25th from eggs laid towards
15th July by a female of the II. brood of napi ; the three broods are
distinguished by the same characteristics as those of the plain. I
have observed at the Abetone, in the Pistoia Appennines, that vapi
had three broods brought near to each other exactly as at Vaidieri and
^t the same epochs, owing to the delay of three months of the
beginning of the I. as compared to Florence, of two months of the
II., and owing to one month's anticipation of the III. The heat and
drought probably delay this last in the plain.
{To be continued.)
The Ants of France and Belgium.*
By fl. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S,, F.E.S.
*' It is practically impossible up to now to determine with certainty
any European ant." — With this astounding statement Mons. Bondroit
begins his work ! It would thus appear that the work of all those
inyrmecologists who have come before him is of little, if any,
value, and it has been left to the author of the Ants of 'France and
Belgium to set the matter straight ! We can only say at once that
for our part to name any European ant with certainty by the aid of
Mons. Bondroit*s book is not only practically, but absolutely
impossible.
Let us consider for a moment the work of three of the greatest
authorities on ants in the World — Emery, Forel, and Wheeler, and
see how far they have dealt with the European species. Forel in 1874
published his celebrated Fourmis de la Suisse which, in spite of the
fact that it is naturally a little out of date, after all these years, is still
justly regarded as one of the best books ever written on ants ; more-
over in 1915 he brought the systematic part of the work up to date.
Emery in his Palaearctic Ants, 1908-1912, has dealt with most of
tbe European genera ; and in 1916 he published a fine systematic
work on the ants of Italy. Wheeler has published various notes and
papers on European ants ; and in 1913 a revision of tbe ants of the
genus Formica, which of course embraced the European species. In
none of the works of these authors are Bondroit's fancy species to be
found.
* Les Fourmis de France et de Belgique, par J. Bondroit, Ann. Sac. Ent,
France 87 1-174 J-figs. 83 (1918).
7ii THE entomologist's RECORD.
The two following quotations (taken from Wheeler) justly describe
the aims and sentiments of myrmecologists " up to now." " Myrme-
cology has been more fortunate than many other branches of
entomology in the men who have contributed to its development.
These have been actuated, almost without exception, not by a mania
for endless multiplication of genera and species, but by a temperate
and philosophical interest in the increase of our knowledge.*' [Ants
1910 123] .
" The myrmecologist is being so constantly impressed with the
great structural variations that may exist in the same colony of ants,
and often therefore among the offspring of the same mother, that he is
apt to be a * lumper' with a vengeance." [Froc. Amer. Phil, Soc, 58
26 (1919)] .
Alas ! Bondroit has done all he can to prove himself totally
unfitted to be included in these quotations. In his book he describes
no less than 24 new species and 12 new varieties ; often from a single
specimen, and not taken by himself, and consequently he can know
nothing whatever about the colony whence it sprang. Furthermore
there are also 6 new species and 2 varieties which he had described
before, thus making a total of 80 new species and 3 4 new varieties for
France and Belgium ! Either these countries must be much more
favourable for ants than any others in Europe ; or collectors elsewhere
must be much less skilful ; or students of other faunas d) not possess
sufficient acumen to detect the differences between Bondroit's species
and those heretofore recognised as occurring in Europe !
Let us now return to the Introduction of this unique work. As
the author does not approve of the terms " race " or *' subspecies,"
terms which are recognised by all myrmecologists (and whose use is
thoroughly explained by Wheeler in his Ants, page 181), he proposes
to drop them ; and he also substitutes the termination itae instead of
i7iae to the subfamilies, which is not only contrary to the usage of all
other myrmecologists, but is in direct contradiction to the rules laid
down by the International Code of Nomenclature. His suggested
classification of the ants as a whole is still more bewildering ; it is as
follows : —
tribu Dorylini,
" Sous-famille tormicitae
tribu Formicini.
tribu Ponerini.
Sous-famille 'M urwicitae \inh\\ Myriinchd.
(tribu 1>()lichoderini.'* v
Thus the ''Ponerini'' and '' Doliclwderini'' with a one-jointed
pedicel are put in the same subfamily as the *' Myrmicini " which
possess a two-jointed pedicel. Furthermore no notice is taken of the
fact that the gizzard in the '' Dnlichoderwi'' is quite unlike those of any
of the other subfamilies. Comment is superfluous.
Next follow certain '' generalities " on ants, which consist of three
pages of crude statements, often quite inaccurate — thus the wings of
female ants are said ** to fall oft' naturally at the end of a few days ";
as is well known to all those who have taken the trouble to study the
habits of ants, the fertilised female removes her wings by working
them backwards and forwards, pulling them with her legs and
mandibles, or rubbing them against twigs, grass stems, or
anything handy — Messor barbarus is placed in a category of ants
THE ANTS OF FRANCK AND BELGIUM. 78
which are said to possess monomorpbic $ ^ , od page 11 Bondroit
figures a large and a very small ^ of this species, and the inter-
mediate forms are known to exist ; this does not appear to be
exactly monomorpbic, but rather distinctly polymorphic — for Wheeler's
useful and recognised term *' gynaecoid ^ ,*' the unnecessary and
objectionable name of ** gynoides " is invented — pseiidogynes are
said never to exceed in size that of the ordinary ^ ; whereas, as is
well known, both macro- and micro-pseudogynes occur — Tetramonum
is given as an instance where the different size between the 9
and $ is considerable ; this is by no means always the case in this
genus — Formica aanijuinea is said to occur only accidentally without
slaves ; Forel and Wasmann have both shown that when colonies of
sanguinea have reached a certain age, and size, they may give up the
keeping of slaves altogether, and certainly not by accident.
Similar inaccuracies are not infrequent in the very short account
given of the " foundation of the nest and population '* — ** Formicina
fiava " is said to possess another *' yellow ant " as a parasite ; this we
consider to be highly improbable, numerous experiments by Crawley,
myself, and others go far to prove that this ant will not accept strange
females even of its own species — :Vonera coarctata is said to have only
some 20 individuals in its colonies ; various records occur of more
populous colonies — Myrmecina (jraminicola is stated to consist of only
a few more individuals than Ponera ; very large colonies of Myrmecina
are found — F'ormicina faliyinosus is said to make its carton nests in
hollow trees ; as is well known this ant builds its nests quite as
frequently in the ground, as in trees, and sometimes in cellars and
roofs — Forel is said to pretend that the presence of a large number of
myrmecophiles, such as Lomechusa and Atem eles y in an ant's nest will
cause the extermination of the same ; it was not Forel at all who
proposed this theory, moreover Bondroit has evidently got mixed up
over Wasmann's well known **Pseudogyne theory," which he does not
understand.
The external characters are next dealt with, and it is a pleasure to
be able to praise the author's drawings (both here and throughout the
book) which are undoubtedly the best part of the work. Under
** Nervation " the author gives names to the cells and nerves of the
wing which do not agree with the systems used by Andre, Cockerel,
Emery, Forel, Jurine, Mayr, Saunders, Sharp or Wheeler. There can
be no object in inventing a system different from that used by anyone
else.
We now come to the systematic part of the book — in all recognised
modern works on ants the order of the subfamilies is as follows : —
Poiterinae, Doiylinae, Myrmicinae, Dolichoderinae and Camponotinae.
This is not a haphazard arrangement, but the final conclusion drawn
from the study of ants since the time of Latreille to the present day,
the Ponerinae consisting of the most ancient and primitive forms of
ants, dominant in Australia, being first ; and the Camponotinaey which
is the highest subfamily, last. Bondroit begins with his " Dorylitae,''
and then follow his *^ F'ormicitae,'' ** Poneritae,'' ^^ Dolichoderitae," and
" Myrmicitae " ; an arrangement without reason, or order !
We are also quite unable to follow his tables — a species which has
already been separated off in a previous section, is again introduced
into a subsequent part of the table ; which surely contradicts itself.
74 THE entomologist's recx>rd.
Space will not allow us to deal at much greater length with the
rest of the work, and before concluding only a few points here and
there can be mentioned.
Bondroit uses the name Forminna, Shuckard, for the genus LasittSj
F. (nee Jurine), and drops the subgenera — Dendrolasiits, Ruzsky,
Chtho)iolasins, Ruzsky, and Donistfwrpea, Mor. and Durnt., altogether.
We will not say much about this, since Emery, Forel, and Wheeler vary
from each other in names they use for this genus and the subgenera ;
only that it seems to us when Wheeler in 1911 designated the type
of Formcina as Formica rafa, L., it precluded any further use of the
name Formicina.
Bondroit's new species and varieties of " Formicina " appear to us
to be chiefly founded on ants from individual colonies of flava, and
inetrmediate forms between nmhrata and mixta which come under
ForeFs mixto-umbrata ; his microfiyna seems to be nothing else than
bicornis, Forst. The differences given between Cataglyphis cuisor,
Fonsc, and C. tibialis, Bond, do not appear to us to be specific.
In the table on Formica — picea and rnfa are said to be alpine or
subalpine species ; the former which is only found in sphagnum bogs,
is not alpine at all, and the latter is widely distributed. Under the
descriptions of each species, F, picea is said to nest in turf-pits
(" tourbieres "), and damp meadows; not exactly alpine localities.
September is given for the appearance of the sexes ; these however are
found in July and August, and Bonner, who fbund the species abundant
in sphagnum bogs at Lyngbymoor, distinctly states the sexes were
never to be found in September. Bondroit named two dealated
females taken by us in a large colony of F. fusca under stones in a
field near Tenby as F, picea. This, and the above statements, appear
to suggest that he does not know the species.
The nests of F, glebana are said to be subterranean and scarcely
visible from outside. As a matter of fact glebaria nests frequently
consist of raised earth mounds, covered with low debris of cut grass,
gorse, pebbles, or anything handy, which are very conspicuous. The
sexes often occur before the middle of July, and not at the end of the
summer.
No localities are given for F. rn/ibarbis and no mention is made of
its interesting and rather distinct habits.
The fusca group has always presented considerable diflBcnlties, and
this is only enhanced by the creation of four new species (and one new
variety) which do not appear to us to possess specific characters ;
moreover F, fusca var. fusco-rufibarbis, Forel^ which is called ** Formica
fnsco-niiibarbis" is retained, although ignored by both Emery in his
Pahearctic species, and Wheeler in his revision of Formica. It has
also been shown to be a synonym of F. fusca var. rubescens, Forel.
t. gleharia and F. rubescens are treated as species and are said to
possess one or two hairs on the pronotum. We have examined
hundreds of specimens of these two varieties of F. fusca, and we have
never found them to possess hairs on the pronotum. Fonnica
piniphila, Schenck, and F. pohjctena, Forst, which* have long been snnk
as synonyms of F. rufa, L., are reinstated. (When we first discovered
h. nii'a var. alfuna, Santschi, in Scotland, and sent specimens to
l^ondroit, he returned them as F. jnniphila, Schenck !) They are at
most forms of F. rufa var. rufo-pratensis, Forel, which is left out, and
THE ANTS OF FRANCE AND BELGIUM. 75
"which embraces the intermediate forms between F. mfa and F,
pratensis.
Two new varieties — var. fjrfinvellei of F. rufa and var. cordieri of
F, praten^h are brought forward on female specimens only ! It would
be easy to go to any locality where large colonies of F, nifn occur,
such as Weybridge for example, and take specimens from the different
nests, or even from the same nest, and describe new species and
varieties from the extreme forms, but no good to the study of ants, or
indeed to entomology could arise from such a proceeding.
A new species near F. e.rsecta — F. dalcqui — is described, buf. its
characters are differentiated from F, exsecto-pressilahris^ Forel, which is
itself a variety intermediate between F,e.r$ecta, Nyl.,and F, /nessilahris,
Nyl. !
The table for the genus Mi/rmica is quite incomprehensible to us,
the same species appear several times under the different sections in
the most bewildering manner — thus the new species (?) rolandi is first
said to have the frontal area smooth and shining, and then finely
striate ! In the description it is given as sometimes a little shining
and sometimes dull and striate. He compares it with specifti^ies,
another new species (?), which he has already pointed out is probably
the M. sabnlctij Forel !
Under M, rufpilnsoides^ Forel, and M. sabuleti, Meinert, he says
that the former is the sabnleti, Forel, not Meinert ; and that specimens
he considered to be the latter, Emery said were srhencki, Emery ; and
leaves it at that !
M, HHlciuodis in the description is correctly said to have the scape
strongly bent at the base, whereas in the table it is said to be only
slightly bent !
M. lobirnrnixj a variable species, is given as an alpine species only ;
though it occurs in Surrey and other lowland localities.
M. ardnennae^ Bondroit (of which he describes a new variety) is in
our opinion only a form of 3/. Inbicomu, Nyl., and M. wenmaeli a form
of M. scobrwodisy Nyl. Miirwecina kntteri, Forel, is an aberration, not
a " gynoide,*' of M. firmnhiirola, Latr.
The difficult genus Leptothora.v is rendered still more complicated
by the creation of no less than 10 new species and 4 new varieties !
A new variety of L. nffpire/fs, Mayr, is given as ** var. pjpenaens,
n.var. { = tubenrm, Nyl.),*' which is absurd. If the tubennn, Nyl., is a
variety of nujricepR, Mayr., which we do not admit for one minute,
then it should be written Lejttothorax Jiitpiceps, Mayr., var. tuberumy
Nylander, and not with anyone's new fancy name.
/.. cordieri, n.sp., is described from a single worker!, and its new
variety rouffeti from numerous specimens in the Museum at Brussels
determined by Rouget as /.. tuherntn. The probability is that both
this so called new species and its variety are nothing but L. tnbnmn,
Nyl. Under Meftsoi- a variety of M. structor, Latr., is mentioned as
*• var. vel. sp. ?*', and is said to be the M. sardidus, Forel, and the M.
strtirtor, Emery (nee Latreille) ; and M. hntfvieri, Bondroit, is written
** il/. bnurieri, nov. nom. — ca}>itatnn\ aiict. (nee Latr.)." Apparently
all previous authors are wrong, and he fails to see why Emery should
call it the Formica capitata, Latreille, which is common in the environs
of Bordeaux.
It is with much regret that we have had to express such an
76 '
TBE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
unfavourable opinion on Bondroit's work (for, whom we have
personally nothing but the most friendly feelings) ; but it appears to
us to be absolutely necessary, in the interests of the study of ants,
that such reckless Qreation of new species, and so many inaccurate
statements, should not be allowed to be published without the strongest
protest being recorded.
Zygasna loti, Wien. Verz., versus Z. transalpina, Esper.
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Zygaena loti, Wien, Verz.
Dr. Verity {ayite p. 28 and 29) suggests that this name takes
precedence over Z, tranaalpina, Esper.
I am unfortunately unable to understand from his remarks why he
comes to this conclusion — he merely says it " certainly is the little
Central European subspecies of the same species," ti;?., transalpina.
This is his statement, but he does not tell us why he thinks so.
Now what is loti in reality ? It was created, by SchiffermiiUer in
the Vienna Catalofjne^ was referred to by Hiibner and again by Haworth,
whose labelled specimen is now in the Tring Museum. There is little
doubt, however, that Esper 's figure, pi. 35, fig. 1, represents what he
then considered to be loti, but other authors did not take his view.
The species figured by Hiibner, pi. xvii., h^. 82, is almost universally
put down as meliloti. It is, however, quite different from Esper's figure,
which is without doubt a six spot species.
Is it, possible to consider that that figure represents any form of
tranmlpina ?
In my judgment I am quite convinced that it has nothing to do
with Esper's species {transalpina), I have no doubt whatever
that it is not transalpina, I have little doubt that it is
fUipendulae, the shape of the insect and the hindwings point
without any question to Linne's species and not to Esper's
— it represents a small specimen of the form in which each pair of
spots is confluent, viz., cytisi, Hb., and I have a specimen almost as
gmall and just like it. Dr. Verity himself, in the paper I am
discussing, gives us *' an unmistakable character, . . . no matter
how similar to each other they may be," viz., the position of the hind
pair of spots which, he says, " in transalpina are always situated more
outwardly, and a line drawn parallel to the body through these spots,"
thrtt is I suppose hetueen them, " does not pass through them, but in
fdipemhdae it does pass through the outer spot."
This character settles the point at once, for regardless of
the fact that the two spots are confluent in loti, Esper, their
position is certainly that of Jilipendulae and not of transalpina.
Again the hindwings, not only as to their margins, but taking
into consideration the whole wing, are those of fiUpendulae, not
of transalpina. It is over thirty years ago since I took my first alpina
specimen of transalpina and also my first Piedmontese specimen, and
it had from the beginning a fascination for me, so that I have always
paid it extra attention, and I regret that I cannot possibly accept Dr.
Verity's proposal.
In his last Cataloij, 1901, Staudinger refers Esper's Zoft to asf/a^ait,
Bkh., but the figure does not suit Borkhausen's description. In the
ZYG^NA LOTI, WIEN. VERZ., VERSUS TRANSALPINA, ESPEK. 77
same Cataloff Staudinger refers loti, Hb., to meliloti, but in as much
as Hiibuer himself at p. 118 of the Verzeichniss puts achilleae, Esper,
as a synonym of lotiy it is evident that both references cannot be
right.
Let us, however, turn to some of the old authors. Fabricius [Knt.
Syst. p. 887) calls it loti, Wien. Verz., and he places as synonyms
fulvia, {Mant. Ins,), and lonicerae, Esper's plate 24, fig. 1. He does not
however refer at all to Esper's plate 85.
Haworth's loti is a five spot species and his type (if I may call it
so) is now in the Tring Museum.
Stephens also considered loti to be a five spot species, which he
placed after trifolii, Esp., and described it as considerably larger than
that species, while his diagnosis is an excellent one of lonicerae,
Samouelle in his Calendar calls it the five spotted Burnet and
quotes Haworth.
Stephens in his systematic catalogue revises his illustrated
work, for at p. 29, vol. li., he refers the loti of Hiibner to
meliloti ; under his No. 5908 he gives loti as a species, referring to
it the records of Fabricius, Haworth, Stephen's 111., Donovan, and
Esper^s plate 24 in vol. ii., figs. 1, a and h, which latter Esper called
lonicerae.
On the same page he, Stephens, gives hippocrejndis as his next
species and under it gives loti, Esper, pi. 85, fig. 1, as a synonym.
Herrich-Shii&r in vol. ii., p. 87, quotes loti as a synonym of
angelicae.
It seems almost needless to go further. We evidently have two
species under the name loti. The original of the Vienna catalogue
and of Hiibner seems to me to be correctly referred to tneliloti, whilst
that of Esper is certainly something difi'erent and after comparing all
that I can find on this species I feel sure we shall be right in referring
it to filipendulae form cytisi, and as I said previously I have a speci-
men from which the figure might almost have been taken.
In the same paper Dr. Verity (p. 29) proposes to supersede trans-
alpina var. alpina, Boisd., by alpicola. Verity, but by so doing he is
creating a pure synonym, for it is quite valid to have Zyyaena tilipen-
dulae, race alpina, and Zyyaena transalpina, race alpina. The two
insects are two quite distinct species and therefore the name alpina
can be correctly used as a sub-species of each. It may be, however,
that Dr. Verity considers transalpina is merely a form of tilipemifilae ;
as I believe he does with lonicerae and trifolii, but in this case I come
into direct conflict with his conclusions, for the genitalia prove quite
conclusively that they are not the same species, the tegumen is very
different in shape and structure, whilst the armature of the ledoeagus
is also markedly diverse.
In another case, that of tranmlpina ab. zickerti, Hofl:'man, Dr.
Verity apparently proposes to sink the name zickerti to his latina.
He says ** most specimens thus belong to the yellow calahrica,
called zickerti by Hoffman, but I think that to use the name of a single
very special form for such a variable race would only lead to confusion,
and both Querci and I have agreed to give it a geographical name."
If, as I understand from this paragraph, zickerti is the same form
as latina, and if, as I also understand from the same paragraph (for I
have been unable to trace any reference to Hoffman's name ; it is not
78 THE entomologist's record.
•
in Staudinger's last (Jataloij, nor yet can I jfind any reference to it in
the Zoological Record from 1901 till now) zickerti has priority over
lati7ia, this proposal is absolutely contrary to the Code and cannot be
followed ; whilst apart from the Code it is obvious that 6uch a pro-
ceeding will lead to endless confusion, if insects are distributed to
friends and others as latina, when they really are zickerti,
1 understand zickerti, from my correspondence with Querci, to be
the beautiful dominant small yellow race, and from Verity's whole
paragraph, ante p. 41, I understand his latina to include the red, the
pink, and the yellow forms ; it is therefore self evident that it is much
more convenient to call the yellow form zickerti than to have to say
the yellow race of latina^ and this quite apart from the question of
priority.
P.S. — Since writing my note on Zyijaena loti I have had to turn up
some references to Ochsenheimer's second volume, and I find that he
had no doubt as to what was understood in those early days by loti,
for he places it, referring to figures, quite definitely to Hiibner's
hippocrepidin, and he likewise refers Esper's figure 1, plate 36, to the
same species, whilst in an addendum at the end of his description he
most carefully goes into a comparison of Esper's trajisalpina and loti,
and he comes to an emphatic conclusion that transalpina does not
belong here, i.e., to hippocrepidis, of which he makes loti a synonym.
Also since writing the above I have looked up Seitz and find that
he says zickerti, Hoffm., '* is similar to boisdnvaliiy but the hindwing
is all black, being without the yellow central spot," but in the EnU
Zeit. Int. Ent. ver., xviii. (1904), p. 9. Hoffman says *' Yorderflugel
mit 5 kieinen gelben Flecken, Hinterflugel ganz schwarz oder nur mit
einem kieinen gelben Fleck." Mr. Turner has kindly sent me this
extract taken from Dziurzynski's Sy7iopsis in the Berliner Ent, IV.,
1908, as I do not possess the serial quoted, and it seems not
improbable that boiadiivalU, Costa, and zickerti, Hoff., may possibly
prove to be the same insect, as Costa's insect came from Naples and
Hoffman's variety is said to occur " in Mittel und Siid-Italien," so
that it seems to me probable that both may be the yellow form of the
large race of transalpina. This, however, does not affect the principle
for which. I am contending, that it is quite inadmissible for one
author to sink the name of an earlier writer and create another name
to take its place, merely on the plea of its being ** a very special form."
The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
{Continued from page 62,)
H. rj/ffelensis, Obth>
It is still doubtful whether it is correct to treat this insect as a
distinct species, but the opinion of those most competent to judge
seems to incline that way, and I can add one biological item of interest,
hitherto unrecorded, which appears to be a further reason for doing so.
I have only once taken ryfelensis, and on that occasion only two
specimens ; a ^ and $ paired, in perfect condition, doubtless
emerged that day. Unfortunately shortly afterwards I missed two
other specimens. The locality was the Alp Scharmoin on the
western slopes of the Parpaner Rothorn in the Grisons ; the date
THE SWISS 8PBGIES OF THE GENUS HE8PKBIA. 79
August 8th. This record is of particular interest for two reasons ; it
is the first occasion on which the species has been recorded from Eastern
Switzerland ; and it is the lowest altitude at which the species is as
yet known. I captured it in the open fir forest on the 'lower slopes of
the Alp, at (as near as 1 can ascertain) an altitude of 5800 ft. I had
visited this spot seven days before and had not seen any sign of this
mini&tuTe alvetts ; so, having regard to their perfect condition, I feel
sure that the species was only just beginning to emerge. Much to my
regret, I could not visit the locality again. At first sight, perhaps it
seems that this capture of ryjf'elensh at so low a level, points to its
i)eing a var. of alveus ; but 1 think it can be shown that this is not
the case. I do not know what the extreme limit of altitude reached
by alveus in the Alps is, but in my personal experience the highest
point at which I have found alrem was on the Gemmi Pass, where it
ascended to something over 6800 ft. Now we have already noted that
even at considerable altitudes, alrens emerges but little later than it
does lower down ; and at the height mentioned on the Gemmi it
commenced to emerge between July 6th and 12th. The usual time* of
emergence for ryfelensis is, I understand, the end of July, that is at
levels as a rule over 7000 ft. It would be quite natural to suppose
that if ry/felemu occurred lower down, it would appear correspondingly
earlier. But, as already noted, at 5800 ft. I found it just emerging on
August 8th. This altitude is 500 ft. below that to which I know
alveiiH to rise, at the same time maintaining its normal haMt of
emergence ; while it is certainly 1800 ft. lower than the hitherto known
haunts of ryffdeitsis, and yet that latter holds to its own, somewhat
remarkable, time of emergence; ior andromedae and racuUae at great
altitudes emerge a month or more earlier. (I took cacaliae the same
season aqd district, at over 7000 ft. on June l8th.) It seems to me
then, that if ri/Jfelensis was a form of alveus, when it occurred in the
alveus zone it would certainly commence to emerge at the same period
as the latter; but, even allowing a week for a retarded season, we see
that alveuH commences to emerge, 500 ft. higher, a full three weeks in
advance of i-yffelensis. As long as ri/ff'ilfiisis was only known at
altitudes over 7000 ft., dates gave but little to work on that might
not be supposed to be accounted for by the differences of level between
the two species ; but in the present circumstances it is different.
Further, those who maintain i-ypelensis to be an alpine race of alveus^
can no longer attribute its diminished size and markings to be due to
its elevated habitat, for it maintains these unchanged in the zone of
typical alveus ; and though really small alveus do occur with the type,
they are in my experience extremely rare, and never so small as
ryfelensis,^ The above facts, I think, go near to supplying the missing
quantity in the proofs required to separate these two insects.
Of the variation of i-^jffelensu I cannot say anything. The pair I
possess are just a little smaller than normal armnricanus, but the white
markings on both sides of the wings are much finer than the corres-
ponding ones in that species. This will give an idea of the great
difference in the size of these markings between njfclensis and alveus.
The fringes of my ^ specimen are very dark, almost shaded over
altogether ; but I cannot say if this is a constant feature of the species,
or whether it produces any aberrations of the e.vtenaa form. I expect
these do occur, as in every other species of the A. group.
80 THE entomologist's beoord.
H, .armoricanuSf Obth.
It is not many years since this species was separated from alvens,
and so was rescued from the oblivion of that all-embracing phrase,
which has gradually become (metaphorically speaking) a sort of asylum
for unidentified Hesperias, '* some form of alveu^,*' Armorwanus
probably deserved the fate more than the majority of other species
that met with it ; for in its typical form it resembles alveus to a
certain extent ; but on occasions it also resembles one or two other
species somewhat closely, principally onopordi, fritillum., and carlinae.
Despite this I have never found a specimen of armoricanus which-
I could not identify superficially. The species (at any rate in
Switzerland) cannot be considered so variable as alveus ; but all
the same it shows a considerable tendency to transitional
variation, which causes individual specimens to assume a likeness
to one or other of those species already mentioned. The coloration
of the underside of the hind wing is the most variable feature;
indeed in this respect it varies more than any other species of
the genus. Armoricanus is known to occur in various parts
of Switzerland, but I have only taken it at Branson and Follaterre in
the Rhone Valley. From these localities, however, I have a long
series ; which I think gives a fairly complete idea of the normal range
of its variation. The var. extensa is more often met with in this species
than any other, and is responsible for the most confusing forms, which
are always a good imitation of onopordi. In its various habitats at
Branson and Follaterre (and other localities in the Rhone Valley too)
armoricantis is found in' company with onopordi; hence, any externa
form will be the more likely to get identified as the latter. The
ground colour of the hindwing underside is normally much yellower in
armoricanus than onopordi ; but the former in this respect varies
endlessly, and one not infrequently sees specimens exactly similar to
onopordi, A specimen showing this combination of variation (colour
and shape of markings) requires careful examination to prevent
mistakes, but still can always be identified without recourse to the
genitalia. In onopordi the anvil-shaped central spot of the median
band projects in a very characteristic way, both towards the hind
margin as well as towards the base of the wing, and both it and the
hooked spot next the inner margin are bordered by a very fine sharply
marked black line, most striking in fresh specimens and still fairly
visible in worn ones. These lines are never found in armoricanus; the
projection from the central spot is never the true onopordi shape ; and
thirdly, the spot on the inner margin is never similar to that specialised
feature of onopordi.
Of the other aberrations, we get examples which are slightly sug-
gestive of carlinae^ particularly so in the beautiful coloration of the
underside ; but this form can never cause trouble, if the collector has
taken care to label his captures accurately, armoricatius being quite a
lowland species. The f ri till um -like form too is an interesting one,
which might easily get recorded as fritillum. That this has happened
in the past on more than one occasion is shown by the var, cirsii,
Rmbr., recorded from Salquenen and Martigny by Favre and Wullsoh-
legel respectively {Butts, of Switz,^ p. 4, Wheeler) which almost
certainly can only have been this aberration of armoricanus. This
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 81
particular aberration is a little larger than the type, the ground oolour
underside hindwing is of the fine reddish tone characteristic of fritil-
lum, and the nervures of the same colour stand out very con-
spicuously. In these three respects then, size, coloration, and
prominent nervures, this aberration is remarkably like fritillum, but
the white markings on the upperside will always enable it to be
identified. The white spots on the forewing of armoiicanun^ although
sometimes a little enlarged, never approach the heavy square markings
of fritillum^ and the intradiscoidal spot, although rarely rectilinear,
never assumes the solid proportions of the well known " signe de
Delahaye." Further, the amount of white on the hindwing is rarely
(if ever) developed to the extent it is in fritillum. The latter is also
a squarer insect in build. This form can be found in both broods of
armoricanus : but, of course, it will only be in the case of those
examples taken in the second brood that any question as to their
identity can arise.
The general likeness between the type forms of armnricanus and
alvetiB has been already commented on. The two species occur to-
gether at Follaterre. With a series of each side by side, they are
separable at a glance ; but if a single specimen of either is taken it is
not so easy. The date, when considered in connection with the con-
dition of the specimen, is, however, an excellent means of identification.
The second brood of arnwricanm appears in late August and Septem-
ber ; the earliest date on which I have taken it being August 20th,
and by this date alveus is very nearly over. I have taken both species
tc^ether on August 22nd, armoricanim in numbers and quite fresh,
and a few worn alveus, which made a quite unmistakable contrast.
Occasionally, a retarded specimen of alveus will be met with in very
fine condition ; and in such cases the collector (unless he employs the
genitalia) will have to depend on the characters previously mentioned.
In one respect, size, the difference is much more marked than one
would be leid to suppose by a comparison of measurements of a series
of each species. If a specimen of alveus is seen on the wing among a
number of armoriranus it immediately catches the eye as being some-
thing different. I have thus on several occasions picked out an alveus
while it was flying among a number of armoricanus, I am inclined to
say that nine times out of ten size alone will be sufficient to determine
the species; for Nature in this instance comes to the help of the col-
lector. It is a well known fact, that in many species of butterflies
that are double-brooded, the individuals of the first brood are larger
than those of the second ; and although there is no constant diflerence-
in size between the individuals of the two broods of aruioncanus, yet
there is a strong tendency to an increase in size (aberrationally) in the
first brood. Such specimens, although still quite characteristic of
ctrmoncanuSf might in the second brood be difficult to separate from
alveus; but, occurring with the first, there is hardly any question as
to their identity. Further, as already noted, a small specimen of
alveus is an extreme rarity.
Before leaving the subject of the distinguishing features of arniori-
canus and alveus, it must be noted that the prominence or otherwise of
the nervures, on the underside of the hindwing, which is supposed to
be a valuable character, is quite unreliable ; these nervures often being
as pronounced in alveus as in any example of armoricanus.
82 THE entomologist's record.
Dr. Verity finds a difference between the individuals of the two
broods of armoricanm in Italy, which he considers of suflBcient import-
ance to merit a sepaiate name. Among the Rhone Valley specimens
I cannot detect this. If my specimens were mixed it would be im-
possible to separate them again, except by their labels. The species,
which is very abundant at Branson and Follaterre, is equally well
represented in both broods. I once took a specimen at Vernayaz,
which must have strayed there from elsewhere, as I never saw
another.
H, carlinaey Rbr.
I have only had the pleasure of taking this species once ; not that
it is by any means rare in the Valais or Bernese Oberland, but princi-
pally because of its late period of emergence. Its time of flight is,
normally, August, and this is the more remarkable as it is apparently
confined to altitudes between 4,000 and 6,500 feet. Where I found it,
in the Ueschinen Tal, above (and at) Kandersteg, it commenced to
emerge on July 20th. This was at the lowest altitude from which I
have seen the species recorded, i.e,y 8,800 ft. to 4,800 ft.
The species varies on the usual lines. The extensa forms are not
very rare, and are sometimes very finely developed, while examples
showing a slight tendency to this variation are of very frequent oc-
currence. These aberrations, owing to the size of the species and
beautiful coloration of the hindwing underside, are very like onopordi \
and if this latter species turns out to be an- inhabitant of a wider area
in the mountains than is at present known, will give trouble to col-
lectors who take both, and are not really familiar with each species.
From what is known, however, it is probable that onopordi will be
over, or nearly so, before carlinae emerges. The method of examina-
tion of the genitalia, already described, is very applicable in this case,
for the specialised formation of the valvse and scaphium (or what used
to be called the scaphium) in onopordi differs so completely from these
structures as found in carlinae (or indeed any other Hesperia) that
they can be distinguished at a glance. Superficially it will not be so
easy, the difference being very slight, but, at the same time they are
perfectly constant, and can be relied upon to give an absolutely correct
identification. The fine black lines which border the spots of the
median band in onopordi are never present in carlinae ; in this latter
the white markings on the hindwing underside are outlined by the
ground colour, and the spot next the inner margin is never of the
characteristic shape which in onopordi has earned it the name of
the " signe de Blachier." Lastly, in carlinae, the somewhat elongated
spot, which projects from the outer margin of the wing, and is with
the exception of the spot at the anal angle, the only trace of the mar-
ginal band to be seen in this species, forms a very readily recognized
feature.
There is a strong tendency in carlinae to a reduction of the white
markings on the underside, always, however, without these markings
becoming obsolete. A specimen in my possession has all the white
reduced to nearly half its normal extent, the formation of the markings
remaining unaltered. In any other species of the genus, such a
reduction is usually accompanied by the loss of a part of the markings.
Carlinae may be said, on the whole, to be one of the most easUy
NOTES ON OOLLBGTINO. 88
identified species in the genus. This is partly because the fine colour
of the underside of the hindwing is not at all variable. The two
species which approach carlinae nearest in this respect are fritillum
and armm-icanui ; but neither of these occur at all in Alpine regions.
{To he concluded.)
:0:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Ztgaena Pupation. — I have to record a curious collection of sites
for pupating thdit I met with at Malvern last year. Whilst taking a
walk one day I saw several cocoons attached to some barbed wire
fencing, and they became so numerous that I counted them. The
wire fencing was the boundary to a considerable pasture for cattle
alongside one of thevroads, and the grass had grown quite long the
whole way underneath the barbed wire, so that the larvsB had evi-
dently crawled up the grass stems on to the wire. The cocoons were
placed both horizontally and vertically. In a distance of perhaps a
couple of hundred yards, or somewhat more, I counted abput one
hundred and forty cocoons on the wire compared with tw^nty-fi^^e on
the stems of the grass. The latter was evidently of very mature
growth, so that is was not for lack of suitable positions that this
curious selection was made. — G. T. Bethune-Baker.
" A LITTLE KNOWLEDGE IS A DANGEROUS THING.'* — Another wouderful
example of ** Newspaper Entomology " from the Daily Chronicle,
which you may like to print in next convenient Record. " The First
" Peacock " ? Walking in Devonshire this afternoon (February 18),
writes a correspondent, I saw fli/ihf^ low and falterinrjly wh^ I first
thought was a Wood Argus butterfly. It alighted on a twig on a
bank, and as it clung to it, doivly raised and spread its wings in the
warm February sun. As I looked I saw that the insect was a freshly
emerged ** Peacock." The colours deepened, the dark brown dried to a
warm cojrper, and the white wings became clearer. After watching it
for ten minutes I left it, with wings flat and perfect and apparently
quite dry. I never before saw a butterfly of this species with such
brilliant colours or more definite markings." There was a subsequent
letter giving more or less concise details of io*s life histoi^, but not
correcting any of the above howlers. — C. Nicholson, 85, The Avenue,
Hale End, Chingford, E. 4.
(CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
" The Stealing of the Common from the Goose *' again. — We
hear that there is to be a Bill introduced into Parliament with
the object of securing the enclosure of portions of Wanstead Flats and
Epping Forest for the purpose of permanent allotments. This attempt
if successful will completely nullify the Act of 1878 when these areas
were supposed to be secured to the public for ever. Will all help against
this proposed misappropriation. The Essex Field Club, The Entomo-
logical Society of London, The South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, etc., are sending strong resolutions against this pro-
posal to the Prime Minister, the London Members of Parliament and
the City Corporation (the Conservators of the Forest). — Hy.J.T.
84 OUBBBNT NOTBS.
The Rev, Mem. Namur, for December and January contains
d^criptions of the following new aberrations from M. C. Gabeau. —
(1) Melitaea aurinia ab. semifuscata in which the upperside of the fore-
wings is covered by brownish to such an extent that aU the yellowish
spots have disappeared and the markings are for the most part
obscured. (2) M. cinxia ab. leucophana in which the ground of the
forewings is white lightly suffused with yellowish, that of the posterior
wings a whitish fiwn. (8) Pararge megera ab. tranafuscatUy in which
the two median bands of the forewings on the upperside are united by
deep brown coloration into a wide and irregular band. This has
already been named ab. mediolugens by Fuchs, and there seems no reason
to rename what is already christened simply because it happens
to occur in a new locality. That Seitz in his Mac, Lep, Erde has
looalised it on the Rhine seeins but a weak argument to rename a form
which is met with here and there throughout the range of the species.
It is occasionally met with in Britain.
In the Canad. Ent. for January the Popular and - Practical monthly
article deals with '^ Cottonwood Leaf-mining Beetles in Southern
Alberta," chiefly referring to the attacks on. the various speqies of
poplar by Zeugophora scutellaris and Z, ahnormu. The controls are
(1) A Mymarid (Hym.) which stun^ a large percentage of the eggs of the
beetle and (2) the spraying of infested trees with Lead Arsenate or
Paris Green. It is suggested that the spraying should take place early
and that the majority of the trees of the district should be treated,
thus poisoning most of the beetles while they were feeding before
oviposition.
It is a pity that the writer of the Notes in that excellent magazine
the Naturalist should amuse himself by making invidious remarks
upon contemporary magazines, including the Ent, Record, The
February number contains some very ungenerous remarks upon us,
which induced a few enquiries. But as we were seriously informed
that the writer ^' can't help it," we leave it at that. *' He can't
help it." Poor man.
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Sogikty«
February IWi, 1920. — New Members. — Mr. Withycombe, of
Walthamstow, and Capt. Crocker, of Bexley, were elected members.
Exhibition of the Genus Hibernia and its variation. — The Rev.
F. M. B. Carr introduced the discussion and exhibition. Messrs.
A, W. Buckstone, R. Adkin, A. E. Tonge, H. E. Leeds, B. S. Williams,
8. Edwards and Hy. J. Turner exhibited the various species and joined
in the discussion. Mr. B. T. Bowman especially dealt with H.
defoliaria as it occurs in Epping Forest.
Aberrations of British Lbpidoptbra. — Mr. Newman, a box of
aberrations from the Sydney Webb collection, including remarkable
specimens of Arctia caja, Hijwcrita jacohaeae, etc. It was reported
that Phigalia pedaria was out full near Huddersfield on Jan. 17th. and
one specimen as early as Dec. 4th, 1919.
THE SWISS SPBCIES OF THE GENUS HESPBRIA. 85
The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
{Continued from page 8S.)
tl, fritillum, Schiff. {cirftii\ Rbr.)
There are, among the Swiss Hesperias, but two species which are
confined entirely to the plains, armoncamm and fntillum. Of these
the former is double brooded, but fritillum is not. In spite of this, it
is seldom to' be found on the wing before the first days of August, and
in backward seasons it frequently does not appear before the middle
of the month. I have never seen a specimen from the Valais, and
have so far only taken it in its well known locality of Kclepens, where
it is abundant all along the hill side above tbe marsh. All tbe grass
on these slopes is burnt brown by the middle of August, it being only
in certain hollows and places sheltered by tbe undergrowth and trees
that any vegetation is left. These places are tbe most frequented by
such butterflies as are still about, but fritillum is only a very occasional
visitor to them. So much so is this tbe case that the first season I
worked the locality for fritillum I only got three specimens and came
to the conclusion that its headquarters must be elsewhere. The fact
is, however, that fntillum prefers the more arid spots. Any place on
the hillside where the vegetation is completely burnt up there one will
surely find fHtillum, and though one seldom sees more tban one or
two specimens simultaneously, a half bour spent on one of these
barren stretches will produce a fair number. Almost all the speci-
mens thus captured will be <^ s, the ? , most likely, hides among the
long withered grass, and so is very difficult to find.
Fritilluui is an easily recognised species ; tbe heavy square white
markings, and the broad and straight-edged intra-discoidal spot on the
upperside of the forewings, the broad white band on the upperside of
the hindwings, the deep coloration and prominent nervures of the
underside, all combine to make tbe species unmistakeable. It is never
likely to be mistaken for any other species, being, in my experience,
one of the least variable species of the group. The amount of white
on the upperside shows some tendency to vary, and the basal spots on
the underside of the hindwinj^: are liable to a certain amount of
variation too ; as one, not unfreqently, finds specimens in which they
are somewhat reduced in size. Such examples, if the rest of the white
markings on the underside are also slightly reduced, have a certain
resemblance to an aberration of malvae or malvoides, in which the
white markings are enlarged. I do not think that a careful observer
could be led into the error of identifying such an aberration as any-
thing but fritillum. ; but the converse might quite possibly happen.
This aberration will be mentioned again, in connection with rtiaivoides.
The var. extensa is but poorly represented by the specimens from
Eclepens, being both rare, and seldom, if at all, of a pronounced formation.
Still, as I am only acquainted with the species in one locality, it is
quite possible that in others it may be less rare, and more developed.
H, serratulae, Rbr.
In Switzerland, serratulae develops two distinct forms, which have
been called the plain and mountain races ; though neither form is by
any means confined to either the plains or the mountains. Still, the
May, 1920.
86 -"" '
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
terms are convenient ; so we continue to call the form most prevalent
in the lowlands the ** plain form " ; even if we happen to find it, as T
have done, at an altitude of over 6,000 ft. I
The differences between these two forms are too well known to need
description. So far, in the lowlands, I have only come across
serratulae once, at jf^clepens ; but it is known to occur in many other
similar localities. I have seen one somewhat interesting note on the
occurrence of serratulae at Branson.. The late Mr. J. Alderson, in an
account of a butterfly hunt in the Ehone Valley in 1910, recorded the
capture of serratulae at Branson, on May 18th (Knt, Rec, vol. xxi.,
p. 185). In spite of frequent visits to that locality in May and June,
during several consecutive seasons, I have never found ^^naf^Za^ there;
indeed, until I saw Mr. Alderson 's record, I felt sure that it did not
occur there. Now, anybody who reads Mr. Alderson's paper will notice
at once that he gave more attention to the Hesperias than was usual ;
therefore, I should have had no doubt that his identification was
correct, and concluded that I had somehow missed the species ; only
the late Canon Favre records serratulae from Branson too (Wheeler,
Butts, of Su'itz.)y and gives the date July and August. This is quite
impossible, and shows that Favre*s specimens were not serratulae ; for
in a locality such as Branson, June 15th would be a very late date for
the species, and it is not double -brooded. Mr. Wheeler's book is in
general use among English collectors, and one wonders if Mr. Alderson,
having, possibly, some difficulty in identifying his captures of Hesperias,
was not influenced by Favre's record. It would be interesting to know
if serratulae has ever been taken at Branson, or anywhere in the plain
of the Ehone Valley ; possibly it has ; but I feel more than doubtful,
and cannot help thinking of armoricanus.
Serratulae seems to have been chiefly regarded as a mountain
species in the past; Kirby records it as inhabiting hilly and mountainous
districts; and Kane says it is not found in the lowlands of Switzerland.
We may conclude from this that it is much more widely distributed in
the mountains ; but where it does occur in the plains it is quite
abundant.
At Ecl^pens it appears about the middle of May, but seldom lasts
more than three or four weeks ; specimens taken in the beginning of
June are usually not worth keeping.
In the Alps I have found the species very common in the neigh-
bourhood of Kandersteg, on the Gemmi Pass, and near Lenzerheide
(Grisons), and less abundantly in many other localities. It shows a
considerable range of variation, but seldom in a way which would be
likely to obscure the identity of the specimen. Among the large
number I have taken I find only one which would be at all trouble-
some. In this specimen, the basal spots on the underside of the hind-
wing are not of the formation characteristic of seiratulae (i.«., more or
less separated and rounded), but are practically united, and square in
shape ; giving the insect a decided look of alveus. The other markings
of the hindwing are, however, typical, therefore it was still possible to
identify it without reference to the genitalia. (The latter were
examined afterwards.) The median band of the underside hindwing is
much less broad and more disconnected in serratulae than in alveus; also,
the former is, as a rule, a much smaller insect. In the plains of course
there would be no question, as serratulae is over before alveus emQVges ;
THB SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 87
but in the mountains they overlap. In the latter case, if any number
are taken, the condition of the specimens will be helpful.
Another form of variation in the basal spots is not uncommon.
These spots are normally three in number, but the centre one shows a
strong tendency to decline in size, and is, not unfrequently, absent.
The two remaining ones, however, retain a perfectly typical appear-
ance. Yet another variety of these spots is occasionally observed.
The costal one is much elongated, projectmg towards the median band,
always, however, being rounded at the two extremities ; there is also
an increase in width in the median band, so that the spot is nearly
united to it. In the extreme form of this aberration, the costal spot
and the median band are joined, the spot diminishing in width towards
the point of junction ; the upper, or basal end of the spot, being still
rounded. This extreme form is very rare, I have only seen the one
example in my own collection ; the transitional form, however, is more
frequently met with. Any form of the var. extenm is rare in serratulae.
Out of the large number of the species I have taken or examined, from
a variety of widely separated localities, I have only found a few speci-
mens showing a tendency to this form of variation ; and in most
instances the projection from the central spot of the of the band is very
slight, just sufficient to break the even edge of the typical formation ;
but in a few cases it is strongly developed. It is interesting to note,
however, that the tendency to produce these aberrations does exist in
serratulae^ although to a less pronounced degree than in any other
species.
Of varieties of the upperside the ab. caeca is the most striking, and
transitional specimens, with the white spots very much reduced but
still present, are not uncommon, particularly among the $8. I have
taken both sexes, however, quite without markings. The ab. tara-
soides I have not seen, but specimens with enlarged white markings
occur both in the plains and mountains.
Group B.
H. cart hand, Hb.
Cartkami is found more frequently in sub-alpine regions than in
the plains. It can be taken at moderate heights througbont the
Valaisian Alps, but seems not to occur in the Canton Vaud. In the
lowlands I have only taken it in the Rhone Valley (Martigny district).
It is, without doubt, the best known species of the genus ; yet, on
looking it up in various works, I was surprised to find the greatest
divergence of opinion as to whether it is double- or single- brooded.
According to the late Canon Favre it is double-brooded in the Rhone
Valley, occurring there in April and May, and again in July and
August (Wheeler, Butts, Switz,), Mr. Wheeler adds, however, that he
has taken it at FoUaterre, quite fresh, on June 12th. Kane (Fhtrop.
ButU,) records it as double- brooded, flying in May and June, and July
and August, and adds, " earlier brood smaller and browner than the
second '* ; while Mabile (Seitz, Macvo-lefn'inp. of the World) notes it in
May and June, and again from July until the autumn. Kirby (Butts,
of Europe) states that it flies from May to August, implying one
extended brood ; which from my own observations I am sure is the
correct solution. Favre's dates are probably the extremes he noted in
90 THE entomologist's seoord.
sugar in Hambledon Woods. One male, June 80th, 1914,
Witley. One male, June 26th, 1912, Witley.
Noctiia primulae {feativa), Esp. — Thirty, Witley. Common in June at
sugar. Larvae not observed.
Noctua ritht\ View. — Five, Witley, in June. Two, August. Six,
September.
Noctua xantliogra'pha, F. — Ten males, August, Witley. Two females,
August. Three males, September. One, April, 1918.
Noctua plecta, L. — Three, May, Witley. Two, June. One, August.
One, September. Not uncommon at light.
Axiflia putris, L. — One, July, 1912.
Tiiphaena comes, Hb.— Nine, June. Five, August, Witley.
IHphaena pro/iuba, L. — Common at Witley, June, July, and August.
LarvflB found on ivy, but not numerous.
Triphaena finibria, L. — Five males, June, 1912. One, July 1st, 1914.
Witley, not common.
Triphaena ianthina, Esp. — Three, Witley, August 1st, 1912.
Eurois prasina, Fb. — Eight males, June, 1914, Witley. One male,
June, 1914. One male, June, 1919, taken on pine tree
opposite " The Hill."
Aplecta tincta, Brahm. — Onfe male, June 21st, 1918. On a fence.
Aplecta nehuloaa, Hubn. — Typical moth, common on fences in June
and July. Larvae not observed.
Barathra bi^assicae, L. — Moth common in June and July on fences.
Larvae common from August to October, on cabbage, etc.
Mamestra persicoriae, Li. — One, July, 1913. Two, June, 1919, Witley,
taken on fence.
Mamestra oleracea, L. — One, June 9th, 1914. Two, July 2nd, 1914.
Mamestra genistaey Blch.«— Four, June, 1914.
Mamestra thalassina, Rott. -Nine, June, 1912, Witley.
Mamestra deniina, Esp. — Sixteen, June, 1912-18.
IHanthoecia cucubaii, Fuesl. — One, June, 1912, Witley.
Dianthoecia carpophaga, Bkh. — One, June, 1918.
Hecatera sereua, F. — Eight, Witley, June, 1918. To be found fre-
quently on fences.
Neuronia popularis, F. — Two males, September, 1912. One male,
November, 1918. One male, August, 1912.
Hadena (Hnmirhtis) protett, Bkh. — Seven, Witley, September, 1918.
Cleoceris (Bombycia) riminalis^ F. — Twelve, in July. Fairly common.
Diloba caerulettcephala, L. — Larvae common on apple, sloe, and black-
thorn in May and June.
Luperina testacea, Hb. — Four, August, 1912. Two, September, 1912.
Apamea (/emhia, Hb. — Three, June, 1912. Four, June, 1914. Found
on t'encos during the day, not common.
Apamea basilinea, Fb. — Eight, Witley, June, Found on fences, and
not uncommon.
Apamea secalis, L. — Moth common in July on walls and fences.
Apamea (ip/uOffiamnia, Esp. — One taken July 80th, 1919.
Miaua striijiUs, CI.— Common in June and July, both light and dark
forms at sugar and on fences.
Miaua fasciuurula, Haw. — Ten, Witley, June.
Miaua hirnloria, Vill. — Two males, July, 1912, brown var. One male,
August, 1919, typical.
OBSBRYATIONS ON THE LBPIDOPTERA OF THB WITLK7 DISTBIOT. 91
Xylophada rurea^ F. — Moth common at Witley in May and June on
fences.
Xyloplmsia lithoxylea^ Fb. — Not uncommon on fences, etc., in June
and July.
Xylophasia monoglypha^ Hufn. — Very common on fences and tree
trunks in June and July.
Xylophasia hepaticay Hb. — Common in June and July on fences and
tree trunks.
Dipterygia scabrinscula, L. — Common on fences and tree-trunks in
June and July. One, April, bred.
Miselia oxyacanthae, L. — Not common at Witley. Appears to be com-
mon erervwhere but here.
Agriopis aprilina, L. — One, at Brook, June, 1916. Twenty larvae
found on oak trunk nearly full fed, June, 1918, but all para-
sitised.— A.A.T.
Euplexia lucipara, L. — Common on fences, walls, etc., in June. Taken
at sugar.
Phlogophora meticulomj L. — Common on ivy in September and
October.
Mormo maura, L. — Common in Hambledon Woods. Taken at light
and sugar in June and July.
Hydroeeia nictitans^ Bkh. — One, Witley, July 15tb, 1912.
Hydroed^ micacea, Esp. — Two, August and September. Not common.
Gortyna ochracea, Hb. — Six, Witley, September. Larvae very com-
mon. On almost all thistles in Hambledon district ; prefers
thistle to burdock, though have found three or four in
burdock stems. — A.A.T.
Leiicania pallens^ Fr. — Common in July. Taken at light in Hamble-
don Woods.
Leucania itnpura, Hbn. — Six, June and July.
Leucania comma, L. — Ten, June, 1914. Three, June, 1912.
Leucania Uthargyria, Esp. — Twelve. Not uncommon at light.
Leucania conigera, F. — Three, July 17th-22nd, 1912.
Gramtnesia tngrammica, Hfn. — Common in May and June at sugar
and light.
Caradrina morpheus, Hufn. — One, May, 1913. Two, July, 1912-18.
Two, August, 1912-13.
CaradHna taraxad, Hb. — Common in July ; taken at sugar and at
light in Hambledon Woods.
Caradrina ambigua, F. — One in May, 1912.
Rusina tenebrosa, Hb. — Common in July ; taken at sugar and light in
Hambledon Woods.
Aniphipyra pyramidea, L. — Common. Taken in July, August and
September, at sugar, in Hambledon Woods. LarvHB com-
mon in May and June.
Amphipyra tragopogonis, L. — Common in July and August ; taken on
fence and at sugar in Hambledon Woods.
Panolis griseo-variegata {pimperda), Gz. — Common on sallow in March
and April, and lasts well into May.
Pachnobia rid)ricosa, Hb. — Not common. Two in April and one in
May, on sallow.
Taeniocampa gothica, L. — Common April and May, at sallow.
2'aeniocampa miniosa, Fb. — One taken at sallow, March 21st, 1918.
Not common here.
92 THE entomologist's record.
«
Taeniocampa pulverulenta, Esp. — Very common at sallow in March.
LarvsB common on oak in May and June.
Taeniocampa stabilis. View. — Very common at sallow in March. Six,
July 10th and 16th, 1912. One, August 9th, 1912. LarvsB
to be found on oak chiefly in May and June.
Taeniocampa incerta^ Hufn. — Very common at Witley in February and
March. Also April. One, July 12th, 1912. LarvaB com-
mon on oak from April to June.
Taeniocampa mxinda, Esp. — Very common at sallow in March and
April. Variable. Three, July, 1912. One, June, 1912.
Larvae common on oak. May and June.
Taeniocampa gracilis, F. — One, April, 1912. One, May, 1912.
Calymnia trapezinay L. — Taken commonly at sugar and at light.
Larva very common on sallow and oak, April to June.
Dijschorista fissipnncta, Hw. — Two, July, 1912. Two, June, 1913.
Plastenis retusa, L. — One, August 29th, 1912.
Amathes lota, CI. — Six, October, 1913, at ivy bloom.
Amathes macilenta, Hb. — Seventeen, October, at ivy. Common.
Amathes circellan'Sy Hufn. — Two, October, 1913, at ivy bloom. One,
October, 1918, ab. ferruginea,
Ochria aura go , F. — One, October, 1914.
Xanthia lutea, Strom. — Six, Witley, September and October ; taken
at sugar.
Xanthia fulvagoy L. — Eleven, September, 1912, at sugar in Hamble-
don Woods. Four, October, 1912.
Orrhodia vaccinii, L. — Very common at ivy bloom, October and
November, and at sallow in March and April. Larva found
on oak, but not frequently.
Orrhodia ligula, Esp. — One, November 1st, 1918, at ivy bloom. Not
common.
Dasycampa ruhigineay F. — One, November, 1918.
Scopelosoma satellitia, L. — Common at ivy in October and November,
and at sugar and sallow in February and March.
Xylina semibnmnea, Haw. — One, November, 1918. Taken at ivy
bloom.
Xylina socia, Rott. — One, January 15th, 1918, and one, April 16th,
1918, on a fence.
Xylina ornithopas, Roth. — Three, March. Two, October, one Novem-
ber, at ivy bloom. One, November 24th, on a fence, 4 p.m.
Xylocampa areola, Esp. — Common on fences in March and April,
Cncnllia verbasci, L. — One, Witley, April 20th. Twenty larvae on
verbascum in '* The Hill Gardens," June, 1919.
Cucidliaafiteris, Schiff. — Seven, Witley, July 29th, 1919, larvae taken on
golden rod, and bred by L. B. Prout.
Cucullia umbratica, L. — Three, June, one, June, not common.
Anarta myrtilli, L. — Common on Hambledon Common in June.
Larvae common on heather on Hambledon Common in
August and September.
Helwea tenebrata, Sc. — Not uncommon during May in meadows.
Erastria fasciana, L. — Sixteen, June, 1918. This series taken by L.
B. Prout, at Chiddingfold Woods, on tree trunks.
lleliothis peltigera, Schiflf. — One, June, 1912.
Rivula sericealis, Scop. — Not common. Three, July 11th, 1918. One,
August, 1919.
ACJLLUi RETICULATA, ITS HISTORY AND ITS VARIATION. 98
Phytometra {Frothy mnia) viridaria, CI. — One, June 4th, 1918. Three
July 11th, 1918. Not common.
Sub- family Gonojttennae,
Scoliopteryx libatru-, L. — Common in June and July ; also occurs less
frequently in March, April, May, and August.
Sub-family Quadrifinae,
Plusia vionetay F. — Three, June. Three, July. One, August. Not
uncommon.
Plnsia chryaitUy L. — One, June, 1912. Four, July. One, August.
Taken at light in Hambledon Woods.
Plnsia jjulc/irinay Hw. — Four, June, 1912. One, July 12th, 1912.
Taken at light in Hambledon Woods.
Plnsia yauniia, L. — Common from May to September.
Ahrustola triplasiay L. — August 29th, 1912, one specimen.
Abrostola tripartita, Hufn. — One, May, 1919. One June, 1912. Two,
July, 1912. Two August. Taken on fences at " The Hill."
Euclid ia wi, CI. — Common in meadows in May.
Eudidia ylyphica, L. — Common in May and June.
Catocala nirptay L. — Two, Witley, one from larva taken on poplar at
" The Hill," June, 1919; emerged in August. One, on a
wall at ** The Hill," October 8th, 1912.
Sub-family Hypeninae,
Laspeyria flexula, Schiff. — One, June. One July, 1918.
Zancloynatha tarsi pennalisy Tr. — Not uncommon, April, May, June,
and July.
Zancloynatha yrisealisy Hb. — One, April, 1914. One, May, 1912.
Very early. Can find no other records of such early captures.
Four, July.
Pechipoyon barbalisy CI. — One, Witley, 1915. This species is not
common here.
Bomolocha fontisy Thnb. — Very common on bilberry in June and early
July.
Hypena proboscidalisy Hb. Very common in June and July. LarvsB
common on nettles in May and June.
Hypena rmtralis, L. — One, May, 1912. Two, September 12th, 1912.
One, Wormley. Not common here.
(To he concluded.)
Acalla reticulata, Strom. =contaminana, Hub. — Its History and
its Variation.
By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
(Continued from vol. xxxi.^ page 164.)
[Strom's Tortrix reticulata. — Mr. Turner, who has so ably given
us the result of his researches into the literary history of the moth we
have known as containinanay has asked me for a note on certain points I
have raised with regard to Strom's description of his reticulata. My
only knowledge of this is based on Schoyen's German translation as
given by Mr. Turner {Ent. Hec.y xxxi., p. 168), with one correction
with which he has since supplied me. In English Schoyen's words
94 THE entomologist's RECORD.
run as follows : — " Phalaeoa tortrix (reticulata), wings yellowish-rusfc
colour, reticulated, with a curved fuscous marginal spot. It is some-
what smaller (than the preceding species called Tortrix maculata),
basally broader than usual, of yellow- brown colour on the forewinga
which have many brown lines longitudinally, and transversely, and on
the costal margin, just in the middle, a dark brown spot, like an angle-
hook of which the lowest branch is, however, quite slender and little^
recognisable in contrast to that broad one.* The hindwings are
whitish as well as the body and the legs. It resembles Phalaena
Tortrix modeenana."
To my mind this description applies to that form of the species in
which the costal spot is for a short distance outwardly oblique and
rather broad with the margins parallel, it is then bent inwardly and
dwindles away in the centre of the wing. This form we know as
cUiana, Hb. Here we have the angle-hook with the upper part broad
and distinct, the jenem breiten ( = that broad one), while the lower part
is little noticeable. This description cannot apply to the V form
which we call contaminana, for the lower part of the V could not be
described as slender and little recognisable, nor does the V answer to
'* macula curva." Again here we have three branches, while in
reticulata tbere are only two, a broad one and an indistinct one.
Schoyen's words put into Latin would read, " Alis ferrugineis, fusco
reticulatis, fascia media abbreviata obliqua costali saturatiore." All
these words I have taken from Haworth's description of ciliana.
There seems no reasonable doubt that StrOm's reticulata is that specie*
which we have so long known as contaminana^ Hb., and that it
represents the form known as ciliana j Hb. — Alfred Sigh.]
Stephens Sys. Catalogue [1829] , contains the following which
were subsequently included in his Illus. in [1884] .
Tortrix rhomhana, Si/s. Cat,, vol. ii., p. 189. (Haw. 418 ; Hiibr
Tort., 178.)
Tortrix contaminana. .(Hiib. Tort., 142 ? ; Harris Expos. 94,
xxviii. 2-3; Haw. Prod., 32. xi/losteana.)
Tortrix ciliana. (Haw. 419 ; Hiib. Tort., 171 ; Don., xi. [xii. in
error] 40, pi. 874, 2, obscurana ; Harris. V. M., 49.)
Teras contaminana. Treitschke. Schm., viii. 250. [1830.]
" As an introduction to almost all the following species of this
family it is necessary to make a general statement here, that they vary
extremely in definition of colour and markings, more than any other
Tortrices. A sufficiently large number of specimens put me in the
position of changing many existing names as varieties with much
assurance, or of passing them over.
'* In contaminana we find a good illustration of the above remark.
This species is deep yellow and brown, in which coloration it much
resembles jdumhana. Or red yellow when it resembles our corylana.
(Here belongs Hiibner's ciliana.) Then it appears dull yellow and
suffused with lead colour grey, like Hiib. 142. Fmally there is a
variety very distinct from all of these ; it is brown gray, like the next
species aquilana, and only differs clearly on head and thorax from the
* Schoyen uses the word " jenem."
AGALLA RETICULATA, ITS HISTORY AND ITS VARIATION. 95-
latter, in which these parts are white. Single specimens resemble
either the one or the other form ; all are united by the closest
gradations. What is to be said about the romna of Scbififermiiller's
collection, also a contaminana form, has already been done by us under
T. amenanay and also by Charpentier.
*' The usual and little variable size is that of T, plumbana. Palpi,
head, thorax and antennaB agree with the darker portions of the fore-
wings, the legs and abdomen are brownish gray, clear grey, or whitish,
the anal tuft of the male is yellow.
" The forewings, as we said, vary extremely, have, in th^ well-
marked examples, an appearance of reticulation with darker colour.
Next the base stands an elbowed line, dividing the first area, in the
middle of the wing an imperfect or even quite perfect transverse band,
in its middle a raised tuft of hairs. Further towards the apex, on the
costa, a sharply defined or obsolescent spot. The apex of the fore wing
extends falcate. The fringes, beyond a dark line, are first whitish and
then dark grey.
*' The hindwings are white or white grey, the fringes always
white.
** On the underside of the forewings one sees traces of the reticula-
tion, the middle band and the line before the fringe on the upperside ;
the hind wings are glossy, silky white, the fringes are wholly white,
dark bordered at the base.'*
Stephens in his Illm. [1834] considered there were three closely
allied species and dealt in considerable detail with their variation. A
summary of his remarks are appended. As he was unable to deal with
the results of previous continental study his work was to a large extent
independent and original. He established the genus L)ictyopter}/.c for
his species contaminana, ciliana, rlwinbana, plnmbana, loefiiwjiana and
^orskaleana, dividing it into two sections. The first, characterised by
the ** anterior wings with hinder margin subfalcate, acute," and which
he said was Hlibner's (?) genus Amelia (" Verz."), contained the first
three of his species. As has been noted above, Amelia, liiib. (Verz.)
was applied to rhomhana only. It should have been Acalla which was
the first generic name including a member of this group of forms,
viz., til i ana.
Summary of the variation given by Stephens.
Diet I/O fUeryx contaminana. Steph. lllua., vol. iv., p. 169. [Amelia,
Hiib.) *' Alis anticis stramineis rufo-pulcherrime reticulatis, costa
basi fasciaque media smuosa bifida ustulatis, ciliis albis." 7-8J lin.
Ground : Forewing, pale straw ; yellowish ; reticulated reddish-
brown.
Markings : Streak at bas:e ; broad fascia behind middle darker
brown, bifid at costa.
Margin : extreme hind margin reddish-brown ; cilia white. Hind-
wings whitish.
Variation : broadly brownish at base ; ground ferruginous or
reddish.
Dictyopteryx ciliana, Steph. Illus., vol. iv., p. 169. (Amelia, Hub.)
'* Alis anticis ferrugineis fusco rufove reticulatis, fascia media
obliqua costali saturatiore." 7-9 lin.
Ground : forewing ferruginous ; faintly reticulate fuscous or red.
96
THK KNTOMOLOaiST'S KKCORD.
Markings : obscure ; short waved dusky fascia in middle of costa,
darkest towards disc.
Margin : extreme hind margin dusky ; cilia white, hind portion
dusky. Hindwing whitish or pale brownish.
Variation : more or less deep reticulation sometimes ; lighter or
darker ground or straw colour; sometimes an oblique dusky fascia
towards base.
Dictyoptei'i/x rhomhana, Steph. Illus.^ vol. iv., p. 170. {Amelia^
Hiib.)
" Alis anticis ferrugineis subreticulatis, fascia completa sinuosa
media nigricante." 7-9 lin.
Ground : forewing dark ferruginous ; reticulations fuscous obso-
letely.
Markings : obscure streak before middle ; much waved fascia in
middle ; colour spot on costa nearer hind margin ; all markings dupky
brown.
Margin : cilia whitish ; hind portion dusky. Hindwing whitish
or pale brownish.
Variation: central fascia interrupted or wanting, i.e., obsolete;
costa ferruginous only, rest deep rusty brown.
Duponchel. Hist, Nat, Lep., vol. ix., p. 172, pi. 244, fig. 10.
[1834.]
Teras contaminana, A good figure. Keticulation hardly clear
enough ; hindwings too smoky. Not the "spotted" form and no trace
of the cilia na form. No other markings than the Y developed.
Duponchel. Hist, Nat. Lep.j vol. ix., p. 174, pi. 244, fig. 11.
[1884.] =T(>rt. rhowbana, W.V., Illig., Goetze, and Hiib. 176 2,
Treit. viii. 71.
Teras rhombana. A good figure of a dark ciliana ferruginous form,
and certainly not rhowbana, as understood by Hiibner*s figure. The
figure is very like a specimen in my collection, with the central fascia
very dark not Y shaped, the basal spot not centred nor extended ; and
with the apical area filled by a large blotch to the inner angle ; the
reticulation is shown.
" The forewings, of which the costa is entire, are above of a testaceous
ferruginous colour, reticulated with brown, and crossed in the middle
by a blackish band which forms a very pronounced angle with the costa
externally and gives origin exteriorly, to a line of the same colour
forming an elbow and joining the costa near the top of the wing," and
so on more or less in disagreement with the figure.
" This description is that of the female only, the male is unknown.**
We next deal with the three figures of Wood. Ind. Knt,, [1889] .
fig. 1107, Diet, contaminana. [A good figure of the common form.]
fig. 1108, Diet, ciliana. [A good average figure of the ferruginous
form ivitli the based dark spot which is not centred. There is also an
irregular spot in the middle of the marginal area.]
fig. 1109, Diet. rJumibana. [A good average figure of the dark (not
the darkest) form with very obsolescent central fascia.]
Herrich Schaeifer refers to a form from Lapland as a contaminana
form. [Siin. List., iv. 10 (1856?).]
(To he concluded.)
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 97
Ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Stigmella (Nepticula) flbtcheri, Tutt, in Somerset. — On July
81st, 1917, I bred a specimen of S, fhtcheri from a mine gathered off
a rose bush growing in a hedge at Bathford, near Bath. The late Mr.
J. W. Tutt says of this species, '* Probably widely distributed all over
the British Islands" {British Lepiilnptera, vol. i., p. 213). Owing to
this species not having been distinctly differentiated previously to the
publication of that volume, where it is described for the first time,
Tutt was only able to cite six counties in which it had certainly occurred.
Somerset is an addition. — Alfred Sich, F.E.S. April 19/A, 1920.
Notes on Collecting in Italy (1918 and 1919). — (Contiinied from
page 63.) — March Sth. — To-day the two ** Bumble " Bees, Bomhus terres-
tris and Bombushortorum, with their pretty stripes of yellow, black and
white, have been crowding to the blossoms of Corydalis vara and I have
taken for the first time this year Bombus nffrormn variety pascuorum
(Scop.), which is generally distributed throughout northern Italy and
frequents the blossoms of the l.abiatae^ Vmbelliferae^ and Papilionaceae.
March 10th, — I spent to-day at Padua. In the Instituto Zoologico,
a branch of the Royal University, where Doctor G. Teodoro, a professor
of the University, kindly showed me the Natural History Collections
which are housed there, there apparently being no Natural History
Collections in the Museo Civico. Here I saw a good type collection of
European Butterflies and Moths which had, however, ratherfaded from
exposure to light ; also a collection of Exotic Butterflies and Moths in
good condition, with small general collections of Coleoptera, Diptera^
Hymenoptera, and Ofthoptera. In a separate collection of Italian
Lepidoptera, somewhat neglected, I noticed specimens of Coenonympha
Oedipus from Piedmont, ('hri/s(>phanns thersamon from the Bologna
district, and the large Dragon-flies Aesrhna fonnasa and Libellula
quadrimacidata, both of which species are found along the canal banks
which intersect Padua.' I also visited the Orto Botannico which ig
close to the glorious church of Santa Guistina. This fine old
botanical garden, founded in 1545, contains several large hot-houses,
and in the wilder portions are many trees and plants, of which I made
a list of seventy different species in flower on this beautiful spring
morning. The main building contains a good library and portraits of
distinguished botanists of all countries. I was especially struck in the
gardens by the bright pink flowers of the Heath, Krica carnca, which
were out in mass under the hot sun, with Honey Bees and hibernated
specimens of Polyyonia r-albunf crowding to them.
March 12th. — The females of rieris rapae were fresh on the wing
up and down the green slopes of Monte Berico, accoiupanied by the
males and females of Pieris no pi, which were also fresh and abundant.
One male of Heaperia malvae fell to my net, apparently just emerged.
The largest yellow -green lizard I have ever seen in western Europe
scuttled away to its rocky home from among the herbage, and
Ematurya atomaria was flying over the grass.
March ISth. — This afternoon, at the top of the winding slope
which leads up through the gardens towards the top of Monte Berico,
I saw three specimens of the large (Jrthopteron Arridimn aeyyptium,
and managed to secure one male with my hand as it settled on a tree
'98 THE KNTOMOLOGIST's RECORD.
trunk. The day being dull, the insect was rather listless and not
inclined to fly far, though this species is diflficult to approach on bright
daj^s. This Grasshopper is found in every province of Italy, and is
also frequently common in Sicily and Sardinia. The male is from
82mra. to 47mm. in length, and the female varies from 50mm. to
66mm. I also took a fresh specimen of Paianje inegera at the top of
the hill ; later this species will be abundant here.
March l^t/i, — After several days of wet weather and thunder fresh
butterflies have emerged and the sun is shining with great power on
the slopes of Monte Berico. The males of Piens bransicae were flying
and some that I have caught are rather small and remarkable for deep
grey tips on the forewings instead of the usual black colour. I took a
fine large hibernated specimen of Kuvanessa poli/chloroSf which species
is abundant in this district, though not always easy to catch. A freshly
emerged female specimen of the first brood of Celastrina argiolus was
fluttering over the green herbage and seeking the young shoots and
budding leaves of the Common Bramble and other bushes on which to
rest. A single specimen also of Coenonyuipha pampldlus flew up and
down a small grassy path in the bottoms of Monte Berico, and I
secured a fresh specimen of the common Rumicia phlaeas. This
butterfly is by no means so generally common in northern Italy as in
the south of England.
March llth. — This afternoon on the higher slopes among the
shrubs planted in the gardens of Monte Berico, Acridium aegyptium
was now very plentiful but unapproachable on this bright day, and I
was unable to secure even one. They fly from shrub to shrub or from
tree to tree, where they alight on the stronger twigs or stem, and
remain as a rule quite still, but always ready for the next flight if
approached closely. They make a decided noise with their elytra and
wings when in flight, and are difficult to see when settled on twigs or
tree stems as they so much resemble the dull colour of the
twigs, etc., on which they rest. A single male specimen of Pararge
aegeria^ L., was caught on the winding grassy road leading through
the gardens, and a single hibernated male of Colias edusa was found to
be in good order, but of pale colour, when I took it near the grassy
bottoms of Monte Berico. A hibernated male specimen of Isxoria
lathonia was in good order though small. Later in May, the fresh
specimens will be common on these hillsides. At the bottom of the
walk below the seminary on the hill- top, a small tree that was exuding
sap was a feast of joy for several specimens of K. polgchloros in various
conditions. The imagines of /t, phlaeas were more plentiful to-day
and a study in variation ; the majority of this first spring brood are
smaller than the usual type, whilst the markings and colouring vary
considerably.
March 19th, — For some days the males of the Emperor Moth
(Satnrnia paronia) have been dashing about in the hot sun, and this
afternoon 1 found a freshly emerged female of this moth sitting up on
a twig drying her wings, on the lower si ^pes of Monte Berico. This
moth is found commonly up to 1500m. in Italy, in spring, but is more
a,ddicted to the northern than the southern portion of the kingdom.
Some of the hibernated specimens of Aqlaia urticae were worth
taking, but the majority were unfit for the cabinet ; not so those of
Pohjgonia c-alhum which are fairly numerous and in excellent condition
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 99
after their winter rest. In the bottoms of the valley below the Villa
Pagello I took a male specimen of the grey-brown Skipper Carcharodiis
4ilceae, apparently freshly emerged. This species is very common every-
where in Italy from spring to autumn, and frequents gardens, fields,
and other cultivated places, both in the plains and on the mountains. '
During the whole of March the Hemipteron lihainijaattr sagittifer
has been very abundant, entering our Villa Pagello, where it has a
great partiality for the open window sills, and also the interior and
exterior walls of the Villa. This insect, which belongs to the Emitter!
and which is extraordinarily abundant in Italy, frequents currant and
gooseberry bushes and many fruit-bearing trees. It is not a welcome
visitor as it emits a most repugnant odour, especially after the least
touch. In length it is 16mm.- 16mm., of yellowish-grey or brownish
colour, and is completely covered with dark spots. The antennae are
black ringed with white. Another of the " Solitary '* Bees, Ps^ithynis
rupest7i'.% is now common on the hillsides of Monte Berico. It is found
chiefly in the mountainous districts of Northern Italy, where it settles
often upon rocks or on the flowers of the fields. The perfect insect,
in general appearance on the wing much resembles Bombus agronim
var. pascuorum (Scop.), and they both look very handsome under the
strong light of the sun.
March 23^. — The weather for the past three or four days has been
so bad that it has been almost impossible to make any fresh observa-
tions worth recording. We have had a succession of high winds, rain,
a slight fall of snow, with frequent changes of temperature,
necessitating a frequent return to overcoats. In the covered arcades
leading down towards Vicenza, I found this afternoon a freshly
emerged specimen of the moth Taemocampa incerta. On the high
slopes of Monte Berico near the gardens I also found to-day the bright
fresh blossoms of Forsythia riridissima^ a pretty garden shrub ; also
those of the charming Anemone cocchiea, which grow singly on certain
parts of the hillsides.
March 25th, — The -weather has considerably recovered, though
" March winds " are in evidence as in England. I have to-day taken
the following species of Hymenoptera on Monte Berico, viz., the Wasp
Polistes f/allica, and the Solitary Bee Nowada ancciticta ; also the
Bhynchota Eysarcorh aeneus ; and the Beetle Anthaxia uianca (Fab.),
of the family Buprestidae. Lastly I have taken a specimen of the
Dipteron which is common here, and noisy as well as conspicuous,
nz., Volucella pellucensy a parasite of the Bombus Bees.
March 27th. — This morning Signore A. E. Barutfaldi of Vicenza
most kindly brought me a small nest of the Wasp Polistes gallica
found in a rather curious place — between the folds of a small woollen
bag upon the kitchen chimney of his house. Signore Baruffaldi has
been most kind in helping me to name the various species of Hymen-
optera, Coleoptera, etc., which I have found during my stay at Vicenza
and in many other ways.
This afternoon I netted on the slopes of Monte Berico a fine speci-
men of Iphiclides podalirius apparently just emerged.
I left Vicenza for good at the end of March, 1919, for Turin.
The following are a few more species of various orders found
during the month of March at Vicenza not mentioned in the previous
notes, as I was unable to name them for various reasons until after my
final return to England in October, 1919.
100 THE RNTOMOLOGIHT's RECORD.
Rhopalocera : — Pien's najti var. $ bryoniaey Brenthis dia. Evert*
avffiadeR, and Nisoniades tafies.
Plants, etc., in Blossom : — Of these I recognised 24 different
species during March at Vicenza.
Hymenoptera : — Bowhua lifntsticiiHy Osinia comuta^ Ophion ob^cura,
and Bomhus lapidarins.
Diptera: — Eiistalis tenax, Catahomha pyrastri, Brachypalpiis vulgnSf
Chrymto.vnm italicnm^ and Nomada nuccincta,
Neuroptera: — Phryyanea fiavicornis (?), Phryyanea yrandis (?).
CoLEOPTERA. — Carahun yrannlatun^ Leina hrunnea, Blaps similis, and
Melo'e proHcarabaeiis. — Lieut. E. B. Ashby, F.E.S. {To he continued,)
A Breeding Result. — The following occurrence illustrating the
unexpected prizes which now and then crop up for entomologists may
be of interest for your readers.
On April 26th last I placed in a cardboard box, with lid partly cat
away and the space very carefully covered with muslin, a larva of the
common Arctia villica found that day. This larva duly spun up in
about a week*8 time, and a day or two ago showed signs of pupating.
To-day (May 2nd) on going to inspect the box I found not only the
pupa of n'llica, but also resting on the muslin cover inside the box a
freshly emerged Alder Moth {Acronicta alni), a somewhat uncommon
species.
I am absolutely certain I placed no other larvae or pupae in the box
than the villica, and it was obviously impossible for the alni to have
crawled into the box. The box was on a shelf in the greenhouse.
I have exhaustively searched the box and can find no trace of any
empty pupa case, and the box contained nothing else than a little fine
earth and a piece of cork attached to which is the cocoon and live papa
of the rillico.
I have never seen a larva of alni\ nor have I heard of the motb
being taken in this neighbourhood or ever come across a live speci-
men of the perfect insect until to-day.
Probably you will think this story ought to have been sent either
to Messrs. Maskelyne and Cook, or to Mr. Vale Owen and not to a
serious scientific entomological publication. The facts nevertheless
remam. — B. Barnard Cruikshank, Gosport, Hants, ^[ay 2nd, 1920.
The Wicken Fen Fund, 1920. — It wonld seem hardly necessary
to say more than to remind our readers that the Treasurer of this most
useful fund, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Youlgrave, South Croydon, is at the
** receipt of custom," and to ask all to send him their annual
contributions at an early date, and to obtain further subscribers from
their fellow entomologists.
(i^URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The Bidletino del Laboratorio di Zooloyio (ienerale e Ayraria, Vol.
xiii., 1919, has just come to hand and contains investigations of the life
histories of various insects of economic importance, including the genas
Anastrvpha (Dip.), the Ayaonini (Hym. Chal.), the Coccid {SphaeroU-
caniuni pninastri) of the plum-tree, and that of the nut-tree {Rnlecanium
confli), and a long article with many illustrations of an irruption of
O0RRENT NOTKS. 101
Species of field mice in Puglia doing enormOus.damage to all the crops,
in 1911 and again in 1916.
In the Ent, News for February, Prof. T. D^'A'.'Cockerell gives an
account of the species of Halictus (Hym.) which vis'tt'evening flowers,
with a large number of personal observations carried', on for many
years. He reports some species as flying about the flowers earlier in
the evening before any signs of opening was visible. "^ .\L. MacAtee
writes on " Specific, Subspecific and Varietal Categories of, Insects and
asserts that '* Entomologists will do well to profit by the experience of
workers in ornithology and mammology," a remark which,' to ^ento-
mologists is like asking that the " mountain go to the molehill/;*. The
writer sums up the forms which up to a few years ago were lump^ii
together under the term "variety." We quote his remarks— '*'A
variety in entomology, actuallv of less than specific rank, may be one
of three things : (1) It may be a true subspecies or geographic race,
pre^nt material being insufficient to decide the point ; (2) It may be
a colour phase, that is, albinistic, melanistic, erythroic or the like, an
appearance it may assume anywhere in the range of the species that
may affect all subspecies alike (proof of its nature) but which usually
id recognisable as a phase of a simple colour gradation, often as the
alternative of two colour states as albinism and melanism, and it
should not have a name which will have to be reckoned with in
scientific nomenclature ; and (8) It may be a variety such as is known
in many insects that cannot be subspecific in its nature, because
unrelated to distribution, that does not answer to the definition of
colour phase, here given, but the real nature of which admittedly is
not understood. It seems to the writer that these varieties have the
importance, and in a way the attributes of subspecies except correlation
With geographical distribution, and that they should be named. From
a purely nomenclatorial point of view the fact that we do not know
what colour varieties really are is unimportant, and the writer's
contention is that we shall be much longer learning what they are,
unnamed, than if named." We would add, what has always been our
contention, that each name after the species name should have its
nomenclatorial rank prefixed, to inform readers and subsequent
students the position of mind of the writer as to the gradation of the
form. Much of the article gives food for thought on the vexed Nomen-
clatorial question. We note that a duplication of names, to which we
called attention some months ago, has now been corrected. The
Coleophora apicella being a pre-occupied name, C apivialbella is
proposed for the species described in Ent, News, xxx. 109 (1909).
The Irish Aa^ for March contains an article on the " Coleoptera
in Co. Kerry," by Oliver E. Janson, F.E.S., giving an account
of a holiday spent there in June, 1919. He records eight species not
recorded in Johnson and Halbert's Irish List, and mentions a number
of species in which melanism was much pronounced. The Rev.
W. T. Johnson gives a series of further notes on " Irish IchneHmonidae
and Braconidae,** and Sir Charles Langham, Bart., deals with the
occurrence of Odonata in 1919 in Co. Wicklow. Practically the
Whole number treats of Entomology.
The Knt, Mo. Ma</. for March gives a very interesting account of
the life of Lord Walsingham from the pen of Mr. J. H. Durrant, who
for 80 many years was associated with him at Merton. Dr. R. C. L.
102 THE entomologist's RECORD.
t • '
Perkins writes a series, of "Notes on British Psammocharidae
{PompUidae),'* giving 'iin analysis of the species dealt with. Mr.
T. Laing deals \yife,'the Aphid genus Atheroides, and gives detail
figures of the varioili species in Britain.
The New Ya^K 'Agricultural Experimental Station continues to add
to its admirabje; series of Bulletins from the Geneva station. The
latest, " ThfeWntrol of the Green Apple Aphis in Orchards," deals
with the SPH^ pomi of De Geer, which has, like most of the immigrant
aliens in thfe*New World, increased and multiplied abundantly in some
fruit growing areas. The life-history and methods of attack of the
apli^iEr. ar^ dealt with in detail. It is stated that the fruit is also much
disfigyred by the sooty fungus {Funiago vagans) which thrives upon
ili^. 'excretions of the aphis. The conclusions drawn from the
V .experiments carried out are that in regions known to be annually
.'. '- jEtttacked reliance should be placed on " the delayed dormant *' treatment
" •/•'with lime, sulphur, and nicotine sulphate, together with a supple-
'. ' mentary spraying during midsummer with nicotine sulphate and soap
** when the aphis threatens to develop in destructive numbers."
There are several plates of figures showing attacked foliage and fruit.
The Entomologist for February contains another very useful con-
tribution to the biology of the more or less unknown life cycles of the
smaller Lepidoptera from the pen of Mr. W. G. Sheldon. This time
he deals with Lobesia permixtanay the larvae of which he found fed well
upon oak and refused birch and golden rod upon which it had
previously been stated to have been found. There are articles on
Crimean Lepidoptera by V. V. Nabokoff, on South Hants and S. Devon
Lepidoptera by A. E. Burras, on Butterflies in Macedonia by H. Mace,
and on Norfolk Lepidoptera by G. H. Gurney. Leonard Tatchel has
a capital figure of a striking aberration of Arctia caia recently bred by
him.
The Eeport and Trans, of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society for 1917
has recently come to hand, and contains a deal of matter of local
interest and a continuation of the records and observations made in the
various sections. The article in which we are more particularly
interested is the " Lepidoptera of Glamorgan," by H. M. HalletU,
F.E.S., who has collected all the records from various authorities and
with his own personal records has compiled a most useful annotated
list of over forty pages, which no doubt should be much larger had
there been more devotees to the micro-lepidoptera. We know that in some
quarters it is customary to sneer at "county records," but it is only by
such periodical gathering together of local observations, a work which
is usually undertaken with considerable enthusiasm, that questions of
distribution can be advanced and general progress in our study made.
Especially is this so when a short note is added on the geographical
conditions of the area worked, soil, aspect, vegetation, rainfall, etc. The
arrangement is that given in those admirably illustrated volumes on the
British Butterflies and Moths by R. South, a wise proceeding perhaps,
as these are so universally used by beginners, and are found in most
public libraries, while at the same time the author recognises the fact
that " various changes " have been made in nomenclature since the
issue of these volumes. More than fifty species of butterflies have
been recorded for the county. Still there is much to be done, only
seven species of " Plumes," two species of Coleophora, four of Scoparia
SOCIETIES. 108
(sens, lat,), two Argyresthia, eight Depressai'ia, one Micropteryx, etc.,
have up to now been recorded. This List wanted doing, and will be
quite indispensable to all future workers in the order in the county.
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
February 4:thf 1920. — Election of Fellows. — Miss Winifred E.
Brenchlej, D.Sc, F.L.S., Bothamsted Experimental Station, Harpen-
den, Herts ; Messrs. Alfred Ellis Burras, 8, Connaught Road, North
End, Portsmouth ; Albert Ernest Hodge, 14, Astonville Street, South-
fields, S.W. 18 : Rev. Melville Jones, 16, New Bridge Street, E.G. 4,
and Hope Fountain, Box 288, Bulwayo, Rhodesia; Messrs. George
Beddome Curtis Leman, George Curtis Leman, Sydney Curtis Leman,
Wynyard, 152, West Hill, Putney Heath, S.W. 16; and Frank
Ranald Mason, Oxford, Harpenden, Herts, were elected Fellows of
the Society.
Nomination of Vice-Presidents. — The President announced that
he had nominated Dr. A. D. Imms, the Rt. Honble. Lord Rothschild,
and Mr. W. G. Sheldon, as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing session.
The protective movements of the conspicuous larva of the
Catocalinb moth, Cocytodes ccerulea, Gu6r. — Prof. Poulton exhibited
a coloured figure of the moth taken in Fiji ; also the moth bred from
one of the larvae by the same naturalist.
Moths flying, but not at rest, captured by Bats. — Prof. Poulton
drew attention to an observation by Mr. W. Feather at Kibwezi, B.E.
Africa, that he had watched the bats fiying in the room and taking
moths, mainly Cyligramma latonUy Cram., and C. limacina, Gu6r.
MuscA autumnalis, De G. (corvina, F.), hybernating in a loft
AT St. Helen's, Isle of Wight, as in 1914-15 and 1917-18. — Prof.
Poulton said that he had visited the loft on December 16th, 1919, and
found one long narrow patch of many hundred flies and another small
one of several dozen. A few were swept by band from the former
patch into a small box, and, when examined, were found to consist of
11 (^ s and 24 $ s of M, autumnalis.
Ophion undulatus, Grav., bred from Bombyx quercus, L., cocoons,
FROM N. Staffordshire. — Prof. Poulton exhibited six examples of this
fine Ichneumonid, said by Mr. Claud Morley to be common neither
here nor on the continent (Brit. Ichneumons^ vol. v., Ophioninae, p.
279).
Obsernations on the red (gregoryi, Dist.) and green (spegiosa,
MeLICH.) forms of the HoMOPTERON iTYRiEA NIGROCINCTA, WaLK., AT
Kibwezi, B.E. Africa. — Prof. Poulton reported the detailed observa-
tions made on this subject by Mr. W. Feather.
Exotic Rhopalocera. — Mr. G. Talbot exhibited the following species
On behalf of Mr. J.J. Joicey : — Dasyophthalma rusina, Godt. A melanic
aberration of the female in which the bands are only present as vestiges.
PapiZto Hdleyanusy White. Dark aberrations of the male in which the
red spots of the forewing are obscured by dark scaling, which have
received the name of fumatay Niep. Papilio phidias, Ob. A male
example of this very rare and extraordinary species from Tonkin.
Belic^mius from Matto Grosso : — 1. A distinct form of elevatus, Nold.,
probably undescribed and connecting this form with barij Ob. 2. A
104 THE entomologist's RECORD.
Species of melpomene race thelxiope from Pai^a, showing its great likeness
to the elevatus form. 8. Five striking forms of melpomene face penelope^
Stgr. 4. Forms of melpomene race ammidus^ Gr.-Sto. 5,. H. erato
race phyllis, Fbr. This fonn chiefly resembles the amandus form above.
6. A form of erato race phyllis which resembles the hydara race. This
is probably new, 7. A form of erato similar to the ei-ythraea form from
Guiana. 8. A form of erato near ottonis. Riff. 9. A form of e7'ato near
telluSf Ob., with a yellow discal spot on the hindwing. 10. A series of
erato race tellus, Ob., showing variation in the yellow patch of forewing
similar to trhat is seen in specimens of this form from French Guiana.
11. H. xanthocles race melete, Feld. A form with the yellow paieh
showing a larger black spot than in typical specimens from Upper
Amazons and Peru. 12. A form of aeode showing condensed yellow
patch in forewing, and thereby exhibiting a transition to astydanm,
Brichs. 13. Eueidesj sp. nov., allied to eueidina, Ob., also shown. It
is evident that the Matto Grosso district around Cuyaba would yield
some very interesting results in Heliconius if a large collection we»
made.
European Orthoptera. — Lieut. E. B. Ashby exhibited many species
chiefly from Arquata Scrivia, N. Italy.
Larva and Pupa op a Morpho. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a
tinted photograph of the larval habit of assembly, when not feedings di
Morpho lae)'tes (?) sent to him by Mr. F. Lindeman of S8.0 Paulo,
Brazil, and also a coloured photograph of the pupa in situ showing its
close protective resemblance, and read a long detailed note from his
correspondent.
Some Italian Kaobs of Zyg^na transalpina, Esp. — Mr. Hy. h
Turner also exhibited several races of the very variable Zygaena trans-
alpina from peninsular Italy, sent to him by Signor Querci, and stated
the relationship of the various forms as explained by Dr. Verity of
Florence. He questioned whether the relationship of the forms as at
present suggested would stand when the races occurring in other parts
of the peninsula had been studied.
Lord Eothschild observed that the same range of variation was
exhibited in Z. ephialtes.
An Autograph of Charles Darwin. — The Rev. F. D. Morice
exhibited a book of Charles Darwin's (Descent of Man) given by the
author '^ with kind regards " (autograph) to the late Mr. Roland
Trimen.
Remarkable Development in the hind leg of a Female Ber. — ^Mr.
Morice also called attention to the very abnormally developed bindlegs
of a ? bee of the genus Meyachile from Mesopotamia, apparently
belonging to a section of the genus in which no character at all similar
had yet been described in either sex.
Aberrant Plusias. — Lord Rothschild exhibited two aberrant speci-
mens of the genus Fhma in which species remarkable aberration is
very unusual.
East African Flatid-e. — Dr. C. J. Gahan exhibited specimens of
the East African Flatidae named Ityraea patricia, Melich., /. speciosa,
Melich., 1. electa, Melich., and /. gregoryi, Dist., and said he believed
them to be all forms of the South African species Ityraea nigrocinctay
Walk. J with which they agree in structural characters.
GOLLEOTINO IN TURKBT IN 1919. 105
Collecting in Turkey in 1919.
By Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.
My chief captures of the past year — Hamearis lucina, Lampide$
boeticus and Melanarfjia lariasa —all n6w to me at Constantinople have
already been noted in the Fhit. Uecord. A fourth — Hipparchia briseis,
of which I caught a damaged male early in September at Kiathan^, is
also an addition, but I am sure this insect occurs in some of the very
suitable dry areas, which I have not yet worked in July and August.
Butterflies — with the exception of a few species, ^.//., Plebeiun aeijon,
PolyommatHs icarua, and at one locality AffHades thersiten — were not
very common, save in the first half of August, when I found quite a
number of species in large numbers at Kiathane — notably Erynnis
orientalis, Hesperia armoricanna and ScoUtaiitides baton. I took on
August 16th at Kiathan^ in a damp spot, which in the spring had
given me what I took for FL malvae, a <^ specimen either of this
species or of H. mahoidea. As soon as postal communications with
the outer world are reasonably secure I shall have the genitalia of this
specimen examined. S ) far the only Constantinople U. malrae^ which
has been sent by me for microscopic examination, proved to be
H, malvae — neither H, pontica nor U . walroides. Is it possible that
malvae in this latitude has a partial second-brood ?
Many normally safe localities near Constantinople were unsafe. A
few days after I had paid a visit to Gyok-Su, *• brigands " — who bore a
most curious resemblance, so I learnt, to some missing gendarmes,
carried off three market gardeners, whose families had to pay up a
trifle of 1500 Turkish pounds — paper pounds, praise be to Allah ! —
before they were released. Several evildoers haunted the Alemdagh
Forest during the summer and committed a series of horrible crimes
that shocked even the case-hardened gendarmes, who at last rounded
up the band and shot fourteen out of fifteen of them. Their last
exploit had been to torture a man and woman, whom they found
tramping along the roads in search of work, till both went mad.
They were a mixed crowd, Turks and Albanians. So I failed to hunt
for Bithya quercm^ Melitaea athalia var. mehadiemis and Anjynnis
cydippe in these fine woods this year.
I paid a good deal of attention — inspired by Dr. Verity's fascinating
paper — to the subject of the emergence of various Rbopalocera and
Grypocera, and having found my collection and notes practically
intact was able to look up past records. My deductions, which are
still provisional in some cases, are the following: —
1. The quies aestiva in this region lasts from about July 10-15 to
Jaly 25-81. This state is more marked in dry and open, than
in moist and woAtd, areas.
2. Frost so seldom occurs with any intensity before Christmas,
and November and early December are so frequently warm and bright,
that I am inclined to consider that the offspring of the P. icana and
Coenonympha pamphiliis, which appear lite in October and differ little
from the vernal specimens, have a very fair chance of survival, and
that their parents should be deemed a true, if partial third brood.
8. Of the Urbicolids and Lycsenids {smsu lato), the following are
certainly triple brooded : — Krynnh aleeaey Eumicia pJdaeas^ Loxveia
dmlis, Ancia medmiy A, anteros and P. tear us (partially). I have not
June 15th, 1920.
106 .THE BNTOHpLOOISX's. ABOORD.
yet made up my mind as to ijirl^ther the long sammer emergence of
Chrysophanus thersamon represents one or two ' broods.' My dates
cover a period beginning at the very end of June and terminating in
mid- September. The following are certainly double brooded :—
Nisoniades tages, Erynnia orientalis, Hesperia armovicanus (seemingly
triple brooded at Smyrna), Fowellia orbifef', Plebeias aegon, Agnades
thersites and C lipid o sebrus {osiris), I am not certain whether
Scolitantides baton has two or three broods. So far I have remarkeci
with this species, two periods of relative abundance — late April or
early May according to season being the first, and the end of July and
first half of August being the second. But fresh or comparatively
fresh specimens may turn up according to my records in June, early
July, and late September.
Celastnna argioUis has certainly two broods. Specimens taken in
September have not been fresh enough for me to assume the existence
of a third brood with complete confidence.
Turning to other groups — Papilio machaon has three broods, the
main emergence of each being in April, late June and early July, and
September in normal years. Pieris brassicae has certainly three
broods, possibly four, and except in May, when it is rare and ragged in
ordinary years, may be found in good order any day between March
20th and November 15th. Pieris lapae first appears , somewhat later
and can be taken fresh and frequent in early November. Pieris napi
seemingly emerges in the last 10 days of March and the first half of
April in normal years. Its second brood is well out by June 12th, and
" forwards " showing the characteristic features of that brood may
occcasionally be taken in the last days of May. A third brood appears
in September. My only Pontia chloridice was taken at a date, which
suggests a third brood, viz., September 8th.
Iphiclides podalirins may be, and Brenthis dia certainly is, triple-
brooded. Other possibly triple-brooded species are Melitaea trivia and
Leptosia sinapisj while Pararge viegera^ Colias edusa^ and Pontia daplidice
are regularly triple-brooded. On the other hand I have not yet taken
** second brood " specimens of Melitaea cinxia, or Cyaniris semiargns
in this neighbourhood. Worn ? s of Satyrus circe and EpinepheU
jiirtina appear, as noted in Tuscany by Dr. Verity, in late August and
early September. This seems to be the case with Hipparchia semele as
well, though here ^ s are to be found with $ s in early September.
KuRY Yalova.
From August 21st to August 28rd last year I stayed at this place,
but my collecting was badly disturbed by the bites of flies — one
species which regularly bit between eye and ear being peculiarly
inimical — and I spent part of August 22nd in bed with a touch of
fever and a face in which eyes and other features required some
looking for. I took or noted the following species : — Nisoniades tages^
Vjyynnis alceae (worn), Hesperia armoricanus?, Chrysophanus tliersamon
1 J , Loiveia dorilis 1 ^ just out, Kveies ? aleetas (worn), P, icaniSf P.
aegon near Yalova port, Hayicardia telicanns, Aricia medon (very worn),
J. podalirius, P, rapae or P, manni one worn 2 only, P, hrassicae^
Colias edusa^ G. rhannii, L. sinapis very fresh and large, Polygonia
c-albiivif Pyrameis cardiii, P. atalanta^ Limenitis Camilla^ Dryas
pandora y T). paphia (worn), Melitaea did y in a (fresh), S, circe (worn), S,
ON EMEROENOE OF THE GRYPOCEBA AND RHOPALOOERA. 107
aijriaca (worn), S, statilinus var. fatuaeformis (a few fairly fresh S s
seen, one $ taken), BL jurthia (worn 2 s), Pyronia tithonus (worn),
Fararge megera, P, aegeria (a few), and C. pamphilus.
One expected better results from a well wooded valley in Bithyria
even so late as the third week of Aqgust, but I. had not really the time
to work the vicinity of the hotel, and if I visit the place again late in
the season, I must try to explore the neighbouring mountains, which
run up to about 8,000 feet and are well supplied with pine- woods. But
a remedy or a protection against the local fly " imposes itself " as the
French say, and without either I fear Kury Yalova in Autumn.
'Oa Emergence of the Qrypocera and Rhopalocera in relation to
Altitude and Latitude.
Illustrated chiefly|by the Sibillini Mts. (Central Italy) and by the Baths of
Valdieri (Maritime Alps).
By ROGEB VERITY, M.D.
, {Concluded from p. 71,)
The two localities above-mentioned offer examples of the greatest
modifications which altiturie can produce in the emergence of Lepi-
doptera. It is needless to add that in intermediate altitudes, generally
speaking, lesser modificatioas are found, but on the other hand local
causes have notable influence. Thus, on the hills in the neighbour-
hood of Florence alone sensible differences are observed both m the
epochs of emergence and in the aspect of the species. Mount Fanna,
600 m. high, is identical with the plain below ; Mount Conca, above
Fontebuona di Vaglia, which rises on the northern slope of Monte
Morello, at only 400 m., offers a different fauna from that of the plain,
and a later emergence.
In the mountains the annual meteorological conditions are felt even
more than in the plain, especially with regard to precocious emergence.
I need only mention the example of PaniaastHs wnemosyne, which in
1918 was found very abundantly by Qiierci at the end of June and at
the beginning of July at Bolognola, whilst in 1918 only a few old in-
dividuals had been found, and the inhabitants of that locality assured
him that the species had emerged in great quantities at the end of
May and at the beginning of June, which in that year were exceptionally
mild.
Notes on the effects of latitude.
Above all, one can repeat in a general way what has been said with
•regard to altitude, namely, that, taking into account the number of
broods, the differences between the different latitudes are much less
than might appear at first sight. The data offered by entomological
liteiature are very vague and confused, and those of Southern Europe
almost nil with regard to the trigenerate species, because the two sum-
mer broods have always been treated as a single one, or on the contrary
as an indefinite series of overlapping emergences. I will limit myself,
therefore, to a few observations on the material collected from April
20th to June 20th, 1918, by theQuerci family at S. Martiiiodelle Scale,
in Sicily^ which is a good example of one of the least elevated latitudes
in Europe, and on the very exact indications which the English ento-
iuolpgists have furnished about their own country, which is an example
108 THE entomologist's record,
of the highest latitudes and of the extreme limits in which various
bigenerate and trigenerate species exist and produce more than one
annual cycle.
It might be objected that S. Martino is 700 m. high, and that at
that height emergences might differ less from the northern ones than
is the case in the Sicilian plain. This difference, however, between
plain and hills is reduced to a fortnight, which is not surprising,
because already in Tuscany it is very small at that height, and because
as one proceeds further south the effect of altitude, as we have seen,
always tends to diminish.
Let us note, therefore, that at S. Martino the first brood of the
trigenerates is seen to extinguish itself at the same epoch as in Florence,
except croceusj already extinguished on April 20th, instead of being
prolonged into May. The second brood of this last as well as that of
daplidice, emerges from May 6th to June 20fch, rather than respectively
from the end and from the middle of June to the middle of July, as in
Florence. Of phlaeas and brassicae the second brood has been collected
at the same epoch as in Florence ; of rapae it hdd not yet appeared on
June 20th, from which it would seem later than in Florence, and this
need not surprise us, because the firsi brood was more abundant in
May than at Florence, where it chiefly emerges in April and very
sporadically in May. Also in the case of the following species the
second brood had not appeared on June 20th ; there is no doubt that
they emerge at the same epoch as in Florence, a little after this date,
because Ragupasays of some of them that the *' summer" brood begins
in June: medon^ cleopatray machaon, Q,nd iwdalirius. Of the bigenerate
species, painphiliia and cardui emerge until June 20th ; the first always
has the characteristics of the first brood ; it follows that its second \
brood does not commence certainly sooner than in Tuscany. The 1
second brood of icarun has instead appeared since June 10th instead of .j
at the end of the month. Of the annual species atalanta has appeared '
fresh during the first days of May instead of at the end ; jurtiiia
is in advance with regard to Florence, and it is an entire month in
advance, because the ^ begins on May 12th and the 2 on the 23rd ; the
others emerge contemporaneously with Florence : mininniSj rubii
crawerij cardawiueSy crataegi^ ida, galathea, cinxia, Sinddidyvia ; the last,
however, ceased to emerge on June 10th, whilst at Florence it lasts
till July 20th. Unfortunately precise data are wanting as to the third
broods, but, as Ragusa alludes to various trigenerates in August, Sep-
tember, and October, and we have seen that the first two broods
correspond with the greatest exactitude to the Tuscan ones, it is to be
presumed that the brood corresponds equally, or is somewhat delayed
by a more prolonged " summer pause."
It is not yet possible to follow the behaviour of all the species witb
regard to the increase of latitude because the data concerning the tri-
generates, which are naturally the most interesting, do not distinguish
accurately between the two summer broods, which are nearly always
confused into one only. We cannot, therefore, decide at what latitude
their restriction really happens. This must be very different in the
different species ; it is enough to say that phlaeas and ae<jeria emerge
three times a year and at the same epochs from Sicily to central
England, and that rhaiimi instead has only one brood all over England.
The other trigenerates have two broods in the greater part of Central
ON EMERGBNCB OF THE GRYPOOERA AND RHOPALOOBRA. 109
Europe as far as England, which emerge contemporaneously with
those of the bigenerates : the first from April to June (according to the
locality and the years, which are more variable than in the south), and
the second, often very partial, from the end of July to the beginning
of September. Brassicae generally follows this rule, but in very
favourable years produces a third brood, which is abundant when the
second brood has emerged precociously from the end of June to the
beginning of July. Sporadic individuals of various species are fre-
quently seen in October, but it is the case of precocious autuuinal
individuals of the first brood, which do not constitute in the British
Isles a third brood, as in analogous cases they do not constitute a fourth
brood in Italy.
Brassicae offers, on the contrary, in England a good example of
the true transformation of a trigenerate into a bigenerate, which
gradually shows itself in more or less favourable years. This recalls
the analogous phenomenon produced by altitude observed in the Alps,
and contrasts with the phenomenon of simple ** suppression " of one
brood, without changing the epoch of the others, which happens in some
localities and years in peninsular Italy. To suppression is generally
to be attributed the missing emergence of the second brood of machaon
in England. It is already constantly reduced to two broods, but in the
colder summers the second brood is missing altogether ; in those less
cold a greater or lesser number of individuals complete a summer
cycle, and their progeny succeeds in becoming chrysalids in time to
winter with the remainder of the spring generation. This division of
families into a group of rapid development and into one of slower
development, which leaps over a brood, has been frequently observed
in nearly all the species by the entomologists of northern countries,
and there is no doubt that it happens also very often in the south,
where it explains also partial and suppressed broods.
The bigenerates of the South of Europe nearly all remain such up
to the latitude of central England, simply reducing the length of their
epoch of emergence, which are identical with those above recorded for
the two northern broods of the triple-brooded. Only polyc/doroa is
already reduced to one single annual cycle in the whole of the British
Isles. The fact is worth noting that on the contrary urticae succeeds
in very mild autumns in producing a small number of individuals in
October, because some of those of the brood of August- September,
instead of preparing to winter, copulate and produce progeny ; thus
the third partial extraordinary brood winters consequently together
with the second brood, and together with a few individuals from the
first brood of June, who retire to winter and fall into lethargy for ten
months until the following April. All this shows what an extra-
ordinary power of adaptability, and what great resources, are possessed
by Lepidoptera to adapt themselves to different meteorological condi-
tions and to survive even sudden changes, which to them must be
catastrophic !
In England the annual species follow the same rules as those
mentioned with regard to altitude : the spring species emerge every
year according to the climatic conditions, owing to which a precocious
species like cardamines can be delayed until June when the winter is
prolonged, or cratae(ji until July ; the species proper to June in Italy
emerge normally in July or at the beginning of August ; the species of
110
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
July and August emerge exactly at the same epoch from England to
the South of Europe.
t'inally let us remark that at higher latitudes than that of central
England, all the bigenerates and trigenerates become annual, emerging,
according to the usual law of such real transformations, at an epoch
intermediate between those of the broods, where two exist. Bearing
in mind also that the transformation from triple- brooded into double-
brooded takes place through the substitution of one emergence only for
the two summer emergences between the epoch of the second and that
of the third, it is possible to have a synthetic conception of the broods
with regard to the latitude. We bave already alluded to the fact that
some bi generate and trigenerate species remain such in all regions
whilst others diminish their annual cycles precociously with the
increase of latitude. It remains to establish where the transformations
of each species occur, bearing in mind that we are not, however, to
expect the number of broods always to decrease northwardly, as intense
summer heat and drought are just as apt to suppress them as the
winter cold, or at least to reduce one brood to an extremely small
number of individuals. For instance, not a single individual of H,
liicina^ or of M, cinxia has, to my knowledge, ever been observed to
emerge during the summer in central or northern Italy, whereas it is
well kfaown that a partial second brood of the former is often produced
from England to Switzerland, and that the second brood of the latter
from Switzerland and the south of France has even been described and
named. Never does nrticae produce more than two broods in central
Italy, and in the plain probably not more than one, whereas in England
it may even produce an exceptional third one, as I have mentioned.
Each species evidently has an " optimum " latitude, where all the
broods are abundant.
Notes and Observations on the Lepidoptera of the Witley District
from 1912 to 1919.
By AUSTIN A. TULLETT, F.E.S.
{Concluded Jrom page 9B.)
Brephos partheniasy L. — Common in March and April flying in
sunshine around sallows. Three taken on a fence, April, 1918-
Geometrid^. — Sub-family Geometrinae,
Pseudoterjma pruinatay Hufn. — Common on Hambledon Commoci-
in Julv.
Geometra papilionaviay L. — A series of seventeen, mostly from larval
obtained on alder in April, May and .June (Hambledon an3-
Chiddingfold.) LarvsB from this district will not eat bircb»-
in confinement. There is plenty of birch growing in th^
vicinity and even close where the alder grows.
Geometra vernaria, Hb.— Two, Witley, July I2th, 1912. Taken at>-
light.
Kuchloris pustidata, Hufn. — Very common at dusk in June and JuljT^
in Hambledon Woods.
Jodis lactearia, L. — Common in June in Hambledon Woods.
* Dr. Christ took it at Lecco in Aug., 1879, and Miss Fountaine at Olgiate in
Sept., 1893 (See my " Butt, of Switz., etc.," p. 51.)— G.W,
OBSBRVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPfERA OF*THE WITLEY DISTRICT, 111
Hemithea striijata. Mull. — Common at dusk, and can be beaten from
hedges in June and July at Hambledon Woods. Larvae
beaten fully grown from hawthorn in May, 1918, in
Hambledon Woods.
Geohetrid^. — Sub- family Acidaliinae,
Ptychopoda {Acidalia) iwndaria^ Hb. — One, May. One, April, 191B.
One, June 26th'. Three, July, 1912.
Ptychopoda [A.) straminata, Tr.— One, July, 1912. Two, July 26th,
1917, L. B. Prout.
Ptychopoda {A.) interjectaria, Bdv. — One, Witley, June, 1919.
Ptychopoda (A.) sftbsericeata, Vw. — Eleven, taken at dusk near
Chiddmgfold, in June, 1919.
Ptychopoda (A.) inornata.liw,— One, July, 1912. One, July 16th, 1918.
Ptychopoda (A.) arersata, L. — Common in Witley district in June and
July.
Ptychopoda (A,) hhetata, Hufn. — Common generally in the district in
July.
Ptychopoda [A.) diinidiata. Hufn. — Ten, July, Witley. One, June,
Witley. Beaten out of bramble bushes.
Ptychopoda [A,) tnyeminata, Hw. — Not common. Three on June 26th,
1918 ; beaten out of bramble bushes.
iJeptomeris (Acidalia) remntaria. Hb. — Very common in the woods in
May. Larvae to be found commonly on Sallow, July to
September.
Leptomeria {Acidalia) imit^ria^ Hb. — Not uncommon in the hedges
and woods in June and July.
Ania emaryinata, L. — Two, July, 1912. One, July, 1919, beaten out
of bushes.
Timandra amata, L. — Common in Hambledon district in June and
July.
Ephyra porata, F. —Three, August. Five, June. One, September.
Three, May. Beaten out of bushes or found on tree-trunks
in Hambledon Woods.
Ephyra pimctaria, L. — Seven, May. Two, June. Beaten from
bushes or taken from tree-trunks in Hambledon district.
Ephyra linearia, Hb. — One, Witley, June 2nd, 1912. Not common
here.
Ephyra annulata, Schulze. — Five, May, Four, June, Witley. One,
July. Beaten out of bushes in Hambledon district.
Oosymbia [Ephyra) pendnlaria, CI. — Five, May. Two, June, Witley.
Sub- family Hydriomeninae,
^^'tholitha plunibaria, F. — One, June 21st. One, June, 1912, taken on
Hambledon Common ; beaten out of heather.
^^Ttholitha limitata, Scop. — Common in July in meadows during
the day.
^^noa murinata, Scop. — Two, June, 1918. ** The Hill," Lower
Woods, beaten out of brambles. Seven, May, 1919,
Chiddingfold Woods.
^dezia atrata, L. — One, Witley, September, 1913.
Anaitis plagiata, L. — Not uncommon in May and June in Hambledon
Woods.
112 THE entomologist's RECORD.
Cht'sias ipartiata, Fuesl. — One, Witley, October 15lb, 1911.
1 ricoptfryx (Lobophora) caipinata, Bkb. — Not uncommon on fences in
April and May.
Triropteryx nretata, Hb. — Two, May, 1919. One, June. Taken on
pine trees opposite " The Hill."
Lobophora halterota, Hufn. — Two, May, 1919. At dusk in fields near
Hambledon Cburch. L. B. Prout.
Mj/sticnpteryx (Lobophora) sexalisata^ Hb. — Rare. One, near Hamble-
don, 10th June, 1919. Mr. H. Smith.
Cheimatobia brumatay L. — Common in November at ivy. Taken in
December on fences.
Cheimatobia boreata, Hb. — Common at ivy and on fences in November
and December.
Trifthosa dubitata^ L. — One, April 15tb, 1912. One, October 16th,
1911. One, July 30th, 1914.
Euccwiia ceitata, Hb.— One, May 3rd, 1919. Taken while resting on
Museum outer door 2 p.m. Rare.
Kncosiiiia nndidaia^ L. — Common on bilberry opposite " The Hill,"
July, 1912, but has not turned up so frequently since.
Eustrowa silareata^ Hb. — Not uncommon in May and June on tree
trunks, and was also beaten out of bushes.
Lygria prunata, L. — One, Witley, July 12th, 1912.
Lygris testata, L. — Five, 27th August, 1918. Chiddingfold. Specimens
from Northumberland agree very well with these.
Lygris popidata, L. — Three, August, Two, September, 1913.
Lyrp'is associata, Bkh, — Three, June. Three, July, 1918. One, May,
1919. Chiddingfold, beaten from bushes.
Cidaria pyraliata, Hb. — Not uncommon.
Cidaria corylata, Thun. — Not uncommon on pine-tree trunks opposite
" The Hill," May and June.
Cidaria fidvata^ Forst. — A series of twenty-two in June, 1914.
Cidaria truncata, Hufn. — Not uncommon on tree trunks or at light.
May and June. Three specimens taken in September.
Cidaria citrata {immanata), Hw. — Not uncommon in July, August and
September ; beaten from bushes.
Thera obeliscata. Hb. — Not uncommon on pine trunks in May and June.
Thera rariato, Schiff. — Not uncommon in May and June on pine trees.
Thera jinnatOy PIb. — Three, June, 1913. One, September, 1912.
Lauipropteryx Huff)n)fata, Hh. — One, April, 1918. Two, May. One,
female, June 13th, 1919. Four eggs obtained and three larvae
reared to pupal stage by L. B. Prout,
Ochyria (Coreniia) unideutaria, Hw. — Common May and June and
again in August and September, by beating from bushes.
Ochyria (Coretnia) ferrugata^ CI. — Common in May and June.
Ochyria [Coreuna) desigiiata, Rott. — Not uncommon in May and June;
slightly variable.
Amoi'be viridaria, F. — Not uncommon in June and July.
Maletiydris widtistrigaria^ Hw. — One, March, 1918, Witley.
Malenydiis didymata, L. — Not uncommon in Hambledon Woods, June
and July.
Oporabia dilutata, Bkh. — Not uncommon at ivy bloom and on fences,
etc. Late October and November.
(>p(trabia aKtnnniata, Bkh. — Three, November, 1918, at ivy bloom.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPIDOPTEBA OF THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 118
Taken at same time as 0, dilutata^ but not so plentiful as
latter.
Xanthorho'e montanatay Schiff. — Very common everywhere in June.
Xanthorho'e fiuctnata, L. — Very common in May and June.
Xantlwilwe sociata^ Bkh. — Very common near Hambledon in May and
June, and occurs again in August and September, but not so
plentiful. Very variable in this district. One male, May,
1919, with central band very narrow. Two females, May, 1919,
with grey-greenish extra wide band, and hindwing not so
heavily marked. The small white band in outer greyish
area not so prominent as in typical specimens. One female,
May, 1919, approaching ab. obsrurata.
Xanthorhoe nnangidata^ Hw. — One, June. One, August, 1919.
Euphyia picata, Hb.— One, June 12th, 1912. One, June 13th. 1918.
Two, June, 1919, taken by Mr. Prout at di^k in fields near
Hambledon.
Eidype hastata, L. — Not uncommon* in May and June. A high flier.
A fine female with the black markings reduced, and the white
much clearer than in typical specimens, May, 1919. This
appears to be the rarer form from this district.
Mesoleuca alhicillata, L. — Common in June and July in Witley district
on tree trunks, and at hght,.etc.
Mesoleuca hicolorata, Hufn. — One, Hambledon, July 10th, 1919,
W. H. Smith.
Mesoleuca ocellata, L. — Not uncommon in May and June on tree
trunks, and beaten out of hedges.
Perizoma affinitata^ Stph. — Not common. Three, May, 1912. Four,
June, 1918.
Pti'izoma olchewillata, L. — One, July 10th, 1912. One, June 4th,
1918, Chiddingfold.
Perizoma fiavofasciata, Thun. — Not uncommon near Hambledon and
^Chiddingfold in May and June.
Perizoma albidata^ Schiff. — Very common during May and June in
meadows near Chiddingfold.
Cam pto(fr annua bilineata^ L. — Very common in June and July.
Hydrioynena iiufduriata, Hb. — One, May, 1912. Four, June. One,
July, 1919.
Anticlea badiata, Hb. — Not uncommon on fences and tree- trunks, in
March and April.
Anticlea nigrofasiariay Gz. — Common on fences and tree- trunks in
April, and flying at dusk.
^lichoeca obliterata, Hutn. — Not uncommon in Chiddingfold Woods
near the alders in late May and June and early July.
Anthena candidata^ Schiff. — Occurs more or less frequently in Chidding-
fold Woods in May and June.
Asthenaluteata, Schiff.— One, June, 1912. Three, June 4th. Two,
June 26th, 1919. One, July 2nd, beaten out of brambles in
" The Hill " lower woods.
^^tpithecia oblongata, Thun. — Two, July. Two, August, 1912.
Eupithecia pulchellata, Stph.— One, May. One, July, 1912. Six, May
28th, 1919, from larvae bred by L. B. Prout. Twenty-five
larvae obtained near Hambledon in July, 1918, six emerged
and the remainder were parasitised.
114 THE entomologist's RECORD.
Eupithecia pusillata, F. — Five, May 16th-17th, 1918.
Eupithecia indiffata, Hb. — Four, May, 1919..
Eupithecia e.vpallidata, Gn.— Five, bred July, 1919, by L. B. Prout,
from larvsB found on golden -rod in Chiddingfold district,
September, 1918.
Eupithecia assimilata, Gn. — Four, May, 1912. One, September, 1918,
Witley.
pAipitheda absinthiata, CI. — ^^One, May 6th. Two, June 29th. One,
July 9th, 1919. Bred from larvae on golden-rod at Chidding-
fold. September, 1918. •
Eupithecia alhipunctatay Hw.— One, April. Thirteen, May, 1919.
Bred from larvae on angelica in September, 1918, Witley,
L. B. Prout.
Eupithecia vulr/ata.Jiw. — Not uncommon in April and May entree
trunks and fences, etc. Also beaten from bushes.
Eupithecia lariciata, Frr. — One, May 27th, 1918.
Eupithecia castif/atOj Hb. — Not uncommon in May and June.
Eupithecia satyrata, Hb. — One, May 27th. One, June 4th, 1919.
Eupithecia subfulvata, Hw. — Seventeen, bred by Mr. Prout from larvae
on yarrow, September and October, 1918.
Eupithecia haworthiata, Sbt. — One, June 12th, 1912.
Eupithecia phuubeolata , Hw. — One, from Woods near Chiddingfold,
May, 1919.
Eupithecia tenuiata, Hb. — One, June 28th, 1918.
Eupithecia sobrinata, Hb. — Three, Witley, July, 1912.
Eupithecia abbreviata, Steph. — Common on fences and tree trunks in
April and May.
Eupithecia nanata, Hb. — Very plentiful on Hambledon Common at
dusk in May.
Peicuoptilota jiuviata, Hb. — One, June. Two, July, 1912.
Chloroclystis coronata, Hb. — Seven, May, 1918, beaten from brambles,
'* The Hill " lower woods.
Chlorocbjstis rectangnlata, L. — Ten, June, Witley, on fences, etc.
Gymnoscelis pumilata, Wo. — One, March. Four, April. Four, June-
Two, July, 1912.
Sub- family Boarmiinae,
Lomaspilis marginata, L. — Common. May, June and July in Chidding' —
fold District. Ab. pollutaria, Hb. One, July 4th, 191^ -
One, June, 1919.
Liydia adustata, Schiff. — One, June, 1912.
Bapta bimaculata, F. — One, May 22nd. One, June 17th, 1919 -
Beaten from brambles in " The Hill " lower woods.
Bapta tewerata, Hb.— Two, May, 1912. One, May 20th, 1919, takec^
off tree-trunk at *' The Hill." Six, June.
Cabera pusaria, L.— Common in May, June and August. Larval
plentiful on alder in July and September.
Cabera exanthemata, Scop. — Common in May, June and July. Larval
common on alder July to September.
Numeria pulreratia, L. — Three, May, 1912. One, June, 1914. One^
June, 1919. Not common. Taken in pine wood.
Ellopia prosapiaria, L. — Common in pine wood on tree trunks duriD^-
day, in June.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LEPlDOPTERA OP THE WITLEY DISTRICT. 116
Metrocdmpa martjaritaria^ L. — Fairly common in Hambledon and
Chiddingfold Woods. June and July.
Ennomos alniaria, L. — One, September 16th, 1912.
Seleina hilunariay Esp. — First brood more or less common in March-
and April on fences, tree-trunks, etc. Second brood at
light in July.
Hytjrochroa syringarid^ L. — Not uncommon in Hambledon Woods.
Late June and July at dusk.
Gonad onth bidentata, CI. — Fairly common in June and July on fences
and tree-trunks.
Selenia tetrahinariay Hufn. — One, July 22nd, 1912.
Himera pennariay L. — Five males. November, 1911. Four females,
November, 1919, bred from larvte taken at Chiddingfold
Woods, June, 1919.
Crocallis elinfjuaria, L. — Two, August. Two, July, 1912. One^
female, July, from larvae taken at Chiddingfold, April, 1919.
Anyerona iminaiia, L. — Very common in Hambledon W^oods in June ;
some good vars. taken, one exceedingly dark male and also
mottled forms ; one banded male taken July 2nd. 1918, and one
in June, 1919.— A.A.T.
Ourapteryx samhucaria^ L. — Quite common in July at dask and at
light.
Eitrywene dolabraviay L. — Not common. One, May, 1912. One, June,
1913. One, June, one, July, 1914.
Opisthoyraptis luteolata, L. — Very common in May, June and August.
Epione advenana, Hb. — Common on bilberry in May and June.
Venilia niacnlatay L. — Very common in most woods in the district in
May and June.
Semiothisa litnrata, CI. — Plentiful in pine wood in May, June and July.
Hyheifiia lencophaearia, Schiflf. — Males abundant on fences in February,
females are scarce on fences, but can be obtained by beating
oak trees bearing old leaves. Males are very variable. Larv»
common on oak in April and May.
Hyh^nia anrantiana, Esp. — Not uncommon on fences and also at ivy.
November.
Byhernia tnarginaria^ Bkh. — Very common on fences and tree trunks
in February and March, Larvae common on oak in April
and May.
tiyhernia defoliana^ CI. — Males and females abundant on fences and
tree trunks. Males are very variable November, December,
January and February. Most common in December arid
January. Larvae plentiful on oak in May.
^nisopteryx aescularia, SchijBF. — Not plentiful, but can be taken on
fences and tree trunks in February, March and April.
^higalia pedaria, F. — Males were abundant in January and February,
1918, on fences. One melanic male was taken by Mr. Joicey
February 11th, 1918., Four females, February, 1918. Larva
common on oak in May.
^Vocheima hispidaria^ F. — One male, March 6th, 1918, on fence.
Four males, March 20th, 1919, on fence. — i^A.T.
Pae%s stratayia, Hufn.— One, March, 1912. One, April, 1918.
Pachys betulana, L.— One, May, 1918. One, June 13th, 1918.
R^ropkila ahnqytaHttf Thunbg. — Not uncommon on fences in May.
116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECOKD.
Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm. — Not uncommon at light in July and
August. Occasionally taken on fences.
Boarmia ahietaria, Hb. — Two, July 7th, 1918, on a fence.
Boarmia repaitdata, L. — Common in June and July.
Boarmia ro6or« ?i^,Schiff. — Not common. Seven, June. Two, July.
Hambledon Woods.
Boarmia consortaria, F. — Not uncommon in May and June in Hamble-
don Woods.
Tephrosia bistortata, Gz. — lat brood extremely common on fences and
tree trunks in February, March and April. 2nd brood
common in May and June, much smaller than 1st brood.
Larv8B very common on oak, etc. 2nd brood July 11th, 1919.
One male taken February 4th, 1920, on fence. Very early
appearance, can find no other record of this species so early.
— A.A.T.
Tephrosia luridata, Bkh. — Not uncommon on fences in June and July.
Tephrosia consonaria, Hb. — Not uncommon in May and June. Turned
up plentifully in 1919.
Tephrosia crepuscular ia^ Hb. — Not common, a series of seventeen from
Witley, mostly from a fence.
Tephrosia pnnctulariay Hb.— Common on Birch trees and fences in May.
{jrnophos ohscuraria, Hb. — One, Witley, August 2nd, 1912.
Pachycnema hippocastanaria, Hb. — 1st brood plentiful on Hambledon
Common on heather, in May. 2nd brood plentiful in July.
A series of fifteen taken May 20th, 1919.
Ematurga atomaria, L. — Very plentiful on Hambledon Common in
May and June. We have one male taken in April.
Bupalns piniaria, L. — Plentiful in pine woods opposite " The Hill," in
May and June.
Thamtwnoma vaiiariay L. — A series of sixteen bred from larvae found on
currants and gooseberry foliage. May and June i emerged
June, 1919. Not uncommon in July in the fruit garden at
** The Hill."
Lozogramma petraria, Hb. — Very common in the district wherever
bracken occurs. May and June.
Chiasmia clathrata, L. — One, May, 1912. One, August 10th, 1912.
Pe^conia strigillaria, Hb. — Not uncommon on the heaths in June, in-
cluding ab. yriseariaj Stgr.
Zyyaena trifoliij Esp. — Abundant in certain meadows. Typical form ^
very common. Ab. orobi, Hb., common. Ab. extrema- ^
Tutt. One taken by Mr. Joicey, June 18th, 1919. Ab -
minoides, Selys. Four taken June 13th, 1918. One, June^
1919. Ab. ylycirrhizaey Hb. One, June 7th, 1918.
Zyyaena Jilipendiilae, L. — Typical form. Plentiful in meadows.
CossiD^,
Cossus cossus, L. — One, May, 1918. Bred from larva brought in by a
boy, 1912. Larva pupated in sawdust. One, June, 1918.
One, 1915.
SfiSlIDiE.
Sesia spheci/'ormis, Gerning. — One, June 14th, 1918. Six, June 20th,
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPBRIA. 117
1919. Taken in the afternoon flying round buckthorn bush.
Miss N. and Mr. L. B. Prout.
Hepialid^.
Hepialm humuli^ L. — Plentiful at dusk in most meadows. June
and July.
Hepialus sylvina, L. — Four males, August. One female, September.
1912.
Hepialus lupulina, L. — Plentiful at dusk in most meadows. Late
May and June. Also found on fences.
Hepialus hecta, L. — Abundant at dusk in June anywhere that
bracken grows.
The record of the following species has been supplied by Mr.
Oldaker since the publication of his List in 1918 : —
Ayiiades coridon, Pod. — Recorded from Chiddingfold, 1911. E. G. R.
Walters. And Witley, 1905.
Petilampa arciiosa, Hw. — Witley Common, 1910. E. G. R. Walters.
Taeniocampa opima, Hb. — Witley. April 11th, 1916. G. E. Eastwood.
CaLynmia diffinis, L.— Witley Common, 1911 1912. E. G. R.
Walters.
Thidomifjes tnrfosalis,^ W.R.— Witley Common, 1912. E. G. R.
Walters.
Enpithecia subnotata, Hb.— Witley, 1910. E. G. R. Walters.
Phibalapteryx tersata, Hb. — Wormley, 1910. E. G. R. Walters.
The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia.
By B. C. S. WAKREN, F.E.S.
(Continued from page 88.)
11. audronu'dae, Waliengren.
Andromedae has acquired the reputation of being one of the rarest
Central European Hesperias. This reputation has been gained by false
pretences ; and is quite undeserved. In any Alpine locality where I
have collected, in the cantons of Yaud, Valais, Bern, and Grisons,
I have found andromedae to be much more widely distributed than such
species as serratidae^ alvens and cacaliae, Andromedae has a great
range in altitude, and may be found on the wing from the end of May
onwards, according to the height. The idea that July is the month to
look for andromedae is probably the principal factor that has helped to
J^aintain the species' reputation for rareness. The vertical range of
dndroynedae probably exceeds that of any other species, and is far
greater than that of any of the other three purely Alpine Hesperias,
*•«-, carlinae, cacaliae, and rj/ffelensia. Andromedae may be found from
^700 ft. to over 9000 ft. and very likely higher. 1 have taken it near
Caux at 8700 ft. and at Kandersteg at 3850 ft., while in the Ueschinen
^al (also near Kandersteg), where it is unusually plentiful, it occurs
^rom just 4000 ft.
The duration of the period of flight of andromedae is, like that of
^h'euSf most uncertain ; and the emergence irregular. It is one of the
first Alpine Hesperias to emerge, I have taken it on May 23rd near
Kandersteg, and it is not unlikely that in an advanced season it would
^e found even before this. At higher levels it is proportionately later,
118 THE entomologist's RECORD.
but not as much as might be expected^ I have taken it at 5200 ft. on
June 6th (Bernese Oberland), and over 6200 ft. on June 8th, sBghtly
worn (Orisons), and over 6000 ft. on June 24th (Bernese Oberland] .
If one was to draw conclusions from the results of a short visit at
a given altitude, one would probably conclude that the duration of
flight was very short ; whereas, it is in reality of considerable length.
The individuals themselves wear very badly, and scarcely a week alter
the first emergence of the species, worn specimens are to be found.
This, together with the fact that only a few specimens will i;nost likely
be seen in a day (except in a very favourable locality),, gives the
impression that the insect is nearly over. It is, howevei^, only the
result of the irregular emergence ; fresh specimens may continue to
appear throughout a period of as much as eight weeks. The following
dates illustrate this, and notes from other localities give the same
results.
In a marsh near Kandersteg I took a fresh $ on May 25th a few
more on the 27th and Slst, several on June, 2nd and 8rd, some a little
worn ; no more until June 29kh (worn), and on July 8rd another fresh
specimen, and again on July 8th, also fresh, the last I found in this
locality. Throughout this period. May 26th to July 8th, I visited the
locality almost daily. Again, from the Ueschinen Tal, wh^n
andromedae was more abundia,nt than is usua^, t have notes on its
emergence at altitudes between 4Q00 and 7000 ft. The following dates
apply to one locality, no part of which was below 4600 ft. or above
5200 ft. First seen, May 23rd ; June 6th, common, both sexes ; June
8tb, some worn ; June 13th, worn ; June 19th, only one quite fresh ;
Jane 24th, abundant, fresh and worn ; July 2nd, a few very worn ;
July 6th, one worn ; 7th, none; 9th, none; 13th, none; 16th and
16th, a few fresh and worn ; 19tb, one a little worn ; 20th, one fairly fresh;
and 21st and 22nd, one each day, both worn ; the latter being the last
time I visited the locality. Had I left on the 15th, without having seen
a single andromedae for eight days, considering it had already
been on the wing for six weeks, I should naturally have concluded
it was over. At that date, too (July 16th) it was abundant 1400 ft.
above the ground when I made these notes. I regret that I was
unable to remain longer and note when the species finally disappeared,
but it is not likely it can have lasted much longer. The latest date I
have noted, at a similar altitude, was August 2nd. This was at
Lenzerheide, where it appeared at the commencement of the season a
little later, so one cannot assume that in the Ueschinen Tal
andromedae would have survived until August. In the neighbourhood
of Lenzerheide it was more abundant than I have ever seen it
elsewhere. It would often have been possible to take two or three
dozen specimens in one morning had one wished to do so.
Andromedae is very strong on the wing, and restless ; seldom
remaining long on the same spot. It is very fond, like most Heaperiidaet
of settling on moist patches of ground, and even on stones in the middle
of a rushing mountain stream. This is a remarkable habit, which I
have not observed in any other species. In the Schwarzbach on the
Geinnii Pass, I frequently saw andromedae alight and settle on stones
in the middle of the stream ; in some instances the stone selected being
scarcely raised an inch above the surface of the water. It is never to
be found far from water, and often inhabits very barren areas in the
THE SWISS SPEGIKS OF THE OENUS HESPBRIA. 119
mountains ; flying up and down the edge of precipitous torrents, where
its only Lepidopterous companions are a few small moths. One may
walk for hours over a rhododendron-covered Alp, where cacaliae and
numerous other species of Alpine butterflies abound, and if there is no
water about, never see andromedae ; but on coming to a little stream,
or even a small pool, such as is frequently seen in districts where there
are many cattle, a few moments search will almost certainly
disclose it. I have experienced this many times, and have often gone
considerable distances out of my way to verify the fact. It requires,
however, a certain amount of practice to catch, or even mark with the
eye, this lively species in such localities.
Andromedae is a very distinctly marked species, and is not one
which the collector is ever likely to find difiiciilt to name ; but,
I believe the feature most usually trusted to for identifying the species
is the presence of the three small white lines, nearest the base, on the
inner margin of the forewing upperside. Now this character when
taken in connection with the formation of the median band underside
hindwing, gives a combination of markiugs characteristic of
■andromedae^ but has this drawback, the three white lines are, not
infrequently, wanting, or reduced to two or one. In such cases,
anyone wholly dependent on these marks would probably record the
species as cacaliae. The underside hindwing, however, offers a sure
means of identification. The two light spots next the inner margin
form a more or less perfectly shaped exclamation mark, on a dark
ground. This is found in no other species (see notes on cacaliae) and
with the characters of the group makes the species unmistakeable.
Andromedae is not a very variable species, such variation as I have
observed being principally the result of enlargement of the white
markings of the underside. The only aberrations of the upperside I
liave seen are a tendency to a great increase of grey scaling, giving the
species an almost silver appearance ; and the aberration already
mentioned in which the white lines on the inner margin of the
forewing are wanting. The extreme form is rare, I have seen about a
dozen, but transitional ones, with only one or two lines present, are of
frequent occurrence.
Of underside aberrational forms the commonest is that in which
the two spots of the exclamation mark are joined, owing to the
elongation of the basal one, they never, however, lose their character-
istic shape; nor, therefore, their value as a distinguishing character.
This aberration is found in both sexes.
An apparently very rare form (in my Swiss series of about a
ti^undred specimens there is only one, and I have never seen a second)
^s that in which the costal basal' spot. is practically joined to the costal
^j|)ot of the median band. I have 014^.110^^ a tendency to this form
>i variation in one other species, nax|i(aij|;t|i|3|gff^4({^<^- In my specimen
•l:ie spots do not absolutely meet, but tb«fe|^^gd$.rly ;do so, that it is
^obable that very rarely one would findTw^iow^n.in \vh\ch they do.
^^ another rare aberration, we find the central spot oi.th^ me^Iian band
l^ined to the costal basal one. The extreme form of this Ts usually
^pOcompan^ed by the union of the two spots of the exclamation luark ;
Srapsitional forms, with the central spot of the band considerably
^tended towards the basal spots, are fairly common.
* The var. reducta is found in several degrees ; the extreme aberra-
120 THE entomologist's record.
tion in which the inner edge of the central spot is level and in a linfr
with the rest of the band, is very rare. Specimens with the projection
so modified as to be of less than half its normal size, are much
commoner. None of the aberrations mentioned, however, make the
identity of the species the least doubtful.
H, cacaliae, Rbr,
•
Cacaliae is one of the true Alpine species ; in fact, excepting
ryffelensiSf it is more completely confined to high altitudes than any
other Central European species. It is most frequently recorded from
altitudes over 6000 ft., where it is well distributed and normally
abundant. It ascends to very great altitudes, possibly higher even
than androinedaej but cannot apparently establish itself in sub-alpine
regions, as does that latter, which is undoubtedly most abundant
between 4000 arid 6000 ft. Cacaliae is occasionally recorded at low
levels, but these records are not satisfactory, and I strongly suspect
are based on the capture of single examples, which have strayed from
higher levels. I have myself taken such isolated examples in the
Ueschinen Tal. In this valley above 6000 ft. cacaliae is common ; but I
found a (^ at 4500 ft. and a $ at the same level a month later. I
had collected on this ground continually between the two captures
without finding another specimen, so concluded they were the result of
eggs laid by a ? strayed from higher up the summer before. In such
a case there would, of course, have been a considerable number of eggs
laid, and the fact that only two specimens were found, suggests that
conditions at these lower levels are unsuitable to the species. I should
add that when I found the first specimen, the ^ , the species had not
yet emerged higher up. In most sub-alpine regions, particularly if
surrounded by mountains of greater height, it is not unusual to take
single specimens of Alpine butterflies, and cacaliae, with its wild flight,
would seem a likely enough species to stray ftom its natural zone.
Cacaliae is not at all so universally distributed in the Swiss Alps
as androtnedae, but, when ib occurs it is usually much more abundant.
. I have found it in many localities in the Valais, Bernese Oberland,
and Grisons ; but not in the Vaud, though it is probably found in some
of the higher parts.
Cacaliae is a very distinctly marked species. It varies, however, to
a considerable extent, and thus sometimes assumes a certain likeness
to androinedae. This is particularly the case when the two spots next
the inner margin hind wing underside take the same shape as the
exclamation mark in andromedae. They can, however, always be easily
separated, for in androinedae the exclamation mark is always on a
black background ; while in cacaliae it is on a coloured one. In other
words, the black coloration which borders the hind wing from the base
to the anal angle, is twice the width in andromedae it is in cacaliae.
Another feature which distinguishes cacaliae from all other species, is
the bright brownish-orange colour of the hindwing underside. More
valuable than the colour, which unfortunately fades a little in worn
examples, is the character offered by the basal spots, underside hind-
wing. Normally three in number m all other species, in cacaliae the
central one is almost'always absent ; only on rare occasions it is partly
developed, and never, in my experience, wholly.
On the upperside cacaliae shows a greater degree of transitional
OHRRBNT NOTES. 121
variation than any other species of the group ; the white markings
being often completely absent, and often as strongly developed as in
andromedae ; while any number of intermediate forms exist. The heaviest
development of the white markings is the rarest, and is principally, if
not entirely, confined to the $ s. The other extreme, which is much
commoner, is found in both sexes. On the underside the costal basal
spot of the hindwing is the most variable feature ; sometimes being
rounded as in serratulae, and sometimes square as in alveus.
Many interesting aberrations of the reducta form occur, to the
extreme form with the inner edge of the band absolutely rectilinear,
which is rare. Transitional forms, in which the formation of the
central spot is considerably altered, are fairly common.
{To he continued.)
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The volume of the Ray Society for 1919, British Orthoptera by
W. J. Lucas has now been issued.
In the Rev. Mens, Namur, for February is an interesting obituary
of M. Tabb^ L6on de Joanuis, the brother of Tabb^ Joseph de Joannis,
an ex-president of the Entomological Society of France. For more
than thirty years M. L. de Joannnis had devoted himself to the
rearing of larva.
In the Ann, Soc, Ent, Belg, for February M. J. Bondroit gives a series
of notes on the ''Ants of France and Belgium," which our colleague,
Mr. Donisthorpe, and others have noticed so adversely, and attempts to
answer some of the strong criticisms advanced in several letters written
to him by the eminent Belgian myrmecologist, M. Emery. The number
also contains the Annual Address read by the President, M. Lameere,
who took for his subject the life and work of their last President,
M. Charles Kerremans, who died in 1915 during the occupation.
SOCIETIES.
GThb South London Entomological and Natural History Sooibtt.
February 26tA, 1920. — New Members. — Mr. F. Lindeman, of Sao
Paulo, Brazil, and Mr. S. Abbott, of Catford, were elected members.
Exhibition of Lantern Slides. — Mr. W. T. Lucas, Oxshott before
Bi-nd after '^ devastation " caused by the cutting of the trees.
Mr. Main, illustrating details of the Life-histories of the beetles
ytta vesieatoria^ Cetonia anrata, Dorcas pa^allelopipidus, Lucanus
^^rvus, Necrophorus hujnator, Nebria brevicollisj Pterostichus madidus,
^ud Rhagium inquisitor,
Mr. Bunnett, ova of Chrysopa sps., resting attitudes, a record of
dianges of form in the Amoeba during six minutes, the egg-breaker of
"ttie larva of Stenopsocus crudatiiSy etc.
Mr. Dennis, the plants noted during a holiday on and around
Snowdon.
Mr. Roberts, various birds, views of Selborne and Folkestone
Warren.
122 THE entomologist's reoord.
Variation in H. pennaria. — Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited &
long bred and captured series of Himera pennaiia from various
localities, and read notes on the forms included.
Xanthio C. pamphilus. — Mr. Garrett, an extremely pale xanthic
example of Coenonympha pamphilus, taken at Wicken,
March 11th, 1919. — New Member. — Mr. A. 0. Jump, of Wands-
worth Common, was elected a member.
Aberrations of British butterflies. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited
aberrations of Pyrameis atalanta, yellow instead of red coloration, and
of Vanessa to, without eyespots on the hindwings.
Theclidje. — Mr. W. J. Kaye, several striking species of South
American Theclidae.
Aberrations of S. semele and P. jegon. — Mr. Barrett, series of
Satyr us semele, showing much aberration in the spotting of the fore-
wings ; a series of Pleheius aegon underside aberrations, and of
Polyomniatits icarus undersides.
The Surrey races of A. coridon. — Mr. A. W. W, Buckstone, the
1919 specimens of the three forms of Agriades coridon from Shere,
Surrey, and read notes on these races.
Aberrations of P. icarus. — Mr. L. E. Dunster, underside aber-
rations of Polyommatus icarus with ab. obsoleta and ab. icarinus.
Some Aquatic Larvae. — Messrs. Blair and H. Main, living larva
of Corethra sp., Mochlonyx sp., Ochlerohatus nemorosus and Anopheles
bifurcatus all denizens of water, and made remarks on their habits in
captivity.
Melanio D. truncata. — Mr. P. S. Williams, a bred series of the
melanic form of Dysstronia truncata from Finchley.
Jamaican Lepidoptera. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a large number of
Lepidoptera taken in the latter part of 1919 in Jamaica by a member,
Mr. D. Pearson.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
January 19th, 1920. — New Member. — Mr. J. Davis Ward, Lim&-
hurst. Grange-over- Sands, was elected a member.
Annual Report of Lepidoptera.— Mr. W. Mans bridge read hi^
report as Recorder for Lepidoptera for 1919. Five species new to tl»-^
Lancashire and Cheshire List were mentioned, viz,, Nonagria gemiiv^
punctata, flatchmere ; Depressaria cnicella, bred from sallow, FormbjT"
Retinia purdeyi, Burnley ; Lithocolletis sorbi, Delamere, Eastham ao. ^
Woolton ; Elachista magnificella, Sales Wood, near Prescot. Cramhr-^^
uliginosellus, new to Lancashire, from Holker Moss. In support c^ ^
the paper, Mr. W. A. Tyerman exhibited a number of his mo&^
interesting captures daring 1919.
February l^th, 1920. — The evening was devoted to a discussion cyi
the rules of the Society.
Exhibits. — Mr. S. Gordon Smith, a case of very jBne varieties ot
Vanessa io, Aglais urticae, Euvanessa polychloros, Apatura iris, Aphant'
SOCIETIES. 128
opus hyperantuSf and Arctia caia, many being from the collection of
the late Sydney Webb. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed a long series of
Leptogramma literana and its varieties from the New Forest, and a
series of Elachista magnificella from near Prescot.
March 16tA, 1920. — Paper. — Mr. F. N. Pierce read a paper entitled
" Notes on American Tortrices." In his interesting communication
Mr. Pierce described the affinities of a small collection of North
American Tortricidae, with certain British species, as shown by their
genitalia, and exhibited the specimens. If there were any longer
doabt as to the value of the genital anciUaries in questions of relation-
ship it would be dispelled by the facts brought forward in the paper.
Mr. Pierce conclusively demonstrated that generic, as well as specific
limits, could be recognised by a study of this branch of insect
morphology. An animated dis3ussion followed the paper.
Exhibits. — Spring Lepidoptera were exhibited by Messrs. P. J.
Rimmer, W. A. Tyerman, and the Rev. F. M. B. Carr. It was noted
that melanism in Phigalia pedaria and Hyhemia lencophaeana seemed
to be more marked at Delamere and Eastham than usual. Mr. Wm.
Mansbridge brought some curious short-winged specimens of Coeno-
nympha pamphilus and Selenia hilunaria from Grange and Torquay
respectively.
The Entomological Society of London.
March Srdy 1920. — Election of Fellows. — Messrs. E. H. Black-
more, President of the British Columbia Entomological Society, P.O.
Box 221, Victoria, B.C. ; Ernest Hargreaves, Zoological Dept.,
Imperial College of Science, South Kensington, S.W. 7; Arthur
Loveridge, Nairobi, British East Africa ; and John George Rhynehart,
Harristown, Taghmon, Co. Wexford, were elected Fellows of the
Society.
Proposed Alteration of the Bye-Laws. — It was announced that
a Special Meeting would be called to consider alterations in the Bye-
laws proposed by the Council, and these were then read for the first
time. It was agreed that the Special Meeting should be held immedi-
ately before the ordinary meeting on May 6th.
Death op a Fellow. — The President announced the death of Dr.
Gordon Hewitt.
Seasonal Dimorphism in Androconia — Dr. F. A. Dixey exhibited
some outline drawings showing variation in form between the scent-
scales of the spring and summer form of several butterflies, including
Teracolifs evagore, Ag Hades thersites, Pieris (Ganoris) rapae, etc.
Butterflies prom Cyprus. — Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited many of
the Cyprian Butterflies with which his paper (read later in the
evening) was concerned, and explained their characteristic features.
Odonata from Macedonia. — Capt. J. Waterston exhibited a set of
Macedonian Odonafca collected by himself in 1917-1918. Annotated
lists of them have been published in vols. li. and lii. of The Entomoloijist.
He recalled the leading facts in the history of one of the species, viz.,
SelyBioth^mis nigra, Lind. [Lihellulidae) ,
124 THB entomologist's augord.
Forms of Helicgnius doris. — Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited Heliconius
doris, Linn., from Trinidad, of the blue, green and red forms, and from
Columbia a specimen of an amatkusia form uniting the blue and red
form in one, to show the disposition of the hindwing streaking of the
blue, green or red forms.
Lyoasnidae from Ceylon. — Mr. Riley exhibited some LiycsBnids
from Ceylon on behalf of Mr. W. Ormiston of Ealupahani. The
specimens included aberrations of : — 1. Zizera lysimon, Hb. A female
with extra spots added irregularly on underside of forewing. 2. Zizera
gaika, Trimen. A similar aberration. 8. Catochrysops pandava^
Horsf. y . 4. Tarucns telicanus f. plinius^ Fab. Aberration with
coalescent spots. 5. Nacaduba noreia, Feld. 2 • This insect described
by Felder in 1864 has never since been correctly determined.
6. Nacaduba dana^ de Nic^. S' . Aberration with the markings of
underside almost entirely absent. 7. Nacaduba atrata, Horsf.
Aberration with forewings with dissimilar markings. 8. NaccLduba
nora, Feld. 9. Chilades laius, Cram. 10. AfhnaeuB nuhUus^ Moore,
and 11. Other species of Aphnaeus,
Horned Beetles. — Mr. G. J. Arrow showed a series of lantern
slides to illustrate di£ferent types of armature occurring in LameUicom
Beetles. <
Rhopalogera from Ceram. — Mr. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. Joicey,
exhibited several new and little known Rhopalocera from Gentral
Ceram.
Evidence that the viola, Butl., ? f. mim. of Chabaxbs bthboglbs,
Cr., flies with its model C. epijasius, Reiohe. — Prof. Poulton said
that at the Meeting of last December he had shown a lantern slide
representing these two species captured in the same locality and within
a few days of each other. He now communicated a confirmatory letter
he had received from Lt.-Col. R. S. Wilson, Governor of the Western
Desert Province of Egypt.
The attacks of birds on butterflies witnessed in NtA88AI.AND
BY W. A. Lamborn. The mares of a bird's beak REOoaNiSABLB on
REJECTED WINGS. — Prof. Poulton exhibited and illustrated by lantern
slide the examples enclosed in a letter from Mr. W. A. Lamborn. The
method of transport had not caused any deterioration, and the marks
of the bird's beak at the base of the wings were quite clear.
Observations on the enemies of the larvae of the Pibbine
BUTTERFLY Catopsilia florella IN East Africa. — Prof. Poulton said
that he had also received a series of interesting notes by Mr. Lamborn
on the the larvae of C. fiorella and their enemies.
Papers.—** Butterflies of Cyprus," by H. J. Turner, F.E.S. "An
undescribed Lycaenid from Cyprus, Glaucopsyche paphoSf n. sp.," by
T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.R.S., etc.
' Vi>,.. xxxni.
^lm'^0^
W'lt^'^
The Gbnub HegpeiiI:
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 125
The Swiss species of the Genus Hesperia. (Plate iii.)
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
{Concluded from p, 121,)
H, onopordiy Rbr.
This interesting species occurs in several localities in the Rhone
Valley, but I have only taken it between Branson and FoUaterre ;
where it flies in the meadows by the Rhone canal, at the former place ;
and over a considerable part of the hillside at the latter.
It is double- brooded and has the distinction of being the first
Hesperia to appear in the spring and the lasD to disappear in the
autumn ; its only rival in this respect being armoncanus. In a
normal year onopordi emerges in the middle of April, most of the other
spring species not appearing before the end of the month.
The first brood is a much shorter time on the wing than the
second, and is usually over by May 20th ; never, to my knowledge,
surviving until June : the second, commencmg in the middle of July,
lasts to the end of September. The emergence Of the second brood
is more extended, which explains its long duration. I have taken
single fresh examples with quite worn ones as late as September 2nd
and 16th. Curiously enough, although the (^ s are just as abundant
in both broods, the ? s are extremely rare in the summer and autumn.
In fact, I have only taken 2 $ s of the second brood, in the course of
four seasons, though they are plentiful in the first. When I say
*' plentiful," I do not mean they were in numbers like the J s. I have
only noted two species in which the number of the two sexes seem to
be approximately equal ; cacalioe and cartJiami ; in the latter at
FoUaterre sometimes the ? s were more numerous than the ^ s.
The distribution of onopordi in the FoUaterre district is remark-
able. At Branson it is confined to the water-meadows along the ed^e
of the^ Rhone canal, where it never leaves the long grass. The
collector who searches the neighbouring vineyards or road, will not
find a single specimen. Yet going towards FoUaterre the small
patches of uncultivated ground in and round the vineyards produce
it, and just before getting to FoUaterre it is found abundantly on a
patch of bare and precipitous rocks. About a hundred yards beyond
these rocks we find it again on the canal banks in company with such
species as M. didyma, P, manni^ A. lineola, etc., and many ** blues."
On the sandy hillside at FoUaterre it flies over most of the lower parts,
but only ascends about 400 fc. In these various habitats, some
of which are of very considerable area, and others very restricted, the
insect is confined to certain limits ; though considering the diverse
nature of the country within those limits, it seems remarkable that it
does not occur everywhere on the right bank of the Rhone.
I have always regarded onopordi as a lowland species, and was
therefore much interested and surprised when first I saw Mons.
Oberthiir*s record of the occurrence of var. conyzae at Zermatt, the only
other suggestion of an Alpine habitat for this species which I had noted
being a single specimen in the collection of a friend, which was
supposed to have come from Berisal, many years ago. As it was only
a single specimen out of a good number of Hespemda from the same
locality, I was inclined to think it might have been taken a Uttle above
Brigue, and so got mixed with specimens from a little higher up ; but
July, 1920.
126 THE entomologist's record.
in view of the Zermatt record it is quite possible it came from Berisal.
Why, and how, onopordi came to ascend to these levels in this one
district, it is impossible to say ; nowhere that I have collected in the
Alps have I ever seen the species, and Prof. Reverdin tells me that his
experience has been the same. Dr. Chapman notes the occurrence of
onopordi at Spondinig on the Stelvio, at 2800 ft. This is about
lock) ft. higher than the summit of its vertical range at FoUaterre, but
is still much below the Berisal level. It is to be supposed that when
onopordi does occur over 5000 ft. it will be single-brooded.
Onopordi is, on the whole, an easily identified species ; the
characteristic feature of the group, together with the hooked spot of
the median band underside hindwing, give it an appearance easily
recognised, and distinctive. There is no appreciable difference
between the individuals of the two broods of onopordi in the Rhone
Valley (though, as in the case of armoricanus, Dr. Verity finds
distinctions which he considers important enough to merit a name,
between the broods in Italy), but, curiously enough, some <^ s of the
second broo<i are larger than any <^ s or $ s of the first.
The ground colour of the hindwing underside shows some
variation, nob unfrequenily beingof a fine tone deeper even than carlinae\
but it is not so constant as in ibat species. It wears badly, and after
the species has been a week or two on the wing, it is difficult to find a
specimen not considerably faded. Unfaded examples, in which the
colour is much paler and yellowish, are found occasionally ; and in this
connection mention must be made of var. conyzae, Guen^e. It is still
doubtful whether this form is only an aberration, in which case it was
absurd to name it; as no man living could determine what constituted the
limits of one shade in this variable colour. In answer to a question of
mine. Prof. Reverdin, with much kindness, sent me all the information
he had concerning this form, in detail. The type specimens were not
taken in Switzerland, but some distance on the French side of the
frontier. Whether the form was racial in that locality remains the
chief question ; but, unfortunately, it has never been re-discovered.
The type conyzae only differed from onopordi in the grey tone of the
groundcolour underside hindwing ; so it is to be presumed, by M.
Oberthiir giving the name to the Zermatt specimens, that a pale
coloration is racial and constant there. Judging by the unstable
nature of this colour in onopordi^ I find this difficult to credit ; also'
the specimen from Berisal was of as fine and deep a colour as any I
have seen. That is how the matter stands. There always remains,
of course, the possibility that in the future, a race of onopordi with a
distinctive coloration underside, will be found in some distant locality.
The var. reducta occurs in various degrees in onopordi. The
extreme form, in which the *' anvil-shaped" spot has its inner edge
level with the band, is not at all so rare as in andromedaey and
occurs in both broods; it does not seriously affect the identification
of the specimen, as the other characters (black outlining of spots,
hooked spot, etc.) remain unchanged. This form too, never looks so
like carlinae or armoricanusy as the converse aberrations of these
species look like onopordi,
H, rnalvae, L.
In this species and the next (walvoides) we find a greater tendency
THE SWISS SPECIES OF THE GENUS HESPERIA. 127
io transitional variation than in any other species of the group. They
are also remarkable in that they are the only species of the 6. group in
which the reducta aberrations occur really commonly. The most
usual form of the median band is one with only a slight projection
towards the base of the wing from the central spot, while the formation
of the other spots comprising the band, varies in an almost endless
manner. Consequently aberrational forms occur which are slightly
like onopoj'ffi, fritillnmy rarlinae, and armoricanuH. Such forms might
occasionally be difficult to identify, were it not for the basal spots. 3y
these one can, almost always, distinguish mahae and malroides from
any other European species at a glance. In malvae aqd inalvoideH the
basal spots (hindwing underside) are very small, and approximate in
size and character the spots located near the hind margin of their
wing ; while, in the other species of both groups, the basal spots are
large, and approximate in size and character to the spots of the
median band.
When Dr. Reverdin published his acconnt of malvae and malvoidex^
he noted that at that time no specimen of malrae had been found
among those he examined from the Canton Valais. Now I cannot say
that I have taken malvae in the Valais, but I have no doubt it can be
taken there. It is common round Bex, and in many places between
that place and Villeneuve, and in this stretch of country there can be
little doubt that it occurs on both sides of the Rhone. It flies in places
actually on the right bank, and as conditions on both sides are the
same, there is but little cause to suppose malvae to be restricted to the
side of the Canton Vaud. But even if malvae is, in the future, found
in this part of the Canton Valais, there is no doubt it is absent from
the rest of it. The chain of mountains, which as it were crosses the
Rhone Valley at St. Maurice, appears to have barred malvae from the
plain of the valley above that place. It occurs along the hillside on
the north side of the valley, almost as far as Lavey les Bains ; being
quite abundant in spots through the wood, but never descending to the
flat of the valley.
Malvae is on the wing in late April or early May, according to the
altitude ; but it is not by any means over before malvoides emerges, as
one often hears it said to be. Any day during the first fortnight of
May the collector could take both species on the same day, in the
Hhone Valley, if he wished to do so.
Malvae varies considerably. The d,b. taras is well known and widely
distributed, it needs no further comment. Another marked aberration
of malvae is the ab. bilineata, Rev. In this form, described by Prof.
Reverdin, from two ^ s from Asia Minor, the two last spots of the
discoidal series, next the inner margin, forewing upperside, are united
to the two basal spots ; forming two parallel white lines along the
inner margin of the wing. These spots, in forms transitional to ab.
tarasy are often found united into a single blotch of white ; usually,
however, taking in one or more of the upper white spots of the dis-
coidal series as well. Such aberrations are common ; but the ab.
hilineata, in which the confluent spots form two separate white lines,
is somewhat rare. Only one European specimen was known to Prof.
Reverdin at the time he named it. I have a fine example,
which I took in the neighbourhood of Caux. It is the only Swiss
specimen I have seen or heard of.
128 THE entomologist's record.
The underside varies greatly. As already noted, forms of «b.
reducta are of common occurrence. In these aberrations, however,
there is nearly always a general reduction of the white markings.
Occasionally this reduction is so extreme that the band is reduced to a
single spot at the outer margin of the wing. The costal basal spot,
too, is occasionally wanting. Both these forms are rare.
H. nmlvoides, Elw. and Edw.
Speaking roughly, malvoides may be said to be confined to Europe,
west of the Adriatic, and south of about 46° N. lat. : occurring in
Spain and Portligal, Italy and Sicily, Southern France, and a very
limited part of southern and eastern Switzerland, where it attains its
most northerly habitat. Malvae only enters this area in one or two
places in south-eastern Switzerland and north Italy. Perhaps I ought
to apologise for repeating these facts, which are, of course, well known
to the few that study the Hesperiids ; but I have seen notes announcing
the capture of malvae at Vernet-les-Bains in 1918, and of another
alleged walvae at Aix in Provence, in 1914, which seems to suggest
that a little repetition may still be of some use.
Knowing that malvoides was recorded from Martigny and malvae
from Gryon, I spent a good deal of time looking for these species, in
order to find out how closely they approached one another in this
district, and whether they overlapped at any point. I may at once say
that so far as the Rhone Valley is concerned, I aui quite sure that they
do not overlap ; but they are found in closer proximity there than any-
where else that has at present been recorded. I found malvoides at
Branson, Follaterre, Vernayaz, and Salvan ; higher up the valley it is
found in many places, but Vernayaz is the nearest point to St. Maurice
reached by the species. As previously noted, malvae occurs on the bill-
side at Lavey-les-Bains ; so that in actual distance there is (»nly some
nine kilometres between the two species at this point.
With regard to the general distribution of these species in Switzer-
land, it is interesting to note the following. The areas inhabited by
both are sharply divided by a natural barrier. The great chain of the Alps,
of the Bernese Oberland, Uri, and Glarus, which run across the country
in a more or less straight line, from the N.E. to the S.W., divide the
two species. Although both occur in the mouniHins they do not seem
able to rise to a greater elevation, than 6,000 ft. I have seen instances
of this with both species. In the Grisoiis, at Lenzerheide, malvoides
occurred all through the neighbourhood, between 4,800 ft. and 5,600
ft., in great numbers, and more rarely up to about 6,000 ft., but above
this it failed to appear. Similarly, in the Bernese OberlanJ, at Ean-
dersteg, malvae, though very common, never occurred much, if at all,
over 5,800 ft. In the Vaud I have taken it at a slightly higher level,
but never quite up to 6,000 ft. Consequently along this range of
mountains, bordering the valleys of the Rhone and upper Rhine, we find
malvae on the northern slopes, and malvoides on the southern. How
malvae surmounted this barrier and got down to the southern Grisons,
where a single specimen was taken, it would be hard to say ; for
although it has turned the north-western corner at St. Maurice, it
apparently is not inclmed to extend along the flat of the valley.
Malroiths appears early in May in the Rhone Valley, but seldom
lasts more than three or four weeks. It is double-brooded in most
THE SWISS SPBOIBS OF THE GENUS HB8PBBIA. 129
localities, and I fancy in some southern ones it is triple-brooded. In
Switzerland the second brood is very partial, and possibly in many
seasons non-existent. The only second brood example I have taken
was a ? , at Follaterre, on July 18th. 1 have collected in the various
localities where the first brood flies, through several consecutive seasons
late into September, without ever finding another specimen that could
have been a second brood one. In the mountains there is, of course,
only one ^brood ; but this, in my experience, is of much longer duration
than any brood in the plains. The emergence, however, does not take
place much later than the first emergence in the plains, even at the
highest altitudes. It has been often recorded as not appearing until
July in the Alps, but this is quite a mistake. At Lenzerheide (Grisons),
at a little over 5,000 ft., I found it on the wing by May 20th, and it
was still to be seen on the wing until mid July. Some seasons it should
be found even earlier, for it was a late spring the season I was there ;
but collectors do not often visit such altitudes in the middle or
beginning of May, which is doubtless the origin of the July supposi-
tion. The same applies to malvae, which I have taken at just over 4,000
ft. on May 10th, indeed the same can be said of any species of Hesperia
which occurs both in the lowland and alpine regions. The date of
emergence is never chane:ed by a rise of 2,000 ft. more than eight or
ten days ; and a rise of from 4,000-5,000 ft. rarely retards emergence^
more than a fortnight.
On the habits of malcoidex. Prof. Reverdin gave some interesting
notes, from several well known entomologists. It was snggfested that
malvoidea inhabits moist, or even swampy, localities, while malrae shows
a preference for dry ones. My own experience has given me similar
results, as far as maivoides is concerned ; I have never found it except
in damp and swampy places, often in marshes, on the banks of streams,
etc. ; but with malrae it has been dijfferent. I have taken it usually in
dry localities ; but on three occasions I found it in absolute swamps.
The first, a single specimen in the St. Triphon marshes ; the second,
in the swampy locality on the bank of the Veraye Torrent at the foot
of the Rochers de Naye, famous for /.. oinphidamas, where malvae is
abundant every year ; the third, in the Wageti marshes at Kandersteg,
w^here malvae is common, fiying with such water-loving species as /'.
delius, B. inoy and androniedae. I am afraid then, the nature of its
Labitat will never be evidence enough to determine the identity of the
species by ; but all the same, nmlvoidea seems to be only located by or
near water.
The transitional variation of malvo'uies is of some interest, and
particularly so when it affects the basal spots. The value of these as
a distinguishing characteristic has already been mentioned, and though
they are just as subject to minor variation as any other marking of the
hind wing, there is only one development which robs them of their
value. When the basal spots are considerably enlarged the species
assumes some likeness to an aberrant specimen of fn'tillntn, in which
these spots are somewhat smaller than in the type. Now, this
aberration affects malcoidea only, for although it occurs in walvae also,
as that species is single-brooded and over at least two months before
fritillum emerges, there can never be any question as to its identity.
In the southern area, however, where fn'tillnm and viahoides both
occur, the second (? third) brood of the latter would coincide with the
180 THE entomologist's record.
one brood of the former. Even so if any number were taken it would
be easy enough to separate them ; but if a single aberrant malvoides
wich abnormal development of the basal spots, was taken with some
number of fritillum, it might be difficult to identify superficially. In
such a case one would have to depend on one or more of the following
characters of malvoides, none of which are really constant, but one or
two are always present, so far as my experience goes. (1) Small size
and less prominenr. development of white upperside ; (2) the n^rvures
and ground colour of hind wing underside of different shades ; (3)
general irregularity of all white markings of hindwing ; and (4)
browner ground colour. In Switzerland, however, fritillmn does not
occur in the area inhabited by malvoides.
As in Hialvae, the var. redncta is frequently found, but an increase
in size of the basal spots never coincides with a reduction of the spots
of the median band, and therefore the various aberrations of the
rediicta form never confuse the identity of the species.
This completes the list of the Swiss species, but some mention
must be made of H, centaurmey for Mr. Wheeler included it in his
Butts, of Switzerland on the strength ol a record of Ratzer's, recording
the capture of it in the Steinen Tal (Simplon Pass) in June and July.
That this record was the result of an error in identification there can
be no doubt. Prof. Reverdin tells me he believes it to be so, and that
he has never seen a Swiss specimen of centaureae. I may also add,
that I have never met anyone who has, or heard of, any capture.
What species Ratzer took in the Steinen Tal, one cannot say, but I
strongly suspect it must have been the ubiquitous andromedae ; the
only alternative being cacnliae ; for the date, June, at that height
excludes the possibility of alveus^ and it seems impossible that he could
have mistaken sei'ratulaa for centanreae.
I cannot end these notes without acknowledging the kindness and
promptitude with which Professor Reverdin has always been ready to
give me the benefib of his great experience in detail, whenever during
the past few years I have asked for his opinion on any obscure point
The accompanying plate illustrates some of the very variable
ed'tensa and rediicta formations, of a few species of each group, with
one or two typical specimens for comparison. The figures are exactly
natural size, so may be useful as an indication of the features which
may be developed in species of either group by this convergent line of
variation.
Explanation of Plate III.
A.
1. H. alveuSj type. 2-6. H. alveiis, extensa foimations. 7. H. ierratulae^
type. 8-9. H. serr alulae, extensa formations. 10. H. carlinae^ type (larger than
normal). 11-12. H. carlivae, extensa formations.
B.
1. //. andfomedaf, type. 2-4. H. andromedae^ reducta formations. 5. H.
cacaliae, type. iy-S. H. cacaliae^ reducta formations. 9. H. onopordi, reducta
form.
Further Notes from Palestine.
By H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.
The following notes are in continuation of those that appeared in
a former number of this magazine and deal with further entomological
FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. IBl
observations up to the close of the campaign in Palestine and Syria.
In addition, I have incorporated a good many general remarks which
I trust will prove of sufficient interest to warrant their intrusion in a
scientific periodical. The opening paragraph of the former notes
pointing out their necessarily indeterminate character may be taken to
apply equally to these, as although I had some apparatus sent out
from England it arrived too late in the season of 19 18 to be of much
use and during the active military operations in the latter part of the
year had to be ** dumped " with all other baggage. I have had the
advantage, however, of access to the collections in the Entomological
Section of the Ministry of Agriculture in Cairo, and have to thank
Mr. G. Storey and Mr. E. W. Adair of that Department for their
kindness and courtesy to a mere "other rank" in helping him to
identify several of the more common insects referred to in the course
of this article.
During the summer of 1917 my unit remained in Lower Palestine
facing the Turkish lines below Gaza with but little doing beyond the
daily shelling and occasional raids on our part. Everything was very
dried up, and except for grass-hoppers, ants and house-fiies, insect life
was scarce. In August the camp was moved down to some fig-groves
on the coast, the fig-trees growing out of the bare sand. Here I
noticed a few Pierids and a fair-sized sand-wasp with a grey black-
marked abdomen and lemon-coloured legs and mandibles, a silvery
sand-frequenting species of ant, and among the Diptera a small
Trypetid (? a Carphotricha) which was abundant, a Chrj/sophiliis (?)
and an Asilid (PhUoniais?). On our return to the downs inland I
was laid up with a bout of fever and sent down the line to Cairo.
Here in a small garden attached to the barracks at Abbassia I noted in
Diptera a species of Siccus, Catacoufha pyrastH^ a Syrphus and an
Eristalis ; a small skipper butterfly was nob uncommon, and the
common 'EtB,8tevn hornet {VesfHi (ulentalis) was abundant round about
the refuse tubs. 1 rejoined my battery in October and remained until
the end of the month when I had ten days leave which I spent in a
hiasty visit to Luxor. I spent all my available time visiting the
marvellous ruins, but noticed one or two specimens of Danaida
ahrysippiis, a very handsome dragon-fly with a deep red body and
wings, a number of webs of some gregarious caterpillar on the mimosa
trees, and also a large number of spiders' webs on some telegraph
wires ! On my return from leave I was detailed to take over the
charge of a baggage dump at Belah, some eight miles south of Gaza,
where I spent a somewhat monotonous time until the beginning of
February. There was not much vegetation and insects were scarce.
At times it was even difficult to find house-flies in sufficient numbers
to feed the chameleons which were kept as pecs in many of the tents.
Towards the end of January scarlet anemones and a pretty little iris
appeared in flower, and I noticed some humble-bees, a small Syrphid
fly and odd specimens of Pyrameia cardni.
At the beginning of February I left Beleh and rejoined my battery
at Mulebbis, a good-sized village situated some six miles inland and the
same distance north-east of Jafta, and 1 remained there until mid- July.
Mulebbis is one of the oldest Jewish colonies in Palestine, having been
founded in 1878, and is surrounded with extensive orange groves and
orchards, interspaced with well grown belts of eucalyptus planted for
132 • '
TBE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
drainage and (?) febrifugal purposes. Between Mulebbis and Jaffa
lies the coastal plain of Sharon watered by the River Auja, and a few
miles to the east is the commencement of the range of limestone hills
that form the backbone of Palestine. The soil was dry and sandy but
appeared to be very fruitful where cultivated. The numerous orange
and lemon groves were separated by lanes over-shadowed by tall hedges
of mimosa on either side, with an occasional stretch of cactus ; and
these lanes, with the red-tiled roofs of the majority of the houses as
well as the European dress of the colonists, formed a great contrast
to the flat-roofed, mud -built villages and the universal eastern costume
met with in the districts below Gaza, and gave quite an English
aspect to tho landscape, reminding me more especially of some of the
fruit-growing districts of Kent. Oranges and lemons were very
plentiful as might be expected, and although sundry regulations were
issued prohibiting the troops from picking them, these were more
honoured in the breach than the observance, at any rate by troops
quartered m the groves. Units less happily situated had as a rule an
orange ration issued to them, but our own men had as many as they
liked to eat for the picking — with the full acquiescence of the owners
be it said.
Each grove had its own well for irrigation purposes ; not such wells
as we have in England, but consisting of a masonry shaft some 50
feet dpep and 18 feet or so in diameter, the piping for the water being
carried down the centre into the ground and braced by iron girders at
intervals. When in use the water was pumped up by stationary steam
or gazogene engines into fair-sized reservoirs of stone or cement (which
formed admirable open-air swimming baths), and let out thence into
the stone or gutter-piping drains which intersected the groves in all
directions. There was almost always a shallow pool of water at the
bottom of the well-shafts varying in depth from a few inches to a
couple of feet, and these pools, the reservoirs, and the numerous little
subsidiary basins in the gutters, formed favourable breeding grounds
for mosquitoes ; moreover the locality was known to be malarious.
The R.A.M.C., however, proved equal to the task of tackling this
dani^^r. The whole area was marked out into districts ; all wells,
pools, etc., marked ; samples of the water taken and inspected for the
purpose of detecting the presence of mosquito eggs or larvae ; and in
every case where the presence of mosquitoes was proved, the water was
treated to a mixture of crude oil and paraffin well stirred in, and this
treatment was renewed where necessary at periodical intervals. In
Mulebbis Culex larvae were found more commonly than those of
Ano}fheles; but at Medjal-Yaba, in the foothills some miles further
inland, where the water-supply was derived from cave wells. Anopheles
was the prevalent genus. Another anti-malarial measure was taken
by cutting down the vegetation near the bridges and bathing places on
the River Auja and the ways leading down to it. This necessarily
entailed a t^ood deal of labour, but when there is an Army available
such work can be carried out to an extent impracticable to local effort
and hired labour. Mosquito nets were issued to the troops, and
carefully drawn up instructions sent to all units. One unavoidable
evil lay in the fact that practically the whole resident population was
infected with malaria, but as a result of the above mentioned precautions
there was nothing like an epidemic among the troops quartered in the
* FUBTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. 188
•
iistrict, although a certain number of cases occurred. Incidentally it
nay be remarked that the Turkish armies were reported to have
affered far more severely from this insect- borne disease than the
British and Indian forces opposed to them. I did not myself see an
innpkeles mosquito during my stay at Mulebbis, although Culex was
lot uncommon.
From March to the end of May there was a great wealth of wild
lowers in the groves. These gradually withered away in June and
July until in the latter month the plains became a waste of dried up
khistles and Urnbelliferae. I noticed that these latter flowers when
fresh did not attract insects to anything like the extent they do in
England, and another feature that struck me as curious was the fact
that the wild flowers around and under the trees might be alive with
beetles, flies, and occasional butterflies, but they one and all neglected
the orange blossom, and I did not understand how fertilisation was
carried out. I asked one of the proprietors and he told me that bees
were the agents, but they were very seldom seen at the blossoms, and
I only remember noticing one row of hives. It may be that nocturnal
Lepidoptera have something to do with the fertilization, but I have no
notes of seeing any moths at the flowers and any systematic night
work was out of the question.
All the undergrowth of flowers and weeds in the groves was cut
down and the ground dug over during the month of April prior to
irrigation. While they lasted these flowers attracted many insects but
not a very large number of species. M^* observations were confined to
the orange groves and lanes near by, and I had no opportunity except
on one occasion of going out on the plains or to the hills. In this
cultivated area butterflies were but poorly represented and I saw
nothing in the nature of .the large flights referred to in my previous
article as occurring in the spring of 1917 near Belah. It is possible
that the latter district lies in a migration track or there may have been
some exceptional weather conditions. Colias ednsa and one or two
species of Pierids {Euchloe belemia and l^ieris brassirae) were generally
common. A small blue (Zizeeria karsandra) was also very common ; a
larger blue was once or twice seen, but not closely enough to identify
it with any certainty, tintnicia phlaeas was not at all uncommon and
, a small skipper (Carcharodus altheae) fairly frequent. I saw one
brimstone and every now and again caught a glimpse of a swallow-tail.
The only occasion on which I saw a variety of butterflies on one day
was on May 16th, when I had a holiday and followed the course of a
wady, down to the River Auja. Here, especially towards the river end
where the vegetation was almost tropical in its density, I saw more
insects at once than at any other time during my stay in Palestine
including most of the butterflies mentioned above and in addition
several Satyrids closely resembling Meadow- browns, and two or three
Danaida chi'ysippns.
With regard to moths, Macnnjlossa stellatanun was common at
Mulebbis, and three or four specimens of the fine Atlas moth Satnniia
pyri were brought to me for identification. Geometers of several
species came to light or were disturbed from the undergrowth during
the daytime ; amongst others a small emerald (Nemoria faustinata) on
the 16th April and on several subsequent occasions, also a Eubolia (?)
resembling E, pluwbaria and two or three species of Eupithecia, The
134 THE entomojlogist's RECX)BD.
only Noctuid that I recognised was the well known Plusia gamma.
During May a handsome Burnet moth (Syntomis mestralil) was often*
seen. My observations of moths were very scanty as it was distinctly
unadvisable to go about with lights at night and anything like
sugaring was out of the question. On the whole lepidopterous life
was disappointing.
Dragon flies were not common at Mulebbis, but by the River Auja
on the 16th May they were present in considerable numbers and
variety, one species with mauve wings and body being specially notice-
able for its translucent beauty in the sunshine. Several species of
small ant-lions occurred, first noticed on the 8th May and subse-
quently quiie common, and a much larger species with variegated wings-
was not uncommon later in the season. In April I noticed a smtdl
Trichopteron in some numbers round one of the basins in the
irrigation channel of an orange grove. A lace wing fly {Chrysopa
vuhjaris) (?) was brought to me for identification once or twice.
I did not observe many CoLeoptera, but I know nothing of this
order and probably passed over many species. Those noted are afr
follows : a densely pubescent species (? Troi)inota squalida)^ probably
identical with that noted in my previous article as occurring at
Kantara in March, 1917, was extremely common on flower heads in
the latter half of February and during March. Its place was taken
later by another day-flying species, bright red in colour and about the
size of a honey bee which was as common on the flowers as the' |
familiar soldier beetles Telephoridae are on Umhelliferae at home. A
Scarabens with a rhinoceros-like horn, Phyllognathns silenus, was
brought to me on the 15th March, attracted by light, and from time to
time other species of this genus turned up. Large dung-rolling
beetles { Piineli a) wt^re also seen. On the 16th May I noticed tiger
beetles at the River Auja. Fireflies were not at all uncommon and first
noted at the end of April, and water beetles occurred in some of tbe-
tanks in the groves. *
Crickets [Lioyiylhia biinacidatus) were almost as common as in
Egypt ; mole-crickets were not uncommonly found in the irrigation
tanks, which seemed to have a fatal fascination for them ; a large
variety of grasshoppers and some locusts seen, but no swarms of the
latter occurred. The large size and clumsy flight, of a large species of
locust {Pachytylus danicus) when disturbed caused me more than once *
to mistake it for a startled bird. Two or three kinds of Mantidae
occurred.
Hymenoptera were abundant both in numbers and species. Ants-
of three or four species were very common and some of their " runs"
plainly visible in the short grass and extended some twenty yards or more.-
A shining black species (? Pheidole menacephala) about half as large
again as our common garden ant in England, was noticed swarming in
small columns about four feet high just over its nests. These
swarms were first noticed on the 21st May and at a little distance looked
like so many columns of smoke from small fires. They were only in
flight from about 7 to 10 in the mornings, and continued for a-
fortnight or three weeks. Among other Aculeates, solitary bees of
numerous species were abundant ; the dry sandy soil seemed well
suited for them and they flourished accordingly. On the 18th February a<
species of mason-bee was very busy exploring the walls of the shed in-
FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. IBS'
hich we were quartered and the large clumsily built ant Doryllus
ivencus 2 came to light every now and again.
Respecting the social Hymenoptera several large bumble-bees were
BenattheRiver Aujaon the 16th May. I have remarked above on Honey
ees ; their place and that of wasps was taken by the common hornet
f Egypt and Palestine (Vespa orieiitalis). A large kind, possibly
ueens,. were quite common from the middle of March to mid June,
fhen they gave place to smaller ones (? workers). I once came across
t ground-nest in the open plain (as a rule they do not nest in the open
jround but on roofs of sheds, etc.) it had rather a wide exit of some
wo inches in diameter. The hornets did not seem at all vicious and
>nly two cases of stinging came under my notice ; one of a man who
mfortunately for himself disturbed a nest while bathing and got badly
rtung ; the other occurring on the trek up from Haifa to Beirut when
)ne of the horses of the Battery Staff must have trodden on a nest^
There was a considerable disturbance and a relaxation of march
iiscipline for the time being on the part of ihe staff, and the guns and
wagons following made a discreet detour, but the only sufferers were
one or two of the staff horses. I did not see the common wasp {Vespa
mihjaris) until we were at Beirut in November, 1918, when it took the
place of the hornet, but probably owing to the lateness of the season
was not common. A handsome thin-waisted wasp {Srelif/hron spinifex)
first noticed on the 16th April, was subsequently very common in the dug-
oat telephone pit in the gun line at Mulebbis taking little or no
notice of the operators and indefatigable in building its little clusters
of mud cells and storing them with small spiders. Sundry sawflies
were noticed.
Diptera were numerous but unevenly distributed as regards families.
This order being ray speciality 1 naturally devoted extra attention to
it. I have already mentioned the anti-mosquito campaij^n in the
earlier portion of the article ; Cnlex was quite common and Anopheles*
also occurred, although I did not myself come across any whilst in
in Palestine. A smallish ^emocera (a Chironomid ?) was also very
common coming to light at dusk. I frequently had specimens brought
to me as possible malarial mosquitoes. I have no notes of any
Tipididaey but a minnte midge, I do not know of what genus, was a
great torment. These midges first appeared about the middle of June
and lasted for a fortnight or more, they had an irritating bite but
contrary to our English midges they were most troublesome in the
%time and in sunshine and disappeared at dusk. A species of Bibin
(^ marci) was common for a few weeks from February 12th onwards.
DolichopodidaH were not at all common, a species of Psilopus was
Been on the eucalyptus leaves at Mulebbis, and another species (genus
uncertain) in some numbers on the 14th May at the muddy margin of
some small pools in the vicinity. These were all I noted.
Enipis tessidata first occurred on the 16th March and was very
common whilst it lasted, a Tachydroniid was common in the orange
groves towards the end of March and a few small Empids occurred m
April, but this family as well as the Ihdkhopodidae seem to be poorly
represented.
The f.imilies mentioned in vol. v. of Veuall's work on flies
(Strati omyidae, etc.) w^ere the best represented of any. A small
Bombylina, first noted on 27th March {B, Jiavipea, Wied.), was very
186 THE entomologist's record.
common on flowers and the dry sandj borders of paths in the orange
groves ; and much less commonly a larger species of Bombylm
(? exoprosopa) with darkened wings and black tipped copper coloared
abdomen. A small Stratiomyiid was to be found on the banks of the
lanes from April 8rd. I noticed the first Tabanid on the 15th April
and from thence onward they were common and a source of annoyance
to the horses : a black-winged, black-bodied species ; a small species
resembling our Tabanus bromius ; and an Atylotns (non-British) were
the most common. I did not see any T. boviuus or 2\ autunnialia, A
species of Haematohia also occurred. The first Asilid (? Dysimachut)
was noted on the 27th of March and another large reddish speciee
resembling Katolmits rufiharbis was extremely common in the fields
and on the undergrowth of the orange groves for about three weeks
from the 21st April. A species of Thereva was seen on the 16th of
April and again on the 22nd May on the eucalyptus leaves. The
genus Anthrax was well represented as might be expected from the
numbers of their larval hosts the burrowing bees. I have a note on
24th April of the occurrence of six different species, none of which I
had noticed previously ; at least two of these were more or less
common for some weeks.
In the Syrphidae, F.ristalidae were common, and I more than onoe
noticed their '* rat-tailed maggots " in dirty tanks near the wells.
Eristalis tenax, K. jiertinax and E. aejieuH were noted on I6th-20th
February. A Chrysoyaster occuvied on 16th March as well as one or
two species of Syrphidae proper. A Sphaerophoria and Syrphut
balteatna were abuLdant on flowers in the undergrowth of the orange
groves from 27th March onwards. A single specimen of a very hand- :
some black and white marked Vohicella was seen on 26th May. On
the whole this large family was not well represented.
Apart from Miinca domestica, Stomoxys valcitrann and one or two
species of bluebottle, Muscidae were absent, but the first named species
easily predominated over all other kinds of insects in numbers and
persistence as it occurred all the year round. Tachinidae did not seem
commofl except for Sarcophaoi, some species of that genus being very
frequent round about the kitchens and latrines. A few flower
frequentmg Tachinids were seen. Anthoniyiidae were also very scaroe
in species and individuals compared to an English standard*
Anthofuyia plnvialis occurred and was first noticed on 18th February
a species of Hylemia ? on 20th March ; Melajiochna riparia was lK)t ■
uncommon round some of the irrigation tanks, it was noted first on
29th March. A species of Hyetodesia was abundant near the latrinei ;
from I2th April onwards ; on the 29th of that month I noticed i
small Anthomyiid fly in some numbers on the trunks of eucalyptus
trees and a deep blue species [Ophyra.-) was in great abundance on the
leaves of a mulberry tree on 15th June. The above mentioned species j
were the only Anthomyiids noticed. In the Acalypterate group of
Diptera I have only records of a Sepsis, very common around the
latrines in the orange groves from February onwards, and iwo species
of Tetanocera which used to occur on eucalyptus leaves. I do no*
recollect ever noticing a Scat<>pJui<ia. A species of HippoUm-a WIS j
common among the horses and first observed on the 16th April. j
I noticed that tree trunks which in England afford favourite j
resting places for many species of Diptera did not seem in the leasl
I "
i
FURTHER NOTES FROM PALESTINE. 187
tractive in Palestine. The only case that came under my notice was
At of the small Anthomyiid mentioned above ; it must be borne
mind, however, that trees of any kind except eucalyptus, a recent
iportation, were very scarce, and another factor of some importance
Gks the presence of numerous lizards. The eucalyptus is generally
ipposed to act as a deterrent to mosquitoes, but this was not the case
ith Culex at any rate, nor did it affect the biting midges I haye
mentioned. I had good opportunities to test this theory, as from the
liddle of May to the end of June my quarters by day and night were
ituated in a belt of eucalyptus between the orange groves and the open
lain. As the road on the belt towards the plain was in view as well
irithin gun range of the Turks, it was desirable to keep well inside the
)ticalyptus belt, and a considerable number of the Diptera recorded
ibove occurred on the leaves of these trees. On the 16th June I no'ticed
what I took to be a case of honeydew attraction. There was a large
mulberry- tree in one of the groves adjacent to an irrigation tank, and
on that date the leaves — the fruit was barely ripe — were crowded with
Diptera, mainly Musca domestica and a deep blue Anthomyiid fly, and
hornets. I only noticed this once. The irrigation tank just mentioned
seemed to have a great attraction for mole- crickets (Gryllotalpa
vulgaris). We used to go to it between 6 and 6 a.m. for a bathe, and
there were usually half a dozen or so swimming round and round the
smooth concrete margins which gave them no foothold to get out. I
do not know whether they were attracted by the moisture or if they
were allured by the moonlight shining on the water. I was carrying
one in a handkerchief one morning and was surprised at the strength
it exerted in trying to get out. I had to keep my fingers tightly closed
over the handkerchief to prevent it forcing its way between them.
On the 1st July the Hattery left the Mulebbis gun lines and moved
to a training centre on the plain. The ground was parched and few
insects except grasshoppers were to be seen. In one spot I observed
some rather large sandwa^ps (^m?;/o;>/t/Zf/). We stayed here for three
weeks and then were ordered to proceed to the Jordan Valley to relieve
some R.H.A. units. After two days' trek we got to the hills and began
the ascent to Jerusalem. On the western side these hills have a fair
amount of vegetation and olive trees are numerous. As soon as we got
into the bills butterflies appeared with more frequency and I saw
Teracolus for the first time. Whites also were fairly common. Four
days after leaving the plains we reached the top of the crest and
passed through the suburbs of Jerusalem, catching tantalising glimpses
of the Holy City en route. The next two nights — as day travelling
was now inadvisable owing to enemy aeroplanes — we spent going down
to Jericho. The eastern slope of the hills was a great contrast to the
ascent from the west. The gradient was extremely steep (within 20
miles the ground falls from 3000 feet above to 1800 feet below sea, level)
and although we went by the newly made motor road, hairpin curves
were frequent and there was only a fragile stone parapet of about 8
feet in height between Ihe roadside and the deep rock-stewn ravines.
Instead of the semi-cultivated ground with occasional hamlets there
was nothing but arid sun-scorched rocks with one or two ruined
buildings at long intervals, and the chalky dust that we stirred up in
our passage reminded me of the windward side of a cement factory on
the lower Thames. We got to Jericho on the 26th-27th July. The
188
THK ENTOMOLOGIST S BECORD.
plain of Jericho and the Jordan valley generally in the sumraer months
takes a good deal of beating for unpleasantness, and anyone who has
experienced its oppressive, dust-laden atmosphere will not be inclined
to condemn anyone to "go to Jericho" without grave provooation. As
stated it lies some 1000 feet below sea level, sinking to 1300 feet below
At the Dead Sea, and is inches deep in loose dust which rises in clouds
at the passage of animals or motor lorries, The heat was most
oppressive both by day and night. A fringe of dust-covered bushes
that bordered a little perennial stream running down from the Judsan
Hills and a number of dead-looking thorn bushes were the sole
specimens of vegetation, except in the gardens of Jericho itself, which
consisted for the most part of squalid mud-built houses with a few
modern stone edifices and a solitary mosque with a tall minaret. The
district, has a bad name for malaria and house-flies abounded. There
was a story current that the Turks had sent a message in June to the
effect ** this month flies die, next month men die, we will come and
bury you in the autumn." Like other Turkish prophecies it proved
false in all particulars.
We lay one night at Jericho and the next night started on the final
stage of our destination. As seen from Jericho the plain appears to be
practically level to the opposing wall of the hills of Moab, but after
proceeding for a couple of miles or so along a gentle decline the road
suddenly dips without any preliminary warning into a chaotic series of
gullies and valleys carved out of the white crumbling limestone below
the ofeneral level of the plain. We wound our way through these for
another mile and finally reached the narrow belt of vegetation that
borders the river Jordan on both sides. There were numerous trees on
the river banks (willows, acacias, tamarisks, oleander and poplars are
mentioned in a Guide book) and plants that on the plains only grow
to a couple of feet or so were present here as quite large shrubs.
There was an undergrowth of coarse grass and reeds and we lived in
reed-wattled shelters. It was very hot and dusty despite the vegetation
and we all suffered more or less from prickly heat at night. The
Jordan here was a mud-colonred turgid stream some 50 or 60 yards in
breadth flowing with a very strong current between high banks.
When bathing, even at daybreak, its temperature was tepid and not at
all refreshiiif^:. As to insect life, butterflies represented by TeiacoUt
fausta, whites, a small blue, and the small copper were very common
and there were usually one or two />. chrj^sippHs sailing leisurely about
on the river banks at the bathing place. Dragon-flies were also a good
deal in evidence. I did not notice many flies or mosquitoes but ft
small midge, nocturnal this time, added to the worries of the hot
nights. I several times saw a very large Anthrax almost the size of a
humble-bee. After a few days stay in this jungle the guns were moved
out, to our great relief, and sent back into one of the valleys of the
maze of broken hills, through which we passed on our way. Life
was more endurable here though the heat was .still great. Where the
gullies opened out there was usually a scanty undergrowth of stunted
brushwood, and the floors of these valleys in the early morning would
be damp and sticky with the moisture that oozed out of the surrounding
hills. The damp line could be traced on the chalky slopes as plainly
as on the walls of a newly built house. As .soon as the sun gained
stren^'th all was dried up into crumbling dust. A little stream ran
FURTHER NOTBS FROM PALESTINE. 139
through our particular gulley with a fringe of bushes, and the trough
•of the valley acted as a sort of funnel for the wind which used to spring
4ip every afternoon usually bringing a dust storm with it. The
summits of these hills were weather-worn into all sorts of fantastic
shapes and I longed for an artisc's gifts to sketch some of the curious
outlines. The ground was pitted with the little burrows of an t lion larvsB
but there were not many insects. Some of the bushes by tbe stream
were in flower, a lavender coloured blossom of a Spiraea type, and what
insects there were came to these. A skipper butterfly used to frequent
them and an occasional P. cardid would put in an appearance but the
most constant visitors were large humble-bees with black wings and
bodies and a conspicuous yellow thorax ; Xylncopa a est vans and one or
two solitary bees and wasps also occurred. Mosquito nets were " de
rigueur," but I did not see any mosquitoes, though we had several cases
of malaria or what was diagnosed as such by the M.O. during our stay.
The Battery remained in the Jordan Valley for some six weeks and
then we were relieved in our turn and went back to the coastal sector in
time to take part in General A lien by 's great advance in September. We
subsequently followed up the victorious cavalry, treking across the
plain of Esdraelon, which consisted mainly of a sea of very prickly
thistles, distinctly unpleasant as bivouac sites, and reached Haifa on
the Ist October. Here we made another three weeks stay and a few
Lepidoptera were observed, Macroylossa stellatartnn, an *• oak eggar "
moth, and "vapourer" moths both in the larval and imaginal states.
Silver-fish insects were noted in the building in which the Battery
office was situated. The swampy nature of the hinterland of Haifa
was probably responsible for a good many cases of malaria that
occurred during our stay.
On the 22nd October we received orders to move up to Beirut, and
a nine days march along the coast passing Acre of crusading and
l^apoleonic fame, and Tyre and Saida (Sidon) taking the memory
back to the earlier days of the Phoenicians and Biblical history. The
gradual change in the character of the vegetation, the buildings and
the dress of the inhabitants as we proceeded on our route was very
interesting. Between Tyre and Sidon we passed by a deserted cliff-
village with a number of caves and rock dwellings, reached by roughly
hewn flights of steps cut out of the rock. A fact that specially struck
me was the startling contrast between the barren, rocky slopes of the
hills on one side of the road and the luxuriant growth of vegetation
:and fruit trees in the cultivated areas on the seaward side ; these areas
only occurred in the vicinity of the towns and I suppose were the
result of generations of culture, as nothing looked more unpromising
than the slopes of these hills. The only insects noted were Colias
£du8a and Pyrameis varduL These two species seem to be the
commonest kinds occurring in Palestine, they were noticed everywhere
and seen more or less all the year round. We arrived at Beirut on
the 81st October and took part in the formal march of the 54th
Division through that town at the hour at which the Armistice with
Turkey was signed.
Almost as soon as we had reached Beirut the rainy season set in,
and this coinciding with an outburst of " Spanish flu " had disastrous
consequences on the health of the troops, who were tired out with the
strenuous work of the pursuit of the remnants of the Turkish Armies,
140 THE entomologist's bboord.
I saw only a few insects, A fine specimen of a Doritis apollinn» was
brought to me on the 9th December,''' and the usual edusa and cardui
occurred. I noticed some common wasps (V, vulgaris?). In the
Diptera a Stegomyiid mosquito and a red- bodied Tachinid were both
common, the latter to be found running about on the stone walls of
the houses. The Battery left Beirut by sea for Egypt on the 11th
December, and my last impression of Syria was the wonderful rose-
coloured sunset glow on the snow summits of the Lebanon range
overlooking Beirut, for although the vegetation round the town itself
was of a semi-tropical nature the hilltops had been covered with snow
for soiue days.
On arrival in Egypt we were stationed in a large camp just outside
Heliopolis, one of the suburbs of Cairo, and on the opposite side of the
City to Mena where we had quartered on our first arrival in Egypt
nearly three years earlier. Here I noticed a true malarial mosquito,
Anopheles pharoensis, rather to my surprise, as the camp, a newly
formed one on the desert, was at least a mile from from the nearest
standing water. During our stay here I had the opportunity of
visiting the interesting collections in the Entomological section of the
Ministry of Agriculture at Cairo, though I could not spend as much
time there as I should have liked. In the middle of March I got my
demobilsation papers and was fortunate in getting away just before
the first of the native risings. I had an uncomfortable but uneventful
three weeks going home via Taranto and Le Havre, and arrived in
England again after three and a half years* service abroad just in time
to spend Easter at home.
Allowing for the limited opportunities I had for entomological
observations I should think a collecting trip to Palestine would prove
interesting, but more so to Hymenopterists and Dipterists than to
students of other orders. The Jordnn Valley in the spring would I
believe well repay a collector, and ibe plains and more fertile portions
of Palestine would likewise be attractive, but one would have to go in
the earlier months of the year, and I certainly endorse Major Graves'
general remarks in his article on page 64 of the RntomologisVs Record
for 1919 as to taking precautions against malaria and snakebite.
Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocers
and Rhopalocera.— Additional Notes.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
{Continued from page 8.)
AijriadeH coiidon, Poda, form samsoni, mihi, and A. thetih
Rott., ab. PETRI, mihi, and pohmus^ 7i. — Some years ago Ing*
Samson of Lyons sent me two male Affvlades^ which he had collected
on June 16th, 1907, at the " foot of the Grand Saleve,'* near Geneva.
As nothing has been published about them, to my knowledge, and 9B
I cannot come in touch again with Samson since the war, I think it.
advisable to make this extremely interesting form known from th«
specimen which has remained in my possession. At first sight th6
upperside colouring, of a brilliant electric blue, similar to the brightest
and less violet specimens of the southern races of thetis, and the early
» 'r
The specimen referred to whs in perfect condition. Mr. A. H. Jones, who
kindly identified it fur me, stated that the date was of interest as acoordiDS
to Seitz the species emerges in February and March.
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 141
date of capiiure, answering to the first generation of the latter, would
Btrongljr suggest its belonging to it. A more accurate inspection, on
the contrary, quite satisfies one that it is nothing but a coridon, similar
to the Asiatic race caitcasica, Led., and that it exhibits no traces of
thetis characteristics, except the two mentioned above. It differs
markedly in this both from the description of poloims, Z., and of
calydoniuSf Lowe (Wheeler, Butt, of Sivitz.^ p. 81) ; the former is
described as having the underside oithetisy -which, in Central European
races especially, is very different indeed from that of coridon ; the
description of the underside o! the latter points to the same conclusion.
The underside of my specimen on the contrary does not differ in the
leiast from that of other coridon collected higher up on the Grand
8al6ve in August. The shape of the wings and the fringes are also as
in this species and so is the marginal black pattern of upperside,
although, in coridon, specimens with this pattern as reduced in extent
are scarce ; the premarginal spots are quite large on both fore- and
hindwing ; they nearly stand out completely from the narrow marginal
streak even on the forewing and the latter extends along the neuration
in thin sharp points. Except for the epoch of emergence, there would
be no reason to suspect a hybrid ; the existence of caucasica in the East
seems to point to a phenomenon of hypermorphism rather than to any
other; precocious emergence supports this view. I leave it to the
numerous and clever Lepidopterists of Geneva to find out whether
this form is constant or frequent and to better work it out, as it
well deserves.
The two specimens found by Keynes in the Pyrenees in June seem
from his description {Ent. Ilec, xx., p. 178), to be like the
Geneva ones.
A stroke of luck gives me a chance of comparing the specimen
described above with what seems to be exactly Zeller's polo mis :
0. Querci, collecting in the Alpi Apuane (N.-W. of Tuscany) and
precisely at Careggine (m. 1000), captured a few days ago (mid- June,
1920) two abnormal male specimens, which were flying with no more
than half a dozen normal A. thetis ; no others of this species have
been seen in that district and no coridon has, of course, appeared yet,^
its period of emergence only beginning at the end of July. These
specimens are smaller than samsoniy corresponding to the size of thetis
in their locality ; the wings have exactly the rounded shape of the latter
and the underside pattern does not dift'er from it either : the fringes
on the contrary are a little longer than in thetis and are also chequered
Jnore as in coridon ; the marginal black pattern above is fundamentally
as in samsoni, but the narrow marginal streak gradually shades off in
zone of sparse black scaling, mixed with the blue ground-colour which
reaches beyond the pre-marginal black spots and on the hindwing
vaguely shadows a series of pre-marginal lunules ; thin nervural
streaks stretch far beyond it on all the wings ; the spots are large and
shade gradually in the said blackish zone ; the ground colour is not as
brilliant as in saimtoni or caftcasica, but duller and heavy, and the blue
is of an extremely cold tinge, distinctly greenish. As Zeller's polonns
in the original description is said to have " on the upperside a ground
colour combining the blue of both species (* midway between adonis
and corydon'), but with the marginal markings of cortjdon, whilst on
Qnderside the colouring and marking is that of adojiis" that name
142 THE entomologist's record.
»
seems to suit my specimens admirably. I must, however, state my
distinct impression that they are in no way hybrids, but simply an
aberration of thetis ; the diffused marginal pattern and the tone of blue
probably recall the aspect of coridon by some factor having interfered
with their normal development ; it will be remembered that a greenish
colouring and a broad shadowed marginal band and nervural streaks
are to be seen on the wing in the chrysalis of thetis before emergence.
I should thus conclude that most of the supposed hybrids are
either hypermorphic coridon, having progressed towards thetts, or hypo-
morphic thetis, having stopped in their development at a stage
resembling cOndon,
A third aberration, quite distinct from the two just described, is
represented by two specimens collected near Florence many years ago
by the late Prof. Pietro Stefanelli and now in his collection ; they are
mentioned by him in the Bull Soc, Rnt, Ital., xxxii. (1900) ; one he
found at the end of July in the plain, where thetis and aragonensis have
a generation in June and one in August- September ; the other he found
on Mount Fanna, 600m., where, besides these two species, there exists
coridon on the wing in August, at a time just preceding their second
emergence ; the aberration in question was captured at the beginning
of this month. Never has Querci nor have I found another specimen
amongst the thousands of the three species examined from these
localities. By their size and rounded wings these two specimens quite
agree with thetis ; the fringes instead are longer and chequered as in
aragonensis and coridon ; the marginal streak is extremely narrow and
sharply defined ; the premarginal spots are entirely absent on forewing
and very mmute on hindwings ; thus, the marginal pattern is just like
that of thetis ; the ground colour is very glossy, but with a very pale
colouring; in certain lights it is pale blue, somewhat as in the coi-ydoiiius
of coHdon, in others it is silvery white, with a greenish tinge. Ab
regards the underside, it must be remembered that thetis race etrusca,
aragonensis race forentina, and coridon race apennina differ much lees
from each other on that surface than do these species in other regions,
and that specimens occur which it would be impossible to ascribe to
the right one, without the aid of the upperside characters. Stefanelli's
aberrations belong to the latter, but, if anything, resemble aragonemU
and coridon rather than thetis, on account of the thickness of the
premarginal black lunules ; the forewings are whitish, the hindwings
pale fulvous, as in most Tuscan Agriades of the second generation. I
propose naming this lovely aberration petri in memory of its
discoverer. It seems to, come nearer being a hybrid than samsoni and
and Querci's polonus, both by its aspect and time of emergence, but in
this case the specimen found in the plain, where coridon does not
exist, would show that the cross had been between thetis and
aragofiensis.
With calydonius, Lowe, the ambiguous judonns, Z., of past authors
has thus now been split up into four distinct European aberrations.
[I have received from Dr. Verity a request to add a note with
regard to the five specimens which 1 took at Assisi in the summer of
1909 and which I described as jmlonns, Zeller, and regarded as hybrids
between the two species coridon and thetis. The upperside of all fivfii
though slightly differing in shade (due, I think, to their different
degrees of freshness), is of a colour about midway between the blue of
SEASONAL POLTMOBPHISM. 148
the two species. The black marginal line is sharply defined, as in A,
tlietis, though somewhat broader, but two of the specimens show traces
of black spotting within, but. detached from, the border of the fore-
wings, and similar traces are discoverable with a lens in the other
three, these spots are more definite on the hmdwings, in varying
•degrees, but resemble those of tlietis rather than those of coridon. The
fringes are distinctly those of thetis. The underside resembles that of
-coHdon in the difference of ground colour between the fore and hind-
wings, but this difference is less marked than in specimens of coridon
from Assisi. The spotting of the underside, except at the border is on
the whole nearer to that of coridon, whilst the border is somewhat
nearer to that of thetis, but the five specimens differ slightly in both
these respects. The wings of all are decidedly nearer in shape to those
of coridon.
It must be remembered that of these five specimens three were
taken on the slope above the cemetery road on June 28th and July 1st
and 2nd, amongst numerous specimens of tJietis, and the other two on
July 19th and 24th on the road to Piano del Pieve amongst com-
paratively few specimens of coHdon, thetis then being quite over. The
ireshest specimens were those taken on July 1st and July 24th. I
never saw tlietis on the coridon ground nor vice-versa, but the two
Are scarcely half a mile aparfc. The dates of capture and the accom-
panying species would seem to point to three of these specimens being
aberrations of thetis, and two being aberrations of coridon, but as they
are practically indistinguishable, I am still of opinion that probably
all are hybrids. The date of capture of Dr. Verity's Geneva specimen
seems to me to preclude the possibility of its being an aberration of
coridon, and I have little doubt that all the specimens he mentions are
actually hybrids, the differences between fchem being just what might
be expected (judging from hybridism in other cases) on ,this
supposition. Otherwise, the only plausible theory would seem to be
that all are instances of atavism, m which case three of my five Assisi
specimens would actually have thetis as their immediate proprietors and
the other two would be the direct offspring of coridon. This is no
doubt a tenable theory, but the other seems to make a less demand on
our credulity. — G. Whebler.]
Agriades thetis, Bott., race etrusca, Vrty., mixed gynandromorphs. —
I must record the capture of two specimens last summer in Central
Italy : one on June 10th in the Mainarde Mts. (Caserta), the other in
August near Florence. In the first the right hindwing is quite female
with large lunules ; the forewings and the left hindwing are a little
smaller ; they have no premarginal lunules and they are streaked with
bright blue male scales, including androconial ; the underside is
entirely male. The second specimen may be described as a normal-
looking female on both surfaces, but with abundant blue male scaling
above, chiefly on right fore- and left hindwing, which is nearly
entirely blue and has no lunules as far back as the median nervure
and then abruptly becomes female beyond.
Gynandromorphs are still rarer in the South of Europe than they
are northwardly. 0. Querci in 84 years, collecting on a large scale,
has only met with a Celastrina anjioliis near Milan, now in the
Kostagno coll. in Rome, and with a Plebeius an/us in the Sibillini
144 THE entomologist's record.
Mts., now in the Oberthiir coll. ; Stefanelli in 40 years has only found
one thetis similar to the ones described above ; and I have never come
across any specimen, except a Polyommatus icarus sent to me from
Modena. This is probably due to the much greater scarcity of
aberrations in general : Querci has only met with cases of nearly total
melanism in an Issoria lathonia^ captured in Rome when he was a boy
and sent to Staudinger, and in two Melitaea athalia from the Isle of
Elba, now in my possession.
Agriades '^hylas, Esp., race correpta, mihi. — The nymotypical race
is from Saxony ; it is large (32-34 mm.), the markings of the
underside are prominent, the background is dark gray in the male and
of a very dark blackish-brown in the female; examples exactly
corresponding to Esper's figures are found also in the Alps. In
Central Italy, instead, there exists a variation similar to that of other
species ; the size is smaller, the build frailer, the underside is never a?
dark as in the nymotypical form, the markings are slightly reduced
and the female never shows traces of blue scaling above ; except for
the size, these characters, however, are not as marked in a general
way as in other Agriades of the same region. The first generation, in
Tuscany, in the Sibillini and in the Mainarde, varies from 25 to 29
mm. in expanse ; the second rarely reaches 26 mm., generally
measures 22 to 24 and often is as small as 21 ; the latter corresponds
exactly to Hiibner's golgns, although his " type " was from Spain ; for
the Italian first brood I propose the name correpta, the second should,
I think, be called golgxts. If both the broods of Spain and Italy are
found to be identical, the name golgits should, of course, be used for
the race and correpta limited in both regions to the first brood.
Agriades *escheri, Hiib., race altivolans, mihi. — At high elevations
(m. 900) and also in localities less high, but in which mountain races
occur, in Tuscany and Central Italy generally, there exists a race of •
escheri distinctly different from the one of the plains, although extreme
individual variations here may resemble it. It recalls the race
rondouiy Obth., of the Pyrenees, by its small size and by the minute
spots and lunules of the underside ; it differs from it, however, by the
more vivid blue of the male, similar to that of race splendens, Stef.,
of the Italian plains, by the orange lunules of the upperside of the
female, which are just as extensive as in sjylendejis and not reduced or
absent, as in rondoui, and finally by the very clear and often perfectly
white underside of the male. " Types " from Firenzuola, m. 500,
near Florence. Females with a blue suffusion are more frequent in
the mountains, just as is the case in France. In splendens the under-
side has usually the same gray tinge in the male and the spots are
about the same size as in Hiibner*s figures, but the upperside is of ft
much colder, clearer and more vivid blue.
Polyommatus meleager, Esp., race macra, mihi. — In the lower
localities of Tuscany this species does not differ from the nymotypical
race of Saxony. At very high altitudes, such as Prato Fiorito, na.
1000, it is smaller ; the females are notably darker, the dark scaling
• Hylas and escheri are not generally considered Agriades, — Hy.J.T.
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 145
being much more diffused, but the extreme form steeveni, Tr., has
never been met with in Tuscany. The race of the Sibillini Mountains,
at 1200-1800 m., has all the characters mentioned more markedly,
€bnd besides here a few females have been found with characters inter-
mediate between the form steeveni of the Alps, entirely covered over
by brown scaling, and the form Ignorata^ Stdgr., of the East, in
which the background is white and there are brown nervural
bands ; in my Italian specimens the white shows through a thin
• veil of brownish-gray scales and there exists no trace of blue : $
form SQUALmA, mihi. The race macra is also found in the Mainarde
Mts. in South Latium and in the Madonie in Sicily. One of the
males from the locality last mentioned, sent to me by Ragusa, is
identical with versicolor, Riihl, of Asia Minor, by its very pale milky
blue and by its underside with marginal spotting extremely indistinct ;
transitions to this form are met with in Tuscany as individual
yariations.
\ Polyommatits icariis, Rott., race zelleri, Vrty., subrace rasa, mihi. —
r From July 10th to 18th, 1919, in the Mainarde Mts., at 500m.,
i several males of the second generation were collected of a form quite
I new both to Querci and myself, although we have examined thousands
of specimens from all sorts of localities ; in some of these individuals
the usual grey colouring of the underside of the wings is entirely
absent, leaving the pure white ground colour quite uncovered ; the
result is that the white rings round the spots and the triangular space
of hindwing, etc., where usually the white only shows, do not exist ; in
other individuals the grey is more or less faintly present. This
•evidently is the corresponding form to ab. detersa^ Vrty., of A, thetis
(except for marginal black spots not absent, as in the latter) and to
form infracandida, Vrty., of Aricia medon, I do not think the
Mainarde specimens are simply due to an aberrating family,
accidentally hit upon by the collectors, for in the same locality all the
Agnades are remarkably light-coloured on the undersides, so that some
geographical factor probably exists.
Aricia medon, Hiifn. — This species produces tolerably marked
variations according to latitude and altitude and a few characteristics
proper to certain regions, but individual variation is always very broad
eo that races are always undefined. Its variations can be summarised
and described with comparative ease, but, unfortunately, the literature
dealing with them is so vague and confused that we are met by
^considerable difficulty in making use of existing names. Tutt has,
with admirable patience, collected all that has been published on the
; subject, but one feels the need of a brief synopsis and conclusion,
i definitely fixing the races which can be discerned at the present
K moment. I will attempt to expose what I have made of it as shortly
'V and clearly as possible.
^] Tutt's conclusion that the specific name should be that of
^ Hiifnagel is evidently correct ; the nymotypical race is consequently
-^ the one of Berlfn. Besides the two distinctly characterised and
I - localised races artaxerxes, Fabr., with the transitional salmacis, Steph.,
r from N. Britain, and montana, Riihl {=7ievadensisj Obth.), from high
. altitudes in S. Spain, there only exist in Europe, broadly speaking.
146 THE entomologist's record.
two races : one in Central and one in S. Europe. The proportioD
between the numbers of the various individual forms varies however a
great deal in the different localities and changes distinctly the aspect
of series of specimens from each, so that several secondary races are
discernible in both the primary ones mentioned above. As classifica-
tion is mostly conventional and only a practical way of memorising the
complexity of facts (so much so that even a satisfactory definition of
" species " has not yet been given), I think the terms of " primary,"
"secondary," etc., races or groups of races can very well be used to
express the successive subdivisions which are met with in nature in
certain species, when regions gradually lesser in extent are considered^
such as in this case ; the term " subspecies ** I should restrict to
particular groups of races which only just fall short of the definite
group we call '* species *' ;. species axiomatically are supposed never to
blend, subspecies sometimes blend, races arlways blend (see " Intro-
duction " to Bhopalocera palaearctica),
(a) The race or group of races of Central Europe is distinguished
by its elongated and pointed wings, with the external margin straighter,
by its fringes of a purer white, by the more or less frequent occurrence
of the individual form with no orange lunules above, which is never
found in the South, by the average lesser extent of these lunules, by
the underside nearly invariably grey, vaguely tinted with fulvous, and
thus much less variable than in the South except in aestiva and in
gallica ; it only hag one or two generations.
The nymotypical individual form is one of small size, " with the
upperside entirely brown*' and no orange lunules, described presumably
from the second brood (July) of Berlin. The extreme opposite
individual form is^ agestis, W.V. ("types" from Vienna), "with
complete border of spots," to use the words in the original description;
astrarchey Brgst., is a synonym of this. The group of races of Central
Europe consists in these two forms and in all the intermediate
gradations, including semi-allom, Harrison [E7it. Rec, xviii., p. 286
(1906)] ("types" from Durham) with "the row of red spots above
becoming obsolete," but otherwise " as in P. astrarche,'' According to
localities one of these forms predominates and gives series of specimens
a characteristic aspect, which may be designated by the name of that
form. A fourth race makes its appearance when the second generation
acquires a distinctly different look from the first, owing to the under-
side being markedly fulvous in tinge. Staudinger has given [Hor, SoC'
EnU lloss., vii., p. 62 (1871)] the name " aestiva mendionalh to those
specimens of the second brood of Greece and of the rest of S. Europe, i
especially of female sex, which have the underside of a deep grey-
brown colouring." Staudinger in his Catalog of 1901 makes of his
aestiva a synonym of calida. Riihl keeps it distinct and gives Baden
and Haute Garonne amongst its localities. Tutt notes that Staudinger
does not mention th^ broad orange lunules of upperside, which are a
characteristic of calida, so that his name can quite well be adopted
for summer specimens with lunules not extensive, which are much
more abundant in the South than might seem from Staudinger's
words, which is not rare in the warmer parts of Central Europe
and which reaches, as a rare aberration, even the North of England.
I should call aestiva the race in which this form is abundant in the
second brood, even if still mixed with agestisy and in which gallics
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 147
never occurs and still less calida. Finally Oberthiir has named (jallica
[Et. Up. CoiHp,, iv., p. 252 (1910) and x., fig. 2374-6], using as
" types" specimens from Cancal and from the Morbihan of the second
generation, that form in which the lunules above are very extensive,
considering it is of the Central Europe race, and the underside of the
female is of a more fulvous gray than usual in that region ; its rather
large size and the shape of the wings also show that gallica is a
transition to the southern race and this name will no doubt be useful
to designate that particular race and intermediate grade, although,
strictly speaking, it would be included in the descriptions of agestis
and of aestiva, and it would only be their culminating form ;
Oberthiir, creating his name, has unconsciously restricted the other
two to the common, less marked, forms. Concerning the Alpine races,
let us observe that the form with no orange lunules above gets more
abundant as altitude increases and that the underside becomes of
a darker gray. Ever since Staudinger in 1871 restricted the name of
allous^ Hiib., to this author's figure 990, which has no trace of lunules,
the name has been used for the Alpine form with this characteristic.
The revival of the name medon reduces allnu<< to a synonym, but Tutt
would evidently like to save it by observing that medon is particularly
stated to be small, whereas allons may be large or even very large ; as
size is very variable and never acquires racial importance in this
soecies the distinction seems rather too subtle. The commonest
Alpine form is semi-alloHs^ Harr., and it is mixed with different
proportions of individuals without lunules or with broader lunules,
according to localities. Tutt proposes to use the name alpina^ Stdgr.,
for those individuals found at high altitudes and in toe far North,
which are of a particularly deep black and small, because Staudinger
says that **a small Alpine form is interesting, in which the male
is always quite dark on the upperside." In my opinion the " quite
dark" means devoid of lunules, and the proof of it is that
Staudinger in 1901 classifies it under allona with a "var. " which
probably was suggested by the small size ; alpina, I think, is but
another synonym of medon. Why not admit that the revival of this
name has rendered two of the former ones useless, rather than try and
refer them to races and forms which their authors never had in mind ?
{h) The race of Southern Europe, broadly speaking, is characterised
by the broader and rounder shape of the wings, by the external
margin being more convex, by the fringes being more markedly
brown, by the complete absence of individuals with no orange lunules
above, by the more or less frequent occurrence of some with very
extensive lunules, so that the medium extent is markedly greater, and by
the underside, which exhibits a distinct dimorphism between the first
brood and the two summer ones : these two seasonal forms branch off
in opposite directions from the Central Europe race, because in the
first brood the underside becomes of a very cold grey tinge (with no
trace of fulvous), except in rare individuals, and the gray is often pale
and sometimes very pale or nearly white, showing it is a transition to
sarmatiSf Gr., of Russia, to infracandiday Vrty., of Syria, etc., whilst in
the second and third broods the underside becomes markedly fulvous
in both sexes and the basal suffusion of bluish scales disappears, as in
icaruSf thersites, thetis, etc. ; in all the broods individual variation is
much greater than in Central Europe ; three broods are produced at
all altitudes.
148 THE entomologist's record.
Local varieties consist, just as in Central Europe, but more
markedly, in the extent of the orange lunules and in the colour of the
underside ; the different grades of these two characters produce a few
secondary races by conibining in different wa5'^8.
I think one should in the study of European races, leave aside
the Erschh. (1821), which was given to the race of the Canary
Islands and which is figured and described in a diflferent way,
so that it is impossible to fix the brood it belonged to. Broadly
speaking the name of ornata, Stdgr., is, in consequence, valid
for the first brood and that of calida^ Bell., for the two others of the
South. More exactly one finds that the first has been given to the
individual form from Tunis with the undenide of a "light grey, as in
ordinary ostrarche '* and " with a wide reddish band of marginal spots
above," found together with other forms *' scarcely differing from the
usual form." Staudinger adds that this special form was abundant in
Sardinia and that he possessed ii from Cadiz and Corsica. From this
one can conclude that the name should be used for those races whose
first generation has the broadest lunules ; it is met with precisely in
those localities and to it belong also nearly all the Sicilian specimens
collected by the Quercis at Monreale, 800m. above Palermo, during the
whole of May, and by Ragusa on Mount Pellegrino, at the beginning
of April. Oberthiir' figures 2381-2 [Et. Lep. Cotnp., x.] show well
the extent of the lunules, but the underside is darker and the size
greater than in the Sicilian specimens. In Florence and other
localities of Tuscany and Central Italy the culminating form never
occurs and the average extent of the lunules is distinctly less ; the
whitish underside on the contrary does not differ from that of the
Sicilian examples. I should name this form subornata, taking as
typical my series of the Pian di Mugnone and more exactly that
individual form in which the first lunule is absent, so that five are left
on the forewing. In Syria (my "type" is from Beyrouth) and iti
Asia Minor (see Tutt, p. 254) the prevailing or only form is the most
extreme variation in the ornata lice, on account of the extent and
brightness of the lunules on both surfaces and on account of th©
underside being of a perfectly pure white. I should name ^^
iNFRACANDiDA. In savmatis, Gr., from S.E. Russia the underside is of
a less pure white tinge, there are no lunules above and the wings ft^®
more elongated. It is well worth naming infralbens those individua-^^
(" types " in my coll. N. 10 and 24) which have a whitish undersi^®
and differ thus from the nymotypical form of ornata^ in which it is ^^
a comparatively dark gray colour, similar to aijoitis, and such as W^^
described by Staudinger and well figured by Oberthiir. Needless tos^-y
that no confusion is possible between form infraJbens and ab. alhican^^
Aur., a true aberration.
In the two summer generations there exist two principal fom3^»
which constitute very distinct races. Form calida was described i^
1862 by Bellier, from Corsican specimens ; in his description tb^
following points must be emphasised: "the darker colouring oi
upperside," "the larger and brighter orange spots," "the darker
fiingts " and the '* underside of both sexes, but particularly of female*
which is striking on account of its very marked brick-red tinge."
Riihl, in Pal. Gro^s-avhwett., p. 759 (1896), gives the name of " vaf*
vn'ufojia " to ** large specimens with very little red on upperside, ana
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM.
149
with a rather light underside," which fly in Andalusia. Tutt remarks
that ^his oan only be the fine race, well described and figured by
Oberthiir under the name of nevademh [Et, Lep, Cotnp», iv., p. 260,
and X., fig. 2372-3] , which in consequence sinks in synonymy. This
form stands exactly opposite to calida by its extremely reduced lunules
and by its poor colouring on both surfaces.
In Tuscany there exist precisely two extreme opposite races, which
correspond to the two variations just mentioned (the series in my
collection which better represent them are respectively from the Isle of
Elba and from Florence) and intermediate gradations, according to
localities. To the Elban race the name calida, Bell., is well suited,
and so it is to the similar one I have collected in August at Tempio in
Sardinia. The underside variations are at Elba very extensive in both
sexes, but more marked in the female : besides the nymotypical
individual form of calida, which I should describe as being of a very
bright reddish fulvous, rather than of a " brick-red," as does Bellier,
and besides the pallidefulva form (described below), the following are
noteworthy : A form of a dark leaden gray, nearly entirely devoid of
fulvous mixture, found in both sexes in June, at the beginning of the
second generation and which I should call infraplumbea (types N. 61
And 79, easily distinguishable from late individuals of the first
generation by the absence of bluish scales at the base of wings) ;
A form of a very dark chocolate- brown, evidently produced by the
combination of the fulvous of calida with the gray of the preceding
(form iNFRACACAOTicA ; types N. 64 and 78 of my series) ; a few other
specimens are identical with yallica and with aestiva, as regards under-
side colouring, and many correspond to them by the extent of the orange
lunules on both surfaces.
Most of the individuals of the two summer generations from
Florence differ markedly from the Elba race by their slightly larger
size and by the much paler and duller colouring on both surfaces,
which produces, in extreme examples, a strong resemblance to
nevadensisy as figured by Oberthiir (&g. 2372-3*) ; from the latter they
differ however by their smaller size, by never being equally pale and
dull and by the breadth of the lunules above, considerably more
extensive than in calida from Elba, instead of much more reduced, as
in nevadefisis. The Florentine specimens, compared to the Elba ones,
can be described as follows : the upperside is not of a blackish- brown,
but of a brown inclining to fulvous ; the lunules are not of a bright
reddish-orange, but of a more yellowish and duller tinge on both
surfaces ; they are markedly more extensive in both sexes ; the under-
side is of a very pale cafe-au-lait inclining to fulvous in the majority
of the males, and of an extremely pale fulvous (sometimes slightly
pinkish) in the extreme examples of that sex and in the majority of
the females. It must be noted that this pure and light fulvous colour
is evidently due to the absence or the paleness of the gray, already
described in the form infralbens, Vrty., of the first generation, who's
** types " belong precisely to the same race. I should adopt for the
entire race the name of pallidefulva, which I give to the summer
* Judging by these figures, my impression is that this montana, Ruhl
(^nevadensu, Obth.), should be grouped with Aricia ramburi, Vrty. ( = ida8j
Bamlf.), if the iatter be a distinct species from medon ; Chapman, however, has
not found a marked difference between ramburi and medon even in the genitalia.
150 THE entomologist's record.
generations. Specimens of the other forms described above, when
speaking of calida, are found in small numbers also in the neighbour-
hood of Florence and vary according to localities. Form calida seems
to be produced by damp heat and form pallidefulva by dry heat.
In many Tuscan localities a race is found certainly very different
from pallidefulva, but which, on the other hand, cannot be referred to
calida either, because individuals with a very bright underside are
wanting. It may be described as an intermediate grade between
gallicaj Obth., and calida , Bell., mixed with a few individuals
transitional to jyallidefulva . I propose calling it suboalida, taking as
typical my series from the Valleys of the Fegana and of the Caraaione,
m. 360-560, near Lucca. It is probably the commonest and most
widespread race in Central and Northern Italy.
At the highest altitudes reached by medon in the Tuscan Apennine,
such as Prato Fiorito, m. 1000, and Abe tone, m. 1800, the two
summer generations correspond to grade gallicaj Obth. In the
Sibillini Range, at m. 1200, where the fauna has a more Alpine aspect
than in the arid Tuscan mountains, also medon displaces itself of
one grade in variation and produces a perfect agentis, with only two
generations, with elongated wings, with the underside of a gray
inclining to fulvous in many specimens of the second or summer
brood, and with bluish scaling at the base of wings also in the
latter brood, which consequently often differs in no way from
aestivay Stdgr.
The following Table summarises what has been said above. It will
be noticed that the leading characters of the races are very limited in
number. I have endeavoured to show at a glance, by letters and
figures, how the various combinations of their different grades
characterise the races ; their meaning is explained below.
Annuals : Northern Europe, North of the Isothermal line of 49^.
C5. Bj. Aq. O-II. Race artaxerxes, Fabr. (Scotland).
C5. Bi» A^. O-II. Race salmacis, Steph. (Northern England).
C^. Bq. A2. 0. Race medon, Hiifn. { = allou8, Hiib., fig. 990).
C4. Bq. Ag. I. Race semiallous, Harrison.
High altitudes in the great mountain ranges of Central Europe.
Cg. Bq. Ag. 0. Race medon, Hiifn., ( = alloti8, Hiib., fig. 990, =alpina, St&. ^'
C5. Bq. A^. I. Race «ewiaWous, Harrison.
Bigenerates : Northern Europe (South of isothermal line of 49°) and CeC^^"
Europe. Also high altitudes in the great ranges of Southern Europe.
(Cj) ? 0. Race sarmatis, Gr.-Gr., I. gen. sarmatU. II. gen. ^
C4. Bq. Ao. 0. Race m^^don, Hiifn. ,, medon. ,, medc:^^^^
C4. Bq. Ag. I. Race semiaiioua, Harr. ,, semiallous. ,, semial'^^
C3. Bq. A3. II. Race aygstis, W.V.( = a«(rarc/ig,Brg.) a^Mtt«. ,, agett^^
Cg. Bj. A3. III. Race aesfira, Stdgr. ,, ageitis. ,, aeiivL^
C3.Ba.A4. IV. Race f/aWtca. Obth. ,, agestisot
subomata. „ gaUie^^
Trigenerates : Southern Europe and Mediterranean Region.
Cg. B3. A^. V. Race subcalida, Vrty., I. gen. subornata, Vrty., II. and ^i
Cj. B^. A^. VI. Race calida, Bell., I gen. oniata, Stdgr., II. and III. calidt^"
(Cj) ? A^. VI. Race infracandida, Vrty., I. gen. infracandida, II. and Iir*
(CniB^. A4. VI. Race paZiide/ifZya, Vrty., ,, swtornata, II. and IJI.
paUidtM^^'
Cq. Bj. A^^. I. Race moniana, Riihl. = 7ieva(fen«ta, Obth. (S. Spain).
8BA80NAL POLYMORPHISM. WM
The ordinals in Boman figures represent the various grades in the
extent of the orange lunules on upperside, which cannot be indicated with'
more accuracy, by stating the actual number of lunules present, because
their size varies more than their number and has more importance
in the look of the insect. In this, as in the following characters, it
should be understood that the grade indicated is that of the medium
individual variation, but that the latter is, as a rule, so-
extensive as to include various grades. The different variations of the
anderside of the wings, which constitute the leading characters of the
various races, are represented by letters and the different grades
of each by arabic figures, beginning by 0 where the character is
absent: A=size of black dots; B = brightness of fulvous tinge of
anderside in the single generation of artaxerxes and of sahuacisy and
in the second and third generations of the other races ; the gray
colour, with which it is generally mixed, may be more or less dark, or
even absent in the various individual variations ; C = medium of the
different individual variations in the intensity of the gray of under-
side ; the total absence of gray (C^,) as well as of fulvous (Bq) does not
figure in the table, because this combination only occurs in extreme
individual forms, exactly as the extreme nymotypical form of
infracandida does not occur as a rawje, because the medium intensity of
the race corresponds to grade infralhens (Q>^) \ in the case of race
iarmatis and in that of race infracandida the grade of the first brood
figures in brackets in the Table because the following broods are
unknown to me, and in the case of race pallidefulva that of the II. and
III. brood is also in brackets, because in this race seasonal
dimorphism is more marked than in the others, in this particular
character (C), and the first brood has a different (C2) grade of
gray, so that the grade indicated does not refer to all the broods, as in
the case of the other races.
This Table shows clearly that the vast majority of the more
widespread races consist in gradations of only one series of variations,
from juedon to infracandida ^ similar to those of A. thetisy of P. icarus,
etc., and that only a few local races stand apart. Experimental,
breeding would probably show, as in the case of B, phlaeas, that the
series only consists of ontogenetic races produced by the direct action
of surroundings on individual elasticity, or perhaps that a slight
degree of hereditary differentiation exists between the extremes of the
series ; a positive fact is that no sign of a " transverse scission "
is perceptible at any point of the series. On the contrary scissions are
clearly discernible, which might, by a material image, be called
** longitudinal " in respect of the direction of variation just mentioned,
and which cause a division of the two extremes of the series in
** collateral " divergent branches. That artaxerxes is not simply
produced by a further continuation of the variation which leads up to
medon seems to me clearly shown by the fact that it is never found as
extreme individual variation even in localities where form medon is
most abundant as compared to the other forms, and by the fact that
the fulvous colour is often more accentuated than in the latter both by
the extent of the lunules and by the tinge of underside, which can
reach the grade of at/estis and even of aestiva ; at this level in
consequence one suspects that the branch of semiallous Q,nd medon, and
that of salmacis and artaxerxes have separated. It must be noted that
the disappearance of the black dots below cannot be enUxeVj ^\\fe "v.^ ^
152 THE entomologist's record.
degenerative cause, for in other Lycaenidi it is found elevated to the
rank of a specific character (pheretes, etc.) ; it would rather seem an
indication of a state of organic equilibrium adapted to live in Arctic
or very damp climates.
Race sarmatis, Gr., is from the mountains of Southern Russia ; it
has no orange lunules above and the underside is light gray.
Staudinger and Seitz make what would be an infracandidUf Vrfcy., of
it, but Tutt has examined the " types " in the Brit. Mus. and cleared
up what Grum meant.
Anyone can easily see that pallidefulva and montana stand outside
the gradation which leads from medoii to calida ; in this continuous
series there exists a tolerably constant proportion, in the medium of
individual variation, between the grades of the different characters,
both when they progress in a parallel fashion (extent of lunules,
brightness of fulvous, etc.) and when there is an inverse proportion
(characters just mentioned and intensity of gray below), although
individual variation is broad. Form pallidefulva may be found in
certain localities mixed with individuals belonging to the main series,
but in others it constitutes a distinct race, not very variable; it stands
out sharply on account of a very accentuated difference in the
proportion between the grades of the different characters: by the extent
of the lunules it is equivalent to the higher grades calida and
infracandida ; by the entire, or nearly entire, absence of grey mixed
with the fulvous it is also equivalent to the latter or to infralbenst as
also to the individuals of calida with a very bright, but very pure,
fulvous underside ; on the contrary by the tinge of the lunules on both
surfaces and by the tone of the fulvous of underside it is equivalent to
the lower grades gallica and aestiva and to this it adds an exceptionally
light and reddish upperside on account of the strong reduction of the
black. In montana = nevadensis these characters are still more
accentuated, except the extent of the lunules, which is extremely small
on the upperside and also on the underside, so that a form transitional
to A, ramhuri^ Yrty. = idasy Ramb., is the result, although this is
considered a species distinct from medon.
This example of Dudon seems to show that individual varia-
tion may include differences in the proportions between the
grades of the different characters, but that in such cases " specific
elasticity '* gradually comes into play and tends to produce
stable phylogenetic races, which by a further displacement of the
centre of balance may originate subspecies and perhaps even species.
Although this last conclusion would have such an enormous import-
ance in the vexata questio of the origin of species that one scarcely dares
admit its possibility, I must say that the more my acquaintance
with variation in the Lepidoptera increases the more examples I find
of extraordinary resemblance between species. I find that related species,
perfectly distinct at one end of their series of geographical variations
or in one of their annual generations, often are so similar in the
opposite variation or in another generation as to be quite difficult to
separate from each other. As, for the present, we are only able to
establish specific distinction on the ground of morphological characters,
such resemblances at one end of divergent series may, I think, be worthy
of careful consideration.
(To be contimied,)
NOTES ON COLLEOTINO.
15a
ag^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Abraxas sylvata. — I shall be glad of any hints as to rearing this
species from those of your readers who have been successful in the
matter. Under what conditions can one get the pupae safely through
the winter ? With me they invariably die. — (Rev.) G. H. Raynor,
M.A., Hazeleigh Rectory, Maldon.
A NEW LOCALITY FOR DrYOPHILUS ANOBIOIDES, ChEVR., AND SOME
OTHER CoLEOPTERA FROM Freokenham AND Barton Mills. — Early in
May, 1916, Dr. Nicholson discovered Dnjophiliis anohioides^ Chevr., in
abundance on a patch of broom at Freckenham, Suffolk ; and three
weeks later Mr. Allen visited the place in his company and found the
' beetle still present but less plentiful. They having kindly told me
where to look for this rare insect at Freckenham, I went there on May
17th last ; but found most of the broom dead. I only secured twa
specimens of the Dryophihis from a single plant which was broken, but
still living. Remembering that I had seen a fine large clump of broom
at Barton Mills I determined to try there, and on May 18th I found
the beetle to be in great abundance in this new locality. This beetle,
judging from the few records of its capture with us, appears to be very
rare in Britain. Fowler only gives Plumstead, Coombe Wood, and
Chobham, which are all very old records. Rudd recorded it from
Coombe Wood in 1834 [Ent. Mag, 2 112 (1884)]. The only recent
capture known to me, previous to Nicholson's was made by Dr. Joy at
Bradfield.
It may be worth while to mention some of the other beetles
observed at Freckenham and Barton Mills. In the former locality :
beating some large Scots firs in bloom produced Brachonyx pineti, Pk.
(this northern species is evidently spreading in Suffolk ; a few speci-
mens had been taken near Mildenhall, Allen found it at Brandon, and
it occurred to me in abundance at Barton Mills in 1917) ; Crypholu»
abietis, Ratz. ; Pityophthorus puhescens, Marsh. ; Pityoyenes hidentatus,
Hbst. ; Rhinomacer attelaboides, F. ; Dnjophilus pusillusy Gyli. ;
Homalium. rivulare, Pk. ; H. conchinum, Marsh ; Calod e ra 7iiynta yM&n.
(two specimens were taken, a very curious situation for this marsh
insect) : Apion pomonae, F., Knmicrus tavsatus, Miill. ; Atomaria
linearis, Steph. ; and a small narrow Epuraea, which I have not yet
been able to determine.
In some pits, whence sand had recently been dug, beetles swarmed ;
some of these are usually only found on the coast. Harpalus
picipennisy Duft., not uncommon (the only other inland records known
to me are Hendon, Lakenheath Warren, and Brandon. Retaken by
Allen at Brandon in 1917) ; Harpalus serripes, Schon. (taken inland
previously at Dartford Heath, and Harleston, Norfolk) ; Philopedon
geminatus, F. (other inland records : Wellington College, Sherwood
Forest^ Bewdley, and Kidderminster) ; Microzoum tibiale, F. ; Ortho-
cerus muticuSy L. ; Baris picicorniSy Marsh. ; Trachyphloeus scabevy L. ;
T. scabricuhis, L. ; Strophosomus faber, Hbst. ; Syncalypta hirsutay
Sharp; Notoxus monocerasy L. ; Homalota ignobilisy Sharp ; H. caesida^
Er. ; and H. sericeay Muls. (Dr. Cameron kindly identified the
Homalotae for me) ; etc.
Harpalus ptinctatidusy Duft., was taken running on the road.
154 THE KNTOMOLOOIST'S BKGOKD.
Beating dead gorse stems produced PJdoeophihorvs rhododactylus,
Marsh, and its parasite Laemophloeus ate^-, 01. ; Pityogencs buhntatnSf
Hbst., and Pityophthorus pubescensj Marsh (these two last species are
usually found in fir).
At Barton Mills the Phloeophthorus and the Laemophloeus were
abundant in dead broom stems, and nearly all the broom feeders were
present in numbers : Tychixis venustus, F. ; Apion rufirostrej F. ;
Oonioctena olivacea, Forst. ; Briichiis loti, Pk. ; and Micramhe villosa,
Heer., in plenty ; etc.
A specimen of Tetropium gahnelli, Weise, was beaten off broom ;
^nd Coeliodes ruber. Marsh., off oak. This last insect, in my
experience, is decidedly rare. In all the years that I have been
collecting I have only taken four specimens. — H. Donisthobpe.
Some Lepidoptera fbom East Tyrone in 1919. — A cold late
spring following a fairly mild winter ; the sallows were not in bloom
until the middle of April ; the usual spring ISoctaae (with the exception
of Taeniocainpa munda) were all remarkably scarce.
On April 21st (a fine mild night) on the bogs near Tranmere,
Lough Neagh, I did not see a single T. opima at the bloom, although
several were netted as they flew wildly round the lamp ; these and a
few reddish 2\ gracilis were the total result of the trip.
Among the birch scrub at Killymoon, Tricopteryx {Lobophora)
carphiata was much more abundant than usual at dusk.
The last week of April came in warm and sunny, and froni that
date till the middle of August only a few passing showers fell,
although the weather for days together was dull and stormy.
In May Enchloe cardamines was more abundant than I ever
remember and I was lucky to get some nice aberrations, including a
pale yellow ^ with the veins of posterior wings rayed with sulphur-
yellow, almost a combination of abs. jiava, Williams, and sidfureo-
venatOy Keynes ; although the colour perhaps is not quite as deep as
the latter aberration ; a J" with twin discoidals to the anterior wings ;
several with the orange blotch suffused with dark scales and a band of
dark scales along the eosta into the discoidal spot ; a few examples
with the marginal dots on anterior wings united to each other and to the
apical blotch, producing the effect of a dark border to the outer edge of the
wing. By the way, there is a mistake in my last notes {Entom, Record,
vol. xxxi., page 72) ; in recording this aberration I wrote " posterior "
wings ; what I intended to write was " anterior,'* thus entirely altering
the meaning.
Mr. H. B. Williams in the splendid paper on this species {2ran$<
London Natural History Society) describes this form, but gives no
locality ; for this very distinct aberration I would propose the
name viarginata.
Nearly all the females are of the var. oclirea, Tutt, although a few
in lividuals have only the discoidal area of hindwings yellow ; and on
May 22nd my *' better half " brought to me a beautiful suffused
specimen of the ab. radiata, Williams ; on the 27th I found a specimen
streaked with orange on both forewings. The greater number of these
aberrations were found at rest on Cardamine piatensis in the evening
and on dull cloudy days.
At the same time Pieris napi was also abundant and a number of
nice banded females occurred as well as several pale yellow forms.
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 165
More Uonans tityus were teen than ever before, but owing to the
hot weather very shy and almost untakeable.
On May 27th, a fine still day, on the bogs at Tamnamore I found
Hydrelia uncula flying in abundance among the sedges, together with
Euclidia vii and Strenia clathrata^ the latter varying a great deal ; a
very few Melitaea aunnia were also observed on another part of the
bog flying over the heather; a day or two later a little moth was
noticed at rest on a flower of Cerastium in a damp meadow — this was
Eupithecia pygmaeatay and searching around, they were found in
numbers at rest on flowers or flying a few inches above the short grass,
unfortunately a great many were more or less worn, but I managed to
pick out a series of a dozen in beautiful condition ; the few local
specimens I had previously were captured flying along hedges, in the
afternoon sunshine, where the Great Stitch wort, Stellaria holostea
grows ; on June 14th, another afternoon was spent on the bogs,
when Ino statices was found at rest on Ragged Robin, and a number of
the females of H, uncula were netted as well as Aspilates strigillana
and Coenonympha tiplion^ an early date for the last insect here. About
: the middle of the month a search for the cocoons of Zyyaena lonic^ae
^ was undertaken, but owing to the wind they were hard to spot in the
grass, and when found often minus their contents, but all the same
the wind helped to discover the robber ; walking slowly among the tall
grass and rushes, a Reed Bunting suddenly got up a few paces ahead,
going to the exact spot I found a cocoon just torn open, but no pupa
could I find. I had often suspected this bird, having seen it many
times previously hovering over and then alighting in the grass, in the
locality where the cocoons used to be so abundant, but was never able
to detect it actually in the ver^' act, until this season.
During the month of July several excursions were made to the
Lough Neagh district especially for Selidosema en'cetaria, but not a
single example could be found after miles of bog-trotting ; the only
I^epidoptera seen were numerous worn and tattered Ematuvya atomaria
a-nd some Bupalis piniaria in a like condition among the pines.
E>uring one of these trips, a number of Lepidoptera were found in the
clutches of the Long-leaved Sun -dew Drosera iutermedia, growing in a
l>og drain, these " poor unfortunates " included P, iiapi, C, tiphon, E.
jfi7'tinay and Anarta myrtilU, many were quite dead, an almost
5^ti distinguishable jumble of wings, others fluttering feebly, and some
iust entangled, which on being released were able to fly away seemingly
i^ot much the worse.
The bogs at this time were as dry as a board and covered with sun
cracks ; no doubt the globules of apparent moisture secreted by this
plant had tempted these deluded insects to their doom ; at any rate
my good friend " the Doctor " and I would have fared badly had he
ttot taken the precaution of bringing liquid refreshment in the shape of
^^monade.
In its locality Eidnephele juvtina ab. addenda was not rare ; I also
<5aptured several males of this aberration.
Sugar is seldom of much use hereabouts owing to the counter-
attraction of numerous grasses and rushes, and this year honey-dew
"Was everywhere, but by searching the leaves of bii^ch trees after dark I
took a number of beautifully fresh Oeometra papilionaria as well as
Dj/schorista sunpecta and hosts of other coramoner insects.
156 THE entomologist's kecord.
A very few Eapitliecia siiccenturiata were bred this month, and a
few were observed flying at dusk among the foodplant, but not
captured ; it appears to be not uncommon locally judging from the
abundance of the larvae ; but these are terribly infested with parasites,
the few (four) I bred, being the sole survivors of about two dozen fine
larvae taken in the autumn. In early August Stilbia anomala was
numerous flying over the moors at dusk in one restricted locality and
a little later Hydvoecia crinanensis fairly swarmed at honey-dew oa
thistles, Cnicus palustris^ near Killymoon, as many as twenty being
observed on one thistle stem, but the thistle spikes played havoc with
the scales and wings, consequently only about one in ten was in good
order.
About the middle of the month liumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaea^
was in swarms in a flax field, attracted by the honey-dew on the flai
stems, in fact the whole of *' the little copper " population seemed to
be congregated in that field, and although I was only able to examine,
the edges, I captured a nice lot of aberrations, the best being one partly^
ab. schmidtii and partly ab. intermedia, Tutt, several brassy forms ^
examples with pear-shaped spots, and numerous abs. caeruleopunctata ,
Gerh.
On August 23rd, a beautiful summer day, I went with "th
Doctor " to see Spiranthes romanzofiana which he had found on th. ^
shore at Lough Neagh ; we found this rare orchid, which in Europe i- ^
almost confined to the Lough area, abundant for some miles along tlx^
shore and growing only in boggy ground; Aylais urticae was ver^
abundant at mint flowers and I took a nice variety with chalky-blti-^
apex to forewings and the blue lunulets on hind wings obsolete.
It was remarkable to observe on the shore that the vegetatio
growing in the sand was burnt up and dead whereas that growing i^*^
the bog was green and fresh.
At ivy in the late autumn Xylina soda was abundant and Ayn^t^"^^
sducia put in a welcome appearance after an absence of some year^ *
other autumn species were rare or absent. — Thomas Greer, Carglasso'^^
Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
A number of the parts of Seitz Lepidoptera are now obtainable fwM^^^
the English agents Messrs. Williams and Norgate. Seven parts a^^^
of the Palaearctic Geometrae, which is almost finished now ; the conr^^-'
pletion of the Palsearctic Noctuae is also ready, and in addition soi
five parts of the Exotic portion. The price is now doubled, with a.
occasional double number.
Signor Querci of Florence writes to say that he has been collectin^^
for the last month in the Alpi Apuane (Carrara), N.W. Tuscany, am
that his wife and daughter have spent two months on the coas
ranges of Calabria and are shortly joining him in Tuscany. He say
that the Alpi Apuane is " the most interesting country I have evei
met." Dr. Verity proposes to do some collecting while on his visit tc^
the Italian Tyrol.
We hope to publish an account of the breeding of PJmjxus livornicct^
in the succeeding number from the pen of Mr. Hedges, who ha*
obtained ova this spring from British-captured imagines.
Vol. XXXIII.
hy.
Plati V.
T^iq ^a
W, O. Oravfley del.
Fig. 1. Thorax and Pedicel of Monomorium huxUmi, sp. dot.
Fig. 2. ,, 4, ,, Monomorium mariae, sp. nov.
Fig. 2a. Fanioalas of same.
Fig. 3. Thorax and Pedicel of Metior platyceras.
Fig. 3a. End of Scape and first 3 joints of Funiculus of same.
The EntomologiiVa Record.
PLATTRHINUS LATIROSTRIS, F., NEAR BRISTOL. 157
Platyriiinus latirostris, F., near Bristol ; and a description of its
larva (previously unknown). {With plau IV.),
By H. DONISTHORPE. F.Z.S., F.E.S.
On June 7th last I went down to Bristol, and ray friend Mr. G. T.
Gimingham very kindly conducted me to a wood in that district where
he had previously taken the rare Anthribid beetle Platyrhinns lati-
rostrisy F. Suitable old ash trees were scarce, and the fungus Daldinia
( = Spheria) concentrica affected by the beetle, still scarcer. The tree on
which was the most fungus, and where GiraiYigham had recently
captured a specimen, having drawn blank, we tried further on in the
wood, and eventually I found two specimens of the Platyriiinus which
were sheltering under the bark of an old ash, on which was some of
the fungus. A third specimen occurred sitting on a patch of fungus
high up on a tree, but where it could be distinctly seen from the
ground below. My companion was so obliging as to climb the tree for
me, to obtain the beetle. A day or two later I took one more speci-
men ; again under bark.
Fowler gives the following localities for this rare beetle: —
Cheltenham ; Salford Priors ; near Chudleigh ; Swansea ; Scotland,
Tay district, extremely rare ; and he remarks : "I know of no captures
of recent years." In the supplement we add Porlock. The Rev. T.
Wood took it there in 1898.
In lumps of the fungus a number of whitish larvae (superficially
like small Scarabaeidae larvfle) were found to be present.; some very
small, others larger, and one which I should judge to be afiout half
grown.
As it was certain that this was the larva of Platyrhinna (no other
beetle large enough feeding in this fungus), I took this specimen home
with me. I find the larva of Platyrhinua is unknown (this being also
the case with nearly all the Anthribidae)^ and therefore it seems
important to describe and figure it. The only other insects found in
and about the fungus were Pijthyhin htnatuH and Mycetophaymi atouiariun
in abundance ; Cyyfdop/taffua ntfironiis^ verj' rare ; and a Ihacon, which
might be parasitic on any t)f these, but was perhaps too small to be a
parasite of Platyriiinus.
The following is a careful description of the larva. I dissected out
the mouth parts ; and am indebted to Miss Tassart for the drawings.
Superficially like a small Scarahaeid larva ; mandibles dark brown^ apical
nargine of froutale of head broini (gradually becoming yellow, rest of head lighter
yellow. Prothorax and laat two joints oj legs light yellow ; rest of body and legs
dirty white. Body very ehistic and deeply creased : usnal position bent double.
Head strongly chitinous, rounded and flat on dorsal surface ; fron tale rugouslj
wrinkled, divided triangularly from parietale by a tine suture ; parietale divided by
a deeper straight suture ; frontale and sides of parietale furnished with a few
scattered hairs ; labrum transverse, anterior margin unevenly rounded, with
rounded apical angles, somewhat narrowed posteriorly, furnished with long bristle-
like hairs ; clypeus broader than labrum, transverse, with rounded sides and apical
angles, broadest at posterior border, anterior border emarginate ; mandibles
massive, very hard, with three teeth, the two apical ones long and pointed, smooth
at apex, longitudinally rugose at base, the basal tooth short, blunt, rounded and
smooth ; maxillae : cardo short and narrow, stipites long, broadest anteriorly,
furnished with many bristles, lacinia sharp, chitinous, longitudinally striate,
maxillary palpi three jointed, basal joint ('* palpiger ") broadest, apical joint
narrowest, pointed; labial palpi small, three jointed, similar in shape to maxillary
September, 1920.
158 THE entomologist's record.
palpi ; antennae entirely wanting ; ocelli small, situated near base of mandibles at
apex of parietale. Thorax : prothorax cbitinous, the prothoracic spiracles situated
just above intermediate pair of legs; vieso-^ and metathorax soft, similar in
construction to segments of abdomen. Abdomen flesby, deeply creased, rounded
on dorsal surface, flat on ventral surface, considerably bent in middle, with nine
visible segments present, tapering towards apex ; eight pairs of spiracles present,
which are circular, large, and deep; anus round, surrounded by three round
prominences ; all the segments of the abdomen are covered with very fine widely
scattered hairs (which are not shown in the figure). Legs three-jointed (similar in
shape to maxillary and labial palpi), basal joint large, broad, furnished with a
number of long bristle-like hairs, apical and intermediate joints narrow with a
ring of bristles at apex. -
Long.— &hout 12 mm. if stretched out.
On Zygaena rhadamanthus, Esper, with special reference to tlie
races of its subspecies oxytropis, Boisd.
By ROGER VERITY,* M.D.
Oberthiir, in his Et. de Lepid. Comparee, vol. iv., p. 586 (1910),
maintains that rhadamanthus of the South of France and Spain, and
oxytroins of Italy belong to the same species. I quite agree with him;
when two insects resemble each other as much as these do and inhabit
two different regions, and when furthermore these regions are in close
proximity and the insects do not keep distinct, but overlap and blend
on the boundary, I think there can be no doubt that they are both repre-
sentatives of the same species. I do not see why the red collar of the
rhadamanthiis larva, absent in that of oxytroph, should necessarily bo
anything more than a variation, similar to those one observes in the
imago. Oberthiir observes that the rliadahianthus race of the
Maritime Alps differs less from oxytropis than it does from other races
of the former ; the existence of this transition seems quite conclusive.
I Would only add that the French and the Italian races might very
naturally be grouped into two . subspecies, such as there are in
most species of Zyyaena when their specific limits are established on a
wider scale than has hitherto been done. On comparing /yrasZiwt, Led.,
of W. Asia with the Zygaenae in question, I find such a perfect
identity of structure and wing-markings that I feel quite confident this
is but a third subspecies, which completes most admirably the series of
variations of the species, from yraslini with dark scaling extremely
reduced in extent, especially in its form cojifiuensy Obth., to oxytroph
race lateruhra, and race oxytropis^ and then on to rhadamanthus race
oxytropiferens, and race rhadamanthus, culminating in the melanic
form kiesenuetteri , H.S. All the wide-spread and variable species of
Zygaenae show this scale of variation when their real, broad limits are
established ; see, for instance, the variations of Z. loti from the form
miltosa, Cand., of its race occidentalism Obtb., to the extreme melanism
of calahrica, Calb., in its subspecies trausalpina, Esp. Another remark
I must make is that no author seems to have noticed the close resem-
blance of Z. anthyllidisj Boisd., of the Pyrenees with rhadatnanthm,
1 am in no way prepared to include it as another subspecies of the
latter, but I certainly think it should be classified next to it and that
it connects it admirably to what one might call the lowest group of
species of the genus {exulans, purpuralis, etc.), whereas otherwise
rhadamantJius would stand alone with /«<Y//i^///Zat' or would only vaguely
be connected to distant Asiatic species, such as rambysea. Led., through
ON ZYGiENA RHADAMANTHUS, fiSPER. 159
yradini. The globular shape of the cocoon poiats to the same con-
clusion and one can deduce a closer relationship than has as yet been
recognised between the group pnrpuvaliu'enjthruH and rhadainant/tuH
also by the following observation: Italy is in most species of Zyuaenae
the country pf melanic forms and races, but in those just mentioned,
as well as in Z. sdrpedon race di/strepta^ F. d. W., exactly the reverse
takes place. The group purpuralis produces rubictindus, Hb., which is
the most extensively red-scaled Zygaena in existence ; purpuralis pro-
duces the race /ionij Costantini, which in many females is as red as
the rare abe^rration polyyalae, Esp., of Central Europe, whereas the
most melanic purpuralis are produced in the coldest Alpine and
Northern regions ; the Italian races of sorpedon produce the extreme
red form and race dystrepta^ F.d.W., whereas that species produces the
most melanic forms in France and Spain. All this is exactly as in
oxytropis compared with rhadamanthus, for never has even a melanic
aberration of the former been found, whereas the latter produces very
dark individuals freely in the Maritime Alps and in Catalania.
Subspecies oxytropis is proper to Italy, except for individual varia-
tions similar to it in the Maritime Alps and in Catalania ; it spreads
from Piedmont to Sicily, but it has a tendency to localise. It usually
flies in May; in the highest mountains it emerges in June. It varies
very little as compared with rhadamanthus, both individually and
geographically ; however, a very distinct high mountain race exists
and a few minor races are also discernible ; they can be described as
follows from large series collected by Querci, part of which I will
preserve as " typical." The localities mentioned have been described
in Querelas paper on Z. loti subsp. transalpiuay Esp. (Ent, Rec^
page 28).
In all these races the antennae are larger and thicker in the male
sex, but vary markedly ; the females in Florence often show faint
traces of a white collar and epaulettes, which are extremely rare and
never as marked in the other sex ; the red scaling is more extensive,
but a little paler in the former and the dark scaling inclines more to
greenish. Variation in both sexes only affects the upperside of fore-
wings, for the red patch resulting from the confluence of the red spots
on the underside and the thin dark marginal band of the hindwings
on both surfaces offer but very slight difference^^.
Boisduval in his Kssai d' une Monoyraphie des Zyyenides, where
oxytrojns is first described and named, gives " Piedmont and Italy " as
its habitat and adds that it has been collected in Home (Querci has
never found it in the neighbourhood of this city), and by Passerini in
Florence. In his Eur. Lep. lad. Meth., published at the same time
(1829), Boisduval only mentions '* Tuscany." It is very likely his
" types " were got from Passerini. In Florence there exists a race of
oxytropis with the red spots more reduced in extent and consequently
tending to separate from each other more than in any other locality
(Querci or I know of. In Boisduval's original figure they are reduced
to an extent which is very seldom seen, but which anyhow only the
Florence race approaches in its extreme form ; that author figures and
mentions particularly spot 3 (anterior median) as exceedingly small ;
spot 6 is confluent with spot 6, but it has very little extent too ; the
two basal spots are as short and as isolated from each other and from
the median ones as they are ever met with in this species. 1 think on
160 THE ENTOMOl)bGIST's BECORD.
the strength of these observations the Florentine race on the whole
can be considered the " nymotypical '* one ; dealing with individual
forms the name conspicitay Rocci, can be used, when necessary, to
designate particularly the individual variation standing opposite to
Boisduval's by its larger size, more extensive red spots and brighter
look generally. The Florence race is one of the most vividly coloured,
of a bright indigo (with no trace of green) and deep red in the male.
In 64% of the specimens one finds the median spots are separated
from each other, or only just touching at one corner, and in 20% also
the apical spots are distinctly separate, which is quite a feature of the
race. In only 1 or 2% of the males has the anterior basal spot been
found to extend along the costal margin so far as to blend with the
median one. No specimen of either sex has ever been found with all
the spots united ; in a few very rare females the median and apical
spots are united by A streak. The Ligurian race of Genoa,
described by Rocci, seems quite like the Florence one [Atti. Soc,' Liij.
Sc. NaL e Geo(jr., 1918] .
Race pumila, mihi. At the highest altitude recorded for the species
in Tuscany (Traversa, 2700 ft., on the Futa Pass road to Bologna) the
smallest race known is met with ; it looks still smaller than might
seem from the figures mentioned below on the table of expanses, on
account of its narrow wings and frail build ; otherwise it is quite
similar to the Florentine race and in no way approaches sibyllina, a&
might have been expected. I do not think the name winimay Rocci,
given to dwarf aberrations of any locality should be used in this case.
Race laterubra, mihi . In the race of the Mainarde Mts. of Southern
Italy (near Yillalatina at Yallegrande, 1500 ft.), one finds some
characters which distinctly remind one of sihyllina, and notably the
red colouring, slightly paler than in Tuscany, and the dark scaling less
bright and inclining more to blackish. The distinctive character of
this race is, however, the tendency of the red scaling to expand so that
the spots become confluent. In one specimen alone out of 115 are the
apical spots separated from each other and even then not; completely.
The two basal and the two median spots blend respectively in 74% of
cases. The confluence of spots 1 and 8 along the costal margin in
62% of the specimens is remarkable (form v/ntVa, Rocci) ; magnificent
examples of form conflueus^ Zick., with all the spots united, are com-
paratively frequent. Size much more variable than at Florence.
Race quercii, mihi. This is the largest race of oxijtropis. It has
been collected by the Quercis on Mt. Cuccitiello, 2000 ft., near S.
Martino delle Scale (Palermo). Size very constant, from 26 to 80 mm.
It shows mountain characters still more markedly than lateruhray
especially with reference to thin scaling. Its other distinctive
characters are the decidedly green tinge of the indigo scaling in both
sexes, so that this comparatively light colour makes a deep black
marginal band vaguely discernible also on forewing. The red scaling
is decidedly of a pink hue in the female and pale also in the male.
Variation is small ; apical spots always confluent ; median ones not
markedly so.
Race sibyllina, Vrty. [Bull. Soc, Knt, Italiana, xlvii., p. 77
(December, 1915)] . I have described from a series of Bolognola,
2700 ft., in the Sibillini Mts. (Marche), the most distinct race of
oxytropis as yet known, being evidently its high-mountain variation.
ON ZYG^NA RHADAMANTHUS, ESPER. 161
It is not as small as on the arid and barren slopes along the Futa road
in Tuscany, bat its mountain characteristics consist in the very thin
scaling, which makes it much more translucent and shows off a diffused
black marginal band also on the forewing, and in the dull Colouring,
which is very different from the gaudy metallic one of the other races ;
the dark scaling is of a blackish indigo and the red one is pinkish ;
the extent of the latter is on the whole greater than in Florence and
about the same as in Sicily. Bocci has found this race also on the
highest Ligurian mountains.
The following tables, drawn out from measurements of the wing
expanse made by Querci, shows the individual variations of each
race : —
Expanse. Florence. Traversa. Villatina. S. Martino. Bolognola*
s f s ^ d"? d"? <r?
mm. 22 to 23 1 1
23 to 24 2 4 3 1 1
24 to 25 2 2 1 14 6 7
25 to 26 8 4 11 16 13 18 1
26 to 27 22 10 12 18 2 20 2
27 to 28 5 6 9 11 9 7 17 2
28 to 29 1 26 52 21
29 to 30 13
The races and many striking individual forms of the very variable
subspecies rhadafnanthus have been admirably described and partly
figured by Charles Oberthiir in his Kt. Up. Comp., vol. iv. (1910),
where he summarises also what had been published before by himself
and others. I can do no better than l-efer the reader to this work. I
am sure M. Oberthiir will pardon me if I take this occasion to mention
my personal impression that he should have fixed by a name some of
the races he has so well described, and if I take the liberty of suggesting
the following for those of rhadamanthns \ —
Race pyrensea, mihi, for the race of La Traucada d*Ambouille in
the Pyrenees (page 590), which corresponds to sibijlUna of oxt/tropis.
Race barcina, mihi, for the race of Barcelona (Spain), (page 590),
small, very bright, with body covered with white hair, in which speci-
mens quite similar to oxytrojds (I have seen a Spanish one too) occur
together with form kiesenwetteri.
Race oxytropiferens, mihi, for the race of the Maritime Alpes
Department (page 592), particularly beautiful and variable, ranging
from individuals indistinguishable from oxi/tropis to the darkest
kiesenwetteri and producing the lovely form with a white streak along
the cubital nervure of forewing, which should be called albovittata,
mihi.
Finally I think the name (jrisea^ Obth., given to a form with indigo
scaling replaced by very pale gray, which is the prevailing one at
Digne, should be extended to the entire race (page 591).
Synoptic table of characters in the different races of oxytropis : —
Locality . . Sibillini Alts. Florence. Futa Pass. Mainarde Palermo.
Mts.
Name . ,8ibyllina,Yiy. nymotypical. pumila, Vrty. later uhr a, Yty. quercii, Vrty,
Usual expanse 25-28 mm. 26-27 mm. 23-25 mm. 25-27 mm. 27-29 mm.
Density of sea- Very thin. Thick. Moderately Moderately Thin,
ling . . thick. thick.
162
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
Locality . . Sibillini Mts. Florence. Futa Pass.
Mainarde
Mts.
Bed.
Pale red.
Palermo.
Light red.
Pinkish.
Greenish in-
digo.
Light coloured <? dull red. Bright red. Red.
scaling . . ? red. Bright red Bed.
rarely pink-
ish.
cT blackish Indigo. Indigo. Indigo,
indigo and
Dark scaling-' dull.
? greenish Greenish in- Greenish in- Greenish in- Very pale in-
indigo. digo. digo. digo. digo.
Extent of Very limited. Limited. Limited. Very exten- Limited.
spots . . sive.
Apical spots Confluent. Often sepa- Confluent. Confluent. Confluent.
(5 and 6) . . rate. '
Confluence of Never occurs. Very rare. Never occurs. Frequent. Never occurs,
spots 1 and 3
along costa
Statistical table of variations of upperside of forewing in different
races : —
Basal Median Apical
Sibillini
Florence.
Mainarde
Palermo.
spots. spots. spots.
Mts
J.
Mts.
(?
?
J
?
cT
?
<? ?
Isolated .. Separate. 6th obliter-
1
ated.
Isolated . . Separate. Separate.
9
1
Isolated . . Confluent. Separate.
1
Confluent along Confluent. Separate.
1
•
costa with
median
Ditto . . . . Separate. Separate. .
1
Isolated . . Separate. Confluent.
54
5
13
15-
12
17
13 10
Isolated . . Confluent. Confluent.
1
1
2
12
5
Confluent along Separate. Confluent.
10
10
costa with
median
Ditto . . Confluent. Confluent.
2
3
18
17
2
Isolated . . Confluent. Confluent
1
with
median.
«
Confluent along Confluent. Ditto.
3
12
costa with
median
Confluent along Separate. Diffused.
1
costa with
apical
Total of spec, examined
56
6
27
21
56
57
18 12
Ants from Mesopotamia and North -West Persia. {With plate V.)
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.
The following paper contains a list of some thirty species, sub-
species and varieties of Foruricidae taken in Mesopotamia and North-
west Persia by Mr. P. A. Buxton and Lieut. W. E. Evans, principally
during the years 1918 and 1919. Though the number of forms is
small, it contains two new species, one new race, and four new
varieties, in addition to a new species and a new variety described by
^Ir. II. Donisthorpe in 191H. I have included in the paper the record
of three South African species taken by Mr. Buxton.
It is interesting to note that among Lieut. Evans' Mesopotamian
ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA. 168
ants is a single specimen of Polyrhachis simplex, Mayr, a species very
common in India, and the only member of this large genus that is
found so far west in Asia as Mesopotamia.
My thanks are due to Professor C. Emery for his help and for the
loan of examples of several species not represented in my collection.
Sub-family I. Ponerin^e, Lep.
Anochetus (jhiliani, Spin. ^ .
Sar-i-Pal, Persia, 1919 (Evans).
Sub-family II. Dorylin.e, Leach.
Dorylns {Typhlopone) fulvus, Westw. ^ . Tigris, 1918 (Evans).
^ Amara, 1918 (Buxton).
Sub- family III. Myrmicin.e, Mayr.
Myrmica beryi, Ruzsky, var foFtiOF, var. no v.
^ L. 5-0 mm.
Head broader than in hergi, and. sculpture of head and thorax coarser and
more broken, and that of nodes much coarser than in the type. Entire body
darker than in bergi : in all other respects similar to hergi. Enzeli, N.W.
Persia, 1919. (Buxton).
Comparison made with an example of beryi from the author
himself, kindly sent me for the purpose by Prof. Emery. This
specimen came from Aral.
Aphaenogaster sp. N.E. of Baghdad, 1918. A single ^ mounted
on a card with specimens of Monomorium (jracilliinnm, Sm., with
which it was apparently taken.
Messor arenarim, F. ^ Baghdad, 1918. (Evans).
Mi'ssor platyceras, sp. nov. Fig. 3 and 8a.
^ Major. L. 7*6mm.
Black ; mandibles, apex of scape, the funiculus, joints of legs and the tarsi
reddish-brown. Whole body covered with a yellowish pilosity, longest on prono-
tum, short on antennas and legs.
Head as broad as long, narrower in front, occipital border feebly concave, eyes
situated behind middle of sides. Scapes do not quite reach occipital border. First
joint of funiculus longer than 2nd, flattened so as to be twice as long as broad with
parallel sides, and much wider than 2nd joint when viewed on its flat side,
whereas viewed the other way it is thinner than 2nd joint. From the 2nd to the
6th the joints decrease slightly in length and increase in thickness. The whole
antenna and the joints are shorter and thicker proportionately than in the var.
ampJiigea^ For. of oertzeni, For., which has a very similarly shaped first joint. A
medium-sized tooth at base of scape. Clypeus flat, the anterior border slightly
excised. Promesonotum much arched, shoulders evenly rounded. Base of
epinotum nearly twice as long as declivity, their junction forming a sharp angle in
profile, but without teeth. Petiole in protile with a rather thin scale, concave in
front ; postpetiole rounded and lower.
Mandibles entirely coarsely and evenly striate. Whole of head longitudinally
striate ; there are no curved striae in the antennal socket ; the strice are broken on
the occiput where there are a few long shallow punctures ; head shining.
Pronotum anteriorly transversely rugose, the rugee curving round the sides ;
posteriorly, irregularly longitudinally rugose above ; mesonotum irregularly
transversely rugose ; epinotum evenly transversely striate above ; sides of
mesonotum and epinotum transversely rugose. Petiole smooth anteriorly, trans-
versely rugose above and behind ; postpetiole longitudinally rugose anteriorly,
transversely rugose posteriorly. Base of gaster longitudinally striate for a short
distance, the rest smooth and shining.
164 THE entomologist's reoord.
^ Media. L. 6*5 mm.
Dark reddish brown, gaster black, the rest as in $ major. Pllosity as in 5
major. The scapes just reach the occipital border. Sculpture somewhat finer
than in 5 major, otherwise similar. N.W. Persia. (Evans, No. 50).
This species is characterised by the broadaDd flat 1st joint of the
scape, the only other species, as far as I know, that has a similarly
shaped joint being oertzeni, For., var. amphvjea^ For., but, apart from
the colour, ig readily distinguished from amphigea by the much shorter
autennaB and the sculpture.
Messor platycei^as, Crawley, var. rubella var. no v.
^ Major. L. 8-8mm.
Differs from the preceding as follows : — Colour : reddish-brown ; mandibles,
cheeks and legs paler. Eyes in middle of sides of head ; first joint of funiculus
similarly formed, but 2nd rather shorter in proportion ; pro-raesonotum less highly
arched ; pronotum smooth and shining in centre. The whole thorax and epinotum
less coarsely sculptured ; postpetiole irregularly transversely rugose and very matt;
gaster entirely smooth and shining. Pilosity similar, but somewhat shorter on the
pronotum.
^ Minor. L. 5-Omm.
Entirely castaneous ; gaster somewhat darker. Entire sculpture finer than in
$ major.
(^ . L. 7*6mm.
Black ; legs dark brown, joints and tarsi lighter. First joint of funiculus not
flattened, equal in length to the 2nd, and slightly thicker (shorter than 2nd in
arenariuSy harharu», structor^ etc.), and both Ist and 2nd longer than the following
joints. Mandibles 7-8 dentate, striate ; clypeus irregularly rugose, head irregularly
longitudinally rugose. Scutum shining in front, feebly longitudinally rugose
in centre and at sides. Scutellum irregularly rugose, shining in centre ; epinotum
matt, feebly transversely rugose ; nodes rugose ; gaster shining.
Body covered with a long golden pilosity, most abundant on mesonotam and
apex of gaster.
N.W. Persia, at 4,000 feet. 1919 (Buxton).
Messor barbarus race semirufus, And. ^ . N.W. Persia, 1919
(Buxton) ; Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).
Messor barbarus race semirufusy E. Andre, var. obscuriOF var. nov.
^ Major. L. 7*5-8-0 mm.
Differs from semirufus as follows : — Colour dark-brown, in some specimens
almost black, the colour being uniform except for the mandibles, tibiaB, tarsi and
scapes, which are a dull dark reddish-brown. In other examples the promesonotum
and underside of head are a dull dark red, considerably darker than in the darkest
examples of the type species.
Sculpture of head, especially. on occiput, somewhat coarser than in the type,
and on the pronotum, instead of being feebly and irregularly striate transversely,
is evenly and regularly striate transversely on neck, and on the rest, coarsely
irregularly striate transversely, and the striae in the centre often run longitudinally.
Sculpture of rest of thorax and nodes similar to, but coarser than in semirufus.
Pilosity similar but darker.
^ Minor. L. 8*5 mm.
Has the same corresponding differences as the 5 major. Amara, 1918
(Buxton) ; Baghdad 1918 (Evans).
M, barbarus race seuiirufuSy And., var. ebcninay For., N.E. of
Baghdad, 1918. A single ^ on a card with M, barbarus race
seinirufus var. ohsnirior.
As far as can be judged from a single ^ minor, this specimen
belongs to Forel's var. ebenina.
ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA. 165
Pheidole pallid ula^ Nyl., subsp. arenarum, Ruzsky, var. orientalis,
Em. 2^ $ . N.W. Persia, 1919 (Buxton) ; Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).
Donisthorpe {EnL Recy xxx., 10, p. 165, 1918) has recorded this
form from Mesopotamia as pallidula i.sp. Emery, however, {Rev,
ZooL Afr.y iv., 2, p. 229, 1915), states that pallidula i.sp. is not found
in Asia, where the form that occurs is a variety, which he there calls
orientalis.
Ci em atog aster scutellarisy Oliv., subsp. schviidtif Mayr. S . Caspian,
N.W. Persia, 1919 (Buxton). This subspecies is stated by Emery to
differ, apart from its colour, from scutellaris i.sp. by its habit of nesting
on the ground, and visiting herbaceous plants instead of trees. Taken
attending Aphu punicacy Pass., on wild pomegranate.
C, scutellaris, Oliv. ? var. ^ . N.E. of Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).
I cannot detect any difference in these specimens from the typical
scutellaris, though the ants were found under plods of earth (whether
or not in a nest is not clear), whereas according to Emery true
scutellaris nests and lives on trees.
Cardiocondyla nuda, Mayr., subsp. mauritanica, For. Tigris, 1918.
On a card with Platjiolepis pi/f/tnaea and Prenolepis sp.
Tetrauwrium caespitwn, L. ^ . Enzeli, Caspian, March and June,
1919 (Buxton).
MonomoHum firacillitnumy Sm. ^ . Baghdad, 1917 (Buxton) ;
1918 (Evans).
M, saloinonis, L. ^ . Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).
*
M. buxtoni, sp. nov. Fig. I.
^ . L. 2-5-2-6 mm.
Dirty yellowish-brown ; gaster darker. Piloaity as in abeilleit Em. Andr^.
Head longer than wide, sides feebly convex, no broader in front than behind,
occipital border, slightly concave. Mandibles 4-dentate. Clypeus as in abeillei.
Byes in middle of sides of head. Scapes just reach occiput. Thorax incision as
in abeillei, very slight ; base of epinotum almost straight, but not quite so straight
as in abeilleij forming a more rounded angle with the declivity ; upper surface of
epinotum feebly impressed (strongly so in abeillei). Petiole higher than in abeillei,
and not so broad proportionately at base.
Head, thorax and pedicel entirely opaque (head, pronotum and pedicel shining
in abeillei) ; head entirely matt, the sculpture being densely and deeply reticulate ;
and scattered punctures very few. Gaster feebly shii^ng, the first segment
superficially reticulate.
Though coming near to Man. abeillei, Ern. And., the new species,
besides differing as indicated above, is readily distinguished by its
colour, Andre's species being reddish -brown, with gaster nearly black,
and by its matt opaque appearance. The head again is not quite so
broad proportionately in buxtoni, and is no broader in front, whereas
in abeillei the head is wider in front, finely superficially reticulate with
scattered punctures, besides being shining. The comparison was made
with an example of M, abeillei kindly lent me by Prof. Emery.
Kumait, Mesopotamia, 1918. (Buxton).
166 THE entomologist's record.
M. [Holcowyrmex) dentigenun, Rog. g, $' Baghdad, 1918
(Evans).
M. (H.) evansi, Donisthorpe {FJnt, Rec, xxx. 10, p. 165, 1918)
(^ , $ , ? . Tigris and Aniara, 1918 (Buxton) ; Amara, 1918 (Evans).
Many of the ^T <^ and $ $ were taken in cop.
All of the numerous ^ ^ I have received from both Mr. Buxton
and Lieut. Evans, as well as those received by Mr. Donisthorpe, are of
uniform size. The ^ ^ of the sub-genus Holcomyrmex, as defined by
Emery [Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr,, p. 189, 1916), are •' very dimorphic." It
is extremely unlikely that no ^ major should have been captured
among the large series that has been examined, if a ? major actually
existed ; therefore it appears likely that this new member of the sub-
genus is an exception to the general rule.
^ . The head is slightly broader than long (without the mandibles), widest
at eyes, slightly broader in front than behind, sides feebly convex. Occipital
border slightly concave ; in centre of occiput is a distinct impressed longitudinal
line ; a feeble impression also on vertex. The scapes do not reach the occipital
border by a little more than their width. Anterior border of clypeus strongly
concave between the teeth.
A few striae on cheeks; the semi-circular striation in antennal socket very
feeble.
Thorax strongly constricted at meso-epinotal suture ; the latter in profile
deeply impressed. Arch of epinotum regularly curved, showing hardly any
division between base and declivity. Stalk of petiole shorter than the width of the
node at its base. Second node seen from above wider than first, and produced at
each side into a sharp angle.
Antennae and legs with erect hairs.
Sub-family IV. DoLicHODERiNiE, Forel.
lapinoma erraticum, Ltr., subsp. nigernmumy Nyl. ^ . S.W.
Caspian, 1919; Amara, 1918 (Buxton). N.E. of Baghdad, 1918
(Evans).
The S.W. Caspian specimens were taken by Mr. Buxton attending
Aphis punicae, Pass., on wild pomegranate.
{To be concluded.)
Jg^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Notes from the Hill Museum. — Mr. J. J. Joicey has recently
acquired the important collection of Lepidoptera formed by Mr. H. J.
Elwes, F.R.S., and the large collection of Heliconins formed by the
late H. Riffarth.
The Elwes collection contains most of the types of species of the
Indo- Australian fauna described by Elwes, as also some types of
Doherty, de Niceville, Christoph, and Staudinger. There is also in-
cluded the material which formed the basis of the famous monograph
on the Oriental tlcsperidae by Elwes and Edwards, and also the
material for the papers by Elwes on the genera Ypthima and (EneiSf
and on the butterflies of Chili. This collection is especially rich in
Ujcaenidae^ and students of this group wull find at the Hill Museum
one of the largest collections.
The Rififarth collection of Heliconins, upon which was based the
monograph by Rift'arth and Stichel, contains over 2000 specimens, and
inchuk'S 860 types and paratypes of species described by Rififarth and
Stichel.
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 167
The collection of Helicomus now at the Hill Museum, is perhaps
unrivalled.
The Museum has in progress papers on the Lepidoptera of Hainan;
of the Schouten Islands, of Dutch New Guinea, Misol, Aru, Key, Obi,
and Sula Islands, and of Central Ceram.
Mr. T. A. Barnes, F.Z.S., has recently returned from an expedi-
tion of twelve months* duration through little-known parts of Central
Africa, undertaken on behalf of Mr. Joicey. A very tine collection of
Lepidoptera was obtained, and Mr. Barnes has recorded many valuable
biological observations. A report on this collection is in progress.
Mr. Barnes was accompanied by his wife on the trip of over 300O
miles. Cinematograph films were taken en route, and some of im-
portant scientific interest.
Consignments of Lepidoptera are shortly expected from Dutch
New Guinea, where Mr. Joicey's collectors, the three brothers Pratt,
are at work in the mountainous interior of an area entomologically
unexplored.
It is proposed to publish a catalogue of all types of Lepidoptera
existing in the Hill Museum, as these are now very numerous, and
concern many different authors.
Students desirous of comparing specimens and types are invited to
write to The Curator, The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey.
Argynnis cydippe (adippe) ON Reigate Hill. — I took a fine male
specimen of A, cydippe last week on Reigate Hill. I hear that this
species has not been seen at Reigate for many years. — Henry Speyer,
Highbury, Reigate, July 21st, 1920.
Apatura iris in February. — Some time ago when in Paris I was
informed that a specimen of A, iris was caught in February last by a
Mr. Bishop some few mil^s from Paris, surely a most unusual
occurrence at that time of year. — Geo. Talbot, The Hill Museum,
Witley, Surrey.
Epuraea bickhardi, Dev., a British Insect. — According to Mons.
P. de Peyerimhofl^, the Epuraea mentioned by me (antea, p. 168) is E,
bickhardi, Dev. 1 hope to write a note on the insect shortly. —
HoRACK DoNISTHORPE.
Zygaena trifolii. — On June 6th, 1920, when breaking fresh
ground in a favourite collecting wood that I visit, I discovered
two adjacent meadows at the edge of the wood that have been
allowed to become rough, and as there were plenty of flowers in bloom
I walked them over, putting up a number of Z. trifolii — my luck was
in for I had struck a colony much given to aberration, quite 66 %
being abnormal — from ab. orobi to ab. minoidesj as illustrated in
South's Moths of the British Isles ; the latter form was the rarest, but I
secured a few quite good. On June 9th I saw the first Z. tilipendulae
in the same spot ; from that day onwards both were flying together,
but although I searched carefully, I failed to find any cross pairings.
Since that time until August 22nd Z, fili}>endidae has been flying
there freely, but none that I have netted of this species show any signs
168 THE entomologist's kegord.
of aberration, nor do any show any results of a cross pairing that I can
trace.
Is Z, trifolii much more given to aberrations than Z,, filipendulae /
It strikes me as strange that in a secluded spot where one insect
varies so much-^another (also given to variation) breeds so strictly on
normal lines. — Harold E. Winser, Cranleigh, Surrey, August, 1920.
URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The Can, Ent.^iov March contains "A Soldier's Collecting Day in
France," (Col.) ; ** A remarkable case of Homing Instinct " (Hym.),
giving minute observations of the behaviour for more than half an
hour of an Ammophila and its prey, a Lepidopterous larva ; Notes by
J. McDunnough, on *' Phyciodes batesii and P. tharos" with a plate;
descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and
(Joccidae, etc.
In the Ent. Neivs for March several new species of BuccidatiiXf
from the U.S.A., are described with other species of Tineina, and the
article on specific names, etc., is concluded.
The Ent. Mo. Mag. for March contained descriptions of the follow-
ing new species : Aprophora niaculata on Salixy from the New Forest,
Oncopsis carpinicola on hornbeams, at Colesbourne, Macropts scotti
(common), Anoscopiis kirschbaunn, Ewhurst, Pevensey, etc., and Limo-
tettix persimilis from Tintagel, on grass, all Cicadina new to science, by
James Edwards ; a,nd Loderus yilvipes^ a sawfly new to Britain, by the
Rev. F. D. Morice, from Lancashire.
The Bulletin Soc. ent, de Behj. contains a continuation of the Notes
on the early stages of the Trichoptera, including an interesting account
of the water-snares of the Hydropsyche species, with several figures and
observations of the habits of the larvae, by M. J. A. Lestage. M.
Lestage also gives a table of the Belgian species of the genus Pefiia.
M. Ball records the capture of the /laverc^amp/i form of Brenthis aphi-
rape, at Horkay, Belgium. M. Lemeere notes the extreme abundance
of Melolontha hippocastani (Col.), and the occurrence of numerous
examples of the black aberration of the female, at Genck, Belgium.
M. Lestage gives a list of the Coccinellid aberrations, met with by
himself and M. Guilleaume on the dunes at Blankenberghe, where
several species, including Adalia 10-punctata {variabilis) ^ particularly
the last, were in extreme abundance. The list contains 89 aberrations
of this species, of which seven have not hitherto been recorded. In
another contribution M. Lestage records new observations on the ovi-
position of Clo'eon diptenun (Ephem.), and concludes that the laying
only takes place when the female is in actual contact with the water.
The eggs are agglomerated in a ball at exclusion, but immediately on
contact with humidity separate, and the larvae emerge.
The Ann. Sue. ent. Belyiijue contains a series of notes on the species
of BombuH (Hym.) found in Belgium, listing the various known forms
of each species, and referring in detail to the less known. As most of
the species found in Belgium are also to be obtained in Britain these
notes will no doubt be useful in this country They are written by M.
Ball.
The Scottitih Naturalist contains in recent numbers Notes on the
Diptera of the Forth Area by A. E. J. Carter, Notes on the Insect
CURRENT NOTES. 169*
Fauna of S. Uist by Percy H. Grimshaw, recording the larvae of Nyssia
zonaria in thousands, abundance of pupae of Abraxas (jrosmlanata lying
in the crevices of rocks, the larvae having fed on heather, and the
prominent banded form of Cauiptograiivna hilineata ; and the descrip-
tion by F. W. Edwards of a species of Mosquito new to Britain, from
various localities in Scotland, to which the name TJieohaldia arctica
has been applied provisionally until more be known of its northern
congeners. Among the smaller items one finds recorded the occurrence
of Cetonia aiirata in Argyllshire, of the melanic form of Aphodius
scybalarius (not mentioned in Fowler's Col, Brit. 7s.), a second Scotch
example of Balaninus villosus^ etc.
The recent numbers of the Bull, Soc, ent. France contain the de-
scription of a new aberration of M'elitaea parthenie under the name ab.
faivreiy by M. Le Charles, in which the antennae and fringes of fore-
wing are entirely black, the forewings above typical, the hindwings
with less emphasis of markings but more suffusion basally, while the
striking character is the broad blackish transverse band across the disc
of the hindwing below, from costa to inner margin, replacing the
yellowish white band of the type, obtained from Fontainebleau in May,
1916 ; a critical account of a collection of Microlepidoptera from St.
Saens (Seine-Inferieure), and describing two new species, (1) Cne-
phasia crassifasciana (Tort.), near C, sinnana^ (2) Scythru hypotriclia
(Tin.), near S, inspercellai by M. I'Abb^ J. de Joannis ; by the last
named author a series of remarks upon the constitution of the genus
Scythris as understood by various authors, both in its sens, lat. and its
sens, strict: an account of some insects destructive to vines in 1919, by
M. Picard, includes Tanymecus palliatm (Col.), attacking the buds in
the high Val de I'Herault, a species usually met with but little away
from the coast, the larvae of Calocampa exoleta, near Beziers, in a humid
area, the larvae of Deilephila lineata var. livornica, in considerable num-
bers near St. Tropez, where much loss was sustained, and other pests.
We would ask those of our readers who have the very useful
Compendium of Named Varieties of Abraxas grossidariata, by the Rev.
G. H. Raynor, to read the critical remarks made in the Naturalist
by Mr. G. T. Porritt.
In the Rev. Mens, Namur, M. H. de B. Waloourt names a female
example of Pieris brassicae in which there is a black point between
nervure 3 and 4 on the hindwings upperside as ab. nigropiinctatay so
that it may be in accord with the similar aberration in P. rapae and in
P, napiy and he applies this name to the spring form lepidii {rapae) as
well as to the summer form. Subsequently, however, he points out
that the name posteromaculata had been applied to the similar aberra-
tion in P. napi in both generations, and chat thus his name niyro-
punctata would not apply to the last-named species. It will be remem-
bered that the male of P. brassicae has a similar aberration of the
forewing, which is known as ab. nirp'onotata, .
In Ihe same periodical recently the following new names have been
bestowed on aberrations by M. I'Abbe Cabeau, (1) Of Papilio machaon
ab. benevittatus, in which the apical marginal yellow spot of the hind-
wing is absent, resulting in the black and blue band becoming of
practically uniform width throughout. (2) Of Agriades coridon ab.
taradna, in which on the underside of the forewings the ocelli, except
in the submarginal area, run together, forming a single spot, showing
170 THE entomologist's record.
very strikingly on the light ground. (8) Of Nhoniades tayes a,h.)wliodesy
which is difficult to recognise as this species, except that an anteapical
subcostal whitQ point is seen clearly on the forewings, it is scarcely
possible to distinguish the small marginal spots, the black marginal
border on the discal markings, the whole surface of the forewings is of
a pale brown, and of the hindwings almost entirely whitish with white
fringe, the whole underside is of a pale yellow with the normal mark-
ings scarcely apparent. (4) Of Brenthis euphrosyne ab. chloroyrapha^
in which the internal space between nervures 1 and 2, in the median
region on the forewing's upper surface, contains a well developed
whitish-yellow cloud, and is homologous wibh ab. chlorographa of B.
Mlene [Rev. Mens., 1912, with fig^) ; and (5) Of Coenonynlpha arcania
ab. exocellala, in which the forewings have no subapical spot below.
In the Doings of Societies Section of the Knt. News, we read that
Dr. Skinner exhibited at the Entomological Society of Jh^hiladelphia a
wonderful gynandromorph of Papillo turnus, having the right wings of
a yellow male and the left of a black female form, captured in July,
1919, at Merion, Pa. In the same magazine E. G. Smyth gives an
account of the insects which are pests of cotton in Porto Rico ; so far
the presence of the dreaded pink boll worm, Pectinophora gossypiella,
has not yet been found, yet the list of enemies is formidable enough.
Werner Marchand writes on '* Thermotropism in Insects," giving the
results of his observations and experiments. Among the characteristic
•cases of this phenomenon are included those of the cockroach, and
particularly mosquitoes, which are attracted by the heat of the human
skin.
In the Ent. Mo. May. Mr. J. H. Keys describes a new sub-genus of
the Staphylinuiae (Col.), named Play tar thrina, and in it places a species
new to science, which he describes and names P. fordhamiana from
specimens sent to him by Dr. Fordham, who found them in flood-
refuse, at Selby, Yorkshire, in January, 1919. It resembles the genus
Metaxya,
The Canadian Entomologist, in its ** Popular and Practical Ento-
mology," contains an interesting account of a day's collecting Longi-
<5orn beetles in the woods near Peterborough, Ontario, a full account of
the *' Imported Currant Worm," Pteronns ribesii, and some fragments
of the Life-histories of a few Manitoba Insects. There is an obituary
of the late Dr. Gordon Hewett, who, to our surprise (knowing of him
by repute alone), was only 35 years of age at his decease. It was as
recently as 1909 that he left England for the Dominion, and yet in
that short period of eleyen years he had initiated and carried out such
■excellent economic work, that the Council of the Entomological Society
of Ontario said of him that they ''desire to place on record their high
appreciation of his emmence in this branch of Science, and of the
notable work that he carried on by establishing field laboratories, which
he directed at the central office in Ottawa." He had already passed
the chair of the Society. Dr. McDunnough writes some notes on the
larvie and pupiu of several Pterophorids and gives a plate of figures
{enlarged) of the pupaB of four species. There are several papers on
Myriapoda, which order seems to be attracting some amount of atten-
tion lately from the readers of the magazine.
Under a *' Plea for Definitiveness," a correspondent of the Ent.
yews points out that many contributions, dealing with a species,
SOCIETIES^ 171
venus, or restricted section, give no indication as to the systemic
position of the object or objects described, and that thus the younger
student, the more specialised student and the ordinary readers, who
may be many in number, cannot be familiar with all orders, yet wish
to know something to bring them in touch with the writers of such
articles. At present such workers are often absolutely " at sea " as to
the family, t^tc, under discussion. The aim of every describer should
be to •* place his findings in such a position that. they will be readily
available to others." The long list of synonyms in our Catologues in
all orders should stand as a warning to these slipshod authors ; in
fact one would almost wish for a drastic rule. '* A specialist should
bear in mind that everyone is not up-to-date in his particular field, but
a great deal more interest would be taken if greater definition were
given."
We would like to call the attention of Fellows of the Entomological
Society to the recently passed rule, Chap, xiv., Clause 8, ** Except in
the case of those who have already compounded, every Fellow elected
before January 1st, 1921, shall pay the Annual Contribution of Two
Guineas unless he does not desire to receive the Transactions of the
Society, in which case his Annual Contribution shall be one Guinea
per annum."
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
March \lth, 1920. — Election of Fellows. — Messrs. Christopher
Arthington Cheetham, Wheatfield, Old Farnley, Leeds ; G. S. Cotterell,
Newlyn, Gerrard's Cross ; Harry Leon Gauntlett, F.Z.S., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P., A.K.C., 45, Hotham Road, Putney, S W.15 ; Thomas
Frederic Marriner, 2, Brunswick Street, Carlisle; C. Smee, 6, Wild-
wood Road, Golders Green, N.\V.4 ; and Dr. B. Uvaroff, the Georgian
Museum, Tiflis, Transcaucasia, were elected Fellows of the Society.
Proposed Alteration of Bye-Laws. — The proposed alterations in
the bye-laws were read for the second time.
Varieties of British Lepidoptera. — Prof. Poulton exhibited, on
behalf of Mr. F. C. Woodforde, the following varieties from the col-
lection of British insects in the Hope Department at Oxford.
1. Chrysophanus phlaeas^ L., ab. schmidtii, Gerh., Burnt Woods,
Market Drayton, N. Staffs. : September 8th, 1917. F. C. Woodforde.
2. A variety of the same species with the coppery area of the
forewing replaced by a smoky ochreous. The same locality :
August 6th, 1918. H. F. Onions.
8. The var. eleus, F., of the same species, Milford, Surrey :
July 29th, 1908. From the collection of the late Lt. R. J.
Champion.
4. Celastrina aryiolm, L., var. with radiate spots on the hindwing
underside, the forewing spotless. Near Ashurst Lodge, New
Forest : May 8th, 1915. F. C. W.
5. Catocala nupta^ L., var. with the red of the hindwings replaced
by a dark maroon colour. Taken at light, Guildford : September 2nd,
1917. From Coll. R. J. Champion.
The Stratiomyid fly Beris vallata captured with its Ten-
thredinid models. — Prof. Poulton exhibited a series of six examples of
172 THB entomologist's record.
Beiis vallata, Forst., captured with the following Tenthredinidae — 2
9 Dolerns aericeps, Th. ; 1 ^ Selandria servay F. ; 4 <^ Athalia lineo-
lata, Lep., by Mr. A. H. Hamra, on July 18th, 1907. All thirteen
insects were taken from flowers, chiefly Uwbelliferae, growing over a
small area of Hogley Bog, Cowley, near Oxford. The first-named
sawfly was far less perfect as a model than the other two, the last-
named being the most perfect.
Entomological-Meteorological Records. — Major H. C. Gunton
exhibited a diagram referring to Macrolepidoptera of the 1919 season
in order to suggest a graphical method of recording observations of
the appearance and habits of insects in relation to weather conditions.
On a sheet of squared tracing cloth (each square having sides one-
tenth of an inch) the names of the species of insects are tabulated
vertically on the left-hand side in the order in which they appeared
on the wing, while along the top and bottom the dates are written,
so that there is one horizontal row of squares for each species and
one vertical row for each date. By means of different symbols
representing sallow, sugar, ivy, light, " settled " and ** in flight,"
the circumstances in which each observation is made are recorded
in the appropriate square.
The lower portion of the same sheet is devoted to particulars of
the weather for each day, plotted to convenient scales and including
rainfall, humidity, barometer, maximum and minimum temperature,
direction and strength of wind, and general character of weather,
using the same conventions as those employed by the Meteorological
Office. The quarters of the moon are also indicated.
Birds and Butterflies. — Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter said that since
many naturalists believe that birds do not eat butterflies, no case of
such an occurrence should be left unrecorded ; on February 15th of this
year about mid-day he saw a male Brimstone butterfly fly through the
garden at Oxford, and three sparrows that were on the ground leapt
into the air and, fluttering clumsily, attempted to catch it; the butterfly
easily evaded the birds.
Life-histories of some Coleoptera. — Mr. H. Main exhibited
lantern slides illustrating the life- history of the beetles Copru lunam,
OnthophaguH vacca, and S^ecrophoriis humator.
Papers. — The following papers were read : — " A contribution to
our knowledge of tbe Life-history of the Stick Insect, Caramm
morosus, Br.," by George Talbot, F.E.S. ; " A Record of Insect
Migration in Tropical America," by C. B. Williams, M.A., F.E.S. ;
*'The Geographical Factor in Mimicry," by F. A. Dixey, M.A.,
M.D., F.R.S., etc.
The South London Entomological Society.
March 25th, 1920. — Local Races of B, parthenias. — Mr. A. A. W.
Buckstone exhibited series of Brephos parthenias from Wimbledon^
Oxsbott, W. Wickham, and Darenth, and pointed out local oharao-
teristics ; also ova of Apocheima hispidaria.
New form of C. truncata. — Mr. B. S. Williams, a striking new
form of Cidaria {Ihjsatroma) truncata from Finchley, the basal third
black margined by a conspicuous white line.
The species of Utetheisa. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, three speoies of
SOCIETIES. 173
Utetheisa, U, pulchetlay several localities : ab. Candida , Natal ; ab. lotrixy
Assam and New Zealand ; ab. thyter (?), Cyprus. U. ornatrix, warmer
parts of America, and U. hella^ sub-sp. vennsta^ Jamaica.
Galls in Aspen. — Mr. Blair, galls of larvsB of Saperda popubiea
(Col.) in stems and twigs of aspen.
Early Captures. — Mr. Barnett, reported for March 21st at
Oxshott, B, parthenias (abundant), X. areola, T. crepuscidaria, T.
punctnlariay T. carpinata, and G, rhamniy and at Ashtead, E.
polychloros.
The Season. — Reports showed general scarcity of spring larvae ;
larvsB very small, larvse of A. caia in fair numbers, B, parthenias in
swarms, H, leucophaearia scarce, E, cardamines out, and E. poly-
chloros in various places.
April Sth, — New Members. — Mr. S. Gordon- Smith, of Boughton,
Cheshire, was elected a member.
Wanstead Flats. — A resolution was passed strongly condemning
the proposal to enclose portions of Wanstead Flats and of Epping
Forest for permanent allotments.
Exhibition and Discussion op D. truncata. — There was a special
exhibition and discussion of Dysstroma (Cidaria) truncata ; Messrs.
Bowman, Turner, Newman, Mera, Tonge, Williams, and others took
part. Mr. Bowman dealt particularly with the race (new) with which
he and Mr. Williams had met ; Mr. Turner summed up the variation
of the species and its differentation from Z). citrata (immanata),
Gynandromorph of H. marginaria. — Mr. Newman, a specimen of
the curious gynandromorph of Hyhernia marginaria taken at Chaily,
Sussex, and reported an oak at Bexley as partly in leaf on March 81st.
Aberrations of A. urtic-s:, etc. — Mr. Harding, the aberrations of
Aylais iirticae bred or captured by him during the last forty years,
with a chrome-yellow banded P. atalanta and a chrome-yellow
H. jacobaeae.
A XANTHio E. TiTHONUs.— Mr. Tatchell, a fine xanthic Epine-
phele titJwnus from Dorset, and a living larva in situ of Trochilium
crahroniformis in a willow stem.
PsYCHiD CASES AND D. TORTRix (CoL.). — Mr. Bunuett, imagines
and larval cases of the Psychid Taleporia tubulosa from Farnborough,
and the beetle Dorytomus tortrix bred from poplar catkins.
Plusia LARViE. — Dr. Robertson, larvae of Plusia iota,
April 22nd. — Tenaris and Opsiphanes. — Mr. S. Edwards exhibited
I'enaris honrathi from Java and T, selene from N. Guinea, Dynastor
napoleon from S. America, and several species of Opsiphanes,
Varieties of British Heterocera. — Mr. Newman, the pale
Cheltenham form of Gonodontis bidentata, unusually large Tephrosia
luridata, curiously radiated forms of T, bistortata, and varied series of
Hydriomenaimpluviata, H, furcata, etc.
Bare Book. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a copy of Mouffet's " Insectorum
sive Minimorum Animalium, Theatrum," 1634, and numerous species
of the genus Plnsia,
Variation in R. phl^eas in 1911. — Mr. B. S. Williams, Ruwicia
phlaeaSf heavily spotted, dusky, with pear-shaped spots, ab. kochiy with
dark nervures, with wide borders, etc., all from Finchley, in 1911
chiefly, a hot season.
174 THK entomologist's record.
N. French Lepidoptera. — Capt. Crocker, a coUecfcion of Lepidoptera
representative of what he had met with in the battlefields of N.W.
France, chiefly in 1919, including Issona lathonia, Melitaea cinxia
from a very wet marsh, Nordmannia ilicis, Colias hyale^ etc. Among
the moths were Aglia tan, Lymantria dispart Notodonta tritophuiy
Sciopteron tabanifornm, bred from poplar stumps, Senta inaritima in
great variety, etc.
The Season. — Various notes on the season were communicated.
Maij 13^/i, 1920. — Exhibition of Orders other than Lepidoptera.
— Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a collection of Exotic Coleoptera
and Orthoptera.
Mr. S. R. Ashby, British ground beetles, Lamellicorns, Buprestids,
Elaterids and many Weevils from his collection.
Mr. Barnett, part of a gate-post excavated by a leaf-cutter bee, one
cavity containing fifteen cells ; an exceptionally brilliantly marked
young viper ; and the body of a large lizard taken from the stomach
of another viper.
Mr. Cocks, Coleoptera characteristic of the Wellington College area
including the fire- beetle Melanopliila acuminata which was quite
abundant there.
Mr. Step, for Mr. Carr, the local Crucifer Bentaria hulhifera from
near Chalfont.
Mr. H. Moore, many species of Orthoptera collected by Mr.
Orosvenor near Bangalore, India, and read notes on the exhibit.
Mr. West, four drawers of his collection of British Hemiptera.
Mr. Step, the weevil, Balininm nucurn, from Wimbledon.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, many species of British Diptera showing
wing-pattern and coloration, and read notes on the exhibit.
Mr. Coppeard, the Palmated Newt (MoUje palmata) and its ova.
Mr. Priske, the shells of Helix virgata, including white aberrations
from Tenby, and the red form of the slug Arion aUr,
Mr. Withycomb, a cultivated plant of the Butter wort, Pingidcnla
grandiflora and described its capture of insects.
Mr. Main, examples of various species of Mosquito and a series of
preserved larvae of the same, with a cage which he had made for
breeding mosquitoes.
Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, the eggs of various species of Indian Birds
from the N. Punjab, including six clutches of the Common Kite
showing great variation.
Mr. Dennis, on behalf of Mr. R. S. Bagnall, species of Proturaand
Symphyla shown under the microscope.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
April 19th, 1920. — New Member. — Prof. Leonard Doncaster,
D.Sc, F.R.S., was elected a member.
Visit to the School of Tropical Medicine. — Robert Newstead,
Esq., M.Sc, F.R.S., Professor of Entomology in the Liverpool
University, welcomed the members to the School of Tropical Medicine
and gave a short account of its history and objects ; the new buildings
have only recently been entered, during the war they were used as a
military hospital. Fall suites of rooms and laboratories are arranged
for the requirements of each subject : — Tropical Medicine, Entomology
OBITUARY. 175
and Parasitology, with a staff of professors and assistants highly
qualified for the special work of the school. The building includes a
museum and lecture theatre. The efficiency and completeness, of the
school was rendered possible by the foresight and liberality of the late
Sir A. L. Jones, who fully recognised its value to the empire.
Professor Newstead and his assistants then shewed the members of
the Society over the building and made the following special
exhibits : —
Mosquitoes {a) Stegomyia fasciata, a Oulicine mosquito responsible
for the transmission of yellow fever. Examples of the tiy were shown
and a case illustrating phases in the life-history of the species, (b)
Anopheles macnlipennis and other Anopheline mosquitoes concerned in
the spread of malaria, (c) Living larvae of the rot-hole breeding
mosquitoes, Anopheles plnmheuH and Oclderotatus geniculatus, which had
been taken from the water in rot-holes in trees at Aigburth and other
districts near Liverpool.
Tsetse flies : — A large collection, containing all the known species
of Glossina, was on view. The most important species are Glossina
palpalis chiefly responsible for the transmission of sleeping sickness,
a,nd. Glossina morsitans which spreads trypanosomiasis among horses
and cattle.
Aearids affecting flour. — Specimens of the Acarid Aleurobius
farinosae and samples of flour in various stages of deterioration owing
to infestation with this mite.
Plague fleas. — Specimens of the Indian plague flea, Xenopsylla
cheopisy and the common rat flea of temperate countries, Ceratophyllus
fasciatusy were shown.
Tabanidae, — A collection of blood- sucking flies of the family
Tabaniiiaey chiefly African species was on view.
<g) BITU AR Y.
William West (of Greenwich).
By the death of William West there passes away one who was
known to a past generation of entomologists as well as to many of
those of the present time. When Newman and Stainton were the
mentors of entomological work W. West was actively collecting ; we
hear of him as a regular attendant of the former's '^ at homes '' on
Friday evenings in the sixties, and he was a frequenter of Stainton's
famous Burnt Ash Lane, now no longer a '* locality " for entomolo-
gists. He was one of the small circle of friends at these meetings
whose efforts founded, in 1872, that well known and popular Society,
the " South London," with Messrs. J. Platt-Barrett, Bowden, C. G.
Champion, and a few others. Unlike many who have passed
through the membership of this Society, he continued from first
to last to take the same enthusiastic interest with which he
helped to found it so many years ago, for only some six or seven years
ago he put forward the proposal to hold a second Annual Exhibition
to be devoted to "other orders" exclusive of Lepidoptera, a scheme
which his energy made a successful innovation. As the " South Lon-
don " grew it became necessary to have a reference collection, and who
could be a better keeper than the plodding, steady, field-worker W.
West. He became the Hon. Curator of the Society, and the Honorary
and honoured Curator of the Society he remained until the day of his
176 ' THE entomologist's record.
death. A Lepidopterist at first, he seems always to have had a liking
for the smaller forms of life, and after making a good collection of the
larger British Lepidoptera, he passed on to work the Micros, which in
turn he came to know equally well, successfully working out the habitats
of many then rare species. Finally he settled down to collect the
British Coleoptera and Hemiptera, in both of which orders he amassed a
very complete collection, including many rare species, and several whi«h
when he found them were new to Britain. He had a wide correspon-
dence and did a considerable amount of exchange ; he was ever free
and generoas in the disposal of his well-set duplicates. In fact a very
large proportion of the nucleus of the reference collections was com-
posed of specimens placed in the cabinets by himself. With an exten-
sive knowledge of British insects and of practical field-work, he made
one of the most useful members a Society could wish to have, and but
few of those who have passed through the membership have not at
some time or other had specimens, information, or other help from our
old friend. Enjoying general good health he was rarely absent from
the bimonthly meetings except when taking his annual holiday ; he
was present, and apparently quite well, when we spoke to him on July
22nd, the last meeting before his sudden death on July 80th.
W. West was born in Rotherithe, in 1836, and early in life went to
live in Greenwich, within easy reach of Greenwich Park, Blackheath,
then a wild waste. Lea, Lewisham, and other now house-covered areas,
but then haunts of many local insects. He was apprenticed in the
firm of John Penn and Son, marine engineers, and for nearly 50 years
worked in the brass foundry of that company, latterly as foreman of
the shop. He retired in 1899, spending the latter years of his life
largely in his favourite pursuits. It has been his custom to go down
to the New Forest for several weeks each year, and more recently he
has also spent a few holidays near Yarmouth with one of his daughters,
always on the look out for some rare or new speciality.
He contributed but little to our magazines, most of his information
was readily given to his fellow members of the S. London Society and
to his friends in general. When the Wooltvich Surveys was in compila-
tion he was induced by our late Editor to place the whole of his local
records in the hands of those responsible for the wcrk, and in fact the
lists of localities and species made by him formed the basis for the
sections devoted to Coleoptera and Hemiptera. There is also a long
article in the E7it. Becord^ vol. xviii., giving an account of the Lepi-
doptera met with in and around Greenwich and Lewisham.
His collections of the Lepidoptera were sold when he began to work
Coleoptera in earnest ; first the Macros, and subsequently the Micros.
Last November he presented his collection of Hemiptera to the British
Museum (3,468 specimens), and at the same time he gave his Coleoptera
to his great friend, and the companion of most of his later rambles,
Mr. S. R. Ash by. The few books he had passed to the S. London
Society. On the evening of July 30th, he had been sitting alone in his
room, when his daughter going to call him, found that he had passed
away in his chair without a struggle. He was in his 86th year. —
H.J.T.
Ekrata. — p. 45, line 4 from bottom, "habits" should read "habitats."
p. 118, line 21, " when " should read " where."
ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH- WBST PERSIA. 177
Ants from Mesopotamia and North-West Persia {concluded).
By W. C. CRIWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.
Sub-family V. Camponotin^, Forel.
Acantholepis frauenfeldiy Mayr. 5 ? . N.E. of Baghdad, 1918,
and several other localities (Evans).
Plaifiolepis pygmaea, Latr. ^ . Amara, 1918 (Evans).
Prenolepis {Nylanderia) jaeger akioldi, Mayr. Baghdad, 1917, Amara,
1918 (Buxton). N.E. of Baghdad, 1918 (Evans).
Lasius alietiusy Forst. 5 . N.W. Persia, 1919 (Buxton).
L. emaryinatus, 01., var. nigro-einarginatus. For. ^55. N.W.
Persia, 1919 (Buxton), Attending Aithis buxtoni, Theo., on Umbel-
liferae.
These examples of this intermediate variety come nearer to
emarginatiis than to ni'yer. ,
L. brunneuSf Latr. 5 . Enzeli, Caspian, 1919 (Buxton).
Though somewhat paler than the typical brunneiiSy and having the
frontal groove less distinct, they appear in all other respects identical
with the type.
Cataglyphis albicans^ Bog'> subsp. viaticoides, And., var. lutea^ Em.
S . Amara, 1918 (Evans).
C, albicans, Rog., subsp. viaticoides, And., ? var. N.E. of Baghdad,
1918 (Evans). These specimens seem to vary slightly from the typical
viaticoides, but not sufficiently to constitute a true variety.
C bicolor, F., var. tarcomanica^ Em. ^ . Tiflis, 1919 (Buxton).
Cataglyphis bicolor, F., var. protuberata, var. nov.
^ Major. L. 9*0 mm.
Colour (type), dark brown-black ; funiculi and tarsi reddish-brown, gaster
with a faint metallic lustre.
The colour in head and thorax varies from dark brown, almost black, to a
dark red, lightest on bead, deepening along the thorax to the petiole which is dark
brown. In the red forms the articulation of the legs, the antennae and mandibles,
are red. The apex of each segment of gaster has a pale yellowish border.
Fourth joint of maxillary palpi slightly longer than 3rd, the 5th much longer
than the 6th. Palpi fringed with moderately long hairs, not so long as in bicolor.
Head quadrate; clypeus with central portion raised and with a slight keel, the
anterior border feebly concave. Eyes situate in posterior 3rd of sides of head.
The scape passes the occiput by a 3rd of its length. Mesonotum in profile feebly
convex or quite flat ; on each side, just below the centre, the mesonotum bears a
short blunt protuberance, slightly sloping forwards. These protuberances vary in
size, are largest in the largest $ , absent or barely discernible in the $ media, and
entirely absent in the small ^ . Node of petiole viewed from above, rounded,
slightly broader than long ; in profile it is broad and low, rounded above, convex
anteriorly and nearly straight behind. Legs very long.
Mandibles coarsely striate. Head entirely matt and microscopically reticulate
with a few punctures on cheeks. Frontal area somewhat shining. Sculpture on
thorax and node similar to that on head, but more shining. Qaster micro-
scopically reticulate.
A moderately long beard under chin ; a few long hairs on clypeus, a few short
ones on pronotum, epinotum and scale. A grey pubescence on thorax, epinotum
and scale, most abundant on epinotum. Antennae without hairs.
^ Minor. L. 60 mm.
Head red, thorax and node darker red. Anterior border of clypeus more
distinctly emarginate. Scapes proportionately longer ; mesonotum saddle-shaped
and without protuberances, the node lower, and the whole insect more slender.
Otherwise resembles the $ major. Length of scapes and shape of mesonotum in
$ media intermediate between $ maxima and minima. Amara, 1918 (Buxton).
I have given a somewhat detailed description of this variety of
October 15th, 1920.
178 ' THE entomologist's becokd.
bicolor as the presence of the blunt projections on the mesonotum is,
as far as I am aware, unique in this genus. The end of the process is
obliquely cut off, and has no resemblance to the spines in <j.//., the genus
Polyrhachis. The ant, according to the specimens I received, is some-
what smaller than bicolor y i..sp., which, in specimens I took in Egypt,
attains a length of 12*0mm.
Evans captured a few examples of this variety, two of which were
sent to me, with the note that both specimens were found coming out
of the same hole in the sand. The ^ major is typical, but the 5
minor is entirely orange yellow, with the gaster paler, and is altogether
a stouter insect than the ^ ^ minor taken with Buxton's examples.
Formica rufibarbisy F. ^ . N.W. Persia, March, 1919 (Buxton).
Camponotiis (Myrinoturba) uiacitlatiiSy F., subsp. thoracicns, F., var.
xerxes,Yov. 5? 2^ $ J . Amara, 1917 and 1918. <^ and $ (Buxton).
Evidently extremely abundant.
(7. (Myrmoturba) waculatus, F., subsp. thoracicuSf F., var. ?. A
single ^ minor. Probably var. oasium, For., or possibly var. fellah,
For., but impossible to determine without a 5? major.
Polyrhachis simplex, Mayr. ^ . Burragh, Mesopotamia, 1919
(Evans).
Camponotus (Myrmoturba) macitlatuSy F., subsp. evansi, subsp. nov.
^ major (? media). L. 8-6-9*0mm. Width of head 2-8mm.
Gastaneous ; scale darkest, head slightly darker than thorax, legs palest ;
gaster shining black, borders of segments rimmed with castaneous yellow.
Whole insect robust, legs short. Head slightly broader than long, widest just
behind the eyes, narrowing abruptly in front of eyes, which are well behind the
middle of sides of head. Occipital border widely and shallowly emarginate.
Mandibles 7 toothed. Clypeus carinate on its posterior two-thirds only, anterior
border straight. Scapes extend just beyond occipital border. Eyes large, fiat.
Thorax in profile short, regularly arched as far as the meso-epinotal suture whence
the base of f'pinotum slopes down in a more or less straight line to meet the
declivity, making a very obtuse angle with the latter, which is quite straight and
somewhat shorter than the base. TibisB somewhat flattened. Scale narrow at
apex, convex anteriorly and straight behind. Gapter oval, hardly larger than the
bead.
Mandibles shining, with coarse punctures. Head dull, with a reticulate ground
sculpture pitted with irregular somewhat elongate punctures, most abundant on the
clypeus, cheeks, and between the frontal carinas. Vertex and occiput with only
scattered shallow punctures. Thorax with a finer reticulate ground sculpture, and
more shining than the head ; scale, legs and scapes with a similar reticulate
sculpture. Gaster shining, with a superficial transverse reticulation. Declivity of
epinotum shining, microscopically transversely reticulate.
Head, thorax and gaster with rather long scattered yellowish hairs, whitish on
gaster ; no pilosity on scapes or legs. Pubescence nil.
^ minor.
Differs only in size, slightly smaller head proportionately, and greater length
of scape.
In dead palm trunk, N.E. of Baghdad, 1919 (Evans).
Appendix I.
Fheidole meyacephala, subsp. punctulata, Mayr. 2^ ^ Durban, 1937
(Buxton).
Fh, vapemis, Mayr., ? var. dreyei, Em. 2| ^ Natal, 1917 (Buxton).
Frenolepis (Nylaniieria) traeyaordhi, var. natalensis, For., ^ Natal,
1917 (Buxton).
Appendix II.
Monomorium (sensu stricto) pallidum^ Donistborpe. Figs. 2 and 2a.
ANTS FROM MESOPOTAMIA AND NORTH-WEST PERSIA. 179
[Monomortujii (Paraholcomynnex) destriictor, Jerd., var. pallidus,
Donisthorpe (Ent, Eec, xxx. 10, p. 166, 1918).]
^ . L. 2*0 mm.
Monomorpbic. Entirely pale yellow, in some specimens the apical half of
first segment of gaster and the following segments very slightly darker.
A few stiif hairs on clypeas, head, pronotum, nodes and gaster ; .antennae hairy
but without exserted hairs. Short scanty adherent hairs scattered over head
and legs.
Mandibles 4-dentate. Anterior border of clypeus straight, the central portion
concave and bounded on each side by a well-defined carina. Head elongate-oval,
posterior border almost straight. Eyes just in advance of middle of sides. The
scapes extend barely beyond occipital border. Club of funiculus 3-jointed, all the
joints much longer than thick ; the second is much longer than the first, and the
apical joint is Ipnger than the two following taken together. The rest of the joints
are approximately equal except the first.
Thorax with a fairly deep incision ; the angle between base and declivity of
epinotum rounded ; dorsum of epinotum flat, not longitudinally impressed. Stalk
of petiole rather short ; first node hardly higher than second, broad at base; the
second broader, rounded.
Mandibles ptriate along the flattened outer border, smooth and shining
towards apex. Clypeus smooth and shining. Head entirely smooth and shining,
with a few minute piligeroun points, pronotum also smooth and shining ; rest of
thorax and epinotum closely thimble-punctured, pedicel less so. Gaster entirely
smooth and shing.
2 (Hitherto undescribed). L. 4*5 mm.
Yellow, but a deeper shade than the $ : a narrow V-shaped mark on scutum,
a patch on each side of mesonotum, the wing insertions and borders of ocpIU
brown ; a band, broadening at the sides, along the apical border of first segment
of gaster, and the whole of the remaining segments of gaster dark brown ; extreme
apical borders of segments yellow. Pilosity as in $ , but longer. Head longer
than broad, but shorter proportionately than in $ ; occipital border shallowly
excavated ; scapes somewhat shorter proportionately ; eyes large, slightly in
advance of middle of sides. Dorsum of thorax almost horizontal ; epinotum
descends abruptly with hardly any division between base and declivity.
First node narrower in profile than in $ . Gaster large, oval. Head with a
superficial longitudinal striation ; thorax shining, with a few small punctures,
epinotum and pedicel as in $ ; gaster shining.
^ , Amara (Buxton) 1918 ; N.E. of Baghdad (Evans) 1918, with a
single dealated $ .
Recorded in 1918 by Donisthorpe* as a colour variety of M,
(Parakolcomyrmex) destructor, Jerd. The characters of the subgenus
ParaholcotnyrmeXy however, as defined by Emery (Bull, Soc, ent. Fr.,
p. 191, 1916) are: ^ ^ somewhat dimorphic, first and second joints
of club of antennsB visibly equal. Pallidum has the first joint of club
considerably shorter and narrower than the second, and its 5 5 are
monomorphic ; it will therefore rank as a species belonging to the sub-
genus Monoinorium (s.str.).
* Specimens were sent by me to Mons. Emery as I was unable to make it
agree with any known species and he returned them to me as a pale form of M.
destructor. 1 therefore described it as a new variety of that species. I entirely
agree with Mr. Crawley that it is a new species. — H.St.J.D.
Explanation of Plate.
Fig. 1. Thorax and pedicel of Monomorium (s.str.) buxtoni, sp.n.
,,2. ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, pallidum, Donisthorpe.
,, 2a. Funiculus of antenna of ,, ,, ,, ,,
,, 3. Thorax and pedicel of Messor platyceras, sp.n.
,, 3a. End of scape and first 3 joints of funiculus of same.
Ebbata. — PI. v., figs. 2 and 2a, mariae, sp. nov. should xe^di pallidum, Donisthorpe.
180 THE entomologist's record.
A new species of Ant imported into England.
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.
Cardiocondyla Britteni, sp. nov. Fig.
$ . Length 1.8 mm.
Thobax and Pedicel of Cardiocondyla bbitteni, sp. nov.
Colour red-brown, shining; scape, .1st joint of funiculus, mandibles and legs,
yellow ; rest of funiculus, the epinotum, and gaster, dark brown ; head, thorax,
and pedicel, reddish, front of head darker.
Pilosity. A few short adpressed hairs on body, principally on head and gaster ;
legs and antennae without hairs.
Structure. Head, excluding mandibles, } longer than broad, widest at eyes,
which are placed at anterior third of sides of head ; sides feebly convex, occipital
border slightly concave. Scapes reach the posterior ^ of head. Club much longer
than rest of funiculus, the last joint alone equalling the following eight ; joints 2-8
of funiculus thicker than long.
Thorax somewhat stout; seen from above very slightly constricted at meso*
epinotal suture, which is almost obsolete. In profile the dorsum presents an
unbroken slightly convex line, with only the faintest suggestion of an impression
at the junction of meso- and epinotum.
Epinotum. First half of base of epinotum in a line with dorsum of thorax^
thence descending in a gentle curve to the spines, which are short and thick,
slightly directed outwards, as long as broad at their bases.
Pedicel, First node from above longer than wide, the sides almost parallel ;
second node nearly twice as wide as first, J wider than long, widest in centre, the
anterior border almost straight ; in profile the stalk of the petiole is not quite so
long as the rest of the segment, and bears a minute tooth underneath in front ;
the first node is higher than the second, and rounded.
Gaster oval.
Sculpture. Head covered with a fine puncturation which grows sparse and faint
as the occiput is reached ; the sculpture does not dull the surface. Mandibles
smooth and shining.
Thorax very sparsely and shallowly punctured, similarly to the occiput, the
punctures almost disappearing towards the epinotum.
Epinotum. Sides finely granulate, the rest smooth and shining.
Pedicel almost impunctate.
Gaster entirely smooth and shining.
A single ^ was taken by Mr. H. Britten among butter beans, at
West Didsbury, on May 12th, 1919. It is highly probable that the
ant was imported with the beans, in which case its place of origin
would be tropical America, but beyond this there is no clue.
It is remarkable for its smooth and shining integument, not even
the head being rendered opaque by the sculpture. The petiole is
narrower than in emeryi, For., the postpetiole is wider in proportion to
its length and the sides more angular, and the spines on the epinotum
«THB PHOBBST OF ANTHEBOPHAOUS." 181
shorfcer and thicker; compared with nuda, Mayr., the postpetiole is
wider still in proportion to its length. The shape of the pedicel, as
seen from above, appears to come nearest to batesi, For., but both
nodes are higher in profile.
**The Phoresy of Antherophagos."
By HORACE D0N18TH0RPE, F.Z.8., F.E.S., etc.
In 1919 my friend Professor W. M. Wheeler published a most
interesting and able paper on the Phoresy of Antherophaym. The fol-
lowing is a resume of this paper, together with 'a few notes, and addi-
tions to the facts and literature of the subject, known to me.
On August 16th, 1919, while collecting near Colebrook, Wheeler
observed a worker Bombus vagans behaving in an erratic manner on
the flowers of golden -rod. The Bombus repeatedly attempted to insert
its proboscis into the flowers, but did not succeed because a female of
Antherophagus ochraceus, Mels., was firmly attached by its mandibles to
the right maxilla and the tongue. It did not release its hold in the
cyanide jar, and Wheeler shows it in its original position in the
accompanying figure to his paper. He failed to find any record of
such behaviour in the American Antherophagi {()chraceiiSf convexulus,
and sutnralis), but a perusal of the accounts of the European species
{nigricornisy silaceus, and pallens) yielded a satisfactory explanation,
in 1896 Lesne called attention to insects that ride on larger ones, and
applied the term '^ phoresy" to this phenemenon, showing that it is
distinguished from ectoparasitism by the fact that the portee does not
feed on the porter, eventually dismounting and having no further re-
lations with the latter. Janet, in 1897, expanded the concept, dis-
tinguishing six different categories ;
(1) Cases like that of the small flies of the genus Limosina, which
ride on the dung-beetle, Ateuchus, and represent phoresy in its typical
form as conceived by Lesne.
(2) Cases in which the portee is conveyed to the nest of the porter,
like the triungulin larvae of certain beetles {Sitans, Melo'e, etc.), and the
triuugulins of the Strepsiptera.
(8) Cases like a few myrmecophilous beetles {ThorictusJ, which
attach themselves to the antennae of ants for the purpose of accom-
panying them on their peregrinations.
(4) Cases like the mites of the genus Antennophonis, which are not
only carried but fed by the ant- These and the cases under (8) might
be referred to ectoparasitism.
(5) Indirect phoresy, as exhibited by certain mites that cling to the
surfaces of ant larvae and pupae, which are in turn transported by the
ants.
(6) The case of ants that carry in their mandibles their own young,
other members of the colony, or guests.
In 1911 Banks published some 17 cases of phoresy collected from
the literature, others being recorded by Warren (1903), Braes (1917a,
1917b), and Rabaud (1917). These authors cited cases of parasitic
Hymenoptera which attach themselves to the abdomens of Orthoptera,
or the wings of Mantoidea, in order to be on hand to oviposit in the
eggs of their porters ; such cases representing a seventh category.
Lesne and Janet cited the case of Antherophagus (overlooked by
182 THE entomologist's record.
Banks), which attaches itself to the legs, mouthparts, or antennsB of
humble-bees, for the purpose of being transported to their nests. The
earliest observation of this habit was made by the British Coleopterist,
T. J. Bold, in 1856. He wrote : *' Mr. Smith, in his admirable work
on British bees, records the finding of Anther opharf us glaher in the nest
of Bomb us derhamellus. This season I met with an instance of the
manner in which such insects may be transported thither. When
hunting Bomhi in September last, the peculiar motions of a neuter of
B. sylvaruni attracted my attention ; it was clinging to a thistlehead,
and wriggling and tw^gting its legs about in all directions. On getting
hold of it 1 found that a large specimen of Antherophagus iiigricornk
had seized the tarsus of a hind leg between its jaws, and was holding
on like grim death. I put both into my bottle, and the Antherophagui
retained its hold until both were killed by the fumes of the laurel."
Redtenbacher (1858) recorded taking three A. nigricomis, together
with a number of its larvae, in a humble-bee's nest. In 1863 Carus
and Gerstaecker published the following note on the genus Anthero-
phagus : •' The species live on flowers, attach themselves to humble-
bees, and permit the latter to transport them to their nests, probably
for the purpose of oviposition ; at any rate, small larvae resembling
those of Cryptophagus are sometimes found among the beetles in the
nests of humble-bees."
Eichoff (1866) found that A. nigiicornis was nearly always present,
and smgle specimens of silaceus and pallens occurred in Bombiis nests.
Gorham (1869) captured A. pallens in a nest of Bombus j^ratorum,
Ferris- (1869- '70) took in the Pyrenees A. nigricornis attached to
the antenna of a B. montamts.
Bugnion (1869-'70) took a Bombus in the Alps of Vaud, in August,
1866, which had an A. pallens attached to its proboscis.
Seidlitz (1869-'70) records the occurrence in a museum collection
of three Bowbt\ each with an AntheropJiagus attached to an appendage.
In 1875 Perris published a description of the larva of A. silaceus
taken from a nest of B. sylvaruw.
Hoffer (1883), Fowler (1889), Sharpe (1899), Wagner (1907),
Reitter (1911), Sladen (1912), and Renter (1913), give brief notices,
and Wagner published a figure of A, 7iigricornis attached to the bee's
proboscis.
Of the North American A, ochraceusy Wheeler points out that
Packard (1864) recorded its capture by Putnam in Bombus nests in
Massachusetts and Vermont, and J. B. Smith (1909) noted its
occurrence in Bouibus nests.
Wheeler says that though possessed of well -developed wings and
able to fly about and take up their position on flowers, Antheiophagus
does not seek out the Bombus nests, but compels the bee to carry it to
the place in which its eggs and larvae are developed, and quotes Sharp
(1899) : ** We must presume that its senses and instincts permit it to
recognise the bee, but do not suffice to enable it to find the bee's nest."
Wheeler states: "The structure of the mandibles and the peculiar
notch in the clypeus are clearly adaptations to firmly grasping the
more or less cylindrical joints of the bee's appendages, and the red
color of the integument and investment of golden-yellow hairs, so
very suggestive of conditions in many myrmecophilous beetles, may
account for the fact that the Antheropliagi live unmolested in the
Bombus nests."
** THtf PHOHESY OF ANTHEROPHAGUS." 188
Wheeler, after quoting; the different views expressed by authors on
the feeding habits of Antlierophaitm and its larvae, concludes that the
larva? of these beetles are in all probability merely scavengers in the
Bonihus nests.
Phoresy.
I would attribute the case of the myrmecophilous mite Laelapsia
equitans to category (1). This species was described by Michael in
1891 from specimens taken by him m Italy in nests of Tetramorium
caespitum. On 22nd April, 1907, I discovered it in a nest of the same
ant situated under a large stone at Whitsand Bay, Cornwall. The
mites were riding on the ants, and every now and then would jump off
an ant, and spring on to another whilst in motion, with great agility
after the" manner of a circus-rider. This was again observed in the
same locality on 17th April, 1909 (1910) and on Lundy Island 11th
April, 1918. On July 9th this year, this mite was observed in a nest
of the same ant at Porthcothan Bay, Cornwall. They were riding on
the ants, resting on the heads or on the gasters of the porters ; but on
this occasion they were not seen to jump on and off, which led me to
think they might belong to another species. The Rev. Hull, however,
tells me they are L, eqnitana without doubt. Whether this difference
in behaviour was on account of the day being dull without sunshine,
or the time of year being later, I am unable to say. In every case,
however, the mites were adults, and not immature forms.
Laelaps oop/uluR, which occurs with ants of the genus Formica, may
be classed in the 5th category, when it nests on and among the egg
masses of the ants. It is fed however when the ants lick their
eggs (Syn trophy), and is of course carried about by the ants, when they
move their packets of eggs. (This species was unfortunately recorded as
L. eqidtam in 1902, from specimens taken by me on and among the egg-
masses of Formica rufa at Oxshott and the Blean Woods in May, 1901.)
Later in the year when the ants' eggs have hatched it may be found
on the bodies of queen ants (1907), when it comes under the first
category.
Beetles of the genus Clavijer may also come under two classes.
They are placed in the sixth category by Janet (1897) when they are
carried by their hosts ; but they might also be put in the second. The
first specimen of C. testaceus taken in Britain was captured by Westwood
in Oxfordshire in 1888, in a nest of A. {C.) tiaiu(s. It was attached to
a winged ant (^) on the underside. This, as pointed out by me in
1909, suggests a possible method of being taken out of the old nest to
new ones.
The little blind beetle, Leptinus testaceusy is placed by Janet in the
first category when lodged in the fur of little mammals to enable it to
be carried to the nests of species of BombuR. Ruschkamp however
(1919) who made a careful study of its habits, is doubtful if it should
be considered a case of Phoresy or Ectoparasitism.
Antherophagus .
It may be suggested that the reason why Anther ophafii, instead of
seeking out the nests of Bomhi, lie in wait for the bees which come to
flowers and seize hold of them, thus compelling the latter to carry them
to their nests, is not so much that they lack the instinct to find the
184 THE ENTOMOLOaiST^S RECORD.
bees' nests, but rather that it gives them protection from their hosts
when they arrive there. In the case of the permanent social parasitic
ant, Anergates atratulns (1916), as shown by Crawley and myself in out
experiments when introducing it into nests of its host, Tetramorixm
caespiUnn, the Anergates female seized hold of, and held firmly on to,
the antenna of a Tetramorinm worker ; and as long as the grip was
maintained, this action appeared to render it safe from the attacks of
the owners of the nest. As with the ant, the beetle may thus obtain
the nest '* aura " of its hosts.
The notch in the clypeus of the Antherophagns, so well explained by
Wheeler, reminds me of the notch in the clypeus of the slave-making
ant Formica sanguinea. It has also been suggested that this is an
adaptation to carrying the cocoons captured from the nests of the
slave species.
I can add the following facts in connection with Antherophagi
being found in Humble-bees nests, to those mentioned by Wheeler.
In 1896 and 1897 Tuck records finding specimens of A, pallets in
nests of B, agromni, B. laf>idarius, and B. sylvaruwy and A. nigricornis
in nests of B, latreillellus and B, tenestrisj in the Bury district,
Snflfolk.
In 1898 Bouskell when recording the capture of A. nigricornis on
low parsnip blossoms, etc., in Buddon Wood, Leicestershire, remarks :
*' The fact of the beetle frequenting flowers like the fox-glove, infers a
desire to be conveyed to the nest [of a Bombns] , probably for the
purpose of oviposition."
In 1900 Buckle took specimens of A. nigricornis in a nest of
B, terrestris in the Foyle district in Ireland.
In August, 1904, I found a nest of Bombns muscorum near
Lynd hurst in the New Forest. The comb was in a hollow in the
gt'ound and was covered over with bits of cut- up leaves and grass. On
digging up the nest a specimen of AntheropJiagns silaceus was found
in company with a number of Cryptophagus setulosus and a few
other beetles.
On August 21st, 1906, I found larvae of Anther opliagi in a Bowbus
nest at Kingsclere. These were never recorded.
In 1909 Dollman and I dug up a nest of Bombns muscoruw
at Sandown, I. of Wight, in which a specimen of A. pallens was found.
This was on August 15th, 1908, and the actual locality was the foot
of "Limpet Run."
Cottam records in 1909 finding A. pallens and its larvae in nests of
B» muscorinn in Derbyshire.
On August 28th, 1911, Dollman found a large nest of B, hortorum
situated quite 8 ft. down in a large complex rabbit-burrow, and after
digging it up with considerable difficulty captured a specimen of
A. pallens in it.
In 1920 Scott in an interesting paper on some inhabitants of a nest
of B. (lerhamelhis received from Hoo near Rochester in 1918 records
among other insects, the presence of three Antherophagns larvae. Two
of these he reared which proved to be A. pallevs, and he gives some
valuable notes and detailed observations on the pupation, etc. He
was unfortunately unaware of Bold's records, and apparently of
Wheeler's 1919 paper; as he credits Ferris (1877) with the first
observation on an Anther ophag us clinging to a Bombns^ and secondly
((
THE PHOREST OF ANTHEROPHAOUS." 18&
w.
1911.
w.
1910.
w.
1856.
w.
1871.
1898.
w.
1917.
w.
1917.
Trautman (1916), who recorded finding A. ni/fricomis on a living
humble-bee.
Literature.
The Literature given by Wheeler in his paper is marked here with
** W " ; and the references by Scott in connection with AntherophaqHs
with " S."
Banhs, N. « Cases of Phoresie.** Ent. Xews 22 194-97
(1911).
Blatchley, IF. 5. *' An Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue
of the Coleoptera or Beetles (Exclusive of the Rhyn-
chopora) known to occur in Indiana." Nature Publ.
Co. Indianapolis, 1910.
Bold, T. J. " Note on Antherophiujus iiigHcoitiis and
Bombus sylvaruwr ZooL 14 6008 (1856).
BoUy T. J. " A Catalogue of the Insects of North-
umberland and Durham [Revision of Coleopteral ."
N.H. Trans. North, and Diirh. 4 60 (1871).
Bouahell, F. " Leicestershire Coleoptera in 1897."
. Ent. Bee. 10 19-22 (1898).
Brues, 0. T. "Adult Hymenopterous Parasites Attached
to the Body of Their Host." Prov. Xat. Acad. Sc. 3
186-40 (1917).
Bnies, C. I. ** Note on the Adult Habits of Some
Hymenopterous Egg- parasites of Orthoptera and
Mantoidea." Psyche 24 195-96 (1917).
1900. Buckle, C. W. " Beetles collected in Lough Foyle
district, Cos. Donegal and Derry." Irish Nat. 9 2-11
(1900).
W. 1869-70. BiKfnion, E. (Letter to Perris on Anther ophayns)
L'Aheille 7 xxvi-vii (1869-70).
W. 1868. Carua, J. V. a,nd[Gerstaeckerj A. Handbuch der Zoologie
2 Leipzig. W. Engelmann (1868).
W. 1900. Casey, T. L. ** Review of the American CorylophidtCy
Cryptophagidaa, Tritomidae, and DermestidaB, with
other Studies." . Journ. N.Y. Ent. Sac. 8 51-172 (1900).
S. 1909. Cottam, R. ^^ Antherophayus pallens in Derbyshire,
Lanes." Nat. 2 266 (1909).
1912. Dollman, H. ** Coleoptera taken at Ditchling, Sussex,
during 1911." Ent. Rec. 24 20-28 (1912).
1902. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. *' Notes on the British
Myrmecophilous fauna (excluding Coleoptera)." Ent.
Rec. 14 14-18, 87-40, 67-70 (1902).
1904. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. " Coleoptera in the New
Forest jn 1904." Ent. Rec. 16 825-26 (1904).
1907. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. *' British Myrmecophilous
Acarina." Hastings and E. Sussex Nat. 1 65-67
(1907).
1907. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. *' Myrmecophilous Notes for
1907." hJnt. Rec. 19 254-56 (1907).
1909. Dmiisthorpe, H. St. J. K. '* On the Colonisation of
New Nests of Ants by Myrmecophilous Coleoptera."
Trans. Ent. Sac. Land. 1909 418-29.
186
THE ENTOMOJLOGIST S RECORD.
1909. Donisthorpe, H. Sl J. K. " Morey's Guide to the
Natural History of the Isle of Wight." (Coleoptera)
891 (1909).
1910. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ** Myrmecophilous Notes for
1909." Ent, Bee, 22 15-17 (1910).
1918. Donisthorpe, H, St. J, K. " Ants and Myrmeeophiles
on Lundy." Ent. Rec. 26 267-69 (1918).
1915. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. '* British Ants, Plymouth."
Anerqates 87-95 (1915).
W. 1866. Eicho;ff, Sammelberichte. Berlin Ent. Zeits. 10 298-96
(1866).
W.S. 1889. Fowler, W. W. *' The Coleoptera of the British
islands." London, 1889. 3 811-18 (1889).
1913. Fowler, W. W. and Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. ** The
Coleoptera of the British Islands." (Supp.) London
1918 6 264 (1918).
1899. Ganqlhauer, L. ** Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa," Vienna.
1899. 3 708 (1899).
W. 1869. Gorhaw, H. S. '* Leptinus in bees' nests." Ent. Mo.
May. 6 89 (1869).
W. 1911. Grouvelle, A. " Coleopteres Cryptophagides recueill^s
au Mexique par M. L. Diguet dans les nids du
Boiuhus ephippiatns. Say." Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat
Paris. 1911 97-100.
S. 1911. Gronvelle, A. " Description d'un Antherophagus de
Java et de sa larve." Notes from the Leyden
Museum 33 117-20 (1911).
W. 1888. Hofer, Ed. "Die Hummeln Steiermarks " 1 Halfte
46 (1888).
W. 1897. Janet, C. " Etudes sur les Fourmis, les Guepes, et les
Abeilles." Note 14. Rapports des Animaux Myrme-
eophiles avec les Fourmis. Limoges 1-99 (1897).
W. 1896. Lesne, P. " Moeurs du Limosina sacra. Phenomenes
de transport mutuel chez les animaux . articules.
Origine du parasitisme chez les insectes Dipteres."
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 45 162-65 (1896).
1891. Michael, A. " On the Association of Gamasids with
Ants." Proc. Zool. Soc. bond. 4 688-58 (1891).
W. 1864. Packard, A. S. *' The Humble-Bees of New England
and Their Parasites, with notes of a new species of
Antherophorabia , and a new genus of Proctotrupidae!
Proc. Essex Inst. 4 107-40 (1864).
W. 1872. Packard, A. S. *' Guide to the Study of Insects." Srd
Ed. Salem. Naturalists' Agency (1872).
W. 1878. Packard, A. S.- '* Our Common Insects." Salem.
yat}iralists* Ayency (1878).
W. 1869-70. I*erris, Edm. (Note on Antherophagus niyricornis)'
UAbeille 7 ix.-x., xxv.-vii. (1869-70).
W.S. 1875. Perris, Edm. " Larves des Coleopteres." Ann. SoC'
Linn. Lynn. 22 259-418 (1875).
W. 1917. Rabaud, Et. " Sur les Hymenopteres parasites
ootheques d' Orthopteres." Bull. Soc. Ent. Franc*
1917 178.
NEW SPECIES AND SUB-SPECIES OF S. AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 187
W. 1858. Redtenbacher, L. " Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer." Wein.
Carl Gcrold's Sohn. 860 (1858).
W. 1911- Reitter, FaIvk ** Fauna Germanica. Die Kafer des
deutschen Reichs.** Stuttgart K. G. Lutz (1911).
W. 1913. Renter, O. M. ** Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkteder
Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte."
Berlin, Friedlander und Sohn (1913).
1914. Rmchkamp, F. ** Zur Biologie von Leptinas testaceus,
Miill. Phoresie oder Ektoparasitismus ? Neue Beo-
bachtungen." Zeitz. mss, Insektenh. 9 139-44 (1914).
1920. Scott, H. "Notes on the biology of some inquilines
and parasites in a nest of Bowbua derhamellns, Kirby ;
with a description of the larva and pupa of /^pwra<?a
depressa, Ilig. (= aestiva, Auctt. : (JoUoptera^ Niti-
dulidae):' Tram, Ent. Soc, Land. 1920 99-127.
W. 1869-70. Seidlitz, G. (Note on Antherophaqus niqricornu)
UAbeille 7 Ixii.-iii. (1869-70).
W. 1899. .Shaiy, D. "Insects.*' Cambridtje Natural Histoii/ 6
235 (1899).
W. S. 1912. Sladen, t\ IF. L. " The Humble-Bee." Macmillan &
Co. (1912).
W. 1909. Smith, J. B, " Insects of New Jersey (1909)."
S. (1915) Trautmann, G. " Ein aussert seltener Fund : Anthero-
phagus, Latr., niijricornu, Fabr., an einer lebenden
Hummel." Intern, ent. Zeitschr. Guben. 9 59 (1915).
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of Aculeate Hymenoptera." Ent. Mo. Mag. 32 158-56
(1896).
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Hymenoptera." Ent. Mo. Mag. 33 58-60 (1897).
W. 1907. Wagner, W. " Psychobiologische Untersuchungen an
Hummeln mit Bezugnahme auf der Frage der Gesel-
ligkeit in Tierreiche." Zoologica 19 145 (1907).
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Ent. Soc. Washington 6 308, 809 (1903).
1919. Wheeler, W, M. "The Phor^sy of Antltemphagns.*'
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Soc. Ent. France 1877 Ixix.
New species and sub-species of S. American Lepidoptera.
^y W. J. Kayb, F.E.S.
Family Heliconidae.
Heliconius xanthocles. Bat., flavosia, sub-sp. nov.
Very like the figured form of H. xanthocles sub-sp. cethosia, Seitz
(Mac. Lep. v. pi. 77a), from which it differs in that instead of having a
iiscal patch of yellow beyond the cell it has it extending inwards and
Dccupying about one-third of the cell area. The discocellular strongly
black. Hind wing with the red rays only extending half-way across
wing as in cethosia.
Habitat. E. Colombia, Villavicencia, Feb., 1919, ^ .
Susamuco, Sep., 1917, ? .
Type from Villavicencia, in coll., Kaye.
188 THs kntomologist's rkcord.
Heliconins vulcanu^, Btlr., tenuistn'ga, sub-sp. Jiov.
Forewing with the discal red band greatly reduced in width, being
about one half the width of vulcanm sub-sp. cythera. Hew. The red only
on outer half of band, inner half white. Hindwing with the marginal
white band broad as in cythera.
Habitat. Ecuador, Balzapamba.
This may be only an aberration as cythera is found at Balzapamba.
The two may occur at different elevations.
Type 2 in coll. Kaye.
Family Pieridae.
Hesperocharis nera. Hew., potaray sub-sp. nov.
A strongly marked race with a heavier black border than in typical
nera, and with strong orange dashes between the veins and also orange
at base. Forewing below with some orange dashes on the inner edge
of black marginal band in the apical area. Hindwing below with a
broad blackish margin with a pair of yellowish streaks at anal angle
within the band. Inner area of wing wholly creamy white ground
colour with intra-nervular orange streak and a double orange streak
within the cell.
Habitat. Central British Guiana, Tumatumari.
Type in coll. Kaye.
H esperocharh lamonti, n.-sp.
Forewing above white with a slight creamy shade (but much les&
so than hindwing). Costa at base slightly orange. Apex rather
broadly black, strongly toothed internally. The black is extended
down outer margin gradually lessening to tornus where it disappears.
The black is heaviest at the veins and receding between them.
Hindwing above creamy white with an orange patch on costa at base.
Outer margin very narrowly edged with black, and most conspicuous
at anal angle. Forewing below with costa and apical area (covered by
the black above) washed with orange extending as a still paler wash
of orange to cell. Hindwing below cream colour, but nearly covered
with broad streaks and dashes of pale orange between the veins and-
within the cell. A minute pink dot at base. Exp., 56mm.
Habitat. Trinidad,' Morni Diable, 2 <^ ^ , 6:iv.-19i7 (iV. Lamont)^
Type in coll. Lament.
Ghitophrissa driisilla, Cr., jacksoni, sub-sp. nov.
^ above completely white with glistening scales at base of forewing-
Faint yellow at base of forewing below. $ except for shorter wings
much like the male and with only a trace of black at apex of forewing-
Ground colour creamy white, not dead white, as in ^ .. Glistening'
scales at base of forewing strongly developed and occupying a larger
area than in ^ . Hindwing with faint yellow scaling at base above^
. Below entirely shiny creamy white as in the apex of forewing beneath.
Exp., S 68mm., $ 56mm.
Habitat. Jamaica. 800 ft. (Dr. F. W. Jackson.) j
Type in coll. Kaye.
This Jamaican race of Gliitophrissa drusilla is quite distinot in
the Cuban race (ilairey Poey), or the St. Domingo race (/xhjm^.JEN
The whole species is very variable both geogra ph ical|y jbu j^ii»fl|ij||i
THE LBPIDOPTERIST ABROAD. 188
And most probably seasonally. In Trinidad the 2 2 vary from having
hardly a trace of black outer margin of hind wing to a very heavy black
band, while the ground colour varies from white to a fairly strong
yellow. These extremes belong most probably to different seasons of
the year.
Family Syntomidae.
Mydropastea disparata, n^-sp.
Forewing black with hyaline patches. Tegalae black with metallic
green spots and a white point below. Patagia black. Frons black.
Femora with conspicuous paired white patches. Abdomen below (in
^ ) with large elliptical valve edged with white scales. Last four
segments edged with orange. Abdomen above with metallic green
stripe and broader lateral green stripes. Forewing with a long wedge-
shaped transparent spot within the cell and another beneath the cell.
Beyond the cell three or four transparent spots in series vertically ;
first or second or both sometimes absent. Hind wing black with a
large central area chiefly below cell transparent. In the j the space
is divided at the lower discocellular. Exp., 4:2mm.
Habitat. Trinidad, Rock, l-i.-18, Palmiste, 9-ix.-17 (N. Lamont),
1 (^,2? ?. .
Type in coll. Lamont.
The Lepidopterist Abroad.
Dedicated to my erstwhile entomological mentor and companion.
H. E. WINSER, Esq.
The tropic day ends and my toil is done
Until the morrow, when it starts again,
And sitting by my tent I watch the sun
Die down across the bush and o'er the plain.
It seems a link with England, in a way.
Just now when all the world is calm and still.
Because I know that at this hour to-day
This very sun is red on Hascombe Hill.
As stands that cottonwood* in towering might
Emblazoned on the purple of the sky,
So stand the oaks in Slythurst Woods to-night
— Nor shall they see my lamp go gleaming by I
No I for this year I may not wander there.
My net astream upon the whispering breeze.
(Nor sheltered, like a wizard in his lair,
Prepare my potions to anoint the trees.)
Sibylla flaunts her beauty unafraid ;
Euphrosyne may flit adown the dell.
Not mine to follow paphia up the glade
Or chase — unknowingly — a battered *' shell."
* A;COttonwood is an enormous tree of the outline of an oak, but at least three
times as high. Very common here on the Gold Coast.
190 THE entomologist's RECORD.
And on the hill may iia^icornis lie
All undisturbed upon some twig of birch ;
No longer need parthenias mount on high,
Nor swift petraria elude my search.
No more shall Rallies Clearing hear the shout
Of vict'ry, as 1 take some treasured thing,
Or Smith wood see me slowly prowl about,
Intent on rubiy or what Fate may bring.
Crepuscularia now may find retreat
Is fairly safe within her favoured grove.
That crowns the heights of old St. James* Seat ;
And in her glen prunaria may rove.
The sallows now may freely open wide
Their luscious blooms to all the Quaker clan.
And miniosa may drink her fill, nor hide
Her rosy pinions from the sight of man.
My lamp no more shall cleave the tangled brake,
Endeavouring to trace some errant bug. .
Nor shall I stalk from tree to tree and take
Leporina or derasa — or a slug !
Nor shall I patient watch the lighted sheet,
Or scour the reed- beds in a humid state.
Or steal with pockets full of ancient meat
To plant it near a parson's garden gate ! !
For such pursuits are over for a time.
And I aui far away from Surrey's weald.
My net I flourish in a torrid clime, .
And take whate'er the virgin bush may yield.
Exotics with a wondrous wealth of wing
In every rainbow colour flutter by,
In green and gold and purple sheen they bring
Their fairy visions to the mortal eye.
\^ Across me flits a flash of jewelled light.
Metallic blue and silver in the sun,
And though my eye can scarce observe its flight,
I strike — and thus I miss another one I
*Tis true I've gained my heart's desire to be
Among these gems that sparkle up and down
Like living fire — but much Td give to see
A common Garden White or Meadow Brown ! ! !
Januarv 1st, 1920. L. R. Tesch.
X^OOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Zyg.ena tkifolii and Z. FiLiPENDUL^. — In " Notes on Collecting
of the September issue, a correspondent writing from Cranley, Surre
suggests that Z. triftUii is much more liable to aberrations than d
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 191
filipendulaey and I have observed the same thing with regard to these
two species in South Hants (Alverstoke and Portsmouth districts).
In the rough and open part of a wood in which I had previously
noted a strong colony of Z. trif:)lii, I took on June 29tn, 1919, some
ab. orohL In the present year I first observed Z. trifoUi there on June
13th, and on June 19th I took (but in one particular spot only) a good
series of ab. minoides and one ab*. (jlycerhizae. In this locality minoides
appears to be the most frequent of the aberrations and I saw many
other specimens of this variety at the same time.
I have not noted Z.Jilipendidae at the same spot, though no doubt
it occurs there ; but on the chalk hills rather nearer to Portsmouth
where it swarms in thousands, the large majority are, so far as I have
been able to observe, to type, the only varieties I have met with being
occasional specimens having the two outer spots joined, or the middle
pair joined. — R. Barnard Cruickshank, Alverstoke, Hants.
PoLYOMMATUs ICARUS, VARIETY. — I took in this neighbourhood on May
29th this year a perfect specimen of tbe variety figured in South*s
B utter fliesy plate 119, fig. 5, the whole underside except the outer
margins being entirely free from spots, and exactly as figured in
South's book ; the latter, does not however mention any name for this
variety, and I should be glad to learn from any of your correspondents
what this is. — Id. [This form is usually identified with ab. persica,
Bienert, but in Tutt's Brit. Lep. (iv. 156) it is separated tentatively as
ab. ohsoleta, Clarke (G.W.).]
Polygonia o-album in Nottinghamshire. — Yesterday, Septeml^er
19th, I took a specimen of P. c-album in my garden here. This is
the first specimen I have ever seen in the Midlands, though I see it is
recorded from the Mansfield district. — Douglas H. Pearson (F.E.S.),
Chilwell, Notts.
Note on Melanargia arge. — In Ent, Rec, vol. xxxi., p. 110, Dr.
Roger Verity states that contrary to the general rule in butterflies that
the males greatly outnumber the females the opposite is the case in
Melananjia artje. He proceeds to base, in part, on this statement
another to the effect that the ** increase in the relative number of the
females is often proportioned to the localisation and to the scarcity of
the species," and he conjectures, therefore, thg-t we have here an
example of effort to conserve and enhance generative capacity in the
case of a species which is on the way to extinction. I do not know
upon whose observations the statement about Melanargia arge is based,
but it is certainly a most amazing statement and in my experience
very wide of the facts. I have observed Melanargia arge in the
greatest abundance for several years in succession in its haunts near
Brindisi; and, if I may judge from what has been published, my
acquaintance with the species in life is vasbly greater than that of any
other European lepidopterist, and I can affirm most positively that so
far as the Brindisi district is concerned the statement is not true. On
the contrary in that area the relative proportion of the sexes is
approximately the same as in the case of other Melanargias, the males
outnumbering, the females in the proportion of at least 5 to 1 ! My
observations are based on times when Melanargia arge had reached the
192 THE entomologist's record.
high-water mark of its emergence — when it was possible to observe
hundreds in the course of a single day. At Brindisi that point is
reached about the 10th of May in a normal season ; and the text books
which give June, and even July, as the time of emergence of this
species are, as I have previously pointed out, utterly incorrect. It
occurs to me that Dr. Verity's observations may have been made at a
time when the species was fast *^ going over " ; that time is the only
time in my experience when, amongst the survivors of an emergence,
it would be possible to find more females than males. — J. A. Bimes
(F.E.S.).
A Breeding Result. — ^Nothing having appeared under this heading
since the original letter (p. 100), may curious readers be enlightened
as to the conclusion (if any) arrived at by Mr. Cruickshank. Since he
says he placed no other larva in the box with the villica, and the alni
could not have crawled into it as a perfect insect, two alternative ex-
planations occur, viz.f either someone else put the moth into the box,
or the larva had spun up in the piece of cork, before the latter was
introduced for the benefit of the villica, and was therefore not noticed
by Mr. Cruickshank. — C. Nicholson, 35, The Avenue, Hale End, E. 4.
September 25th, 1920.
Notes on Entomology in Northern Italy in 1919. — On arriving
at Turin at the beginning of April I found Nature perhaps rather less
advanced than at Vicenza, but still a considerable number of plants
were in flower ; and during the month I collected at the following
localities in the neighbourhood of Turin : the Lakes of Avigliana (A),
from the village of Sassi up to the Soperga on the CoUe Torinese (8),
at the Wood of Stupinigi (St.), and at Montcalieri (M), a place on the
bank of the Po about half an hour by the electric tramway, where I
'had the good fortune to visit Dr. Festa of the Museo Civico di Storia
Naturale, Turin, where I saw his small " zoo " and his interesting
collection of European butterflies. It was Dr. Festa who told me of
the Stupinigi Wood, which is reached in about half an hour f^om
Turin by steam tramway ; it surrounds the Royal Palace at the village
and proved my best collecting ground while in this part of Italy.
I was only able to get one day at the Lakes of Avigliana, which are
reached from the station on the Turin-Modane line, and can be "done"
in one day's excursion leaving by the first morning train. Sassi is
reached by another steam tramway starting also from the Piazza
Oastello.
During the month of April the following butterflies were noted,
the letters attached indicating the localities : — Papilio podaliiius, S ;
P. machaon, M, S; Thais poly xena ab. meta, St; Pieris brassicae, 8;
P. rapae, M; P. napi^ M, A, S; Euchlo'e cardaminea, A, S, 8t;
LepUma sinapis, M, A, S, St ; Gojiepteryx rhamni, M, S, St ; hsoria
lathonia, M ; Brenthh selene, St ; B. dia, M, A, St ; Euvanestd
antiopa (hiber.), S, A, M, St; Vaneasa .io (hiber.), S, A, M, St;
Pohfijonia c-albnm, M, S, St ; Pararge aeyeria, M, S ; Coenonymphft
pawphiliis, A, St; Runiicia jddaeas^ A, S, St; Callophrys rnbi, St;
Kreren aryiades, M ; (/dastrina aryiolus, M, A, S ; Hespet-ia rtialvoidei, '
M, A, St ; ab. taras (one), M ; and Nisoniades tayes, M, A, S, St.
I should say that I first hit upon 2\ polyxena ab. meta on April
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 198
24th, by which date many of the males were getting very worn
although the females were in excellent order. Tbey were quite
confined to one quarter of the Stupinigi Wood, just after the river
Sangoneis crossed by tbe bridge of the road from Mirafiore. Crossing
this bridge, and continuing on tbe main road, anotber stream is
reached in a few minutes. Crossing this stream, and taking a narrow
path to tbe right alongside it, in a few minutes a partial clearing is
reached, about 160 yards from tbe road, which, as far as I could
discover, is the only real home of this species near Turin. Only a
few stray specimens were met witb in tbe neighbourhood of this spot.
During tbe whole time at Turin I was only able in a general way
to get tbe day-flying motbs, tbe following occurring in April : —
Saturnia pavonia, A. M. ; Plusia gamma, M. ; Heliaca ienehratay M. ;
Euclidia glyphicay M. ; Ematnrga atomaria, M. A. S. : and Lozo-
gramma clathrata, M. A. St.
In tbe otber Orders tbe following is a list of species noted : —
^Ieuroptbra. — Panorpa communis^ St.
Odonata. — Libellida depressa, St; Goinphus vulgatissimiis, M.
Hymenoptera. — Vespa crabroy St : Apis mellifica var. lignstica^ M ;
Bombus tei'restriSf M, A, S, St ; B. agrorum var. pascnovumy A, S, ^St ;
B. hortorum, S, St ; var. Iiarrisellnsy A ; B. pomonimy S, St ; B.
lapidariusty M ; B, lignsticHs, M, S ; B, sglvanim, St; Xylocopa violacea^
M, A, S; Eucera longicornisy M, St; Anthophora acervorum^ M, St;
A. dispavy M ; Osmia aenea, M ; Andrena thoracia, A ; Nomada
succincta, M, St ; M electa luctuosay A.
Diptbba. — Eristalis aeneay M. ; C. arbustorumy M. ; Chysotoxum
maculatumy A. ; Bombilius medlusy S.
Coleoptera. — Cicindela campestris, M. ; Cetonia auratay A. ; 6\
hii'tellay A. M. S. ; Melolontha vidgaris, M. ; Synaptus filiformisy M. ;
Cantharis fuscay M. ; Lema brunneay S. ; Lina popiiliy M. ; Melo'e
Proscar abaeuHy St.
Orthoptera. — Gryllus campestrisy A.
In and around Turin I recognised during April 88 different species
of plants in flower.
With the advent of May mucb hotter weather was experienced,
and many fresb species of insects and plants in flower were noted.
Of tbe latter, 56 fresb species were recorded in blossom in tbe month.
The banks of tbe river Stura (Str.j was a fresb locality, reached from
the Municipio by electric tram in about balf-an-bour.
Khopalocera : Aporia crataegiy Str. ; Brenthis euphrosyne, S. ;
Melitaea cmociay St. ; M, athaliay St. ; M. phoebe, S. St. ; var. occi-
tanicd, St,; Aglais urticae, Str.; Limenitis camillay S. ; Epineplide
jui'tinay St. ; Coetionympha arcanitty St. ; Chrysophanus dispar var.
rutiluSy Str. (one perfect ^ on May 8tb) ; Lotveia dorilisy St. ; Plebeius
aegoHy Str. St. M. ; Glaucopsyche cyllarus, St. ; Polyommatus tear us,
Btr. ; Agriades thetisy St. ; Scolitantides baton, S. ; Hamearis lucinay
S. ; Hespeina carthami, Str. ; Augiades sylvanusy S. St.
HBtEROCERA. — Dasychiva pudibunda, in Turin ; S, pavonia, in
Turin ; Heliothis dipsacea, Str. ; Idea ornata, St.
Pbeudonbuboptera. — Perla bicaudata, Str.
Odonata. — Calopteryx virgoy St. ; C. splendensy Str. ; Pyrrhosotna
nymphula, Str. ; Agrion pidchellumy Str. ; A. puella, Str.
Hymenoptera. — Bombus hortorum, St. ; Clavellaria amerinae, St. ;
194 THE entomologist's record.
Vespa vulgaris, St. ; V, germanica, St. Str. ; Polistes gallica, St. M. ;
Anthophora grisea, St. ; Halictus sexfasciatus, S.
DiPTERA. — Pachyrhina crocata, St.; Volucella pellucens, St.;
Chrysotoxum elegans, S.
CoLEOPTKRA. — Lacon murinuSf St. ; Trichodes alveai'ius, St. ;
Hammaticherus cerdOj S. ; Aglastica aim, St.; Chrysomela menthastri, St.
Rhynchota. — Cercopis sanguinolenta, St.; Mera(^irus marginatus, St.
Orthoptera. — Locusta viridisnma, S. — Lieut. E. B. Ashby, 86,
Bulstrode Road, Hounslow. {To he continued,)
C«ce[llRRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
John Taylor, of Sandown, Isle of Wight, passed away on July 21st,
1920, after several years' illness, at the age of 56. Always deeply
interested in Nature he, eventually, became an ardent collector of
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, and we owe much of our knowledge of the
species inhabiting the Isle of Wight to his strenuous work. Of a quiet
and retiring disposition, he did not contribute much to the literature
of the subject, but some valuable notes on captures may be found in
the^^magazines. He was always ready to supply fellow workers with
information on the subject, and his own cabinets were the poorer for
the many generous gifts to others, often comparative strangers. With-
out the cares of a business he would, doubtless, have become one of our
leading Coleopterists. — H.F.P.
Entomology in the United States has been largely, in fact pre-
dominantly, worked from an economic standpoint, supported mainly by
the governments of the different states. A result of this has been that
the National Collections of Insects have been made from that point of
view, and hence are very deficient in specimens from other parts of the
world, and although an excellent mass of material from the Western
Hemisphere has been accumulated, there is little from the rest of the
world ; a student who wishes to take up a line of study more extended
than a knowledge of his own fauna, is so handicapped that he must
come over to Europe to complete his study, and for comparison of
faunas. This want has been under consideration for some time, and
recently there has been discussions between the committees of the
Entomological Society of America and of the American Association of
Economic Entomologists. These two bodies have now issued a com-
bined report which, no doubt, will result in active means being taken
to remedy the defect.
A Revision of the Near die Termites, by Nathan Banks, issued by the
Smithonian Institution, is a valuable summary of what is known, up to
the present. It contains notes on the biology and geographical distri-
bution of the various species, and is illustrated with 25 plates,
numerous figures in the text, and a series of maps showing the range
of the more important species. The biological notes deal with nests,
subterranean species, wood-inhal)iting species, food, damage (character
and extent), remedies, preventatives, function of the "swarm" (colonis-
ing flight), diurnal swarming, nocturnal swarming, variations of swarm-
ing, foundation of new colonies, loss of wings, courtship, mating, egg-
laying, metamorphosis, castes, parasites (fungi, protozoa, nematodes,
mites, predators, termophilous insects, and association with ants.
Other recent publications of the Institution deal with " Forest
Lepidoptera with descriptions of larva? and pupae," illustrated by 18
OURRKNT NOTES. 195
plates, ** New species of Lepidoptera from Mexico and Guatemala,"
described largely in the noncomparative style, " Descriptions of the
LarvsB of N. American Cleridae (Col.)," with 12 plates and a few bio-
logical notes, several papers dealing with North American Ichnemnon-
idae, and " Eocene Insect from the Rocky Mountains," with 5 plates.
Parts I. and II. of the Trans. Ent. Soc. Land, for 1920 were issued
in August. They contain '* A Contribution to the Classification of
the Coleopterous family Endomychidae" with one plate and numerous
figures, by Gilbert J. Arrow ; " Pseudacraea eurytus race hobleyi\ its
forms and its models, etc.," by G. D. H. Carpenter, with two coloured
plates and a map ; " Notes on the Biology of some Inquilines and
Parasites in a nest of Bombus derhamdlusj etc.," by H. Scott ;
" Notes on Fig-insects," by Jas. Waterston ; " The Terminal
Abdominal Structures of the Primitive Australian Termite, Masto-
tei-mes darivinensh,'' by G. C. Crampton, with a plate ; *' Records of
Insect Migrations in Tropical America," by C. B. Williams ; " An
undescribed Lycaenid Butterfly from Cyprus, Glaucopsyehe paphos,*' by
Dr. T. A. Chapman, with a plate and several figures ; " The Butterflies
of Cyprus," by Hy. J. Turner ; " The Geographical Factor in
Mimicry," by Dr. T. A. Dixey, with one plate ; ** New Species of
Staphylinidae from Singapore," by Malcolm Cameron ; " A Contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the Stick-insect, Carausius morosus,'' by
Geo. Talbot ; and forty-eight pages of the Proceedings.
The Annual Report of the United States National Museum for the
year ending June, 1919, just received, is very interesting in its detail
and contains various illustrations of the Museum. There is an Obituary
of the late Dr. Rathbun, who was Assistant Secretary in charge of the
Museum for so many years. Then follow details of the work carried
on by the Museum during the year in its various activities, finance,
building, collections, publications, library, meetings, etc. Probably the
most interesting matter is that contained in the Reports from several
of the Departments, viz.. Anthropology, Biology, Geology, and Arts
and Industries. These are followed by a list of recent acquisitions
which include only a few additions to the Insect collections, but among
these are the Hemiptera collected by the late G. W. Kirkaldy. An im-
portant feature of the work of the Museum is the share which it takes
in many natural history expeditions to various parts of the world.
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomological Society.
May 27th, — New Member. — Mr. A. W. Richardson, of Southall,
was elected a member.
Exhibition of living Objects. — Mr. H. Main exhibited the Cali-
fornian Hesperid Eparyyreus tityrus, bred from a pupa sent by Miss
Fountaine, also Adscita statices, larvsB of Melo'e sp., and of Galerucella
lineolaf all from Eastbourne.
Mr. Blair, males and the very rare female of Siphlurus arm at us
(Ephem.), from Middlesex, Odynerus pictus (Hym.), and Cassida equentHs
with egg-clustera.
Mr. H. Moore, Callophrys rtibi, from Westerham, and Clytus arieiu
from Bromley.
Mr. Dunster, larvsB of Melitaea aurinia from Somerset.
• Mr. Batnett, two vipers, one unusually dark-coloured, and a
Raphidia sp.
196 THE entomologist's rbgokd.
Mr. Withycombe, Donacia sp., from Epping Forest, Osmylus sp.,
from Sevenoaks, and Melolontha vuhjarhy from Richmond Park.
Mr. L. W. Newman, ab. radiata-httea of Abraxas grossulariata, an
almost black ab. vatieyata, larvae of Calymnia pyralina on elm, four
forms of larvae of Satnrnia carpini, a Dryas paphia bred indoors, a Cal-
limorpha dominida, varied larvae of Trichiura crataeffi, etc.
Mr. Sich, imagines of NepticiUa septembrella, from Hindhead, and
larvae of Salebna betulae, from Richmond ; also abnormal growth of
flowers of the Fox-glove.
Reports of the Season were submitted.
June 10th, — Special Exhibition of C. trapezina. — An exhibition of
Calymnia trapezina, Messrs. R. Adkin, B. Adkin, Stanley Edwards, A.
E. Tonge, Hy. J. Turner, etc., taking part. Mr. Turner read notes on
the variation of the species, and gave a summary of the characteristics
of the various named forms. Mr. R. Adkin showed a very fine example
of the rare ab. nigray and Mr. B. Adkin, a very dark- banded ab. 7iigro-
virgatay Tutt, and a clear slate- coloured example.
Other exhibits. — Mr. Withycombe, an immature Ledra aurita
(Hem.), from oak.
Mr. Bunnett, living larviae of Ennomos illunaria,
Mr. Main, larval tracks of Phyllotoma aceris (Tenth.), in sycamore
leaves.
Mr. Step, the Yellow Balsam, Impatiens parviflora, from Wimbledon
Park.
June 24th. — Special Exhibition of H. furcata. — Exhibition
and Discussion of Hydriomena furcata^ Thun. {elutata), Messrs.
Turner, Barnett, etc., exhibited series. The first-named showed a
copy of Thunberg's *' Dissertations," 1784, containing the original
figure and description of the series, and read* Notes on the Lines of
Variation and pointed out the named forms. In Mr. Barnett's series
was a very fine example of the infuscata form.
Capture of L. erichsoni (Col.). — Mr. S. Ash by, specimens of the
rare beetle Lema erichsoni taken by Mrs. Ashby and himself near Rye
in April last.
Early stages of A. nitens (Col.) and L. aurita (Hem.).- — Mr.
Bunnett, series of the Rhyneophorous beetle Attelabus nitens {curculio-
noides) with leaves of oak rolled by the larvae ; and also larvae and
pupse of Ledra aurita (Hemip.).
July 8th. — Larva of P. livornica. — Mr. Newman exhibited living
larvae of Phryxus livornica from ova laid by a female captured in
Dorset in May, and made remarks on their habits.
Various exhibits. — Mr. Withycombe, a larva on hawthorn of
Saturnia pyrl from a batch of ova from S. France ; also the liver- wort
Marchantia polyworpha and the rare Roman nettle Urtica pilulifera.
Mr. Dunster, a series of Melitaea aurinia taken in Somerset in. May,
and of Epinephele tithonus showing additional spots on the fore- wings.
Mr. Carr, series of Brenthis euphrasy ne from Crockham Hill.
Bred C. daviesana (Hym.) and C. Germanica (Col.).— Mr. K. G.
Blair, bred specimens of the bee Colletes daviesana from Shanklin with
five species of inquilines and parasites ; also living examples Qf
Cidndela germanica bred from larvae found May 4th.
OONBPTBBYX CLEOPATRA, L. 197
Gonepteryx Cleopatra,. L. Has it more than- one brood per annum?
By J. A. 8IMES, F.E.S.
Not very many years ago it was almost universally held by British
lepidopterists that Gonepten^x cleopatra, L., produced only one brood
per annum, and that the individuals of this brood, emerging as they
did shortly after mid-summer, hibernated as imagines and reappeared
in the following spring to pair and lay their eggs. Latterly, however,
there has been a tendency to depart from this view ; and we find in
current literature definite allusions, by lepidopterists whose standing
and reputation carry much weight, to the second and even the third
brood of the species. Dr. Roger Verity, for example, has gone so far
as to distinguish the second and third generations of cleopatra with
separate names (Ent. Rec,^ xxxi., p. 67) ; while more recently our
Editorial Secretary, Mr. Turner, in his interesting paper on "The
Butterflies of Cyprus *' {Trans. Knt, Soc, Land,, 1920, p. 188), shows
an inclination to accept Dr. Verity's view, being impelled to that con-
clusion, apparently, by the facts recorded and brought to his notice by
his Cyprian correspondents.
It was in 1908 that I first made the acquaintance of (7. cleopatra
in its native haunts ; and in the years which have elapsed since, I have
had abundant opportunities of studying its habits in many different
localities. Holding at the outset the one-brood theory, tbe extraordinary
freshness of the spring specimens almost induced me to accept the
theory of a new emergence ; but the attention which I have since paid
to the species, and the careful observations which I have carried out
over a number of years, have led me back to my original faith — a faith
which I now hold more strongly than I ever did. I concur absolutely
in the views of Rober (Seitz), to the effect that it is very doubtful
whether any Gonepteryx ever produces more than one brood in the
Palaearctic region. To prove a negative is admittedly an impossible
task ; and all I can hope to do in support of my view is to place on
record the observations and considerations which lead me to hold the
one-brocd theory.
It is I believe common ground that there is a fresh emergence of
O, cleopatra about midsummer. The actual time of appearance of this
fresh emergence varies considerably. I have met with this summer
emergence at Brindisi as early as the first week in June ; and I have
Icnowu its appearance in the same locality to be deferred until nearly
'three weeks later. In the south of f Yance this emergence takes place
generally just about midsummer ; and it was shortly after that time
"that I had an opportunity of studying G. cleopalna last summer at La
Sainte Baume, Var, in company with Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker and
3ir. Hugh Main. Arriving on July 4fch, I found G, cleopatra well out
»nd abundant ; its numbers increased very considerably for a few days
until it could be described as extremely abundant in both sexes ; but
^»hen I left La Sainte Baume, on July 13th, its numbers had fallen
markedly, and the flight was evidently on the wane. Throughout these
days of flight G, cleopatra had but one object in life, namely, to feed.
Both sexes devoted themselves to this task with great assiduity, and
rarely flew further than was necessary to carry them from one clump
of lavender to the next. Once or twice I saw a S try to flirt with a
$; >but his attentions were absolutely ignored and he soon desisted.
November, 1920.
198 THE BNTOMOLOOIST*S BBOOBD.
No real courtship was ever noticed and never did any one of us se0 a
pair ?n copula. What I did see was something quite different. Prom
about July 7th onwards I observed at all times of the day — morning
and afternoon alike — examples of both sexes wandering away from the
flowers and seeking out dense brakes of Cistus and scrub oak. On
several occasions I observed individuals actually enter these brakes in
the brightest sunshine and take up a resting position underneath a leaf.
I visited some of these brakes day after day and found the butterflies
still there ; and several times when tramping through the scrub in the
day time I kicked up examples of cleopatra, I entertain no sort of
doubt that these butterflies were m fact choosing and taking up their
hibernating quarters, and that the rapidly declining numbers of the
species were to be explained by withdrawal into hibernating quarters.
The butterflies were all absolutely fresh and showed no signs of wear
— as indeed they should not since they had not been on the wing for
many days.
At Digne, which I visited from July 18th to 18th, G, cleopatra was
comparatively rare and becoming rarer, only a few males being met
with ; and here I may perhaps say that in my experience the stragglers
from this summer emergence which are reluctant to go into hibernation
are always males. I have met with such belated individuals as late as
the middle of August at Brindisi, Naples, Capri, Amalfi, and Sorrento ;
and I found one or two in the first week in August at Corfu. Once in
October I took a male at Brindisi, flying over the Cistus scrub. I
imagine this had either been disturbed by the herds of goats, or had
been deceived into flight by the spring-like character of the late
autumn.
The observations made at La Sainte Baume, which I have recorded
above, only confirm earlier observations, which I had made at Brindisi,
and seem to prove conclusively tbat the individuals of the summer
emergence retire into hibernation, the bulk of them within a few days
of emergence, and that withdrawal into winter quarters is complete by
about the middle of August. The bulk of the individuals have retired
by the end of July — most of them considerably earlier ; and the few
which stay on unduly are to be regarded, I should say, either as belated
emergences of the summer flight, or as normally-emerged individuals
in which the instinct of hibernation is faulty. (Similar *• faults " are
not unknown in other hibernating species).
Now in the South of Europe there occurs almost regularly a period
in the late autumn when, as the result of rains followed by a spell of
tempered sunshine, the conditions approximate very closely to those of
spring. This corresponds, I take it, to the *' Indian summer" of
American and other authors. It is marked by a recrudescence of
growth and flowering in many low plants, especially in the case of
those which are of early spring- flowering habits ; and there is also a
marked recrudescence of song on the part of birds which have been
long silent. It would not be surprising if in the case of butterflies,
which require spring-like conditions to call them forth from hibernation,
a certain small proportion of the whole should have the hibernating
instinct so imperfectly developed as to be lured out by the counterfeit
spring. I suggest that this is the explanation of the October examples
referred to by Mr. Turner in his paper referred to above. In the
normal course, had they not been deceived by. fair appearances, I suggest
COLEOPTERA AT FllECKENHAM AND BABTON MILLS AGAIN. 199
that these butterfies would, with the rest of their relatives, have stayed
in hibernatien until the following February or March, when they would
have come forth to feed and to pair, and to oviposit, until by the middle
or end of May they completed tbe span of their existence. Their eggs,
laid in February, March, or April, would mark the first stage of the
succeeding summer — and in my view the only — emergence, which in
Cyprus, apparently, is on the wing as early as the end of May. This,
at any rate, is how 1 should account for Mr. Turner's facts.
The condition of tbe food plant during the summer months has an
important bearing on the question of the single- broodedness or other-
wise of (t. cleopatra. In most of the areas where I have worked the
food plant is lihamnus alatemns — an evergreen. Its period of annual
growth IS short, and in my experience ceases as soon as the sun is
powerful enough to burn up the countryside, say at latest by the end
of June. After that the leaves become hard and dry ; and I should
say they would be utterly impracticable as food for a Pierid larva until
the next period of growth supervened.
So far as I can gather, the lepidopterists who hold that G, cleopatra
produces two or three broods per annum, base their views on the time
of appearance of the butterfly, and on that only. In the case of such
a genus as Gonepterj/x, with its known habits of hibernation, I suggest
that '* time of appearance " is not of itself a sufficiently sound basis on
which to form a conclusion. What we want is evidence of the copula-
tion of butterdies of the summer emergence during say late June or
July, of the deposition of eggs by such butterflies, of the discovery of
such eggs, or of larvae, on the food plant in July or August, or of pupsB
in the late summer or autumn. In other words we want facts ; we
want proof that anything beyond one brood is, or ever has been, pro-
duced. It may be that when we are certified of the facts some new
names will be useful to connote the biological actualities : but I suggest
that until such actualities are established the conferring of names on
unidentifiable insects can only serve to hamper the progress of students
of the living insect, to the detriment of our science.
Coleoptera at Freckenham and Barton Mills again.
By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Having made several successful visits to Freckenham and Barton
Mills [vide Ent, Record 30 28-29 (1918) ; Knt, Mo, Maij, 54 65-56
<1918) ; Ent. Record, 32 158 (1920)] previously, I determined to go
.cigain, and accordingly I spent some five days, from September 29th
last, collecting in that district.
A number of Lycoperdons were collected from both localities and
Irought home. These I have put on damp sand in large glass bowls,
"tied over with muslin, and hope to breed out some of the " puff-ball "
species later on.
At Freckenham several specimens of Coenocara bovistae were taken
crawling on the outside of large puff-balls. FsylUodeH clnysocejfhala
occurred in vast numbers by sweeping a field of turnips in flower, but
unfortunately neither of the two well-marked aberrations were found.
'hi the sand-pits mentioned by me (antea p. 158) before, and where so
many species usually found at the sea-side turned up, Broscus
eephalotes was present, adding to the number of such species.
200 . THIS entomologist's record, .
XantholinuH tricolor, Lathrobium multipunctum j Atjatliidiuin margin:
atumf and Adimonia tanaceti in great abundance, were found in the
sand-pits ; also a specimen of Chryaomela distinifxienda. The best find
however was a nice series of Chrysowela marginata ; this rare species,
which is a new record for Suffolk, was taken in the different sand-pitfl
and also in rabbit-holes by careful and diligent searching. Fowler
gives the British distribution as Southend ; Pegwell Bay ; Swanse&f
Barmouth ; Northumberland ; Cheviots, etc. ; Scotland, Edinburgh,
Enockleith, Braemar, etc. In the supplement we add— Devil's Dyke,
Brighton ; and Cleethorpes, Lines.
At Barton Mills jyi/'/)o</flmia variegata was as abundant on small
fir trees as it was in 1918, and I examined a great number of
specimens, to see if I could add more of the known aberrations to out
list. The following forms occurred : —
(1) Six spots on each elytron and the scutellary spot present; this
appears to be the type form.
(2) One spot on each elytron and scutellary 8pot = ab. /w// on ^s^cr, Weise.
(8) Two spots on each elytron and scutellary spot = ab. quinquema-
culatay F.
(4) Three spots on each elytron and scutellary spot = ab. constellata,
Laich.
(5) Four spots on each elytron and scutellary spot = ab. corfn'niyFoxiTC.
(6) Five spots on each elytron and scutellary spot = ab. w^/Z^er^^, Weise.
(7) Fourth and fifth spots confluent = ab. ditylotnsy Donisthorpe, EnU
i?^c. 30 29 (1918).
Of these seven forms nos. (2) and (6) have not been recorded from
Britain before, as far as I am aware. It is perhaps as well to mention
that 1 have not looked up the original descriptions ; these being the
interpretations given by Gaiiglbauer. It is probable that they will
require revision when this has been done.
A nice series of Anisotona cinnainonea, including some very well
developed ^ J , was swept off long grass in rides between fir trees.
About three o'clock in the afternoon, the sky clouded over, and a fine
drizzle came on, when the first specimen was swept, and the last was
taken about five o'clock. Morley only records this fine species from
Suffolk on the authority of Curtis.
Other species swept at the same time were — a very fine really jet
black example of Jiliizuhius litura, only the tarsi and extreme apex of the
elytra being lighter ; a dark form of Micrasph 22-p}invtata ; I'halacnu
substriatns : (Uibrus corticalis ; and Ap'um rubens, no Rnnuw being
present ; etc. Hoinalota divisa, H. jtarva^ and IL laevana were shaken
out of a dead hedge-bog.
Numerous other common species were taken or noted, which it is
unnecessary to mention here.
The Rhopalocera of the Bangalore District, India.
By T. 11. L. GHOSVENOK.
Having been asked by the Editor of the KntomoloyisV s Hecord to
give an account of the Lepidoptera met with during the course of my
wanderings since August, 1914, I will do my best to comply, but am.
afraid that these notes will leave a lot to be desired, as army life does.
not lend itself to Entomology. Of course I know the old saying that
THE BHOPALOOBBA OF THE BANOALORE DISTRICT, INDIA. ^1
' work interferes with entomology give up the work, and althongh
aite willing to carry out this precept, each battalion has a treasured
ossession in the person of the Sergeant Major, who prefers a long
arade state to a long series.
In .many ways I was fortunate, especially in my Colonel, who
3adily granted many little privileges, which enabled me to obtain
pecies that without his goodwill I should never have taken. In other
^ays I was unfortunate, as when I had made arrangements to apply
>r leave to go on long journeys, something always occurred to prevent
ly going; for instance, in 1917 I was going to Lahoul to try for
^aniassius and other Palaearctics that occur in great number in that
3inote region. The Mahsuds started raiding on the Dera Jat
rentier, and the Government deciding on punitive measures, my
attalion was ordered to Waziristan.
In 1919, thinking everything: quiet, I decided to apply for leave to
o to Northern Sikkim to see if Armandia Udderdalii and ? Teino-
alpus iinft/n-ialis were to be found, but the Amritsar riots, and Afghan
rar, called me elsewhere; yet as I am not writing an account of
rentier warfare I will return to August, 1914, when I joined the
iondon Cyclists, and in accordance with the scheme of coast defence,
7e were ordered to the south coast ; after a few months here we were
Qoved to the Norfolk coast, when one day orders were issued to band
n our cycles, and we were hurriedly moved to Chisledon Camp en
'OHte for East Africa, but after being there for several weeks these
)rders were cancelled, and we were sent to Devonport and shipped on
x)ard the H.M.T.S. ** Ceramic " for an unknown destination, but the
iays at sea passed without our landing at any of the theatres of war,
ind we reached Port Said, where two visitors came on board, viz,, a
loopoe and our old friend Pyramei$cardui. Finally on February 28th,
L916, we landed at Bombay, and immediately entrained to Bangalore.
To one landing in India for the first time, the journey through the
Western Ghats is very deceptive, as one immediately fancies this very
>€antiful range of hills to be typical of India, but one soon learns that
his is the exception. I did not get an opportunity of collecting in
fais part of the Peninsula, and judging from the varied and tropical
'egetation, it should be a most productive collecting ground. Butter-
lies were swarming along the railway banks, but beyond a few common
pecies, I could not identify them, which was perhaps as well for my
^ace of mind. After three days in the train we arrived at Bangalore,
"Ut still I had to restrain my enthusiasm, a15 every regiment arriving
^ the country has to be in quarantine for a period of 14 days, at the
^piration of this time I started entomology whenever I could manage
^ obtain any spare time. Thursdays were anxiously looked forward
^ as this day is a holiday for all troops in India, and the following
otes show the results obtained.
Menelaides {Papilio) hector, — Abundant everywhere, especially in a
tiQali sandal wood plantation at the back of the Hebbal rifle ranges,
apparently continuously brooded, as from March to December they
^©re always to be found in every possible condition. This was the
^xAy Papilio 1 found of which both sexes were commonly taken. For
^veral weeks I despaired of ever being able to take this striking
t>titterfly, but finally I found they could be taken in any number
between the hours of 4 to 6 p.m., when they cease flying high and
\
202 THE entomologist's rbgobd.
settle on a small green daisy-like flower ; they may then be taken
without a net ; at the approach of dusk they settle tor the night
usually in small colonies of 5 or 6, and apparently return to the same
tree each evening. I watched one for over a fortnight, having
selected it for observation on account of a crippled hindwing, so that
there was no chance of mistaking it. One afternoon I saw this insect
at the farther side of the plantation at least a mile away, but it came
back to its usual tree for the night ; on several occasions I found the
pupa attached to twigs or small branches of various bushes^ but failed
to find the larva.
Menelaides {Papilio) aristolochiae, — Not nearly so abundant in the
Bangalore district as Z-*. hector, but in the Central Provinces it is in
great numbers, and there replaces P, hector. Whilst travelling north
I saw it in hundreds flying round the trees, preparatory to settling for
the night. The larvae were fairly plentiful round Bangalore feeding
on a species of Aristolochia, but I only managed to breed a few, the
majority being ichneumoned, which perhaps accounts for its being so
uncommon in this district.
Papilio demoleus, — Very abundant but very fast on the wing and
difficult to obtain in good condition, but as the larvas and pupas may
be found in numbers on orange and allied species of shrubs, and are
easily reared in captivity, one need not worry about the imagines.
This butterfly is gregarious at night, and when their headquarters are
found they will be seen by dozens, usually 8 or 4 sitting on a grass
culm. They always frequent the same spot at night and apparently
come from long distances to a selected locality, which will only extend
for a few yards ; outside this area not a single specimen will be seen,
until one comes to the next roosting ground perhaps 3 or 4 miles
away. I only found four of these spots in the Bangalore district in a
radius of about 10 miles, it seems impossible to assign a reason for
this excessive local tendency at night, as in the course of a ramble
hundreds of similar spots will be noticed. Of course, this nightly
gathering is general among the Papilios, but in no other species is it
carried to such extremes.
Iliades (Papilio) polynniestor, — Very scarce ; I only managed to
take a single J, and only saw. three others; it flies very high
and swiftly.
Laertias (Papilio) poli/tes. — Perhaps the most general and abundant
species of the Indian Papilios. The male is to be seen everywhere,
but the interesting polymorphic female is very difficult to find, as it
seldom if ever flies in the open, and has to be searched for in dense
bushes, and when found is generally torn to rags. By hard work
I was rewarded by three forms in perfect condition.
(1) Resembling the S but considerably larger.
(2) Mimicking P, hector.
(8) Mimicking P, aristolochiae.
It is difficult to see what advantage is gained by Mimicry, as the
habits of polytes, hector and aristolocJdae are entirely different, and one
never has the slightest doubt as to which species one sees, although so
closely resembling one another in colour and markings. It certainly
does not protect poUjtes, as 1 have on several occasions seen the King
Crow (Dicrurus ater) not only attack, but eat it. The prevailing form
is that resembling aristolochiae.
THB RHOPALOCEBA OF THE BANGALORE DISTRICT, INDIA. 208
Pathysa (PapUio) nomius, — Very scarce. I only saw a single male
which I took at a puddle of dirty water.
Zetites (Papilio) agamemnon, — Not very abundant, and difficult to
obtain, as it flies very high and when feeding chooses the top blooms
of the highest Lantana bushes.
This brings to an end the list of Papilios that I obtained in
the Bangalore district, I of course took several other species in different
parts of India, but as Kipling says *' that i? another story."
Nychitona (Leptosia) xiphia, — I only saw a single male of this
delicate little insect, although I made a careful search in the district
where I obtained my only specimen.
Delias eucharis. Generally scarce, only 2 or 8 seen in June when
it was very wasted.
Anaphaeis mesentina. — By far the most abundant butterfly in India.
The larvse are to be found by thousands on a small thorny bush of
which I do not know the name. I think my record for numbers was
a branch slightly under 18 inches in length with Ave side shoots each
slightly under 6 inches, which had 64 pupae attached to it. This was
in the Punjab, where generally it is more abundant than in the South.
In 1918 I collected many thousands of these pupae and bred a most
variable series, the females especially ranging in colour on the under-
side of the secondaries from a deep orange to buff and creamy white ;
but I never had the pleasure of setting this series, as the worst enemy
of the entomologist in India attacked the three large cigar boxes in
which they were, and in less than a week they had cleared every
butterfly out. This enemy is a very small almost transparent ant,
which believes in the German method of attack in mass formation with
thousands in reserve, and will absolutely ruin a box of insects in a
few hours. The method I used finally to keep these pests away was to
get a tray of paraffin, stand a tin in the centre of this and then place
my box of butterflies on the top. By this method I was able to keep
the ants away and to a lesser degree the small beetles that are also
very destructive. This species has 8 or 4 broods per annum, but the
larvae are never so abundant as in May. I could not find any trace of
seasonal dimorphism, the wet season producing a form that could be
readily matched in the dry season.
Pieris canidia, — Local and scarce in the Bangalore district, by no
means a well marked form and showing little variation.
Ixias pyrene and 1. maiianne. — Both common and generally dis-
tributed in bushy country ; difficult to net owing to their habits of
flying through thorny bushes.
Catopsilia crocale, 6'. pyranthe and 0, fiorella, — All three very
^hundant and much given to migration. In June, 1916, I noticed a
^Xiigration which lasted three days and was composed mainly of
C. pyranthe with smaller numbers of the other Cato}mlia species.
J?hey were all travelling from east to west across an area north and
South of not more than 1^ miles ; outside this belt very few were to
V>e seen, during these three days many hundreds of thousands must
have passed. So conspicuous, even to non-entomologists was the
Continuous passing of these butterflies that nearly every man in the
Camp passed some remark about them. There was a slight breeze
blowing from the S.W. so that they were travelling practically against
the wind. They did not stop at any blooms or even puddles of dirty
204 THE UNTOMOLOaiST'S RECORD.
water, which in the ordinary course of events are a certain attraction,
and it is a common sight to see dozens of Catopsilia, especially C,
crocale, and I am not exaggerating when I say, scores of Te^iai
swarming over a patch of wet mud. At the end of three days this
migration ceased, and the Catopsilias behaved in a normal fashion,
and did not seem to be increased or decreased in numbers. During
the migration the hours of flight were from sunrise to sunset, and
during these hours the kites, and mynahs levied very heavy toll, while
after dusk the mongooses carried on the work so that the ground was
covered with wings.
Terias libytheay T. hecahe and T. sari, — Were generally abundant,
but I will not say anything about these, beyond that I took a long
series, for so far they have beaten me in the matter of identification,
as they vary to a considerable extent, especially T, hecabe, so that one
species overlaps the other, and until I get time to examine the
genitalia, I should not like to give a definite opinion as to which is
which. The other species, T. laeta, was rare, but is easily identified by
the different shape of the primaries.
Colotis amata. — Generally scarce. I only saw about half-a-dozen,
and these were restricted to a compound with a piece of rough ground.
Colotis eucharis,, — This beautiful little insect was abundant on the
plains and was very conspicuous on the wing, its favourite localities
being barren country with a few thin blades of grass. It is apparently
single brooded but is on the wing for a considerable period, viz., from
early July to middle of September. Daring this period they may be
found in every possible condition.
Hobomoia glaiicippe race australis, — Generally common flying
swiftly round the tops of mango trees, but I was only able to secure a
single male.
Fareronia hijrpia, — A single male only seen flying in a small wood.
Cyaniris piispa, — A few males only taken in a small wood.
Generally, with a few exceptions, I found the Lycaenids scarce in the
Bangalore district. I believe them to be more abundant in the hills
round, but as I did not get an opportunity to go more than 10 miles
from barracks, I was not able to sample that country, and could only
look on the distant hills with envy.
Zizera waha and Z, fjaika, — Both species fairly abundant on the
surrounding plains.
Azanus ubaldus and A, vranus, — Fairly plentiful in the district,
although I spent considerable time working the LycsBuids I could not
find any variation, compared with that in the British species.
Talicada nyseiis. — Scarce. I only saw 3 or 4 males.
Lawpides bochus, — This beautiful little butterfly, which rivals the
Morphos in colour if not in size, was very abundant in July flying
round acacia bloom, but difficult to obtain in good condition.
Lampides celeno, — Abundant on any small flowers.
Catochrysops atrabo and C, cnejns, — Both abundant.
Tarucus theophra&tna ? — Very abundant in restricted areas flyio?
round and settling on Zisijilms jubata ; it was most abundant on the
parade ground of Baird Barracks. I am very doubtful as to the
identity of this insect, as in northern India I found another butterfly
similar in appearance but averaging at least 2 mm. larger in expanse*
Also the coloration of the male of the latter is similar to that of
THE KHOPALOCEBA OF THB BANOALOKB DISTRICT, INDIA. 205
British Polyommatns icants, and the markings on the underside blackish,
whereas the Bangalore males are lilac with underside markings
reddish-brown. The females from both north and south are somewhat
isimilar, but the northern race is considerably larger. I have a fairly
long series of both, and after labelling I mixed both races indiscrimin-
ately and then sorted them without reference to the data, and found I
had not the slightest difiBculty in di£ferentiating the two races ; this I
•did without hesitation and without a single error. I have not yet
-examined the genitalia, and if they do not prove to be distinct species,
they are at least well marked races, and more worthy of a name than
some of the lopal races, which have acquired them for some reason
best known to the person who named them. I have several of both of
these races to spare and if any entomologist is interested in the genus
TariicHs I shall be pleased to hand them over.
Castalius rosinwn, — Very local and not common. I only found
about a dozen in a small sandalwood plantation at the back of Hebal
ranges.
Polyommatus boetieus. — Abundant everywhere. This was perhaps
the most plentiful LycsBuid.
Curetis thetu. — Abundant in wooded country. Although most
•conspicuous on the wing, with the bright copper colour shining in the
sun, when settled on a leaf it becomes almost invisible, the reflected
glare of the sun on the leaves harmonising with the silvery white
underside.
Iraota maecenaa, — I never saw this insect on the wing ; the two
males that I have were taken, one larva and one pupa, on a trunk of
a very large banyan tree.
Badamia exclamationu. — Very abundant on flowers, especially on
acacia blooms. Hesperiidae generally were very scarce and I regret to
say the few I have taken are not yet identified.
Danaida plexippus. — Generally distributed, but tending to be
gregarious ; when one came across one others would be certain to be
found in the near neighbourhood. It was not found in the open like
D. chrysipiniSy but was generally found in woods or bushy country. At
night they collected together with Z>. limniace, Euploea core, and E,
coreta, and these four species could be found in hundreds in low
branches of trees.
Danaida chrysippus. — Very abundant everywhere from S. India to
Afghanistan and Waziristan, and is practically the only butterfly I
-observed in the latter country. It is apparently continuously brooded,
as imagines can be seen from Jan. 1st. to Dec. dlst., also ova,
larvaB, and pupaB can always be found together, whenever one takes
the trouble to look for them.
Danaida limniace, — Abundant in wooded country and like chryi^ippiis
apparently continuously brooded.
Euploea core. — Abundant in woods all through India.
Euploea coreta. — Apparently abundant in the Bangalore district,
but unfortunately I did not recognise the fact that I had taken a distinct
.species until my return to England, but as at least half the Euploeas
taken in this district are this species, it must be equally common.
Mycalesis perseus. — Common in the ricefields.
Melanitis ismene. — Abundant in the ricefields, I could not
•distinguish any difference between the wet and dry reason forms, for
206 THE entomologist's record.
one thing it is difficult to take two alike, and the alleged dry season^
form occurs commonly in the wet season and vice versa,
Charaxes fabius, — Apparently of rare occurrence, I only observed a
single specimen.
Eulepis athamas, — Fairly common, but very local, I only found
one small district where it could be found, and generally congregated
on a single Lantana bush, although this plant was growing everywhere.
Euthalia garuda. — Generally common, it was particularly fond of
sitting on wet mud at the edge of a tank or stream.
Athyma perius, — Not common, I only saw a few odd specimens
at Hebal.
Cyrestis thyodamus. — A single specimen seen.
Junonia iphitay J, lenionias, J, orithyuy J, hierta, and J, almana. —
All common and generally distributed ; very fond of sunning them-
selves on hot stones.
Pyrameis cardni. — Odd examples everywhere.
Hypolimnas holina, — Very abundant especially in September*
Hypolwmas misippus, — Abundant. The female, although closely
resembling chrysippus, cannot be mistaken on the wing, owing to the
latter flying in the open, misippus female never leaves the vicinity of
bushes and is given to flying through them. The female is not often
seen although the male can be seen in hundreds.
Atella phalantha. — Very abundant everywhere from June to
September.
Telchinia violae, — Very abundant in moist woods. I was fortunate
in taking a rather nice aberration of this species, the spots of which
are joined together forming a black discal blotch.
This, I think, completes the list of butterflies taken in Bangalore,
a total of 60 species, I do not pretend that this by any means exhausts-
the resources of the district, as my time was limited and facilities for
visiting some of the more promising districts were wanting. I
feel confident that if some of the hilly and jungle districts were'
visited this list would seem a very meagre one.
j^CIENTIFIG NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Life History of Gastroidea viridula, De. G. — 1920. May 29M.
— Walked to Challacombe (1570 feet above sea level) about 6 miles
south of Lynton (N. Devon). Hundreds of G. viridula $ and ^< oH'
leaves of Hnmex obiusifolius (Common Dock) and on underside of leaves*
thousands of eggs.
Eggs. — Are 1mm. long x 'Smm. wide, bright yellow in colour and
very conspicuous. Laid in irregular clusters in two or three places on-
underside of leaf : sometimes' as few as 15 and as many as 60 in a
bunch.
May dlst. — Small dark spot appeared at one end of the Qgg,
June Ist. — Dark spots appeared all over and hairs appeared to be
growing through shell of egg.
June 2nd. — Larva emerged : ate portion of egg-shell.
Larvae. — June 2ndf 1st day. — Larvae are grey with black heads.
Ju7ie Srd, 2nd day. — Larvae are black all over, with 6 4-jointed
legs and 2 knobs for antennae. Commenced to feed at night, biting tr
round hole on underside of leaf.
, NOTES ON COLLECTING. 207
Jnne 4«A, 3rd day. — First moult. Larvae now 2mm. long. Leaf
eaten right through. They can erect and propel themselves by means
of a tubercle at base of last segment.
June 11th, — They are now 4 mm. long and thicker in body.
June l^th, — They are now 7 mm. long and drop to ground
to pupate.
Pup^. — I was curious to find out whether the larvse would pupate
on the leaf like the 2-spot Ladybird (Adalia bipunctata), but not one
could I find — all had dropped to earth.
July Qth, — Three imagines emerged.
July 1th. — Five imagines emerged.
July dth, — Dug up and sifted out all the earth, but only one pupa
to be found. This one had no outer-casing, but the larva had made
a smooih circular cell — pupa is bright yellow in colour ; wings or
wing cases (undeveloped as yet) plainly to be seen, also antennasr
Pupa 6 mm. long. Several bristly hairs on head and abdomen.
July dth, — Six or seven imagines in breeding cage.
Imagines. — The perfect insect is so well known that it needs no
description. Gastroidea is no doubt a good name for the insect, but
it does not become " pot-bellied " until after copulation.
I hope next year to work out the Life-history of Chrysomela
fastuosa. The larva feeds on the hemp nettle and is found at the
same place. — R. Beck, Barnstaple, dth (Jet., 1920.
r^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
A Breeding Result. — Referring to my previous letter under this
heading (p. 100), the second alternative suggested by a correspondent
in the October number (p. 192), eventually proved to be the solution of
the matter.
That the A. alni pupa must be somewhere in the piece of cork,
naturally occurred to my mind at the time, but as there appeared upon
inspection to be no apparent aperture or means of exit, the idea was
dismissed.
A week or two later, happening again to come across the piece of
cork, I started to cut carefully into it at what appeared to be a perfectly
natural crack or fissure in the cork, and some distance in I came to the
empty pupa case in a comparatively large cavity, hollowed out to the
exact size and shape of the pupa, the empty case of which filled it
perfectly.
That it was possible for the imago to emerge through the extra-
ordinarily small aperture in the face of the cork, and for the larva to
have bored out the shaped cavity inside, without leaving a larger and
more apparent opening, is certainly wonderful. — R. Barnard Cruick-
SHANK, Alverstoke.
Notes on Collecting in Italy (1918 and 1919). — {Continued from
paye 100). — Appalingly hot weather throughout June, 1919, in the
Turin District, in addition to my military duties, made collecting
sometimes a work of difficulty, however, the following list of species
captured by me in the district will perhaps be interesting. To economise
space I use the following abbreviations, viz,, R. = Rivoli, a short and
pleasant trip by electric train from the ^tazione Porta Suga ; T. = the
208 THE entomologist's record.
immediate environs of Turin including the Valentino Gardens, along
the Itiver Po ; S. = Sassi ; St. = Stupinigi Wood.
Rhopalocera. — Papilio machaon^ T., St., Aporia crataegiy R., Pieris
rapae, St., P. napi, R., St., LejJtosia sinapis, R., St., S., Colias hyaU^
R., Gonepteryx rliamni^ R., St., S., Dryas pajMa, St., S., ArgynnU
aglaitty St., A. vydippe (adippe), St., A, niohe, St., Issoria lathonia, R.,
St., BrentJds selene, St., i^. rfi'a, R., St., S., Melitaea didyma, R., M.
athalia, R., St., S., Vanessa io, St., Eugonia polychloros, R., Bt., PoZy-
^0M?a c-albnm, R., St., S., Apatura ilia ab. «os, St., Linienitis Camilla^ R.,
L. sihilla, St., Pararge aegeria, R., S., P. niegera, S., P. achine, St.,
Enodia dryas, St., Ejnnephele jurtina^ R., St., S., Aphantopus hyper-
antus, St., Coenonymjiha arcania, R., C\ pamphilus, R., 6\ doriliiy
St., Melanargia galathea (var. procida)^ St., R., Rumicia pldaeas, St.,
S., Cupido mhiima, R., (7. sebrus, R., St., Celastrina argiolus, S., PoZy-
ommaUts semiargus (acts), R., Agriades thetis (bellargus), R., P. tcarw«
{alexis), R., Callophtys rubi, R,, Chattendenia iv-albian, St., Nordmannia
ilicis, St., Augiades sylvanuSj St., Adopaea flava, St., S.
I wish here to correct the mis-statement that I made previously in
this magazine, pages 170, 172, and onwards of vol. 31, that I captured
Strymon pruni at Arquata Scrivia.
I never captured 6'. pruni, nor saw it during the whole of my two
years' collecting m Northern Italy — with apologies to your readers, I
quite mistook the species owing to the absence of English illustrations
at the time.
Heterocera. — Amorpha popuh\ T., Macroglossa stellatarum, T.,
Zygaena filipendulae, S., Z. carniolica, S., Synfomis phegea, St., S.,
Pterostoma palpina, T., Apatela aceris, T., Cucidlia verbasci, T.,
Agrophila trabealis, T.y GranDiiodes algira, T., Angerona prunaHa, T.»
Toxocampa lusoria, T.
During June I recognised forty-eight species of plants in blosson^-
in Turin and at Rivoli.
Coleopteba. — Copris UmaHs^ R., THchodes apiarius, R., Chrysowdi
me^ithastn^ R., Clythra laeviuscula, R., Leptura haatata, St., Cantha
rufa, St., Polyphylla fidlo, T., Purpnricenus koehleri, S.
Odonata. — Libellida depressa, T., St., Cordulegaster annulatus, St.^
Goniphiis vidgatissiiHits, St., Calopteryx virgo, St., C\ splendens, St.
Hymenoptera. — Ammophila heydeni, St., Bornbiis lapidarius, R.^
Anthophora acervormn, R.
Rhynchota. — Beduvius personatHS, R., Graphosouia lineata^ S.
DiPTERA. — Asiliis dasipogon, R., Tipida gigantea, R., Volucella
inflata, St., Myiatropa Jiorea, St.
Orthoptera. — Locusta riridissima, T., Forficida auricidaria, St
(To be continued,) — Lieut. E. B. Ashby, F.E.S., 36, Bulstrode Road,
Hounslow.
Rosalia alpina at Chichester. — A fine specimen of this handsome
Longicorn beetle was taken in a garden not far from my home. It is
a male and was identified for me by my friend Mr. Guermonprez, of
Bognor, who gave me the following particulars : — " As a larva it is
said to live on the decayed wood of copper beech trees, and is found in
South Sweden, through Germany and France to Italy, Hungary and
Turkey." — Joseph Anderson, Chichester.
OURRBNT NOTES. 209^
Lytta vesioatoria at Chichester. — Several specimens of Jjytta
vesicatoria were noticed here daring July. One of them in ray
possession deposited a quantity of eggs, which 1 sent to be reared by
Mr. Gaermonprez of Bognor. — Id.
Sibex gigas at Chichester. —One of these Giant Sawflies was
taken in our neighbour's (the Misses Jarman) conservatory on August^
18th last.— Id.
A Ramble in a Mansfield Wood. — October 7th being a splendid-
day, the sun shining with great force, a regular treat at this time of
the year, I paid a visit to my favourite wood in quest of two species of
Lepidoptera, Oporahia dilutata and Hibernia defoliaria, which generally
occur in plenty with some good local forms, bat I only took one of the
latter and two of the former. When I visited the same wood in spring^
there were thousands of young larvae of the common species found in
woods ; I did not trouble to collect any then, intending to get some
later on, when nearer full grown to save trouble of feeding up. But
on paying a visit later I did not get above a dozen larvsB, and most of
these were stung. There had been a fortnight's bad weather and very
heavy rain storms, which had no doubfc washed the young larvas off
their food plants. C1ie.imatoi)hila hyemaiia was common, but late.
I had not got very far into the wood when my attention was taken up
by the mad flight of two moths round the top of a birch tree, and I
saw at once that they were specimens of Brephos parthenias. They
reminded me of the antics of moths flying around gas and electric
lights at night. They were out of reach of the net, but suddenly one
made a nose dive to earth similar to an aeroplane, did not settle but
again mounted up and flew around the tree. Shortly after they both
went away over the tops of the trees. One came down just out of
reach but near enough to make sure that it was H, parthenias. The
species is common in the wood in March and April, but in my sixty
years of collecting this is the only occasion on which I have seen the
species in Autumn. — William Daws, 39, Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
t The Annual Exhibition of Varieties promoted by the South
London Entomological Society is usually a feature of the winter
session and there has been for many years a large gathering of
followers of the '* net and pin." The Meeting will take place this
year on the evening of November 26th at 7 o'clock, and already
promises of varied exhibits have been made. It is understood that
^e genus Peronea will be again to the fore, there will be a collection
of butterflies made this year in rhe Pyrenees shown, a considerable
Jinmber of forms of European species and species closely allied from
lit the Asiatic portion of the Palaearctic Region will be on view, some--
'■,% ^Interesting items in the life-histories of insects found in the S. of
itt * ranee this year, and numerous breeding results have also been
lij promised. Visitors and friends are cordially invited to be present and
tte Council would be pleased to have exhibits from those who attend.
. The Mosquito Investigation Committee of the South-Eastern
Union of Scientific Societies have just issued, with the assistance of a
210 THE ENTOMOLOaiST*S RECORD.
grant from tbe Ministry of Health, a comprehensive circular containing
an account of tbe British mosquito Anopheles pltunbeus so far as known,
particularly the further details of its life-history and of its distribution
in the British Island, which it is desirably should be more thoroughly
investigated and known. There are figures of the structure of the
species as an aid to its identification and of the peculiar habitat in
which it breeds. This last is in the rot-holes in the trees, either in
the trunks themselves or in the water holes often found among the
exposed roots at the base of large trees such as beech, elm, sycamore.
Entomologists are earnestly requested to get all tbe facts they can and
report to the Secretary of tbe Committee,, the Rev. T. W. Oswald-
Hicks, B.A., "Lesware," Linden Road, London, N. 15, who will send
copies of the circular and any further particulars helpers may require.
The Entomological Society of London is increasing its number of
Fellows by leaps and bounds. At a recent meeting no fewer than
twenty-one were elected. These came from all over the world. In
fact the prestige of tbe Society is now so great that all who wish to
keep apace with what advance is being made in entomological science
cannot afford to stand aloof.
Coupled with the rapid increase in its membership is the fact that
at last the Society has obtained a permanent home. A large freehold
residence near the S. Kensington Museum (Nat. Hist.) has been
purchased and in due course the Society will enter into these new
premises. An initial amount of £10,000 was asked for to be made up
by donations and loans, and a greater part of this has already come in,
suflBcient, we understand, to more than pay the purchase price.
However, a very considerable outlay will be needed before the Society
<}an hold its meetings there, and to defray the expenses of the necessary
fitments it is hoped that every Fellow will forward his contribution at
the earliest possible.
In their new quarters the Society will have ample room to make
the Library much more usable than it is at present with the congested
book- cases at Chandos St. Since tbe Library is a very extensive one
it is necessary that it should be disposed in such a way as to render it
iLvailable for research with the least amount of trouble. This is ail
the more necessary as a portion of the premises, not at present required
for the purposes of the Entomological Society, will be occupied by the
recently formed Imperial Bureau of Economic Entomology, whose
staff will thus have a very considerable amount of literature close at
hand for any urgent matters of research.
We hear that the Society is the only Entomological body in the
world with its own freehold premises. This has long been a desire of
flome of the older Fellows to whom must be a great gratification to see
their wishes fulfilled. The thanks of all the Fellows are due to the
persistent efforts of the present Council and particularly to its Hon-
Treasurer, Mr. W. G. Sheldon, whose marshalling of the finances of
the Society has been so successful as to bring about the realisation of
the aim, which a few years ago was thought to be quite impossible.
In the Canadian Entomolofjut for August is an article on a matter
which is always a subject of divergent views, entitled <' Remarks on tbe
Basic Plan of the Terminal Abdominal Structures of the Males ot
Winged Insects," and illustrated by a series of explanatory diagrams.
The Rev, Mens, Xamiir,, July to September, contains some impor*
SOCIETIES. 211
tant articles, one on the variation shown in Polyploca ridens and with
its various named forms, another discussing at length the adrasta
forms of Pararge maera^ and another on the genus Acronicta dealing
with the three species most closely resemhling each other A. psi, A.
-cuspis and A. tridens.
The Report and Trans, of the Cardiff Nat, Socy. for 1918 has
recently come to hand. It contains the usual annual local records
and the reports of the doings of the various sections, together with
three original papers read during the year, of which one is entomo-
logical. ** The Diptera of Glamorgan," by Colonel J. W. Yerbury,
R.A., F.Z.S., F.E.S., is a most important memoir of 32 pages, mainly
the results of the author's personal efforts, to which a few records
have been added by Mr. H. \V. Andrews. Dates and localities are
given and in many cases short notes are added. About 650 species are
included.
We have received a long and interesting communication from
Major P. P. Graves, F.E.S., giving an account of his recent collecting
in the Eastern area with many interesting remarks on Smyrna and
Brussa. Dr. Verity is also sending an article dealing with the common
Zygaenid Z, Jilipendulae and its various forms and local races.
Signor Orazio Querci has promised to give us a note on the collecting
done by his wife and daughter during the past season in Calabria and
at Garfagnana. In the December number we hope to give the final
portion of the supplement which was commenced many months ago
on Hubner's Verzeic/miss,
Can anyone help our colleague the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows with
Psychides ? At present he is particularly in want of specimens of
Luffia lapidella. We were recently looking over his collection of
imagines, cases and microscopical mounts and find that there are still
ii number of desiderata. It may be mentioned that the whole of the
specimens will eventually be placed in the cabinets of the British
Museum. Will readers on the continent please note.
The Transactions of the London Natural History Society (late City
and North London) for 1919 has recently been published. It is a
modest volume, as all annuals have to be now, nevertheless it is a
useful record of the year's exhibits, reports of the various sections,
abstracts of papers read, and several papers are printed in full. One of
the latter was an extremely interesting summary of what is known on
the "Wing Colour in Butterflies and Moths.'* This was read as an
Annual Address by the President, Dr. Cockayne, F.E.S. Another was
^'Parallelism in Variation in Butterflies," by H. B. Williams, LL.B.,
F.E.S. Among the abstracts of papers are paragraphs dealing with
** The Oak and its Insects," by Messrs. Bishop, Bowman, and Hall.
There are several obituaries.
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
April 7th, 1920. — Death of a Fellow. — The death was announced
of the Eev. Stephen Henry Gorham, the oldest Fellow of the Society,
who joined it as far back as 1855.
Election op Fellows. — Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, Indian Forest Service,
212 THK entoaiologist's record.
Forest Eecorder Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P., India; Capt. Bushell,
Imperial Bureau of Entomology, Natural History Museum, S. Kensing-
ton, S.W. 7 ; Major H. C. Gunton. M.B.E., Hobart, Gerrard's Cross,
Bucks; Messrs. Owen Huth-Walters, M.A., Knoll Cottage, Uflford,
Woodbridge, Suffolk ; Percy I. Lathy, Curator to Mme. Horrack-
Fournier, 90, Boulevard Malesherbs, and 70, Boulevard August-
Blanqui, Paris ; and Prof. Benedicto Eaymundo, Director of the
Museum of the Agricultural Society of Rio di Janeiro, 76, rua Senador
Alencar, Rio di Janeiro, Brazil, were elected fellows of the Society.
Rare British Beetle. — Mr. Bedwell exhibited a specimen of the
beetle Otiorrhynchns Ihjustici, L., taken near Ventnor, one of the rarest
of the British weevils, of which there has been no recent record.
Fluorescence in Lepidoptera. — Drs. J. C. Mottram, F.Z.S., and
E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., gave a demonstration of fluorescence
in Lepidoptera by ultra-violet radiation. In view of the interest which
physicists have taken in the brilliant coloration of many birds and
insects in an endeavour to explain them on a physical basis, it occurred
to us that an examination in ultra-violet radiatipji would go far to
decide whether or no fluorescence played any part in these brilliant
colours. A number of representative British and Tropical Lycaenidaej
some Pyrales which showed a mother-of-pearl iridescence, etc., were
examined, but none of these showed any fluorescence. Most of the
British moths and a large number of Tropical butterflies and moths
belonging to widely different groups had been examined, but only a
very small proportion proved to be fluorescent. The glistening yellow
hindwings of Troides [Ornithoptera) lielena and 7'. darsius, Gray, were
very fluorescent, as were the yellow markings of 2\ Jialipkron and T.
rewus. The duller yellow of the females was less fluorescent than that
of the males. The yellow on the abdomen of the males of T, alexandracj
T. poseidoHy T. arvilleana^ Gu^r., and 1\ croesHs, Wall., and the thin
yellow areas on the hindwings of the last-named species were fluores-
cent, but the other brightly coloured portions were non- fluorescent.
Other fluorescent species were Opisthoyraptis luteolata, Dup., Scona
lineata. Scop, {dealbata, L.), Aspilates gilvaria, F., Ourapteryx
samhucaria^ L., Hepialiis hunndiylj, (male), Hylophila bicolorana, Fnesl
(white hindwings), Ilalias prasinana (white hindwings of female),
Cyaniris aryiohis, L. (undersides slightly fluorescent). It is interesting
that the white males of H. hamuli from the Shetlands are much less flu-
orescent than English ones, those with red markings on a white ground
only very sliightly fluorescent, and those coloured like females are non-
fluorescent. It is so light when the males fly in the Shetlands, that
the white coloration and fluorescence are not of much use. In the
case of the Geometers both sexes are equally fluorescent. All are
light-coloured and therefore conspicuous on the wing at dusk, and
their fluorescence must add to their visibility.
Epping Forest. — The Secretary read a letter from the Essex Field
Club protesting against a Parliamentary Bill for the permanent aliena-
tion of parts of Wanstead Flats and Epping Forest for allotments, and
on his motion, seconded by Lord Rothschild, it was unanimously
resolved to send a letter in similar terms to the Prime Minister, and
others who might be interested in supporting the protest.
May 5th, — Special Meeting. — The Requisition of the Special
SOOIETIES. 218
Meeting signed by the President and six other members of the Gouncil,
was read from the Chair.
Mr. Bethune-Baker proposed that the suggested alterations in the
Bye-laws be received — seconded by Lord Rothschild and carried. The
suggested alterations were then put separately before the meeting from
the Chair.
Ordinary Meeting. — Election of Fellows. — Mons. F. le Cerf,
Curator of the Lepidoptera in the Paris Museum, 18, rue Guy de la
Brosse, Paris ; Miss Alice Ellen Prout, Lane End, Hambledon, Surrey ;
and Messrs. W. H. Tams, 8, Whitla Road, Manor Park, E. 12, and
Alfred E. Tonge, Ashville, Trafiford Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire,
were elected Fellows of the Society.
Ztgaenas of the transalpina group. — Lord Rothschild exhibited a
long series of Zygaenas of the transalpina group together with a series
of Z. ephialtes showing parallel variation, and Mr. Bethune-Baker in
illustration exhibited with the epidiascope a number of slides showing
the differences in the genital armature of the various species.
A method of collecting and storing Insects, etc., fixed to leaves,
without pressure. — Mr. C. B. Williams showed the following method :
— A small round shallow pill-box, with or without a glass lid, is taken
and the inner cardboard ring separated from the rest of the box. For
collecting the lid of the box with this inner ring in it are placed over
the specimen on the leaf and the rest of the box beneath. On pressing
the two halves of the box together the leaf with the specimen on it is
pressed to the bottom of the box, where it is protected and kept into
position by the cardboard ring, which is pushed back into its original
position.
New and little-known Australun Insects. — Mr. Denquet, who
was present as a visitor, exhibited a number of Australian insects of
various orders, many of which were still undescribed and unnamed.
The South London Entomological Society.
July 22nd. — A Bat Parasite. — The President exhibited Cimex pipi-
strellus, a Hemipteron infesting the bat.
Indian Lepidoptera. — Mr. Turner, a box of Lepidoptera collected
by Mr. Grosvenor chiefly at Bangalore, India.
A curious experience. — Mr. Priske, recorded that in five of six
traps set in Richmond Park for Coleoptera, five species of Necrophorus
were caught, a different species in each trap, the sixth trap contained
two species of Silpha.
Seasonal Notes: failure to breed P. livornica. — Mr. Newman.
an alien plant Bupleurum fruticosum, growing in abundance near
Darenth. He also reported non-success in getting the larvae of Phryxus
livornica to pupate, abundance of Argynnis aglaia, fair numbers of
Plebeius aegon, the apparent disappearance of Melanargia galathea from
W. Kent, and that nearly everything in captivity was making a second
brood.
August \2th, — Decease of W. West (of Greenwich). — The death
of Mr. W* West (of Greenwich), on July 30th, was announced. He
214 THE entomologist's rkoord.
was one of the original members of the Society in 1872, and the Hono-
rary Curator from the beginning.
French captures. — Mr. H. Main exhibited from the S. of France,
larvsB of Ascalaphus sp., Euvanessa antiopuy Papilio alexanor, P, poda-
liriiiSf and Myrmelion sp., with ova of Parnassius apollo and Mantis
religiosa, with parasites of the latter.
A LOCAL COCKROACH. — Mr. Priske, the cockroach Ectobia perspicil
larisf with its egg cases and the larva of Mtcrodon sp. (Dip.) from an
ant's nest.
Abebration of p. atalanta. — Mr. B. S. Williams, Pyrameis atalanta
having the lowest subapical blotch absent.
Eeoords. — Mr. Step, living specimens of Darcas parallelopipedus
(Col.) from Wimbledon Park, and reported the Mountain Polypody,
Polypodium phegopteris plentiful near Lyndhurst, Hants.
Three records of Micro-lepidoptera. — Mr. Sich, pupal cases of
Aphelosetia (Elachista) cerussella and the larval mines in a leaf of Phrag-
mites communis^ gathered at Byfleet during the Society's Field Meeting
in July ; and also the three British species of the genus Ochm-
heimeria,
S. tetralunaria. — Mr. Bunnect, Selenia tetralunaria from Farn-
borough, Kent.
August 2Qth^ — Habits, etc., of M. religiosa. — Mr. H. Main
exhibited the early stages of Mantis religiosa from S. France, and several
spiders, and gave notes on their habits as observed by him.
Aberration of P. plantaginis. — Mr. Bowman, a male Parasemk
plantaginis in which the right hindwing was suffused. It was of a
brood of which 66 out of 60 pupae emerged in four days.
Variation in H. furcata, etc. — Mr. Barnet, series of Hydnomena
f areata, including green, light banded, variegated, and very light forms,
from S. Devon, very yellow forms of Ematiirga atomaria from LimpS'
field, and a Plebeius aegon from Oxshott, wit)a an unusually wide white
submarginal band on the underside.
Habits of C. ibipenella. — Mr. Sich gave details of the habits of the
newly hatched larva of Coleophora ibipennella.
Polymorphism of P. memnon — Mr. Edwards and Mr. Grosvenor,
many forms of the polymorphic species Papilio memnon horn ih^lxAo-
Malay Eegion.
Mr. Edwards then read a series of notes on the species.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Soofltr.
September ^th. — Mr. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., Vice-President, ifl
the chair.
Mr. J. B. Farmer, of Brixton, was elected a member.
Mr. Bowman exhibited a series of the spring-emerged half of *
brood of Ephyra porata from ova and remarked on their cloBe reseiD-
blance to the allied E. punctaria,
Mr. Main, larvae of three parasites (Hym.) which attacked the
Longicorn (Col.) Ehaginni inquisitor in Epping Forest.
Mr. Turner, many species of Heterocera taken by Mr. OroBveHoriO
SOOIETIBS. 215
India, chiefly Bangalore, including Attacus edwardsi, Trahala vuhnu,
Crishna wacrops, Zygaena cashmirenm^ etc.
Mr. H. Moore, Mutilla europaea (Hym.) from Bournemouth, with
other Mutilla species from Egypt, Upper Amazons, Indiana, and the
Ionian Isles.
Mr. Carr, pupaB of the cheese-mite, Fiophila easel (Dip.).
Mr. Bunnett, the black aberration of Goccinella hieroylyphica (Col.)
from Keston with the type.
September 2Srd. — Mr. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, President, in theehair.
An Exhibition of Lantern Slides.
Mr. R. Adkin, views of old Selborne.
Mr. Tonge, resting habit of several British Geometers.
Mr. Main, seasonal forms of Pieris napi, stages and pupal chamber
of Tiviarcha laevigata (Col.),- ravages and metamorphoses of Donacia
sp. (Col.).
Mr. Bedford (Eastbourne), rare species (Lep.) captured in Sussex,
local birds, rare and local orchids, abnormal growths, etc.
Mr. Withycombe, Chrysopa^ Heme^'obius^ SyrphuSy and Stratiomys,
Mr. Colthrup, positions of rest of butterflies and moths, and habits
of birds.
Mr. Dennis, Windermere and its flora, mosses from Windermere
and E. Horsley.
General Exhibits. — Mr. Grosvenor, many species and forms of the
genus Terias from India.
Mr. Bowman, a bred series of Tricopteryx carpinata from Oxshott
with numerous forms having well -emphasised transverse lines on the
forewings.
Mr. H. J. Turner, three species of Eacles (Lep. Het.), E, imperialis,
N. York, E. grandis, Sao Paulo, and E. sp. ? from Cordoba, Argentine,
sent by Mr. Lindeman, with coloured photographs of the larvsB of the
two last.
Oct, lith. — Donation. — Mr. J. B. Farmer presented a box of
British Odonata to the Society's collection.
Aberrations of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. Riley, on behalf of
Mr. South for Mr. Dolton, aberrations of (1) Agnades coridon, between
B,h, albicans and race apennina ; (2) Hibernia leucophaearia conspicuous
wavy lines on a clear ground ; (3) dark grey-brown Bupalus piniaria.
A small Surrey race of Z. filipendulae. — Mr. Turner, a small
race of Zygaena filipendulae from Box Hill, with 6th spot very feebly
developed, including ab. cytisi and other aberrations.
H. pinastri Larva. — Mr. Newman, living full-fed larva of Hyloicus
pinastri from Suffolk.
Aberrations of P. rapae. — Mr. B. S. Williams, three PieHs rapae
showing a discal spot on the hindwings, and a striate, asymmetrical
form- of Rumida phlaeas,
Irish P. napi ; gynandromorph of P, rapae. — Mr. Johnson,
banded females of Pieris napi from Ireland, one being yellow suffused,
<$onfluent Zygaena trifolii from Folkstone, and a gynandromorph of
P. rapae.
^16 THB entomologist's RECORD.
Indian Pierids shown. — Mr. Grosvenor, Pieris canidia various
forms, P. kr lie peri and P. rapae from India.
P. OHi AND its Variation. — Mr. Mera, Folia chi closely approach-
ing form olivacea.
Poole Coleoptera. — Mr. Blenkarn, Carabus nitens and other
Coleoptera from Poole.
Seasonal Notes. — Seasonal notes from several members.
(OBITUARY.
A. E. Hudd, F.E.S., F.SA.
The death of A. E. Hudd of Canford, near Bristol, is announced.
He is known to entomologists for his ** Catalogue of the Lepidoptera
of the Bristol District " published in 6 parts from 1877 to 1884. From
the Bristol Times we understand that he was a man of many parts. A
founder of the Clifton Antiquarian Club and for long its Hon-
Secretary, an original member of the Bristol and Gloucestershire
Archaeological Society and a vice-president, an original member of the
British Naturalists Society and on its Committee, on the council of
the Photographic Society, for 16 years he superintended.the excavation
of the Roman station at Vento Silurum, Caerwent, took a great
interest in Egyptology, frequently visiting the Nile basin during the
excavations by Prof. Flinders Petrie, and was much interested in olcl
Bristol and its historic monuments as well as working on behalf of the
Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. From a letter before us written to
our late editor in November, 1900, we read " The * Bristol * records in
Stainton's Manual were all contributed, I believe, by Mr. Geo. Harding,
then of Stapleton, and Mr. P. H. Yaughan, then of Bedland, both of
whom are still living. The latter looked through the MS. of my list
and made many additions of exact localities and especially of the
Tineina; he and Mr. H. Grigg were my chief recorders of these.*' He
was instrumental in early investigation of the Psychides, see Tutt Biit.
Lepid,, vol.' ii., p. 248. He sent a while ago to the Eev. C. R. N-
Burrows one of the sets of specimens upon which Harding {E.M.M't
ix. p. 91-93, xii. p. 168) based his theory as to the $ Luffi^
ferchaultella, being the parthenogenetic $ of N, mmiilifera. He was
a Fellow of the Entomological Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.
— H.J.T. (communicated).
A GTNAMDROMORPH OF MONOMORIUM FLORIOOLA, JERD. 217
A Gynandromorph of Monomorium floricola, Jerd.
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S.
Id 1903 Wheeler published a list of all the known cases of
Gynandromorphs among ants, with descriptions of six more, which
brought the total to 28, and in 1914 the same author gave an account
of seven additional ones described during the decade 1903-18, these
bringing the total up to 30. In 1915 Donisthorpe gave a list with a
description of two gynandromorphs of Myrmica scahrinodu^ Nyl.
These, together with one of Monomorium floricola^ Jerd., and Formica
rufibarbisy F., described by Donisthorpe previously in 1914 and 1916
respectively, brought the total to 84. Recently Santschi (1920) pub-
a note, ** La 89 me. Fourmi hermaphrodite," with a Ust of four
described since Donisthorpe*s 1916 paper, viz,f Phyracaces singaporensis^
Viehm., Myrmica rugulosa, Nyl., Acantliomyops latipes, Walsh., and
Camponotus (Golobopsis) albocinctus, Ash., and added a fifth, Tetra-
morium simillimum, Sm. He overlooks, however, three cases described
by Donisthorpe, i?i>., Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl. (1917), M, laevinodis Y&r,
ruginodo'laevinodisj For. (1918), and M. sulcinodis, Nyl. (1919). The
total, therefore, at the date of Santschi's paper was 42, not 89.
Among the collections of the late Dr. H. Swale, from Samoa, is a
gynandromorph of MonomoHum floricola, Jerd., the second from
Samoa found by Dr. Swale (the other being the Tetramorium similli-
mum, described by Santschi), and the second of the species to be
described. As will be seen, however, from a comparison of the two
descriptions, the new specimen, which brings the list to 48, is quite
different from the former, since, though a lateral gynandromorph, the
thorax is entirely ^ in shape.
Description, — Length 8mm. (normal ? found in same colony
measures 8.6mm., and a normal ^ 2.8mm.).
Colour more or less that of a ^ (though slightly paler), except the
gaster, which is coloured more like that of a $! , i.e., less dark than in
the ^ . The left side (viewed from behind) of the postpetiole is paler
than the right side.
Head. — Left side, including the four-toothed mandible, the clypeus,
the compound eye and left ocellus, 2 > but the whole side of head is
shorter than a normal ? head ; left antenna 2 y but both scape,
funiculus, and joints of funiculus in proportion to their width, shorter
than normal. Bight side ^ , the mandible and right half of the
clypeus being somewhat distorted ; compound eye, right and centre
ocelli ^ ; right antenna ^ , size normal.
Thorax, including legs, epinotum and pedicel, ^ ; the left side of
2nd node more developed than the right. Gaster almost entirely S >
though the left side of first segment is more $ in form, and the left
side of apex is ? . Wings normal.
The right side of the apical segments contains a perfectly formed
and quite normal half of a ^ genital armature. The dried state of
the body rendered it impossible to examine the gaster for $ organs.
Sculpture. — Clypeus more finely striated, and rather less so than in
the ^ . The ^ side of head has normal ^ sculpture, and the ? side
normal $ sculpture. The rest of sculpture S" •
Lotopa, Samoa, April 29th, 1917 (H. Swale).
Deoembbr, 1920.
218 XBE ENtOMOLOelBt's REOOUD^
LltBRAinjRE.
Mr. Donisthorpe has very kindly collected for m6 all the references
quoted in this paper.
Donisthorpe, Ent, Rec.^ 26, 186 (1914).
Brituh Ants, 828 (1916).
E7it. Rec, 27, 258-259 (1915) ; 29, 81 (1917) ; 30^ 22
(1918); 31, 1 (1919).
Santschi, BulL Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat., 53, 176-178 (1920).
Viehmeyer, Arch. Netnrg., 81, 111 (1916),
EnU Mil., 6, 71 (1917).
Wheeler, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., 19, 65-8-88 (1908) ; 48, 49-56
(1914).
Psyche, 26, 2-5 (1919).
Some records of, and observations on, the Flying-habit of
Butterflies when paired.
By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S.
During the last few yeara many interesting notes on the flyii^
habits of butterflies when paired, have appeared in the Entomologis*
Record ; and having myself, in the same period, made observations
seventy-nine pairs belonging to forty-four species of butterflies, ^
naturally was much interested in comparing other collectors* records
with my own. In the June number of 1917, Mr. C. W. Colthr«ip
suggests that certain species exhibit different habits on tl:!^
Continent and in England. I may note at once that this is not sO,
but only a misconception arising from a want of sufficient data.
Some very interesting observations of Donzel's, written in 1857,
were given by Mr. H. J. Turner (Ent. Rec, vol. xxviii. p. 88.) Xxi
these Donzel advocates the theory that the carrying habit is the saro^
for all the species of a genus, and is therefore a valuable charaGteristi<i
in determining the limits of genera. All my observations, and tla*
records I have seen, have given such complete confirmation of ttii^
theory, that in the future should any apparent exception be noted, ^
should feel no doubt that it was merely our conception of the gerius i^^
question which was at fault. The fact that there are some few spec? ^^
in which both sexes are able to carry, is not the least antagonistic ^
the theory ; it being merely the case that all the species of the genetr*
concerned, exhibit this unusual habit. It may well be though, th.^
this habit is more general than is at present known, only we ha^^^
not sufficient data to establish the fact.
The following are the instances which have come under vC^X
observation ; in each case notes were taken on the spot and not truf
to memory.
Genus Erynnis,
E. lavaterae, observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 7t
1917. ? carried ^.
Genus Hesperia.
H. ry/l'elemis, observed once. On the Parpaner-Rothorn, Grisom^'
August 8th, 1919. 5 carried ^ .
H. serratidae, observed once. In the Val Sporz, LenzerheU^y
Grisons. July 12th, 1919. I took a pair, but unfortunately the/
OBSERVATIONS ON THB FLYING-HABITS OF BUTTBRFLIBS. 219
separated before I could induce them to fly. The 2 kept its wings
open and showed an inclination to crawl about, the ^ keeping its
wings folded tightly. (Suggests that the $ would carry.)
Genus Nisoniades.
X, trt</«.s, observed three times. At Follaterre, Valais. July 29th
1916. 2 carried <^ . At Caux, Vaud. June 1st, 1917. 2 carried
^ . In the Stockenwaid, Kandersteg, Bernese Oberland. May 22nd
1918. 2 carried ^ .
Genus Chrysophanus.
C. hippotho'e var. eui-ybia, observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 19th, 1919. 2 carried 3^ .
Genus Loweia,
L, mhalpina, observed once. At Spoina, Lenzerheide, Grisons#
July 4th, 1919. ^ carried 2 -
Genus Runncia,
R. phlaeasj observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. August 22nd,
1916. 2 carried 3.
Genus Lycaena,
L, arion, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Oberland.
June 13th, 1918. 2 carried ^ .
This is very interesting in view o? the fact that among all the
" blues " (with one other exception, so far as is at present known) the
<^ carries. Records of the habits of arcas^ enphemuH, alcon, melanops
and tolas would be most instructive.
Genus Cupido,
C\ sebrus, observed once. At Follaterre, Valais. May 9th, 1916.
<^ carried 2 .
Genus Everes,
E. alcitas, observed twice. At Branson, Valais. May 18th, 1916.
^ carried 2 . July 29th, 19l6. S carried 2 •
Genus Glaucopsyche,
G, cyllafus, observed onoa. By the Gryonne River, St. Triphon
Vaud. May 2nd, 1916. <^ carried 2 .
Genus Cyaniris,
C, semiargusy observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese
Oberland. June 30th, 1918. 2 carried 3. The only "blue" beside
arion as yet recorded with the 2 carrying.
Genus Arid a,
. A, eumedon, observed once. At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 3rd, 1919. I took a pair but could not make them fly. While
falling to the ground after being thrown into the air, the 2 expanded
.^er wings, but did not try to fly, the ^ did not move. Is this another
" blue " species of which the 2 carries ? Unfortunately I have not
had the good fortune to observe rnedon or donzelii.
220 THE entomologist's record.
Genus Hirsutina,
H. damorif observed once. Between Solis and Obervatz, Orisons.
July Slst, 1919. ^ carried ? .
Genus Agriades, I \
A, coridon, observed five times. At Champ^ry Yalais. July Uth, I ^
1915. S carried $. 26th, 1916. S" carried ? . 28th, 1915. ^ 1^
carried $. At Ecl^pens, Vaud. August 16th, 1915. ^ carried ?.
In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Oberland. July 19th, 1918. ^
carried ? .
A, thetis, observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons. June 28th,
1919. J carried $ . \^
Genus Polyommatus,
P. icarusj observed five times. At Follaterre, Valais. May 9tl:^<j
^"1916. (^carried?. At Branson, Valais. May 9th, 191(5. ^ carried
? . 18th, 1916. ^ carried 9 . At Follaterre, Valais. July 18t
1916. Two pairs observed, <^ carried $ in each case.
P. hylas, observed four times. At Verossaz, Valais. June 23r
1916. ^ carried ? . At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons. July 5t
1919. S carried $ . 6th, 1919. ^ carried 9 . Val Sporz, Lecr:^
zerheide, Grisons. July 12th, 1919. ^ carried $ .
Genus Laiiorina,
L, orhitulusy observed four times. Val Sporz, Lenzerheide, Grison
July 11th, 1919. Three pairs observed. ^ carried $ in each cas
At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons. July 17th, 1919. ^ carried ? .
Genus Pamassins.
P. apollo, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Obei
land. July 9th, 1918. Found a pair but was unable to make them==^
fly. When in the grass the $ crawled about dragging the ^ , whic -^
remained immovable. It is therefore probable that the ? carri^^^^
should they fly.
Genus Aporia,
A. crataegi, observed eight times. At Branson, Valais. May 2l8^^^ *»
1915. 2 carried <^ . At Sion, Valais. May 25th, 1915. Fou-^5,'
pairs observed. ? carried ^ in each case. At Ecl^pens, Vau<
June 2nd, 1916. Three pairs observed. ? carried S" in each cj
This suggests a closer connection with Parnassius than with PtetHs,
Genus Pieris,
P, napi var. bryoniae, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bei
nese Oberland. June 30th, 1918. ^ carried $ .
P. manni, observed once. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 10th, 191-
^ carried $ .
Genus Dryas.
1). paphia, observed twice. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 7th, 191'
2 carried J . Between Aigle and S^pey, Vaud. July 12th, 1917.
saw a pair in flight, but could not catch them. $ carried ^ 'I 8houl(
say, but I could not be certain. Previous records leave no doubt tha^
both sexes can carry in this genus, as they can in the following. i
OBSBRVATIONS ON THE FLTINO-HABITS OF BUTTBRFLIBS. 221
Genus Argynnu,
A, aglaia, observed three times. Val Sporz, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
July 22nd, 1919. ^ carried 9 . 28th, 1919. ^ carried ? . August
2nd, 1919. 5 carried ^ . This establishes the fact that both sexes
of this species can carry ; previous records have only noted the $ as
carrying.
A. niobe, and var. eris, observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal,
Bernese Oberland. July 9th, 1919. I took a pair. The ^ type, and
the ? var. etis. On liberating them the ^ carried $ , On starting
them a second time the ^ again flew ; but they fell into some long
grass where I found both struggling. Subsequently the $ crawled up
a grass stem and took to flight for a short distance. On my reaching
them for the fourth time the ? again flew, and this time so far that I
was unable to find them again.
Var. ens, both sexes, observed once. At Follaterre, Valais. June
16th, 1915. 2 carried ^. Mr. Turner's and the late Mr. Tutt's
records, have already shown that both sexes of niobe could carry ; but
the above note is, I think, the first record of both sexes of a given pair
flying alternately. Of cydippe Mr. Wheeler has recorded the ? carry-
ing (Ent, Rec, vol. xxviii,, p. 204), and Dr. Dixey that the ^ can
csarry (Proc, Ent. Soc. Lond., 1916). So this habit is common to all
bliree species.
Genus Brent hu.
B. euphrasy ne^ observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons., June 13th,
1919. I found a pair at rest, but failed to make them fly. When
tbirown m the air the ? fluttered her wings slightly, the ^ remaining
still. On the ground both made endeavours to walk, the ? being the
most animated. (Suggests that ? would carry if flight took place.)
/>*. 1710 y observed once. At Lenzerheide, Grisons. July 26th, 1919.
Unfortunately separated before flying.
Genus Melitaea,
M, athalia, observed once. At Eclepens, Vaud. June 2nd, 1916.
^ carried ^ .
M, didywa, observed twice. At Follaterre, Valais. July 29th,
1916. $ carried ^. At Vernayaz, Valais. July 7th, 1917. 9
ca.rried ^ .
Genus Pararge.
P, hiera, observed once. At Kandersteg, Bernese Oberland. June
l3th, 1918. ? carried J.
P. maera^ observed once. At Sal van, Valais. July 1st, 1916. $
Carried ^ .
P. megeray observed once. At Eclepens, Vaud. August 16th,
^915. ? carried $ .
Genus Enodia,
E, dryas, observed twice. At Eclepens, Vaud. August 7th, 1916.
5 carried J . August 14th, 1918. 2 carried <^ .
Genus E/miephele,
E. jurtina, observed once. At Sierre, Valais. June 12th, 1915,
S carried S' •
222 THE BNTOMOLOGISt's &BCORD.
E. tithonus, observed once. At Eclepena, Vaud. August 7th, 1916.
$ c».rried <^ .
Genus Coenonympha.
C. satyrion, observed once. At Masons, Lenzerheide, Grisons.
June 29th, 1919. $ carried <^ .
C. tiphon, observed once. At Masons, LeQzerheide, Grisons.
July 17th, 1919. 2 carried <^ .
Genus Erehia,
E, oeme, observed twice. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese Oberland.
July 7th, 1918. Two pairs observed. $ carried ^ in each case.
E. wantOj observed twice. At Champery, Valais. July 29tb,
1915. Two pairs observed. $ carried S" i>^ ^aoh case.
E. euryale, observed once. At Champery, Valais. July 20th,
1915. 2 carried (^ .
E. aethiopsy observed once. In the Ueschinen Tal, Bernese
Oberland. July 22nd, 1918. ? carried S" -
E, gorge J observed three times. On the Grammont, Valais. July
19th, 1917. Two pairs observed. $ carried ^ in each case. Urden
Fiirkli, Grisons. August 8th, 1919. 2 carried <^ .
Genus Melanargia.
M. qalatlma, observed three times.^ At Champery, Valais. July
8th, 1915. 2 carried <^ . 9th, 1915. $ carried S. llth, 19]5.
5 carried ^ .
It will be noticed, if looking over the last six genera mentioned,
that in the case of every Satyrid species noted, the ? carries. Also of
all previous records, all except two, give this result. It is, therefore,
of particular interest to enquire into those two cases. The first is a
note of the late Mr. Tutt's, quoted by Mr. Colthrup {Ent, Rec,^ vol. xxix.
p. 17), which states that the ^ of M. galathea always carries the ? .
If this is so, then Melanargia is a third genus in which we find both
sexes carrying. In view, however, of the considerable amount of data
available on Satyrid species, I cannot help wondering if this record
is the result of a lapsus ealaini ; or perhaps a printer's error. Possibly
some of Mr. Tutt's personal friends could throw some light on the
matter.
The second instance was a casual statement in the course of other
remarks by Dr. Verity {Knt. Rec. 1919, p. 68), that the ^ S. circe
carried the $ . I wish Dr. Verity would let us know if this is the
result of personal observation, or merely a quotation ; if the latter, was
the source one to be relied on ? In this case should Dr. Verity
confirm the record, not having any other data of the habits of this
species, we must await further observations to ascertain if both sexes
can carry in the genus Satyrusj or only the S • This last seems most
improbable, but of course it may be so ; it is even possible that a small
section composed of S. circe and those species most closely connected
to it, may have developed this habit independently of the other species.
Any one who has read this paper must have noticed how
fragmentary our knowledge of these iiying-habits is, and how much
further records are to be desired. To obtain such records is, however,
LBPIDOPTBBA IN PSNIN8ULAR ITALY DURINCt THE TEAR 1920. 228
not at ^11 so simple a matter ae it would appear ; and to establish with
absolute certainty, which sex of a pair is flying, is often a difficult
inatter, and one not to be done at a glance. This is perhaps why
there still remain so large a number of species of whose habits we are
in ignorance.
Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy daring the year 1920.
By 0. QUEBCI.
From the month of March till October of 1920 my family and I
have uninterruptedly collected Lepidoptera in Italy. The emergence
of the species has been so different from that of the preceding years
that I think it would be useful to note the phenomena observed with a
view to furnish data concerning the influence of the season on the
development of insects.
The winter of 1919-20 began with excessive cold, but after some
days the weather became fine and the climate very mild. In the
month of March vegetation in the country was in full progress, and
I made an excursion into the Tuscan Marerama to see if, with such a
favourable season, there would be a precocious emergence of insects to
be collected at the beginning.
On the 25th of March I left Florence on a bicycle in order to be
able to stop at localities which seemed promising, and I visited all the
uncultivated spots on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, from Cecina
to Follonica, but I only saw examples of Leptosia sinapis and
Coenonympha pamphilus.
Seeing that it was useless to continue my journey, I returned to
Florence and began to examine the hills near the city, but though the
weather was beautiful, the Lepidoptera didn't begin to emerge till the
second half of April, and continued (not very abundantly) in May,
and disappeared completely at the beginning of June. After the
winter rains no water had fallen, the plants were dried up at their
birth, and the life of insects was evidently impossible under such
conditions.
The species collected in the environs of Florence, from April 17th
to June 3rd, are the following : —
ISisoniades tages, L., race clarens, Caradja, I., gen. tayes, L. — An
abundant emergence on April 17th, after which all the specimens were
spoilt. The females which, in preceding years, were very scarce, were
instead very abundant.
Krynnis altheae, Hb., race australifonms, Vrty., I. gen. altheae, Hb.
— Always scarce, only four specimens this year.
Erynnis lavatherae, Esp., race aiistralior, Vrty. — One sole specimen.
Hesperia onopordi, Ramb., race fulvotincta, Vrty., I. gen. onopordi,
Bamb. — Even scarcer than in the preceding years ; only five
specimens.
Hesperia armoricanus, Obthr., race fulvoinspersa, Vrty., I. gen.
armoricanus, Obthr. — The males emerged from the 1st to the 22nd of
May ; only one female collected on April 28th.
Hesperia malvoidesy Elw. and Edw., race pseudonialrae, Vrty., I. gen.
pseudomalvae, Vrty. — Emerged from April 28th to ^lay 8th ; scarce.
Hesperia sidae, Esp., race occidentalism Vrty. — Emerged in excep-
tional number during the month of May.
224 THE entomologist's becord.
Powellia saOf Hb., race gracilis^ Vrty., I. gen. sao, Hb. — In May
tbe females, as always, very scarce.
Adopaea lineola, Ochs., race clara, Tutt. — Always scarce; six
specimens only in May.
Adopaea fiava, 'BvMumQh { = t/<ai/ was, Hufn.), race iherica, Tutt.—
Very scarce tbis year from May 22nd to 80tb.
Thywelicm acteon, Eott., race acteon, Rott. — Abundant in the past
years. A few specimens from May 18th to 28rd, and one female only, pi
Augiades sylvanus, Esp., race sylvanus, Esp., I. gen. sylvanus, Esp.
— Two males only on May 8th, and no female. The males were most
abundant in preceding years. J^
Rumicia phlaeas, L., race nigrioreleus, Vrty., I. gen. phlaeas, L. —
The first generation is never abundant at Florence; this year I
only saw one specimen.
Lowe i a dorilis, Hufn., race italoruniy Vrty. — The first brood
missed altogether this year.
Loweia alciphron, Rott., race mirahilis, Vrty. — This splendid race,
has hitherto been found only on the Monte Senario, 2,400ft., ne»T
Florence. We look for it carefully every year, but have never succeeded
in taking more than one or two females a year. After several trips
to Monte Senario we collected this year five males and one female on
May 80th.
Glaucopayche cyllarus, Rott., race pauper, Vrty. — From April 16t>k
to May 4th.
Scolitantides baton, Bgstr., race baton, Bgstr., I. gen. praecocio'9^1
Vrty. — The first brood was relatively abundant this year, from Apiri^
17th to May 22nd. The blue females a good many.
Agriades aragonensis (Gerh.), Vrty., race florentina, Vrty., I. geJ^*
tiorentina, Vrty. — Numerous in May. Few specimens of radiata.
Agriades thetis, Rott., race etriisca, Vrty., I. gen. maja, Vrty. — Ve*^3
scarce in May.
Agriades esch^ri, Hb., race splendens, Stef. — Rather abundant froi^^
May 20th to 30th. On the 29th of this month I collected a ma:^^'
vellous female with the upper surface of the forewings entirety
covered by shining blue scales.
Agriades thersites (Gerh.), Chapman, race meridiana, Vrty., I. ge
hiberjiata, Vrty. — From April 17th till May 30th. In some femal
the upper surface of the wings more or less covered by blue scales.
Polyovnnatiis icarus, Rott., race zellen, Vrty., I. gen. zelleri, V
— A few specimens emerged from April 28th to May 28th. Only tw
specimens of the icarinus, Scriba, form.
Cyaniris seviiargus, Rott,, race cimon, Lewin. — In Florence it
never been so abundant as this year. I collected nine specimens, whi^*"^^
in the past 1 never found more than one or two in the year.
Aricia medon, Hufn., race pallidefulva, Vrty., I. gen. siiborna
Vrty. - -A few males from April 16th to May 6th.
Plebeiiis aegon (argiis)^ L., race oj)enninivola, Vrty. — A few specimen
at Monte Morello, 2,b00fc., from May 28rd to May 80th.
Lycaenoffsis [Celastrina) argiolus, L., race calidogenita, Vrty., I. ge
calidogenita, Vrty. — The first brood is always very scarce ; I havi
found only five specimens in good condition. .
Cupido minimus, FuessL, race minimus, Fuessl. — A few from Apri
28th to May 8th.
LEPIDOPTBRA IN PENINSULAR ITALY DURING THE YEAR 1920. 225
Cupido sebrus, B., race sebrus, B. — Also this species, always rare,
bas been abundant this year from April 28th to May 22ncl.
Everes alcetas, Hb., race alcetasy Hb. — Two males only.
Callophrys rubif L., race virgattis, Vrty. — Scarce from April 17th
to May 8th. A very beautiful male, has strange splashes of light
colour on the forewings.
Nordmannia ilicisy Esp., race inornata, Vrty. — Nearly always
extraordinarily abundant, but this year only a few specimens at end
of May.
Hamearis lucina, L., race lucina, L. — Did not emerge at all, whilst
in 1918 and 1919 it was abundant.
Gonepteryx rhamni, L., race transiency Vrty. — Only one specimen,
whilst generally it is seen in hundreds.
Goneptei-yx cleopatra^ L., race europaeua, Vrty. — No specimens.
Colias croceus, Fourc. { = ediisay F.), race croceus, Fourc, I. gen.
ver^nalis, Vrty. — A few males in April ; one female only in May. In
some years also this first brood is abundant.
Colias hyaUj L., race calida, Vrty., I. gen. vernalis, Vrty. — During
the 36 years which I have collected Lepidoptera, I have never seen so
many of the first brood of C. hyale as I have collected this year.
T'bere was a gieat emergence in the middle of April, and I continued
to find very fresh specimens until the middle of May.
Leptosia sinapis^ L., race bivitatta, Vrty., I. gen. lathy ri, Hb. —
Rather abundant in April and May.
AnthocJmris cardamines, L., race meridionalis, Vrty. — Rare in
April.
Knchht'e ausoma^ Hb., race romana, Calb. — Always very rare at
Florence.
Pontia daplidice, L., race dopUdice, L., I. gen. bellidice, Ochs. —
T^hree specimens only. The first brood is never abundant, but this
yBar even the succeeding broods were wanting.
Pieris napi, L., race vulgaris, Vrty., I. gen. vulgaris^ Vrty. — A few
specimens in April.
Pieris rapae, L., race rapae, L., gen. metray Steph. — Very scarce
^tiis year. .
Pieris manni (Mayer), Turati, race rossii, Stef., I. gen. farpa,
^riihst. — Only one specimen in May, and only this one was found
^^ring the whole year.
PieriSf Mancipiiim, brassicae, L., race catoleuca, Rob., I. gen. chariclea^
Steph. — Of this species, always very common, I only saw a few
specimens flying over the gardens.
Aporia crataegi, L., race weridionalis, Vrty. — Completely wanting.
■■- Only saw four specimens in May.
Coenonympha pampliilus, L., race axistralis, Vrty., I. gen. australis,
"I'ty. — Emerged in April and May, but not so abundant as usual.
Coenonympha arcanius, L., race tenueliniboy Vrty., I. gen. tenneliwboy
Vrty.— Frequent from May 23rd to 80th.
Pyronia ida, Esp., race neapoUtana, Obthr. — Totally wanting in
^U the regions of Italy visited by us this year.
Pyronia tithonm, L., race etrusca, Vrty. — Abundant in June. The
'^tdales appeared, as always happens, when the males were already old.
Epinephele jnrtina, L. — Dr. Verity was of opinion that this race
^8.8 identical with the race phormia of Frlihstorfer, but having him-
226 THE JfiNTQMOLOaiST'S RKGOBD.
self collected in the Tyrol the co- types of the phormia^ he is Gonvinced
that it is a case of distinct races. The E. jurtina has always been
the commonest butterfly in the environs of Florence, but in June,
1920, the epoch of greatest emergence of this species, only very few
specimens were to be seen in the dry and burnt-up country.
Melanargia galathea, L., race fiorentina^ Vrty. — The emergence of tbifr
common species was also very scarce.
Pararye megera^ L., race megerUf L. — A few specimens in the second
half of April.
Pararge maera^ L., race appenina, Vrty., I. gen. apennina, Vrty.—
Only five specimens.
Pararge aegeria, L., race italica, Vrty., I. gen. italica, Vrty. — One
specimen.
Limenitis rivularisj Scop. { = catnilla, auctorium), race reductaf.
Stgr., I. gen. rediicta, Stgr. — Seven males and no females.
Melitaea didyma, Esp., race proteaj Vrty., I. gen. proteUj Vrty.—
Scarce from May 8th to the 30th.
Melitaea phoebe, Knoch, race tusca, Vrty., I.' gen. tusca, Vrty.—
Very scarce.
Melitaea cinxia, L., race australis, Vrty. — Much more abundant in
May than in the other years.
Melitaea athalia^ Rott., race tenuis^ Vrty. — A few males at the^
beginning of June. The females ought to have emerged at the time
when there occurred the phenomenon of the cessation of all species,
and they therefore did not appear.
hsoria latkonia^ L., race emiflorensj Vrty., I. gen. lathonia^ L.—
Entirely missed.
Brenthis kecate, SchiflP., race Horida, Vrty. — The males of this fine^
race, hitherto found only near Florence, and so different from the
typical race of Austria, emerged in unusual abundance on May 80th,
and we were able to make a good collection of them, but with June 1st,
from some cause not to be explained, all the Lepidoptera ceased to
appear, as I have already said. The continual search by my son-in-
law, Dr. Romei, to find the females of B. hecate, had no result. Id
the country, which was burnt up as if a fire had passed over it, with
a sky perfectly cloudless, and a sun burning hot, there only flew a few
remnants of E. jurtina and P. tithonus.
Brentliia dia, L., race laetior, Vrty., I. gen. laetior, Vrty. — The first
brood of this species is considered by us to be a real rarity of
Florence. This year, on the contrary, there was a great emergence
on April 18th.
The Popilionidae and the Vane^sidi were quite wanting. A few
individuals of the ZggaenideH emerged as Procris cognata and P*
statices, Z. ar/tilleae, race triptolemus^ Hb., Z, stoechqdis, Bkh., Z*
tninsalpinaf race intermedia, Rocci, Z, Oivytropis, B., Zygaend
erythrus, Hb., Z. punctnw, 0., Z, scahiome, Schev., and even the very
common Z. carniolica race fiorentina, Vrty., did not appear at all.
I have delayed mentioning the emergence of the different species
to draw from them biological conclusions, which to me are most
interesting. For seven years we have collected continually in the
environs of Florence, and what has struck us the most in the researches'
of last spring is that the most common species as A. thetis, P. icaruSi
6r. rhantni, C, croceus (edusa), P. napi, P, rapae, M. (P.) brassicaSf A*
J
^OIBNTIFIG NOTES. 227
crataegij C. pamphilus, E.jurtina, P, niegera, and M. galathea had become
the scarcest, whilst others which are always scarce, such as H, sidae, A,
escheriy C, sermargus, C. sebruSj N. acaciae, C. hyale, B. hecate, and B.
dia appeared in abundance. To be noted also is the almost total
suppression of E, lavatherae, H, onopordi, R. phlaeas, N. ilicis^ G,
rhamniy G. cleopatroj P, manni^ A, crataegi, the PapUionidae and the
Vanessidae.
The emergences of the species was anticipated by about 15 days in
comparison with what happens in normal years. The females felt the
adverse condition even more than the males. It would seem that their
development, necessarily longer and more complicated from the forma-
tion of the organs of Qgg production, was decidedly impeded, and the
greater part of the chrysalids died in the larval state.
Worthy of note also is the sudden emergence of N, tages and B.
Iiecate, which took place on one day only, and then ceased suddenly.
Most notable of all wa>s the sudden cessation of emergences of all Lepi-
doptera which happened in the plains at the beginning of the month
of June, and in the mountains at the beginning of July. The *' Sum-
mer PAUSE," which we consider due to excessive heat and the absolute
dryness of the Italian peninsula, and which generally occurs from July
20th to August 5th, lasted this year instead from June 12th to Sep-
tember 5th on the Florentine hills.
{To he continued.)
j^CIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
On the Life History of Gonepteryx cleopatra. — I was very
interested to read the letter on this subject from Mr. Simes, and, as I
have experimented with this beautiful insect for the last eleven years,
I may perhaps be permitted to make some observations. I stocked
my covered-in butterfly garden at East Farleigh with this insect in
1909, obtaining my stock from two different localities. Some four
years later, with the kind assistance of Dr. Chapman, I introduced
some fresh blood from a third locality. As all the butterflies have
acted in precisely the same manner, I think we may accept their
actions as the true life history of the species. It is as follows : — The
females (I am going principally to speak of them) pair hivariabiy before
hibernation. They retire under ivy leaves and other evergreen leaves
and remain tight till about April. Last season, being unusually early,
ova were laid in March. Two years ago I noted one 2 who remained
tight till May 14th. The big summer brood begins to emerge, as a
^ule, about the middle of June, while many of the hibernated 2 $ are
i still on the wing. These old 5> $ sometimes pair for a second time
I with one of the younger generation. The fresh ? ? pair at once. I
f toink it was three years ago that Mr. Frohawk was with me in the
i P^^en in mid-June. I pinned out three freshly emerged $ $ ,
r ^^iiging to their pupa cases and drying their wings. When we passed
^ the spot about haifan-hour later we noticed that all three were paired
^P» never having flown. This very frequently happens. 1 often go
^ouq^ the garden with a lamp at night at mid-summer and count
^^teen to twenty pairs in cop on shrubs and creepers where they are
^Qiost invisible by sunlight. We carried out an elaborate experiment
one year in order to find out what proportion of them laid at once and
228 THE entomologist's record.
what retired for the winter first. Forty healthy females were
employed, and by means of ink marks, black and red on the wings,
we got the following results. All paired, fourteen laid at once, twenty-
six started hibernation. Some of these, of course, came to grief later.
Therefore, about one out of every three lays at once, and, as this
happens again with a later brood, it is only fair to call cleopatra
continuous brooded, as far as the climate permits. When I left East
Farleigh on October 25th last there were about sixty ? $ in hiberna-
tion, also some <^ <^ ; and, in addition to these, there were a few
restless $ $ who came out whenever the sun permitted and laid. I
noticed this happening very shortly before I left. There were a good
many nearly full fed larvae on bushes of Rhanmus alaternus, /?. cdpina
and /?. hybriduSf and plenty of ova. Had these larvae been taken in
and fed under glass a good proportion would have pupated and the
pupae would have lived till about the end of the year and then " gone
off." In one instance only can I positively assert that a pupa lived
through the winter and produced a fine ^ about the middle of April-
A few years ago I showed about a dozen nearly full fed larvae oa
or about November 20th at a meeting of the Entomological Society of
London. If we are all alive next August or September I shall be very'
pleased to send Mr. Simes ova, larvae, pupae and imagines, but 1 shall
be still more pleased if he can spare the time on a hot July day to ran.
down to East Farleigh, Maidstone, to see G, cleopatra in her glory.—
(Capt.) E. B. PuREFOY, F.E.S., 87, Oakley Street, Chelsea.
rjilOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Additional Notes on the EntoSiologioal Fauna and on thb
Flora observed in the Turin District from July to Octobbb,
1919, INCLUSIVE. — The heat at Turin in July and August being"
greater than that at Rome, the collecting of flowers and insects wa»
difficult work to carry out, however, by making up one's mind to
*' stick it," I managed to do a fair amount during these two months,
although the summer heat this year, 1919, was considered abnormally
hot by the Italians. The second brood of Brenthis selene was abundanfe
and fresh at Stupinigi, July 19th. By the middle of July the females
of the butterfly Knodia dryas, a species addicted to damp woods,
moors, and heaths, as well as dry hilly districts in many parts rf
Central and Southern Europe, were out in Stupinigi Wood in full
abundance to accompany the males which had first appeared on June
27th. The beautiful Limenitis sibilla in small numbers, was soon
replaced by the perhaps more beautiful Limenitis Camilla^ of simile
habits of flight. These latter became abundant at Stupinigi, also ftt
Sassi and above Madonna Del Pilone, all of which villages are only •
few kilometers from Turin, and are easily accessible by tram.
The males and females of Dryas paphia were common at Stupinipi
but much more common were both sexes of Syntomis phegea, which
swarmed in Stupinigi Wood and was at its best in the middle of Julf*
Aryynnis aylaia occurred regularly in the clearings of the wood, and
the Blues, especially Polyowmatus thetis (bellaryiis) and Cupido sebrui
seemed to have endless families and vied with the Five-spot and the
Six-spot Burnet Moths (Zyyaena lonicerae and Zygaena filipendulai)
for the possession of the flowers. Space will not allow me to mention
NOTES ON GOLLEGTINO. 229
f
more of the commoner bntterflies, moths and other insects abundant
in July and Auguiat in the environs of Turin.
During the latter part of August the specimens of Ruwicia phlaeas
were numerous along the wooded banks of the River Stura towards its
confidence with the River Po, east of Turin. The tendency of this
particular brood was distinctly towards the aberration suffusa, Tutt,
the copper colour of the wings being suffused with dark tinting and
also in many instances specimens tended towards the aberration eleusj
Fabr., in which the copper is entirely suffused and the hindwings are
distinctly tailed.
In the same locality towards the end of August both sexes of
Everes argiades were out in abundance, in fact literally swarming,
amongst the copses of Acacia italiana. Above the village of Madonna
Del Pilone, a few specimens ,of the second brood of Hamearu lucina
were on the wing in good order from August 11th to 18th. The males
and females of Pontia daplidice^ Colias hyale, and Colias edusa were
becoming common, and were in excellent condition both in the dry
valley of the River Scrivia at Arquata Scrivia and on the banks of the
River Stura at Turin, from August 26th onwards.
In the Val San Martino across the River Po, leading gradually
uphill, among the Colli Torinesi, away from Turin, I took a male and
female of Leptosia sihapis, both in freshly emerged condition in the
last week of August.
Brenthis dia, which swarms around Turin, was still quite fresh on
the banks of the River Stura on August 28th.
Enodia dry as was in fresh condition much later at the River Stura
than at Stupinigi Wood, the fine large females being quite perfect still
on the wooded banks of the River Stura on August 26th.
I found the elegant butterfly Hipparchia statilinus again in quantity
and in excellent condition in the wooded bottoms of the ** BluflP" at
Arquata Scrivia on August 26th this year. A fine form of the butter-
fly Epinephele tithonus was abundant at Stupinigi during August, the
first male that I saw being on July 18th.
The Diptera taken were: — Volucella zonaria, Sassi, July 26th.
Eristalis tenaxy Sassi, July 27th. JHelophilus pendnhis^ L., River Stura,
Turin, August 28th. Sphoerophm-ia dispar^ W.V., River Stura, Turin,
October 6th. Milesia crahroniformis, Stupinigi Wood, June 6th.
Tahanus ater^ Fabr., Moncalieri, August 8th. Sarcop/iagacamaria,h.,
Madonna del Pilone, between Turin and Sassi, August 10th.
The Odonata taken were : — Sympetrum fonscolombii, Selys., Stupinigi,
September 29th. Sympetrum sanguinea, Miill., Stupinigi, October
12th. Sympetrum scotica, Don., Sassi, July 27th. Aeschna cyojieaf
Miill., Val San Martino (between Madonna del Pilone and Turin),
August 30th. Onychogomphus forcipatus, L., Stupinigi, July 18th.
With the advent of September the heat of the sun at Turin became
bearable, though during the first fortnight of the month the sun at
mid-day was very powerful. From the middle of August, right through
September and well into October the pretty little Dragon-fly, Lihellula
pedemontana, flies in great abundance along the small streams that fall
into the River Stura near its confluence with the River Po, and I also
found it in much smaller numbers along the River Sangone outside
Stupinigi Wood towards the end of September. This Dragon-fly,
whose length is only 28-30 mm., is easily distinguishable on the wing
280 THK entomologist's rbcord.
•
by an ample dark brown transverse fascia towards tbe extremity of ite
wings. The insect is reddish in both sexes, and its month is
yellowish. The wings are limpid, somewhat tinted with yellow at the
base, the fascia across the wings is rather arched in shape, the stigma
is yellowish or reddish, the nervature of the wings is reddish and the
legs are black externally and partly yellowish internally. This pretty
Dragon-fly which inhabits Northern Italy, is generally addicted to
places rather elevated, though sometimes as round Turin, it is found in
the plains. As a rule the insects are found grouped together iii
considerable numbers where they occur. Their flight is weak and
they frequently settle on the'l)ushes or reeds along the banks of
streams, and are therefore extremely easy to catch.
Towards the end of September I found the Dragon-fly, Libelhla
erythraea, in fair numbers at Stupinigi, where it flies along the River
Sangone settling continually on this or that plant, or on the stones of
the dry river bed. This insect, common in Northern Italy, is 42-44
mm. in length, its head is large, the body of the male is a vivid red
and that of the female is yellow-olive. The wings are limpid, with
the base tinted with yellowish-red chiefly at the base of the hindwings,
the stigma is yellow, and the principal nervatures are red. The top of
the head is bright red in front and the legs are partly yellowish or
reddish.
At the same period of the year the wasps Vespa crabro and PoUstes
gallica were swarming in great numbers at the sap on tree-trunks on
the main road that runs through the centre of Stupinigi Wood. On
September 20th I chanced across the second brood of the beautiful
Copper butterfly, Chrysophanus dispar var. rntilus, I had seen and
taken one perfect male of this species on May 9th, near the banks of
the River Stura, but here outside Stupinigi Wood to the right
approaching from Turin, where the bed of the Biver Sangone opens
out considerably, among Dock, Bur-dock, and many other aquatic
plants, on the left " bank " of running water and in a circumscribfed
Q,rea, I found both sexes in fair numbers, though the males were
beginning to be ragged in some cases and probably September 8th
would have been a better date to have found the species at its best.
By September 30th they were all apparently over and the River
Sangone was in full flood, though until that date it had been fordable
the whole summer.
During the latter part of September the imagines of the moth
Macroijlosm stellatarnm were frequent at the blossoms of Saponarin
officinale on the opposite side of the River Sangone to the dispar-
rutilus ground, and in the late afternoon of September 25th one fine
specimen of l)eile])hila livornica flying with them, fell to my n^*
The males and females of the Copper butterfly, Chrysopfutnus dorilni
were in good numbers and fresh condition at Stupinigi at the same
period.
Pyrameu cardni apparently does not occur, or in very smsll
numbers, round Turin. I have not seen one throughout the fiW
season. About the middle of September I found the first ibale
specimen of the Orthopteron Acrida nasuta on the banks of the RivW
Stura, and from that period it has been in good numbers in bothsexiB
there. The Orthoptera Oedipoda caendescens and Spinyonotni caeridam
have swarmed in both sexes at the River Stura and at Stupinigi lU
SOOIETIES. 281
SepteitibeF. At the Stura on August 28th I netted a fine female of
Papilio podaliHns, and on September Idth I noticed several fresh males
of small size of what I took to be a third brood of Papilio machaon,
flying in the same locality.
I now conclude my Notes on Collecting in Northern Italy in 1918
and 1919, the two most interesting years of my life from many points
of view, but before doing so I wish to record the great kindness I
kave i^eceived from many members of the Entomological Section of
the South Kensington Natural History Museum, as also of the
Entomological Society of London for their invariable kindness in
assisting me to name species of insects which I caught in N. Italy.
Where one and all have been so uniformly kind it would be invidious
to mention names, but I thank them all most gratefully. — Lieut.
E. B. AsHBY, F.E.S., Hounslow, June 21st, 1920.
Aporia crataegi. Does it sometimes migrate to us ? — Some years
ago a friend of mine, who is an entomologist, reported having seen
three or four A, crataegi feeding on flowers of the field scabious in
Cornwall near Mullion. I sent the note to one of the journals but it
was not published. Last week I was dining with a friend who is
thoroughly up in butterflies. Both he and his wife told me they had
watched three black veined whites on the coast at Lewis for quite a
long time last summer. There was no mistake about it, neither was
there any mistake about the first report. Is this insect in the habit of
coming over from France in certain years? — (Capt.) E. B. Purefoy,
P.E.S., 87, Oakley Street, Chelsea, S.W.
SOCIETIES.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
October l8t/i, 1920. — This being the opening meeting of the session
was devoted to an exhibition of the work of the past season.
Mr. S. P. Doudney shewed : — Papilio ivachaon^ Nonaijna typhae
{arundinisjf Arsilonche albovenosa^ Senta maritima, Acontia luctuosa and
Bankia argentula from Wicken. Semiothisa (Macaria) notata, Eupi-
thecia plumbeolata, Lobophora halterata and Eulype (Melanippe) hastata
from Burilt Wood. Aryynnu cydippe from Arnside, and from Holker,
Plebius aegon, Coenonympha tiphon and Carsia palndata.
Mr. W. A. Tyerman brought Lepidoptera from Tan-y-Bwlch, N.
Wales, including: — Brenthis selene, Adscita {Ino) staticesy Perizoma
(Emmelesia) adaequata and Ptychopoda {Acidalia) subsericeata, and from
Llangollen, a fine dark series of Tephrosia biundularia var. delamerensis.
Mr. K. Tait had spent his holiday at Wicken and exhibited from
that locality nice series of the following : — Leucania pitdorina and L.
stramineaj Agrotis obscura, Calymnia affinis, Bombycia (Epioida) vimin-
aliSj Aplecta advena, Lithosia griseola, Ania {Acidalia) emarginata, also
specimens oiPolyploca Cymatophora octogeaima &nd Arsilonche alboveyiosa.
The Ret. F. M. B. Carr had a specimen of Hesperia malvae from
Delamere, this being a new record for Lancashire and Cheshire, also a
specimen of Argynnis cydippe^ a species which had not been recorded
for Cheshire for many years although common in N. Lanes. Other
interesting species in Mr. Carr's exhibit were : — Mellinia (Xant/da)
gUvago, Chester ; some very dark Epirrita (Oporabia) dilutata,
282
THK BNTOMOLOaiST S RIfiOORD.
Alvanley, and fine varied series of Noctua glareosa and Himera
pennaria from Delamere Forest.
Mr. S. Gordon Smith shewed long and varied series of the
following : — Dryas paphia from the New Forest, including var. valmna
and aberrations of the male with wedge-shaped marks instead of the
usual black spots : Melanartjia galatliea from Market Risborough ;
several nice aberrations of Aglais articae, bred from Prestatyn larva ;
from Delamere, two fine aberrations of Polyploca {Cymatophora)
flavicornis, a fine varied series of Apocheinia (Nyssia) hispidariaj
including quite black forms, and a series of Noctua neglecta and var.
castanea. By using electric light at Chester Mr. Smith had added
Thamnonovm (Halia) briinneata (2) to the L. and C. list, by the same
method he had also taken a fine black variety of Acronicta alni, he
also shewed a fine aberration of Cosmotriche potatoria, a female having
normal male colouring.
Mr. W. Mansbridge exhibited two examples of Coenonympha
pamphilus from Crosby sand-hills which were without the usual black
spot on the forewings, also four specimens of Sarrothripus revayam
from N. Lanes.
Mr. H. B. Prince had a box of Agriades thefts (bellargus) from
Kent, which included some good underside aberrations.
EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
The Proceedings of the South London Entomological and NaturcA
History Society, 1919-20, 104 + xvi. pp., 2 plates and text figure.
The Council is to be congratulated once more upon the volume,
which it has produced in the face of the many difficulties which still
meet all ventures in printing and illustrating scientific publications.
The paper (a great trouble in these days) and the whole " get-up "
are excellent. The book, we notice, is somewhat smaller than the last
by some twenty pages, brought about, doubtless, by the stringency of
conditions, certainly not by lack of matter, for some of the matters
dealt with would have allowed of an amount of expansion. But
tho shortage of pages is quite compensated by the contents, which
prove to be quite up to the standard set by this Society.
The first point which the reader notices is the record of the
wonderful *' esprit de corps " exhibited by the members in providing
for the publication of the volume, and also for the restoration of the
Society's funds to a sound, or more than sound, basis. Many another
body would, we think, welcome with open arms a committee, oflScial
or unofficial, which could convert a balance of 10s. lid. into one of
J677. Nothing more need be said after this to prove the vitality of
the Society.
In spite of losses, the membership has risen slightly from 157 ^
162. Some of these losses strike one as having been quite tragic in
their suddenness.
The gifts of the Microlepidoptera belonging to the late Bev. C B.
Digby, and the Natural History books of the late Mr. W. J. AshdowD*
as well as the other specimens, are recorded.
The Hon. Librarian is able to report the doubling of the numbflf
of books borrowed during the year ; evidence this that there is growing
interest, and more leisure for study.
BEVIEWS. 238
The Annual Address of the President, Mr. Stanley Edwards,
torches uj5on many subjects, some of great interest and importance.
Glancing through, we notice the statements, culled from the Journal
Economic Entomolof/y., that the annual damage in the United States
to animal and vegetable products by insect pests is reckoned at 1,400
naillion dollars, or 10 per cent, of the total value of the crops, that
the spread of the ** Gipsy Moth " in the same country, which has been
a matter of conjecture, has been traced to the presence on the young
larvffi. of certain inflated balloon hairs, enabling the little insects to
travel long distances with the wind, and also that the supply of
Tacbinid flies has been found very successful in combatting this
destructive enemy. The Address concludes with instances of the
medical and (locally) gastronomic uses of insects. The first paper,
printed " in extenso/* is a short one by Mr. E. J. Bunnett, who set
himself to find out how some small larvfe manaf^je to walk upside
down upon the underside of a glass plate, and gives a photograph of
a part of the quickly constructed »^oad by which they travel in that
position. Mr. Bunnett has another paper (with a plate) on the
pupation of some Vanessida. The old, old question, as to how the
papa gets rid of the larval skin without f^^lling here meets with an
answer, and the athlete '' jump," which we seem to have read of some-
where, is, one hopes, finally killed.
Mr. R. Adkin*s paper upon Scopula [Acidalia) maryinepimctata
brings together pretty well all that is known in Britain of the history
and nomenclature of this erratic insect ; erratic, that is in the ex-
rrienee of the writer, who, having once or twice in his lifetime taken
in abundance, has observed its absence during long intervening
pmodlB-
Mr. B. W. Adkin, deaJing with '' some insects injurious to
Fovestry,*^ invited a remark ujpon the instance of gross and ignoi^ant
carelessness on the part of the authorities responsible for the felling
of tuabei: fpr w^r purposes, in leaving the debris rotting on the
grQttad» to barhcHir tlbe epemies of treea^^ and keep the rac^s in form
Id destroy, or at least to injure, the new growth.
We are bound ip common fairness to recall the ory of objection
when these waste branches were bur^^ed, as destructive and inexcusable
wh^ iha CQuqtry was sufi'eripg from sjt^ortage o{ fiiel. The real
ivoabl* proba1i>ly being that transport was not available.
fhen there is a paper on " British Fern Varieties," by Mr. F. W.
ThcKPQgton, which opens ones mind tP the limitations of insular
situaiioQSf. TUere are, it wQuld appear, hut 43 recognised species of
Feitt, indigenous to Britain^ yet the recorded varieties of these 4B quite
outQumber tl^ose of any other part of the globe.
Mr. Frohawk ha^ a paper upon the ** Migration of Birds," in which
he obfoipvea the probably QftU»^s, t|he sense of direction, and the
•normous speed at which our winded neighbours aye able to travel.
The papery conclude with oqe hf Dr. Boulenger upon " Britigji
Ba(]:a(^i%jpai'* "^bich wovild appear to be very inclusive, and of gi^at
ifterest to those who study these aniii^aU,
In iha Ahatr^ot of Proceedwgs, ♦b^re is a very ^xb^^ustive aocpuot
of the ^ariatron of Afflai» urUeae, Though we had our 8uspicio^9,
we ha4 no realisation of the nupiber of named forms of this species.
Doubtless Mr. Turner's painstaking note will be of great interest and .
service to those who specialise in this insect.
234
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
The Meetings of the Society have evidently been well supported,
and the exhibits well maintained in number and quality. The
Exhibition of Other Orders was repeated during the year under. review,
and appreciated. Four Field Meetings were held, two of which would
appear to have been favoured by decent weather.
The Annual Exhibition of Varieties is always an event with the
^* South London,'* and appears to have been as successful as ever.
The list of exhibits would appear to be as lengthy as in other years.—
O.R.N.B. November SOth, 1920.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXII.
By H. J. TUBNER, F.E.S.
♦
PAGE
Aberrations of Sydney Webb collec-
tion, 8 ; N. Forest S. revayana^
22 ; C. yraminis, 21 ; G, xeram-
pelina, 22 ; E. angularia, 22 ;
E. aethiops, 22 ; P. aegon var.
masseyi, 22 ; R. phlaeas^ 23, 171 ;
M. auriniaf 41 : M. cinxia^ 41 ;
Lepidoptera at the S. London
meeting, 42; A. caja, 57; P.
pulchrina^ 63 ; R. hetulae, 64 ;
HeliconiuSf sps., 103, 124 ; H.
pennaria, 122 ; P. atalanta^ 122,
214 ; D. truncata, 122, 172 ; E.
cardaniineSy 164; Z, rhadaman-
thus, 158; A. 10-punctata^ 168;
C. nuptttj 168 ; C. argwlus^ 168;
E. tithonuSf 173 ; P.icaruSf 191;
C trapezina, 196 ; E. planta-
ginis . . . . . . . . 214
A. cydippe at Beigate . . . . 167
A. iris in February . . . . . . 167
Altitude and Emergence . . 65, 107
Annual, Exhibition S. London Soo.,
42 ; Meeting S. London Soc, 64 ;
species, Emergence of . . . . 68
Ants, of France and Belgium, 71 ;
from Mesopotamia and N.W.
Persia, 162, 177 ; Destructiveness
of, in India . . . . 203
Assemblage of A. tragopogonis .. 20
Association of Ants and Beetles . . 1
Bats capturing moths . . . . 103
Bibliography, Arquata . . . . 17
Bigenerate species of Italy . . . . 70
Bird attacks on insects 124, 155, 172
Book, Rare 173, 196
Breeding contrivance. A, 42 ; Result,
A 100, 192, 207
Broods in G. cleopatra . . , . . 197
Classification of Swiss Hesperias . . 47
Goccinellid aberrations . . . . 168
Collecting Notes 13, 36, 59, 83, 97,
PAGB
153, 190, 207 ; in Turkey, 105 ;
Hint on . . . . . . . . 213
Collection, The Sydney Webb . . 8
Colonies of Z, trifolii . . . . 38
Comparative data on Zygaenae of
Italy . . . . . . . , 25
Comparison of races of Z, tratis-
alpina . . . . . . . . 32
Current Notes 17, 40, 63, 83, 100,
121, 156, 168, 191, 209
Definitiveness . . . . . . 170
Description of, races of Z, trant-
alpina, 30 ; races otZ. oxytropis,
160 ; new species of ante, 162,
177 ; Gynandromorph of M.
Horicola . . . . . . . . 217
Distinction between H, armorieanui
and H. alveus, 81 ; JEf . fritiUum
and H. malvae . . . . . . 85
Double brood of B. parthenias . . 209
Duration of flight period in Hes-
periids . . . . . . 49
Early appearance of, C. argiolui,
63 ; Season, 63 ; spring species 178
E. bickhardij a British insect .. 187
Economic items . . 84, 99, 100,
102,194
Elasticity, individual, 8 ; specific. 8
Emergence, in relation to AltitodiB
and Latitude, 65, 107; of C.
cleopatra, 198; of butterflies In
Italy in 1920 .. ..
Entomological Notes from Putney,
1919 .. .. •• .. Vi
Entomological Society, London . . 210
Fluorescence in Lepidoptera . • 212
Flying habit in butterflies when
paired . . . . . . . . 218
Genitalia, Value of, in classlfioatioii 12S
Genus Hesperia, The Swiss species
of . . 45, 78, 85, 117, US
Geographical Races of, R. pMaeai 8
INDEX.
285
PAGK
Oeographieal Variation of Z. loti-
transalpina 28
Geotrupes and Sparrows . . . . 63
Glacial faana . . . . 69
Gradaated emergence . . . . 65
Gregarious habit, of P. demoleus,, 202
Gynandromorphsof, E, cardamines,
9 ; G. rhamni, 9 ; C. edusa, 9 ;
H. semele, 9 \ A, coridon, 34, 42;
A, thetUy 34; P. iearus, 84; P.
aegon, 34, 43, List of, 37; C.
argiolus, 42 ; G. in study of
insect life, 68 ; P. tumus, 170 ;
H. marginaria, 173 ; P. rapae,
215 ; M. fioricola^ 217 ; Recent,
ants 217
Hibernation of. Beetles, 1 ; flies . . 103
High-mountain characteristics .. 69
** HUl " Museum, The . . . . 166
Isolated Colonies of Butterflies . . 5
Latitude and emergence . . . . 107
** Lepidopterist Abroad, The " . . 189
Life-history of, C. distincta^ 3 ; G.
viridula, 206 ; G. cUopatra . . 227
List of Officers and Council, Lanca-
shire and Cheshire Soc. . . . . 44
Literature of, Phoresy, 185 ; Gynan-
dromorph of Ants . . . . 218
Marriage flight of if. graminicola. . 13
Melanio R. phlaea$, 6 ; 0. autumn-
aria^ 21 ; D. rusina, 103 ; P.
pedaria . . . . . . . . 123
Meteorological Records in Entomo-
logy . . 172
Migration of Catopsilias, 203 ; ? of
A, crataegi .. . . . . 231
Mimicry, in Charaxes sps., 124 ;
Stratiomyiid Fly, 171 ; Indian
butterflies . . . . . . . . 200
Mosquitoes . . . . . . . . 175
Mnllerian Association of Ants and
Beetles . . . . . . . . 1
Myrmecophilous Lady Bird, C.
dUtincta^ The . . . . 1
Newspaper entomology . . . . 83
New species knd forms 84, 160,
162, 168, 169, 170, 177, 180, 187
Nomenclature of Z. loti = tran8al-
pina^ 28 ; P. fasciana, 35 ; L.
pygorga [fuscula) . . . . . . 36
Notes, Entomological, from Putney,
37 ; on Lepidoptera from Witley,
67, 89, 110; on A. reticulata, 93;
from Palestine, 130 ; on M. arge 191
Obituary, William West (of Green-
wich), 175 ; Dr. Gordon Hewett,
170; John Taylor, 194; A. E.
Hudd 216
Occurrence of S. pruni in Surrey . . 40
Ontogenetic races . . . . . . 7
PAOB
Original description of. A, reticu-
lata, 94 ; larva of P. latirostrit. . 157
Paired butterflies in flight . . . . 218
Palatability of Vanessid LarvaB .. 59
Parasitism, Unusual case of . . 64
*' Phoresy of Antherophagus ** . . 181
Phylogenetic races . . . . . . 7
Preponderance of one sex . . . . 191
Prices, at Webb Collection, 8, 33^
Record 10, 33
Pupation of Zygaena . . . . 83
Races of, Z. transalpina, 30, 104 ;
Z. trifolii, 38, 190; Swiss Hes-
perids, 50 ; Flatidae, 104 ; Sum-
mary of, showing seasonal varia-
tion in Italy, 150; Z. rfiada-
manthus, 168 ; Z. trifoliit 167 ;
T. theophras^us ., . . . . 204
Ramble in Mansfield Wood . . 209
Review : ♦* Proceed. S. Lond. Ent.
Soc., 1918, 23 ; ditto, 1919 . . 282
Revisional Notes (Lep.) . . . . 35
Rhopalocera of the Bangalore
district . . . . . . . . 200
Scarcity, of spring larvae . . . . 173
School of Tropical Medicine . . 174
Scientific Notes and Observations
58, 209
Seasonal, Polymorphism in Euro-
pean Rhopalocera, 3, 140 ; Notes 213
Societies, S. London Ent. Soc, 21,
42, 64, 84, 121, 172, 195, 213;
Lancashire and Cheshire Ent S.»
22, 44, 122, 174; The Entomo-
logical So3iety, 103, 123^171,211,. 213
Statistics of Z. trantalpina in Italy 27
*' Stealing of the Common from
the Goose " 83
Suppressed second and third broods
66, 67
Synopsis of Z. oxytropis races . . 162
"Tentamen," Hubner's .. 11, 12
Termites, Nearctic . . .. .• 1^4
Trigenerate species, Emergence of 66
Two years in pupa, N. typhae . . 21
Variation in, European butterflies,
3, 140 ; A. gross ulariata, 17 ^ A.
urticae, 21; N. xanthographa,
22 ; Z. transalpina (loti), 28 ;
British lepidoptera, 8, 33 ; B.
perla, 44; Genus Hesperia, 45 t
A. reticulata {contaminana) , 93 ;
A. coridon, 140 ; A. thetis, 143 ;
P. brassicae, etc., 169 ; H.
fu>rcata . . . . . . . . 214
Variety = ? .. .. .. .. 101
Verrall Supper . . . . 41
Zygaena loti v. Z. transalpina, 76 ;
Z. rhadamanthus and races of Z.
oxytropis . . . . . . . . 168
Localities : — Arquata, 14, 59 ; Amelie-les-Bains, 36 ; Box Hill, 36 ;
Belgium, 71 ; Barton Mills, 153, 199 ; Bristol, 157 ; Bangalore, 200 ;
Calabria, 25 ; Constantinople, 105 ; Ceylon, 124 ; Dorking, 36 ; Edin-
^B6
THE EN rOIVI<01:.0&IST S RECORD.
PAaK
burgh, 41 'r. France, 71, 174,. 214 ; P'reckenham, 153, 199.; Florence, 223, .
226; Gloucester, 14; Qavarnie, .56; Guethery, 36; Cflamorgan, 102 ;
Hindbead, &7 ; Italy., 14. 2^, 26, 59, 66, 97, 107, 140, 190,r ^\ ^i .
Jordan Vajley, 138; Kury Yalova, 106; Lsith Hill, 36; EatticashireL ^njff .
Cheshire, 122; Luxor, 131; Matto Grosso, 103; MuUebCife, ISff:;
Mesopotamia, 162, 177; Mansfield, 209; New Forest, 42^ 48; Pyrene^,
36; Poyntypass, 41; Portnoo, 41; Palestine, 130; Pfersia N.W., 162,
177 ; Putney, 37 ; Ranmore Conunon, 36 ; South America, 20, 43", 187 ;
Sicily, 25 ; Switzerland, 45, 78, 85, 117, 125, 21,8; Tuscany, 2fi; Turkey,
105 ; Tyrone, 155; Turin, 228 ; Vernet-les-Bains, 3i6 ; Witley 67, 89. 110, 166
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAQB
Ashby, Lieut. E. B., F.E.S. 17, 69
97, 192, 207
Andrews, H. W., F.E.S 130
Anderson, Jos 208, 209
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.L.S.,
F.E.S 13,3^,76,83
Burroughs, Rev. C. R. N., F.E.S. 24
Buxton, P. A., M.A., F.E.S. . . 69
Beck, R 206
Grawley, W. C, B.Sc, F.E.S. 13,
162, 177, 180, 217
Cockayne, Dr. E. A. . . . . 68
Cruikshank, D. B. . . 100, 190, 207
Etonisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1, 37, 71, 158, 167, 167, 181, 199
Davis, W. B 14
.. 36
.. 209
.. 106
.. 164
.. 200
.. 187
.. 63
Durrant, J. H., F.E.S.
Daws, Wm. . .
Graves, Major P. P.,. F.E.S
Greer, T
etosvenor, T. H., F.E.S. .
Kaye, W. J., F.E.S.
Leman, G. B. C, F.E.S. .
McDunnough, J., Ph.D.
Miller, Miss E,
Nicholson, C.
Pearson, D. H., F.E.S.
Querci, 0.
Russell, S. G. C, F.E'.Si
Raynor, Rev. G. H., M.A.
Sich, A., F.E.S. ..
Speyer, Hy. . .
Simes, J. A., F.E.S.
Talbot, Geo., F.B.S.
Tullett, A. A., F.B.S.
Turner, B. J., F.B.&.
Tesch, L. R.
Verity, Roger, M.D.
8ft^
8, aa, IT
9IK 97
116
192i 197
116
58, 89s no
68, 96> W
PAGX
11
HI
3,28^68,
10?, ]40(
Warren, B. C. »., P-E.S. 46, 78^
85, IIT,; '^ SIS
Winn, A. J. . . .. .. ..16
Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.BJl
Winser, H. E. .. ' .. .. 166
LIST OF ILLUSTMATHh\S, Sc.
Pl.. ■ L CaccineUa disjtincta . .
X^Ij* X1.« II 1^ • m • 11
Pl. III.. The Genus Besperia
Pl. 1Y. Platyrhinus latirostiSt larva
Pl. Y. New Ants itom Mesopotamia
Toc
.. 1
I
The Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation.
VOL. XXXIII.
SPECIAL INDEX.
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S.
Coleoptera arranged in m-der of Genera, Tlie other orders arranged by Species.
Genera^ Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new
to Science with two asterisks*
PAGE
. 21
. 25
, 25
, 25
. 25
25
ACARINA.
albinos, Cyphodeirus
oanestriniana, Traohyuropoda
equitans, Lselaps . .
humeratus, Lselaps..
laminosa = troguloides
myrmecophilus, Lsslaps . .
troguloides (laminosa), Trachy-
uropoda ... .. .. 25
Trombidium 180, 208
ARANEINA.
arietinus, Tettilus . . . . . . 25
diversus, Tetrilus . . . . 24, 25
impudicus, Tetrilus . . . . 25
recisa, Cryphceca . . . . . . 25
COLEOPTERA.
Adalia bipunctata • . . . . . 221
Adonia . . . . . . . . 115
Anchomenus doraalis . . . . 157
Anthouomus chevrolati . . . . 86
britannus . . . . . . ..36
quadrigibbus .. .. .. 161
TOsinsB . . . . . . . . 86
Anthrenus .. .. .. .. 117
Apion fuscirostre (rufirostre error) 76
ladiolus .. .. .. .. 116
Asindomorpha
Atemeles emarginatus
var. nigricollis . .
Biaps muoronata . .
BostricbidaB . .
Bruchus ater (loti) . .
lotis>ater ..
Callidium variabile..
GorabidsB
Oassida hsBmispberica
Chrysomelid8d
Cicindela bjbridft 198
louquii 136
Cionus 64, 137
alauda (blaitariee) . . 65, 67
blattari8B=alauda .. 65, 67
hortulanus .. .. 65, 66
longicollis 64,65, 66
var. montanus .. ..64,65, 66
..58
. . 22
• • • . ma
" 116, 164
. . 186
. . . . 76
.. 76
..180
.. 186, 202
168, 180*, 208
pulcbellus . .
scrophuiarias
tbapsus
tuberculoaus
•*woodi ..
Glaviger
testaceus . .
Cleopus
Clytbra laeviuscula . .
GlytuB iirietis
OooclDelia
7-punctata.. 85,86,
*var. divaricata . .
var. externepunctata
var. 5-notata
10-punctata
var. confluens
ll-punctata
var. boreolitoralis
var. dextro-cakiles
var. dextroconfluens
var. dextro-tripunotata
var. saisoloe
var. sinistro-cakiles
var. sinistrp-confluens
var. sinistro-salsoloe
var. sinistro-tamaricis
var. sinistro-9-puDOtata
var. tamaricis
var, trinisesqui-dextro-
mutabilis ...
variegata . .
var. arenaria
var. biconstellata
var. carpini
var. 9-punqtata . .
OoocinellidsB . .
Gonotracbelus nenupbar
Gorticaria linearis . .
Greopbilus maxillosus
Grioceris asparagi . .
Gryptocepbaius aureolus
Dermestes lardarius
Donacia sericea
Dryopbilus anobioides
Gastropbysia polygoni
Geotrupes
spiniger
PAOC
66, 67
. . 64, 65,
66,
. .64, 65,
64,
66
35,
.84, 75,
66
65
22, 117
65
195
117
na
116, 130, 197
180
86
80
85
85
76
84
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
84, 76
punctata 76
.. 115, 116
115, 116, 118
..116
..116
.. 115, 11»
..116
76
..161
..117
..116
..221
.. 198, 20a
35,
9»
76
117
180
lift
SPEaAL INDEX.
Bedobia impeiialia . .
Eeliocopis . .
Helopborua aquatioua
Henoticaa germaniouB
Henuclia
Hippi>dsmiti variegata
HopiiAptailaiiehuB ..
HydroporuB . .
HjlobiuB abietis
LucnnuB cervus
MacrodactjiuB aubapinc
MegatoiDFL undnta . ,
Mjeetiea hirtfli
MjrmedDDJH fanesta
NecropbaruB intemiptti
Occbe
laoler
Pbonapbab
Pbjilopertba
Pbjtodecia viminatia
£-panctatua
Qaedius impi-BBBiiB ..
HbKBOQjeba fulva . .
Hh^Dcbltes betuleti..
Silpba
SiDodendron cjlindricam
StrnneiLlia arnia,ta . .
Teiiebrio iiiolitor ..
Timarcba. leevigata ..
Tribolium
CnecleB griaeua
Xylobarus dispar
'acecU, MaBBaloDgia
•acerplipans. CoiitBrinia
'ipguKliB, Sticlodiploais
' iiinophota
WHBliC.
, Pprrif
annulaCa, Theobaldia
'artemiBiie, BlaatodiplouB.
Rrteiuialte, Clinodipioals
AspbuDdylia sp. . .
'auripes, CJinodiplOBiB
'aurJtiB, Peirisia
BDtnmnalia, MuacA . ■
biturcatus. Anapbeles
b[orrhiE(B, Clinodiploeis
bipariaCa, Limnophora
'bittortee, PerriHia ..
bnUBics, Fborbia ..
•btjoniw, Perrieia ..
Ceoidom jiidie
ceataarese, Lteviola,
CaratopoKaniniB
•cbryaanlliOQii, Conturini
■oirsii. ClitiodlploBiB
'citcoitero, Contarinia
'Coprodiploais ap. . .
'dittricbii, Perriaia..
DoliobopuB .. .. .. ., 1'
'ervi, ABpbandylia .. .. .. 1<
•eicavana, Pertisia II
■fairmairei, Perrisia . . . . II
fecundator Andriaus 1S2, 167, II
teroi, Tachina . . - - H
'floriperdu, Contarinia .. -.11
florlperda, PerriBia . . .. -.11
fonaicarnm, PseddactHin •• ■• !
■traiitfoisi. Perriaia.. .. 1S2, II
'Irangulie, Contarinia .. ..II
in^a QloBsinia .. -.11
■eallica, Perriaia H
•KallicDla, ClinodiploElB .. .. U
Kallll, PerriBia H
'({emmoi, Arnoldia .. ., ..11
'(^emmarnm. BbabdopbaRa ■- 3'
'geinmarum, Sobmidtiella .. 11
eenioujatas, Ochlerotatns . - . . 1'
'RlutinoBa. Driaina . . ■ ■ 1<
'bjpoftoaa. Misoapatba .. . ■ 1<
■inflateB, Perriaia H
'iQulie, AcodiploaiB. . .. ■ . 1'
'involuta, IsodipioBia -. ■ ■ K
•jaapi, Khabdophaga ■■ . - H
jaapiana, Petriaia .. ..It
*lamii, Hacrolabia >■ ... ..II
lamiicQla. PerrisU li
liltoralia, Pipnnoulna . . I'
ItBwiana, Perriaia 151, II
•loniaeriB. MaorolafaiB .. -.11
'lucetii, Maocolabia. . •• ■ . Ij
taargi n em torquGDs. Perriaia .. II
maribima, Lininopbom .. ..I'
'maTsbnli. Contarinia ■■ • ■ II
'medicaginla, Contarinia .. •■11
"mioiiDUB, Pipunoulim .. .. 11
-millefolii, Clinorrhjnoha.. .. II
'mollDginiB, Contarinia .. .. II
mfopina, Tetanopa. . .. .. 11
-nielseni. Kbabdopbaga .. . . U
■niveooinota, Prolasiopteta .. II
' origan i, Oil gotropbuB .-. .. II
'paleamm. Khopalomyia .. ..II
-parvula. Perrisia . . . . 158, II
■peinei, Perriaia II
peraicariie, Perriaia.. .. .. II
PblebotoDius . . ..II
'pilosa, Aspbondjila .. ..II
■pllloBellEB, ContaiLma .. .. II
pipiens. Culex II
plumbeiia, Anopbelea 118, 188, 300, 31
prteteitatua, HercoElomus . . . . 1!
'pralenaia, Perrisia.. .. .. II
■prunoruzD, AaphondyliB .. ..II
'pruiielliB, Macrolabia .. .. II
pulohripalpia. Orthopodomjia .. '
'pulchri pea. Contarinia ..II
•puBtulana. Perrisia ,. .. H
KlinWophnca II
•rhamni. Perrisia II
'rhjnchiton. Clinodlploaia. . .. Il
'rubicundula. Perrisia .. .. Il
'sanibuci, Arnoldia. . .. .. li
SPECIAL INDEX.
111.
PAGE
*8ampiana, Perrisia . . ,,155
sanguisorbae, Perrisia . . . . 164
•saxifragsB, Perrisia . . . . 165
schleohtendali, Perrisia . . . . 166
sehwetzi, Glossina 182
♦serratulsB, Lcewiola . . . . 167
•silvestris, Perrisia . . . . . . 166
*8padic8B, Perrisia 156
spirseffi, Perrisia 166
Sphaerophorbia, 196
**8ubochrea(annulata), Theobaldia 137
Tabanid8B 74, 78
*tami, Schizomyia 166
terminalis, Teras 167
•teucrii, Perrisia 166
*tympani, Perrisia 166
*vaccinii, Hjgrodiplosis . . . . 168
*viburnorum, Contarinia . . . . 169
virgo, Limnopbora 120
^volvens, Perrisia, Jaapiella . . 165
••vorax, Lestodiplosis .. .. 169
HYMENOPTERA.
Acan thorn jops
Aculeates
agrorum, Bombus . .
albiditarsis, Mefceorus
alienus, Acanthomyops
americanus, Apanteles
Andrena
Apan teles
•*aterior (niger var.), Lagynodes
16,
BraoonidaB . .
csespitum, Tetramorium
CerapbionidaB
GhalcididaB . .
Ohrysididffi . .
Cimbex
DiapriidsB
druparum, Syntomaspis
Ephialtini
erythromera, Spalangia
flavus, Acanthomyops
FormicidaB . .
fragilis, Meteorus . .
**fuliginosi, Ceraphron
**fuligino8i, Loxotropa
fuliginosus, Acanthomyops
fuliginosQS, Lasius 16, 16, 22, 23,
24,
fusca, Formica 17, 22, 23, 24,
**fu8cicola, Synopeas .. 10,
22
140
198
181
22
180
137
180
22
•• 23
.. 26
.. 15
23, 140
.. 140
.. 135
.. 16
.. 161
.. 161
.. 23
22
21
136
22
23
136
26
26
23
180, 200
21,
16,
16,
gigas, Sirex
glebaria (fusca var.)^ Formica 24, 25
graminioola, Myrmecina . . . . 21
hortorum, Bombus 197
hamilis, Iridomyrmex . . . . 60
IchneumonidaB . . . . . . 140
kohleri, Allantus 197
longicornis, Pronolepis . . . . 22
meUifica, Apis 116
mioratorius, Metopius . . . . 196
PAGE
mixtus, Acanthomyops . . , 21, 22
Monodola . . . . • • 180
nervosa, Aspilota . . . . . . 23
niger, Acanthomyops 21, 23, 24,
26, 79
niger, Lagynodes . . . . 16, 22
nigroaeneus, Horiomenus . . . . 180
palmata, Tenthredopsis .. .-. 219
persuasoria, Rhyssa . . . . 180
pilipes, Anthophora . . * * 219
Platygasteridad . . . . . . 16
PonerinsB . . 60
pratensis, Formica 197
Proctotrupidae . . . . 16, 22, 140
rufa, Formica . . . .22, 23. 24
ruginodis, Myrmica.. .. ..21
rosea, Andrena . . . . . . 137
sanguinea, Formica . . 21, 28
scabrinodis, Myrmica . . . . 24
Sceliphron . . . . . . . . 181
Bpalangia . . . . . . . . 23
speoicornis, Megalodontes . . . . 198
syl varum, Bombus . . . . . . 197
Synopeas . . . . . . . . 23
syntomaspes, Druparum . . . . 161
trimmerana, Andrena . . . . 137
umbratus, Acanthomyops . . . . 136
vulgaris, Vespa . . 116, 117, 118
LEPIDOPTERA.
abbreviata, Eupithecia . . 40, 64
abruptaria, Hemerophila . . "64
acaciaB, Nordmannia, Thecla 8,
26, 186, 197
Acalla
achilleaB, Zygaena
achine, Pararge
acis = semiargus
actaea, Satyrus
acteina = calabra
acteon, Thymelious
118
..26,70, 108
.. 197, 198
.'! 121* 186
11,13,45,
71, 104, 122, 188
adelina, Cymothoe . . . . . . 100
adippe = cydippe 8, 12, 15, 103, 197
adjustella (lignea var.)j Blastobasis 180
admetus, Hirsutina (Polyommatus)
46, 121, 142
adrasta (maera race), Pararge 8, 63
adulatrix, Eutelia 170
adusta, Hadena . . • . . . 170
SBgeria, Pararge 8, 14, 28, 34, 44,
46, 46, 48, 60, 98, 193, 201
Aegeriidte . . . . . . . . 135
aBgon (argus), Plebeius 9, 26, 27,
28, 62, 71, 104, 187
SBgus (insularis race), Plebeius 176, 177
**aBgusella (insularis race), Plebeius
176, 176
ffigyptiaca (crameri race), Antho-
charig . . . . . . . . 194
ffimilii (filipendulBB race), Zygaena.. 146
HBralis, Pyrausta . . . . . . 141
SBStiva (medon var.), Aricia . . 71
sestiva (rapae race), Pieris . . . . 14
IV.
SPJSCUL INDEX.
PAGE
eestivalis (aohillesB race), Zygasna. . 70
astivaljs (icarus race), Polyom-
matqs . . . . 26, 27, 71, 73, 74
SBstivalis (papaphilus race), Coeno-
nympba . . . . . . . . 71
sestivus (maQbaon race), Papilio 14, 73
sestivqs (pblteas race), Bumioia . . 43
»8tivug (rap?B race), Pieris. . . . 28
eethiops, Erebia . . . . 26, 198
affinitata, Perizoma . . . . 54
agamemnon, Papilio . . . . 68
AgaristidsB . . . . . . . . 138
agestis (medoja race), Adcia . . 71
aglaia, Argynnis 5. 15, 26, 39,
51, 71, 166, 196, 197
agrippina, Tbysania . . . . 138
alba (pblsBas ah.), Bumicia . . 39
albicans (coridon ah.), Agriades .. 192
albipuQcta, Leucania . . . . 170
albitarsella, Coleopbora . . . . 18
alccBB, Erynnis 13, 27, 42, 45, 47,
72, 104, 194
alqetas (coretas), Ev^res 27, 28, 46, 73
alcides, Parnara . . . . . . 170
aloipbron, Loweja 13, 25, 70, 121,
134, 165, 174
aloyone, Satyrus . . . . . . 104
alcyoniformis (hermione vur.),
Satyrus . . . . . . . . 14
alecto, Cbo^rocampa, Tberetra . . 170
alexanor, I^apilio . . . . 103, 186
alia, Grapbipbora . . . . . . 161
alinana. Precis . . . . . . 69
almana, Sesia . . . . . . 141
almanalis, Herculia . . . . 141
**almanica (bombycalis var.), Cle-
deobia 141
alni, Jocbesera, Acronicta . . . . 58
alniaria, Ennomos .. .. .. 202
alpina (comma race), Urbicola . . 71
alpina (didyma racej, MelitsBa .. 9
alpina (filipendulaB race), Zygasna. . 109
altera (aragonensis race), Agriades
29, 73
altiera (hispana race), Agrjades . . 191
althesB, Erynnis 8, 13, 27, 72, 142
altisidora, Cjiuotboe . . . . 100
altitudinaria (transalpina race),
ZygflBna 25, 70, 71
altivolens (escberi rare), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 26
alveus, Hesperia 5, 71, 96, 186, 198
amandus, Polyommatus 12, 13, 26 ,
142, 186, 190, 191
amanica (pboebe race), Meliteea .. 141
**am pie vittata(jurtina var.), Eplne-
pbele . . . . . . . . 211
aiuymone, Euplcea . . . . . . 69
analampra (lycaon race), Hypone-
pbele (Epinepbele) . . . . 71
anoeps (filipendula) race), Zyj^wna
82, 85, 87, 109, 137
andromedaB, Hesperia . . . . 3
angelicoe, Zygssna .. .. 84, 109
PAGE
**an((elic8eformis (filipendulse var.),
Zygsena . . . . . . . . 109
anguliCascia, Cymotboe . . . . 100
autennata, Xylina . . . . . . 161
anteros, Polyommatus . . 46, 47
antbelea, Satyrus . . . . . . 142
antiopa, Euvaiiessa 179, 205, 207,
208, 209
antipbates, Pnpilio . . . . . . 68
aptiqua, Orgyia . . . . 137, 170
Apatura . . . . . . . . 69
Apaturidae . . . . . . . . 198
apennina (comma race), Urbicola
27, 78
apennina (coridon race), Agriades 29
apenniiia (eupbrosyne race), Bren-
tbis . . . . . . 14, 26
apennina (ratera rare), Pararge 26,
28, 71
apennina (virgaureae race), Heodes
25, 71
apenninica (niobe race), Argynnis
26, 71
apenninicola (aglaia race), Argynnis
15,26. 71
apenninicola (segon race), Plebeiiis
26, 27, 71
apenninigena (tbetis race), Agri-
ades 25,70, 71
**apenninogenita (tbetis race),
Agriades . . . . . . 190, 191
apenninophyla (argyrognomon
race), Plebeius .. .. ..27
apoUinus, Doritis . . . . 194, 195
apollo, Parnassius 12, 13, 26, 27,
40, 63, 71, 72, 171, 186, 187, 197, 198
apuanica (coridon race), Agriades 20
aragonensis (bispana) (coridon
race), Agriades . . . . 73, 191
arcania(us), Ccenonympba 11, 14,
26, 28, 73, 102, 188
arctica (filipendulee race), Zygeeqa
89, 90, 10^, 1Q7
arctica (napi race), Pieris . . . . 107
arena (icarus ab»), Polyommatus . . 60
ardeaBpennella, Coleopbora . . 33
arduinna, Melitaea . . . . . . 142
aresbana (balkanica race,), Tarucus 170
aretbusa, Hipparcbia . . 10, 121
arete (byperantus ab.), A.pbantopu8 4fi
argei, Melanargia . . . . 12, 14, 76
argentella, Apbelosetia « . . . 17
argiades, Everes . . 8, 31, 46, 47, 165
argiolus, Celastrina (Lycoinops^s)
14, 31, 32, 43, 45, 47, 48, 73, 103,
178, 201, 208, m
argus (argyrognomon) Plebaiu^ 11,
12, 13, 15, 104, W
argus = aegon . .
Argynnidee . . . . . . . . lOft
argyrana, Pammene . . . . 17
argyrognomon (argus), Plebeius
11, 12, 13, 16, 104, 1«?
ai;gyrospila, Arcbips . . . < 141^
fi*ttCIAL INDSX.
V.
PAQE
ation, Lycadna^ 4, 8, 25, 27, 98, 187,
195, 197, 198
aristfl^ns (semele race), Hipparchia 29
aristolocfaiaB, Papilio . . . . 68
armeniaca (gruneri race), Antho-
cbaris . . . . . . . . 30
armoricanus, Hesperia 13, 27, 28,
47, 71, 72, 74
arragonensis (coridon race), A^ri-
ades . . . . 28, 29, 191, 192
assimilata. Eupitheoia . . . . 40
asteropa, Ypihima . . . . . . 194
astrsea, lolana .. .. ..141
astragali. ZygeBna . . . . . . 102
a8trarche = medon . .
atjilanta, Pyrameis 15, 28, 31, 38,
43, 45, 48, 49, 77,98, 117, 178,
180, 193, 200, 201
aterrima (filipendulae race), ZygsBna
125, 127, 128, 129, 147, 149, 151
athalia, Melitaea 3, 11, 12, 14,
15, 26, 28, 35, 71, 103, 165, 186,
187, 196, 213, 214
Athyma . . . . . . . . 38
atomaria, Ematurga . . . . 203
atrata, Tanagra . . . . . . 198
atropos, Manduca .. .. 140, 200
augusta (cratBBgi race), Aporia 192, 193
atirantiacum, Sciapteron . . . . 141
aarelia, Melitaea . . . . . . 3
aureliseformis, MelitBBa . . . . 214
aurinia, Meliteea . . . . 8, 39
aurorina, Colias .. .. .. 141
ausonia (damon race), Hirsatina,
Polyommatus . . . . 70, 71
austral if ormis (althees race), Eryn-
nis .. .. ..13, 27, 72
australior (lavatherse race), Eryn-
Ills •• •• •• •• •• I vf
atistralis (alceas race), Erynnis 13,
13, 27, 72
atf8tra1is (cirixia race), Melitaea . . 14
atistralis (pampbiJus race), Coeno-
nympha . . . . 14, 26, 28, 73
autumnalis (brassirse race), Pieris
71, 73
autumnalis (rapae race), Pieris . , 71
autbtnnali8 = tertia (brassiccB race),
Pieris .. .. .. 71, 73
autumnaria, Oporabia; . . . . 39
avalon (Lycsena) . . . . . . 98
avanta, Ypthima . . . . . . 69
bflBtica, Eryuriis . . . . 70, 142
balkarii<'a, Tairucus .. 170, 194
baton, Scolitkntides 13, 27, 28. 43,
70, 73- 102, 194, 195
bavarica (filipetidulsB )'ace), Zygaena 87
biavius, Scolitantides . . . . 165
belemia, Antbocharis 193, 194, 195
l^llargus = thetis
beroe, S&tyrus . . . . . . 142
betulaeV Salebra ' 17
betalella, Ooled^bora . . . . 33
htsinor; Papilio, .. .. .. 68
InieoloreljAvdolibphora .. .. 132
PAGE
bidentata, Gonodontis . . . . 39
biguttata (filipendulsd/octf), Zygaena
128, 146, 148
bilunana, Paedisca . . . . . . 18
bilunaria, Selenia . . . . . . 39
bimaculata, Baptk . . . . . . 53
bipunctaria, Ortholitb'a . . . . 54
bivittata (sinapis ah.), Leptoeia 14,
26,28,71, 73
Blastobasidae . . . . . . 180
bochus, Jamides .. .. ..69
boeticus, Lampideti 8, 14, 28, 40,
46, 47, 73, 99, 194
bolina, Hypolimnas 119, 120, 135
bombyealis, (iledeobia . . . . 141
bombyliformis, Hbmaris . . . . 198
BotydaB . . . . . . . . 62
brassicae, Mamestra. . . . . . 202
brassicaB, Pieris 5, 11, 12, 14, 28,
30, 39, 43, 45, 47. 48, 71, 73,
116, 138, 193, 194, 195, 19€
briseis, Satyrus 44, 45, 7^, 74, 102, 104
briseis, Zygaena . . . . . . 104
britannica (napi race), Pieris .. 21(
brunnea-alcoides (tages rac«), NiBd-
niades . . . . . . . . 17!i
brunneata, Tbamnonoma . , . . 58
**brutlia (amandus race), Polyom-
matus 190, 191
bryoniaB (napi race), Pieris 3, 4, 91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 107, 210
cacaliae, Hesperia . . . . .3, 4
caecilia (man to race), Erebia 10, 40
caBrulea (icarus ah.), Polyommatus 196
caeruleopunctata (pblaeas ah.),
Eumicia .. .. ..38,49, 52
caespititiella, Coleopbora 132, 133, 188
caja, Arctia . . . . . . 34, 200
calabra (alcipbron race), Heodes . . 174'
calabra (tilipendulae race)^ Zygaena
111, 112, 113, 129, 147, 148
calabra (galathea race), Melanargia 213
calabra (stoecbadis race), Zygaena
13, 110, 150
calabra (acteina) (cordttla race),
Natyrus . . . . . . 14, 71
**calabr»L - ocbsenheimeri (stoe-
cbadis ah.), Zygaena . . 112, 150
calabra-procida (galathea race),
Melanarp;ia . . . . . . 212
calabrica (argus = 8egon race), Ple-
beius . . . . . . . . 13
calabrica (mnemosyne race), Par-
nassius . . . . . . 12, 14
**caIabricola (insularis race), Pie-
beius .. .. .. .. 175'
c-album, Polygonia 15, 28, 48, 72,
178, 198
caldaria (didyma race), Melitaea 28, 74
calida (hyale race), Colias 26, 73, 74
calida (medon race), Aricia 44, 45, 47
calidogenita (argioliis race), Celas-
trina . . . . . . 14, 73
californica, Caenonympha . . . . 98
camadeVa, Psaphis, Canerkes .. 80
Yl.
SPECIAL INDEX.
PAQE
Camilla = rivularis ..
oampanisB (filipendulse race), Zy-
g8BDa 126
campanisB (stoechadis race)^ Zygsena
113, 160
oandalus (eros race)^ Polyommatus 38
candidata, Asthena . . . . . . 54
canicularis (argiolus race), Celas-
trina 73
oaDidia, Pieris 68
oapucina, Calpe 170
oarboncina (gorge race), Erebia 71, 212
oardamines, Euobloe 14, 30, 40,
43, 48, 57, 137, 164, 171, 180,
193, 195, 200
oarduelis (cardui race), Pyrameis. . 71
oardui, Pyrameis 12, 15, 28, 31,
39, 43, 45, 48, 49, 69, 71, 117,
169, 193, 194, 200, 201, 218
carlinella, Parasia 17
carniolica, Zygeena 11, 13, 25, 26,
70, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 128, 139
oartbami, Hesperia 10, 13, 71, 96,
172, 173, 186
oassiope (epiphron ra^e), Erebia 61, 62
Castniidae . . . . . . . . 138
Catocala . . . . . ; . . 170
catoleuca (brassicsB race), Pieris
14, 28, 47, 73
Catopsilia 68
caucasica (coridon race), Agriades 191
oaulosticta (cardamines ah.), Eu-
chloe . . . . . . . . 164
oecropia, Samia . . . . . . 199
celestina, Glaucopsyche . . . . 142
celtis, Libythea . . .... 71
centralitalisB (alveus rac^), Hesperia 71
cerisyi, Thais .. ..42,43, 195
oerri (ilicis ab.), Strymon .. .. 103
cerusella, Alpbelosetia . . . . 18
oervinata, Eubolia . . . . . . 202
oespitalis, Herbula . . . . . . 54
oeto, Erebia 8, 71, 212
ohalcedon, Melitaea . . . . . . 98
chalcogrammella, Coleophora . . 182
chamomillsB, Cucullia . . . . 53
Cbaraxes . . . . . . . . 69
oharlonia, Antbocbaris . . 194, 195
oharon (meliloti race), Zygaena .. 13
ohi, Polia . . ■,. . . . . 140
ohiron = eumedon ..
ohloridice, Pontia . . . . 165, 199
obrysantbemi (filipendulaB ab.),
Zygasna . . . . . . 40
chrysippus, Danais.. .. 09, 194
christyi (dilutata race), Oporabia.. 39
cilissa, Cigaritis . . . . . . 142
oinnus (coridon ab.), Agriades . . 72
oinxia, Melitaea 12, 14, 40, 103, 187
cii-ce, Satyrus 12, 14, 44, 45, 102,
121, 142, 187
oircellaris (ferruginea), Amatbes,
Xantbia . . . . . . . . 58
cirsii (fritillum var.), Hesperia 63,
104, 122
PAOK
citrata (immanata), Dyssfcroma 54, 184
olara (baton race), Scolitantides
194, 195
clara (ioarus race), Polyommatus. . 138
clara (lineola race), AdopsBa .. W
olarens (cydippe race), Argynnis
16, 26, 28, 72
olarus (tages race), Nisoniades 27,
70, 71, 72, 172
clathrata, Strenia, Diastictes 53, 170
cleodora, Eronia . . . . . . 164
cleodoxa (cydippe ab.), Argynni^ 8, 40
Cleopatra, Gonepteryx 43, 73, 75,
76, 103, 193
clytia, Papilio . . . . . . 68
clytus, Leptoneura . . . . . . 99
cocuzzana = turatii (in error lor
cucozzana) . . . . 12, 14
Coenonympha .. .. ..102
cognata, Procris . . . . 13, 70
Coleophora . . . . . . 118, 131
collina, MelitaBa . . . . . . 142
columbaria (oonfusalis a&.), Nola.. 135
columnella, Neptis . . . . . . 69
comma, Urbicola .. 27,71,72, 73
Concbylis . . . . . . . . 118
confluens (filipendulae ab.), Zygaena
90, 91
oonfusalis, Nola . . . . . . 135
oonsortaria, Tephrosia . . 39, 56
oonstantinii = etruriaB
contaminana = reticulata ..
convolvuli, Agrius . . . . . . 178
cordula, Satyrus 12, 13,. 14, 71,
103, 104, 186
coretas = alcetas
coridon, Agriades 9, 13, 26, 27, 28,
29,39,51,58, 71, 72, 103, 121,
186, 187, 191, 192
corinna, Coenonympba . . . . 29
coronis, Pieris . . . . . . 68
correptft (by las ra^e), Polyommatus 25
corticana, Penthina. . .. ..18
corydonius (coridon var.), Agriades
27, 72
costovata (fluctuata ab.), Xantho-
rhoe . . . . . . . . 164
crameri (belia), Anthocharis 43, 194, 195
cratasgi, Aporia 14, 15, 26, 42, 43,
71, 186, 192, 193, 197, 198
cristana, Peronea . . . . 39, 118
croceaiis, Ebulea . . . . . . 54
croceus (edusa), Colias 8, 12, 14,
26, 28, 29, 31, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47,
50, 51, 62, 71, 73, 74, 102, 103,
121, 137, 169. 194, 200
crucivora (rapaB race), Pieris .. 80
cucullatella, Nola . . . . . . 135
cucuzzana = turatii . .
culmellus, Crambus . . . . 218
cydamus (epiphron race), Erebia . . 212
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 8, 12,
15, 26, 28, 40, 61, 72, 108, 197
cyllarus, Glaucopsyche .. 13, 70
cymothoe (athalia ab.), Melitada . . 213
SPECUL INDEX.
yiw
PAOB
dama, Poljommatus . . 63, 64
damon, Hirsutina, Polyommatus
70, 71, 187, 197
DanaidsB 68
DanainaB . . 135
daphne, Brenthis . . 14, 134, 142
daplidice, Pontia 14, 28, 43, 45, 47,
73, 102, 165, 169, 194, 197
Dasyohira 135
defoliaria, Hibemia.. .. 140, 184
deione, Melitasa 134
Delias 40,79, 80
deminata (briseis race), Satyrus . . 74
demoleus, Papilio 68
dentata, Curetis 69
dentina, Mamestra . . . . . . 198
deyrollei (oerisyi race)^ Thais . . 195
dia, Brenthis .. 28, 74, 103, 121
dianaria (selenaria a&.), Asootis .. 170
dictaeoides, Leiocampa . . . . 18
dictynna, Melitsea . . . . 9, 197
didyma, Melitaea 9, 11*. 12, 14, 26,
28, 40, 72, 74, 103, 121, 134, 186,
196, 197, 198
digitellus, Crambus 63
dilatata (cleodora race), Eronia . . 164
diluta, Asphalia 140
dilutata, Oporabia . . 39, 202
dimidiata (scutulata), Ptychopoda
54, 59
diniensis (sinapis var.), Leptosia
103, 186
dipsacea, Heliothis . . . . . . 170
discordella, Coleophora . . . . 132
disoreta (icarus race)^ Polyomma-
tUS •• •• •• •• •• LOv
dispar, Chrysophanus 11, 46, 47,
136, 178, 179
dispar, Lymantria, Sciapteron 137,
141, 170, 221
dolus, Hirsutina, Polyommatus 64,
71-, 102, 103, 104, 134
donzelii, Polyommatus, Aricia . . 174
dorilis, Heodes, Loweia 12, 13, 27,
45, 46, 47, 73, 121, 142
dorus, Coenonympha 102, 121, 187
dryas, Enodia . . . . 10, 28
dubia = pyrenes
dubia (trifolii race), ZygSBna .. 87
dubiosa (napi ra^e), Pieris. . . . 107
duponoheli, Leptosia ..42,43, 165
**duponcheli (filipendulsB race),
ZygSBna 124, 126, 126, 129, 147, 151
dyala (eupheme race), Zegris . . 163
Dysphania (Euschema) ..40,79, 80
echerius, Abisara . . . . . . 69
edusa=croceus
egea, Polygonia 15, 28, 48, 134, 188
egerides (aegeria ra^e), Pararge . . 34
elbana (corinna race), Coeno-
nympha 29
elens (phleeas race), Eumicia 44,
70, 71, 104, 121
eleatho, Kipara 135
PAQB
emiau^tralia (pamphilus), Goeno-
nympha 71
emiflorens (lathonia reuse), Issoria 28
emihispulla (jurtina race], Epine-
phele 211
emilyllus (pamphilus race), Coeno-
nympha 14, 28, 73
emi pauper (phoebe race), Melitasa. . 28
emispbirus (machaon race), Papilio 73
ephialtes, Zygsena 106, 139, 146, 198
epiphron, Erebia 8, 26, 61, 62, 63,
186, 187, 211, 212
erdonia (polsensis) (mssra race),
Pararge . . . . . . . . 14
Erebia 1, 7, 10, 61, 186, 187, 212
ericetaria (plumaria), Selidosema
36, 138
eris (niobe var.), Argynnis . . 186
eros, Polyommatus . . . . 4, 38
eros=titi[ionus (Polyommatus) .. 71
erzia (cJeodora race}, Eronia . . 164
erymanthis, Cupha . . . . . . 69
erynia (gorge race), Erebia. . . . 212
eryphyle, Colias . . . . . . 98
eryx, Lehera . . . . . . . . 69
escheri, Polyommatus 4, 26, 104,
121, 186
etruriae (oonstantinii) (stygne race),
Erebia . . . . . . . . 26
**etru8oa (filipendulae race), Zv-
gaena 122, 125, 126, 127, 128,
129, 147, 149, 151
etrusoa (stoechadis race), Zygaena
113, 114
etrusca (thetis race), Agriades 27,
73, 74
etrusca (tithonus race), Pyronia,
Epinephele . . ; . . 28
euapenninus (apoUo race), Par-
nassius . . . . . . . . 71
eumedon, Polyommatus, Aricia 3,
13, 63, 174
eupheme, Zegris . . . . 163, 194
eupbemus, Lycaana.. .. 79, 197
euphorbias, Hyles . . . . . . 58
euphrosyne, Brenthis 12, 14, 26,
39, 49, 62, 63, 120, 166, 109, 219
Euploea 69, 137
europa, Lethe . . . . . . 69
europaeus (cleopatra var.), Gonep-
teryx . . . . . . . . 73
euryale, Erebia . . 2, 7, 197, 198
eurybia (hippothoe var.), Heodes,
Chrysophanus . . . . . . 61
eurynome, Neptis . . . . . . 69
eurypilus, Papilio . . . . . . 68
eury theme (eryphyle race), Colias. . 98
Euschema = Disphania .. ..40
euschemoides, Canerkes . . . . 80
Everes . . . . . . . . 46
exaleuca, Neptis . . . . . . 100
excubitor, Dysphania ... . . 80
exilis, Brephidium . . . . 98, 199
exolita, Calocampa.. .. ..58
extranea (unipuncta), Leucania . . 39
Vlll.
SPEGUlL indbx.
PAOE
f agi => hermione ,. .. ,^.
faloataria, Drepana.. .. .. 5«S
familiella, Crinopteryx . . . . 131
f ar pa (manni ra£0), Pieria.. .. 74
fausta, Zygaena 104, 105, 106, 107, 109
f erruginea = circellaris . . . . 58
fervida (fuliginosa race)^ Phragma-
tobia 170
Mia, Satyrus .. .. 104, 134
filigrammai'ia, Oporabia . . . . 39
iilipenduIeB, ZygsMia 40, 52, 53, 82,
83, 84, 86, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,
106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
Ua, 114, 122, 123, 124, 125, 137,
138, 139, 145, 147, 195
filipluma (megera raee)^ Pararge 28,
72, 73
fiorii (purpuralia race)^ Zygsena 25, 70
flava (thaumas) (linea), AdopsBa 11,
13, 45, 52, 60, 63, 71, 104, 122
davena (dia race)^ Brenthia 28, 74
flavicincta, Polia . . . . . . 140
flavicornia, Polyploca . . ' . . 38
flavofasciata, Perizoma . . . . 54
fletcherella, Goleophora . . . . 161
florentina (aragonenaia, Gerh.
race)y Agriades . . . . 29, 73
florentina (oarniolioa race)y Zygaena 13
florentina (hi8pana = aragonenaia,
Vrty. rac«), Agriadea .. .. 191
fluctuata, Xanthorhoe . . 164, 179
fortunata (jiirtina race), Epinephele 211
foulquieri, Heaperia 71, 72, 96, 104
frangulella, Bucculatrix . . . . 18
fraxini, Zygaena . . . . 106, 139
fritillum (ciraii), Hesperia 63, 104, 122
friihatorferi (mnemoayne race), Par-
nasaius . . . . . . . . 71
fuoiformia. Hem aria . . . . 203
fugitiva (icarus race)^ Polyommatua
32, 55, 77
fnliginalia (cucullatella race), Nola 135
fuliginoaa, Phragmatobia . . . . 170
fulvoinapersa (armoricanua race),
Heaperia 13, 27, 28, 71. 72, 74
fulvotincta (onopordi race), Hea-
peria .. .. 27,28,71, 72
famoaa (ericetaria ah.), Selidosema 36
famoaus (ridleyanua ab.), Papilio 100
f areata, Hydriomena . . . . 184
furcula, Dicranura . . . . . . 58
furvata, Lignicolor . . . . . . 79
fuscedinella, Coleophora .. 132, 133
galactinus (californica race), Coeno-
nympha . . . . . . . . 98
galathea, Melanargia 10, 11, 14,
26, 45, 51, 71, 102, 103, 121, 187,
195, 196, 212
galii, Deilephila, Celerio .. .. 170
gamnia., Pluaia .. 53, 170, 178, 199
geu)ina (stoechadia race), Zygasna 111
GeonietraB . . . . . . . . 170
geryon, Procris, Ina .. 70, 196
ghilanica (jurtina race)^ Epinephele 31
PAGE
gigantea (fllipendul» racs), Zygasna
126, 128, 129, 151
glacialia, Erebia . . . . . . 7
**glaciata (eumedon race), Polyom-
matua, Aricia . . . . . . 174
glauce (belemia ra^e), Anthoeharifl 194
glauoeacens (regaJis var.), I>y8-
pbania . . . . . . . . 79
glaucippe, Hebomoia . . . . 68
glioiria (Coliaa), Pierifl .. ..180
globulariae, Ino, Procris . . 38, 70
glycerion, Papilio . . * . . . 98
glyphica, Euolidia . . . . 33, 63
Gnophop . . . . . . . . 164
goante, Erebia - . . . . 5,7, 186
goedartella, Argyreathia . . . . 18
gordiua (aleiphron ract), Heodes
121 IM
gorge, Erebia 1, 4. 7, 11, 71,' 212
gorgophone ^mneafera race), Erebia 187
gotbica, TsBniocampa . . . . 139
Gracilaria . . . . . . . . 131
gracilia (aroaniua var.), Goeno-
nympha . . . . . . 28, 73
gracilia (aao var.), Powellia 27. 70.
71, 73, 173, 174
graBca (crameri race), Anthocbaris 43
grandipennia, Butalia . . . . 18
Graphipteraa . . . . . . 136
graslini (rbadamanthua race), Zy-
gaena . . . . ... . . 89
griaealia, Zanclognatha . . . . 53
groasulariata. Abraxas 38, 39, 54,
56, 164
grotei, Xylina . . . . . . 161
grumi, Melanargia .. .. ..141
gruneri, Antbocharis .. ..30
gryphipennel la, Coleophora 33, 132, 133
gurda (filipendulflg race), Zygena. . 89
guttata (fllipenduIsB race), Zygaena 128
guttatus, Parnara . . . . . . 69
hadjina (stoechadian'ttcc), Zygaana HO
balipbron, Papilio .. .. ..137
hastata, Eulype . . . . 54, ^
haatiana, Peronea . . . . . . 137
hebe, Arctia . . . . . . 106, 179
hecabe, Teriaa . . . . . . 68
hecate, Brenthia .. .. 11,134
helenua, Papilio . . . . . . 67
helice (croceua ab,), Golias 31, 39,
40, 103, 137
Heliconiidae .. .. .. ..809
Heliconius . . . . . . 169, 919
hellerella, Lavema . . . . . . IB
hemcrobiella, Coleophora .. .. 13i
bera = quadripunctaria.
herminia, Cymothoe .. ..100
herniione (fagi), Satyrua 12^ 14, 26, j
29, 72, 73, 104, 142. 186, 187
hertb8e = 8ilana .. .. ..16
bertbaB (lonicera race), Zygena 19, 84
Hesperia . . 87, 198, 186
Hesperiidte . . . . 98, 121, 208
beydesari (carniolioa ab.), ZjgtdJUk lOi
bibernata (tbersitea var.), Agriades 70
SPECIAL INDEX.
ix.
PAOE
Hibernia 184
tiibernioa (ear^laminefl ruee), £u-
ohloe 164
hiera, Pararge . . . . 3, 4
hierte, Delias 68
hippocastaDaria, Paofayonemia . . 54
bippoorepkkis, Zygena ..52, 84, 139
hippofthoe, Cbrysophanns 61, 70, 198
hispalis (amandus race), Polyom-
matus 190, 191
hispana (aragonensis raee)^ Agri-
ad«9 .. .. .. 191, 192
hispiciaria, Nysiia . . 58, 140
hispulla (jnrtma race), Epinepbele
40, 102, 169, 211
Holooera .. . . ian
bomerus, Papilio 218
hospita (pkkDtagiBin rttee), Para-
' semia 62
liatchinsoni (c-album var.), Poly-
gonia 15, 28
hyale, Colms 4, 36, 39, 73, 74, 102,
121, 186, 197, 198
hybridas, Smerinthas . . 176
bylas, Folyommattn 3, 25, 72, 12 1,
186, 195
hypeFaatus, Apbantopus 2, 40, 51,
63, 188, 198
byperapennina (medusa race), Ere-
bia . . . . . . . . . . 26
hypoleoea (argiobas racf), CefaM-
trina . . • . . . . . . 32
byrcanns (sylvanus rare), Augiades 32
iberioa (flava race), Adopasa 13, 71
ibipeanella, Coleopbora 32, 33, 34, 132
icarinoB (ioarus ab.), Polyommatus
50. 139
iearuB, Polyommatus 2, 6, 11, 12,
13, 26, 27, 28, 32, 39, 43, 44, 45,
46, 50, 54, 55, 58, 70, 71, 72, 73,
74^ 76, 99, 103, 121, 138, 139,
170, 186, 190, 194, 195, 196, 199
id«rS=>:argyrognomon .. 27, 28
ilia, Apatura.. .. .. 197
ilicis, Nordraannia, Strymon 11,
12, 14, 26, 71, 103, 196
immanata = citrrata.
iramoi-ata, L^tomeris . . . . 38
impura, Leucania . . . . . . 53
••inanis (partbenie race), Melitaea
213, 214
incarnatalie, Hercalia . . . . 141
incerta (earniolica var.), Zygsena.. 70
ixMniryaria . . . . 131
mfrargentea=smajel}ana .. ..72
inftia-caudata (pbiaeas ab.), Eumi-
cia . . . . . . . . 70, 74
inoroata (ilicis ab.), Nordniannia
14, 26, 71
iaornatana, Ancylis. . .. .. 17
insalaris, Plebeius . . . . . . 175
ii^rjieota (briseis var.), Satyrus . . 72
inter jieota (podalinua var.), Papilio 14
interjecta (quercus var.), Bitbys . . 70
PAGE
intermedia (alcipbron race), Heodes
Cbrysopbanus . . . . 174
intermedia (lupin us race), Hypo-
nepbele, Epinepbele ..44,45, 165
**intermedia-fumosa (erioetaria
ah.), Selidosema . . . . 37, 138
intermedia (statilinus var,), Satyrus
28, 73
io, Vanessa ..31, 49, 57, 139, 178, 201
ipbis, Coenonympba * • . . 198
iris, Apatiira . . .. .. 39, 198
Isabella, Pyrrbarctlcus . . . . 34
isias (amandus race), Polyommatus
190, 191
itala (circe race), Satyrus .. .. 14
italica (acaciae race), Nordmannia 26
italica (ffigeria r«c<?), Pararge .. 28
italica (eros race), Polyommatus . . 71
italica (bippothoe race), Cbryso-
pbanus . . . . . . 70
italica (tipbon race), Coenonympba 71
italornni (dorilis race), Heodes 13,
27, 73
jftcobfeaB, Hypocrita. . .. .- 170
janira /(jnrtina race), Epinepbele
71, 211
japygia, Melanargia . . . . 71
jasius, Cbaraxes . . . . . . 29
judicariflB (stoecbad is race), Zygaena
113, 150
julianus (dryas race), Enodia .. 28
juncicolella, Coleopbora . . . . 132
juniperata, Tbera . . . . . . 58
jurtina, Epinepbele 11, 14, 26, 31,
39, 40, 45, 48, 51, 71, 102, 103,
lt)9, 188, 195, 197, 207, 210, 211
■ • •• •• ^ m X Vr Vf
(stoecbadis race),
28,
Kallimula
kmdermannii
Zygaena
krueperi, Pieris
kiibniella, Epbestia. .
lacertinaria, Drepana
lactearia, lodis
laertes, Morpbo
laBta, Musurgina
lapta, Zygaena
laBtior (dia race), Brentbis
laius, Chilades
langi, Cymothoe
lapidella, LutHa
lappona, Erebia
laricella, Coleopbora
larissa, Melanargia..
larus, Libytbea
latelimbata (Htcechadis var.), Zyg-
%Aj 1 1 cX •• •• •• ••
latelimbata (filipendulsB var.), Zyg-
aena . . . . . . 147, 14^
latbonia, Issoria 14, 28, b'6, 103,
lafbyri (sinapis race), Leptosia 14,
latialis (insularis race), Plebeius
175, 176
laticinerea, Xylina . . . . . . 161
latiorelimbata (tilipendulae var.),
Zygasna . . . . 122, 147, 148
111
142
161
53
54
138
138
109
74
69
.. 100
.. 118
3, 4
32, ir)2
.. 46
.. 218
111
186
71
X.
SPECIAL INDEX.
PAOE
latissimelimbata (filipenduisB var.)t
Zygaena . . 122, 126, 147, 148
lavandulaB, ZygaBna.. .. 103, 127
lavatersB, Erynnis . . . . 9, 70
leda, Melanitis 69
ledereri (filipendulsB race), Zygsena 88
lefebvrei, Erebia . . . . 9, 40
lemonias, Precis 69
lepidii (brassicae race) , Pieris . . 71
leporina, Aoroniota 53
Lethe 69
Leucania 199
leucomelas (galathea ah.), Melan-
argia 10, 121
leucopbeearia, Hibernia . . . . 140
leucothea (aurorina var.), Colias . . 141
libanotica (mnemosyne race), Par-
nassius 141
libisonis (amandus race), Polyom-
matus 191
Libythea 218
ligea, Erebia. . . . 72, 187, 198
lignea, Blastobasis 180
ligniperda, Cossus 39
ligurica, Plebeius .. ..12,13,175
ligusfcri. Sphinx . . . . 40, 52
Limenitifl . . . . . . . . 38
limitata, Orthosia 54
limniace, Danais . . . . . . 68
liuariata, Eupithecia . . . . 202
linea = flava . .
lineoia, Adopaea . . . . 13, 104
lineolea, Goleophora . . 33, 132
hnneella, Chrysoclysta . . . . 17
literana, Peronea . . . . . . 39
Lithocolletis . . . . . . 118
liturata, Semiothisa . . . . 53
livornica, Phryxus . . . . 134, 144
lixella, CoJeophora . . 133, 189, 190
Icewii, Plebeius . . . . . . 41
lobita, Spindasis . . . . . . 69
lonicersB, Zygsena 13, 25, 70, 82,
83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, ill, i37,
138, 195, 198
lonicersBformis (filipendulee race),
ZygaBna 85,86, 87
lubricipeda, Spilosoma . . . . 105
lucella, Abebaea . . . . . . 18
lucina, Hamearis . . . . . . 28
lucina, ISymbrenthia . . . . 69
luctuosa, Acontia . . 53, 170, 197
lunosa, Anchocelis . . . . . . 202
lupinus, Hyponephele, Epinephele
44, 45, 165, 186, 187
lupinus (lycaon ab.), Epinephele . . 102
lapulinus(a), Hepialus .. ..53
Lycama . . . . . . . . 1<)3
LycBBnidee 28, 69, 103, 107, 121, 201, 203
Lycaenince . . . . 43, 64, 137, 170
lycaon, Hyponephele, Epinephele
71, 102, 121, 169, 186, 187
lyllus-marginata (pamphilus ah.),
Ctenonympha . . . . . . 45
lyllus (pamphilus ab.), Coenonym-
pha • • . . . . • • 102
ymantria . . . . . . . . 135
PAOB
maohaon, Papilio 14, 39, 47, 73,
103, 121, 163, 179, 194, 196, 202
maculata, Venilia . . . . . . 5S
maera, Pararge 8, 14, 26, 28, 44,
45, 63, 71, 121, 186, 188, 193, 194
msBra (meieager race), Polyommatus 27
magnata (paphia race), Dryas . . 72
magnitica (paphia race), Dryas 28, 74
maha, Zizera .. .. ..69
maja (thetis race), Agriades . . 74
majellana (infrargentea^tyndarus
race), Erebia 72
major (briseis var.), Satyrua .. 44
major (filipendulsB var,), Zygaana
125, 129
major (hermione var.), Satyrus 72, 78
major (quercAs var.), Bithys . . 68
major (stoechadis var,), Zygaena 82,
112, 113, 150
malcolmi, Argynnis.. .. .. HB
malivorella, Goleophora . . . . 161
malvaB, Hesperia 17, 42, 43, 47, 49,
63, 165
malvoides, Hesperia 3, 13, 27, 70,
71, 73, 96, 104, 142, 186
manni, Pieris .. . . 29, 73, 74
mannii (filipendulaa rac«), Zygaena
82, 89, 90, 106. 114
man to, Erebia . . . . 1, 10, 40
marginaria, Hibernia . . , . 140
marginata (pamphilus ab,), Coeno-
nympha . . . . . . 44, 45
marjana, Syntomi^.. .. 12, 70
marloyi, Hallia . . . . . . 42
mathias, Parnara . . . . . . 170
matronalis (plantaginis ab.), Para-
semia . . • . . • • • 1^
mauretanica (aeralis race), Pyralis 141
maxima (athalia ob.), Melitaea . . 213
medicaginis (filipendulae race), Zy-
gcena 82, 109, 114, 122, 123, 124,
125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 145, 147,
149, 151
medioitalica (japygia race), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 71
medon (astrarche), Arioia 5, 12,
13, 26, 27, 28, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45,
46, 47, 49, 71, 73, 121, 174, 187
medusa, Erebia . . . . . . 36
megacepbala, Aoroniota .. .. 170
megera, Pararge 12, 14, 26, 28, 34,
44, 45, 48, 49, 71, 72, 73, 108,
169, 186. 188
mehadensis (athalia race), Melitaea 16&
melampus, Erebia .. .. 2,8, 6
Melanitis . . . . . . . . 68
melanotoxa (icarus ab.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 60
meieager, Polyommatus 27, 71,
121, 187
melibceus (alciphron race), Heodes 165
meliloti, Zygaena . . . . 18, 15, 89
mellsanda (crameri var.), Antho-
charis . . . . . . . . 194
Melitaea . . . . 98, 108, 187, 214
SPECIAL INDEX.
zi^
PAOE
mellonella, Galleria 221
memnon, Papilio 68
menestho (eupheme race)^ Zegris.. 163
menthastri, Spiiosoma . . 105, 170
meridiana (thersites race)^ Agriades
70, 71, 73, 74
meridionalis (cardamines race)^
Euchloe 14, 171
meridionalis (crateegi race)^ Aporia 192
meridionalis (didyma race)^ Meli-
v8Ba •• •• •> .. vf
meridionalis (napi race)^ Pieris 14, 107
merope (aurinia race)^ Melitiea . . 8
mesornella, Cybosia . . . . . . 39
metra (rapaB var.), Pieris .. 14, 71
mesopotamica (querc^s race) , Bitbys 180
mi, Euclidia 53
microcbsenbeimeri (filipendulas
race), ZygSBna 90, 126, 128, 129, 148
**microcbBenheimeri (stoechadis
race), ZygsBna .. .. 114, 150
••microcbsenbeimeri - pulcberrima
(stoecbadis var.), Zygsena 114, 150
microclea (notabilis race), Helico-
nius 163
MicropterygidsB . . . . 106
midamus, Eaploea . . . . . . 69
militaris, Dyspbania . . 79, 80
mineus, Mycalesis . . . . . . 69
miniata, Miltochrista . . . . 53
minimus, Cupido 3, 14, 26, 50, 196, 203
miniosa, Taeniooampa . . . . 139
minoides (trifolii ab.), Zygsena . . 52
minor (crateegi a&.), Aporia . . 71
minuta (spini ab.), Elugia, Strymon 71
minuta (sylvanus ah.), Agriades 27, 73
mira = latialis (insularis race), .. 175
mirabilis (aloipbron race), Heodes 174
mnemosyne, Parnassius 4, 12, 14,
71, 141
mnestra, Erebia . . . . 4, 187
molesta, Laspeyresia .. ..161
monacbaria (pedaria ab,), Pbigalia 58
moneta, Plusia . . . . 35, 56
monodactylus, Pteropborus . . 178
monticola (galatbea race), Melan-
argia 71
mont'vaga, Argynnis .. .. 118
montivaga, Pyrgus . . . . . . 179
montivaga (filipendulaB race), Zyg-
8Bna 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 140, 151
montivaga (stoecbadis race), Zygaena
70, 71, 114
mori, Bombyx . . . . . . 160
morpheus, Heteropteras . . 8, 10, 40
marinata, Minoa . . . . . . 54
marinipennella, Coleophora 132, 133
musculella, Coleophora . . . . 34
Musurgina . . . . . . . . 138
Mycalesis . . . . . . 69, 99
myrtilli, Anarta . . . . . . 53
napaese (napi ab,), Pieris 26, 28,
47, 71, 73, 92, 93
napi, Pieris 3, 4, 14, 26, 28, 30,
PAOB
35, 40, 45, 47, 49, 71, 73, 91, 92,
93, 94, 96, 107, 193, 196, 210
navarina (atbalia ab,), Meliteea . . 213
neerseformis (didyma race), Melitsea 14
nefte, Atbyma . . . . . . 69
NemeobiinsB . . . . . . . . 69'
neomiris, Hipparcbia . . . . 29'
neonympba, Catocala . . . . 170'
neoridas, Erebia 71, 72, 121, 188, 212
Neptidomima . . . . 100
Neptis 38, 69, 100'
neptunia, Tirumala. . .. .. 135
neustria, Malacosoma . . . . 53
nevadensis (cartbami race), Hes-
peria . . . . . . . . 173
nicoleti (galatbea race), Melanargia 213^
nigra, Epunda . . . . . . 14&
nigrata (filipendulae race), Zygaena
129, 149, 150^
nigrioreleus (pblaeas race), Kumicia
13, 25, 27, 73, 74
nigronotata (brassicsB ab.), Pieris. . 194
nigrosparsata (grossulariata var,).
Abraxas . . . . . . . . 64
nigro-subroseata (pendularia ab,),
Cosymbia . . . . . . , . 40
nikator (dapbne race), Brentbis . . 14
ninas, Delias . . . . . . 79
niobe, Argynnis 5, 12, 13, 15, 26,
71, 103, 186, 187
niveicostella, Coleopbora . . . . 133
Noctuidae . . . . . . . . 138
nogelii, Tbestor .. .. .. 142
nostrodamus, Gegenes . . . . 170
notabilis, Heliconius . . . . 163
notata, Semiotbisa . . . . . . 53
notata (globularias ab.), Ino, Procris 70
notatus, Syricbtus .. .. .. 179
NyraphalidaB . . . . 69, 99'
obscura (atbalia ah.), Melitsea . . 14
obscura (baton ah.), Scolitantides. . 27
obscnia (ceto ah,), Erebia . . . . 71
obscura-maxima (atbalia ab.),
Meliteea . . • • . . . . 213
obscurata (baton ah.), Scolitantides 13-
obsoleta (icarus ah.), Polyommatus
54, 55, 77
occitanica (carniolica var.), Zygaena 104
oceliana, Tmetocera . . . . 161
ocellata(us), Smerintbus ..40,80, 176
ocbracea, Gortyna . . . . . . 169
ocbrearia, Aspilates . . . . 54
ocbsenheimeri (filipendulee var.),
Zygfcena 90, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129,
145, 146, 147, 151
oedipuR, Coenonympha . . 10, 40
oeme, Erebia .. .. 1,8, 198
oenone. Precis . . . . . . 69
olbiana (trifolii race), Zygaena . . 137
omicron (reticulata ah.), Peronea. . 18
omissella, Gracilaria . . . . 18
onopordi, Hesperia . . 27, 28, 71, 72
opima, Taehiocampa . . . . 139
Oporabia . . . . . . . . 39
XlT.
SPECIAL INDEX.
PAGE
optilete, Vacciniina.. .. .. 5
**oraria (filipendulse race)^ Zy-
g8Bna . . 126, 129, 149, 151
Oi-bifer, Powellia . . 43, 45, 47, 173
orbitalus, Latiorina.. .. 3, 10
orientalis, Erynnis . . . . 42, 47
orieiitalis(m8Brarrtc«),Pararge 193, 194
orion (scabiosse rade), ZygsBna . . 70
ornatipennella, Coleophora 133
180, 190
Orthogonioptilum 136
orythia. Precis 69
osmiEBformis, Sesia . . . . 141
otus, Lasiocampa . . . . . . 41
oxytropis, Zygeena . . . . 13, 25, 70
palsBmon (paniacus), Carteroce-
phalus, CyclopideS . . 3, 196
paloalis, Spilodes . . . . 53, 54
paleatlncta (athalia var.), Meliteea 213
pales, Breiithis . . . . 3, 4
pallidefulva (medon var.)^ Aricia
26, 27, 73
palustris (trifolii rrt^e), ZygsBiia .. 84
Pampbila . . . . . . . . 99
pamphilus, Coenonympba 3, 12
14, 26, 28, 44, 45, 48, 49, 58, 63
71, 73, 102, 121, 164, 188, 197
pandora, Dryas .. ..29,45
paniscus = palsBmon
paphia, Dryas 28, 31, 40, 51, 72
74
Papilio . . . . 40, 67, 68
Papilionidae . .
parasitella, Tinea . .
parisatis, Apatura . .
paris, Papilio . . . . 67
Parnara
parthenie, Melitsea 63, 121, 187
197, 213
Parthenos
parviguttata (filipendulDS race), Zy
gBBna . . . . 128, 129
parvipuncta (icarus ah.), Polyom
matus
parvipuncta (phloBas ah.), Rumicia
**parvtila (sao race), Pyrgus, Po
wellia 173
paragaea, Turania . .
pasitboe, Delias
**paulu]a (tilipendulre race), Zy
gfisna . . 82, 89, 90, 106
pauper (cyllarus race), Glauco
psyche . . . . . . 13
pauper (pb(ebe race), Melitoea
paupercula (filipenduloe race), 7iy
gOBna
pedaria, Phigalia .. .. 56
•*peilei, Polyomnmtus
pelletieri, Graphipterus(?) . .
Pemphigostola
pendularia, Cosymbia
pendularia = potatoria, Cosniotrichi
pentapoiis, Acnca . . ...
perius, Athyma
199
48
102
218
67
18
69
68
170
214
40
150
139
59
174
38
68
125
70
74
90
58
63
136
138
40
40
100
m
PAOI
persea (trivia race), Sfdlitiaedi .. lIKlf
persiCA (icarus race)^ P'olyommafus
39, 54, 6S, 76, 77, 170
persicariaB, Mamestra . . . . 5S
petraria, Lozogrammd. . . ., tli
peucedani (ephialtes var.) Zygaena 198
pduemeri (phegea var.), Syntomis W
pbalantba, Atella . . . . . . 69
pharte, Erebia . . . . 1, ^
phegea, Syntomis . . . . 11, 70
pheminos, Eilthalia . . . . 69
pheretes, Albulina . . . . 3, ^
phicomone, Colias . . . . . . i
phlsBas, Rumicia 12, 13, 25, 27, 39,
40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, 52, 59,
70, 71, 73, 74, 104, 121, 164, 188,
194, 196, 199, 200, 208'
phoebe, Melitsea 14, 28, 39, 43, 74,
103, 141, 186, 187
phoenissa (cardaraines ah,), Euohlog
30, 19U, 195
phormia (jurtina race)^ Epineph^e
210, 211
picata, Euphyia . . . . ..Si
picena (foulquieri ?'ace), Hesperia.. 71.
..68, 79, IW
68, 99
..135
..198
..18
..181
perla, Bryophria
53, 140, 202
Pieridee
Pieris . .
Pinacopteryx
pinetellus, Crambus
pinguinella, Gelechia
piniaria, Bupalus . .
piniperda, Panolis . .
pistacina ( = lychnid)s); Amathes.. 208
pitho (pronoe rade), Br'ebik 1,2, T
plagiata, Anaitid . . . . . . 54'
plantaginis, Parasemia 62, 163+
198, 199
PlebeiinflB . . . . . . . . 68'
Plebeius . . . . . . . . 178^
plena, Dysphania . . . . . . 80
** plena (parthenie race); Melitsea. . 218"
plexippus, Danais . . . . . . 69
plumaria = ericetarla
plumbaria, Ortholitha . . , . S*
poBB, Argyresthia . . . . . . 18*
podaliiius, Papilio 14, 28, 43, 45;
103, 104, 121, 184
poensis, Cymothoe . . . . . . 100;
polonus (thetis aft.), AgriadeB .. 38
polseneis = erdonia .. .. .. 14"
polychloros, Eugonia . . 165, 197
Polyommatince . . . . . . Of
Polyommatus . . . . . . 68
polytts, Papilio . . . . . . 68'
polyxena, Charaxes. . .. . . Ol*
pomona, Catopsilia.. .. .. 0
pomonella, Cydia . . . . . . 181-
pomonella, Rbagoletis (?) .. .. 181
popularis, Epineura . . . . 1^
populi, Amorpha 40, 176, 177, 178, ItP
populi, Limenitis .. .. .. 1881'
porrecta (semiargus rae^), Oelas-
tiina . . . . . . 26, 70
poseidon (Lycsena) . . . . . . 1^'
potatoria, Cosmotriche . . 40, 5S
SPECIAL INDEX.
xuu
PAGE
praetormato, Carsia . . . . . . 198
**prffihispulla (jurtina racc),Epine-
pheie 210, 211
f*pr8Bterinsularis (insularis race)^
Plebeius . . . . . . . . 175
Precis.. .. .. .. 69, 100
•♦prior (hispana roce), Agriades .. 191
procellata, Melantbia . . . . 54
procida (galathea race), Melan-
argia .. ..102,121,212, 213
prodiga(rivularis var.),Limeni(i6 72, 74
prodromaria=s8trataria .. .. 164
pronoe, Erebia .. ..1,2, 7
pronuba, TriphcBoa. . .. 164, 180
proDubuna, Tortrix. . .. 19, 117
proserpina, Deragena . . . . 135
protea (didyma race), MelitSBa 28, 74
protenor, Papilio . . . . . . 68
provincialis (astragali race), Zygsena 102
pf uinata, Pseudoterpna . . 54, 197
pruni, Strymon .. .. .. 203
prunivora, Enarmoria . . . . 161
Psapbis . . . . . . . . 80
pseudomalvsB (malvoides race),
Hesperia .. 13,27,70,71, 73
pi^udorapaB (napi race), Pieris . . 193
P(eropliorida9 . . . . . . 118
**pulcberrima (filipendulsB race),
Zygffina 90, 91, 106, 110, 111, 114
**pulcherrima = stoecbadis (tilipen-
dulee race), Zjgsen^ 109, llU, 151
**pultiberrim8Bfonnis (stoecbadis
var.), Zyg8Bua 110. Ill, 112, 113, 147
**pulcbrior (tilip^ndulaB race),
Zygtena . . . . . . . . 90
pumilata, Eupitbecia . . . . 54
pumiius (apollo race), Parnassius. . 12
pancta (tbetis ab,), Agriades . . 50
ponotifera (atbalia race), Melitsea 213
punctularia, Tepbrosia . . . . 54
parpuraiis, Fyrausta . . . . 190
porpuralis, Zygssna 13, 25, 70, 106,
107, 108, 109
pyranius, Delias . . . . . . 79
pjranthe, Catopsilia . . . . 68
pyrenaica, Latiorlna . . . . 10
pvrene, Ixias. . ..68
**pyrerie8 (dubia) (filipepdulsa race),
Zyg»na 111, 112, 113, 114, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 147, 151
quadrifaria, Paodos.. .. 62, 198
quaclripunctaria (bera),CaUimQrpba 214
qi^arcii (marjana race), Byntomis 70
Querc^, Bitbys, Zepbyrus 52, 68,
70, 103, 104, 134, 180
quinqueguttelia,! Lithocoiletis . . 17
]r^iata(napi a6.).i, Pieris .. .. 107
x^MUata - caeruleupijinciata (pblaaas
~ ab.), Rumicii^ 49
ruazzii, iSyntomis . . ..12,13, 15
t^iisai (acteoD race), Tbymelicus 13
r^mhiiri (filipendulsB rofie), Zygsena 89
rupee, Pieris 12, H, 26, 28, 30, 43,
45, 47, 48, 71, 102, 107, 116, 137,
164, 193, 194, 197, 199, 200
PAOB
rapbani (daplidice race), Pontia .. 169
reticulata (oontaminana), Peronea 18
rezniceki (coridon race), Agriades. , 191
rbadamantbus, Zygeena . . . . 89
rbamni, Goneptaryx ^6, 30, 39,
17, 49, 73, 76, 103, 169. 198, 200
rbatisbonensis (angelicsB race),
ZygaBiia 84
rbomboidaria, Hibernia . . . . 200
ridleyanus, Papilio . . . . . . JOO
ripartii (admetus race), Polyomma-
tus . . . . 12 1
rivata, Xantborboe.. .. ..54
rivuhiris (camilla), Limeuitis 14,
28, 29, 45, 72, 74, 103, 169
roboris, Laeosopis . . . . 104, 134
roccii (carniolica race), ZygsBna . , 128
romanorum (alcipbron race). He-
odes .. .. J3, 26, 70, 174
roiueo (scabio88B race), ZygsBoa . . 13
rosa (filipendulaB race), Zygasna . . 89
rossii (nianni race), Pieris. . 73, 74
rostagnoi (bsBtica race), Eiynnis . . 70
rotundatus, Grapbipterus(?) . . 136
roxelana, Epinepbeie . . . . 45
rubi, Callopbrys 14, 26. 43. 49,
180, 203
rubi, Macrotbylacia . . . . 43
rubianus, Ornitboptera . , . . 78
rubicund us, Zy^:8Bna 70. 109
rubra (filipendulae var.), Zvgsena . . 84
rufina (belvola) Aucbocelis. Ama-
tbea . . 140
rufopunctata (macbaon ab.)^ Papilio 163
riibli (valesiaca) (stygne race). Ere-
oia .. .. .. ,. «. 71.
riibli (alcipbron race), Heodes . . 174
rupicapraria, Hibernia .. ..184
rusticus, Pblegetbontius . . . . 180-
rutilus, Papilio 9B
rutilus (dispar race), Heodes 46,
47, 136, 178, 179
salicis, Stigmella 18
salina, MelitsBa . . . . . . 1X8
sombucaria, Urapteryz . . 201, 202
sanio, Dlacrisia . . . . . . 53
sao, Powellia, Pyrgus 10. 13, 27,
70, 71, 73, 96. 104. 134, 173,
174, 198
saponariella, Coleopbora . . . . 34
sara, Antbocbaris . . . . . . 98
sarpedon, Papilio . . . . 68, 104
Satyridse 69, 107
saucia, Peridroma 58
scabiosBB, Zyg«)na .. ..13,15,- 70
scotais, Canerkes . . . . . . 80
scutulata = dimidiata
sebrus, Cupido . . . . 197
secunda (rbamni var.), Gonepteryx 26
seeboldi (lonicerae race), Zygsena . . 84
seeboldi (stu3cbadis race), Zygtvna 111
segetum, Agrotia * . . . * 170, 202
selangora (militaris), Dy spbania- . . 79
selenaria, Ascotis . . . . . . 170
selene, Brentbis .. 51, 79, 120, 166
ilV.
SPECIAL INDEX.
PAGE
semele, Satyrus 12, 14, 26, 29, 39,
46, 52, 71, 74, 86, 103, 121, 198
;Bemiargus (aois), Celastrina 3, 12,
13, 26, 70, 187, 191, 195, 197, 198
•seminigrata (filipendulse var,),
Zygeena . . . . 128, 148, 150
septembrella, Stigmella . . . . 17
septemtrionalis (napi race)^ Pieris 210
septentrionis, Danais . . . . 68
«erratul8B, Hesperia.. 3, 70, 96, 186
sheljuzhkoi (mnemosyne var.),
Parnassius . . . . . . 141
sibilla, Limenitis .. ..40,51, 200
rsibirica (coridoD race), Agriad 68 .. 192
sibyllina (coridon race)^ Agriades 71
-sibyllina (neoridas race)y Erebia . . 71
sibyllina (oxytropis race), Zygsena 70
•siciliensis (filipenduIsB race), Zygaena 91
siciliensis (stoechadis race), Zygaena
82, 111, 112, 113, 129, 147, 148, 150
fiilana (lonioerae race), Zygaena 13, 84
simana, Pinacopteryx . . . . 135
similis, Danais . . . . . . 68
similis, Porthesia . . . . 179, 202
«impliciana, Hemimene . . . . 18
fiinapis, Leptosia 12, 14, 26, 28,
39,. 43, 45, 46, 47, 71, 73, 102,
]03, 186, 197
siscia (ligea race), Erebia . . . . 72
•smeathmanniana, Conchylis . . 18
Bobrinata, Eupithecia . . . . 54
solitariella, Goleophora 18, 132, 133
Bophiae (filipendulaB race), ZygaBna 146
sororcula, Litbosia . . . . . . 53
sorrentina (transalpina race), Zy-
ga&na . . . . . . . . 25
**8peciosa (carthami race), Hes-
peria 172, 173
Sphingidae . . . . . . . . 170
•spini, Klugia, Strymon 70, 103,
165, 187, 197, 198
«plendida (amandus t;ar.), Polyom-
Diatus . . . . . . 190, 191
splendidulana, Pammene . . . . 17
fiquHlida (meleager var.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 71
statices, Procris, Ino 13, 25, 61, 70
statilinus, Hipparchia ..28,29, 78
•staudingeri, Cymothoe . . . . 100
steeveni (meleager var.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 187
stellataium, Macroglossa . . . . 52
stoechadis, ZygaBna 11, 13, 25, 28,
70, 71, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90,
106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, |
113, 114, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, I
127, 128, 129, 145, 146, 147, 148, i
149, 150. 151 I
titolida, Leucanitis . . . . . . 170 i
Btrataria (prodromaria), Paohys . . 164 i
striata, Coscinia . . . . 122, 196
fitrigata, Hemithea . . . . . . 54
strigula, Agrotis . . . . . . 53
Strymon .. .. .. .. 186 •
fcJtrymonidaB . . . . . . . . 103 I
PAOI
Btygne, Erebia 9, 26, 61, 62, 63,
71, 186
subalpina, Loweia . . . . 3, 4
suboalida (medon race), Aricia .. 13
**subGlarus (tages race), Nisoniades 172
**subgracilis (sao ra^e), Powellia,
Pyrgus 173, 174
subornata (medon race), Aricia 13, 26
subradiata (phlaeas var,), Bumicia 38
subrepleta, Dysphania . . . . 80
suffusa, Agrotis . . . . . . 170
superapennina (coridon race), Agri-
ades 27, 28
sylvanus, Augiades 13, 27, 32, 51,
63, 70, 73, 122
Syntomis . . 12
syriaca, Satyrus .. ..44,45,142
syriaca (stoeohadis race), Zygaana 111
Syrichthus 122
syrichtus, Hesperia . . 40, 179
syringaria, Hygroohroa . . . . 38
Taeniocampa.. .. .. ..139
tages, Nisoniades 27, 39, 49, 70,
71, 72, 122, 134, 172
taurica (oleopatra race), Gonep-
teryx . . . . . . 43, 193
taurica (aurorina race), Golias . . 141
taygetica (panagaea var,)t Turania 38
tehachapina (montivaga var.), Ar-
gynnis . . . . . . . . 118
telicanus, Baywardia, Syntarucus
28,47, 78
telmessia, Epinephele . . . . 211
telmessiaB-formis (jurtina var.),
Epinephele . . . . . . 211
temiila, Tenthredella(?) . . . . 197
tenebrosa (galathea race), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 213
tenuelimbo (arcanius var.), Coeno-
nympha .. .. ..26,28, 73
tenuicola (athalia race), MelitsBa
26, 71
tenuicornis, Procris.. ..13,25, 70
tenuilimbata (stoechadis var,) Zyg-
SBna .. •• .. ..'^^^
tenuilimbata (filipendulee t7ar.),
ZygaBna . . . . . . 147, 148
tenuiorelimbata (filipendulee var.),
Zygaena 147, 148
tenuis (athalia race), Melitaea .. 28
tenuissimelimbata (filipendala
t?ar. ), Zygaena .. .. 147,148
Teracolus . . . . . . . . 99
teres (semele var,), Sal^rus 71, 74
Terias 99
tertia (cleopatra race), Gonepteryx 78
tertia (manni race), Pieris.. .. 78
tertia (rhamni race), Gonepteryx.. 78
tertia = autumnalis (rapes) . .
tessel lata, Hesperia. . .. ..179
testacea, Luperina .. .. ..117
tetralunaria, Selenia .. 89, 140
thaumas (linea) = flava 18, 62, 68,
71, 182
theophrastes, Tarucus . . . . i70
SPECIAL INDEX.
XV.
PAGE
-thersamoD, Ghrysophanas, Heodes
45, 47
thersites, Agriades 12, 13, 28, 44,
46, 70, 71. 73, 74, 103
thelis (bellargus), Agriades 3, 25,
26, 27, 28, 88, 39, 60, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 121, 134, 191, 192
tilisB, Mimas 38, 164
Tinea . . . . . . . . 118
tiphon, Coenonympha . . 3, 71, 197
tithonus, Epinephele 11, 28, 39,
61, 121, 188
tithonus = eros, Polyommatus . . 71
tolgi, Orgyia 141
transalpina, Zygaena 25, 70, 71, 72,
81, 112, 124, 139
transiens (rhamni race)t Gonep-
teryx 26, 73
trapezina, Calymnia . . . . 184
treitochkiella, Antispila . . . . 18
trifolii, Zygaena 39, 52, 84, 86,
87, 137, 139, 164
trifoliiformis (filipendulsB var.)^
Zygaena 87
trinacria (lonicerae race), Zygasna. . 82
triptolemu8(aohilleae rac^), Zygaena 25
tripnnctana, Pardia . . . . 18
trivia, Melitaea . . . . 14, 44, 163
trochilus, Chilades . . . . . . 165
trnncata, Dysstroma ..39,40, 184
tschudica (enpheme race), Zegris. . 163
taratii (cucuzzana) (arge race),
Melanargia .. ..12,14, 75
tDroica(galathea race), Melanargia 45
turcica (urticaB race), Aglais 15, 26, 28
turritis (cardamines ah,), Euohloe
171, 193
tnsca (phoebe race), Melitaea .. 14
tutti (trifolii ab.), Zygasna. . . . 84
tyndarus, Erebia 1, 3, 4, 5, 72,
186, 187
ambrosa (cardamines ab.), Euchloe
30, 193
umoris (napi race), Pieris . . . . 210
**unicolor (aeralis ab.), Pyrausta. . 141
anionalis, Margarodes . . 98, 137
unipuncta = extranea
ani versa foardui race), Pyrameis
16, 28
urticaB, Aglais 11, 15, 26, 28, 49,
62, 117, 178, 197, 198, 199. 201
Taocinii, Cerastis . . . . . . 140
?aga (rapaB race), Pieris . . . . 193
Tai68iaca=riihli -.. ..71
valesiaca (carthami race), Hesperia 173
valezina (paphia ab.), Dryas 51, 102
Vanessidae 58,77,201
varia, Melitasa . . 71, 121, 187
varissima (varia race), Melitaea . . 71
Varleyata (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas 39, 56
Venustula, Erastria 218
Vemalis (hyale race), Colias . . 74
Vetasta, Oalocampa.. .. ..58
Villica, Arctia .53
PAOB
viminetella, Goleophora .. .B3, 132
virgata, Mesotype . . . . . . 54
virgatus (rubi race), Callophrys 14, 26
virgaureae, Heodes 25, 71, 72, 186, 187
virgilia (dolus race), Hirsutina . . 71
virgularia, Acidalia 64
viridaria, Prothymnia . . . . 53
vitella, Cerostoma . . . . . . 19
vitisella, Coleopbora . . . . 34
vittata (dolus ab.), Polyommatus.. 103
vivax (loniceraB race), Zygaena 26,
70, 84, 86
vulgaris (napi race), Pieris 14, 26,
28, 71, 73, 210
w-album, Chattendenia, Strymon
134, 165
wavaria, Halia 56
xanthographa, Noctua . . . . 202
xenoclea, Heliconius . . . . 163
xerampelina, Cirrboedia . . . . 58
ypsilon, Agrotis 53
Ypthima 69
zanclaeus (podalirius race), Papilio 28
zelleri (icarus race), Polyommatus
26, 27, 43, 70, 71, 7f , 74
zephyrus, Plebeius 142
zonaria, Nyssia 140
zonata (filipendulae race), Zygaena
126, 128, 145, 148
Zygaena 12, 61, 75, 81, 82, 83, 85,
87, 88, 103, 105, 106, 107 ,108,
109, 110, 113, 128, 138, 139, 146
Zygaenidae . . . . 61, 102, 103, 171
NEUROPTERA.
Limnobiidae . . 202
longieornis, Ascalapbus .. .. 195^
Nemopteron . . . . . . . . 40
pellucedula, Hydropsyche . . . . 199
stigma, Hemerobius . . . . 99
Tricodectes . . . . . . . . 57
ODONATA.
caeruleata. Meeistogaster ..
grandis, ^schna
jessei, Iscbnogomphus
scotioum, Sympetrum
ORTHOPTERA.
abbreviata, Gampsocleis . .
acanthopygia, Cbelidurella. .
acervorum, Myrmooopbila..
Aeolopus
albopunotata, Metrioptera . .
alliaceus, Paraplectus
♦*Anoistrura. .
annulipes, Anisolabis
auricularia, Forficula
Barbitistes . .
bicolor, Stauroderus
brachyptera, Metrioptera . .
**burri, Aeolopus .. 155,
**campbelli, Saga ..
campestris, Gryllus
Cbelioptera
181
137
57
198
.. 159
.. 143
.. 143
.. 157
.. 143
.. 143
.. 157
.. 144
.. 79
.. 158
.. 144
.. 143
156, 167
.. 158
.. 199
.. 195
ZYl.
SPECIAL INDEX.
Ghrysocharon
oyanopterus, Sphingonotus
danicus, Pachytylus
Dociostaurus..
dorsatis, Cborthippus
**ebneri (abbreviata ah.),
oleia
Euprepocnemini
faleata, Phaneroptera
femorata, Diapberomia
frigidum, Podisma . .
fuliginosuB, Tetrix . .
fusca, Arcyptera
galUcus, Bacillus
gongyloides, Gongylus
griseoaptera, Pbolidoptera
bsamorrhoidalis, Omocestus
byatrix, Markia
ki^fferi, Tetrix
lapponicus, Ectobius
lineatus, Stauroderus
longicornis, Gbortbippus
maculatus, Gompbocerus
migratorius, Pacbytylus
Odontura
parallelus, Cborthippus
parallelus, Stauroderus
perspicillaris, Ectobius
Pbolidoptera..
Pbaneropterinae
Pbasmidse
puella. Saga . .
pulohripennis, Odontura
religlosa, Mantis
rufipes, Omocestus . .
rufus, Gampbocerus
Saga . .
saussureana, Metrioptera
soaJeris, Stauroderus
strepens, Aeolopus . .
t^rgestinus, Aeolopus
tbalassinus, Aeolopus
**truncata, Ancistirura
vagans, Stauroderus
verrucivora, Tettigonia
verrucivorus, Decticus
viridissima, Locusta
PAGE
143
143
143, 144
155
143
Gampso-
159
136
143, 144
67
143
143
195
J 43
181
144
143
136
143
144
144
143
144
199
158
196
144
143
196
157
67
158, 159
158
143, 181
144
144
159
143
195
155, 156
167
157
155, 158
143
144
195, 196, 197
.. 197
PAGK
viridulus, Omocestus . . . / 144
vitium, Epbippigera . . . . 143
RHYNCHOTA.
aceris, Pbenacorus . . .. .. 181
africanus, Aspjdoproctas . . . . 182^
beckeri, Megacoelum . . . . 2B
betulsQ, Eucerapbis . . . . 117
betulicola, Tberioapbis . . . . 117
calcaratus, Alydus . . . . . . 24
capreaa, Hyadapbus . . . . 118
carpini, Eucerapbis.. .. ..117
cinnamopterus, Pilophorus . . 23
CoccidaB . . . . . . . . 24
Deraeocoris . . . . . . . . 160
dolabrata, Leptoterna . . . . 196
europea, Bipersia . . . . . . 24
farinossB, Aleurobius . . . . 182
flavescens, Ptyelus . . .. ..181
frequens, Brachyeolus . . . . 117
gabani, Pseudocooous .. ..117
glyceria (schontedeni), Sipba .. 117
hirundinis, Cimez .. .. ..186
insignis, Monomotarpa . . . . 218-
lativentris, Nabis . . . . . . 24
maliniis, Heterocordylus . . . . 161
marginatus, Syromastes .. .. 19^
meliss8B» Eupteryz . . . . . . lift
raendax, Lygidea . . . . . . 161
Miridae . . . . . . . . 160'
perniciosus, Aspidiotes . . . . 161
radicis, Trama .. .. .. 24r
rutipes, Pentatoma . . .. .. 117*
sobontedeni (glyceria), Sipiha .. 117*
sorbi, Apbis .. .. .. ..161
tomlini, Bipersia .. .. ..24
verniicellaris, Plataspis . . . . 13^
viminalis, Tuberolacbnus . . 117, 11^
NOT CLASSIFIED.
Argulus
Gyropus
boffmanseggii, Platyartbrus
pyri, Tseniothrips . .
pennsylvanlcia, Pboturis . .
saccbarina, Lepisma
tuber, Merope
138
57
21
161
180
116
188
COBBIGENDA, Etc.
1920. p. 153,
p. 154, J
line 7.
p. 154,
line 8.
Special Index,
1920, p.
P-
P-
14,
line 23.
for '♦
P-
40,
line 42.
for"
P-
65,
line 24.
for "
P-
71,
line 52.
for "
P-
132,
line 39.
for "
P-
137,
line 31.
for ♦'
P-
164,
lines 16 & 20.
P-
181,
line 17.
for *'
P-
198,
line 37.
for "
P-
218,
line 7.
for '♦
after " Bradaeld " add " and also in June, 1914, byMeesrs.
Morley and Elliott at Palmer's Heatb near Brandon."
Apioii rufirostre sbould read A. fusdroitrt.
Bruchus loti sbould read B. ater.
ix. delete " exten8a-(malvoides ah.),**
XV. ,, " reducta (alveus aiy.)."
calahra " read " calabrica.**
pendularia " read ** potatoriM.**
t liber culatus** read ** tuberculotus,**
Krebia'* read *' Epinephele.**
lineola " read " liiieolea.'*
albiaua " read " olbiana.**
for '' cleodoxa " read **cleodora.**
Bupalus " read ** Panolis.'*
Bombyx " read " Hemaris.**
Hay wand '* read " Hay ward."
JOURNAL OF VARIATION.
Vol. XXXIII. No. 1. Januaby 16th, 1921.
;^DITORIAL.
We are glad to be able to announce that Dr. E. A. Cockayne has
eonsented to join our Editorial Staff, and in welcoming him most
heartily we would remind our readers that his .advent brings an old
iriend and contributor officially among us. We feel that he will be
a real source of strength to us, for he is an experienced morphologist
and microscopist and a first class field observer.
His experiences in the '* ice free sea " during the war, as well as
elsewhere, will probably be counted by him as events even to be re-
membered, quite regardless of the strenuouiness of the times through
which he passed. — G.T.B.-B.
Consjidcrations on the possibility that Alpine species of Butterflies
are possessed of a remarkable latent faculty, exercised under
pe4^1iar circumstances in connection with the Act of Egg-
laying.
By B. C. S. WAKREN. F.E.S.
Many collectors who use pill boxes ror carrying their captures,
will have noticed at one time or another that a 2 butterfly so enclosed
has laid a few ova in the box. This is, however, a decidedly rare
occurrence, so my attention was drawn to the matter some years ago^
when I noted ova, so laid, on frequent occasions ; but it was not until,
Attgust, 28rdy 1918, when two 2 Erehia manto laid eighteen ova in
two boxes, that I began to become interested in this unnatural habit.
The eggs were fixed in rows to the sides of the boxes, and, with one
exception, in which one egg was laid on top of another, each egg was
separate from its neighbours.
I had in the weeks • immediately preceding this date found ova
deposited in boxes by several other species of Erehia, and subsequently
Botecl t)ie same on quite a number of occasions. Unfortunately, I
jnade no Qotes at the time (except of the occasion mentioned above,^
aynd ope othi^r), but I was struck by the fact that all the species which
beha.Yed in this manner belonged to the genus Erehia, Although
writing, from memory, I can state with certainty that ova were
deposited in this manner, on more than one occasion each, by E.
j^kartei E. oeme^ E, jyrono'e var. pitho^ E, tyndarusy E. manto and E^
fforge, in the case of the last two on, at least, half a dozen times each.
THE entomologist's BEOORD.
I believe that to this list might also be added E. em-yale and E.
melampusy but I cannot be quite certain about it. Now, all these
species are Alpine ones, and looking back over the experience of many
years collecting, I can only recall having noted two lowland species
deposit eggs under similar conditions, viz,, Polyommatus icarus and
Aphantopus hyper ant us ; and in both cases only a very few were laid.
The end of the season of 1918 left me with a strong impression in
my mind that there was something remarkable in the biology of these
species which caused them to lay more or less readily under these
unnatural conditions. In the season of 1914 I had the same
experience, though I only made one note on the subject, which records
that a 2 K* pronoe var. pitho laid 26 eggs in a pill box on August 29th,
and, as in every other case, the eggs were attached to the sides of the
box, and none were touching each other. It was but a few years ago,
however, that, thinking over these occurrences, a probable solution
occurred to me which suggested that the circumstances of the act of
egglaying in the pill boxes might not be so '* unnatural ** when Alpine
species are concerned, as they seemed. Anyone who has passed some
years in an Alpine country will have seen how, not at all infrequently,
the first light snows of winter at high altitudes fall in late August,
at which date the late summer species are still abundant. What is
the result ? The Alps are covered with snow to a depth of anything
from one to six inches (or even more) and such butterflies as were
still on the wing, and after the manner of Alpine species had sought
refuge down at the roots of the grass, or under the edge of a rock
embedded in the grass, are buried under it. The $ butterfly whose
normal period of flight is thus shortened by several weeks, findd itself
in conditions very similar to what it would experience if shut up in a
pill box, confined to a very limited space ; in the dark ; and unable to
move except by craWling. Such early snow-falls sometimes only lie
quite a short time; but again, as often as not, no thaw sets in for
several days. In the first instance the 2 butterfly probably remains
passive until it regains its liberty ; but, in the second, after it has
been entombed for a certain time, I venture to presume that it
commences ovipositing ; laying, of necessity, all its remaining eggs
closely together, on the most available surface, regardless as to its
nature ; possibly on a rock, if the individual happened to have takra
cover by one.
This theory that Alpine species possess the faculty of completing
their task of egg-laying (begun under totally different conditicms)
while buried under snow, may appear to some readers as making too
great demands on their credulity. The idea of an Alpine bnttei^
egg-laying, immediately brings before their mind's eye a vision of a
beautiful hot day, with the sun baking down on an Alpine slope
carpeted with many-coloured Alpine flowers, which are gently stined
in the short grass by a faint breeze, while the $ butterfly flutters
along, carefully selecting here and there, a particular plant on "whiek
to deposit her egg : against which the idea of a butterfly, buried under
snow, unable to fly and only capable of the slighteert movement)
deprived not only of the sun's heat, but even of the light of dayi
unable to choose its correct food plant, laying eggs 1 — Why, under
rich conditions it would probably die in a few hours. Well, I have
not ventured to offer such a theory to the readers of the Entomolotjitti
BUTTERFLIES AND THE ACT OF EGO-LAYING. S
Record, merely on the strength of the bald statements just recited.
But I would first remind anyone, who continues to read this article,
that I am not making any demand on his credulity, but on his ability
to free his mind from any pre-conceived idea, no matter how well
•established. When considering any problem in Nature, to approach it
with a pre-conceived view of what the solution ought to be, is merely
to blind oneself to the possibilities of what it may be. Therefore I
would ask readers to banish from their minds the argument, that
because a butterfly won't lay in daylight if the sun is not shining, it
therefore will not lay in the dark ; and to remember that though the '
•circumstances of my theory seem opposed to what is the '* natural "
procedure in the act of egg-laying, that makes it none the less possible
that they are just as natural and consistent with the laws of Nature.
First then, let me establish a fact which is not at all generally
recognized, and judging from what I have heard said and seen written,
is regarded as impossible by not a few : all species of Alpine butterflies
{i,e,, those species having their habitats located above 5000ft.), which
naturally rest and hide down in the grass and under rocks, can survive
burial under anything from one to Ave inches of snow for a period
varying from twenty-four to seventy-two hours, and possibly longer.
That there can be no doubt whatever about this, I can demonstrate
from personal observation. Of course when I say all Alpine butterflies,
I do not mean all the individuals of each species, for it is probable
that a certain number, less favourably located than others, will not
survive. It is known that in the Alps above 5000 ft. in any month of
the summer such a snowfall may take place ; so that species which
attain the perfect state in June or July, are just as liable to have to
pass a certain period of their flight time under snow, as species
emerging in August. Looking over the Entomologist's Record for the
past twelve years I find several allusions to such summer snowfalls in
the Alps, with a few records of the species affected, though not many
of the latter, for in such circumstances the average collector usually
hastens to find a more propitious climate. Still as far as they go, they
are valuable data on the point, and I shall quote them presently ^
confirming my own observations, which are as follows.
During the week preceding June 25th, 1919, at Lenzerheii^e
(Orisons), at over 5000 ft., the following species were more or less
abundant. H, malvoides, H. serratulae, H. andromedae, C, palaemon,
C. semiarguSy 0. minima, A, thetis, P. hylas. A, eumedon, L, orhitulus, A.
pheretes, L. subalpina, M. alhalia, M, aurelia, P. hiera, C.jpamphilus, C,
tiphon, E. melampus and E, tyndarus. While 1 500 ft. higher were H,
4iacaliae; P. napi var. bryoniae, B. pales, and E, lappona. The latter in
particular being extremely common. There were several other species
about, but only in very small numbers, some being locally rare, and
others only just emerging, so I make no mention of them as some
time elapsed before I again came across them. On June 25th the
.weather which had been somewhat broken, got much worse, and
towards evening with a rapidly falling thermometer the rain turned to
snow, and by the next morning (26th) there were four inches of snow
over the whole country- This lay until the morning of the 28th {Le.,
ior 48 hours), when the weather cleared and the sun came out again.
In an hour or two the snow had disappeared to about 5500 ft. and by
mid-day it had melted up to about 6000 4t. Befpre lunch I noted
THB BNTOMOLOGIST^S RBCX>Ub.
every one of the species already mentioned as occurring at the 5000 ft.
level, flying as strongly as ever ; none the worse for their forty-eight
hours under four inches of snow, though I noted a slight decrease in
the numbers of A, fheretesy P. hiera, and L. subalpiim. Five days latdr
I visited the higher levels. The snow here had not melted until the
morning of the 29th, consequently the four species already noted had
undergone twenty-four hours longer confinement than those of the
lower level, i.e,^ three days and nights. E, lappona was as abundant
as ever, but decidedly more worn, and there were some additions to
both H. cacaliae and B, pales, which were obviously freshly emerged
since the snow had melted, while P. napi var. hryoniae was not so
numerous as it had been. Nevertheless, the result was sufficient to
place beyond doubt the fact that all the species in question were, one
may say, unafiected by forty-eight and seventy-two hours respectively
under four inches of snow. From a very reliable local source I
obtained much information about these summer snow-falls. In that
part of the country, I was told that such snow-falls might be expected
in any month of the summer, and sometimes lay for seven dajs.
Higher up they were more frequent and of longer duration. The
peasants welcome the snow when there is a spell of cold weather, for
should there be frosts with fine weather the grass crop of the year is
much damaged. This rarely happens, for frost without snow is
unusual, and if the grass is once covered with snow no frost that
comes does it the least harm, and in a few hours after the melting of
the snow it is standing as erect as ever. It of course rarely attains
there a height of more than twelve to eighteen inches. Thus Alpine
butterflies, in any month, are sometimes subjected to these conditions,
and I see no reason to suppose that the other species are not as well
fitted to support the climatic conditions under which they live, as those
I observed. In fact I think we may conclude that, like the vegetation,
they benefit by this enforced entombment, which protects them from
the frost and the icy wind which usually accompanies it.
The following records show such conditions may prevail anywhere
in the Alps. Doubtless if looked for, many similar records would be
found in other publications. All the following references apply to the
Entomolo(jist's Record,
Mr. D. H. Pearson notes (vol. xxi., p. 264), at Binn on the night
of June 22nd, 1909, '* heavy thunderstorm and hailstorm with three
or four inches of snow.** The morning after, when the snow melted,
Li, avion, A, escheri, P. eros, and P. mnemoayne were seen, the latter
very common. On going on to Eggishorn he adds, •* weather grew
worse .... and two or three days of snow and wind."
Mrs. R. E. Page writes (vol. xxii., p. 127), that at Zinal the first
few days of her stay (Aug. 8rd-5th, 1909), "were very cold, snow
falling at night."
Mr. A. L. Earl writes (vol. xxii., p. 167), at Zermatt on June 4th,
1909, ** cold throughout the week, rain every afternoon until the last
few days when it snowed continuously."
Mr. Pearson (vol. xxiv., p. 267) writes, " the day after we left
Pontresina (July 21st, 1912), there was a fall of snow."
Mr. B. S. Curwen (vol. xxiv., p. 289), notes on July 24th, 19l2f
between Handeck and the Grimsel Hospice, the following species :—
C phicotnonef C, hyale,' E, pharte, E, nmestra, E, gorge, E. tyndarus
BUTTBRFLIBB AND THE ACT OF EGO-LATINO. O
and F. optilete, and adds " two days previously there had been over a
foot of snow.*' In view of the date it is certain that all these species
had survived burial under even this depth of snow. Unfortunately
Mr. Gurwen does not tell one how long the snow had lain.
Mr. A. L. Earl (vol. xxviii., p. 64), records a *' twelve hours
thunderstorm with six inches of snow" on July 26th, 1918, at
Pontresina, which put him to flight ; but Mr. H. J. Turner (vol. xxix.,
p. 161), notes on August 17th, 1914, the following species which had
*' successfully weathered " twenty-four hours incessant snow-fall : — A,
niobe, A. aglaia, P, bramcaey E. ijoantey E, tyndarus, E, melampus, A,
medon, and a doubtful //. alveiis,
I think no more need be added to sbow that all Alpine species, no
matter what their season of flight, may be subjected to these conditions
and are (as a whole, not individually) quite unaffected by them. This
being so, is it unlikely or unnatural, that the 9 can lay under similar
circumstances?
Then tbere is another remarkable point to note. All the species,
which first attracted my attention by their readiness to lay in pill boxes
are, it may be remembered, Erebiid species. Now Dr. Chapman, whose
experience in obtaining butterfly ova is probably second to none, writes
(Ent Rec, vol. xxiii., p. 233) of Erebiid species, that they are "often
difficult to induce to lay eggs." This, of course, means in captivity,
in as natural surroundings as Dr. Chapman could provide for them ;
yet, shut up in boxes, they sbow a far greater readiness to lay than
other speeies. What does this suggest ? What, but that the condi-
tions under a net bag with light and food plant, are not as natural to
these species as those of the box. We may take it that the inability
to fly is disconcerting in the former case, but compatible in the latter.
The only natural circumstances which would, in any degree correspond
with the position of the butterfly in the box, are those experienced by
the buried butterfly. It probably often has, when buried, the additional
incentive of foodplant, lacking in the pill box, but again it often may
not ; and the fact that eggs are so freely laid on the sides of the box,
suggests to me that the buried insect may often lay on a rock. The
two principal elements wanting in the pill boxes are, of course,
moisture and the lower temperature, but this does not seem to affect
the Erebias. Possibly it accounts for the Alpine Lycasnids and
Hesperias not having, in ray experience, laid in tbe pill boxes ; but I
must add that I have not at all so frequently had these species enclosed
for a sufficient length of time.
The most unexplainable hypothesis which has to be conceded, if we
maintain that Alpine species possess this faculty, is that it can be con-
served by a species, although only required intermittently, lying in
abeyance for long periods. For example, in many seasons if the
weather be fine, a given species will be able to lay its eggs without
having recourse to this faculty, especially in a series of fine seasons,
perhaps ten might pass in succession without the necessity arising ;
but, in the eleventh if required, the insect must be in full possession
of the faculty which has passed down to it, although unrequired and
unexercised by ten pjenerations, if it is to benefit by it.
Although this hypothesis is perhaps not, one one would readily
accept, yet I think we find some support for it in the fact that on rare
occasions lowland species of butterflies will lay an egg or two in a box.
6 . THE bntomojlogist's rbgord.
In these cases what is the incentive ? My own experience on this point
is, as already mentioned, limited to two instances ; and one of them
(P. icarns) is an insect which often is found within the Alpine region.
It therefore, to a certain degree, may have developed (or retained) the
habits of an Alpine species. But the essentially lowland species which
exhibit a tendency to lay in such circumstances, cannot be accounted
for in that way ; and though there can be no doubt that such occurrences
are very rare, I think one can but regard them as the re-assertion and
adaption of a natural instinct, once essential to the species in question,
or rather to the ancestral type from which it was evolved, which in a
remote past existed under very different climatic conditions. That
after such a lapse of time as this concludes, the instinct still asserts
itself, no matter how slightly, is suggestive that such a fac ilty as we
have been considering, would be in no wise impaired by lying in
abeyance through ten, or many more generations.
Another contention, which may be brought forward, is that if
Alpine species can survive burial they do not need to lay in that con-
dition, but can resume their task when liberated again. To accept
that contention we must assume that they can live under snow for an
indefinite period ; in the case of those species located above 6500ft. for
perhaps as much as fourteen days, and for all species for seven days
and nights ; the longest period of which X have obtained authentic in-
formation of snow lying in July, at 5000 ft. This, it does not seem to
me, we can do, for although it is impossible to put a fixed limit to the
length of time which they may survive, there is no doubt that, as has
been already noted, even during a period of no longer than forty-eight
hours, a certain number of individuals succumb, and the complete want
of butterflies, in especially poor summers, which has been observed on
occasions by collectors. in the high Alps, is probably to be directly
attributed to a longer spell of snow than they can survive. That when
only quite a short time buried it is likely no eggs are laid, I have already
suggested, but when it comes to a matter of days, I feel sure if tbe
eggs were not laid, they would never be laid at all. Both these points
are borne out by the fact that in boxes I have never found an Qg^ laid,
unless the butterfly had been enclosed for tbe best part of a day.
Again, in the case of late summer species : it is not an uncommon
occurrence at altitudes over 6,000 ft. for snow falling in late August to
be followed by successive falls at short intervals, so that the first fall
has not completely melted before the next covers it again, and so i^
passes into winter without a break. Further, in considering the length
of time any species can be buried and survive, one must remember
that the depth of snow covering them may greatly affect this. Ttie
average depth of summer falls at altitudes between 5000 and 6000 f^"
rarely exceeds five or six inches, but it can be double that (ste ^X'*
Curwen's note already quoted), and of course at higher levels it m**/
frequently be so. It is quite possible that a quite short period un(i^^
a greater depth, might be no more detrimental to the insects than ^
longer period under less ; but data on this question are wholly wan tid^'
One more point arises which might be used as an argumei^^
against my theory. The buried butterfly, of necessity, lays its eggs on
any available surface. What would become of the young larvae ofl
hatching from these eggs, possibly situated on a rock, or some plant,
other than their foodplant ? With species with very specialised food-
. THB PTftBNBSS IN 192Q. 7
habits, the young larva might have to travel a little distance to get to
its particular plant (that it can both feed and travel under snow is
almost certain), but in such species the $ probably goes to rest in
proximity to, if not on, or under, the foodplant. In many Alpine
species too, the larvsB probably make their first meal off the eggshell ;
this I know to be the case with all those Erebia species mentioned
already as having laid eggs in boxes. This would provide them with
sufficient food to enable them to travel a moderate distance. The
grass feeding larvsB, like the Erebias, will never have more than an
inch or two to move. All the eggs of the Erebia species, which I had,
hatched in thirteen to fifteen days ; it therefore must often happen
that the eggs of those species which lay in late August, or even mid
August ((flacialiSf goante, euryale, prono'e var. pitho^ if(y*'9^i etc.), are
snowed over before they hatch. This fact justifies my previous
assertion that young larvsB can feed and travel under snow ; if not, we
should have to accept the almost impossible theory that the larva of
any Alpine species of Erebia can hybernate at will in any stadium
from newly hatched to six weeks old, according to the weather. This
affects, more or less, all species which do not hybernate as an egg.
It may be useful to add that the Alpine grass keeps fairly green under
the snow, well into December, so that so far as the condition of the
vegetation is concerned, there would be nothing to prevent the larvsB
feeding for the requisite length of time to attain a certain standard of
development before commencing to hybernate.
In conclusion, we have two irrefutable facts to reconcile : firstly,
the meteorological conditions pertaining to the high Alpine regions,
and secon:lly, the presence of butterflies in those regions. There have
been, without doubt, in past centuries, repeated cycles of bad summers,
in which the ordinary duration of the flight period of all Alpine
species will have been lessened by half, a quarter, or three-quarters,
their usual length ; and if we assume, not merely that the species are
anable to lay under snow, but that to do so is not a completely natural
function with them ; then it follows that the repeated decrease in the
amount of ova laid each year, reduced in proportion with the flight
period of the species, must have so thinned the numbers of the species
affected, that gradually, first one then another must have become
extinct, until the whole butterfly Fauna of the high Alps would, long
since, have ceased to exist.
The Pyrenees in 1920.
By DOUGLAS H. PEARSON, F.E.S.
The Pyrenees had long been calling and after six years of enforced
liome keeping they clamoured with a voice that could no longer be
disregarded and my brother and I decided upon a trip.
Leaving London early on June 28rd, we arrived in Paris in the
evening and took the night train for Luchon, where we were timed to
arrive at about 8. BO p.m. In passing through southern France it was
interesting to note that oxen were almost universally used for farm
"Work instead of horses, and it was quaint to see oxen drawing a
modern hay cutter or reaping machine. We were landed at
Montrejeau about mid- day with a wait of 5 hours before the train
went on for Luchon, and after having disposed of an excellent lunch
8 THe entomologist's record.
at the station restaurant, sallied forth to explore the entomological
resources of the district. In a field near the station we found Colioi
edusa in very fresh condition and with them 2 or 8 Everes argiades,
but when the good lady of the farm explained that we were more or
less in her clover crop we sought pastures new by the side of the river.
While I stayed behind to catch Nordmannia {Thecla) acaciae — ^some-
what past their best, my brother worked some low ground near the
river and called out that he had taken something new. This proved
to be Heteropteriis morpheus, which was quite an unexpected find, and
we managed to take half a dozen, including both s6xes. They were
fiying round some brambles and I took the first to be a ''hair'-streak" as
it had much the same style of flight. One or two Lycaena arion and
other oddments inade up quite a decent bag and we returned to the
station well pleased with the short excursion.
We stayed at Luchon from June 25th to July 1st, but were some-
what unfortunate in the weather, the mornings being usually rather
like a Turkish bath and the afternoons devoted to thunderstorms. On
the 26 th we walked up to the Hospice de France, a long uphill trudge —
taking on the way Erynnis altheae^ which were in very good condition,
but only appeared singly at long intervals, and one Erebia oenie taken
on a steep bank not far from the Hospice. The ground round the
Hospice looked excellent, but we had no sooner arrived than thunder
began to rumble and after a cup of tea we did the homeward tramp in
a steady downpour.
On the 26th we tried the Vallee de Burbe, branching off from the
Hospice road near the old ruined tower and found very good ground.
Argynnis cydippe (adippe) were large and strongly marked, but we were
only able to turn up 8 of the var. cleodoxa. Some nice L. arion were
taken, with tendency of spots to run into streaks, and one Lampides
hoeticus which Was a new species to me. On the 27th we went a short
distance up the road towards Lac d'Oo, took another L. boeticus,
several Paranje niaera var. adrasta, and one or two P, aegeria which
were very deep in colour and practically the same as a brother had
recently brought me from Algeria, being much darker than my Swiss
specimens. In hopes of finding a breath of fresh air, we took the
mountain railway up Superbagneres on the 28th, but the flies which
had tormented us in the valley were in legions on the mountain, and
of all sizes from the Scotch cleg to a horse-fly about IJ inches long)
who carried a bradawl in his busmess end and only sulked if you
boxed his ears or smote him with a stick. It was gfood to be among
the alpine flowers again, and we were soon busy netting Erebia epiphront
which showed a considerable amount of variation, Melitaea aunnia
(not werope)y a single Erebia veto and other things. We enjoyed our
lunch seated among the Dryas octopetala and Rhododendron, but befote
it was finished thunder began to roll round and then the rain began.
It came in such blinding sheets that one could not sde 20 yards ahead
and it was only by keeping along the ridge that we found our way
back to the large hotel, which is being built at the railway terminus
and which we could not see until we were close to the building.
An expedition up the Val de Lys was spoilt by rain and want of
sun and nothing was taken, but the ground looked promising.
On July 2nd we left Luchon for Gavarnie, and on arriving at Lu«
found it too late for the diligence, and on the advice of the station
THE PYBBNBKS IN 1920. 9
master hired a motor to take us up to Gavarnie. It was a weird
machine and wq agreed that 8 trips at the rate charged would just
about pay for the car. It broke down twice on the road and was only
persuaded to resume action after much tickling of the carburretter,
and as the boy who drove found it necessary to look at his hands every
time he changed gear, we missed the boundary wall which kept us out
of the scenery several times by a very slender margin. It was with a
sigh of thankfulness that we drew up at the Yignemal Hotel with an
added stock of grey hairs.
Gavarnie is a truly delightful spot and we spent the time until
July 16th very happily and wished it could be extended. The famous
Cirque we left to the donkey riders, but worked hard to get samples of
the entomological treasures of the district and were very fairly success-
ful. Our favourite ground was the Val D*Ossue with its tumbled
rocks and rushing river of beautiful clear water, but we found the
lower part of the valley most productive. Near the entrance Erynnis
{Carcharodus) lavaUrae was met with, a small form in good condition,
and we managed to take a short series, but the most interesting
species in the valley was Melitaea didyma. In the Rhone valley where
didyma is sometimes very plentiful, one occasionally meets with the
var. alpina, but I have always looked upon it as rather a prize. Here
we did not meet with a single normal $ , all being of the var. alfdna,
or more like the description of mevidionalis. In my examples from
Switzerland and Modane the reddish or sometimes yellowish ground
colour shows on both upper and lower wings. The Gavarnie specimens
are very varied. In most of them the ground colour is greenish-grey
and in one both fore and hindwings are nearly black. Two have blue
spots in the lower wings and one has the outer row of black spots
extended into streaks. The ^ ^ have a darker border than most of
my Swiss specimens and one has large black blotches on the upper
wings. They form a lovely series, but unfortunately the $ $ were by
no means plentiful, and we would sometimes work for an hour without
taking one. We only took one Ayriades cortdon at Luchon, and the
males were only just out when we arrived at Gavarnie, but became
plentiful later. We examined a considerable number and with one
exception —which is moderately spotted— all were very washed out and
feebly marked on the underside. We only took 8 2 $ of a very
ordinary brown form. Plebeius aeyon (aryns) swarmed in the valley
and continued plentiful up to about 6000ft., but appeared to be of a
Very ordinary form. In this valley we also took a few Melitaea
^ictynnaj which are by far the lightest form I have met with of this
species. We made several excursions towards the Port de Spain, and
On one occasion went over the border but were met by such an icy
blast that we were glad to turn our backs to it and get into shelter.
^G the way up we found a spot for hWehia lefehvrei and when there
^as not a bowling wind we managed by patient work to secure a nice
bttle series. Dr. Keynes says that Krebia styyne only crosses the
Screes or haunts the edges, but on this particular scree this was not
^be case, as one could watch an insect flying up and down the scree in
Exactly the same way as lefehvrei^ and when at last it came within
^Gach and was netted it would over and over again prove to be i^tyyne
and provoke unparliamentary language. Just before reaching this
Scree and near the main stream, a lovelv brook of clear, cold water
10 THE entomologist's RECORD.
wells out of the ground, and several very pleasant meals were takea
there and all efforts to drink it dry were unavailing.
We worked very hard to find Latiorina pyrenaica, both on. the way
to Port de Spain and also on the way up Pimen6, but had no Success
until July 12th when we took six on the way to Port de Spain and one:
more on the same ground on July 15th : we were no doubt too early
for it. L. orbitulns we did not find at all.
On July 13th we started in a thick fog by the lower road up
Pimen^, and where the path crosses a steep gulley we found a sooty
black Erebia which I take to be Erebia manto v. caecilia. Our nets
Were so drenched with fog as to be useless, but we managed to box a
nice little series as they sat on the dripping grass heads. They
seemed to be confined to a small patch about 20 yards by 10 as we
could not find them either above or below, and possibly they came up
the gulley.
Melanargia galathea var. leucomelas is said to be found near the
village, but though we netted and examined a large number we failed
to turn it up.
The flowers were interesting but were not in such profusion as in
some Swiss valleys. At Luchon we found the ** Sweet William,"
which was new to me as a wild flower, and a pale Viola with stem 1&
to 18 inches long and a long spur. Ramondia pyrenaica was going
over at Gavarnie, but there were still some fine blooms left, and
in some places were grand specimens of Saxifraga longifolia^ which
does not appear to bloom until the plant reaches a considerable size.
On Pimene we found a small Colchicum, so dwarf that the petals lie
back on the turf. Gentians were' rather poor and 0» acaulis generally
looked ill-grown and unhappy, but we found some beautiful patches of
the little Gentiana nivalis.
The most striking flower at Gavarnie was the purple Iris, and whea
seen in a mass on a mountain side it was a sight to be remembered.
Of the black and white Skippers, Hespena cartliami was fairly
common, but so small in comparison with Rhone Valley specimens a»
to be recognised with difiiculty. We took several Powellia sao^ and
some others, which at present I do not feel competent to name.
On July 16th we moved on to Biarritz and walked to the Lae
Mouriscot, where we took Heteropterus morpheas and Coenonyinpha
oedipHs among the reeds, but neither were plentiful and many were
decidedly past their best. Enodia dryas was in fine condition and we
took a nice series, including some large 2 2 . and also a single
specimen of Hipparchia {Satyrus) arethusa.
We left Biarritz on the 20th and arrived home in the early hou»
of the 22nd after a tedious journey, but well content to have again
felt the sun and tasted of the joys of the chase.
Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy during the year 1920.
By 0. QUEBCI.
{Continued from p. 227.)
When, at the beginning of the month of June, 1920, I wal
persuaded that every hope of collecting in Florence was excluded,!
took counsel with Dr. Verity as to the best mode of employing my
time. It was decided that I should go to the marshes of the lake d
LEPIDOPTEBA IN PBNINSULAB ITALY DUBINO THE TBAB 1920. 11
Massaciuccoli (Luoca), where many years ago there was collected a
form of Ch-ysophanns dispar.
On the morning of June 9th I went to the Plan di Mugnone,
near Florence, and Dr. Romei left for Monte Morello. On the
Mugnone, considering the time of year, I oaght to have found in
abundance M, galathea, E, jurtina^ P, tithonus, P. hrassicae^ M, didyma,
M, athalia, B. hecaU, C. arcania, N, ilicis, A, flava, T, acteon^ Z,
stoechadisj Z, camiolica, I perambulated the whole zone from
morning till night, not being persuaded that on such a splendid day
some insect would not fly. At night I returned home with 8
specimens, and soon after my son in-law, who had walked for 14
hours on the mountains, came back with one P. argus.
The following morning I left for Torre del Lago, which is the
nearest station to the lake of Massaciuccoli, and tried to penetrate into
the marshes, but every road was closed by the walls of the Villas, and
80 I had to turn back passing through the whole Pineta of Migliorini,
where I only saw a few shabby specimens ot Efdnephelejurtina and
Syntomis pheyea. From Migliorini, along the dyke of the river Serchio,
I went to Yecchiano without finding anything except two P, icams,
and from Yecchiano on the following day I penetrated into the marshes
of the lake. I walked for many hours exploring the wettest and most
grassy places, but insect life seemed suspended, not a butterfly, nor a
fly, I only saw a red dragonfly hovering over the muddy water of a
canal. On returning from this unpleasant excursion I took the train
and arrived in the evening at Castelnuovo di Garfagnana.
On the morning of June 11th I left by motor car for Fivizzano,
the pretty village destroyed by the earthquake of September 7th, 1920.
I did not And any favourable localities and I immediately went to
Piazza al Serchio, from which I went on to Gorfigliano in the midst
of the marble region. From Gorfigliano, by the valley of Acqua
Bianca, I ascended the peak of the Pisanino, 5000ft., and reached a
high valley full of snow. On the grassy slopes of the valley I collected
an Krebia gorge and an Aglau iirticae, nothing else. Returning to
Gorfigliano I crossed the mountain to go to Vagli Sopra, and 1 went
towards Monte Tambura, for I was convinced that the marble region,
dry and stony, was certainly not suitable for Lepidoptera.
From the valleys of Monte Tambura I had seen Monte Sumbra,
whose softly undulating slopes contrasted with the other pointed and
And summits of the Alpi Apuane. This induced me to go to
Careggine, where I remained collecting till the end of July.
My wife and daughter ought to have gone to collect on the
iiiOQDtains of Calabria and ought to have left at the end of April, but
ffom various causes their departure could not take place till the 12ch
of May. After short halts at Rome and Naples they arrived at
Cosenza on the 16th of the same month, and went to Rogliano
situated on the mountains of the Sila. A long excursion in the
lieighbourhood of the village showed my family that the locality was
too intensively cultivated to be suitable for their purpose. In the
Jfaiiway journey from Paola to Cosenza they had remarked some
Uncultivated localities, so they returned to San Fili where they found
lodgings.
San Fili is about 2400ft. on the coast range of Calabria, and from
^t my family could ascend by a path to the summit of the mountain
12 . THE entomologist's becord.
chaiQ among beech woods with wide clearings full of high ferns. The
locality was judged excellent ; the people of San Fili were hospitable
and respectful, and used gentle pressure on my family to remain.
Every time that my wife and daughter went up the high mountain
they were accompanied by two Forest guards.
During the first days, from the 18th to 26th of May, the weather
was fine and the collection of Lepidoptera promising enough, although
the season was too advanced for the "precocious " species to fly and only
damaged specimens were found. As many as 48 species of
Ehopalocera were present, but nearly all in small numbers. The more
abundant species were C, semiargus^ P. amandnSf M, cinxia, B,
enphiosyne that is those generally scarcer, whilst of the species
generally commoner ; P. icarus, N. ilicis, P. rapae, M, hrassicacy C,
pamphiluSf M. didxjma, P. cardui, one saw very few individuals flying.
At the distance of 500 miles the phenomenon was identical with what
I had observed at Florence.
One of the principal objects of our journey in Calabria was the
collection of P. apollo^ race puwilus, Stich., P. mnemosyne, race
calabricay Trti., and MeLanargia arge, race turatil, Eostagno ( = cocuZ'
zana, Stand.). These species were searched for carefully and the
locality seemed excellent for their development, but the apollo was
never met with and of the wiienwsyne and the arge only a few
individuals were collected. With regard to the P. apollo it must be
noted that it scarcely emerged at all this year in Italy. On the Alpi
of South Tyrol, where apollo is always most abundant, Dr. Verity only
took a very few specimens ; Dr. Romei did not find it at all on the
Monti Sibillini, where it is also abundant, and on the Caronie, in
Sicily, Signor Ragusa only succeeded in collecting 7. I myself, on
the Alpi Apuane, in spite of continued researches during two months
and in the most favourable season, only saw two specimens.
On May 27th, 1920, the collecting in Calabria was interrupted
by rain. The first of June was fine and the Zygaenae appeared
abundantly, bufc the bad weather returned and continued almost
uninterruptedly till June 17th, preventing any collecting.
On June 4th, taking advantage of a briefcessation of the rain, my
wife and daughter went on to the mountain and made an important
capture : the Syntoinis ragazzii, Turati. They had little knowledge of
the fine discovery made by Count Turati ; they only knew that besides
the Syiitomis marjana. Stand., a new Syntomis had been found m
Southern Italy, and they at once conjectured that the specimens found
must belong to this new species, which they had never seen before.
On June 17th the weather became fine again ; all the spring
Lepidoptera had disappeared and were replaced by the summer ones.
From June 17th to 27th there emerged the second broods of i2»
p/daean, L. dorilis, A, themites^ P. icarus, A, wedon^ C. crocens (ednsajt
L. siiiapisy P. rapae^ M. hrassicae^ C. pawphiluSy P. viegera, and the
emergence of the summer species began : P, ligurica, P. argu$, S. ja^
(heimione), S. vitce, N. cordula^ S. semele, M,athaliayA, niohe, A,cydi\if^i
but just as everything seemed turning for the best, on June 28th, all
emergence of insects ceased.
Vegetation was luxuriant, weather splendid, but collecting no
longer offered any interest. One could walk for hours without
collecting anything.
LBPmOPTEBA IN PENINSULAR ITALY DURINO THE YEAR 1920. 18
The hope of finding P. apollo and the females of S. cordnla, A.
liobe, and S, ragazzii detained uiy family at San Fili till the first days
>f July, but the females did not emerge, so that on July 5th, after
. long and fruitless mountain excursion, my wife and my daughter
lecided to leave Calabria and to come to me in the Garfagnana. It
7as absolutely not worth while to wait for the end of the '' summer
»AUSE," which appeared to be very protracted, and to remain so far
kway in these turbulent times in which all communications might be
lut off. After four days* journey my family were re-united at
}areggine on July 10th.
In the subjoined list I note all the species collected in Calabria
rom May 19bh to July 5th, 1920.
Zygaena pm-puralh, Briinn., race not identified, June lst-17th.
^, scabiosae, Schev., race romeo, Dup., June 1st- 20th. Z, stoechadis,
Bkh., race calahray Vrty., May 19th-June 20th. Z, lonicerae, 8ch$v.,
•ace silana, Burg. ( = herthae, Staud.), June lst-20th. Z. meliloti,
jlsp., race charon^ Hb., June lst-20iih. Z, oxytropu, B., race not
dentified. May 19th- June 7th. Z. carmolica, Scop., race Jiorentina^
/rty., June7th-20tti.
Proa is staticesy L., race not identified. May 20th- June Ist. P.
^Mtcorms, Z., race not identified; May 24th-June 4th. P, cognata,
!lbr., race not identified. May 20th-June 4th.
Syntomis ragazziiy Trti., race ragazzii, Trti., June 4th-20th.
Erynnis alceae, Esp., race australis, Vrty., June 17th. E. altheae,
Bb., race anstraliformis, Vrty., June 17th.
Hesperia annoricanns, Obth., race fulvoinspersa, Vrty., May 19th-
26th. H, carthaudf Hb., race not identified, May 19th-20th. H.
malvoides, Elw. and Edw., race pseudomalvae, Vrty., May 19th -26th.
Powellia sao, Hb., race not identified. May 19th-26th.
Adopaea lineola, Ochs., race clara, Tutt, June lst-17th. A, flava,
Brunn. {^thaumas, Hufn.), race iberica, Tutt, June 1st- 17th.
Thymelicus actemi, Rott., race ragusai, Vrty., June lst-27th.
Augiades sylvanus, Esp., race sylvanus, May 19th-26th.
Rumicia phlaeas, L., race nigrioreleusy Vrty., I. gen. phlaean, May
19-24 th. R, phlaeas, L., race nignoreleus, Vrty., II. gen. nigrioreleus,
June 20th -27th.
Loweia alciphron, Rett., race romanorum, Fruhst., May 24th- June
l7th. L. dorilisy Hufn., race italorum, Vrty., I. gen. italorum, May
24th. L. dorilis, Hufn., race italorum, Vrty., II. gen. italorum, June
17th-27th.
Glaucopityche cyllarus, Rott., race pauper, Vrty., May 19th-24th.
Flcolitantides baton, Bgstr., race obscurata, Vrty., June 20th-28rd.
Agiiade^ thersites (Gerh.), Chapman, race not identified, II. gen.,
*^une 20th.27th.
Polyomntatus icarusy Rott., race not identified, I. gen.. May 19th-
84th. P. icariis, Rott., race not identified, II. gen., June 17th-27thr
•^. amandusy Schn., race not identified. May 19th-26th.
Cyaniris semiargus, Rott., race not identified. May 19th-June 4th.
Aricia medoriy Hufn., race subcalida, Vrty., I. gen. subornatay Vrty.^
May 2l8t-d0th. A. medoriy Hufn., race subcaliday Vrty., II. gen.,
^caliday June 17th-27th. A, eumedoriy Esp., race not identified. May
i4th-June 4th.
Plebeius argiiSy L., race calabrica, Trti., June l8t-27th. P,
igurictty Obthr., race not identified, June 17th -23rd.
14 THE entomologist's beoobd.
Lycaenopsis (Celastrina) argioliis, L., race calidogenita, Vrty.,
June 20th.
Cupido minimus f Fuessl., race minimus, May 22n(i.
Lampldes boetlcus, L., race boeticus, June 20th.
Callophrys ruhi, L., race virgatus, Vrty., May 19th-26th.
Nordmunnia ilicisy Esp., race inomata, Vrty., May 19th-22nd.
Colias croceus {edusa), Fourc, race croceits, II. gen. crocsus,
June 28rd.
Leptosia sinapis, L., race bivittata, Vrty., I. gen. lathyri, Hb.,
May 19th-21st. L. sinapis, L., race bivittata, Vrty., II. gen. bivittata,
June 17th-27th.
Anthocharis (Euchloe) cardamines, L., race meridionalis, Vrty.,
May 19th-26th.
Pontia daplidice, L., race daplidicey II. gen. daplidice, June 28rd.
Pi«m wa/n*, L., race meridionalis, Eiihl, I. gen. vulgaris, Vrty.,
May 19th-21st. P. na/?i, L., race meridionalis, Eiihl, II. gen.
meridionalis, June 21st-27th. P. rapae, L., race rapae, L., I. gen.
metra, Steph., May 19th-21st. P. rapae, L., race rapae, L., II. gen.
uestiva, Z., June 20th-27th.
Mancipium (Pieris) brassicae, L., race catoleuca, Rob., II. gen.
catolenca, May 19th-26th.
Aporia crataegi, L., race not identified, May 19th- June 20tb.
Parnassius mnemosyne, L., race calabra, Trti., May 19th-26th.
Fapilio machaon, L., race aestivus, Z., II. gen. aestivus, June 17th.
JP. podalirius, L., race interjecta, Vrty., I. gen. interjecta, May 19th-22nd.
Coenonympha pamphilus, L., race australis, Vrty., I. gen. australis,
May 19th-26th. C pamphilus, L., race australis, Vrty., II. gen.
emilyllus, Vrty., June 24th-July 5th. 0. arcania, L., race not
identified, I. gen.. May 24th-June 20th.
Epinepliele jurtina, L., race not identified, May 19th- June 20th.
Melanargia galathea, L., race not identified, June 1st- July 5th. A/>
iir/5f«, Sulz., race turatii, Rostagno { = cocuzzana, Stand.), May 19th-
-June Ist.
Pararge megera, L., race megera, I. gen. megera. May 19th-26th.
P. megera, L., race megera, II. gen. megera, June 20th- July Srd. P.
maera, L., race erdonia, Fruhst., I. gen. erdonia{=pol8en8is, Staucl.)i
May 19th-26th. P. aegeHa, L., race not identified, II. gen., June 17th.
Satyrus fagi. Scop. { = hermione, L.), race alcyoneformis, Vrty., June
17th-27th. S. circ«, F., race i<aZ<i, Vrty., June 17th-27th. S. corduk,
F., race calabra, Costa (=acteina, Obthr.), June 17th-27th. S, semde,
L., race not identified, June 28rd.
Limenitis rivularis, Scop. {= Camilla, auct.), race rivularis, I. geD.
rivularis, June 23rd.
Melitaea didyma, Esp., race neeraeformis, Vrty., I. gen. neeraeformih
May 19th-June 27th. M, trivia, Schiff., race not identified, I. gen.,
May 19th. M. phoebe, Knoch, race tusca, Vrty., I. gen. tusca, Ibj
19th-26th. M, cinxia, L., race australis, Vrty., May 19th-26th. M*
atludia, Rott., race obscura, Vrty., May 19th-July 6th.
Brenthis daphne, Schiff., race nikator, Fruhst, June lst-20th. B>
euphrosyne, L., race apennina, Stgr., May 19th-26th. f ^
Issnria lathonia, L., race not identified, I. gen. lathonia (not
.possible to identify the race not having collected the other broodBJt
May 19th-June 1st,
"%
m
IfKW SPECIES OF BffTKMBOOPHILOtJS HTMENOPTER4 PROOTOTRTPOIDEA. 15
Argynnis cydippe, L., race clarensy Vrty., June 21st-27th. A. aglaia,
Tj., race appenninicola, Vrty., May 24th-JuDe 20th. A. niobe, L., race
But identified, June 1st- July 5th.
Pyrameis cardid, L., race universa, Vrty., I. gen. universa^ May 24th-
June 4th. P. atalanta L., race atalanta, May 24th.
Aglais iirtwae^ L., race turcica, Stgr., May 24th.
Polygonia egea, Cr.. race egea, I. gen. egea. May 24th. P. c-album^
li., race c-alhum, II. gen. hntchinsoni, Bobson, June 17th.
Dr. Verity will publish an account of the races not yet identified,
^he number of species collected in the brief period of residence in
Oalabria is remarkable, but the number of individuals is very small ;
of many species only one or two specimens were collected. The
aberrations found in Calabria are also very few : —
A female of Z, meliloti wanting the dark pigment on body and wings.
A male of the same species in which the dark band of the hind-
'wings is so much extended as to leave only a small red point in the
4^ntre.
A male of Z, scahiosae with a red ring on the abdomen.
A male of Z, ragazzii with the white spaces much reduced in
number and dimensions and the hindwings quite dark.
A male of P. argu» with extensive fulvous marks on the upperside
•of the hindwings.
A female of A. crataegi with the transparent space at the end of
iihe cell of the forewings extremely broad.
A male of M. athalia very dark.
{To he continued.)
Vew Species of Myrmecophilous Hymenoptera — Proctotrypoidea.
By L. A. BOX, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
The types of the species here described are in Mr. Donisthorpe's
•collection of myrmecophiles and were taken by him in the nests of the
jonts mentioned.
Geraphronid^.
Lagy nodes niger^ Eief., aterior, var. n.
Male. Length l*2mm. Alar expanse 2'7mm. Resembles niger in the colour
l)eing entiiely black, the tegument being smooth and shming, the detail of the
head and antennae, the shape and detail of the abdomen, the dividing sutures of
the scutellum reaching at their junction in the centre to the posterior edge of the
mesonotum, and the radius being distant from the extremity of the wing by two-
thirds of its length. It differs in having the wings distinctly blackish or smoky,
the scape red only at the base, the rest dark brown, the femora black or fuscous
except at the knees, the tibisB fuscous in the centre and the abdomen without trace
of reddish colour.
From nest of L. fidiginoms at Woking on September 27th, 1920.
C§raphron fuliginosi, sp. n.
Female. Length 1mm. Alar expanse I'Smm. Entirely black. Wings
normal, forewings fuscous except at the base and having a somewhat clearer area
below the radins, hindwings slightly fuscous. Marginal nervure straight, . not
thickened so as to form a stigma, the radius half as long again as the marginal
nervure. Abdomen not compressed, ovoid and acuminate at the tip, very smooth
and shining, devoid of striation at the base. Head and thorax smooth and shining
Irat finely acupunctate and clothed with short fine whitish hairs. AntennsB
<iintirely black, except the scape at the apex and the second joint piceous, with ten
16 THE UNTOMOLQQIST'S RKCOKD.
joints, scape nearly a third of the total length, swollen at the base, the second
joint nearly twice as long as thick, obconical, funicle gradually thickened from the
third joint to the last which is conical, third joint slightly longer than thick,
fourth to ninth joints distinctly transverse, tenth joint twice as long as thick.
Legs dark brown except the coxes, the tibies at the base and the tarsi, which are
reddish. There is a dense fringe of long white hairs on each side of the metapleurt^
pointing backwards and covering the sides of the base of the abdomen. Propodeon
narrowly margined and having a few deep striations especially obliquely on each
side from the base to the inner side of the lateral acuminations, and forming a
trapezoidal area in the base of which is the small spiracle.
From the same nest of L, fuliyinosus at Woking on August 14th^
1920.
Dl4PRIID^.
Loxotropa fuliginosi, sp. n.
Female. Length l'7mm. Antenna I'lmm. Black, smooth and shining,
with a mass of long whitish pubescence on the lateral corners of the pronotum, on
the dorsal surface of the petiole and on the metapleurae. Legs entirely bright
orange-red. Antennae reddish-brown except the club which is black. Antennae
with- the scape stout and cylindrical, as long as the five following joints together^
second joint obconical, twice as long as thick, third joint longer than thick,
gradually thickened from base to apex which is as wide as the second joint, fourth
to ninth joints transverse, moniliform, tenth to twelfth joints more than twice as
thick as the rest, forming a club which is as Icmg as the scape, tenth and eleventh
joints globular, the eleventh distinctly transverse, the twelfth joint tapering to a
rounded point, longer than thick. Wings atrophied, reaching just beyond the
petiole, the forewing with a pale yellow marginal vein ending in a dark brown
knob or stigma and extending to three-fourths the total length of the wing, the
part beyond the stigma and immediately below it very pubescent, the rest hyaline
and glabrous. Hindwing linear, almost threadlike but slightly wider at the tip
and about as long as the forewing. Head wider than the thorax and about as wide
as the abdomen, subsquare, wider in front. Mesonotum semicircular but as long
as wide at the base. Scutellum with a deep depression in front next to and.
running into the mesonotum. Propodeon with a raised emargination all round
ending in a prolonged blunt point or horn on each side, with a raised ridge in the
centre from front to back which is widened basally and raised there to a knob-lik^
point in the centre of the widened boss. The apical margin with a single tooth i**
the centre. Abdomen more than twice as long as wide, flat above, almost parallel^
sided and somewhat truncate at the apex, petiole a little longer than wide, secoi
segment covering at least three-fourths the total length excluding the petiole,
the tibiae very slender at the base and gradually thickened to the apex.
From the same nest of L, fuliyinosus at Woking, May 80th, 1920.
Plat YGASTERIDiE .
Synopeas fuscioola, sp. n.
Female. Length I'lmm. Alar expanse 2'lmm. Dull black, with whi
hairs at the base of the mesonotum on each side in a fringe, on each side of th-^
scutellum thinly, on the lateral edges of the propodeon densely, on the metaplear^^
all over densely, and on the base of the abdomen above on each side and ventrall>C
densely. Legs and antennae (except the club which is piceous) bright yelloi^-
Wings, except at the base below the short marginal vein, covered with short darlc
hairs, almost hyaline. Tegulae prominent and fuscous. Head transverse, finely
and shallowly alveolate, ocelli in a slight curve, wide apart, the outer ocelli very
near to the eyes. Pronotum broadly visible from above from one tegula to tb^
other for about the same depth all round. Mesonotum convex, finely rugose, witl&
two parallel striae from front to back frequently interrupted — ^Uke dotted lines-^
roughly dividing the surface into three equal parts and with a slightly raised kn(^
or pimple rather shining in the centre immediately in front of the soutellom an^
another similar knob on each side between this and the tegula but nearer the latt^
and with a row of short striae between each. The awl-shaped prominence of th«
scutellum is smooth and shining and viewed sideways it will be seen that the tiF
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 17
Is a sharply pointed horn, pale in colour, below which before reaching the impressed
metanotum there is a second but obtuse tooth. The propodeon is divided longi-
tudinally by a broad raised ridge which is smooth and shining and projects behind
as a blunt tooth. So much of the rest of the propodeon as is visible is smooth and
shining. The large segment of the abdomen which covers more than
three-fourths of the whole is smooth and shining, the surface being almost imper-
ceptibly alveolate. The antennae have the scape long and slender, more than half
the length of the funicle, slightly thickened from the base upwards and curved
outwardly, having outwardly just before the apex a curved excavation from before
the commencement of which springs a long curved hair or bristle reaching to just
beyond the end of the joint which is truncate, the second joint obconical and almost
as thick as the scape, twice as long as thick, the third joint only half as wide,
ovoid and longer than thick, the fourth joint as long as the last, twice as long as
thick, cylindrical, the fifth joint the same width, globular, the sixth joint trans-
verse and truncate at the apex, the seventh to tenth joints forming a club slightly
thicker than the scape, the seventh subtriangular, longer than thick at the apex,
the eighth and ninth cup-shaped, transverse, the tenth joint longer than
thick and bluntly rounded at the tip. The hind and mid tibiae are long and slender,
thickened towards the apex, the femora strongly thickened in the middle.
In a nest of F. funca at Barmouth on June 23rd, 1906. See Ent,
Bee, 1906, p. 319.
iSr^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Notes from Kknt, Middlesex and Surrey. — My first hunt this
year was in Richmond Park on April 21st. Here I found Panimene
anjyrana in abundance settled on oak trunks ; most trees sheltered
three or four and some especially favoured carried nearly a dozen
moths. Among the number were two cream coloured specimens as
Wilkinson calls them, while Barrett alludes to them as " dirty white.**
There were a few intermediate between these and the type, and two P.
spleyididulana were also noticed. Two days later I found Ancylis
inoniatana quite plentiful in its old haunt among Salix fusca on- Barnes
Common. Later Lithocolletis quinqueffuttella also occurred here. At
Hindhead on May 13th, several cocoons of Sti(fmella {Nepticula)
septembrella were found in leaves of Hypericum. I was surprised to
see Hesperia {Syrichthns) malvae at Richmond on May 22nd, as I had
never previously seen it there. On the birches I found larvae of
Salebria [Phycis) bettilae. The larva spins a slight but quite tough
cocoon, to one end of which the pupa is firmly anchored by strong
cremastral hooks. The moth on emergence carries a portion of the
pupal head case with it, by means of which it forces a hole through the
cocoon, and after emergence this part of the pupal shell is found
outside the cocoon. It is a trefoil shaped piece which is apparently
the top of the head, but as this pupa is of macrotype and breaks up
irregularly I was unable to fit the pieces on to any of the pupae
to ascertain their exact position.
At Otford, on the 29th, I found two small pupae in a head of
Carlina vulgaris. They had the look of dipterous pupae, as they were
quite without segmental movement, but the lens showed them to be
lepidopterous, and at the end of June one of them disclosed a nice
apecimen of Parasia carlinella. On the 31st, I saw four imagines of
Chrysoclysta linneella on lime trunks in Chiswick, this is the earliest
date I have on record. At Orpington, June Id thy A phelosetia argentella
was in multitudes for about half a mile along a road side. It would
be an exaggeration to say that the grass was white with them, but
18 THE entomologist's RECORD.
there must have been one to every few square inches. When on the
wing at dusk they must have presented a picture of fairyland. On an
old oak in contrast sat one solitary specimen of Tinea parasitella.
About this time Paedisca hilunana was common on birch stems at
Chiswick, Laveima hellerella on hawthorn and Pardia tripunctana on
rose. On June 80th, at Richmond, I saw a few Penthina corticana,
Hb., among birch, and found a nearly full-grown larva of Leiocampa
dictasoides, I took twelve spun up Coleophorid cases for examination
of the pupa, but every one of them contained parasites. There were a
few Bvtalis grandij^enim on Barnes Common, July 7th, they were
first noticed there about seventy years ago as recorded in the Zoologist
of that time. The common must have been a fine hunt-
ing ground in those days. Gelechia pinguinella was very
numerous on the poplar trunks and in fine condition. I also took thi»
species in Chiswick where I had not seen it before. At Wimbledon,
mines of Stigviella salicis were very common in sallow leaves and
Argyresthia goedartella was quite in its usual abundance. On July
24th I joined the South London Society's excursion to Byfleet, and
took a fine specimen of Abebaea (Cerostoma) Uicella^ which I had long
wanted, four larvsB of Aphelosetia cernsella in one mine on Phragmites
CQniniunis, all of them produced moths, which emerged after 5 p.m.
(G.T.). This seems odd as Mr. P. A. Buxton records that A, poae^
which feeds on Glyceria aquatica in similar situations, emerged between
8 and 9 a.m. The two species, however, belong to different sections
of the genus {Ent Rec, xxviii., p. 88). I was also pleased to get larv»
of Bucculatrix frangidella off the lihamnus bushes, they were mostly in
their cocoonets changing their skins. The skin does not shrivel up
like that of many larvae, but remains outstretched in the cocoonet just
as it was before the larva crept out of it. On the 29th I walked down
one of the last yet unmade-up roads in Chiswick and found Hemimene
[Dicrorawpha) simplicinna common and in fine condition, Artennsia
vulgaris grows in abundance, and it is here that I have taken the larv«
of Gracilaria omissella in their bladdery mines. In early August we
tried sugar, but it only produced a few of the very common Noctuse. A
few specimens of the once rare Conchylis s)neathmanmana occurred in our
meadow about this time. At Kingsbury on August 28th I found young
larvae of Coleophora solitarieUa in their first cases, and also several
empty egg shells. The eggs are laid on the upper surface of
the leaf towards the base, close to or in the sulcus that runs down the
middle of the leaf. The upright egg is cone-shaped, ribbed with a
rather deep depression at the summit. The larva mines through the
base of the eggshell into the leaf. In making its first case the larv*
cuts out elongated pieces of the upper and lower cuticle, avoiding the
serrated edge of the leaf. It fastens the newly made case to the under-
side of the leaf, and later adds a portion to the tail end of pure white
silk. In another place the young larvae of C. albitarsella were also in
their first cases, cut out from the leaves of Olechoma, In early
September Peronea reticulata [contauiinana] was abundant at Kings-
bury in all its forms except omicmn, which I did not see at all. There
was one specimen of the Y-form, with white ground colour, similar to
a specimen taken at Bath and I think Mr. Turner also has a whit»
one. There is a good deal of dogwood in the hedges about Kingsbury,
but I was surprised to see many mines of Antispila treitschkiella in tho
leaves, as I had never noticed these mines previously. In August,
CURRENT NOTES. 19
Cerostoma vitella was quite common in Regent's Park on the elm
trunks and I boxed a Tortrix pronnbana off a window of a house at
the foot of Primrose Hill and saw a second one in September. This
species still inhabits our garden in Chiswick, where it was quite com-
raon this year. — Alfred Sigh, Chiswick. December, 1920.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The name of Alexander Borisovitch Shelkovnikov, who has done so
much to elucidate the fauna and flora of the Transcaucasian steppes,
supplied specialists all over Europe with abundant material of all
kinds, and lavished the most genial hospitality to men of science of all
countries in his beautiful home at Geok Tapa, about half-way between
Tiflis and Baku, is well known to readers of our pages. As the most
prominent landowner in the district, and the only Christian and
educated one, he was elected by his Tatar neighbours, with whom he
stood in the most friendly and cordial relationship, to be representative
of the district on the Constitutional Assembly for regenerate Eussia,
which assembly, alas, was stillborn. Inspired by the propaganda of
the Bolsheviks and by the pan-Islamic fervour of Enver and his
satellites, the local Tatars one day fell upon Shelkovnikov's place in
a mass and utterly destroyed it. His splendid vineyards were hacked
to pieces, the contents of his cellars, containing three vintages, poured
forth to waste, his house and buildings burnt to the ground, and the
beautiful park, which he had cultivated so lovingly for twenty years,
hacked down. Shelkovnikov succeeded, with considerable difficulty,
in escaping alive, together with his wife and family. They dared not
go to Tiflis, as Christians were being massacred in the train in that
direction, but reached Baku safely. They left that hotbed of terror
before it was too late and succeeded eventually in reaching Tiflis,
where the host of savants is eking out his existence a completely
ruined man. — M.B.
A lady, who recently escaped from Petrograd, has brought the sad
news, not absolutely certain, but practically hopelessly so, that Andrei
Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky was done to death about two years
ago or more by the peasants on his estate in the Riazan Government.
The most that British entomologists dare hope is that it is one of his
brothers who succumbed.
Andre Petrovich, Hon. F.E.S., was one of the best representatives
of Russian Intelligentsia. The son of a gifted and very distinguished
father, who was the first to survey the Tian-Shan mountains, in
recognition of which the Tsar Alexander II. allowed him to add the
title Tian-Shansky for his surname, Andre Petrovich inherited the old
Senator's love of natural science and became one of Russia's most
distinguished entomologists. He is best known in Britain for his
work on Russian Coleoptera, Chrysids and Dermaptera. He was also
a first-rate all-round naturalist and a very keen sportsman. No mean
poet he translated Horace into delightful Russian verse and had read
widely several foreign literatures. Always a stout friend of Great
Britain, he was enthusiastic over the war, and expressed the hope that
the end would not come until the whole w^orld had declared war on
Germany, so that posterity might see plainly that Germany was an
outlaw among peoples. He contributed considerably to the press in
the British interest and took an active, if somewhat academic, part in
^Q THK UNTOMOXiOGlST'S RKOORD.
the movement for the amelioration of social conditions in his beloyed
Russia. With true Russian hospitality, he kept open house for
thoughtful men of the varied interests. He was Vice-President of the
Russian Entomological Society, which means acting chairman, for the
post of president was reserved for one of the Grand Dukes, and he
was president of the Zoological Section of the Imperial Russian Geo-
graphical Society, an organisation which led a separate existence
independently of the mother-body. His death is a very great loss to
PalsBarctic Entomology.
When at Salonika, I used to receive a cheerful postcard from him
«very fortnight, till suddenly they ceased, and as I began to miss the
characteristic handwriting, I felt that I had lost one of my yery best
friends.
The same lady reports that A. Kuznetsov, the great authority on
Russian Lepidoptera, has succeeded in escaping to Finland. — M.B.
The Officers and Council of the Entomological Society, London,
for the Session 1921-22, are President: The Rt. Honble. Lord Roths-
child, M.A., F.R.S., etc. Treasurer: W. G. Sheldon, F.Z.S. Secre-
taries: The Rev. George Wheeler, M.A., F.Z.S., and S. A. Neave,
M.A., D.Sc, F.Z.S. Librarian: H. J. Turner. (Jouncil : Robert
Adkin; H. E. Andrews; G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; G.C.
Ohampion, A.L.S., F.Z.S. ; J. Hartley Durrant ; A. D. Imms, M.A.,
D.Sc, F.L.S. ; James J. Joicey ; G. A. K. Marshall, D.Sc, F.Z.S.;
Capt. Norman D. Riley ; H. Rowland-Brown, M.A. ; Comm. James
J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. ; Capt. the Rev. J. Waterston,
B.D., B.Sc.
The Officers and Council of the South London Entomological
Society for the Session 1921-22 are. President: K. G. Blair, B.Sc,
F.E.S.; Vice-Fresidents:^, J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S. ; S. Edwards,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.; Treasurer: A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. ; Librarian:
A. W. Dods ; Curator: S. R. Ashby, F.E.S.; Assist. Curator: T. L.
Barnett ; Editor of Proceedings : Hy. J. Turner, F.E,S. ; Secretaries:
Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc. {Corresponding) ; and Hy. J*
Turner, F.E.S. ; Recorder of Attendances : B. S. Williams ; LanterniM:
A. W. Dennis; Council: R. Adkin, F.E.S.; T. L. Barnett; R. T.
Bowman; L. E. Dunstar; Lachlan Gibb, F.E.S.; H. A. Leeds;
Capt. N. D. Riley, F.E.S. ; Dr. G. S. Robertson ; E. Step, F.L.S.
It is fully anticipated that the Entomological Society will be in-
stalled in its new premises, 41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, by
March 25th next at the latest. The Imperial Bureau of Entomology,
who will occupy the surplus rooms not at present required by ibe
Society, have already moved in. The further decoration, repairs and
alterations (fewj, which have to be made, are rapidly nearing coin-
pletion. The removal and re-arrangement of the Society's Library is
a matter requiring more time. Already the bookcases and shelving
have been transferred and are being refitted and enlarged, piuch of the
new material, bookcases and shelves, having been generously donatecl
to the Society by Dame Alice Godman. Of course daring the period
of transition it is impossible for Fellows to use the Library, and all
books borrowed have been called in. We understand that the large
meeting room will be available for scientific meetings at tinjes when U
is not required by the Society. It is situated on the first floor, and
when fully fitted will seat at least a 100 persons, with ample cloak-
room and lavatory accommodation.
MTRME0OPHILOU8 NOTES FOR 1920. 21
Myrmecophiloos Notes for 1920.
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., P.E.S., etc.
In 1920 more time was devoted to Coleoptera than to Ants, never-
theless a certain number of observations and discoveries were made,
which are recorded here.
FORBnOIDAE.
Myrmecina (nanunicola^ Latr. — The colony of this species which I
obtained on May 1st, 1910 (see Bntish Ants, p. 81, etc.) is still under
observation, and in a flourishing condition. For the first time for
four years no winged females have been reared, though ^ g^ have been
plentiful as usual. A little fighting again took place in March ; but
did not last long. I have not recorded before that in August, 1919,
very serious fighting occurred in this nest, indiscriminately between
i 5 and del. J ? . One 5 might be attacked by two others, or by
two 2 ? , or by a 5 and ? , or by one ^ alone, or one ? ; and the
same with one $ . This lasted for nearly two months, and I was
much afraid I should lose the whole colony, as over 70, and perhaps
100, ants were killed off in this way. I cannot explain it, as the
colony bad plenty of food, and a large brood to attend to. I put a
stop to it in the end by punishing any ant or ants who were fighting.
They were knocked off their legs with a paint brush, pushed about,
rolled over, and shaken up until they appeared to be thoroughly cowed I
It is possible thnt this fighting may have been the cause why no females
were reared in 1920, and it will be of interest to see if such ? 2 will
be produced this year (1921), as no fighting to speak of, no ants being
killed, occurred last year.
Acanthomyofts {I >(muthorpea) niyeVy L. — On March 4th, workers in
some numbers from a colony of this ant, nesting at the foot of a gate-
post at Putney, were running about in the sun carrying bits of
earth, etc.
On July 7th, at Mother Ivy's Bay, N. Cornwall, a fine colony of A.
(D.) niyer^ situated under a large flat stone near a stream running from
a marsh into tbe sea, was found to contain very many mermithogynes.
These short winged females from this nest (which also contained
numerous normal winged $ $ and many $ and ^ cocoons, but no
^ ^ ) are peculiar in themselves, in the fact that nearly every one of
them possesses a large oval hole in the mesonotum, about •7mm long
and •25mm. broad, the object of which I am quite unable to explain.
The gasters of such specimens as were dissected were found to con-
tain one, or two, worms in each. Most of the ants and brood of this
colony were taken, and as I knew my colleague Mr. Crawley was
working on a paper on mermithogynes, I handed them over to him
for investigation and experiment. The only other myrmecophiles
present in the nest were Platyarthrus hoffuianseyyi, Brndt., and Cypho-
deirus { = Beckia) alhinon^ Nic.
On August 28th marriage flights of niyer (and also of A. [C.) flavus
and Myrmica rayinodis) took place in the afternoon and evening all
over Putney.
Acanthomyops (Chtkonolasius) mixtus, Nyl. — On August 11th very
many dealated ? ? were seen all over the heath at Weybridge ; and
one winged individual was rescued from the clutches of a F, san-
guinea ^ . One example was observed entering a hole in the sand
February, 1921.
22 THE entomologist's record.
which sheltered a colony of A. (D.) alienns. On digging into this
nest, six deaiated mixtus ? ? were found to have already established
themselves in it.
The colony founding of all the British species of Acanthomyops is
now well known, and thoroughly established (see British Ants, pp.
185, 196-99, 208-10, 215-16, 221-22, 230-88, 239-40). It would
therefore seem unnecessary to keep on recording instances in support
of facts already well-known ; but a recent publication by Mons.
R. Stumper — " Zur Kolonie-griindung von Lanm fulvjinoHfia " [Arch.
Natur(j, 85 189 (1920)] , however, proves that it is still advisable to do
so. He found in the summer of 1917 two isolated fnlvjinosus ? ? in
cells, but with no brood, and a third in a cell under a stone which
covered a nest of A, (C.) mixtus^ but not communicating with it. He
therefore considers that further investigation is necessary. He
mentions the discovery of de Lannoy, and what Emery, Forel, and
Wasmann had to say about it, but totally ignores the extensive and
conclusive experiments carried out by Crawley and myself, besides the
various other records published since our earlier papers, and my book !
I propose to republish the whole of the facts on the colony -founding
of this ant in a future paper; and possibly in some continental
publication.
Formica rufa^ L. — This ant was very forward in the south in 1920;
on February 18th the colonies at Wey bridge were in full activity,
building up their nests, going from one to another, carrying their
fellows, and massing in numbers on the nests in the sun ; deaiated ? ?
occur in fair numbers with the ? ? outside the nests.
On March 21st at Oxshott I found a winged rufa 2 out at some
distance from her nest ; this is the earliest date on record for either of
the winged sexes of this species : April 17th being the earliest former
record [see Brit, Ants p. 255] .
Prenolepis (Nylanderia) lonyicornis, Latr. — On October 12th this
cosmopolitan species was found to be abundant in one of the hot-
houses at the Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. The '^ ? were
running about on all the plants and pots, both in and around a large
pond in the hob-house. This is the j&rsb record for the species in these
gardens.
COLBOPTERA.
Atemeles emaryinatus var. niyricollis, Kr. — A specimen of this variety
was found in a nest of Formica fiisca at Box Hill under a stone on
May 4th. As far as I am aware this is only the second time that it
has been taken in Britain.
Myrmedonia funesta^ Gr. — A specimen was taken running on the
ground near an old ash tree at Long Ash ton in Somerset, around
which a number of A. {D.) fiiliginosus ? 5? were crawling. This is I
believe only the third record for Somersetshire, of this insect.
Claviyer testaceus^ Preys. — This species occurred in abundance in
nests of A, (C,) flavus under stones at Box Hill on May 4th, many
specimens being in cop ; and also with the same ant at Mother Ivy's
Bay, N. Cornwall, on July 7th. My friend Mr. Keys tells me he has
always found Claviyer to be very rare in Cornwall.
Hymenoptera — Proototrypidae.
Layynodes niyer var. aterior, Box, Ceraphrori fuliyinosi, Box, Loxo-
MTRMBOOPHILOUS NOTES FOB 1920. 23
tropa fuliginosi. Box. — These three insects, which are new to science,
were all taken in a nest of A, (D.) fuU(jinosus at Woking on September
27th, August 14th, and May dOth respectively. I am indebted to my
friend Mr. L. A. Box for the descriptions of the same (see anteay pp.
15-16), who at the same time described a species of Synopeas taken by
me at Barmouth on June 23rd, 1906, in a nest F, fusca^ under the
name Synopeas fuscicola.
Braoonidae.
Afipilota nervosa, Hal. — A specimen of this Braconid was taken in
the same fulufinosus nest as the above mentioned Proctotrypids on
September 27th. This is the second time I have taken this species with
fuliffinostts, it having occurred with the ant in question at Darenth
Wood in June 1909 [Ent Rec. 22 15 (1910)] .
Chalcididae.
Spalanffia erythromera, Forst., was taken in the Woking fuU<jinosus
nest on September 27th, and also bred on December 10th from some
carton and other refuse taken from the nest on the former date, and
placed in a small plaster nest. As far as I know there were no ant
larvae present, but plenty of a fat, broad Dipterous larva, which all
pupated later. This however proves nothing, as the Spalawjia larva
may leave its host before pupating, and have been present as a pupa in
the debris. This conspicuous jet black species is, in any case, most
certainly a regular guest of fnlvjinnsus, 1 first took it in Britain with
this ant at Wellington College in April, 1906, and bred it in large
numbers the same year from a nest of the ant. It has subsequently
been taken by me at Darenth Wood, Oxshott, Wey bridge and Woking,
and always with the same ant, which it will be remembered is also of
a jet-black colour.
DiPTERA.
Pseudacteon formicarum, Verrall. — This little fly was captured
hovering over 5? 5 of ^* sangninea at Woking on August 14th. I had
dug up a sanguinea nest and thrown the earth, etc., on a large white
cloth. There were no ants on the cloth, or to be seen, except the
sanguinea ^ 5? , aiid several of the little flies were observed hovering
over these ants. It is rather important to emphasise this, as Wasmann
in a recent and very valuable paper on this fly [Biol. Zentralh, 38
817-29 (1918)] considers it to be only associated with A, {J),) niger, as
he thinks the ovipositor would not be long enough to reach between
the segments of the gasters of larger ants. I have no doubt he is
correct in thinking that niger is its principal host ; but there can be no
possible doubt that on this occasion the flies were endeavouring to
parasitise the sanauinea $ ^ , and their behaviour was just the same as
I have always noticed, when they have been hovering over niger, and
other small ^ ants.
Heteroptera.
Pilophorm cinuamopterus, Kirsc. — Larvae in numbers and some
imagos occurred on fir trees over mfa nests at Weybridge on July 16th
and August 11th, and Megacoelum beckeri, Fieb., larvae on the former
occasion. I had hoped to find out something of the life-history of
these two species, and the reason for their assoeiation with ants, and for
24 THE entomologist's bboord.
this purpose I had prepared a very large tray covered with sand with
a broad moat of water all round. On it were young oak, birch, and
fir trees growing in pots and I had established a nice colony of For-
mica rufa upon it, whose hillock was built up in one comer of the
tray. Unfortunately the experiment proved to be a failure; as the
bugs and their larvas, of which I brought home numbers, and put on
the young trees, always got into the water, and were drowned.
Alydus calcaratus, L. — Larvas were seen running in company with
F, rufa ^ ^ at Weybridge on August 11th.
Nabis lativentris, Boh. — At Porthcothan Bay, N. Cornwall, on July
9th, one larva of this bug was swept up in company with iJ ? of F.
fusca var. gleharia and A» (D.) niger, and another was taken running
over a niger nest. It is not generally known that the younger forms
of this bug possess spines on the pro- and meso-thorax, and also on
the front femora ; these spines are entirely lost in the adult stage, and
those on the femora are replaced by fine hairs. It is the only one in
the genus possessing these peculiarities, which are no doubt connected
with its ant-like form. My friend Mr. Ernest Green sent two of the
spiny form to the Museum in June, which created quite a flutter at
the time. When they were shown to me, I expressed a view that they
were larvsB of Nabis lativentris, but was told that one could not expect
any young form with spines to lose them entirely when adult, etc.,
etc. I produced similar forms from my cabinet taken with ants, bat
it was suggested they were a new species to Britain. The larval form
figured by Dr. Sharp [Cambridge Nat, Hist 6 556 (1899)] who first
called attention to the resemblance to ants, is older and does not
possess the spines. Other specimens in my collection are also without
them. However, ** blessed is he that expecteth little," especially when
dealing with ants and myrmecophiles, and the various specimens being
submitted to Mr. E. A. Butler, he identified them all as early stages
of A', lativentris. I swept up a form without spines, and with yellow,
instead of white, margins to the abdomen, in company with Myrmica
scabrinodis ^ ^ and dealated $ $ by the side of a marsh near Chi-
chester on August 17th. Other specimens swept up in the marsh
itself, had bright red abdominal borders.
COCCIDAE,
Ripersia europea, New. — Numerous specimens of a Coccid which .
felt sure was a species I had not taken before, were found in a nest o
A, (D.) niger at Stepper Point, N. Cornwall on July 8th, in compan
with the Aphis Trama radicis, Kalt.
Professor Newstead, who kindly named them for me, told me tha"^
they were old adult 2 2 f nil of embryos. He says it is closely relate^^
to Ripersia tomlini, but is distinguished from old adults of the latte^^
by its smaller size, the large number of gland pores, and the presenc^^
of a chitinous scoop-shaped structure of the anal ring. As far as I
aware the insect has only been captured once before in Britain
at Swanage.
Araneina.
TetrUvs diversus, Camb. — Egg cases of this spider occurred on th^
carton itself of the Woking fidiginosm nest, and very young, recently
hatched spiders were running about on the carton on September %1^
UBPEDOPTBRA IN PENINSUL4B ITALY DUBINO THE YE4R 1920. 26
and November 4th. Whether this species is the same as T, arietinus^
Thor., or not, it is undoubtedly a regular mjrmecophile ; as is also the
latter. I have taken it with this ant in various months (January,
April, August, September, November, and December), at Oxshott,
Wellington College, Weybridge and Woking ; ? ? occurring deep in
the nest itself. The 2 evidently lays her eggs on the carton of the
nest and I have found egg-cases similarly situated at Weybridge and
Oxshott.
It is also probable that the records of ih-yphoeca recisa, Camb., with
ants, really apply to T. divetsus, as Mr. Hull tells me the true C, recisa,
Camb., is a synonym of TetHlus impadicus^ Simeon, which is non-
myrmecophilus.
AOARINA.
Laelaps (Laelaspis) hiuneratns, Berl., and Trac/tyuro/toda {Leonardi-
ella) canestnniana^ Berl. — These two mites, which are recorded here
for the first time in Britain, were taken by me in a nest of Tetramorium
caespitum at St. George*s Well, N. Cornwall, on July 11th. It is
recorded from Italy in ants' nests, and probably with the same host
species, as a var. taken in Bussia and another in Corsica, were both
taken with Tetramorium caespitum,
Laelaps [Laelaspis) eqnitaiis, Mich. — I have already recorded this
species from Porthcothan Bay, aad commented on its habics [see Ent,
Rec. 32 183 (1920)] .
Trachyuropoda (Janetiella) troguloides, Can. and Fanz. (=.laminosay
Berl.), and Laelaps (Hypoaspis) mynnecophilns, Berl. — These were taken
in ants' nests at Porthcothan Bay on July 8th. The former with A,
(f).) niger, and the latter with F, fiisca var. glebaria.
Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy during the year 1920.
By 0. QUERCI.
{Continued from page 15.)
While my family collected Lepidoptera in Calabria I was collecting
in the mountains of the Garfagnana. I lived in a small peasant's
house isolated on the slopes of Monte Sumbra at about aa hour's walk
irom the village of Careggine. The locality seemed very favourable,
Jiaving large waste lands close to the beech zone (3000- 5000ft.).
THowever, I noticed at once that the trees had not produced nuts and
tihat the grass had suffered enough on account of the drought and
:irom the hail storms which had visited the region during spring.
From June 13th to the 26th, notwithstanding the unfavourable
season and frequent showers, I collected the following species : —
Zyyaena piirpuralis, Briinn., race Jiorii, Costantini. Z. achilleae,
Esp., race triptolemus^ Hb. Z. stoechadisy Bkh., race stifeckadisy Bkh.
-^. lonicerae, Schev., race vivax, Vrty. Z. transalpinay Esp., race of
^i^ansition from sorrentina^ Stgr., to altititdinaria, Trti. Z. oxytropis,
^. (only two specimens). Z, carnioUcay Scop, (only two specimens).
^rocris statices, L., race not identified. P. tenuiconiisy Z., race
^ob identified. Heodes virgaureaej L., race apenninay Calb. Rumicia
phlaeas, L., race nigrioreleusy Vrty. Loueia alciphrony Rott., race
'^oinanorum, Fruhst. Lycaena arion, L., race not identified. Agriades
^ti«, Bott., race apenninigena, Vrty. A, hylas, Esp., race correpta.
26 THE BNTOMOJUOGIST's RECORD.
Vrty. A, escherif Hb., race altivolans^ Vrty. Polyommatus icarus,
Bott., race zelleH, Vrty., I. gen. zelleri, P. aniandus, Schneid., race
not identified. Celastnna seniiargusy Rott., r&ce porrecta, Vrty. Aricia
medon, Hufn., race pallidefulva, Vrty., I gen. subornatay Vrty. Plebeiv^
argusj L., race apenninicola, Vrty. Cupido vtinimus, Fuessl., race
minimus, Fuessl. Callophrys ruM, L., race virgatns, Vrty. Nordraannia
ilicisy Esp., race inornata, Vrty. A^. acaciae, F., race italica, Vrty.
Qonepteryx rhamni, L., race transiens, Vrty., II gen. seciinda, Vrty.
Colias hyaUy 1j., race calida^ Vrty., II gen. calida. C. croceus, Fourc.
(edusa, F.), race croceus , II gen. croceus, Leptosia srnapis, L., race
hinittata, Vrty., II gen. hivittata, Pieris napi, L., race vulgarisy Vrty.,
I gen. vulgaris, P. rapae, L., race rapae^ II gen. raffae^ L.
Aporia crataegi, L. (only two specimens). Coenonytnpha pamphilus,Jj.,
race australis, Vrty., I gen. australis. C, arcanius, L., race tenuelimbo,
Vrty., I gen. tenuelimho. Epinephele jurtina, L.. race not identified.
Erebia epiphron, Enoch., a new race. E. stygne, 0., race etruriae, Vrty.
{^ = costantiniiy Trti.). E, medusa, F., race hyperapennina, Trti. E,
aethiops, Esp. (only two specimens). Melanargia galathea, L. (only
two specimens). Pararge luegera, L., race m^gera, I gen. megeia, P.
niaera, L., race aperinina, Vrty., I gen. apennina. Melitaeu didynuif
Esp. (only one specimen). M, athalia, Rott., race tenuicola, Vrty.
Brenthis euphrosyne, L., race apennina, Stgr. Argynnis aglaia, L.,
race apenninicolaj Vrty. ^. /iiofeg, L., race apenninica, Vrty. -4.
cydippey L., race clarens^ Vrty. ^. urticae, L., race turcica, Stgr.
These are certainly not all the species which can emerge on the
Apuane Alps in the first period, that is in the period preceding the
summer pause. Many had certainly missed on account of the
excessive drought, and this I deduce from the fact that I only collected
a very few individuals of species which are generally common and
abundant such as Z. carniolica, C. hyale, P. rapae, A. crataegi, E.
jurtina, M. galathea, M, didyma.
Amongst the Lepidoptera of Monte Sumbra I only found of note
the two specimens of A, thetis, ab. polonus, Z., mentioned by Dr.
Verity in the Ent, Rec, 1920, p. 140.
The emergence of Lepidoptera ceased on June 26th and I continued
for some days my useless excursions up the top of Monte Sumbra in
search especially of P. apollo, but I only saw spoilt specimens of the
other species before named, not worth capture.
On July 8th I went to Lucca to meet my wife and daughter on their
return from Calabria, and on the 10th of the same month we went to
live in the little house on Monte Sumbra waiting for the summet
species to emerge at the end of the pause.
From July 10th to 14th we found a few individuals of A, coridont
Poda, race apuanlca, Vrty. ; P. icarus, Rott., race zelleri, Vrty., IlgeD.
aestivalis, Tutt ; A. niedon, Hufn., race pallidefulva, Vrty., II g^D.
pallidefulva ', P. napi, race vulgaris, Vrty., II gen. napaeae,^^^>\ ^'
fagi. Scop, {kermione, auct.), race not identified ; h, sernele, L. (only
one male).
After July 14th began the great emergence of A. coridon. All the
meadows were full of restless coridon. At sunset they assembled in
groups on the dried stems, and all around us we saw hundreds of
white banners which took flight only on being disturbed by our nets.
We could easily choose perfect specimens without useless slaughter
liEPIDOPTEBA IN PBNINSUIiAR ITALY DURING THE TEAR 1920. 27
and our catch was of more than 2,500 perfect individuals, but we had
certainly examined more than 10,000, among which we only found
one male and one female of the aberration conjdonis, Brgstr., as it is
figured by Tutt in Brit. Butt, vol. iv. (1910), plate II., fig. 14.
On July 22nd the emergence of A. coridon ceased and we saw
thousands of spoilt individuals together with a few individuals of the
other species, also spoilt. We had to leave Garfagnana owing to the
want of Lepidoptera, and it was lucky for us because the house we
inhabited was destroyed by the earthquake of September 7th, and we
should certainly have remained till that date if there had been material
to collect.
On July 20th Dr. Romei, my son-in-law, came to visit us and he
assured us that in the environs of Florence no insect flew and that he
had seen none in his long journey from Florence to Careggine. It was
evident that the want of insects must depend upon the excessive
drought, so my wife and daughter proposed to go to the Bagni di Lucca
to collect in the valley of the Camaione river, which descends from the
Monte Pratofiorito and falls into the Lima near Ponte-a-Serraglio.
They had collected in that locality in August, 1915, and they remem-
bered that in the valley of Camaione the sun only appeared for a few
hours during the day and this made them hope that the Lepidoptera
had been able to save themselves from destruction.
I went to the valley of the Camaione and perceived that something
was flying there. I found lodgings at Bagni di Lucca and returned to
Careggine to take my family.
Before leaving Monte Sumbra my wife and I made a last excursion
to it, feeling certain that in so suitable a locality the P. apollo could
not be wanting. On our return from the Sumbra (5000 ft.) we saw
P. apollo flying in a valley below, which was rather moist, and we
descended to it and were able to capture several specimens very much
spoilt and one male only in good condition.
As there was no more hope of collecting even P. apollo we left the
Garfagnana to go to Bagni di Lucca, whilst my son in-law left for the
Monti Sibiilini in the Marche.
During the month of August in the valley of the Camaione (800ft.)
we found all the species which we had collected there in 1915.
Nis<miaden ta(/eSy L., race claruSy Carad., II. gen. clarus. Erynnis
alceae, Esp., race australis, 7i,, II. gen. australis. E. altheae, Hb., race
australiforuiis, Vrty., II. gen. australifornns. Hesperia arnioiicanus, Obth.,
race fulvoinspersa, Vrty., II. gen. fulvoinspersa, H , onopordi^ Bamb.,
race fidvotincta, Vrty., II. gen. ftdvothicta, H. malvoides, Elw. and
Edw., race pseudomalvae, Vrty., II. gen. malvoides. Foivellia sao, Hb.,
race gracilis, Vrty., II. gen, fpacilis, Urbicola comma, L., race apeyinina,
Host. Aiiijiaden sylvanus, Esp., race sylvanKs, 11. gen. minuta, Vrty.
R. phlaeasy L., race nifpioreleiis, Vrty., II. gen. nigrioreleus. L. dorilis,
Hufn., race italorum, Vrty., II. gen. italonun, L, avion, L., race not
identified. Scolitantides baton, Bgstr., race baton, II. gen. obscura,
Vrty. A. coridon, Poda, race superapemiina, Vrty. A. thetis, Rott.,
race etrusca, Vrty., II. gen, etrnsca, P. meleayer, Esp., race macra,
Vrty. P. icarus, Rott., race zelleri, Vrty., II. gen. flr<;.sf/raZw, Tutt. A,
medon, Hufn., r&ce pallidefidva, Vrty., II. gen. pallidefulva. P. argus,
L., race apenninicola, Vrty. P. idas, L. [ = argyrognomon, Bgstr.), race
apenninophyla , Vrty. Everes alcetas, Hoff. { = coretas, 0.), race alcetas.
28 THE entomologist's record.
S, telicariHs, Lang., race telicanns, L. boeticusy L., race boeticus. H.
lucinttf L., race lucina. C, croceusy Fourc, race croceu s, 11, gen. croceus,
L. sinapist L., race bivittatUy Vrty., II. gen. bivittata, Pontia daplidicB^
L., race daplidiee^ II. gen. daplidice. P, napiy L,, race vulffaris, Vrty.,
II. gen. napaeaey Esp. P. rapae, L., race rapae, II. gen. rapae (=
aestivusy Vrty., and aestiva, Stauder). P. braasicaey L., race catoleucdy
Bob., II. gen. catoleuca, Iphiclides podaliriusy L., race zanclaeus, Z.,
II. gen. zanclaeus, C pauiphilnsy L., race anstralisy Vrty., II. gen.
emilylluSy Vrty. 0. arcaiiiuH, L., race tennelimboy Vrty., II. gen. gracilis^
Vrty. Pyronia tithonus, L., race etrusca, Vrty. Paranje megera, L.,
race megeray II. gen. tiliplumuy Ball. P. maeroy L., race apenninay
Vrty., II. gen. apennina. P. aegeriay L., race italicay Vrty., J I. gen.
not identified. Knodia dryaSy Scop., race jnlianusy Stauder. 5.
statilinuSy Hufn., race intermedia, Vroy. Limenitis rivularisy Scop.
(^ = Camilla f auct.), race rividaris, II. gen. rivnlarls, M, didyniay Esp.,
race proteOy Vrty., II. gen. caldariay Vrty. iV/. phoebe, Enoch, race
emipaupery Vrty., II. gen. emipauper, M, athaliay Rott., race tejiuis,
Vrty. i^. c?ta, L., race laetioVy Vrty., II. gen. fiaveHs^ Vrty. Isaoria
lathonia, L., race emifiorens, Vrty., II. gen. emiflorens, A. cydippe, L.,
race clarem, Vrty. Dry as paphia, L., race magniticay Vrty. P.cardni,
L., rSiCe uiiiversa, Vrty. P. atalantay L., race atalanta* A. nrticaey L.,
race tnrcicay Stgr., II. gen. turcica, P, calbnmy L., race hntchinsmii,
Bobson, I. gen. hutchinsoni, P. ^/7^«, Cr., race «//<;«, I. gen. 6f^6?a.
The species which had most felt the adverse season were those of
the Lycaenidi tribe : S, baton. A, thetiHy P. icarua. A, medoUy
P. argus, P. idasy K. alcetany R, telicanus, L, boeticns emerged in
very small numbers, and the individuals were very small, some
having a wing expansion of only a quarter of the normal size.
We only took one spoilt specimen of A. coridfm which had no
doubt come from the overhanging summit of Pratofiorito where the
species is common. The A. coridon is never found in peninsular Italy
below 2000ft. ; only A. arragonensis is found in the plain, but in the
Pratofiorito mountain, as also in the Apuane Alps, the A. atiagonenm
has never been found, nor has A, therdtes.
In the H, armoricanns and H. onopordi the colouring of the under-
side is intensely fulvous ; these are amongst the most characteristic of
the fulvoinsperm and fulvotincta of Verity.
At the end of August all the emergences ceased in the valley of
Camaione. In the neighbouring valleys, too much exposed to the
solar rays, there was absolutely nothing. It was notable that in 1915
the valley of the Fegana stream was found full of A. condony race
superapenninay and of individuals of a beautiful race of P. idas^ whilst
this year I went to it three times and covered about 90 miles on »
bicycle without seeing any Lepidoptera either in the valley of the
Fegana, or in the whole journey on the roads covered with dust which
smothered all vegetation.
Besides the Rhopalocera several tardy specimens of Z, stoechadU
were found in the valley of Camaione.
On August 27th I returned to Florence to see if the summer pause
had come to an end in the Pian di Mugnone, but no insect was fiyiog
in the country burnt up by the heat and drought. My family
preferred, therefore, to remain at Bagni di Lucca.
In the second half of the month of July, my friend, Lieutenant
BUTTERFLIES OF GILAN, N.W. PERSIA. 29
Mario Marchi, oolleoted butterflies for me on the Monte Giovi above
Fiesole. There he found abundantly A. coHdon, race apenninay Z.,
and in the first days of August also some individuals of the like
species A, arragonenns (Gerh.), Vrty., race florentina, Vrty., II gen.
altera, Vrty. Of other species he only saw S. fagi, Scop. { = Ii€rm.ioney
auct.), C croceus [edusa) and L. rivularis (camilla).
From July 24th till the end of October, my friend, Lelio Misirocchi,
who was spending his holidays in the island of Elba, made some
entQmological researches. At first he found many spoilt individuals
of iS. statilinuSj H, neomiHs, H. semele, race aristaeuHy D. pandora ;
afterwards, at the beginning of August, when the second brood ought
to emerge of C. coHnna, race elhana, P. manni and Charaxes jasiuSf
every insect disappeared entirely.
{To be concluded.)
Batterflies of Gilan, iN.W. Persia.
By P. A. BUXTON, M.A., F.E.S.
The southern end of the Caspian Sea is fringed by forest, which
stretches without any break from near Lenkoran, in the Trans-
Caucasian republic of Azerbaijan, to Asterabad, in N.E. Persia. The
greater part of the forest lies in Persia, in the provinces of Gilan and
Mazandaran. The forest grows between the Caspian Hea and the
Elburz mountains, and stretches from sea level (that is to say, from
some 80 feet below wean sea level) to about 6,000-6,000 feet on the
northern slopes of the Elburz ; the width of the forest, from the sea
shore to tree-line, is between thirty and sixty miles ; it is provided
with a heavy rainfall distributed through every month of the year.
Apart from this forest, Persia consists of a high, semi-desert table-
land crossed by many ranges of rocky mountains, and the contrast
between the fauna and flora of forest and plateau is extremely clearly
marked.
I do not feel competent to deal with the fauna of the plateau, and
will only say that it consists of genera and species well known, most
of them, as characteristic of the great desert belt, which extends from
Morocco, through Egypt and Syria, to Persia, Turkestan and theGobi,
My object in publishing this very incomplete list of the butterflies of
the great forest is to show how entirely the fauna of this region differs
from that of the stony plateau ; even my few captures are of con-
siderable interest, for mucb less is known of the fauna of Gilan than
of that of most parts of Persia.
I was stationed in Eesht and in Enzeli, both of them on the level
of the Caspian Sea, from January to July, 1919.
During the winter we were free to move m any direction, but the
advent of spring (and of insects) coincided with the outbreak of a
minute, but troublesome war with some forest tribes, and from March
onwards our movements were limited. At the end of June I went by
sea to Astara, on the frontier between Persia and Azarbaijan, and
returned, mostly by road, along the coast till I reached Enzeli.
Furtunately for me, Le Cerf (1918) has recently published a
resum^ of our present knowledge of the Persian butterflies. He has
added considerably to the list, and under each species records its status
in Persia, so far as it is known at present. His paper and bibliography
are invaluable.
BO THE ENTOMOLOGIST*S RECORD.
Specimens of several of the more interesting species have been
deposited in the British Museum.
Pieris (Ganoris) hrassicae, L. — February 26th, Resht ; May 28th,
June 6th, Enzeli, single specimens. I made a point of trying to catch
every " white " I saw, and believe this species was uncommon. It is
probably confined to the forest region, so far as Persia is concerned;
all records to date suggest this.
Pieriii napl, L — One female, June 30th, Enzeli. This also
appeared to be rare. The underside is entirely unveined, the dark tip
of the forewin^ (upperside) is continued down the termen, ancl is
united to the upper spot by black lines passing along two nervures;
black scaling along the marginal termination of the nervures of the
upperside, hindwing, is well marked.
Pieris rapae, L. var. crucivora, Btlr. — June 6th-30th. A long
series of both sexes, Enzeli. This is by far my most interesting
capture ; the specimens cannot be distinguished from crucivora from
China and Japan, a race which has been recorded from localities in
Western China, but never, I think, further west than that. "P.
rapae " was recorded by M^n^tries (1832) from Lenkoran, which is
close to, but not in, the great forest, but I think the species has not
yet been recorded in any form from the afforested provinces Gilan and
Mazandaran,. The specimens vary considerably, but the dusky scaling
along the basal half of the costa is always considerable in both sexes ;
in the females it may be so extended as to involve the whole basal
third, or half, of the wing, and to appear as a faint cloud uniting the
apical mark to the two post-discal spots. In females the dark tip is
often so sufifused with white scales as to be broadly grey all along its
costal side.
The males vary in expanse, 62mm.-62mm. ; the females, 60mm.-
64mm. It is remarkable that this species was never taken till
June 6th ; I do not think an earlier brood can have been overlooked.
The insects were commoner in the woods than in gardens, and flew
low over the ground in open places where flowers grow. They were
more easy to catch than the ordinary form of rapae generally is. Dr.
F. A. Dixey has been good enough to examine my specimens : he
agrees that they cannot be separated from crucivora from the Far
East.
Antliocharis grunerl^ H. var. amieniaca^ Christ. — March 27th.
Menjil, 3,000ft. Males were common in a gorge above Menjil, among
thick bushes and spring flowers. The country round Menjil is stony
desert, and for that reason I have not included my captures in this
paper. On this particular day I walked far enough to cross the
extremely sharp line which separates desert and woodland, and in the
woodland I obtained this species.
Le Cerf records ** Anthocharis cardaminesy L. var. phoeniss^i
Kalchb. f. umbrosa, Culot," from Teng-rir (I am unable to locate thlB
place), and remarks that its racial characters give it somewhat the
appearance of some forms of A, graneri, H.-S. My specimen, how-
ever, is, without doubt, A. yruneri var. arme}iiaca.
Gompteryx rhamni, L. — February 18th-March 20th, Eesht. Both
sexes in worn condition. All records given by Le Cerf suggest fchftt
this is a species confined in Persia to the extreme north, except for aB
old record of Kollar from " 8. Persia." This is possibly due to soffl*
error.
BUTTERFLIES OF 6IIJLN, N.W. PERSIA. 81
Coliascroceus, Fourcr. (edusa. Fab.). — May- June, Enzeli. Common
in open spaces, and on the sandhills which fringe the sea. Yar. helice
was not at all uncommon in June.
Kpinephele jurtinay L. (janira, L.) var. ghilanica, he Cerf. — June
^th-BOth (males), June 21st- July 4th (females), Enzeli. This beautiful
race was abundant at Enzeli, flying in the depth of the forest more
joften than in open glades. The males visited bramble blossom. Le
Cerf 8 type came from " Sia-Khani " (alt. 6,000ft.), and he received
specimens from various places, all on the northern slopes of the
Elburz, between June and July 28th. My specimens, which have
been compared with the original series by Le Cerf himself, show that
specimens from below mean sea level diifer not at all from those from
6,000ft. The race, in fact, is characteristic of the forest, at whatever
altitude, and differs in numerous characters, including genitalia from
4;he races of the stony plateau.
Vanessa io, L. — February 19th-to March 20th, Resht.
Pyrameis atalantay L. — February 19th -March 20th, Resht.
These two species are confined in Persia, so far as we know, to the
province of Gilan (and Mazandaran probably). P. atalanta, however,
occurs in Baghdad.
Pyratiiei^ cardni, L. — This species was abundant at Enzeli
throughout the spring and early summer. I have already (1920)
recorded that in the spring larvae were being used by sparrows to feed
their young. The larvae fed on many low plants, principally
Gnaphaliiim sp.
Aryynnis paphia^ L. — Early July, Enzeli, and Tula Rud, N.W. of
Enzeli, in the Persian Talish. The specimens are large (J 78mm.,
5 80mm.), and in the British Museum are two from Lenkoran
(Christoph coll.), ^ 77mm., ? 80mm. This species also appears to
be confined in Persia to the Caspian littoral. It was common and
freshly emerged in the Talish at sea level, both sexes visiting bramble
blossom.
Everes argiades. Pall. — June 3rd 1 (^ , 8 ? , Enzeli. It seems
useless to attempt to refer these few specimens to any of the races
which have been described ; it is a pity that more were not obtained.
The male measures 27mm., the females 30mra., 80*5mm., 31mm.
There are no Persian records, so far as I know, except from the
Caspian provinces.
Celastrina argiolusy L. — March 80th, 1 ^ , Menjil (in a thickly-
wooded gorge). June 80th-early July, ^ J , Enzeli and Tula Rud,
Talish. July 9th, ? ? , Tula Rud, Talish.
This series differs from any local race in the British Museum ; the
essential characters are that in both sexes on the underside the discal
spots are not abnormally conspicuous ; the post-discal spots of fore-
wing: and hind wing are large and very dark, and the sub- terminal
V-shaped marks, which are often hardly visible in European
specimens, are very large, and tend to coalesce to form an irregular
subterminal band on the forewing, and to a less extent on the hind-
wing. The underside is similar in colour to that of British specimens,
except for the lack of blue scaling at the base of the wing. The
<H)lour of the upperside (male) tends rather to violet than to blue ; in
-the females the black tips are enlarged so as to include the whole costa
irom the base and the whole terminal third of the forewing; the black
82 THE entomologist's begord.
scaling of the hindwings covers everything except the disc. The
fringes ( <^ and ? ) are very indistinctly chequered. The var. h^po-
leuca, Kollar, described from S.W. Persia is, as one would expect,
entirely di£ferent; this race appears to be widely distributed in the
Middle East ; the underside is marked by the smallness or obsoles-
cence of all the spots. I always found C, argiolus among thick trees^
or thick bushes. It was generally found in very shady places, so dense
with trees that one could barely move, flying low and visiting the-
flowers of Stachysi. 1 never saw it flying high as it does in England,
or visiting holly bushes, which were common.
Pnlyonnnatus icarus, Eott. — April 20th-24th, June 8th-80th,
Enzeli. These specimens resemble P. icarusy from Britain, except in
the ground colour of the underside of the males, which is very nearly
white in most specimens, and in the post-discal spots of both wings,
which are very large in both sexes. The upperside of the females is
on the average very blue. The race generally known as " persica^
Bienert," is that of the Persian plateau ; Tutt has shown thai
Bienert's name persica can only apply to a rare aberration, which is
of no geographical significance, and it appears that the plateau race
referred to as peisica, Bien., by many authors from Butler to Le Cerf
should be called fu(jitiva, Butler ; a number of races have been
described from Chitral, Yarkand, etc., and the synonymy will be
uncertain till much more material is forthcoming from Middle Asia.
For our purpose it suffices that the race from the Caspian forests is
very close to the typical icaruSy while that from the bare plateau is, at
any rate, fairly similar to the races of other high-lying, barren parts
of Western and Central Asia.
Augiadea .s?//rfl«//.s, Esp., var. hijrcannsy Christoph. — June 20th- SOtli,
cT ? , Enzeli. In these two specimens the extent of the dark hind-
margins of the winjj^s is slightly less than in Christoph's types (Elwes
coll.) in the British Museum, but they are much closer to those
specimens than to any others. The ^ type is labelled ** 7 . 8 . 78,
Asterabad," the $ *' Asterabad." Christoph gives "Lenkoran,
Astrabad," as the typical localities. Le Cerf erroneously says
" De ma vend, loc. oruj.'' So far as we know then, this well-marked
race is peculiar to the great forest, and is found from end to end of it.
Bbferences.
M6netries, E. (1882), " Catalogue raisonn^ des objects de zoologie."
Christoph, H. (1898), '* Lepidoptera nova faunae Palearcticse." h^i
vi., 86 96.
Tutt, J. W. (1910-14), Nat. Hist. BrL Jiutts., iv.
Le Cerf, F. (1918), *' Contribution k la Faune lepidopt^rologique del»
Perse." Deleijation en l^erse ; A nil ales (C Histoire NaUmUi*
Tome II. Fascic. 2. (Pub. Leroux, Paris.)
Buxton, P. A. (1920), " Palatability of Vanessid larvsB." Ent. JUc-,
xxxii., p. 59.
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Ovum and first gasp: of Colkophora ibipennklla, Stt.— Th*
species here in question is certainly Stainton's ibipennella, a birth
feeder, but I do not believe that it is tbe ibipennella of Zeller, whieh is
SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 88
an oak feeder and is probably the same species tbat Scott later des-
cribed as ardeaepennella. Stainton's insect is probably the betnlella of
Heinemann. These white Coleophorids, whose larvse make silken
pistol cases, do not yet appear to be well understood. The ovum then
of Stainton's species is usually laid on the underside of a birch leaf
away from the ribs, and is when newly laid deep ochreous. This
colour only alters by becoming slightly greyer before the larva escapes.
The upright Qgg is nipple shaped, widest at the base, where it measures
about O'SGmm. The walls slope upwards to the somewhat flattened
apex. The height measures 0*18mm. or a little more as the eggs vary
in size. The micropylar area lies in a hollow at the apex ; there are
usually seven somewhat pear- shaped cells forming the rosette. There
are fifteen to seventeen broad rather flattened ribs running up the
walls of the egg almost from the base to the apex. These become
attenuated as they pass over the rim of the micropylar basin, while a
few of them even reach the cells of the rosette. In some of the
eighteen ova under observation, there were some very fine dark lines
encircling the walls at right angles to the ribs. These eggs were laid
in the latter part of July, 1920. In proportion this egg is higher than
tbat of C. laricella, about the same height as that of viminetella, but
considerably lower than those of either lineolea or ifryphipennella.
The weather was not very genial and the eggs took nearly three
weeks before hatching. The larva bores through the base of the egg
shell into the leaf and commences to mine. In all the Coleophorids
that I had previously had under observation at this stage the larva
passed its first stadium in the mine, and after changing its skin it
cut out its first case. With ibipennellay Stt., the procedure is quite
different. After mining out a small space, the larva cuts a circular
hole out of the lower cuticle of the leaf and through tiiis it deposits
its excrement in a conical heap on the surface of the leaf, taking
care to keep the grains together by means of its own silk. Mixed
with this is usually some vegetable debris, probably obtained when
the above-mentioned hole was ciit out. In a comparatively short
time this cone of excrement and silk becomes elongated
and the larva, getting inside it, detaches it from its moor-
ings, and thus its case is formed. It then walks off and commences
a fresh mine in the usual manner. The case is from 1 to -75 mm. long
And about 0.6 mm. in diameter. It has a greyish ground colour, but
is very thickly covered with black dots. Two days after hatching one
larva had already made its case and on the third day there were eight
cases. As soon as the larva begins a fresh mine it also begins adding
white silk to the mouth end of its case. The larva continues this
pfocess, anl also enlarges the diameter of the case by adding white
silk beneath, until in three or four weeks from the time of batching
(probably sooner when in the open) a miniature ibipennella case
18 completed. It is curved and has the anal opening not at the end
"'it underneath. It now rests on the leaf with both ends touching the
surface. In this case the larva passes the winter, firmly fastened to a
*wig, usually just above a leaf bud. This strikingly simple and
Gnomic method of case-making is in strong contrast to the more
laborious process of cutting out two cuticles of a leaf and joining them
'''ith silk. Eleven days after hatching the larvae were again provided
fresh sprays of birch, and when I again saw them a week later
84 THE entomologist's record.
the cases were all ab rest on unmined parts of the leaves. I think the
larvae were then undergoing their first ecdysis. The larvsB continued
to mine small spaces in the leaves, not eating the surface of the leaf
as they do after hibernation. In the middle of September I set them
free on a birch in the garden. I have only come across one reference
to this method of case construction, it occurs in a paper by Dr.
Ottmar Hofmann, who states that he saw the larvae of C. musculella
and C, saponariella commencing their cases by forming a cone of white
silk outside the mine, and he suggests 0. vitisella, the species of
which he is writing, has a similar habit. (Stett, Ent. Zeit,, 1869, p.
113). The first two species he mentions, as above, make silken cases,
but not of the pistol shape adopted by ihipennella and its allies. —
Alfred Sigh, Chiswick.
r^lOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Larva found in a Barrel of Canadian Apples. — On November
17th a friend of mine who keeps a greengrocer's shop, brought me a
living larva of what appears to be one of the tiger-moth family. He
had fouiid it in a barrel of Canadian apples. It was rolled up in a
ring and appeared sluggish, but when I brought it into the warm
house it appeared to revive and began to walk round the zinc larva
box in which I had placed it, I put in several sorts of low growing
plants, but it did not seem to take any notice of them ; I also put in a
slice of apple on which it at once got and appeared to imbibe the juice
from the fresh cut surface. The larva is about 1^ inch, and much
like A, caja larva in appearance, but is rather dijfferently coloured.
The first two-fifths is coloured black, including the head, the next two-
fifths is chestnut coloured and the last fifth is also black, it looks a
regular *' black and tan." The hair is not so long and sleek as that of
A. caja. It is set on in tufts but close together, like the hair in
a scrubbing brush, in fact it looks like a caja larva that has been to
the barber and had its hair cut. 1 expect it will hibernate, but I hope
to get it through to the imago, so that the species can be determined.
— William Daws, 39,. Wood Street, Mansfield, Notts.
[The species is probably Pyrrharcticus isabellaj a common species
in Canada and the United States. It hibernates in the larval stage
under logs or loose bark, and after brief activity in spring pupates
in a frail cocoon. It feeds on low bushes, blackberry, raspberry,
etc.— Hy.J.T.] .
Records. — I see that in July, 1918, Mr. Donisthorpe gives the
aberrations of Coccinella ll-functata, but gives no British locality for
ab. tawaricisj Weise. On referring to my series I find two specimeDS
which come under this head, and it might therefore be worth
recording them. Both were taken at GuUane (1) on May 27th, 1915»
and (2) on November 10th, 1905, the latter with large spots, and
would have taken little to convert it into ab. bar eolitor alts,
Pararye aegeria race egerides is pretty generally distributed iD
Somerset, but I have never seen it in such great numbers as I have
seen P, megera. The specimens were notably large, one femJ^
measuring 28-25 mm. from the centre of the thorax to the tip of the
wing, was taken at Weston-super-Mare on July 2nd, 1920. Vy
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 85
friend, Col. T. Jermyn, with whom I was collecting, tells me that he
has seen other large specimens in the same wood.
Pieris napi, — On May 2nd, 1920, I took a male at Wembdon near
Bridgewater with the right forewing of a different tint from the other
three wings, and with the black markings indicated by a pale ochreous
brown in strong contrast to the left forewing which is normally
grey tipped.
Donacia sencea, L. — On December 26th, 1905, I took two
specimens of this beetle alive at the Lead Mines, Priddy, near WellSy
Somerset, surely an unusual date to dredge this summer beetle from a
pond. — R. Long, The Grove, Wembdon, Bridgewater.
Mblitaea athalia and Plusia moneta in Somerset. — I had the
good fortune to capture two specimen's of Melitaea athalia in a locality
some 1,200 ft. above sea level and within 10 miles of Minehead, on
June 16th, 1919. I understand that this is a new record for the
county. I have also to note that I netted three specimens of Plusia
moneta in my garden between June 21st and July 2nd, 1919. So far
as I can learn this is the most westerly locality for this insect in
Somerset. — J. F. Bird, Alcombe Cote, Minehead, Somerset.
Notes on Coccinellidae taken in 1920. — It will be of interest per-
haps to record the following captures of interesting Coccinellidae in
Surrey during the past year.
1. C. lO-punctata, L., var. conjiuens, Haw. — I was fortunate enough
to take a single specimen of this striking aberration while beating
elders in May at Ashstead, Surrey. This form has been described in
vol. vi.. Fowler and Donisthorpe, and is also figured at pi. 12, fig. 7
in the same volume, where a misprint occurs in the date 1807, which
should be 1812. The original description by Haworth in the Trans,
Knt, Soc. Lond,, 1812, vol. 1, p. 278, is as follows : —
" B. confluem, thoracis maculis septem
"confluentibus maculisque tribus centralioribus
" elytrorum, valde confiuentibus in maculam
" magnam bilobatam puncto rubro relicto,
"earum medio . . . ."
This Ladybird is evidently rare, as I can find records only of its
having been taken by the Rev. T. Shrimshire, who sent his specimen
to Haworth to name, and in 1909 by Mr. Horace St. John Donis-
thorpe at Darenth Wood [Ent, Rec. xxi., 1909, p. 186), previous ta
my capture in May last. I may add that I have also taken four
specimens, all exhibiting the same marking on the elytra, but lacking
the confluent spots on the thorax, which appear to be the crucial test
for this aberration. I have compared my specimen with the one in
Mr. Donisthorpe's collection and I find mine in every respect identical
^ith his, except that mine proves to be larger, while the " red spot "
in the centre of the " lobed patch '* is also much larger. Mr. Donis-
thorpe confirms my identification.
2. C. 7 'punctata, L., ab. 5-notata, Haw. — In February my brother,
Mr. S. C. Leman, while sweeping furze at Oxshott took this aberra-
tion, in which the 2nd spot is missing. The original description is ta
he found in the Trans, Ent, Soc. London, 1812, vol. 1, pp. 270-1, and
is as under : —
:86 THB ENTOMOLOGIST'S KKOORD.
" B, 5-notata, Omnibus priore (C\ 7 -'punctata y L.)
" convenit, nisi absentia punctorum duorum medio
" dorsi, varietas rarissima apud Nordovicum
" capta, communicavit amicus Dom. J. Hooker.
" Entomologus assiduus.'*
Aberrations of C, 7-punctata, L., are admittedly very rare, and
■though I have examined many hundreds of this species, beyond minor
variations in size and position of the normal spots, I have not
succeeded in taking any other variety. Mr. Donisthorpe appears to
have had the same experience with this species at Barton Mills
in 1917 where he found it in great quantities on young firs {Ent Rec,
XXX., No. 2, Feb., 1918, p. 29).
Weise describes a new aberration of his own with five spots under
the name of v. externepunctata as follows: —
" dd. P. 1, 3, ^ V. externepunctata *'
Ws. B.T. 1879, p. 107.
.but his aberration is clearly a synonym of ab. 5-notata, Haw.
Ganglbauer follows Weise. — G. B. C. Leman.
Reappearance of Anthonomus britannus, Desbr., in Surrey.—
On April 3rd, 1920, my father, Mr. G. C. Leman, made this rare
capture while beating trees and furze at Bookham, over that area of
the common which lies beyond the railway bridge on the upside of the
railway, but he cannot state definitely from what particular tree be
obtained this solitary specimen, which is in my collection.
I submitted this specimen to Mr. Horace 8t. John Donisthorpe,
who has always most kindly helped me in my identifications, and he
at once recognised that it was an interesting find and could only be
referred to this rare species, but, in view of the doubts expressed in
Fowler's Coleoptera, vol. v., pp. 319-20, on this species being indigenous
in this country, he was good enough to send the specimen to his
confrere. Monsieur Paul de Peyerimhojff, of Algiers, who subsequently
returned it to Mi-. Donisthorpe, confirming the latter's identification,
with the following note : —
*' Anth. hritanims, Desbr.
" frostre court, mat-taille petite)."
It may be of interest also to record that in the same month I took
solitary specimens of Anth, rosinae, Des Goz., at Ashtead Manor and
of Anth, chevrolati, Desbr., at Bookham, both of which have been iden-
tified for nie by Mr. Donisthorpe. — G. B. C. Leman.
A new aberration of SELmosoMA plumaria (ericetaria). — On
74 of the Ent, Record^ vol. xxxi. (1919), Mr. Thomas Greer of
Stewartstown, Tyrone, Ireland, describes a melanic aberration of
Selidosowa plumaria (ericetaria) under the name fiimosa. At the same
time he announces " a form leading up to this dark type, with all the
wings streaked with blackish." Of this latter form Mr. Greer has
kindly forwarded me an example. It is a male of the average size of
the Irish races which, so far as I know of the species, are slightly
smaller than the English and Continental races. The ground colour
so far as it is seen lies in irregular patches and streaks not symmetrical
on the two wings, and lie:hter in shade than in the ordinary males, in
fact more of the ground colour of the female with a suspicion of yellow
OURRBNT NOT^iS. 87
in it. The marginal band of the wings is deeper in general coloration,
certainly on the black side of brown, with somewhat lighter clouds in
it, while towards the anal angle of the hindwings about half this band
is practically wanting, or very ill-defined. The central, transverse,
narrow band of the forewing is of the same blackish -brown, but ill-
defined, irregularly and obscurely extended especially on tbe right fore-
wing and towards the inner margin of both forewings. Across and on
the disc of all the wings this black marking is scattered mainly in
irregular, ill-defined streaks, those of the hindwings being fewer and
wider, the left hindwing having tbe costal half more uniformly
clouded and the inner marginal half comparatively clear of this
streaking and clouding. I suggest for this recurrent form the name
inter media- fumosa. — Hy. J. Turner.
dgrURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The Verrall Supper took place in its old quarters, the Holborn
Restaurant, on January 18th, when nearly a hundred and twenty
guests sat down after a pleasant hour in the famous ^* Entomological
Salon." Among those present were B. W. Adkin, B. Adkin, H. W.
Andrews, E. B. Ashby, S. E. Ashby, F. Balfour-Browne, G. Bethell,
O. T. Bethune-Baker, K. G. Blair, F. Bouskell, L. A. Box, H. Britten,
P. A. Buxton, E. C. Bedwell, A. Cant, F. B. Carr, Prof. J. W. Carr,
G. C. Champion, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, J. E. Collin, J. Collins, C. W.
Colthrup, Col. Monckton-Copeman, Major P. M. Cottam, Capt.
Crocker, B. D. Cummings, A. W. Dods, H. Donisthorpe, J. H. Durrant,
F. M. Edeisten, F. W. Edwards, S. Edwards, H. T. Elwes, G. E.
Frisby, F. W. Frohawk, J. C. F. Fryer, Dr. C. J. Gahan, Lachlan Gibb,
C. F. Gimmingham, E. E. Green, T. H. L. Grosvenor, T. W. Hall,
H. M. Hallett, A. H. Hamm, B. S. Harwood, P. H. Harwood, Dr. D.
Hunter, Prof. Image, Dr. Imms, Dr. Harvey Jackson, P. H. Jackson,
O. E. Janson, A. H. Jones, Dr. K. Jordan, T. W. Kirkpatrick, F. Laing,
G. E. B. Leman, G. C. Leman, R. W. Lloyd, W. J. Lucas, G. E. Lisle,
H. Main, W. Manabridge, A. W. Mera, Prof. Matsumira, Rev. F. D.
Morice, Dr. S. A. Neave, L. W. Newman, Col. C. G. Nurse, F. A.
Oldaker, H. E. Page, H. M. Peebles, J. Peed, Col. H. D. Peile, F. N.
Pierce, G. T. Porritt, Prof. E. B. Poulton, R. A. R. Priske, L. B. Prout,
N. D. Riley, H. Rowland-Brown, Lord Rothschild, W. Schmassmann,
H. Scott, V. E. Shaw, W. G. Sheldon, R. South, R. Stenton, E. Step,
A. Sich, W. H. Tarns, Rev. A. Thornley, A. E. Tonge, H. J. Turner,
C. J. Wain Wright, Comm. J. J. Walker, Rev. J. Waterston, Christopher
Whall, Rev. G. Wjieeler, C. L. Withy combe, etc.
On February 2nd the Entomological Society, London, met for the
last time in their old rooms at Chandos Street. The next meeting will
be held at the new premises, 41, Queen's Gate, S. Kensington, opposite
the Western end of the Natural History Museum and readily accessible
from the Gloucester Road and S. Kensington Stations of the
Metropolitan and Tube Railways.
We are pleased to hear from Major P. P. Graves that he has now
left the hospital in Athens and hopes to recuperate in Crete, Rhodes,
Cyprus, and perhaps Smyrna in the early part of the year. He
suggests that some of our collectors should try Greece ere long. He says.
38 THE entomologist's RECORD.
" Ifc would be interesting to give Taygetus a further visit and add detail
to Holtz's mere catalogue (which contains Turania panagaea v.
tayyetica, Reb., * a forna of L. ^-os/ which I take to be the greenish
eros like mountain candalus of Lebanon). Thessaly is terra incognita —
so is Olympia and its region. We know little indeed of Mt. Olympus,
save that Polyommatm (Ayriades) thetis occurs there and nothing of the
Pindus. But if anyone wishes to visit Greece I would recommend
them to give Pindus and Olympus a miss for the present. There are
still some armed deserters knocking about there. The rest of the
country is safe enough.
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomolooioal and Natural History Society.
November \lth, 1920. — New Member. — Mr. A. P. Hemming, F.Z.S.,
F.E.S., Treasury Chambers, S.W. 1. was elected a member.
Indo-Malay Lepidoptera. — Mr. Grosvenor exhibited numerous
species of Limenitis, Athyma and Neptis from Thibet and the Hindo-
Malay region.
Variation in P. flavicornis. — Mr. Newman, gradations from the
dark Rannoch form to the very light southern form of Polyploca
flavicornis,
M. tiliae aberration. — Mr. Bunnett, a Mimas tiliae with the usual
transverse bar reduced to a small triangular discal spot.
R. PHL-EAS aberration. — Mr. B. S. Williams, a subradiata form and
a caeruleopunctata form of Rnmicia phlaeas from Finchley.
Races and broods of H. syringaria. — Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone,
several series of Hyyrochoia syringaria bred and inbred from larvae
taken at Wimbledon in 1913, 1915, and 1919, with captured speci-
mens, and read notes on the pairings and broods obtained ; he also
showed living pupae and imagines of Pyrameis atalantay and full-fed
larvae of Abraxas grossulariata.
Paper. — Dr. Dixey, F.R.S., read a paper on ** Sexual Dimorphism *'
illustrating his remarks with a large number of coloured diagrams and
a series of lantern slides.
November 25th, — Annual Exhibition. — New Members. — Mr. G. D.
Morison, 100, Fielding Road, W. 4 : Mr. D. Watson, 12, Park Place,
Gravesend; Mr. G. W. Young, F.G.S., 20, Grange Road, Barnes;
Mr. W. West, 29, Crantield Road, Brockley ; Mr. F. H. and Mr. H. M.
Simms, The Farlands, Stourbridge, were elected members.
Exhibits. — A short series of Leptomeris [AcidaUa) imuiorata and of
Ino [Rhagades) globidariae from Sussex were presented to the Society's
collection by Mr. F. G. S. Bramwell of Brighton, and were exhibited.
Lord Rothschild exhibited the series of 1277 specimens of Abraxas
grossulariata, L., from the British collection of the Tring Museum.
They consisted of the series from the Bright and Gibbs collections and
those collected by himself. The larger number of the more extreme
varieties were bred by the Rev. Gilbert Raynor.
Mr. C. H. Williams exhibited a drawer of varieties of the same
species.
Mr, Hy. J. Turner, a large number of extra-European forms of
SOCIETIES. 89
well-known species and species closely allied to those in the
European area.
Mr. Leeds, long series of aberrations of British Butterflies taken in
1920, with their varietal names as far as possible from the late
J. W. Tutt's British Lepidoptera.
Mr. W. G. Sheldon, his series of about 1400 specimens of Peronea
cnstana, including examples of all the 72 named forms and the type
forms of 39 of them. He also shewed about 250 examples of
Leptotjramma literana and its numerous forms.
Mr. Percy M. Bright, a long series of Epituphele tithonus aberra-
tions, including a white sufifused form and a gynandromorph ;
Arfujnnis aglaia forms, including several magnificent melanic examples,
and a scaleless aberration with perfect fringes.
Mr. B. W. Adkin, a series of aberrations of Satyrns semele, among
them a male from Kent with four eyespots on the forewing.
Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, series of British species which occur in India^
including Papilio machaony Plena brassicaey Gonepteryx rhamni, Colias
hyahy Apatura iris, Pyrameia cardni, Polyoinmatus icarnsy Ai'icia medoriy
Rumicia phlaeas, etc.
Mr. Pickett, series of aberrations of A(friades coridon taken in 1918^
1919, and 1920.
Mr. L. W. Newman, aberrations shewn in the different British
races of Melltaea anrinia ; a hybrid of Selenia hihtnaria and S, tetra-
limaria ; Colias ednsa with one wing bleached ; a yellow, Cheltenham
form of Gonodontis hidentata ; melanic examples of Zyyaena trifolii ;
extreme forms of ab. varleyata of Abraxas yrossnlanata, etc., etc.
Mr. Riches, Cossus liyniperday including a specimen with almost
black hindwings.
On behalf of Mr. L. A. E. Sabine, Mr. Newman, a long series of
the beautiful Irish race of Poly om mat us icaritSy series of the Irish form&
of Epinephele jurtina, Rumicia phlaeas including ab. alba, E. tithonus^
L. sinapis, etc.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, aberrations of Hipparchia semele, of many
local races.
Rev. Geo. Wheeler, a series of Melitaea phoebe from Central Europe
showing a wide range of variation over a limited area.
Mr. C. W. Sperring, aberrations of British Lepidoptera including
Colias edusa var. helice minus blotches m border on hindwing, Brenthis
euphrosyne with striated hindwing, a dull leaden Ayriades coridon^ etc.
Mr. Edelsten, a yellow form of Cybosia uiesomella and a black and
grey Nisom'ades tayes from Chippenham Fen.
Mr. B. S. Williams, a series of the new Finchley form of Dysstroma
(Cidaria) truncata and crosses between it and the usual black form.
Mr. A. W. Mera, species and hybrids of the genus Oporabia, O.
filif/rammanay 0. autumnaria, 0. dilutata and its pale race christyi.
Dr. Leonard Hopper, the rare Leucania extranea (unipuncta) from
Penryn, Cornwall, September, 1920.
Mr. A. E. Tonge, Royston forms of Ayriades coridon and aberrations
of many British species including a melanic male of Boarmia consor-
tariay a confluent Zyyaena trifoliiy a male Ayriades thetis with extra
orange lunules on the hindwings, etc.
Mr. L. E. Dunster, bleached Epinephele jurtinay Aryynnis aglaia
40 THu entomologist's record.
with white marginal spots, Aphantopus hyperantus ab. arete^ an Arlm
medon without orange markings, etc.
Mr. Johnston, aberrations of Dry as paphia and lAmenitu sibiUa
from the N. Forest.
Captain Riley, the Scilly Islands race of Epinepliele jurtina much
resembling the southern race hispulla,
Mr. H. E. Garrett, aberrations of British Lepidoptera, including
Eumicia phlaeas with confluent spots on forewing, Euchlo'e caniamirm
with dark hind-margins to forewings, etc.
Mr. fl. J. Turner, two coloured plates, folio, with figures of the
larv8B of Eiipithecia asmnilata and E, ahhreviata.
Prof. Poulton, F.R.S., a series of Butterflies captured migrating
from one valley to another and back again next morning, with their
mimics, in Selangor. They were captured in March, 1920, and were
Delias species, the mimics being Euschema species.
On behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, Mr. G. Talbot, a large number of
new and little known Lepidoptera from Central Ceram, Dutch New
Guinea, French Guiana, Hainan Island, Peru and Brazil, with many
striking and brilliant species, and a long series of aberrations of
British Lepidoptera, including Pier is napiy Colias edusa 2 i with left
forewing ab. helice^ with asymmetrical, unicolorous, streaked and
melanic aberrations of various species.
Messrs. 0. R. and H. de B. Goodman, a set of series of British
Butterflies showing gradation of coloration and markings, and an
American Hesperiid, H . syrichtus from Surrey, also varied series of
butterflies taken in July, 1920, in the Rhone Valley and around
Courmayeur, Italy.
Mr. S. Edwards, mimetic species of Fapilio and species of Partheim.
Mr. Douglas H. Pearson, a large number of species and forms
taken by him in the Pyrenees, including very dark ? Melitaea didymaf
the ab. deodoxa form of Argyniiis cydippe, Parnassius apoUot
Coenonympha oedipus, upper wing unspotted, Lampides boeticuSf EreUa
lefeburei, E. manto race cecilia, Heteropterus morpheus, etc.
Mr. Robt. Adkin, the black ab. chrysanthemi form of Zygaetia
tilipendxdae bred from a Lancashire larva, and Melitaea cinxia with
intensified markings.
Mr. L. Tatchell, a photograph of a gynandromorph Amorpha popvH
from a Wanstead larva> larvss of Dysstroma truncata, and reported the
pairing of a J" Sphinx ligustri with a $ Smerinthus ocellatiis.
Mr. K. G. Blair, on behalf of Dr. Gahan, a larva of a Nemapteron
sp. from Syria, always found in dens on sand.
Mr. Jackson, a mixed gynandromorph of (Josmotriche pendidaria
bred from Oxford.
Mr. F. W. Edwards, a pair of the rare British gnat Orthopodowrp^
pulchripalpis reared from larv8B from Epping Forest.
Mr. Bowman, series of the forms of Cosymbia pendularia recently
reared by him, especially ab. nigro-subroseata in varied series of seven
subordinate forms.
Correction. — Special Index, p. ix. delete '* extensa (malvoides ah.).*^
p. XV. ,, " reducta (alveus a6.)."
OOLLEOTING IN ASIA MINOR IN 1920. 41
Collecting in Asia Minor in 1920.
By MAJOR P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.
I. — Near Smyrna.
Till recently collecting near Smyrna had been undertaken by a
very few German or Austro-Hungarian lepidopterists and by these
prior to 1880, after which year brisjandage reached dangerous propor-
tions and remained dangerous until the Greek occupation. Dr. Loew,
the famous dipterist and the discoverer of Pleheim loewiij visited the
neighbourhood in the early forties of the last century, but the first
lepidopterists, who made any long stay there, were Janes von
Frivaldszky, Terren and Zach, who visited the city in 1845. They
seem to have found the region unproductive — such at least is Dr.
Staudinger's account in his study of the Lepidoptera of Asia Minor,
but I suspect that they found it too disturbed to go far inland.
Anyhow Terren was finally left to rear Lanocampa (Pach/pasa) otits
larvsB to the chrysalid stage and his comrades departed to Brusa. In
1865 Lederer spent a great part of the season at Magnesia (Manissa)
and in the Smyrna region. During the previous year he had done
some collecting at Gineo, near Eudemish at Eizilji Auly or Aoli, the
" Reddish sheepfold,** an estate managed by the old collector Nogell in
the Boz Dagh Range and in the Ovajik Range, and had stayed for
seven weeks in the centre of the Boz Dagh Range itself, proof positive
that the country was then in better order than it was in more modern
times, when the Boz Dagh was a great centre of brigandage.
Unhappily Lederer does not seem to have published anything as to the
results of his collecting in 1865. Most of our limited information as
to the insects occurring near Smyrna has been supplied by Dr.
Krueper, whom I met at Athens early in 1915. Dr. Krueper collected
at or near Smyrna from Feb. 6th to July 17th in 1863, from Feb.
18th to July 28th in 1866, from March 2Qd, 1871, to July 18th, 1872
(except for the period May 2nd to June 10th, 1872, when he stayed at
Nymphio), and finally from April 2nd to April 17th in 1875. Most of
his collecting was done at Burnabad (also known as Burnabat or
Burnova), a very pleasant village where many of the European
residents of Smyrna dwell, situated at the foot of a mountainous
region, some five miles from Smyrna. He found the old Turkish
cemetery the best collecting ground. When I visited the village Greek
6 inch howitzers filled the cemetery. Near Buja, where there- is some
pretty country, there were large camps, and I, therefore, did little
collecting there, not that the Greek soldier is nowadays indisciplined
or disagreeable, but because camps always mean sentries, persons who
ask you for passes, or cheerful inquisitives who want to know whether
you mean to eat 'em when you catch them, or what, or worse still, the
would-be-usefuls who pursue the most battered and commonest speci-
mens with excess of zeal, and bring them to you minus heads and a
wing or so. My collecting was therefore practically confined to two
points — the hills beyond Cordelio, a suburb on the N. side of the Gulf
of Smyrna, and the hilly pass between Burnabat and Manissa, some 6
miles at my furthest point from Burnabat on the reverse (Manissa)
slope of t/he mountain country. The weather was excellent. The
country under the stern but just rale of the Greek Harmost, Mr.
Sterghiades, was as safe as England. I indeed just missed seeing the
March, 1920.
42 THE entomologist's beoord.
public execution of the leaders of the last batch of brigands who, though
Greeks, were yet hanged as high as Haman by the orders of the hard
handed Cretan who rules Smyrna to-day for Greece. They had
murdered some 16 people, Greeks and Turks, in their long career, and
no one sympathised with them.
The general impression I had from two afternoons' collecting and
an hour's pottering about with a net near Buja, was that the country,
where not too well cultivated, was fairly prolific in butterflies, but that,
as in Attica, which it to some extent resembled in its flora, though it
was less dried up, the number of species on the lower ground was
more limited than is the case in moister and later Constantinople.
The season seemed to be nearly a month earlier than on the Bosphorus.
Thus Aporia crataegi, which near the Bosphorus does not emerge till
late in May, was well out on April 21st near Cordelio. Males of
Leptosia duponcheli were very worn fcr the most part on the Burnabat-
Manissa road on April 28rd. I found them fresh at Dil Iskelessi, one
of the hottest localities in the Constantinople region, on May 2Dd,
1914. The " whites " were all but over and Rinnicia phlaeas likewise.
Thais cerisyi gave me a disappointment. I expected to flnd it fresh
and frequent. The only specimen I caught was worn. I saw a very
few others, mostly worn from the look of them, in places where I could
not catch them.
At Cordelio, or rather about 600 feet above it on a stony plateau,
I found HalUa marloyi frequent on April 21 st. It is very hard to
catch and easily injured in the catching. Its habits were of interest.
It generally selected the tops of boulders to rest upon and was not
easily seen there. Pairs of this insect, male and female I imagine,
though I could not actually prove this by capturing both at a time,
flew about at a height of from 2 to 3 feet above the ground with
a curious buzzing flight such as is noticed with other " skippers," one
individual, perhaps the male, keeping about 6 inches imutediately
behind his companion. Then suddenly, for no apparent reason at
times, at other times when disturbed, the leading insect of the pair
would shoot up about ten feet in the air and turn in its flight so rapidly
that one was left with the impression that it had '* looped the loop/'
and the second insect would follow its course and imitate its action.
both, after '* towering " in this fashion, making off at great speed.
The pass on the well-kept carriage road between Burnabat and
Manissa struck me as being good collecting ground as did the coantry
about 6 miles further inland also on tne line of this road. But on the
occasion of my visit there was a good deal of cloud and my time was
limited. Hesperia malvae, a fresh female, was an interesting capture
here. I had no time to go high into the mountains near ^n^Ji^
Tahtali Dagh, Nif Dagh, etc. These might have proved productiva
even so early in the year.
The following species were either captured or certainly reoognisai
between April 19th and April 28rd.
Hallia marloyi. — Frequent above Cordelio on April 21st. Threa
seen, two taken, between Burnabat and Manissa, April 28rd.
Krynnis alceae, — A few worn specimens noted.
E. orientalis, — Two fresh males, not differing from the Constanti-
nople form, at Cordelio and on the Manissa Burnabat road respectivfllyi
April 21st and April 28rd.
COLLEGTING IN ASI4 MINOR IN 1920. 48
iiZ. ? mcUvae, — A fine female apparently af this species on the
Manissa-Burnahat Boad on April 2drd.
Powellia orbifer. — Beginning to appear above Cordelio and on the
Manissa-Burnabat Road, April 21st and 28rd. Males only seen.
humicia pJdaeas. — Usually worn and not common at all stations.
The only specimen taken in good order was distinctly on the way to
aestivns, having the black margin of the forewings and the black spots
on these wings larger than in normal near eastern vernal specimens.
Callophrys rubi, — ^Two in fair order at about 900 feet on the pass
behind Burnabat on April 28rd.
Celastrina argiolus. — Seen in the Consulate and Garden at Smyrna
on April 20th.
Scolitantides (Turania) baton. — One fresh male taken with 0. rubi
on April 28rd.
Aricia niedon. — Abundant and generally fresh near Cordelio on April
21st. Frequent at other stations. The form resembles that taken at
Athens.
Polyoimnatm icarus, — Generally frequent. Females not yet fully
out. The form taken here is distinctly nearer zelleri, Vrty., than that
found at Constantinople and resembles the Athens form. Such females
as were taken were but slightly, when at all, suffused with blue scales,
Iphiclides podalirius, — Seen here and there but not taken.
Thais cerisyi. — Not at all common, and worn.
Aporia crataegi, — Abundant above Cordelio and seen near Burnabat
on April 22nd.
Pieris brasaicae. — Going over. Seen in small numbers at all
stations. I was doubtless too late for the main flight of the first brood.
P. rapae. — The same remarks apply to this species as to P.
hrassicae,
P. daplidice, — A few specimens of the vernal form of daplidice were
taken.
Anthocharis cranieri (belia) vai;. yraeca, — Two specimens taken at
Buja, April 20th. Others seen.
EucJdo'e cardamlnes. — A male on the pass above Burnabat, April
28rd.
Colias edusa. — Seen in small numbers.
Gonepteryx cleopatra. — A male seen near Burnabat on April 22nd.
Unluckily I could not catch it so cannot say whether it belonged to
the Greek form or to var. tanrica of S. Asia Minor, Syria and Cyprus,
Leptosia sinapis. — Sparingly on the Burnabat-Manissa Road on
April 28rd.
L. duponcheli. — Local on the same road on April 28rd but much
more frequent than L. sinapis. One female taken. I notice a marked,
probably racial, difference between the seven specimens I brought back
and those I have of the vernal brood from Dillskelessi, between Ismid
and Constantinople (14 specimens) on the one hand and u male Syrian
specimen from Baalbek on the other.
Pyrameis atalanta. — Seen April 20th, in Smyrna town.
P. cardui. — Only a few battered specimens noticed.
Melitaea phoebe^ var. ?— A fine specimen taken on the roadside on
April 28rd and another seen. The specimen taken differs somewhat
from the Athens form and very much from that which I have from
Bithynia.
44 ** TBE entomologist's record.
Melitaea trivia, — LarvsB of this species seen on Verhascmn tkapsut
on April 23rd.
Pararge mege^-a. — Not uncommon at Buja, April 20th. Seen at
Gordelio and Burnahat.
P. maera, — One fresh male seen and missed above Gordelio on
April 20th.
P. aegeria, — A very much damaged female taken on April 28rd.
C, pamp/dlus, race marginata, — Sparingly at all stations. The speci-
mens I brought back much resembled those I have from Constantinople
except that they are perhaps a trifle lighter on the underside of the
hindwings than the latter.
Total 81 species.
II. — Panderma,
During a visit, which I paid to Panderma as the guest of the Greek
fleet at the beginning of July, when the town was captured by the
Hellenic forces without opposition, I was able to get two afternoons
off, viz., on July 4th and July 6th at Tut Liman (Mulberry Port) about
a mile to the E. of Panderma. Tut Liman is a creek behind which is
a valley full of olive, mulberry and fig orchards, watered by a small
perennial brook, and bordered by steep rocky slopes. Though facing
north it is extremely hot and proved a good hunting ground.
Three Lycsenids [seTisu lato) were very abundant among the trees
early in the afternoons, swarms rising from the ground as one walked
through the shady patches. These were AgHades ther sites y Alicia
medon, and Rnmicia phlaeas, A. thersites was out in far greater
numbers than Polyommatus icarus, of which I saw a few specimens. It
has certainly appeared to me that this species, in its second brood at
all events, comes out earlier than P. icarus and that the " brood " is
more concentrated, so to speak, large numbers appearing in favourable
localities while P. icarus has a slow, more graduated emergence.
Among the specimens of A. thersites-is a ? , which while identical with
local and Constantinople specimens of A, thersites as far as the colour
of the upperside, and the arrangement of the underside spotting was
concerned, had a tiny single basal spot on the underside of the
anteriors. I am not sure whether this is a case of accidental resem-
blance to A, thersites by an aberrant P. icarus female or an aberration
of A. thersites. 1 may note that in the Sea of Marmora region I have
never yet found any approach to A. thersites among females of P. icarus
as far as the arrangement of the spots near the tornus of the underside
anterior wings and near the costal margin of the underside hindwings
is concerned. A. inedon and U. phlaeas were large and the former was
very decidedly of the calida form. if. phlaeas was of different forms,
eleus being tbe lightest and not the most frequent. Other insects noted
included Satgrus syriaca, which was quite frequent among the olive
trees, and Hipparchia briseis var. major^ a fine large race, of which I
did not bring back nearly as many as I should have done. It was very
wary and the place where it was commonest — namely, the sea cliflb
near the port railway station, W. of the town — proved very difiScalt
and treacherous ground when I tried to work it for about 40 minutes
in the late afternoon of July 7th. .S. circe was worn. HyfyanepkeU
liifdnus, of a form which seemed to me to approach intei'inedia, occximi
very sparingly in the shadiest portions of the orchards.
OOLLEOTING IN ASIA BONOB IN 1920. 45
My captures here were the following : —
Rrynnis alceae, — A few second brood specimens seen. Those taken
were normal enough.
Powellia orhifer, — One worn out female of the first brood.
Thyineliciis actaeon, — One passable female. Many more seen, all
utterly worn out.
Adopaea flava, — In even worse condition than the preceding.
Rumicia phlaeas, — Large dark forms abundant.
Chrysophantis thersamon. — Not uncommon and fresh ; males
slightly lighter than the Constantinople average.
Loweia don'lis, — One mal^ captured, others seen.
Celastrina arg loins. — A few, worn as a rule, in the orchards.
Aricia medon g.a. calida, — Abundant and generally fresh.
Polyommatus icarns. — Not frequent. Very normal specimens of
the Mediterranean form.
P. admetus. — One very fresh male on July 6th at Tut Liman.
Afjt'iades thersites, — The most abundant " blue " by far. Males
well out.
Iphiclides podalirins. — Not uncommon in the orchards.
Pieris hrassicae. — Bare.
P. rapae. — Fairly frequent in the orchards. Of three $ brought
back two are very heavily marked with black and one has the right
antenna about \ the length of the left antenna. .
/'. napL — Males only were taken. These had extremely little dark
shading along the veins of the underside hindwing.
Pontia daplidice, — Not common.
Colias edusa, — A few.
Le/)tosia sinapis. — Rare. The two specimens which I brought back
are quite normal southern second- brood specimens.
Dryas pandora. — A few on thistles.
Pyrauieis cai'dni. — Frequent.
P. atalanta. — One damaged specimen released.
Linienitis cannlla. — In bad order and not frequent.
Parartje ineyera. — Second brood specimens S s o^bs beginning
to emerge.
P. inaera. — One second brood S specimen unfortunately damaged.
P. aeyeria. — In shady places. The form was simply intermedia,
brighter in ground colour and with yellower spotting than egerides,
but nowhere near the brightness of ground colour and rich yellow
spotting of specimens from Athens and Syria.
P. roxelana. — From the number of damaged females flying about
in shady places this species must have been frequent a month earlier.
Satyr us circe. — Going over.
S, syriaca. — Frequent and often in good condition. Of large size
and deep colour.
Hipparchia briseis. — Frequent. All taken are of the race major.
In good order as a rule.
Hyponephele Inpinus v. intermedia, — Local and sparingly.
Epinephele jurtiiia. — Females only.
Coenonympha pamphilus. — All taken were g.a. maryinata of the
race lyllus,
M» galathea race turcica. — Very worn. Had been frequent.
46 THE entomologist's record.
M. Idrissa, — Very worn. Had evidently been common, $ s only
taken.
Total, 85 species. The absence of H. semele may surprise the
reader as it surprised me.
III. — Brusa.
From September 19th to September 21st inclusive I was at Brusa.
I collected daily but did not venture up the mountain, since this huge
area of rock, forest and gulley is altogether too larpfe to be patrolled
by the Greek forces now holding Brusa, and it would have been unfair
to ask the Hellenes for gendarmes for special protection of a casual
visitor. On the 19th I went down early to the marsh known as Softa-
Bughan (the Softa Swallower, so-called because a Soffca or theological
student once perished there) to look for Chrysophanus dispar v. rntiUis.
The marsh was too dried up to be in the least dangerous, and there
were fewer patches of dried mud and reeds in it than there were banks
and islands of firm and solid ground. Flowers were still fairly
numerous, thistles, various kinds of spearmint, a sort of agrimony,
etc., but butterflies were rather uncommon. The commonest although
the hardest to catch was Kveres argiades of the third brood, a very
small form indeed. It differed greatly from the Everes which I have
taken at Kury Yalova, and which I suppose to be E. alcetas. The
small Brusa insect has a good show of orange spotting near the anal
angle underside hindwing. The sub-marginal spots on the underside
of the anteriors are of linear shape, less round than those of the
Yalova species, and their alignment is slightly different in some
specimens. The tails of the hind wings are more developed in the
supposed argiades. On the other hand the supposed alcetas from
Yalova has very faint traces of pale yellow scaling about the ocellated
spot on the underside of the hindwings near the anal anglfe, though I
do not believe that such traces of yellowish scaling, if present in an
Everes, must necessarily prove that it is not alcetas, 1 took a short
series, mostly consisting of males here, and afterwards found the insect
elsewhere near Brusa always in moist localities. It was hard to catch
and easily damaged in setting. Of C. rntilus I only took 2 worn ao^
rather chipped females that day.
Next day I went out on a picnic to Kestel some 9 miles E. oi
Brusa. I had little time for collecting there, but saw two mft^*
C, rutilus in an overgrown irrigation ditch and caught both. Th^J
were slightly chipped but in good condition otherwise, and one was ^^
fair size. Very lovely they looked in flight. Ldrnpides boetiC^^*
occurred here in fields where a sort of runner bean was cultivated, |
think the Leblebe, a plant akin to Dolichos lablab of Syria. I fear ^
neglected L. boeticiis. I have seen so much of it in Egypt and parts ^
Syria, and save in size it is so distressingly invariable. Anyhow
only brought back one pill-boxed specimen and it proved to ^^
damaged. Other things taken here were Leptosia sinapis of the thi:*^
brood (rare), P. aegeria and Polyommatus icarus. On the previous d^y
1 had worked a steep slope above Chekirgeh to the W. of Brusa towiC*^
and found P. icarus abundant and with it plenty of Aricia nudon i^
bad order, P. anteros^ fresh males, and a few L. dorilis, Allof thela5»
species I could take I took, and all were fresh but with great splits aO"
chips in their wings. The form did not differ from that ct
Constantinople.
OOLLEOTING IN ASIA MINOR IN 1920. 47
On the 21st I spent a long morning among the orchards to the N.
of Brusa. Here I took four fresh C. rutilus among the ditches, three
fine males and a chipped female, and also a fresh male of C. thersatnon.
There was a good deal of dock in the ditches which did not seem to
me to be big enough to be the Great Water Dock. In most
places where this dock grew one might see a male rutilus darting
about, but it was a lively insect and seeing it was one thing and
catching it another, especially where brambles overhung the ditches.
One male has a well marked spot between the discoidal spot and the
base on the upperside of the anteriors. Has this form been named ?
I devoted some attention to third brood Pieris rapae and P. najn.
The former resembled the Constantinople autumn race of P, rapae
which has a facies of its own as compared with the first and second
broods. P. napi showed in one or two cases more black scaling along
the venation of the hindwings on the underside than is usual on the
Bosphorus. I neglected P. hrassicae rather to my regret, as I might
have taken several specimens and had meant to try to find out whether
the Brusa insecc of the third brood was P. hrassicae proper as are
Constantinople autumn specimens for the most part, or approached
g.a. catoleuca, Eober, which is the usual East Mediterranean summer
form in my limited experience.
The following species were taken or recognised at Brusa.
Erynnis alceae, — Frequent everywhere.
E, orientalis. — One female.
Hesperia (Hallia) malvae, — One very worn male at Kestel.
Hesperia armoricanus. — One worn male below the town.
Powellia orhifer, — A few worn-out females of the small second
brood.
Chrysophanus thersamon. — One male only.
C. dispar var. rutilus. — In the orchards, etc., below the town, and
at Kestel. See remarks above.
Loiveia dorilis. — A few males on the slopes above Chekirgeh.
Rumicia phlaeas, — A few.
Lampides hoeticus. — Common at Kestel and a few seen at Softa
Boghan.
Syntarucus telicanus, — Frequent everywhere.
Rveres argiades, — Fairly frequent in the meadow near Softa Boghan
marsh. Less frequent elsewhere.
Aricia medon, — Frequent above the town but worn. Those taken
were normal enough specimens of g.a. calida.
Polyommatus anteros. — Males only taken above Chekirgeh.
P. icarus, — Frequent everywhere.
Celastrina argiolus, — A few males, one very fresh, in hedges and
orchards.
Papilio machaon,-^k few seen ; those taken were badly worn.
Pieris hrassicae. — Not uncommon.
P. rapae. — Frequent.
P. napi. — Specimens both of a more or less typical form and of a
napaeae-W^iQ form were taken.
Pontia daplidice. — Frequent.
Colias edusa. — Also frequent.
Oonepteryx rhamni. — A fine male seen at Kestel.
Leptosia sinapis. — Rare.
49 THB ENTOBf0IiQOIST*a BEICOBD.
Dryas pandora. — A few worn specimens still out.
Polygonia egea, — One seen near the town.
P. c-album. — One fine 2nd brood specimen with very dark under-
side, as is the rule for this brood at Constantinople.
Pyrameis cardui, — Frequent.
P, atalanta. — One seen.
Pararge megera. — A few in moderate condition.
P. aegeria, — Frequent and usually in good order in shady places.
Epinephele jurtina, — Very worn females still frequent.
Coenonympha pamphilns^ race lyllns-marginata. — Apparently going
over. The only fresh specimens were females.
Total 83 species, a fair number for so late a date.
May I add a few geological notes. The ground on which I
collected at Cordelio, near Smyrna, was alluvial on the lower levels,
but limestone, Miocene or Pliocene, on the high slopes. At Buja the
rock is Eocene or Oligocene. Between Burnabat and Manissa one
passes through a belt of chalk country.
Panderma lies at the junction of three geological formations—
Eocene limestone at Tut Liman, Pliocene or Miocene limestone to the
S.W. of the town, and along the cliflFs W. of the town a belt of what
seems to be a Primary formation, possibly Devonian. '
The coast at Mudania and the country inland as far the marshes
below Brusa is limestone, apparently Tertiary. The marshland is
alluvial. The lower slopes of the mountains give the impression of
limestone soil lying on metamorphic rock. The higher parts of the
mountains are, largely at all events, granitic.
Notes from West Sussex: Lepidoptera in 1920
By J. F. BIRD.
Having spent from the end of March to August 24th in Sussex, I
send a few notes on my entomological experiences in that county
hoping that they may be found of interest. Owing to various circum-
stances I regret that I was unable to do any dusking, or other night-
work, therefore my observations refer, chiefly, to the local butterflies,
and I may as well mention that most of my collecting was done in the
district bounded by the rivers Adur and Arun. I found many of the
butterflies abundant, and a feature of the season was the sudden ap-
pearance of numerous Pyrmneis cardui and a good number of P*
atalanta in May. During my five months* visit I met with 38 species
of Rhopalocera, which I here place in the order of their appearance,
with dates, and with a few notes added with reference to localities,
variation, etc. During April I neglected to record the actual dates of
the first appearance of tbt Lepidoptera observed, so I can only state that
the five butterflies heading the list were all on the wing by the middle
of that month.
Picris hrassieae. — Fairly common throughout the district. The
second brood made its appearance on July 16th.
P, rapac. — Common. The second brood first recorded on July
13th.
Eiichlue canlaNfifU's, — Plentiful in all the rural parts.
( 'elastrina argiolns. — Not common, and only seen in the neighbour*
hood of Worthing. The second brood was not observed.
NOTES FBOM WEST SUSSEX I LEPIDOPTEBA IN 1920. 49
Afjlais urticae. — Not common. Fresh brood on July 24th. Worth-
ing, Sompting, Lancing, and Bramber.
Gonepteryx r/w///iw.-r-Hybernated specimens first recorded on May
10th ; not uncommon in the vicinity of woods and heaths. I was
surprised not to see any of the fresh brood later in the season.
Vaneasa io, — May 14th. Scarce, only a few hybernated specimens
observed near Steyning and Goring. I saw nothing of the fresh
brood.
Pyrameis cardui. — May 14th. Immigrant specimens were ex-
tremely plentiful in the spring and early summer, especially in that
part of the country embracing the Downs. The fresh brood, though
not quite so much in evidence, was also common, and put in an
appearance on July 19th.
P. atalanta, — May 14th. Hybernated, or immigrant, specimens
fairly numerous, and met with in company with P. cardui, sunning
themselves on the roads, more frequently in the lanes leading up to
the Downs. The fresh brood, first noticed on July 19tb, was also
rather common.
Pararge meyera. — First brood. May 14th ; second brood, August
-Srd. Common, more particularly in Down -land and on the sandy
heaths north of the Downs.
Hesperia malvae, — May 14th. An abundant species in many
localities.
Pieris napi, — First brood, May 20th ; second brood, July 12th.
•Common.
Callophrys rubi, — May 20th. Sparingly met with near Clapham,
Angmering, Washington, and Edburton.
Brenthis euphrosyne. — May 20th. Locally common in several of
the woods both north and south of the Downs. On May 26th, in a
wood near Patching, I netted a fine <^ aberration while it was settled
and sunning itself on the ground. The forewings of this specimen are
edged along the outer and inner margins with a blackish suffusion, the
four basal markings coalesce and make a large, solid, black patch,
while the zigzag series of spots, beyond the black marking at the end
of the discal cell, are confluent, forming an irregular and broadish
band across the middle of the wing ; the basal markings on the hind-
wings are, also, strongly marked and confluent, but clearly defined
without any suffusion of black scales.
Bumicia phlaeas. — First brood. May 21st ; second brood, July 16th.
Not uncommon. I took two interesting specimens : (i.) A $ , on June
1st, near Clapham, which may be described as ab. radiata-caeruleo-
piinctata, as it combines both these named forms ; and (ii.) a $ , on
August 17th, near Storrington, which has the outer part of the copper-
colouring on the right forewing bleached, while the submarginal spots
on both forewings are rather elongate. Ab. caeruleo punctata was not
uncommon in the district.
Aricia medoji. — First brood. May 21st ; second brood, July 24th,
Clapham, Lancing, and Edburton. Not so common as one might
have expected considering the abundance of its food plant, Helianthe-
mum. chamaecistus,
Coenonympha pampldlus. — May 21st. Common throughout the
district.
Nisoniades tages, — May gist. Plentiful in many localities on, or
50 THE entomologist's reoobd.
near, the Downs ; also by the sea near Goring, and frequenting fr
common near Fittle worth.
PolyommatKs icanis. — First brood, May 24th ; second brood, July
14th. Abundant throughout the district, especially on the Downs.
Ab. arena was not uncommon, and I also took a very fine example of
ab. melanotoxa, on the Downs near Steyning, on June 5th. Another
rather interesting specimen was a ^ , taken on August 7th, near
Sompting, which has only five submarginal spots on the forewings, the
last being absent.
Pararge aegeria. — May 24th. Very scarce in woods near Made-
hurst and Angmering.
Colias edusa. — The first one 1 saw was on June 1st, at Clapham,.
flying rapidly, and, apparently, on a "non-stop run" to the north!
I saw no others until the fresh brood put in an appearance on July
81st, when 1 saw two flying along the side of the road near Lancing,
whilst I was cycling, and although I visited several clover and lucerne
fields, hoping to obtain some ** Cloudeds," I only saw two others in
Sussex, one, a fine $ , which I netted in a chalk pit near Lancing, on
August 3rd, and the other near Portslade, seen from the train on
August 24th, when we were leaving the county.
While mentioning this species it may be of interest to note that we
came across it again in Devonshire, near Teignmouth, where we saw
at least half -a- dozen, and my eldest son netted a <^ at Stoke-in-
Teignhead on September 3rd.
Aijriades theth. — First brood, June 2nd ; second brood not observed.
Local, but in a few places abundant, on the Downs. The first brood
was on the wing well into July, and during that time I must have
netted and examined a goodly number, but most were allowed to
depart in peace as only a certain amount of variation was noticed, such
as ab. jiunvta, not uncommon amongst the S s, and the more or less
conspicuousness of the orange-coloured crescents on the outer margins
of the wings in the $ . In fact, no very remarkable aberrations were
taken. However, I will briefly describe a few forms obtained which
may be of some interest : — (i.) Four $ s, more or less powdered with
blue scales, principally on the basal portion of the wings, and in one
specimen the blue scales on the forewing spread below, and beyond the
discal cell, (ii.) A ? , taken near Steyning on June 9th, on the under-
side of which the 2nd and 3rd spots of the outer series are connected
with the discoidal spot by white streaks running along the veins con-
taining small black dots, (lii.) A $ which is a more developed form
of the last, and taken at the same time ; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th spote
of the outer series are cuneate, the points of the wedges approaching
closely the discoidal spot, (iv.) A $ , same locality and date, with no
spots betw^een the discoidal spot and the base of the forewing, •
parallel aberration to P. icarus ab. icarinus.
Cupido miniums. — First brood, June 8th ; second brood, Augos*
3rd. Locally common on the Downs between SuUington and Fulhing*
As a rule to be found in sheltered hollows and chalk pits, but I found
one colony on the borders of a field on Kitswell Hill, late one after-
noon, where I noticed these little butterflies in their sleeping positions
amongst the long grass, the position generally chosen being rather low
down on the stems. I came across a few of the second brood in *
chalk pit near Lancing, between August 3rd-llth. This species dott
not appear to vary much except in size.
NOTES FROM WEST SUSSEX '. LEPIDOPTERA IN 1920. 5l
Augiades sylvanns. — June 9th. Common in many localities, more
especially on the Downs.
Epijiephele jurtina. — June 11th. Common throughout the district.
Brenthis selene.-^^xmQ 15th. Very local, but plentiful in two
localities only — in a marshy corner pf a common near Storrington, and
in a heathy hollow on the Downs, near Sompting. I fancy that mem-
bers of the latter colony were generally smaller than those found at
Storrington.
Melanargia galathea, — June 26th. Locally abundant between
Steyning and Lancing. A single example, a S^ , was found at rest as
early as June 25 th, and on going to the same locality three days later
I found plenty more <^ s out, but not a single $ could I see. On July
2nd, however, both sexes were well out, and it was a pleasing sight to
see this handsome butterfly so remarkably abundant. A visit to one
of its principal haunts was made on August 11th, when I found a few
still on the wing, but getting very worn. With the exception of one
yellowish ^ , I noticed no great variation.
Argynnis cydippe, — June 29th. Met with sparingly in the wood-
lands near Patching, Angmering, and Storrington.
Argynnis aglaia. — June 80tb. Not very common, but met with
on the Downs near Sompting, Lancing, and Edburfcon. On June
80th, near Sompting, I netted a male with tbe spots inclined to be
greenish, which gives to the markings a remarkably soft appearance.
Sussex specimens appear to be smaller than our West Somerset race.
Aphantopus hyperantus, — July 8rd. Locally common, near West
Grinstead, Storrington, and Angmering.
Epinephele tithonus. — July 9th. Plentiful in most parts of the
district, but, apparently, not very variable.
Agriades coridon, — July 9th. Locally plentiful on the Downs, but
disappointing, as 1 obtained no striking aberrations. It may be worth
recording, however, that in a chalk pit near Lancing I met with a few
dwarf specimens, and also the following forms were taken : — (i.) A ^ ,
with broad blackish borders on all the wings containing whitish ringed
spots, which, on the hindwings, are clearly defined, but less distinct on
the forewings. The clouding of the borders also invades the fringes
and increases the black chequering, especially towards the apex of the
forewings. (ii.) A 2 , strongly powdered with blue scales within and
below the discal cell on the forewings, and between the veins on the
hindwings, forming blue streaks from the base of the wing to the edge
of the submarginal spots, the latter being ringed with dull orange, also
the discoidal spot on the hindwings is ringed with blue.
Limenitis sihilla, — July 12th. It was unfortunate that the weather
at the end of June and the beginning of July was unfavourable for
collecting. However, on July 12th, 13th, and 14th, when the sun, at
intervals, made efforts to assert itself, I tried for this species in a wood
near Angmering, where I found it not uncommon, but in ragged con-
dition, and rather hard to capture, as it frequented the bramble
blossoms which happened to be in the densest portion of the wood
where it was difficult to wield one's net.
Dryas paphia, — July 12th. Plentiful in woods near Angmering.
I saw one very dark 2 » perhaps ab. valezina, pursued by four or five
^ s, but, unfortunately, when attempting to net her I only succeeded
in bagging one of the suitors.
52 THE bntomolooist's rbcobd.
Bithys quercus. — July 14th. I only came across one example, a^,
which I netted, in a wood near Angmering.
Adopaea flava. — July 12th. Remarkably abundant in a marshy
part of a common near Storrington, where it was to be seen flying
about in swarms and settling on the rushes (J uncus) ; also found, less
commonly, near Angmering, and on the Downs between Lancing,
Steyning, and Edburton.
Hipparchia semele. — July 16th. Locally common on the Downs
near Edburton, and at Wiggonholt Common, also found sparingly on
the Downs near Steyning, Lancing, and Sompting, in a chalk pit near
Clapham, and on a heath near Storrington. I was interested in ob-
serving this butterfly late in the afternoon on August 18th, at Wig-
gonholt Common, as they flew around and settled on the sunny side of
the trunks of a group of silver birches, perhaps seeking a resting place
for the night. Whilst watching them several flew to inspect me, and
one even settled on my arm. I noticed a considerable amount of
variation in the undersides of this species, and it is rather surprising
that my darkest specimen was taken on the chalk Downs, while the
lightest was netted on a sandy heath. I also captured on July 31st,
near Lancing, a ^ with a small extra spot on the upperside of the
forewings, between the two usual ocelli.
Plcbeius aeqoix. — Locally abundant on sandy heaths near Storring-
ton and Parhara. I was rather too late in trying for this butterfly, so
found the majority decidedly passSy but I managed to pick out a short
series in fair condition. Two $ s, taken at Storrington on July l6th,
may be worth describing: — (i.) With four blue spots on the hindwings
just above the band of orange marks, similarly situated as in R. phlaeat
ab. caeruleopunctata. (ii.) With the forewings, as. well as the hind-
wings, conspicuously bordered on the outer margins with large, bright,
orange marks — a very beautiful form.
I will now conclude with a few notes on some of the Heterocera
recorded, noting at the same time the dates of the first appearance of
the insects : —
Zy<joena lilipendulae. — The first specimens on the wing were
observed on June 10th, by the sea near Goring, where plenty of the
larvae were found at the same time, some comparatively small. This
abundant species was seen in many localities on the Downs and was
noticed in the imaginal state up to about the middle of August. A
large colony on the slopes of the Downs, near the Devil's Dyke, was
remarkable for the smallness of the cocoons, and from some of these I
bred some very dwarf specimens during the latter half of June and
the beginning of July. Many from this locality seem referable to tb«
form hippocrepidis. X. trifolii.—Juue 2nd. I met with this species
very sparingly on the Downs near Steyning and Sompting, justoneor
two here ami there flying about, or settled on the stems of grass, etc
I also came across a small colony in a marshy part of a heath near
Storrington, on June 15th, where I noticed a few empty cocoons cm
the stems of tJ uncus communis. In this locality I obtained a ? as law
as July IGth. On June 7th, near Sompting, I took, at rest on grass,
a very fine and bright-coloured example of ab. minoides, SphinS
li,,„stri.— One larva on July 14th, half ^I'own, on High Down HiUi
feodin*; on j^rivet. Scsia stellatannn. — June 2nd. Only one seen,
going "to the flowering weeds growing in an arable field on the Downs
NOTES FROM WEST SUSSEX : LEPIDOPTBRA IN 1920. 5S
Hear Stejning. Hefdalua lupuUna. — June 1st, a $ netted flying about-
in the sunshine on the Downs, near Clapham. Miltochnsta miuiata. —
August 7ch, a $ , in line condition, on a paling at Broadwater*
Uthosia sororcula, — May 26th, a $ clinging to a grass stem, in an oak
wood near Patching. Diacrisia sanio, — June 17th. Several ^»
" walked up '* on the Downs near Steyning, Lancing, and Sompting.
Arctia villica, — May 33 st. Odd specimens found at Steyning and
Angmering, one, a $ , was netted flying along a lane in the daytime.
Malacosoma iieustria. — A few nests of larvae noticed in the hedges
near Goring and Sompting. Macrothylacia nibi. — June 3rd. One ^
netted and a number observed flying on the Downs near Steyning,
Sompting, and SuUington, and found in the larval stage near Lancing.
Cosmotriche potatoria, — -On June 17th, near Lancing, I found a cocoon,
high up on a grass stem in a meadow, looking very huge and con-
spicuous in comparison with the smaller cocoons of Z, filipe)idulae,
which were abundant all around. A ^ emerged on July 7th. Drepmia
falcataria. — May 26th, beaten out of birch near Patching. £>.
lace^'tinaria, — I found a nearly full-grown larva on birch near Storring-
ton, on June 16th, from which I bred a y on July 11th, a rather
interesting specimen as it is plain oohreous brown without any trace-
of the usual dark frecklings. Acvonicta lepoiina. — A full-fed larva-
found on August 17th near Storrington on birch. It changed colour
and entered a piece of wood for pupation on the following day. Ayrotis
ypsilon. — August 10th, at Worthing. A. strigula. — July 16th, a few
disturbed from heather near Storrington. Mame»tra persicariae.— June
27th, at Worthing. Lencania impura, — August 6th, one found in th&
daytime, resting on wild carrot blossom, while searching for Spilodes
palealu. Cuctillia chamonrillae. — Two nearly full-<?rown larvae on
Afithemis, near Sompting. Flusia gamma. — During the spring and the
early part of the summer a great many were seen, probably immigrants
from the continent. The new brood was met with from July 3rd in
astonishing numbers, in fact I cannot remember having seen this
species more abundant. Acontia luctuosa. — On June 17th, a dull day,
I netted a fine S which I had disturbed from the herbage in a chalk
pit near Lancing. A careful search on this and following days
amongst the Convolvulus arvensis resulted in no more specimens. Bryo-
phUa perla. — July 3rd. Apparently not common in the district, a dozen
or so only observed in the town at Worthing and Broadwater..
Prothymnia viridaria. — First brood, June 8th; second brood, July 24th.-
Found sparingly on the Downs near Burpham, Steyning, Lancing,
and Edburton. As usual, specimens of the second emergence were-
considerably the larger. Anarta myrtilli. — August 17th, although a
dull day, several were seen flying about the heather near Storrington.
Euclidia mL — May 28th. Common on some rough land near the sea
at Goring, and also met with in a grassy lane near Angmering,.
and sparingly on the Downs in a number of localities. Zandoynatha
gnsealis. — June 17th. Lancing, Worthing, and Storrington. Venilia
maculata. — May 20th. Not uncommon near Clapham. Angmering,
Patching, and Bury. Bapta bifiiaculata. — May 24th, near Bury.
Semiothisa twtata, — August 13th. Two ^ s beaten out of bracken
growing under trees on Wiggonholt Common. S. liturata, — July 16th.
Scarce amongst pines near Storrington. Lozogramuia petraria. — May
24tb. Patching and Madehurst. Strenia clathrata. — June 14th ta
•54 THE KNTOMOLOOIST'S RKCOKD.
August 16th. Occurred sparingly near Sompting, Angmering, Lancing,
Olapham, and Goring. Bupalus piniaria, — June 6th. Storrington.
Aspilates ochrearia. — May 28th. Not common ; at Goring, by the sea
and on the Downs, near Clapham. Tephrosia punctulm-ia, — May 16th.
On tree trunks at Storrington, Patching, and Angmering. Boarmia
consortaria. — On May 26th I found a <^ on an oak trunk in a wood
near Patching. Is not this a very early date for this species?
Hemerophila ahrnptaria. — May 14th. One specimen only seen on a
paling at Worthing. Pachycnemia hippocaatanaria. — July 16th. A^
disturbed from heather near Storrington. Abraxas grossnlat-iata, — June
^th. Very common, and I think inclined to be strongly marked, at
Worthing about the Euonymus. One of my sons brought me a specimen
of ab. nigrosparsata on June 25th. Pseudoterpna pruinata, — July 16th.
Storrington. lodis lactearia, — May 26th. Patching. Hemithea stri-
qata, — May 31st. Patching and Clapham. Acidalla dimidiata,—
July 14th. A number beaten out of Clematis on High Down Hill.
A, viryutaria, — June 22nd. Common at Worthing. Eulype haatata.
— May 22nd. Not common ; about birch in Woods near Angmering
and Patching. Xanthorho'e rivata. — June 28th. One specimen netted
in a chalk pit near Lancing. Melanthia procellata, — July 14th.
Several beaten from Clematis on High Down Hill. Asth&iia candidata.—
First brood, May 22nd ; second brood, August 5th. Angmering, Clap-
ham and West Burton. Minoa murinata. — May 11th. Seen on the
wing in a wood near Arundel. Perizoma affinitata, — May 22Dd. A
few beaten from bushes in woods near Angmering and Patching. P.
flavofasciata. — May 26th. Patching. Dysstroma {Cuia}ia) citiata
(immanata). — 3u\y 14th. Angmering. Anaitis plagiata. — First brood,
May 21st; second brood, August 5th. Clapham, Patching, and
Steyning. Mesotype virgata, — July 24th. A solitary specimen of the
second brood netted in a cbalk pit near Lancing. Ortholitha pirn-
haHa, June 25th. Only met with in a heathy hollow on the Downs
near Sompting. 1 took one $ with the black central spot on the
forewings obsolete. O. hipunctavia. — June 28th. Common on the
.chalk in many localities. 0. limitata, — July 19th. On the Downs
near Lancing and Edburton, and by the sea near Goring. Eupitheda ,
abbreviata. — One specimen seen in April on a paling by some hohn-
oak trees at Worthing. E, sobrinata. — August 7th. Abundant
amongst juniper near Sompting. E. pumilata, — July 16th. Storring-
ton. Herbula cespitalis, — Observed on the slopes of the Downs. KbiH^
crocealis, — July 24th. Several met with in a chalk pit near Lancing.
Spilodes palealis. — A search amongst wild carrot and on the flower-
ing heads of thistles near-by, in a rough meadow near the sea at
•Goring, produced five specimens of this insect.
j^GIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Nomenclature. — Polyombjatus icarus. — In Ent. Rec.y vol. xxxii.i
p. 191, I recorded the capture in May, 1920, of the ab. figured io
South's Butterflies, plate 119, fig. 6, at the same time enquiring its
correct name, to which the reply was that it is usually identified with
Ab. persica, Bienert, but is separated tentatively by Tutt as ab.
obsoleta.
In the article in this month's issue of Ent. Kec, (vol. xxxiii.), on
SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 66
the " Butterflies of N.W. Persia," by Mr. P. A. Buxton,- the latter
remarks under the heading Polyommatus icarus, page 82, as. follows : —
" The race generally known as perslcaj Bienert, is that of the
Persian plateau ; Tutt has shown that Bienert*s name persica can only
Apply to a rare aberration, which is of no geographical significance,
And it appears that the plateau race referred to as persica, Bien., by
many authors, from Butler to Le Cerf, should be called fuyitiva,
Butler."
To amateur entomologists, whose spare time is not sufficient to
allow them to investigate the history and system of the nomenclature
of Lepidoptera, an article in an early forthcoming number of Ent.
Hec, dealing broadly with the general conditions under which the
existing system of the nomenclature of Lepidoptera has grown up
would certainly be of great interest and assistance.
Taking, for the sake of example, the above case of Polyommatus
icarus, the line of thought that presents itself to the writer as one of
the aforesaid class of amateurs, is somewhat as follows : —
Presumably the name persica was first given by Bienert to that
particular race* or form of icarus which most generally occurs in
Persia, seeing that the name itself implies an intention on the part of
its author that it should indicate that particular geographical area,
while on the other hand the name in itself most certainly does not
indicate any intention on the part of that author that it should be
applied to a mere aberration of no particular geographical significance.
(a) What then is the exact system or authority under which it has
been decided that Bienert's name persica was not intended by him to
indicate the normal form of Polyommatus icarus as occurring in Persia,
but that what he really intended to indicate was the rare aberration
above referred to.
{b) If he did intend it only to apply to that ab., why did he use the
name persica if the ab. occurs in other geographical areas than
Persia'?
(c) How, or under what rule or theory of nomenclature, does the
name of the Persian race of icarus come to be altered to fuyitiva^ see-
ing that the original name persica seems to be so much more
appropriate ?
(d) Why has the name ohsoleta been suggested for the variety or
aberration when the variety is still extant and obtainable ?
(e) Are the specimens of the before mentioned variety which are
taken in this country emigrants from Persia, or are they. aberrations
of the English race of Polyommatus icarus / — R. Barnard Cruickshank,
Alverstoke, Hants. February 22nd, 1921.
[If Tutt*s Brit. Lep,, vol. xi. {Brit. Butt., iv.) be consulted under
the indices persica, fugitiva, obsoleta, there will be found a very full,
conaplete, and to me satisfactory, discussion of this case. — Hy. J. T.]
l^OTES ON collecting, Etc.
Dytiscid larv^ as food in Burma. — The Deputy Commissioner
of Lower Chindwin Dist., Monywa, Burma, recently sent the Indian
Museum two large boxes containing the larvae of a Dytiscid, and a
• [No: "this is a very dlBtinct aberration," Bienert. The italics are mipe.-^
S.J.T.]
56 THE entomol.ooist'8 eecx>bd.
number of adult beetles, collected in the lake at Twin, where they
appear during the rams in exceedingly laige numbers. I have identi-
fied the beetles as JJnectes griseus^ Fab., and the larvfe probably belong
to the same species. The interest of the donation lies in the fact that
these larvse are eaten by the natives of the district, probably under the
impression that they are small shrimps. I am informed that Dytiscid
larvse, collected from ponds, are also occasionally eaten by the natives
of various districts in India. — Cedrio Dover, Calcutta, India. January
ISth, 1921.
A Mansfield Mixture. — My son made a special journey to Sber-
wood Forest in March, 1920, on purpose to obtain melanic PJd^dia
pedaria for breeding purposes, but he only took one melanic female.
There were plenty of types of both sexes. The melanic female de-
posited a nice batch of ova, which hatched out in due course ; they
fed up well on hawthorn, and I was in great hopes of rearing some
melanic forms from them. The first to emerge was a rather small
typical male, on December 22nd. They continued by aingle specimens
to emerge daily, but all males, till on December 30th one typical female
emerged, but on January 29th, 1921, they came out with a rush.
About thirty came out, sexes about equal in number, males typical, but
six of the females were melanic. These I have placed with six of the
best marked males, to try my luck again in breeding melanic forms.
The larva of Halia wavaria were rather common in some gardens,
and a second brood was produced. I took the first one on September
24th. They rather increased in numbers up to the end of September.
I took eight specimens and took out eight of the summer brood from
my series and replaced them by eight of the September brood, od the
whole they are rather smaller than the summer brood. On the even-
ing of September 30th one flew into the kitchen and made a most
determined attempt to offer itself up as a burnt offering at the kitchen
light. At last it effected its purpose, I hope to its own satisfaction;
there was just enough of its cremated remains to prove it had been
Halia wavana, »
LarvsB of Abraxas (jrossulariata were not so numerous as usual;
those I fed up from my own garden did not produce me any vars., bnt
I had better luck from larvae I collected from a currant bush growing
wild in a fence, for one produced a nice form, the black on the wings
was normal, but the wings are dusted over with most minute black
atoms, which give it a very dusty look. It is one of my best vars. I
think it is rarer than the form varleyata.
The gooseberry sawfiy larva was a pest, it did not give the lanr»
that fed on the gooseberry foliage, such as H. ivavana and A, gtrtssu-
lariata, a chance to feed. I found the best way to settle their account
was to give the main stem of the tree on which they were feeding •
good sharp blow with the handle of a spade or fork, the more sudden
the blow the more effective it pr'^ved in dislodging the larvsB, ssA
have ready some quick lime and throw it over them.
I think the only larva that occurred in its usual numbers in mj
garden was that of Pltisia utoneta. In 1920 I took about two dozen
larvie and cocoons ; the larvu) are the easiest to get through to the
imago that 1 ever kept, they are similar to pigs, only give them plenty
of food they will thrive and hasten their own end.
OUBRKNT NOTES. 57
The ova are placed on the young flowering spikes of the monkshood,
and in 1919 I had three small lots on the spikes, in small webs, but I
found that they wandered away after the first moult if there were any
Delphiniums near. In 1919 I was very puzzled by the disappearance
of the larvfe, I thought the birds had made a discovery, but I soon after
solved the puzzle by finding both the full fed larva and the cocoons on
the underside of Delphinium foliage. The Monkshood and Delphi-
niums grow close together in my garden. I do not take the trouble to
look for them in the first stage, but if any friend requires a few I now
look for them in the advanced stages. I have never found them in the
webs on Delphinium. During the last season I have not seen either a
Vanessa io or Euchloe cariiaimnes, — William Daws, 89, Wood Street,
Mansfield, Notts.
(•fglURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The Entomological Society, London, held its inaugural meeting in
its new premises on March 2nd, when quite a hundred Fellows and
their friends were welcomed by the President, the Bt. Honble. Lord
Bothschild, M.A., F.R.S. General satisfaction was expressed at what
had been done by the Housing Committee of the Society. A large
number of exhibits were discussed and after the usual conversazione,
tea, etc., in the spacious library, the meeting closed at a late hour.
For a time the Library of the Society will be closed to borrowers
during the rearrangement, although visitors may even now be able to
consult the section devoted to periodical magazines, most of the volumes
of which have been placed.
In the Ent. Neics for November last is the report of an occurrence
of what we may term a case of pseudophoresy. Mr. Mann of the U.S.
Bureau of Entomology, Washington, recently received " specimens of
Mallophatja, several of a small species of Oyroptts, and one of Trico-
dectes, which he found at Quebrada La Camelia, Colombia, attached to
a dragonfly, Ischnogotuphus jessei,'' Gyropiis species are said to live
exclusively on small terrestrial rodents, and the dragonfly has a habit
of alighting on the ground and on low objects, hence we must infer
that the insects became attached when the dragonfly may have settled
on a dead rodent.
In a note on Mental Attitudes towards Insects the Editor of the
Ent. News gives a personal illustration. He had been trying to realise
what must have been the mental attitude of many a cultured Egyptian,
Greek, or Roman towards insects, when the local butcher came. The
Editor continues, ** His business transacted, the butcher observed that
the coming winter was likely to be cold only in the latter part —
because he had been feeling the caterpillars along the road and they
were hard to the touch only at their kind ends."
In the November number of the Caji, Ent, there is a very
interesting account of the life-history and metamorphoses of a '* stick-
insect," Diapheroiina femorata (Phasmidae), found defoliating oak,
basswood and hazel in Quebec. There is an illustration of the curious
manner of copulation ; full details of the oviposition and early stages
ire given at length.
Jg 0 CI E T I E S .
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
November \bth, 1920.— New Members. — Mr. G, K. Ei. ^cy^>Elvci'^^
58 THE bntomologist's record.
Shevinfirton Vicarage, nr. Wigan, and Mr. A. R. Davidson, Foster
Road, Formby, were elected members of the Society.
Paper. —A paper was read by Mr. S. Gordon Smith, F.E.8.,
entitled *' A year's collecting of Macro-Lepidoptera.'* In this most
interesting paper Mr. Smith related his experiences in pursuit of
Lepidoptera from the autumn of 1919 until October of last year.
Delamere Forest came in for a good deal of attention and by persistent
hard work Mr. Smith has obtained some lovely sets of variable
insects ; he shewed that Nyssia hispidmiay previously considered rare
in the forest, was quite a common insect, and had further established,
by counting a large number of moths on the trees, that Phigalia
pedaria var. monacliarla occurred in the proportion of about one to
three of the type in this locality. A large part of the paper was taken
up with the results of breeding ; large numbers of the larvae of the
Vanessidae in particular passed through the cages and yielded some
fine varieties. Probably the most interesting section of the paper was
that dealing with the visitors to electric light. The author had
installed a 2000 C.P. lamp on the balcony of his house overlooking
the River Dee, and the flat, open country beyond. Records of
temperature and weather were kept and their bearing on the number
of insects noted. Thainnonoma brunneataf Acronicta alni and its black
aberration, Cirrlwedia xeratnpeUna and Dicranura furcula were among
the species that came to light. A discussion ensued in which
Professor Newstead, the Rev. F. M. B. Carr, and Mr. Wm. Mansbridge
took part. A vote of thanks was carried by acclamation.
Aberrations of British Lepidoptera. — Mr. Carr exhibited a
variable series of Peridromia saucia, also of Xanthia ferrugma^
Calocampa exoleta and C, vetusta, all taken in his garden at Alvanley
on sugar and rotten fruit, and from Prince's Risboro* a series of
Thera ju7iiperata,
December 20th. — Annual Meeting: — Address. — The President read
an address entitled " The Lepidoptera of Wicken Fen "; he also
exhibited series of insects in illustration. Other exhibits of Fen
insects were made by Messrs. Wm. Mansbridge, C. P. Rimmer, and
S. Gordon Smith.
New Member. — Mr. J. B. Garner-Richards, the Liverpool Collegiate
School, Shaw Street, Liverpool, was elected a member of the Society.
The South London Entomological Society.
December dth. — New Members. — Mr. J. J. Joicey, F.E.S., TheHiH
Witley, Mr. G. Talbot, F.E.S., The Hill Museum, Witley, Mr. A. J.
Wightman, 35, Talbot Terrace, Lewes, and Mr. L. Ford, Park HiH
Bexley, were elected members.
Mr. Sperring exhibited a Cassid, Aspidomorpha sp., from Centra*
Uganda.
Mr. Main made a series of remarks on the keeping of ants ^
artificial formicaria.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, further series of dwarf Agriadea corido*
from Surrey and a second brood of Euphyia picata,
Mr. Bowman, aberrations of Folyomviatus Icarus from FolkestoDB-
Mr. B. S. Williams, Bitkys qnercus ab. w«jo7- from Cornwall and 4^
asymmetrical Coenonympha pamphihis.
Mr. Goodman, a pupa of Hyles enphorbiae from a Counnayeur lar^
REVIEWS. 59
Mr. K. G. Blair, ab. parvipiincta of Rnmicia phlaeaa,
Mr. B. Adkin, a series of t'tychopoda dimidiata (scutulata) wifch their
cocoons ; and read notes on the pupation, showing the natural position
to be among rubbish on or near the surface of the ground.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a small collection of butterflies from W. Java,
notable for brilliant Pierid species.
Mr. Adkin, the Society's Delegate to the Conference at the British
Association, read a short report of the Meeting.
EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
f^ Monde Social des Foumiis da Globe comparS a celui de V Homme,
By Dr. Auguste Forel, Geneva, Librairie Kundig, Editeur. Tome lier,
1921. Pp. i.-xiv. and 192 ; 2 coloured plates, 1 black and white plate,
and 80 figures in the text.
The first volume of this interesting and comprehensive work on
the ants of the World has been sent to us to review. The book will be
completed in five volumes, and we advise all students, not only of
Hymenoptera, but of Entomology in general, who can read the French
language to obtain it as soon as possible. The price 10 francs a
volume (which is very moderate especially taking into consideration
the great cost of publication everywhere at the present time) should
bring the work within the reach of everyone.
Volume I. deals with the genesis of ants, their anatomy, general
classification and geographical distribution.
Chapter I. : Phylogeny (evolution of the species of ants of the
geological epochs up to the present day).
Chapter II. : Ontogeny (evolution from the eg^, and larva to the
adult state). Polymorphism (the three or four kinds of individual
adults).
Chapter III. : Exterior anatomy (skin, hairs, sculpture, limbs).
Chapter IV. : Interior anatomy (digestive canal, nervous system,
brain, glands, muscles, etc.).
Chapter V. : General summary of Classification.
Chapter VI. : Geographical Distribution. Migrations ancient and
modern, local faunas.
Chapter VII. : Fossil Ants.
The beautiful coloured plates as well as all the other illustrations
both original and reproductions are by Mons. E. W. Heinrich and
deserve great praise.
The arrangement of the figures in the text is not good, and gives
considerable trouble to the student. The figures are not in order but
dotted about all over the book ; for example — Fig. 20 is on page 116,
but Fig. 22 is on page 49 ; Fig. 25 on page 43, etc. ! Then in the
text when one is told to see Fig. "so and so," one has to turn to the
index and find out on which page it is, and then tui-n for that page,
and lose one's place, and the sequence of one's thoughts, etc.
It is not our purpose here to discuss the whole work in detail, nor
would the space at our disposal allow of it. We can only touch on a
very few points ; but the reader may rest assured that every problem
concerning ants is mentioned and expounded by the author.
In the preface the author gives a short account of his earliest
experiences with ants at the village of Lonay pres de Merges, where
he spent the first eight years of his life. He also records that at the
age of eleven he was given Pierre Ruber's work on the habits of ants,
60 THE entomolooist's beoobd.
which explained many things he had already noticed himself. From
that time he determined to become a Historian of ants all his life— a
resolve which he has always kept.
It is with regret we notice in a list of names of myrmecologists
(p. xiv.) to whom the author says the science and he himself owes
much, that only one Englishman is mentioned [he being a big game
hunter and not a myrmecologist] ; this we trust is only an oversight.
The author considers that the PmieHnae is the most ancient sab-
family, and the other subfamilies are directly descended from it. This
is the view we hold ourself, though it is not the one held by all the
first myrmecologists.
Forel states the male ant only lives a few dia.ys ; perhaps it is a
little hypercritical to dispute this statement, as he is probably speaking
generally, or in comparison with the lives of workers and females.
Nevertheless male ants can be kept alive for months after the marriage
flight as we have shown {British AntSy p. 27), and this can also take
place in nature {l.c.y p. 207).
As fecundation only once takes place in the life of a female ant,
Forel calls the female a kind of secondary hermaphrodite, who
fecundates herself every time she lays.
In referring to the rapility with which, and the vast areas over
which, Iridomyrmex humilis has spread in recent times the author
says, it has already been recorded from the centre of France. In
British AnU^ p. 842) we have shown that it occurred as a considerable
pest in Belfast in 1900, and that it had been sent to us from Edinburgh
in 1912. Since this was published we have received it from Enfield ;
Eastbourne, where we understood a number of houses have been
practically rendered uninhabitable by it, and Guernsey.
In the chapter on Fossil Ants references are made to most of the
writings on the subject, including that of Westwood in 1854, who the
author remarks made many mistakes. He however does not appear to
be aware that nearly all the British fossil ants have recently been
described and brought up to date — see Cockerell Froc. U.S. Nat, Mvt.
49 488-86 (1915); Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, (s.9) 6 277-78 (1920j;
Donisthorpe Ann. May. Nat. Hist, (s.9) 6 81-94 (1920).
In bringing this short notice to a close we quote one or two remarlai
of the author's, which it may be hoped will encourage more students
to take up the study of ants— the most fascinating of all insects.
^* Let us grant at once that the detailed anatomy of the eggs and
larvsB of ants is still to be made.'*
" Is there enclosed in the egg (as with Termites) the power or the
structure to differentiate the diverse polymorphic forms which spriDf
from it ? It is possible, but it is not yet proved."
" Nothing has yet been proved to show if all the eggs of »^
impregnated female are fecundated when laid, or if some of them ^
not fecundated."
** I repeat that the anatomical and ontogenetic study of ftott
is still nearly entirely to be made, and we do not know where 9sA
when the differences of the individual polymorphic ? , ^ , S , Vi
commence with them.'*
** Here is a metamorphosis as complete as possible, but
anatomy of this transformation is not yet known ; that is to say
details of its ontogeny. Here again is a world to be discovered, »
world in which the larval body is transformed in a few days, into »
body ready to become an ant." — Horace Donisthorpe.
4 WBEK AT LE MONT DORB. 61
A week at le Mont Dore.
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
After long abstinence from Continental travel my wife and I
looked forward with much pleasurable anticipaticfd to a sojourn in *' la
belle France," having rnade up our minds to spend most of our holiday
in Provence.
A short stay, however, at le Mont Dore — Auvergne —might prove
a pleasant half-way house and a very convenient locality wherein to
take a brief rest before going farther afield and setting to work on the
Lepidoptera of southern France.
Le Mont Dore is one of the greatly frequented " watering " places
op the other side of the channel, for it possesses a sumptuously
arranged " ^tablissement thermal," which is famed for its hot sulphur
springs as also for other kinds of medicinal waters. It is an easy
journey from Paris, for we left there at 8 p.m. and arrive 1 at our
destination at 6 in the morning.
Our first day was dull and cool and slightly rainy, but after eleven
o'clock the drizzle ceased. This was the only grey day we experienced
during our trip which lasted about nine weeks. The next day, June
20th, was brilliant and very warm, and we took a walk in the morning
up the side of the hill towards " le Capacin," a high dome shaped
summit 4,800 ft. high, and in the afternoon a walk up the hills on the
opposite side brought me to a high mountain pasture about 4,000 feet,
where Krehia epiphron was not uncommon. The only $ taken is of
the cassiope form with white pupils, the males, however, were variable,
some with the black spots reduced to mere points, or with only two
sub-costal black spots, whilst others had the full complement of four
well marked spots on both wings. K. sti/ffue was common everywhere,.
and these were the only two Krebiae I saw. Heoiles hippotlio'e was just
emerging in first class condition and generally of the typical form,
though I took one female almost of the var. etnybiay but with
the spots elongated into sub-sagittate dashes. I no statices was
copamon in both sexes on the scabious flowers. Insects generally
were by no means plentiful, but the reason was not far to seek, for the
general formation is, I think, granitic, though the height of the
village (le Mont Dore) is not more than 8,400 ft., yet the aspect facing
north is cold, and June the 20th to the 26th was evidently too soon
for any except quite the early emergences. I was specially desirous of
obtaining? Zyijaenidae, but not one did I see of the genus Zy(jaena,
though I searched assiduously both in the valleys as well as on
the hillsides.
The scenery is delightful, and a glorious excursion by automobile
past Lac de Gu^ry to the village and wonderful old church of Orcival,
on through the famous gardens of Chateau Conde will not easily be
forgotten. The church, a double storey one, has the same accommo-
dation below as on the ground floor, for it is possessed of a large,
interesting crypt that provides this curious arrangement — perhaps the
thing that struck one most was the brand new statue of the i^cently
made Sain^e Jean d' Arc, which was in every church we visited. The
country we parsed through, all too quickly alas, contained some of the
most beautiful sub-alpine views that 1 have seen, fortunately on our way
back we were able to stay a short time at the Lac de Servieres.
April, 1920.
62 THE entomologist's RECORD.
partially surrounded and sheltered by a belt of firs and pines of
various sortft, where I again took Erehia epiphron and here captured
the type as well as the variety cassiope, as also the hospita form of
Parasemia plantaginis.^ On another day we went to the Puy de Sancy
6,1B5 feet high, and the highest mountain in <3entral France. My
wife remained in the meadows at the immediate foot, whilst I made a
most interesting ascent, Brenthis enphroayne was quite fresh and I took my
first Colias croceus (edusa) in this district, but as I mounted higher insects
became scarcer and soon Psodos qaadnfm-ia put in an appearance, the
first herald of the approach to Alpine conditions. E, epiphron was of
course again on the wing, and soon after I encountered the first small
patch of snow, and on rounding the shoulder of an outlying buttress
there lay in front of me and above a great mass of some largish yellow
flower that was too far off to decipher though it was a lovely sight
gleaming in the sun, but it was not long before I crossed the rocky
intervening distance and then I found a meadow of daffodils in full
flower, the deeper yellow cup being quite bidden by the primrose
leaves of the calyx until one came quite close, after this more and
more abundantly did they appear up to perhaps 6,000 feet or there-
abouts, but above this they gradually became scarcer and scarcer, and
the true Alpine flowers began slowly to show themselves ; it was
indeed a pleasure to see Gentiana acaulia after so many years absence
from the higher Alps. Parasemia plantaginis and its white form
hns/>ita soon fell to my net, both taken near together, but as I neared
the stimmit butterflies disappeared with the exception of a stray
Aglais nrticae, which I captured for the sake of the locality. Then
came the final stony stretch leading to the top, from whence a
splendid view is obtained north and south, and east and west. Here,
right on the summit and also on the knife edge southern ridge and
just below it was one of those clouds of ants we occasionally
see in their winged state, which settled temporarily on one by
the dozen ; all around the swifts were busy in very large
numbers, and so intent were they on the abundance of food
that they were quite regardless of my presence ; to and fro in
silence they winged their way, ever and anon circling around
me, and so close did they often fly that the movement of the
air was quite perceptible on my cheeks as their wings clove the air
** en passant." Anemones were abundant immediately below the
summit, an occasional sulphur one past its best was now and then
seen, but the white were in abundance, some going over and others in
all stages of growth, so that they made me quite rejoice at once again
being in an Alpine region. The stay, however, was too short and the
region too small to procure the wished for Alpine fauna, and bo
reluctantly the descent had to be made and nothing fresh was added
to my list except more Erebia stygne and Adopaea ftava (thaumafji
together with one or two species of the Hotydae.
Another day was devoted to the Pic du Capucin, up the first fe^
" hundred feet of which a funicular railway is run to the fashionable
tea gardens of the locality, where a small pasture beautifoUj
surrounded by wooded eminences is turned into skating rinks, and
caf^ restaurants and all sorts of temptations wherein to wile away yofl'
i time and part with your money ^-and my wife preferred to rest undet
* the pleasant shade of the trees whilst 1 faced the sun to complete the
A NEW PAL.fQ ARCTIC SPECIES OF THE LYC^NIN^. 63
ascent. A much softer mountain is Capucin (4800 feet) than the
Puy de Sancy, for All its dome shaped Pic is green to the summit, with
grassy slopes and bilberries and all sorts of low growing plants. Here
I took Paimassius apolloy and the only one I saw during my week's
Bojourn ; Erehia sty fine and K, epiphron, again the only ones of their
genus, were not uncommon, Comonyntpha pawphilns was also taken
and a few Geometers as yet unnamed ; Brenthis euphrosyne was in fine
condition and also of considerable size, a few Issoria lathonia occurred
and one or two Melitaea parthenie^ whilst A. fiava {thaumas) was
rather rare.
On the other side of the valley much the same sort of captures
were made, only there, in a stony locality, Paranje maera and its form
^drasta were not uncommon, perhaps the adrasta is scarcely typical,
but it belongs to that race rather than to the parent stcck. A single
Aphantopus hyperantm was taken on this side of the valley. The
Hesperiids were, however, very scarce, only three Aiujiades sylrauHs
fell to my net and but one Hesperia fritilluni race cirdi and one H.
malvae. Of NoctuaB I took but two, Enclidia ulyphica on the wing
and a beautiful black Noctuid, as yet unnamed, at rest close by the
grand cascade. Perhaps I ought also to record a single specimen of
Vrauibus digitellus on the Puy de Sancy.
The extraordinary paucity of species is worthy of note, there was
almost a complete absence of the Pleheiinae and Polyo)iimatinae, for I
only took two specimens, both of which attracted my attention by
their extraordinary appearance, they were evidently blues, but what?
They had no colour at all and when I boxed them they were too worn
to decipher, now that they are set I find they are absolutely scaleless
in all the internervular areas, there being only a vestige of tbe low^er
layer of brown scales along the veins of the wings. The genitalia tell me
they are Polyommattis eumedon, but it is quite impossible to determine
them by their pattern. As I look at. them now I ask myself is it
possible for a Plebeiine to hibernate. I suppose it is not possible, but
the abnormal condition of these two specimens ih mid-June compelled
the thought.
From here we went on to Provence where we spent the remainder
of our holiday, our next resting place (apart from single nights) being
Ja Sainte Baume, but this must be deferred for a later paper.
A new Palaearctic species of the Lycaeninae.
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Lt.-Colonel H. D. Peile, who has returned home recently after spend-
ing some time in Mesopotamia with the army of occupation, has brought
a most interesting collection of Rhopalocera from that region and
among them is an extraordinary and beautiful new Lycaenid belonging
to the datna section of the genus PolyommattiSy which 1 have much
pleasure in dedicating to its fortunate captor.
Polyonimatus peilei, si^.u. — J Both wings yellowish tawny colour
(tbe exact colour is very difficult to describe, at first sight it looks
almost orange), the prevailing tone is deep yellowish. Primaries with
an abundant supply of greyish androconial hairs and small scales,
which give the wing an unusual aspect. The secondaries are almost
free of these scales except in the basal area. Fringes grey, the basal
64 THE entomologist's record.
half being darker than the terminal portion. Underside. Both wings
cream colour with a slight pinkish tinge, with blackish spots palely
encircled. Primaries with a dark crescent closing the cell, a post-
median line of six spots, the lowest, one being double, those in the
radial area are excurved, the fourth and fifth spots recede sharply base-
wards, the sixth (double spot) is shifted outwards.
Secondaries, with all the spots very small and inclined to
obsolescence, but the two sub-costal ones, viz., that near the base and
that half-way along the costa, always present and definite though
small, the spots in the postmedian row are reduced to mere points and
are often absent, there is a trace of a submarginal row of dashes of the
ground colour edged with a tone of cream colour paler than the
ground.
2 Pale brown colour, otherwise like the male on the underside.
Expanse J 38-42, $ 88 mm.
. Habitat, Karind Gorge (N.W. Persia), 6,000 ft. July (H. D.
Peile). Types in the British Museum, six <? ^ and one $ .
The Karind Gorge is just over the Persian frontier.
Lt.-Colonel Peile has generously and patriotically presented the types
to the National Collection whilst he has also been so good as to give me
a specimen.
It is I think the most extraordinary Palsearctic species of the true
Lycaeninae that I know, its colour separates it from everything, but
the underside pattern shows it to be a near ally of that beautiful
species that Staudinger called dama, with which indeed it was flying
when Lt.-Colonel Peile captured it. The androconial scales also
connect it closely with the d(dns group.
Clonus woodi : a Species of Coleoptera new to Science ; with a
Table and some Remarks on the British Species of Clonus.
By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., JF.E.S., etc.
The Rev. Canon Wood asked me to try to identify a couple ot
specimens of a large species of Civnus, which he had taken by
sweeping on the shores of Lake Windermere in 1914, and which b©
had been unable to make agree with any of our known British specieB-
Having failed to name the insect with any of the books I could g^*
hold of, or from specimens at the British Museum, 1 sent one of itx^
specimens to Major Sainte Claire Deville for his opinion. Il*
returned it to me remarking that he had never seen anything like i-^
before, and that it did not agree with any species in the latest work o*^
Ciomis by A. Wingelmiiller, '* Monographie der Palaarktischen Art^^
der Trilms Cionini." [Miinchener Koleopt. Zeitschr. 4 166-2^*^
(1914)]. ^
I have to thank Mr. G. K. Marshall who has recently acquir^^ ^
this work, for kindly lending it to me.
Superlicially this new species bears a close resesemblance to o«-^''
two species (.'. sriop/iidariaCfh. and C. tiibcrculosiis^ Scop. ; but it wouXt
not come in tbe same section in Wiiigelmiiller's table.
in bis table it runs down nearest to (Jionua lovgicolUs^ Bris., viu^*
iHontojiiis, Winglm., from which however it is abundantly distinct ^*
According to Wingelmiiller his var. imnitauus is the insect we haV^
GIONUS WOODI. 66
called lonfficolUsy Bris., in all the Bi-itish records of the same. He
states that the typical form only occurs in tbe western Mediterranean
region, t.^., in the South of France and Spain. The var. montanu$y
which he described in his paper (pp. 195-6), extends over the
mountains and hilly parts of Austria and Germany, but appears to
entirely fail in the plains. He possesses a pair of the so-called
longicollisy Bris., from Portsmouth, and he says these are his var.
montanusj which is a larger and more robust insect than the type.
I have described the new species, which I have called woodi in
honour of its discoverer ; and have drawn up a simple table of- all the
British species of the genus to fit in with that of Fowler, includiilg
both the new species, and the var. montanus, Winglm., of C.
lonyicollh, Bris.
Table of the British Species of Cionus.
I. Presternum concave and deeply incised on its anterior margin,
second joint of funiculus of antennae elongate, as long as the first.
1. Elytra with two common circular black velvety spots, one before
middle, and the other at apex.
A. General colour of elytra black.
a. Thorax furnished with thick pubescence.
aa. Thorax entirely covered with thick yellowish-white
pubescence C. scrophnlariae, L.
bb. Thorax with sides only clothed with thick yellowish-white
pubescence ; disc bare . . C. tnbercidatns, Scop.
b. Thorax without pubescence ; only sprinkled with very
small scales (\ woodi, sp.n.
B. General colour of elytra grey or greenish-grey.
a. Rostrum roughened and pubescent nearly to apex in
both sexes.
aa. Elytra longer, more parallel-sided; legs and rostrum
thicker ; insect lacger, more robust
C. hnKficolliH, Bris., var. montantts, Winglm.
bb. Elytra shorter, less parallel sided; legs and rostrum less
thick; insect smaller, less robust . ('. tluijtsiis, ¥.
b. Rostrum with distal half smooth and shining in ? . .
C. hortnlanns, Fourc.
2. Elytra with a large irregular patch behind scutellum and a
sharply defined circular spot at apex, black ; the former often
more or less brown ; prevailing colour of elytra white . .
('. alatuia, Hbst. (Idattariae, F.).
H. Prosternum not excavate before anterior coxie nor excised on its
anterior margin, ((Jleo/nis, Steph.) ; prevailing colour of elytra
brown, with three longitudinal patches at scutellum, a transverse
fascia behind middle, and a small spot before apex, brown
C. f)nlcli(iliiSj Hbst.
Cionus woodi, sp.n.
Rostrum black, reddish at apex, long, slightly curved, a little broader at apex,
^Ugosely longitudinally punctured nearly to apex in both sexes, longer in ? than
in <r , furnished with sparse golden hairs after insertion of antenna}, which are
slightly more abundant in d" . Antennae reddish, with darker club, inserted beyond
the middle of rostruui, slightly nearer the apex in d" . Head black, longitudinally
punctured, clothed with sparse yellowish scale-like hairs. Kya^ black, large, fiat.
66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RKCOUD.
Thorax black, somewhat shining, closely and finely punctured, superficially
entirely bare, but under the microscope it is seen to be sprinkled all over with veiy
small flat roundish yellow scales. Elytra much broader than thorax, with well
marked shoulders, which are reddish at apex ; strise with deep large rouAd
punctures ; interstices with fine very close punctures, the 4th interstice with coarse
irregular punctures on apical half, 6th interstice broadly dilated behind middle and
with numerous coarse punctures on apical third, 8th interstice with coarse punctures
on apical third ; alternate interstices elevated and furnished with longitudinal deep
black velvety patches of hairs, and alternate golden scale-like hairs ; the sutural
and apical circular spots, which are large and of the same size, are covered with
the same deep black velvety hairs as those on the interstices. The general ground
colour of the elytra is brown with a slight violet tinge. The scutellum is fringed
with golden hairs, as are also the two circular spots, more especially at the base.
Legs reddish, furnished with golden hairs ; intermediate and posterior femora with
very strong teeth. Underside of breast black, sprinkled with similar scales to those
on thorax. Abdomen black, closely punctured, and furnished with sparse golden
hairs. Long, 4-5-5mm. without rostrum, d" with rostrum 5mm., ? 6'2mm.
Described from a ^ and $ , taken by the Rev. Canon Theodore
Wood on the shores of Lake Windermere.
Distribution, etc., of the British species of Cionus.
Cionus scrophulariae^ L., occurs on Scrophnlaria aguaticay S.
nodosa, and Verbascnni. thapsus. It is widely distributed in England,
Scotland, and Ireland. I have taken it in the New Forest, and at
Weybridge, etc., in June.
Cionus tuherculosus. Scop., in marshy places on Scrnphnlana
aquatit'tty S. nodosa, and Verhascinn. Fowler gives the following
localites: — Hammersmith, Notting Hill, and Battersea Fields; Merton,
Barnes, Ripley, Wimbledon, Lee, Greenwich, Cowley, Forest Hill;
Hertford ; Hastings district ; Glanvilles Wootton ; Swansea, Bretby
Wood near Repton ; Scotland '* Dollar," Forth district. In the
supplement we add Kingston-on-Thames; Newbury; Scotland, Loch
Fochan, Argyllshire. I have only once taken this species, when it
was not uncommon on Scrophnlaria aquatica at Kingston-on-Thames,
June 19th, 1896.
Cionus thaj)sus, F. On Scrophularia nodosa and Verbascum thapsus.
Decidedly rare. Fowler gives Micklehani, Portsdown, Glanvilles
Wootton, and Llangollen. The supplement adds Streatley, Beriis,
and Framingham Pigot, Norfolk. I believe it to be more partial to
the black Mullein Verhasann niyruw, on which plant I took it in
numbers on August 22nd, 1906, when in company with P. Harwood
at Streatley.
Cionus lont/icollis, Bris. var. viontanus, Winglm. This sub-species
has occurred at Portsdown Hill, Portsea ; Harewood Forest; and
Barton Mills. In the last locality it is very abundant on I'erbascum
tiiapsus, I have taken it there in May, September and October 1917
and 1920. I sowed seeds of the plant in my garden at Putney in
1917, some of which came up in 1920, and I introduced a number of
the beetle on to them. It will be interesting to see if the insect wiU
survive in its new home.
Cionus hortulanus, Marsh. On Scrophularia nodosa and Verbaseufi^
thapsus ; widely distributed from Norfolk and the midland districts
southwards. Langworth Wood, Lincoln, appears to be the most
northern locality and it has not been found in Scotland. Ireland
widely distributed. I have taken it in June, July and August in th«
New Forest ; Hastings district ; Richmond Park, etc.
NOTES ON COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES AT HONG KONG. 67
«
Clonus alauda, Hbst. [hlattariaej P.). On Scrophnlaria aquatica,
S. nodosa, and Verhascum nigrum. Generally distributed and not un-
common from Norfolk and the Midlands southwards, rarer further
north, Yorkshire, Northumberland, Durham. Scotland scarce, Tweed
and Forth areas.
I have taken it in June and August at Oxted, Battle, Sevenoaks,
etc., etc.
Clonus {Cleopns) pulchellusy Hbst. On ScropJwlaria nodosa. Local:
but widely distributed from Northumberland southwards. Scotland,
rare, Solway district. Ireland, Kerry. I have taken it in May and
July in Coombe Wood, Guestling Wood, Buddon Wood, etc.
: Notes on Collecting Butterflies at Hong Kong.
By Commander G. C. WOODWARD, R.N.
Hong Kong is situated about 70 miles inside the tropics. The
island itself is about seven miles long by about four miles wide, and
rises to a. height of over 1,000 in the centre of the island.
The island is covered with dense vegetation, but there is
nothing much in the way of very large trees, the great majority
being small firs. The island is well looked after by the Afforestation
Department, which prevents the natives cutting any timber, brtish-r
wood, etc.
The mainland is mostly bare, owing to the habit of the natives of
cutting down everything in the way of firewood as fast as it grows.
The seasons roughly divide themselves into a wet and a dry,
the wet season lasting from April to October : during this period the
weather is very hot and moist, with much rain, and the island is
frequently visited by those very violent storms called typhoons, which
sometimes do a large amount of damage. The curious feature about
these typhoons is that they do not seem very destructive to insect life,
as a very few days after the visit of one of these storms, butterflies
appear again in the greatest profusion, and in an undamaged state.
The dry and cold season lasts from November to March, when the
temperature is of temperate description, the thermometer falling
rapidly sometimes down among the forties. These cold snaps some-
times last several days.
Generally speaking the wet season is the best for collecting Lepi-
doptera, April and May and again in September and October being the
best months ; but a spell of warm weather in the dry season seems to
produce its quota of insects, of which a few seem to have different
forms in the wet and dry season.
Among the most brilliant of the butterflies found in Hong Kong
are those of the family Papiliouidae. These splendid insects are well
represented on the island. Among the common and most brilliant is
Fapilio parts ; this insect 1 found to be abundant in the Happy Valley,
where it flits about between the trees with a fairly rapid flight, occa-
sionally stopping to feed at the flowers of Lantana canmra, a very
common shrub on the island, and of which most butterflies seem un-
commonly fond. The commonest Papilio on the island is, I think,
P. helenus. This insect appears everywhere, and seems to be the only
Papilio found here during the dry season, when it sometimes appears,
but is somewhat scarce 'at that time of the year. The largest species
68 THE KNTOMOLOGISt's BECO&b.
of this family is P. meimion, which occurs fairly frequently in the more
wooded parts of the island ; it has a peculiar loping sort of flight, and
is generally travelling much faster than it appears, when one tries to
get it into the net.
The other species of the black forms of Papilio found here are : —
P. protenor, P, polytes, which is common in most places, P. bianot\
which looks somewhat like P. paris when on the wing, and P. aristo-
lochiaBy which is said to be rare, although I succeeded in obtaining
three examples in one day at the Happy Valley ; the Hong Kong
specimens are of a much larger and brighter description than those of
my collection from India and the Malay Stites. I think that this
species may often be mistaken for the "red" female of P. polytes,
which is of frequent occurrence here.
The next three species that I collected belong to the *' Sarpedon"
group, viz., P. mrpedoUy P. ayamefunon, and P. enrypilns. These insects
are fairly common here, but have an extremely rapid flight, and one's
only chance of netting them is when they are poised in front of a
flower engaged in feeding, and even then the utmost caution must be
observed in the approach, as once they are alarmed they are off like
the wind.
^nother strikingly handsome Papilio found here is P. antiphates)
which occurs in the rainy' season, but did nofc seem to me to be verj
common ; I only found it during the month of July, on the mainland.
P. clytia, in the black and white form, is also fairly frequent. This
insect appears to mimic Certain species of the Danaidae^ which are of
such common occurrence here. The last of the "swallow-tails"
here is P. demoleuSyS, fairly common species, and found on waste pieces
of ground.
From the foregoing list it will be seen that the genus Papilio is
well represented for so small an area. It will also be observed that
although Hong Kong is nearly outside the tropics, and has a temperate
and sometimes quite cold winter, the species are nearly all tropical and
not Balaearctic.
I have not found that the Fam. Pieridae is so well represented as
one would suppose. I only succeeded in obtaining nine species of this
large family during my stay here, although I expect that there were
other members of the family that I did not succeed in obtaining.
About the most brilliant of the Pierids I found was Delias hierte,
which I discovered was uncommon, and when seen was generally flyin,
at a great height around trees. 7). pasithoe 1 noted in the month o:
February, it seemed local, but common enough when found. TemB
liecabe is about the commonest insect here, it seems to be everywhere,
flitting here and there low down over the ground. Other species I have
collected here are Lvian pyrene, llehomoia (jUuicippe, which generally
flies fairly high up amongst the trees, and the two Catopsilia^ C
pyrantlie and C. pmnoua, both of which are coiuuion on waste ground.
Of the genus Pioix, P. canidia and I\ roro///.s- are the only two I
have captured here, both of thoin very coumion at the right season.
Among sonio of the more striking of the Lepidoptera found here are
those of • the Siil) Fam. Danainac, the coimnonest species being
Dana is si in His, ^Yhich abounds everywhere. The other species of the
black and i^reenish Oanaids I have ol)taiue(l b^ing I), limniace and A
si'j/ti'utrionisj which, while fairly couiinon, are not so frequently met
NOTES ON 0OLLECTIN6 BUTTERFLIES AT HONG KONG. 69
with as the first one. D. plexlppm is a very common insect, and
one that appears in the winter should the weather become warm
-enough. D, chrysippus is here, as elsewhere in the eastern tropics,
very common.
The genus Enploea is well represented by individuals, these con-
spicuous insects being v^ry abundant. They have a floating lazy land
of flight, and are quite easy to capture. The two species I found
common are E. widamus and E. atnymone.
The Sattjridae are represented by the genera f.ethey Mi/calesis,
Meianitis, and Ypthima. Of the first-named genus, Lethe enropOy is the
representative, this insect is very common, especially round clumps of
bamboo. Another insect extremely common in similar situa-
tions is Mycaleau mineus; it has a very weak and jerky sort of flight,
and flits in and out among the undergrowth. Of the third genus the
.species found is Melanitia leda. I did not note it very com-
monly, and it appears to have two separate forms, one found in the dry
.land the other in the wet season. The last species is that extremely
abundant little butterfly Ypthima avmita, which seems to turn up every-
where in the greatest profusion.
Among the Nymphalinae, there appears to be quite a large number
'of species found in Hong Kong.
Among the commonest is Cupha enjmanthis, which I found likes to
keep to the more wooded portion of the island : also Atella phalantha^
which inhabits similar localities. Another pretty little butterfly found
here is Symbrenthia Uicina^ but I think it must be rare, as I only saw
one specimen. Pyrameis cardni occurs, as in most other places of the
world, but not commonly. The genus Precis is well represented, I
have taken the following, P. onjthia, P. ahnana, two forms, one wet
.Reason and one dry, common; P, lemoniaa, Qovavaon \ and P. oenone.
Of the last-named species I only took one specimen, so I conclude it is
uncommon most years. Two species of Xe^tis, N. eurymime and N,
columneUa^ both fairly common ; Athyma nefte and A. perina, both rather
hard to capture. PUithalia phemius I found fairly commonly, it is
fond of sitting on leaves of trees rather high up. Among the genus
Apaturalnoted A. parisatis, the $ more frequent than the <^ . I have
nearly always taken it settled on the ground. Among the ( 'ha raxes,
C. pohjxena appears to be the representative here, it is found in the
wooded localities. Of the Sub-Fam. XemeMinae I have taken Ahiaara
echeriuny which appears to be out even on the coldest days, and seems to
be a sluggish little butterfly, which flits about close to the ground,
settling every few yards.
Among the Lycaenids there are some I have not yet been able to
identity, but the following are the species I have named so far :
(jiiyetis dentata ; Zizera maha, found commonly in grassy places, flitting
close to the ground; Jamidei^ hochiis, uncommon ; Lehcra cryj-, uncom-
mon ; Spindasis lohita, and ( 'hiladea loins, fond of grassy places and waste
ground. This brings my list of Lycacnidai'. to an end, owin.L^ to lack of
means to identify species ; but I have several species in my collection
I took at Hong Kong I have not yet been able to identify.
Hong Kong appears to be very rich in Hesperiids. Among the
species I took there is Parnara (/nttatns, the others I have not yet had
time to identify. Taking into consideration the fact that being
in a ship at Hong Kong for only short intervals, and therefore not
70 THE entomologist's RECORD.
having such good opportunities for collecting in one given spot as if
one were stationed ashore, it would seem from these short notes,
that considering its small size, the Island of Hong Kong must be
extraordinarily prolific in its lepidopterous fauna.
Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy during the year 1920.
By 0. QUERCI.
(Continued frontpage 29.)
On August 1st, 1920, my son-in-law, Dr. Enzo Bomei left for the
Monti Sibillini to complete the researches begun by my wife and
daughter in 1912 and continued in 1918, in 1918 and in 1919. The
Monti Sibillini afford a lepidopterogical fauna very rich and varied,
but every species is localized and to collect many species it is necessary
to walk long distances by difficult and fatiguing paths and often, on
account of the long distances, to sleep on open mountains. My wife
and daughter, though active and indefatigable walkers, often found
themselves confronted by difficulties which they could not surmount.
Dr. Romei, a young and energetic arnay officer accustomed to the hard
life of the Alps during the war and inspired by great love of lepidop-
terology, was certainly in excellent condition to reach the furthest and .
most difficult localities and to complete the entomological study of the
Sibillini.
As in the whole of peninsular Italy so also in the Sibillini mountains
the emergence of lepidoptera takes place in two periods sharply
divided by the summer pause, which corresponds with the time of
greatest heat and drought. In normal years the first period lasts froni
June 15th to July 20th, and in this period there emerge: — Syntomn
phetjea, L., race ptifieiiteri, Wacq. S. morjana, Stauder, race qnerciiy
Vrty. Procn's staticeSy L., race not identified. P. globulariae, Hb.,
race notata, Z. P. coijnata, Ramb., race not identified. P. tennicomn,
7i., race not identified. P. <ierij(ni^ Hb., race not identified. Zyijama
rublcuntius, Hb., race rubicund na. Z. purimraliSy Briinn., race fioriif
Costantini. Z, scabioaae, Schev., race orion^ Calb. Z, acJdlleae, Esp.,
race aestivalis^ Obth. Z. hmicerae, Schev., race vivax, Vrty. Z.
stoechadia, Bkh., race }fnnifiva(/a, Vrty. Z, transalpina, Esp., race
altitndinaria, Trti. Z. oa^ytropis, B., race sibylliua, Vrty. Z, carniolka^
Scop., race iurerta, Rocci. Nisoniades tatjes^ L., race clams, Carad., !•
gen. ta(/(is. Erynnis lavatJierue, Esp., rB,ce a iistraliorf Vrty. FJ. baetiea,
Rauib., race rostayiioi, Vrty. liesreria nerraUdae^ Ramb., race una- .
tulae. II. nialvoideSf Elw. and Edw., race pseudomalrae, Vrty., I. gen.
pseudomalvae. Poirellia sao, Hb., race yractlis, Vrty., I. gen. soo-
Auyiades sylvanus^ Esp., race sylvan us (only one generation in tbfl
Sibillini). (.'hrysopha)ius hi/ipotlw'e, L., race italica, Calb. Ruinicui
vidaeas, L., race eleus, F., II. gen. initia-caudata, Tutt, and eleutt F*
Loweia aleipkron, Rott., race ronninoruui, Fruhst. Glaucopxtfcht
cyllarus, Rott., race pauper, Vrty. Scolitantides baton, Bgstr., race6flfo«
(only one generation in the Sibillini). Ayriades thetis, Rott., raoe^
apenniniyenay Vrty., I. gen. apenniniyena. A. thersites (Cant.), Chap-
man, race lueridiana, Vrty., I. gen. hibernata, Vrty. Polyommaiut |
tear us, Rott., race zelleri, Vrty., I. gen, zclleri. Celaatrina seiuiargMy
Rott., race porrecta, Vrty. Hirsutina dauion^ Schiff., race amoiMi
Vrty. Bithys quercdsy L., race intcrjecta, Vrty. Kluyia spini, SchifLi
LBPIDOPTERA IN PENINSULAR ITALY DURING THE YEAR 1920. 71
race minuta, Vrty. Lihythea celtiSf L., race celtis. Leptosia sinapis, L.,
race hivittatay I. gen. lathyri, Hb. Pieria rapae, L., race rapae^ I. gen.
metra, Steph. P. tiapi, L., race vulgaris, Vrty., I. gen. 7iapL P.
hrassicae, L., race lepidii, Rob., II. gen. lepidii. Aporia crataetji, L.,
race minor^ Vrty. Parnassins ninemosyne, L., race fru/iHtorfen, Trti.
Coenonympha tiphon, Botfc., race italicay Vrty. C\ pamphilns, L., race
emiaustralis, Vrty., I. gen. emiaiistralis. Krehia cetOj Hb., race obscnra^
Hatz. £". stygne, 0., race ni/iZi, Frubst. ( = ralesiaca, Elw.). E.yorfje,
Esp., race carhoncina, Vrty. Melanaryia yalathea, L., race monticolay
Vrty. M, japyymy Cyr.y T&ce tnedioitaiicay Yrty, Parnrye meyera, L.,
race yneyei-a, I. gen. ineyera, P. )naera, L., race apetmina, Vrty., 1. gen.
apennina. Satyr us cordnla^ F., race calabra, Costa ( = acteiua, Obtbr.).
Hipparchia semeUy L., race f«>Y8, Frubst. Melitaea athalia, Rott., race
tenuicola, Vrty. 3/, raria, Meyer-Diir, race rarisaium jYrty. Aryynnis
aglaia, L., race apeyininicola, Vrty. ^. niohey L., race apenninicay Vrty.
Pyrameis carduiy L., race cardiielisy Cr.
We bave never found tbe I. gen. of /?. phlaeas and Z^. brassicae
whicb perbaps emerge very early in tbe season.
In tbe second period, from August 3rd to September 20tb, emerge:
^. stoechadisy Bkb., race moutivayay Vrty. (tbe individuals
whose development was delayed by tbe summer pause). Z, trans-
aZ/>i;m, . Esp., race altitudinariay Trti. (same as before). A\ tayeHy
L., race clarusy Carad., II. gen. darns. H. rarthanii, Hb., race
carthami. H. alvei(s, Hb., race centralitaliae, Vrty. f], fouhjuieriy
Obtbr., race picena, Vrty. H, tnwpordi^ Ramb., race fnlmthictay Vrty.,
II. gen. fulvotincta (tbe I. gen. bas never been found in tbe Sibillini).
U. arnunicanus, Obtbr., race fnlvoinspeisay Vrty., II. gen. fulvoinspersa
(same as before). H. malroidesy Elw. and Edw., race pa^endcinalraey
Vrty., II. gen. malvoides. P. sao, Hb., race yracilisy Vrty., II. gen.
gracilis, A. fiavay Briinn. { = than was, Hufn.), race i her tea, Tntt. A.
acteoUy Rott., race acfeon. Vrbicola comma, L., race alpina Batb. H,
viryaureae, L., race apennina , Calb. R. phlaeas, L., race elens, F., III.
gen. eleus. A. coridon, Poda, race sihylUna, Vrty. A, tlictis, Rett.,
race apenniniyenay Vrty., II. gen. apenniniyena, A. tliersites (Cant.),
Cbapman, race nieridiana, Vrty., II. gen. meridiana. P. icarns, Rott.,
race zelleri, Vrty., II. gen. aestivalisy Tutt. P. weleayer, Esp., race
squalida, Vrty. P. tithonusy Hb. ( = eroSy 0.), race italicay Obtbr. IL
damimy Scbiff., race ansonia, Vrty. (tbe specimens wbose development
■was delayed by tbe summer pause). H. didns, Hb., race riryilioy
Obtbr. A. medony Hiifn., race ayestis, W.V., II. gen. ae.stira, Stgr. (we
bave never found tbe I. gen.). P. aryns, L. { = aeyon, Scbiff.), race
opemmiicolay Vrty. Nordnmnnia iiicisy Esp., race iiioniata, Vrty.
Colias croceus, Fourc. ( = ednsay F.), race crocensy III. gen. crocens (tbe
!• and II. gen. bave not been found in tbe Sibillini). L. sina])is, L.,
race bivittata, Vrty., II. gen. bivittata. l\ napi, L., race vnlyaris,
Vrty., II. gen. napaeaey Esp. (tbe III. gen. seems to be wanting in tbe
Sibillini). P. rapae, L., race rapacy L., III. gen. autumnalis, Stauder
(^tertiay Vrty.) ; (tbe II. gen. emerges in very few individuals during
the summer pause). P. brasnicae, L., race lepidii, Rob., III. gen.
O'^tumnalisy Stauder [=:tertia, Vrty.). P. apollo, L., race enapemiinnsy
vrty. C, pamphilnSy L., race enrianstralisy Vrty., IL gen. aestivalis,
Rocci. Hyponephele lycaon, Rott., race analainpra, Trti. Krebia
jui'tinay L., r&ce janiray L. K. neoridasy B., race sibyllina, Vrty. K.
72 THE entomologist's RECORD.
ligea, L., race swc/a, Fruhst. K. tyn^arus, Esp., race majellana^ Frahst.
(=zihfrarfjienteaj Vrty.). P, meftera, L., race megera, II. gen. filiplnma^
Ball. 6'. fatji^ Scop. ( = hermione^ auct.), race major, Esp. if. hruek,
L., race interjecta, Vrby. L. rlnilariSf Scop. [ = cannlla, auct.), race
Hvularis, III. gen. prodigay Fruhst. (the other gen. seem to be wanting
in the Sibillini). Melitaea didyma, Esp. (only one individual was found
in August, 1919). A. cydipvey L., race clarens, Vrty. Dry as paphia,
L., race maynata, Vrty. Polyyonia c-albinn, L., race c-albmn.
Dr. Romei immediately began his researches on the summits of
the mountain mass of the Sibillini, specially looking for P. apollo, E,
ligea and K. tyndanis, but he found absolutely nothing. Pursuing his
researches in the less elevated localities he collected from August 2nd
to 13th a few specimens of H, foidqaieri. A, comma, H. virgaiireae, A.
thetis, P. icarnsy P, hylaa, Z. transalpina, and a great number of A.
coridon and A', neoridas. All the other species of the second period
were absent notwithstanding that the eppch was just that of their
emergence.
My son-in-law had collected with us on the Monte Sumbra many
A. coridon in July, and now he found the same species 'which emerged
later on account of the greater elevation of the mountain mass. The
conditions of capture were also changed : on the Sumbra the A.
coridon could take refuge in the evening on the stems of grass and
their capture was much easier; on the Sibillini instead all the grass
had been destroyed by the prolonged drought. An infinite niimber of
A. coridon flew near the ground without finding convenient resting
places. In order to capture them with greater ease Dr. Romei
diverted a stream of water and inundated a zone of ground, the thirsty
A. coridon hurried to it and could be captured in masses by beating
the ground with the foot, making them fly and taking them on the
wing. In this way he was able to bring back about two thousand
very perfect specimens, amongst which were some notable specimens
of the form cinnus, Hb., and corydonis, Bgstr.
Towards August 20th all emergence of insects ceased, and on
September 1st my son-in-law returned to Florence and we went
together to see if by the effect of the rains the *' pause" had finished
at the Pian di Mugnone. The ground had greened over, many
flowers had come out, and the absence of Lepidoptera was not so
marked as in the preceding months of June, July and August.
From September 5th to 20th there was a great emergence of the
species which in normal years appear in August. At first Dr. Romei
and I, and afterwards also my wife and daughter, who had escaped
from the earthquake of the Garfagnana, collected assiduously, and I
give here the list and the comparison with the preceding years: —
xY. tages, L., race rlanifi, Carad. II. gen. clarus. — Only one pa'f-
male and female.
/v. altheac, Hb., race anatralifonnis, Vrty., II. gen. aKstraliforndi.-^
Absent.
/'.'. all-ear, Esp., race austialis^ Z., II. gen. australis.—Oii^]
one male.
//. ono/iorili, Ramb., race fid rot i)irta, Vrty., II. gen. fidvotincta.-^
Several individuals, but the underside is not so fulvous as in the
specinjens of ihe ('amaione valley.
/y. armoriranKs, Obthr., race ffilr()insi)ersay Vrty., II. gen. /«^f"'
inspersa. — Same as before.
I
• ^iEPIDOPTBRA IN PENINSULAR ITALY DURING THE YEAR 1920. Idt.
H, malvoides, Elw. and Edw., race pseudomalvae, Vrty., II. gen.
malvoides, — Absent.
P. sao, Hb., race gracilis, Vrty., II. gen. gracilis. — Only one male.
U, cominaj L., race apennina, Rostagno. — Absent.
A, sijlvanm, Esp., race sylvanus, II. gen. m inula, Vrty. — Only
one pair.
R, phlaeas, L., race nigrioreUus, Vrty., III. gen. nignoreleits, —
Very few individuals.
Loweia dorilisy Hufn., race italorum, Vrty., II. gen. if alarum, —
Only one female.
S. baton, ligstr., race baton, II. gen. bato)i. — Absent.
A. aragonensis (Gerh.) Vrty., race liorentiua, Vity., II. gen. altera,
Vrty. — Abundant.
A. thetis, Rott., race etrusca, Vrty., II. gen. etnisca. — Scarce, while
in August, 1917, it was very abundant.
A. thersites (Cant.) Chapman, race nieridiana, Vrty., II. gen.
weridiana, Vrty. — Abundant. Several specimens are very small.
/'. icanis, Rett., race zelleri, Vrty., II. gen. aestivalis, Tutb. — We
collected more than 2000 specimens, but we did not find any aberration.
Aricia medon, Hufn., race pallidefulva, Vrty., II. gen. pallidefnlva. —
Emerged in greater numbers than in the preceding years.
Everes alcctas, Hb., race alcetas^ II. gen. alcetas. — One pair only.
Celastrina argioliis, L., race calidogenita, Vrty,, III. gen. canicularis,
Vrty. — One female only.
Baywardia telicanus, Lang., race teliraniis. — Frequent.
Lampidcs boeticus, L., race boeticus. — One pair only.
Gonepteryx cleopatra, L., race europaens, Vrty., III. gen. tertla,
Vrty. — Absent.
6r. rhanini, L., race transiens, Vrty., III. gen. tertia, Vrty. — Absent,.
C. crocens, Fourc, race crnceus, III. gen. crorens. — A few specimens.
C. hyale, L., race calida, Vrty., III. gen. calida. — Absent, whilst in
the preceding years it was very abundant.
L. sinapis, L., race bivittata, Vrty., III. gen. bivittata. — Absent.
Fontia daplidice, L., race daplidice. III. gen. daplidice. — A few
specimens.
Pieris napi, L., race vulgaris^ Vrty., III. gen. napaeae, Esp. —
Very scarce.
F, manni (Mayer), Trti., race rossii, Stef., III. gen. tertia. Vrty. —
Absent.
F, brassicae, L., race catoleuca, Rob., III. gen. antiDnnalis, Stauder
^ = tertia, Vrty.). — Absent, whilst m the preceding years it was
abundant.
Fapiiio machaon, L., race einispldrns, Vrty., III. gen. aestinis. Z. —
Absent.
C. pawphilus, L., race aiixtralis, Vrty., II. gen. euiili/Uiis, Vrty. —
Two specimens.
C, arcanins, L., race tenuelhuho, Vrty., II. gen. gracilis, Vrty. —
Absent, whilst in the valley of the Camaione it has been very abundant
this year.
F. megera, L., race megera. III. gen. /ilij)lnma, Ball. — Only
one specimen.
S. statilinus, Hufn., race intennedia, Vrty. — One male only.
iS. fcigi, Scop., race major, Esp. — A few specimens.
74 THE entomologist's becord.
H, semehf L., race tereSy Fruhst. — One male.
H, briseia, L., race demlnuta, Fruhst. — One male.
L. rii'idariSf Scop., race rivulans, III. gen. prodiga, Fruhst. — A
few specimens.
M. phoebe, Enoch., race pauper, Vrty., II. gen. pauper, — Absent,
whilst in 1917 it had been very abundant.
M, didyma, Esp., race protea, Vrty., II. gen. caldaria, Vrty.—
Frequent.
Brenthu dia, L., race laetior, Vrty., III. gen. fiavens, Vrty.—
Frequent.
I), pa phi a J L., race mayniiica, Vrty. — Absent.
It is to be noted that in this second period of emergence in the
neighbourhood of Florence there was a delay of a moath in the
renewal of the development of Lepidoptera compared with the normal
epoch, as well as an absence of the commonest and most diflfused
species. Only P, icanis and A. thersites emerged in greater number
than in the preceding years.
In the first fifteen days of October there was a period of rains, but
on the 14th, 15th, and 16th the fine weather returned and we
collected : —
/y. annoricaniiSj Ij.,x&cq falvo In spersa, Vrty., II. gen. fulvoinspersa,—
A few specimens.
R, phlaeas, L., race niijrioreleus, Vrty., IV. extraord. gen. initk-
caudata, Tutt. — -Several specimens.
A. thersites (Cant.) Chapman, race meridianay Vrty. — Extremely
small ** tardy " individuals of the second gen. weridiana, Vrty.
A. thetisy Rote, race etrnsra, Vrty. — "Precocious** autumnal
individuals of the I. gen. w/a/a, Vrty.
P. icarusy Hott., race zelleri, Vrty., II. gen. aestivalis, Tutt. — Small
iadividuals.
C, hi/ale, L., race calida, Vrty.^ — *' Precocious" autumnal individaals
joi the I. gen. vemalis, Vrty.
C. croceus, E'ourcr., race croceus, — ** Precocious " autumnal indi-
viduals of the I. gen. rernalis, Vrty. ,
P. uianni (Mayer) Trti., race rosdi, Stef. — ** Precocious" autumnal
individuals of the I. gen. farpa, Fruhst.
The weather was once more fine from November 11th to 15th,
but no Lepidoptera in perfect condition were found in the country, now
covered with dried leaves fallen from the trees. Our collecting for
1920 was at an end.
I have collected Lepidoptera for many years in Italy, but I do not
remember another year so adverse to the development of insects. Not
only Lepidoptera were scarce, but also ants, dragon-flies and
Coleoptera. The crickets w^ere not so abundant as usual. Only the
Diptera appeared in considerable quantity, and we collected many
species in Florence, in Calabria, in Garfagnana, and especially in the
Valley of Camaione. The Diptera were wanting on the Sibillim
niountains, so that Dr. Romei only brought back about 40 specimens,
chiedy iabauidae,
A similar season occurred in 1890, and I remember that in
month of June I made long excursions in the Roman Campagna
in the Alban hills near Home without seeing an insect except swarins
.of crickets. In 1909 we collected every day in the Aurunci mountains
GOLEOPTERA. 75
(Naples) ; io the month of June of that year we took less than 100
Bhopalocera and in July none at all, while in June, 1911, we caught
on the same Aurunci mountains more than 5,000 Bhopalocera.
In the months of May and June, 1918, both in Florence and in the
Mainarde mountains (Neapolitan Apennines) the Bhopalocera were
scarce, but in compensation the Zygaenae were abundant, whilst this
year also they were wanting.
A sudden cessation of development in the analogous species in
which it happened this year in Florence, Calabria, and in Garfagnana,
happened to my wife and daughter in Sicily in June, 1918, and
another in the Mainarde mountains on June 17th, 1919. My family
then left the Mainarde hoping to find better sport in higher mountains
and covered great distances on the Maiella (Molise) and on the Gran
8asso d'ltalia (Abruzzi) without finding a trace of Lepidoptera ; on
. the other hand, in the August of the same year, they were able to
make abundant collections in the Sibillini, whilst this year also this
locality gave negative results.
The collections of this year have not furnished any data for exact
determination of the number of broods of Bhopalocera, because many
species, whilst generally emerging several times in the year, have only
had one single period of development, and some have not appeared at all.
Thus the question of the number of broods of G. cleopatra, to which
Mr. J. A. Simes alludes in the number for November, 1920, of the
Ent, Rec, has remained unsolved. I think that Dr. Verity is right in
attributing three broods to this species, at least in Tuscany, which is
without doubt the region of Italy most favourable for the development
of Lepidoptera. I consider that Mr. Simes has been led into error by
the phenomenon of the suppression of emergence which is so frequent
in the high mountains, in the hills of Southern Italy, and along the
shores of the Mediter cancan.
I take this occasion to declare that Mr. Simes is perfectly right
when he asserts {hhit, itec, 1920, p. 191), that the number of females
•of M. arge is about one-fifth of that of the males. Dr. Verity ban not
personally collected this species, and he was led into error by the notes
which I furnished on my collecting of M. arge made at Formia
(Naples) in 1910 and 1911. In those two years the number of females
was actually greater than that of males, but the season must have
•contributed to produce this abnormal fact. From May 10th to 20th
*in the years above mentioned, whilst the males %i M. arge were
•enaerging, rain fell without interruption and the males could not
•develop their wings. From May 21st to 30th the weather was
excellent and the females were all able to reach development. That
•this happened is shown by the fact that in 1919, in which tbe weather
in the month of May was always fine, the number of males was at
least five times that of the females, and the same proportion occurred
this year in Calabria where the M, arge offers the beautiful race turatii,
fiostagno {=cncmzanay Stauder), and is considerably more scarce
than at Formia and Brindisi.
@OLEOPTERA.
Becords of Coccinella 11 -punctata, L. — With reference to Mr.
XiOng's note on records of this Coccinellid on p. 31 of the present
76 THE entomologist's record.
volume, he would appear to have overlooked my notes on Coccinellidae
(vol. xxxi., p. 218), where I have already recorded two specimens of
ab. taniaricis, Ws., taken in August, 1919, in this district. I have since
taken another specimen at Ashtead Manor (March, 19.20) and my
brother, Mr. S. C. Leman, also took one at Southsea (April, 1920).
I have also in my collection a hybrid specimen taken here in 1919
showing typical spots on right elytron and those of ab. tamai-icis, Ws.,
on left elytron and which for purposes of distinction in my collection I
call by the MS. name of dnistro-tamaricu.
Hybrids in this Coccinellid seem not uncommon as I have other
specimens in my collection, which on the analogy of the above M8r
name I distinguish as : (hj-tro-conflneiis, aiiiistro-confinens, Haw., dextro-
cakilea, nuistro-cnkiles^ Ws., d^xtrortripitnctata, L., truiisenqni-d^xtrO'
'punctata^ mihi., aiiiistro-salsoloe, Ws., and ainistro-O-punctatiii, L.
I have not taken however ab. saholoe, Ws,, yet. — G. B. C. LbmaNj^
162, West Hill, Putney, S.W. 15.
Addenddm and a Correction. — In my note on '* A New Locality
for Dnjophibis anohioides, Chevr., and some other Colepptera froitt
Freckenham and Barton Mills. I'hit. Rec, 32 152 (1920) when giving
th,e British localities for the Drj/ophilus I omitted to mention its
capture in June, 1914, by Messrs. Morley and Elliott at Palmer's-
Heath near Brandon. In the same paper when recording the species
taken on broom I wrote " Bruchim loti, Pk.," when I intended to ha,v®
written Bruchus ater, Marsh. ; and *' Apion rnfirostre, F.,'* instead of
writing Apion fuscirostre, F. — Horace Donisthorpe.
j^GIENTlFIG NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.
Broods and Differentiation of Gonepteryx cleopatra and Gr
RHAMNi. — Being now in Zurich I am naturally reading up Swss
entomology, noting chiefly what Frey says about those species of
Lepidoptera which one may hope to meet with in early spring. I find
he was of the opinion that Ooneptery.v rhanini has two broods, one in
June- July and a second from August onwards which hibernates.
Frey also doubted if G. cleopatra was really a separate species. (Frey,
Lepidopteren der Schiceiz, p. 9, 1880.)
This latter point causes me to pen these few lines. On one of
those delightful a^d instructive Sunday evenings that we used to ♦
spend at the late Mr. Tutt's house, the question arose as to what
difference there might be between the $ of G. cleopatra and that of
rliamni. Tutt got out his series of both and on looking at the under-
sides I noticed that the costa of the hindwing was convex in cleopatra
and nearly straight in rhamni. In order to test this feature Tutt
made me stand with my back to the cabinet drawers containing the
series so that I could not see the data and then brought m^ specimeus
to name, this I was able to do correctly by observing the shape of the.
hindwing only. As far as I remember no note was made of this ftt
the time. — Alfkkd Sicn, Zurich, March ItJi, 1921.
NoMKNCLATURK. — PoLYOMMATus ICARUS [sec aute^ p. 64] . — All th*
above dilliculties are easily explained : —
'rh(j '' presumption " is incorrect, Bienert definitely calls ;?«ff«ca WJ
** aberration."
OURKKNT NOTES. 77
(a) The authority is his own description of the insect in question.
(b) Nothing is, as a rule, more futile than to puzzle as to the ''why
and wherefore" of nomenclature; it is frequently meaningless, and
when it has a meaning is sometimes quite misleading ; in this «ase,
however, Bienert obviously called it jiemica because he took it in Persia,
a fact which would certainly not preclude its occurrence elsewhere,
which it would be almost certain to do even if it were (which it is not)
the dominant form in Persia.
(c) Because fugitiva is the first name which was ever applied to the
Persian race ; its appropriateness or otherwise cannot be taken into
consideration.
((/) Obsoleta refers to the ^7>o^s, not to the insect.
{e) Of course aberrations of the English race, corresponding with
an aberration of the fnrfitiro race, which happened to be the first
example named. — G. Wheeler.
JS^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Gynandromorph of Pyrameis atalanta. — Mr. C. Greenwood of
Bristol has been good enough to send me for inspection, an example of
this butterfly bred by himself last season tbat has every appearance of
being a gynandromorph. The wings on the left side are much
smaller than those on the right, the difference in size being most
marked ; there is no sign of deformity, all the wings being perfectly
formed. The markings on the underside do not quite agree, and the
body appears to be of female form. I am of opinion that this is a
true hermaphrodite, but owing to the similarity of marking in both
sexes only an examination by such an expert as Dr. Cockayne could
definitely decide the point.
In the list of gynandromorphic butterflies published by Mr. H. J.
Turner in the Eiit. Record, vol. xxvii., p. 68, one example of Purameis
atalanta, apparently of continental origin, is included, and this is the
only record I know of. No doubt, gynandros of the Vanessidae would
escape observation owing to the similarity of both sexes ; this I assume
accounts for the paucity of records. — S. G. Castle-Russell, Andover,
Hants.
A NEW RECORD FOR Eriosoma langehum. — Ou Novcmbcr 6th of
last year I found a shrub {Cotoneaster sp. ?) in my garden at Putney
was infested with a large number of the ** woolly apple aphis"
{Kriosoma laniferiun). Mr. Laing, who kindly identified this aphis for
me, tells me that the species has not previously been recorded as being
found on this shrub. — H. Donisthorpe, Putney, March, 1921.
(iSURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
Our colleague, the Rev. Geo. Wheeler, M.A., has unfortunately
met with an accident in the street which, although not apparently
serious at first, seems to have considerably upset his nervous system,
so that he feels himself with much regret compelled to give up the
now very onerous duties of Honorary Secretary of the Entomological
Society, London. Mr. H. RoAvland-Brown, M.A., has succeeded him
78 THE ENTOM()J^OG18T*8 RKCORD.
as Secretary. We may note, in this connection, that all communica-
tions for the Society should be addressed to 41, Queen's Gate, South
Kensington, S.W. 7.
The Report of the Council of the Ray Society is to hand. The
President is Professor W. C. Mcintosh, M.D., L.L.D., D.Sc., etc.
There is an increase of membership for the year 1920, but to
adequately carry on the activities of the Society will need a consider-
ably greater increase in subscriptions and income in the near future.
The Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, K.R.S., was elected a Vice-President,
and Mr. E. E. Green, F.E.S., a member of Council. The Hon.
Secretary is Dr. W. T. Caiman, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S., 1, Mount Park
Crescent, Ealing, London, W. 5.
The Publishers of the Genera Insectorom announce the issue of the
fascicule on the Tahanidae (Dip,).
We are pleased to announce that the Fellows of the Entomological
Society, London, can now obtain books and separata on loan as usual.
Although much still remains to be done in the re-arrangement and
equipment of the Library, it is possible for the sub-librarian now to
find most of the items which have been applied for during the past few
months; Of course Fellows understand that the postage both ways is
paid by the borrower.
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
October %th, 1920. — Election of Fellows. — Messrs. A. M. Altson,
26, Addison Mansions, Blythe Road, West Kensington ; Hubert Mere-
dydd Morris, M.Sc, Institute of Plant Pathology, Rothamsted Experi-
mental Station, Harpenden ; Sydney Douglas-Crorapton, Villa Helvetia,
Costebelle, Hyeres, France ; J. C. M. Gardner, Entomological Dept.,
Royal College of Science, S.W. 7 ; Bernard Sinclair Goodban, Braemar,
Belvedere Road, Upper Norwood, S.E. 19 ; Harry Hargreaves, Ento-
mological Dept., Royal College of Science, S.W. 7 ; Charles McFarlane
Inglis, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., Baghownie Factory, Laheria Sarai, Bihar,
India; Douglas Johnstone, Brooklands, Ray lei gh, Essex; Capt. Arthur
Leslie Kent-Lemon, York and Lancaster Regt., c/o Postmaster, Khar-
toum, Sudan, and Blytheswood, Ascot, Berks; Messrs. W. H. J. Prior,
Culham, Main Road, New Eltham, Kent ; Philip Bernard Richards,
Agricultural Dept., Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States, and 52,
Longridge Road, Earl's Court, S.W. 5; Lieut. J. Seabrook,
8, Warwick Place, S.W. 1 ; and Mr. John William Spencer, 6, Dogford
Road, Ray ton, Oldham, Lanes., were elected Fellows of the Society.
The Society's Nkw Quarters. — The Treasurer gave an account of
the negociations for new quarters for the Society, saying that No. 41,
Queen's Gate was now almost certainly secured, the cost of the Free-
hold, re-decorating and furnishing would be about £9,000, towards
which a considerable sum in donations and loans had already been
promised. He urged upon the Fellows the duty of supporting the
project.
Exhibits. — Obnithoptera bubianus. — Mr. A. Dicksee exhibited five
males of O. rnhianHs from Ranonga, the westernmost of the Solonion
Islands, two specimens only being previously known. He pointed out
80GIBTIES. 79
.hat no two specimens were alike ; they were taken in January and
pi'ebriiary.
MeRMITHOGYNBS of AcANTHOMYOPS NIGER, AND AN EaRWIO WITH RUDI-
dENTARY Forceps. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a number of mermitho-
>ynes of Acanthomyops (DoniHthorpea) nigety L., taken in a populous
lest of this ant situated under a large fiat stone near a small stream
•unning into the sea at Mother Ivy's Bay, W. Cornwall, on July 7th,
1920. Also a number of the worms extracted from the gasters of the
mts. One or two worms occurred in each ant. Mr. Donisthorpe
urther exhibited a live specimen of the common Earwig (Forficida
luricidana) taken near Wellington College on September 13th ]ast, the
orceps of which were practically absent, being represented by the
nerest rudiments.
Hetbrogera and Diptera cHiEFiiY FROM N. Itai.y. — Lieut. Ashby
Inhibited a number of moths taken during the summers of 1918 and
.919 in the districts of Vicenza, Arquata Scrivia, and Turin ; also a
ew from France, including Lignivolor fnrvata from St. Martin V^subie,
.nd from La Granja, Spain. He also exhibited a large number of
diptera from the above Italian localities.
Paper. — '* The full-grown Larva of Lyraena enphemu8, Hb.," by T.
L Chapman, M.D., F.R.S., etc.
Octaher 2Qth, — Election of Fellows. — Dr. F. G. Rambousek,
i^rague, Czeckoslovakia ; Messrs. William F. Schlupp, B.Sc, The
Jchool of Agriculture and Experiment Station, Potchefstroom, Trans-
vaal ; George Harold Skaife, M.A., Agricultural College, Cedara, Natal,
5. Africa; and Robert Owen Wahl, B.A,, Groot-fontein School of
Agriculture, Middleburg, Cape Province, S. Africa, were elected
^'ellows of the Society.
The New House.— The Chairman, as Treasurer, made a further
itatement as to the new house and mentioned that the cost of the
reehold was £6,250.
Exhibitions. — Aberration of Brenthis selene. — Mr. E. E. Green
exhibited an interesting aberration of B. selene^ taken at Camberley on
June 24th last. The aberrant characters are more conspicuous on the
jnderside of the wings. The spot at the base of the forewing is miss-
ing, and the markings of the outer border are diffused. On the hind-
wing the ground-colour is silvery white, with a faint greenish tinge,
svhile the usual' red markings are largely replaced by a suffusion of
black scaling. The upper surface has the black pattern on the hind-
wing diffused, with the spots more or less confluent, those of the
tnedian series beini? united to form a continuous transverse band.
Butterflies (Delias : Pierinae) migrating in evkning from one
Valley to another in Selangor, F.M.S., and back in morning, accom-
panied BY moth mimics (Dysphania (Euschema) Geometrinae) and these
^^oain BY their moth MIMICS (PsAPHis : Chalcosiinak ! Zygaenidae).
t^rof. Poulton exhibited the following Lepidoptera from Bukit Kutu, in
Selangor, close to the borders of Pahang, about 85 miles N.N.E. of
Kuala Lumpur — a part of the collection made by Mr. A. R. Sanderson.
Delias ninas^ Wall. — 3 ^ .
Delias pyranins. Wall. — 2 J 1 $ .
Dysphania (Eitachema) ylaHcescens^ Walk, {reyalisy Butl.). — 1 cf 2 ? .
Dysphania (FJtiHchema) nu'Utan'sy L., f. selanyoray Swinh. — 1 ^ .
80 THK entomologist's record.
Psaphis (Canerkes) camaieva, Dbl. {semrplejia, Walk. ; resmnpter,
Walk.).— 1<^.
There could be no doubt that, as Mr. • Sanderson states, all the
species would resemble each other upon the wing ; for the deep red of
the Delias would then be the least conspicuous element in its pattern,
while the general distribution of the black and blue-grey on all wings
and yellow upon the hind, is similar in the Pierines and Geometers,
the resemblance being heightened during flight by the likeness between
the patterns of upper and under surface. In the male Ohalcosiine
mimic, however, the resemblance depends almost entirely upon the
under surface where alone is developed the essential feature contribnted
by the yellow. The female Psaphis camadeva, with the yellow mark-
ings strongly developed on both surfaces, was very similar to Canerke$
scotais, Jord., and the larger species, 0. euschemoides, Moore, all three
being close mimics of Dysphanias. ' C. enschemoides, from Assam and
" India," resembled Z). excubitor, Moore, and the Indian form of D.
miUtaris, L. ; C, scotais, Jord., from Borneo D, suhrepleta, Walk. ; the
female of P, camadeva in Malacca, Borneo, and probably in Java ll
suhrepletay and in the Philippine Islands the allied D. plena, Walk.
The combination was typically Mullerian, Psaphis belonging to a
specially protected Family and Subfamily, Dysphania acting as a
model as well as a mimic, Delias being well-known as a model for
other Pierines, for Elymniines, Nymphalines and Ohalcosiine moths
other than Psaphis.
The insects passed over from a deep valley about 6.30 p.m. to 6.45
p.m., sometimes two or tbree together at intervals of about one to two
minutes and occasionally appearing in a more or less continuous
straggling line for ten to twenty minutes. Generally a maximum
number passed over in approximately an easterly direction about 6 p.m.
" The phenomenon was repeated in the opposite direction in the early
mornings, 6.80 — 8 a.m., the numbers being approximately the same,
so far as I could judge."
The colour of the larva of Smerinthus ocellatus, on wild
CRAB. — Prof. Poulton said that during the past September he had had
the opportunity of confirming his early observation that the larva of
S. ocellatus, when feeding on the crab, gains a shade of green entirely
different from that produced by the ordinary cultivated apple. The
latter, with their white undersided leaves produce larvae of a bluish-
green tint below, becoming very pale^ almost dead white, but still very
faintly tinged with bluish-green, above ; while the crab leaves with
green under surfaces produce bright yellowish-green larvae with a pale
yellowish dorsal surface. It was the recognition of the difference
between ocellatus caterpillars on Siberian crab and other apple trees, in
his father's garden at Beading nearly fifty years ago which had first
directed his attention to the power of individual colour adjustment in
larvae, and, also inspired by the late Prof. Meldola's notes in
Weisman's " Studies in the Theory of Descent," had led him to
observe and experiment largely upon the species. {Trans, Ent Soc»
Lo)uL, 1884, p. 85 ; 1886, pp. 805-807 ; I'ror, Hoy. Sac, Vol. xxxviii.,
1885, pp. 298-806; Vol. xL, 1886, pp. 185-173.)
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RAGES OF ZYOAENA FILIPBNDULAE, L. 81
An Essay on the Systematic Study of Variation in the Races of
Zygaena filipendalae, L, and of its subspecies stoechadls, Brkh.
By ROGER VERITY. M.D.
The literature dealing with this species is chaotic to a point, which
is equalled hy few other instances. This is evidently due to the extent
of individual variation in some of its southern races, to its geographical
variations, and also to its resemblance in some regions to Z,
transalpina, I have again quite lately received from well known and
elever entomologists series in which the two species were mixed up
together under one name, showing it needs practice to separate
them, although to a trained eye the position of the spots on the fore-
wing, which I have described dealing with Z. tramalpina {Ent, ReCy
xxxii., p. 29), seems such an easy and sure differential character that
no others are required. No wonder that ancient authors should have
got so hopelessly mixed in this genus ! Until the beginning of this
century collections were made up of striking individual variations ;
those which had been named were eagerly sought for and one or two
specimens were thought quite sufficient to represent them and to con-
stitute a '* complete collection " ; intermediate specimens were generally
discarded; labels were by many avoided, so as not to spoil the effect
of the cabinet ; when a record of localities was kept, such indications
as ** England," ** Italy," ** the Alps " were considered quite sufficient,
and dealers carefully avoided revealing the source of their specimens.
With such a material to work on it is easy to understand that a genus
like Zygaena y in which individual differences are in some cases much
more striking than specific ones, could not be unravelled. As late as
1899, and in an author such as Tutt, we still find the greatest
uncertainty as to the limits of species and, to the present day,
Btaudinger, Seitz, Dziurzynski and others have maintained a number
of them, which certainly do not exist, although the two latter writers
have much reduced them, as compared with the first, in connection
with the Eastern regions. Lack of material to work upon and of field
observations is evident in their writings ; races, individual forms and
aberrations are treated on the same footing ; localities are quoted
without making any distinction between those where a form constitutes
the majority of individuals and characterises the race and those where
it only occurs as an extreme variation. M. Charles Oberthiir was the
man who really cast new light on the subject in his Atudei tie LSpi-
dopth'oloffie Compareey vol. iv. (1910). He first of all collected an
adequate material (18,000 specimens of Zyyaeiia) and he then com-
pared large series from all sorts of localities, effectively outlining a
picture of their individual and geographical variations. By a critical
study of original descriptions and figures he then endeavoured to dis-
entangle the perplexities of the literature on this genus and to establish
the names of the different races. The object of this paper is to
summarise his conclusions and to try and carry his method a little
further, suggesting one or two alterations in nomenclature in accordance
with the rule of priority, and describing other races, which I have had
an occasion to examine. I have been fortunate enough to be able to
avail myself of the thorough " field experience " and knowledge
acquired by Signor Orazio Querci in forty years* collecting on a large
scale in Central Italy and of the fine series of specimens with which he
May 15th, 1921.
82 THE entomologist's record.
has enriched my collection. Italy is certainly the richest country in
Zygama and a contribution of this sort hat enlightened many obscure
points and revealed unsuspected errors of the past.
The first remark I must make about the species we are here
dealing with is, that it is quite surprising how hitherto filipendtdae
and stoechadis should have been kept separated into two distinct species.
There are for this absolutely no positive reasons, and indications to the
contrary are instead numerous and conclusive. One seeks in vain for
a character by which to constantly distinguish these two insects. All
their different features suffer notable exceptions and combine mixedlj
in certain cases. As a rule the characteristics of stoecJiadu
as compared with filipendulae are, its larger size, more robust
structure and tendency of the dark scaling of the wings to spread
more extensively : thus, the body and antennsB are thicker, the wings
broader and more rounded ; the sixth red spot of forewing may be
obliterated either above alone or on both surfaces, the bindwings
constantly have a broader dark marginal band with its internal outline
more waved, and this dark scaling can get so extensive as to cover the
entire wing ; finally, the red suffusion connecting the spots on the
underside of the forewings has a much lesser extent and may often be
entirely absent. Concerning the habitats oi filipendulae and
stoechadis it must be noticed that they always exclude each other, the
first ranging from the Arctic regions to the southern portion of
Central Europe, the second replacing it entirely in Southern Europe.
These two areas, however, are separated from each other by a broad
belt of ground whieh extends from the Pyrenees to the south of France
generally and to the basin of the Po (with its northern boundary on
the watershed of the Alps and its southern one on that of the
Apennines), and which thence stretches across the Balkan Peninsula
to the Black Sea. In this belt we find both filipendulae and stoechadis^
and we find races which exhibit the mixture of characters mentioned
above (these I will describe more at length when dealing with different
races) : {a) Pure filipendulae are found in the Pyrenees and in the
Alps at high altitudes, chiefiy under the form of races manni and
paulida ; pure stoechadis is found in S.E. France (race major) and in
Piedmont (races medicatjinis and stoechadis), {h) A race of filipendtdae
exhibiting characters transitional to stoechadis is known from the
Bouches-dii-Ehone (race anceps) and races of stoechadis exhibiting some
filipendulke characteristics are found in some Alpine localities, [c) A
race in which pure filipendulae and pure stoechadis occur commonly
together as extreme variations and in which the majority of
individuals constitute a gradual transition from one to the other, has
been discovered in the Modenese Apennines. Finally I can add that
the Sicilian race siciliensis of stoechadis resembles filipendulae con-
stantly to a degree, which might induce one at first sight to consider
it one of its races, and it produces now and then individuals, amongst
its weaklings, indistinguishable from the most robust and gaudy races
of the latter. This need not surprise us, because also the race
tri7iacria, Vrty., of Z, lonicerae, Schev., and the Sicilian races of
several Hhopalocera show a decided resemblance to those of Central
Europe and are more similar to them than they are to the races of
Central Italy, but this very fact seems a conclusive proof that
filipendulae and stoechadis are only two groups of races of one species
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THB RACES OF Z70ABNA FILIPBNDULAE, L. 88
or, in other words, two sub-species, as compared with each other. I
think the above evidences are more than enough to show that real
transition exists between them. This brings me to speak of a
phenomenon, which is more frequent in the genus Zygaena than in
most other genera, and which constitutes one of the chief difficulties
one meets in dealing with them. My experience in the matter has
evidently been shared by two of the cleverest Lepidopterists, Tutt and
Oberthiir. I do not doubt that the rest have gone through it, but, as
their writings consist in catalogues with short formal descriptions,
they have carefully avoided acquainting us with their difficulties by
not giving any explanation and justification of many doubtful general
conclusions. Individual variation is, as a rule, very extensive in the
Zygaena, and in some species and races particularly, it produces
differences of aspect far greater than are several of the specific ones
compared with each other ; in nearly all the species, however,
characteristic and individual variation follow most definite plans and
are quite similar throughout the genus. The result of this is that
several species resemble each other very much, races and individuals
being produced which resemble kindred species more than they do the
other more usual races and individuals of their own. When two
species of this sort are found in the same locality -and one sets to work
to separate a series of specimens, part of them are easily grouped into
two sets, but the remainder, to all appearance, constitute a continuous
series of transitions from one to the other, in which no break is
discernible. These apparent transitions were in the past
explained in a wholesale fashion by the very convenient " hybrid
theory,'* and entomologists, at this, set their minds at ease about them.
With the increase of knowledge this theory has steadily been losing
ground, and I think I can now safely state, that it only survives in
the minds of those who are not sufficiently acquainted with this genus.
No one has certainly ever collected as many Zyyaena as Querci in his
forty years* experience in Italy, and yet neither he nor I in tens of
thousands of specimens examined have ever been able to detect one of
these precious monsters, in spile of the fact that pairing between
different species was several times observed in nature both by him and
by myself. The counterpart of this negative evidence is to be found
in the fact that specimens, identical with the most tempting ones
collected, where two species occurred together, were also found as
extreme variations in series collected in localities, where only one of
the two existed. These examples have been chiefly afforded by
filipendulae and loniceroe, which have proved treacherous even to the
most experienced. In 1899 we still find Tutt utterly bewildered in
his attempt to make out the Zygaena species. His chapter on the
" Anthrocerid species " at the end of vol. I. of the Brit, Lepid, is most
interesting and instructive, for it shows what difficulties one meets
with when one tries to see one's way through *' this unwieldy
genus," as he puts it, even if one resorts, with the greatest
accuracy, to a study of the early stages and of the structure
of each insect. Tutt's brain-power was wonderful in the most
minute systematic analysis and in patiently collecting and classi-
fying every possible information upon a subject, but it evidently
exhausted itself in this particular direction ; he rarely drew enlightening
couclusions from his long labour ; that evidently is why he failed here,
.>_■ .
••-■1
32 yrrMOLs^tiisT -? j^cord.
-J T ir ■.:: »rr i 3 ivtish species and their
••'di z- iziz :o investigate them in all
^•■. 5 r .'.^ ..::-r "iiT jf^nud Xtjftaena affords
:■'.. -r •••:'cer:S ? :ne hard nut to crack.
- • -T -i.::^ ::ar .iiie if nlipeivhdae and
rri: : ne '-♦.nith in the former,
.::-. .l: i :z^ British insect which
; v.iv;^ Liebel rightly renamed
-t:.-. '■ -iv 'ler tor quite another
■.•.■••...- -:«r*j:-r* *: :. mentions it in the
■■V . -ie-- :c it the end of this
• - "=7 aiive .'tea unable, on the
.:- . ..:r . •--• ^'iier conclusion than
■- -•'r^-: .^rijbooc of A, trifnlii"
- ..-. -:itcc I •umd about it I The
- :: -.rv -' -r.^-ilent that I think
. ::->-. '."::->• .'orrespond to the
- ■ -: j-er? n X. France that
. v- ■. -:;o::c«l form. This is in no
.. AL"- -o '.uuch and in so
-• «: . "'T surprising never to find
•.a "iie l'»nirera^'trif'olii
.'.'.. prtnluces quite
■ •; vniid iiave been ascribed
-^ • ' -.rz^r. :: M'tr. i. Mimchfner
"w* "..■.. 19 U. p. 66.).
-.*:-.. ". :^n furthermore add
-t. :■■> r-- it a :iv referable to the
■tff .!4i.'.^d -rihi.if 1 1910) and
>-: '906. and that lam
^. ii^ 3i:herto supposed,
s;.\ .:i:*i form especially in
- - :•. ■.:.'■• !"-'c .^nlv from the look
'•.5 rtiL- 'a:er. no less than
• -.-■ •' ..':* ^•:a:!2tfd from thesame
^ "■: "^^r-t^ ■!ien:ii:iied lOviedo
\ •-sv'- :" :i sixth spot on
^^ ^ >. ■ r • !t»<<j ndividvials have
' < >-Hi::e juire or vious to
■ '.4: : 32av produce »
■. - ■.';■. .- • 'c :c localities and
^ ^
■^
■
^ • •
■ ■•» • ■
. '. ■ r '"s
■-• ^iirireiy vanishes
3 ;■ ■
!• • ^^
* ■ ■
«
\
-_
■ • ' ■ ■
^ - •«
.t.:-!. I ':v! "ideal with
.
■ - ■ »^ 1
» -
•• t
* ■ ■ ■
■ « ■
. . ■ « . •
i il:v pcirn out th»t
' ". - ■
^ * *
^ -^
1 -l ■"■ !
: ••:,
1 * ■ "f
' J . " • ■
trvffen is and the
ri.>
•
■
■ ^"- '- *••
■•;
.V
■ ' * 1 ^
. TT .' . ■'
• • \c'iif by Burgeff
3 ■ ■.
-
■
... ^. , . ; , .
V •
• • . "
■ -U'-. . V
•*.•"•
: •-:■•. Ocerthiir con-
■ 1 ^
■* »
\ kt
■ VI /.'. /
/rl."
:-\:-Vl.r:!;.'
^ ~ * "
•-■: :. -^ :hat of the
• ■' • ■
*■■■**
■ ■ ' 1
•
ir .
J.- rX--r
•i-.^--. .:
lA./.ng i: ancep»\
' f- :
~ i ".: -
• ■ "
•
! ■
•
.•:l?^
.i"«":: .
" '>•:;! :
-■■ :: JCGsisted in »
•
'.r- ■.
. •-
I • ■
' • ■ ,
■ . -viiich could in no
•'• /
r^
'i . »^
--rr.^A i:'v.:
•
Sc- '
"f »j[^a.nf
'■'tber
l:cil.:ies of distant
f'r', t'firt :if..\ ;r. a iarj»^r r.i'.iu.er ' ma. ::ii:viduals, so that
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACKS OF ZYOAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. 85
it could only be a compound of the three. This phenomenon seemed
so wonderful that I very much wished to see it ; I begged M. 6.
Foulquier to collect a large series of specimens for me in exactly the
s«me locality as Oberthiir*s. When I got them I could for some time
make nothing more than the latter of them, but as I made progress in
puzzling out the difficulties in my Italian series, the truth dawned on
me also concerning anceps. Another difficulty, which, as he recounts
at length at pages 549 and 550, troubled Oberthiir very much, was
that of a series collected by himself and his brother at Oauterets : here
49 specimens were most typical lonicerae, 75 "could well be lilipendulae,''
but 15 others could in no way be grouped either with the former or
the latter, being perfectly transitional. This is exactly the experience
which I went through in attempting to classify my Italian Zyyaena,
I had in several localities of Tuscany (Abe tone, Piteglio, Govigliaio,
Mount Senario) collected stoechadU and lonicerae together, the second
beginning to emerge when the mass of the first was on the wing. I
had invariably found a small number of specimens, which it seemed
absurd to separate from the lonicerae, as they resembled it in every
respect, but which exhibited on the other hand some slight trace
(sometimes scarcely perceptible, but still unmistakeably there) of a
stoechadia characteristic, such as four or five red scales on the underside
of the forewing in the place of the sixth spot. These extreme in-
dividuals were connected to stoechadis by a gradual series of intermediate
forms, rapidly getting more numerous as they approached the more
usual aspects of this insect. For some time I could not see how, with
such facts before me, it was possible to deny that there existed two
divergent series of forms, culminating in two species, but still not
BO sterile between each other as to hinder the production of offspring
from cross -pairing. In short it seemed as if we had l>efore our very
eyes an example of the origin of spQcies. That was more or less the
conclusion reached by Oberthiir and he had to admit it, notwith-
standing the greatest reluctance and although, to use his words, *' his
spirit revolted at the idea.'*
Being a convinced evolutionist, I was far from having these
scruples, but, still I quite saw that several points in that explanation
were open to criticism. It was difficult to imagine, for instance, how
two groups of individuals, which interbred so often as to constantly
produce intermediate forms, could keep distinct. Querci too, on the
strength of his field-experience, maintained that lonicerae and
Mipendulae must be two perfectly distinct species. We determined
to clear up this mystery and during the last few years we collected
Ifkrge series of specimens in every possible locality. It was only a few
weeks ago, however, that the explanation made itself clear, when I was
struck by the fact that a few individuals of the most extreme
variations of $toecliadiSf especially in the female sex, from localities
where lonicerae never occurs, were so exactly similar to the latter that
it was in some cases impossible to distinguish them from it, and in
others it required consideration to do so. It then became obvious that
forms apparently transitional to lonicerae, in localities where the two
Species fly together, are in reality only transitions to these extreme
individual variations of stoechadis, which one would unhesitatingly
have classified amongst the real lonicerae and which I have named in
eonsequenee lomceraeformia {Bull, Soc. Entom. ItaL, xlvii., p. 74 (Dec.
86 THB untomologist's rkgord.
16t)h, 1915). In Central Italy the line between the species must
always be drawn amongst the individuals of this description, because
race vivax^ Vrty., of lonicerae has particularly limited red spots and
would never produce six-spotted individuals. In Spain the distinction
may be expected to be more difficult, because it has to deal also with
the six-spotted forms. To separate lonicerae for mis from lonicerae
is already anything but an easy task. Querci and I have searched
in vain for a constant character to go upon ; exceptions always occur.
On the other hand, there are several tolerably good ones, and when
two or three distinctly point in the same direction, one feels pretty
sure of one*s conclusion. In lonicerae for mis the dark scaling is of a
brighter indigo (less blackish) and more glossy ; the red scaling is
more warm and carmine, and when the specimen is held up against
the light, this colour, in very fresh ones, does not turn as pink as do
the more translucent spots of lonicerae ; the dark marginal band of the
hindwings has its internal limit more waved and loss sharply defined
because it tends to shade o£P in sparse scaling, especially towards the
apex and between nervures C^ and A^. The best distinctive
characters are found, however, on the underside of the forewing : in
form loniceraeformis the sixth spot is, of course, absent also on this
stirface, but very often a few red scales remain, which may escape
notice at first ; when they are detected on closer inspection they are
conclusive ; the presence of red scales along the hind cubital nervure
of the cell may also be considered conclusive in specimens from
Central Italy, because, where vivax is found alone, it never exhibits
them, as do on the other hand, especially in the female, voxiQsilana.seehcldi
and most others ; finally the two basal spots are remarkably broader and
longer, so that the distance between them and the median spots
strikes one as much less than in vivax ; in this case too the difference
does not exist or is much reduced in other races of lonicerae, because in
vivax the red scaling of the forewing is much more reduced generally
than in any other race, evidently owing to its being the variation of
lonicerae^ which corresponds to the very dark stoechadis races of
Central Italy.
On the ground of the differential characters just mentioned, Querci
and I nearly always succeed, after a little mutual criticism, in
separating specimens to the full satisfaction of both, but a few, out of
hundreds examined every year, have actually baffled every attempt to
reach a conclusion. These belong to a form which hitherto would
have been placed amongst the lonicerae with the greatest confidence,
together with many others which we now are sure belong to stoechadis*
Far too great importance used to be given to the presence of six or
five spots as specific characters distinguishing filipendulae from the
lonicerae'trifolii ; only in the most obvious stoechadis was it conceded
that five spots could be found. This has been the cause of so many
hybrids and transitions having been thought to exist, when facts did
not fit the false starting point. No one seems to have realised that if
so many were met with by collectors, millions must have been
produced, and that if they were not all sterile, it was absurd to
maintain, as has been done, that filipendulae^ stoechadis, lonicerae and
trifolii were four species. Burgeff states (Z.c, 1914, p. 61) that he
obtained perfectly fertile offspring from a Bavarian male of fUipenduUu
and a female stoechadis from Genoa ; why he calls them '* hybrids,"
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RAGES OF Z70ABNA FILIPRNDULAE, L. 87
naming them bavaricay one does noii quite understand ; his experiment
is the very proof that those insects belonged to one only species. I
think we can now come to a conclusion which will olear up many of
the mysteries of the past and which will even satisfy Oberthiir*s
creationist's convictions : different species can -produce individuals^ to all
external appearance, exactly similar to each other. Experts of the
various genera will, of course, reduce specimens of this sort to an
extremely small percentage, but the principle seems a sound one to
start from ; admittance of one's incapacity is a good step towards real
knowledge. A few years ago such a conclusidn might have seemed a
wild hypothesis, but the study of the tfenitalia, especially in the
Hesperia, has proved that specific difference can exist without revealing
itself by external features in all the individuals. It may be dis-
heartening, but if we give up the practice of naming single specimens
and we base our judgment on series of them collected together,
hopeless cases will be limited to a very small number of individuals
from localities where two allied species fly together ; the vast majority
are, of course, recognisable.
Starting from this point of view Oberthiir need not conclude, as he
does at pages 524, 549 and 550, that " at Vernet-les-Bains every grade
of transition exists, in the most insensible and mcontestable way,
between dubia and lonicerae and at Oauterets between lonicerae and
filipendulae," Judging from the experience I have gone through with
the Italian races, I think he will end by finding, like myself, that the
line can be drawn between the species or perhaps that one or two
specimens of his series will remain doubtful to the naturalist's eye,
although there is little doubt that their offspring, had they reproduced,
would have belonged distinctly to one or the other species, just as much
as that of any of the most distinct specimens of the series.
As to anceps, of which I have a series before me, the case is quite
different : both Querci and I have perfectly satisfied ourselves that it
contains no lonicerae and no trifolii and that it is HUpendidae, which
varies to an extent very unusual in this subspecies and produces
frequently some lovely lonicerae for mis individuals and others which
might be called trifoliiformis on account of their shorter, broader wings
and antennsB with a more stunted point beyond the club. This
frequency of five-spotted individuals seems very natural, considering
the proximity of the locality of anceps to the region where Hlipendulae
is replaced by most highly characterised stoechadis.
By these general observations on fiUpendulne and its near ally
lonicerae I hope I have taken one step towards showing that the
Zygaena are not as abnormal, compared to other genera, as they had
till now appeared. In papers on other species I will try and clear up
more problems about them, and in a general paper on the genus I will
try to show what an inspiring one it is, when their variations are com-
pared, and how useful it is to make out the few simple lines they
follow, because it enlightens one on the more complex phenomena
found in other Lepidoptera. I will now try and summarise the
geographical variations of fUipendulae,
Before doing this I must however explain the method I suggest
adopting to designate the gradations of geographical
variation. We are beginning to have quite a tolerably good
knowledge of the various aspects, that many species acquire in the
88 THB BNTOMOLOaiST's BECORD.
"whole of their area of distrihution, and in fact one may say that most
of the work done hy Lepidopfcerists in the last few years has consisted
in a more and more minute and exact analysis from this point of
view. Hitherto the most striking local variations have heen noticed
and described. In several species however this part of the task has
been accomplished or is nearly coming to an end. It is now a question
of gradually establishing their distribution. In endeavouring to do so
we are usually confronted by the fact that they blend together in areas
intermediate between the regions, where the most striking races had
been observed. To complete our mental picture of the variations of a
species these shadings must be taken into account and a way of
recording them and memorising them must be adopted, or observations
about them will be entirely lost. I know this is a sore point for many,
but my. own experience in more than one branch of science convinces
me always more and more that names, and nothing but names, can
fix a phenomenon in our brains and hold it in readiness there for
future use. On the other hand it is perfectly true that an infinity of
fancy names must not be created or they will be more a hindrance
than a help ; they should be as expressive as possible and convey con-
nections and similarity as well as differentiation. I have already
shown in other papers, when dealing with several Rhopalocei-a and
Zygaena, that in most cases geographical variation is due to quantitative
rather than to qualitative difi'erences, and that the races we perceive
chiefly consist in the progressive grades of one or more lines of
variation, one of which is primary, in the latter case, and the others
collateral branches. When we have to deal with a race intermediate
between two already described and named I think the following policy
will be found practical : If the great majority of individuals are found
to belong to intermediate forms and only a few extreme ones, not ex-
ceeding a quarter of the total number, are similar to the named races,
there should be no hesitation in giving a new name to the series in
question, because we can regard it as a distinct grade. We thus
complete a series of grades, all^ on the whole, quite distinct from each
other ; they will be numerous when individual variation is usually
small in each locality as compared with the extreme variations of the
species ; they will be few in species which in most localities produce
many individual forms ranging broadly in the specific variability.
When these distinct grades have been established as a base, cases of
intermediaie-looking series are reduced to the following : — (a) Indi-
vidual variation is unusually broad and numerous examples are
observed identical with two or more known races. Series of thissortl
should designate by a compound name, joining the names of the latter
with a hyphen. (6) The series can on the whole be referred to one of
the named grades (A)y but many individuals exhibit distinct signs of
variation towards the next grade (B). I should then use the designatioP
of race A trans, ad B, In other localities race B trans, ad A issnreto
be found and thus our nomenclature will cover all the shades of
variation. The following examples of fiUprndidae afford good
illustrations.
Oriental sub-species or species allied to filip&iidnlat'-
— I do not profess to know the oriental Zy ff aenae sxid I will risk no rash
judgment on figures, descriptions, or a few specimens. I thus leavii
aside the interesting ledereri, Stdgr. and Rebel, which Seitz says is
STUDY OF YABIATION IN THE RACES OF ZTGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. 89'
oonneoted both with filipmdulae and meliloti, Esp., as well as gnrda.
Led., and pamburi, Led., which German writers consider the eastern
races oijilipendulae, whilst Oberthiir maintains their specific distinc-
tion. As to FOBS, Obth., I must say it looks uncommonly like
standing to fiUpendulae as graslini stands to rhadamanthus, Esp., and
would in this case complete admirably the usual gradation from races
nearly entirely red or pink to those nearly entirely dark-scaled found
in stoechadis.
Sub-species or group of races filipendulaej L. : — The
races of this group constitute a series, which gradually leads up from
the thinly scaled and poorly coloured ones of very cold and damp
localities to the gaudy ones produced under more favourable conditions.
Bace mannii, Herr.-Schaff. — This name is generally used to
designate all the small, frail, thinly scaled, dully coloured specimens
of the higher Alpine regions. In a broad sense this is quite right,
but on examining ray series from several localities of the Alps and of
the Pyrenees, I observe that in some the antennae and the wings are
distinctly shorter and appear thicker and broader, respectively, than is
nsual in this species, whereas in others, on the contrary, very slender
antennae and long, narrow and pointed wings exist. Now, in the
original description of mannii it is distinctly stated to be distinguished
** by its much shorter, less pointed antennae and somewhat blunter
forewings." Strictly speaking, the name should, in consequence, be
restricted to the first form mentioned. I must also note that spot 6 is
described particularly as " large," whilst in the narrow-winged form
that spot is as a rule reduced in extent. I conclude these two Alpine
forms should be distinguished from each other, and I propose the
name of paulula for the second.
Bace paulula, mihi, we shall thus have when the latter pre-
dominates in a locality. My " types " are from the Stelvio Pass.
Bace arctica, Schneider, is from the extreme north of Europe ;
" types " from GrOto (68° N. lat.). It may be similar to paulula, but
evidently Schneider was right in observing that, to his surprise, it did
not correspond in the least to the description of the Alpine mannii
given by Herr.-Schaffer. I am not acquainted with it ; Schneider,
however, makes it clear in his description that *^ on the average it is
smaller, more slenderly built, the forewings n)ore blue than in A,
fUipendulae, and the red spots smaller,'' and that the hindwings are
" rather narrower than in the type form." What is required is a
comparison with the slender form of the Alps, which it seems to
resemble more than it does mannii,
Bace fiUpendulae, L. — The Scandinavian race is the nymotypical
one, because Linneus quotes his Fauna Suecica at the end of his
original description of 1768. Unfortunately I have not been able as
yet to see specimens from this region ; I suppose it is on the whole
similar to the British race, and that, like the latter, it varies consider-
ably, both geographically and individually, ranging from form arctica
to a form more similar to the ones of the Continent. Oberthiir
informs me that on the coast of Northern France a race is found quite
similar to the English one and he kindly has sent me specimens of it
from Gancale (Ille-et-Vilaine). This, I presume, is more or less,
nymotypical Ulipendnlae, It may be described as exactly intermediate
between the races described above and those of Central Europe, which
90 THE entomologist's record.
I am about to deal with. The body is covered with long, thick hair to
the same extent as in the former and as described by Linneus in
Fauna Suecica ; the dark scaling is usually more indigo in hue and not
as glossy as is usually the case in the races described below ; the red
is not of so clear and bright a carmine, and on the underside of the
forewings it does not form as thick and uniform a red patch, so that
the shiny surface of the chitin is seen more, through the thinner
scaling. The Cancale examples are even larger than the average
filrpendulae^ but others I have from the Isle of Wight are smaller.
A race quite similar to the one just described, so that it can quite
well be called nymotypical of filipendulae too, is^that which is found in
most Alpine localities and which constitutes a transition from the
extreme nmnnii and paulnla of the highest altifcudes to the races of the
lowest and warmest valleys, where pulchnor is found N. of the water-
shed and inicrochsenheimeri or ochsenheirneri are S. of it, in Italy. Local
variations, observable on comparing series of this race filipendulae from
different regions, can be designated as tram, ad arctica, or mannii^ or
paululay or pnlnhrior.
Bace palohrioF, mihi. It is quite surprising that no writer
should as yet have noticed the sharp difference between the northern
filipendulae and the race, which is generally distributed in Central
Europe, especially in the lowlands. Its characteristics are the absence
of a frontal tuft, its thorax and abdomen devoid of hair and covered
with scaling as glossy as those on the wing, the brilliant gloss of the
dark scaling of the lafcter, the somewhat clearer, more vivid and warmer
tone of red, the denser scaling, particularly noticeable on the underside
of the forewings. Specimens collected by C. Hofer in the neighbour-
hood of Vienna (Klosterneuburg), in July, are good representatives of
this grade in the variation of filipendulae and I select them as *' types."
Many entomologists have been struck by the notable variation in the
size of this insect. The typical size may be said to be 80-81mm. in
the male and 34-86 in the female. In some localities 29 and 80 is the
prevalent size and these specimens look a great deal smaller than this
difference seems to show, because of their frail build. I have some
from the Gumpoldskirche (a hill near Vienna). In many cases one
might well talk of a subrace paupePGula, mihi. In mountains series
of specimens are to be collected wbich can be described as trans, ad
filipendulae and the same forms are prevalent towards the north,
although marked differences occur in localities even not far from each
other. Towards the south, on the contrary, as might have been
expected, races describable as trans. &d pulchernma make an appearance
and these then gradually merge with stoechadis, completing the series.
Bace pulGherrima, mihi. Oberthiir has already noted {U,t
p. 500) that the most brilliant French race of filipendulae is that of
Dompierre-sur-Mer (Charente-Inf^rieure), in the S.W. of France. I
have a large series from this locality, collected by P. Boul^ in the first
half of June and I think no other race of subsp3cies filipendulae coaU
be larger and more dazzling in colouring, so that I choose it as typical
of the last grade, before stoechadis. Males vary from 81 to 85min«i
females from 86 to 40mm., in expanse. The red spots are always veij
large, often confluent in pairs and even the usually extremely tUA
aberration in which they are all united by a broa.d band along ih6
cubital nervure (ab. confluenSf Obth.) is comparatively frequent. Ibe
. OOOUBRBNGB OF 80 OALLED " TYPE '* SPECIMENS OF THE $ NAPI. 91
race of sabspecies Mipendtdae of the Po Valley in northern Italy is very
similar to pulchtiriina and the red scaling is even more extensive. I
have some beautiful confinms collected at Palazzolo suirOglio by
Perlini. The exceptional individuals of race nciliensis, Vrty., mentioned
above, also belong to pulcherrimd,
(To be continued.)
Oa the occurreace of so called "type" specimens of the
$ P. aapi ia Alpine regions.
By B. C. S. WAKREN, F.E.S.
So much has been published on this interesting species that it is
with some diffidence I write this paper ; but on more than one occasion
there have been references in the Entomologist's Record to the capture
of typical specimens of P. napi in Alpine regions, in company with the
var. bryoniae. As these records passed without comment, either from
the Editorial Staff or the readers of the magazine, it appears that one
of the most interesting forms of butterfly life in the Alps has been
passed over as a common species of the lowlands, owing to a superficial
resemblance between the two forms.
Mr. C. B. Williams, in some notes on Lepidoptera in the Val
Formazza, writes, ** the two varieties (napi and bryoniae) here exist
side by side and probably intercross. Prof. W. Bateson, who collected
at this same locality in 1896 and 1897, caught females of the type form
along with var. bryoiiiae." {Knt. Hec, vol. xxviii., p. 6.)
Mr. D. H. Pearson in a note on butterflies taken by him at Binn
(Ent. Rec.f vol. xxi., p. 264) says, " P. napi var. bryoniae were also
common, and flying with them were a few of the lowland form."
That these white ? s are type napi from the lowlands, which have
ascended in these localities to the Alpine regions and managed to
establish themselves there, appears to be the accepted idea. In point
ol fact, however, I think there can be no doubt they are nothing of the
sort, but the extreme development of a beautiful line of variation of
the var. bryoniae, I had the good fortune to take a few of these
lovely and variable aberrations, a few summers ago ; and was able to
study their distribution and characteristics, and so became aware of
what I believe to be their true origin. In the neighbourhood of
Kandersteg, from the beginning of May to July 20th, 1918, bryoniae
was one of the most abundant and widely distributed butterflies in the
district. It was to be seen in dozens in the Uescbinen Tal from 4,000 to
about 6,600 ft. ; on the Gemmi Pass as far up as, and some way
beyond, Winteregg ; in the open fields in the Stockenwald ; and in a
variety of other localities. The vast majority were ordinary bryoniae
(».«., the ? s, with a canary-yellow ground colour, and brown spots
and scaling on the upperside), but everywhere among these, occasional
examples of the so-called " type " occurred, with a white ground colour
and grey spots and scaling on the upperside ; but the underside, in the
majority of cases, showed the same characteristics in both forms.
Owing to the great range of variation of the upperside, the underside
of bryoniae has been much neglected. It is almost as variable as the
apperside, but in the ? s most usually there is a deep tone of orange-
^yellow which is never seen in tiapi, except occasionally to a slight
«ctent in $ s from Ireland.
92 THE entomologist's SEOOitD.
It DOW becomes necessary to describe my series of the white fornuF
of the 2 J in detail. In all I have fourteen specimens. Of these
eight are of the extreme form, which resembles the spring brood
specimens of napi more or less closely on the upperside ; bat under-
neath, one is of a pronounced najmeae form ; two are more or less as
in type 7iapi ; and the remaining five approach closely to bryoniae^
having a deep tone of ground colour which would make them
remarkable if they were seen among the lowland race.
Ninth in my series is a beautiful specimen with pure white
hindwings and the forewings heavily scaled with grey from the base to
the end of the discoidal cell, and the whole length of the inner margin,
the usual apical marking being much extended ; underside as bi-yoniae.
Tenth, a specimen lightly dusted with grey over all the wings^
with a very faint sprinkling of brown scales on the basal areas ;
underside napaeae form, but of a very pale coloration.
The next three specimens are pronounced bryoniae forms, in whito-
and grey. The ground colour is only visible between the nervares of
the hindwings, but there is a slight dusting of brown in the grey
scaling : underside as bryoniae.
The fourteenth specimen is a complete bi-yoniae form with the
ground colour only dimly visible here and there near the outer and
inner margins of the hindwings, and a faint brown scaling at the base
of the forewings. Underside as in bryoniae. The last four specimens^
are exceptionally beautiful, and have the appearance of being slate-
coloured.
I also have four specimens of a transitional form, with the ground
colour neither white nor yellow, and the scaling a mixture of grey and
brown". Although of a very extreme bryoniae form, they have a
lighter appearance than less heavily marked specimens of ordinary
bryoniae. Now, of the fourteen specimens just described, twice I took
two in one day, and the other ten were' all taken separately in a number
of isolated localities, with a range in altitude of quite ^500 ft., and on
dates ranging from May 11th to July 16th. To these can be added
one more white specimen which I saw but failed to catch, making a
total of fifteen. In every locality where I found these single speci-
mens, ordinary bryoniae occurred literally in dozens. It therefore
follows, that even if the individuals of the white forms were bred from
eggs laid by a white $ , about ninety-eight per cent, of the brood mast
have been true bryoniae^ or have perished. Add to this the fact tkftt
five out of eight of the extreme white specimens have the underside of
bryoniae, and one that of naftaeae, and I think it seems most natural to
conclude they all are the offspring of bryoniae.
Now any collector relying on such records as those already
quoted, on capturing this series would have recorded the first
eight specimens as type napiy and the other six as hybrids between
napi and bryoniae. Accepting this, it follows, of necessity, tbit
as Mr. Williams suggests napi and bryoniae ** exist side by
side " in these localities right up to 6,500 ft. This does not
seem a very satisfactory theory, to say the least of it. But, let iH^
consider what it implies. In every locality where I took either th^
supposed types or hybrids, as such their presence implies that a pail
strain of napi exists in that locality and must do so in moden^
numbers ; otherwise it must soon fail to maintain itsall ^moug th^
OOOUBRENGE OF so GALLED '* type" 8PE0IMBKS OF THB $ NAPJ. 98
«warm8 of bryoniae. If this were so, a certain number must have
eome in my way as well as the hybrids, which one would expecb to foe
the rarer of the two. But what did I find ? Throughout the whole
duration of the flight period of the species (for I was fortunately on
the ground from before the emergence began until it was practically
over) I only saw nine of the supposed type examples, of these, one I
failed to catch ; five (as already stated) have the underside of bryoniae
and 80 must also be regarded as hybrids ; one is of the napaeae form
and can only be regarded as doubtfully typical (for why should n^pi
produce the characteristic feature of the summer brood of the
lowlands, in May at 6,000 ft. ? and also it must be remembered that
this form of underside is commonly found in bryoniae $ s), so fchere
remain but two possible type specimens, from separate valleys, to
represent (with the possible addition of the one not captured) the type
race on which depends the existence of these supposed hybrids. The
theory that a certain number of napi migrate from lower levels
annually, need not be considered seriously ; for apart from the
extreme improbability of individuals reaching great altitudes in so
many small Alpine valleys each year, it would have to be supposed
that they were practically all <^ s. For if even one or two ? s were to
migrate also, a large number of pure type eggs would be laid ; as no $
could travel the necessary distance without pairing before she reached
the bryoniae zone. No more, I think, need be said of that impossible
theory. If napi and hybrids between it and bryoniae exist in the Alps,
then the type race of napi must be permanently located there. In the
Sandersteg district there can be no doubt that this is not so ; and I
flhould need very strong proof to believe it is in any other part of the
Alps either. I strongly suspect, too, that if the white $ s which have
been recorded as type napi from other localities were examined, a large
proportion of them would be found to show some bryoniae
characteristic.
That such specimens have only been recorded from a few districts,
and continue to recur in those few localities and not elsewhere, may
foe forought forward as proof that they are 7iapi and not bryoniae ; and
so only appear when the former manages to establish itself at high
ieVels. On second thoughts, however, it will be seen that this is most
improbafole. To foegin with, there is really no proof that these forms
do tiot occur everywhere that bryoniag does. That they are very rare
there can be no doubt. Out of the hundreds of bryoniae I saw in the
neighbourhood of Eandersteg during the best part of three months, I
only came across fifteen of the pale coloured forms ; although always
especially looking for them. In localities where bryoniae is not so
abundant these aberrations would doubtless be proportionately less in
avidenee; and it is more than likely that in the past, on many
occasions, collectors keen on capturing dark bryoniae have passed these
white ? s by under the impression they were <^ s, or if the sex was
noted, just as napi and not worth consideration. It is then, quite
probafole such specimens exist everywhere in the Alps, only they have
laot been recorded. Another point to foe noted, is that the extreme
white 2 s did not occur at Kandersteg above 6,000 ft. ; while the
supposed hybrids occurred from 8,800 to afoout 6,600 ft. This being
so, how is it that the hybrids exist 1,600 ft. above the highest level to
which tiie type ascended ? Mr. Williams notes that Professor Bateson
94 THE entomologist's rboord.
took type-like specimens at 5,600 ft. ; bat 5,000 ft. in the Bernese
Oberland is equivalent to an altitude of 6,000 ft. in Eastern Switzerland.
This apparently impossible state of things is, however, quite easily
explained if we assume all these interesting forms to be aberrations oi
hryoniae. If a certain combination of meteorological influences, direct
and indirect, tend to produce, aberrationally, a form of bryoniae
approximating to the lowland race ; it is only to be expected that such
a line of variation should attain its greatest development at the lower
levels, although transitional forms occur at any altitude where bryomae
exists.
Mr. Williams actually bred such transitional specimens from Bgg?
laid by hryoniae ; and he especially notes that all the J^ s he observed
in the locality where he captured the ? were very heavily and darkly
marked. Further, it is most probable that the extreme white type-
like aberrations are the offspring of some of the transitional forms.
Another question now must be considered. How can one reconcile the
fact, that two of my extreme white $ s have the underside of nap,
and so resemble that race almost exactly, and the certainty that other
such specimens will occur in the future, with the theory that they are
aberrations of hryoniae ? This question is no real difficulty : as noted
before, the underside of hryoniae is very variable, and among the % s,
specimens with a very similar underside to spring napi occur occasion'
ally ; the two specimens under consideration therefore, are most
probably only the outcome of a simultaneous development of two forms
of variation common to hryoniae.
When specimens of hryoniae are occasionally taken in the
lowlands of Central Europe and in Ireland, it is not suggested that
they are hybrids, for the simple reason that it is obviously impossible ;
yet in reality it is probably just as impossible that the napi-
like specimens of the Alps are hybrids either. One more proposi-
tion can be brought forward, namely, that the extreme white
aberrations are napij and the transitional ones aberrations of bryoniae.
If this were so, then the first eight specimens of my series would be
called napi and the others hryoniae. But of the first eight, those with
the underside approaching bryoniae would have to be regarded as
aberrations tending towards bryoniae, or as hybrids. The latter has
already been considered, but if we assume the former, then it is but so
slight a step to the ninth specimen of my series tnat it would have to be
considered an aberration of napi too. And if so, why not the tenih
and all the others ? That would include those specimens taken at
6,500 ft. which is obviously impossible. Conversely if the transitional
specimens of high altitudes are to be taken as aberrations of bryonwu,
then so must the same forms from lower levels, and so on until we get
to the five specimens we started from ; and if they are bryonias it i^
certainly more logical to conclude the two type-like specimens to be a
further development of the same form, than to call them napit and
assume that that race exists in certain Alpine regions, but can only
produce one or two specimens in each locality each season. That
latter conclusion may, I think, at once be called impossible. Indeed
it is difficult to see that any sufficient argument can exist for maintain-
ing that 7iapi could ever establish itself in the bryoniae zone ; for if i^
could do so, it implies that the conditions necessary to the white raoe
of ? exist in certain Alpine regions, in which case bryoniae wooU
NOTES ON GOLLECTINO. 95
have disappeared in those particular localities. It seems then, there
can be no real doubt that these beautiful pale-coloured forms, whether
white, or completely suffused with grey, or of any intermediate form,
are only aberrations of hryoniae ; indeed it is to me impossible to see
how their origin could otherwise be satisfactorily explained.
Having once come to this conclusion, these pale aberrations become
ohjects of the greatest interest. Writing of hryoniae^ Kirby, in his
" Butterflies of Europe," says : " Some writers consider that this
butterfly is a survivor of the Glacial Epoch, and that bi-yoniae represents
the form of the species which was then in existence." There is ample
support for this theory if one considers some of tbe features of the
European races of napi. We see, for example, the specialised under-
side of the spring and summer broods ; the universal wbite $ ; the
very distinct Irish race, with its strong tendency to narrower and more
elongated wings, the deeper coloration not infrequently seen on the
underside of the $ s, the frequent appearance of a yellowish ground
colour on the upperside in the same, and the occasional hryoniae-like
specimens, which also occur rarely elsewhere in the lowlands. All
these (excepting the aberrational hj-yoniae) independently developed
features are characteristic of, and typical in, their own sphere and
their own season ; yet, a fair series of hryoniae taken in one locality
can produce individuals of each form flying together at the same time,
and without doubt often hatched from the same batch of eggs.
The co-existence of all these characteristics in one race and that
race the one indigenous in the Arctic and Alpine regions is so
suggestive, that one may say for certain that a cold-loving hryoniae
form existed everywhere in the lowlands of Europe at the close of the
last Glacial Epoch. The great interest attaching to the pale aberra-
tions of hryoniae will now at once become apparent. Existing
aberrationally in those days in tbe plains, as tbey now do in the Alps,
and favoured by the changing climatic conditions, they increased and
developed. Who can doubt that we seethe result today, and that the
universally distributed ? napi of the lowlands originated in this
manner ?
When in the future, a collector has the good fortune to take one
of these beautiful aberrations of hryoniae, instead of designating it a
hybrid between two insects which almost certainly do not inhabit the
same plain of altitude, he will know it to be but a simple aberration.
But that humble prefix will be to all who use it, a direct reminder of
the origin and true significance of these white or slate-coloured
hryoniae; which in themselves are an unfailing testimony to the
existence and activity in the present day, of that fundamental but un-
definable energy which in past ages responded to the changing
circumstances and gave rise to a new race of insects, to replace the
disappearing type. And so these aberrations are, and will remain, not
only for us, but for generations of Entomologists yet to come, a living
memorial to the changes of the far past.
I^^^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Gavarnie Notes. — Addenda. — Referring to my notes on Gavarnie,
Htc., in the January number of the Becord, Mr. B. C. S. Warren has
very kindly gone through my black and white skippers and the result
96 THE BNTOMOLOOIST's ItBOORD.
is as follows : — Luchon, Hesperia alveus, H, serrdtulae^ and 1 H.
fonlqiiieri ; Gavarnie ; H, cavtliami, H. alveits, H, serratulae^ H»
malvoides, and Pyrgus sao. — Douglas H. Pbabson (F.B.S.), March
^8t/i, 1921.
URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
The Hon. Treasurer of the Wicken Fen Fund reminds us that we
make an appeal in the '* merry month of May '* for contrihutions
towards the cost of a watcher to protect the wild life of the place from
undue attacks, and to see that no encroachments take place which
would he detrimental to the ohjects of the Trust. At every oppor-
liunity the area is added to hy the acquisition of any portion which
may come in to the market. Annual subscribers are reminded that
contributions are now due, and others whose abihty and sympathios
coincide are hereby earnestly requested to add their names to the list
of supporters by sending to Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Youlgreave, S. Croydon,
the Hon. Treasurer of the Fund.
We have been requested by the Hon. Secretary of the Entomo-
logical Section of the Birmingham Natural History Society, of whidi
our colleague, Mr. G. T. Bethune- Baker, is the President, to ask our
readers if during the coming season they could furnish either by loan
or gift a living larva or pupa of any local or rare species of British
Lepidoptera to Mr. Foster Newey, who is a delineator of remarkable
accuracy and excellence, and is engaged upon a work on the Britii^
Lepidoptera. He has already figured the greater proportion of the
British Macrolepidoptera, but there are about 240 species and forms
which are still in his desiderata.
The Editor of the Flntom, News, who is happily able to dwell with
rural surroundings, in the course of his varied occupations, states that
his attention was turned to the long period in the history of civilised
peoples in which progress in Zoology was very slow, and felt how
difficult it was for a present day zoologist to realise what must have
been the mental attitude of many a cultured Egyptian, Greek, or
Boman towards insects. He was suddenly called to more mundane
matters by the advent of the butcher, who when his business was
transacted observed that the coming winter was likely to be cold only
in its latter part — ** because he had been feeling the caterpillars
Along the road and they were hard to the touch only at tJieir hind ends"
The following leading article which appeared in The Junes on
March 3rd last, refers to our esteemed colleague. Professor W. M.
Wheeler, the eminent biologist and myrmecologist. — "Hiohbbow"
Phrases. — ** Professor W. M. Wheeler, a learned and witty Amerioan
biologist, has recently addressed a genial remonstrance to his scientifio
fellow-citizens on their devotion to resounding phrases. His remarks
-deserve a wider application, and are very pertinent to ourselves. The
<5urrent watchword of the elect, he says, the ** highbrow" toast"
of the moment, is ** organization." Wayward, individual, pursuit of
knowledge is out of fashion. It is distasteful to the bureaucratic
spirit of the age, it tends to overlapping of effort, and it exalts personal
reputations, possibly and regrettably those of obscure unofficial people.
The committee is the thing. The problems must be set, the parts
allotted, the results received, edited, and issued by the authority of
OUBB&MT NOTBS. 97
men sitting round a table. There must be sub-committees and super-
committees, joint committees and special committees. How also
shall we control genius, encourage mediocrity, and secure ** team-
work?" How better ean science present a respectable front to
Governments or offer responsible hands for grants-in-aid ? A detached
individual is an unstable creature ; be may die, neglect to report, get
off the lines, or make discoveries of a very upsetting kind. A
committee is safe ; its existence secures continuity and is a guarantee
against the precipitate production of uncomfortable truths. But the
P^oFEssoB fears that the chief product of organization is organizers,
and that in elaborating our machinery we forget its purpose.
Fortunately, however, mankind is wiser than any of its generations
and has a knack of creeping out of the bard shells it continues to
seprete. ^' Organization * is the fad of to-day, and will be as
ephemeral as its predecessors. ** Culture " was one of these. But
** culture " died, and its corrupt body became decadence when, ceasing
to be a mental attitude, it became an intonation and a set of opinions.
Progress was another ; but that has hardly recovered from the shock
of the war, which gave us good reason to distrust some aspects of
modern civilization. Now even popular preachers find it safe to mock
at ** progress." The truth is that a conception seldom becomes
crystallized in a phrase until it has outgrown its most fertilizing
activity. Ideas have their cycle of life ; they are born of the great,
named by the dull, and killed by common usage." — H.D.
We quote again. American of eourse. *' One of the noblest
decisions on record, so far as bald-headed men are concerned, has
been handed down by the Supreme Court of Maine. It is notorious
that a bald head has a peculiar attraction for the common house-fly.
He prefers to roost there or promenade there to any other place in the
neighbourhood. Now the high court has declared the bald-headed
persons are entitled to protection. A hotel- keeper sued because the
defendant, who had contracted for accommodations for a certain
period, left the hotel before the time had elapsed. The defendant
said he was pestered by flies, which were particularly numerous in the
dining-room. The august court held that the fly is a nuisance and its
disease- carrying characteristics are well known. A patron of a hotel
was warranted in leaving the establishment, regardless of a contract
for a longer stay, if the dining-room was infested with the pests. An
innkeeper, it declared, agreed by implication to furnish accommoda-
tions compatible with the prices paid, the standing of the hostelry and
the class of persons invited to become patrons. * Accommodations,*
the judges asserted, included apartments, dining service and sanitary
conditions, and if the hotel-keeper failed to maintain these in inviting
and wholesome manner the patron was warranted in seeking quarters
elsewhere, regardless of an engagement to remain for any specified
time."
In the Can, Knt. for December there is a plate of figures with
descriptions of six new species and forms of Macro-lepidoptera from
.British Columbia. There is bIso the first portion of an important
article on the Nervous System of a Lepidoptercn with two plates of
details.
The January number of the Irish Nat, contains a few notes on th
98 THB entomologist's sbgokd.
Lepidoptera of Poynzpass, Ireland, duriog 1920, by the Rev. W. T.
Johnson. It is noted that Pararge aegeiia was the first butterfly to
appear, on April 24th, and the last to disappear. It seemed always
turning up even in drizzling rain and the writer was struck with its
hardiness. This is exceptionally interesting as the species appears to
be disappearing from so many of its English localities. The year was
not a good one for Lepidoptera on the whole as it was so wet with
practically no summer. Still Pyrameis atalanta put in an appearance
in September.
The Can. EnL is now edited by Dr. Jas. McDunnough, of the
Dominion Entomological Branch, Ontario, who is well known for his
"** Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North
America " and the '* Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America."
Dr. E. M. Walker has been editor since 1910, when he succeeded the
Eev. C. J. L. Bethune, by whom the magazine was started in 1869.
SOCIETIES.
Thb South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
tJanuary \^th, 1921. — New Members. — Lord Eothschild, of Tring,
and Mr. F. W. Enefer, of 2, Blackheath Vale, were elected members.
The rare M. unionalis in Sussex. — Mr. K. Adkin exhibited a
Margarodes unionalis taken n^ar Abbott's Wood, Sussex, and gave
notes on the occurrence of this interesting migrant.
Local Coleoptera. — Mr. Blenkarn, local species of Coleoptera
including Henoticus gertnanicus, Craven House, Strand, Necrophoriu
interrHptHSf Box Hill, Cassida hemisphaerica^ Chiswick, four species of
Hydroporm from Coatbridge, etc.
Rhopalocera of California. — Mr. Hy. J. Turner, a box of butter-
flies sent to Mr. Sperring by our member Mr. G. B. Pearson, from
California, including fine series of the spring gen. galactinus of
Coenonyynpha californica^ of the dark Melitaea, M, chalcedon, and
Popilio rutilm, Anthocharis sara forms, Colias eryphyle, summer form
eurytheme, Brephidinm exilis^ one of the smallest butterflies of the
world, {Lycaena) avalouy only found in S. Caterhina Island, S.
California, several H esperiidae j etc., etc., and read a communication on
the exhibit from Mr. Pearson.
Forms and races of P. glyoerion. — Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor,
Fapilio qlycerion and its races and allied forms from Sikkini and
Thibet. '
Lycaena arion. — Mr. B. S. Williams, Lycaena anon from Cornwall.
Photographs. — Messrs. H. Main and A. E. Tonge, photographs of
items in life-histories of common insects and ova of Lepidoptera
respectively.
January 21th, 1921. — Annual Meeting. — There was a large
attendance. After the formal business was completed, the President,
Mr. K. G. Blair, read his address, " Insects in Winter," and votes of
thanks were passed.
BE VIEWS. 99
Ordinary Meeting. — An immigrant Orthopteron. — Mr. Step exhi-
bited a large locust, found alive at large in Covent Garden with a
small crowd of timorous watchers around.
Colour variation in D. sbricea. — Mr. Coppeard, a series of colour
forms of the water-plant beetle Donacia sericea,
Ehopalocera from S. Africa. — Mr. Turner, a box of Rhopalocera
sent from near Port Elizabeth, S. Africa, including the cosmopolitan
Lampiden hoeUcus, a tine series of the Satyrid Leptoneura clytus, and
species of PieriSf Terias, Teracolns, Mycalesis» and Pamphila,
A winter Neuropteron. — Mr. Lucas, the Neuropteron, Hemerobius
stigma, now common on Esher Common.
Variation in P. icarus. — Mr. Leeds, 177 different forms of male
Polyomwatiis tear us, named from the descriptions given in J. W. Tutt's
British Lepidoptera,
^g^SVICWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
The LspmoPTERA of the Congo. By W. J. Holland. Bull. Amer,
Miis. Nat, Hist., vol. xliii.. Art. vi., pp. 109-369, December, 1920. —
Dr. W. J. Holland, Ph.D., L.L.D., Director of the Carnegie Museum,
Pittsburgh, is to be congratulated on the production of this important
contribution to African Entomology. It is entitled "Lepidoptera of
the Congo," being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths
collected by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedi-
tion, together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species.
Since the publication of Professor Aurivillus' " Rhopalocera Aethi-
opica '* in 1898, no paper on African Lepidoptera has appeared which
is of such importance faunistically as the present one. The collections
were obtained by Messrs. Lang and Chapin during 1910, and principally
at Medje, near the Nepoko River, but many were collected at Mangara
and Faradje in the district of the Uelle River.
Seven hundred and twenty-five forms are dealt with, of which 248
are butterflies. Two new genera of Nymphalidae are described, 37
forms of new butterflies, and 40 new moths.
There are 261 pages of text, nine plates in colours, and several text
figures. The plates are excellent examples of the photographic
process. A feature of the work is the very complete index which
gives references to families, genera and species, also species under
genera, to synonyms, and to figures. New names of genera, species,
and varieties are printed in heavy-faced type, also the main reference
is a series of references, whilst synonyms are printed in italics. This
sort of index is too rarely found in works on Lepidoptera.
The forms listed are numbered in consecutive order, and the forms
in each genus are similarly numbered.
A list of the localities mentioned in the paper is given with their
approximate longitude and latitude, and we trust that future writers
on Lepidoptera will do the same. It is often annoying to be unable
to locate a particular place which is very often of too small importance
to find its way into a map or gazetteer. Another commendable
feature of this paper is a list of the new forms described giving their
type localities and page reference. We notice also that Dr. Holland
100 THE entomologist's RECORD.
has taken pains to give, wherever possible, a reference to the most
easily accessible illustration of the species. Again, the actual number
of specimens taken of each species is stated, so that we have an idea of
the frequency of the form during the period of its collecting.
We regret that the author does not distinguish between au
individual aberration and a sub-species when writing the name of a
form. Some distinction ought to be made. If instead of writing
Acraea psntapolis thelestiSf one wrote Acraea pentapolis f . thelestis or ab»
thelestis, it would be understood that an aberration and not a sub-
species was meant.
Dr. Holland has erected the genus Kallimula for the Kallima-\\)iiQ
forms hitherto placed in the genus Precis. The genus is founded on
the shape of the wings and general pattern. It occurs to us that since
seasonal dimorphism is a feature of this group, with consequent varia-
tion in the shape of the wings, dry season forms, especially females,
acquiring a more falcate forewing, the founding of a genus on these
characters is open to question. A study of the early stages and of the
genital armature is really necessary in a case of this kind.
The second genus is founded by Dr. Holland on Neptis exalenca,
Karsch, which he places in Neptidomima on account of the structure of
the palpi. We have no comment to make here. Dr. Eltringham is
engaged on a study of the African Neptis^ and the comparative
anatomy of the genital armature will indicate whether the genus
erected for exalenca can stand.
We must call attention to the figure of Cymoiho'e he^-nnnia,
Grosesmith, on plate viii. f. 1. This does not represent the type form
which is much more like fig. 2 representing poemis^ Holland. To our
mind it is doubtful whether figure 8, on the same plate is really the 9
of langi^ Holland. There is as much reason to regard it £ls the ? of
stall din geii, Auriv. We are equally doubtful whether the form
represented on plate 1, f. 9, is the ^ of Cymotho'e angulifascia, Auriv.
It is figured by Hewitson as altisidoray and we think it is the $ of
adelina, Hew. We do not know why Dr. Holland considers figs. 1
and 2 on plate x. to be sexes of the same species, whilst fig. 8 is
represented as the $ of a very different species, and regret that no
reason is given in the text. He has been at some pains to elucidate
the perplexities of this difficult genus, but we must confess that it is
more perplexing than ever.
On page 247 the author gives the name fumosiis to the dark form
of Papilio ridlej/anns. This name must unfortunately sink to the
earlier one of fumatiis given by Niepelt m Lep, Niepeltiana, vol. ii., P-
23, pi. xxiii., fig. 4 (1916).
Some difference of opinion will always exist in dealing with tbe
status of obscure and difficult forms, so that if the author s treatment
of these forms invites discussion an impetus will be given to their
study, and the value of Dr. Holland's work cannot be said to be im-
paired thereby.
We commend this volume to all students of African Lepidoptera, as
it adds much to our knowledge both of forms and of their distribution.
— Gkorge Talbot (F.E.S.), The Hill Museum, Witley. Febniay-y 2StL
We regret to hear that Dr. Longstaff passed away on Saturday
evening, May 7tb. — J.H.D.
A FORTNIGHT AT LA SAINTE BAUME (pROTBNOE). 101
A Fortnight at La Sainte Baume (Provence).
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
{With two plates.)
La Sainte Baume is but fifteen miles from Marseilles, but dxcept
on Sunday it is impossible to get through in a day as there is only
the early morning motor charabanc. We therefore were obliged to
take a slow train to Aubagne on June 28th, and in this case indeed it
was slow, for when about half-way there we were pulled up in front of
a stranded train, that on enquiry proved to be the back half of a
heavily laden goods train, whose engine had been unable to ascend the
incline from this point up to Aubagne, where the more level way is
resumed. The difficulty had been solved by uncoupling half of
the train ahd leaving it on the line with the signals against us and
here we had to wait while the two portions of the goods train that
preceded us were dragged up the hill by the engine whose powers had
been so decidediv over-estimated.
We consequently arrived at Aubagne, a small manufacturing town,
about two hours late, but as we were staying there for the night, time
was less important than it might otherwise have been and we were
content to have arrived there at last, fortunately in plenty of time for
dinner. The motor was due to start for la Sainte Baume between 7
and 8 o'clock in the morning, and having taken our seats the steep and
wonderful ascent soon began, up and up we went round curves and
angles that none but the most experienced chaffeur could have
negotiated, but the topmost ridge was reached in under three hours
and by about 11 a.m. we found ourselves drawn up in front of the
Hotel) erie, and M. Pedone ready to receive and welcome us to his
interesting establishment.
Dejeuner would be served at twelve o'clock, so we had time to look
around, to begin to take our bearings and to realise that we were again
in " old Provence," and as we now look back to those delightful days
I am constrained to give the picture so sweetly sung by our good
friend and fellow entomologist writing under the sobriquet of
Oliver Grey.
. • . . Beneath my feet a maze
Of gemmed mosaic, where the cistus white
Showers the earth with limpid chrysolite ;
Hedges of rosemary, and upland ways
Thick-set with lavender ; warm rocks ablaze
With red valerian ; and, flashing bright
Among the black-branched ilex, butterflies
Sulphur and scarlet- robed, by poets named
** The Glory of Provence." With such fair dreams
I charm the solitude that darkest seems
Here in our England when, 'neath sullen skies,
Spring on the threshold lingers all ashamed.
This beautiful spot has already been described elsewhere (Entomo-
lofjisty xlvii. 14), by the late Frank Lowe, but so that my readers may
be able to visualise it more easily it will be well to say that the
Hotellerie stands at the foot of a high rocky escarpment about five or
more miles long, whose base northwards is fringed by the remnants of
an old forest of various trees, oaks and beeches, poplars and sycamores,,
June, 1921.
102 THE entomologist's b'eoobd.
ilex and firs of many kinds, whilst in front to the north the ground
gradually rises into low undulating eminences more or less covered
with stunted brushwood, and whose rocky surface is traversed every-
where by deep and long fissures that often require great care to cross,
especially when a much desired butterfly gaily flies over and airily
settles on a bough on the other side and while you warily pick your way
and see your net is ready for the stroke, it daintily soars upward
toward the blue whence it is lost to view. This part of the landscape
in its general features bears a strong resemblance to the scenery
of Algeria.
The best collecting ground is without doubt along the edge and in
the openings of the forest already referred to. The uncultivated land
in the. near vicinity to the Hotellerie facing north and on each side
was very stoney, but well covered with a carpet of aromatic herbs,
which gave out a sweet scent as one wandered across it, here I turned
up a nice little series of Scolitantides batov. Satynis briseis also
occurred in this area, whilst S, circe was always to be found around a
large tree just outside the hotel quadrangle. At the back of the
establishment was a fleld of grain, a very light crop that had just been
harvested when we arrived, and here I took Pontia d^plidice and Pieris
rajme, an occasional Leptosia sinapisj and both Colias crocens and
C. hyale.
Two or three days after our arrival it was pleasant to greet, after
dinner, Mr. Gerard Gurney, who had also come with a similar object
in view to our own, and the next day we had the pleasure of meeting
Mr. Main and Mr. Symes, surely a curious coincidence that we should
meet quite independently in this interesting spot so far away from
home. The edge of the woods at the back, east and west, was a
favourite hunting ground, and there my wife and I often wandered
among the lavender bushes that were so abundant. I was on the look
out especially for any Zygaenidae and for Polyommatus dolus, which
my friend, Frank Lowe, whose death we so much regret, had found
only at Nans. It had now extended its range very considerably and
was fairly common throughout the district. At first it seemed rare
and it was evidently only just beginning to emerge, but soon it became
fairly common. Zyyaena astragali var. provincialis was by far the
most abundant species of this genus, Satyrua circe occurred everywhere
though not very abundantly, KpinepJiele lycaon was common, and I
obtained some very nice females, both sexes belonging to the form
Iwpinus^ whilst Coenonympha dorus was the commonest of its genus
and very plentiful, I took also C. arcania, a nice large race of the
typical form. The three other Coenonympha taken are all three lyUus
not pawphilns, I fear I did not take the trouble to catch many
of these for they were present in fair numbers, and I now wish I had
taken more, as I consider lyllus a distinct species, the genitalia being
different in certain points. In these woods Dryas paphia was very
common, the females being large handsome specimens; the form
valesina also occurred, one falling to my net whilst several others fell
to the share of my friends. In Kpinephele jnrtina race hispulla all the
males I took have traces of tawny patches below the apical ocellus.
Melanargia galathea was abundant everywhere, decidedly darker than
our British form and also darker than those I have taken in the Alps»
but they are certainly not as dark as the southern procida. It iB
A FORTNIGHT AT LA SAINTB B\UME (pROVENGE). 103
iurious that the race of jurtina should be the southern race whilst
mlathea is certainly not the Mediterranean form. Referring again to
ihe Aryynnidae I took one and only one very magnificent Aryynnis
rydippe (adlppe), whilst the four specimens of A, niohe are all of the
'orm eris, Issoria lathonia of course occurred, and I obtained a few
Brenthis dia, though they were evidently on the wane. Of the genus
Melitaea none were really common, but M. didyma was the most
)lentiful, and all the females I captured were of the pale form, none
kt all of the dark or of the green forms. I took one M. athalia,
k few M, cinxia and a few M. phoehe, Limenitis Camilla was
i:enerally distributed, but by no means a-i common as elsewhere.
Leptosia sinapis was very abundant and its white summer form diniensis.
joneptei-yx {Rhoducera) cleopatra was very plentiful in both sexes, but
[ only took one male Gonepteryx rhamni^ and one large beautiful
Oolias croceus v. heliee was also netted by me. The lavender bushes
m the edge of these woods were perhaps the most fruitful locality at
ea^ for the Lycaenidae and Zyyaenidae, though Polyonnnatiis dolus
was not much attracted to them. The form vittata of this last was by
10 means so common as the type form without the white stripe below.
Polyomniatns teams was common, and flying alongside of it and
ilmost but not quite as plentiful, was P. thersites, at least I have
ietermined them as thersites though I have not yet found time to
iissect out the genitalia, but they are evidently the same as my
ihersites from Italy. Polyommatiis coridon was very common and the
oaajority of my long series is of an unusually large size. Lycaenopsis
iryiolns was . rare and showed nothing of the depth of colour that
we often get in the second British broods.
A very pleasant day to the Col Bretagne with Mr. Gurney,
produced a nice series of Satynts cordida, all beautifully fresh, there I
also took two fine large females of Papilio jwdalirius. A few Satyrus
seniele a nice brightly contrasted form in both sexes were also captured,
but on the other side of the Col a very cold driving wind prevented us
getting Zyyaena lavandnlae as I had hoped to do. I took however a
few Pararye weyera, larger and brighter than the English race,
Argynnis cydippe (adippe) also occurred and Melitaea athalia. On July
2nd my wife and I made an excursion to old Nans, 800 feet below us,
on a glorious day ; and after we had turned down the steep short cut
I captured several Strymonidae that I had not seen before in the
locality, also one Buralis guercus. I took a moderate series of
Strymon ilicis, one ab. cerri and two or three Strymon spini.
Perhaps the most notable thing on this most brilliant and very hot
^ay was the song of the Cicadas, it went on without a moment's
cessation and at times its volume and loudness were remarkable ; at a
particular spot there seemed to be one that had a very exceptionally
high and loud *' note," so much so that I had tried to spot him, there
he was at the very end of a branch of a tall fir tree seated right on the
tuft of the fir needles, be looked even at that height three or more
Inches in length, but there was no mistaking him looking in the
brilliant sunshine as black as coal, almost like a roll of patent leather.
After lunch I wandered up the hill at the back of the Hotel de Lorges,
^nd seeing as I thought a nice Papilio madiaon on a flower head I
^ent for it and to my delight found I had netted a perfectly fresh
Specimen of P, alexanor, this I believe is a new record for this species.
mtm^^^m i ■ "
104 THE entomologist's record.
My friend Rowland Brown tells me he cannot trace it being recorded
from this district. I also took a beautiful Zygaena carniolica race
occitanica. Another day in company with Mr. Main and Mr. Symes
we went to the east end of the escarpment and were very successfuT
with the general run of species already mentioned, but in addition I
took a couple of fine Ruralis qitercua ; we had been told that Laeosopsis
roboria was to be found here, but we were quite unable to find it, I
took, however, Zygaena sarpedon, and one or two Zygaena briseis^ also
Z. carniolica , mostly ab. heydemri, whilst two or three Z^ faHsta were
also captured. A couple of fine and perfect Papilio podalirius fell to
my net and a nice little series of PolyottuHatua eschetif about which I
have more to say elsewhere.
On another day we three went over to Riboux, a plain on the south
side of the escarpment, on the top of which is the chapel of St. Pilon,
here I took more Satyrus cordula and also /S.flf/c//on<?, whilst lower down
among the trees I captured one or two S^ hta^mvone. It was an
intensely hot day and we missed the track that makes in zigzags the
steep descent, so we decided to go straight down the side of the hill,
and bavin ^covered possibly half or more of the steep scramble down-
wards we rested awhile, glad of the welcome shade of a few trees.
Here after a few minutes breathing space on looking round I saw
some delightful rocks bathed in the full blaze of the sun ; ** Come,"
said I, '* here's just the place for Satyrus fidia,^' and suiting the action
to the word 1 got up and almost before I was aware of it, a flash, a
stroke, a back bander, and there was a perfect specimen of the
butterfly ; as I looked at the beauty my thoughts travelled back to
before the war to the last time I took it, at Ille sur Tet, in tte Oriental
Pyrenees. Then we proceeded on our way and ere very long arrived
down on to the plain of Riboux and soon found the well we were in
search of. Here were the usual cattle troughs made out of the trunks
of trees, and as the water evaporated they were greatly frequented by
wasps and butterflies, prominent among the latter being Polyommatus
dolus J and Hesperia fritillnm race c//".sn, H. foKlgiiien, H. malvoideSy&ndL
H. sao. In this plain Satyrus briseis was fairly common but very
strt)ng in flight and difficult to catch ; nevertheless I got* a nice little
series, the form however in this hot dry plain is not quite so large as
elsewhere in Provence and is darker than usual. I think we were all
well satisfied with our day andpfl enjoyed it thoroughly.
Among other insects I took a nice series of Plebeiua' {aegon) argui*
P. argyrognomon also occurred and a nice little lot of Rumicia phlaeas
fell to my net mostly of the eleus form, but some, quite typical of the
first generation, were probably laggards of it.
ThymelicKS acteon was not ra.re, smdAdopaea fkiva (litiea) was common
as was also ^. liiieola ; of Krynnis {Carcharodihs) alceae I took but one. I
did practically no " dusking " at all and therefore my catch of the
Heterocera was quite small.
La Sainte Baume is a very interesting spot from iinore than one
point of view. Apart from the natural history of the district and its
natural and scenic peculiarities and beauties, it has many old world
interests; the Hotellerie was from the thirteenth century, until the
disfranchisement of 1904, a religious house of the Dominicans, and
many are the legends connected with the fanK)us grotto in the escarp-
ment and with the little church of St. Pilcm on 'the summit. They
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZTGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. 105
fee all steeped in beautiful stories of Mary Magdalene and her life in
lis Orotto, and I gather that there is no place in the south of France
W which 80 many pilgrimages are made, for the pious and poetical
|hrren<;*als are able to accept all that is written and come to worship at
hilBhrine in large numbers.
:• Jt.was also most picturesque to see the gathered in grain emptied
fAin the farmyard (if such you can call the level area just outside
hH6tellerie) and the horses brought to tread out the corn ; round
round they went under the guiding hand of one of the men until
lh€ha£f was separated ; after which the whole pile was well covered
iting for the " mistral ** or other strong wiod to rise, when it was
uncovered and forked so that the chaff was easily blown away,
ife the grain of course fell back and was then *' bagged " in the
way. I must not close without a word of thanks to Monsieur
lone who managed the Hotellerie ; a large new wing has been
itly added to the old house and there is now ample accommodation
all comers, and Monsieur is kindness itself, always ready to help in
of need or to give any information that he possesses.
H Essay on the Systematic Study of Variation in the Races of
p^gaeoa filipendnlae, L, and of its subspecies stoechadis, Brkh.
>„ By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
i {Continued from p. 91,)
At this point of the description of the successive grades in the
liriation of the species I must make a short digression. A few words
most be said about the wing-pattern of the Zf/ffaena i n
general, to make the more complex variation, which follows, better
noderstood, although I am sorry to have to touch this vast and
difficult subjest, here, in an inadequate way. The markings of the
Tiepidoptera are of two sorts : the nePYuIar sufTasion or pattern
1 the trae OP transverse pattern. The former originates on the
'!«'S and diffuses more or less broadly on either side, forming a
which may be either shaded or sharply outlined ; along the
rp^in of the wing these streaks often broaden considerably and
isversally in a marginal band, which usually has a shaded
line ; they also often blond in a uniform shade at the base
nut this shade may also be originated by the following
' it exists. The true or transverse pattern originates
"nervular spaces, usually making an appearance under
> dots (one on either side of the central crease or
vophied and obliterated nervule) : the origin of these
()wn, for instance, by the minute black specks of
''7, Esp., and of S/>ilarrtia lubricipeiia, L. A
transverse series of chese dots exists in the various
,>tera ; in the vast majority of cases the two dots are
-J crease in one larger spot and very often these blend
so across the nervures into bands, which cross the wing
f^ margin, such as in Arctia hehc, L., which can be
» Zyijaena fausta, L. Here again two sorts of true
" discern able, in most cases, and sometimes even
lild call primary, secondary and tertiary
rule, the first is much more dark in colour than
106 THE entomologist's begord.
the two others ; these in the vast majority of cases constitute that
lighter colouring which is wrongly described as " the ground colour,"
when the mistake is not carried so far as to call " ground colour " even
the primary pattern, simply because it has more extent than the
secondary pattern. In the Zygaena the dark indigo or greenish
scaling is the primary pattern, the red or yellow is the secondary
pattern, and the real ground colour, which is white or yellowish, is
only left uncovered in Z. ejihialtes, L., or in rings round the spots of
the forewing of other species. In this genus the patterns are of the
very simplest description, and, in fact, they are not much more
complex than in the lowest of the Lepidoptera, the Microptei^gidae,
but the original bands are so fused together that they are not discern-
ible at first sight. Variation is thus carried on in its very broadest
and simplest lines, making it well suited to a study of its fundamental
laws, as I have already mentioned. We must note first of all that
there are species of Zyyaena which never produce the true primary
pattern, the nervural pattern existing alone : this is the piuyuraliSf
Br., group ; the consequence is that the red scaling forms longitudinal
bands and never splits transversally into spots. There .are, on the
other hand, species in which the true pattern exists alone and the
nervural pattern is quite absent or very rudimentary : this is
the /rtu.sfflf, L., fraxhii, Men., and carniolica, Sc, groups; the conse-
quence is that the red spots can blend transversally across the
nervures, but never form longitudinal bands as in the group mentioned
above ; in aberrent individuals, they may be united by one central
band along the cubital nervure, when the transverse bands are
interrupted at this point, but this, too, is due precisely to the absence
of nervural pattern. Between these twc extreme groups extend all
the other species, in which the nervural and the true primary pattern
exist together and in which variation consists in the various combina-
tions of their different degrees of development.
Heturning to lilipeniiulae, we find it stands in the series of species
last mentioned and that it combines the nervural and the true
primary pattern. This explains a phenomenon in its variation that
would otherwise have been puzzling. I think the order in which lam
describing the races is the natural one, because it corresponds to the
successive transitions from one to the other as one finds them in
nature. Now, in this series it will be noticed that from vianni or
paulula to pnlchi'n'i}na the dark markings become less and less
extensive and the red ones proportionately more and more so, whereas
in the races of subspecies stoechadu^ which I am about* to deal with,
the dark markings increase from the races closely connected to
pulcJunrima to the most distinct stoer/iactis ones. This sudden inversion
of the process of variation would be difficult to explain. The remarks
I have made on the wing-pattern of the Zyyaeuae give us the clue by
showing that the inversion is only apparent and that we have, on the
contrary, only one progressive series of variation or, perhaps, rather,
two series diverging from pnlclten'wia and leading up to arctica or
paulula on the one hand and to stoechadis proper on the other. In the
former it is the nervural pattern which decreases in extent from paulula
to pnlcherrima, in the latter it is the true or transverse primarj' pattern
which increases from pulcherrinta to the darkest stoechadis. We thus
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZTGABNA FIIilPENDULAE, L. 107
easily see that filipendulae simply follows the fundamental law of
variation of the wing-markings of the Lepidoptera, according to which
in the successive subdivisions of each group the same variations tend
to reproduce themselves on a minor scale, except that character or
those characters, which become more or less invariable in each case and
distinguish that group. The arctica branch of filipendulae corresponds
to the purpuralis group of species, the stoechadis branch to the fansta^
camiolica, etc., group. It must also be noted that these two types of
markings are so generalised in the Lepidoptera, that, under the same
conditions of environment, they are actually produced in as distant a
Family as, for instance, the Pieridae in P. napi races arctica and
bryoniae, up to the extreme form radiata, and the summer broods of
race meridionalis, Riihl., up to form dnhiom, Rob., whilst in the genus
Pieris in general the napi group of species corresponds to the
purpuralis group of the Zyijaenae and the rapae group corresponds to
the/a?/sto, carniolica, etc., group.
Another distinctive character between fiUpendidae and stoechadis,
which can be explained by the fact that the true primary pattern is
more developed in the latter than in the former, consists in the frequent
obliteration of spot 6th in stoechadis, whereas it never disappears even
in the darkest forms of filipendulae. To follow up the cause of this we
must begin by finding out the origin of the 6th spot. It will be noticed
that in a great many, if not in nearly all the Lepidoptera, there exists,
just about the third or hindermost terminal branch of the median
nervure, a zone of wing in which the pattern is reduced in extent,
evidently because that branch is itself atrophic ; it should consist in
branches 8 and 4 in which the hind median nervure should fork, as
does the fore median nervure in branches 1 and 2 ; the four branches
all exist in early stages of the wing in the chrysalis ; the atrophy of
pattern is generally more conspicuous on the underside of tbe hindwing.
In the Grypocera there exists a fold in these wings, which stretches
across them in front of that nervure and which no doubt is connected
with the phenomenon I am describing in the pattern. It is in this
intervural space that, for instance, the eye-spot ol the Satyridae is
smaller than in the other spaces, or even absent. It is in the next
internervular space, just at the back of the third median nervure, that
the true secondary pattern (the grey or fulvous, so-called, ground-
colour) on the underside of the hindwings of the Lycaenidi is often
cancelled and leaves a triangular space of the real, white, ground-
colour uncovered. This important part of the wing I propose calling
the atrophied zone, because it is obvious that the development of
the wing-markings is impeded there and kept some grades back as
compared to the grades reached on the greater part of the wing-surface.
In filipendulae and other Zyyaena the sixth spot is placed precisely
astride of the third median nervure of the fore wing and the dark
marginal band of the hindwing is narrower on or just at the back of
the same nervure, when its inner outline is waved and it varies in
breadth. This seems to show obviouslv enoufjfh that when on the
forewing the dark marginal band becomes s() broad on most of its
length as to join and blend with the preceding band (that which
crosses the wing beyond the end of the cell and separates spots 5th
and 6th from each other) it is in some cases kept back in the atrophied
zone and, remains narrower ; the consequence is it does not
108 THE entomologist's rbgokd.
join the other band there and what, in respect of the dark pattern, oan
be called a space, is left between them ; this is spot sixth. What I
wish to point out is that the atrophied zone in the Zygaena does not
affect the true primary pattern or affects it extremely little. If we
examine Z. camiolicay Sc, in which the nervural pattern does not
exist, or nearly so, we find that usually the marginal band and the
preceding one are separated on most of their length by a long kidney-
shaped space or red spot ; in southern races, where this space gets
obliterated in some individuals by the unusual extent of the primary
pattern, one sees that, whilst the fusion of these bands begins at the
two ends of that space, at the same time the latter gets rapidly much
narrower, being invaded both from the innerside and the outerside, so
that at the end of the process there remains nothing of the space bat
two or three minute round specks at quite a distance from spot 6th.
No stage is thus gone through similar to the 6th spot of filipendulai
elongated outwardly. If we now examine series of Z. purpuralisy Brii.,
where the nervular pattern exists alone, we can on the contrary notice
that, when the marginal band broadens, in many individuals it does
not do so uniformly on all its length, but it exhibits a deep incision in
the atrophied zone. This incision is not separated from the end of the
red band corresponding to spot 5th, as it is in fllipendnlae, because there
exists no primary band to do so, but it obviously is homologous to spot
6th. These two observations, which are the counterparts of each other,
show very clearly that in filipendulae the marginal band is constituted
both by that of the nervural and that of the transverse pattern, but
that the former is usually (or specifically) narrow in the atrophied
zone, so that spot 6th can only be obliterated when the true pattern
acquires the high degree of development it has in stoechadis. Another
character pointing to the same conclusion is that when spot 6th is
reduced to a very small size, its last vestige in the darkest forms (A
stoecJiadis is more usually quite at a distance from spot 5th, whereas
in subspecies filipendulae and in forms of stoechadis more similar to
filipeiidulae it is often very near or even confluent with it. In the first
instance it is clear that reduction is due to broadening of that band of
the true pattern, which extends between spots 5 and 6, and that the
nervural pattern has nothing to do with this process. It seems
reasonable therefore to suppose that also in the second instance the
true pattern as a rule invades the 6th spot by the broadening of its
marginal band and that the nervural pattern only joins in this process
in rare cases, in which it is unusually developed and behaves as in the
darkest achilleae, Esp., tending to abolish the incision of the atrophied
zone from the outer-side inwardly.
Other instructive observations we can make by comparing
successively the underside of hindwings, the upperside of same, ^
underside of forewings and the upperside of same, especially in the
dark forms of stoechadis. We find that these are four progressive
grades in the extent of the same markings.
From all these remarks and many others one can, to my mind,
conclude that the principal variation of filipendulae consists in •
dissociation of the nervural and of the true or transverse patterns, and
in the consequent development in ihe extent of that of the two which
predominates. Schematically this process, pushed to the extrein»»
could be pictured by an entirely red form, having also the forewings
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACKS OF ZYOAENA FILIPKNDULAE, U 109
Similar to the hindwings of sub-species jilipendulae, by two series
diverging from it, one exhibiting a progressive increase in the extent
of the nervural pattern, the other exhibiting that of the transverse
pattern, and by a number of series between these two, in each of
which both nervural and transverse pattern would exist combined
together in different proportions. But this scheme is not a creation
of my fancy ; it exists in nature ; it is the Zytjaena genus. The two
extreme series are embodied by that which leads from Z. mbicundnSf
Hb., up to the dAtliest purpuralisy Br., and by that which leads from
.Z. laeta, Hb., up to fausta, L., carniolicay Scop., etc. In a paper on
this genus in general I will show how its variations can be traced to a
beautifully definite and ordinate plan, sufficient to overthrow any
theory on natural selection of fortuitous variations.
Races intermediate between subspecies fiUpmiiulae,
li., and subspecies stoechadis, Brk. : —
Race anoeps, Obth., Kt. Up. Comp., IV., p. 651 (1910).
" Bouohes-du-Rhdne et Var (Hyeres, Sainte-Baume, Saint- Zacharie,
Montrieux, Saint- Pons).** Such are the localities given by Oberthiir
for this very interesting race, which I have already talked of. I need
only add here that by its build, by the aspect of many individuals
very similar to subspecies tilipetidulae, by the tone of red and more
especially by the marginal band of hindwings being always narrow it
belongs on the whole more to /ilipendidae than to stoechadia. On the
other hand, however, the reduced red suffusion of the underside of
forewings and the numerous five-spotted individuals bring it very near
stoechadis.
Race alpina, Boisd., Icmea Hist. Lep., p. 65, pi. 53, fig. 9
(1882-41). Oberthiir discusses Boisduval's description aad concludes
that his insect must have been the one which is found at Digne ;
Boisduval only gives the ** Alpes fran9aises " as locality ; he thought
it was very probably referable to mujelicae, 0. Oberthiir keeps it
under this heading, but expresses doubts as to its correctness. I do
not know it, but from the lengthy descriptions of these authors I
should say it is a small mountain race transitional between fiUpendHlae
and stoechadis and similar to its neighbour in localities less elevated,
ancepsy by its great variability. Like it, it seems to approach
filipendulae by the marginal band of hindwings, more usually narrow
and by the very extensive red suffusion of underside of forewing in
many individuals, whereas it approaches stoechadis by being often five-
Spotted and by a few males having the hindwing broadly darkened.
The angelicaeformis, mihi, form noticed by Boisduval only occurs
oocasionallv.
Race pulcheFrima-stoechadis, mihi. This interesting race
from the hills above Reggio Emilia (Borzeno) and Modena (Rio
Spigone in the colli di Scandiano) on the extreme southern limit of
Subspecies filipendulae in Italy, I have already mentioned in dealing
'With transitions between it and stoechadis. A large percentage of
individuals belong distinctly either to the one or to the other, and
^ow and then, in the second case, even to forms vtedirat/inis and
stoechadis, much darker than are ever found in race ochsenheimeri from
Southern Italy and to the five-spotted one. A. Costantini of Reggio
^UU9 sent me a large series to examine and he has kindly left me part
«M«H
110 THE entomologist's RECORD,
of it. Of the transitional individuals some can be described as forio-
pulchery-ima trans ad ochsenhdmeri, the rest as form oehsefifielm^ri
trans ad pulcherrima.
Subspecies or group of races stoechadiSf Borkh. : —
Before describing the different races I must make one or two
general remarks, which will help to understand the way they are^
linked to each other. To begin with let us note that in the female sex
of this subspecies there exists what might nearly be called a
dimorphism, because the extremes of its variation have very different
aspects indeed ; the interesting point is that they correspond to sub-
species fHipendulae and stoechadis, just as these correspond on a still
more magnified scale to the extreme variations of the entire genus.
One of these forms can be described simply by saying it is identical t(h
pulcherrima ; what obliges us to classify it amongst the stoecJiadis, even
when it is found alone as in race calabra, or it prevails, is that it is
not accompanied by any male of the same form, that sex consisting
entirely of most perfect ochsenheimeri. It is well represented by that
figure on pi. 6 of Seitz' Grosschmett, vol. ii., which is, as we shall
see presently, wrongly named '' hadjina'' : size usually very large,
wings elongated and acuminated, scaling less thick than in the
stoechadis which ate really characteristic, colouring less saturated both
in the dark and in the red markings, red spots of forewing very large,-
sixth spot usually blended with fifth and also projecting outwardly
very much, dark margin of hindwing extremely thin, being limited to-
the fringes and of perfectly uniform breadth, red suffusion of the
underside of forewings about as extensive as is ever seen in filipendulae'y
it will be found convenient to name this form pidcherrimaefojmis; it
nearly invariably differs from pulcherrima by the tone of the red,
which is colder, lacking the slight tinge of yellow mixed with it in
the latter. The other female form stands opposite to this one by
the shape of its wings, the dense scaling, the saturated and brilliant
colouring ; its markings vary in extent as much as it is possible in any
Zygaena, from a form which only differs from pnlcherri viae for mis by
its structure, by its more limited spots on forewing and by its marginal
band of hindwing (slightly broader generally and widened particularly
at apex and between the cubital and the anal nervures), to the form
with only five spots on forewing and the hindwing nearly entirely
darkened.
A bird's eye view of the geographical variations of subspecies
stoechadis is interesting : we find that the races one can call on the
whole melanic extend from the Maritime Alps to Piedmont and
Liguria, and thence along the chain of the Apennine at medium and
high altitudes, as far as the depression which unites the valleys of the
Metauro and that of the Tiber, and which marks the limit between the*
Tertiary geological formation of the mountains up to that point and
their Jurassic one southwardly. The culminating point of melanism
is reached exactly in the mountains above . Lucca and Pistoia in
northern Tuscany. Out of this region of melanism, the extent of the
true pattern is seen to decrease progressively as one gets further front
it to the W. and to the S., so that the reddest races are found in the
W. of France and in Sicily, but to the N. the change is very abrupt in
the Po valley, as we have already seen. The Balkans I cannot deal
STUDY OP VARIATION IN THE RAGES OP ZYOAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. Ill
with for want of information, all I read about them being very vague
and confused. Spain I must also leave to future investigation,
because for the present I have found no evidence of the existence of
aiipendnlae there at all. Race neeboldi, Obth., which I have seen, as
already stated, I refer to lonicerae, Oberthiir's description of kinder-
wannity Boisd., from Barcelona, suggests to me another darker race of
the same species. BurgefTs {Mitteil. Mnnchner hint, Ges., 1914, p. 61,
pi. III.) fjeviina from Sierra Segura, collected by Korb, may be a
constantly five- spotted stoechadu, with a narrow marginal border to
hindwing, but even its author's declaration "that the genitalia easily
distinguish it from lonicerae " does not quite satisfy me. Turning to
the Eastern Mediterranean region, we find two races have been
described : syriaoa, Obth., which does not seem specifically distinct
from stoechadis, and hadjina, Stdgr., from the Taurus Mts. The
original description of the latter is the following : '* Like dubiay but
with spots 8 and 4, 5 and 6 of forewings further apart." This
distinctly points to a marked form of ochsenheimeri, and Seitz's figure
mentioned above cannot be correct, as it represents a female with
those spots so large as to be quite close to each other and the two last
quite confluent. It may belong to a high-mountain race, collected at
a greater altitude than Staudinger's types and standing to hadjina
as calahra^ Vrty., stands to ochaenhei inert, 0., in Calabria, or else the
female of hadjina may be dimorphic, like the Italian ochsenheiuieri is
in some localities, and this is an individual standing opposite to the
ny mo typical form.
Group of races constantly six-spotted on forewing,
with a broad red suffusion on underside and with very
narrow or narrow marginal band on hindwing [tenuisnime-
limbata to latelimbata), but with no other primary piittern : —
Race siciliensis, Vrty. (Bnll. Soc Km, Framr, 1917, p. 222).
This IS the less variable of the races of stoechadis, for all the individuals
of both sexes are most filipe)idnlae-l\ke ; so much so, that in my
original descdption 1 actually said it was difficult to decide which of
the two it should be grouped with. More material and more experience
show me now that I was right in considering it a stoechadis ; the larva
is identical with that of stoechadis, ochsenlieimeri and cal(d)ia and they
all exactly correspond to Spuler's fig. 25a on pi. ix. of Die Uaupen der
Schm. Eur. ; in the imago the structure of the body, antennae and
wings and the markings of the forewing above are quite as in those
ochsenheimeri individuals which have the red more extensive ; the
female in these respects quite btlongs to the chavsictevistic <fchseuheiineri
and so little does it tend to vary in the pulcherriina direction that one
specimen of pxdcheniwaeformis, found by the Quercis amongst
hundreds examined, stands out prominently in my series, as if it had
got mixed in it by mistake. What instead strongly recalls 7>///f//£^/W///a
constantly is the extremely narrow dark margin of the hindwings very
often of uniform breadth even in the male and the dense and extensive
red suffusion of the underside of forewings in both sexes. Never are
these characters found to such an extent in any male ochsenheimeri; in
the female they are found in form pidcherrimaefonnis, but never
associated, as in siciliensis, with the typical ochsenlieimeri characters.
My "types*' are from the hills of the neighbourhood of Palermo.
■■
112 THE entomologist's bboord.
Eace calabra, Vrty. {Bull, Soc. Ent. France, 1917, p. 223). At a
very high altitude (Piano di Carmelia, m. 1200, on the Aspromonte) in
Calabria Querci has discovered a most interesting race. The male is
a grade further on, as compared with that of siciliejisis, along the
stoechadis line of variation and it can, in fact, be described as identical
with ochsenheimeri, but the female is instead a grade further back than
Mcilienfiis and constantly belongs to p niche nimaef or mis. The result is a
much greater sexual dimorphism than exists, on the whole, in any
■other stoechadh race. Following the usual rule in Galabrian races,
calabra is of large size and not smaller than ochsenheimeri of the plains,
like the mountain races of Central Italy.
Race calabra-ochsenheimeri, mihi. On the Coast Range, at S.
Fili, at about m. 900, another Calabrian race was found in June, 1920,
which is quite intermediate between calabra kh^ ochsenheimeri. A large
percentage of the females belong distinctly either to one or to the other,
the rest are transitional ; this compound name designates perfectly the
marked dimorphism of this sex, which characterises the race ; the
male is, of course, an ochsenheimeri, like that of calabra.
Race major, Esper [Schmett., Suppl. Sphiny., p. 19, pi. xli., fig. 4
(1793, not 1789, as stated by Tutt, because on the same plate is
figured exulans, which Esper at p. 17 says was found in 1792)] . It is
quite surprising how all authors quote this name as a synonym of
ochsenheimeri, Z., when it is fifty years older than the latter. Esper's
figure is rough, but unmistakable, and his description, comparing his
insect " from the south of France *' with the (jevxasxijilipeiidulaey and
and including size, brilliant colouring, broader and more sinuous
marginal band on hiodwing, shows once more what a wonderful eye
that entomologist had for his times. Oberthiir in his FA. Up. Camp.,
iv., p. 647, includjBS in ochsenheimeri, 7i., both the Sicilian and the race
from Montpellier, besides the one from Central Italy. The first I
have shown to be distinct ; if the two latter are quite similar to each
other it seems to me inevitable that the name major should replace the
one of ochsenfieimeri. A closer comparison of adequate series will
however, I believe, reveal some difference, which will make it worth
while utilising the former for the race from the south of France, and
the latter for that of Italy.
Race ochsenheimeri, Zeller (his, 1847, pp. 803-7). Tutt and
Oberthiir both note that this name was given by Zeller to
Ochsenheimer's description of what he called transalpina, a name
which of course could not stand, having been used by Esper for ft
totally different insect. Oberthiir very rightly applied the name to
those races of stoechadis which are always or nearly always six-spotted
and which have, comparatively to the other stoechadis, a very narrow
marginal band on hindwing. This made things much clearer than
they had been left by Staudinger, followed blindly by Seitz, Dziurzynski
and others, who kept up an inexplicable distinction. between ** ntoechadit
. var. dubia, Stdgr.," and ^\plipendidae var. ochsenheimei% Z.," but for-
nished no clue, either in their descriptions oi in their habitats, as to
what they meant by them. Evidently they had never made
out the distribution of jiUpendulae and of stoechadis, and they
had in mind some wrong idea about them. In the next paragraph
I will deal with the name of dubia, Stdgr., which authors pi
the last century found so convenient to cover their difficulties
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. lid*
and which in most cases was applied to what should have-
been named majoj' or ocfisenheimerL Staudinger probably used this
last name for the forms more similar to subspecies filipendulae^ namely
for those I have now named fudcheinmaeforwis^ calahra, and siciliensis,
and he used the name dnbia for the forms with a broader marginal
band to hind wing. This view would not be sustainable, because
Ochsenheimer clearly describes this band as ''sinuate*' and also
because the broad habitat of ** Italy and Southern France " he gives
makes it highly improbable he should have meant to describe the
comparatively rare pxilcherrimaefoi-mis, or the local calabra and
siciUenns. I quite agree with Oberthiir in referring the name broadly
to all the races oi'stoechadis, which are constantly or nearly constantly
six-spotted in the male, as well as in the female, and which have the
hindwings entirely red, with a narrow marginal band as in Seitz's
figure, but more sinuate than in his male. The distribution of these
races corresponds to the region mentioned by Ochsenheimer, plus the
Balkans and Asia Minor. Now I have separated the Sicilian race, one
can add to the description of the remaining ochnenheimeri that in the
male sex the red suffusion of the underside of forewings is distinctly
less extensive than in filipendtdae, being reduced to a narrow central
streak, which unites the spots, and furthermore that the marginal
streak of the hindwing on both surfaces is broadened into a narrow,
but distinct band with a more or less sharply defined and sinuate
inner outline ; in Seitz's figure of female it is much too broad. I
have already mentioned that the race of the south of France will
probably be separated under the name of major, Esp. This leaves
continental and peninsular Italy to ochsenheimeri proper. On com-
paring the specimens I have collected in the hot valleys of South
Tyrol, of the Adige and the Isarco, with my series from Latium and
Central Italy generally, I notice in most specimens a distinct difference
in the tone of the red scaling : the former have a slight tinge of
yellow in it which make it more similar to that of ptdchern'ma and
thus more brilliant, the latter are of a colder, more saturated and
duller red. I believe this difference must have been noticed by
Staudinger and that is why in his Catalog, Lep. Pal, Faun,, 1901, p.
884, he distinguishes a " var. campaniae (Stdgr. i. 1.)," describing it
as ^^ intendus picta'' The specimen sold by Bang- Haas under this
name and figured by Seitz, with no description, but which is too dark
to be from the Campania, and the entirely opposite description given
by Dziurzynski in his Pal, Arten der Gatt. Zyyaena [Bed. hint, Zeit,,
1908), which suits the ochsenheimeri of the Campania much better,
show that none of them had made out what Staudinger meant. If
this be accepted as a distinct race:» the name ochseyiheimeri would be
limited to that of the Southern Alps. As this character is so subtle
and not constant I leave the question open. Calberla (Iris, viii., p.
218, 1896) describes under the name of judicariae a form with the
red spots surrounded by white rings found in South Tyrol, north of
the lake of Idro. This would seem a very distinct local race, for in no
locality have I ever seen a tendency to produce this form, but here too
I must leave the question open. A race, I think on the contrary
should be distinguished, is described in the following paragraph.
Other local variations, besides the transitions to calahra, consist in
gradual transitions to race etrusca (see below), whish begin by the
114 THE entomologist's kbookd.
appearance of five- spotted males and then by a broadening of the
marginal band of bindwings in an increasing number of individuals of
tbat sex. Even in South Tyrol I have seen a few from Terlana and
one in the Trent coll. with the bindwings nearly as dark as in nymo-
typical Htoechailu, but there is, as a rule, no tendency to produce these
■dark forms in that region. Those races of Central Italy which
constantly point in this direction can be called race ochaenheimsri
trans ad etruaca, Vrty. ; they are parallel to the French pyrene,s,
Eace micFOchsenheimeri, mihi. 8ize varies so markedly and
contributes to produce two such distinct-looking extreme races, that I
feel justified in proposing a new name. In the Aurunci Mts. (Southern
Latium) Querci has found a very large and brfghtly coloured
ochsenheimeri ; near Rome and in South Tyrol the size is not so ex-
cessive, but still large. On the contrary in the Mainarde Mts., at
Villalatina, m. 600, quite a small race is produced with body and
antennae more slender and with wings narrower, primary pattern
darker and duller, red less bright. Count Turati has kindly sent me in
exchange a series of specimens from Primaluna, m. 660, in Val
Sassina (lake of Como) which is quite similar to the one of the
Mainarde (the five- spotted form is found in about 6% of the males).
Unfortunately we still greatly lack in knowledge concerning the dis-
tribution of the various races of stoechadis in the Basin of the Po.
Specimens I have seen collected in various localities of Piedmont by
Signor Gianelli of Turin agree perfectly, however, with mici'ocfisen-
heimeri both in size and in the tinge of the dark and of the red
pattern, so thflt those forms, which also agree with it in the limited
extent of the dark markings, do not differ from it in the least and the
name should be used for the races of that region consisting chiefly in six-
spotted, narrow margined individuals. We shall see that nymotypical
mediciKjinu and stoechadis are also from that region ; microchsenheimen
only differs from them by the greater extent of the red secondary
pattern. Races corresponding to the designation of microchsenheimen
trans ad medieafjinis or to that of viedicaginis trans ad ochsenheimeri
will no doubt be found locally and also niicrochsenheimeri-p niche rrima
becauae i>ulcherrima^ as already stated, is quite frequent in the Po
basin.
M. Rondou has sent me from Gedre, m. 1000, in the Hautes-
Pyrenees a little series which does not differ in the least from the
Italian ones and contrasts sharply with specimens of filipendulae race
maiiniiy H.S., from the same region ; I can detect no signs of transition
between the two, so that I suppose the first is found at the bottom of
the valley of Gedre and the second in higher and colder spots, but
Rondou had not noticed the dift'erence and could give me no informa-
tion about them. As a rule size decreases as altitude increases, but
local causes create exceptions, such as the large race of the Aurunci
Mts., in Southern Latium found from 400 to 1200 m. I possess a
little series of microchsenheimeri, some of which of very small size,
collected as high as ISOOm., at Casteldelmonte in the Abruzzi, on the
jQran Sasso : —
Race microchsenheimeri trans ad montiyaga, mihi.
(To he, concluded.)
HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA, OOEZ. — OBSERVATIONS ON THE TYPE. 115
Hipikxlaniia variegata, Goez. — Some Observations on the type
of this Species.
By G. B. C. LEMAN, F.E.S.
In the course of the preparation of a paper on this species, at the
suggestion of Mr. Horace St. John Donisthorpe, (which I hope to
publish later on), I have had occasion to look up Goeze's original
iescription of his type, and I find that the type has nine spots and
Qot thirteen spots as subsequent writers appear to have assumed.
Goeze's original description of bis type is to be found in his
Entom, Beytr, i. 246 [1777J , and is as follows :— -
*' I. Zur ersten klasse : rothe oder gelbe Fliigeldecken, schwarze
Punkte.
1. Variegata, der Scheckriicken.
Geoffr. Ins. Tom. I. 822. No. 5 [1762] .
La coccin«lle rouge k neuf points noirs et corcelet vari6.
Coleoptris rubris, punctis novem nigris, thorace nigro,
antice albo.''
I have verified the reference to Geoffroy, and his description is as
follows : —
" 6. Coccinella coleoptris rubris punctis novem nigris, thorace
nigro, antice albo.
La coccinelle rouge k neuf points noirs et corcelet varie."
In 1785 Fourcroy in his Ent, Par. i. 144-6, in giving names to
Geoffroy's descriptions, appears to have overlooked H. variegata,
Goez., as he gives the name of Coccinella carpini to Geoffroy's No. 5 : —
"5. C. carpipi.
La coccinelle rouge k 9 points noirs et corcelet varie.
C. coleoptris rubris, punctis novem nigris, thorace nigro,
antice albo.
Loc. Habitat carpinum. [Hornbeam] .*'
and consequently C. carpini, Fourcr., is a synonym for H, variegata,
Goez.
Within the limits of these preliminary observations it is not
possible to deal with the many individual authors who have written
on this species, whether under its original name, or as Coccinella or
Adonia, wutabilis or variegata, and I propose therefore to refer only to
some of the more modern writers.
Mulsant (1846) in his Sec pp. 39-44, Adonia miitabilis, Scriba —
the latter*s description is incidentally extremely vague and diflficult to
follow — states definitely that the " etat normal " has 13 spots
arranged as follows : 1, 2, 2, 1 and J (the common scutellar spot),
and relegates the type to his var. G.^ — " L'humeral et les trois
derniers."
Mulsant's references include Geoffroy's No. 5, C\ carpini, Fourcr.,
and mutabilis, Scriba, but he makes no reference to Goeze.
In 1879 Weise in his B.-2\ pp. 92-94, under Adonia variegata,
Goez., gives the following formula for the disposition of the spots in
the type:—
** Flgd. roth, neben dem Schildschen weisslich, mit 13
Schwarzen P. 1, 2, 2, 1, ^."
and includes the type as a variety under his section f. : —
" f. Flgd. mit 9 P.
116 TUK lflNTOMOiX)(4IST'S KK(M>KD.
ii. P. 1, 4, 5, 6, J (9-pHnctata, Schrank) ... v. carpinif
Fourcroy.'*
Weise reiterates the above in his 1885 edition so far as the type h
concerned, but in the rearrangement of his sections he includes under
carpinif Fourcr., the following groups, for which there appears to be no
justification : —
"e. Fid. mit 9 P. aa. 1, 4, 5, 6, ^ (9 punctata, Sebrank;
carpiniy Fourcr.) ; bb. 1, 4 + 6, 6, ^; cc. 1, 2, 3, 5, ^; dd.
1, 3, 4, 5, J; ee. 2, 4, 5, 6, i ; ff. 2, 4 + 5, 6, ^ ; gg. -2, 3, 4>
5, ^ (arenaria, Sajo) ; hh. 3, 4, 5, 6, ^ (bicotistellata, Sajo)
. . . . V. carpini, Fourcroy."
Ganglbauer (1899) in Kdf. Mitteleur. follows Weise.
Reitter (1911) in Fai(7i, Germ. iii. p. 137, also gives the " Normal-
farbung" as "mit 1 schwarzen Sch.-Punkt. u. jede Fid. mit 1^ 2, 2^
1 Punkten," and his figure 10, " Hippodamia varlefiata,'' has 13 spots
corresponding with the formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, J.
The only record I have so far found of the correct description of
Goeze's type is in the Hist, Col, France of S6riziat. p. 349 (1883): —
" ^. niHtahiliSy 4 mm., tete fauve avec le front noir ; corcelet
fauve orne d'un dessin noir k quatre branches : ^lytres rouges
portant chacune trois points noirs en triangle sur I'extr^mit^
posterieure et un petit point humeral. 11 y a de plus un
petit commun sur I'^cusson."
I should be very glad to receive any data relating to this species
from any collector who has specimens in his collection, with-, if
possible, diagrams showing the position of the spots and the tboracie-
markings of each specimen. — 152, West Hill, Putney, S.W. 15.
:ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Entomological Notes from Putney for 1920. — Januai-y 20th, —
The seven -spot Lady-Bird {Coccinella 7 -punctata^ L.) on my gate post.
It was seen every day for over a week on the gate, fence, and sage
plants near.
January 2ith, — The Sage Frog-hopper (Euptei-yx melissae) abundant
on the sage, where it occurs all the year round. On July 18th it was
observed in cop^ when the sexes unite back to back.
January 25th. — The honey bee (Apis mellilica) out on path.
February SnI, — Geotrupesspiniger on path.
February Wth, — Queen Wasp [Vespa vulgaris) on pavemwfe;
another seen on the wing, February 13th.
February 13^//. — The church-yard beetle (Blaps mucronata) OD
pavement.
April 5th, — Fish Insect {Ixpiama sacharina) common inthekitcheo
near fire-place. This is the first time I have seen it at Putney. B
was also common this year in the house of a friend.
April Vdth, — The small White [Pier is rapae) flying in the Higb
Street, Putney.
April lith. — The large White {Pieris brassicae) flying in mygarddB*
April 24:th, — Creophilus inaxillosus running on pavement ; it
** feigned death " when touched.
April 25th. — Apian radiolus observed to be abundant on the Holly-
hocks in my garden.
NOTES ON COLLECTING. 117
May 16th, — Megatoma undata ; a fine specimen of this beetle was
found in a bedroom in my house.
May 21st, — The first Lace Wing Fly noticed in my garden.
May 22nd, — Ptinus 6-piinctatns taken in the bath-room. It is over
40 years since I last took this beetle, when it was also found in a bath-
room in miy father's house at Earls Shilton.
May 23rrf. — Mycetaea hirta ; this little beetle which is often found
in cellars, was inhabiting a fungus high up on a plane tree.
May 21th, — Clytus arietis occurred in my garden.
May 2Sth, — Qastrophynia polygoni on pavement.
May 2dth, — The stag-beetle {Lucaniis cervus) cT on fence in Putney
Park Lane.
May dOth, — Tortrix pronubana flying in road. On September 24th
a number of specimens were observed at 1.16, hovering over a garden
hedge.
June ISth, — The Painted Lady (Pyrameis cardui) in my garden.
June 21iit. — Hylobins abietis, a specimen was picked up in my road.
July 6th-12th, — Anthrenns {Claviger ?) larva died while I was away.
It was taken in my study in July, 1917, changed its skin in July and
October, 1918, and July*5th, 1919.
July 15th, — Pseudococcus gahani, this Coccid, which has only been
recognised recently in England, was crawling on the outside of my
study window. Other specimens were seen in the same situation on
October 16th and 29th.
July 11th, — Rhagonycha falva in garden.
August 1th. — Corticaria lineaiis flying in garden ; also the Red
Admiral {Pyrameis atalanta). The latter was again seen in the garden
on October 20th.
\
August 18</t. — The small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae) flying in
garden.
August 28re/. — Ptinus tectus in bath. This is the first record for
Putney of this beetle, which has spread all over the country during
recent years.
August 28th. — A grass-hopper (sp. ?) was seen jumping in a road
in the town ; on 31st I saw another specimen in my garden.
Angust 2dth, — The Devil's Coach-horse {Oxypus olens) on road.
September Ist, — The Meal worm [Tenebrio molitor) on the pavement.
September 15th, — Pentatoma rufipes; this large bug was picked up
in Hazlewell Boad.
September 20th, — A male wasp {Vespa vulgaris) noticed on pave-
ment, and a male and female together on 22nd.
September 22th, — A wasp {Vespa vulgaris) worker was observed
flying in the evening with something white in its jaws. On being
captured it was found to be carrying the remains of a moth {Luperina
testacea).
November 1th. — A number of Aphids were taken crawling on a
wooden fence on Putney Common. Mr. Laing tells me they consisted
of the following species : — Tnberolachnus viminalis, Boyer ; Brachyeolus
frequensj Walker, this species has not been found since 1848 ; Therio-
aphis betidicola, Kalt,, S" and $ $ ; Kuceraphis betulae, Kalt. ; Sipha
gckojitedenij Del-Guer. {=glyceriae^ Walker nee Kalt.), not been found
in Britain since 1846 ; and Kuceraphis carpini^ Buckt. The same
species were found still walking on this fence on November 14th and
118 THE entomologist's kkoobd.
21st, and in addition on the last date, Hyadaphus (Cavaridla) eapreae,
oviparous $ $ , and Tnberolachnus viminalis^ Boyer, nutnetons i^te
and apteroas specimens, and a few pupse.
November dth, — Quedius impresstis on the wing in the road.
November \Oth, — Male Wasp {Vespa vulgaris) on pavdtnent ; and
Cyphon variabilis on my study window. — H. Donisthorpb, Ptittiey.
CrURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NQTICKS.
The Interim Report of the Mosquito Investigation Committee of
the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies has heen submitted to
the Ministry of Health and has been described by Colonel JaUies as
** interesting and valuable/' Will all those who have had Circular
No. 4 dealing with Anopheles plumbeus and are participating in getting
data on this species kindly communicate at once with the Hon. Sec.,
the Rev. T. W. Oswald Hicks, B.A., " Lesware," Linden Road, N. 16.
Information is particularly required (A) of the habits and breeding
places of A. plumbeus , and (B) its distribution as a larva and as a
full-grown insect. It is an easy matter to send these " gnats " in
folded paper in an envelope, as they can then easily be identified by
an expert. Copies of the interesting circular are still obtainable from
the Hon. Secretary.
In the Bull, Soc. ent. France for February is a list of the Micro-
lepidoptera of the Island of Oleron (Charente-Inf6rieure), by C.
Dumont, which he has recently obtained and which brings up the
total number of species of Micros already reported to 280. There are
included 5 Colcophora^ only 1 Lithocolletis, the very local Psy chid Lufia
lapidella, 5 Tinea (s. str.), 5 Pterophoridaey 9 Cotichylis, 8 Acalla^
including A, cristana from Uhnus campestHs, etc.
Through the kindness of our valued correspondent, Mr. G. B.
Pearson, of Pasadena, near Los Angelos, S. California, and a member
of the South London Entomological Society, we have received a copy
of the first number of the South West Science Bulletin^ issued by the
South West Science Association of Los Angelos, of which Dr. John
Comstock, the well-known Lepidopterist and Assistant Director of the
Los Angelos Museum, is one of the foremost members. The matter
is about equally divided between Entomology (Lep.) and Botany. It
contains one plate of nine coloured figures of rare and new Argynnids
to illustrate Professor Comstock's articles. Aryynnis malcolmi sp. nov.
is near A, montivaga ; race tehachapina v. nov. is a high mountain
form of A. montivaga ; Melitaea salinay Wright, of which hitherto only
the type (a wreck) existed and of which Dr. Comstock had received ft
number from the Chiricahua Mountains in Arizona, are the species
illustrated and described.
We regret to hear that Mr. H. Rowland -Brown, who so recently
took up the Secretaryship of The Entomological Society, is seriously ill-
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
November Srd, 1920. — Election of Fellows. — Messrs. Thomas
Alexander Barns, F.Z.S., 32, Windsor Court, Bayswater, London, W.;
George Bethell, F.R.Hist.S., 11, Chandos St., London, W. 1 ; Major
800IBTI1B8. 119
John Errol Moritz Bojd, M.G., R.A.M.C, Pendavy, Bircfaingfcon-on-
Sea ; Miss Mary Frances Gossart Bridson, Ford Brow, Dartmouth ;
Messrs. Thomas Gockeroft, 111, Owen St., Wellington South, New
Zealand ; Ernest Grabbe, 52, Sarsfeld Road, Balham, S.W.12 ; J. W.
Griffin, 27, The Summit, Liscard, Wallasey ; Alister Glavering ^ardy,
40, Harlow Moor Drire, Harrogate ; Valentine Knight, Assistant
Director Raffles Museum, Singapore ; Russell James, 7, Broadlahds
Bead, Highgate, N.6 ; George Lodge, Hawkhouse, Gatnberley i Hugh
Kenneth Munro, B.Sc., 268, Bburke St., Pretoria, S. Africa ; John
Oolding Myers, Aramoho, Wanganui, New Zealand ; Alfred Philpott,
Assistant Entomologist, Biological Dept., Gawthron Inst, of Scienljific
Research, Nelson, New Zealand ; Arthur Walter Richairdson, 28,
Avenue Road, Southall, Middlesex; Dr. Winstan St. Andrew St.
John, M.R.G.S., L.R.G.P., Derwent House, Derby ; Dr. John
W. Scharff, M.B., D.P.M., Tampin, Federated Malay Static ;
Messrs. Joseph Tinsley, West of Scotland Agricultural Gollege, Burns
Avenue, Kilmarnock ; and William Wallace, M.B., 16, Hainton
Avenue, Grimsby, were elected Fellows of the Society.
New BuTTERFiiiES FROM DuTCH New Guinea. — Mr. G. Talbot ex-
hibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey a number of New Butterflies from
the Weyla^d Mountains, Dutch New Guinea.
The specimens shown formed part of the first collection made by
the three brothers G., F., and J. Pratt, who were sent out by Mr. Joicey
to explore a little-known part of New Guinea.
Lepidoptera from the Gook and Society Islands ; including an
ANALYSIS OF THE MARKINGS OF THE FEMALES OF HyPOLIMNAS BOLINA,
L. — Professor Poulton exhibited specimens illustrating the following
extracts from letters received from Mr. H. W. Simmonds of the
Department of Agriculture, Suva, Fiji : —
The five females sent by Mr. Simmonds from Rarotonga showed
great variation. The chief differences were described below, omitting
the central marking of the hindwing which was treated separately at
the end.
(1) This specimen was male-like and, except for its much greater
«ize, nearly resembled the Tahitian female.
(2) Smaller — the only one of the hve which, in this respect, did
not contrast with the Tahitian specimen , darker, the white fore-
wi^g bar overspread with scattered dark scales, the series of white
spots parallel with the hind margin slightly developed, as also the
orange ochreous marginal and submarginal lines in both wings,
tending to invade the apical area of forewing.
(8) In this specimen the series of white spots, present on both
wings, was more developed, as also the orange ochreous markings,
especially at the apex of forewing.
(4) Similar, except for the still greater development and richer
shade of the orange ochreous and the slightly less developed series of
white spots.
(5) The white forewing bar overspread as in (2) ; the ochreous
markings very pale, nearly white in the apical area. In the hindwing
the pale ochreous submarginal marking was no longer a line but a
band much broader than in any other of these five females. The
President, however, had captured specimens in Rarotonga with a far
120 THE entomologist's record.
greater development of ochreous, recalling some of the Fiji females of
bolina.
East African Danaine butterflies resting, crowded in a bamboo
CLUMP, DURING THE HOT HOURS OF THE DAY. — Prof. PoultOD Said that
he had received only that morning a letter from one of their Fellows —
Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, Game Warden of the Tanganyika Territory;
and he wished to call the attention of the meeting to the interesting
observations recorded by the writer.
Aberrations of Brenthis Euphrosyne and B. selene. — The
Secretary exhibited on behalf of Mr. B. G. Adams a magnificent
collection of aberrations of B, euphrosyne and B, selene, all taken in
different years in a restricted locality in N. Devon about 600 ft. above
the sea. Amongst these were two specimens which appeared to be
hybrids, the upperside of one being that of B, euphrosyne with the
underside of B, selene, the opposite being the case with the other speci-
men. The two species often overlapped.
DiPTERA FROM NoRFOLK. — Mr. J. E. Collin exhibited the following
interesting species of Diptera captured on Blakeney Point, Norfolk, from
July 16th-24th, 1920.
Hercostomus praetextatus, Haliday. Described in 1866 from a single
male captured in July, 1864, on the Sandhills of Eossbegh Point,
(Kerry), and never rediscovered in Britain until Dr. "Winifred E.
Brenchley found two females at Blakeney Point in August, 1919, a
discovery which led to the search for and capture of both sexes in some
numbers this year.
Pipunculus minimus, Becker. A species new to the British List
not hitherto considered distinct from P. littoralis, Becker.
Limnophora aestuum, Villeneuve. Also new to the British List.
Mr. H. W. Andrews has found this species in Ireland, and there were
one or two unidentified specimens in the Verrall Collection. It was a
common species among the Psomma growing on the sandhills at
Blakeney.
Limnophora maritima v. Eoder. This name so far as the British
List is concerned has been wrongly applied to the next species. The
females were common on the sandy mud left exposed by the retreating
tide, but only three males were captured.
Limnophora virgo, Villeneuve. Only a single female of this
interesting species was captured among the Psamma growing on the
sandhills. The name is new to the '* List," though previous British
records of L. maritima apply to this species.
Limnophora biseriata. Stein. A recently (1916) described species
which was fairly common on the Psa??/wm-covered sandhills. It is an
addition to the British List.
Tetanops myopina. Fallen. A sea-coast and sand-hill Ortalid not
often fouiid in collections and the only representative of the genus in
Britain.
Papers. — The following papers were read : — " Butterfly Migration
in British Guiana," by L. D. Cleare, F.E.S. " Preliminary Note on
the Interpretation of Insectan and Myriopodan Structures, through &
Comparison with the Structures of Crustacea," by Prof. G. C.
Crampton, Ph.D., F.E.S.
■^,
Tht EiiCumaUigiit'i Record.
1 ^ •
• »••
A FEW DATS AT DIONK. 121
A few days at Digne.
Bj G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER. F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
(With two plates.)
Continuing the record of our last year's summer holiday July 31st
saw us back in the old familiar quarters at Digne once ag.iin, but
with this dififerpnce th^t it was August instead of the en<l of June and
early July, with the result that 1 was able to take a splendid series
both of Sati/ruH arethitsa and of Erehia nenridas. Here also as at 8t.
Martin V6subie the latter is a larger and handsomer species than those
from the Mende Causse. At the summit of the hill there was as
usual both Pajnlio po'ialirins, very old and worn, and P. machaon
chasing each other wildly around the rocky apex. 1 took one great
big female P. uiachann, evidently just emerged, without a blemish, but
the majority had seen l)etter days ; it was interesting to watch their
wild flight round and round and to and fro, it did not appear to be
sexual at all, but simply a very "joie de vivre " in the brilliant
August sun. I have never been on the bop of this hill (in summer
time of course) without observing the same thing. On the same hill
though lower down 1 took a single Colias hyale and a beautifully fresh
and dark female C, crtKenH. hrenthis {Arf/i/unis) dia was still in quite
good condition and also Melitaea diJyma, and rather to my surprise
the females were very rare. Higher up on the Dourbes I got a couple
of Melitaea vana and two M. parthenie, the latter past their best. A
single belated Satynis circe, quite perfect, fell to my net, and a nice
little series of Satip-us actaea, mostly females. I took a single female
of Hipparchia semele and three male Melananjia /falat/iea, which are
certainly much nearer the piocida form than anything else, whilst I
was fortunate in securing one fine ab. leucomeUu. A single Pararge
maera and a nice little series of half-a-dozen females of Kpinephele.
lyraon were still on the wing and found resting places in my boxes.
Kpinephele tithonus was, of course, on the wing, and Coenonympha
dor US was not yet over, whilst 1 took one typical C, pamphilns with &
very dark underside. Among the Lycaenidae I took three fine Heode*
alciphnni race yordtns. one with great obsoletion of spots on the under-
surface, a few Rurnicia phlaeas var. elens very darkly suffused, and one
H. dorilis. Polyonnnatns meleayer among the lavender was very worn
indeed, but strange to say I took one male F, escheri and two quite
beautiful females, this must be unusually late for this species. I also
netted two P. hylas^ which however are minute specimens but perfect,
and are no doubt the result of starved larvae. One female P. icarus
and one Pleheius tnedon (astrarche) also fell to my lot. Both Polyoui'
matns coridoii and P. thetis were on the wing and in good condition,
and 1 captured a number of the former, but of the latter I took four
pairs, all being of normal size; not one of the males are, however, of
normal colour, all are somewhat leaden in hue, whilst two of the P.
coridipii are similar, one being almost dark grey. I have examined the
scales of all these and find they are all ill-developed, being very thin
and curled as is generally the case with these abnormal blue specimens,
the problem of this phenomenon is very interesting and needs working
out badly. Polyomwatus adinetiai var. ripartii was also 3 et on the wing
and I was able to secure a fine series.
Turning now to the flesperiidae I have but few to record, and here
I must tender my best thanks to Mr. Rowland-Brown for kindly going
July, 1921.
122 THE entomologist's record.
through and naming for me all the difficult Synchthi, as we used to
call them — from the various places at which we stayed. I took several
nice specimens of Thi/melicus avtetn}. Adnpaea flava (thanmas) had seen
its best days, but Aiujiades sylvtnins was still in good condition, whilst
Nisoniadea (Thonaos) taffes was going over. Of the genus Hespei-ia my
friend Rowland -Brown tells me I have taken H, fritillum (cirsii)
only. In the few days we stayed here I did not look after Heterocera
at all, but 1 took a typical Cosrinia striata and one " Jersey
tiger " moth.
An Essay on the Systematic Study of Variation in the Races of
Zygaena filipeHdulae, L, and of its subspecies stoechadis, Brkfa.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
{Continued from p. 114.)
Group of races which produce commonly both the
five- and the six-spotted form, in which the red
suffusioti on underside of forewings is usually absent or
reduced, when it exists, to a narrow streak on cubital
nervure and which have, to a o^reater or lesser degree, a
broad marginal band on hind wing (mostly latiorelhnbata^
more rarely iatisyimelinihata) and the beginning of other
primary pattern markin<^^s: —
Race pyrenes. mihi = r/j//)/Vr, Obbh. (Et. Up. Conip., IV., pp. 588-
542 (1910). and III., pi. xxviii., %. 169-171 (1909). This race would
belons; to the orknenJieitneii group, hecause the hindwings only have a
marginal dark hand and are never broadly darkened, but it differs from
the Italian ones by the frequency of five-spotted individuals and of
those with no trace at all of red suffusion on the underside of forewing;
these two forms are quite exceptional in the races described above. I
note however that out of two males and four females collected by the
Quercis on July 27th, 1919, at S. Pietro Avellana in the Molise
(Neapolitan district), the two former and one of the latter are five-
spotted, have no red suffusion on underside of forewings and the band
of hindwings corresponds to tho>e figured by Oberthiir from Vemet-
los-Bains, so that there probably exist amongst the Italian races
transitional to etmsca, some very similar to this author's from the
Pyrenees-Oricn tales. His figure 169, with five spots and a marginal
band on hindwing so broad as to rt-ach about mid-way between the
margin and the end of the cell can be taken as nymotypical ot pyrenes^
although he says fig. 171, with that l)and not broader than in
ochsefiheimeri, represents the commonest form ; I suggest this because
the former would never be found amongst the pure ochsenheimen race
and it thus characterises the Vernet race well, whereas the latter is
quite similar to the scarce five spotted individuals which occur in Italy
even where orlisenheimeri is best characterised. I have proposed the
new name of ftyrenes for the Pyrences-Orientales race, because, if I am
not wrong, that of duhia, used by Oberthiir for it, cannot stand. The
name duhia was created by Staudinger in his Cat, Lep, Eur,, of 1861;
no description accompanied it; it was simply placed, with a mark of
interrogation before it, at the bend of a paragraph consisting in
quotations of a most heterogeneous lot of figures of variooB
authors, which Staudinger evidently was at a loss about referring.
The first figure quoted is medirof/inis^ Boisduval, Man. itt
gTUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZYOAENA FILIPENDULAS, L. 128
Zyg,, pi. IV., fig. 5. It seems to me that duhia, Stdgr., caa in
these ci reams tances only be considered a synonym of this name
and in consequence of medicaffinis, Hiibner, with which Boisduvars
figure agrees very tolerably (see below). Staudinger himself
publishes, in the 1871 and 1901 editions of his Catalogue, the much
older name of medicatjhiiH as a synonym of his own name dnhia
quoting both Hiibner and Boisduval. He makes things skill worse by
adding a very short and most indefinite description and giving
in 1871 the following localities : '* southern Alpine valleys, Pyrenees
and ? Greece." All this is very confused. Evidently Staudinger
intended to include the very dark medicaginia amongst the variations
of his dnhia, but in that case he should not have g[iven the Pyrenees as
one of its localities, beause Oberthiir informs us that no such form is
ever found ibere. In those days there was great lack of knowledge
concerning the distribution of the different forms of xtoec/iadis. More
correct are fche new localities of " Illyria, Istria and Italy," added on
in the 1901 edition of the Catalog, for in these regions there really
exist races approaching the nyraotypical one of stoechadis and
producing dark forms. Had the name dnhia been introduced in
literature for the first time in 1871, together with the descriptions, we
would have been rather puzzled to know exactly how to employ this
very unfortunate name, which has lent itself to such a variety of
interpietations and which has done so much mischief by satisfying
collectors and authors too easily and stopping further inquiry. 1
think we can be thankful that an end is put to its use by the observa-
tion I have made above that it is only a s}non)'m of medicatjinis,
Boisd. (1829). On the same grounds I propose the new name of
yyrenes for the race of Vernet-les-Bains (Pyr.-Orient.), to which
Oberthiir had restricted it, but to which it could not be applied for the
reasons given. To finish dealing with Hiibner's and Boisduval's
uit'ih'caf/inia 1 will remark that in the figure of the first there are six
red spols on forewing (sixth very small), that the band of hind wing is
80 broad as iie.irly to reach the end of the cell and that its inner
outline is rather stniighter than in most individuals. Oberthiir notes
at p. 531 that '-in Nature it is rarely so regularly paralk4 to the
terminal margin in all its length." This I quite agree wiuh, but I
cannot follow him where he says one cannot be fully sure that
Hubner's figure is referable to stoecltadis. Staudinger seems to have
bad the same doubt, because he placed a mark of interrogation before
the reference to this figure as a synonym of his dnhia. I have before
me the copy of Hubner's book which belonged to the Grand Dukes of
Tuscany, and I find the figure in question excellent and unmistakable.
I can only presume that all the copies have not been coloured as
accurately and that in some the marginal band is represented by a
sweep of the brush only, which makes its inner outline parallel to the
outer one. Even in the figure I have here I notice that it is straighter
on the left wing than on the right one. Hubner's description reads
as follows : " Glossy t>roen-black ; anterior wings with six small
carmine spots ; posterior wini>s red only halfway. Habitat, Piedmont."
I have seen specimens from Piedmont from which that figure might
have been drawn, so exactly alike were they, and I possess Tubjcan
specimens which are as similar to it, although that form is certainly
less frequent. Boisduval's tigure better represents the usual form, in
that the outline of the l>and is strongly sinuate on account of a d^^^
124 THE entomologist's ukcord.
incision existing in the atrophied zone of the wing, where the band
becomes markedly narrower. This figure only has five spots on
forewing, but in the text medicaginis is described as usually having
six, and it is then added that many individuals have five on the upper-
side, but always six on underside. The hindwings are described by
Boisduval as having a *' very broad marginal band . . . strongly
sinuate internally, besides this the nervures stand out in violet-blue.*'
If the name dttbia, Stdgr., is to survive, it can only be, to ray mind,
for this figure and description, as opposed to the slightly different
figure of Hlibner's jnedicauinis. Seitz's fignie, especially of male
dubioj represents it very fairly. Concerning the litter name, there is
another question in which my friend Oberthiir will, I hope, excuse me
if I cannot follow. .
Race duponcheli, mihi. In dealino; with the mces of atnechadh,
he uses the name of incdiraf/ima, Duponchel (1835), for that of the
Alpes-Marifcimes Department, which, I am about to mention. In so
doing he quite disregards the law of priority established l>y the codes
of nomenclature. Hiibner created the name and any use made of it
must be based on his original figure. Had the doubt expressed about
it by Oberthiir really existed, the name might have remained a yomen
nu<him, but no one else could have used ii with a new descripton and
Duponchel's race should anybow receive a new name. Oberthiir
applies the name of wedicaijinis, Duponchel, part'cularly to the rnce of
the ** region not distant from the cojist of tiie Alpes-Maritimes
Department." Duponchel collected his specimens at Nice. Oberthiir
emphasises the points that six -spotted forms are quite rare, that there
is usually no red suffusion on underside of forewing, and that **the
hindwing is red," but " with a very characteristic mass of individuals,
notably those w^ith the hindwings invaded by the blue colouring." In
Duponchel's figure 6 there are five spots and the band is less broad
than in Hiibner's and Boisduval's. Figure 5 is not a trausalpina,
Esp., as suggested by Oberthiir ; spot 4 stands w^ell behind spot 3 and
not further out, as it would if tiiis were the case ; it simply represents
a small, weakly duponcIi('li\ being probably one of those bred by
Duponchel whilst travelling, as he narrates.
Race montivaga, Vrty. (Bull. Soc, Eul. ItaL. xlvii., p. 7S
(December 16th, 1915). In some mountain locfllities of Central Italy
and more especially at considerable altitudes the size of stoechadU
tends to diminish considerably and very small individuals are frequent.
This diminutive form was for the first time observed at Bolognola, in
the Sibillini Mts. (prov. of Macerata) at 1200m., and described by me
under the name of montiratia. In the mountains in general and in
this race more particularly there are two distinct emergences ; one in
July, before the " summer pause " and one at the end of August and in
September. The latter is usually called a second generation, but this
is certainly a mistake and, as observed by Querci in his paper on
Zijiiaena tnnimlpina, it consists in sluggish individuals, which are
fco late in rousing from their winter slumber and in feeding up that
they are struck by the inhibiting effects of the height of summer
before reaching their complete development and they only resume their
activity again after the rains which break up the heat and allow the
herbaceous vegetation to grow. In the plains the second emergence
does not exist or it consists in a few sporadic individuals, but in ibe
mountains it is in some years quite abundant, presumably when pro*
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZYGAENA FILIPENDDLAE, L. 126
tracted cold weather impedes the growth of the larvae till late in the
season. The second emergence always consists, on the whole, of much
smaller individuals than the first. In my typical series from
Bolognola most males of the first reach S8mm. in expanse and a few
females reach 88, but the usual size is 85 to 87 in this sex and as many
as 18% of tlie males only measure 28mm. and 15% of the females
measure 80mm. ; they correspond also by their weakly build and pale
colouring to race panlnla of subspecies tilipendulae. The second
emergence entirely consists of individuals of this size and aspect and
some males shrink to 26mm. and females to 29. It is noteworthy
that all the small individuals belong to the oclmenkeiineri six-spotted
and narrow- margined form. At Bolognola 60% of the males and
nearly all the females have six spots, as shown by the statistical
table. It will also be seen by it that more than half the specimens
have a broader marginal band than microvhsenJieimeii^ but, at Bolognola,
only quite exceptionally as broad as in niedicaf/inis, Hb. Instead, on
the northern slope of Monte Morello, near Florence, at Fontebuona di
Vaglia, where Lepidoptera often have a high -mountain look, although
the altitude is only 400m., a race similar in size to inontiva(ja, but
disi/inctly darker, has been found. Here 20% of the males and even a
few females have the hindwings darkened as in meiiieaffinis and the
six-spotted form is reduced to 80% of the males and 60% of the feinajes.
This is evidently due to the fact that we are within the limits of the
zone of high melanism of northern Tuscany. I think the designation
which suits this race is that of :
Race montiyaga trans, ad medioaginis, mi hi.
Race etrusca, mihi. Duponchel states that the race from Nice he
calls medica (finis is also found in Tuscan3^ Oberthiir in his paragraph
on stoechadis and tnedicatiinia says the same thing, but in this case he
does not distinguish these two races definitely. I think I now possess
a sufficient number of series from various localities in this rei^ion
to show there exist several distinct races, ranging from the one of the
plains, which is the reddest, to the very dark mountain atcrriina^
through montivaija first and then through two grades more or less
identical to ^}iedic(Vfi7iis, Hb., and stoechadis, Brk., of Piedmont. The
one of the plains is certainly parallel to duponc/ieli and to pyreiies of
France : it is a first step from oclmenheimeri towards darker races, just
like these two are a first step from major, Esp., to the same. Both
Querci and I, however, have been struck by its peculiar brilliancy,
which distinguishes it from any other race and calls for a distinctive
name. I propose that of etrusca, taking as " typical " my series from
the Pian di Mugnone, near Florence, collected in the locality so
charmingly described by Oberthiir in bis Etudes, iv.', p. 597 (m. 119-
274). The dark pattern is reumrkably greener than is usual in this
species and the red is of a very clear and bright carmine. These tints
are evidently produced by the dryness and blazing heat of that
locality. In size it is distinctly large, like ocJtsenheimeri. The
five-spotted form, instead of being only a great rarity found in the
inale sex, as in the latter, is found in about 60% of the males and 20%
of the females. This distinctly places it outside the group of six-
spotted races. It will be seen in the statistical table at the end of this
paper that also the extent of dark markings on hindwing separates it
completely from ochsenheimeri; only 20% of the males and 5% of
the females resemble respectively its sexes, and even these individuals
126 THE entomologist's record.
are more like those of ochsenheiineri with comparatively broad marginal
band than like the average ; 50% of the males and 75% of the females
exhibit the broad band, characteristic also of duponcheli and pyrenes,
and the remaining 30% and 20% of the sexes have the very broad band
characteristic of the next group of races. For the present 1 have only
seen series of etrusca sufficiently extensive to make sure of the race
from the neighbourhood of Florence, but specimens from Siena
suggest the same one and it presumably extends to all the lower
localities of the hinterland. Southwardly it must somewhere transform
itself into the ochsenheimeri or campaniae of the Roman Campania, but
the Lepidoptera of the south of Tuscany are not known. Towards the
west, along the coast, the moisture of the sea-air, which produces
darker races in most Lepidoptera, also influences stoechadisy and one
finds a race evidently pointing to the Ligurian nigantea, Rocci. I
have collected it at Antignano, near Leghorn, and during many years
in the pine woods of the Forte dei Marmi, near Viareggio. It is one
of the intermediate races to which I should give a special name,
because it has constant features and it does not produce individuals
identical with kindred races : —
Race oraria, mihi. By its large size and heavy build, particularly
noticeable in the female, it is intermediate between etrusca and
(jvicintea ; the tinge of dark markings approaches the latter by its
blackish indigo hue, deep and dull ; it thus differs strikingly from the
blue indigo of niedictviinia from the mountains and it also lacks their
gloss; bhe statistical table shows that the six-spotted form is reduced
to 10% of the males and 15% of the females, being much scarcer than
in the mountain )iiedica<iinis\ the extent of dark markings on hindwing
approaches distinctly that of uiedicaffinis^ the ocJisenheimeri narrow
band not occurring in either sex and the very broad one being about
as frequent as in etntsca in the male, but five times more so in the
female, so that on the whole this sex belongs to nearly the same grade
as the other and sexual dimorphism is nearly abolished in respect of
this character. Forms pointing to znnata occur amongst the females,
showing tendency to vary in the direction of (jUjanteay as will be seen
later. It is interesting to note how much scarcer the six-spotted form
is here, than is the case in those mountain races which have about the
same grade of development of the primary pattern on hindwing. By
the former character this race would belong to the following group of
races ; by the latter it can only stand here, being distinctly lesser than
in uiedicaffiuis, especially in the male.
Group of races very predominantly five-spotted on
forewing, with no red suffusion on underside and with
very broad marginal band (latiHshndhnbata) and usually an
extensive primary pattern on hindwing: —
Race medicaginis, Iliibner {Sawwl. Kur. Schmett., PI. I^ep, XL,
Sp/n'n(/es I., fig. 20 [1796]). I have already quoted and discussed the
original figure and description and said that also BoisduvaFs medica-
(finis corresponds to them very well, so that, to my mind, Staudinger**
ditbia is but a synonym of this name. Iliibner's locality is:
" Piedmont." I think there can be no doubt that the name should be
applied to those races of that region in which the predominating form
can be described as having the marginal band of hindwing so broad as
to reach, or just fall short of reaching, the end of the cell and the
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZYOAENA FILIPENDULAE, £. 127
remainder of the wing red ; as a rule some dark streaks exist between
the cell and the dorsal margin and a dark spot exists inside the cell;
individuals in which they are absent, like those figured by Hiibner and
Boisduval, are scarce. Collecting has not been carried on fully
enough in Piedmont to determine exactly where races answering that
description are to be found, but from the specimens of various localities
sent to me by Signor Gianolli of Turin and from the few I have
collected myself near Turin and ■ near Acqai it would seem as if
viedicaf^inis was a very common and diffused form from the Alpine
valleys to the hills of the Upper Po basin. Thence it is met with on
the Apennine in the whole of the " zone of melanism *' I have described
when dealing with st^echodin in general and it predominates here and
there. For instance, Querci and I have found on the Futa Pass road,
at La Traversa and Coviq:liaio, m. 900, in northern Tuscany, a race
which by the extent of the primary pattern corresponds to the des-
cription given above and which does not differ from Piedmontese
specimens either in sizb or colour, being smaller than etrnnca and of a
pure bright indigo (not greenish), larger and more saturated in tinge
than wontiva^jo. In this series 20% of the males and 80% of the
females are six-spotted. It is very likely that Illyria, Istria and
Dalmatia also produce medicatfiun in some mountain localities.
Race stoechadis, Borkhausen {Hheinisches Mof/azin, i., p. 628
(1793)). Those readers who might be interested in the unhappy origin
of the name stoechadis, Borkhausen, I am obliged to refer to
Oberthiir's interesting historical notes in the Etmies de Lep. Comp.,
iv., pp. 527-538. I must limit myself here to. quoting Borkhausen's
original description drawn from a figure published by Hiibner in his
Belli dye zur Gesvhlc/ite der SchnetterUmje, ii., pi. III., fig. 0. : " The
whole of the wings of a bluish-green, superior ones with six red spots,
inferior with two or three and erasion of the base red . . ." The
localities given are " Languedoc and Piedmont," but the latter alone
stands good, because the former is a mistake due to the fact that
Z. lavandulae^ Esp., is mixed up in the description. Individual forms
roughly answering this description are, of course, to be found almost
anywhere in Piedmont, but the creation of the name inedicatjinis for
less melanic ones has limited atoechadis, as the name of a race, to
those localities in that region in which the majority of male
individuals can be described as having the hindwings entirely darkened
by the primary pattern, except a red spot at the end of the cell and
some marked red rays at their base. As in ntedirai/inis, the exact
localities of the race answering this description cannot as yet be made
out for lack of material. Probably it will, as a rule, be found more
frequently at higher altitudes than mediraf/niis^ and especially in the
Alps. Many of the specimens collected by Gianelli at Susa, m. 500,
and at the village of Valdieri, m. 750, belong to this form, but
whether they predominate I do not know ; so does the only
individual of this species which I have ever found at the Baths of
Valdieri, as high as m. 1375. With niedirayinis this race extends
along the main range of the Apennines to northern Tuscany, and it is
found, generally at high altitudes, all over the "zone of melanism"
in the localities where it is not replaced either by inedicayims or
aterrima described in the next paragraph. I possess a series collected
by the Quercis at Palazzuolo di Romagna, m. 700, which quite agrees
with the race of Piedmont in every respect ; another from the
128 THE entomologist's rboobd.
Palasaccio, m. 500, near Firenzuola, collected by me on swampy
ground, and a third from Mt. Sumbra, m. 1400, in the Alpi Apuane^
The six-spotted form described by Borkhausen is extremely rare in the
male sex, but females occur with a small sixth spot still present,
although their hindwings are dark enough to answer his description.
Further south than Tuscany both medicaginin and stoechadis dis-
appear even in the main range of the Apennines and they are replaced
either by the small, pale movtivaga or, more usually, by microchsen-
heimeriy which is their equivalent in size and colouring, but constantly
six-spotted and with a comparatively much narrower marginal band
on bindwing, so that from north to south there takes place in the
mountains a transformation parallel to that of the plain from etrusca
to ocJisenheinteri,
Race gigantea, Rocci (AttiSoc. Li(fU!<tica di Scienze I\ aturali e Geo-
grafiche, xxiii. [1912] and xxv., p. 220 [1915]). A remarkable race
is found on the coast of Liguria. Dr. Rocci of Genoa has sent me
specimens collected near that town, at Quezzi, in the locality where
Z. carniolica, Scop., produces its darkest known race roccii, Vrty., and
where other Zggaena are very dark too. Here stoechadis^ although it
flies at sea-level, is obscured as much as in the darkest races, usually
found at high altitudes ; the moisture of the sea-air is, no doubt, the
cause. I cannot give a full account of the frequency of the various
individual forms and of the average extent of the pattern, because I
have not seen a sufficiently large series of specimens collected at
random. Those males I have all belong to the darkest forms :
senmiigrata, biguttata and guttata (inde infra), but they may have been
picked out. The* female sex produces a peculiar form, unknown from
any other locality, but not very rare at Quezzi, which Rocci has called
zonata and which I will describe further on. What distinguishes par-
ticularly, however, this race from any other is its large size. Jiocci
has well called gigantea the largest female form of Quezzi, a true
giant as compared with any other Zygaena of Europe. His name should
be extended to the entire race, because half the males I have before
me measure 37mm. in expanse, the rest 86 and rarely 84 ; out of the
hundreds of specimens in my collection only one male of the notably
large race of ochsenheuneri from the Aurunci Mts. reaches the former
size ; usually this race averages 36, race etmsca 34 and the more
melanic races, similar in this respect to the gigantea, only average 82.
These differences may seem trifling in figures, but when they are
applied to the insects they are most conspicuous. Usually the darkest
races of subspecies atoechadis are also the smallest and are found at
hi^h altitudes, so that gigantea is a striking exception in all respects.
The tinge of the dark pattern is of a more blackish indigo even than in
aterriina. The fact that gigantea produces ab. parviguttata, RoCCi,
Otherwise only found in race atenima, points to its coming very near
it in the proportion of melanic forms.
Race aterrima, mihi. I have already stated that what can be
called the centre of melanism of stoechadin exists in northern Tuscany,
in the mountains above Lucca and Pistoia. The truly superb race
found in this region goes so far beyond the nymotypical stoechadU of
Piedmont that it must be distinguished by a name and the descriptive
one of ateniina well suits it. In size it is about the same as mmitivaga
in the female sex, averaging 35 to 37 mm., but the male is distinctly
smaller than in that race on the whole (31 mm. on an average), and as
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACES OF ZY6ABNA FlLIPENDULAE, L. 129
fimall as 27 mm., especially in the darker individuals. The latcer are
also very blackish in tinge and with very little gloss. The sixth red
spot of forewing is only found in about 10% of the females and never
in the male. On)y 6% of the males and 25% of the females in my
series can be described as having the hindwings red with a broad dark
margin and dark rays, 10% of the first and 25% of the second as
having them streaked with red and indigo in about equal proportions
of the two colours. Instead, as many as 40% of the males and 10% of
the females have the hindwings entirely black, with one red spot at
the end of cell ; the remainder are like these, but have some red rays
at the base, usually very thin ; in tbe females the spot is larger and
oblong and the rays are longer and thicker. One njale and one
female out cf about 200 specimens of this race I possess have no trace
of red left on hind wing (ab. nujrata^ Dziurz). As a rule, however, the
five spots of forewing decrease in the same proportion as the single
spot of hindwing, and in culminating individuals, they are all reduced
to one or two dozen pinkish scales, scarcely visible to the naked eye in
extreme male examples ; these are small, frail, degenerate individuals,
with the dark scales of a dull black tinge, but, though they are nothing
but aberrations, they are produced comparatively often (roughly
1 : 100) ; the name of ab. parviijnttata, Rocci (1914), can be used for
them ; a Tuscan specimen has been figured by Burgetf {Mitt, Minuhner
Ent, Gen,, 1914, pi. 111.), under the wrong name of niijvata, Dz.
My ** typical ** series is from Mount Prato Fiorito, collected from the
Fegana Valley, m. 600 to the top, m. 1000, above the Bagni di Lucca.
I have collected similar series at Piteglio, m. 700, above Pistoia.
We have thus examined the series ot gradually darkening races of
subspecies stoechadia from siciliensis and calahva to aterrima.
According to their average size and following the same order they
fall as follows in very natural groups and in successive grades in each
of these :
Very small : monticafja^ aterrima.
Small : tnicrochseuheinieri ; wedira/iinu ; stocchadis.
Large : siciUensU ; calabra ; major and orhsenheiineri ; pffrcnes ;
diipancheli and etnisca ; oraria.
Very large : t/ iff an tea,
1 have of course only mentioned the standard races, which have
been named. It must however, be noted that, owing to the consider-
able individual variation, especially in the darker races, we are obliged
to include, in each of these, series from various localities not exactly
similar to each other. It would, on the other hand, be quite unpractical
to multiply names on the ground of purely statistical data. To define
and convey more accurately the aspect of the various series, which may
be collected in different localities, I think tbe clearest and most
practical way is to establish and name a certain number of grades in
the line of individual variation, and to indicate the number of indi-
viduals which can be grouped in each of these. I will end this paper
with the following attempt to apply this method.
By far the greatest amount of variation takes place on the hmd-
wings and the general impression of greater or lesser development of
the primary dark pattern depends chiefly on their aspect. We must
therefore begin by working out these markings.
(To be concluded.)
130 THE entomologist's REGOllD.
Coccinella 7-punctata, L., ab. divaricata, Oliv. Ent. I. vi. pp. 1001,
1002, No. 21 [1808].
By G. B. C. LEMAN, F.E.S.
On February 7th, 1921, Mr. H. St. J. Donisthorpe showed me a
specimeD of an aberration of C. /-(functata, L., given to him by Capt.
R. Troup, who took it in October, 1918, at Taverham Camp, about
5 miles north of JNorwich. In sending Mr. Donisthorpe this aberra-
tion, Capt. Troup furnished the following data as to its capture: —
*' The 7-spot ab. was taken on a head o? barley growing in a field
next our men's lines at Taverham Camp, about 5 miles north of
Norwich. There were numerous other quite ordinary specimens along
the edge of the field but this was the only aberration I have ever seen
of this species. I unfortunately made no note of the date at the time
as I was too much engaged in my military duties to trouble much
about Coleoptera. ... I am sorry it is not more perfectly set, but I
kept the insect all the winter in the hopes of breeding from it in the
spring. Although I introduced several ordinary 7-spots, and fed them
on blight, which they all ate voraciously, the ab. died in February,
and this mishap was not discovered for several days."
This aberration proves to be ab. divaricata^ Olivier, who described
it as follows : —
" idl. Coccinelle divariquee, Coccinella divaricata ^ pi. 6, fig. 67.
" C. noir : elytres rouges avec deux raies sinuses, divariquees, et
un point noir.
'* C. niyra, elytris rubris vittis duabua sinuatis divaricatis punctoque
distincto, nigris.
*' Magnitudo et statura C. septempioict^tae. Antennae rufsB. Caput
nigrum punctis duobus albis. Thorax niger, macula in angulo
anteriori alba. Scutelluui nigrum. Elytra rubra, m singulo vitta
abbreviata, sinuata, obliqua, punctoque quadrangular! versus marginem,
nigris. Corpus nigrum.
'* Elle est de la grandeur de la C. sept-points. Les Antennes sont
fauves. La tete est noir avec deux points blancs. Le corcelet est noir,
avec une tache blanche, de chaque cote, a Tangle anterieur. L'ecusson
est noil*. Les elytres sont rouges, marquees chacune d'une raie noire,
sinuee, oblique, courte, et d'un point, vers le bord ext^rieur, en losange,
pareiUement noir. La raie paroit formee de trois taches presque
carrees, reunies par un de leur angles. Le dessous du corps est noir.
" Je Tat trouve sur des arbres, dans Tile de Naxos."
Olivier gives a good coloured figure of his Coccinellid, but it may
perhaps be noted that this figure shows the existence on each elytron
of a small round red spot in the general upper confluence below the |
spot, near the suture and in a parallel lin« with the isolated diamond-
shaped marginal spot (no. 1), though Olivier makes no reference in his
text to these two small red spots.
Capt. Troup's specimen, however, corresponds with Olivier's figart
67 in having these two small red spots.
1 may add that in the general collection at the S. Kensington
Museum there are two specimens labelled *' C. divaticata" recorded as
taken at *' Bootan " and " Bertan, N. India, Capt. Pemberton," in
which these two red spots are absent.
For localities for this aberration Mulsant, Spec. p. 112, no. 21
(1850), gives :—
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY GOLEOPHORIDE8 181
** Patrie : Tile de Naxos (Olivier, Col. Chevr., t>pe), le Grece con-
tinentale (Latreille, Coll. Dejean) ; I'orient, le Bengale (Hope, Perroud,
Westermann, efcc.)."
I have found no other record nearer than Greece for this
aberration.
Observations on the Family, Coleophorides. — Descent and Ovum.
By ALFBED SICH, F.E.S.
Perhaps among the PalsBarctic Tineina no group of species offers
to the student a wider and more interesting field of observation than
the extensive and apparently indivisible genus Coleopfwra. Very little
of this field has yet been surveyed. Something is known of the
imagines of this genus, less of the larvte and their complete cases,
comparatively nothing of the pupae, the early larval stages,
and the ova. Dr. Chapman and the late Mr. Tutt, in their phylo-
genetic tree, have placed the Coleophorides in the Geometro-Erio-
craniid stirps, making them with other families branch off the main
stem above the Adelides. This bough soon throws off the Tineides,
and later divides into two branches, one carrying the Lithocolletides
and the Gracilariides, the other, which rises higher, bears the Coleo-
phorides only (Tutt, Ihit. Lep., vol. i., pi. i.). Dr. Chapman further
points out that the Coleophorids are derived from the Adelids, the
presence of the large dorsal head plate, and the narrowness of the
prothoracic plate in the pupa, are other characters indicating such an
origin, while the ovipositor of some species, though not formed for
cutting but for searching for a nidus for the egg, resembles that of
Adelids (Chapman, Trans. Hnt. Soc. Loud., 1896). Both are case
bearers in the larval stage, and though the Adelid has been content
with a jflat case, while the other has adopted a more or less cylindrical
habitation, the initial formation of many Coleophorid cases shows
simply a fiat case composed of two pieces of mined leaf laid one on the
other like the first Adelid case. The crotchets on the larval prolegs
are arranged in two rows, resembling those of Incurvaria. The loss of
prolegs on the sixth abdominal segment, which occurs in many Coleo-
phorid larvsB, seems to point back to ancestors coniiuon to them and to
Gracilaria. The obtect pupa of Colcnphora, Dr. Chapman states, has
only the fifth and sixth abdominal segments free in both sexes, and so
has gone up higher than Gracilaria, whose pupa still retains the free-
dom of the seventh segment in the male, aud comes partly out of the
cocoon on the emergence of the imago. I have briefly mentioned
these particulars because in the study of a family some conception of
its origin affords one of the foundation stones on which to build, and
is also very helpful in the interpretation of the characteristics and
habits of its members. There is one south European member of the
Adelides, CHnoptert/x familiella, whose larval habits are too interesting
to omit here. Dr. Chapman, who reared many specimens, observed
that the larva at first mines in the leaves of Cistrnt, and after reaching
the penultimate stage cuts out a case and lives exactly like a Coleo-
phm-Qy fastening its case beneath the leaf, and making a hole and a
blotch precisely like a Coleophora'' [Knt. Mo. Maij.^ 1902, p. 94). Here
we see at least a habit now obtaining in the two families, and probably
we may recognise in the habit the outcome 6f a tendency to make this
particular kind of mine in some of the early ancestors of both families.
182 THE entomologist's reoobd.
Like most studies, that of the Coleophorids is beset with difficulties,
but the paramount obstruction here lies in the woful want of know-
ledge of the earlier stages. The ovum is a very important item, and I
doubt whether any observer knows more than a dozen eggs of this
genus. The little that is known shows that there are at least four
distinct types of egg. Dr. Chapman has described the ovum of tniiri-
nipenella as * very soft, moulding itself readily to the position in which
it is laid, pearly white, no surface sculpturing, the long axis is the
micropylar one, the other two were not detected to be different. The
micropylar area is a raised mam ilia with apparently a scolloped
margin " {Kntom,, 1901). The eggs from which this description was
made I saw laid in the Howers of Luzida, This I consider is not a
strictly fiat egg but really intermediate between the fiat and the up-
right. When lying lengthwise it looks like a fiat egg, but the two
shorter axes are equal, or nearly so. The ovum of caespititiella appears
to have made a slight advance towards the next type, as if I remember
correctly it has some surface sculpturing, but I can find no description,
and though 1 have a photograph of two kindly taken by Mr. Tonge, it
does not show sufficient detail, as the eggs were in very poor condition.
The two species last mentioned belong to the rush-feeding section,
which is probiibly the most ancient in the genus. In the next type
the micropylar end is truncated and the other, rather wider, is evenly
rounded. The micropyle lies in a shallow basin and is encircled by a
raised flange. Within the basin arise several ribs, which become very
strong as tbey run over the nm, »nd they with others run down the
walls of the tgg and are crossed at right angles by raised lines. In
this type there is a definite surface sculpture, a id the moths thrust the
eggs into angles, as those formed by the mid rib of a leaf with the
lamina, or at the base of a leaf stalk. In the four species that I know
with this type of egg the larva on hatching leaves the egg and wanders
till it finds a suitable situation in which to commence its mine. The
species I have found to possess ova of this kind are fuscedinella, hemero-
biella, chalco(j)animella, and diacoi delta.
In the thud type we find, as in tbe ovum of yrypkipennella, a truly
upright egg. It is laid on tbe surface of the leaf of rose and is tall
nipple shaped, about one third higher than wide, widest at the base,
attenuated gradually to tbe rounded top where the micropyle lies.
About fifteen libs run down the walls from the apex to the base and
about twenty secondary ribs encircle the egg. The ovum of lineolaiB
very similar to this. It is laid also on the leaf of its food plants, and
the larva mines through the base of egg shell into the leaf. I believe
this habit obtains with all the species of this genus with upright eggs.
It is so with viininetella, which lays a somewhat similar egg to the last,
but it is not so tall. Very close to this is also the ovum of bicolorelki
obtained by Mr. H. J. Turner (Knt. Hecord, vol. xxvi., pi. xxii.). Rather
wider and lower is tbe egg of ibijuiiinella, Stainton {Proc. iS'./^.A'.5.,
1920, p. 70), laid on the leaf of birch, and lower still, with flatter ribs,
are the two very similar ova of jit7ii:.olella and lariceUa (Turner, Kni*
lievord, vol. xviii., p. 121, and Tutt, Practical Hints, part iii., pi. 2, fig.
6). The former is laid on tbe leaf of Calluna, and the larva bores
through the egg shell into the leaf, while the latter is placed on ft
needle of Lavix, and has probably tbe same larval habit. There is yek
another distinct form of ovum in this genus. We find solitaridla has
NOTES FROM LA SAINTE BAUMB. 188
a rather tall eggy ribbed like most of those previously meutioned, and
having a wide and deep hollow on the top in which the inicropylo lies.
It is laid OD the leaf of Stdlaria holostea. Of this upright type is also
the beautiful egg of niveic.ostellay which is laid on the leaves of thyme.
The shape is that of a cone, in which the upper third is inverted,
forming a wide and deep basin., like a microscopical volcano and its
crater, the rim of which is occupied by about fifteen large blunt teeth.
The walls are ornamented by a double system of ribs. This larva and
also that of soli tar iella eat their way through the floor of the 9gg shell
into the tissue of the leaf without exposing themselves lo the atmos-
phere. Mr. F. Noad Clark and Mr. Tonge have taken photographs of
some of these eggs. This minute sample of the Coleophoiid ova shows
a surprising diversity for the same genus, or even for the same family.
We see a nearly fiat smooth egg, a nearly fiat ribbed egg (which
when laid on glass is placed lengthwise), then a low and a high
nipple shaped ovum strictly upright, jind finally an upright volcano
shaped ej^g. Though the development may be traced, the difference
between the first and the last is very great. For I feel sure that if the
egn^s only oi tnutinipf'nnella and niii'irostdia were placed before a lepi-
dopterist he would say that tbey certainly could not belon^j to the same
genus, and hardly to the same family.
Murinipeiniella hides its eggs in the flowers of LuzHla, where it no
doubt escapes the eyes of many enemies, and so is not so much exposed
to the struggle for life ns are eggs which are laid on the surface of
leaves. It follows then that this egg has probably retamed more
ancestral character than those less well hidden. Its surroundings afe
probably much the same as were those of tbe ovum of the primitive
Coleophorid. The ovum of (trnatipenndla, whico I have lately found,
supports this idea. The imago, very similar to our U.rella, is totally
different from any of the rush- feeding group, but the egg, though
larger and tougher, is otherwise quite of the cuffipi tit iella type. Like
the eggs of tbis type it is well niddcii, being laid deep down in the
calyx of Salvia pratensis. When the ovum is only partly hidden, as in
the angles along the ribs of leaves, we should expect some further
development, and we find it in the eggs of such species as fuscetiinellay
which are distinctly sculptured, the ribs probably giving the shell extra
strength. In those eggs which lie fully exposed on the surface of
leaves we should look for the highest development of which the genus
is capable. Among these we find the tall ovum of gi'ifphipennella and
the orange egg of iiiveirostAla, which reminds the observer of one of
those brightly coloured species of microscopical fungi that frequently
attack the leaves of plants. What other forms the ovum may take in
this family subsequent research may reveal, for it can hardly be
expected that the sixteen eggs here mentioned exhibit all tbe forms
existing in a family containing some hundreds of known species.
{To be continued.)
Notes from La Sainte Baume.
By G. H. GURNET, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc.
I have just been reading in the current number of the Knt. Record
Mr. Bethune-Baker's very interesting account of his captures last July
a); La Sainte Baume. I was there at the same time, and took one or
two species which he does not mention as having seen and which it
184 THE entomologist's record.
may be worth while to record. I found Laeosopis roboris commoD in
one or two restricted spots, and was able to take a good series (July
8rd), though it is a butterjfly that very quickly gets past its best, and I
had to release half those I captured as they were too worn to be worth
keeping. The late Rev. F. Lowe considered that this species feeds on
oak in this district, and I agree with him as I could see no sign of any
ash. Just before the road descends to Nans I took two female Brenthis
hecate, but this species was evidently over, as these two individuals
were very worn.
Another species which Mr. Bethune-Baker does not mention is
Chattendenia (Thecla) w-albitm, which was taken behind the Hotellerie,
a few only, but they were quite fresh. Nearer the woods I picked up
one or two newly emerged HrentluH daphne, feeding on the bramble
flowers.
ChryaophanKH alciphvirn var. f/ordiiis was another species which was
only represented by one or two examples, but I do not think it was
over as those I did see were fresh, but it is probably rare at La Sainte
Baume, and they were a small form.
On July 9th Bithys {Zeph\jruH) queyciin occurred in profusion along
the Nans road, all very fine large examples, many of them being con-
siderably bigger than my lar<^'est specimens froiu Digne. At midday
they were not flying, but sitting quietly on the leaves of the maple trees
and evergreen oaks which bordered the road, from which they could be
shaken in scores.
At Nans, on July 11th to 14th, fresh broods of Melitaea didyma and
M. deione were common, with many larvae of the latter on a species of
Linaria ; some of these I collected, and they emerged as fine examples
when I got home. Satyms fidla was not uncommon and fresh
Polyyonia (Grapta) et/ea occurred both at Nans, with fine Ayriades
thetis (bellavf/us), also odd specimens of Pyryus sao smd XuoniadestayeSf
which were, rare higher up at La Sainte Banme, though I took
examples of each species on the rough stony ground outside the
Hotellerie. My other Hesperiids were the same as Mr. Bethune-Baker
mentions. Great quantities of beautifully fresh PapiUnj)odalinus were
a feature at Nans on July 12th, with many full-fed larvaB on small
cherry trees ; while in clearings in the woods, visiting a tall yellow
flowering thistle, the beautiful Sphingid Phryxim livornica, was not
infrequent. By July 14th the plains round Nans were completely
burnt up, and insects became scarce and very localized, retiring to spots
where they could get a little shade and moisture ; Polynmmatus dolus
was however still quite fresh and very common, all round Nans, at
this date.
."Vil-.
OC I E T I E S.
Thk Entomological Society of London.
X'tretnbcr 17///, 1920. — In reading the minutes of the previous
meeting, the Hon. Secretary observed that it was now known that M.
Semenoff Thiiin-Shanski was still living.
Election of Fellows. — Messrs. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Walldeanes,
Redhill; E(i;i:ar E. Syms, 22, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, E. 11;
and Cyril Luckes Withycombe, 12, Prospect Hill, Walthamstow, were
elected Fellows of the Society.
80CIKTIE8. 185
The New House. — The Treasurer reported that the contract for
41, Queen's Gate, was now signed, and announced the munificent
donation of £1000 by Dr. Longstaflf towards the purchase.
Further instances of the mimetic association hbtween two
EuPLOEiNEs and ONE Danaine IN Fiji. — Prof. Poulton said that he had
received from Mr. F. W. Simmonds many more examples of the
species tabulated in Proc, Knt. Soc, 1919, pp. Ixix.-lxxi. Although
several other Euploeas were recorded from Fiji it was obvious from
Mr. Simmonds' captures that Xipara eleutho, Qnoy, and its niiniic
Deraffena prourjpina, Butl., were the dominant forms, and that next in
abundance among the Danainney was Tirnmala neptuniay Feld., which
flew with and mimicked the far commoner Euploeas. It was shewn
in the previous communication (p. Ixxi.) tbat the female proxerphia
was a better mimic of eleutho than the male ; and the series of
neptunia now received proved that here too the female Danaine
resembled the Euploeas more closely than the male, the suppression of
the greenish markings in the central and basal parts of both wings
being carried much further in most examples of the former sex than
in most of the latter.
New Lepidoptera from the Isi.ani^ of Hainan. — Mr G. Talbot,
on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exhibited numerous specimens of new
Lepidoptera from the island of Hainan.
A Curious Cocoon. — Dr. Marshall exhibited a curious flattened
cocoon from S. Italy and the larva which had been extracted from it,
which superficially resembled a Hesperiid. In answer to his enquiry
the Rev. F. D. Morice stated that they were the larva and cocoon of a
saw-fly nearly related to (Umhex.
Melanic Nolidae. — Dr. Cockayne (ixhibited a series of yolu
citcidlatella, var. fuliffinalix, Steph., bred in June and July, 1920, from
Epping Forest larvas, together with type specimens from the same
locality, including the seven darkest. The porcenta<i:e of melanic
specimens was 10%, 84 having been bred out of a total of 389. He
had bred 57 specimens of the hymenopterous parasite Mettutyna fKujilis^
Wesm., from this species. He also exhibited a pair of A', confnsalis
type and a pair of var. colitmharia, Image, from the same locality to
show the parallel melanic variation.
New Lepidoptera from Madagascar. — Mons. F. Le Cerf exhibited
the following specimens : (1) a new species of Ltfmafttria, with flesh-
<5oloured hindwings wa.shed with black and grey ; (2) a pair of a new
and very large species of Dasj/r/iira, with black and white upper- and
yellow under-wings, another pair of which are in Mr. Joicey's
collection ; (8) a new species of l^inacoptenj.v belonging to the simmia,
Hoff., group, but quite without black markings except at the apex ; and
(4) a male Hyitolinnias boliiia. L., from the interior of the island, east
of Manajany, with strongly marked discoidal patches and submarginal
£potS.
Probable Heteromorphism of Secondary Skxual Characters in
Trilochana. — Mons. Le Cerf. also made observations on a probable
case of heteromorphism in Aeiieriidae which he had discovered in Mr.
Joicey's collection.
February 2nd, 1921. — The President announced that he had
nominated the followini? Fellows to be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing
186 THE ENTOMOIi/>aiST*S BEOORD.
year: — Mr. G. T. Befchune-Baker, Mr. J. Hartley Durrant, and
Commander J. J. Walker, E.N. He also announced that three
Committees, Finance, Publications, and Library, had been formed in
place of the Business Committee, and the names of the Fellowff
appointed to serve thereon respectively.
Brkeding of C. hirundinis. — Mr. A. Baoot exhibited living
specimens of Cimex hirundhiu, and gave an account of his breeding
experiments therewith.
Stridulation in Saturniids. — Dr. K. Jordan exhibited samples of*
the Saturn i an genera Holoceia, [judia, and Orthof^onioptilnin, and
demonstrated the presence of a kind of stridulating organ, absent in
the male; also two species of GraphipternSf Gr., G.'rotiuifiatuSf Klug, and
G, pelletierif Castln., from Algeria, both provided with stridulating
organs. He said that the latter was found in association with
Cicindela toitquii\ Guer., and that although the difference was apparent
in the cabinet, in nature they were practically indistinguishable. Dr.
C. J. Gahan remarked on the great interest in the discovery of these
organs in the female Heiiuchn ; the only other instance known to him
being that of Phonaphale, a genus of beetles of the family Bostrichidoi,
A RARE LocnsT. — Mr. 0. E. Janson exhibited a fine specimen of
Mar Ida hifatri.Vj Westw., a rare and remarkable locust from Costa Bica.
Migration in a Mimktic Association. — Professor E. B. Poulton,
F.R.S., a case of butterflies and mimetic moths which had been
observed migrating together from one valley to another in Selangor,
F.M.S., and read a letter from Mr. A. R. Anderson, the observer and
captor, as to the conditions under which the exhibited specimens were
taken.
Hibernating Diptera. — The Professor also exhibited jexamplesof
Muaca atitunDialis, De G., found hibernating, as in previous years at
St. Helens, I.W. The numbers appeared to be greater than in any
winter except that of 1914-15 (cp. Proc, Knt, Soc, 1916, p. 21).
Habits of Ants. — Mr. Donisthorpe brought for exhibition a number
of workers of Acanthomyopa (Demirolasi ns) fulvjinosHs, all of which had
workers of A, mnbratus fastened by their mandibles on to their legs,
etc., taken at Woking in August, 1915, when a fierce battle was in
progress between the two species. It served a good opportunity to
establish how soon the Myrmecophils entered the new nest, and those
observed in the five ensuing years were also exhibited.
Brekding of C. dispar race rutilus. — Mr. Lachlan Gibb showed
several forms of the female of Chrysophanus dispar race rutilus, bred
by Capt. Bagwell Pnrefoy. After eight years experimental breeding
in this country, it was found that the blue sheen on the undersides of
the species approximated tnore generally to that of the extinct formi
but the broad orange band on the underside showed a tendency
to diminish.
Papers. — The following papers were read : ** Notes on the
Orthoptera in the l^ritish Museum. The group of Eiiprepociieuiini"
by Dr. 13. P. Uvarov. *' Notes on Synonymy and on some types of
oriental Cavahidae in various foreign Collections," by Mr. Andrewea.
March 2nd. — This being the first meeting held at the Society's
new preniises, 41, Queen's Gate. South Kensington, S.W., the Pwtt-
dent, the Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., delivered an address of
welcome to the large number of Fellows and visitors present.
SOGIBTIES. 187
Election op Fellow. — Mr. F. C. Willett, of Sipetong, N.B. Borneo,
was elected a Fellow of the Society.
Gynandromorphs. — The President exhibited a collection of gynan-
dromorphoua Lepidoptera including examples of Orgyia antiqua, Sciap-
teron dispavy Stgr., and Papilio (Troidea) haliphron, also examples of
British caught Colias croceus (ediisa) one having Juilu^e fore-
wings and normal hindwings S^ ; the other the right side Jmlice, the
left, normal ; and right side ^ , left $ form of Euchlbe cardamhies
from Epping Forest.
Colour adjustment of pupa, and bird attaokino dragonfly. —
Professor Poulton brought for exhibition an example of marked
irregularity in the colour adjustment of a Pieris rapee pupa to its sur-
roundings ; also, the wings of the dragonfly Ailschna grandu left by
a sparrow which had attacked the dragonfly, and eaten the body.
Variation in Andrena species. — In the absence of the author,
Professor Poulton then read a paper by Dr. R. C. L. Perkins on
" Variation in Andrena rosea and Andrena trimwerana,'* illustrated by
a long series of examples of both species.
Lycabnids from Provence. — Mr. G. T. Betbune-Baker exhibited
specimens of Lycaeninae from Provence (France) to show the large
proportion of those more or less leaden coloured taken in the summer
of 1920. The scales seen under the microscope were found to be in
all cases of the kind ill-developed.
Various forms of Zygaenids. — Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited an
example of a Zygaenid sent him by Mr. Greer from Tyrone suggesting
a natural hybrid between X. lonicera and Z. lilipendidae ;
also series of the large form of Z. I'dipendulae occurring abundantly
on Box Hill, in which the sixth spot was very weak, and the first to
disappear from wear, together with an example of Z, anceps recently
described by M. Charles Oberthur from Hyeres, and a short series of
Z. trifolii race albiana, Obthr., from the same locality.
A. Mimetic assemblage. — Mr. G. T. Talbot brought a number of
specimens of Euploea from the J oicey collection, illustrating a supposed
black and white mimetic combination in the Tenimber Islands, Fiji,
and Australia ; and a white banded group in the Key and Aru Islands.
The rare immigrant M, unionalis. — Mr. Adkin exhibited an
example of Marijarodes unionalis taken at sugar near Arlington, Sussex,
a native of southern countries, and probably a migrant to our shores.
A NEW British Cionus. — Mr. H. J. Donisthorpe exhibited strings
of the so-called 'Aground pearls," being probably a Maryarodes sp. M,
formicarnm^ Guilding from Jamaica, and two examples of a species of
Cionus new to science, swept near Lake Windermere a few years since
by the Rev. Canon Theodore Wood.
A NEW British Mosquito. — Mr. W. J. Pendlebury showed an
unusually dark form of the Carabid beetle Anchomenus dorsalis taken
in Brecon, and a variety of the mosquito Tkeohaldia annidata, first
found in Mesopotamia, and described by Capt. Barraud, R.A.M.C. ;
the specimen exhibited being from Earl's Court, October 27th, 1920,
and given the varietal name (in MS.) of subochrea, Edwards.
A collection of p. hastiana. — Mr. G. Sheldon exhibited a series
of 243 bred specimens of Feronea hastiana, L., from Sutheiiandshire,
Wicken Fen, the Isle of Wight, and the coast of Lancashire. The
series included most of the named forms, and a number of un -named
forms.
188 THE KNTOMOLOOIRT*B RKCORD.
8tridui<ation in Lepidoptbra. — Dr. J. Jordon exhibited Mvsvrgina
laeta from Madagascar, remarkable for its very strongly olavate an-
tenna, and the development of a stridnlating organ. He compared
the process with that occurring in other species of Agai-vttidae and
Noctnidae, He said that Musiirgina recalled Peinphigostolo, Strand
(1909), placed by the author with the Castniidae, but which would
on re-examination probably turn out to be Agaristid also.
Papers. — The following papers were read ** Notes on the Rhopalo-
cera of the DoUman Collection," by N. D. Riley. "The Male Genitalia
of Merope tuber, Newm. (Mecoptera),'* by F. Muir.
The South London Entomological and Natural History Society.
February 10th, — Breeding contrivances. — Mr. H. Main exhibited
a contrivance he was trying in his breeding pots to keep the earth damp
and at the same time to avoid stateness and mould.
•
Aberration of P. rrassicae. — Mr. R. Adkin, a Pieris brasdeae
with the black apices of the forewings radiated by yellow streaks, taken
at Eastbourne in August, 1920.
Aberration of S. plumaria. — Mr. Hy. Turner, a series of Seli-
dosema plumaria from Ireland, C. Tyrone, including a curious streaked,
melanic male which he had named ab. intermedia-fnmoHa.
A Zygaenii) hybrid. — He also showed a Zygaena sent by Mr. Greer
from Co. Tyrone as a captured hybrid between Z, lonicerae and Z,
fiUpcndiilae, and pointed out its characteristics.
P. ICARUS AB. CLARA. — Ml*. B. S. Williams, Polyomwatus icarm ab.
liara from Cornwall and Ireland.
Variation in P. icarus. — Mr. H. Leeds, a very large number of
undersi(ies of female P. icanitt showing 180 named forms worked out
by Tutt's British LepidopUna.
Species of Xyleborus kxhibited. — Mr. K. G. Blair, the bark-
boring Scolytid beetles Xyleborus dispar and X, saxeseni from Kidder-
minster with burrows in plum-tree, and a Heliocopris sp. from Siam
with its dung-ball cut to show egg- cavity.
February 24f/i. — New Members. — Mr. W. H. Bristowe, Ashford
House, Cobham, Surrey, and Mr. Hy. Ruggles, 146, Southfield Road,'
Bedford Park, W. 4., were elected members.
Lantern slides were exhibited as follows. — Mr. Dennis, details
of the structure of an Oribatid mite. Mr. Bunnett, of the fish parasite
Aryidns, species of Protura, and the rasp of the field-cricket. Mr.
Step, of Crustacea illustrating devices for disguise. Mr. Main, slides
to show eate of manufacture and urged the advantages and utility of
this method of illustration.
Variation in P. icarus. — Mr. Leeds exhibited a very long series of
the undersides of the male of Polyomtnatiis icarus each identified as a
named form from Tutt's British Lepidoptero.
M. LAKKTEs AND T. AGKippiNA. — Mr. Hy. J. Tumor, a bred series
of MorpJin laertcs with a coloured photograph of the larvae, and three
Thysauia n grip pi no, one men su ring eleveii inches in expanse, both
species sent from Sao Paulo by Mr. Lindeman.
An Akrk^an Hemipteron. — Mr. Hy. Moore, the Hemipteion
Plataspis vermicellaris from Nairobi.
sooiBTiifie. 139
Watbr-bbbtls flying in thb sun. — Mr. Baokstone, specimens of
the water-beetle Helophorus aquaticun, taken flying in the sunshiqe in.
abundance a few feet from the ground.
March lOth, — New Members. — Mr. J. Bates, Hbrnsey, and
Major T. M. Cottam, Twickenham, were elected members.
A Special Exhibition of the genus Zygabna. — Mr. Hy. J«. Turner,
many species representing the different sections of the genus, in the
Palsearotio Begion from the British Isles to Japan and from Siberia to
the Himalayas.
Mr. G. Talbot, showing the variation in Z, ephialiet, Z..
fraxini, Z, carniolica and Z. tranmlpina ; and extreme oonflueni
black and yellow forms of Z, trifoUi and Z, filipenilnlae (British) with
a specimen of the last with five wings.
Mr. A. W. Mera, British species, including a supposed six-spotted
form of Z. tritolii.
Mr. B. W. Ad kin, British species, including Z, filipendulae with
the sixth spot more Or less evanescent.
Mr.- Leeds, numerous aberrations of the British species.
Mr. Tonge, British species, including Z, filipendtdae with very
inconspicuously marked sixth spot with very broad hind margin of
hindwing in an Eastbourne example.
Mr. Jarrett, Z. hippocrepidu from N. Wales and a yellow Z.
filipendidae,
Mr. T. H. Grosvenor, British species in long series and read notes
on the variations and the rearing.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, very long series of British species
showing racial characters and some hybrids.
Mr. Barnett, series of British species.
Aberrations of British Butterflies. — Mr. B. S. Williams, an
asymmetrical Vanessa ioy a Polyowmatus icarm aberration in which the
pa)'vipi4ncta, discreta and icarinus were united, and a brown suffused
underside cf the male of the latter species.
Seasonal Notes. — Notes on the season were communicated.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
Jannai-y 11 th, 1921. — New Member. — Mr. Frederick Wm. Holder,
20, Hawesside St., Southpoit, was elected a member of the Society.
The Genus Taeniocampa. — A discussion on *' The Genus Taenio-
campa " was opened by the Rev. F. M. B. Carr, who exhibited his
collection of this genus in illustration of his remarks ; he also shewed
photographs of the ova of the different species by Mr. A. E. Tonge,
Keigate. The following members took part in the discussion and
exhibited their series of the Taeniocauipidae. Mr. S. Gordon Smith,
varieties of T, gothica. Mr. W. A. Tyenuan, T. opinia from Wallasey,
selected from a large number of his own breeding. At Eccleston
Mere, where nearly all the sallows grow in the water, Dr. J. Cotton
had noticed that the moths which fell into the water when the bushes
were shaken had no difficulty in swimming to the bank. The
President described several of the best known localities for collecting
the Tasyiiocawpidady such as York, Hereford, Lakeside, etc.. and
remarked on the tendency of T. ndniosa towards cannibalism when the
larvse were kept too crowded in the breeding cage. Mr. Tait also
140 THK KNTOMOLOGIST'S RKGORD.
exhibited Asphalia dilnta, Epnnda nigra, Polia chi and Anchocdu
rufina from Lakeside, and Polia fiavicincta bred from South Devon
ova. Messrs. J. W. Griffin and A. W. Hughes contributed notes on
collecting afc sallow bloom.
March 21sf. — New Members. — Mrs. O'SuUivan, 10, Cathedral
Mansions, Huskisson Street, Liverpool, and Mr. W. G. Olutten, 186,
Coal Clough Lane, Burnley, were elected members of the Society.
The Competition. — The feature of the evening was the competition
for the Society's prizes specially offered for the encouragement of field
work and observation.
A prize of five guineas for the best series of 60 males of Hibemia
defoliama, first engaged the attention of the judges ; so good were the
exhibits in this class that it was no easy matter to determine upon the
most meritorious ; eventually it was decided to award the prize offered
for an essay upon the insect fauna of the sand hills as a second prize
in this class, there being no essay entered.
The first prize of five guineas was therefore awarded to Mr. Chas.
P. Rimmer for his set of the moth from Delamere Forest and Eastham
Woods ; the second, two guineas, was given to W. G. Clutten, of
Burnley, for a collection made in the neighbourhood of that town.
There were some very beautiful forms shown by the competitors,
including melanic variations from Burnley. Other exhibitors in this
section were : the Rev. F. M. B. Carr (highly commended), Messrs.
J. W. and G. A. Griffin and W. A. Tyerman.
A prize of five guineas were also awarded for the best six photo-
graphs of insects in their natural resting places selected to show the
effect of protective resemblance. In this competion the prize went to
Mr. Hugh Main of London for a very fine exhibit. These photographs
were much admired, particularly the ^^Bryophila perla at rest on sand-
stone wall," this being an exceptionally fine example of protective
resemblance. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., and Messrs. Crabtree
and Mansbridge were the judges in the competitions.
ExmBiTs. — Other exhibits were insect preparations under the
microscope by Mr. Chas. P. Rimmer and long series of early spring
Lepidoptera by Mr. S. Gordon Smith ; the latter included some nice
vars. of Hihernia leucophaeana, H. uiari/inaritiy Nyssia hispidain-a and
N, zonaria, further, the same member showed a fine specimen of
Acherontia atropos captured near Chester.
March 21sL — Paper. — Mr. H. M. Hallett, a Vice-president of the
Society, sent a paper entitled ** Parasitic Wasps and Bees.*' The
author gave a review of practically all that is known of the parasitism
of the Hymenoptera, but such a vast subject could not adequately be
dealt with in a short paper. Sketches of the life histories of the
parasitic Jchneninonldacy Chalcididae, Proctotrypidae, Chrysididae and
Acideates were given, difficulties of observation were touched upon and
suggestions for future work advanced for the guidance of students of
these interesting families.
Aberrations in British Lepidoptera. — Mr. Chas. P. Rimmer
exhibited a long series of ('erastis vaccinii to show the variation of the
species at Delamere Forest. Mr. W. Mansbridge showed SeUnut
tetralunaria which had emerged in a warm room during February.
REVIEWS. l4^
— It was with a delightful feeling of anticipation that I picked up my
old friend's book, for I had been waiting for it for nearly twenty years,
and it was a personal pleasure to read it through three times in suc-
cession. The small scope offered by our few Orthoptera has allowed
the author far more detail than would be possible in a work dealing
with a more numerous order, and the mass of personal touches gives
this book a human interest that is usually foreign from such a work.
Few living British entomologists will be able to turn over its pages
without finding some reference that brings back to them a flood of
reminiscences, half forgotten, of happy collecting days in congenial
company and delightful surroundings.
Besides, it is a very suggestive book. It is evident that we are in
measurable distance of the attainment of a complete knowledge of a
finite fauna. Although one of the so-called <* neglected " orders, our
Orthoptera are so few and at the same time so interesting, that there
is now no excuse for our entomologists if they leave any blanks in our
knowledge, and this book should give a marked stimulus to their study.
It is possible that a few species may be added to our list. I myself
have suggested that the earwig, Chelidurella acanthopygia, Gen^, may
be found hf re ; there is also the possibility of finding other West and
Central European species, such as ParapleuvHs allmcensy Germ., the
two species of Cla-ysocharonf Chorthippus dorsatuSy Zett., and 6\ lonyi-
cornu, Latr. ; Tetiix kieferi, San Icy, if this be really a good species ;
Fhaneroptera falcata, Scop., is recorded under apparently natural con-
ditions, and its definite status should be put beyond doubt this summer.
It is worth a journey to Cornwall on purpose, for it is a striking and
handsome fellow. Then there are other striking species with a wide
distribution which might conceivably occur, such as the Stick Insect,
Bacillus yallicus, Charp., the common Mmitis relifjiosa^ L., and Kphip-
pigera vitium, Serv., both of which extend to Belgium and to Normandy,
though perhaps it is improbable that the sharp eyes of British ento-
mologists should have for so many years overlooked such striking
forms. But the south of Ireland remains to be explored, and in Scot-
land we may find some of the boreal forms, as Poduma frigidum, Boh.,
which is common in Norway ; there is the possibility of turning up the
rare and local Sphi)igon(ftus cyanopterua^ Charp., which is known to
occur in several widely separated localities in France, Germany, and
Scandinavia. Tetrix fnliymosns, Zett., might be found in Scotland,
and careful observation may yet turn up Omocestus haeviorrhoidalisy
Charp. and Staumdenis vagans, Fieb. Myruiecophila acervmum^ Panz.,
may yet be revealed by our myrmecologists, and Westwood's record be
verified. It is very small and excessively active. Metrioptera saussu-
reanuy Frey, is a west European mountain form, which I have taken in
Normandy, and it might occur in our moorlands ; it closely resembles
M. hrachyptera, L. Perhaps Pachytylus dmu'ciiH, L., may settle and
breed here, as it has been known to do in Belgium.
Then again, there is plenty of scope in the comparison of our
British with the continental forms, in which special races may be dis-
criminated. This is most probable in Metrioptera albopunctata, Goeze,
which is a size smaller than most European forms, with decidedly
shorter organs of flight : southern specimens are quite difterent in
appearance. Observation should prove the truth of the late N.
Adelung's contention, that KctobiuH per»picillaris, Herbst., ^\i^ F..
144 THE UNTOMOLOOIST^S RBOORt).
lappomcus, L., are but the meridional and boreal forms of a single
plastic species, whose direct ancestor Shelford found in Baltic amber.
The author rather neglects the stridulation of the grasshoppers, one
of the most charming features of orthopterology. It is a most useful,
and by no means difficult, accomplishment to detect and recognise our
few stridulent species by their note. I cannot discriminate between
Om. viridulusy L., and Om, rufipes, Zett., but St. Ihieatus, Panz., St.
bicolor, Charp, and (Jli, paralleliis, Zett., are unmistakable. I have
often noted the presence of Pholidoptera grheoaptera, De Geer, witb
absolute certainty by its note alone, and it was only by its song that I
ran down a colony of Tetti(jo7iia verntcivora^ L., when that fine fellow
was still regarded as one of our greatest rarities.
In one or two passages the author suggests that the frequent wing-
lessness of Orthoptera is a primitive sign, but in my opinion it is
invariably a degenerate character. Pantel recently described in great
detail an undoubted Anisolabis annulipes, Luc, with fully developed
organs of flight. In very many species there is a recognised dimor-
phism, the fully- winged and the hemi apterous forms, just as the
variation in the length of the forceps of the earwigs is really only
dimorphism. I prefer not to give varietal names to these, but to refer
to them as the macro- and cyclo-labious forms respectively : in some
species one form, in some the other is normal, while in others again,
only the macro-labious or cyclo-labious forms are known. The exten-
sion of these organs alters the appearance of the creatures so much,
however, that they are often taken for quite distinct species, especially
when we have colour variation and wing variation occurring at the
same time.
The photographic plates are very good and interesting, but the
lithographic ones are somewhat disappointing. Plate viii. for instance
is far from doing justice to our Ectobiids. Plates iii. and xi. are
quite good, but pi. xiii. again is rather disappointing. It is a pity
that the author has not given profile views of all our Locustids, as
this is generally more characteristic than the dorsal aspect, as is well
shewn by pi. xvi. Plate xvii. is better coloured, but the brown form
of T, verrucivora might well have been shewn, and the small figures
are indistinct. As there are so many coloured plates it seeffls
ungracious to complain, but S. lineatus and (j. maculatus would have
been better shewn in profile, and both of these and 6r. rufus lend
themselves well to colour reproduction.
The author overlooks one or two points, such as Shelford's paper
on fossil cockroaches in Baltic amber, and my own on fossil earwigs
from the same origin. He omits mention of the peculiar reversal of
the organs of flight in the nymphs of the saltatorial Orthoptera, and
though he refers to Mouffet's locus dasHicus on cockroaches, he neglects
the old author's quaint remarks on earwigs. Finally, it is a pity that
neither Phaneroptera fclcata^ Scop., nor Pachytylm danicus, L., has
been figured. A profile view of both these ** reputed '* British species
would have helped and encouraged students.
But the whole work is a splendid contribution to the literature of
our British fauna, and it will be very disappointing if it is not the
direct cause of vigorous recruiting to the ranks of our few Orfchop-
terists. — M.B.
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THB RACES OT ZTOASNA FILIPKNDULAK» L. 145
An Essay on the Systematic Study of Variation in the Races of
Zygaena filipendolae, L, and of its snbspecies stoechadis, Brkh.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Continued from p. 129,)
Analytic remarks on tbe patterns of hindwing.
The most difiacalt forms to study and classify systematically are
those which lead up from iMedicaitiiiis, as figured by Hiibner and by
Boisduval, to stoechadis, as described by Borkhausen ; tbey include all
those varied and beautifully complex ones in which the dark pattern
gradually encroaches on the red of the basal part of the hindwing, the
two intermingling in different proportions. To follow this process we
will have to go into very minute details, but it is well worth it, because
they show the exact similarity of pattern on forewings and hindwings,
which might seem incredible at first sight, and they reveal to us the
origin of the somewhat fixed aspect of the former, affording thus also
the clue to its homology with other genera of Lepidoptera, from all of
which it seems in a way to stand apart. The latter subject, however,
I will have to leave for another paper.
Let us begin by noting that the pattern in question is in no way of
nervural origin, as might be thought by the radiated look of some
individuals. The terminal branches of the neuration are, often
enough, covered by black scales, which look like capillary streaks
emerging from the inner outline of the marginal band, but this scaling
does not develop any further. These may very possibly be remnants
of the " nervural pattern.*' Such, on the contrary, is not the case with
the much more conspicuous streaks or rays which are to be seen at the
back of the cell, between it and the dorsal margin. At a first glance
they might seem situated on the anal nervures, but a closer inspection
shows that they originate on the crease of che wing existing in the
internervural space ; the creases are so much more conspicuous than
the nervures that they might easily be mistaken for them. The
streaks usually also give the impression of being simply projections,
very long and sharp, of the inner outline of the marginal band
stretching towards or to the base of the wiag. This again is wrong :
they rise from centres quite distinct ; the proof of it is that in
some individuals the streak placed just behind the cubital
nervure may be seen to be separated from the marginal band by a
small red space or by a minute red spot situated near the root of the
second branch of that nervure ; it will be noticed that this is exactly
the position of spot N. 4 of forewing, and that the spot described
on hindwing is nothing else but its homologue ; we thus also come to
the conclusion that the streaks in question are homologous with the band
of forewing which separates spot N. 2 from N. 4. Very often they
blerid together in a very large triangular patch, extending behind the
cell, from the marginal band to the base of wing. Rocci has
discovered at Genoa a form of the female in which this triangle
is fully developed, reaching the base of the wing, and stands out on
an otherwise completely red hindwing, except for the marginal band,
not much broader than in ochsenheinien ; he has called it form zonata
(Z.C., 1914). I have never seen it from any other locality. As a rule
the triangle only reaches a similar extent when the marginal band is
September, 1921.
146 THE entomologist's record.
much broader and it is also accompanied by dark markings inside ibe
cell. The latter make their first appearance as a black spot at the
outer end of the anterior half of the cell, in front of the median
nervure which divides it in two. A second similar spot then occnrs at
the back of this nervure ; they next blend together and take the form
of a little transverse band crossing the cell as far as the cubital
nervure and leaving a red space or spot at the end of cell, between it
and the marginal band, homologous to spot N. 6 of forewing. Very
often the little band just described stops short of reaching the cubital
nervure and leaves a thin red streak on this nervure, connecting spot
5 to the base of wing, just like the narrow streak of red suffusion
visible on the underside of forewing of ochsenheimeri, Wh«n the dark
markings become more extensive the two black spots or the band of
the inside of cell, to all appearances, become very broad and extend as
far as the ba^e, filling up the entire cell. A few rare specimens (snch
as the male N. 7 and the ftmales N. 101, 102 and 414 of my series of
stoechadis in glass mounts) prove instead that here too, as at the back
of cell, there is another centre from which the black pattern rises. In
these specimens the band is narrow and its internal outline is sharply
defined on a small red space, or on two little red spots (one on either
side of median nervure) ; beyond these, between them and the base of
cell, are to be seen two streaks of diffused dark scaling. There can be
no doubt that this is a perfect reproduction, on a smaller scale, of the
band between spot N. 5 and spot N. 8 in the cell of forewing, of spot
8 itself (sometimes separated into two in the case of hindwing) and of
the band between this and the base of cell. The resemblance between
the two pairs of wings is completed most perfectly by the fact that
also spot N. 6 exists (when the marginal band is narrower in the
" atrophied zone"), as a separate spot, with a narrow black band between
it and 5 (males N. 328 and 850 and female N. 418 of my series). I take
the two red spots on an entirely dark wing, described by Rocci in his
higuttata form, to be spots 5 and 6, because specimens answering this
description, with two little spots, one above the other, do exist,
whereas I have never seen spots 4 and 5 on a wing with no basal rays;
such a form would correspond to forms sophiaey Favre, and aemilii,
Favre, of Z, ephialtea^ L., where spot 4 exists on hindwing, together
with 5, on account of some particular cause which also, enlarges it
very unusually on forewing ; this fact furnishes another proof that
they are perfectly homologous on fore and hindwing. [I said "spot,"
but talking of ephialtes, I should have said, "space of spot," for this
species stands apart from the remainder of the Zygaeva by the total
or nearly total obliteration of the '* secondary pattern ** (yellow or red)
in the majority of its forms and races, the white ground colour
remaining uncovered in all the spaces left by the primary patteni,
except the two basal ones of forewing, where the secondary patteni
begins to appear.] As to the *' two or three " spots in Borkhausen's
description of nymotypical stoechadis, I think there can be little doubt
that they were spots N. 4, 6 and 6, the partial confluence of the two
latter probably explaining the " or."
As regards the nomenclature to be adopted for the various grada*
tions in the extent of the pattern, I had thought at first of using the
existing names, already applied above to the races, because, as a tvHb,
each of these corresponds broadly to a grade, but I soon convinced
STUDY OF TABUTION IN THE BACBS OF ZTGABNjL FIUPENDULAB, L. llT
myself that this would only have led to oarrying on the confusion
existing hitherto between individual forms and races. The latter are
characterised by size, structure, tinge, etc., as well as by the extent of
pattern. The same name cannot be used in one sense for the entire
race, including these vaiious characters, and in another sense concerning
only the pattern, or part of it, for an individual form which is found
in several races. Besides, when successive grades in the development
of a single character are to be designated, if we discard for several
reasons the simpler method of numbering them, the names given
should at least be descriptive and show the connection that exists
between the forms of the series* For these reasons I propose, for
instance, the following names for the increasing breadth of the marginal
band of hindwing, which is such a prominent characteristic of the
various races. In this, as in otber characters, the female of each race
keeps at least one grade back as compared to the male. This is
another reason for having names independent of sex for individual
forms. The names already existing have always been meant to cover
both sexes from the same locality. I. tenuissimelimbata : only the
fringes are black (not uncommon in males of subspecies filipemhdae ;
in subsp. stoechaflis exists in female only, namely in that of calabra,
in some of suiliensis, and in pulcfierrimaefonnLs), II. tenuioFelimbata^
a capillary streak (the usual male form in subspecies plipendulae ; in
some females of siciliemis). III. tenuelimbata : streak bolder and
better defined (usually in male aiciliensh and iu female ochsenheimen').
IV. iatelimbata: a narrow, but distinct band, with sinuous inner
outline at about J of the distance between the border and the end of
cell (the usual male ochsenheitnerl and female etnisca), V.
latiorelimbata : band broader, about ^ or \ of distance mentioned
above (more common male of etrttsra, jnjrenes, as in Oberthiir's fig.
169-170, thifionrheli, as in Duponchel's fi<?. 6 and in Oberthiir's fig. 168
and 161, antl female of metllcaijinh). VI. latissimelimbata : band
extending over \ the distnnce to cell (in male of ineiUca(jinis^ as figured
by Hiibner and by Boisduval, in many females of stoechaus and
atei lima and, virtually, also in the darkest forms of both sexes, although
its inner outline may not be discernible). It will be noticed that in
this series of grades the difference between two successive ones becomes
progressively greater as one proceeds from the first to the last. This
hns come about natumlly, because I have established them by a com-
parison of the ra^es and not artificially. The extent of individual
variation within the limits of each grade is seen to increase and this is
evidently the cause of the increasing difference between its averages.
The other characters of hindwing which lack a name are the spots
inside the cell and the internervural rays described above. They only
appear when the marginal band has reached grade V., they become
more and more constant and extensive as that band gets broader and
in grade VI. they are only absent in very rare exceptions, such as,
curiously enough, Hiibner and Boisduval happen to have figured.
When there is only one spot at the further end of the anterior half of
cell I should name the form macula, employing the qualificative
ablative (^"of the spot" or "with the spot"), to have as short a name
ae possible to combine with others, when necessary. When there is a
second spot in the posterior half of cell I should call the form
billiaoilla and when they blend into a large one, ovet \»Vi^ \xv<^^\^w
148
THE ENTOMOLOGIST 8 BEOOftD.
Statistical Table of leading individual variations in
■"
c
0 6
Extent of primary pattern on hindwing.
OQ >
c
Comparative
So «
.3
0
d
2 3
Grade.
Breadth of marginal
band
o.S
^1
a ■ «
0 i ^
S
ha
u It
radii
macu
{limbus)
8-2
55
4a ' 'w*
9 <f
eB
2
••at W4
Ro Mo Lj
teiiuisnmelinibata
• •
6
13
9
Ro Mo L^
tenuiorelimbata
• •
6
9
13
Ro Mo L3
teimelimhata . .
• •
6
40
7
\J I/O
Ro Mo L^
latelimbata
• •
(6
(5
2
16
34 1
1
Ro Mo L5
latiorelimbata . .
• •
j6
[1
1
Ro M, L«
latiorelimha ta —
macula
)
1
R, M, L5
latiorelimbata- -
magnamacvla — radiis
1
16
Ro Mo Le
latissivielimbata
. * «
6
5
6
#
Ro M, Le
m
la tissimelimba ta — -
'
macula
5
Ri M, L«
la tissiinelimbata —
magnaviaciila — radiis
•
(6
(5
R2 M, L«
latitsimelinihata —
inagnamacula — zonal a
;
(6
15
R3 M3 L,
seminigrata
• •
f6
16
R4 M L7I
bigvttata
• •
5
•
guttata . . . .
• •
5
R4 M^ L,
[parviguttata'\
• •
5
R4 Ms L,
nigraia . .
• •
5
51
26
16
9
37 8
nervure, form ma^amacula. The fprm with dark rays extending
to the base of the wing I call radiis. Usually the first to appear is
the one just behind the cubital nervure ; when it is accompanied by
one or two others and they broaden so as to blend together they form
that large triangular patch which characterises form zonata^ Roocit
already described ; as a rule, however, when that triangle is extensive,
it is accompanied by other rays and we have what might- be called the
radiis-zonata form. The two little rays which are inside the cell
nearly always fuse with the spot, or spots, at their further end BxA
turn it, or them, into one or two long streaks, just as the rays at tbe
back of cell fuse with the marginal band ; the red spots N.d, in the
cell, and N.4, at the back of it, very rarely subsist and keep the rays
separate from these other markings. The next grade in the extent ci
the dark markings answers to seminigratay Bocci, described as baviDg
red rays at base and two red spots, because the primary dark pattefo
begins to prevail greatly in extent on the secondary red one; it corres-
ponds to njmotypical stoechadis. Then come bignttata, Kocoi, witii no
STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE RACKS OF ZYOAENA FILIPRNDULAE, L. 149
}ome Italian races of subspecies stoechadis^ Brkh.
o
9:.
•
B
8
e8
•
•••
o
.2
O
0
s
' » S-S
«
13
*«
Q
p<
«
M
1 -S -S iJ
' 1 § §
i
5
o
••*
1
5
0
»
; ft fe
PE4
P^
EC4
(ii
?
cT ?
i
?
S
9
<f
?
cf
?
•2
o
0
N
e
s
u
O
o
T
1 ^
*4 iT*
04
2
10
10 5
1 1
6
7
3
2
2
1
1
2
35 18
1 18
5 10
8 3
14 2
6
4
3 2
2
2
3
51 26
2
9 18
5
11 2
11 3
2
3
1
4
13
3
1
1
59 32
4
14
9
1
6
2
2
2
5
5j
2 i
1
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
2
4
4 !
2
3
1
1
5
I 1
3 i 6
3
1
3
2
1
7
I 1
4 ' 5
3
1 7
3
1
5
4
1
1
2 12
1 2
19
2
5
4
6 19
6 18
7
8
1
39 24 I 32 23 , 22 16 | 22 29 45 67
4
(3)
1
1
1
2 3
1
3
1
12 10
red rays, and guttata, mihi, with only one red spot, corresponding to
aterrima, Vrty., and finally nhirata^ Dz., in which the dark spot fills
the cell to its further extremity and obliterates red spot N.5. Forms
hvjnttata and guttata are not so much successive grades as parallel to
Bach other, like the homologous six- and five-spotted forewini? forms,
iue to the greater or lesser effects of the *' atrophied zone " on the
pattern.
In the following statistical table I have endeavoured to show
\i a glance how the leading individual forms are distributed in several
Italian races. They are the races of which I possess sufficiently
extensive series of specimens collected at random to show variation as
it occurs in nature. In the first column the various parts of the
pattern are designated by letters and their extent by figures, so that
patting them together " formulae " are obtained expressing the
individual variations much more briefly and clearly than the compound
Qames of the second column. I think that a method of this sort will
be found necessary in future, now that analytical studies are pushed
HK) THE SNTOMOLOeiS^'s BBOOU).
always further. Grades should be established on the variation of the
entire specieR, beginning by nought when the character is missing.
In this case I have made no artificial division in a series of equivalent
grades, but I just set down those which, were suggested by the extent
of variation in the different races and by noticeable mdividual forms.
As I have remarked in the case of the marginal band, the difference
between two successive grades is very much smaller at the two ends of
the series than midway, but the effect in producing a different aspect
of the insect is quite as great. This, I think, will be found to be
quite a fifeneral rule.
In the table, I have enclosed between two horizontal lines two
grades, which constitute a collateral branch of the main line of varia^
tion and which are parallel to the ones immediately following, as
shown by the figures of the formulte. If the breadth of the marginal
band was to be divided in a larger number of grades about this level,
each of these would involve the creation of a similar collateral branch,
because each is accompanied very often by the cellular spots and by
the rays. Form zonata, Bocci, constitutes a little branch of this sort,
which would have stood, had it existed in the races dealt with in the
table, just after lateUmbata, with the formula: Rg Mq L^. Form
seminiyratay Rocci, with six spots on forewing, I have marked on the
table, although do specimen represents it there, to show that it dofs
exist (nymotypical atoechadiSf as described by Borkhausen). Ab.
varvvjHttata, Rocci, I have enclosed in brackets, because it is not in
every way the grade which precedes nigrataj Dz., having the red spots
of forewing very reduced, as well as the one of hind wing, which is in
no way necessarily the case in the latter. At Piteglio it is not as
frequent as the figure would show.
Summary of the French and of the Italian races of
subspecies stoechadis, Brkh. (The locality of "types" is marked
by inverted commas. The other localities mentioned are those from
which I possess specimens) : —
Group of races constantly six-spotted on forewing, with a broad
i:ed. auffusion on underside and with very narrow or narrow marginal
band on hindwing {temiissiinelimbata to lateUmbata), but with no other
primary pattern :
Race mivrochsenheimeri'}mUherrwia, Vrty. : Basin of Po, locally.
Race siciliensis, Vrty. : ** Mt. Cuccio, m. 800, near Palermo.**
Race calabra, Vrty. : " Altipiano di Carmelia, ni. 1200, in the
Aspromonte (Calabria).'"
Race calabra-ochsenheiuieri, Vrty. : " S. Fili, m. 900, on the
Calabrian Coast range."
Race major, Esp. ; " South of France " ; Montpellier, according to
Oberthiir.
Race ochaenheimeri, Ti,: ** Italy" ('*and southern France"); Rome;
Aurunci Mts. in S. Latium ; valleys of the Adige and the Isarco in 8.
Tyrol.
Sub race campaniae, Stdgr, : " Roman Campania."
Subrace ? judicariae, Calb. : " S. Tyrol, north of lake of Idro."
Race viicrochsenheimeri, Vrty.: "Villatina, m. 600, in the Mainarde
Mts. in S. Latium " ; Basin of Po, locally (Primaluna, m. 560, in VJ
Sassina, near lake of Como) ; Gedre, m. 1000, in the Hautes-Pyr^nto
NSW BRITISH OSOIDOMTIDiE. I. 151
Bace tmcrochsenheimeri trans, ad montivaga, Yrty. : '' Gasteldel-
monte, m. 1500, on the Gran Sasso (Abruzzi)/'
Bace murochsenheimeri trans, ad msiHcaginis^ Vrty. : Basin of Po,
locally.
Group of races which produce commonly both the five- and the six-
spotted form, in which the red suffusion on underside of forewings id
usually absent or reduced, when it exists, to a narrow streak on cubital
nervure and which have, to a greater or lesser degree, a broad marginal
band on hindwing (mostly latforelimbatrt, more rarely latissimdimbata)
and the beginnin^^ of other primary pattern markings:
RskCepyrenes, Yrty. { = ihibia ot Obth.) : ** Vernet-les-Bains in the
Pyr6n6es-Orien tales. ' '
Bace duponchelif Vrty. {=smedkaijinls of Duponchel and of
Oberthiir) : ** Nice " ; Begion not distant from the coast of the Alpes
Mari times Department.
Bace oclisenheimeri trans, ad eUiisca, Vrty. : ** S. Pietro Avellana,
m. 960, in the Molise (Neapolitan district)."
Bace montivaga^ Vrty. : " Bolognola, m. 1200, in the Sibillini Mts.
(Piceno)."
Bace mimtivaga trans, ad inedicaginia, Vrty. : ** Fontebuona di
Vaglia, m. 400, near Florence " ; Vuctanido, m. 600, in the Mugello,
near Florence.
Bace etrnsca, Vrty. : " Pian di Magnone, m. 200 to 800 (Florence)."
Bace pulcheiTima-stoechodisj Vrty. : " Hills above Modena and
Reg^io (Emilia)."
Bace oraria, Vrty. : ** Forte dei Marini, on sea-coast of Northern
Tuscany ;" Antignano, near Leghorn.
Groups of races very predominantly five-spotted on forewing, with
* no red suffusion on underside and with very broad marginal band
(latissimelimbata) and usually an extensive primary pattern on
hindwing.
Bace medicaginiSf Hiib. ( = medicaginis, Boisd. =diibia, Stdgr.) ;
** Piedmont;" Futa Boad, at La Traversa and Covigliaio, m. 700 to
900, in N. Tuscany.
Bace stoechadu, Brkh. : "Piedmont;" Maritime Alps, also on
French side; Mt. Sumbra, m. 1400, in the Apuane Alps in the N.-W.
of Tuscany; Palasaccio, ni. 500, near Firenzuola. north of Florence;
Palazzuolo di Bomagna, m. 700, in the N.-E. of Tuscany.
Bace gigantea, Bocci : *' Quezzi, on sea- coast, near Genoa."
Bace a rerrima, Vrty. : **Mt. Prato Fiouito, ni. 400 to 1000, above
the Baths of Lucca;" Piteglio, ra. 700, above Pistoia in the province
of Florence.
New British Cecidomyidae, 1.
By BICHAUD S. BAGNALL, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.E.S., and J. W. HESLOP
HARRISON, D.Sc, F.R.S.E.
During the period that has elapsed since our last contribution
dealing with this group much material has accumulated, and we take
this opportunity of presenting the results of our researches to other
workers. We would particularly draw attention to the remarkably
152 THE Entomologist's beoobd.
«
minute or obscure nature of many Gecidomyid galls such ias those
recorded from Lime, Sycamore, Helianthemum, Spirasa, etc. '
Prolasioptera niveocincta, K.
Produces a gall similar to, but less fusiform and a little larger
than that of Penisia francoisi, K., on Achillea millefolium ; larva red.
Northumberland and Durham, coast, rare.
Rhopalomyia palearumf K.
On Achillea ptarmica, chaflfy bracts of head swollen slightly, larva
solitary, white.
Durham, Birtley Fell.
Similar larvsB. (solitary) found in heads of Achillea millefoliwn at
Fordcombe in Kent apparently belong to the species.
Misospatha hypogaea, F. Loew.
On Chrysanthemnut leucanthemum.. Flowers hardened, discoloured,
conical, sometimes only slightly atrophied ; buds also attacked and
when axillary affecting the stem.
Dkvon, Babbacombe in October, 1918, midges bred immediately;
Sidmouth, September, 1920.
Oligotrophus oriyanif Tavares.
On OHgajiwn vulgare. Terminal gall formed of large leaves with
many red larvae ; cocoons white.
Devon, Sidmouth, rare, September, 1920.
Macrolahis pi'unellae, K.
On Prunella vulgaris, flower deformed, shortened, larvae white.
Durham, Gibside, August, 1920.
Macrolahis lamii, Riibs.
B. and H. 68c.
Macrolahis lonicerae, Riibs.
On honeysuckle, two or more terminal leaves enclosing larvae.
Kent, Tunbridge Wells, September, 1918.
Macrolahis lucetii, K.
On Bosa pinipinelli folia and R, reuteri, leaves thickened, folded and
reddened, larvae white.
NoKTHUMBKRLAND and DuRHAM, chicfly on the coast.
Arnoldia sambuciy K.
On flowers of Sambucus niger, flower closed, slightly swollen, larvffl
non -leaping, white.
DoKSET, near Swanage, rare.
Arnoldia gemmae, Riibs.
In galls of AndricuH fecundator^ = B. and H. 899.
NEW BRITISH OECIDOMYIDJE. I. 158
Rhabdophaga gemmarnm, Riibs.
On enlarged buds of Salix aurita and *S. cinerea.
Durham and Northumberland, widespread in sub- alpine districts.
Rhahdophaffa jaapi, Riibs.
On Salijc repens, small somewhat elongated leaf-iosette.
Durham, Blackball Rocks.
Rhabdophaga nieUeni^ K.
On Salix pentandra. Stem very slightly swollen, reddish larvae
feeding in cavities in wood and pith ; larva bybernates therein, and the
stem blackens just prior to emergence of the midges.
Durham, Waldridgt Fell.
Rhabdophaga sp.
On Salix aurita^ Houard S. 22.
Durham, Gibside.
«
Schniidtiella gemmanuiij Riibs.
B. and H. 23. Houard No. 125.
Northumberland, Durham, Lancashire and Westmorland. Scat-
tered in Juniper areas.
Perrisia auritae, Riibs.
On Saliv aurita^ S. cinerea, leaves rolled as in P. marginemtorquens;
larvae distinct.
Northumberland and Durham. In sub-alpine localities not un-
common.
Perrisia bistortae, K.
On Polygonum bistorta, and F. persivaria ; similar to gall of P.
persicariae, larvae white.
Northumberland, Bamburgh, Prestwick Carr and Ebchester.
Perrisia biyoniae, Bouche.
By a slip of the pen this species was recorded (B. and H. 105) in
place of P. parvida. This forms a terminal irregular rosette of pilose
leaves on Bryonia dioica, larvae white.
Herts, near Letchworth, June, 1920.
Perrisia angelicae, Riibs, = B. and H. 365.
Excessively abundant on Howers of Angelica,
Northumberland, Durham and N. Yorks, everywhere.
Perrisia dittrichii^ Riibs.
On Silaus pratensis, leaves thickened and crumpled, larvae yellow.
Northumberland, Seaton Sluice. Durham, nr. Fatfield.
Perrisia franqoisi, K. = B. and H. 394.
164 THE entomologist's record.
Perrida fainnairei^ E. and
Petiisia silvestris, K.
On Lathyrm stlvestt-is, flowers remaining closed, slightly swollen,
larvse red, or yellowish-white.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920, both species.
Penisia excavana^ Riibs.
On honeysuckle, pustule on leaf with excavation on lower side,
minute.
Notts, Barnby Moor, June, 1920. Devon, Hartford Woods near
Sidmouth, September, 1920.
Perrida gallica yK,
On Ulex, flowers remaining closed, containing apparently immature
small, semi-translucent, pinkish larvae.
Devon, Sidmoutb, September, 1920.
Perrisia inflataey Eiibs.
Red larvae in galls of PerHsia lioriperda on Silene inflata,
Devon, Torquay, October, 1918.
Perrisia jaapiana, Riibs. Possibly = B. and H. 119.
Perrisia lainiicola, Mik.
On Lamium album,
Durham, Beamish ; Notts, Barnby Moor; Devon, Hartford Woods,
nr. Sidmouth.
Perrisia loewiajia, Riibs. B. and H. 220 in part, and Houard No. 8728.
Perrisia parvida, Liebel. = B, and H. 205.
But see remarks under P. hryoniae on Bryonia dcoica,
DuUham, Lamesley ; Herts, near Letchworth.
Perrisia peinei, Riibs.
In galls of Perrisia sanynisorbae with yellow larvae.
Durham, Gibside, July, 1920.
Perrisia pratensis, K.
On Lathy r us pratensis, flowers showing chloranthia, massed with
numerous white larvae.
Northumberland, Tynemouth, July, 1920.
Perrisia rhamni, Riibs.
On Rhamnus frangida^ flowers closed and slightly swollen; larv»
ivory white.
Surrey. Plentiful, Hindhead, June, 1920.
PerHsia rubicund ulay Riibs.
= B. and H. 266, in part ; scattered in the North.
DBSOBIPTIONS OF FOUK NEW ORTBOPTSaib FBOM MA€BDONIA. U^
Perrisia mmiiiana, K.
On Linum catharticuin and Radiola linoides^
Devon, Sidmonth, rare, September, 1920.
Perrisia saxifragae, K.
On Saxifratja granulata, flower closed, larv» yellow.
Durham, Langdon Beck, in Upper Teesdale.
Petiisia spaiiicae, Riibs.
= B. andH. 220 and Houard 8723 in part. See remarks under
P. loevciaiia.
Penisia spiraeae, Lois.
On Spiraea ulmaria. Flower remainiDg closed, reddish and
minutely pilose ; larvae solitary, red.
Durham* in a lane between Lamesley and Birtley, July, 1920.
Perrisia Uucrii, Tav.
On Teuciium scorodonia^ October, 1918.
Devon, Torquay.
Peirisia tympani, K*
On Maple.
Devon, Torquay, October, 1918.
Jaapiella (Perrisia) cirsiicola, Riibs. B and H. 114.
Jaapiella volvenSf Riibs.
On Lathyrus pratensis, galls like those of P. schlechtendali, larvaa
whitish-yellow to reddish.
]!«]ot rare and generally distributed.
(2'o be continued.)
Descriptions of four new Ortlioptera from Macedonia.
By B. P. UVAROV, F.E.S.
The following four new Orihoptera are described from a collection
made by Dr. Malcolm Burr and Dr. B. P. Campbell durinj; the War
in Macedonia, and presented by Dr. Burr to the British Museum where
the types are preserved. The co- types of three of them (i.e,, ail except
Andstrura truncata, sp.n.) are in the Hope Museum, Oxford, in Mr.
Burr's and my own collections.
1. Aeolopus burri, sp.n.
(T . Bather small for the genus, and reminding one somewhat of a
Dociostaurus in its habitus and \n the type of coloration.
Head large and thick, distinctly prominent above the pronotum. Front only
feebly reclinate ; frontal ridge convex, with a very small impression just below the
middle ocellum, sparsely and feebly punctured ; the margins of the ridge very
slightly divergent from fastigium downwards, feebly approximated near the latter
and disappearing below it. Face and cheeks smooth, with sparse and fine
puncturation. (Antennae in the type and in co-types broken). Eyes oval, with the
156 THE KNTOMOLOGIST*S KKGORD.
fore margin almost straight. Temporal foveolae elongate, trapezoidal, their upper
and bind margins raised and sharp, the front and lower margins obtuse and
interrupted by punctures. Fastigium of the vertex sloping, rotandato-hexagonal,
scarcely longer than broad, with the apex rotundato- truncate, margins sharp.
Occiput convex. Pronotum slightly longer than the head, feebly but distinctly
constricted in its middle ; its maximum width distinctly less than that of the head;
in profile the pronotum is perfectly straight above ; the whole fore margin, except
in the lower parts of the lateral lobes, distinctly incrassate, embracing the head
like a collar; the first transverse sulcus reaches but does not interrupt the median
keel ; the second sulcus reaches halfway between the sides of the disc and the
keel ; the third sulcus placed scarcely before the middle of the pronotum, cutting
the median keel; metazona distinctly punctured in the disc, as well as in the
lateral lobes, which are smooth in the prozona ; hind angle of the disc obtusely
rounded. Lateral lobes of the pronotum impressed a little below and behind the
middle; higher than long ; their fore margin slightly sinuate ; the lower margin
with an obtusely rounded angle in the middle ; hind margin almost straight; the
fore angle very obtuse, rounded ; hind angle a little more than 90°, reunded.
Elytra extending just a little beyond the hind knees ; mediastinal area dilated (its
widest part is at the apex of the basal third), extending over two-thirds of the
whole length of the fore margin, with a rather feeble false vein which does not
reach the apex of the area ; scapular area as wide as the mediastinal, callous and
not transparent in the basal half, with sparse reticulation and an irregular,
interrupted false vein ; discoidal area parallel-sided, with the intercalate vein
approaching apically to the radial vein ; interulnar area nearly twice as broad, in
its widest part, as the discoidal, with an irregular false vein. Hind femora short,
rather broad, though less dilated than in A. strepenSy with the apex scarcely
attenuate. Hind tibiae slightly shorter than the femora. Supra-anal plate
elongato-rotundate, with a basal longitudinal impression. Cerci cylindrical,
rather thick, very slightly incurved, with the apex obtuse. Subgenital plate
very obtuse.
General coloration dull greyish-buff, with not well defined blackish - design.
Fastigium of the vertex with indefinite blackish points and blackened margins;
occiput with two scarcely perceptible blackish longitudinal fasciae, which ran
from the hind angles of the fastigium gradually diverging and fading towards
pronotum ; a second pair of black fasciae is behind the eyes. Eyes buff with a small
blackish spot behind the apex. Disc of the pronotum greyish-buff ; the X-shaped
design yellowish in its middle and light orange in its fore and hind parts, rather
broad, especially so in metazona, and very irregularly marginated from both the
inside and the outside by diffused blackish fasciae ; lateral lobes buff, merging into
dark grey upwards, with a small blackish spot in the middle, somewhat orange to-
wards the bind margin. Elytra greyish buff, hyaline apically, an elongate brown
spot in the basal half of the mediastinal area ; scapular area sulphurous basally;
discoidal area with a few scattered small brown spots in two groups — one near the
base and the second, which consists of confluent spots, at the apex ; a larger,
elongate blackish spot just beyond the apex of the discoidal area, emitting a short
branch towards the fore margin, across the scapular area but not extending into
the mediastinal area ; the apical part of the elytra with a few very pale grey spots.
Wings hyaline, with the apex scarcely infumate. Hind femora on the outside
buff, with three very feeble grey bands and a blackish line along the middle of the
basal half of the externo-median area; the inside pale with a small black spot at
the upper part of the base and two black tranverse fasciae, the second of which is
narrower than the first one ; the lower sulcus sanguineous, with a narrow black
fascia, corresponding to the second inner fascia, and with the apical part pale;
the knees black all round. Hind tibiae pale, with the base and a ring at the end of
the basal third black ; the apex reddish, slightly blackened beneath ; the spines
pale with black apical halves.
c? (type).
? (paratype)
Length of body
19 mm.
24 mm.
,, ,, pronotum ...
3-5
4
„ elytra
15-5
16
,, ,, hind femora
10-5
11
„ tf ,, tibiae...
9-
9-
DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW ORTHOPTERA FROM MACEDONIA. 157
The type is from Lembet, 25, vi.-4, vii., 1916 ; two paratypio
females were taken at the same locality in August, 1918.
One of the females agrees in its coloration with the above described
male, while another female, being entirely identical with it in all the
morphological characters, is green with only feeble traces of the
typical design on the head, pronotum and elytra. This indicates that
the new species is variable in its coloration, like other species of the
genus Aeolopus, but it is very well defined in its morphological
characters.
The chief specific characters of A. burn' are the large and thick
head, the broad and obtusely truncate fastigium of the vertex, the
shape of pronotum and the relative shortness of elytra. The form of
the fastigial foveolse, as well as the position of the false vein in the
discoidal area and not sulcate frontal ridge are tbe characters which
separate A, burn from A, teiyextinns^ Miihl. From A. strepens the
new species is easily distinguished by the shape of pronotum, which is
not unlike that in A. thalassinus, F., by the form of hind femora which
are short but not dilated as is the case in A. strepens, as well as by
the coloration of elytra which is so characteristic in A. strepens. The
distinctive characters of A, bnrri from A. thalassimts, to which the new
species is most closely related, are also numerous and leave no doubt as to
their specific value; the principal distmctions between these two
species are in the shape of the head, and especially of the fastigium, in
the relative length of the prozona and metazona of pronotum, as well
as that of hind femora and elytra. All this proves that the species is
undoubtedly new, and I have much pleasure in dedicating it to my friend.
Dr. Malcolm Burr, who has done so much to increase our knowledge
of Orthoptera in general.
I should propose the following key for identification of the four
European species of the genus Aeobtfuts :
1. (6) Temporal foveoloe elongato-trapezoidal. Frontal ridge not sulcate.
Intercalate vein in the discoidal field approaching apically to the radial vein.
2. (3) Pronotum distinctly tectiform, without a constriction ; its disc only
slightly narrowed forwards. Elytra in tbe most part black, with two narrow
transverse fasciae. Metazona one half again as long as prozona. Hind femora
short and much dilated basally, with the apex attenuate ; hind tibiae distinctly
shorter than femora. Elytra extending distinctly beyond the hind knees.
A. strepenSy Latr.
3. (2) Pronotum decidedly selliform, with a distinct constriction ; its disc
distinctly narrowed forwards.
4. (5) Head thick, shorter than the pronotum ; face distinctly reclinate.
Fastigium of the vertex scarcely longer than broad with the apex decidedly
trancate. Elytra only reaching the hind knees. Hind femora short, though not
dilated. Hind tibiae distinctly shorter than femora. A. hurri, Uvar.
5. (4) Head narrow, shorter than the pronotum ; face distinctly reclinate.
Fastigium of vertex distinctly longer than broad, with the apex acute. Elytra
extending far beyond the hind knees. Hind femora narrow and elongate ; hind
tibiae scarcely shorter than femora. A. thalassinus, F.
6. (1) Temporal foveolae elongato-triangular. Frontal ridge sulcate. Inter-
calate vein in the discoidal area distant equally from the radial and ulnar vein
along its whole course. A. tergesiinus^ Miihl.
Ancistrura, geu. nov. (Phaneropterinae).
cf . Fastigium of the vertex short, obtuse. Antennte very long, setaceous.
Pronotum selliform ; transverse sulcus distinctly behind the middle ; hind
margin rather raised, but not inflated, truncate. Elytra free, inflated, oval,
coriaceous ; the inner margin not angulate ; plicate vein thick, callous, irregular ;
158 THK l£NT(»NOf^>UI«9T'8 KKCORD.
<no other distinct veins or veinlets. Anterior femora nearly twice as long as the
pronotum. Mesosternum and oaetasternum transverse, posteriorly tnmcate ; basal
foramina free. Cerci short, cylindrical, feebly incurved, with the apex obtuse.
Subgenital plate broad, very strongly recurved, its median keel much raised and
produced beyond its hind margin in the shape of a sharp, bean-like tootii.
Genotype: Ancistrura trnncata, sp. n.
This new genus of the group (hlontnrae is closely related to
Barhitistes, Charp., but differs from it strongly by the shape of the
male cerci and subgenital plate. The very little known Odovtura
pidchripennis, Costa, also belongs to this genus ; it has been placed by
Brunner v. Wattenwyl* in the genus Barbitistes, but that author
himself considered it to represent a rather aberrant species.
2. Ancistruba truncata, sp.n.
S . Beddish -yellow. Antennas above reddish-brown with the base paler, and
pale beneath. Head with the occiput and narrow postocular fasoisB reddish -brown.
Disc of the pronotum of the same colour, darkened towards the middle line and
hind border, with numerous round brown points ; a pale median line runs from
the fastigium of vertex backwards through occiput and pronotam ; the lateral lobei
separated from the disc by yellow longitudinal fascias ; the lobes themselves an
reddish -yellow, darkened towards the pale upper fascia, with brown points, wbieh
are especially numerous along the lower margin of the fascia. Elytra pale with a
broad black lateral stripe. Abdomen with numerous reddish-brown poiniB.
Subgenital plate large, almost vertical, longer than broad, slightly narrowed towardi
the apex, sulcate along the middle basally and strongly carinate in the apical half;
the carina is beak-shaped and extends well beyond the hind margin which is broadly
truncate and slightly emarginate in its middle ; hind angles straight ; the basal
part of the plate nnd the carina, except its apex, yellow ; the apical half and the
apex of carina brown. All tibiae with two upper carinee black.
Length of body ... 18 mm.
(much contracted in the type ; probably
about 16-18mm in living insect.)
„ „ pronotum ... 8*5
,, „ ftlyfcra ... 4*6
„ „ fore femora ... 6*5
„ ,, hind ,, ... 16*
The type of this species is unique ; it was taken by Dr. M.
Burr at Lembet, Macedonia. 6. vii. 1916.
This species is very much like A, jmlchlpennis, Costa, known from
Italy, but in the Italian species the subgenital plate is narrowed apically
while in the Macedonian one it is broadly truncate.
8. Saga campbelli, sp.n.
2 . Small and slender, resembling Saga puella^ Wern. Pale green with ft
whitish fascia, running along the lower margins of the pronotum, mesonotum ani
metanotuni, and with two less sharply defined yellowish fasoisB along the sides of
the abdomen. Face smooth, pale. Pronotum about twice as long as broad ; its
fore margin ?carcely and the hind one very feebly raised ; lateral lobes with tii«
lower margin distinctly dilated near the bind angle which is straight ; the fon
angle perfectly straight. Elytra and wings absent. Hind femora very slender,
four and half times as long as the pronotum. Subgenital plate triangular, feebly
attentuate towards the apex which is shallowly rotundato-emarginate. Ovipositor
almost straight, rather thick, about three times ns long as the pronotum ; its
upper margin in the apical third denticulate, the lower margin with slightly larger
but less dense denticulation in its apical fifth part only.
Monographie der Phaneroplerulen, p. 58.
DBSGRIPIX0N8 OF FOUB NSW ORTHOPTBBA FROM MAGRDONIA.
159
i (paratype). fiind margin of the pronotum slightly more raised than in (he
female. Elytra extending slightly beyond the hind margin of the metanotam ;
chirping apparatus developed ; the raised part and &e horizontal margins
coriaceous. Supra-anal plate small, lanceolate. Ceroi large, compressed dorso-
ventrally, with acute incurved apical tooth. Subgenital plate with a feeble median
carina and an angulato-rotundate apical emargination.
? (type).
<f (paratyp^.
Length of body
66mm.
68mm.
„ „ pronotum
... 9-6
9
„ „ elytra
• fl
7
„ „ fore femora
... 18-6
18-6
„ „ middle femora .
.. 17
18
„ „ hind femora
... 41
44-6
„ „ ovipositor
... 27
The type is from the Hortiak Plateau, near Salonika, 15-18 viii.
1918 ; several paratypes of both sexes are from Lembet.
The species is very distinct from any other species of the
fvenus Saga^ being somewhat like Sa^a piiella, Wern., but easily dis-
tinguished from that species by the length of the ovipositor which in
S, puella is only about half as long again as the pronotum.
4. Gampsogleis abbreviata subsp.n. ebneri.
The c(^lection includes a very long series of the insect which agrees
well with Brunner v. WattenwyPs description of O, abbreviata
as well as with the female of that species in the British Museum,
identified by Brunner himself, but differing in the size and coloration.
The named author himself mentioned {Prodnmius Europ. Orth., p. 819)
that the Macedonian representatives of G, abbreviata are smaller than
the typical ones from Dalmatia. Prof, R. Ebner, of Vienna, kindly
informed me that he also has this small Macedonian form of G.
abbreviata which he compared with the Brunner*s types and could not
find any morphological differences. I believe, therefore, that Mace-
donian specimens represent a southern geographical race of G,
abbreviata ; my opinion has been also endorsed by Prof. R. Ebner and
I have much pleasure in naming the insect after this eminent Orthop-
terist, who has done so much for the study of the Balkan fauna.
The diagnosis of the new subspecies is as follows :
Size distinctly smaller than in the typical abbreviata (from Dalmatia) ; elytra
relatively shorter and not exceeding the pronotum in length. General coloration
light-buff with grey and black design, without any greenish shade. Ovipositor
slightly more decurved than in the typical form.
The dimensions of both sub-species are, as follows :
Sbi
Type.
?
Length of body 28mm.
,, pronotum 9
„ elytra 6
hind femora 25
ovipositor 19
Described from 49 <? (^ and 64 females from Lembet and other
localities near Salonika, Macedonia.
>»
>>
>»
»>
♦>
»»
ebneri.
Sbsp
. abbreviata.
]
Paratypes.
Autotype.
cT <?
? ?
$
23-28mm. 26-30mm.
40mm.
8-9
11
6-7-5
4-5.6
13
22-25
24-26
27
16-20
28
160 THE entomologist's beoord.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
A considerable amount of current entomological literature ha?
come to hand during the last few months of which pressure on our
restricted space has prevented previous mention. The belated Bolletino
Lab, Zool. Ge7i. e Agt\, Portici, vol. xi., for 1916, has just been received
and contains numerous studies on predaceous and parasitic species
among " other orders," no less than five of which are by Prof.
Silvestri. There are seven plates and 108 figures illustrating the
text. In an interesting article di Majo describes a series of experi-
ments as to the power and ability of the imago of Bomhifx moii to
penetrate the cocoon when rendered abnormal, artificially. The
current issue of the same periodical, vol. xiv. for 1920, is .also largely
made up by further valuable contributions from the pen of Prof.
Sylvestri, in one of which he deals with the Termitophiles of West
Africa. Dr. Verity has another of his valuable articles on the variation
and distribution of the Lepidoptera of Italy, in which he deals with
the Zygsenids and the Butterflies of the Massiccio delle Mainarde.
The volume has one plate and 108 diagrammatic text figures.
No doubt our readers are already aware that the four volumes
dealing with Palsearctic species of Seitz' Macro -lepidoptera of the
World, English edition, are now complete and obtainable from the
publishers. We are told that the volume containing the Butterflies of
the America Fauna is complete in the German edition and almost
complete in the English edition. But owing to an unfortunate dispute
between the publishers and the English agents much delay arises in
the distribution of the parts in this country. To those who are
subscribing for the whole work, we may say that up to part 213 has
been received by the Entomological Society of London direct from the
publishers.
The usual annual Report on the Progress and Condition of the
U.S. National Museum for 1919-20 is interesting reading. One often
wishes that a similar report could be issued on our British Museum.
What a wonderful record it would be and if judiciously distributed
would be a splendid advertisement. 216,871 specimens have been
acquired during the year of which no less than 101,654 were zoological.
There was a distribution of 4,806 specimens for educational purposes
and in addition 16/200 duplicate specimens were used in making
further additions by exchange, a practice which might be advan-
tageously copied by our Natural History Museum authorities. Large
collections of insects were acquired including 5,500 Lepidoptera front
Hawaii and S. America, 2,Q00 moths from N. America by Dr. Wm.
Barnes, 6,000 insects from Honduras, and 5,770 from Florida. The
Keport is illustrated.
The Eighteenth Report of the State Entomologist of MinnesoUii
U.S.A., contains as its obief item a '* Monograph of the N. American
species of Deraeocoris (Heteroptera, Miridae), with a large 'number of
diagrams illustrating comparative structures," by H. H, Knight.
"Studies on the Flight of Nocturnal Lepidoptera," by W. C.Cook,
deals statistically with the seasonal factor and also with various phafltf
of the meterologic:il factors which determine this habit.
Were it not for the capital summary of Robert Adkin, " Migration
of Lepidoptera as regards the British Islands/' and the report of the
OURBBNT NOTES. 161
Mosquito Investigation Committee, the title The South- Eastern
Naturalist would be a misnomer for the year 1920. Although much
overdue this hardy annual is always welcome as a reminder of pleasant
•days spent during the Annual Congress, serving as a means of
association between societies in the S.-Eastern area of England. We
are glad that the Council has returned to our own printer, with the
style of the book as of yore and the Treasurer's blessing.
The staff of the New York Agricultural Experimental Station
■continue to distribute the admirable pamphlets containing accounts
of their experiments on the control of insect pests. " The Control of
the Pear Thrips {Taeniotkrips pyri)j'* by C. R. Phipps, one of the most
•destructive pests in the State, and the summary of ** Insect Injuries
in Relation to Apple-grading," by B. 6. Fulton, are to hand. Both
-are well illustrated, the latter with coloured plates. There are descrip-
tions in the latter of the following insect injuries and suggestions
for their prevention : — Codling moth Carpocapsa (Cydia) pomonella^
Lesser apple-worm Enarmonia prunivora, Oriental fruit moth Laspey-
resia tnolesta, Apple maggot Rhagoletis poinonelia, Green fruit-worms
-Graphiphora alia, Xylina antennata, X, laticiiierea and X. grotei, Fruit-
tree leaf -roller Archips aryyrospila. Bud moth Tmetocera ocellana,
Apple bug Lygidea viendax, Red bug Heterocordylus malinus, Plum
Curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar, Apple Curculio Anthonomus quadri-
^ihhus, Rosy apple- aphis Aphis sorbi, San Jose scale Aspidiotis
perniciosus, Rose chafer Macrodactylus subspinostis, case-bearers Coleo-
phora Jietcherella and C, malivorella, Apple -seed Chalcid Syntomaspis
druparum, etc.
The Fiftieth Annual Report of the Ent. Society of Ontario^ for 1919,
•contains among other items " Insect Outbreaks and their Causes," by
J. D. Tothill, showing that prevalence of an insect pest has usually
turned out to be due to the absence of an effective insect control ; the
results of the experiments on the ** Control of the Cabbage Maggot
Phorbia biassicae,'" which have been systematically carried out in each
state ; " The Present Status of Mill-infesting Pests in Canada,"
mainly consisting of Ephestia kuhniella, the Mediterranean Flour- moth
a.nd the Flour- beetles Tribolidni spp. ; " The Federal Plant- Quarantine
Act " and its application and results therefrom, etc., with numerous
reports on Insects of the year and Entomological Progress.
Among the Separata from the Proc, • U.S, National Museum j
Washington, we have received " Genotypes of the Elaterid Beetles of
the World," by J. A. Hyslop, with full references; " The N. American
Ichneumon-flies of the tribe Ephialtini,'' by R. A. Cushman, and
^* The Dipterous Genus Dolichopusy Latr., in N. America," by Van
Duzee, Cole and Aldrich, in which the authors say that this Dipterous
family "offers such a storehouse of material bearing upon the
Darwinian theory of sexual selection that its many beautiful and
easily classified species ought to be much more widely known among
those who give attention to the larger biological problems. In the
present paper a large number of secondary sexual characters are
figured, not only as aids to identification, but to give some idea of the
wealth of beautiful structures which have been developed in the males
-of this genus." There are sixteen plates containing several hundred
figures besides figures in the text.
The Annual Report of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
162 THB entomolooist's rboord.
Society has been received, including the years 1918, 1919, and 1920,.
and it is a great credit to the Officers of one of the smaller local
societies that they have been able, not only to keep going during these
troublous times, but to continue the work they had in hand. Among
the papers printed are " Recorder's Report on Coleoptera, 1917," by
J. R. le B. Tomlin, F.E.S. ; " Notes from Cartmel Fell," by Richard
Wilding, containing the characteristics of the scenery and remarks on
the butterflies and some of the moths and beetles ; *' Recorder's Report
on Lepidoptera, 1919," by Wm. Mansbridge, a useful summary of the
work of the members during the year ; " The Lepidoptera of Wicken
Fen," by L. P. Doudney, a good summary of the capabilities of Wicken,
if one is lucky, with many practical hints ; "A year's Collecting of
Macro-lepidoptera," by S. Gordon -Smith, who seems to have done
exceptionally well in a notoriously unfavourable year for entomologists,
and includes an account of his breeding and captures at light ; and last
but not least the continuation of the " Systematic Annotated List of
the Lepidoptera of Lancashire and Cheshire," mainly compiled we
believe by our old friend the Hon. Secretary, W. Mansbridge from his
own and others records of many years past. The value of this List is
much enhanced by its containing valuable records as to the occurrence of
aberrations and forms, and it registers all the local and racial characters
of the species compared with other parts of the country.
The following resolution was recently unanimously passed by the
South London Entomological Society, " That this meeting having
learned that a scheme is on foot to alienate a considerable portion of
Esher Common from public enjoyment by leasing it to a Golf Club
Syndicate, desires to express its strong opposition to such a scheme,
which it believes to be antagonistic to the general good and conceived
solely in the interest of a class already well catered for in the
vicinity." The devastations, caused by cutting and subsequent fires
over a large area of this district, can be obliterated by careful
afforestation and time, but to clear everything off the face of the earth
for the recreation of a few only would be an irreparable destruction of
one of nature's beauty spots.
We quote from the Indianapolis Star of June 11th. ** The highest
honorary degree that is given by a university was conferred upon
W. S. Blatchley by Indiana University when advanced degrees were
given on commencement day, Wednesday. The fact that Indiana
rarely gives the degree of LL.D. means an unusual distinction for the
Indianapolis naturalist." ' The statement giving reasons for conferring
the degree were : " Willis Stanley Blatchley— Native of Connecticut;
educated in the schools of Indiana ; successful teacher ; leader in
expeditions of scientific exploration ; sixteen years an efficient officer
of the state in the capacity of state geologist ; a life-long student of
natural history ; author of literary and scientific books ; a nation -witle
authority on beetles, weevils and locusts ; one of the foremost
naturalists of America ; interpreter of nature's beauty in woodland
and meadow, by waygide and stream, in stones and in flowers. Mr.
President, this distinguished alumnus has been recommended by tbu
faculty for the degree of doctor of laws." We congratulate W. S.
Blatchley, LL.D., an old friend of the Ent, Record and of our revered
late Editor.
SOCIETIES. 168
•SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
March \Qth. — The President annouDced that the Rev. George
Wheeler had been obliged to resign the Secretaryship on account of
ill-health, and that the Cooncil had elected Mr. EL. Rowland-Brown in
his place. A vote of thanks to Mr. Wheeler for his services, which
extended over ten years, was proposed by the President and carried
unanimously.
Elections. — The following were elected Fellows of the Society : —
Captain K. J. Hay ward, Aswan, Egypt ; Mr. E. Bolton King, Balliol
College, Oxford ; Mr. L. M. Peairs, West Virginia, U.S.A. ; ^Iw
E. D. Lewis, Swanley, Kent; Mr. W. J. Hall, Cairo, Egypt; Mr. D.
Ponniah, Federated Malay States ; Mr. H. D. Hope, Jermyn Street,
W.C. ; Professor Dr. S. Matsumura, Japan ; and Professor C. P.
Alexander, Illinois, U.S.A.
Mimetic Association between Heliconius species. — Professor E. B.
Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a series of butterflies, Microclea, from
Central Peru, to illustrate the mimetic relationship between Heliconius
notabilis form microclea, Kaye, and H. xenoclea, Hew. Mr. J. W. Kaye
suggested that the palatability of the two was probably the same.
Classification of Ants. — Mr. H. Donisthorpe gave an account of
the latest views on the sub-families of Ants, and illustrated his
remarks with numerous diagrams. In connection therewith Mr. W. C.
Crawley exhibited representatives of each of the two groups separated
by Wheeler, and remarked that the large Termite ants could be heard
by their kind.
Mesopotamian Butterflies. — Lt.-Col. Peile, I.M.S., brought for
exhibition a collection of butterflies made by him in Mesopotamia.
These included a new species of Lycaena, with the Blues with which
it was taken in company, with a new sub-species of Zegns euphemey
viz.f subsp. dyala, which occurs at Fathah on the right bank of the
Tigris, differing from var. menestho, Men., in the absence of the yellow
suffusion in the ground colour of the hindwing, and from ab. tschudicay
H.-S., in having more white in proportion to the green ; and Melitaea
trivia var. persea, Koll., the seasonal forms from various localities in
Mesopotamia and the North-west Frontier of India.
Abeerations of p. machaon and of p. plantaginis. — Mr. E. B.
Ashby exhibited an example of Papilio machaon ab. rufopiaictata,.
Wheeler, from Les Voirons, Haut-Savoie, and a series of Parasemia
plantatjifiis from the Col de Faucille above Gex, Ain, in the French
Jura, showing a great diversity of variation. One specimen h&
thought might be referred to matronalis^ but the President did not
support this view, the melanism not being sufficiently pronounced.
Teratological aberrations in Lepidoptera. — Mr. Talbot, on
behalf of Mr. .). J. Joicey, exhibited teratological aberrations of
Lepidoptera, and a case containing several new forms of African
Rhopalocera.
Papers. — The following papers were then read : — *' On some
Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in the British Museum," by Mr. A. M. Lea^
" Types of Heterowera described by F. Walker and now in the British
Museum," by K. G. Blair, B.Sc.
164 THK entomologist's bbgord.
Thb South London Entomological Socibtt.
March 24t/t, 1921. — Larvae of R. phlaeas. — Mr. L. W. Newman
exhibifced the two forms, all green and green and red, larvse of Rumicia
phlaeas from Bexley, and reported Triphaena prennba at eallow.
B. mucronata. — Mr. Main, the "cellar beetle " Blaps mucron^ta,
Gnophos species. — Mr. Edwards, numerous species of Gnophos
from Central Europe.
Aberration of C. pamphilus. — Mr. B. S. Williams, aberrations of
Coenonympha pamphilus from Scotland and Swanage.
Aberrations of M. tiliae and X. fluctuata. — Major Cottam,
Fhryxus livornica from Southbourne, a melanic Mimas tiliae, and ab.
costovata of Xanthorho'e ftuctuata.
Newspaper ignorance. — Mr. Priske read an extract showing the
usual newspaper ignorance of scientific facts.
Early Notes. — Mr. Grosvenor, reported Pieris rapae on March
20th, and that Zygaena trifolii larvae had stirred from hibernation.
Irish race of E. cardamines, and forms of Eronia cleodoxa.—
Mr. Turner, specimens of the hibeniica race of Eiichlo'e cardamines in-
cluding a form caiilosticta with large discal spot extended along the
costa ; and the forms dilatata and erxia with the type form of the S.
African Pierid Eronia cleodoxa.
Abundance of A. grossulariata larv^. — The abundance of the
larvae of Abraxas (jrossulariata was remarked on and Pachys strataria
{prodomaria) was reported from Finchley.
BITU AR Y.
John Gardner, F.E.S.
We note with regret the passing of another well-known entomologist
in the person of Mr. John Gardner of Laurel Lodge, Hart, Co.
Durham, who died on July 21st, 1921, in his eightieth year. He was
born at Eggleston in Teesdale but came to Hartlepool as a young man
where he carried on business as a timber merchant.
His chief entomological work was amongst the Lepidoptera, in
which groups he worked out many obscure life histories, making
numerous interesting discoveries. As Mr. J. W. Corder says in a
recent letter — " He was undoubtedly the best * Macro * collector, and
next to Sang, in the ' Micros ' as well. He was also an indefatigable
collector of the Coleoptera, and his collection was merged with those
of Bold and Bagnall in the Hancock Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne."
Shortly before he died his collections of Micros and Macros were also
presented and housed at the Hancock Museum. It is a great mis-
fortune that he published so little, though his numerous records ate
to be found scattered in the works of Barrett, Tutt, Fowler, etc., atidhe
rendered valuable assistance in editing the last part of the
Northumberland and Durham Lepidoptera Catalogue. He it was that
made Greatham Salt Marsh and the Hartlepools classic ground in the
midst of his commercial activities.
He was always cheerful, helpful and generous in giving assistance
to many a young collector, who found in him a strong and able
adviser. We extend to his widow sincere condolences on the loss of
her husband after more than fifty years of devoted married life.—
H.S.W.
NEW RECORDS FOR THE CONSTANTINOPLE DISTRICT AND BITHTNIA. 165
Some new recQrcls ior the ConsUintiaople District and Qithynia.
By Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.
Mr. E. Betts, Observer Officer R.A.F., H.M.S. "Pegasus" has
shown me a number of captures which he made last summer during
the operations against the Eemalists on the coast near Ismid, which is
the eastern boundary of the Constantinople region.
These captures include a good specimen of Strymon {Chattmdenia)
w-alhum taken on a hill just above Ismid early in June, 1920. This is
the first time this species has been recorded for the Constantinople
region and is indeed the first detailed record of the capture of this
butterfly in Asia Minor that I can discover since Dr. Loew took it
near Maori, far to the south of Asia Minor in 1842 or 1848. Indeed I
wonder whether Dr. Loew's insect was caught at subtropical Maori or
in the high forest-clad ranges behind this feverish little town.
Other records worth noting are Klufjia spini, Dil Iskelesi, early in
June, 1920, Melitaea athalia race mehadiensis, one specimen, early
June, 1920, also at Dil Iskelesi, Chilades trochilua and Hespen'a
malvae^ second brood, Ismid, July, 1920 ; Scolitantides bavins, Dil
Iskelesi and Derinje, beginning and middle June, X920 ; Everesargiades
resembling my Brusa specimens, from Ismid, July, 1920, and Leptosfa
duponcheli 2 near Ismid, June. S, baviun is clearly fairly widely
distributed along this coast. Mr. Betts took a pair this year in cop. at
Cbamlija, about 1^ miles outside the Scutari suburb of Constantinople
in late May. I took a good ? at Mavri beyond Pendik on May 27th,
and we both found it very frequent at Ekrembey on May 21st, where
$ 8 were ovipositing on a species of Salvia^ the ova being laid on the
flowerheads of the plant.
^Ir. Betts has also taken this local species in Europe near Maidos,
Gallipoli Peninsula, between June 10th and June 13th this year (worn
2 s only). Another new record for the Constantinople region is
Hyponephele Inpinns of a form resembling var. intermedia. Mr. Betts
discovered it at Chamlija on June 19tb, and I took five specimens
there on June 24th. It did not seem frequent but I have no doubt
that I have overlooked it in other localities.
FJiufonia pohjchloros occurred in larger numbers than I had ever
seen here at Chamlija in early June, but had disappeared (to aestivate ?)
by the end of the month. Mr. Betts took Loweia alciphron race
melihoeus^ one (^ only at Chamlija, a new locality, this year.
On May 1st this year I took a ^ Pontia chloridice in good order
in a beanfield at Chamlija. Mr. Betts had taken one the previous day.
On May 15th I took 2 j s, while 3 or 4 more fell to Mr. Betts. My
records seem to show that this insect is like 1\ daplidice in its
emergence, the first brood running into the second without any long
interval. The following additional records are worth noting in
confirmation of this view. June 1st, two J s, one fresh, one fresh 5
one worn $ . June 8rd, one large fresh ^ on the high road to
Chamlija. June 5th, three fresh $ s, one worn S • June 10th, 1 fresh
^, two damaged J s. June 17th, one chipped (^ , one fresh $.
June 19th, one S^ fresh, one 9 worn, three or four seen. Mr. Betts
on the same day took four J s and a worn ? . June 24th, three fresh
^ s, one worn $ > one worn $ . July 4th, two ? s, one fairly fresh.
Hard to catch unless settled, P. chloridice seems to like dry, hot
October, 1921.
166 THE entomologist's . RECORD.
areas, e.g., beanfields, stubble fields and roadsides. It flies fast,
quartering considerable areas, and if frightened goes off at very high
speed. I am still uncertain as to its foodplant, but suspect a Sinapisj
or a Neslia. This species also occurs on the European side, witness a
small ^ in the Robert College Collection taken at Bumeli Hissar m
May, 1915. The same collection contains another interesting inseci,
a Brenthis euphrosyne from Baghchejik, Bithynia, near the head
of the Gulf of Ismid, taken in late April a few years ago. This
species occurs in the Amasia region, and Professor Tolg took a
specimen in the Amanus mountains, N. Syria, in 1914, but it was pot
recorded by Mann from Brusa. On the other hand Mann record's B.
selene, which does not occur so far as is known in Greece. One
wonders if Mann made a slip, since no one else seems to have taken
B, selene in Asia Minor, and the insect seems much more local than
B, euphrosyne even in the mountains of Bulgaria.
^^l^^dkaAa
New British Cecidomyidae. 2.
By RICHARD S. BAGNALL, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.E.S., and J. W-
HESLOP HARRISON, D.Sc, F.R.S.E.
(Continued from page 155.)
Schizomyia tami, K.
On Tamils communis, flower elongated and swollen.
From county Durham southwards.
Asphondylia ervi, Riibs.
On pods of Vicia hirsuta,
Devon, rare, Tipton, St. Johns September, 1920.
Asphondylia prunoruui, WachtL
On Blackthorn.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.
Northumberland, Allansford, June, 1920.
Asphondylia pilosa, K.
On Cytisus scoparius^ ovoid, axillary gall, pilose, terminally produced.
Durham, Derwent Valley.
Northumberland, Devils Water*
Asphondylia sp.
Houard No. 5062. Flower of Scrophularia nodosa, considerably
swollen, hardened, whitish or discoloured ; larvse solitary, clear yellow.
Durham, Gibside, August, 1920.
Devon, Sidmouth, rare on S* aquatica, September, 1920.
Contarinia acerplicans, K.
Houard 8982. On Sycamore and Maple. Leaf folding along
nervure with white larvae in cavity.
Durham, Dene near Blaydon and near Birtley.
NRW BRITISH CKCIDOMYIDAE. 2. 167
Contannia chrysanthemij K.
On Chrysanthemum leucanthetnum, flower reraainiDg closed, some-
rhat enlarged.
Devon, rare, Babbacombe, October, 1918.
Contarinia cocciferae, Tavares.
On Quercus ilex, yellow larvse causing a gall ratber like that of
Indricus fectmdator,
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.
Contarinia frangulae, Riibs.
On Bhamnus frangula, flowers closed, somewhat strongly hyper-
rophied, larvse yellow.
SuRKEY, Hindhead, June, 1920.
Contarinia flonperda, Riibs.
On Pyrus aucuparia and P. ana, flower remaining closed.
Everywhere on P. aucupana in the hilly districts, but on flowers
if P. aria only in Middlesbrough Park, Yorkshire.
Contarinia medicayinis, K.
Doubtfully recorded in B and H. 281, and now verified.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920, on Medicago arabica.
Contarinia marchali, K.
On seeds of Fraxinus excelsior, very rare.
Durham, between Lamesley and Birtley, June, 1918.
Contarinia pilosellae, K.
Non-leaping creamy larvae in flower-heads of Hieracium pilosella,
Kent, Penshurst, September, 1920.
Contarinia pulchi'ipes, K. •
= B. and H. 5 in part.
Northumberland and Durham. Widespread in Tynedale and on
le Derwent.
Contarinia moUvginis, K.
On Galium mollngo and Galium verum,
Durham, on the coast.
Devon, Torquay, Sidmouth.
Loeiviola serratulae, K.
On Serratula tinctoria with a gall analogous to that of L. centaureae,
Devon, Torquay, once only, October, 1918.
Clinodiplosis biorrhizae, K.
On galls of Teras tei-minalis on oak, larveB reddish- grey to red.
1^ THE HMXO)iOIiOO|ST*S BSCOBD.
Northumberland, Durham and Yorkshuv. Not uncommon and
widespread.
Clinodiplosis artemisiae, E.
Houard 5818. On Artemisia vulgaris^ flower str(»igly swollen,
globular, cavity large with single vitelline larva.
Devon, Torquay.
Clinodiplosis auripesy P. Loew.
On Galium mollugoy bud gaJls on subterranean p«krt of stem,
rounded, diameter 8-4mm. containing a single larva.
Devon, Sidmouth, September, 1920.
Clinodiplosis airsiij K.
On Cirsinm arvense, mid- rib of leaf with elongate fusifoi^m Bwelling.
Surrey, Boxhill.
Clinodiplosis gallicolay Biibs.
Larvae yellow-red, inquiline in galls of Andricus fecundator.
Durham, Derwent Vallev.
Clinodiplosis rhynchitony Riibs.
In leaf rollings of the beetle Bhynchitis hetuletiy larvaB orange-red.
Northumberland, Prestwick, Carr. Durham, Gibside.
Hygrodiplosis vaccinii, K.
On Vacciniuni uliginosuni. Leaf rolled, leathery, greatly dis-
coloured.
Durham, Upper Teesdale, August, li^.
Acoiiiplosis innlae, F. Loew.
On Inula squarrosa. Hardened unilocular galls» situated near the
root in leaf axil, or rarely at extremity, green, or white to reddish
when subterranean.
•Devon, Torquay. Surrey, Box Hill.
Isodiplosis involuta, Riibs.
Reddish-grey larvae in rollings of the h^^ilQ Bhynchitis hetuleii,
Northumberland, Prestwick Carr. Durham, Gibside.
Stictodiplosis aequalis, K.
On Senecio jacobaea. Axillary or terminal bu4 gall with somewhat
hyaline, yellow, jumping larvae. • Leaves shortejoed and pilose
near gall.
Northumberland, Beaton Sluice, July, 1920.
Blasted ijdosis artemisiae, K.
Flower head of Artemisia vulgaris slightly swollen with brigW
yellow or vitelline yellow larvae.
Devon, Torquay, October, 1918.
^We have not had access to Kieffer's original description.)
SMALL OOLLECnoltr OP LEPn>OPT]SRA. 100
MaHBoUmgia (?) ac&riSf Riibs. (^Drisina gluHnosa^ Giard (nom. nud.)
In slight hollows, faintly discoloured, on underside of sycamore
leaves.
NoBTHUMBaRLAND , Bamburgh, Ovingbam. Durham, Beamish.
Coprodiplosis sp.
Feeding. in galleries on Cirsinm arvense produced by the Noctuid
Gortyna ochracea,
Durham, Birtley.
Lestodiplosis vorax, Riibs.
An inquiline, with hyaline larvse in galls of Perrisia (jaliL
Northumberland and Durham. On the coast.
♦ * ^; *
New plant for species already recorded.
Contannia viburnorum, K., and
Syndiplosis lonicearum, F. Loew.
Both species on Viburnum lantana^ various localities in the South.
Perrida pustulans, Biibs.
On Spiraea palmata in a garden.
Northumberland, Hexham.
Clinorrhyncha millefolii, Wachtl.
On Achillea umbellata and A, arycntea in a garden.
Durham, Birtley, July, 1920.
(To he continued i)
Catalogoe of a small collection of Lepidoptera made by Dr.
Malcolm Borr in the Trans-Caucasus in 1915.
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKEIl, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
When in the year 1915 our friend and colleague Malcohn Burr
journeyed in Russia, he extended his expedition into the Trans-
Caucasus where he was able to devote a little leisure time to entomo-
logical pursuits and he kindly gave me the Lepidoptera he then
collected. I promised him then I would write some notes on his
captures and I am now redeeming that promise, late in time
though it be. At Omparetti on June 21st three butterflies
were taken, viz», Gonepteryx rhamni, a quite freshly emerged
specimen, one Pyrameis cardui, and one recently emerged
Brenthis euphrosyne. From July 7th to 13th Dr. Burr was
staying at Geok Tepe in Aresh and most of the specimens to be
recorded will be seen to have been taken at this place.
His captures include a pair of Colias crocens^ one Pier is {Pontia)
daplidice var. raphani, two Paranje viegera, both females, three
Limenitis Camilla^ one quite fresh Kpinephele lycaon and one female
Epinephele jurtina, which from its large size should be hispulla,
but which is decidedly darker than the general run of that form. 01
170 THK KNTOMOLOaiST'8 RKOORD.
the Lycae7iinae a nice little series of larucus balkanica var. areshana,
was taken, these puzzled me considerably at first, and I thought then
it was T. theophrastus, an examination, however, of the genitalia,
proved it to be balkanica, but so well marked a race that I thought it
quite worthy of a name (see Tr, Ent. Soc. Lond,, 1918, p. 277). I am glad
to be able to make a correction in reference to this species, I stated
there (Lc) that the locality was Geok Tepe, Aresh, Trans-Caspia, how
I made this slip I am quite unable to say, it should be,, of course,
Trans-Caucasia. Of other Lycsenids my friend took a long series of
both sexes of Polyommatus icarus, somewhat variable in size and
generally with rather dark undersides, but with no approach to the
form persica. This was the only other species of this family. Three
species of Hesperids were taken belonging to the genus Paimara, viz.^
one P. mathias^ one P. alcides, and two P. (Gegenes) nostrodumus.
Turning now to the Heterocera and taking the Sphingidae and the
old Bombycine genera first, five nice specimens of Choerocampa
(Theretra) alecto and one Deilephila (Celerio) galii fell victims, if I
remember aright, to the attractions of light at Geok Tepe, where also
were taken one male Lymantria dispar and one very pale Orgyia
antiqna ; four nice specimens of the handsome Arctia hebe were
captured on Mount Kagbek on July 14th ; at Gauria, Samkto, two
Spilosoma menthastri and one Phragmatobia fuliginosa var. fervida were
taken on June 80th, and on July 21st two Hipocrita jacohaeae were
netted at Omparetti. Very few Oeometrae were taken, all at Geok
Tepe — one Diastictis clathrata, that calls for no remark, and four
Ascotis selenaria v. dianaria, a small dark form, however. There is
also one ochreous and pink species that I have not yet succeeded in
naming. The Noctuids are much better represented, Heliothis dipsacea
was not uncommon, five good specimens being captured, so likewise
was Leucaivitis (Grammodes) stolida, of which four beautifully fresh
specimens are in my collection from Geok Tepe, the H, dipsacea were
taken at Gauria as well as Geok Tepe, and one specimen of the pretty
Eutelia adulatrix was taken at each of these two places. At Gauria
two Acrojiycta megacephala were captured on June 80th, one of which is
a pale mottled form, and the other is darkly suffused all over.
On July 14th on Mount Kagbek two Epineura popularis, one PW«
gamma and one fine Hadena adusta were captured. At Gauria on June
30th, my friend netted a Sideridis {Leucania) albipwncta, an Agrotis
suffuaa and an A, segetiun, also several Plusia gamma. Again at Geok
Tepe Dr. Burr took five Mormonia (Catocala) neonywpha a fine
Catocala with yellow underwings, two Calpe capucinay several more P-
gamma and one Acontia luctuosa.
When we consider that our colleague had very little time to devote
to entomology, I think he may be congratulated on capturing as many
species as he has done and I am grateful to him for so kmdly
depositing them in my collection.
Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some Eoropean Grypocera
and Rhopalocera.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
{Continued from Vol. xxxii,^ page 152.)
Signer Orazio Querci, in his paper on field observations and
captures in Peninsular Italy d\\r*\n^ l^^O, Vi^'a ^iven the readers of
SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 171
this Journal nearly a full list of the races and seasonal forms of the
species collected by him. Only a few remained to be worked out and
amongst them not more than half-a-dozen have turned out to be new
races, still undescribed. This result is worth noticing : the Querci
family, consisting in four energetic and clevei* entomologists, have
collected all through the good season in several very promising and
diverse localities, looking out eagerly for novelties. I have spent two
months in South Tyrol or Alto Adige (its Italian naaie)^ collecting
quite a considerable material, both in the held, from the glaciers
of the Ortler to the hot valleys of the Adige and the Isarco,
and by purchasing the specimens left by the late Herr Arno Wagner,
of Waidbruck, a most distinguished field-naturalist, who had devoted
many years to the study of the Lepidoptera of that region. I have
put together all the writings I could find on it, with a view to the
publication of a Catalogue of its races in the Atti della Societa Italiana
di Scienze Natkrali and also here, the result is that all the materials I
have at hand seem to be well covered by existing descriptions. We
evidently can conclude that, on the whole, the races and seasonal
variations of the Zygaenidesy Grypocera and Rhopalocera of Italy,
from the Alps to Calabria are very tolerably known, extending
considerably the remark I made last year in coanection with Central
Italy, in my Catalogue of the races of the Mainarde Mountains, in
Southern Latium [Boll. Labor. Zool, R. Scuola Ayr. Ptntlci, xiv., pp.
88-62 (June, 1920)] , which, already Querci and I had been surprised
at having found, nearly invariably, quite identical with those of
Northern Tuscanv.
I wish to lay stress on this remarkable fact, because, but a few
years ago, the few lepidopterists who, like myself, undertook to
describe and name geographical races, obviously distinct from each
other, were made the object of severe criticism, the chief argument
against them being that variation is endless and that we would finish
by giving a name to the series of every locality. I should scarcely
have hoped to be able to confute this assertion as early as this, and in
one way, I confess I am sorry the first part of this interesting quest
for novelties has already come so close to its end in this country. It
should encourage entomologists of other countries to acquaint us as
soon as possible with theirs. In Italy the work that chiefly remains to
be done, besides the few additions, which may turn up unexpectedly
here and there, is to establish the distribution of the various races and
the way they blend into each other. An interesting remark one can
make, for instance, is that the races of Calabria, situated at the far
end of the long Italian peninsula, revert abruptly in some species (10
out of 50 collected), to the aspect these have in the southern part of
Central Europe and in the Alps in particular, differing most strikingly,
by their larger size and richer, more saturated colouring and markings,
from their nearest neighbours of Peninsular Italy in general,
characterised, as a rule, by their small size, frail' build, markings
reduced in extent and colour vivid, but light. The only case in which
exactly the opposite occurs, is Famassius apollo, L. Most species
have the same aspect in the whole of Peninsular Italy, from Tuscany
to Calabria. Only one [Euchlo'e cardamines^ L.) exhibits the features
of the Sicilian race in Calabria, a rather remarkable fact ; it is
most distinctly ttirritls, Och., and not nieridlonalis, Vrty., as Querci
172 THE entomologist's record.
and I had wrongly stated at page 14. The following are a few notes
suggested hy the material obtained last year : —
Nisoniades tagea, L., race subclarus, mihi, second gen. subclarus,
milii. — Whilst collecting this species at Atzwang, Waidbruck, Meran
and other very hot localities of S. Tyrol, during the end of July and
in August I was struck by the fact that there never occurred in that
region the -extremely pale form with brownish -grey upperside and
yellowish -grey underside which in Central and Southern Italy
predominates in the second generation of the hottest and dryest
Icrcalities, and is always more or less frequent in that generation aod
which I take to be claruSy Caradja. The specimens I have collected in
the low localities of Tyrol mentioned above are, however, always
slightly more brownish and paler, and often markedly more so, than
the series I possess, collected by Wagner in the same localities in
April and May ; these are of a colder tone and usually darker and with
a sharper contrast between the whitish and the blackish areas. I
conclude that, as in the case of all the species of S. Tyrol, this race
belongs to the group of Central Europe. Tutt's descriptions of the
various '* drab-brown " forms seems to suit the second generation, but
each of his names is limited to one of the individual forms it produces;
an inclusive name, comprising them all, is necessary, and I suggest
that of subclarus. As the second generation characterises the races
and the first generation seems to be more or less identical in the
whole of Europe, just as I have proposed to use the name of clarus,
Caradja, for the race of Peninsular Italy, I now suggest that of
subclarus for the races of Central Europe, similar to the one of S.
Tyrol, in which the second generation is different from the first, but
less so than in clams, I do not know how far Tutt can be right in
including the nymotypical tages amongst the ** drab-brown '* JForms,
The Scandinavian race must be taken as nymotypical, because the
first quotation of Linneus is : ** Fauna Suecica 10S2 " and the colour
of ** fuscis," he gives, translates into dark brown or black, surely by
far the most frequent, if not the only colour, in such a northern race,
where the second generation does not exist, as stated by Tutt himself
at page 284. It seems to me there can be no doubt the first genera-
tion and the single generation, which are quite alike, should be
considered the nymotypical one. The specimens left to us by Linneus
belong to the form hmnnea-alcoides of Tutt, and thus to this author's
'* Warm fuliginous-brown" group of forms; they were, however,
probably of a much colder tone of grey when fresh, because io(jes
becomes brown with age in collections.
Hefiperia carthami^ Hiib., race speciosa, mihi. — The race collected
by Wagner in the Isarco Valley, in South Tyrol, differs in the most
striking way from the series I possess from the Baths of Valdieri
(Maritime Alps), from the Sibillini Mts. (Central Italy), and from the
Calabrian Coast Range, which on the contrary are perfectly similar to
each other in quite a surprising way, considering how different those
surroundings are. On looking up Hiibner's figure I found it corres-
ponds exactly to this second race ; unfortunately no text exists to
•inform us as to the source of his type. The race of S. Tyrol diflfers
most constantly from it by the following characters abd not one
SEASONAL POLTMOBPHI8M. 178
specimen of either race could be mixed up with the other, such as is
not often the case between races. The difference in size gives the
impression thikt the Tyrolese race is gigantic ; actual measurements
between the wing tips give 29, 81 and 88 mm. as minimum, usual, and
maximum expanse in male, whereas the corresponding measure-
in the nymotypioal race are 25, 27 and 29 ; the difference
between the few females I possess is not as marked, because
the ones from Tyrol are smaller than tbeir males. The tone
of colour of male is much deeper on both surfaces, chiefly because
there is very little of the white dusting, often so extensive and
conspicuous in the smaller race ; also the white spaces are less
extensive and they are notably so on hind wing ; on underside the
foi-ewihgs are distinctly black, instead of grey; the hindwings
are of a rich greenish-yellow, with white spaces sharply outlined
and bordered with brown ; in the nymofcypical race these wings
are usually of a paler colour and the white spaces do not stand
out so boldly. A male from Turin and a female from the Simplon in
my collection come very near the Tyrolese ones, but they are not quite
so distinct. A series from Oberweidan, near Vienna, belongs, on the
contrary, to the nymotypical race, but it is a little larger and darker
than the Italian series mentioned above. Oberthiir's fig. 475-6 in the
Et, Lepid, Comp., represents well Hiibner's race, and to the same
belongs his figure of form valesiaca, Biihl ; his nevadensis from Sierra
Nevada (fig. 474) seems to resemble speciosa in size and colour, but
being a female, one cannot be sure, and anyhow the latter lacks the
peculiar characteristics of the underside of hindwing and antennae
observed by Rambur and quoted by Oberthiir. It will be interesting
to establish the distribution of two such distinct races of earthami in
Central Europe.
Powellia sao, Hiib., race gracilis^ Vrty., first generation suBaRACiLis,
mihi, and race sao, Hiib., second generation parvula, mihi. — This
species seems to have been neglected by collectors ; I have never
received any specimens in exchange. The result is, till last year, I was
only acquainted with the race collected by myself and Querci in
Central Italy, which varies considerably individually and which
produces the remarkably minute second generation called by me
gracilis in the Ent. Recj xxxi., p. 28, but which, on the other hand,
has quite the same aspect from the tops of the Apennines to the sea-
shore. When I saw a few specimens collected on the Coast Range of
Calabria and others from the Isarco Valley in S. Tyrol, I was so struck
by their appearance, new to me, that I at first took them to be orbifer,
Hb., which is recorded from the second of these regions and which is
found in Sicily. Closer inspection, however, soon convinced me I
was mistaken. I should mention that I have not been able to find
any confirmation of Kane's statement, quoted by Wheeler, that orhifer
is found in S. Tyrol, either in nature or in the various local collections
I have examined. I next compared my specimens to Hiibner's figure
of sao, the habitat of which he gives as '* Germany, in several rep^ions,"
and I found that it exactly answered to the races, so similar to each
other, of S. Tyrol and of Calabria. I thus found out that the race of
Central Italy, which I had called tjracilis on account of its minute
second generation, difters from the nymotypical race also vw Wi^ ^\^^\»
174 THE entomologist's record.
by its notably smaller size and by the distinctness of the white spaces,
especially as regards the premarginal series, always quite complete and
prominent. A couple 1 possess from Saal on the Danube seems to
correspond to this race, so that one cannot say in an absolute way that
Hiibner's race is the one of Central Europe and that the smaller one
is the southern race, although on broad lines this seems to be the case.
I observe that the specimens of the second generation I collected
myself at Atzwang at the end of July are distinctly smaller than the
spring ones, obtained from Wagner, of the same locality ; they are, in
fact, only just a trifle larger than the first brood suhgracilis of Central
Italy, differing from it by the characteristics mentioned in connection
with the white spaces, of which the premarginal row is nearly always
faint and incomplete and often entirely absent, a feature I find only m
two mountain specimens out of the 87 in my collection from Central
Italy. The expanses of wings, between the tips at the beginning of
fringes, are the following: spring sao from the Isarco Valley:
22-24mm. ; "types" oi parvula from Atzwang : 20-21; "typical"
series of suhgracilis from Florence (N. 1 to 84 in glass mounts) : 18-20;
" typical " series of uracilis from same locality and from the Fegana
Valley, near Lucca : 16-18.
Loweia alcipliron, Eott., race calahra^ Vrty., trans, ad romanorumf
Fruhst.— At S. Fili, m. 900, on the Coast Range of Calabria a race
was found transitional from race calahra, Vrty. [Bull. Soc. Ent. ItaL,
xlv., p. 229, pi. I., fii?. 43 (1914)] , to race romanoram, Fruhstorfer
[Intern. Ent. Zeit., iii., p. 112 (August 14th, 1909)], the first
discovered by Querci in the Piano di Carmelia, m. 1200, on the ^
Aspromonte, the second described from specimens of " the neighbour-
hood of Rome " and generally distributed in the whole of Central
Italy, except where it is replaced locally by udrabilis, Vrty., or by a race
transitional to the latter, ruehliy Trti. [Societas entomologica, xxv.,
p. 83 (January, 1911)] , described from " Cerchio and Celano '* in the
Abruzzi and which might well be called mirahilis trans, ad rotnanornm.
In the S. Fili race the males resemble those of romanorum by the clear
ground colour and small black spots ; the females have not got the
clear copper tinge of those of calahra, but are suffused sparsely with
dark scales on all the wings or on hindwing only, in which case they
approach form inter rAedia, Stefanelli ; this suffusion is never, however,
as dense as in most romanonim. from Central Italy.
Aricia cliiron^ Rott. [ = eam£don, Esp ), race glaciata, mihi. — In the
magnificent little valley of Sulden, m. 1800, in the meadows at the
foot of tbe moraines of one of the huge Ortler glaciers, in company
with the tmy, dark, nymotypical A. wedoUj Hufn., I collected, from
August 3rd to 10th, 1920, another small insect, which, at first, rather
puzzled me. It was only when it was set and I compared it with the
specimens in my collection I realised it was a chiron, so different did it
look from this species, which, as a rule, varies scarcely at all
geographically ; it resembles incredibly the female of P. donzelU, B.
What gives the Sulden race such a peculiar aspect is chiefly its
diminutive size, which seems as if it were scarcely half the usual one,
the actual expanse being 21 to 23mm. instead of 25 to 29; the shape
of the wings is less elongated ; the colour has a washed out greyish
8BAS0NAL POLYMORPHISM. 175
appearance, instead of being deep black or dark brown above ; fulvous
lunules absent or scarcely perceptible. I take tbis occasion to mention
that the race found by Querci in Calabria, both at S. Fill and on the
Aspromonte, differs in nothing from the usual nymotypical one, as
figured by Esper ; fulvous lunules very prominent above in females.
Plebems insularis, Leech [Butt, China, ii., p. 802, pi. xxxi., fig. 5
and 8 (Jan., 1893)] ; race praeterinsularis, mihi. ; race calabricola,
mihi. ; race aeousella, mihi.— Readers may be surprised at seeing
this name applied to a European species, as it has till now only been
used for Leech's nymotypical race of the Pleheius from Hakodate in
the Island of Yesso (Japan). It seems to me, however, that the rules
of the right of priority obliges us to use it in the place of the name
liffurica created by Courvoisier in 1910 [Ent, Zeit, Stattnart, p. 81,
and Iris, 1911, p. 108, pi. ii., fig. 1] for a Lugano specimen, and used
in the same year by Oberthiir [Et, Up. Com p., iv., p. 201, pi. xli.,
figs. 291-297], who si^ he received it under this name from
Oassarata. Oberthiir himself notes that it is ^' an intimate ally of
Leech's Japanese race/' but that it is not quite identical with it. The
studies of the genitalia and androconial scales by Beverdin, Courvoisier
and Chapman, published by Oberthiir [At. Lep. Camp., xiv.] in 1917,
do not in any way give one the impression that insula) is and Wpirica
can be distinct species. I can now add that a new race, discovered by
Querci in June, 1920, on the Calabrian Coast Range (S. Fili, m. 900),
makes it seem quite impossible that a specific difference should ever
be shown to exist. This truly magnificent race of large size (27- 80mm.)
exhibits in fact to their highest degree the features which distinguish
the Japanese races from the other European races : on the underside
the black markings are all very extensive, especially the premarginal
spots and lunules, which are not sharply outlined, but slightly
shadowed ; the former are entirely covered with vivid metallic scales ;
between them is a very broad continuous orange band on both fore-
and hindwing, of a very warm, reddish-orange ; the white spaces
preceding the black lunules are nearly entirely obliterated by the dark
sealing ; in female, also on upperside, the orange lunules are very
large and so is the black spot they contain ; both are strongly
elongated and end in a sharp point. This sex differs from insnlaris,
as described and figured by Leech, it being only exceptionally and
very limitedly powdered with blue above, but it is perfectly identical
with June Japanese specimens I possess and to Oberthiir's figure 806.
The male differs from Leech's in being of a particularly deep purple,
instead of " pale silvery-blue," and in having the black marginal
streak more accentuated. Oberthiir's male, from Yokohama, fig. 305,
is intermediate in colour and has a much narrower streak than
calabricola. This race is so strikingly different from Leech's, I think
it ought to be named and I should call it praeterinsularis, taking
Oberthiir's figures as " types." Some individuals from Calabria are
quite similar to the Chinese couple figured by Oberthiir (fig. 291-2),
which might be called praeterinsularis trans, ad lif/urica. In Europe
&Ye races are known for the present : calabricola, Vrty., from Calabria;
ligurica, Courv., from Northern Italy (I have collected it in Turin
too) ; latialis, Rostagno [Boll. Soc. Zool. It., xi., p. 50 (1911)]
[ = mira, Vrty.), the much smaller (24-26mm.) race ot Cfe\i\»^^ \\a\:^\
176 THK entomologist's bboord.
aegus, Chapman (in Obth., xiv., p. 42^ 1917), from Geneva and
Budapest, similar to the Is6re couple figured by Obflfrthiir (fig. 296-7),
with male of a clearer blue than latialis and female more frequently
and extensively powdered with this colour; underside a little darker;
otherwise very similar to it in size and other characters. Finally I
have specimens of the Pollauer Berg in Moravia, which belong to a
fifth very distinct race on account of their diminutive size (21 -22mm),
very deep purple colour in male, with black marginal streak broad,
dark grey underside, such as no obher race exhibits, and very minute
black markings, also quite characteristic ; I name it aegnsetla, Frbm
Lobau and Easdorf I have specimens which answer the designation of
aegusella trans, ad. aegus. Race aegusella resembles P. idaa, L.,* more
than the others ever do, but though the genitalia have not been
examined, I feel confident it is co-specific with imvlaris. Were it an
idas it would be a very distinct race from any other.
* English entomologists and many others cannot identify this Linnean name
with any species of butterfly.— G.W. and Hy.J.T.
Smerinthiis hybr. hybridus.
By T. H. COLEBROOK TAYLOR.
I have recently reared a small brood of Smerinthus hybr. hybridus j
which may be of interest on account of the unequal distribution of the
sexes. The total number of moths is 25, and of these 22 are males
and the remaining three are gynandromorphs, not a single o^ae being
female. The observations are made from the external characters
only, and it is therefore possible that some of the apparent males may
possess female characters internally.
There is considerable variation in the brood and this is chiefly
connected with the ocellated spots on the hindwings. The majority
are of the usual form, which is too well known to need description,
but in four specimens there is scarcely any trace of the spot, while in
two others the spot is unusually clearly defined and pupilled.
The parents (<^ ocellata and 2 pojjuii), which resulted from larvae
found near Eeading, emerged on May 2nd, 1921, and were put in a
cage together ; on the Fame day a female vopidi emerged, and this was
put in a neighbouring^ cage. The two moths paired during the night
of May 5th-6th and separated at dusk on May 6th.
The female poinili laid about 150 ova altogether between May 8th
and 15th. Of these, nearly all were fertile, but only 50 hatched. The
larvae were sleeved on willow and 25 reached the pupal stage, between
July 5th and 12th. The first moth emerged on July 24th, and the
last one on August 27tb. It is significant that the last three moths
to emerge were the three gynandromorphs which are described below:
1. Imperfect Gynandromorph. — Preponderantly $ . Right an-
tenna typically $ — length 8*8 mm. Left antenna pectinated but not
as much as in typical males — length 9*2 mm. The dark brown rect-
angular blotch, which is always present on the thorax of ocellatay
is plainly perceptible, but is displaced to the left ; it is not confined to
one half only as in the next specimen to be described. Otherwise,
colouring of thorax uniform. The colouring of the abdomen is uni-
form, and there are no anal claspers.
SMB&INTHUS HYBR. QTBRIDUS. 177
Forewings. Expanse : Bight 27*5mm., left 29mD3.
WidCh (across centre of wing) : Right 9*5mm., left 9*5mm.
Hind margin : Bight 14*7mm., left 15*5mm.
Margins of both forewings similar except that the anal angle is
more acute in the left.
Markings on right more blurred than on left ; ground colour
slightly lighter on right than on left.
Hindwinys, Expuise : Bight 17nim., left 18mm.
Width : Bight 9-5mm., left 9'5mm.
Margin slightly more dentated in right than in left, but anal angle
more pronounced in left. Ocellated spot, and its dark margin, lighter
^n right than in left. Beddish basal blotch smaller in right than in
.left.
Underside, General colouring slightly lighter on right than on le{t.
2. Perfect Qynan]>romorph. — Bight side ^ ; left side ^ . Bight
antenna typically $ — length 9'8mm. Left antenna typically S —
length 9-6mm. Thorax perfectly halved; right side dark brown
dorsally, brownish grey laterally, the dorsal and lateral portions being
separated by a, white streak ; left side uniformly pale grey.
Abdomen : right side brownish grey, left side pale grey ; anal
clasper absent on right side, but well developed on left. Bight side
contracted less than left.
Forewings, Expanse : Bight 28mm., left 28mm.
Width : Bight 10mm., left 8-8mm.
Hind margin : Bight 16mm., left 14mm.
Bight hind margin less dentated than left ; right anal angle less
pronounced than left.
Uppernide. All markings more distinct, and pale blotches whiter
on right than on left.
Underside, Bight with basal half pale reddish ; left uniformly
brown. Ground colour much lighter on right than on left. Pale
blotph near hind margin more distinct on right.
Hindwings, Expanse : Right 17.7mm., left 17mm.
Width : Bight 10.6mm., left 9.8mm.
Hind margin simple on right, dentated on left. Anal angle less
pronounced on right than on left.
Upperside. Ocellated spot on right fairly clearly defined and
pupilled, on left dark and blurred. Veining more distinct on right
than left. Transverse lines of populi less visible on right than on left.
Beddish blotch paler and much larger on right than on left.
Underside. Ground colour darker on left than on right. Trans-
verse lines interrupted on left, continuous on right.
8. Incomplete Gynandromorph. — Intermediate between (1) and (2)
in many characteristics. Bight antenna very slightly pectinated (jwt
typically 5 ) — Length 8.6mm. Left antenna considerably pectinated
^typically ^ ) — Length 11mm.
The dark rectangular blotch of the thorax is central anteriorly, but
is continued posteriorly on the right side only. Thorax grey laterally
on the right side, the dorsal and lateral portions being separated by a
whitish streak ; left half of thorax uniformly grey.
Abdomen apparently $ ; paler grey on right than on left.
Forewings, Expanse : Right 29mm., left blmm.
Width : Bight llnpLm., left 10mm.
Hind margin : Right 15-6mm., leit llmm.
178 THB entomologist's XIKGORD.
Hind margin less dentated on right than on left. Anal angle
more obtuse on right than on left.
Upperside. General colour lighter on right than on left, and pale
blotches whiter. Markings more like populi on right, and ocellata on
left.
Underside. Ground colour uniformly dark brown on left, but
basal half pale reddish on right.
Hindwlngs. Expanse : Eight 18mm., left 18*5mm.
Eight 10'2mm., left 11mm.
Margins equally dentated, but anal angle more pronounced on left
than on right.
Upperside. Ground colour lighter on right than on left. Ocellated
spot slightly lighter, with much less black surrounding it, on right
than on left. Veins lighter and more obvious on right than on left,
and reddish basal blotch larger on right than on left.
Underside. Eight paler than left.
J^i^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Occurrence of P. c-album in Birmingham. — On September 3rd I
captured a specimen of Polygonia c-albiwi in the Eectory garden here.
It was in perfect condition, feeding upon a partly decayed apple on the
ground. I have not heard of it as occurring in Warwickshire, but we
are not far from its known haunts in Hereford and Gloucestershire.—
E. Grose Hodge, The Eectory, Birmingham. September, 1921.
The Irish Colony of C. dispar. var. rutilus. A second brood.—
It may interest those who have followed the fortunes of the ** Large
Copper " colony in South Ireland since the fateful year 1914 to know
that a second brood has produced itself this year as a result of the
wonderful weather. The original stock of Chrysophanus dispar. var.
rutilus was brought from the Berlin district in May of that year, and
up till now, has proved itself to be strictly single brooded. I have
just received information from " The Marsh ** that several quite fresh
insects were observed on the wing on September 29th and 30th, and
8 $ $ were observed ovipositing on the latter date. I am of opinion
that very late ova may possibly not hatch until the spring.— E. B.
PuREFOY, East Farleigh, Kent. October ith, 1921.
A Note from Mucking, Essex. — A $ Ayrius convolvuU was
brought in on September 21st. I saw a S Celastrina argiolua on the
22nd and following days at Sedum flowers, which have also been
visited by Pyraweis atalanta, Vanessa io, Aglais urticae and Plusia
gamma. Pterophorus monodactyUis is abundant after dark on the same
flowers, which are the only flowers in my garden at the present time.
I am not acquainted with visits of C. argioLas to flowers except perhaps
those of its foodplants, ivy and holly. — C. E. N. Burrows, Mucking,
Essex. SejAember 25th.
URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.
Wibh such a remarkable season as the one now rapidly approaching
its close there must have been many abnormal occurrences in insect
SOCIETIES. 179
economy. Already we have ramours of double even treble broods,
unusual scarcity, abnormality in times of appearance, size, marking,
etc. May we ask our readers to register such with us in the next few
numbers. A black Papilio machaon is reported, Encanesm antiopa is
about, Chrysoplianus dispar v. rntilns has produced a second brood in
its adopted home, and so forth.
Fascicules 3 and 4 of the Bull, Soc. lepiiopteroloffique de Geneve for
the years 1920 and 1921 have recently been issued. M. Beverdin
contributes a short note on Hesperia syj-ichtus and a long article on
Hespei'ia tessellata, Pyrgus montivaf/us and Syrichtns notatits and M.
Arnold Piccet describes his biological observations and experiments
with the breeding of Porthesia similis at considerable length. There
are two plates, one in colour and the other an admirable photographic
one of appendages. We note with regret that M. Culot*s name is
missing. We hear that he has been very ill for some months.
About 36 pages are taken up with the '* compte rendu " of the
meetings.
The Entomological Society of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight
was started in 1920 as the Southampton and District Entomological
Society; but the membership has so grown, and the words "and
District " proved so indefinable, that at a meeting held on October 1st,
1921, it was unanimously agreed to extend the title of the society as
indicated above. Meetings are held on the first Saturday afternoon of
each month, the present headquarters being at 47, Tennyson Road,
Southampton (through the kindness of Mr. W. Fassnidge, M.A., the
president) ; occasional meetings will in future be held in other im-
portant centres in the county. A library of entomological works has
been started which it is hoped to enlarge considerably next year, and
collections of insects are being formed. An important work which
the society is at present engaged on is the compilation of a Hampshire
Insect Fauna List.
It is earnestly hoped that all keen entomologists in the county and
the Isle of Wight will seek membership. There is no entrance fee, but
an annual subscription of half a guinea. The honorary secretary is
Mr, F. J. Killington, of 1, St. Catherine's Road, Eastleigh.
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
April 6th, — Elections. — Miss J. Riddell, Los Angelos, California,
U.S.A.; Mr. C. Dover, The Indian Museum, Calcutta, India; Dr.
D. J. Atkinson, Broadoak House, Newnham, Gloucestershire; Mr.
L. B. Hopper, Manor House, Penryn, Cornwall ; Mr. F. H. Lancum,
Fernside, Shepherds Lane, Dartford ; Mr. F. D. Coote, 11, Pendle
Road, Streatham, S.W. ; Mr. H. E. Box, 161, Stamford Hill, N. 16 ;
Mr. H. M. Simras, B.Sc, The Farlands, Stourbridge; Mr. H. H.
Wallis, M.A., 145, Wilmer Road, Heaton Road, Bradford; Mr. F.
Rhodes, 118, Park Row, Heaton Road, Bradford ; and the Rev. G.
Watkinson, M.A., Woodtield, Hipperholme, nr. Halifax.
The Early Season. — Mr. E. E. Green, remarking on the early
appearance of Lepidoptera this season, stated, that an example of
Xanthorho'e fiuctuata had come to light on March 12th; ^Vi\\j^ vck
180 THE entomologist's RECORD.
regard to the hibernation of Pyrameis atalanta in Britain — a still
debated question — he had observed a specimen at sallow on March
17th, at Camberley.
Tropical Insects. — Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited a case of insects
from tropical America, including a Monodola species of wasp which
buzzed only when digging and spreading mud ; and examples of
insects distinctive to sugar cane.
Lepidoptera of the N.W. Frontier. — Lt.-Col. H. D. Peile, a num-
ber of interesting Lepidoptera (Ehopalocera) taken on the N.W.
Frontier of India, and in N.W. Persia, including a gynandromorphous
specimen of CoUaa (jlicia, and a series of Zephyrus quej^cus var. nieso-
potamica of large size and brilliant purple colouring.
A NEW British species of Lepidoptera. — Mr. J. H. Durrant, a
series of Blastobasis liynea, Wlsm., including var. adjustellaj Wlsm.,
captured in Lancashire, a member of the Blastobasidae^ a family not
hitherto taken in Britain.
Parasites and Hyperparasites. — The Rev. J. Waterston, examples
of Apanteles awericanus, Lepeletier, and its hyperparasites Horiowenm
nigro-aeuemy Ashmead ; the President said he suspected that the
host on which this Apanteles was parasitic was Phlegethoutius rustica.
Papers. — The following papers were read : Mr. A. M. Lea, "On
some Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in the British Museum,** and Mr.
K. G. Blair, *' Types of Heteromera described by J. Walker in the
British Museum."
Announcements. — The President announced that the Library was
now available for lending books to Fellows, and after a discussion, it
was resolved unanimously, that the Society's new rooms. at 41, Queens
Gate, S.W., should be opened from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. on the third
Wednesdays in the months of April, May, and June, for an
informal meeting of Fellows and their friends.
The South London Entomological Society.
April lith, 1921. — Paper. — Miss L. E. Cheeseman read a short
paper on *' The Parasite of Sirex yiyas : Rhyssa perHuasoria (Hym.) and
-illustrated it with lantern slides. Mr. Edwards exhibited the parasite
from both Britain and the Continent.
Early stages of Coleoptera. — Mr. H. Main, larvae of Geotrupes
sp. (Col.), and described their movements and economy.
Early Appearances. — Mr. Newman, may in full bloom and
reported Trijdiaena protiitba at sallow, March 9th, CallopJm/s rnhi on
April 10th, and the abundance of Euchloe cardamines.
Larv.e of a Fi«e-fly. — Mr. Blair, living larvsB of Photuris
penmylranica, a fire-fly of the Eastern United States.
Larv.e of an Acarus. — Mr. Main, for Mr. Enifer, larvae of the
red mite, Tioinbidlnut.; common in gardens and remarked on its
polypha^ous habits.
Bred C. variabile (Col.). — Mr. Bunnett, Callidinm variahile (Col.)
,bred from an oak plank.
April 2^(11. — New Member. — Mr. H. L. Dalton, of Beading, was
.elected a member.
Paper and Exhibitions with Lantern Slides. — The Rev. J.
80C1KT1B8, 181
Wafcerston, B.D., B.Sc., gave an address "The Nafeural History of
Macedonia," illustrated with lantern slides and a large number of
insects other than Lepidoptera by himself and Mr. K. G. Blair, with
additional slides by Dr. Forbes and colour sketches of the scenery by
Major Cottam.
Californian Lepidoptssa and the Coocm P. ACERis. — Mr. Blair
• exhibited a collection of Lepidoptera sent by Mr. G. B. Pearson from
California and also living examples of the Coccid Phetiacorus aceris, on
Spanish Chestnut and Beech, at Oxshott.
May 12th, — An Exhibition of " otheb orders/' — New Member. —
Mr. L. N. Staniland, of Muswell Hill, was elected a member.
Fossil Insects from I. of Wight. — Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell
exhibited numerous fossil insects from the Mid-Tertiary strata of the
Isle of Wight with drawings of new species.
Silk spun by a parasitic Hymenoptbron. — Mr. Lyle, a skein of
silk wound from two cocoons of Meteor us albidUarais a hymenopterous
parasite on Buf talus pinipe^'da.
The Indian Mud-dauber Wasp. — Mr. Step, nests of Sceliphron sp.
the Mud-dauber Wasp from Calcutta.
Abnormal Wallflowers. — Mr. R. Adkin, a portion of a wallflower
of which all the flowers were imperfect in not having a corolla, from
his garden at Eastbourne.
Natter- JACK toads erom Spain. — Mr. Barnett, several small
** natter-jack " toads from S. Spain.
The West Collection of Orthoptera. — Mr. S. R. Ash by, the
Collection of British Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, Locusts and
Crickets, formed by the late Curator, Mr. W. West.
Young of M. religosa and S. cylindricum. — Mr. Withycombe,
Scorfdo €Uj'opeu»y the young stage of Mantis renliosa^ etc., received from
Mr. Hugh Main in the South of France, and also Sinodendron
cylindricum (Col.), from a decaying beech in Epping Forest.
'* Apple-moss." — Mr. Dennis, the " apple-moss," IJartramia pomi-
fortuisj from Dorking.
Nairobi insects. — Mr. H. Moore, an exotic Homopteron, Ptyelus
flavesceus, from Nairobi, and also a specimen of (ronf/ylus (jongyloides,
from Ceylon.
T. laevigata on May 8th. — Mr. 0. R. Goodman, Timarcha
laevigata (Col.), abundant at Horsley on May 8th.
0. SALicis. — Mr. B. S. Williams, Orchestes salicis (Col.), from
willow at Finchley.
Sketches of galls. — Mr. Coxhead, sketches of galls and their
makers.
The large dragonfly M. caeruleata. — Mr. Turner, specimens of
one of the largest dragonflies, Mecisto<j aster caeruleata^ from Central
America.
Central European Insects. — Mr. Edwards, a collection of Central
European Hymenoptera and Diptera.
182 THK entomologist's record.
Indian bird-skins and nests. — Mr. GrosveDor, a large number of
bird-skips obtained by bim while stationed in India during 1917-19,
mainly from the Punjaub, and also a few nests, induding that of the
Weaver Bird.
Lancashire and Cheshire Entoiiolooigal Society.
April 18th. — A Special Visit and Meeting. — This meeting was
held at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. The members
and visitors were received by Professor Robert Newstead, F.R.S., and
the staff of the Entomological Department.
New Members. — Miss Jessie L. M. Bird, 4, Riverside Road, Aig-
burth, Liverpool, and Mr. Herbert Leigh-Lye, Holly Lea, Greenbank
Road, Liverpool, were elected members of the Society.
Professor Newstead gave a brief sketch of the work of the
Entomological Department since the last visit of the Society. In-
vestigations bearing on questions of public health had been carried
out on behalf of the Ministry of Health, and the Port Sanitary and
the Public Health Departments of the City of Liverpool. At the re-
quest of the Canadian Goverijment, Prof. Newstead had undertaken an
examination of the cargoes of grain ships arriving in this port from
Canada, for the presence of infestation by the flour mite, Aleurobin^
farinos(£, which in suitable conditions does immense damage to flour.
During the year an immense amount of systematic work had been
carried out. A remarkable new giant scale insect bad recently been
described by Prof. Newstead as Aspidoproctim africanm, from Tan-
ganyika Territory. A very large collection of sand flies {PhlebotomHK)^
of which genus at least one species is known to be the carrier of
sand-fly fever, had been made by Major A. J. Sinton, V.C., in the
North- West Frontier Province of India, and brought to Professor
Newstead to be^dealt with ; some highly interesting facts regarding
the distribution of some of the species were mentioned. A very large
and important piece of systematic work had been carried out by Mr.
H. F. Carter and Drs. A. Ingram and J. W. Scott Macfie, on the blood-
sucking midges {Ceratopof/ou'iue) of the Gold Coast. A great many
new species, representing several different genera, and also a new
genus of this family had been described, many being in both tb»
larval and pupal, as well as in the perfect state. In most cases
important facts were recorded as to the breeding places and
bionomics of the different species. This work is still fa»r
from complete, but when finished it will constitute a most important
contribution to the literature of this family of tiny but exasperating
insects. A new series of Tse-tse fly, Glosslna achwetzi, hod just
been described by Prof. Newstead and Miss A. M. Evans. The
material had been collected by Dr. J. Schwetz of the Sleeping Sickness
Mission of the Belgian Congo, and to him the new fly was dedicaied.
Giosnna m-hwetzi belongs to the group of large Tse-tse flies known a&
the fnsca group, the species of which cannot be separated by external
characters alone.
The Society inspected the museum, which was not completed on
the occasion of their last visit to the School in April, 1920. In the
Entomological section of the museum was exhibited material connecied
with the work that the Professor referred to in his short address. The
BSVIBWS. 188
collections of biting flies were on view as well as a number of cases of
tropical Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, etc., of general interest.
There were also some living examples of the larvaB of the rot-bole
breeding mo-quitoes, Anopheles pliimben8 and Ochlerotatus geniculatus,
from the district round Liverpool ; also adults of Culex piftiens and
Anopheles hifiircatits. The members of the Entomological staff were
highly gratified at the very keen interest that tbeir visitors showed in
the various exhibits and they well deserved tbe cordial tbanks of the
Society. During the evening ifc wis announcsd tbat Prof. Newstead*s
chief assistant, Mr. H. F. Carter, had been appointed Malariologist to
the Government of Ceylon, accordingly a resolution congratulating
Mr. Carter upon having been chosen for such an important appoint-
ment was carried unanimously.
;^EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society, 1920-21, xvi. and 104 pp. — The continued difficulties
connected with the printing and block producing trades is responsible
for the small size of the present volume. For the first time in its
history so far as tbe writer knows, we might have added to its title,
'^ no illustrations.'* This trouble is much to be deplored in Natural
History publications, considering tbe importance, frequently tbe
necessity, of figures, in order to make plain tbe points to which it is
desired to called attention.
The Secretary reports a decided gain of membership. The numbers
being increased by twenty, as against the five of last year. A con-
siderable addition has been made to the Library by the bequest of the
late Mr. W. J. Ashdown, who also bequeathed specimens of ** Other
Orders" than Lepuioptera to the Society's Collections. From the
Collections of the late Rev. C. B. Digby, have come also Micro-
lepidoptera, which are a welcome addition. Several other donations
of Lepidoptera, Odonata^ Diptera^ Uipuenoptera and ( Udenptera are also
mentioned.
Two serious losses by death are recorded. Mr. W. West, one of the
original members, and Curator from that time until his death, and
present at the Society's Meeting eight days before his death. The
other, Mr. G. B. Browne, until the last few years a regular attendant
at the meetings.
The Treasurer hag reason to be satisfied with the financial condition
of the Society, but as long as, owing to its conditions mentioned
above, the publication of the Praceedutt/s absorbs,-^0% of the income,
it will be necessary to depend still upon the generosity of the informal
Special Committee, whoso assistance was acknowled^'ed last year.
The Presidential Address (Mr. K. G. Blair) is devoted to the
subject of " Insects of Winter," and deals with the different stages and
phases of Hibernatioti, or winter activity, as tbe caso may be. The
Address is furnished with a bibliography of authorities upon the
subject.
Only two papers are reproduced " in extenso," doubtless owing to
ihe necessary restriction upon space.
Mr. G. E. Frisby, writes upon " Tbe Acideate Ili/tiN'iiojitn-a of th^
British Isles." We have read this with great interest — surprised that
184 THE entomologist's record.
€0 much infonnation could be compressed into so limited a space.
We cannot but hope that Mr. Frisby may be induced to deal with the
other section of Uymeno'pteraj Terebrantia in the same lucid manner.
The second paper by Dr. Dixey upon ** Sexual Dimorphism/* is of
course, well worth reading and study. This appears to be a continua-
tion of Dr. Dixey's paper upon " Seasonal Dimorphism," read before
the Society in 1915 and published in the Proceedings of that year.
The concluding paragraph in the Paper before us leads us to hope that
it also may be succeeded by further notes upon the very interesting
subject of Dimorphism in its different forms and features.'
In the Proceedings proper we notice amongst the various subjects
brought before the attention of the meetings, much which would
deserve attention, but as usual, space has to be considered. The
exhibition and discussion upon the Hibemiae was introduced by the
Rev. F. M. B. Carr, and illustrated by specimens from his, and other
collections. We think that the note by Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone upon the
jumping power of the female H, riqnca'praria is new. Mr. Bowmao
contributed a diagnosis of the variation of both sexes of E.
defoliaria. Another very interesting discussion introduced by Mr.
R. T. Bowman, of Dysstroma (Cidaria) trnncata^ deserves notice, as it
contains, it would appear, a freshly observed distinction between this
species and its near relation D. immanata. Previously the separation
relied upon for some years has been the form of the central line upon
the hindwing. We presume, although Mr. Bowman does not appear
to expressly state it, that his new point of difference refers to the
forewing. To this discussion our friend Mr. H. J. Turner has con-
tributed a complete list of the named forms of the species which was
the subject of attention.
There is a great deal to be said for these special studies of particular
spfcies and we are glad to note that Calymnia trapezina and
H ydriomena f areata were discussed in the same way during the year.
The Annual Exhibition of Varieties was, as noted by the President,
a record one, but he mentions rather regretfully, that the show was
*' to a greater extent than usual confined to Lepidoptera," while Botany
would appear to have been entirely unrepresented.
The Field Meetings, as has so often to be recorded owing to our
uncertain climate, would appear to have been much interfered with by
unsettled weather during the summer of 1920, the most promising in
the commencement proving to be the wettest of all in the end.
We notice with interest that the year 1922 marks the Jubilee of
the *' South London," and that, if our information be correct, there is
still to be found amongst its Members just one who joined at its start.
We hope that this next year will prove to be a very successful one,
both in a largely augmented list of Members and also in a continuation
of usefulness and interest in its work. — C.R.N. B.
THREE WEEKS AT ST. MABTIW V^UBIE. 185
Three weeks at St. Martin V^sabie (Alpes Maritlmes).
By G. T. BETHXJNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.B.S.
It is a somewhat tiresome journey from la Sainte Baume to St'.
Martin V6subie, and X found the easiest way would be to go down to
Nans for the night and then catch the early automobile the next
morning, leaving at 5 a.m. and arriving at Aubagne in time to catch
the 8 o'clock tram back to Marseilles, where we were just able to get
the express to Nice ; here we had to change stations for the single
track to Levens, where we again changed to tbe electric light railway
to St. Martin V^subie. It was a close fit at each place but we
fortunately did it and arrived at the Grand Hotel Eegina about ten
o'clock at night. Here we found Monsieur Piguat ready to welcome
us and a nice refreshing meal awaiting our arrival, after which we went
thankfully to bed. We arrived here on July 12th and on the after-
noon of the 13th began the F^te Nationale with a grandiloquent
oration before the mayor and others by the schoolmaster. On the
14th we were awakened early by the strains of the Marseillaise, after
which " It's a long way to Tipperary *' strikes our ears and so begins
a very noisy, and for the villagers, a very exciting day. For myself
and indeed my wife also, we preferred the mountain side, but it was
impossible and would have been ungrateful to ignore the festivities
altogether, nevertheless 1 thought a walk up to Venanson. would be
good for my health, and this I took with a most pleasant young
Scotsman named Campbell, who with his sister was staying in the
same hotel with us, and with whom I made man 3^ an excursion.
A brief description of St. Martin may be useful. It has changed
considerably in the area of its cultivation since Mr. Rowland -Brown
was there. The village is situated at the head of the valley in the angle
made by the rushing stream (lescendin^r the Boreon valley and the less
impetuous waters coming dow^n from the snows of tbe Golas and the
Tenestre ranges. The Col de Saint Martin and the Bans de la Froma
rise at the head of the vallev somewhat on the other side, but wherever
one goes in these directions the Italian frontier is soon reached.
Since the year 1914 the cnltivation of tbe valley up tbe hillsides has
increased enormously, to-day the hills are terraced far up their sides,*
wherever it has been possible to get a few^ yards of more or loss level
space with the assistance of a supporting wall erected on the spot out
of the rocks and stones n round, thus the persistence of the French
peasants has overcome all obstacles and they have raised their little
crops of grain, whatever it may be, wherever it is possible to obtain a
foothold. This reclamation of the mountain sides naturally has its
drawback for the entomologist as it involves him going much further
afield than in the days gone by.
With the exception of the Col. St. Martin and the Bans de la
Frema, the most interesting and certainly the most fruitful ground
was the valley of la i\[adone Fenestre and the terrain at the head of
that valley, beneath the sl}a(low of the Gelas, and around the Hotel
and Eefuge. The Boroan valley is however not to be ignored, and
the sides of the hills up to Venanson have also their own specialities
and need to be well worked. Here as at Ste. Baume we had practically
uninterrupted sunshine, but it was certainly a hotter sun than in the
Var. Several excursions were made in the Madone Fenestre valley ;
November 15th, 1921.
186 THE bntomolooist's beoobd.
one with Mr. Campbell being particularly interesting and pleasant.
We started early, about 8 to 8.40 in the morning on a brilliant day
and before 9 a.m. butterflies were well on the wing, the Pierids and
Satyrus actaea being especially " en evidence" at this hour, this latter
species was very common in this valley, all the specimens being of the
typical race. The valley is beautifully wooded for the whole distance
on the other side, whilst on the sunny side along which runs the
generally used path, the mountains rise immediately from the track
and are mostly cultivated with an abundance of lavender and
various flowers, conspicuous among them as we ascend higher, being Gen-
tiana liitea, a very handsome plant with its spikes of yellow
blossoms often four feet in height or more. Here I took Papilio
alexanoVf but none of them were really worth keeping as they were
evidently nearly over and I only kept one as a remembrance. Here also
I took several Parnassius apollo^ a fairly large race and perhaps a
shade darker than the ordinary run of Alpine specimens, a single
Aporia crataegi fell to my net and I believe I only saw a second one,
both being in this valley. Colias hyale was far from common, but I
obtained one or two fresh and large specimens. Leptosia sinapis and v.
diniensis were captured and Melitaea didyma was abundant, the females
being very variable. M, phoebe was far from abundant, Argynnis
aalaia was of course obtained and also A, niohe var. eris, whilst I netted
but one Issoria latlumia. Melitaea athalia occurred higher up the
valley and was rather dark. Of the Krehlae within the valley I only
captured E. stygney but near the top, a single fine specimen of E.
goarite fell to my net and in the pastures beyond the Hotellerie K.
tyndarns and E. epiphron were both fairly common. Pararge niaera
and P. megera both occurred, and Ep'mephele lycaon with the band
much emphasised, almost lupinus, was by no means rare. After
Agriades coridon, Polyommatus escheH was the most abundant "blue"
in this valley, P, icarus being much less frequent, the only P. amanda
I saw was also netted on this morning, whilst I took likewise a few P.
hylas. One or two Heodes virguareae were conspicuous in the brilliant
sun, the clearness of the atmosphere addinjij much to the refulgence of
their colour, this was the only ** copper "I obtained here. Of the
genus Stryuwn I netted but one on the Madone side of St. Martin, this
being a single male of S. acaciae. The genus Hesperia was very
common in one section of the valley, well beyond the Italian frontier,
the species taken were H, vialvoides, H, carthanii much the commonest,
H. alveus and H, serraiiilae^ this latter coming next to H. cartliatm in
frequency. We were not sorry to sit down about 12 to 12.80 p.m. feo
refresh the inner man beside the clear stream which runs round from
the Gelas just at the foot of the somewhat sugar-loaf shaped mountain
of "la Madone Fenestre,'* after which my friend was busy photo-
graphing whilst I turned my attention to the Erehiae and the few
other species obtaining in this more elevated and therefore colder spot.
The Venanson slopes produced a somewhat dififerent set of species;
for instance tha Satyrus actaea were of the cordula form, many of the
females being very handsome with broad yellow fascia and very large
ocellations. *S\ hermione occurred here but was difficult to catch, the
great heat making them very restless. Hi/)parchta semele also occurred
here, though I did not meet with it in the Madone Valley but I
imagine it must have been there. Melitaea didyma was abundant
THREE WEEKS AT ST, MARTIN VESUBIE* 187
everywhere, the females varying from pale straw coloar with fair sized
spots up to the whole wing being covered with a dusky suffusion ; the
males were likewise variable, some having the black spots quite small
and so showing a large area of bright red. It was on the hillsides on
the right of the road to Venanson where 1 netted the few males of
Polyommatus meleagei* that fell to my lot.
In the Bor^on valley Parnassius apollo occurred and a large well-
marked form of Melitaea plioehe as also typical Anjynnis niobe. As we
ascended upwards toward the Bor^an hotel the usual Krehiae were
taken and also one torn E, Ivjea, the only one I came across.
By far the most interesting routes however were up to the Col de
St. Martin, on to St. Dalmas and from there over the two passes to
Venanson on the one hand, and on the other hand to turn sharply to
the right from the Col before arriving ab the Douane and up to the
Bans de la Frema with its green hill at the back ; it was here I was
able to pick Edelweiss by the handful, much to the envy of many
passers by as I returned to the hotel. After one had cleared the few
cottages near the Borean stream that has to be passed over, the ascent
up to the Col de St. Martin is made in fairly steep zig-zags over stony
ground well covered with lavender and low growing aromatic plants
where the Lyceenids already referred to were fairly abundant, Af/riades
corldon bemg by far the commonest and generally of very larp:e size.
Here also I took the only females I obtained of f. meleaner, viz., the
form steevenii. The only Aricia medon (astrarcke) I took was also from
this side. Plebeius argns was also taken and likewise Polf/ouiinatus
serniargiiH (the only Plebeius artjyrofjnomon^ two specimens, I took in the
Madone Fenestre valley). It was up the path much nearer the Col
after we had entered the fir tree region, at the end of July, that I took
Folj/oniinatus damouy and it occurred up to the Bans de la Frema.
Lycaena avion was nearly over but I took a couple of specimens near
the Col de St. Martin. Stvymon spini was not rare between the
Col and the Frema but were past their best ; Heodea vivt/auveae
occurred here also. Among the first ere the Col was attained
I took some large Satyvim hevmione. Melanavgia ijalathea, rather
dark and fine large specimens, were likewise common, but
I was desirous of pressing on to the heights above, and after
arriving at the Italian and joint boundary stones I was glad to ascend
the grassy hill above, where in spite of rather a strong wind I found
myself among the Evebiae and Melitaeae, I took but one specimen of
E. tyndarus and of E, epiphvon, but E. mnestra var. (jovyophone was
fairly common though difficult to catch, partly no doubt on account of
the wind, however, I succeeded in obtaining sixteen or seventeen good
specimens. Melitaea varia was not rare here, and I also took one M,
pavthenie ; M, cinxia occurred a little lower down as also M. athalia.
The whole of this terrain was interesting country, and had it not been
for the scarcity of water I should have made the excursion more than
the two or three times I did, but there is only one place where water
is obtainable, well below the Frema, and that a rather poor supply, so
that even though tomatoes were a good substitute, it was not such
comfortable going as elsewhere in the great heat we were fortunate
enough to experience. In the lower parts outside the village of St.
Martin I took a single Satyrus civce and one or two S. hevmione,
Epincphele lycaon race lupiniis were not uncommon. Coenonymplia dovus
188 THE entomologist's record.
occurred. C, pamphilus and one C. arcania. J also took two nice
Polygonia egea, Pararge maera and P. megeru ; but one female
Aphantopus hyperantiis and Efinepliele jurtina were taken. Two-
specimens only of heodes phlaeas were captured, both of which haTB
the appearance of being laggards of the first brood.
Epinephele tithomis put m its first appearance up towards the Col
de St. Martin during the last week of July, whilst one of the most
interesting captures, Erebia neoridas, a beautifully dark large form,
was taken along the same route in the last days of the same month,
where also I took Thymelicus acteoii,
St. Martin is a beautiful centre to stay at and the Grand Hotel
Regina a most comfortable place, for Monsieur Piguat and his English
wife know what Englishmen like and are ever ready to help and give
a hearty welcome.
The fireflies also gave an added charm to the place and I think
made my wife at once settle in our preliminary discussions to go there
as it was so long since we had seen these fairy lamps flitting about
and lighting up the ways. From here we were bound for Digne, as
that was our best way to Mount Ventoux where we were to spend the
last days of our holiday.
Early stages of Coleophora oraatipennella, Hb.
By ALFRED SIGH, F.E.S.
On the warm afternoon of May 27th last I was walking beside the
river Limraat, near Schlieren, about five miles west of Zurich. There
was a bank covered with tall grass, among which Scabiosa, Bhinanthus
and Salvia pratensis were plentiful and in blossom. Here Coleophora
ornatipenneUa was on the wing in numbers, and I had the good luck
to observe two females sitting on caliees of Salvia pratensis, from which
the beautiful purple flowers had fallen. Their bodies were thrust half
way into the caliees. One of these moths I boxed, and I gathered the
two caliees and several pieces of Salvia, and also took another $ moth.
Subsequent search revealed an egg in each of the two caliees that
I had seen used by the moths and many ova were found in the Salvia
I gathered. One of the captured females laid many eggs in the food
plant provided for her.
If we look into a calyx of this Salvia soon after the flower has fallen
we see four nut-like seed vessels, and below these a pale ochreoua
portion on which the seed vessels stand upright. This portion I will
call the receptacle — I have no English botanical book here. On the
lower portion of this receptacle the ovum is laid on its side with the
micropylar end uppermost. When first laid it stands out from the
receptacle, but later it lies in a depression. This I believe is caused by
the strong gum by which the egg adheres preventing the cells of the
receptacle which it touches from expanding, while those cells around
the ovum expand with the rest of the receptacle. The ovum is of the
flat type of C. caeapititiellaj but larger and stronger in the shell, so that
it IS not so readily pressed out of shape in the process of being laid*
In colour very pale ochreous, shining and iridescent. In shape ovoid
and slightly flattened,, with the micropylar end broader than the other.
Hough measurement gives the length as 0*5mm. and the width about
0-3mm., or a little more. Almost smooth, but with irregular surface
BARLT STAGES OF GOLBOPHORA ORMATIPBNNBLLA, HE. 189
pitfcing. At the micropylar end is a mamilla surrounded by a slight
<K>llar. At the time of hatching, about eight or ten days in hot weather,
the larva bores through the egg shell and eats its way into the receptacle.
The Qgg shell partly filled with black frass remains attached to the
receptacle long after the larva has disappeared inside, and is usually
the only sign of the larva's presence in the calyx. In the calyx I have
also found a dipterous larva and a gall maker, which distorts the re-
ceptacle. The newly hatched larva is of the usual type of this genus,
and pale ochreous with a nearly black head. There is a deep brown
plate on the prothorax and a small plate on the mesothorax. The
larva I think passes nearly all its first stadium in the receptacle, and
then enters one of the seed vessels and there changes to the second
stadium. On cutting open the receptacle the larva's tracks are plainly
visible, and I found one larva in a seed vessel just changing its skin
before anv of the seed had been eaten. This larva leaves its excrement
in its mine. The seed vessel at this time is composed of a thin grey
or purplish covering beneath which is a rather hard white shell. In
the hollow of this shell the seed lies. By placing her egg on the
receptacle the moth provides the larva with an easy, and perhaps the
only, means of reaching the interior of the seed vessel. The young
larva could not bore through the hard white shell above mentioned,
but at the base of the seed vessel, where it rests on the receptacle,
there is a hole in the shell closed only by cellular tissue, and here the
larva enters easily. The second larval stage is passed inside the seed
vessel, whether the larva is content with one seed I am unable to say,
but I think it is. The larva in the second instar differs little from
that in the first instar, it is of course larger, browner, and I was able to
see that it, like lixella, has four pairs of abdominal prolegs. It foods on
the seed, and if a vessel containing a larva be opened the larva, the
partly consumed seed, and an amount of excrement may be soen.
When the larva approaches the end of the second stadium it clears the
seed vessel of all rubbish and severs it from the plant. The vess(jl then
becomes the larval case, and in it the caterpillar wanders away until it
finds some suitable place to which to fix its case. It then undor^oes a
second change of skin, after which it unfastens its case and crawls
away till it finds some convenient situation where it spins up its case
firmly with silk, and so remains, I suppose, till the following spring.
The larva in its third instar is still browner in colour than in the two
previous instars, and the head is brown, but tho shields on the thorax
remain black. The full sized seed vessel when used as a case is
somewhat hemispherical, one face being convex while the opposite one
is rather flattened. It is 2niin. long and of nearly the same width,
while the depth from back to front is from 1mm. to l^mm. They vary
a little in size. It is very deep brown in colour, and there are some
vein-like marks on the convex side. As a Coleophorid case it differs
from any that I have ever seen in that it has only one opening?, which
is at the top of the case when that is spun up. When tho larvjo in
their cases began to leave the Salvia I provided them with grass, but
they did not feed any more and spun up on the grass at the top of their
cage, where they still remain. I have searched for these inconspicuous
cases in the field on grass steins, Salvia stems, and on the earth, but
without any success. I presume that the larva, in spring, affixes this
case to a blade of grass, and after mining a short time cuts out its well
190 THE entomologist's record.
known case made from a grass leaf, in which it has heen found by
many entomologists. Though Salvia pratensis was strongly suspected
to be its first food plant, I believe that the early life of C. oi-natipennella
has not hitherto been recorded. The species is common round Zurich,
as I have found the eggs in several localities. The closely allied C,
lixella is scarce here according to Frey, and I have been unable to find
it. It is supposed to make its first case out of a calyx of thyme. I
hope someone in England, where it is common in several places, will
soon give an account of its early history, which must differ somewhat
from that above described, on account of the small size of the seeds and
calyx of thyme as compared with those of Salvia,
Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera
and Rhopalocera.
By BOGEE VEBITY, M.D.
{Continued from page 176,)
Agriades awanduSj Schneider ; race apenninogenita, mihi ; and
race bruttia, mihi. — I have tried to work out the geographical variation
of this species, to identify and classify series from various localities I
possess, but I must say the result is not as satisfactory as in most
cases. It is quite noteworthy how in this case there are no character-
istics proper to the different regions, permitting one to group the races.
The various features do not vary from one race to another in a parallel
way, but afford every possible combination, so that one finds no
definite line or lines of variation, as in most species. The following
notes will show what I mean. I do not know the original description,
but Esper informs us he has received a specimen from Schneider
himself, collected in the " Swedish provinces *' and I infer the
Scandinavian race is the nymotypical one. Esper figures a male of a
very unusual form, with a brilliant light blue colour and a very thin
black streak along the outer margin just as in icarns^ Rott., but no
signs of the usual diffused band ; underside darkish grey ; orange
lunulas prominent. Curiously enough, the only race that this figure
can be said to represent accurately, amongst those I possess, is the one
of the lowest localities of amandus in Tuscany, such as the Mt. Conca,
m. 400, and other hills near Florence. Rostagno [Bull. Soc, ZooL
Ital., xi., p. 53 (1911)] had described this race from the neighbourhood
of Rome under the name of splendida, comparing it to the Alpine race
which he considered nymotypical. Until a series from Scandinavia
is available I cannot say whether his name will be of any use or not,
but it seems unlikely races of such different climates should be
altogether identical. The race which comes nearest to this is ma«,
Frhst. [Soc. Ent.j xxv., p. 47 (1910)] , from Moulinet, near Men tone,
of the same colour, but larger, with a faint and narrow marginal
shadow, a much whiter underside and very extensive orange lunules.
Similar to it, but with a slightly darker colouring on both surfaces i«
the race of Polleca, m. 700, in the Aurunci Mts. in Southern Latium.
I should next place the race of the high mountains of Central Italy,
which I have from Bolognola in the Sibillini, m. 1200, and also, in a
slightly darker form, approaching hispalis, from Mt. Sumbra, m. 1200,
in the Alpi Apuani. In size it is like splendida, in colour distinctly
darker, being of a deeper and less brilliant blue on uppersid^ and of &
SEASONAL POLTMOBPHISH. 191
darker grey on underside ; female underside colder in tone ; lunules
paler and smaller in both sexes ; I suggest calling it apenninogenita.
The latter, on the whole, leads up to race hispalis, Frhst. (I.e.) from
Yalais (" Simplon and Martigny ") of about the same size, but with
very much darker colours both above and below ; broad black marginal
band, lunules very pale and inconspicuous on underside of male, small
on both surfaces in female. We then have the fine Uhismiis, Frhst.
[Soc. Ent, XXV., p. 97 (1911)] from "Klausen and Waidbruck," in S.
Tyrol, which I have also collected at the Erdpyramiden, m. 1400, near
Klobenstein, and at the Mendel Pass. It is even larger than isias, of
a slightly lighter colour than hispalis on both surfaces, but with a still
broader black marginal band above; larger lunules below. I^'inally
there is the race found by Querci at S. Fili, on the Coast Range of
Calabria, which usually resembles hispalis, except for a very peculiar
greenish tinge of the blue and a broader and darker black marginal
band than in any of the other races ; a few individuals are as large as
libisonis ; some are brighter blue above than the rest and have a
lighter tinge of grey on underside and large bright lunules, thus
showing signs of transition to splendida ; I should call the S. Fili race
bruttia. An attempt to summarise the geographical variation of
amandus is reduced to noting that at low altitudes one finds the light,
clear blue forms, with no dark marginal shading or a faint and narrow
one (Mentone, Florence, and presumably, if Esper's figure is correct,
Scandinavia), and that at higher altitudes the colour is darker on both
surfaces and there exists a broader and darker marginal band ; the
latter form, however, in S. Tyrol, comes down as low as the Isarco
Valley and is of large size. These lines of variation correspond, in a
broad way, to those of Cyaniris semiargus, Bott.
Agriades coridon, Poda, race caelestissima, mihi, and A, kispayia,
H.-S. ( = aragone7isis, Vrty.), race hispanay H.-S., first generation prior,
mihi. — During a visit I paid Count Turati last June in Milan I took
the occasion to ask him to show me his copy of Herrich-Scbaflfer's
Syst. Bearh, der Schmett., and I examined the figures of hispana.
I thus found out that it did not in the least represent the bright blue
race of coridon from Spain, so similar to race caucasica, Led,, in being
of nearly the same blue as A. thetis, Rott., as I had till then supposed,
but that hispana is remarkably similar to the second generation altera ,
Vrty., of the species I called, J4. aragonensis race fforentina, Vrty., from
Tuscany : upperside pale greenish blue ; underside of hindwings pale
tawny. The consequence is that this species should be called by the
older name of hispana. The first generation, of a slightly brighter
blue above, as a rule, and with no tawny colour on underside,
I propose calling prior. I possess Spanish specimens of the
first brood from Valevidrera (Barcelona) and others of the second
from Valdemoro (Nueva Castilla), the former of which are in-
distinguishable from the Florentine florentina and the latter from
the Genoese larger and more boldly marked rezniceki, Bartel.
There is thus no doubt that H.-S.'s specimen was of this
sort. Gerhard's arragonensis is, specifically speaking, a synonym of
it, but, as regards races, it clearly represents a different one, larger,
silvery white instead of greenish- blue, with very prominent, but
detached, premarginal spots and lunules on upperside and a more
192 THK BHTououoanr's beoobd.
extensive pattern also on underside; of this I have specimens
generously presented to me by Dr. Chapman, who has himself
collected them at Albarracin (Aragon) in July and August. Dealing
with these species, I must thus also conclude that, strangely enough,
the beautiful thetiS'ColonrQd ra.ce of coridon from Spain, mentioned
above, has to this day remained without a name ; I suggest that of
coelestissima, taking as ** types " the specimens, sent to me by Chapman,
from Albarracin and from Tragacete. I have others from Valdemoro
and from Cuenca in Nueva Castilla, all exactly alike. I have also
received from Cuenca the totally different albicans, H.S., which makes
one suspect that the existence of a third species in Spain might some
day be established ; albicanH is usually quite a co^-idon, but in some
individuals it approaches the look of anagonends, Gerh., so much
that an untrained eye would no doubt mix them together. The
specimens collected by Chapman at Avila and Navalperal are of this
sort, whereas those of Cuenca usually never are. Some day I most
come back to this subject more at length. I will only mention here
the quite peculiar underside of albicans : ground-colour dirty white on
all the wings, with a suspicion of yellow ; markings not black, but brown,
very pale in extreme forms ; lunules not orange, but dirty yellow,
usually extremely small, often totally obliterated. Individual variation
leads from this special form to the usual bolder pattern and colouring
of coridon on the one hand, such as in my large series from Cuenca,
and of hispana and arrayonensis on the other in some examples, such
as those of Chapman mentioned above ; in the latter cases, however,
complete transition does not exist. Recapitulating, one comes to the
conclusion that in Spain A. coridon and A. liispajia, apart from minor
local differences, both produce a smaller blue race (respectively
coelestissima and nymotypical hii^paua), and a larger silvery- white race
(albicans and arragonensis).
Aporia crataegi, L., race angnsta, Trti., trans, ad race crataegi^
L. -The race found by Querci at S. Fili, m^ 900, on the
Calabrian Coast Range, is interesting, because its variations exhibit
a direct transition from the very characteristic angusta, Trti.,
of Sicily, to the nymotypical race of the species, whereas not
one individual form of Calabria is similar to meridionalis, Vrty.,
which prevails largely in Central Italy. In the characteristic
individuals of the latter there is in the male a complete dis-
appearance of black scaling along the neuration on both surfaces
and of the sparse scaling of underside, and in the female the forewings
are nearly entirely transparent, with a few white scales near apex
only. Instead in the race in question the whitest males always show
as much black scahng as the whitest individuals of Central Europe;
the most transparent females always have the outer half of forewings
white; along the discocellular nervules of both fore and hindwing a
more or less conspicuous irregular patch of pale grey is visible in this
sex ; these never exist in meridionaLi^, whereas they are a characteristic
of the Linnean race (see " llhopalocera Palaearctica ") ; in one specimsD
this patch has the form of a broad quadrangular spot on forewing,
even more pronounced than in race sibirica, Vrty. In the male
specimens from Calabria, in which the black scaling is most extensive,
this never develops in the broad, triangular and partly confluent grey
COLLECTING IM PALESTIKB IN MARCH, 1921. 198
taarginal spaces of the Linnean race nor in the deep black, long, sharp
nervural streaks of augustay bnt individuals distinctly pointing to both
these extreme forms are to be seen. A, crataegi thus follows the rule
Which is frequent in Calabria, its race being much more similar to
those of Central Europe than to its neighbours of Central Italy.
{To be contintied.)
Collectiog in Palestine in March, 1921.
By Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.
During March this year I was convalescing, after a serious illness,
in Palestine, and had a chance of a few days collecting on two
occasions — on Mount Carmel from March 6th to March 11th, and at
Jericho from March 17th to March 22nd. I also had a few hours
eolleoting at the end of March at Eolonia and Ain Earim near
Jerusalem, and Urtas near Bethlehem, but found little at these
localities.
Mount Carmel struck me as a good collecting ground, but not
many species were yet out there. On my way to Palestine I had spent
2 days at Beirut and got in an hour's collecting on March 3rd at the
Dog Kiver, Beirut. Here I took Pieris brassicae^ P. rapae v. vaga, a
small race, Pararge aegeria somewhat worn, and four <^ s of the spring
form of P, napi v. pseudorapae, which is the second (summer) brood
of P. napi at Beirut. They are small specimens without much dark
Scaling on the apex, or on the marginal extremities of the nervures of
the forewings. On the hindwings the dark scaling on the marginal
extremities of the nervures is faint, much fainter than is the case with
most vernal specimens from Constantinople. On the underside the
subapical and submarginal spots on the forewung are also very faint.
The ground colour of the hindwing is a very pale washy yellow : the
dark scaling along the nervures is very diffuse, giving a clouded
appearance to parts of the wing. I refrain at present from naming
this form. Four specimens of one sex hardly justify an addition to
the many names already bestowed on the many forms of P. 7iapL I
saw and missed specimens of Parartje maera v. orientalis and G,
cleopatra v. taurica.
At Haifa itself P. rapae flying in kitchen gardens w^as the only
insect I saw. On Mount Carmel the one abundant, butterfly was
Euchloe cardamines race phoeniHaa, Kalchberg, which occurred in
considerable numbers in all the ravines which seam the southern face
of the mountain, and also, though less frequently, in the pine planta-
tions at the summit of the ridge nearest to Haifa. Of 26 ^ s in my
series 11 are turritis and 18 approach mnbrosa, Culot, more or less
closely, in having the basad margin of the orange area on the upper-
side forewings marked by dark scaling. The ? s are generally
distinguished by having in the spaces between the nervures within the
grey apical area white, more or less triangular, markings based upon the
outer and apico-costal margins. The 2 s began to appear on March
^th and were not infrequent by the 11th. Other Pierids seen and
taken were Pieris brassicae in small numbers, AnthocharU belemia, 4
^s and 1 $ of first brood form, and Gonejitenjx cleopatra race
taurica, which was not infrequent. Pyrameis atalanta and P. cardidy
the latter worn, occurred occasionally. The only Satyrid seen was
194 THE entomologist's record.
Pararge rnaera, of which I took 1 ^ and 2 $ s all fresh and of the
race orientalis, Doritis apollinus was not uncommon, but in bad order.
Two Papilio machaon were seen on the 11th. Of the Lycasnids I saw
and took Polyomwatus icartis on March 8th, and 1 ^ Scolitantides
{Turania) baton approaching clara on the 11th. Jerusalem, where I
went on the 12th was icy cold, so I was glad to get down to Jericho on
the 16th. On the 17th I started out early collecting, working the
downs and the edge of the cultivation to the N.W. of the village and the
lower slopes of the hills. At 8.25 I put up and caught my first
Anthocharis charlonia.
Later on butterflies began to appear more freely, notably A.
charlonia. This species usually settled on the ground and when dis-
turbed flew rather low in a series of small circles. This habit of flight
was so marked that I soon learnt to catch the butterfly with the
minimum of exertion by simply swinging round in the opposite
direction to the insect's flight meeting it with the net when it had
completed a half circle. 2 s of ^. charlonia were rare. I only took
2 that day against 16 ^ s. Pontia daplidice, large but otherwise fairly
typical, was abundant, and even more abundant was A. helemia var.
glance. A few P. rapae of a large race were taken on the edge of the
cultivation. Then in a bay of flowery wild ground invading the
cultivation I took a fine $ Danau chrysippusy the only one I saw in
Palestine. Next I took Tarucm balcanicus flying round Paliurm
scrub. Then I worked slowly as befitted an invalid towards a gully
which emerged from the hills taking P. icarus of very normal
Mediterranean first brood form and Ruviicia phlaeas on the way. In
the gully I found P. brassicae in bad order, and Pyrameis cardui and
then saw a large white butterfly, the flight of which was strange to
me. After a while it settled on a flower-head and I saw that it was a
fine ^ Zegris eupheme. I caught it and others, though few required
as little stalking as the first specimen. Two fine second brood Antho-
charis crameri of a form both larger than and unlike aegyptiaca, Verity,
and melisanda, Friihst., were taken in this gully. I saw no more
during my stay at Jericho and suppose I was early for the second
brood. As I returned to Jericho I took the only Satyrid I saw in
Judaea or the Jordan Valley, a very fresh Ypthima asterope, and the
only Urbicolid I saw in Palestine, a passable specimen of Ei-ynnis
alceae. During the morning I took 82 specimens of butterflies in about
3J hours — a good bag for an invalid who dared not run — and including
18 A. charlonia and 9 Z. euphemeyhoth new species to me.
Next day I worked the same ground but showers and cloudy
weather were too much for the butterflies. Still I took 2 Z, eupheme^
several E, charlonia ^ s, and an unfortunately crippled P. icarus ?
with abundant blue suffusion. On March 19bh and 20th it rained.
On the 21st it was fairly fine and I returned to the old ground, took
P. brassicae (seeing a damaged ab. nigronotata, Jach.), A. charlonia, A.
belemia var. glance, several B- phlaeas all pretty normal first brood
specimens, 1 Lampides boeticus and 6 Z. eupheme including 2 ? s.
Pontia daplidice was common. I saw a fine P. machaon and some
worn C alias edusa.
Next day I visited the Jordan and saw A. belemia var. glance and
P. cardui in the thickets by the river. That night I motored to
Jerusalem. On March 24th I saw P. brassicae at Jerusalem. Next
THE FRENOH JURA IN JUNE- JULY, 1920. 195-
day I had a couple of hours collecting at Eolonia in dull weather.
There I found a few Tlmis cerisyi including one or two very small
specimens. The local T. cerisyi race seemed with few exceptions much
nearer to deyrollei than to the nymotypical form. A few Doritis
apollitius, E. cardamines, A, crameri $ s, and a fine ? of ^. belemia
(Ist brood) were taken and P. icarus and F, brassicae seen. On March
26th I had a few minutes collecting by the roadside near Ainkarim
and took D. apollinus and E, cardamines var. jjhoenissa. On the 28th
I took all the species noted on the 24th near Bethlehem, my best
capture being a dwarf ^ E, cardamines race phoenissa of 22mm. in
expanse. On the 31st I had about half an hour at Eolonia and took
most of the insects seen on the 24th with & 2 R- phlaeas and a fine
^ S, (T.) baton var. clara. Here, as elsewhere on the Judaean plateau
insects were not nearly as frequent as at Mt. Carmel or Jericho, but
spring had barely begun and I could not have expected much in any
case.
May I add that a late autumn brood of A, charlonia appears at
Jericho in November, teste specimens in the collection of the Ministry
of Agriculture, Cairo.
The French Jura in June-July, 1920.
By Lt. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., and Member Soc. Ent. de France.
Leaving London on Friday morning, June 26th, and travelling via
Newhaven, Dieppe, Paris, and Bourg, I arrived early on the morning
of June 26th at Bellegarde. Having three hours to spare before the only
train this month left for Gex, I explored the fine waterfall, La Perte
du Rhone, a short distance from Bellegarde station. Climbing up
through the woods on the left bank of the Ebone, I came out at the
top into a meadow of partly cut hay-grass.
Here I found Melanargia yalathea in large numbers and good con-
dition, together with Epinephelejurtina and a specimen or two of Cyaniris
seniiarffus (acis) and Lycaena avion, and Polyommatus icarus in perfect
condition ; a few of the Neuropteron Ascalaphus longicomis were flying
to and fro, whilst Zygaena fdipendulae and Z. lonicerae were swarming
at the flowers of Scabiosa succiaa,
A good number of the beetles Curculio (Hylobius) abietis, L., were
dashing about in the hot sun, and I took one specimen also of the
pretty beetle, (jlythra laeviuscula, Ratz. ; but the interest of the
meadow centred in the Orthoptera which swarmed in the uncut grass.
From this I turned out a male and female of the sluggish green grass-
hopper with long antennae, fat body, well developed green elytra, with
a row of black spots, the Orthopteron Decticns verrncivoriiSf L.
I also turned out two fine males of the grasshopper, whose dark
olive body, yellowish antennae tipped with black, crimson hinder tibiae
and tarsi, with a yellow basal ring; hinder femora yellowish above,
green outside, crimson inside and underneath, with a yellow annulus
near apex ; yellow venter and hinder knees quite black in both sexes,
smoky blackish wings and chestnut elytra with yellowish anal area,
proclaim them Arcyptera fusca, Pallas.
I also secured here two males of the Stauroderus scaleris,
F.W. ; I also took a larva of the genus Chelidoptera, but I
have not succeeded in ascertaining the species. Here also I
ld6 THE ENtOMOLOGIST's RECORD.
tbok a specimen of the Forester Moth, Ino geryon, whose greenish
forewings gleamed in the bright sun, a noticeable contrast to
the green grass.
A specimen of the Hymenopteron Metopius micratorius had entered
our carriage between Culoz and Bellegarde this morning, and a Frendli
officer having pointed it out to me I boxed it in the corridor of the
train.
Leaving Bellegarde at 11.25 a.m., I arrived after a hot, slow, and
tedious journey at Gex, in the Department Ain, and situated below the
slopes of the French Jura, about 2.0 p.m. ; the view of the Grand
Sal^ve, and the Petit Sal6ve, and Les Voirons, and the Mont Blanc
range behind is very fine, and could be seen from our carriage windows
most of the journey. I put up at the Hotel du Commerce at Gex,
which I found respectable, clean, and cheaper than I expected, and
well served.
June 27th. — This morning after Mass at the Parish Church, I had
the pleasure of ndeeting Doctor Gide, who lives at Gex, and who has a
small though extremely well set collection of the local butterflies and
moths. One of the most interesting things in his collection was a
perfectly fresh specimen of Carter ocephalus palaemon {paiiiscus), caught
around Gex in May. I don't think he has by any means exhausted
the local fauna as yet, and he told me he had very little time to devote
to Entomology. This afternoon I took a country road from Gex that
leads up gradually through farms on to the lower slopes of the Juras,
which are quite close here. Unfortunately the sun soon went in, and
I came home drenched from a sudden thunderstorm, but though my
insects captured only resulted in a few perfect specimens of Melitaea
athalia and 3i. didyma, a few Ciipido minimus, M, galathea, and a fine
blue female of P. icarus ab. caeridea, Fuchs, a finely marked female of
Pieris napi, together with the Chimney- Sweep Moth and Pyraustapur-
puralis ; the Dipteron Tachina ferox ; and the Ehynchota Leptopterna
dolahrata, L., I feel sure that a better day would have given better
results, especially if I had been able to ascend to higher ground.
However, a collection of some 45 different species of flowers made up
for a poor entomological bag.
Jane 28iA. — This morning, with no sun, but with insects of all
orders crowding to the blossoms and leaves of many plants fresh with
the heavy rain of yesterday, a little way out of Gex, in the direction
which the road to the Col de la Faucille takes, amid partly cut hay in
the fields below the Jura slopes, I found the males of the moth, Coscinia
striata in numbers and very fresh ; one fine male of Papilio inachaon,
two fine males and one finely marked female of Polyommatus hylas, and
one female of A, aglaia, with a few picked specimens of C minimus
and M. athalia were the most interesting butterflies on this sunless day,
but a number of Diptera, including Spliaerophoiia ; Orthoptera, includ-
ing Cliortldftpus parallelus, Zett., a larva of the genus Pholidoptera.
whose species I have not succeeded in ascertaining, also a male oi
Decticus verriicivorusy L., and some Hymenoptera. These, together
with a specimen of the Rhynchota, Syrouiastus marginatus, L., provided
plenty of research on my return home.
In the afternoon I visited the same ground as in the morning, and
found that P. fujlas males were more numerous, and I took one female.
Ascending to higher ground I found Nordniannia [Thecla) ilicis on
THB FBBNOH JUBA IN JUNB-JULT, 1920. 197
privet, also Klugia spini on bramble. Higher up still, jast by the tree
limit on the Jura slopes, I took two fine Paitiassim apollo males, and saw
one or two Erehia euryale and Pararye achine, but failed to secure
them. The Diptera were interesting though somewhat hostile. The
afternoon turned out very fine after a dull day in general. ArgynnU
aglaia were swarming at clover blossoms, with A. cydippe (adippe) in
lesser numbers, and I also took several perfect specimens of M, parthe-
nie and one Lycaena euphemus, the only one I saw. Females of Coliaa
hyale were busy ovipositing in clover-fields in the late afternoon*
Burnet Moths in general and Apona crataegi were too passes to take.
E. jurtina and C pamphilus were in all stages of condition, and the
three common Pierids plentiful in the district. I turned up a fine
large green form of the grasshopper, Decticus rerrucivorus,, L., from
newly cut hay, and the Orthopteron, Locmta vividissinia, L., was in
great quantity in suitable places. Leptosia sinapis was apparently
just emerging here. Aglais iirticae was common.
Jxine 29f/i. — This morning I tramped the six kilometers to Sauverny
in which village the Swiss and French frontiers meet at the river
Versoix. I went there for Limenitis populi, but never saw it, though I
got on to likely ground once about half way to Sauverny, where, on a
branch road running past a chateau on left, and keeping to the right
of a small stream, I walked up a small incline, where ApaUna ilia and
E, polychloros were flying up and down the muddy road in small num-
hers, and sipping at the puddles with swarms of P. rapae and Cyanii-is
semiargns (acis). Just across the stream mentioned, near the chateau,
I found in a sloping meadow with a considerable amount of rush, a
good number of L, arioUy males and females, in excellent condition,
and I took a fine series. The males of P. dawon were emerging in
small quantities in the same field, and the males of /'. hi/lafi were
frequent.
Here also I took the moth A, luctuom and two specimens of Pseudo-
terpna priiinata, Hiifn., yordmannia [Iherla) acariae, Fabr., and also
one specimen of Teuthredella teunda^ Scop. On the way back from
Sauverny I took C, tj/phon (one), and also a male of Pontia daplidice.
M. didyma and M. dictynna were about in small quantities. I took also
one male of Cupido sebnis in very fair condition, and a specimen
of the beetle Strangidia annata, Herbst., also one female of P. hylasy
and a specimen of the beetle Cin'cinella septenij)unctata. I also took
to-day a female specimen of the Orthopteron Decticus rerrncivorus, L,,
and the bee Bombus sylvariim, and a couple of the ants Formica
pratensia,
June SOth. — This afternoon a French gentleman, Monsieur A.
Morey, of Beaune, Cote D'Or, staying at this hotel, kindly motored me
to the Col de la Faucille, where, unhappily, it began to rain so hard
that collecting insects was impossible, barring two specimens of Hymen-
optera, Bombus hortorum and Allanfus kohleri^ which I got just before
returning during an interval in the storm. However, I made a collec-
tion of some 40 different species of sub-alpine flowers, including a few
Alpine forms, amongst these plants were Hedysarum obscurum, Ranun-
culiia alpestrisj Dianthus sylvestris, Bosa alpina, Gymnadenia albida,
Carduus dejioratus, Cento urea montana^ Cytisus alplnus^ Calamintha
alpina, Adenontyles alpina, Globularia cordifolia^ Vhyteuma spicatumy
Myosotia alpestriSf Banunculus lanuginosus, etc.
July l.si. — This morning 1 took a ramble on the wooded hillside of
198 THiS KNTOMOLOaiST's UUCOUD.
the Juras just above Gex, as on the afternoon of June 28th, and added
the following species to those already named for this locality, ri«., L.
avion (one), Hesperia sao (two), Erebia ligea, K, spinif female ; an
interesting beetle, Cicindela hyhrida, L., with greenish head and body
and four white markings on each side and a little white marking close
Ijy its antennae, Hipparchia semele, and Hesperia alveus, I saw P. ac/dne
again, but failed to take ifc. P. apollo was about but not in any num-
bers, the sun being obscured frequently. I also took one specimen of
the pretty beetle Cryptocephalus aureolus, Suf. In returning, near the
village of Gex, I took a fine form of Polygonia c-album, and I noted A.
urticae and G, rhamni by the gardens.
In the afternoon Monsieur A. Morey again kindly motored me the
12 kilometers to the Col de la Faucille and back. Stopping to collect
in a suitable place below the summit I found the Wood Tiger Moth,
Parasemia plantafflnis swarming with some nice varieties. P. apollo^
E. envy ale J E. liyea, E. aethiops, and E, oeme, were about in pretty
equal numbers. I got one A. crataeyi still worth setting, also three
females of Chrysophanus hippotho'e near the snmmit in excellent condi-
tion, and the bee Bombus ayroriun. A good many moths were about,
including the black Chimney Sweep, Tanagra atrata ; the black and
yellow little moth Psodos quadrifaria ; no Burnets were worth taking.
I also got the two moths Mamestra ientina and Crambus pinetellus^ and
a female specimen of the Hymenopteron Megalodontes spesicornis, I
did not go higher than the Hotel at the Col, as the afternoon was
waning, and therefore I do not know whether the higher altitudes
would produce more at this date. A. hyperantus and C. iphis were
abundant where I commenced to collect this afternoon, but the latter
needed careful selection as the majority were in poor condition. I also
got one fine specimen of the moth Carsia praeformatay Hiibn.
Jidy 2nd. — Accompanied by my friend, Doctor Gide, of Gex, I was
able to pass the Swiss frontier at Sauverny without passports, etc.,
and we searched the ground on the high road from Sauverny to
Versoix, between two large woods, suitable ground for Apaturidas, Ifc
w^as too late in the day to get them on the road, and it was not until
about 4 p.m. that I saw a female and a male of Apatnra iris settling
on the tops of sallows just inside the wood. I got them both, together
with a very fresh Heniaris bombyliformis, Och. (the narrow -bordered
Bee Hawk Moth), on flower heads, and a female specimen of the
Dragon-fly, Sywpetnuii scoticmn. Nothing much else was about. I
saw nothing of L. poptdi in this district, where it should occur, but was
probably too late for it this year of early emergences.
Staying the night at Sauverny I again crossed the frontier next
morning.
July Srd. — Only one male of A, iris fell to my net at 8 a.m., all
hopes of a good bag being dissipated by a violent storm of wind and
rain which lasted until midday. In the afternoon, on the way back
from Sauverny to Gex, the weather recovering, I again visited the L.
arion ground described under June 29th, and got another bag of good
specimens of both sexes, and a male of C*. semiargus (acis) quite fresh.
A few fresh males of C. hyale and M, didyma (small form) were about,
and I was pleased to take the first Burnet in good condition that I had
seen here, viz., Zygaena epliialtes, var. pencedani, Esp., with the pretty
red band around its body, and also one specimen of Zygaena lonicerae^
NOTES ON OOLLEOTING. 199
Esp., together with a specimen of the Neuropteron Hydropsyche pelluce-
dula, Curt.
I omitted to mention that this morning ahout 8 a.m. I got a fine
female of the Orthopteron Gryllus campestris, L., also a specimen of
the beetle Hoplia philanthus, Fuess., on the road between Sauverny and
Versoix.
July ith, — I left Gex to-day for Annemasse in Haute- Savoie, and
my collecting in that neighbourhood among the French Alps will form
the subject of a farther article.
f?:^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
A Note from Constantinople. — A third brood of P. chloridige. —
I have not had over much time for collecting here lately. Pontia
<;hloridice produced a third brood in September. The season has been
very dry till lately. I have been trying to sugar the last fortnight —
results one Plusia yamma and one Leucania in bad order. This is the
suburbs — but still it does not say much for the attractiveness of sugar
here. — P. P. Graves. October Qth.
Second brood of Parasemia plantaginis. — P. plantayinia was com-
inon on the grassy open slopes near Lulworth Cove, m Dorset, and
particularly active on the wing at sundown. I think that there can be
little doubt that this was a second brood, though I was not there to
observe any flight in May and June. From two of these females I now
have many small caterpillars who have cast their second skin. — M.
Boldero, 67, Elm Park Gardens, S.W. October 11th.
Teratological Specimens. — Mr. G. B. Pearson, of Pasadena, S.
California, writes to say that a friend who collects largely on the Pacific
<3oast of California has recently caught a specimen of the beautiful
•little ** blue" exilis, with five perfect wings, the right upper wing being
duplicated. This latter gentleman possesses a fivewinged example
■of the Saturniid Samia cecropia. — Hy. J. T.
A Locust at Mansfield. — A friend of mine has had a fine speci-
men of the locust, Pachytylus miyratorina given to him. A man heard
it making a rustling noise amongst his cabbages, and when it was dis-
turbed it took to flight, but he managed to knock it down with his cap.
This was on September 25th, 1921. — William Daws. October, 1921.
Notes from North Notts. — After great promise, according to the
number of larvae feeding in the woods in spring, it was almost a failure
later on with the imagines in this district. There were thousands of
the common species of larvae feeding on the various forest trees. But I
did not collect any, intending to get them uhen about full fed, but
before my next visit we had a lot of wet weather, in fact some very
heavy rain storms, which washed oft' most of the larvae from their food
plants. Pieris brassicae and P. rapae have been fairly common all the
season, Ritnucia phlaeaH, Coenonynipha pan}philus and Polyommatna
icorus were also common. I did not see a single batch of Aglais urticae
larvae this season, but a few imagines are now on the wing, also one or
200 THE KNT01IOJU>aiST'8 KK(X>RD.
two Pyrameis carduL P. atalanta is now on the wing in rather larger
numbers than last season.
I have bred over 200 Arctia caja, the second brood this season, but
only had four or five worth setting ; one had the white of the top wings
more extended, a pretty form, one with a different pattern on each top
wing, and one with each underwing of a different pattern. I have a
number of ova, the third brood, which are fertile, and are turning dark
coloured and will no doubt hatch directly, but I hope they will all
hybernate, as I do not want the trouble to feed them up this winter.
About the best specimen I have put in my collection this season from
local species is a black Boarmia rhomboidaria. It was found by my
wife resting on the wall at the back of the house, where the Virginia
Creeper grows on fcbe wall — the larvae of B, rhomboidaria for several
seasons have fed on the creeper. — William Daws, 89, Wood Street,
Mansfield, Notts. October, 1921.
M. ATROPos NEAR Weymouth. — Ou October 15th, a very fine and
perfect specimen of Mandnca (Adiierontia) atropos was brought to me
alive, captured at Rodwell, Weymouth, Dorset. — (Commander) J. C.
Woodward, H.M.S. Colossus, Portland. October 22nd.
The paucity of butterflies in the past summer.^ — The paucity of
butterflies (locally at least) this past season was remarkable. Even of
the commonest species few were to be seen. The first appearance
noted of a few of them may be of some interest. The first butterfly
observed was Pieris rapae, on March 24th. Gonepteryx rhamni the
next day was seen flying in the street ; Enchlo'e cardamines commonly
on April 28tb ; one Colias croceus (edusa) on July 9th; Liwenitissibilla
on July 11th, Pyrameis cardni, one in the garden August 1st. One
special feature of the season, however, in contrast generally with the
scarcity of the rest was the abundance of Rarnicia (Chrysophanus)
phlaeas. These made a delightful sight as they flitted over, and settled
on, the gaily coloured flowers in the borders of the garden, flashing
like specks of copper in the sunshine. — Joseph Anderson, Chichester.
SiLEx GiGAS at Chichester. — The largest specimen (a female) of
this giant sawfly was taken here on August 6th. The insect is generally
to be found in this locality each year. — Joseph Anderson, Chichester.
The Mosquito Investigation. — The Committee of the South-
Eastern Union of Scientific Societies on the above have just issued,
under the auspices of the Ministry of Health, their circular No. 5, in
which they state that *' The researches following upon the issue of
Circular No. 4 established still further the fact that the species (Ano-
pheles jdnwbens) is found extensively distributed throughout the south-
eastern area of England. In some districts all stages have been found,
in others only larv{\3 and imagines ; that it hibernates as partly grown
larviie. mainly in tree holes of beech, birch, chestnut, and holly; and
that imagines are found in every season of the year except winter."
The Minister of Health, in acknowledging the Committee's second
report on Anopheles plambeus, desires a further report as to '* any cur-
tailment of distribution or decrease in numbers of the species that may
have been caused by the severe drought of the past summer." The
Committee now want definite information —
NOTES ON COLLEOTING. 201
1. Of any records of the captures of adult A. plumbeus since June
SOih last, with dates.
2. What was the condition, during the recent drought, of the water
in tree holes from which larva had been taken in previous seasons?
8. Were living larvae found in such holes on the occasion of any
visits during that period ?
4. Were larvae found there when you again visited the holes this
autumn ?
5. Does A. plumbeus deposit her eggs (a) on the water, (6) on float-
ing or stationary matter, (c) on the wet margins of the water holes ?
6. Can the eggs be hatched after becoming dry ? If so, how long
after, in your experience, do they retain their vitality ?
7. Any other observation that may occur to you bearing on the
possible hibernation of the species in the egg stage ?
Answers to the above queries should be sent to the Hon. Secretary,
Rev. T. W. 08wald-B[icks,B.A.,"Le8ware," Linden Road, West Green,
London, N. 15, not later than December 1st. It is hoped that as many
as possible will send information for this further report which the Com-
mittee are to make by the new year.
Second Bbood op 0. sambuoaria. — A freshly emerged specimen of
Ourapteryx $ambucata came to light this evening. Though second
hroods of this species are not unrecorded they are, I think, very unusual,
and possibly the occurrence may be worth noting in the Record amongst
other second broods of this abnormal year. — H. C. Hayward, Rep ton,
Derby. October 20th.
Vanessidje, etc., in East Tyrone in 1921. — A special feature of this
autumn has been the wonderful abundance of the Vanessidae in this
district. Pyrameis atalanta was everywhere and is still (October 19th)
•common, flying about ivy in bloom ; P. cardui was also abundant
during September, but had disappeared before the end of the month :
a fine male was taken with the posterior wings almost black. Vanesna
io and Aglais urticae were also much in evidence. Pararge aegeria,
which was first noted on the wing at the end of March, has produced
at least four broods this season, and to-day a freshly emerged female
was observed drying its wings suspended to a blade of grass in the
garden. — Thomas Greer, Curglasson, Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone.
October 20i/i, 1921.
Notes on Celastrina argiolus. — Referring to Mr. Burrows' note of
this species frequenting the flowers of Sedum, I may say that I have
taken it at Hazeleigh (Essex) more than once on flowers of the wild
bluebell (Scilla nutans), and also have the following records for the same
locality : — A very worn female on borage flowers, on 13.vi.06 ; a male
visited two (Dutch) hyacinths, and then a patch of Aubrietia at 1 p.m.
on 14.iv.ll. I have also recorded oviposition by a female on flowers
of Rhododendron '* Purity." Other notes (unpublished) I have on this
interesting species refer to its pairing, viz,, that I noticed a couple
paired near Hazeleigh Wood, at 4 p.m., on 29.V.18, sitting side by side
on sloe leaves, the feet of each grasping different leaves. My second
note concerns the fact that the larvae are sometimes frequented by ants
Engand, as is tha case with the larvsB of several other Lycaenidae,
extract the note in full from my Index Entomologicus. " I noticed
202 THE entomologist's beoobd.
two ants running backwards and forwards over a full-fed larva at
Hazeleigh Rectory, at 2 p.m., and four ants doing the same at 5.30 p.m.
on 81.viii.0&, the hottest day in the year, the temperature being 90
degrees in the shade. When I * gathered ' the larvae (at 5.80) the ants
left it very unwillingly. There were no ants on nine other larvae found
t^ same day. Next day (also very hot) I found a larva on the same
part of the ivy at 11 a.m., with two ants running over it, stopping now
and then to suck out some sweet exudation. There were many of these
same ants on the ivy, especially at the tips of new shoots, where they
were milking black aphides." — (Eev.) G. H. Raynob, M.A., The Lilacs,
Brampton, Huntingdon. October ^Oth^ 1921.
Notes on the Season. — Although the season was undoubtedly
" forward " at first it appeared to become normal after July, judging
from the insects one got, at any rate in this neighbourhood, and so far
as ordinary single-brood insects were concerned. For instance, Noctua
xantlioffrapha and Bryophila perla came to light in August, as they
usually do, and, later on, Oporahia dilutatay Atjrotis se<jetum, AnchocelU
pistacina and A. hmosa, and Euholia cervinata arrived as usual in
September and October. Of late years one Kupithecia linariata and
one Ennomas alniaria have succumbed to the same attraction every
ftaitumn until this year, when the alniaria failed I Last year I wa&
surprised at the appearance of a typical and fresh Mamestra brassicae
on October 16th ; this was not repeated this year, but a male Porthesia
similis came instead on September 24th. It has always been an idea
of mine that Lepidoptera which naturally appear in autumn are
practically independent of weather conditions, and this exceptional
year has proved no exception in those I have met with. The most
noteworthy feature of the season here has been the scEbrcity of the
larvae of Ouraptenjx sambucata, usually fairly common here and at
Clapton, and the total absence of the perfect insect, so far as my
experience goes, in the summer. — C. Nicholson, 85, The Avenue, H^le
End, E.4. November Uh, 1921.
CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTIGES.
We have seen one of the ^' black machaon " (we understand there
were two bred from the small batch of pupae). It is a black machaon,
black without a blemish, but we advise our readers not iio give credence
to the fairy tales in the daily press as to transactions which did not
happen.
A prospectus has reached us of a scheme to publish a. work on
" British Butterflies," by Mr. F. W. Frohawk. There would be 70
ooloured plates, imperial 8vo., comprised in 8 vols., with appropriate
ktterpress. The edition would be limited to 600 copies. But the ap-
palling coat of production will probably stand in the way of the publi-
cation of what would be one of the " masterpieces " of the future.
Parts I. and II. of the Trans, Ent, Soc. London have [ust been issued.
Illness of the chief officers concerned in its production have been the
cause of the much regretted delay. The issue contains '* Experiments
on the Edibility of Insects," by Dr. Hale Carpenter; "Notes on Orthop-
teva in the Brit. Mus.," by B. P. Uvarov; " Notes on the Carabidae,**
by H. 0. Andrews ; " British Limnohiidae,'' by F. W. Edward'a; "Rho-
SOCIETIES.
208
paloeera of the DoUman Gollection/' by N. D. Riley ; '* Some Austra-
Uan Chrysomelidas,'' by A. M. Lea ; " F. Walker's Heteromera/* by K.
G. Blair, etc. There are seven plates.
SOCIETIES.
The South London Entomological Society.
May 26«A. — New Member.— Mr. G. T. Lyle, F.E.S., of Wallington,
was elected a member.
Xanthio aberrations. — Mr. Farmer exhibited a partly xanthic
Rumicia phlaeas and a similarly coloured Callophiys rubi, both from
Biddlesdown.
South of France insects. — Mr. Enefer, specimens of scorpion and
field-cricket sent to him from S. France by Mr. Main, and the red ova
of a Trombidimn from garden earth.
PuPiE OF S. PRUNi. — Mr. Neave, pupae of Strymon pruni from N.
Huntingdon.
Ova of C. minimus. — Mr. Simms, ova of Cnpido minimus, and the
beetle CryptocepJuilus aureola from Eastbourne.
Mblanic E. atomaria. — Mr. Goodman, suffused forms of Kmaturga
atomMria from St. Martha's Hill, Guildford.
H. iMPERiALis. — Mr. Bunnett, the beetle Hedobia impeHalis taken
at Coulsden.
Seasonal Notes. — In remarks on the season it was noted that R,
phlaeas was very common, Celastrina argiohm was very scarce, and that
Eultfpe hastata and Hemaris fuciformis were out at Horsley.
;]litBVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
The Bulletin of the Hill Museum, a Magazine of Lepidop-
terology. — Edited by J. J. Joigey, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &c. and G.
Talbot, F.E.S., October, 1921. Part I., 200 pp., 32 plates. Price
80s. for 3 parts. The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey.
It has always been imperative that those who establish private
museums and deal with large masses of new and hitherto unknown
material, in order to adequately publish to the world the descriptions
and biological details, which are the results of their collecting and
study, mubt have their own journal. The staff of the '' Hill Museum,'*
Witley, for a long time have been fully aware of their urgent and
growing necessity, and a few days ago we received by the kindness of
Mr. J. J. Joicey, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., a copy of his first venture.
Part I. of the Bulletin of the Hill Museum,
The Introductory portion naturally contains an account of the
inception of the Museum in 1906 and its subsequent growth, showing
how it has absorbed the collections of Grose- Smith, Herbert Druce,
Suffert, Colonel Swinhoe (Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae), Roland
Trimen, Riffarth [Heliconiidae), Lieut. -Col. Nurse, Elwes. (in part),
Dognin, etc., and in addition obtained new material in great quantity
from collectors in N. Peru (A. E. Pratt), I. of Hainan (C. T. Bowring),
Dutch New Guinea and Arfak Mountains, New Guinea (A. E. Pratt),
E. Central Africa (T. A. Barnes), the islands of Tenimber, Key,
Misol, Obi, etc. (W. J. C. Frost), Central Ceram (the Pratts), etc.
When one knows that an excellent permanent staff deals with this
material and that the leading authorities in special groups are called
204 THE entomologist's record.
in as necessity arises, there must be a large amount of '' results " not
only to record but to publish. To illustrate this introduction, which
is written by the able Curator, Mr. G. Talbot, there are plates
pourtraying Mr. J. J. Joicey, the chief members of the staff of the
Museum, and Messrs. Pratt and Barnes, the exterior and interior of
the large hall containing the collections, library, etc., and the large
annexe in which detailed work is carried on by experts. Mr, Talbot
goes on to say that one of the chief aims of the collection is to get
together in one place as large a number of forms of each species to
illustrate its capabilities in the way of geographical variation ; to aid
this comprehensive aim a considerable amount of morphological work
is undertaken. The association of species in the local faunas explored
by Mr. Joicey 's collectors is being largely worked out at the Museum.
These associations are expected to yield much information on distribu-
tion and relationship, and the results obtained it is proposed to publish
from time to time in the Bulletin.
In the work of the Museum particular stress is laid on the
** Acquisition of Data." With such aims as stated above, the more
«xact and complete in detail these data are the better is the material
capable of furnishing factors for the determination of such biological
problems as the phenomenon of mimicry, protective resemblance,
distribution and classification. The exhaustive suggested schedule of
points in the data and its details is too long to reproduce in our pages
but we note some of the chief headings, viz,, Locality, Climate, Time,
Habit of Adults, Habit of Larva, PupsB, Ova, etc.
In the first study, which we read was undertaken at the suggestion
of Professor Poulton, Mr. Talbot deals with the ** Euploeines forming
Mimetic Groups in the islands (1) Key, (2) Aru, (8) Tenimber,
(4) Australia, and (5) Fiji." These are treated of separately and the
paper is illustrated by four plates showing the chief members of each
group. It was, we are told, only by the careful summarising of the
very large and consequently representative collections sent home by
W. J. C. Frost that it became possible to write this admirable and
suggestive paper.
Following this is a long faunistic paper dealing in sections with
the major portion of the new material collected by F. A. Barnes in E.
Oentral Africa and illustrated by fourteen plates and a map. The
various groups have been worked out by Messrs. J. J. Joicey, G. Talbot,
L. B. Prout and Miss Prout. This is followed by descriptions,
accompanied by figures of new forms of Lepidoptera sent home by
C. T. Bowring, Esq., F.E.S., while residing on the island of Hainan.
The material sent was very extensive and is fairly well, we are told,
representative of the Lepidopterous fauna of the island. The more
complete faunistic study and the association of species will be dealt
with in a subsequent and more complete paper. It is gratifying to
note that Mr. Joicey has adopted the dictum laid down some time ago
by M. Oberthiir that all descriptions should be supported by figures
and thus obviate the unavoidable ambiguity of a mere word painting,
which often conveys to the student of after years but a poor indication
of the actual insect described, and confuses and hinders the progress of
our knowledge.
We welcome the fine new venture and congratulate Mr. Joicey on
his high aims, and his staff, especially Mr. G. Talbot, who have taken
so much skilful care in the carrying out of these aims. — H.J.T.
THE WHITB BOBDKB OF SUVANB86A ANTIOPA, L. 906
The White Border of Envaaessa antiopa, L.
By E. A. COCKAYNE. D.M.. F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
The pioneers of Entomology in this country laid great stress on
the frequency with which a white border was found in British antiopa
and in the older works the insect is often called the " white border "
or " white petticoat." Haworth in discussing their origin says, '' to
suppose they come from the continent is an idle conjecture, because
the English specimens are easily distinguished from all others by the
superior whiteness of their borders." A long time has passed since
we had an antiopa year, and it is now firmly established that they do
come from abroad and are not bred in this country as Haworth
believed.
Oontinental specimens are stated to have a pale border after
hibernation, and almost all entomologists now consider that the white
border of British antiopa is merely due to fading.
Tutt in his Bntish Butterflies, p. 829, says *' it was once supposed
that the British specimens always had a white, instead of a cream-
coloured, border, but this has been quite disproved."
Verity states that in Europe no specimen emerges from the
chrysalis with a white border (Knt, Record, 1916, xxviii., p. 102).
Many of the earlier entomologists were very accurate observers, and, I
think, if we look at contemporary records, we shall find that we have
discarded their conclusions too readily.
The following passage occurs in Newman's British Butterflies,
** William Backhouse, in 1820, saw great numbers strewin<i^ the sea-
shore at Seaton Carew both in a dead and living state, one of these in
his collection has the pale whitish margin to the -upperside of the
wings so characteristic of our British specimens." In the periodicals
of 1872, another year in which antiopa was abundant, there are
numbers of records of specimens with white borders captured in
August and September in good condition. Many of these must have
been caught soon after having emerged from the pupa, and the white-
ness of the border cannot have been due to fading.
It is said that in many cases the white border has been produced
artificially, and it will be shown that at least one reputed British
specimen is a faked example. But it seems most unlikely that faking
would have been resorted to if the majority of British antiopa had not
bad a genuine white border.
I will now bring forward some new evidence of a different kind,
which, I hope, will convince everyone that the old views were correct
and that the modem ones are wrong. In the course of examination of
many aberrations of Lepidoptera for scale defects I noticed in the
British Museum collection an antiopa in bred condition from France
with pale grey nearly transparent border, dull blue spots, and the
ground colour a little paler than usual. Under the microscope all the
upper and lower scales of the border were seen to be so extremely thin
and tightly rolled up as to resemble hairs and to be quite transparent
owing to absence of pigment. The blue scales were found to be rolled
up or twisted, but the chocolate scales were normal in shape although a
little less pigmented than usual. This discovery led me to examine a
number of British specimens with the following result.
Dbobmbbr 15th, 1921.
^6 THE ENTOMOLOaiST's BBCOBD.
British Museum General Collection,
(1) Ponder's End. August, 1880. Leech Coll. White border.
Good condition. Upper scales of border very thin, transparent and
rolled up. Blue scales normal.
(2) Scarborough, 1872, Leech Coll. The border and other pale
areas have been carefully painted white. It is probably a faked con-
tinental example.
Douhleday Collection,
(8-9) Seven specimens with no data. All have white borders.
The first three have the upper scales of the border thin and rolled
up, and the under scales thin and transparent and in some cases curled
up at the edges. The blue scales are normal.
The fourth has the scales of the border in the same condition, but
the blue scales are rather thin and pale. The fifth and sixth have the
same scale defect in the border, but the blue scales are normal. In
the seventh, a worn specimen, the under scales of the border are fiat
and pigmented, but such upper scales as remain are deficient in pigment
and curled at the edge or rolled up. The blue scales are thin and
some are curled or rolled up, while others are bent over sharply in
the middle exposing the lower surface in the distal part.
Bankes* Collection.
(10) Tottenham, 1877. In fine condition with white border. All
the upper scales of the border and costal markings are thin, rolled up
and devoid of pigment, but the light brown and blackish scales, which
produce the speckled appearance of the border, and the blue scales are
normal.
(11) Ex. Coll. John Scott. Pale cream coloured border. Upper
scales with some pigment but curled at the edges and in some cases
rolled up.
(12) Swalescliffe, nr. Whitstable, 1906. Deep cream border. All
scales normal.
(18) Rev. E. N. Blomfield, Hastings. September, 1889. This
specimen, which is supposed to have been bred in England because it
discharged red fluid after capture (Barrett; Lepidopt, Brit, Isles, vol. !.,
p. 148), has a deep cream border with normal scales.
(14) G. L. Mosley. Huddersfield, 1872. Cream border. Normal
scales
(16) Ilford, Essex. August 15th, 1872. Ex. Dobr^e-Fox Coll.
Cream border with scales pigmented, but a little curled over along the
edges.
(16) Caught by W. C. Bishop, Emmanuel College, near Baitsbite
Lock, and given to his friend P. D. Wheeler. This has a whitish
border with the upper scales transparent and rolled up. The blue
scales are normal.
(17) Horning, 1872. Ex. P. B. Mason Coll. Cream border with
no scale defect.
British Museum (British Collection),
(19) Female with white border. Extreme thinness, transparency
and rolling up of upper scales of border and costal markings. Blue
normal.
(20) E. Vigors' Coll. White border with as niarked a scale. defect
as 19.
THE WHITB BOBpSB OF EUYANESSA ANTIOPA, L. 207
(21) Stephens' Coll. White border with very defective scales
as in 19.
(22) Stephens' Coll. White border with very defective scales.
Some blue scales rolled up a little.
(23) Stephens' Coll. White border with upper scales rolled up.
Blue normal.
(24) Stephens' Coll. White border. Extreme thinness, trans-
parency and rolling of upper scales in border. All blue scaJes thin
And rolled up.
(25) No data. White border with same degree of scale defect as
:2d. A few blue scales rolled up.
(26) Captured by P. H. Desvignes, Lewisham, August 25th, 1872.
White border with upper scales extremely thin and tightly rolled.
Some blue scales rolled up.
(27) Ex Vigors* Coll. White border. Scales of border and costa
thin and rolled up, but blue scales unaltered.
(28) Stephens' Coll. White border and costal markings in which
upper scales are thin and rolled up. Blue normal.
(29) No data. (Set as underside). On upperside, border is white
with thin rolled up upper scales.
(30) Stephens' Coll. (Set as underside). On upperside, border is
white with upper scales thin and rolled up.
(31) J. H. Durrant's specimen. Captured Eedle, Horning Fen,
1873. In good condition with light border. Upper scales of border
:and costal markings thin and rolled up. Blue normal.
(32) J. H. Durrant's specimen. Captured by Eedle, Horning,
1873. White border with scales rolled up and transparent. Blue
normal.
(38) Dr. Giflford Nash's specimen. Captured by Dr. Hallett,
Kimbolton. White border with upper scales very thin and rolled up,
under scales flat. Blue normal.
The scales on the under surface of the border were examined in a
few specimens and found to be defective also.
Excluding the painted specimen from the Leech collection, out of
32 British antiopa 28 have abnormal scales in the border and pale
.costal markings, and in addition four have the scales in the blue spots
defective.
The whitest specimens have the most defective scales in the border
and only the most defective have abnormal blue scales. The scales of
the upper layer are the first scales to show the defect, the scales of the
lower layer and the blue scales are less easily altered. None of the
British specimens are as abnormal as the French one, but the difference
is one of degree not of kind.
The defect is of exactly the same nature as that in many other
aberrations of Lepidoptera, and is due not merely to lack of pigment
but to abnormal thinness of the chitinous part of the scale. It is a
defect, which must be present when the insect emerges and which
cannot be acquired afterwards.
This discovery makes it interesting to know the continental
distribution of the white bordered antiopa and the proportion it bears
to the cream coloured form in different localities.
In spite of the abundance of the species I can find few references
to this. Barrett states that white bordered antiopa are common in
Norway.
208 THE ENTOMOI.OG1ST*S-RKCOKD.
Linnsens in his Fauna Suecica describes the species as * margine
albo.*
Zetterstedt in Insecta Lapponica, p. 894, says ** it is no rarity in
Norway, Sweden and Lapland and has white margins."
Schoyen gives Arctic Norway and Labrador as localities, but does
not mention the colour of the border (Archiv. /. Mathema'tik og
Natunndenskab, Christiania, 1880, v., pp. 119-228). Snellen says it is
scarce in Holland and the border is yellow or white (De Vlinders van
Nederland, p. 87). In Germany and France specimens with cream
border are the rule. In America the border is even darker than in
central Europe, but Lord Rothschild has seven from Yukon Territory
all of which have white borders. He very kindly allowed me to
examine two of these labelled Dawson, May, 1914. Both have the
upper scales of the border and costal markings transparent, thin and
rolled up, some so rolled that they look like hairs. The scales on the
under surface are similar but not quite so defective. The chesnut and
blackish scales, "with which the border is heavily peppered, are all
normal. The blue scales are pale in both, flat in one and curled over
or rolled up in the other. The only two Norwegian specimens I have
been able to examine are in the British Museum labelled ** Knoblock,
Norwegian Lapland, 1908.** Both have white borders with the upper
scales all very thin and rolled up to form a pointed extremity.
One has the blue scales of the forewings all rolled up and some of
those in the hindwings in a similar condition, the other has some blue
scales flat, others rolled up.
Mr. G. Talbot says there are no specimens in the Hill Museum
from Scandinavia or Arctic America. A white bordered specimen
from Platsea, Greece, which has undoubtedly been on the "wing for
some time has normal scales. No doubt it is faded.
A specimen, slightly yellowish, from Ancona, Italy, has some
normal and some defective scales, and in a similarly coloured one from
Central Russia all intermediate forms are found between quite pointed
scales and large dentate ones.
From this evidence one gathers that a large proportion of the
antiopa found in Europe and America in the Arctic Circle at the
northern limit of their range are white bordered, and that this form
becomes much scarcer further south.
This supports Stainton's contention that the majority of British
antiopa are immigrants from Scandinavia and not from the south.
(Ent, Mo72th. Mag., 1872-78, ix., pp. 105-107).
If so, there ought to be records of its unusual abundance in
Scandinavia in the great antiopa years.
The only reference to this, which I can find, is in the Zoological
Record, vol. ix., when it states that this species was much commoner
than usual throughout Northern Europe in 1872.
It would be very interesting to know whether the scale defect is
hereditary, or whether it is due to the uncongenial climatic conditions
near the northern limit of its range.
Norwegian entomologists could easily settle the question by
breeding from white bordered specimens.
The result would throw light on all the other scale defects, in
which one part of the pattern is affected and the rest remains
unaltered.
THB WHITE BORDRR OF EUYANBSSA ANTIOPA, L. 209
Temperature experiments have not produced white bordered
specimens, so that I am inclined to think it is hereditary. In
conclusion I should like to thank Lord Rothschild, Messrs. Durrant,
Riley and Talbot, and Dr. Nash for their kindness in helping me
so readily.
Since I wrote my article Professor Poulton has allowed me to
examine the antiopa in the Hope Collection. There are 24 British
specimens of which nine are from the Dale Collection. Nineteen
have defective scales in the border, and six have defective blue scales.
One from Latham taken near London about 1798 has the upper
scales of the costa and border thin and rolled to a point, and
some of the blue scales near the apices of the forewings pale
and rolled up. One with the border nearly white, labelled
** Kirkman's Sale 1847," has the upper scales so tightly rolled
as to resemble hairs ; and some of the under scales have their
edges curled up and many of the blue scales also. Kirkman*s other
specimen, 1847, has the border cream coloured and the scales normal.
Of the remaining fifteen all except four have some defect of the upper
scales of the costa and border ; two of these labelled *' Hope *' have
the under scales transparent and curled at the edges. Two taken by
the Misses Lowe in August and September, 1872, both in good
condition, show the defective upper scales very clearly.
Another in fair condition with very pale border, labelled *• August
29th, 1000, nr. Dunmow, Bigods, MeMola Coll.," shows extreme
transparency and rolling up of the upper scales.
A hybernated specimen from Mjiplediirham, and one labelled
" H. S. Sellon Coll., Worthing, 1879," has abnormal blue scales in
addition to the thin, tightly rolled upper scales of the border. Of
the Continental specimens a very worn one from Lapland has the few
remaining upper scales thin and rolled up and the under scales j3at
and transparent. The blue scales on the forewings are thin and
rolled up, and many of those on the hindwings are curled or bent over.
A female in very good condition labelled " N.W. Finland between
Muonio and Kittila, 17. viii. 97, H. C. Playne and A. F. R. Wollaston,"
has all the upper scales in the pale cream border rolled up very
uniformly, but the blue scales are flat. A specimen with a slightly
darker border from the same locality has all the scales normal. A
worn female from " Hyeres, S. France, 19. iii. 98," with a pale
border, has the upper scales thin and rolled up, and the blue scales
nearly all curled up at the edges, and a worn female from Courmayeur,
Savoy, 6500 feet, has extremely defective upper scales in the pale
border and curling of the blue scales.
Dr. Staudinger has sent me a pale bordered antiopa in very good
condition from " Kentei, Trans-Baikal Province, Siberia," in which
the upper scales of the border and costa are transparent and tightly
rolled up and some of the blue scales rolled up too. In the British
Museum are two specimens with the upper scales so thin and tightly
rolled that they look like hairs, and all the blue scales also are very
thin and rolled up to a point. One is from Bhotan, the other was
taken by Lord Walsingbam at Camp 44, California, Western United
States of America.
The presence of the same scale defect in theae British antiopa from
210 THB bntomolooist's ukcord.
the Hope Collection taken in years when it was uncommon such as
1847, 1858, 1882, 1894 and 1900, as well as in those taken in 1798
and 1872 confirms my view that most of them come from Scandinavia.
Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera
and Rhopalocera.
By ROGER VERITY, M.D.
(Continued from page 193.)
Pieris napi^ L., subspecies vulgaru^ Vrty., race umoris, mihi. — On
comparing a series of napi I collected in the first half of April at Forte
dei Marmi, in the marshy meadows which stretch for miles along the
sea-shore in Northern Tuscany, with a series collected in various
localities of the neighbourhood of Florence, where the soil and climate
are comparatively very much more dry, I find a striking difference in
their aspect. The Florence race, which is my nymotypical vulgaiis,
constitutes about the most extremely distinct race I have seen from
the nymotypical arctic napi and bryoniae, 0. ; see Linnean Soc. Joum.
ZooL, xxxii., p. 177, and Knt. Rec, xxviii., p. 77. Instead, the race
from the marshy and maritime locality mentioned, where all the
species of Rhopalocera show signs of the effect of dampness in their
features, exhibits characteristics which bring it a step nearer these
latter natives of damp and cold climates. It may be said roughly to
coirespond to the race of Ireland and the north of Scotland, which I
have called britannica, although it never produces the yellow and the
more heavily marked forms of its extreme females ; the Florence race,
on the other hand, corresponds to the English race septentiionalu,
Vrty., minus its northern features, described in the Ent, Rec, Ix, In
Rhopalocera Palaearctica, 1 figured in 1908 on PI. xxxii., a male and ft
female from the Forte dei Marmi, because they had struck me as
being an unusually pale extreme form. It was only lately I realised
that, on the contrary, in Florence, that very form, together with
slightly darker ones, are found nearly exclusively ; the male form of
fig. 3 on the plate just quoted is frequent too, but of the one of fig. %
with a very large black apical crescent, I have never seen another
specimen from that town. At Forte dei Marmi it is quite the
reverse : the last form mentioned is frequent and most individuals
resemble the Irish male of fig. 4. Females with nervural black streaks
as extensive as in the Irish female of fig. 5 are frequent ; as a role,
this sex approaches this form, or else it has finer streaks, but there is
a broad apical triangle of the same shape as in the summer brood,
such as there never exists in the Florence race ; this is dark gray
rather than black, as in the summer. On the underside both sexes
show on the forewing a tendency to darkening of the neuration by
black scales much more markedly than in the Florence race, and the
" veins '* of hind wing are darker and sharper, the ground colour being
usually white or very pale yellow, and never of as bright a tinge as is
frequently seen in Florence.
Kpinephelejurtina, L., race praehispulla, mihi. — In 1919, at page
124 of the FJiit, Rec, I applied the name of phormia^ Frhst. [InUin,
Ent, Zeit. Guben., III., p. 117 (Aug. 1909)], to the race which is
generally distributed over the whole of Central Italy, except the
SBA8(M(AL P0LTM0BPHI8M. 211
highest mountain localities ; the race of the latter localities I described
as similar to that of Central Europe and called it janira, L. Last
year, during my visit to South Tyrol, I carefully searched for iurtina
at Meran, whence came Friihstorfer's '* types '* and which can be
considered one of the very hottest spots of the Southern Alps, and I
also collected it in the Isarco Valley, where it was identical with the
Meran one, at Eobenstein, m. 1800, and at the Mendel Pass, m.
1300, where it was also quite the same. What I realised at once,
when collecting this race, was that Friihstorfer's few and vague words
of description, and his unaccountable misleading statement that ** it
stood near telmessia*' had not conveyed to me in the least its
true position amongst the other races. With the materials I now
have at hand I see it belongs most decidedly to the same group
of races from Centra} Europe as janira, by its smaller size and frailer
look, more pointed wings and straighter outer margin, as compared to
the race of Central Italy. It is only a little larger and a little more
extensively fulvous on forewing than janira. The high mountain race
of Central Italy can with more accuracy be called phonnia than janira
and I have an exactly similar race from Puybilliare in Vendee, larger
than janira is generally in the North of France. The race of the
lowlands of Central Italy belongs instead perfectly clearly to the
hispidla group of races from Southern Europe, although it is only the
first step or grade in that direction and there is still a grade detectable
between it and hispulla, which I have described in the tJnt. Rec.y /.c,
as emihispulla ; I should call praehispulla the race I had till now
called phormia^ taking the race of the neighbourhood of Florence as
"typical"; it is larger and more robust looking than phormia, with
wings more rounded ; outermargin more convex ; eye-spots larger,
and with a conspicuous white pupil in both sexes ; male often with a
small fulvous patch on disc of forewing and with one quite as broad as
in the telmessia, Z., figured by Seitz on PL 48a, but a little shorter, in
about 6 out of my 90 specimens from Florence (Pian di Mugnone) ;
females usually with a small fulvous patch beyond the end of cell on
hindwing ; it is entirely missing in 26 out of my 70 specimens from
the locality just mentioned ; it extends on the contrary into a well-
defined band in 3 cases, recalling by its extent eniihispulla, but not the
following hispulla grade. Kace praehispulla is about the most variable
of the species ; it gives one the impression of occupying a central
position in the variation of the species, just as geographically, in point
of fact, it does come from a region lying in the middle of the others ;
its individual variations clearly point, in one direction, to the Western
and Southern races, which from em i hispidla of Elba and Southern
Italy lead through hispidla, Esp., to the finest nymotypical jnrtina
(usually called fortunata, Alph.) of Africa and Sicily ; in another
direction they point to the opposite line of variation, which, through
phormia, culminates in the weakly northern janira, L. ; in a third
direction they acquire features which recall the Eastern telmessiaeformis,
Vrty., race.
Erehia epiphron, Kn., race amplevittata, mihi.— In 1912, Signer
Costantini of Eeggio Emilia, had collected half-a-dozen specimens of
this species, on July 28rd, at the Foce a Giovo, m. 1674, on the Alpe
delle Tre Potezze, where there is the boundary between Tuscany and
in THE MNTOMOLOGIST'S BKOORD.
Emilia. That was all one kn^w of epiphron in the Tuscan Apennines.
Last year in Jane Querci discovered it on Mt. Snmbra, m. 1400, in
the Alpi Apuane (N.-W. of Tuscany), and collected qnite a nice series.
This has revealed the existence of a very distinct race, hitherto
unknown. Constantini's two specimens in my possession evidently
belong to the same. It corresponds exactly to the race of E, ceto from
the same mountains, described by me in the Kixt, Eee.y xxxi., p. 124,
and, like it, it stands exactly opposite to the extremely dark race of the
Sibillini Mts. of a more Alpine nature and flora, although situated
further south in Central Italy, because it exhibits a most unusual
extent of fulvous markings. Both sexes have a broad and perfectly
continuous band of bright fulvous, a little lighter in tinge and
extremely broad in female ; its outline is sharp on both the outer and
the inner side, and quite straight or very slightly dented on the latter
even in male ; in a few individuals of this sex the nervui-es are thinly
darkened, but the band is never broken up into separate spots ; the
black spots are small, but in most males and in all the females there
is a complete series of four; in the Sibillini race this is quite
exceptional. Kace cydamus, Frhst., from the Maritime Alps, by its
large size, bold fulvous markings and bright colouring is clearly a
lesser grade of variation in the same direction as the extreme race of
the parched Tuscan Apennines.
Erehia cforge, Esp., race erynis, Esp., trans, ad carbonctna, Vrty.
[Bull, Soc, Ent, ItaL, xlvii., p. 54 (Dec. 16th, 1915)] . — One of the most
interesting discoveries made by Querci last year was that of this species
in the Alpi Apuane (N.-W. of Tuscany). It was unknown in the northern
part of Central Italy. Calberla records it (7r/s, 1887, p. 135) from the
Gran Sasso, as erynis, Esp., and Querci had found it in the Sibillini Mts.
at the Fonte della Pescolla in July, 1911 ; the following year he searched
for it again several times at the same spot, but with no success. This
race I described as " remarkable by its small size, very limited fulvous
markings, ocelli absent or reduced to minute spots, underside of hind-
wing of a uniform deep black colour.** It thus corresponds to the usual
very dark races of all the Erehia, except neoridas, B., in those moun-
tains. E. gortje seems to be found in Central Italy only on most out
of the way summits quite difficult to reach. As mentioned by Querci at
p. 11, he found only one specimen in the Alpi Apuane attheFosso dei
Granchi, m. 1500, on Mount Pisanino, after a toilsome ascent of hours
through the marble region. Its features are intermediate between
carhoncina and the erynh I have from Arpetto in the Western Ligurian
Apennines, the nearest locality known of this species : the fulvous is
very extensive and deep in colour on forewing, but reduced to three
very small round spots on hind wing ; there exists on forewing one
minute apical ocellus with a white pupil scarcely perceptible ; on the
underside of hindwings the markings are vaguely shadowed, so thai
the former are not of a uniform black, as in carhoncina, but the general
tone is very dark.
'Melanargia f/alathea, L., race calabra-procida, Vrty.-Hrbst. —
The rule, so common in Calabrian races, holds good also in this
species : it is very different looking there from the races of Central
Italy, and by its size and extensive dark markings it resembles procida
aSASOKAL POLyMORPHIBM. ^8
of the Wesiem Alps and tmebrona, Frbst., of the Adriatic Eastern
ooast. I have mentioned in this journal, xxxi., p. 125, the magnificent
melanie race discovered by Querci on the Altipiano di Carmelia,
m. 1200, on the Aspromonte, and which I have named valahra [Bull.
Soe. Ent>ItaL, xlv., p. 215, pi. I., figs. 9-11 (1914)]. At S. Fili,
m. 900, on the Coast Range, a race has been found which can be
described as perfectly transitional between it and the particularly large
and dark procida from the Var. The breadth of the biacic bands is as
in the latter and far from the very great breadth of ndabta, but an
extensive black suffusion at the base of the wings reminds one
distinctly of calabra or. of tenebrosa, for it is never seen in fnocida,
except as a vestige ; the series of little white premarginal spaces are
lesser than in pivcida (in which, as a rule, at least three exist on hind-
wing and one on forewing) and in about 1% of the males these spaces
are entirely obliterated (ab. nicoleti, Culot) ; tbis is a very unusual
frequency for this rare form ; even a female of it has been found ; it is
.probably unique.
Melitaea athalia, Bott., race obscura-maxima, Vrty.-Trti. — In the
Ent. Rec,, xxxi., p. 194, I have described the race of the Altipiano di
Carmelia on the Aspromonte ; the one found at b. Fili can, on tbe
whole, be referred to it : it has in most individuals tbe same deep
reddisb-f ulvous colour and the extensive black pattern ; most females
have a black suffusion at the base of wings ; on tbe underside of hind-
wings the pattern is bold and bright ; in the females a central series of
silvery white spaces is nearly constant. On the other hand, tbe lesser
altitude of S. Fili produces a modification m the aspect of the race in
that very large individuals occur sparingly, which are quite similar to
.those constituting the race of the Calabrian coast, called nmxitna by
Turati, and found also in the Isle of Elba. One female i? transitional
to the $ form paleatincta, Vrty., by its very pale, whitish ground
colour. Others of both sexes are strikingly punctifera, Vrfcy., having
a central series of round, black spots across the hindwinoj above. One
male is a beautiful transition to the melanie ab. rj/uujthoe, Bartoloni
{navarina, Selys) ; the forewings are entirely black, with only one
series of fulvous spaces, as in ri/in(fthoe; the hindwings are only
partially obscured in their anterior half.
Melitaea jmrthenie, Borkh., race inanis, mihi, and race plena, mi hi.
— I have received series of this species from several I'rench and ISwiss
localities. On comparing them 1 find that individual variation is
.considerable everywhere, but that geographical variation is very limited
and indefinite and does not give one the impression of difi'erent local
races. Others must have come to the same conclusion, because a great
number of races have been described in its near allies, but of this
species none are to be found in literature. I was all the more struck
by the appearances of two French races, which are obviously different
from the more usual one of piuthenie, taken on the whole. We can
consider the latter as well represented (if two figures can convey the
look of such a variable species, individually) by Oberthiir's fig. 847, bh
and ter, in Et, Up. Comp., iv., except that the size is rather larger
than it is on an average ; his specimens are from Rennes and Cesson
in N.-W. France. One of the races I mean to distinguish is the one
214 THE entomologist's BBCOSDr
of Pont-de-rArche (Eure) sent to me by Dupont, He informs us in
his Catalogue des Lepidopth-es of that region [Bull. Soc. Amis de&
Sciences Nat d€ Rotten, 1902, p. 23] that it has two generations. I
only know the second one. It at once strikes one by its smalT,
uniform size, frail build, and still more by its pale colouring. Closer
inspection shows also that it does not vary individually as much as
most other races ; the black pattern in both sexes is constantly very
complete, but the streaks are notably thin ; the marginal one is more
or less visibly divided in two, as it always is to a far greater extent on
the underside. In the female the black pattern is never very much
thicker than in the male, but the fulvous is in some specimens
replaced by a dirty white tinge in some of the spaces. A very similar
race I have from Thennelieres in the Aube, but it is more variable and
comes a step nearer the usual aspect, seen, for instance, at Angers, at-
Aix-les-Bams (where I collected it in the company of Charles
Oberthiir, on the summit of the Mt. Revard), round Geneva, in the
Jura, etc. Instead the other race, which stands out amongst all these,
is one sept from the Gironde by the Abbe Sorin. The peculiarity here
is the very unusual extent of the black markings, which makes it
stand quite opposite to the preceding inanis race of the Eure. So-
unusual is it that, notwithstanding the look of the underside of hind-
wings, unmistakably of a parthenie, although the extraordinarily thick
black streaks do alter the aspect also on that surface, I did not feel at-
ease about these insects till I had sent one to Dr. Eeverdin and got his
verdict from an examination of the genitalia (slide 6280 of his files)
that it was quite clearly a parthenie. The look of upperside suggests
much more a small athalia, or still better, that very interesting little
Melitaeu from Turin, which I have called aureliaeformis (see Ent, Reo.y
xxxi., p. 193), and which Reverdin has since actually discovered to be
a species perfectly distinct from any other yet known, by its remark-
able genitalia ; there is no transition to athalia, as I had thought, on
account of the superficial resemblance of some individuals. In the
Gironde parthenie in question here, what is particularly characteristic
is the breadth of the two premarginal black streaks on all the wings ;
the fulvous spaces between them are reduced to small round spots,
instead of long rectangles ; the spaces between the outer one of the
two and the marginal band are also reduced to very small round spots,
instead of the usual lunulate shape ; thus, some of the chief parthenie
characteristics are quite abolished in this race. The fulvous is of a
•duller and deeper reddish tinge than in any parthenie I have seen and
recalls the tone of some athalia. I unfortunately do not know the
exact locality of this race in the Gironde. Two specimens from St*
Come Bazas, sent the following year by Sorin, are quite different and
belong to the most diffused race of the species, although this locality
also is in the Gironde.
{To be continued.)
Rearing Callimorpha quadripunctaria (hera).
By J. F. BIRD.
As I have been fairly successful with Callimorpha quadripunctaria-
(hera), which, I believe, is considered rather difficult to rear, the fol-
lowing notes may, perhaps, be found of some use.
BBABING GALLIMORPHA QUADRIPUNCTARIA (hKRa). 215
On September 6i)h, 1920, I netted a 2 near Teignmouth, in South
Devon, which I kept in a chip- box for ova. She laid 37 eggs, 10 the
first night, 18 the night following, and the remainder during the day-
time on September 8th, after which 1 allowed her to fly away in the
evening, as I considered I had obtained a sufficient number of ova to
experiment with.
The larvsB began to appear on September 15th, and all hatched out,
except one from an egg laid loosely, during the two following
days. At least, I think all but one must have come out, although I
was never able to count more than 84 young larvae, so presume that
two escaped when newly hatched. For their first meal they demolished
their egg-shells without leaving a trace ; afterwards they " browsed '*
on tbe leaves of groundsel which I started them off on, but after a few
days I tried them with several other plants and found they would eat
dandelion, perhaps their favourite pabulum, and also forget-me-not and
bramble, but do not fancy they much relished the two latter, as these
plants were practically neglected wben either dandelion or
groundsel was offered at the same time. Eventually I fed them princi-
pally with dandelion, and groundsel occasionally for a change, includ-
ing the buds and opening blossoms of both these plants which they
seem partial to.
In reading up notes on the life-history of this insect I find that it
has been advised to keep the larvae in a lofty breeding cage, so that
they may obtain plenty of air, but I decided to try a different method.
I therefore kept my young larvas in a large chip- box, which I placed in
a pigeon-hole within a closed bureau in a room heated wich a fire
throughout the winter months. My idea being that the larvae would
thus enjoy a fairly equable temperature during the cold weather ; and
for providing them with sufficient fresh air I made a point of opening
the box I kept them in every morning and evening, and generally once
or twice besides during the day.
The larvae have a habit, when not feeding, of resting on the lid of
the box where, also, they undergo their several moults. Tbe first
moult took place about the first week of October, and the second at the
end of the month, the last individual doing so on November 6th, on
which date a few of the more forward larvae were making preparations
for their third moult. On November 15th, several had shed their skins
for the third time, and all the others were on the lid of the chip- box
preparing to do so, which all succeeded in doing by November 28th.
As my larvae had grown I now kept them in two chip-boxes and con-
tinued to keep them in my bureau. At this stage the larvae do not feed
much, and about the middle of December a cold snap made them very
sluggish. On the 27th of the month I was doubtful if any were feed-
ing, but I continued to put fresh food in about every other day as the
weather had become very warm for the time of the year.
December 29t/i. — One larva came down from the lid and fed a little
on dandelion. Its example was not followed by any of the others until
about the middle of January.
January Idth, — During the last two or three days several of the
larvae commenced to feed again on groundsel, and I noticed that one or
two of the caterpillars were eating into the blossoms.
January 2Srd, — All the larvae have been feeding well and some are
nearly, if not quite, half an inch in length. To-day, one of the largest
is preparing for its fourth moult.
216 THE sntomolooist's record.
Januai-y 26th. — Several dow are preparing for the fourth moult.
Janiiai-y 21th. — In the morniDg I found one had completed its
fourth moult, and on looking at the larvse again, at 2.16 p.m., found
another in the act of shedding its skin.
February \Oth, — All, except one larva, have shed their skins for the
fourth*time.
February Vdih. — One still has to undergo its fourth moult, yet a
few are preparing^ for their fifth.
February lith, — The laggard has at last completed its fourth
moult.
February IQth, — The first larva has completed its fifth moult. I
am now keeping the larvae in two large chip-boxes and a larger card-
hoard box, pierced with holes, and still placed in the bureau.
March Qth. — All have now undergone their fifth moult, and several
are preparing for their sixth.
March nth. — These larvsB are inclined to cannibalism, and at- this
Stage should not be kept crowded. 1 kept ten of the largest in a circu-
lar cardboard collar-box and, unfortunately, neglected to look at them
yesterday, and found, to-day, that some had completed their sixth
moult, and that two of the larvse were missing, which reduces the num-
ber of my larvae to 82. My larvae are now kept in several cardboaird
boxes, with tbe lids pierced with small holes for ventilation, and 1 am
keeping them in a small side cupboard in my bureau.
March 21 st. — I found one of the larvae had been gartly eaten by
one of its companions, but still alive, so had to put it out of its
misery.
March 25th. — I had to kill another larva to-day which was unable
to moult, so have only 80 left. I am now keeping my boxes of larvsB
on a shelf in a pantry.
April 15th. — I counted the larvae to-day and find I have only 28
left as I have had to kill two more that had been attacked, when
moulting, by their more advanced companions. Since then I took care
to remove all the larvae that had completed their last moult (as soon
as they had sufiiciently recovered from the operation) and placed them
in large boxes by themselves, and was careful to keep them provided
with plenty of food. These larvae, apparently, become slightly canni-
balistic after completing their sixth, and last, moult. They then attack
the larvae that are preparing for, or have just undergone the process of
moulting and, consequently, are helpless to defend themselves. When
all are in their final coat, and have been feeding again for a day or so,
they seem to quite lose this cannibalistic tendency.
At the beginning of May the larvae were full-fed, and before spin-
ning up grew appreciably smaller, that is to say in length. During the
first week in May they commenced going down to get under their food-
plant, where they made a few webs — the merest apology of a cocoon —
in the folds of a leaf, or else between a leaf and the bottom of the box.
Unfortunately, four escaped from the boxes I kept them in — how they
manao:ed to squeeze out of the tightly fitting lids is a mystery ! How-
ever, I found one of the wanderers under a cardboard box, on the shelf
where I keep my larvae, where it had formed a flimsy cocoon.
May lith. — One larva has pupated. Several have attempted to
form cocoons on the lids of the boxes, and one or two on the sides, but
all but one fell, or else came down to pupate after remaining a few days
in their very slight webs.
REARING GALUMORPHA QUADBIPUNCTARIA (uERa). 217
May 25th, — All have pupated, including the one that remained to
do so on the side of a box. The pupation of the latter was not a
success, as the pupa was malformed through becoming loosened from
the cocoon and, being entangled to the web by its anal extremity, was
bent up against the bottom of the box, in which shape it hardened.
This was one of the few pupsB that failed to produce a moth.
July Sth. — The first two imagines came out during the middle of
the day, and two more in the afternoon, one of the latter being a
cripple. The moths are very restless and flutter or crawl about the
pupa- box after becoming fully developed, which is generally about an
hour or so after emerging. I find it rather diflBcult to know when to
take them, for if one leaves them a little bit too long they are apt to
spoil themselves, but if taken too soon the wings become very limp
after being placed in the killing- bottle.
' July 10«/i.— Another emerged, but being unable to completely
detach itself from the pupa-case the hindwings were crippled.
July 11th, — Another emerged about 10 a.m. (G.M.T.), and two
more in the afternoon. The one that came out in the morning was
rather badly bitten on the back while in the larval state when prepar-
ing for its final moult, but it managed to change its skin, with a little
help on my part, and in the end successfully pupated. I kept it by
itself to see if the imago would show any signs of the injury to the
larva, and notice that there is a slight scar showing on the upperside
of the abdomen.
July 12th, — Two came out between 10 and 11 a.m., and a third
about 4 or 5 p.m.
July ISth. — Five came out between 9 a.m. and mid -day, and a
sixth in the evening about 6 p.m.
July lAth. — One emerged between 8.30 and 9 a.m., and a second,
the last to emerge, about 10.15 a.m.
I gave three fully-fed larvsR away in May, and I have since heard
that two imagines were successfully bred from them. Including these
the result from my 37 ova is as follows : — One ovum (laid loosely)
failed to hatch, five larvae escaped, one larva had to be killed as it
failed to shed its skin, four larvae eaten or so badly bitten by their
companions that they had to be destroyed : the remaining 26 larvae
pupated, and from them 21 imagines emerged, including two crippled,
and another which was not kept as a specimen as it was malformed,
having a hole in the middle of one of its forewings.
The sixteen moths I have kept are of good size and quite as large
as specimens we have captured in South Devon, and the sexes are
evenly represented. Besides the colour of the hindwings, which ranges
from a darkish red to a light orange, there is, at first glance, not very
much variation in my specimens, but on studying the pattern of the
forewings I notice that the costal dash, between the two principal
cream-coloured transverse markings, is much subject to modification.
In its more developed form this may be described as a conspicuous
cuneiform streak running from the costal margin, the wide end cream
and the point orange, but in a number of specimens this wedge-shaped
marking is either divided— so as to resemble a semi -colon, or colon
— or else reduced to a single spot. In one of my specimens it is only
indicated on the right wing by an almost imperceptible dot, and is
entirely absent on the left.
218 THE kntomologist's begobd.
Ig^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.
Second bbood of Gbambus culmellus. — A specimen of Crambm
culmellus apparently quite recently emerged was observed here
yesterday. Records of second broods among the Crambids are
unknown to me, though a very extended emergence period is common
with them. This date seems necessarily too late for that. The
fringe was perfect and presumably the insect had emerged subsequently
to a sharp frost of 4 or 6 days ago. — H. C. Haywand, Bepton, Derby.
October 3lse, 1921.
Ebastria vKNusTuXiA. — I shall be very grateful if anyone can give
me information as to any authentic captures of the above species in
Epping Forest [exact spot immaterial) since 1887 ; also for records
from any part of the British Isles, except the Sussex localities near
Horsham and the Essex locahty near Brentwood. — C. Nicholson, 35,
The Avenue, Hale End, Essex.— A^ow. 28e/<. 1921.
Celastrina argiolus visiting flowers. — In August, 1895, this
butterfly was to be seen frequently visiting the flowers of Hemp-
agrimony for nectar, in lanes near Carisbrooke, I.W. I have also seen
the spring brood at bluebell flowers, and have occasionally seen them
attracted to roadside puddles, in hot, dry spring weather. — R. M.
PRmBAUX, Brasted Chart, Kent. November 2Sth, 1921.
SOCIETIES.
The Entomological Society of London.
June 1st, 1921. — The President, the Rt. Hon. Lord Rothschild,
M.A., F.R.S., announced the death of Dr. Longstaff, and a vote of con-
-dolence was passed to his widow and relatives.
Elections. — Dr. Sharp, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., etc., was elected a
Special Life Fellow ; Mr. P. V. Castling, of Peshawar, India, and Dr.
S. C. Harland, D.Sc, of Shirley Institute, Didsbury, were elected
Fellows of the Society.
Treasurer's Statement. — The Treasurer made a statement explain-
ing that the Society as a Friendly Society had been pronounced free
from all income tax, except on the interest on the Debentures. He
also made a statement as to the portraits of distinguished entomologists
that had been hung in the Society's rooms, and expressed the hope that
other portraits and documents of entomological interest would be
presented to the Society. The President read a statement as to the
death of a number of distinguished Russian entomologists during
1919-20.
Prof. Poulton exhibited varieties of Pyrameis cardui, and an
example of a very large Pa^pilio, P. hornerus, F., that visits the very
small flower of Asclepias curassavica ; examples of Libytliea, probably
L. lams from Tanganyika territory, congregating perhaps before or
during migration; notes on the courtship of Monomotarpa inngnUf
Distant ; Coprid beetles, believed to be internal parasites, and expreiSBed
the view that such cases were due to trickery on the part of native
medicine men. Comments were made by the President and Mr.
Durrant.
REVIEWS. 219
Imperfect exclusion. — Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited a specimen of
Argynnis euphrogyne carrying a portion of the pupa case. Some dis-
cussion arose as to the effect of damage to antennae on the flight of
butterflies.
Eversible glands in beetle LARYJE. — Dr. Gahan exhibited examples
of the larvae of Phytodecta viminalisy and called attention to the exist-
•ence in these larvae of eversible glandular structures between the
seventh and eighth dorsal segments. Comments were made by Mr. CL
B. Williams, who said that he found P. viminalis to be viviparous.
BioLOGHGAL POINTS IN SOME Hymenoptbba. — Mr. Moricc exhibited (1)
examples of Anthophora pilipea, of which he had seen no ^ s, and
described attempts made by the S to pair with $ s of the Humble
Bee ; (2) a (^ sawfly, Tenthredopsis palmata, Geofifr., with an abnormal
wing neuration, apparently a reversion to a primitive type.
Exotic Lepidoptbra shown.— Mr. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. J. J.
Joicey, exhibited examples of HeUconins from Venezuela. Dr. Dixey
exhibited PieHncB from Central Peru. Comments were made by the
President, Prof. Poulton, and Mr. Rosenberg.
Papers. — Two papers were read (1) by Mr. Donisthorpe on
^< Mimicry of Ants by other Arthropods/* and the author exhibited a
number of examples to illustrate this : comment was made by Prof.
Poulton ; (2) by Mr. G. Arrow on " Erotylid Coleoptera."
Mid-month Meeting. — It was decided not to hold the informal
meeting arranged for June 15th.
EYIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.
Insect Transformations. By George H. Carpenter, D.Sc. 282
pages. With 24 plates and 124 other illustrations. Methuen and Co.,
Ltd. Price 12s. 6d. — Some twenty years ago Prof. Carpenter wrote a
work entitled, " Insects ; their structure and Life," the purport of
which was more aptly expressed by its secondary title, " A Primer of
Entomology." It was a concise outline of the whole subject of the
study of insects. The volume before us is an intensive presentation
of what was only touched upon in an outline then, viz,^ << Insect
Transformations."
So much life history matter has been discovered during the past
two decades that our author found it a difficult task, he tells us, to give
a balanced consideration of both old and new facts adequately to be of
service equally to beginners as to older students. This object however
he has admirably attained and we feel quite sure that those who read
and re-read his previous volume will, as we shall, read and re-read the
present work with pleasure and profit.
Prof. Carpenter begins his task with the detailed study of a few
fully developed insects of different types, the grasshopper, the dragon-
fly, the butterfly, so that the purpose of the structure and habits of
ihe immature creature may the better be understood "in the light of
what is to be the end of its life-history." This chapter is headed
** Form, Growth and Change."
The next two chapters deal with the earlier stages of insects
having the titles, 1 " The Open Type of Wing-growth," and 2 " The
Hidden Type of Wing-growth," and take up nearly a hundred pages.
In the former the immature stages all have " outward and visible wing
22iO THE KNT0M0IX>OI8T*S RECORD.
rudiments " progressing in development at each stage of growth of
the organism, while in the latter these structures grow *' concealed "
until the penultimate stage, the pupal, is reached.
This chapter is succeeded by a short one on '* Some Wing-less
Insects,*' and introduces us to the changes to which some of our too
familiar beasties are subject, shewmg that the special transformations
that each undergoes are necessitated by the very peculiar environments
which affect them. The whole Order of Insecta our author dividea
into 28 Glasses, recognising the Dermaptera as distinct from the
Orthoptera, the use of the term Neuroptera in a very restricted sense,
excluding the mayflies as Ephemeroptera, putting the booklice and
their allies a? Corrodentia, the fleas as Aphaniptera and retaining the
Btrepsiptera.
A long chapter is taken up with the subject, ** Growing Insects and
their Surroundings,'* and gives a large number of very well chosen
examples of the variety of form displayed by insects during their
period of growth, with especial reference to this important question of
Environment.
The last chapter, entitled " The Problems of Transformation,"
discusses *^ what light the transformations of insects throw upon the
course of the great periods that mark the progress of life on our
earth," and summarises what Miall, Dyar, Comstook, Sharp, Silvestri^
Handlirsch, Jkogniart, Tillyard and others have said on this
comprehensive question.
The whole work is adequately illustrated by a large number of
diagrams, and many references to the sources of much of the informa-
tion are given, so that the earnest student may further his studies in
each section. The volume is well printed and published and we have
much pleasure in recommending it to our readers. — Hy.J.T.
Applied Entomology. — An Introductory Text-book of Insects in
their Relation to Man. By T. H. Fernald, Ph.D., 400 pages, 888
text figures. The McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York and
London. Price 21s. — This book is published " as a class-room text
for an introductory course in the subject, which shall give a general
idea of insects, their structure, life-histories and habits, with methods
for the control of insect pests in general." In some 60 pages the first
four chapters deal concisely with I. Insects and other Animals, IL
The External Structure of Insects, III. The Internal Structure, and
IV. The Development of Insects, and give sufficient detailed informa-
tion to enable the average student to understand the effects of the
application of controls for pests, and also to understand the notes on
the various orders and families of insects treated of in the main body
of the work. Chapter V., " Losses caused by Insects," summarises
the Relationship of Insects to Man both directly on his person and
indirectly by attacking his crops, and leads naturally to a consideration
of controls, briefly describing the methods evolved by nature to retain
a balance of its members struggling one with the other for the right to
live. The next four chapters contain an important summary of the
•* Artificial Methods of Control," classifying them under •* General
Farm Practices," ** Stomach Poison Insecticides," " Contact Insect-
icides," and " Fumigation Insecticides."
The bulk of the volume is a consideration of a selection of the
INDEX.
221
members of each of the 24 Glasses of insects, which the author
recognises, most of the examples chosen for description and illustration
being in some portion or other of their life more or less injurious to
man or to his crops. The book being primarily for American students,
the types chosen are all from the Western Hemispheire and most of
them dominant species of that fauna. This, however, should in no
way deter readers on this side of the Atlantic, as the two areas have so
much in common that even if the particular species used does not
occur in Great Britain, a closely allied species of the same genus doe&f
occur, often uadistinguishable at the first glance and with quite
similar habits and habitats. Opening the book at random one finds,
for ini^tance, the carrion beetle a Silphuy the larder beetle DermesUs
lardariiis, the June bug Phyllopertha^ the asparagus beetle Cnoceris
asparagiy the two-spotted lady-beetle Adalia bipunctatus, the gypsy-
moth Porthesia dispar^ the bee moth Oalleria mellonella, and so on.
Thus insensiblv, as it were, the British student is led to a knowledg0
of the main features of the American insect fauxia, by a 9tudy pf
apecies which have been selected partipularly ip unite the several
points of view comprised in the author's object. With the account of
the life-history of each selected species are added paragraphs concern-
ing the specific controls which most adequately keep a check upon th^
over increase and development of the crei^ture. The illustrations $^re
quite adequate in execution and in sufficient number, as practically
every specie$ selected is figured, often with its various stages and
characteristic depredations.
Not OQly has the author well carried out his aim for the class room^
but he has further succeeded in producing a book which should be of
much practical use to all outside who are interested in economic
^tomology. The publishers, too, have done their work quite well
and we congratulate the author who has mo^e an excell^t and
•nccessf ul attempt to follow the footsteps of his able and learned
father in entomological study. — Hy.J.T.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIII.
By H. J. TURNTO, y.K.S.
^m-
PAOS
Aberrations :— P. napi, 35, 91 ; M.
tilia^y 38 : E. tithonus, 89 ; S.
semeli, 89; A. aglaia, 89, 40;
C. ligniperda, 39 ; 0. edusa var.
helice, 89; B. euphrosyne, 89,
49 ; -4. coridon, 39 ; D. truncata,
39; N. taget, 39; C. mesoviella,
S9\ A. thetis, 39, 50 ; E.jurtiiia,
B9: A. medon, 40; E. eardamines,
40; E. croceus (edusa), 40; C.
oedipus, 40 ; G. alcetas, 46 ; R.
phlaeas, 49, 164 ; F. auricularia,
79 ; B. selene, 79 ; P. admetus,
121 ; P. hrassicae, 138 ; P. icarus,
139 ; V. to, 139 ; P. viachaon,
179 ; B. exilis, 199 ; S. cecropia,
199 ; A. herenice . .
Abnormal P. admetus*
121
PAOB
Abundance of, P. aegeria^ 84 ; A.
gro88ulariata larvBB, 66, 164 ;
Gooseberry sawfly iarvee . .
Atari and anis . . . .
Addendum and Correction . .
Alliance of Z. trifolii and var.
hippocrepidis
Alpine climate and butterflies'
habits
Analytic remarks on hind wing
pattern
Annual, Exhibition of the S. Lon-
don Ent. Soc, 38, 58; Meeting
Lanes, and Chesbire Soc, 58;
Meeting S. London Ent. Soc. . .
Asymmetrical C. pamphilus
Atrophied zone in Zygaena marking 107
Bald-headed men and insects . . 97
56
25
76
84
145
98
58
222
THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
PAGE
** Black macAoon" 202
Bleached C. croceui (edusa) , . 39
Breeding of C. ditpar var. rutilus 136
British species found in India . . 39
Broods and Differentiation of G.
Cleopatra and O. rhamni . . 76
Butterflies of Gilan, N.W. Persia,
P. A. Buxton 29
Cannibalism of larvae of C, qxiadri-
punctaria 216
Catalogue of a small Collection of
Lepidoptera from the Trans-
Caucasus in 1915, G. T. Bethune-
Baker 169
Cionus woodi. A Species of Cole-
optera new to Science, H.
Donisthorpe . . . . . . 64
Coccids and ants 24
Coccimllidae in 1920 . . . . 35
Coleoptera 75
Collecting, in Asia Minor in 1920,
P. P. Graves, 41 ; in Palestine in
1921, P. P.Graves .. ..193
Collection of, A. grotsulariata, 38 ;
P. crUtana, 39 ; L. literana . . 39
Colony, founding of Ants [A.
mixtVrS), 22 ; The Irish, G. dispar
var. rutilus, E. B. Purefoy . . 178
Comparison of Z, filipendulae and
Z. stoechadii . . . . . . 82
Competition in Lancashire Soc. . . 140
Current Notes 19, 37, 67, 77, 96,
118, 160, 178, 202
Days at Digne, A few, G. T.
Bethune-Baker 121
Description of, new ab. of S,
plumaria, 36: P. peiteiy 64 ;C.
woodi, 65 ; Hong Kong, 67 ; H,
variegata, 115 ; four new Orthop-
tera from Macedonia, B. P.
Uvarov, 155 ; Smerinthus Gynan-
dromorphous Hybrids, 176 ; ovum
of C. ornatipennella, 188 ; Second
brood of P. napi in Palestine . . 193
Differentiation of G. cleopatra and
C. rliamni . . . . . . . . 76
Diptera and Ants . . . . . . 23
Distribution, of British species of
Cionus 66
Dwarf, A. coridon race . . . . 58
Dytiscid larvae as food in Burma . . 55
Early, stages of NaHs lativentris,
24 ; stages of C ornatipennella,
188 ; appearances 164, 179, 181
Economic insects . . . . . . 161
Editorial . . . . . . . . 1
Entomological Society, New Pre-
mises of the 20, 37, 57, 77, 78,
118, 134, 163, 179
Esber Common . . . . . . 162
Eversible glands in beetle larvsB . . 219
Exhibition, Annual, of the S.
London Soc, 38 ; Annual, of
other orders . . . . . . 181
Experiments with B. viori . . . . 160
PAOB
Flight of Ants, A 21
Five-spotted Z, filipendulae . • 122
Five- winged Z, filipendulae, 139 ;
B. exilis, 199 ; S. cecropia . . 199
Flight of A, marloyi. Curious . . 42
Flowers visited by C. argiolus . . 178
Fortnight at S. Baume, A, G. T.
Bethune-Baker 101
Forward appearance of F. rufa . • 22
Four broods of P. aegeria . . . . 201
French Jura in 1920, The, Lt.
E. B. Ashby 196
Gardiner, John, F.E.S 164
Geographical variation in Z. fiU-
pendulae, 87 ; Z. stoechadis, 110 ;
European Butterflies . . . . 170
Genus Taeniocampa, The, Bev.
F. M. B. Carr . . . . . . 139
Gradations of geographical varia-
tion in, Z. filipendukte races, 87,
147 ; Z. stoechadis . . . . 129
Guests of Ants . . . . . • 22
Gynandromorph of E. tithontu, 39 ;
A, populi, 40 ; C potatoria, 40 ;
P. atalanta, 77 ; O. antiqua,
137 ; Sciapteron dispar, 137 ; P.
haliphron, 137 ; C croceta, 137 ;
E, cardamines, 137 ; Smerinthus
hybrids, 176 ; C. glicia . . . . 180
Habitats, of Z. filipetidulae and Z.
stoechadis compared . . . . 82
Habits of, H. marloyi, 42 ; var.
rutilus, 47 ; P. m4ichaon, 121 ;
Ants, 136; P. charUmia, 194;
larvsB of C, quadripunctaria . . 215
Hibernating Diptera . . . . 186
H. variegata, Goez., G. B. C.
Leman .. .. .. •• 116
Hybrid S. hUunariaxS. tetra-
lunaria, 39; Opofdbia, 39; B,
euphrosyne and B. selene, 120 ;
Z. lonicerae and Z, filipendulae,
137,138; Smerinthus . ..176
Influence of Food on colour of
larva of S. ocellatus . . . . 80
Erueper, Dr., Collecting by .. 41
Lancashire and Cheshire Soc. 57,
139, 182
Large P. megera . . . . . . 34
Larva found in a barrel of Apples 84
Latent faculty in Alpine species of
Butterflies in Act of Egg-laying,
B. S. Warren 1
Lepidoptera in Peninsular Italy in
1920, O. Querci .. ..10, 26, 70
Life-history of C. ihipenneUa . . 8S
Locust at Mansfield . . . . 199
Markings in H, bolina. Analysis of 119
Mansfield Mixture, A . . . . 66
Marriage flight of ants . . . . 81
M. athalia in Somerset . . . . 86
M. atropos at Weymouth . . . . SCO
Mermicophiles .. .. 21, 28
Mermithogynes of A, niger .. 21
Melanic, A . aglaia, 39 ; Z. trifoUi,
INDEX.
228
PAGE
39 ; C. ligniperday 39 ; B, eon-
tortaria, 89 ; P. pedaria, 56 ;
Nolidae, 135; M. tiliae, 164;
H. abruptaria
Mental attitude towards Insects . . 55
Migration night and morning 40, 79
Mimetic Association between,
Euploeine and Danaine, 135 ;
Heliconine species . . . .' 168
Mongrels of C. 11 -punctata . . 76
Mosquito, Investigation Committee,
118, 200 ; new to Science . . 137
Myrmecophilous, Hymenoptera,
New Species of, L. A. Box, 15 ;
Notes for 1920, H. Donisthorpe 21
New Palffiaactic species, of Lycae-
ninae^ G. T. Bethune-fiaker, 63 ;
of Goleoptera, 64 ; races of Z.
filipendulae, 81« etc. ; races of Z,
stoechadU, 81, etc. ; ab. of C.
7-punctata^ 130 ; ab. of S, plum-
aria^ 188 ; British Cecidomyiide,
151, 166 ; races of European
butterflies, 172, 190 ; Society for
Hampshure, 179 ; British Tortrix 180
Nomenclature, P. icarus, 54, 76 ;
Geographical races of Z. filipen-
dulae 87
Notes on Collecting 17, 84, 178, 199
Notes, from Kent, Middlesex and
Surrey, A. Sich, 17; West Sussex,
J. F. Bird, 48; on Collecting
Butterflies at Hong Kong, G. C.
Woodward, 67 ; from Putney, H.
Donisthorpe, 116: from La S.
Baume, G. H. Gurney, 133 ;
from Mucking, Bev. C. K. N.
Burrows, 178 ; C. argioluif Rev.
G. H. Raynor 201
Obituary . , . . . . . . 164
Observations on the Fam. Coleo-
phoridae — Descent and Ovum,
A. Sich . . . . • . . . 131
Occurrence of, so-called type P.
napi in Alpine regions, B. S.
Warren, 91 ; P. c- album in Bir-
mingham, E. Grose Hodge . . 178
Officers and Council of, Entomo-
logical Soc. of Lond., 20; S.
London Ent. Soc. . . . . 20
Oriental races of Z. filipendulae .^. 88
Oviposition in Alpine butterflies,
B. S. Warren . . . . . . 1
Ovum and case of C. ibipennellay
32 ; of Coleophorids, 132 ; of C.
omatipennella . . . . . . 188
Pairing habit of C. argiolus 201
P. moneta in Somerset . . . . 35
Polymorphism and Races of Euro-
pean Butterflies, R. Verity 170,
190, 209
" Progress," Prof. W. M. Wheeler, 96
Protective coloration and adjust-
ment in P. rapae pupa . . . . 137
Pseudophoresy . . . . . . 57
PAOB
Pupation of, P. dimidiata . . . . 59
Pyrenees in 1920, The, D. H.
Pearson 7
Races of, Z, filipendulaSt 81, 105,
122 ; Z. ttoechadis . . . . 150
Rare, var. eonfluens of C. 10-punc-
tata^ 35 ; C. 7 -punctata, 36 ; A.
britannui, 36 ; L. extranea, 89 ;
M. untonoZM, 98, 137; Diptera 120
Ray Society . . . . . . . . 78
Rearing C. quadripunctaria (hera),
J. F. Bird 214
Records, of C. ll-punctata, 75;
New, for the Constantinople
District, P. P. Graves . . . . 165
Reviews, Forel's *' le Monde Social
des Fourmis," 59 ; Holland's
'* Lepidoptera of the Congo," 99 ;
Rebel's ** Lepidoptera of the
Amanus," 141 ; Lucas' " Brit.
Orthoptera," 143, Proceedings
of the S. London Entomological
Soc., 183; BuU. of the HUl
Museum, 203 ; Insect Trans-
formations, 219 ; Applied Ento-
mology 220
Russian entomologists. Notes on,
Malcolm Burr . . . . . . 19
Scale defectiveness in E. antiopa.. 205
Scarcity of, Rhopalocera in Italy,
26 ; Species at Mont Dore, 63 ;
Butterflies in the past summer,
200; Species near London .. 202
Scientific Notes .. .. 32, 76
Season in Italy, 1920, 75 ; Notes
on the . . • . . . . . 202
Seasonal Polymorphism in Butter-
flies, R. Verity . . 170, 190, 209
Second brood of, C. dispar var.
rutilus, 179; P. plantaginiSf 199;
A. caja, 200; 0. sambucaria,
201 ; C. culmellui . . . . 218
Sbelkovikav, Alexander Borisovitch 19
Six- spotted Z. trifolii . . . . 139
Snow, Summer Alpine . . . . 4
Societies 38, 57, 78, 98, 118, 134,
163, 179, 203
South London Entomological Soc.
38, 98, 138, 164, 180, 203
Spiders ants . . . . . . • . 24
Stridulation in Saturniids, etc. 136, 138
Table of, British Species of Cionus,
65 ; individual variation in Z.
stoechadis, 148; European species
of Aeolopus (Orth.) . . . . 157
Teratological Form of, F. auricu-
laria, 79 ; B. exilis, 199 ; S,
cecropia . . . . . . . , 199
Terms for gradation of Marking . . 147
Third brood of P. chloridice . . 199
Three weeks at S. Martin Vesubie,
G. T. Bethune-Baker . . . . 186
Tropical Medicine, A Visit to the
Liverpool, School of . . . . 182
Types of Coleophorid ova . . . . 182
S84
THK ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.
-U
PAGE
United States National Museum . . 160 , *' Verrall Sapper, The "
VanesfiidaB in £. Tyrone 1921 . . 201 , Water beetles flying in the Ban
Variation, An Essay on the System-
alio Study of, Dr. Verity 81, 105,
122, 145
Variation in, C. pendularia, 40;
A, thetit, 50; A. coridoiif 51;
Z. filipendvlae, 81, 105, 122,
145 ; Z. stoechadUj 110 ; H.
variegata . . . . . . . . 116
8T
7 DUU • ■ XBV
Week at Mont Dore, A, O. T.
Bethune-Baker fil
j White border of E, antiopa, Tba,
E. A. Cockayne |W
j Wicken Fen Fund M
Wing-pattern of Zygoma . . . . lOK
Xanthio, G. bidentata - - 4^
Localities: — Asia Minor, 41; Alps, 91, 185; Amanus, 141; Borten valli^,
185 ; Bithynla, 165 ; Britain, 143 ; Brusa, 46 ; Bridgewater, 84 ; Blaz^tS,
10; Calabria, 12; Chiswick, 18; Camaione, 27; California, 98, lid;
Congo, 99 ; Constantinople, 165 ; Chichester, 200 ; Digne, 121 ; Delftme^tt
Forest, 58 ; Elba, 29 ; Faucille, Col de la, 197 ; Fiesole, nr., 29 ; Qatiuniie,
8, 95; Oarpagnana, 11, 25; Gilan, 29; Greece, 38; Gtez. 196: Hoilg
Kong, 67 ; Italy, 10, 25, 70, 81, 105, 122, 145, 170, 190, 209 ; Jerlobo«
194; Jordan Valley, 194; Jura Mts., 195; Kingsbury, 18; Kent, 17;
Lenzerheide (Grisons), 3; Luchon, 8; Mt. Carmel, 193; Maoking,\l78 ;
Macedonia, 155 ; Madagascar, 135 ; Mesopotamia, 33, 163 : Mont Doraa
61; Mansfield, 56; Monte Sumbra, 26; Middlesex, 17; Norfolk (Dip.).
120; Nans, 134; New York, 161, N. Notts, 199; Oleron, laU, 118;
Oxford, 17 ; Pyrenees, 7, 40, 95 ; Persia, N.W., 29 ; Panderma, 44 ; Fio d«
Capuchin, 62 ; Plan di Mugnone, 72 ; Poynzpass, Ireland, 98 ; PCMpI
Elizabeth, 99 ; Putney, 116 ; Palestine, 193 ; Sauverny, 197 ; St. Martin
Vesubie, 185 ; Society Islands, 119 ; Sainte Baume, 101, 1S8 ; Selttnm,
79; Sibillini Mts., 70; Smyrna, 41 : Surrey, 17; Trans-CaacaBQS, lOd ;
Tyrone, 201 ; Venanson, 187 ; W. Sussex
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.
PAGE
Ashby, Lt. E. B., F.E.S 195
Anderson, J. . , . . . . . . 200
Boldero, M. . . . . . . . . 199
Bagnall, B. S., F.L.S., F.E.S. 151, 166
Burrows, Bev. C. K. N., F.E.S.
143, 178, 183
Bird, J. F 36,48, 214
Buxton, P.A., M.A., F.E.S. . . 29
Burr, Malcolm, Dr 19, 169
Box. L. A., F.Z.S., F.E.S. . . 15
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.L.S.,
F.E.S. 1, 61, 63, 101, 121, 169. 185
Cruiokshank, B. B. . . . . . . 55
Gastle-Bussell, S. G., F.E.S. .. 77
Cockayne, E. A., D.M., F.B.C.P.,
F.E.S 205
Colebrook-Taylor, F. H 176
Daws, Wm 34, 57, 199
Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.8., F.E.S.,
21, 60; 76, 96, 116
Graves, Major P. P., F.E.S. 41,
141, 165, 193, 199
Gurney, G. H., F.Z.S., F.E.S. .. 131
Greer, T 201
pAom
.. US
.. 178
Hay ward, H. 0
Hodge, E. Grose, F.E.S. . .
Harrison, J. W. H., D.So. Ifl* 166
Long, B. . . . . « 8ft
Leman, G. B. C. . . 96, 76, lift, 180
Nicholson, C. . . 9QS, 818
Pearson, D. H., F.E.S. .. 8» 6!ft
Prideaux, B. M., F.B.S Uft
Purefoy, Capt. E. B., F.B.S. . . 178 «%
Querci, 0., 10,8ft, 70 t.
Kaynor, Bev. G. H 8|| .' ^
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S. 19, 84, 76, 161, 188
Turner, Hy. J., F.E.S. 84, 87, fiS.
199, 208, 818, 890 <
Talbot, G., F.E.S 108 1
Uvarov, B. P., F.B.S. .- .16ft .1
Verity, Roger, M.D. 81, 105, 188, '
145, 170, 180, UO
Woodward, Com. J. 0.
W H. S. ..
Wheeler, Rev. G.,F.E.B. .
Woodward, Com. G. 0. .
Warren, B. C. S., F.E.S. .
■ •
164 .
1, 01 jp^'
■
LIST OF ILLUSTIIATIOXS, d-c.
Pl.
Pl.
Pl.
*>
Pl.
I. Le Mont Dore, Auvergne
II. Lac (le Servieres, Auvergne
III. lia Madone de Fenestra. (1) Hotel and Refuge
,, ,, ,, (2) One of the Madone Falls
IV. Above Venanson, •• An unknown Snapshot "..
(Notice to Binder.)
TofaoePAOK ^
61
61
» •
18ft m
18S
18ft'- J
)e €i^fomoloaisr$ Recc
Journal of Variationl
'Jth. WHO.
icDii«imu.-h, wUti Beimm ol J
CATKINS & DONC
.K.I M,.,...I-,,-,„r,.,i ..I i
Lantern Slides in Natnraf
MOV ^^^^^^^^^^1
H H. M
\^^^^^^H
^^H
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[^^^^^^1
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^^H pii..'
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^^1 l^uund
"^H
^^HgUpT,
1
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ubscriptions tarMoX, XXXIM. are now di
CvT
|l)e entomoloflisrs Record
Journal of Variation
B S. BAfiNALL, »,...H., ».
k T. BBTHCSE BiEBB, >
Sa. a. H, lili|tlU)W>l, I
II. A, iJOOKAYNE, u.t... »
.Ias. %. UOLI.IN. r.«.a.
H. (4t. J. K, ItONlSinuUPR, ».a,^
JiUfl. H*KTt,ii» liUBRANT, i
CONTENTS.
-o.r.B.-i
a IstsDi boulijr |iuei»uiii1 bjr Al|iiiia SuthnUlfei. i'. c-. S. Wirtm, P^.S.
It in rMtlnaiilni lUlf liuflim l.hb f4«i IVIHI, OtattffJKOi'i..
B d1 U;ruLSQO(iblloue BjiuanDplern-rioetotrfpidM, Litai. J,. A. Box, FtZM
«eh, F.E.a
0 N<v(«8 : — ilDtea Iroiu Kent, Mlddlesei and fiai-r»jr, '
1- HoraB iFP SSOilT HOTICKP
r Viii. XXXII.
.MiVt'.-iJi'r i.5f/(, ii/j/i.
fHcc TWO SHILLINGS (nkt).
>|iiiiluii«>« »n UttUBr.K Wlill|i"lU«, »i«.>
TEN SHiLLINGS.
HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S..
LiLUiiTOtiuni bald Iibou vopehvil
a. Uaaiinll. Hy. J. Tuimit,
tCollhraiJ.Ruv.C, !l. N. IlurrdWB. Dr. T. ■■
MS. B. isliUy, .1 H. Durmit, Mftjiir H. ;
[v. DftW«, .\\lYpd 0. HedKliai *llli BulmPlr- nT S.i,'i.:iiei >iil(1 H. iu'Wp
WATKINS & OONGASTER.
|||lar«liM> mitl MauutncliirerH of Cn '
II ILiie NnU. win
6, STRAND, LONDOi^, vV.C, bnuLU
Lantern Slides in Natural Colonrs
L.BPIDOPTERA A L.ARVJG A SPECIALITY.
SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.
I PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LARVJE. LIFE SIZE, ON IVORINl
' TABLETS TO PIN IN THE CABINET.
Per Li*i ftlijllj 1(1—
CHARLG8 E). HEAD. Cherrymoutit, DoDoycorniijr, OUBbllV
X-- Vlf- NEWnVTAK
ipliBpia; Puidularln vnr. BuI'IoubkU; Mrlaiiiu loims LFinuiut..
in. Aliiiilarla ', IHali toiun A.uitdn ujiJ Nupi, flim vars. Tilm", 1 m..i.
- Qnnuitlons bh'I tneer-iE iitii. mi approi'il witb [ilausui's.
Alsi> a huge slock of fine PVVJE and OVA.
lYiHf Am- Inlcic prleo lir>t>.
SubaofiptJoiis roi> Vol. XXXIII, ilOBhilllngsi should be went
Mt>. HeHt>ei<C E. Pag«, " BeptroBe," Oallatly Rotid. New Ci*o»s>
S.E. 14 iThls Bubooi-lption Includes all numbaos published rragp
ianuary IBth to Deoember 1 Sth. 1931.1
Mon'r«cei|>l. ni' errors in t)ic aeiidlng of fiittiucHben' iiia^niinoa •)
.. .1111,1,] I., Mi'. Horliurt E. Page, " Be rtc ,■«{■.,•* Ui;llntly Rtiad, Wcw C.ratii,
and Appai*{ituG. -
i. lOxS, 5/a; 18<9.
%|i(iiiial (iriae bj dthii
■l Sets, fins (TiJlw's
7-; 11x10. ^/ , taxU, «ffl
-ft. spMimena
Lpidnpierid,
43,Spnilt Nail Mmd,
PUIJID.
Wnniiltail,
- 1
>l rilllRI uiLli
■^l.h-' d[ OlC)
iiikI ,^lh
■■' "■•li'iiry
BIEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.
I London.— M. CltriTidoB Sitiu't, CiiiiKiiliali Sa
riml fdoetiug.
Niulogical And Natural HUtwy Socialy, UUiai
. Mr, n. B. ^■„^,
^VA. LARV/E. AND PUP/E.
li LargitH^ BreetJer <i( Ln|iir1i.|iUu-(i in tin.. Mrjlisli Uhit U
|H. W. HEAD, (ijutomoloflletl
BURNISTON. Nr. seKR30K0USM.
■ ITV"'
rli:, frill un (•ii;iUc.ulii
Hamj Bare BrlUah 6i>«nl«B nnil Good VAriBllM for ShI«,
IMPORTANT
10 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS
BAOK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist's Record
and Journal of Variation.
NTS OF Vol.
1»H0
T( he obi
LARGEST STOCK OF
4
Palaearctic Lepidopteraiii the World^
We ofler 1st Qua]itj, sit, .
I
^^BSi AgtiSB litMinii, c< .
HP Lepidoptera
doptara (.S50 lUr:
shillings, mil i-^-
(p, = P^rt.
5/.; C. totfli-(i-fl ((^f-l^peF■., 5— tO-
<1 Fiiunfts oocHaju^. 38«Q
fAiiWAsaiUS. 2iio COLIAS. > '.ts.J.
i
ir. 0. STAUDINGER Sl 4. BANG-HAAS. Dresdcn-Blisevid
Cl)e entomoloaist's Rccon
Journal of Variation
i;'CH»»ii 8. BAGNALL. r.i-.a.. r,;
|J13B0» T. BETHONEIfiKEB, t
u. BUfiR, D.tc, ir.us..r.E.H., r.H
liKT.) C. B. N. BtlEROWS, ff.Kj
r 4. CHAPMAN. ■.!>.. r.K.9.. r.i
E. A. COCKAYNE, m.o,. f
JtB. E, COLUN, r.«!.».
H, Si. J, K, DONISTHOBPB.i-,
JoBW HiBn.KV DUBBANT, r.n.:
iBm.l QioaoE WHEELER, i
f J. TURNEK, I.X.
Eldiloriiil Sberctars.
CONTENTS,
llie WliiSe BorfetoIBuvimeBsiiiWli'jptt, L.. E.A. Cuokannr. M.D., f.H.C.P., y.K.S. . .—
-<i.'n£onal I'oijmorpbiHm UDil maw at iiumD Qitropenn Hbopiilnoarn, Rogtr Vtrity, XJ). ^1
ivgjuio^ OiillUnorirliii quadcitiunot&ria (bem). J. y. Bird mM
'■Tin oM C0L1.ECTI1111 1 — Seroiid brood of Cmmbus eulinellDa. H. C. Suyiuartf; BrOigttjft
vBnunl.ulft in Bppimt iroreai, C. tiiekalton : C. nigi/Aan visiting flowers, B. U. Fri-
■Iraug, F.E.S
B 1— Tfaa Kntoinologlcat Hocietf ol LondoD
DHCEUBEH 15th, tyi4t.
l*Hce TWO SHILLINCS (n.^).
Siilmuriflioii for Oomplcta Volnute, (luvi tew;
TEN SHILLI NOB.
HERBERT E. PAGE, F.E.S. ,
" UanTBudE," Ou.i,»'ii.T Boip, Kbk Obmh, S.B.14.
I
OoiiiiiiuiiiontlDuii liava beeu rioHTed v
a b*en iiroiiiisad from Bev. O, Wbealer.
, 0. G, C. Lanun, iritb
WATKIN5 & DONCASTER.
NATURAUSTB,
Keep iu ytock —
All kiAda of Appzu-atus and Cabift^te
lequired by Collectors of InRects, Birds' Egge, PliintH,
A Large Stock ot
British, Continental & Exotic Lepidopter^
and ulso
Birds* Eggs
(Riuglee ae 'vgII as m Clatches.)
^
, NEW CATALOQCE WiLh BE 8KNT POST FREE ON i
SO, Strand, Londoni W.O> S.
Lantern Slides in Natural ColoufSP
LARV/B A SPECIALITY.
a iiiid Lruu to Mnliiire 111 uvvcy i]el.iill.
SLIDES OF BIRDS, WILD FLOWERS, &c.
L PHOTOS IN COLOUR OF LABVS. LIFE SIZE, ON IVORINI^
I TABLETS TO PIN JN THE CABINET. ^H
For LUt apply to —
CHARGES D. HEAD, Cherrymount, Donnycaraoy,
LB.xl.y] I^. \Kr. NEWMAT
Biu toi Hftle ft BUiittrl slook al IDUO ipuciniens In Ihi- '!oiii<m '
iiliilis; Peail.ilariii var. Sutnosmti. ; M-lpuiiu fuiiiibi L,iriL'.,i, . ,
Lkria. Jkliifltnl'iA ; Triib Jmms. kntinhi mid Nupi, Que vnri. I'Ulu.. ;
'* QuulalloiiB Biii.1 IiiE8vi,8 usiil 1911 uj^iiroviil w!lli plawiira.
Alsn a huge slock of fin« PUP£ utl OVJ
WrlW lot bleal [irico Hits,
4/- amoli fini) O/- IniRe. posl fra<,
l|
Subaof ipttons for Vol. XXXIV. i1 0 ■lillltngai should ba •
Ml*. Harbept E. Page. " Ber*tPoaa," Gallatly Road, New Cpo**,
S.E. U [Thia subsorlption Inoludes all tiumbapa published fistn^
Jnnuary 1Gth to Oecamba«> 1Sth, 1023.1
Mon-feceltit op «prDrs fn t>i« sanding of SubBOPlbers' imtjitziae* ^ .
.:i!le<l to Mr. flepbert E. Page, " Bsrtraia." Gellatly Road, Hew Ofom, 8.H. IC
lr,i "e/'''o'.l tall; Ho *]^ Njw'llioaa,*3! 1. 'h' '"'
■ ■■ ■■ 111. P)a« "Hi
tt dHiiiyAd.
V Cablnat* and AppaPHtu«>— Note 1 FinMl inaka odI;, «.ni baal
julj u-ea. I
0 30 HO 1 4 dmwBi Oab neU In polli(i«d daal or laiihgeKD^r. SpeQiGwtionl
i on ayp ore o 1
1 m * S Botes 10x8. 6/9; 18x9. T/-; UxlO. B/c 16x11. 9/-|
ext n Spatiial price b; Ukinti li or mure ol ocie tite. f
Jontod Kat9, [■iua [T<i;rlBr'B|. ZIim Coilaating Bmes. SaUid
Samhuciiria, acinJitbaiiDmateiiiii.. Duplk-tltt. — Damiaiild
m n fl[wol«i. — E. A, Goikayiif, 65, IVettbownt Tarrat
louivl rftcea, vurs. iicd aba. (ram all guiit
SelXlag itnmAUi'ial ; eia
F a gn I D u a, louivl racf
fl Qes no a<l 9 il tlie Brlbt)
niiile. — 1'. f}- Pcther. •■Theli
I,., T 'inerniiB, Coriduti
mrB., *FatigInoBa (B«»dll1M|
atn. AiiDLiiUnrla, LeuaupbisarJA varJJ
IniufiinDB ol iyiihoii, piduina, oitmel!ld|
IV* o( HlBpiaftrla,— HhtuW fl. TFiHidnir
LiiLi nil ('-'), Ocell^itiiBi IllUatmrla (autumn
C.I ■ilrauaU <T , Ciioulllnjr
Ifirlft aiiilolherB. u
MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.
igicul Suoiuty or Laiiilnn. U. Queen's Qute, NouLli Eeiialngtfii
|[. CoriiiiKi, LliicoU, Qnkbheaj Monad
widlna, Irish Imiiie, Cannelltn. OuauA
nnilulntiv, Siiiur»it(l*rU, TiuitiioeK,.4
H.».j
Q«lliillr tlMii.NnwCioM.a-K U
n.l and Natural Hitlorj Bocloty, Hibfl'd
ininriuni li'iiuitli Tliur«i)aj« in the rKonlh, at 7 pj
ory Society (tlie nmnlyninii.ilo'i .il Vuv GH; at Lon-ll
I rv SuFictt imii Hie Korlli IjixkIoh I^ainml HI«id
I riixhoBW Hunae. Old Bnrnl SItmI. E.a B, ftrtt a
i^.Jt) j..m. ViaitoiB vrelooincil Won- ."(«.,
J nil ptni>|8 ttiturned (nllK. J. Ti;»ii(
> uli'iuld Ih) MUt aiTcvi to tlr. Tf. 1, p4
)VA, LARV^. AND PUP/E.
Til* Liv<M>-"t Ilu-r^lui- (,( Iri.|>l.l.>pivr.. Ill l}>r Itml-li Ulvo
M. W. HEAD, ($iitoinoloiii«lj
BURNISTON. Mr. SCffRaOFtOUeH.
Hur Bora DHtldi 8t«:«l«* ■"•^ <loe<^ VuUtln* far SkI*.
IMPORTANX
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS
BAGK VOLUMES OP
fhe Entomologist's Record
and Journal of Variatiol
(Vnu. I xxxn.)
fNTENTS OF Volt !• lUait HajinilaaE only iiunlhtuii.\
Onn* jl'rimV'i'i iii'd Iw ulUii*. — Vnrlatlon ii( Bi'>*fiiilhut (fllnr. V milium
ramptH'i*— I'bTll<n(«>rii--I'rnd.l(«-l aiot* 1.
ili'tiptcrM — Otislu ut iltff^niii' p'^phia *•»:. rali*dl|u — V!&'tk
■■> ■ ftuil VtttiuUOii— Bjnviij(i>'o noltw^lWrmpeiit at • iMttr
I ' '■ ■ ■■i:.u of ABrolU I'yTvphiUi, Epmtla Uchipw. U'liopjitrlmt a
L.'i I ' ii'r'idi-DDiiiiin) autfln. ete., rtO-, StK) pp.
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
M uii' M»,i.*FH.ii'niii.i"w~mUl<ii[niiihj— Nrtttn CO OoHmUjb
,„iilnj)— Hi™ liilfBtil Jgnitiltamftit), Sutta •j>ltr3<ti'rinU.,Tal
i-CalIlf|iU|c OD tlir KOTt.jlh Broods— WloE d«*a<upiTii.iiL— Ujbrldicti
■""" ' fill unil W, 'Kfuluri"— WBlnniMr imfl TempMntuni — Piflorwlift,_
DiiuK ol witiKf^Pnnca tit Dntwicii. B-iduioutli, 3. Loodun— Obm
■ "" drroiijti-tlil . T. , ^ .,. . . ..
..uiaiip.
kl|ft0tAklJi«iI trftUi—
f Vr H. B. TAOB, " BcTlrMp," OeHnUy BduI, New Oroct, Umdon, lj|
||«bl-ai Oliiqij"'- iiiu) PosIhI Oti)*(> ^>ouM '»' mi..l" phjuMu.
ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.
All illiiKtmli'il tiittsaEitm, piiliHi^bi'il monthly— ..xi-diir. ingnsli itn
iSiqrti'iitliin' — dfvuU'Cl to ttif stndy uf INSECT LIFE. It matm
Ultvtof tbo titlcB of the eiirreDt Literature en American l^iittiniol
i by thu Iwtdinj;; aiitbiiriljes iu tJiu fiilLffi 8t»te& and (
k « Hcoea^ry journaJ of rLtcNince (or wotlnii| lAU
0 iufiiciuikliiiD fuf ticiiimtiiic uud ii^-iiiouiAlii! uiuiluilfe.
Attiiol Aiilscnpllnu prim $2'60. Fiirvltrri (Mcwfik A
[■litscriplHinii f2.70. Biiigh. r.oviit* 30 Oi'iu*. Addri'im
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