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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD | 


AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED BY 


MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N. 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M. F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 

F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. W. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A| 
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


and 


HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.HS., 
Editorial Secretary. 


VOL. LIX (New Series). | 
JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1947. 


PRICE 12s 6d. 


Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d. 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME LIX. 
By HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


Abrostola tripartita and its forms in 
Britain, E. A. Cockayne ............. 14 
Additions to the Lampton List of Cole- 


optera, H. Donisthorpe ............... 87 
Acentropus niveus in N. Lancashire, 

A. E. Wright ostaneraedetaes cs outess comet 100 
An Earnest Appeal, N. D. Riley 

(Bit MIS A) eck etek rere ne ee eee oe oeeee 36 
Aberration of Aphantopus hyperan- 

CUS ER PR GeV eC Ub meee teen eee 107 


Aberration of V. cardui, Thos. Greer 123 


Aglais urticae, var. nigra, Tutt, 
TBEWETOIMN, WYO... conorsononecucdosebonanonoosho 140 

Appearance of Butterflies in the New 
Forest, Late, C. B. Antram ...... 64 

Assembling of P. (M.) captiuncula, 
Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison ... 138 


Augiades (Ochlodes) venata ( syl- 
vanus) in October, N. T. Easton 138 
Butterflies around Montreux, Swit- 


zerland, L. R. Wheeler ............ 130 
“ Butterflies,’ a permanent News- 
paper Heading, Hy. J. T. ......... 80 
Butterfly Collecting in Wood Wal- 
ton Area, Chiltern Hills and 
Royston, H. A. Leeds ............ 50, 76 
Colour of machaon pupae, T. D. 
HE AGINCMOUGINIE she sececescesssesecceee eee 122 
Climbing Rate of the Ant, Formica 
rufa in Switzerland, F. J. 
OPROUMK SM. Wee eas. fete now sienseeceweoreess 116 
Changes in the Distribution and 
Abundance of Lepidoptera, B. P. 
1 8VS) 1 E10 (eam Wy asceeiennoncccerdcedesboaccascumacerecer 60 
Coleoptera at Wicken Fen, H. Donis- 
ONO) A OYe; mn” |) eeanbaenacoceacacaccsdaocasdcenbacccdecean 114 
Collecting Notes for 1946, Surg.-Lt. 
Hao Me sD atlOwiiccnccsssctereesceceee: 53, 117 
Collecting at Home: Records of a 
Rainy Season at Clevedon, J. F. 
B12 Coty Mais sate sw vainats gnu pa owe cca titan ee eae 42 
Colias croceus, Fourcroy, 8S. G. 
Castle Russell, 7, 106; in the Isle 
of Purbeck, L. Tatchell ............... 107 


Colias croceus in Lancs., M. M. Baily 
Collecting Notes ... 7, 17, 34, 79, 94, 
105, 117, 122, 137, 138, 139 


Colour of Papilio pupae, D. G. 
Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S. ..............006 154 
(CLOTMHEYANVOING) “Gosooscacsposbacoscconodocon 20, 36, 108 
Clouded Yellow in Bury and Angle- 
Sear UN: VME EBay. si esscn het dhitecncesne 105 
Cosymbia pupillaria in the Scilly 
NSleESHby, CAS COCKAYNE! i. 7.24 -eteeness. ys) 


oo eh Ue, OD, Bh, bbs (OA, 
80, 96, 107, 108, 140 

Effects of Human Activities on the 

Distribution and Abundance of 
the Lepidoptera, B. P. Beirne ... 37 


Current Notes 


Effects of the Severe Weather at 
Taunton, with the Normal simi- 
lar period, 1946, A. H. Turner ... 

Extra Broods, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher 


Experiments with D.D.T., D. G. 
Sevastopulo  ).aeihieecsete eee 
Field Notes from Anatolia. I., Mal- 
colm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. ....... 
Frohawk, H. W., F.R.E.S., decease, 
fl eeeead oa Care oR Shien 5a U ROAR IRE OSH oSoaen 
Further Notes on the Helomyzidae 


(Dip.), C. H. W. Pugh 
Glaucopsyche lysimon and Cupido 
minimus, Dr Enzio Romei 
Gymnetron melas (A weevil new to 
the British Isles), H. Donisthorpe 
Heodes phlaeas, H. A. Leeds .......... 
Honey-dew and Larvae, P. B. M. 
Allan 
Hayward, Kenneth, Current Note ... 
Immigrant Lepidoptera at Birken- 
hall, Somerset, and at the occur- 
rence of Catocala nupta in Der- 
byshire, A. H. Turner 
Larva of Acronicta alni, H. M. Dar- 
low, Surg.-Lt. Comdr., R.N. 
Late Dates for C. croceus and P. 
comma, F. T. Grant .................. 
Lepidoptera of Midland and Eastern 
Districts, 1946, G. Tozer 
Lepidoptera of West 
East Hampshire, 
Harper, R.N. 
Lepidoptera in Dorset, Leonard Tat- 
CICA Saad la see eee ee 
List of Trypetidae (Dip.) from N.E. 
Surrey, M. Niblett ...........00:....... 
Localities: Anatolia, ; Anglesea, 
105; Ashdown, 106; Aurunci Mts., 
Italy, 97; Birkenhall, Somerset, 
114; Boxmoor, 79; Braunton 
Burrows, 108; Bucks., 101: 
Bury, 105; Chiltern Hills, 50, 
76; Clevedon, 42; Derbyshire, 
114; Devon, 1; Dorset, 138; East- 
ern Counties, 9; East, Middle, 
109, 125; Hants, East, 21; Hebrides 
(Inner and Outer), 1389, 140, 

; Holland, 86, 88; Iran, 109, 

125; Ireland, 50; Isle of Wight, 
106, 117; Italy, Central, 46, 66. 
95; Lampton, 87; Lancashire, N., 
100, 101; Maidencombe, 1; Mid- 
Jand Counties, 9; Montreux, 
Switzerland, 138; New Forest. 
64, 128; Persia, 95, 109, 125; 
Reading, 123; Royston, 50, 76: 
Seaford, 137; Spain, 47, 67: Sur- 
rey, 7, 28, 101; Sussex, 12, 7; 


Sussex and 
Comm. G. W. 


65 


Sussex, West, 21, 102; Swanage, 
80, 107; Switzerland, 114; Taun- 
ton, 65; Tripoli, 99; Tukdah, In- 


dia, 4, 32, 56, 91, 121; Turkey, 112; 
Wales, 70; West Country, Oak 
Forests, 71; Weston-super-Mare, 
120; Wicken, 114; Wood Walton, 


50, 76; Worthing, 123, 124; York- 
SUMITOMO idee rece scinatelenuiloueciatacuecnleacus 
Maidencombe Records, F. H. Lees 


Migration Insect Records, L. H. Wil- 


NEAT S WM Semcon omelca hes sale seca scmeenewone casos 
Migratory Locust and the Syrphid 
Fly, Volucella. zonaria, in the 


Isle of Wight, J. W. Saunt 
Middle East Lepidoptera, VIII, E. 
P. Wiltshire 109, 
More Notes on Turkish Dermaptera, 
Malcolm Burr 
New species and forms from Iran, 
E. P. Wiltshire 
News of Lysandra of the coridon 
Group of Species (Lep. Lycaeni- 
dae), Orazio Querci, 
Note on the Food-plant of Phalonia 
luridana, A. E. Wright 
Notes on British Orthoptera, 
J. A. Whellan 
Note on Orthopelma. luteolata (Hym. 
Ich.), B. Verdcourt 
Notes on the Helomyzidae 
L. Parmenter 
Noctuae Notes in 1846, A. J. Wight- 
TPMVBYAYS, 7 Sh Nae Ae Bal eee Re i A 
Notices, Short 8, 18, 35, 108, 
Notes on Collecting in 1947, Surg.- 
Lt.-Command. H. M. Darlow, 
RUIN i eet ACen Ud ta NOE) 


Note on the Butterflies of the New 
Forest, C. B. Antram 


Notes (Various) on the habits and 
occurrence of Lepidoptera in the 
Hebrides (Inner and Outer), J. 
W. Heslop Harrison, 139, 140, and 
John Heslop Harrison, 

Oak Prominents, The, An Old Moth 
Hunter 


Observations on Variation and Hy- 
bridization in Zygaena lonicerae 


1945-6, 


(Dip.), 


and Z. filipendulae, Surg.-Lt. 
Commander H. M. Darlow, 
TRING <0 nna ng nS ec RBEE EEE Eee eee 133, 


Occurrence of Ethmia bipunctella, 
G. V. Smith 
Period of Activity of the Asparagus 
Beetle, Bernard Verdcourt 


Pierids, C. croceus and E. antiopa 
in Worthing, Sussex, Rev. G. 
WVITLCCLO TMM css. uivsiaiiecene seecuy due vase 123, 


Pierids near Seaford, L. R. Wheeler 


Races of certain British Insects and 
Distributional Overlapping, The 
Pleistocene, J. W. Heslop Har- 
rison, D.Sc., F.R.S. 


INDEX 


101 


15 


140 


117 


128 


140 


135 


152 


Rate of Progression in Ants, 
O’ Rourke 
Rare aberration of Heodes phlaeas, 
A very, A. S. Ash 
Reports, Ontario Entomological So- 
ciety: S. London Annual Exhibi- 
tion 
Report :—Sale of the Marion Collec- 
tion of Varieties, L. Hugh .New- 


102 0 earl tha) al ahs Ba aa ARR ee einen eran 
Reviews: S. London Entom. ‘and 
N.H. Proceed. and Trans. for 
1945-(6), Hy. J. T., 19; ‘* Butter- 
My MEAVES ae Aye Dh Dein enaee eencecnee 
Scents in Moths, D. G. Sevastopulo 


Short Notices 
Some Remarks on Biston betularia, 
B. J. Lempke 
Some unusual Forms of Genitalia, 
Rev. D. Murray 


Smithsonian Institution (American) 
Societies: New York Ent. Soc.; S. 
London Ent. and N.H. Soc., 18, 
19 RE SO CVA AOI) Caine eeecesseceeesee 


Study on the Permanent Trackways 
made by the Ant Messor Bar- 
barus in Algeria, W. Pickles 

Supplementary Notes on the Longi- 
corn Coleoptera of Wales, R. R. 
LOleednd 6; on Bones} 90 dina pees denne cedonescdcsenanosadae 


Stomorhina lunata (Dip.) and Cal- 
liphoridae at Bristol, E. C. M. 
Q’ASSIS-FONSECA x... nee e cee eceseceeees 

Stomorhina lunata (Dip. Calliphori- 
dae), C. N. Colyer, F.R.ES. 

Swanage and Dorset Notes, Leonard 
Mart @ie le Me ke rte uate an 80, 107, 

Thornley, Rev. Alfred, Obituary 
INOS tla Baiensticl fented Ne Hanae nese enRREC Men nBee ear 

Three Broods of C. croceus in Bri- 
tain, Chas. B. Antram. ............... 

Trigonophora flammea (Empyrea) in 
Devon,. FE. H. Lees oo. .ccccccc tee 

Two unrecorded rarities, Hadena 
(Dianthoecia) compta and Leu- 
cania. loreyi, D., E. A. Cockayne 

Tukdah Diary, September-November 


1945, D. G. Sevastopulo ... 4, 32, 
56, Q1, 
Unusual Food-plant of Diacrisia 


lutea, D. G. Sevastopulo ............ 
Variation of Eremobia ochroleuca, 
A. J. Wightman 
Variation of Lymantria monacha, 
B. J. Lempke 
Variation of Anthrocera carniolica, 
ssp. magnaustralis, Vrty., Orazio 
Querci 
Verrall Supper, The ..................00..006 
Vestrias purpureus, Thnbg. (Hym.) 
and its Prey, Dr G. H. Lowe ...... 
White Admiral, The, in Suffolk, S. 
Beaufoy 


34 


107 


(Sil 
vo) 


137 


153 


iv ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 


UNIVE IBS 1835 IMISS chacesoscanssrativebs002000053 18, 71 
Antram, ©. B. ....c.cccc.ccee-2--nseeeres 116, 128 
INEM, Als SSS Gosononecneb 6 n5o0-6>snonessdeno7opan0%0 34 
Baiiliyin IN) Me 2 iiitec.. oaceaeccreee---2---2-e-nemene 105 
Beaufoy, S., F-R.P.S. ......-.eeceeeeceeeeees 138 
Beirne, Bryan P., Ph.D., M.R.I.A. 
IRV IRE BS ISR a soe pees ne eaten ce = 25, 37, 60 
Bird, J. F., F.R.E.S.  ..:.---seeceeeseeeeeeee 42 


Blathwayt, E .C. H., M.A. (Oxon.) ... 120 
Burkill, T. 
Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. ... 64, 112 


Castle-Russell, S. G. ...c-..ceeseeeeeeeeeeee es 7 
Cockayne, E. A. D.M., F.R.C-P., 

REESE, ss wesdcck cn oversee sce enone 14, 55, 58 
Colyer, ©. N., F.R.E.S. .......--.----+-- cae 
Darlow, H. M., Surg.-Lt., R.N., 

TRI RAIOTISE 9 Boaacsseedcunaaacesceond 53, 117, 133 
D’Assis-Fonseca, E. C. M.. ..........--..+ 137 
Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F-R.E.S. 87, 114 
Easton, N. E., F.R.E.S. «.....---1eeeeeeeees 138 
Fearnehough, T. D. ............------ 105, 123 
Flecher, T. Bainbrigge .......-.....2:--.6- 
Grant, Wy We ei eeececceenen cree naaeaccnsnen= 
Greer, THOS.  ......ccceeceseceseecceeeceeeeseeeees 123 
Harper, C. W., F.R.E.S. ............-0 24 
Heslop Harrison, John, M.Sc. ......... 140 
Heslop Harrison, Prof. J. W. ... 138, 139 
James, W. BF. Ly ...ccceececcseseeeeeeeteretec ees G4 
Kaufmann, R. R. U.. .....eceeeeeeeeeee eee 70 
LOCUS —eeeeeeseceeceeceececsesreeeestseetsetenstersess 
Lees, F. Hy .......-e-eeeee sees A 7, BO, GA, ‘We 
Lempke, B. J. -...cceseeesseeeeeeeseeeeeeees 81, 88 


Levett, R. J. Ri ..cccceeseecssseescceeeeeseneeee 106 
Lowe, Dr Hy. ou... sc ceceeceeeeeneen eee ere ect eeees 

Murray, Rev. Desmond ............-....+5 90 
Niblett, M., F.R.BuS. .....c---:eeseeseeeeees 28 
Newman, L. Hugh, F.R.E:S. ............ 

Old Moth Hunter, AM ...................--. 71 
O’Rourke, F. J., M.Sc., F.R.ES. ...... 116 
Parmenter, L., F.R.E.S.. .......-.--------- 15 
Pickles, W., F.R.E.S.  ..cs:e:-sseeeseese sees 59 
Pugh, C. H. W., F.R.ES. ..........-.-.. 43 
Querci, OTAZ10 ........--...++++ 46, 66, 95, 97 
Riley, N. D., F.Z.S., F.R.ES. ...........- 56 
Romei, Dr EMZoO .........:::2:-ecseeeeeetreeeees 99 
Saunt, J. W., A.L.S. ....:eeeeeeeeeeeeee 106 


Sevastopulo, D. G., F.R.E.S. ... 4, 56, 
91, 106, 107, 121. 124 


Smith, G. Vi ccecccescseecceeecerersseseeeeeeeees 
Tatchell, Leonard ............... 80, 107, 138 
TOZEL, Gi ceeesesceeeecceeeeeeceseeessceeeeceenencess 9 
Turner, A. HH. .......2.:..2--220e-22-00-8 65, 114 
Turner, Hy. J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H:S. 

8, 18, 19, 35, 52, 64, 96, 107, 108, 140 
Verdcourt, Bi ..--..c...2.:csceeecse--20-2- 34, 79 
Wheeler, L. R., M.Sc., Ph.D., PES 

130, 137 
Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.R.E.S. 123, 124 
Whellan, J. A., B.SC. .....cceseeeseeeeeeeees 104 
White, E. Barton, F.R.E.S. .............-- 140 
Whiteman, A. T., F.R.ES. ......... 13, 27 
Williams,, L. He .....cceeeeeeeeeseeteeeeeees 123 
Wiltshire, E. P., F.R.E.S. ... 94, 109, 125 
Wright, A. E., F.R.ES. .........:.--- 69, 100 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate XIX, XX, Vol. LVIII. 


The Asparagus Beetle. 


Miscellaneous Anatomy : 


(1) Wing Venation, (2) Photomicrograph of small portion of elyt- 


tron, (3) External 9 


genitalia, (4) Tracheation of elytron. 3) 


Aedaegus (lateral) x45, (6) Aedaegus, (7) Cross section of elytron. 


Plate I. 
to face page a9. 


Plan of the area of permanent trackways of the Ant, Messor barbarus, 


Il. Photograph of the permanent trackway enlarged, to face page 60. 
III. Some Unusual Forms of Genitalia, to face page 90. 

Iv. An Aberration of Satyrus (Melanargia) galathea, to face page 77. 
V. Middle East Lepidoptera, to face page 109. 


SUPPLEMENTS. 


The British Genera of the Trypetidae, J .E. Collin, F.R.E.S., (1)-(14). 
British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.: Vol. IIf, 


(265)-(286); Vol. IV, (1)-(8). 


° 


As we are going to press we regret to announce the death of Rev. G. 
Wheeler, who would have been Editor Emeritus in 1948. 


No. 1 


JANUARY 1947 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 
AND 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINRRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., ae L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
Se a W. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


J. E. COLuNn, J.P., F.R.E.S. 
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editortal Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


TRIGONOPHORA FLAMMEA (EMPYREA) IN DEVON, Frank H. Lees ... BR Au 
THE RATE OF PROGRESSION IN ANTS, Fergus J. O’Rourke; M.Sc., F.R.E:S. 2 
TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945, D. G. Se astern: F.R.ES. 4 


COLLECTING NOTES: Maidencombe Records, F7 ew OMAN TNS) emeccus 
Fourcroy, S. G. Castle Russell \ WO/ Hy : 


s FEB 10 1947 @ 


onal a wue pot 


oe 
= yee 


CURRENT NOTES 


SUPPLEM By 
The British Genera of Trypetidae (Diptera) witty 


J. E. Collin, F.R.E.S. “Ay. (8) 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


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Che Entomoulogist’s Record 


AND 
Journal of Paviation 
VOL. LIX. 15tH JANUARY 1947. No. 1. 


TRIGONOPHORA FLAMMEA (EMPYREA) IN DEVON. 
By Frank H. Less. 


A notable addition to my list of moths captured at Maidencombe 
was made on 2nd October last. Migrants rare and otherwise are to be 
expected in late autumn on the S. Devon coast, but never had I 
imagined that I should see Trigenophora flammea (empyrea): fly into 
my moth trap as I did that night. It was a male in very good condi- 
tion. After so long a lapse in British records of the species we must 
regard it (Dr Cockayne tells me) as a migrant. It is not uncommon, 
J understand, across the Channel, so that if mine was but one of seve- 
ral that were urged to travel Devonwards this autumn, let us at least 
cherish the hope that a colony may have been founded (as presumably 
was the case in Sussex in the middle of last century) that will restore 
a truly fine insect to the British list. I know very little myself either 
ot Sussex or of the far-off days when 7. flammea was regarded by all 
as an indigenous species, but Mr A. J. Wightman from his know- 
ledge of the old Sussex collectors and localities has been able to give 
me the following information to ‘help us in bridging the long gap in 
published records. ‘‘ According to the old Lewes collector, Mr J. E. R. 
Jenner, the last year in which 7. fammea occurred in any numbers was 
1879. From then until 1892 there were hopes, if not expectations, that 
it would be found again and it was several! times said to have been 
found oddly, but by that year the fact that it was gone) was gener- 
ally accepted.’”’ Mr Wightman tried all the Lewes spots himself 40 
years ago and during these 40 years has tried likely places as well as 
the historic places and has never seen it or met anyone who had per- 
sonally done so, but from time to time has been told that it has been 
taken ever since 1900. 

Mr Wightman’s personal opinion is that ‘‘ 7. flaamea appeared as 
a result of immigration in 1855 ’’ (Stainton’s Hntomologist’s Annual 
for 1856, p. 30, claims it as a ‘‘ New British species of 1855 *’). ‘‘ In 
the following years the species gradually spread; then after 1879 
lost ground and died out long before 1892. It had been fairly plenti- 
ful and no one was prepared to say positively at the time Tutt, for 
instance, was compiling his ‘‘ Hints ’’ that the species was gone and 
so old records were used as if current.”’ 

“‘ Some of the supposed captures since may, of course, be correct 
and be immigrants, but it is to be feared that many old-taken flammea, 
which lacked labels (usual), were provided with data and the dates 
ouessed.’’ 

“To sum up ”? (Mr Wightman says) ‘‘ I do not think that flammea 
(empyrea) has been an inhabitant of Sussex for 60 years.’’ 


' | q 0 Ag 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


There is a record of breeding 7. flammea by a Devonshire corres- 
pondent of the Entomologist’s Record in 1906 (Vol. 18, p. 136); data 
as to the origin of the ova are lacking, which is a pity, but if they had 
been laid by a Devon capture one cannot imagine even the least data- 
minded collector omitting to state the fact. The only other reference 
I can find since then is on p. 19 of Vol. 54 of The Entomologist—an 
account of a dead specimen found in a spider’s web at Chailey in 1921, 
to which Dr Cockayne directed my attention. More than one explana- 
tion of its presence there has been offered me, but having some respect 
myself for spiders’ webs and bats’ midden heaps as “‘ signposts *’ I think 
it was probably just another but less well-directed ‘‘ migrant ”? than 
the one whose advent I am recording. 


THE RATE OF PROGRESSION IN ANTS. 
By Fereus J. O’RourKe, M.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


As Mr Pickles has recently (1946) pointed out some interesting facts 
in regard to the speed of ants, it may be of value to record some fur- 
ther observations on the question. In 1942 I obtained some specimens 
of the ant Tetramorium caespitwm at Ballyteige, Co. Wexford. Since 
this ant is rather rare in this country, I made some observations on the 
speed at which it travelled with a view to comparing its speed with 
that of the more common Irish species. Unfortunately, I have not 
since had the opportunity of doing these further experiments so that 
it is worth using this occasion to publish the figures for Tetramorium. 
The observations recorded in the table herewith were made on 10th 
July 1942 at 16.00 Irish Summer Time and at a temperature of 20° C. 
Two winged females and ten workers were used. The method was to ° 
introduce the ants into a narrow bore glass tube about 60 cms. long 
and to time the speed of the ant over the middle 50 ems. of this tube. 
It was, however, found that while the females walked the entire length 
of the tube that the workers, owing to the relatively large bore of the 
tube, tended to turn back after a short distance. It was therefore de- 
cided to time the workers over the length of their first run, provided 
that this was not less than 10 cms. The time which would be taken to 
cover 50 cms. was then calculated and is shown in the third column of 
the table below; in brackets after that figure is given the distance covered 
by the ant in question. 


TABLE SHOWING THE TIME TAKEN TO COVER 50 CMS. . 
Expt. Female A. Female B. Workers. 
i. 37.3 secs. 46.6 secs. 122 secs. (120 mm.). 
2. 28.8 secs. 27.1 secs. 111 secs. (110 mm.). 
3). 28.7 secs. 33.4 secs. 147 secs. (130 mm.). 
4, 27.6 secs. 24.9 secs. 167 secs. (150 mm.). 
Dd: 27.6 secs. 26.4 secs. “187 secs. (220 mm.). 
6. 25.9 secs. 25.5 secs. 135 sees. (500 mm.). 
te 29.8 secs. 35.6 secs. 158 secs. (200 mm.). 
8. 31.8 secs. 31.9 secs. - 110 secs. (800 mm.). 
9: 32.5 secs. 35.5 secs. 124 secs. (200 mm.). 
10. 29.3 secs. 28.2 secs. 188 secs. (100 mm.). 


THE RATE OF PROGRESSION IN ANTS. 3 


Average time taken to cover 50 oms.: 


Female A:-—29.9 secs., i.e., 103 ems. per min, or 41.2 ins. per min. 
Female B:—31.5 secs., i.e., 95.2 cms. per min. or 38.1 ins. per min. 
Workers :—144 secs., i.e., 20 cms. per min. or 8 ins. per min. 


Several remarks may be made on the times recorded above: first, it 
may be noted that the speed of the two females did not differ appreci- 
ably between the two specimens and from one trial to another ; secondly, 
there is considerable variation between the speeds of the workers, the 
speed of the fastest (No. 10) being almost twice as fast as the slowest 
(No. 8). Further, the speed of the females was nearly five times that of 
the average of the workers. It may be of interest to record that the 
female of this species is just twice the length of the workers. In all 
cases it may be noted that the speeds are considerably greater than 
those recorded by Pickles. 


Pickles (loc. cit.) has drawn attention to many of the factors in- 
volved in determining the speed of ants. Two further factors may be 
considered here. Temperature is an exceedingly important factor in 
determining the speed at which the ants travel. J. Huxley (1928) 
quotes the case of an ant which, at 50° F. moved at 52 feet per hour, 
moved at 780 feet per hour at 100° F. (I-have been unable to trace 
the original reference.) The second factor is what may be called the 
metabolic state of the ant. S. C. Chen (1937) showed that ants could 
be divided into two groups which the called leaders and followers re- 
spectively. In any nest one could find these groups and as the leaders 
showed a higher metabolic rate (being more easily affected’ by anaes- 
thetics, desiccation, and starvation) they would travel at a greater 
speed. In a further paper Chen showed that if a follower were placed 
with a group of ants it was stimulated to a greater extent than was a 
leader. Pickles (loc. cit.) says ‘‘ a small ant may travel quicker than 
a larger one over a given distance because it is carrying nothing and 
the larger one may possibly be carrying a load, or there may possibly 
be no such cause—the individual ant may be more ‘ interested ’ in its 
immediate surroundings than its fellows and will therefore travel more 
slowly on that account.’’ It may be suggested that an explanation 
based on Chen’s work may be more likely, although undoubtedly an 
ant out foraging would be very interested in its surroundings and would 
probably travel more slowly on that account.—Department of Zoology, 
University College, Dublin, 18th November 1946. 


REFERENCES. 


Chen, S. GC. (1937): ‘‘ The Leaders and Followers among the Ants in 
Nest-Building,’’ Physioi. Zool., 10 (4), 437-455. 


—— (1937 A): ‘‘ Social Modification of the Activity of Ants in Nest- 
Building,’ Physiol. Zool., 10 (4), 420-436. 


Huxley, J. (1928): The Essays of a Biologist, London. 


Pickles, W. (1946): ‘‘ Observations on the Speed at which Ants of the 
Genus Messor Travelled in Algeria,’ Ent. Rec., 58, 137-142, 


+ ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945. 
By D. G. SEvastropuno, F.R.E.S. 
(Continued. from p. 154.) 


21st September.—A fine sunny morning! and numbers of Y. sakra, 
L. daraxa, Z. flegyas, and D. adonira were settled on the damp road, 
the only other butterflies seen, were two male Neptis ananta, Moore, 
ochracea, Evans, a male Hestina nama, Dbl., and a male Pseudergolis 
wedah, Koll., all on the road, and a female Euploea mulciber, Cr., mul- 
ciber and a Danaus aglea, Cr., melanoides, Moore, flying. A_ black 
and blue Papilio, probably P. arcturus, Westw., and two of the green 
Euthalia flashed past but were not caught. A single Hressa (Syntomis) 
multigutta, Wlk., was settled on a leaf, and a number of small Geo- 
meters, all previously recorded, were disturbed by beating. Nothing 
new in the way of larvae. The Lasiocampid mentioned twice previously 
is a catholic feeder; examples were found on Ginger, Nettle, an un- 
identified creeper, an unidentified shrub and a coarse grass. The after- 
noon and evening were misty, beating undergrowth produced a number 
of the common, small Geometers, the only one hitherto unrecorded being 
Scopula (Craspedia) remotata, Guen., and a single Filodes fulvidor- 
salis, Hbn. A single Baoris eltolau, Hew., was taken at flowers. Light 
again a complete failure. 


22nd September.—A walk along a path on the open hillside in mist 
broken by sunny spells, Y. sakra and Z. flegyas common, also a few 
EKurema (Terias) blanda, Bsd., silhetana, Wall., Ypthima nareda, Koll., 
newara, Moore, Y. baldus, Argynnis hyperbius, L., hyperbius and Baoris 
bevani, Moore, bevani. A number of small larvae of P. helenus, M. 
troglodytus and Cosmophila mesogona, Wlk., and a pupa ot C. corres- 
pondens were found. A neighbour sent me a number of larvae of 
Phytometra tarassota, Hamps., and P. orichalcea off Geraniums from 
his garden and one of Boarmia acaciaria, Bsd. off Rose. A rainy after- 
noon, but a walk through the lower forest produced a male. Orinoma 
damaris, Gray, and a single ovum each of P. metallica and an unknown 
Sphingid off Arum (the larva from this second ovum died in its first 
instar, but it was probably either Pergesa. elpenor, L., macromera, Btlr., 
or Rhyncholaba acteus, Cr.). A visit to a friend’s garden in the even- 
ing produced a single Hurema hecabe, L., contubernalis, Moore, and 
larvae of P. helenus off orange, R. albomarginatus off Hydrangea and 
an unknown Arctiid (which failed to emerge) off Cosmos. A full moon, 
but before it rose a single male each of L. chalybeata and HE. multistri- 
garia came to the light. 

23rd September.—A. misty morning again with bursts of sunshine. 
A walk through the forest produced nothing new but a male Krananda 
semihyalina, Moore, spread out on a large leaf and looking exactly like 
a skeleton leaf itself. On the way home a male Papilo rhetenor, 
Westw., rhetenor was seen but not caught. A wet afternoon, but a 
search over a small vine growing up the side of the house produced 
three 2nd instar larvae of Theretra alecto, L., alecto and one of Dasy- 
chira feminula, Hamps. (this determination is not absolutely certain, 
the imago being a female). A dull evening devoted to larva hunting, 
more L. katinka and what is probably an Agaristid (it subsequently died 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945. 5 


as a pupa) off Virginia Creeper. Light rather more productive, seve- 
ral Miltochista phaeodonta, Hamps., A. strigipennis, and H. reticulata 
and a single Euplexia auroviridis, Moore. 


24th September.—Another dull, misty morning with very few butter- 
flies about, a female Pantoporia cama, Moore, was found hanging to its 


empty pupa-case and a male N. feisthamelii was caught. A dark 
Zygaenid (described as a Pidorus, probably new, by the Forest Ento- 
mologist) was found hanging to a leaf. Several larvae of Cidaria 


delecta, Btlr., and of an unknown Cidaria (the Forest Entomologist 
determined it as being near cinerea, Moore) were found and no fewer 
than thirteen larvae of 1. repleta were found on a single frond of bracken. 
Several more of the Lasiocampid larvae: were found and all were, as 
usual, infested with,red mite. A wet afternoon and a misty evening, 
the only thing found of interest being three larvae of P. metallica on 
an isolated Arum, what they would have done when they had eaten it 
bare I don’t know, there were no other Arums anywhere near. in 
spite of a downpour, light was more successful, and a male B. bevani 
and specimens of at least twenty-three species of moths were attracted. 


25th September.—Another dull morning with spells of watery sun- 
shine, and again very few butterflies flying—species not encountered 
previously were Argynnis childrent, Gray, childreni, Cethosia viblis, 
Drury, tisamena, Fruhs., and Zizeeria gaika, Trim. A number of 
larvae of P. metallica off Arum (Bell and Scott write ‘‘ appears to be 
rare ’’ regarding this species), more of the unknown Cidaria and two 
of a Hemitheid (still unidentified). A female Scopula (Craspedia) 
walkeri, Btlr., was found settled on a bank. A drizzling afternoon and 
evening, but a walk after tea produced a pair of H. pulchella in cép. 
and a female of 7. crocoptera settled on the underside of a large leaf. 
Larvae of N. fersthamelia were found on Ginger and of a Drepanid on 
oak (these latter all died, but appeared to be identical, without com- 
paring them side by side, with larvae of Albara argenticeps, Warr., 
found subsequently on Rubus). In spite of incessant, torrential rain, 
some ten species of moths came to light. 


26th September.—A wet morning and a drizzly afternoon. A fine 
spell at mid-day enabled me to go for a short outing, which produced a 
male Heliophorus androcles, Hew., moorei, Hew., and four species of 
larva—a new Lasiocampid, ‘Parallelia (Ophiusa) maturata, Whlk., 
Garaeus specularis, Moore, and an unidentified Geometer. (The Lasio- 
campid and the unknown Geometer both failed to emerge, the former 
was a very beautiful creature, with a series of pointed dorsal tufts of 
canary yellow hair, which could be opened out, when the larva was 
alarmed, into rosettes with their centres filled with sharp brown 
bristles.) I have now forty-five receptacles containing larvae, tins of all 
sizes and small glass jars, and I have already described forty-five species 
of larva that I have not met with before (unfortunately the pupae from 
a number of these died in Calcutta, so these descriptions were wasted). 
A fine evening but the only things caught were an O. damaris and a 
1. crocoptera, and a cocoon very like that of the English Hylophilina 
bicolorana, Fuessl., was found (this produced an ichneumon, so could 
not be identified, but it was probably a Tyana). Light disappointing, 
no rain but only single examples of six species. 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


27th September.—A dull, sunless morning. A walk along the road 
on the open hillside produced nothing new except a single Lethe rohria, 
F., rohria, butterflies are very scarce, and an Eterusia tricolor, Hope, 
settled on a leaf. A number of larvae of Brithys crini, F. (Glottula 
dominica, Cr.) were found feeding on a species of Amaryllaceae, and 
one of Sypna curvilinea, Btlr., on Rubus. A wet afternoon. The 
evening was fine, and an attempt was made to take a series of the 
wet form of M. francisca in a small patch of forest where the dry form 
had been abundant in May and June 1944, only two were seen, but single 
specimens of the following moths were disturbed from the undergrowth: 
Callidula erycinoides, Wlk., Heteromiza argentilinea, Moore, and P. 
decussata. A clear, moonless night, but light a complete failure. 

28th September.—A fine sunny morning and a walk along the forest 
road produced numbers of Y. sakra, L. daraxa; Z. flegyas, and D. 
adonira, with a few P. wedah, and N. ananta, settled on the road, N. 
feisthamelii in numbers were flying and settling on the flowers, and 
an A. childreni, an unidentified black and white Pantoporia and seve- 
ral P. helenus flew past but were not caught. EH. multigutta was settled 
on the leaves in numbers and a pair of Sewa (Macrocilix) orbiferata, 
Wlk., were found resting side by side. A short walk in the afternoon 
produced another M. francisca and a C. hiblis, and an unidentified 
Euthalia was seen but escaped. Mist came up in the evening, but a 
walk produced a number of L. distorta standing on their long legs and 
looking rather like small chips of wood. A set of wings of Detias 
descombesi, Bsd., leucacantha, Fruhs., was found on the path. Light 
again a complete failure. 

29th September.—The day started well with a female Boarmia 
(still unidentified) and a male Berta (Thalera) chrysolineata, Wlk., at 
rest in the verandah. <A drizzly morning, a L. rohria was beaten out 
of herbage and an Abraxas sylvata, Scop., was caught spread out on a 
leaf.. A batch of larvae of a new Geometer (still unidentified) was 
found. An afternoon expedition after yesterday’s Huthalia resulted 
in its capture, a very battered male of Kuthalia sahadeva, Moore, 
sahadeva, this is probably the species that has been seen, but not caught, 
on previous occasions. A larva of Fascellina plagiata, Wlk., was also 
found. <A drizzly evening, but, in spite of the weather, A. fylla was 
flying in the forest in numbers along with a few O. damaris. Searching 
and beating produced a single specimen each of. P. cama, I. lativitta 
and K. semihyalina, as well as a larva of Callimorpha plagiata, WIk. 
Single specimens of some half a dozen species of moths came to light. 

30th September.—A pouring day, clearing up in the late afternoon. 
Y. sakra was flying in its usual numbers in the evening, and larvae of 
Callidrepana obliquistriga, Warr., and of Cosmophila fulvida, Guen.., 
were found. Light attracted single specimens of some six species of 
moths. 

1st October.—A misty morning with short spells of sunshine. The 
usual common things were flying on the road through the forest and 
the first specimens of Lethe sidonis, Hew., sidonis and of Precis iphita, 
Cr., iphita were seen. Numbers of S. orbiferata were settled on the 
upperside of leaves, and a female Agylla (Sidyma) bipars, Moore, was 
found. Larva hunting produced a batch of young larvae of Arguda 
bheroba, Moore, and larvae of N. feisthamelii and Rhagastis aurifera, 


COLLECTING NOTES. 7 


Btlr., aurifera. A misty afternoon, which I spent blowing larvae. In 
the evening a walk through the forest, searching and_ beating, 
produced examples of several previously noted moths as well as 
specimens of Chionaema (Cyana) puer, Elwes, Botyodes caldusalis, Wlk., 
and Polythlipta cerealis, Led., also a larva of Macroglossum aquila, Bsd. 
(Bell and Scott describe the larvae of 127 out of the 183 species of 
Sphingidae known from India. This is one of the 56 undescribed 
species.) : 

2nd October.—A drizzling morning, but, in spite of the rain, Y. 
sukra and O. damaris were both flying freely in the forest. Too wet 
to beat, so a search was made on the tree trunks, producing specimens 
of Somera viridifusca, Wlk., E. bhurmitra, and an unidentified Geo- 
meter. A number of ova of M. troglodytus were found on Paederiu sp. 
The afternoon and evening far too wet to go out. A single A. strigt- 
pennis was attracted to light. 


(To be continued.) 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


MaipENcomBe Rercorps.—On 18th October Marguronta unionalis was 
in my moth-trap; another came in on 21st October, on which date and 
again on llth November Diasemia ramburialis was captured by the 
same means. At sugar I took Leucania vitellinu, single specimens on 
Ath, 5th, 6th and 16th October. The last was perfectly fresh, but most 
autumnal species were later in appearing this year. Three larvae of 
Aporophyla nigra that pupated in the Spring within a few days of each 
other produced moths on 12th and 15th October and 3rd November.—- 
Frank H. Less, Maiden Coombe, S. Devon. 


Cotas crocEeus, Fourcroy.—In mid-September I netted, at Lewes, 
a couple of 2 specimens, one rather worn and one quite fresh. These 
deposited a number of ova and ultimately about 120 pupae were ob- 
tained. From these some 100 imagines emerged, many of them. being 
undersized. The majority of the 9@ are of the type in which the 
yellow markings on the marginal black band on the forewings are 
smaller than usual, and in several instances almost entirely missing— 
2 ab. obsoleta (ab. psewdomas). The 36 are of normal type but mostly 
of lighter ground colour, several being of pale yellow instead of the 
normal orange. A number of the undersides of both sexes are of the 
well-spotted form known as ab. marginata, Braun. 

One of the 2 9 has the right hindwing entirely of helice form with 
yellow spot (pallida) with similar colouring in the inner basal area of 
the left hindwing. The remaining forewings are normal. Two other 
© 2 show indications of similar variation in the basal area of the hind- 
wings. Another 9 has the hindwings of a dark shade. 

In some 60 2 pupae 6 or 7 contained imagines of the helice form, 
but all these died and failed to produce insects. 

The larvae were fed up in an unheated glass house, or out in the 
open in the sun.—S. G. Castur Russety, Stokesay, Bridge Road, Cran- 
leigh, Surrey. 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Tuer Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1945, 
recently to hand, has an interesting and useful note on the ‘‘ Larvae of 
Spilonota ocellana used to provision Nests of a Eumenid Wasp,’ by 
H. R. Boyce. Most of the other contents are purely economic in out- 
look. 


THe Bull. and. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge., 1X-X; contains an article 
worth study: ‘* Intraspecific Taxonomy in its Application in Lepidop- 
tera.’’ A long discussion on the recognition of Variation, the Results 
and Suggestions summed up and strongly recommended by the author 
together with a useful List of Works cited. The author 1s S. G. 
Kiriakoff. 


Society Rerort.—The South London Annual Exhibition took place 
on 26th of October last in the Rooms of the Royal Society. It was a 
most successful function. The exhibits were of a high order, the re- 
corded attendance was 295, and the catering arrangements were praised 
by everyone. This year the Society had at its disposal not only the 
Library of the Royal Society but also that of the Royal Geological 
Society. As usual, Lepidoptera predominated among the exhibits, but 
there were important exhibits of other Orders of Insects, Lantern 
Slides, a Collection of Sketches and Photographs of flowers collected in 
the mountains of Basutoland, a very striking set of Drawings for an 
educational film, etc. Blown Larvae of Macro- and Micro-lepidoptera 
were well in evidence and there was a most instructive Collection of 
Coleopterous Larvae, some of them very little known. 

But to my mind the feature of the afternoon was the number ot 
insects new to the British List—no less than 5. 


(1) Cosymbia pupillaria, Hb.. taken in the Isle of Wight, by Dr 
K. G. Blair. 

(2) The dragonfly Coenagrion scitulum, Ramb., taken in S.E. Essex 
by E. B. Pinniger. 

(3) Eulia formosana, Hb. (Tortricidae), taken by R. W. Parfitt, near 
Guildford. 

(4) Blastobasis decolorella, Woll., taken at Herne Hill, by S. 
Wakely. 

(5) Laspeyresia (Enarmonia) zebeana, Ra.—T. R. Hacres. 


Freperick WiLtliAM FRoHAWK, born 16.v1i.1861, died on 10.xi1.1946 
(Obituary Notice in Times of 14.xii.1946). He drew the design which 
used to be printed on our cover every month and which is still! em- 
ployed for the Title-page of the Annual Volume of the Ent. Record. — 
T. B.-F. 


; Vi 
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FEBRUARY 1947 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


i} . EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
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By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 
LEPIDOPTERA OF MIDLAND AND EASTERN DISTRICTS, 1946, G. Tozer, ... 9 
NOCEUAH) NOTES UN 1945) 4. J Wightman, F.RBS 0 i cn ee de 


ABROSTOLA TRIPARTITA, HUFN., AND ITS gS IN. eee EB. A. 
Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., f Vy 14 


NOTES ON THE HELOMYZIDAE [pIprenay ol ier, Neg YP ps.15 


COLLECTING NOTE: Honey-Dew and La OS BY MES Atoms Cis ae ‘GZ, oe tT 
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LEPIDOPTERA OF MIDLAND AND EASTERN DISTRICTS, 1946. 9 


LEPIDOPTERA OF MIDLAND AND EASTERN DISTRICTS, 1946. 
By G. Tozer. 
LEON SL 

Although the weather has been so cool, wet, and often with very 
httle sunshine almost throughout the season, I found that many Lepi- 
doptera were present in almost normal numbers and most species of 
butterflies I observed seemed to be holding their own pretty well. 

A few, such as Lycuenopsis argriolus, Pararge megera, and ITeodes 
phlaeas were in smaller numbers than usual in the second brood. 

» In the Midlands, at least, the migrants seemed almost absent except 
for Vanessa cardw, V. atalanta and Plusia gamma, 

Hrannis lewcophaearia was noted in woods around Leicester on the 
3rd February, and an Aglais urticae found resting on a road on this 
date. 

In March Achlya flavicornis and Xylocampa areola were noted on 
the 24th in the local woodlands, and Brephos parthenias flying around 
birches in the sunshine. 

The mild and sunny weather during April caused the usual hyber- 
nating butterflies to appear commonly early in the month, and on the 
2nd I saw two Pieris rapae on the wing. 

The 22nd was a fine sunny day and quite a number of Lycaenopsis 
argiolus and Pararge aegeria were noted flying around the borders of 
woods in the Peterborough district. The species of Pieris were also 
well out and I saw the first Huchloe cardamines—a male. 

Many stems of Viburnum containing the earlier stages of Aegeria 
andrenacformis were cut from bushes in the woods and taken home. 
The imagines emerged in June. Both species of Viburnum are at- 
tacked. 

On the following day a single Pyrgus malvae was seen, also near 
Peterborough, 

On the evening of the 27th larvae of Atethmia xerampelina were 
taken crawling up ash trunks at dusk on the outskirts of Leicester, 
and on two trees I took two dozen half-grown larvae of Hilema luri- 
deola. Oddly enough, I could see nothing in the way of lichen on 
which these latter could feed, but I found they fed very readily on 
leaves of sallow and dock and on these they thrived. Nearly all pro- 
duced imagos in June and were of normal size. 


With the close of the month the weather changed, becoming very 
cold and dull and continuing into May. 

However, on the 5th H. cardamines and P. aegeria were well out 
near Leicester, and on the 6th I noted a single male Carterocephalus 
palaemon on the wing in a Rutland wood—the earliest date I have 
for it. 

On the 11th and 12th we had bright but cool weather, and at Monk’s 
Wood in Hunts many butterflies were seen. JL, argiolus, Callophrys 
rubi, Argynnis euphrosyne, Hrynnis tages and P. aegeria were all 
common, and hybernated rhamni and V. io. 

Beating was attempted, and produced larvae of Strymon pruni (in 
small numbers), Thecla quercus, T. betulae (very small), Pseudoips 
bicolorana, Trichiwra crataegt, Orthosia miniosa, Poecilocampa populi 
and many more, while ‘‘ nests ’’ of small Hriogaster lanestris were seen 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


in the hedges. I had never previously seen this latter here, so it may 
be increasing in numbers. 

I had the pleasure of seeing for the first time Leptidea sinapis in 
a wood near Northampton on the 25th. They were just appearing here— 
being very late owing to the cold weather, and were fn fine condition. 

Later on, I obtained a female for ova and reared a small number 
of larvae to the pupal stage on Yellow Pea (L. pratensis). 

Pararge megera was first observed on this date, 

At Wicken Fen on the 26th—a cool and dull day—no butterflies were 
observed apart from some JL. argiolus which were found at rest on 
alder buckthorn. The Great-water-dock seemed to have almost disap- 
peared and no larvae of the introduced Large Copper were seen. 

Later in the season the butterflies did not appear and I heard of 
none being seen. It seems that its main breeding ground had been 
ploughed during the war, so it may now be extinct here. 

Two almost fully-fed Gastropacha quercifolia larvae were seen on 
small alder buckthorn bushes. 

They had nearly stripped the bushes and were plainly visible on the 
bare stems some yards distant. The foodplant is unusual since haw- 
thorn and sloa@ are generally chosen. 


The buckthorn also yielded many larvae of Scotosia rhamnata and of 
S. vetulata. 

In early June I took Hamearis lucina and C. palaemon in some of 
the Northants woodlands and both were fairly abundant. 

Near Wansford in Northants a colony of Procris geryon was dis- 
covered on a patch of rough uncultivated ground on the 10th, and in 
the same spot many larvae of Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon were 
found in the moss and debris at the roots of its foodplant. They are 
very easily taken by this method. 


A few very small larvae of Saturnia pavonia were seen, and. late 
in the afternoon many male Macrothylacia rwbi were dashing over the 
ground. 

Maniola jurtina, Polyommatus icarus, and Ochlodes venata were 
well out on the 15th, and on the 30th I saw freshly-emerged males of 
Argynnis paphia in the woods near Peterborough, while P. icarus was 
abundant and a few male Diacrisia sannio were disturbed from low 
herbage on a piece of heathland. 


Some ZL. argiolus larvae were noticed feeding on berries of dog- 
wood. 

As late as the 5th July L. sinapis was still about in the Northants 
woodlands, but mostly in very worn condition. However, I was sur- 
prised to find a pair ‘‘ in cép ’’—the female fresh but the male very 
worn, and here [I saw the first Vanessa atalanta of the season. 


A female Angerona prunaria captured near Northampton laid me 
a whole batch of fertile ova. 


in the Peterborough district Satyrus galathea, Maniola tithonus, 
Coenonympha pamphilus, A. paphia, A. cydippe, Adopea sylvestris, A. 
lineola and Zygaena lonicerae were all locally abundant on the 21st, 
and in one wood Aegeria vespiformis was observed flying around and 
settling on stumps of freshly-felled oaks. 

A freshly-emerged Polygonia c-albwm was seen on the 27th. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF MIDLAND AND EASTERN Districts, 1946. 11 


P. (L.) coridon was well on the wing by the 28th and a friend 
secured Lygephila (Taxocampa) pastinum on the same ground. This 
is an interesting find, since it is chieflly a more southern insect. 

On the same date larvae of Hemaris fuciformis were taken from 
honeysuckle in a nearby wood, and they varied much in size. 

August 4th was a very warm sunny day, and at Wicken Fen the 
second brood of ZL. argiolus was in profusion. Gonepteryx rhamm, 
too, was abundant and we noticed. several late A. lineola. 

No imagines of Papilio machaon were noted, but the larvae were 
seen, and in all sizes. A specimen each of Hustrotia olivana and Epione 
apiciaria were disturbed and captured, and the latter laid me a 
few ova before dying. 

At Monk’s Wood (in Hunts) on the 7th I saw a Macroglossum stella- 
tarum flying very wildly and rapidly along the main riding. This was 
the first time I had ever seen this supposedly common moth alive and 
under natural conditions. 

A pair of Phragmatobia fuliginosa was taken ‘‘ in cép”’ and a large 
batch of ova afterwards laid. *Not far from here some Hremobia ochro- 
lewca were found resting on flowers of Knapweed. 

Vanessa io, G. rhamni and the genus Pieris were abundant in clover 
fields in parts of Northants and Hunts later in the month, and Aricia 
agestis (second brood) was locally common. <A fair number of Vanessa 
cardua were seen, and Plusia gamma was plentiful. Colias croceus 
seemed entirely absent this year. 

Near Leicester I took larvae of Deuteronomus fuscantaria on ash 
saplings, and from 28th August-4th September I obtained a long series 
of Atethmia xerampelina by looking for the newly-emerged moths low 
down on the trunks of ash and on vegetation around their bases late 
in the afternoon. Sometimes as many as ten could be found under one 
tree. 

During September larva beating gave poor results, but the follow- 
ing were met with in Northants woodlands:—Clostera curtula, 
Phaeosia tremula, Notodonta ziczac, Lophopteryx capucina, Demas 
coryli, Plagodis dolabraria and Apoda avellana. The curious larva of 
this last species is more easily taken by searching oak leaves than by 
beating, since it clings so tightly. 

An imago of Tiliacea awrago was shaken from maple near Wakerly. 

Several days spent in the Broads district of Norfolk at about the 
middle of the month was not too productive owing to the weather and 
the very wet condition of the marshes, but a fair lot of young P. 
machaon larvae were seen, and even unhatched ova. There must have 
been a good emergence of the butterflies in August. 

Numbers of these small late larvae must surely perish as the food- 
plant was dying down and could not last much longer. 

Other larvae taken by beating Sallows were:—Orgyia recens (gono- 
stigma), G. quercifolia, Smerinthus ocellatus and S. populi, N. ziczac, 
Dasychira pudibunda, Mysticoptera sexalata and Earias clorana, Seve- 
ral late Sphinx ligustri were taken feeding on privet in a Stalham 
garden. 

But few moths were met with at night, but on the 18th a specimen 
each of Miltochrista miniata and EHpione apiciaria (in quite fresh con- 
dition) were attracted by light and some very late and worn Deutero- 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


nomus alinaria also turned up among other things. Ripe or rotting 
blackberries were well attended by the ‘ sallows.’? Citria lutea and 
Cirrhia icteritia were in numbers, and three of the all-vellow form 
of this latter were taken, also two or three CU. gilvago, and Phlogaphora 
meticulosa abundantly. 

In September butterflies became scarce much earlier than usual 
and the ‘‘ whites ’’ were soon absent, but plenty of V. io and U. urticae 
were seen at times, and this latter was abundant. 


No ‘‘ sugaring ’’ was tried in the autumn, but my bloom in mid- 


September near Leicester produced only Agrochola macilenta, Eupsilia 
transversa (satellitia), Conistra vaccinii and Phlogophora meticulosa. 

In October a few Colotois pennaria and Oporinia dilutata were noted 
resting on trees, ete., and on the 28th I saw a fresh P. c-albwm at rest 
on a road in Leicester. This is only the second specimen I have seen 
in the county this year. 

This buttertly and also Lymenitis camilla seem to have become much 
less common during the last two or three years and of the latter I have 
not seen even one during this season anywhere in the Midlands.— 
98 Copdale Road, Leicester, 20/12/46. 


NOCTUAE NOTES IN 1946. 
By A. J. Wicurman, F.R.EH.S. 


The season 1946 was a very poor one with me in regard to breed- 
ing forms new to me among the Noctuae except in the case of 
Atethmia xerampelinu, with which I had a most satisfactory experi- 
ence. 

Calymnia trapezina produced among many of the forms described 
by Tutt and none of which are scarce, two forms I have not bred 
before. 


One has the ground colour almost white with the tranverse lines 
and central shade in blackish grey. 


The other is ab. ochrea, Tutt, but with the hindwings bright fulvous 
yellow without any trace of the usual blackish suffusing. 


In this it agrees with ab. lutescens, Wehrli., Drdt. Seitz Pal. Noct., 
189 (1935). 


Atethmia xerampelina, Esper 


In spite of hard work and a super abundance of the larvae, I found 
it impossible to breed as large a batch of this species this year as 
usual, 


Late frosts killed the ash buds and flowers, the only food these 
larvae thrive on. I tried newly-expanded leaves, then the ravages of 
the frost had passed, but as in previous years the Jarvae merely nibbled 
these and almost at once diarrhoea appeared, as is always the case. 


Fortunately this year’s moths made up in quality for lack of quan- 
tity, rather more than one per cent. being extreme abs. and three per 
cent. were selected for cabinet purposes, the other ninety-seven per 
cent being released. 


NOCTUAE NOTES IN 1946. 113) 


I had previously bred unicolorous red and unicolorous yellow abs. 
in addition to the almost unicolorous highly suffused form which is 
generally treated as wnicolor, Stgr., but it is in my opinion not the 
right red to be called carnation-red. Barrett’s fig. 3e, plate 229, re- 
presents it well in its darkest form and his fig. 3c represents it in a 
less heavily suffused form, except that the hindwings are far too heavily 
red in both figures. 

This year I failed to obtain any of the unicolorous bright red abs., 
but a good number of the above-mentioned form appeared, the bulk 
nearer 3c than 38e. 

Several of the unicolorous yellow forms appeared almost at the end 
of the emergence followed by three forms new to me and a number of 
fine ‘high colour banded forms. The most beautiful of the new forms 
IT should describe as being apricot colour, unicolorous and even in 
tone, with the hindwings tinted apricot. Almost equally beautiful 
is a unicolorous yellowish deep tone orange example with pale orange 
tinted hindwings. I obtained but one example of each of these forms, 
both very large Qs. 

The third form is buff yellow and of this form a aumber emerged. 
Two are quite unicolorous, but others have traces of the reniform 
stigma and the outer band and two have both bands present but much 
reduced in area. 

Some of these forms were on the small side and several had some 
defect due to the pupae having got too dry | think, and these I put 
down on selected ashes. 

Another form which I have had in other years, but which has been, 
until this year, very scarce, also appeared in better numbers. 

This, no doubt, is intermediate between centrago, Haw., and lutea, 
Bromb. 

The ground colour is as in centrago orange tinted yellow; the bands 
also are as in centrago, Haw., deep red, but instead of being definite 
bands they are a mere group of deep red marks. 

Some are far more extreme than others and ds are more numerous 
than Qs. 

These red marks consist of the reniform; 3 fine red lines (veins) 
just below and a small patch just above the hind margin (suffused veins). 

The outer band is nearly normal in area, but broken up by wedges 
of ground colour in regular fashion, and it is separated from the orange- 
red cilia by a yellow line. 

There is another intermediate between centrago and lutea in which 
instead of the red bands being broken up and strong in colour, the 
bands are normal in area, but so pale in colour and diffused in appear- 
ance as to be almost lost in ground colour. 

The best of the banded forms this year are two with saffron-yellow 
ground colour, purplish-slate bands and a good deal of suffusion with 
band colour scales of the outer area of the wing, but I also got a very 
fine example of nigro-picta, Schwd., in which the ground colour is 
intense yellow and the bands purplish-slate, the reniform and: dot in 
basal area being black. 

As it is evident that in spite of the numbers bred I have, as yet, 
by no means exhausted the possibilities of this species in Sussex, I 
propose to continue breeding for at least another season before attempt- 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


ing to give a detailed summary of all the forms obtained and I hope 
then to have a coloured plate. 

In the meantime I shall be most grateful to anyone who can tell me 
where, in this country, I can see extreme abs. of this species, especi- 
ally of the subsp. pallida, Stdgr., and some of the original Manx 
unteolor. 


ABROSTOLA TRIPARTITA, HUFN., AND ITS FORMS IN BRITAIN. 
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. 


The fact that there are three closely allied species of Abrostola, 
tripartita, Hutn., triplasia, L., and asclepiadis, Schiff., in Europe has 
led to considerable confusion in the past. Esper (1791), Tab. 169, Noct. 
90, gives three figures of Abrostola, fig. 1, triplasia, L., which is cor- 
rectly named, and fig. 4, foem., fig. 5, maris, var. asclepiadea, both of 
which are unicolorous forms of tripartita, Hufn. In his text, vol. 4, 
p. 612, he calls them asclepiadis. There are specimens from Predota 
and Herkulesbad in the Tring Museum, which agree perfectly with 
Esper’s var. asclepiadis, but since Schiffermiiller had named another 
species asclepiadis in 1775 or 1776, Esper’s name cannot be used for a 
form of tripartita. Hiibner’s urticae No. 625 has the whitish mark- 
ings well developed, and, as most authors have agreed, is a synonym of 
tripartita. His asclepiadis Nos. 268 and 627 are probably true ascle- 
piadis, Schiff. His triplasia No. 269 is a tripartita, darker than usual 
and with the pale markings reduced in extent. 

Tutt in his British Noctuae and. their Varieties (1891), vol. 4, pp. 
16, 17, writing about tripartita, says: ‘‘ Mr Findlay of Morpeth has 
sent me a specimen with the pale markings entirely obsolete, exactly 
copying a triplasia, although the specimen is certainly tripartita .. . 
Hiibner’s triplasia, fig. 269, is this species with the normally pale mark- 
ings clearly shown. The same author’s wrticae, fig. 625, is also this 
species, but represents that form, in which the whitish or ochreous mark- 
ings are absent as in the Morpeth specimen to which I have previously 
referred. There is, however, apart from entire absence, considerable 
variation in the quantity of pale markings; those with the greater 
amount of pale markings were known to our old British authors as 
urticae, those with a less quantity were known as asclepiadis. The 
latter is, therefore, a form intermediate between typical tripartita and 
the obsoletely marked form urticae, Hb.’’ He then gives a description 
of Hiibner’s urticae, fig. 625, and ends by saying, ‘‘ Altogether this is 
a most unicolorous form.”’ 

Tutt accepts the existence of three forms in Britain, taking tripar- 
tita, Hufn., as the form with pale markings well expressed, asclepiadis 
(no author) as the intermediate, and wrticae, Hb., as the unicolorous 
form. As I have shown asclepiadis cannot be used for the intermediate 
form, and urticae is not a unicolorous form, so that neither has a valid 
name. There appears to me to he no clear division between specimens 
with the maximum and those with the minimum amount of pale mark- 
ing, for all gradations between them are found. There is, however, 
a very distinct melanic form, which may have greatly reduced pale 


NOTES ON THE HELOMYZIDAP [DIPTERA |, 15 


markings in the basal and submarginal areas or be unicolorous, and as 
the division between them is not a sharp one I think one name will 
suffice. 


Ab. plumbea,. ab. nov. 

Forewi1nc.—Unicolorous dark leaden grey without any pale mark- 
ings, but with the usual dark markings visible; fringes considerably 
darker than usual. 

Hinpwine.—Basal area. nearly as dark as the marginal area. 
Thorax dark leaden grey with no pale scales, but with the usual 
rust-coloured scales present. Spectacle mark present. Abdomen 
dark grey with the hairs at the base leaden grey instead of pale. Some 
specimens show a variable but restricted amount of pale marking in 
the basal and submarginal areas and in these the fringes, base of the 
abdomen, and basal area of the hindwing are not quite as dark as in 
the unicolorous ones. 

Type, d, Sunderland, bred 1930, Corder; allotype, 2, same data. 
Paratypes, 14 33, 4 29, Sunderland, bred 1930, Corder; 1 ¢, Burn- 
ley, 1907, W. G. Clutten. Of these 4 ¢¢ and 3 29 from Sunderland 
and the ¢ from Burnley are unicolorous. 

This melanic form is considerably darker than the unicolorous Hun- 
garian specimens in the Tring Museum, which agree clcesely with 
Esper’s var. asclepiadis (asclepiadea), and I have seen no continental 
specimens as melanic as ab. plumbea. 


NOTES ON THE HELOMYZIDAE [DIPTERA]. 
By L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S. 


Mr Collin’s excellent paper on the British Species of Helomyzidae 
has enabled dipterists to revise their collections of this family. Mr 
Andrews’ notes proved that their life-history is still to be elucidated 
and that several species can be found in the neighbourhood of London 
in Kent. 


I find that Surrey is inhabited by many species and as Mr Collin 
has rarely mentioned dates I have ventured to list my own specimens. 
Although I shave not paid particular attention to the family when col- 
lecting perhaps my notes may encourage others to add to*cur knowledge 
of the distribution, ecology and habits of members of the family. 

The species of Helomyza seem to be definitely attracted to fungi, 
noted by Andrews, Seguy, etc. Only this autumn I found Helomyza 
affinis, bicolor, variegata and notata, var. hilaris, all attracted to a pile 
of fungi within 15 minutes after it had been discarded, just a few feet 
_from the edge of the woodland, by members of the British Mycological 
Society during a fungus foray at Bookham Common. Scent must be 
the attraction and it would be interesting to know to what distance the 
odour is effective on the various species. Certainly some species of fungi 
are more attractive than others. A comparison might be made betwecn 
the Helomyzidae and the other fungus haunting Diptera such as the 
Mycetophilidae, Calliphoridae,; Muscidae and Sphaecroceridae on their 
response to the various species of fungi. 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


On 7th November 1937 on a fungus identified by my friend Mr J. E. 
Lousley at Limpsfield Common as Clithocybe maxima, Quel., I found a 
male Allophyla atricornis with males of Helomyza bicolor, Stratiobor- 
borus roserit, Rond., and S. fimetarius, Mg. On the same day on another 
part of the common on a Stinkhorn fungus, Phallus impudicus, Pers., 
there were gathered males of Helomyza notata, var. hilaris, H. hwmi- 
lis, H. affinis, Dryomyza flaveola, F., var. zawadskii, Schum., and a 
female Phaonia variegata, Meg. Since then I have noted at other 
times males of several species of Helomyza gathering together on fungi. 
Although I have no proof, yet it appears possible that this congregation 
of males is not solely for feeding purposes, but due to mating activi- 
ties. Male dung flies foregather on cow-pats awaiting females with 
whom to mate and I suggest that male Helomyza may congregate on 
fungi for the same purpose. That more than one species should occur 
together so frequently makes one wonder how the species refrain from 
inter-breeding ; how the female of each species is recognized—by vision 
or by scent. It must be borne in mind that flies have poor sight com- 
pared with human beings and that mating generally takes place so 
quickly that immediate recognition is implied. There seems to be 
plenty of scope for study for those willing to watch flies. 


Helomyza variegata, Lw. 15th May-8th November from Cornwall, 
Herts. and Surrey. 

Hf. notata, Mg., var. hilaris, Zett. 25th May-30th July, 29th Septem- 
ber-10th November from Cornwall and many localities in Surrey. 

HH. humilis, Mg. From Studland Heath, Dorset, and Bookham, Cater- 
ham, and Limpsfield, Surrey, in June, September, to 7th 
November. 

H. affinis, Mg. 22nd May-29th September from Cornwall and several 
localities in Surrey. 

H. flava, Mg. A <6, Limpsfield Common, 7th July 1940, and a Q, 
Ashtead Common, Surrey, 9th October 1946. 

H. pallida, Flin. Under trees, 14th June-7th July at Limpsfield Com- 
mon and Oxshott, Surrey. 

H. flavifrons, Zett. 2 $4, Wooler, Northumberland, 9th April 1943. 

H. ustulata, Mg. A @& in the ‘‘ Nut Grove,’’ a wood on the cliff at 
Carbis Bay, Cornwall, 8th August 1941. 

H. bicolor, Zett. June, 29th September-7th November from New 
Forest, Hants., and several localities in Surrey. 

H. fuscicornis, Zett. 3 363, Limpsfield Common, 25th June 1939, and 
a 2, Oxshott, Surrey, 14th June 1941. 

. H. dumicola, Collin. A 3, Byfleet, Surrey, 9th July 1941. 

Allophyla atricornis, Mg. June and 7th November at Limpsfield Com- 
mon, Surrey. q 

Heteromyza rotundicornis, Zett. 3 found flying to and fro under 
the edge of the canopy of a conifer thicket in Worth Forest, 
Sussex, 11th April 1937. 9 on gorse, Limpsfield Common, 
Surrey, 5th December 1937, and Wooler, Northumberland, 12th 
May 1943. 

Tephrochlamys tarsalis, Zett. Taken on a window, Thornton Heath, 
Surrey, 9th December 1940, and on a window at Ketcham, Surrey, 
by Mr H. J. Burkill in October 1940 and 1941. 


COLLECTING NOTE. UG 


T. flavipes, Zett. A 2 bred by Mr G. Waller from the nest of a dor- 
mouse from Keston, Kent, emerged 14th May 1940. 

T. rufiventris, Mg.  February-June and December from Essex, Nor- 
follk, Kent, Northumberland and Surrey. On 14th February 1937 
some were taken on jetsam at the high tide line on the sea wall 
at High Halstow, Kent. In early spring the species was found 
on the window of the huts of several camps during my Army 
service, 

Tephrochlaena oraria, Collin. A 2, Studland Heath, Dorset, 6th June 
1938. 

Neoleria inscripta, Mg. June, Norfolk. On two occasions I have found 
the species on a dead rabbit; Keston Common, Kent, 17th May 
1936, with Lucilia caesar, L., L. sericata, Me., Wydrotaea den- 
tipes, F., and Piophila nigriceps, Mg., and at Boekham Com- 
mon, Surrey, 14th May 1942, with Lucila caesar, L., L. seri- 
cata, Mg., Hydrotaea dentipes, F., Pseudomorellia albolineata, 
Fln., and Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg. 

Oecothea fenestralis, Fln. 23rd March-28th April, Northumberland 
and Surrey. 

O. praecoz, Lw. 2nd-12th May 1943, Wooler, Northumberland. This 
species followed after fenestralis had disappeared from my hut 
window [28th April]. 

Eccoptomera longiseta, Mg. A 2, Beddington sewage farm, Surrey, 
2nd June 1935. 

Leria serrata, L. March-June from Hants, Northumberland and 
Surrey. 

L. modesta, Mg., subsp. czernyt, Collart. March-May, from Northum- 
berland and Sussex. 

REFERENCES. 

Andrews, H. W. 1945. Helomyza variegata, Lw. (Diptera) breeding 
in roots of Sea-Aster? Hnt. Record, LVII: 32. 

— 1945. N. Kent Records of Helomyza, Fln. (sensu stricto). 
Ent. Record, LVI: 33. 

Collin, J. E. 1943. The British species of Helomyzidae (Dipt.). Ine. 
mon. Mag., LXXIX: 234-251. 

—94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 15th December 1946. 


COLLECTING NOTE. 


Honry-Dew anp Larvart.—Some breeders of Lepidoptera hold that 
honey-dew is harmful, indeed often fatal, to the larvae of certain species. 
In a letter to me a year or so ago Fleet-Paymaster T.. Bainbrigge 
Fletcher, R.N., suggested that in all probability the harmful effect of 
honey-dew was owing not to the aphidal secretion itself but to the 
moulds which are known to grow in this medium. A book of great in- 
terest to the entomologist, which deals with this subject, has just been 
published and amply bears out the above suggestion. It is Insect Micro- 
biology by Edward A. Steinhaus, Assistant Professor of Bacteriology at 
the University of California (published by the Comstock Publishing Com- 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


pany at New York, 1946; price 46s 6d). This voluminous work (there 
are 595 pages of text, 89 of bibliography, and 71 of index), well illus- 
trated, deals with the bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses, spirochetes and 
protozoan parasites of insects. ‘Those who are interested in the sub- 
ject will find it most valuable.—P. B. M. Axtan. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Tur New York Entomological Society has recently issued a reprint 
of Albert Zerkovitz Lepidoptera of Portugal, which had appeared in 
their Journal early in 1946. It consists of 262 pp. and a locality map 
of the country. The first 80 pp. consists of a general Introduction to 
the area comprised in relation to the adjacent geographical characters 
and their influence on the Lepidopterous Fauna—the Atlantic Ocean, 
the Mediterranean Sea, the Spanish flora and fauna, and the North 
African fauna and flora. Records of both Macro- and Micro-Lepidop- 
tera are given, and some 1216 species are detailed, many with useful 
notes. There is a very full and useful Bibliography.-—H. J. T. 


1946 was the Centenary of that famous American Institution, the 
well-known Smithsonian, and there has just come to hand a most strik- 
ing volume, well-illustrated memorial, of some 70 large pages. There 
are 41 plates, most of them having more than one illustration. The 
matter is given in a dozen chapters: the unusual and curious origin 
of the project; a life of Smithson, an Englishman with but little, if any, 
contact with or even knowledge of America; the carrying out of the 
project years after Smithson’s death in 1822. Other chapters deal with 
the aim of the Institution as the National Treasure House; another 
deals with the objects acquired, and finally the use to be made of the 
facilities by the diffusion of knowledge for the advancement of the 
human race. 


SOCIETY. 


A meeting of the London Natural History Society cn 19th 
November 1946 was held at the Hall of the Art Workers’ Guild, Queen 

Square, W.C.1. The President, Mr L. G. Payne, in the Chair. Among 
' the exhibits Mr lL. Parmenter showed seventeen species of Asilidae 
taken in Britain, including a pair of Laphria gilva, L., taken in cép 
at Oxshott, also a case containing forty species of Diptera taken as 
prey by Machimus atricapillus, Fallen, and on behalf of Mr H. Old- 
royd a further five species of Asilidae from the National Collection, 
together with a rare Corsican species with its pupa and photos of its 
habitat. 

Mr P. W. E. Currie showed Melisandra cinereipes, Klug, Selandria 
serva, Fab., Tenthredopsis nassata, L., and Huura atra, Jur., as prey 
of Dioctria rufipes, De Geer., Tenthredopsis litterata, Geoff., and 
Tenthredo ferruginea, Schrank, as prey of Dioctria oelandica, L., and 


REVIEW. 19 


Melisandra morio, Fab., as prey of Laphria flava, L. Mr R. M. Payne 
showed Chorthippus bicolor, Charp., and Ch. parallelus, Zett., Onocestus 
viridulus, L., Myrmeleotettic maculatus, Thun., and Coenagrion pul- 
chellum, van de Linden, as prey of Asilidae. Mr Parmenter gave an 
illustrated paper on ‘‘ The Habits of the Asilidae.’—J. Burxitr, 
Minuting Secretary. 


REVIEW. 


Proceedings and Transactions of the S. London Entomological and 
Natural. History Society for the Year 1945-(6). 


We again have an outstanding publication from this well-known 
notable association of active and real lovers of nature. The Society is 
still located in the palatial rooms of the Royal Society, who have not 
only given them shelter with all their valuable possessions of books and 
insects but have assisted them financially in the efforts to carry on. 

The record is a very full one with evening meetings, field meetings, 
and the wonderful Annual Exhibition, to which members and friends 
from all parts of the country look forward as the Entomological Event 
of the Season. 

The Rule that a President should not. be eligible to sit for a second 
year was suspended in the case of Capt. Jackson, and has proved, as it 
did ‘‘ in the old days,’’ a happy act of the Council. One experience 
which a one-year President gains is thrown away if he has not the 
opportunity of using it for the benefit of the Society. In the difficulties 
caused by the war and the removal to temporary and unfamiliar circum- 
stances which needed unbroken supervision, the Council were wise in 
their irregular and fair action. 

The Publication was late in appearing, but this is made up by the 
quality of its contents and the excellence of the 11 plates, of which one 
is coloured. 


The initial plate is a capital photo. of Mr F. D. Coote, who passed 
away during 1945. He had been for many years one of that band of 
members who do all they can to organise and foreward the objects and 
aims of the Society. He was a personal friend of all of us, and was 
rarely absent from meetings, indoors or in the field, which last he took 
the greatest interest in arranging. 


b] 


The ‘‘ Transactions,’’ i.e., the Papers presented to the Society dur- 
ing the 1945 Session, were eleven, besides the President’s Address. Mr 
H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Some External Aspects of the Bodies of 
Diptera,”’ struck a new line of observation of this Order, of which, no 
doubt, other students will take advantage. Mr W. H. Spreadbury in 
“ Nature Rambles with a Camera,’’ and his fine plates appended, recall 
the days of our dear comrade, the late EK. Step. Mr H. FE. Hulls in 
“‘ The Louse in Literature ’’ recalls to us Shakespeare’s ‘‘ Familiar 
Beast to Man.’’ Mr J. K. Matthew, M.A., goes farther afield for the 
S. London Society in his ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the Coastal Sandhills of 
Lancashire,’’ not only in locality but in locale. Mr K. G. Blair, D.Sc., 
F.R.E.S., ‘‘ On the Economy of the Oak Marble Gall, Cynips kollari,”’ 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


shows the work of an eminent combination, an excellent field naturalist 
and an excellent museum worker. 

Mr T. R. Eagles, F.R.E.S., in the ‘‘ Physiology of Insects,’’? sums up 
a side of Entomological Studies which so many of us are prone to over- 
look. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N., in ‘‘ A War-time Visit to W. 
Africa,’ gives a unique experience to most of our members in this 
description of his experiences; a List of Lepidoptera of Freetown will 
interest some of us whose minds often wander from our Island. Mr 
E. J. Bunnett, M.A., a long-ago President, renews his re-appearance 
in ‘‘ Some Notes on the Hemipteron, Pentatoma rufipes,’’? with a num- 
ber of figures of details on 3 plates. Mr L. T. Ford, a veteran Micro- 
lepidopterist, gives us ‘‘ The Psychidae,’’? which deals with the ‘‘ 17 
or 18 ”’ well-established British Species. This work is illustrated by a 
very excellent coloured plate by another micro worker, ‘‘ S. N. A. 
Jacobs del,’’ from material in his own collection. Mr EK. W. Classey, 
F.R.E.S., in ‘ British Mosquitoes,’’ gives an Intreduction to the 
study of their ova and life-history. 

Mr H. R. Last, in ‘‘ Collecting Notes on the British Staphylinidae,”’ 
gives the ‘‘ how and where ”’ of the obtaining of the minute specimens of 
this large group of the smallest of our British Coleoptera. His Biblio- 
graphy is useful. It is a real pleasure to go through a set of papers 
more or less of practical nature lovers’ work which do not microscope 
about with the genitalia, which excites but the shghtest interest to real 
nature lovers. 

These ‘‘ Transactions ’’ are a great credit to the Hditor and his 
colleagues, to the firm (S.-S.) who make the plates, and to the Printers. 
The Society must be proud of their officers —Hy. J. T. 


P.S.—Will our subscribers excuse any delay that may arise from the 
present circumstance of fuel and weather. 


Sprciat Norr.—Mr H. W.. Andrews’ New Address: ‘‘ The Wigwam,” 
Aldwick Avenue, West Bognor Regis, Sussex. 


CORRECTIONS. 
1946. p. 151. line 5 from the hottom replace ‘‘ Butterflies of India ”’ 
by ‘* Identification of Indian Butterflies.” 


1947. p. 6. line 6 from the top for ‘‘ Butlr.”” put ‘‘ Moore.’’ 


EXCHANGES. 


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Glos. 

Wanted, British butterflies, set or in papers, in exchange for Morpho papirius, 
Morpho didama, and other Morphos.—Chas. B. Antram, “ Rivermead,” 
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| Exchange.—I would like to get in touch with those interested in exchanging 

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and adults. Write stating wants and probable offers—J. K.. Goody, Weldon, 

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Wanted, for experimental purposes, a few pupae of Hndromis versicolora, pur- 
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' Wanted.—Volume V (five) of Tutt’s British Lepidoptera.T. R. Eagles, 32 Abbey 

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CONTENTS. 
LEPIDOPTERA OF WEST SUSSEX AND EAST HAMPSHIRE, 1946, G. W. 
Harper, R.N., F.R.E.S., aii eee aS uA ae ae nee ahh a 21 
LEPIDOPTERA AND * HONEY DEW,” Bryan P. Beirne, ... bse tee By 25 
VARIATION OF EREMOBJA OCHROLEUCA, A. J. Wightman, F.R.E.S., ... 27 
A LIST OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM NORTH-EAST SURREY, M. 
Niblett, se) Aas a aw ae aa She He, a6 Be aah sia 28 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945, D. G. Sevastopilo, F.R.E.S., 32 
COLLECTING NOTES: Note on Orthopelma JytBierer 


B. Verdcourt; A Very Rare Aberrations 34 
CURRENT NOTES, 35 
AN EARNEST APPEAL, 36 
CORRECTIONS, 36 


TEN SHILLINGS, 


To be sent to 


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LEPIDOPTERA OF WEST SUSSEX AND EAST HAMPSHIRE. PAL 


LEPIDOPTERA OF WEST SUSSEX AND EAST HAMPSHIRE, 1946. 
By Commander G. W. Harrrer, R.N., F.R.E.S. 


Prophecy is always a risky undertaking; but it is probable that the 
year 1946 will be recalled for a long time to come as one of unusually 
prolonged bad weather in the summer and autumn. The effect of this 
was to limit the numbers of individuals in the late summer and autumn 
broods in most cases. This was particularly noticeable with Colias 
croceus, Fourcr., and Plusia gamma, both of which were present in 
good numbers early in the summer. Other migrants do not seem to 
have been well represented. 


JANUARY.—The first and last weeks were mild; Hrannis leucophaearia 
was seen flying on the 31st, but was probably out earlier. 

Frsruary.—Mild weather with an occasional sunny day persisted 
until the 20th; Theria rwpicapraria and Phigalia pedaria were common 
at light by the 7th, and were joined by Hraunnis marginaria on the 12th. 
This insect became particularly active on the wing about midnight. 
Severe wintry weather supervened on 26th, though the amount of snow 
on the South Coast was slight. 


Marcu.—Wintry weather with Kast winds and snow blizzards con- 
tinued until the 18th, doing considerable damage to the local sallow 
blossom, which was on the point of flowering. On the 19th fine mild 
weather set in, and already Achlya flavicornis, Harophila badiata, and 
Orthosia stabilis were on the wing. The undamaged sallows flowered 
quickly, and by the 24th all the Common Taeniocampids were feasting ; 
I was delighted to find also that the lovely Orthosia miniosa was not 
uncommon among them, and also at light. The latter also attracted 
large numbers of 6 ¢ Alsophila aescularia, which were also to be found 
commonly sitting on the birch twigs in woods, Tephrosia bistortata, and 
an occasional Biston strataria. An interesting customer at an illumi- 
nated road sign at this time was a female newt; although appearing to 
gaze with fascination at the light, I suspect her of being in reality 
more interested in the flying and settled insects. The 26th was a 
glorious sunny day, when I saw the first butterfly of the year; this was 
a lovely Nymphalis antiopa observed from the train quite clearly flying 
alongside the line in Balcombe forest. If I had had a net, the tempta- 
tion to pull the communication cord might have been considerable! 
Gonepteryx rhamni 3S were also on the wing this day, and on the 
28th Nymphalis io, together with Brephos parthenias and Nothopteryx 
carpinata on the birches. The month went out in a blaze of warm 
weather; attempts were made to rediscover Hndromis versicolora in 
its old Sussex haunts with the aid of a virgin @ bred from Scottish 
stock, but without success. 

Aprit.—Continued warm weather brought Pieris brassicae and P. 
napi out in some numbers by the 2nd, Cclastrina argiolus by the 4th, 
and at light on this day an unusual visitor was a rather worn Spilo- 
soma lubricipeda, the larvae of which are to be found commonly in the 
autumn feeding at night on ivy. The warm spell brought the cuckoo 
early, being heard on the 2nd, and Cowslips were flowering in sheltered 
spots. From 5th to 12th cold North-Kasterly winds occurred, 


APR 4 1947 


22 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


synchronizing with a fine show of Blackthorn blossom. On the 7th 
Nothopteryx polycommata was found not uncommonly on privet near 
Worthing. On the 138th Pararge aegeria was well out, followed on the 
14th by Huchloé cardamines, and the first tentative song of nightingales, 
while swallows and house-martins were flying. On the 19th Ingdia 
adustata was flying at dusk over the Spindle bushes. 

On 28rd a fortnight’s leave was taken at Aviemore, and a short 
digression on conditions there may be of interest. The weather was 
mostly fine but with cold N.E. winds. Immediately on arrival Hndzoniis 
versicolora was found in large numbers sitting on the tences and large 
birch trunks, as well as on twigs and heather. Perhaps owing to the 
small amount of sun, however, not one male was seen on the wing by 
day, though a male came to the lamp at midnight on the 30th! <A 
single specimen of Jsturgia carbonaria was seen at 700 feet altitude on 
the 24th, but this species was not fully out until the first week in May. 
By the end of the month Saturnia pavonia (carpint) was well out, the 
males flying in the sunshine, females sitting on heather, while the 
earlier spring species, N. carpinata, Lycia hirtaria, and A. fiavicornis, 
were still to be seen on fences and tree trunks, together with Selenia 
tetralunaria, which was emerging. 

May.—By the 2nd, Pieris napi was flying freely on the low ground, 
while I. carbonaria. and Anarta cordigera were well out on the lower 
hillsides, the latter sitting singly and in cép. on the rocks in the late 
afternoon. In company with Baron de Worms, visits to the high ground 
were paid on 4th and 8th, a number of full-fed larvae of Amathes aipi- 
cola and a pupa of Psodos coracina being found under crowberry on the 
hilltops at 2400 feet. 


On 8th also, Anarta melanopa was emerging, and much healthy exer- 
cise was had in procuring them. So procryptic is their colouration and 
fast their flight that in was often found easier to chase their shadows 
on the hilltop moss in the bright sunlight. From the 12th to the 18th 
duty took me to Kyle of Loch Alsh; here I found Thecla rubi and 
Argynnis euphrosyne flying in company with numerous P. napi. Apa- 
tele menyanthidis and A. ewphorbiae var. myricae were emerging ; larvae 
of Arctia caja were numerous. : 

Returning to Sussex on the 18th the season appeared to be a few 
days later than normal; A. euphrosyne was fully out but by no means 
common, whilst on the 25th in Hampshire Huphydryas awrinia 9 2 were 
just emerging, a beautiful sight. A very few dd Acosmetia caliginosa 
were obtained, whilst the usual common moths of early May were found 
in fresh condition. Larvae of Thecla betulae and Nola cuculatella were 
very immature, second instar, even in sheltered places; on the other 
hand a nearly mature larva of Apatura iris was found on the 29th, 
pupating on 5th June.  Plusia gamma was very fresh and abundant 
everywhere by the end of May. 

Junr.—May went out and June came in with cold, wet and windy 
weather, continuing with only occasional bright intervals all the: month. 
Dasychira pudibunda and Rivula sericealis were unusually abundant at 
light during the month, but otherwise night work was very unproduc- 
tive, due probably to the low temperatures. Butterflies were equally 
little in evidence, A. selene not being met with until 22nd, still fresh. 


LEPIDOPTERA OF WEST SUSSEX AND EAST HAMPSHIRE. 23 


Larvae were developing very slowly, fof on 7th June two more A. iris 
were found, which did not pupate until the third week of the month, 
while 7. betulae larvae were abundant, most being in the 2nd and 
3rd instars only. Oak trees were notably free of larvae, very few 
being found. Temperatures continued so low that the three A. iris, 
although kept indoors, remained in pupa for 27, 23, and 22 days re- 
spectively. A large colony of larvae of Hriogaster lanestris was found 
on 15th; they were mostly in the third instar, fed up slowly and all 
had pupated successfully by the end of July. Sphinx ligustri flew round 
a street lamp at midnight on 22nd. 


On 25th Melitaea athalia g 5 were emerging, the day being compara- 
tively warm and fine, whilst a few Owpido minimus were flying on the 
Downs. Procris globulariae, however, was not yet out; in 1945 it was 
nearly over by this date. 


Juty.—The only prolonged sunny and warm period of the summer 
occurred from lst to the 13th; even this was punctuated by some 
thunderstorms. Argynnis. paphia was emerging, both sexes on the 3rd, 
but numbers remained comparatively few in its usual Sussex woods; 
with Limenitis camilla it was not fully out here until 9th, the latter 
also being less numerous than usual. Argynnis cydippe was actually 
rare in its usual haunts where it is normally abundant. On the other 
hand, Argynnis aglaia, Vanessa atalanta and Vanessa cardui were com- 
mon and fresh at this time, as also was Colias croceus in the lucerne 
fields, including the usual proportion of var. helice; Colias hyale was 
not seen. Aphantopus hyperantus was fully out, but also below usual 
numbers, by the 12th; Melanargia galathea was, however, plentiful on 
the Downs on 12th, on which date Plebejus argus 3 3 were freshly out 
in Balcombe and Ashdown forests, and Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon 
66 on the Downs; the latter as usual remained in small numbers until 
August. 


All three A. iris had emerged in my cages by 12th, and on 14th 
fresh males were not uncommon over birch trees as well as oak in West 
Sussex. Quite short birches were tantalizingly popular! Cool, stormy 
weather supervened now until the end of the month. On the 17th, dur- 
ing a brief sunny period, it was pleasant to find Adopoea actaeon abun- 
dant on the Dorset coast, and Humenis semele was flying in some num- 
bers. Probably due to the continued bad weather moths were only found 
in small numbers during the rest of the month, the most interesting 
being single examples of Stawropus fagi, Notodonta dromedarius, Abro- 
stola tripartita, and Apatele tridens coming, to light on different nights. 
Sugar substitute, malted cod liver oil, and beer, which has previously 
been proved effective, produced practically nothing at this time, only 
a few rather worn Mythimna turca. The Catocalas were conspicuous 
by their absence, and I believe emerged late in August this year. ‘ 


The month ended with a cold night on 31st, which unexpectedly 
provided good results with the lamp, specimens of Nola albula, Multo- 
christa miniata, Hilema complana, Hilema lurideola, Lymantria 
monacha, Lophopteryx capucina, Habrosyne derasa, Cilix glawcata, 
Lasiocampa quercus 9°, Philudoria potatoria, Thalpophila matura, and 
many Geometers being taken. 


24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1947 


Aucust.—Gales and rain characterized most of this month, with a 
few sunny days here and there. Apatura iris was still flying on the 
5th, as was the second brood of Leptidea sinapis in fair numbers. I 
was delighted to watch the courtship on grass stems of two pairs of 


this attractive insect. ronepteryx rhamni was flying in large num- 
bers at this time. 


Hunting for Nonagria pupae in the aquatic reeds produced a fair 
number of N. typhae, with a sprinkling of N. cannae (algae) and WN. 
sparganu. A noticeable feature was the unusually large number of 
casualties due to Moorhens and Coots, perhaps caused by the high 
water level of this wet summer. On the Downs, Nymphalis io was 
common on the 15th, and Anaitis efformata was flushed from the 
undergrowth in some numbers. Nonagria typhae was flying well to 
the lamp by the 18th, and continued to emerge right up to the end 
of September in the reed beds; here also a pleasant surprise was the 
discovery of Simyra albovenosa on 21st and lst September. The com- 
mon moths appeared tuinly at light whenever the weather allowed, the 
most interesting to be found being second brood Pheosia tremula and 
P. gnoma, and an occasional Cryphia muralis at rest on stones. 


SEPTEMBER.—The same dismal weather—rain, wind and cloud con- 
tinued almost unbrokenly until the 23rd, w Them a few days of warm, 
sunny weathe» made a belated appearance. On the Ist, dusking in ite 
reed-beds discovered Comacla senex, possibly a second brood, together 
with large numbers of Tholera popularis and Orthoneura lignata. <A 


single example cf Arenostola pygmina also came to the lamp, with large 
numbers of N. typhae. 


A single larva of Plusia festucae fed up and developed a male moth 
in October, while on the Downs near Arundel beating maples provided 
a fine young larva of Lophopteryx cucullina. 

On 9th a rare sunny day occurred; a few Colias croceus were flying, 
including two on waste ground in the middle of Portsmouth, but the 
numbers were sadly reduced by the wet weather. 


On 19th the ‘ early ”’ autumn moths were appearing; Omphalo- 
scelis lunosa was at light and ivy blossom in large numbers, followed 
on 21st by Cirrhia gilvago, and a few C.. icteritia and C. lutea, the 
latter mostly at remnants of Ragwort blossom in the woods. On 23rd 
the lamp attracted large numbers of Asphalia diluta and Dysstromu 
truncata with melanic examples of the latter predominating. 


The 25th was marked by a large rise in temperature, accompanied 
by light rain. That night and on seven successive nights a very con- 
siderable number of the splendid Geometrid Moth, Ennomos autumnaria, 
appeared at street lamps and illuminated road signs. Both sexes were 
present in fresh condition and ova were obtained. For this reason I 
think they were probably locally bred and not immigrants. Several 
Polia flavicincta were obtained resting on street lamps at this time, 
and a few Gortyna flavago (ochracea). 


Octoser.—Mild weather continued for the first week, and ivy 
blossom was well patronized by Agrochola circellaris with a few Hupsilia 
transversa and Agrotis ypsilon; these three species also condescended to 
come to the sugar substitute patch. Rather cold fine weather followed, 


LEPIDOPTERA AND ‘‘ HONEY-DEW.”’ 25 


and by the 18th Agrochola lychnidis and colotois pennaria appeared in 
rather small numbers compared with 1945; the remaining autumn moths 
were also less common than usual, Oporinia dilutata, Erannis defoliaria, 
HE. aurantiaria, Meganephria oxyacanthae, Episema caeruleocephala all 
appearing occasionally at light during the last week. 


NovemBer.—This month also opened with a fine sunny week, which 
was devoted largely to pupa digging. Results bore out the impression 
gathered earlier in the vear that Oak trees were deficient in numbers 
of insects; Elm was the most productive, fair numbers of Mimas tiliae, 
various Taeniocampids and Geometers being obtained. Among them a 
pupa of Agrotis saucia produced a moth on 22nd, and another came to 
light on 23rd. Poecilocampa populi has hardly been seen, in contrast 
to 1945 when it was abundant. 


In conclusion, I realize how dangerous and unscientific it is to 
generalize as to cause and effect when considering a group of animals 
so large and varied in its ecological requirements as are the Lepidop- 
tera. J must content myself, therefore, with observing that the Sussex 
butterflies continued on the whole to decline in numbers in this second 
wet and cold summer running; many moths also, among them the most 
usually common, failed to appear in any quantity; but many others 
showed sturdy resilience, amounting almost to defiance, of our English 
weather. 


LEPIDOPTERA AND ‘ HONEY-DEW.’’ 
By Bryan P. BErRne. 


In an interesting article in the Wntomologist’s Record for September, 
1945 (vol. LVII: 93) Mr P. B. M. Allan discusses the possibility of 
larvae being killed by feeding on leaves coated with the aphid excretion 
known as honey-dew. This prompted me to analyse a number of notes 
on the seasonal abundance of Lepidoptera and of aphids, which I had 
compiled from the entomological periodicals. 

Aphids (or honey-dew) are recorded as having been exceptionally 
abundant in many parts of England in at least five and probably in a 
further. three of the past sixty years. Judging from the published re- 
cords none of these seem to have been a ‘‘ good ’’ year for Lepidoptera, 
several of them having been very ‘“‘ bad.’”’ In estimating the seasonal 
abundance of these insects the fact that scarcities of Noctuids may 
have been only apparent has been taken into account. Apparent scar- 
cities of Noctuae often are due to their forsaking sugar for the counter- 
attraction of honey-dew. 

1889 was a year of aphid abundance (see, e.g., Stott, Entom., XXIT: 
262; Still, [bid., XXIIT: 14; Young, Jbid., XXIII: 69) and seems not 
to have been a “‘ good ’’ year for Lepidoptera. The relative scarcity of 
most species of Lepidoptera may have been due to the preceding winter 
having been comparatively mild and dry and thus favourable for the 
activities of natural enemies of these insects. 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1947 


In the following summer, 1890, aphids again seem to hhave been ex- 
ceptionally abundant (see, e.g., Walker, Ent. Rec., 1: 156; Fenn, Ibid., 
I: 158; Newstead, Hntom., XXIV: 20). There seems to have been no 
particular scarcity of Lepidoptera in the spring but later they became 
scarce and from July onwards 1890 was a very ‘‘ bad ”’ year for most 
Lepidoptera. This scarcity, however, could be attributed to weather 
conditions. There were high winds and heavy rains in the spring and 
summer of that year. The winds must have battered many adults and 
larvae to death and greatly restricted the flight and egg-laying activi- 
ties of those which survived, while the damp was favourable for the 
spread of larval disease. 

1893 in particular was a year in which aphids were excessively abun- 
dant (see, e.g., South, Hntom., XXVI: 274; Atmore, Ent. Rec., IV: 
175; Mason, [bid., IV: 176; Battley, Ibid., IV: 226; Bazett, Ibid., IV: 
226; Riding, Tbid., IV: 344). Again, Lepidoptera seem to have been 
in their normal numbers in the spring but there was a relative scarcity 
of most species during the summer. There is na good evidence that 
the abundance of honey-dew was the primary cause of this. The scar- 
city probably was due to the long and severe droughts of that summer, 
which must have caused the deaths of large numbers of larvae and. 
pupae from lack of moisture and, more importantly, caused the in- 
creased activities of birds, parasitic and predatory Hymenoptera and 
other diurnal and sun-loving natural enemies of the Lepidoptera. 

The next years of recorded aphid abundance were 1898 and 1911 (see, 
e.g., Ridley, Wnt. Rec., X: 262; Greer, [bid., X: 309; Ormerod, Entom., 
XXXII: 143; and Theobald, Hntom., XLIV: 252; Whittle, Ibid., 
XLIV: 368; Mathew, Ibid., XLV: 155). Neither seems to have been a 
“good? year for Lepidoptera, probably because of unfavourable 
weather. In both summers the rainfalls were below and the tempera- 
tures above the average so that the relative scarcities of the Lepidop- 
tera may have been due to the same causes as in 1893. In 1911 the cold 
winds in the spring also must have been detrimental. Incidentally, 
most butterflies were exceptionally abundant in the hot summer of that 
year. 

There are some indications that aphids may have been abundant in 
1907 (Mosely, Entom., XLI: 209), 1929 (Barnes, Hnt. Mon. Mag., 
LXVII: 55) and 1944 (Allan, loc. cit.). None of these was a ‘“‘ good ”’ 
year for Lepidoptera, but in 1907 the relative scarcity of these insects 
may have been due to the cold, wet and sunless summer, in 1929 to the 
preceding long succession of ‘‘ bad ’’ and ‘‘ average ”’ seasons (see 
Beirne, Entom., UXXX: in the press) and in 1944 to the cold and windy 
summer weather. 

Although it may be significant that the seasons of aphid abundance all 
seem to have been seasons of relative scarcity of the Lepidoptera as a 
whole, the scarcities can be explained more readily and with a greater 
degree of probability by factors other than the excess of honey-dew. 
While it seems probable that honey-dew is detrimental to some larvae 
(see, e.g., Rogers, Hnt. Rec., XXI: 233), probably by favouring the 
spread of or by reducing the resistance of the larvae to disease, there 
is at present no good evidence that it is important in causing seasonal 
scarcities of the Lepidoptera as a whole, whatever the case may be with 
individual species. 


VARIATION OF EREMOBIA OCHROLEUCA. 27 


VARIATION OF EREMOBIA OCHROLEUCA. 
By A. J. Wicutman, F.R.E.S. 


This species is generally considered to be very constant in markings 
and colour in this country and apparently on the continent also. 

Nevertheless, when large numbers are bred a fair number of minor 
variations in the markings are met with and the colour range is fairly 
wide. 

As regards the markings, the two large dark blotches across the 
centres of the forewings are usually divided by the crescent shaped white 
edging of the lower one, but occasionally this white line is absent and 
the insect has an unbroken, dark, waisted band. 

Again the lower blotch may be subdivided into two distinct dark 
spots. The reniform which being white with a mere dark line in its 
centre is normally hardly to be traced, is sometimes edged by a brown 
line and then becomes quite conspicuous. In the very pale forms the 
submarginal area and apical patch are almost wholly free from mark- 
ings, while in the darkest forms those areas may be wholly brown. 

I have in the course of years and by reason of breeding large num- 
bers obtained three forms which are very different from the type in 
appearance. 

(1) Ground colour pale greenish grey, cilia white with dark bars 
obsolete except in the extreme outer edge, where these appear as blackish 
dots. 

Submarginal area white with the faintest of greenish grey dusting, 
apical patch extended in area and white. 


The pale area outwards from the upper dark blotch is almost wholly 
white, and the two dark blotches widely separated by white, and light 
grey in colour. 

This is a scarce form, but I have bred it in both sexes. I call it 
ab. pallida. 


(2) Ground colour pale rosy pink; the darker markings apart from 
the red-brown blotches are red. 

The usual white markings, including the apical patch, are flesh- 
colour, but there are a few white lines around the. blotches. 

This is also a scarce form, especially in the @. I call it ab. 
rufescens. 

Both the above forms are much paler than the ordinary typical 
form. 

(3) Ground colour brown; dark blotches and band between outer line 
and submarginal are deep chocolate. 

The. submarginal area and apical patch are pale brown, while the 
usual pale area outwards from the upper dark blotch is so marked with 
brown reticulation as to be lost in the general brown of the wing. 

The reniform is clearly seen, being the palest part of the wing. 
White edged in brown and with a brown centre, the orbicular is also 
clearly marked white, round, edged with brown and with a brown dot 
in centre. I have only bred this in the ¢@. I call it'ab. brunnea. 

All three forms from Sussex larvae, 


bo 
ioe) 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1947 


A LIST OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM NORTH-EAST 
SURREY. 


By M. N«isiert. 


The following List of Trypetidae comprises the species I have either 
bred or captured from an area bounded on the North by Norwood, Mit- 
cham and Esher; on the South by Clandon, Kingswood and Boxhill; on 
the East. by Addington, Chelsham and Woldingham; on the West by 
Albury, Ockham and Wisley. The area contains a portion of the North 
Downs with their characteristic Chalk flora, and also in addition a 
number of low-lying Commons with a very different assortment of plants. 
To some portions I have only paid occasional visits; others have been 
visited much more frequently ; weather was very variable, making sweep- 
ing at times impossible. I have found collecting the larvae and 
breeding the flies from them much more profitable than trying to cap- 
ture the adult insects, besides giving in addition an insight into their 
biology; also the number of species discovered by searching for the 
larvae was much in excess of those swept. 

The nomenclature of the Trypetidae appears to be still in the melting 
pot so I have retained that used by me previously (1); the botanical 
nomenclature follows The London Catalogue of British Plants, eleventh 
edition. There are undoubtedly other species likely to be found in the 
area under consideration, but they have not appeared to me. 

Ewribia cardui, L.—This species is widely spread over the whole area 
but appears to favour the more low-lying districts, where the conspicuous 
galls upon the stems of the thistle, Cnicus arvensis, L., are frequently 
to be met with. The fly emerges in June and July and, considering how 
plentiful the galls are, it is rather surprising how few of the insects 
come to the net. 

E. jaceana, Her.—The host plant, Centaurea nigra, L., may be found 
usually quite plentifully almost everywhere; it is rare to find a clump of 
CG? nigra in the autumn without at least a few of the heads having the 
hard gall containing the larvae of this species in them. The flies emerge 
from May to August and may usually be swept from their food-plant, 
or other plants growing in the vicinity, in some numbers in July. © 

E. quadrifasciata, Mg.—This species is also associated with C. nigra, 
the larvae feeding in the seeds. I have found it well distributed and 
by no means scarce; on one occasion at Epsom Common, in July, it was 
the most plentiful Trypetid on the wing. There are two broods, one 
emerging in May and June, the other in July and August. 

E. stylata, Fab.—This is a species whose galls in the flower-heads of 
Onicus lanceolatus, Willd., may be found plentifully all over the area ; 
where Carduus nutans, L., occurs, it is also usually attacked; more 
rarely the flower-heads of Cnicus palustris, Willd., and C. arvensis, 
Hoffm., are also galled. The flies emerge in June and July and sweep- 
ing the thistles from June to August will usually produce a number of 
specimens. 

Myopites blotii, Bréh.—With this species the larvae cause the forma- 
tion of hard galls in the flower-heads of Fleabane, Pulicaria dysenterica, 
L.; it is usually confined to coastal districts. I have met with it on both 
Epsom and Ashtead Commons, not in any great numbers and widely 


, 


A LIST OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA) FROM NORTH-EAST SURREY. 29 


scattered. The flies emerge in July and August, having a long larval 
period. Fleabane is not uncommon in many low-lying parts of the area 
and a more intensive search than I have made might reveal the presence 
of this species in other localities. 

Rhagoletis alternata, Fall.—I think this species is more frequently 
seen in the larval stage, the larvae being found in the fruits of various 
species of wild-roses in the autumn. It appears to be much more widely 
distributed than one would judge from the small number of imagines 
seen, which emerge during May and June. 

Trypeta zoe, Mg.—I have never taken this species on the wing, the 
larvae are to be found in mines in the leaves of Ragwort, Chrysanthe- 
mum, etc.; in my garden at Wallington the leaves of cultivated forms 
of the latter are often heavily attacked, the larvae are as a rule heavily 
parasitized by Chalcids but they have survived these attacks for the 
last fifteen years. It is a hibernating species, the flies emerging from 
the end of June to the end of July. 


Gonioglossum wiedemanni, Lw.—This is another species I have only 
obtained by breeding from the larva, these live in the berries of 
Bryonia dioica, Jacq., the White Bryony; it is J think rather local, its 
host-plant is widely distributed but examination of it in many areas 
failed to disclose any larvae; one stretch of hedge at Banstead, some 
years ago, had a very high percentage of the Bryony fruits decorating 
it with larvae in them. The flies emerge in June. 

Phagocarpus permundus, Har.—The larvae of this species are also 
berry-feeders, being found in the fruits of Hawthorn; it is I am inclined 
to believe rather local, but judging by the number of larvae found in 
various localities, should be locally plentiful. The fly emerges in May 
and June and should be found in the latter month in localities it 
favours. 


Acidia cognata, Wied.—The larvae of this species live in mines in 
the leaves of Butterbur and Coltsfoot; I have only found them in those 
of the latter plant in the area under discussion. Coltsfoot is to be found 
well distributed but I have found the larvae in a small number of places. 
The fly emerges in June so patches of the plant might well be profitably 
swept during that month and July. 

Philophylla heraclei, L.—The larvae mining the leaves of cultivated 
Parsnips and Celery are undoubtedly a pest to cultivators; the leaves 
of various species of Umbelliferous plants are often heavily attacked, 
particularly Hogweed and Wild Parsnip. The fly may usually be found 
in all districts where the plants occur. The flies emerge in June, July 
and August; it has been stated that there are two broods in a year; this 
may well be so, I have had flies emerge at the end of June from lieeae 
found early in the month, from other larvae found in July the flies 
emerged in August. 

Ceriocera ceratocera, Hend.—This species is found sparingly in such 
localities as the food-plant of its larvae, the Great Knapweed, occurs; 
this 1s chiefly on the North Downs area. The fly emerges from early 
June to early July and sweeping in July and August should prove most 
profitable. 

C. microceras, Her.—The larvae of this little known species live in 
the stems of the Great Knapweed, Centaurea scabiosa, L., and emerge 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


during June and July; I have never taken the insect, but have bred it 
from stems of its food-plant coilected at Epsom Downs, Banstead Downs, 
Banstead Wood and Woodmansterne; the latter locality is now under 
cultivation. 


Chaetorellia jaceae, R.D.—My only record of this species is of a few 
flies bred from flower-heads of C. nigra growing in my garden. 

Chaetostomella onotrophes, law.—This species is well distributed over 
the whole area; I have swept it from various Composites in July and 
August and bred it from C. nigra, Serratula tinctoria, L., and Cnicus 
palustris. My observations lead me to believe that this species is at 
times, if not always, double-brooded. 

Terellia serratulae, l.—Swept sparingly from Thistles in July and 
bred in fair numbers from heads of Carduus nutans collected at Walton 
Heath and Banstead Downs; also from heads of C. lanceolatus taken at 
Epsom Common, Banstead Downs, Boxhill, Riddlesdown, Mitcham Com- 
mon and Epsom Downs; the majority of the flies emerged in June. 

Orellia colon, Mg.—This species is generally distributed all along 
the North Downs, where its food-plant, Centaurea scabiosa, occurs. 
Bred specimens have emerged in August of the first year and June of 
the second, others have been swept in July. 


O. falcata, Scop.—I have only one record of this species, nine flies 
were bred from the root-stocks of several plants of Tragopogon pratense, 
L., collected at Riddlesdown, from which they emerged in May and 
June. 


O. ruficauda, Fab.—This species has been swept from C, palustris 
and C!. arvensis in numerous localities, and bred from the flower-heads 
of these Thistles in some numbers. Judging by the larvae obtained 
palustris appears to be the more favoured food-plant, All the flies cap- 
tured by sweeping were taken in July; of those bred the majority 
emerged in June, a very few coming out in early July. 

O. tussilaginis, Fab.—Bred ana swept from very few localities, it is 
probably much more widely distributed than my records show; cap- 
tured insects were taken in August while those bred emerged in June 
and July; it appears to have a long larval period; from several heads 
of Burdock collected in mid-July with larvae in the seeds, the flies did 
not emerge until the latter half of the following June. 

O. winthem, Mg.—Since I added this species to the British List in 
1934 (2) I have found the larvae in the flower-heads of its food-plant, 
Carduus crispus, l., in considerable numbers, in nearly all of the many 
localities in the area where crispws occurs. Although I have not cap- 
tured any of the flies it should be possible to net them in some numbers 
after mid-June, as they emerge freely from then until early July. 

Xyphosia miliavia, Schr.—Here we have another species whose larvae 
feed in flower-heads of Thistles, rather favouring arvensis, I think; I 
have bred from arvensis more miliaria than I have from palustris, and 
in selective sweeping the same thing has occurred. There are apparently 
at times two broods, flower-heads collected in mid-July yielding flies in 
August while those taken at the end of July or later did not give the 
flies until the following June; those swept were taken in July and 
August. I found this species well distributed over the area. 


A LIST OF TRYPETIDAB (DIPTERA) FROM NORTH-FAST SURREY. 31 


Oxyna flavipennis, Lw.—I have never taken or bred this insect but 
have found the characteristic galls on the roots of Achillea millefolium, 
L., at Epsom Common, Fetcham, Bookham Common and Worms Heath, 
between 4th August and 28th March, in each case they had emergence 
holes in them and contained empty puparia; this rather points to a 
rapid development of the gall in the early summer, and an equally quick 
development of the larva. The flying time is stated to be between May 
and September, this requires confirmation; I think there may well be a 
break in this period; further investigation is obviously needed here. 

Sphenella marginata, Fall.—The larvae of this species are to be 
found in the flower-heads of various species of Senecio, where they 
pupate, the majority of the flies emerging in August; it is generally 
distributed over the whole of the area and is not uncommon. There is 
one point in connection with this species which I should like to know 
more about: it is whether insects whose larvae have fed up on one species 
of Senecio will oviposit in the flowers of another. Some years ago I 
found in an uncultivated field near Burford Bridge a big crop of Ground- 
sel, the flowers of which contained numerous larvae of marginata; on 
visiting the field two years later I found that practically all the Ground- 
sel had disappeared, its place being taken by an equally abundant growth 
of Ragwort; examination of well over a hundred flowers of this plant 
in various parts of the field failed to disclose a single marginata larva ; 
this might be an interesting point to follow up, there had obviously 
been no cultivation of the field during the intervening period. 

Ensina sonchi, l4.—This small species is usually plentiful over the 
whole area, the larvae affecting a number of species of the Compositae, 
Sonchus arvensis, L., being I think the most favoured; there is more 
than one brood in a year judging from my breeding investigations, al- 
though I have only captured the insect in July. 

Tephritis bardanae, Schr.—This species is not uncommon in areas 
where its food-plant, Burdock, occurs; it emerges from the seed-heads 
in August and September ; if it is proposed to obtain the flies by breed- 
ing the heads should for preference be collected in early August as the 
flies frequently emerge before the end of the month. It is a ‘hibernating 
species. 

T. conjuncta, Lw.—I have records of this species from Ranmore Com- 
mon, Epsom Downs, Chipstead and Walton Heath only; it is, however, 
in all probability to be found in many other localities where the food- 
plant of its larva occurs. The larvae may be found in the flower-heads 
of the Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, L., from the latter 
part of June to the end of July, the flies emerging in July and August, 
which are the best months to sweep for it. 

T. hyoseyami, lu.—This species is to be found on the North Downs 
and adjacent areas where its food-plant, Cardwus crispus, grows; it it 
is proposed to breed the fly the flower-heads shoula not be gathered later 
than the beginning of August, otherwise they may be found to contain 
empty puparia only. The flies emerge in July and August when they 
may be swept, also hibernated specimens may be found in spring and 
early summer. 

T. vespertina, Lw.—This is another species where the adult fly hiber- 
nates; it emerges from June to August but does not appear to be 
double brooded, the larvae are to be found in the flower-heads of Hypo- 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TIT/1947 


choeris radicata, L.., but rarely after the end of July. It appears to 
be widely distributed, favouring rather the higher ground perhaps; 
sweeping its food-plant in July and August will usually produce speci- 
mens, but they are more easily obtained by breeding from the flower- 
heads collected in the summer. 

Trypanea stellata, Fuess.—Only once have I found this species, a 
few larvae being found in flower-heads of Ragwort collected at Riddles- 
down in August; the flies emerged at the end of that month and early 
in September. I cannot believe it to be so scarce and probably by 
sweeping some of its many reputed host-plants in September, further 
records might be obtained. 

Noeéta pupillata, Fall.—This species is well distributed over the 
whole area and is to be found wherever the food-plant of the Jarva occurs; 
these may be found in the swollen flowers of the shrubby Hawkweeds. 
They have a long emergence period and it is rather surprising more 
are not found in the net; May and June, and again in August, are 
likely to prove the most profitable times for sweeping for the fly. They 
are, however, easy to breed, and flowers with !arvae in them in the 
late summer will as a rule yield a series of flies a little later, or in the 
following May. 

The number of species recorded, 32, compares favourably with other 
local and county lists that have been published, but I feel that more 
intensive work in the area should produce a number of additional 
species. 


REFERENCES. 


(1) Niblett, M. 1939. Entomologist’s Record, 15.v. 
(2) Niblett, M. 1934. Hntomologist’s Record, 15.111. 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945, 
By D. G. Sevastopuno, F.R.E.S. 


(Continued from p. 7.) 


3rd October.—Another wet day, but a specimen of LZ. rohria, in 
addition to the other common Satyrids, was flying in the forest. A 
search of the tree trunks produced a single Plexiphlebs (Euplexia) stelli- 
fera, Moore, well hidden against a background of moss. A walk in the 
evening suedineedl Iymantria concolor, Wik., and Urapteryx sciticau- 
daria, Wlk., off tree trunks, and another large Geometer was seen settled 
too high up to be caught or identified. A single Sylepta deficiens, 
Moore, at light. 

4th October.—A misty morning with short spells of sunshine, but not 
enough to tempt the sun lovers, the shade butterflies were flying in 
numbers and ZL. verma is becoming more common. <A number of U. 
primularis were beaten out and specimens of Elphos hymenaria, Guen., 
were taken settled on tree trunks. JLarvae of 7. batis were very com- 
mon on Rubus. In the afternoon a walk in the forest produced speci- 
mens of Ariolica pulchella, Elwes, and Hrebomorpha fulgurita, W1k., 
both disturbed from the branches of pine trees. In the evening a 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945. 33 


Sirinopteryx rufivinctata, Wlk., and a L. obliquata were caught. Light 
attracted two A. strigipennis and a few small Geometers. 

5th October.—@® fine morning without much sun, most of the com- 
mon butterflies flying. ZL. sidonis is now becoming common. A singie 
Celaenorrhinus pyrrha, de N., was caught. U. primularis was com- 
mon, no fewer than four being settled under the large leaves of one 
small tree. A misty afternoon and evening, the only things of interest 
found being a larva of Pantana bicolor, Wlk., and a dead female 
Zeuzera multistrigata, Moore. A good evening with light, some twenty 
or more species, mainly Lithosiids. 

6th October.—A fine morning, but without much sun. Melanitis leda, 
L., ismene, Cr., was flying fairly commonly among the undergrowth in 
the forest. A female Carige cruciplaga, Wlk., and a male Boarmia 
(still unidentified) were found settled on tree trunks. A misty after- 
noon spent blowing caterpillars. A clear evening-and a walk through 
the forest produced a female HK. suhadeva, larvae of Locastra cristalis, 
Hamps., and, in addition to previously recorded species, specimens of 
Euproctis imeconcisa, Wlk., and Chlorodontopera discopilata, Moore. 
Some half a dozen moths only attracted to light. 

7th October.—A fairly sunny morning, and went down through the 
tea to see if any butterflies or tea-feeding Zygaenids were flying. Very 
little about, apart from the ubiquitious D. sakru the only things met 
with being a very few Danuus tytia, Gray, tytia, L. daraxa, C. biblis 
and Y. nareda, and single specimens of Cepora nerissa, F., nerissa, Y. 
baldus, Symbrenthia ssp. hippoclus, Cr., khasiana, Moore, N. radha, 
P. bicolor, R. vinacearia and Erythrolophus hyriarius, Wlk., whilst a 
tailless Papilio and a Jamides were seen but not identified. A walk 
through the forest in the afternoon produced the usual things, and, in 
addition, an example of Dodona dipoea, Hew., dipoea. LL. sidonis is 
getting still commoner. A male Dalima schistacearia, Moore, was found 
settled on a leaf. Light a complete failure. 

8th October.—A dull and unproductive morning. A late afternoon 
walk produced a specimen of Melanitis phedima, Cr., bela, Moore; noth- 
ing else new all day. A clear, moonless night, but nothing attracted 
to light. 

9th October.—The weather is settling, the morning was cloudy st 
first, clearing later. A walk along the forest road produced nothing 
new except a female of Ixias pyrene, L., familiaris, Btlr. Larvae of a 
Stauropus (which died), HL. bhurmitra and another Boarmiid (still un- 
identified) were found. A fine, sunny afternoon, the first so far. A 
walk through the tea produced, in addition to the usual common things, 
a few D. aglea, D. tytia, Y. nareda and C. biblis, a black and orange 
Neptis and a Lycacnopsis were seen but not identified, and single speci- 
mens of H. blanda, N. hylas and Tagiades menaka, Moore, were caught. 
A male Gnophus licheneus, Oberth., was found settled on a stone boun- 
dary post and one of #. hymenaria on a tree trunk. An Asilid was seen 
to make an unsuccessful attack on a female EH. mulciber. Light a com- 
plete failure. 

10th October.—Heavy showers all the morning, making collecting 
impossible. It cleared in the afternoon and a walk through the forest 
produced, among other things, 7. plagiata and a Boarmiid (still un- 
identified, I have twelve species of this Sub-family still unidentified alto- 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1947 


gether) on tree trunks and Bomolocha (Hypena) divisalis, Moore, out 
of herbage. A number of L. verma were noticed resting head down- 
wards on tree trunks. In the evening the sun came out and Vanessa 
indica, Herbst., indica and Vanessa cardui, L., were basking on mari- 
golds. Light again a complete failure. 

llth October.—A fine, sunny morning and a walk along the forest 
road produced, in addition to the usual common things, a pair of 
Danaus melaneus, Cr., plataniston, Fruhs., a P. wedah, a Symbrenthia 
hypselis, Godt., cotanda, Moore, and two D. dipoea. A. childreni was 
flying quite commonly, but not a single Neptis was seen. On the way 
home, an Abraxas martaria, Guen., was found resting on a leaf. In 
the afternoon a walk through the tea produced the first Vanessa cash- 
mirensis, Koll., ssp. aesis, Fruhs.; it seems strange that in a place 
where one would expect bright colours, aesis should be a dull edition of 
urticae and indica of atalanta, Single specimens of Hurema laeta, 
Bsd., sikkima, Moore, P. cama and Ceryx (Syntomoides) wmaon, Cr., 
were also caught, as well as a number of larvae of C. fulvida. Light 
again a failure. 

12th October.—A beautiful sunny morning, but completely ruined 
from the point of view of collecting by a severe cold in the head, which 
left me with barely enough energy to crawl about the garden. One can- 
not be short of breath and tramp these hills. It has suddenly struck 
me that the swarms of S. taprobanis have been missing from the 
verandah for about a week. light a complete failure. 

13th October.—Again nice and sunny, plenty of butterflies were 
flying down among the tea, but nothing worth recording. A large 
orange and brown wasp with dark blue wings was seen dragging a para- 
lysed spider almost the size of a baby mouse; these spiders are pre- 
sumably quite common, although I have seen none, as the wasp is fly- 
ing in numbers. In the afternoon an Asilid was seen to attack and kill 
a Y. sakra. A female Caberodes dentisignata, Moore, was taken at 
rest, and larvae of Rhagastis confusa, Roths. & Jord., Lymantria bivit- 
tata, Moore, and Dindica (Pseudoterpna) polyphaenaria, Guen., were 
found. Light again a failure. 


(To be contimued.) 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Nore on ORTHOPELMA LUTEOLATA, Grav, (Hym. IcH.).—Several of the 
familiar pincushion galls caused by Rhodites rosae were collected near 
Ravensborough Castle (ancient earthworks) on the Barton Hills (Beds.) 
and were stored (28.1.42). A large number of the ichneumon Ortho- 
pelma luteolauta emerged during the period 11th-16th May 1942. Fifteen 
of these were preserved at the time, being collected at random and since 
only four of these are 2 9 it would appear dd preponderated amongst 
the emerging ichneumons.—B. VERDCOURT. 


A Very Rare ABERRATION OF HEODES PHLAEAS.—On 10th May 1946, 
near Soothern, Lincolnshire, I was fortunate enough to capture an 
example of the rare and beautiful ab. alba, Tutt. It was taken at rest 
on a knapweed head at dusk.—J. SrpnNey ASH. 


/ 


CURRENT NOTES. 35 


¢ CURRENT NOTES. 


THe Hnt. News (Am.), July 1946, records that the ‘‘ well-known and 
active’ Museum of the Federated Malay States at Kutala Lumpur 
was totally destroyed by bombing, but the private collection of one of 
the staff was found intact. Another of the staff, Mr H. M. Pendlebury, 
who was author of ‘‘ The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula,’ who took 
part in exploration in Borneo, has died after three years in a concentra- 
tion camp from ‘‘ malnutrition and starvation.’” 


Aw extremely fine and perfect local collection of Lepidoptera from 
S. Mexico has been acquired by the American Museum of Natural His- 
tory. It was made by Caros C. Hoffmann during 30 years’ residence in 
S. Mexico. 


THE current part of the Spanish Hos, Vol. xxii, pts. 1-2, pp. 31-45 
(1946), contains an article on the French race (subsp.?) of the very 
remarkable Saturniid, Graélbsia isabelae, of Spain. It is written in 
French by H. Elen, who adds to his own observations a summary of what 
has been said by various authors of the alpine form of this very fine 
insect. 


Two more contributions to the records of the Hesperidae of S. 
America have been received from K. T. Hayward: (1) The species which 
occur in the Parana area of S. Brazil; and (2) Those of the S_ Paulo 
district. 


THe Wnt. News for October records two new genitalic species of 
Skipper, Hesperiidae, from Central America and Mexico. No figures 
of the perfect insects are given. 


Some time ago our correspondent Kenneth J. Hayward was appointed 
to a post in the Institute Miguel Lillo in Tucuman, an Argentine pro- 
vincial city at the N. Western foot of the Andes. We have just re- 
ceived from him an illustrated pamphlet describing in detail the method 
of collecting and preserving in the field as well as despatching insects 
of all Orders. From his own experience in his native S.W. England, 
from the desert country around the Aswan (Nile Reservoir) desert 
country, from the lovely island of Cyprus, and the years he has spent 
about the great river areas of the Argentine, Hayward’s practical advice 
and instructions must be quite adequate for his task. 


Osrruary.——-Another of the older generation of enthusiastic natural- 
ists has passed away by the death of the Rev. Alfred Thornley at the 
age of 91. He was born at Preston and became a, student at Merton 
College, Oxford, and subsequently he took up duty in Nottinghamshire 
and took a general interest in Botany, Zoology and Geology. His per- 
sistent advocacy of the introduction of Natural History in the curriculum 
of all schools and eventually his view was adopted by the Educational 
Department. He was a genial man and liked by all who knew him. He 
spent his latter years in Cornwall, where he did a great deal in recording 
the Fauna and Flora of the Country. 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1947 


AN EARNEST APPEAL. 


Now that war-time restrictions on access to the Isle of Wight have 
been removed, the Sub-Committee for the Protection of British Insects, 
set up by the Royal Entomological Society of London, desires to draw 
attention to the necessity for the protection of Melitea cinzia on the 
island, 

The habitat of the insect in this country is on the extreme northern 
limit of its range in Europe, and it only exists in restricted areas on 
our South coast. 

The collection of larvae of this species, though easy, is a source of 
extreme danger to the continued existence of the insect in these islands, 
since larvae if taken small are difficult to rear and, in any case, the 
perfect insects not required cannot reproduce their kind unless liberated 
in their chosen localities. 

It is most desirable, therefore, that if entomologists are desirous of 
breeding the insect in large numbers they should arrange for this to be 
carried out in the Isle of Wight, so that the perfect insects not re- 
quired may be liberated on their breeding grounds. 

The rearing of large numbers of insects and their subsequent libera- 
tion in this way, would go far to increase the numbers of Melitea cinzia, 
since the larvae would be protected from their enemies during a critical 
stage in their lifetime. 

The Committee for Protection of British Insects earnestly desires 
that the practice of collecting and of removing larvae of this species in 
numbers to distant parts of the country may be discontinued. 

N. D. Ritety, Honorary Secretary. 


CORRECTIONS. 
THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). 


It is unfortunately necessary to call attention to a number of mis- 
takes in the printing of this paper, including the omission of a whole 
line after the proof was corrected :— 

p. 4, line 19 from above, transfer the word ‘‘ mining ’’ to line 20 
between the words ‘‘ as ”’ and “‘ the.”’ 

p. 9, line 7 from above, for ‘‘ heliantii ”’ read “‘ helianthi.” 

p. 10, line 5 from below, insert ‘‘ therefore ”’ after ‘‘ cornuta.”’ 

p. 11, line 21 from below, should read ‘‘ Caractéres de la Sitarée; mais 
les bords latéraux,”’ etc., etc. 

p- 11, line 19 from below, for ‘‘ arrondé ”’ read “ arrondi.”’ 

p. 11, line 8 from below, for ‘‘ Myiopardalic ” read ‘‘ Myropardalis.”’ 

p- 12, line 3 from above, after ‘‘ Huribia ’’ insert the following line: — 
“ Latr., 1802, in place of Urophora, Dsv., 1830, but this of 
course.”’ 

p. 12, line 5 from below, instead of ‘‘ guttularis, Mg., species 
“¢ of these three species (guttularis, Mg.).”’ 

p. 13, line 16 from below, for “‘ glaenzend. ” yvead ‘ olinzend.” 

p. 14, line 16 from below, instead of ‘‘ as ” read ‘‘ very.” 

p. 14, line 13 from below, after ‘‘ciliation’’ add ‘“‘in these specimens.” 


” read 


EXCHANGES. 


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THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND 
ABUNDANCE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA, Bryan P. Beirne, Ph.D., 


Silk AUN fA NEES EG AR Ht Oe AN RM eM OEE MU) 317) 
COLLECTING AT HOME: RECORDS OF A RAINY SEASON AT CLEVE- 
PROUD PEROT ID VOR MSS RU MYT ALOT ¢ ca oP uk UOT Kaley! 0 utah Ae ate ee 
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HUMAN AOTIVITIHES AND DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 37 


THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION 
AND ABUNDANCE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 


By Bryan P. Berrnze, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. 


As with most aspects of the study of the ecology of the British Lepi- 
doptera, comparatively little has been published on the effects of human 
activities on the distribution and abundance. The following brief sum- 
mary of the available information may be of value in drawing attention 
to points on which further information is desirable; most of the ex- 
amples quoted are the only records of their type. 

In the British Isles human activities have been detrimental to a 
very large number of Lepidoptera and beneficial only to a minority. 
The species which have been most seriously affected are those charac- 
teristic of woodlands. In prehistoric times the British Isles were covered 
with dense forests from sea-level up to as high as 2000 feet on the hills, 
while at the present day less than 5% of the country is wooded and 
only a small proportion of this is the remnants of the native forests. 

Some examples of local extinctions due to the destruction of wood- 
lands are on record. For instance, James (Hnt. Rec., XXXV: 161) 
‘states that the cutting of Chattenden Woods, Kent, resulted in the 
extinction in that area of such species as Melanargia galathea, Stry- 
monidia w-album, Diacrisia sannio, Lygephila pastinum, and Siong 
lineata. A larger number of extinctions, although not recorded as 
such, may be inferred from the old records for species from woodlands 
which no longer exist. There is little recorded information on the 
effects of the extensive clearance of woodlands which was carried out 
during the recent war. 

There is no definite record of any species having become wholly ex- 
tinct in the British Isles as a result of the cutting of the woodlands, 
but there is a possibility that this may have happened to Notodonta 
tritophus, N. torva, Cryphia algae, Synvaleria oleagina or Megenaphria 
bimaculosa. 

The thinning of the trees in a woodland is detrimental to the tree- 
feeding species and the haulage of the logs through the undergrowth 
must destroy many ova, larvae and pupae of species which feed on the 
smaller woodland plants. Generally speaking, however, the thinning 
of the trees is beneficial to the latter species as it permits more light 
to reach the undergrowth which may increase in consequence. For 
example, it is recorded (James, Hntom., LVII: 285) that the thinning 
of a wood in Hssex resulted in the disappearance of the tree-feeding 
Comibaena pustulata and Boarmia roboraria but the resultant increase 
of scrub Birch was followed by an increase of Parastichtis suspecta. 
Local increases of such species as Cucullia asteris, Eulype hastata and 
Ecliptopera silaceata have been attributed to their foodplants becom- 
ing abundant in the newly-cleared parts of woods and it is well known 
that Melitaea athalia prefers one-year-old clearings. 

The clearing of the undergrowth in woods is detrimental to species 
which, like Apatura iris and Limenitis camilla, are associated with the 
shrub layer but is beneficial to the herb-feeders. Scarcities of the latter 
may result if the undergrowth is allowed to grow unchecked (Eastwood, 
Entom., LVIIIT: 104; Conquest, Ibid., XXX: 102; Castle Russell, 
Trans. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1941-2: 40). 


WAY 9 t0¢a7 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1947 


All or most of the Lepidoptera characteristic of swamps, marshes, 
fens, bogs and damp grasslands have undergone numerous local extinc- 
tions as a result of reclamations of their habitats. In most cases these 
situations have been drained as a preliminary to cultivation but in 
the case of the bogs which cover large areas of Ireland the purpose has 
been to permit the cutting of the peat for fuel. I am indebted to Mr 
T. Greer for a description of the changes which took place over a 
period of 40 years in the large area of bogland south, and east of Lough 
Neagh as a result of this. In parts of this bogland there were exten- 
sive areas of Birch and Oak which were felled ruthlessly with the re- 
sult that such species as Pheosia gnoma, Tethea duplaris, Achyla flavi- 
cornis, Drepana falcataria, Diarsia dahlii and Parastichtis suspecta 
became rare. Local extinctions of Apatele menyanthidis, Amathes 
agathina, A. glareosa, Dasychira fascelina, Scopula inornata, Dyscia 
fagaria, Selidosema plumana, Perconia strigillaria, Callophrys rubi and 
other species followed when the remaining vegetation was burnt off. 
Coenonympha tullia is the first species to disappear when a bog is drained 
and is now almost extinct in the area, although formerly common. When 
the bogs had been exhausted of the peat suitable for fuel the drains and 
pools became colonised by various freshwater plants with the result that 


such Lepidoptera as Apamea unanimis, A. ophiogramma, Celaena 


leucostigma, Hydraecia crinanensis, Nonagria typhae and Eustrotia 
uncula became abundant. 

The initial operations necessary for the reclamation of a marsh or 
fen are similar: the vegetation is burnt off and the area is drained, 
with the result that the marsh plants, and their associated Lepidop- 
tera, disappear. The most marked recorded effects of this took place 


when the East Anglian Fenlands were drained about the middle of. 


the 19th century. This was primarily responsible for the extinction as 
British species of Lycaena dispar, Lymantria dispar, Caenophila sub- 
rosea, Laelia coenosa and EKuphyia polygrammata and for a large num- 
ber of local extinctions of other species in the area. Similar local ex- 
tinctions resulted from the reclamation of the Thames marshes in the 
London area, judging from the older records. ° 

The areas reclaimed from heath and moorland have been smail in 
comparison with the areas that remain. There is no definite evidence 
that any species has become wholly extinct as an inhabitant of the 
British Isles as a result of such reclamations. Local extinctions, al- 
though numerous, have been less important than with the woodland 
and fen species. Again, the initial clearance operation is the burning- 
off of the vegetation and it is recorded that local extinctions of Mpic- 
naptera ilicifolia and Coscinia cribraria and local scarzities of Nonagria 
neurica, Sterrha eburnata and Istwrgia limbaria have resulted from this 
(Freer, Ent. Rec., VI: 238; Capper, Ibid., XV: 122; Mera, Ibid., XIX: 
122; James, Ibid., XXXIV: 170; Wightman, Jbid., XLI: 85). 

Fire appears to cause great destruction and, its effects on different 
species require investigation, as there is some indication that different 
species may be affected to different degrees. Thus, Perkins (Hntom., 
XVI: 249) states that many species became scarce locally as a result 
of fire on dry hillsides but Macrothylacia rubi, Procris statices and the 
Crambidae were unaffected. Probably the importance of fire depends 
on whether a species feed high up or low down on the vegetation. Many 


——— 


HUMAN ACTIVITIHS AND DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 39 


of the local extinctions of Maculinea arion have been attributed, at 
least partially, to fire (Bignell, Hntom., XX: 234; Conquest, Ilid., 
XXX: 102; Oliver, [bid., LIIL: 279; Milman, [bid., LVIII: 144; Goss, 
Ent. mon. Mag., XXVII: 58). An interesting effect is described by 
Blair (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1928: 62) who states that 
the firing of the Scottish grouse moors in strips influences the occur- 
rence of Anarta cordigera, as its foodplant, Bearberry, is slow to re- 
cover. 

The replacement of the natural vegetation by grassland or culti- 
vated land over the greater part of the British Isles must have re 
sulted in great increases in the Lepidoptera characteristic of these 
types of habitat. Such species originally must have inhabited the 
margins and glades of the native forests. According as each region 
was cleared of its trees it was colonised by these species, which have re- 
placed the woodland Lepidoptera as the dominant species in most areas. 
However not all the grassland species have expanded their distributions. 
Some, such as Maculinea arion, Pachetra sagittigera and Scopula mar- 
ginepunctata, probably have not spread from the regions they inhabited 
at the time the native forests existed. 

The cleared and reclaimed areas were divided and sub-divided into 
fields which in most cases are separated from each other by hedges. Con- 
sequently those Lepidoptera which feed on hedgerow shrubs and herbs 
must now be far more abundant and more widely distributed than they 
were when they inhabited the margins of the native forests. Large 
quantities of Hawthorn and other plants have been imported from abroad 
for hedging purposes but there is no evidence that any species of Lepi- 
doptera has been added to the British fauna in this way. 


The effects of normal farming operations on the Lepidoptera would 
make an interesting study but at present apart from scattered notes 
little information on this is available. Some examples of the recorded 
effects may be noted. The ploughing-up of previously uncultivated areas 
has resulted in local extinctions of such species as Coscinia cribraria, 
Epirrhoe galiata, Melanargia galathea, Coenonympha tullia, Melitaea 
athalia, Maculinea arion, Strymondia w-album, Pieris nagi, Hesperia 
comma and Hrynnis tages (Clarke, Entom., XXII: 47; Arkle, I[bid., L: 
92; Harrison, Ibid., VII: 51; Walsh, Ent. mon. Mag., LI: 225). Local 
scarcities of Cupido minimus and Cyaniris semiargus have been attri- 
buted to hay-making (Jones, Hntom., LI: 100; Dale, Ent. mon. Mag., 
XXXVIII: 76). Barrett mentions a local extinction of Phothedes cap- 
tiuncula which took place when a field in which it occurred was mowed 
earlier than usual. Hutchinson (Hntom., XIV: 250) suggested that the 
collecting and burning of the Hop plants after the crop had been 
gathered may have contributed to a scarcity of Polygonia c-album. 
Wild Barberry is destroyed by farmers in wheat-growing districts as it 
acts as an alternative host for the Wheat-Blight Fungus and this, ac- 
cording to Barrett, has resulted in the extinction of Coenotephria. ber- 
berata in many localities. A local decrease in the abundance of some 
butterflies was attributed by Marshall (Hntom., XXXIV: 58) partly to 
the destruction of ova, larvae and pupae when the hedges and herbage 
on the field margins were cut and the cuttings destroyed. Caradrina 
clavipalpis, unlike other grassland species, often is benefited by hay- 
making as the plants on which the eggs are laid may be incorporated 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1V /1947 


in haystacks or brought into barns where the larvae often are found in 
great numbers. 

The increase of buildings and communications doubtless has caused 
many local extinctions but again comparatively few have been recorded. 
Apart from the actual destruction caused by the building operations 
the Lepidoptera are affected by the pollution of the atmosphere and 
foliage with smoke, fumes and sooty deposits. Results of this are on 
record (see, e.g., Rendall, Entom., XX: 198; Meldola, Ibid., XX: 235; 
Biggs, [bid., XX: 234; Fenn, Ent. Rec., VI: 228; Walsh, Ent. mon. 
Mag., LI: 225). Bond (Hntom., LVII: 207) and Oldaker ([bid., LXIIL: 
20) suggest that many Lepidoptera may be killed by the fumes and 
specks of the tar used in road-making. 

An incidental effect of the increase of communications is that it has 
resulted in the opening-up of formerly remote regions to cultivation and 
building and in the great increase of visitors to formerly unfrequented 
localities, with a consequent trampling of the vegetation and larvae. A 
further incidental effect has been the great increase in street-lighting. 
It is difficult to assess the effects of this on the Lepidoptera. Boursin 
(quoted by Wiltshire, Ent. Rec., L: 84) suggests that the lights result 
in the surrounding country gradually becoming relatively depopulated 
of its lepidopterous fauna. The cumulative effect of the moths being 
attracted away from their foodplants year after year before they have 
had time to breed and lay their eggs must be of some importance but 
it would be difficult to obtain definite information. 


Certain species tend to be especially common in urban districts. These 
must be species which are unaffected by pollution of the atmosphere and 
foliage but their abundance in some cases is due primarily to the abund- 
ance of their foodplants in gardens, in others probably to the relative 
scarcity of their natural enemies, chiefly birds, in towns. 


The sea-coast species, which normally are unaffected by other types 
of human activities, have undergone some local extinctions as a result 
of the growth of seaside resorts. Thus, Celama aerugula and Sterrha 
ochrata formerly occurred commonly at Deal, Kent, but became very 
scarce there when a golf course and holiday camp were constructed on 
the sandhills (Tutt, Hnt. Rec., I. 129; Bull, Ibid., IX: 273; James, Ibid., 
XXXV: 161; Adkin, Trans. S. Lond. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1927-8: 45). 
Local searcities of such species as Hadena caesia, Antitype xanthomista 
and Hustroma reticulata have been attributed to the destruction of their 
foodplants by road-making (Clarke, Hnt. Rec., IV: 205; Booth, Ibid., 
VI: 158; Nurse, Hntom., LI: 33). The construction of the golf course 
on the sandhills at Ballycastle, Co. Antrim, apparently has wiped out 
the colony of Nyssia zonaria which occurred there. 

Large quantities of trees and shrubs have been imported into the 
British Isles from abroad and several species of Lepidoptera probably 
have been added to the British fauna in this way. Likely examples are 
EHucymatoge pin (togata) and EH. lariciata and the Microlepidoptera 
Leucoptera laburnella, Argyresthia laevigatella and Gracilaria azaleella. 
The most important of these accidental importations have been of the 
conifer-feeding species. Many of these, in addition to the two just men- 
tioned, may not have been indigenous species. All must have been arti- 
ficially spread over the greater part of their ranges in the British Isles. 
All must have been artificially introduced into Ireland, as there is no 


HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LEPIDOPTERA. 4] 


evidence that Pine, Spruce or Larch survive in that country as native 
trees. Some of the following may be wholly artificial introductions and 
all certainly have been artificially introduced into many parts of the 
British Isles: the conifer-feeding Hyloicus pinastri, Panolis griseovarie- 
gata, Thera obeliscata, T. firmata, Semiothisa liturata, Eupithecia in- 
digata, Ellopia prosapiaria, Cleora ribeata, Bupalus piniaria and conifer- 
feeding Microlepidoptera, and also the following, which feed on Currant 
and Gooseberry: Lygris mellinata, L. prunaria, Eupithecia assimilata, 
Itame wauaria and Aegeria tipuliformis. Cosymbia trilinearia, Hemi- 
stola chrysoprasaria, Hupithecia isogrammaria, Peronea sparsana. (spon- 
sana) and Lithocolletis fagimella must have been artificially introduced 
into Ireland as their foodplants are not natives of that country. 

The destruction of the native forests has affected the Lepidoptera 
during the past 2000 years, the reclamation of the marshes, fens, heaths 
and moorlands mainly during the past 1000, and the increase of towns 
and communications chiefly during the past 200. Factors which have 
operated only within the past century are the increase of public light- 
ing, mentioned above, and the effects of the intensive study of natural 
history. 

One of the most important effects of the interest taken in natural 
history is that there has been a great increase in the abundance of in- 
sectivorous birds within the past 100 years, due partly to the increased 
use and availability of firearms, which has resulted in the increased 
destruction of hawks and other birds of prey, but primarily to the birds 
being protected from destruction by law. As birds are amongst the 
most important of the natural enemies of the Lepidoptera their increase 
must have had important results. Judging from the records in the en- 
tomological periodicals there seems to have been a gradual decrease in 
the abundance of the Lepidoptera as a whole during the past century 
and several writers (e.g., Frohawk, Hntom., XVII: 37; Meldola, Ibid., 
XX: 225; Castle Russell, Zbid.. LVIIT: 100, and Trans. S. Lond. Ent. 
Nat. Hist. Soc., 1941-2: 40) have attributed this to the increase in bird- 
life. This seems to be a reasonable conclusion. 

The protection of game birds, however, has been more beneficial 
than detrimental to most Lepidoptera, as it has resulted in the pre- 
servation of woodlands which otherwise might have been cut and their 
lepidopterous faunas destroyed. It has been detrimental in that the 
larvae and pupae of some of the species which feed on the smaller 
woodland plants may be destroyed in large numbers by game birds. 
Thus, it has been suggested that the exceptional abundance of Argynnis 
euphrosyne, A. selene, Euphydryas aurinia and other fritillaries in 
1917-9 was due to a temporary decrease in the numbers of Pheasants 
and other game birds during the 1914-8 war (Castle Russell, loc. cit.). 
It is more probable that weather conditions were responsible for these 
increases. 

The interest taken in the Lepidoptera has resulted in some species 
being deliberately established in localities in which they did not occur as 
natives and in some species being exterminated by over-collecting. I 
am in agreement with Dr EK. B. Ford (Butterflies, p. 142) that the 
danger of over-collecting often has been unduly stressed. Over-col- 
lecting probably is rarely the primary cause of local extinctions but 
produces its effects in conjunction with other detrimental factors. Ex- 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1V/1947 


cept in a few well-known cases, e.g., Lycaena dispar, Maculinea arion 
and Zygaena meliloti, its importance in producing, local extinctions is 
negligible in comparison with the importance of other factors. 

To summarise the probable effects human activities have had on 
the British Macrolepidoptera. The destruction of the native wood- 
lands has resulted in the total extinction as inhabitants of the British 
Isles of an unknown number of species. About 64% of the total num- 
ber of surviving species have been affected by the destruction of the 
woodlands, this figure being made up as follows: about 31% have 
undergone numerous local extinctions and few or no expansions of their 
distributions, about 26% have undergone numerous local extinctions 
and probably some local expansions of their distributions, and about 
7% probably are more abundant than in prehistoric times. About 
2% of the total have been artificially spread over the greater part of 
their present ranges in the British Isles as a result of the planting of 
trees and shrubs, perhaps half of them being wholly artificial intro- 
ductions. About 22% of the total, comprising chiefly species charac- 
teristic of grasslands or cultivated land, probably are more abundant 
and widely distributed than they were in prehistoric times. Most of 
them now occur in areas covering perhaps twenty times the areas of _ 
their former distributions while most of the woodland species have 
had their distributions correspondingly reduced. Incidentally there 
is no definite evidence that more than a negligible number have ex- 
panded their ranges in the British Isles, i.e., the total area of country 
within which they occur, as a result of the increase of their habitats. 
About 12% of the total number of species probably have not had their 
distributions or abundance changed to any important extent. Of these 
nearly thalf (5% )—mostly inhabitants of the mountains or the sea-coasts 
-—probably have hardly been affected at all. The great majority of the 
total have been affected detrimentally to some extent by the increase 
of bird-life and other controlling factors which have become important 
within the past 100 years. 


COLLECTING AT HOME: RECORDS OF A RAINY SEASON AT 
CLEVEDON. 


By J. F. Brrp, F.R.E.S. 


Due, principally, to the Clerk of the Weather, our opportunities for 
collecting far afield were few; therefore our entomological activities, 
during 1946, were mainly conducted within the limits of our garden 
walls. Nevertheless, within that restricted area, and chiefly by the at- 
traction of light, we were not altogether unsuccessful, 

During a brief period of fine weather at the end of March and the 
beginning of April, we noticed, for the first time in this locality, a fair 
number of Brephos parthenias; a few, even, flying erratically past our 
windows. One surprised us, on Ist April, by alighting on a concrete 
path by the side of the house where it, a female, was eventually netted 
by my youngest son; a most unexpected capture in one’s garden. An- 
other unusual find in the garden was a larva of Lasiocampa quercus, 
discovered by my wife on a gooseberry-bush, from which I reared a male 


COLLECTING AT HOME: RECORDS OF A RAINY SEASON AT CLEVEDON. 43 


on 27th July. My wife also brought me a pupa she had found in the 
greenhouse on 9th April, from which a beautiful suffused example of 
Phlogophora meticulosa emerged the following day. In this specimen 
there is a conspicuously bright elongate patch between the upper por- 
tion of the triangular central band and the marginal markings; other- 
wise, the forewings are darkly suffused, as are also the hindwings, ex- 
cept for a small lighter area towards the outer angle. 

It was rather interesting to observe the effect of unfavourable 
weather conditions on Cucullia verbasci. Towards the end of April I 
again searched the Verbascwm in the garden for the ova, and on the 
30th found 40 or 50 on one of the plants, mostly laid by the side of 
. prominent veins on the undersurface of the leaves, as I have previously 
described (Hnt. Rec., LVII, 51); but a very few, four or five, were also 
discovered on the upperside; in this position deposited. in the furrows 
above the veins. More eggs were found than in the previous year and 
as many as fifteen noticed scattered on a single leaf. A portion of one 
of the leaves, with about half-a-dozen ova, was torn off and taken in- 
doors for observation. These hatched out on 9th May. With the coming 
of May the weather rapidly became extremely wet and cold, and during 
this deterioration it was noticed that the eggs left on the plant gradu- 
ally disappeared, but no newly-hatched larvae were observed until 20th 
May, and then only a very few. These also disappeared and I imagined 
they, as well as the ova, had been soaked, or washed off to perish by 
the combined action of drenching rain‘ and a low temperature. The 
plant, thereby, escaped the ravages of the larvae, and I may add that 
only two fully-grown larvae were subsequently found, in July. They 
were on another plant, some three yards distance away, upon which [ 
had failed to discover any ova. Probably many other species must have 
been adversely affected by the deplorable weather, but in the case of 
C. verbasci, no doubt its capability of sometimes remaining two, three, 
or more years in the pupal state serves it well under similar, or other 
unfavourable circumstances, which preserves this insect from extinc- 
tion, or even becoming scarce. 

As might have been expected, in such a cold and wet year, the 
number of Lepidoptera attracted by light was far less than in 1945. 
Unfortunately, the rainy season favoured an increased productiveness 
of the Culicidae and other kindred tribes. Consequently, myriads of 
mosquitoes and midges of all sizes swarmed to the lights, and so plagued 
us with their unwelcome attentions that we were frequently obliged to 
close the windows and retreat from the room; deferring the slaughter of 
these sanguinivorous pests until the morning. During January the 
only moth attracted was Operophtera brumata which persisted until the 
26th. February proved a blank period, and no further moths were at- 
tracted until 11th March, when the first Erannis progemmaria appeared 
on the window. Then followed Alsophila aescularia on the 23rd, and 
Xylocampa areola, Orthosia incerta, O. stabilis, O. gothica, Earophila 
badiata, Theria rupicapraria, Selenia bilwnaria, and Oidaematophorus 
monodactylus on the 27th. The season had now definitely starved. 
During the year my son, H. W. Bird, was fortunate enough to take our 
most interesting captures at light; all but one in the small hours of 
the morning after I had retired to rest. These were: Mythimna turca, 
9.vii, presumably a record for the county as it is not included in A, E, 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1V/1947 


Hudd’s List in the Victoria County History of Somerset, nor in his, 
or A. R. Hayward’s supplements; Cucullia absinthii, 23.vii, previously 
recorded only from the west of the county, at Minehead, where the 
larvae were found by Hudd; Laphygma exigua, 23.vii and 6.viii, two 
specimens of this very casual migrant; and Hydraecia paludis, 23.viii, 
hitherto only recorded in Somerset from ‘‘ a salt marsh near Withy- 
combe,’’ where it was taken by the late H. Slater, in 1912. Amongst 
other visitants to the lights were: Hilema complana, 25.vii.  Milto- 
christa miniata, 3.vii-23.vili. Nudaria mundana, 23.vii. Hypocrita 
jacobaeae, 15.v-8.vii, not attracted in 1945. Spilosoma lutea, 11.vi- 
18.vili, only mentioned because I kept two of the larvae hatched from 
ova laid on curtains, etc., by attracted 2’s; from which I bred two 
examples of a second generation, the first emerging on 6th November, 
and the second a few days later. Arctia caja, 23.vii-4.vilil, several; one 
3S rather a nice aberration, similar to the example figured at the top 
of Plate 84, in the Ist Series of South’s Moths of the British Isles, but 
with less whitish-cream markings on the primaries, and the spots 
larger and slightly coalescent on the hindwings. Colocasia coryit, 1st 
gen., l.v; 2nd gen., 1l.viii. Cryphia muralis, 4.viii. Ochria ochracea, 


26.1x-9.x. Rusina wmbratica, 2.vii-22.vii. Rhizedra lutosa, 28.1x. 
Lycophotia porphyrea (strigula), 23.vii, rather a surprise since there 
is hardly any Calluna in the district. Lampra fimbriata, 4.viti. 


Cerastis rubricosa, l.iv. Charaeas graminis, 1.viii, ¢, and 3.vill, 9. 
Tholera popularis, 29.vili, one @ and no 4’s! the only specimen we 
have seen here of this common species. Polia nebulosa, 22.vi1-3.vili. 
Laspeyria flecula, 4.viii. Dasychira pudibunda, 24.v-4.vi, g’s only, one 
with all the wings greyish suffused. Cosymbia annulata, 2nd gen., 
23.vill. Geometra papilionaria, 23.vii, two 3’s. Hupithecia absin- 
thiata, 21.vil-3.vill. H. albipunctata (tripunctaria), 17.vili. E. pul- 
chellata, 1.v, an early date. EH. isogrammata (haworthiata), 8.vili- 
24.vili. H. abbreviata, 2.1v. Horisme vitalbata, 1st gen., 1.v-25.v; 2nd 
gen., 5.vill-23.vill. H. tersata, 2.vil. Calocolpe cervinalis (certata), 
26.v. Lygris prunata, 25.vii. EHpirrhoé galiata, 25.vii. EH. rivata, 
l.vui. EE. alternata, 4.vili, an interesting aberration in which the cen- 
tral band on the forewings, and the basal striae of the secondaries, are 
only faintly indicated, although the discal spot and the marginal mark- 
ings are more or less normal. Dysstroma truncata, 1st gen., 23.v-21.vi; 
2nd gen., 23.vili-3.xi1; an extreme form of var. perfuscata, uniformly 
blackish, with smoky hindwings, taken on 27th September. Perizoma 
bifaciata, 23.vilt. P. alchemillata, 23.vii-3.vill. P. albulata, 2nd 
gen., 11.viii. Pelurga comitata, 1.viil. Operophtera fagata, 11.xi- 
16.xi. Larentia cervinata (clavaria), 15.ix-28.ix, only the ¢’s at light; 
the larvae have become common in the garden since we grew Malva 
moschata, upon which they play havoc. Chiasmia clathrata, 2nd gen., 
5.vili. Hctropis bistortata, Ist gen., l.iv; 2nd gen., 12.vil-3.viui; 3rd 
gen., 2.x; the second generation the most plentiful; melanic examples 
fairly common.  Biston strataria, 2.iv. B. betwlaria, 20.vii-4.viil. 
Abraxas grossulariata, a rather small example of a partial second gene- 
ration on 30th September. Selenia tetralunaria, 2nd gen., 25.vii. 
Colotois pennaria, 16.x-24.xi1; an uncommon and handsome ¢ aberra- 
tion was taken on 4th November, in which the wings, including the 
secondaries, are entirely suffused with dark purple. Dewteronomos 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE HELOMYZIDAE (DIPTERA). A5 


almiaria, 1.1x-28.1ix. D. fuscantaria, 28.ix, two ¢’s. Thyatira batis, 
3.vili.- Sphine ligustri, 23.vii. Notodonta dromedarius, 23.v. Pheosia 
gnoma, 6.viii. P. tremula, 23.vii-24.viii. Lophopteryx capucina, 1st 
gen., 20.iv, surely a very early date! 2nd gen., 4.viii-14.viii. Drepana fal- 
cataria, 23.v. Pempelia dilutella, 23.vii. Homoeosoma binaevella, 3.vill. 
Kuzophera pinguts, 5.viii. Chilo phragmitellus, 9.vii-22.vii, ¢ and 9. 
Schoenobius forficellus, 23.vii, ¢ and 9. Phlyctaenia crocealis, 23.vil. 
P. lutealis, 2.ix. P. ferrugalis, 12.vii-22.x, abundant. Nomophila 
noctuella, 9.vii-23.x, not early, but continued later than usual. Pyrausta 


aurata, 4.vill. P. cespitalis, 4.viiil. Loxostege verticalis (cinctalis), 
25.vil. Scoparia angustea, 15.ix-14.xi. Malacosoma neustria, 1.vii- 
4.vill, more variable than usual. Philudoria potatoria, 9.vii-l.viil. 


Gastropacha quercifolia, 5.vill. 

In conclusion, it may be interesting to mention that of the 317 species 
of ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera ’’ recorded in my garden during the last eight 
years, no less than 258 have been noted at light during, the last two 
years. Actually, the total at light amounts to 302, including 44 of the 
Pyraloidea attracted during the same: period. 


It will be interesting to observe what effect last year’s appalling 
weather, followed, as it has been, by a long and severe winter, will 
have on the insect life of the British Isles during 1947. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE HELOMYZIDAE (DIPTERA). 
By C. H. Watuace Pues, F.R.E.S. 


The following records based on my own observations are intended 
to supplement Mr Parmenter’s Notes on this interesting family (1947: 
Ent. Rec., 59, 15). 

HELOMYZINAE. 


Distribution: The species of Helomyza, Fln., appear to be widely 
distributed. J have taken all the British species in Shropshire and/or 
North Wales, except dumicola, Coll., infera, Coll., and oxyphora, Mik., 
the last two of which are only recorded by Mr Collin from Scotland. 
The same remarks apply to Allophyla atricornis, Mg. 

H. variegata, Lw., hibernates as an imago, and may be taken on 
mild days throughout the winter by sweeping or beating suitable under- 
growth. I suspect that H. wstulata, Mg., does the same, as I have 
taken it on 14.2.37. 

LERIINAE. 


Heteromyza, Fln. I have noted that the males of H. commizta, 
Coll., which is the most common species around here, have the same 
habit of patrolling a ‘‘ beat ’’ near coniferous trees at a height of about 
10 feet as described by Mr Parmenter in the case of H. rotundicornis, 
Ztt. The other two species also occur here sparingly. I have bred H. 
occulta, Fln., from an unidentified tree fungus. 

Tephrochlamys, Lw. I have bred T. flavipes, Ztt., from a thrush’s 
nest and also from a wasp’s nest. 7. rufiventris, Mg., which is commonly 
found on windows throughout the winter months, I have bred from a 
rook’s nest and from a hotbed, and Mr H. Donisthorpe gave me one 
bred from a heron’s nest. 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TV /1947 


Neoleria, Mall. N. imscripta, Mg., is definitely associated with car- 
rion and may easily be trapped by hanging up a dead bird or a meat 
bone. NV. ruficauda, Ztt., is recorded by Collin from carrion, but I have 
chiefly taken it, and also N. ruficeps, Ztt., on fungi. 

Oecothea, Hal. O. praecox I took in numbers on 25.7.35 just inside 
the entrance to rabbits’ burrows on the sandy ‘‘ morfa’’ between Cric- 
cieth and Borth-y-gest, Carnarvonshire, and again in similar circum- 
stances at Talybont, Merionethshire on 24.7.37. 

Eccoptomera, Lw. EH. microps 1 have bred in numbers on several 
occasions from moles’ nests, the flies emerging February to May. One 
male of HF. pallescens, Mg., taken near Oswestry, 16.6.33. 

Scoliocentra, Lw.:—S. amplicornis, Cz. I have not bred this species, 
but have taken the male at the entrance to a rabbit burrow and the 
female on a manure heap. S. villosa, Mg. One female taken in woods 
on 6.3.38. All in Shropshire. 

LTeria, R.-D. L. brachypterna, Lw. Bred in some numbers from 
rooks’ nests near Oswestry, June 1937. Mr Collin also records it from 
nests of owls and crows (1939: 79 H.M.M., 148). L. modesta, Mg., var. 
czernyt, Collart, one pair, and L. dupliciseta, Stein., one male, both 
in April. All in Shropshire. 

Morpholeria Garrett: M. ruficornis Mg. Montgomeryshire, Sep- 
tember. 

TRICHOSCELINAE. 


Trichoscelis, Cz. T. obscurella, Fln. Fairly common in June on 
sandy ‘‘ morfas ’’ at Criccieth and Talybont, North Wales. 7. fron- 
talis, Fln. One male bred from thrush’s nest, Oswestry, emerging 
27.4.35, 


NEWS ON LYSANDRA OF THE CORIDON GROUP OF SPEGIES 
(LEP. LYCAENIDAE). 


By ORazio QUERCT. 


Vindicio. Formia (Prov. Latina). Italy. 


The object of this paper is to indicate in a correct manner the places 
where we collected some Lysandra of the coridon, Poda, group of species, 
recording when they emerged, the feature and climate of the surround- 
ings in which they lived, and to whom those buttertlies were sent. 

Italy.—We have taken many coridon, always in summer and on chalky 
grounds, in any locality of the Apennines of Central Italy (Sibyllini, 
Gran Sasso, Sirente, Majella, Meta) where we collected. Rarely we 
met with that species above 5000 ft. We have also found plenty of 
them on Apuane Alps, above Caregine, on the slopes of Mt. Sumbra, 
3000 ft. (Garfagnana); in the Fegana valley, below Montefegatesi, 
1500 ft. (Lucca); on Mt. Pratofiorito, 5000 ft. (Lucca); on Mt. Fanna 
at 2000 ft. near Fiesole (Florence); on Mt. Conca, 1200 ft., near Fonte- 
buona (Florence); and above the locality Le Sterpete near Foligno 
(Umbria). 

The other allied species, that looks like Herrich-Schiffer’s figure of 
hispana, was taken by us only at Pian di Mugnone, 400 ft. (Florence) 
and on Mt. Fanna where both coridon and hispana were flying together 


NEWS ON LYSANDRA OF THE CORIDON GROUP. 47 


in August 1915. LZ. hispana emerge in the Spring and, after a pause, 
also in summer. 

Large series of those butterflies were sent to British entomologists 
(Lord Rothschild, Mr Bethune-Baker, Mr Pether, Mr. Turner, and 
others). Many specimens were shipped to America (Mr Williams of 
Philadelphia, Pa., Mr Weeks of Boston, Mass., Mr Mengel of Reading, 
Pa., Mr Winn of Montreal, Canada). Other specimens were sent to 
Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Hungary. Dr Verity 
of Florence has the largest set of Lysandra taken by us in Italy. 

The specimens that Verity refers to Lysandra. syriaca, Tutt, and that 
he figures at Pl. 16, nos. 56-58, in ‘his grand work, ‘‘ Le Farfalle Diurne 
d’Italia,’’ 1943, Florence, were taken by us near the small group of 
trees, just above, 4300 ft., the upper buildings of Casteldelmonte 
(Aquila) in Gran Sasso mass, above the path towards Mt. Capodiserre, 
at the beginning of July 1939. Another male (55) and one female (59) 
were taken by my wife on Colle Alto, 3600 ft., above Settefrati (Latium) 
in Mt. Meta mass, in summer 1940. 

The specimens that Verity figures (Pl. 16, nos. 47, 48) with the name 
of polonus Zeller, which might be hybrids between Lysandra coridon 
and bellargus, were taken by myself on Mt. Sumbra (Garfagnana), 4000 
ft., at mid-June 1920. Another polonus (49) was found by my wife, 
by the end of June 1941, along the path, 4300 ft., in front of Rocca- 
dimezzo (Aquila), which climbs to Fontana delle Macchie, below Mt. 
Monterotondo, in Sirente mass. 

The striking specimen, figured by Verity with the name glaucar- 
gester (Pl. 15, no. 26), which according to that author might be a 
hybrid between argester, Bgstr. = hylas, Esp. and syriaca, Tutt, was 
taken by Lycaena Romei, my granddaughter, on 28th July 1939, at the 
same place above Casteldelmonte where in June a few syriaca were fly- 
ing. All the strange Lysandra, that I thave recorded now, are in 
Verity’s collection. 

Spain.—In 1924 we collected on Sierra de Albarracin in Aragon. 
Both in June and at the beginning of July the whitish Lysandra, simi- 
lar to Herrich-Schiffer’s figure of albicans emerged in the valley Valde- 
vecar, 3300 ft., about two miles from Albarracin towards Teruel. My 
wife, with our daughter Erilda, took many of them, among which we 
noted a few specimens looking like Herrich-Schiffer’s figure of hispana. 
While albicans ceased to be on the wing in mid-July, a few hispana were 
taken by us until September. 

In July, Dr Enzo Romei and I made some trips to the high moun- 
tain towards Orihuela del Tremedal above Albarracin. In a field near 
Tramacastilla, 3600 ft., we took some coridon that were flying together 
with some albicans. Those two species might be distinguished at first 
glance: albicans on the wing looked as white as a Pieris, coridon was 
shining metallic blue. In alpine surroundings we did not see any 
coridon-like butterfly. 

At the beginning of August we went by a car to that mountain. My 
granddaughter, now Dr Lycaena Romei, but then only two years old, 
was with us. She played with a net in a meadow, at about 4000 ft., 
above the village of Noguera (between Tramacastilla and Orihuela), and 
thus she took, by a chance, a magnificent blue female of the species that 
Zapater, Korb, Sagarra and I named by mistake corydonwus, H.-S., 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TV/1947 


that Verity named caelestissima, but which now he refers to caucasica, 
Lederer. Having discovered the small locality, where those nice 
Lysandra live, we took many of them. 

Afterwards, Dr Romei went and collected at Puerto de Pajares, about 
4000 ft., on Cantabrian Mts. (Asturias), taking a series of bright blue 
Lysandra that both Sagarra (Bull. Inst. catal. Hist. nat., (2), 9: 202, 
1924) and I referred at first to caelestissima, Vrty. (that is cauwcasica, 
Led.). We were misled by the big number of blue females (re- 
sembling that taken at Noguera) among the Lysandra of Pajares. Now, 
I believe that they are nothing else than coridon modified in tinge by 
the great humidity of that ground, where it had always rained until 
mid-August. 

In 1925 and 1929 we collected in Catalonia. Lysandra hispana were 
plentiful at S. Pere de Vilamajor and Llinas, 1800 ft., at the base of 
Mt. Montseny near Barcelona. They emerged, like near Florence, both 
in the Spring, and after a pause, in August-September. On Mt. Mont- 
seny, 3300 ft., and on Catalan Pyrenees (Puigmal and Taga) we found 
only the single-brooded coridon in August. 

At the beginning of June 1926 my wife and I, together with Prof. 
Bolivar of Madrid, and again at mid-June 1933, with Mr René Ober- 
thur of Rennes, took many albicans in the gypseous and bare moor of 
Montarco, 2000 ft., near Madrid. They were smaller and still whiter 
than those from Aragon. We hhave never collected in summer near 
Madrid, however the entomologists of that city told us that the albi- 
cans of Montarco emerge there only by the end of the spring, and no 
specimen of that kind had ever been taken later. 

On 10th June 1926 we went and collected at Ugna: (in Spanish maps 
it is written ‘‘ Ufia ’’? with a “‘ cedilla ’’ on ‘‘ n ’’) on Serrania de 
Cuenca, 3600 ft., in New Castile, where we remained until the frost. 
That season was very dry as it never rained from April to October. 
Many albicans (like those from Albarracin, Tramacastilla and Mon- 
tarco) emerged from mid-June to mid-July in a meadow of Rincon de 
la Laguna, 3600 ft., in front of the village of Ugna, on the opposite 
side of the lake. Some coridon emerged later, always at Rincon de la 
Laguna, along the path that rises to El Escaleron on the way to Traga- 
cete. Lysandra caucasica, widespread all over Rincon del Juez, on 
the way to Ciudad Incandata, was on the wing in August. In 1928, 
and again in 1933, we remained at Ugna from May to the end of Octo- 
ber. In those years it rained almost always in the afternoon and the 
emergence of albicans was delayed by the cold weather that continued 
until the beginning of June. Lysandra albicans, -oridon and caucasica 
emerged at the same time, but in three different places, near Ugna, 
from mid-July to the beginning of September. 

Besides the Lepidopterist, to whom I had sent the Italian specimens, 
those taken in Spain were also sent to Mr Hemming of London, and Mr 
René Oberthur of Rennes.  lLarge collections were also deposited in 
the museums of Natural History of Barcelona, Lisbon and Madrid. How- 
ever, the greater number and the most interesting specimens should 
now have been assembled in the British Museum both at London and 
Tring. 

While living at Barcelona from November 1923 to October 1929 I 
wrote some notes, concerning the Rhopalocera of the Iberian Peninsula 


GYMNETRON MELAS, BOHEMAN, IN SCHOENHERR. 49 


that were printed in ‘ Treballs del Museu de Ciéncies Naturals de Bar- 
celona,’’ 1932, vol. xiv. I also made some tables, showing the sequence 
of broods for the 126 species of Diurnal Lepidoptera taken by us at 
Ugna in 1928, but I made the mistake to record by figures only the set 
specimens, which were before my eyes, not considering many others that 
had remained in paper, and not remembering the large number of 
those which, of course, we were unable to take in the field. From those 
extensive tables, | am now copying the data for the Lysandra of the 
coridon group and a few other species, recording in a general manner 
the probable frequency in the field of recently emerged specimens. I 
do this in order to show that, in spite of the altitude of about 4000 ft., 
the butterfly emerges at Ugna from early May to the end of October 
as it occurs in most lowlands of Southern Europe. The country around 
Ugna is not an alpine locality. It is a beautiful valley sheltered 
from winds by high mountain covered with beech and pine woods and 
there the Lepidoptera emerge qute in the same manner as at Pian 
di Mugnone, 400 ft., near Florence, and in the neighbourhood of 
Barcelona. 


GYMNETRON MELAS, BOHEMAN, IN SCHOENHERR [GEN. ET 
SPEC. CURCULIONIDUM 4 1246 (1838)], A WEEVIL NEW TO THE 
BRITISH LIST. 


By Horace DonistHoreeE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. 


3. G. Melus, Schh. 

“ Ellipticus, subdepressus, niger, cinereo-pubesrens, antennis brevi- 
bus concoloribus, rostro lineart, modice arcuato; thorace latiore pune- 
tulato; elytris amplis, profunde punctato-striatis; femoribus obsoleto 
dentatis. Patria: Gallia ad Paris. Ex Musaeo Dom. Aubé ad de- 
scribendum amice missus. 

Statura Gymnetron stimulosi, nonnihil tamen major, magis depres- 
sus, thorace latiore, colore antennarum elytrorumque alio, ab illo dis- 
tinctus. Caput breve, latum, supra modice convexum, punctulatum, 
nigrum, parce cinereo-pubescens; oculi laterales, ovati, modice pro- 
minuli, nigro-brunaei; rostrum vix longitudine thoracis, lineare, minus 
tenue, modice arcuatum, punctulatum, nigrum, nitidum. Antennae 
vix longitudine capitis cum rostro, crassiusculae, nigrae, clava magna, 
ovata, sub-obtusa, cinereo-pubescente. Thorax brevis, transversus, an- 
tice augustior, apice truncatus et juxta apicem striga transversa im- 
pressus, lateribus versus basin sensim ampliatus, basi sub-rotundatus, 
supra paulo convexus, confertim punctulatus, niger, pube depressa, 
cinerea, sat dense obsitus, scutellum parvum, rotundatum, nigrum, 
cinereo-pubescens. Elytra antiae conjunctim leviter emarginata, thoracis 
basi latiora, humeris fere rectangulatis, antrorsum nonnihil prominulis; 
lateribus non ampliata, apice conjunctim obtuse rotundata, thorace 
triplo longiora, supra minus convexa, sat profunde punctato-striata, in- 
terstitiis sub-convexis; tota nigra, pilis rigidis, cinereis, sub-seriatis, 
adspersa. Corpus subtus punctulatum, nigrum, parce cinereo-pubes- 
cens. Pedes mediocres, nigri, cinereo-pubescentes; femoribus modice 
clavatis, subtus dente obsoleto armatis; tibiis teretibus, rectis—Bhn.”’ 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1947 


When collecting at Lampton, Middlesex, on 23rd June 1946, I swept 
off general herbage a small black Gymnetron which, when set, I found 
to be unlike any of our known British species. 

My friend, Sir Guy K. Marshall, has very kindly worked it out, and 
by the tables it runs down to G. melas, Boh. We have been unable to 
compare it with any other specimen, as neither he nor the British 
Museum collections possess this species. It, however, agrees very well 
with the original description given above, and I am adding the species 
to the British list with very little hesitation. The entirely black tarsi 
are very distinct. 


British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Entomological Department. 
15th January 1947. 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS., AREA, 
THE CHILTERN HILLS, AND ROYSTON, HERTS., DURING 1946. 


By H. A. Lereps. 


In 1946 some species of butterflies emerged early, as from 22nd March 
until 16th April nearly every day was cloudless, sunny and warm; but 
was followed by abnormal rainfall, which rarely, in most of England, 
permitted collecting for two consecutive days, whilst several wet days 
in succession were not uncommon and caused great damage to the much- 
needed corn crops. The bread loaf was reduced in the Spring from 2 
lbs. to 28 ozs., and on 21st July this was followed by rationing of bread 
and flour. Harvesting commenced in mid-July, but was so hindered — 
by rain that carting of wheat and oats was only finished during six fine, 
but entirely sunless, days, 12th-17th October, with a loss of about one- 
third. The destruction of barley was much worse as the grain fell out 
and made rapid growth; many crops of it were entirely ruined and 
useless for cutting, including 30 acres of barley on the two clearings in 
Monk’s Wood. 

Regarding the preliminary weather, the last two months of 1945 were 
consistently mild and that year ended with an all-day dense fog. 


1946 commenced with frost lst-4th January, recurrent 13th-24th, 
providing some skating; then frosty on 27th. Strong winds and heavy 
showers followed until 12th February. A mild period then ensued and 
the buds on trees enlarged until 22nd, when seven days were frosty; this 
was followed by snow-storms, Ist-3rd March, when the ground was 
covered by about 23 inches. Apart from a few flakes no other snow 
fell during winter; it, however, was slow in melting as frost occurred 
nearly daily up to and including 10th March. Shght morning frost 
was registered afterwards but was not detrimental except on 19th 
Avril and 15th May with ice half-an-inch thick, which damaged fruit 
trees, but not so seriously as in May 1945. 

Some plum trees were in full bloom on 24th March, and by the 31st 
blackthorns were flowering and whitethorns leafing; then progress was 
slow and the latter was not in fair blossom until 6th May; preceded by 
Horse-chestnut trees on 2nd May, 19 days later than in 1945. 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING. 51 


No hibernating species were seen, in 1946, until 25th March, when a 
solitary N. io visited hyacinth flowers, followed by two A. urticae the 
next day. Both these species as well as G. rhamni were flying in Monk’s 
Wood on 27th March, and soon afterwards more io than urticae oc- 
curred. 


— On 12th April it was hazy but warm and after touring Monk’s Wood 
in the afternoon J was returning down a cross-riding when the sun 
broke through; almost directly a large butterfly flew over the trees 
and then settled, high up, on a bare branch of an oak skirting the 
riding ; before I reached the tree it took off for another high flight, then 
just as I arrived at the tree it settled, right in front of me, on the 
trunk and after raising and opening its wings a few times; fully ex- 
panded them to the bright sun and remained quiescent for a few minutes 
before flying away. It was a fine untorn female of N. polychloros. I 
had not previously met with this species in Hunts., but later on, in 
June, a boy from St Neots took one and saw another in Monk’s Wood. 
Some years ago I obtained many larvae of this species from an elm 
tree at St Lawrence, Isle of Wight, and imagines duly resulted. They 
used to be plentiful at Horning, Norfolk, in some seasons, especially 
favouring flights along the Neatishead Road, but I do not know if it 
still occurs there. 

P. c-album was scarce—one was seen on 9th May, and another 11th; 
afterwards two of the first emergence on 9th and 10th July respectively 
in Hunts., and only two of the late brood there, one of them being a 
female var. hutchinson, Robsn. In Bucks. I saw one at Askett on 27th 
July, and on 3lst one at Pulpit Hill. 


6th July, a very faded V. cardui; 11th, three more perfect specimens 
were settled near each other on a road, whilst during my walk that day 
—and afterwards—several pairs were apparently engaged in courting 
flights. 

A very ragged V. atalanta on 8th July was the only one seen of 
that species prior to 7th September, and from then they increased 
quickly, gradually getting less in October and finally two of them and 
one A. urticae were seen outdoors on 13th November; from that date 
much rain fell until the month ended. 


The fine weather extending over nearly the first month of Spring 
enabled visits, almost daily to the woods in the warm sunshine, and then 
and whenever fine intervals permitted, during 1946, the following first 
emergence dates and notes were collated :— 


26th March, P. rapae, moderate in quantity throughout; 31st, P. 
napi, a large female: seen in fair numbers during the first half of 
April and this early commencement, despite the cool and wet months 
which followed, enabled them to produce a third brood in October. 


14th April, C. argiolus, soon became common and. continued for some 
weeks; this followed the abundance of the second. brood in 1945, but in 
1946 the later brood was much reduced; throughout these emergences I 
found no appreciable variation ; 19th, P. brassicae, uncommon in Spring, 
which was rather surprising after the abnormal quantities in 1945; 
they somewhat increased later in 1946 and their larvae spoiled the cab- 
bages in mixed flower and vegetable gardens, but on allotments, devoid 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1947 


of flowers for the butterflies’ sustenance, no harm was occasioned ; 16th, 
P. aegeria, others seen oddly at various times; 20th, EH. carda- 
mines and C. rubi, only one of the latter then and another on 26th; 
30th, A. euphrosyne and P. malvae. 

2nd May, H. tages; 4th, C. pamphilus; 9th, P. megera, very scarce 
in both broods; 23rd, P. icarus and A. agestis; these were much re- 
stricted in numbers and places owing to complete burning of vegeta- 
tion on the railway embankment and partially in the cuttings during 
early April. 

5th June, O. venata (sylvanus) and Heodes (L.) phlaeas, the only one 
seen in first brood; of the second brood ten were noticed, viz., 2 Oxon., 
1 Bucks. and 7 in Hunts., no third brood appeared; 21st, A. urticae, one 
S. prumi reported seen, but rain and mud, kept me out of Monk’s Wood 
until 7th July, when during hot sunshine J toured the wood, but looked 
in vain for this species. Dr J. lL. Newton obtained one larva only when 
beating. 25th, M. jurtina, fairly plentiful, but bleached forms poor 
and scarce. : 

2nd July, M. galathea, soon plentiful on grassy verges of roads, 
their variation was slight; 5th, S. w-album, a few at an elm planta- 
tion; 6th, A. aglaia female, very worn and no others seen; 7th, A. 
hyperantus, T. quercus and T. sylvestris; 9th, P. c-album; 11th, 1. 
lineola, and a very fresh Macroglossum stellatarwm; no others of this 
Humming-bird Hawk moth appeared; 14th, M. tithonws, some later on 
had additional spots; 21st, LZ. coridon (at Kop Hill, Bucks.), 3 males, 
22nd 18, and many more there on 23rd. 

16th August, N. 10; and a worn male—the only one seen—of T. 
betulae, two collectors beat about a dozen larvae of this in the spring. 


(To be concluded.) 


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COLLECTING NOTES FoR 1946. 53 


COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1946. 
By Surg.-Lieut. H. M. Dartow, R.N., F.R.E.S. 


Having spent most of the last five years collecting in various parts 
of the tropics, sometimes in places in which the native lepidoptera are 
comparatively little known, [I returned to England in May with a 
changed outlook upon and almost asa stranger to our own native 
species. Absence has made the heart grow fonder, though as a scientist 
I may not wax lyric. I can at least share my jottings with others. 

Things started badly. I returned from West Africa with a large 
brood of larvae of an unknown lycaenid, complete with their attendant 
ants, but, unfortunately, though every larva pupated, all produced dip- 
terous parasites, and the English weather killed off these in the pupal 
state. Finally, I dropped all the ants on the hearth rug, so that was 
the end of an interesting problem. I was always under the impression 
that attendant ants played some part in the protection of the larvae 
with which they associate, though they do not seem, to have been a 
success in this case. 

After this tragedy followed the dreadful winter of last summer. It 
was not an ‘‘ edusa year,’ but some of my migration records may be 
of interest. 

Colias croceus.—First seen on 12th September when a worn female 
was taken flying at random at mid-day in a garden in Gosport. The 
weather was sunny with a light westerly wind. A second specimen was 
seen under similar circumstances on 16th September. No more were 
seen until 29th September, when a very worn var. helice was taken fly- 
ing N.-W. along the sea shore at Lee-on-Solent at about 1 p.m. The 
wind was strong and easterly. On 6th October two moderately fresh 
specimens, a male and a female, were taken in stall weather on the 
cliffs at Sandown, I.0.W., and four other specimens were seen on the 
same day at Sandown, Ryde, Bembridge, and Brading. All were flying 
at random and were seen between mid-day and 3 p.m. 

Vunessa cardui.—This species was fairly plentiful in Hants and the 
Isle of Wight in 1946. The first recorded was a very worn specimen 
flying in from the sea at 2 p.m. at Alverstoke on 11th July, the wind 
being light and easterly. Later in July fresh specimens started to 
occur in numbers and they were observed on the wing whenever weather 
permitted until last seen on 8th October at Gosport. 

Vanessa atalanta.—Very common in Hants this year. First recorded 
on 6th July when a worn specimen was seen flying at random at 3 p.in., 
the wind being light and easterly. Thereafter it became common every- 
where. Twenty-eight were counted at mid-day on 3rd October flying on 
a single flower bed, but the number rapidly declined after that and the 
last record was on 12th October. 

Pieris brassicae.—On 23rd August this species was extremely com- 
mon at Gosport, though I was unable to make observations as to direc- 
tion of flight. It seemed clear that a migratory swarm was ii transit. 
Two days later, at Highcliff-on-Sea, at least six specimens were seen to 
fly in from the sea between 4 and 7 p.m., the wind being light and 
south-westerly. The last record of the year was 6th October, when two 
specimens were seen at the eastern end of the Isle of Wight. 


JUN 2 4 1947 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1947 


Plusia gamma was very common indeed and numbers were seen fly- 
ing around the last of the Michaelmas daisies in glorious sunshine as 
late as 4th November. Macroglossum stellatarum, on the other hand, 
seems to have been rare, at least in Hampshire. I only recorded one 
specimen, and that was taken indoors in fine still weather at mid-day 
on 10th July. 


A special study was made of a colony of Zygaena filipendulae which 
inhabited a tract of rough country near Alverstoke. I first visited it 
on 22nd July, when a few fresh specimens were on the wing and fully 
fed larvae and numerous pupae were observed, There were no signs 
of any other Zygaenid species. 164 cocoons were collected. Of these 
only 74 (45%) produced imagines (all perfect). Of the fifty-five per 
cent, mortality, thirty-nine deaths were due to parasitisation by a single 
species of Ichneumon, so far unidentified, as it appears to spend the 
winter hibernating in the larval stage within the Zygaenid cocoon, 
reinforced by a papery product of its own. Twenty deaths were die 
to three species of Tachinid, the larvae of which escaped from the 
cocoons before the Zygaenid larvae had pupated, whilst the Ichneumon 
larvae did not leave their hosts until the latter had actually pupated. 
The remainder all died in the pupal stage from unestablished causes. 

Variation in the colony was disappointingly rare. A total of 500 
imagines was examined and only three varieties of note found: —(1) an 
ab. conjuncta, Tutt; (2) a partial ab. aurantia, Tutt, with an orange 
right hindwing and some orange suffusion on the underside of the right 
forewing; (3) a semi-transparent specimen, the black being replaced by 
metallic blue-grey and the red by pink. The antennae were ashen and 
tipped with yellow. This insect was bred, and so was in perfect condition. 
I once bred a similar variety from a batch of larvae taken in a field 
near Bedford. I do not think that it has ever received a name, but it 
seems to be analogous to ab. eboraceae, Prest., of Zygaena lonicerae. 

Whether a five-spot species occurs in the same locality I do not know, 
but on examining a short series of males it was found that a reduced 
sixth spot was associated with an uncus which was either shorter, 
straighter or less hairy than a normal unecus. In these specimens the 
reduced sixth spot was always bisected by a band of black seales along 
the vein, and the black border of the hindwing was always twice as wide 
at the apex of the wing as in the normal six-spotted form. Of course, 
it cannot possibly be claimed that these specimens are hybrids, but it 
is tempting to speculate. The five-spot species emerge earlier in the 
year than Z. filipendulae. Hybrids might be expected to have an in- 
termediate emergence time, the more five-spotted forms of hybrid emerg- 
ing earlier and the more filipendulae-like forms emerging nearer the 
true filipendulae emergence date. J have kept no dates, but this year 
T shall find a colony of mixed species and plot uncus length against 
emergence date. 

In spite of, or perhaps because of, the miserable weather conditions, 
many species remained on the wing until much later than is usual, or in 
some cases appear to have emerged later owing to retarded metamorphosis. 
Worn females of Agriades (L.) bellargus were taken flying with fresh males 
of A. (L.) coridon at Bembridge, 1.0.W., on 25th July, and with both 
sexes of the latter species on 7th August. Pararge aegeria was taken 


COSYMBIA PUPILLARIA, HUEBNER, IN THE SCILLY ISLES. 55 


at Bembridge on 6th October and Maniola jurtina was taken in various 
localities round Portsmouth until 22nd October, when a female was taken 
in Gosport, the last butterfly of any species seen that year. Gonepteryx 
rhamni remained on the wing until the second week in September, the 
females remaining on the wing later than the males. A fresh, living 
pupa of Abraxas grossulariata was found soun up on a shoot of Euony- 
mus japonicus on 4th November. It had certainly not been there the 
previous week. 


COSYMBIA PUPILLARIA, HUEBNER, IN THE SCILLY ISLES. 
By EH. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 


I have in my collection two specimens of Cosymbia pupillaria, Hb., 
ab. badiaria, Stdgr.,.a male and female, both rather tattered. They 
are labelled ‘‘ Scilly Isles. F. D. Wheeler Coll.,’’ and were in Sir 
Vauncey Harpur Crewe’s collection at the bottom of a row of C. porata 
with a label below them in his handwriting ‘“ porata abs.’’ When his 
collection was sold at Stevens’s Auction Rooms on 20th October 1925 
they were in lot 34, catalogued as ‘‘ porata, two unicolorous reddish 
vars., Scilly Isles, 1882, F. D. Wheeler,’? and were purchased by me 
for 7/-. When the Rev. F. D. Wheeler’s collection was sold at Stevens's 
on 10th July 1895 they were in lot 118, catalogued as ‘‘ porata 12, two 
fine unicolorous varieties from Scilly Isles,’ and were bought by Janson 
for 14/-. As Janson often bought on commission for Sir Vauncey 
Harpur Crewe, and at the same sale bought the Minucia lunaris taken 
by Wheeler at Stratton Strawless for him, it is probable that the 
“ porata’”’ were also bought for Sir Vauncey. I turned them out of 
my collection, when I recognized them as porata and had had the iden- 
tification confirmed by Prout, but decided to reinstate them, when I 
learnt that Dr K. G. Blair had captured a fertile female pupillaria in 
perfect condition at Freshwater, Isle of Wight, on 2nd October 1946, 
a capture which he recorded later (Hnt. mo, Mag., 1947, 83, 29). My 
specimens were in store when they were mentioned at the time Dr Blair’s 
specimen was exhibited at a meeting of the Royal Entomological Society 
(Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (C), 1946, 11, 38), and I could not remember 
what was on the labels. It is certain that they are not the same as 
Norgate’s, as Dr Blair suggested, unless Norgate gave them to Wheeler. 

The Rev. F. D.- Wheeler of Norwich was a member of the Norfolk 
and Norwich Naturalists’ Society from 1872 to 1923, and was President 
in 1891-1892. He wrote a few articles in the Transactions of this 
society, but I can find no account of a visit to the Scilly Isles, and the 
articles he contributed to The Hntomologist in 1870 and 1879 are about 
fen insects. 

In the list of moths taken by him in the Scilly Isles, F. Norgate re- 
cords two Hphyra porata from Tresco, August 1878 (Ent. mo, Maug., 
1880, 16, 183). Dr Blair says that this is the only record of porata 
from Scilly, and that it does not appear to occur on the mainland of 
Cornwall. It is therefore probable that Norgate’s specimens were 
pupillaria and not porata. Norgate’s collection was sold at Stevens’s 
on 20th May 1919, sale no. 13053, and his Cosymbias were in lot 162, 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. — 15/V/1947 


but I have been unable to find out who bought them. TI shall be much 
obliged if anyone can hhelp me to trace them. If they were really 
pupilaria, it is probable that the moth was breeding there for several 
years, but Mr B. W. Adkin, who did a good deal of collecting there 
from 1889 onwards, took neither porata nor pupillaria, and it may have 
died out before that date. It is not unlikely that pupillaria was in- 
troduced with some South European shrub into the garden at Tresco, 
where the climate is so mild that many sub-tropical plants and shrubs 
grow luxuriantly. On the other hand, if the Isle of Wight specimen 
was an immigrant or descended from an immigrant, as seems probable, 
the Scilly specimens may also have resulted from an immigration. 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945. 
By D. G. Srvastoruno, F.R.E.S. 


(Continued from v. 34.) 


14th October.—A showery night and a cloudy morning with short 
spells of sunshine. A walk along the forest road produced a female 
Callidrepana putrana, Moore, ova of P, helenus and larvae of R. con- | 
fusa, C. nitida and S. curvilinea. Few butterflies were about, mostly 
Y. sakra and D, adonira (incidentally, Evans describes this latter species 
as rare). A showery afternoon, a walk alongs the open hillside where 
the three Ypthima and Z. flegyas were all flying commonly and a few 
N. hylas were seen; this is usually one of the commonest butterflies of 
these parts, this year it 1s one of the rarest. A fair number of larvae 
of M. troglodytus were found and R. vinacearia was beaten out in 
dozens. A single male Ocinara signifera, Wlk., was found settled on a — 
leaf. A thundery evening, but nothing attracted to light. 

15th October.—A fine sunny morning, a walk along the forest road 
produced all the usual things, LZ. daraxa is less common than it was 
and L. sidonis is rivalling Y. sakra in numbers. A female Dodona 
owida, Moore, owida was caught resting under a leaf and examples of 
Leucoma (Caviria) sericea, Moore, Myrteta simpliciata, Moore, and the 
first female U. primularis were taken. Larvae of P. helenus and of 
an unknown Notodontid (which subsequently died) were found. A 
showery afternoon clearing up late and allowing time for a short walk 
only, which produced a male EHrebomorpha compositata, Guen., and 
larvae of A. fylla and a Zygaenid (this pupated, but failed to emerge). 
The moon is now well in its second quarter and light was a failure again. 

16th October.—A fine sunny morning but nothing out of the ordinary 
flying on the forest road, a P. helenus was seen and missed. Larvae 
of S. hypselis, R. aurifera, A. argenticeps and EH. repleta were found. 
A late afternoon walk down through the forest produced some half dozen 
species of moths, including a Sideridis, a Boarmia (both still unidenti- 
fied) and a Cambogia pulchella, Hamps. Warvae included L. verma and 
a batch of Samia cynthia, Drury. Light attracted a single female 
Chionaema detrita, Wk. 

17th October.—A fine sunny morning, a walk along the open hill 
road produced Y. sakra and Z. flegyas in numbers, a few D. aglea, N. 
hylas, L. daraxa and A. hyperbius, and single examples of L. rohria 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER 1945. 57 


and D. melaneus. Larvae of a Limacodid and a Risoba (both of which 
died) and of P. spurcataria were found. In the afternoon more larvae, 
the yellow tufted Lasiocampid, a batch of young larvae of a Eupterotid 
(which died), H. pulchella and C. delecta. Wight a failure. 

18th October.—The weather has now settled, fine and sunny from 
morning till evening, weather that we should have been having from 
the end of last month. A walk up the forest road showed the usual 
common things, to whose number D. dipoea must now be added, flying 
in abundance. A few H. nama were seen, as well as single specimens 
of S. Aypselis and D. owida; whilst the first Pieris canidia, Sparr., 
indica, Evans, was caught. In the afternoon a new, and very unpro- 
ductive, part of the forest was searched, the only things obtained being 
single larvae of HE. pulchella and Dasychira mendosa, Hbn., and a male 
Andraca albilunata, Hamps.; even Y. sakra and I. verma were 
searce. Light again a failure. 

19th October.—A walk along the forest road produced the usual 
common things, the only find of interest being two larvae of a Boarmiid 
(these were interesting in having the thoracic somites greatly swollen, 
they pupated but failed to emerge). The afternoon was devoted to larva- 
hunting, with a fair amount of success, Papilio arcturus, Westw.., 
arcturus, R. olivacea, E. repleta, S. curvilinea, C. fulvida, A. sylvata, 
Peratophyga aerata, Moore, and A. obrinaria all being found, as well 
as a single male Cambogia pictaria, Hamps. Light again a failure. 

20th October.—Completely hopeless from a collecting point of view 
because of heavy rain and a north wind all day, in spite of which a 
female Tyana callichlora, Wlk., came to light. 


21st October.—Another blank day due to incessant, heavy rain. The 
papers report a cyclone on the Madras coast and our weather is pro- 
bably the result of this. Not unexpectedly, nothing attracted to light. 


22nd October.—A rainy morning, clearing up late in the afternoon, 
when a walk produced larvae of Z. flegyas, a Drepanid, a Geometer 
(both these latter two died), and ZL. calcearia (this is a long thin dark 
larva with recurved fleshy processes, and exactly resembles a dead leaf 
stalk of the Rubus, on which it feeds). In spite of more than forty- 
eight hours of very heavy rain, Y. sakra and Z. flegyas were both flying 
freely and a male A. hyperbius was found settled in a head of seeding 
grass. The usual number of small Geometers were disturbed by beat- 
ing. Light a failure, and an attempt at assembling with two females 
of D. feminula equally so. 


23rd October.—A dull, misty, drizzling morning, Larvae of P. helenus, 
Z. flegyas, two Notodontids, a Noctuid and; two Geometers (these all 
pupated but the pupae of the last 5 failed to survive the transfer to Cal- 
cutta) were found by searching, and numbers of the common Geometers 
were settled on herbage. Y. sakra was flying in numbers. The after- 
noon produced a number of males of Gnophos eolariws, Guen., a Boarmia 
(still unidentified) and a Myrteta planaria, Wlk., at rest, larvae of P. 
helenus, Papilio polyctor, Bsd., ganesa, Moore, an Arctiid (ichneu- 
moned), Prodenia litura, F. (littoralis, Bsd.), and ZL. obliquata and a 
pupa of Z. flegyas. A single A. grisea came to light. 


24th October.—A sunny morning, again and a walk along the forest 
road produced the usual things, a male P. arcturus being caught in 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V /1947 


addition. More larvae of P. helenus were found as well as a batch of 
D. ouida. A female P. bicolor emerged in my cages and assembled suc- 
cessfully, swarms of males appearing until about noon. A cloudy 
afternoon, devoted to larvae, Prismosticta fenestrata, Btlr., two Noto- 
campids, three Notodontids, a Noctuid and a Geometer (pupae of the 
last seven species failed to survive the change to Calcutta) being found, 
as well as ova of It. aurifera. An example of T. crocoptera was found 
settled under a large leaf; funny how these large Geometers give them- 
selves away by leaving a corner of a wing sticking over the edge. Light 
produced a single male A, pulchella. 

25th October.—A cloudy morning with intervals of sunshine, a walk 
along the forest road produced all the road haunters in their usual num- 
bers, in spite of the heavy rain of the last few days; as nothing excit- 
ing was flying a check on the sex of the insects settled on the road was 
made, all being found to be males. A crushed example of a black and 
scarlet Zygaenid (see subsequent note) was picked up in the road, and 
a Scopula moorei, C. & S., was found settled. A larva of Psiloreta 
(Oreta) obliquilinea, Hamps., was found. The afternoon given up to 
social engagements. Light a failure. 

26th October.—A fine sunny morning on the forest road produced a 
male Lethe sura, Dbl., and several Lethe bhairava, Moore, in addition - 
to the usual common things. A pale yellow Pierid and a Coladenia dan, 
F., fatih, Koll., were seen but missed. A female D. dipoea was found 
settled on the damp road. The afternoon was cloudy and a walk along 
the hill road produced single specimens of Euproctis subfasciata, Wlk., 
and Leucoma divisa, Wik., and larvae of P. polyctor, M. troglodytus 
and an Arctiid (which died). M. troglodytus is badly infested with 
ichneumons. I have found two full-grown larvae only, which have ~ 
pupated successfully. All third and fourth instar larvae, a good num- 
ber altogether, have been parasitised. Light a failure. 


(To be continued.) 


TWO UNRECORDED RARITIES: HADENA (DIANTHOECIA) 
COMPTA, F., AND LEUCANIA LOREYI, DUP. 


By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 


Hadena compta, F.—This is labelled ‘‘ W. Purdey. Leaden Spout, 
Folkestone, June 1877.’’ It is a large female in perfect condition and 
has an unusually narrow white median band. ‘Mr A. M. Morley says 
that it has not been recorded. W. Purdey, who lived at Folkestone, 
was a keen collector and very reliable. Leaden Spout is a misspelling 
of Lydden Spout, a rather inaccessible spot near the Warren, where it 
is believed that Purdey had a secret locality for Hadena (Dianthoecia) 
albimacula. The specimen was in the collections of Sir Beckwith White- 
house and Mr B. Harold Smith. 

Leucania loreyi, Dup.—This was taken by B. Harold Smith at the 
Lighthouse, The Lizard, Cornwall, in June 1919. It is a female in 
rather poor condition, lacking fringes and with a slit in the right fore- 
wing. It was in B. H. Smith’s collection. 

Both insects are now in my collection, 


VOL. LIX. PLATE 1. 


aa 
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e 
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ea 
e 
se 
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Fie. 14. Plan of the area of permanent trackways leading from six nest-mouths 
marked A to F:; each of the separate tracks havine the termination point 
marked X. 


A STUDY ON THE PERMANENT TRACKWAYS MADE BY THE ANT. 59 


A STUDY ON THE PERMANENT TRACKWAYS MADE BY THE ANT 
MESSOR BARBARUS, L., BARBARUS (HYM. FORMICIDAE) IN 
ALGERIA. 


By W. Picxies, F.R.1.S. 
Plates I, II. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Whilst studying the ecology of ants on a hillside at Souk Ahras in 
Eastern Algeria during 1943 it was noticed that ants (Messor barbarus, 
L., barbarus) leaving the nests to go to the ‘‘ harvesting areas ’’ to 
collect the inflorescence of grasses, etc., actually wore away the grass 
near the nest and made a permanent trackway in one or more direc- 
tions as the case might be. These are mentioned by Forel (1928). 


At one particular spot on the hillside, where these observations were 
made, it was noticed that quite a maze of permanent trackways inter- 
locking with each other, etc., had been formed during the Autumn 
months. Forel (1928) mentions that often these nests of the harvesting 
ants are of considerable area in extent and that the mouths may be 
several feet or yards away from each other. It is not, therefore, claimed 
that the mouth-openings marked A to F (Fig. 1) are those of different 
nests and that the trackways are from different nests; but that they re- 
present the points of origin of different trackways which had their own 
particular ants running along them having their own individual scents 
(see later). 


I wish to thank Mr S. Smith for the loan of his camera to take the 
photograph. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE TRACKWAY ‘‘ MAZE.’’ 


6c ) 


This particular part of the hillside on which the ‘‘ maze ”’ of per- 
manent trackways was situated measured 50 ft. by 30 ft. and was a 
rectangular area. To the north-east, south and west of this small area 
there were rocks with very little vegetation on them and the north- 
eastern side was bounded by a path (made by Arabs) running approxi- 
mately north-west to south-east. Two of the nests were situated in 
the north-westerly part of the area, whilst the other four were practic- 
ally arranged in a straight line along the south-easterly border. Be- 
tween nests A and B and the other four nests C, D, E and F there was 
an expanse of grass which the ants from all these nests used as their 
harvesting area. Most of the permanent trackways led to it. On 12th 
July 1943 these permanent trackways were mapped out; they were in 
common use by the ants from these mouth-openings at the time, al- 
though they were not all used by the ants at the same time. These 
trackways, which are illustrated in Fig. 1 and which were clearly visible 
in the grass and were worn down to the ground (..e., soil) level, were 
the permanent trackways only and those along which the ants would 
go towards their foraging areas before branching out to search for 
seeds when these latter areas were neared. It might appear from the 
diagram that the path made by the Arabs and running along the north- 
eastern part of the area acted as a boundary to the foraging activity 
but this was not the case and many a time ants were observed to pass 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1947 


over this human path and make processions many yards beyond this 
path, but they were not permanent trackways. 

The number of trackways varied with the nest (or mouth-opening) 
but only three of them had no branches; one of these was from nest 
E and the other two were from nest F, all the rest having a varying 
number of branches. The longest of these trackways was the one 
running in a northern and. westerly direction from nest-mouth F; this 
was 57 feet long and stretched from its point of origin at F to near 
nest-mouth A at X. Trackways from nests C, D and E crossed this 
track at various points along its course and in the neighbourhood of 
F there was quite a ‘‘ maze ”’ of tracks running in different directions. 
Processions of ants along any one of these tracks kept rigidly to it and 
did not go off along a different track because that particular track 
crossed another one. 


In order to show more clearly how these permanent trackways show 
up in the grass a photograph of the tracks leading from a nest of 
M. b. barbarus was taken. This is shown in the accompanying, photo- 
graph (Fig. 2). This nest was situated some 30 yards or so to the north- 
west. of the area described above. This particular nest was situated 
amongst the roots of a small spinous shrub about 2 ft. to 2 ft. 6 ins. in 
height. The trackways led chiefly in an easterly direction, the path-— 
way in the photograph being a continuation of the pathway marked 
on Fig. 1. In this photograph three ant-trackways are plainly to be 
seen (marked A, B and C) as lighter coloured lines running from the 
nest towards the human pathway. Track C divided at the point C 
into two branches marked Cl and C2. 


REFERENCE. 
(1928) Forel, A. The Social World of the Ants. London. 


CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


By Bryan P. Betrne, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. 


One of the neglected aspects of the study of the Lepidoptera is the 
causes of changes in the distribution and abundance. Many such 
changes can be attributed, either directly or indirectly, to the weather 
or to human activities. Some other causes, all of which require further 
investigation, are discussed below. 

Little is known of the causes of great outbreaks of larvae. While 
every species fluctuates in abundance from year to year, there are some 
whose larvae occur occasionally or regularly in vast numbers. There 
is one significant fact in connection with the majority of these species: 
their habits are such that there is normally a tendency for heavy con- 
centrations of larvae to arise in limited areas. With some the females 
are incapable of flight so that each normally must lay all its eggs in 
a limited area on a single tree, examples being Orgyia antiqua, Opero- 
phtera brumata, O. fagata, Phigaha pilosaria (pedaria), Hrannis defoli- 


VOL. LIX. PLATE II 


Fig. 2. Photograph of the permanent trackways leading from a nest of M. Db. 
barbarus : these are inarked A, B and C. C1 and C2 represent branches of the 
track C. 


CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 61 


aria, E. leucophearia, K. aurantiaria and Alsophila aescularia. In other 
cases the eggs are laid in batches and the larvae live gregariously in 
large colonies, examples being Huphydryas aurinia, Huproctis chrysorr- 
hoea, Malacosoma neustria, Eriogaster lanestris and the Hyponomeu- 
tidae. This tendency, however, does not appear to be present in other 
species amongst which great outbreaks occur, namely Philudoria pota- 
toria, Macrothylacia rubi and Charaeas graminis. 

A possible explanation tor the outbreaks of species whose larvae tend 
to occur in heavy concentrations is that. they are normally kept in 
check mainly by one particular type of natural enemy. Occasionally a 
colony of larvae escapes attack so that instead! of only a small propor- 
tion reaching the adult stage the majority do so. The result is that in 
the following year the species becomes enormously abundant in that 
area. 

In the case of the Hyponomeutidae there are indications that birds 
are the chief natural enemy. Normally an average of over 95% of the 
larvae appear to be eaten by birds but occasionally some colonies are 
overlooked so that instead of about 27% reaching maturity about 40% 
do so, the remaining 609%; being destroyed by other natural enemies 
(Beirne, Econ. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., 111: 191). The result is that if 
only a single colony escapes attack the species is about twenty times 
more abundant in a limited area in the following year, while if several 
colonies escape this figure is multiphed proportionately. 

Possibly birds are the chief natural enemies of O. antiqua, as out- 
breaks of this species seem to occur chiefly in towns where birds are 
relatively scarce; the ova, rather than the larvae, may be attacked. 
Parasitic Hymenoptera appear to be the chief enemies of EH. aurinia. 
The chief enemies of the remaining species are not known and their 
identities require investigation. In all cases the enemy whose absence 
is responsible for the outbreaks probably is one which attacks the eggs 
or the larvae of those species which live gregariously or the females or 
eggs of those whose females are wingless. Climatic factors are doubt- 
less of great importance in many cases and information is required on 
their identities, on whether they affect the species directly, i.e., by 
killing the females, ova or larvae, or indirectly, 1.e., by influencing the 
degree of attack by the natural enemies. 

It is difficult to suggest possible causes of outbreaks of larvae of P. 
potatoria, M. rubi and C, graminis. But it may not be coincidence 
that the two most severe outbreaks of C. graminis in the past century 
occurred in areas in which great vole outbreaks took place a few years 
previously. The two greatest vole outbreaks of recent times took place 
in the Southern Uplands of Scotland in 1875-6 and 1891-2 (Elton, Voles, 
Mice and Lemmings), while the outbreaks of C. graminis just men- 
tioned took place in almost exactly the same areas in 1885 and 1894. 
However, Dr Elton informs me that there are no records of vole out- 
breaks preceding other recorded outbreaks of C. graminis larvae. 
Nevertheless, this is a point requiring investigation. 

Possibly outbreaks of P. potatoria, M. rubi and C. graminis may 
be due to similar causes as judging, from the published records they 
seem to occur mainly on heathy grasslands or hill pastures with all 
three species. 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1947 


The excessive abundance of the larvae of any species usually is fol- 
lowed a year or two later by a scarcity, due to its being followed by an 
increase in the abundance of Ichneumons and other natural enemies 
and to conditions favouring the spread of disease. It is well known 
that when larvae are overcrowded disease spreads rapidly and causes 
great destruction. This is due to the fact that infection by mest fungi, 
Protozoa, bacteria and viruses occurs mainly by the healthy larvae eat- 
ing food which has been contaminated by diseased larvae. It may 
explain why ‘ good ”’ years for Lepidoptera always occur singly or in 
twos, there never being a longer succession as with ‘‘ bad ”’ or ‘ aver- 
age ’’ seasons. 

A further effect of the excessive abundance of the larvae of a par- 
ticular species is that it may be indirectly responsible for the scarcity 
of that or of other species due to the larvae stripping the vegetation of 
its foliage before becoming full-grown, and as a result dying of starva- 
tion. For example, Turner (Hntom., LXIX: 254) records the occur- 
rence of this with Callimorpha jacobaeae and Chapman (Entom., 
XXVIL: 217) with Nonagria typhae, while according to Jeddere-Fisher 
(Entom., LVIL: 285) a local defoliation of Oaks by Tortriz viridana re- 
sulted in the scarcity of other Oak-feeding species such as Poecilocampu 
populi, Phigalia pilosaria (pedaria) and Apocheima hispidaria. 

Local scarcities or extinctions of Lepidoptera may result from the 
destruction of ova, larvae or pupae by herbivorous vertebrates. For 
example, local extinctions of Lysandra coridon have been attributed to 
grazing by cattle (Walker, Hnt. Mon. Mag., LVIII: 251; Oliver, 
Entom., L: 286) and by rabbits (Robbins, Lond. Nat., 1926: 37), the 
distribution of Anepia irregularis appears to be regulated largely by 
grazing animals as, according to Nurse (Hnt. Rec., XXIV: 260), the 
species does not occur where its foodplant is grazed in the flowering 
stage by sheep or cattle, and larvae of Eupithecia pint (togata) are said 
to be killed when the Spruce cones within which they feed are eaten 
by squirrels (Nix, Hntom., XXXVI: 291). 

Different animals have different effects on the vegetation. For in- 
stance, sheep crop the herbage much closer than do cattle but cattle 
trample down the vegetation to a greater extent, Heather is kept down 
by sheep but can spread in cattle pastures, close grazing by sheep is 
favourable for the spread of Bracken, and Ragwort is not touched by 
rabbits and consequently may become abundant on coastal sandhills 
and in similar rabbit-infested situations. All such vegetational changes 
must affect the abundance of some species of Lepidoptera and informa- 
tion on this would be of interest; at present little information is on 
record, 

Under natural conditions the vegetation of any area is in a Col- 
dition of equilibrium known as a climax. The natural climax vegeta- 
tion over most of the British Isles is deciduous forest. Through human 
agency most of this forest has disappeared but if left undisturbed. the 
vegetation of a region tends to return to this climax. Changes in the 
abundance and distribution of the Lepidoptera must result from the 
ecological succession of vegetation but few are on record. However, 
an example is described by Clarke (Hnt. Rec., XIV: 24): such wood- 
land species as Argynnis paphia, A. ewphrosyne and Aphantopus hyper- 


CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 63 


anthus inhabited a locality which was covered with trees and dense 
undergrowth but disappeared when the trees were cut and the locality 
converted into cornland. Later the area was left uncultivated for a 
long time and Lysandra coridon, L. bellargus and Erynnis tages made 
their appearance—presumably as a result of the appearance of the small 
plants on which they feed. The effects of the next stage in the suc- 
cession are recorded by Simpson-Hayward (Hntom., LX: 30), Marsden 
(Ent. Mon. Mag., XLI: 77) and Clarke (Hnt. Rec., XVIII: 23), who 
describe local extinctions of Maculinea.arion, L. coridon and L. bell- 
argus in other localities due to the choking-out of their foodplants by 
the spread of coarse grasses. An effect of the following stage—the 
spread of iarger plants and of shrubs—is recorded by Bright (Hntom., 
LVIIT: 273), who attributed an increasing scarcity of M. urion to an 
increase of Heather and Bramble which drove out its foodplant and 
the ants with which the larva is symbiotic. 


Eeological succession of vegetation may result from causes other than 
the cessation of some limiting factor. For instance, the constant de- 
position of dead leaves and other vegetation may change the character 
of the soil of a locality, rendering it more suitable for the growth of 
some plants and less suitable for others. Corresponding changes in the 
abundance and distribution of some Lepidoptera must result, but again 
few such changes are on record. However, the increasing scarcity of 
some of the Fenland species has been attributed to the Fens gradually 
becoming dryer, with a consequent gradual change in the vegetation 
(Farren, in The Natural History of Wicken Fen; Wheeler, Hntom., 
MXIT: 80). 

Coast erosion and floods may result in local scarcities or extinctions. 
For instance, a local extinction of Leucania pallens ssp. favicolor was 
attributed to an invasion of the coastal marshes by the sea (Mathew, 
Ent. Mon. Mag., XU1: 77), and the flooding of Horsey Mere and its 
neighbourhood by the sea in 1938 was disastrous to most Lepidoptera 
(Ellis, Trans. Norf. Norwich Nat. Soc., XIV: 389). Incidentally, this 
flood was followed by a great increase of Orache (Atriplex), and as a 
result Hadena trifolii appeared in great abundance (Op. cit.). Flooded 
rivers must wash away great numbers of larvae and pupae, just as they 
do Coleoptera and other insects, but very little information is on record 
with the chief exception of instances of Plusia festucae being affected 
in this way (Collins, Ent. Rec., Il: 89; Arkle, Hntom., XXIX: 1138). 

A final neglected study is the effects on the abundance of the Lepi- 
doptera when the development of the foodplants fails to coincide with 
that of the species. A few examples of this are that seasonal scarci- 
ties of such species as Hadena caesia, H. conspersa and H. bicruris have 
been attributed to scarcities of the seed-capsules of Silene within which 
they feed (Kane, Hntom., XVI: 52, and Ent. Rec., VI: 210), the fail 
of the leaves in autumn is said often to overtake the larvae of such 
species as Bena prasinana and Calocasia coryli before they have be- 
come full-grown (Holland, Ent. Mon. Mag., XXIX: 89), and a seasonal 
scarcity of Lithostege griseata was attributed to the species having pro- 
duced an abnormal second brood in the previous year, the second-brood 
larvae failing to reach maturity before the foodplant died in the 
autumn (KEdelsten, Entom., XLVII: 71). 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V / 1947 


CURRENT NOTES. 


| HAVE heard from my old friend and colleague, Dr Freidrich 
Zacher, who writes that the late Dr Walter Horn’s collections of insects 
are not destroyed, as had been previously reported. They, with the 
library, have been removed from Dahlem to the Vollrathsruge Castle 
in Mecklenburg, where they are under the care of Dr Sachtleben. 


Dr Zacher himseli has suffered the loss of the greatest part of his 
collection and most of his library; his Orthoptera collection was com- 
pletely destroyed.—Marcorm Burr. 


Despire the severe winter the following appeared on 10th April :— 
6 P. c-album, 5 A. urticae, several N. 10, 30-40 G. rhamni (both sexes). 
No fresh butterflies seen up to time of writing, 24th April. Vegetation 
then very backward and rain and gales still limiting the late sowing of 
corn and roots. The Nature Preserve and adjoining fen was ilooded, 
but we are much higher situated.—H. A. LEEDS, Wood Walton, Hunts. 


Latrt APPEARANCE OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE NEw Forest Area, Hants., 
up to 21st Aprit 1947.—All lepidopterists must be wondering what 
effect last vear’s sunless and wet summer and autumn, followed by the 
lone and extra severe winter, will have on the insect life of the British 
Isles in 1947. This year has started some’ three weeks to a month late 
and the early appearing butterflies, usuaily seen in March and April, 
have hardly put in an appearance in this area of the New Forest, at 
date of writing these preliminary notes. Weather conditions improved 
slightly by the 25th March and on that day of about 12 hours of sun- 
shine the first male specimen of ‘‘ The Brimstone ’’ was observed and 
between that date and the Ist of April one or two very worn specimens 
of Vanessa urticae and V. io. While all three of the above-mentioned 
species have since been observed on bright days they have been in very 
small numbers indeed. On the 10th April one Polygonia c-album was 
taken but none seen since. Cyantris argiolus, which sometimes appears 
in the last days of March, has not yet been seen, neither has Huchloé 
cardamines yet appeared. 

This is a bad beginning and not a bright outlook for the future. 
The appalling winter, covering the most of our island from the South- 
East, Midlands and to Northward, to say nothing of the floods, must 
surely result in a bad season for at least some species. In Hants. and 
the South-West, adverse weather conditions have certainly not been 
so severe or prolonged and therefore we may not be so badly oif in these 
parts. 


These preliminary observations will be followed by further notes later 
on as to how the 1947 season has turned out, but in the meantime it 
would be very interesting to know what sort of a season followed a 
summer and winter such as we have just experienced, in times gone by. 
if someone wil! tell us what happened on the last or two last occasions. 
—Cuas. B. Anrram, 21st April 1947. 


EXCHANGES. 


fF 
Bia 
acl: 


MY 
va Subscribers may have ‘Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
' They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. Turner, “ Latemar,’”’ West Drive, Cheam. 

Wanted—American Hesperildae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 
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Stodald aaa 
EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE WEATHER AT TAUNTON, WITH THE NOR- 
MAL SIMILAR PERIOD, 1946, A. H. Turner, ae ane Me 65 
NEWS ON LYSANDRA OF THE CORIDON GROUP OF SPECIES (LEP. 
' LYCAENIDAE, Orazio Querci, Ae sy we ets na au Ai We 66 
- NOTE ON THE FOODPLANT OF PH. \LONIA LURIDANA, GREGSON, Albert 
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BEFECTS 


OF THE SEVERE WEATHER AT TAUNTON. 65 


EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE WEATHER AT TAUNTON, WITH 
THE NORMAL SIMILAR PERIOD 1946, 


By A, H. Turner. 


After the severe conditions experienced during the past Winter, it 
may be of interest to see how the Lepidoptera compare with the same 
period during 1946 in this district, and the following schedule will give 
some idea of the effect: — 


Nymphalis io. 


Aglais urlicae. 


Gonepteryx rhamni. 
Polygonia c-album. 


Celasltvina argiolus. 


Pararge aegeria. 
Euchloé cardamines. 
Pieris brassicae. 
Pieris napi. 

Pieris rapae. 
Xylocampa areola. 
Scoliopteryx libatrix. 


Orthosia gothica. 


Orthosia cruda. 

Orthosia incerta. 
Orthosia stabilis. 
Orthosia miniosa. 


Larophila badiata. 


Selenia bilunaria. 
Biston strataria. 
Oidaematophorus 


monodactylus. 
Orneodes hexadactyla. 


1946. 
First seen 6th Jan. 90 
seen up to end of April. 
First seen 27th Jan. and 
120 up to end of April. 


First seen 23rd March 
and fairly common after. 


Appeared 27th March, 
then common. 
First seen 3tst March 


and subsequently com- 
mon. 

First seen 7th April. <Af- 
terwards abundant. 
1ith April, and _ there- 
after very common. 
One on 14th April, but 
not very frequent. 

One on 20th April, but 
not common. 

One only on 30th April. 


First seen 27th March, 
afterwards very common. 
Seen on 15th Feb. and 
then frequently. 

Came to light 26th Feb. 


Abundant after 27th 
March. 
27th March and _ subse- 
quently. 
Common from 29th 
March. 


Several from 2nd April 
onwards. 
Once only on 3rd April. 


First seen 26th March, 
afterwards very common. 


Common after Q7th 
March. 

Came to light 29th 
March, and frequently 
afterwards. 

Fairly frequent after 


6th January. 

First seen 30th March, 
but uncommon after- 
wards. 


Up to end of April 

1947. 
First seen 10th April and 
only 17 to end of month. 
First seen 16th Jan., but 
only 44 up to end of the 
month. 
First seen 9th April, but 
as frequent as in 1946. 
Appeared 10th April, but 
only once since. 
One seen on 17th April 
and one since. 


One on 26th and one on 
27th April only. 

One only on 26th April. 
None seen. 

None seen. 

One on 28th and one 
29th April. 

None seen. 


None seen. 


None seen. 


None seen. 
None seen. 
None seen. 


One on 8rd and one 27th 
April. 

First seen 16th April, 
afterwards fairly com- 
mon. 

None seen. 


None seen. 


None seen. 


First seen 12th 
but fairly 
since. 


April, 
common 


It will be seen that 1947 compares very unfavourably with 1946, prac- 
tically all the usual early Spring species being either lacking altogether 


@acae 


Cc az 4049 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1947 


or much below the average in numbers; the only thing I have seen at 
sallow was the O. miniosa, 

There is always the exception and in this case it is Depressuria aren- 
ella, which in 1946 was only seen once, on 27th March, but this year 
it turned up on 14th January, and has been (intermittently) very com- 
mon ever since. 

I think it probable that the continuity of the February cold may 
have some bearing on the matter. Apart from a few hours on the 10th, 
the frost was continuous day and night from the 4th to the 23rd, and 
the mean shade temperature for the month was 27. It will be most 
interesting to hear the experiences of entomologists in the North, where 
the conditions have been much worse. 


NEWS ON LYSANDRA OF THE CORIDON GROUP OF SPECIES 
(LEP. LYCAENIDAE). 


By Orazio QUERCTI. 


Vindicio, Formia (Prov. Latina), Italy. 

The object of this paper is to indicate in a correct manner the places ~ 
where we collected some Lysandra of the coridon, Poda, group of species, 
recording when they emerged, the feature and climate of the surround- 
ings in which they lived, and to whom those butterflies were sent. 

Italy—We have taken many coridon, always in summer and on 
chalky ground, in any locality of the Apennines of Central Italy 
(Sibyllini, Gran Sasso, Sirente, Majella, Meta), where we collected. 
Rarely we met with that species above 5006 ft. We have also found - 
plenty of them on the Apuane Alps, above Caregine, on the slopes of 
Mt. Sumbra, 3000 ft. (Garfagnana); in the Fegana valley, below Monte- 
fegatesi, 1500 ft. (Lucca); on Mt. Pratofiorito, 5000 ft. (Lucca); on Mt. 
Fanna at 2000 ft. near Fiesole (Florence); on Mt. 'Conea, 1200 ft., near 
Fontebuona (Florence) ; and above the locality Le Sterpete near Foligno 
(Umbria). 

The other allied species, that looks like Herrich-Schaffer’s figure of 
hispana, was taken by us only at Pian di Mugnone, 400 ft. (Florence), 
and on Mt. Fanna, where both coridon and hispana were flying to- 
gether in August 1915. LZ. hispana emerge in the spring and, after a 
pause, also in summer. 

Large series of those butterflies were sent to British entomologists 
(Lord Rothschild, Mr Bethune-Baker, Mr Pether, Mr Turner, and 
others). Many specimens were shipped to America (Mr Williams of 
Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr Weeks of Boston, Mass.; Mr Mengel of Reading, 
Pa.; Mr Winn of Montreal, Canada). Other specimens were sent to 
Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Hungary. Dr 
Verity of Florence has the largest set of Lysandra taken by us in Italy. 

The specimens that. Verity refers to, Lysandra syriaca, Tutt, and 
that he figures at Pl. 16, Nos. 56-58, in his grand work Le Farfaile 
Diurne d'Italia, 1943, Florence, were taken by us near the small group 
of trees, 4300 ft., just above the upper buildings of Casteldelmonte 
(Aquila) in the Gran Sasso mass, above the path towards Mt. Capodi- 
serre, at the beginning of July 1939. Another male (55) and one female 


NEWS ON LYSANDRA OF THH CORIDON GROUP OF SPECIES. 67 


(59) were taken by my wife on Colle Alto, 3600 ft., above Settefrati 
(Latium), in the Mt. Meta mass, in summer 1940. 

The specimens that Verity figures (Pl. 16, Nos. 47, 48) with the name 
of polonus Zeller, which might be hybrids between Lysandra coridon 
and bellargus, were taken by myself on Mt. Sumbra (Garfagnana), 4000 
ft., in mid-June 1920. Another polonus (49) was found by my wife, at 
the end of June 1941, along the path in front of Roccadimezzo (Aquila), 
which climbs to Fontana della Macchie, below Mt. Monterotondo, in 
Sirente mass, 4300 ft. 

The striking specimen, figured by Verity with the name glaucur- 
gester (Pl. 15, No. 26), which according to that author might be a 
hybrid between argester, Bgstr. = hylas, Esp., and syriaca, Tutt, was 
taken by Lycaena Romei, my granddaughter, on 28th July 1939, at the 
same place above Casteldelmonte where in June a few syriaca were fly- 
ing. All the strange Lysandra that I have recorded now are in Verity's 
collection. 

Spain.—In 1924 we collected on the Sierra de Albarracin in Aragén. 
Both in June and at the beginning of July the whitish Lysandra, simi- 
lar to Herrich-Schiaffer’s figure of albicans emerged in the valley of 
Valdevecar, 3300 ft., about two miles from Albarracin towards Teruel. 
My wife, with our daughter Krilda, took many of them, among which 
we noted a few specimens looking lke Herrich-Schaffer’s figure of his- 
pana, While albicans ceased to be on the wing in mid-July, a few /is- 
pana were taken by us in September. 

In July, Dr Enzo Romei and I made some trips to the high moun- 
tain towards Orihuela del Tremedal above Albarracin. Jn a field near 
Tramacastilla, 3600 ft., we took some coridon that were flying together 
with some albicans. Those two species could be distinguished at first 
glanee: albicans on the wing looked as white as a Pieris, coridon was 
shining metallic blue. In alpine surroundings we did not see any 
coridon-like butterfly. 

At the beginning of August we went by car to that mountain. My 
granddaughter, now Dr Lycaena Romei, but then only two years old, 
was with us. She played with a net in a meadow, at about 4000 ft., 
above the village of Noguera (between Tramacastilla and Orihuela), and 
thus she took, by chance, a magnificent blue female of the species that 
Zapater, Korb, Sagarra and I named by mistake corydonius, H.S., that 
Verity named caelestissima, but which now he refers to caucasica, 
Lederer. Having discovered the small locality where those nice Lysan- 
dra live, we took many of them. 

Afterwards, Dr Romei went to collect at Puerto de Pajares, about 
4000 ft., on the Cantabrian Mts. (Asturias), taking a series of bright 
blue Lysandra that both Sagarra (Butll. Inst. catal. Hist. nat. (2) 9: 
202, 1924) and I referred at first to caelestissima, Vrty. (that is 
caucasica, Led.). We were misled by the large number of blue females 
(resembling that taken at Noguera) among the Lysandra of Pajares. 
Now, I believe that they are nothing else than coridon modified in tinge 
by the great humidity of that locality, where it had always rained until 
mid-August. 

Tn 1925 and 1929 we collected in Catalonia. Lysandra hispana were 
plentiful at S. Pere de Vilamajor and Llinas, 1800 ft., at the base of 
Mt. Montseny near Barcelona. They emerged, as the species did near 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1947 


Florence, both in the spring and, after a pause, in August-September. 
On Mt. Montseny, 3300 ft., and on the Catalan Pyrenees (Puigmal and 
Taga) we found only the single-brooded coridon in August. 

At the beginning of June 1926 my wife and I, together with Prof. 
Bolivar of Madrid, and again in mid-June 1933 with Mr René Oberthur 
of Rennes, took many albicans on the gypseous and bare moor of Mon- 
tarco, 2000 ft., near Madrid. They were smaller and yet whiter than 
those from Aragén. We have never collected in summer near Madrid; 
however, the entomologists of that city told us that the albicans of 
Montarco emerge there only at the end of the spring and that no speci- 
men of that kind had ever been taken later. 

On 10th June 1926 we went to collect at Ufa on Serrania de Cuenca, 


3600 ft., in New Castile, where we remained until the frost. That 
season was very dry as it never rained from April to October. Many 


albicans (like those from Albarracin, Tramacastilla and Montarco) 
emerged from mid-June to mid-July in a meadow of Rincén de la 
Laguna, 3600 ft., in front of the village of Una, on the opposite side 
of the lake. Some coridon emerged later, still at Rincon de la Laguna, 
along the path that rises to El Escalerén on the way to Tragacete. 
Lysandra caucasica, widespread all over Rincén del Juez, on the way 
to Ciudad Incandata, was on the wing in August. In 1928, and again 
in 1933, we remained at Una from May to the end of October. In that 
year it rained almost always in the afternoon and the emergence of 
albicans was delayed by the cold weather that continued until the je- 
ginning of June. Lysandra albicans, coridon and caucasica emerged 
at the same time, but in three different places, near Una, from mid- 
July to the beginning of September. 

Besides the Lepidopterists to whom I had sent the Italian specimens, 
those taken in Spain were also sent to Mr Hemming of London and Mr 
René Oberthur of Rennes. Large coliections were also deposited in the 
museums of Natural History of Barcelona, Lisbon and Madrid. How- 
ever, the greater number and the most interesting specimens should 
now be assembled in the British Museum at London and Tring. 

While living at Barcelona from November 1928 to October 1929 I 
wrote some notes concerning the Rhopalocera of the Iberian Peninsula 
that were printed in Treballs del Musew de Ciencies Naturals de Bar- 
celona, 1932, vol. xiv. I also made some tables, showing the sequence 
of broods for the 126 species of Diurnal Lepidoptera taken by us at 
Una in 1928, but I made the mistake of recording by figures only the set 
specimens which were before my eyes, not considering many others that 
had remained in papers, and not remembering the large number of 
those which, of course, we were unable to take in the field. From those 
extensive tables I am now copying the data for the Lysandra of the 
coridon group and a few other species, recording in a general manner 
the probable frequency in the field of recently emerged specimens. I 
do this in order to show that, in spite of the altitude of about 4000 ft., 
the butterfly emerged at Ufia from early May to the end of October, as 
it does in most lowlands of Southern Hurope. The country around 
Una is not an alpine locality. It is a beautiful valley sheltered from 
the winds by high mountains covered with beech and pine woods and 
there the Lepidoptera emerge exactly in the same manner as at Pian di 
Mugnone, 400 {t., near Florence, and in the neighbourhood of Barcelona. 


NOTE ON THE FOODPLANT OF PHALONIA LUDIDANA, GREGSON. 69 


NOTE ON THE FOODPLANT OF PHALONIA LURIDANA, GREGSON. 
By Ausert E. Wricut, F.R.E.S. 


Phalonia lwridana was originally described, as Argyrolepia luridana, 
by Gregson in Hntom., V, 80 (1870), from material obtained in 1869 from 
Witherslack, Westmorland, which is only about five miles from my home 
at Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire, so that for many years I have been 
on the look-out for this species at Witherslack, but hitherto without 
suecess there, although now I have better hopes of doing so since my 
discovery of its foodplant (Burdock), which is quite common there. 
Gregson’s description was founded on ‘‘ several specimens first taken 
by Mr Hodgkinson at Witherslack early in May and again when we 
were together on 18th May 1869 ’’; naturally, therefore, I have looked 
for the moth in May and early June, but without finding any, and I 
cannot understand Gregson’s dates unless 1869 was an exceptionally 
early season, as they are far in advance of my experience of breeding 
the insect indoors. Otherwise, the only one that I have taken in the 
adult state was a fresh example, which came to my window light at 
Grange on 4.viii.1945, three months later than Gregson’s dates. This 
moth has also been recorded from Norfolk, Surrey, Wilts, Dorset and 
Gloucestershire, and the dates given are end of June and in July. 


My experience in breeding P. luridana is very limited. I find from 
my diary that I bred one on 7.vi.1939 from some flower-heads of Sea 
Chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla, Linn., which were gathered in Sep- 
tember 1938 and were kept in a linen bag with the intention of breed- 
ing a series of Homoeosoma saxicola, Vol., which I had previously bred 
from this plant, which, when the larvae are present, has the inner 
yellow florets discoloured into dark brown patches. Several H. saxicola 
emerged in 1939 but only the one P. lwridana, which I have not again 
heen successful in breeding from Sea Chamomile. 


In October 1945 I went into our Grange Woods and gathered a bag 
of the old flowers of Burdock, Arctiwin lappa, Linn., with the idea of 
breeding any Trypetid flies that might be present: I bred out many 
Orellia tussilaginis, Fb., in June and July 1946, and I saw on the 
plants a few Tephritis hardanae, Schrank, during a visit on 23rd July. 
There were only three Burdock plants in the Wood at Grange and from 
them I also bred out seven specimens of Phalonia rubigana, Treits. = 
badiana [nec Schiff.], Hb. Now that I know the likely date and food- 
plant of the larva, [ shall hope to be successful in rediscovering P. luri- 
dana at Witherslack. 


Barrett (Lep. Brit. Isds., X, 295: 1905) refers to P. /wridana as 
“a rare species in this country, and one of which little is known ”’ 
... ‘* in 1874 the species was found, not very rarely, by Mr E. Mey- 
rick, about Hungerford, Wilts., . . . about dry places—in a wood-drive; 
on a common; about flowery banks, and at light at night—also noticed 
to rest upon Centaurea, though a subsequent search upon this plant 
revealed no trace of a larva.’’ These habitats are similar to our Wither- 
slack and Grange localities. It seems probable that P. luridana larvae 


may also be found in flowers of other Compositae. 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1947 


I trust that my very limited experience may put observers in South 
and East England on to the track of finding the larva and thus of 
enabling them to publish the full life-history of this attractive insect. 

‘* Brunleigh,’’ Grange-over-Sands, 24.11.1947. 


SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON THE LONGICORN COLEOPTERA 
OF WALES. 


By Raymonp R. U. KaurMann. 


Since the publication of the collated list of the Welsh Longicorns 
(antea 105-8), a number of additional records, many of them new to the 
county lists, have been received; these are here brought forward, to- 
eether with a few minor emendations and corrections to the original 
list. 

An important paper on some Merionethshire beetles (Sharpe, J. S., 
1946. A few Coleoptera of western Merionethshire. Hnt. mon. Mag., 
82: 203-5), considerably supplements what is already known of the 
Longicorns from that county, and is more particularly interesting in 
that it shows the spread in a westerly direction of the known where- 
abouts of the beautiful Saperda scalaris, lL. Thanks are expressed to 
the following correspondents who have sent new details of captures in 
Wales:—S. E. W. Carlier, J. Cribb, F. H. Day, J. H. Flint, G. de C. 
Fraser (for some much-needed data from Flintshire), M. G. Fraser, 
EK. F. Gilmour, H. M. Hallett, who has pointed out some spelling errors 
in place-names in the first list, and B. Verdcourt. Mr Hallett has sug- 
gested that the Longicornia of Monmouthshire should be included in a - 
Welsh lst for a variety of quite cogent reasons, but as this would en- 
tail the inclusion of the other march counties of Herefordshire and 
Shropshire on somewhat similar grounds, it has been decided to con- 
tinue such omissions until some future occasion. 

These errors occurred in the first paper:—Llandridnod Wells in- 
stead of Llandrindod Wells; Pennllrgaer instead of Penllergaer; Cae:- 
marthen instead of Carmarthen; and the county symbol MN. was missed 
out in front of Llyn Cwmbychan for Strangalia quadrifasciata, Ta. 

The revised analytical summary of county species now reads as 
under : — 

County Symbol BR. CD. CM. CR. DB. FT. GM. MG. MN. PB. RA. 
No. of Species 
found 1 COA lil lay Tinitetelasel Aiea Miaeer i Niad Oa 9 
Unclassified. 
i? 
*TIncluding importations. 


DISTRIBUTIONAL DATA 
(New County Records are marked with a dagger (t)). 


CERAMBYCIDAE. 
Tetropium gabrieli, Weise—Merioneth (MN.): Dyffryn (Sharpe). 
An interesting addition to the Welsh list, and one which brings the total 
number of species recorded to 34, 


lod 


THE OAK PROMINENTS. 71 


Rhagium bifasciatum, F.—Flint (FT.)+: Cefn Bychan (near Mold), 
29/3/46 (G. de C. Fraser), common. MN.: Cader Idris, 7/44 (B. Steel, 
per B. Verdcourt); Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe); Dolgoth Falls, 11/8/46 (EK. 
F. Gilmour). 

R. mordax Degeer—FT.+: Cefn Bychan, 29/3/46 (G. de C. Fraser); 
7/46 (M. G. Fraser), common, especially on dogroses. MN.: Cwm-yr- 
afon (Sharpe). 

Grammoptera ruficornis, F.—FT.+: Cefn Bychan, 6/7/46 (G. de C. 
Fraser), common. MN.: Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe). 

Alosterna tabacicolor, Degeer—MN.: Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe). Rad- 
nor (RA.)+: Knighton, 15/6/42 (S. E. W. Carlier), on Torilis. 

Judoha cerambyciformis, Schrank—MN.: Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe). 

Strangaha aurulenta, F.—RA.t: Llandrindod Wells, 1931 (J. Cribb). 

S. quadrifasciata, L.—MN.: Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe). 

S. maculata, Poda—Glamorgan (GM.): Cwrt-yr-ala (omitted from 
Tomlin’s Glamorganshire list). MN.: Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe); Rhydy- 
main, 17/6/43 (G. de C. Fraser); Towyn, 6/46 (J. H. Flint). 

S. melanura, L.—MN.: Dyffryn (Sharpe). 

Clytus arietis, LL.—Cardigan (CD.): Aberystwyth, examples in the 
Collins-Murgatroyd collection, now in G. de C. Fraser’s possession. 
PT.+: Cefn Bychan, 4/5/44 (G. de C. Fraser); 7/46 (M. G. Fraser). 
GM.: Cardiff, Castell Coch; Swansea (omitted from Tomlin’s Glamor- 
ganshire list). MN.: Cwm-yr-afon (Sharpe). 


LAMIIDAE. 

Pogonocherus hispidulus, Pill. & Mitt.—RA.t: Knighton, 5/4/44 
(S. E. W. Carlier), by beating hazel in a mixed beech and oak wood. 

P. hispidus, l.—RA.t: Builth Road, 9/46 (F. H. Day). 

Leiopus nebulosws, L.—Caernarvon (CR.)t: Aber, 5/9/16 (S. EK. W. 
Carlier), flying round oaks. MN.: Dyffryn (Sharpe). RA.t: Knigh- 
ton, 26/6/45 (S. E. W. Carlier), by beating oaks. 

Saperda scalaris, U.—MN.: near Llyn Cwmbychan (Sharpe). 


THE OAK PROMINENTS. 
By An Otp Mors-Hunter. 


Having spent the years 1941-1945 in a part of this island wherein 
the three oak-eating Prominents, N. anceps, D. trimacula, and D. rufi- 
cornis, were more plentiful than I have found them elsewhere, it has 
occurred to me that some of the observations which I made on these 
insects in the field may be of interest to beginners. For I found all 
three species in all four stages, and also reared broods of them in cages, 
from egg to imago. It must be borne in mind, however, that the idio- 
syncrasies of a moth in one part of the country are not always those 
which the same species exhibits elsewhere. Autres champs, autres 
moeurs. Yet on testing my experience one day in Essex last year I 
found that it held good for at least one of these species (ruficornis), and 
had I had the time and the opportunity to search for the other two it 
is at least possible that confirmation would have been forthcoming with 
_ Tegard to these as well, 


72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1947 


Hitherto I had always regarded the Great Prominent as an “‘ occa- 
sional’? insect. Those who use petrol lamp and sheet sometimes have 
a tale to tell of a dozen or twenty males taken in a single night; but so 
far as the larva is concerned I had previously found only an occasional 
one, usually on some well-grown oak in a park or in the open parts of 
an extensive woodland. Such larvae were more often than not on a 
branch rather high up—about as high as one could reach with the beat- 
ing-staff or pull down with the crook of one’s walking-stick. And as 
the moth customarily lays her eggs in pairs 1t was rare for me to find 
more than a single larva at a time; in fact, most lepidopterists consider 
that one larva in a day is about as much as one has any right to expect. 
So, through the years, the impression grew in my mind that anceps was 
never a common insect and that the only way to obtain it in quantity 
was to assemble males to a virgin female which had resulted from a dug 
pupa—unless one was so fortunate as to find a fertile female at rest. 
This last achievement [I never succeeded in effecting, because the odds 
against such an event are enormous: eclosion is at night and the moth 
habitually rests high up in an oak by day. Female moths found by day 
low down on a trunk or on a post or fence have presumably been dis- 
turbed, perhaps by birds, and have flown bemusedly downwards (away 
from the light) to the nearest convenient resting-place. : 


Incidentally, the flight of this moth when going about its lawful 
occasions and not stimulated by a powerful light is very slow and gentle, 
resembling that of G. libatrix, which most of us have often seen dawd- 
ling about a sugar-patch. Like a good many nocturnal moths of this 
size and larger (other than some of the hawkmoths) it does not fly ‘‘ on 
a level keel’’ but with the body at an angle of about 30 degrees with 
the horizontal, the abdomen hanging down as with, for example, NS. 
ocellatus and A. popult. On one occasion four males were flying close 
to my face round an assembling-cage containing a calling female, and 
as there was brilliant moonlight and a still air I was able to observe 
them for as long as I wanted. On another occasion I watched several 
males approach over the brow of a mound against a strong afterglow. 
IT also watched liberated males at dusk flying about the branches of an 
oak; in all cases their flight was the same. The flight of a moth ‘‘ under 
the influence ’’ of a light (and the more powerful the light, the more 
intense the stimulus) is no criterion at all. In my experience moths 
behave in a markedly abnormal way when stimulated by light. 


Once when the first male admitted to the assembling-cage declined 
to pair I removed him (he made no attempt to fly from my open hand) 
and held the door of the cage wide while another male buzzed slowly 
about my hands, quietly entered the cage, found the female, oriented 
himself, and paired. -Indeed a cage is unnecessary when assembling 
with this species. Some of the larger moths, probably most, will pair 
if the female is sitting on one’s jacket or sleeve, and one can then walk 
home with them so, transferring them to a cage by inducing the female 
to crawl on to the back of one’s hand (by pressing the side of the hand 
gently but insistently under her head), which she will do without part- 
ing from the male if all one’s movements are gentle and deliberate. 
But with species which copulate for only a few minutes (e.g. the Oak 
Eggar) the transference to a cage should be done as soon as possible: 
after ten minutes, or even less, they may separate if disturbed. With 


q 


" 


THR OAK PROMINENTS. 73 


anceps copulation lasts from conjugation until the beginning of flight- 
time the following night. They separate as soon as flight-time arrives, 
whe» both at once begin to warm up the flight muscles. 

I found (as with all the other Prominents which I have observed) 
that copulation took place only once: the services of the first male were 
not required subsequently nor were those of other males of various ages 
(in relation to the female) placed in a fresh cage with the female on the 
nights succeeding copulation. In experiments to determine this matter 
it is important to put the female in the morning into a fresh cage 
placed up-wind of, and some distance away from, the cage used on the 
previous night; for the old cage retains the scent particles for at least 
twenty-four hours, and the behaviour of male moths in such an environ- 
ment is invariably abnormal and can therefore be most misleading. In 
a contaminated cage male will often try to copulate with male. I have 
found that the most successful cage for pairing the Prominents is one 
constructed entirely of muslin (with a wooden base) not less than 
eighteen inches cube; it should be placed where the wind can blow right 
through it. 

The female anceps busies herself with laying eggs each night until 
she dies, which I found was sometimes on the sixth, more usually on 
the seventh, afternoon after eclosion—provided of course that she was 
fertilized shortly after emergence: a virgin female has a considerably 
longer life than a fertilized one. On the last three nights of their lives 
my females laid only two or three eggs apiece. From about 300 to 320 
eggs were laid by each of the females which I had under observation. 
The males seem to fly very little after copulation, and when kept alone 
in a large cage far removed from a female’s scent their wings remained 
in ‘‘ cabinet condition ’’ for the few remaining nights of their lives. 
They became a little active at flight-time each evening, but only for 
about half-an-hour, and at whatever time I visited them throughout 
the night they were invariably at rest. Just before dawn they fluttered 
about again for a short time. They certainly made no attempt to find 
another female—though if they had crossed the line of a female’s scent 
at flight-time it is hkely (in view of previous experiments with other 
species of this Family) that they would have flown to her albeit unac- 
ceptable to her or unable to pair. Altogether this is a gentle amenable 
moth, and easier to pair in captivity than some others of the Family. 
In all the Prominents, of course, sexual selection obtains, though in 
some species (for example (. furcula and C. hermelina) I have found 
that it is more marked than in others. So much for the imago. 

I suppose we ‘have ali.found the eggs of the Great Prominent at 
times—on the trunk of an oak. These eggs, which are usually scattered 
in a small patch to the number of twenty or thirty, have been laid by 
crippled females. The normal female lays her eggs in pairs—occasion- 
ally a singleton, more rarely three—on the underside of an oak leaf 
erowing either weli inside the lowest overhanging, branch or, if the oak 
is a young one, on a leaf borne by a short branch or shoot springing from 
the trunk two to five feet from the ground. I found eggs in both these 
positions repeatedly and reared moths therefrom. The larva certainly 
prefers a warm and sunny situation, though, like most caterpillars, 
it avoids the glare of the sun, and I do not remember finding, one on a 
bough on the south side of an exposed tree, Practically every larva and 


74. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ V1/1947 


every egg that I found was in a sheltered spot: either on a tree in a 
glade, the bough facing east or west, or on trunk-shoots on young oaks 
fringing a woodland path and sheltered by a tall hazel or whitethorn 
hedge a few yards away, or on young oaks facing west and sheltered by 
birches or tall hazels. (By ‘‘ young oaks ’’ I mean trees less than a cen- 
tury old.) Only once did JT find a larva on an isolated tree in a park 
—and that tree was just outside a wood and well sheltered from north, 
south and east. Indeed, I think I could now tell at a glance the kind 
of place where it might be profitable to look for anceps in June—at 
least in that part of our island! 

What are the eggs like? Just like those of most of the other Pro- 
minents except the Pussmoth and Kittens, that is to say hemispheri- 
cal, whitey-green, and perfectly smooth with a matt surface. 

The infant larvae are easy to find, for their trade mark is unmistak- 
able. They start to eat at the edge of the leaf and eat towards the 
midrib, but they eat only the parenchyma, eating right through the 
leaf and leaving the ‘‘ veins ”’ of the leaf intact; so that presently 
there is a little patch of network, about a quarter of an inch square in 
area, at the side of the leaf, which looks like a tiny sieve. So whenever 
you see this trade mark on the edge of a leaf during the last week of 
May or first week of June you may lawfully anticipate the presence of a 
baby anceps; for I know of no other larva which eats an oak leaf like 
this at that season. The trade mark may be at any place in the peri- 
meter of the leaf. 

When you come across this sign manual you must proceed extremely 
carefully. Scrutinize the underside of the leaf, if possible without 
touching it; then (if the larva is not there) the petiole, and then the 
twig. In his first instar the larva matches his background to perfec- 
tion—but he doesn’t always stay on the leaf: lhe is a restless little soul 
and likes to go for a walk along the twig now and then. I remember 
once finding a five-day-old larva close to his sign manual, and as the 
moth usually lays her eggs in pairs I started to look for his brother. 
Presently, a few inches away, I found another leaf bearing the regis- 
tered trade mark. But no larva was to be seen and I was just about 
to give up the search when a tiny green larva was noticed perambu- 
lating the young green stalk of the shoot close to my finger and thumb. 
“Clumsy !”’ said I to myself; ‘‘ You nearly squashed the baby! Look 
carefully in future before you take the twig in your fingers.’’ So you 
see why I recommend you to scrutinize the leaf without touching it? 

Was that the end of the matter? By no means. The place where 
these two young, larvae were found was a woodland path facing west 
and nicely sheltered—just the very place anceps likes in that locality. 
So it did not require the perspicacity of a Sherlock Holmes to surmise 
that a female Great Prominent had flown along the path at the edge 
of that wood, laying a pair of eggs here and a pair of eggs there. With 
this in mind I returned to the spot next. day and spent the afternoon 
searching those oaks. A fortnight later two of my larva-cages were “ a 
source of infinite delight ’’ to at least one moth-hunter . . . This larva 
needs special treatment if it is to be reared from the ege on a hundred 
per cent. basis; but that is outside the scope of this article. 

Needless to say, it is infinitely preferable to search for anceps when 
he is young than when he is in the last or penultimate stadium, Apart 


soa 


THE OAK PROMINENTS. 75 


from the fact that the survival-average of a brood of larvae in the wild 
is only one per cent. and that therefore they diminish in number every 
day, the larva climbs higher as he increases in stature and then, of 
course, becomes more difficult to find. Never on any account attempt 
te obtain this larva by beating: it is extremely easy to find when young, 
and to use a beating-tray for anceps (and his two oak-eating congeners) 
is a confession that you, are no great shakes as a field lepidopterist. 
Larvae of anceps that fall into the beating-tray are not usually reared : 
the larva is delicate and therefore easily injured; moreover, as a rule 
only parasitized larvae of this species remain within reach of the beat- 
ing-stick. Jt is still to be found on the lowest overhanging boughs when 
it is three-quarters of an inch long, and the lepidopterist who cannot 
find this conspicuously handsome emerald larva with purple ‘‘ slashes ”’ 
by scrutinizing the undersides of the leaves on a bough must be a 
duffer indeed. Search from 24th May to 14th June, according as the 
season be early or late—and for goodness sake take care not to squash 
the baby. 

We all dig up the pupa at times, but I’m not sure that many of us 
make a ‘‘ dead set ’’ at anceps after he has gone to ground. And some 
of us miss him altogther by digging in the wrong places. Of course, 
anceps patronizes, often, oaks which one cannot dig—as J have indi- 
cated ; but for all I have said there have been occasions when I have un- 
earthed the pupa at the roots of oaks whereon I had failed to find the 
larva or which I had considered to be unlikely ’’ trees. So far as 
open wooded country is concerned, in my experience the moth much 
prefers oaks that grow on a slope, or at least on gently sloping ground, 
and I have not yet found either pupa or larva at or on trees growing 
on the lowest ground in a park. But this, of course, may be merely 
fortuitous so far as I am concerned. 


ce 


At all events, not a single pupa of this moth that I have found has 
been right up against, or close to, the trunk, let alone in the crannies 
beneath the trunk: they have all been from six inches to a foot from 
the tree and always under grass. When about to pupate the larva 
seems to avoid the angles formed by roots, preferring a spot in a grassy 
sod a little away from the trunk or nearest root. Therefore, whenever 
you approach, in September, an oak which you think may harbour 
anceps, look for a nice piece of springy turf going to within a few 
inches of the trunk, on the north or east side; then insert your digger 
in the turf not less than a foot from the tree, and very carefully lever 
up a goodly sod. The pupae are never—again I must add, in my ex- 
perience—very deep: usually about an inch below the surface. If there 
is a cocoon there, you will probably find it right amongst the rovts of 
the grass. Therefore tear up the sod very slowly and carefully. If you 
draw blank, put in your digger again and lever up the grass right up 
to the trunk. When once you have found the fine big pupa of this fine 
hig moth, memorize the exact site and you will quickly spot the kind 
oi place to search in future. 

Oh dear, what a lot I have left unsaid about this most interesting 
moth! But I must cut my cackle or the Editor will be reminding me 
about ‘‘ paper restrictions.’’ Next time I shall deal with D. ruficornis, 
and perhaps with D, trimacula, too, 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VI/1947 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS., AREA, 
THE CHILTERN HILLS, AND ROYSTON, HERTS., DURING 1946. 
By H. A. Le&eps. 


(Concluded from p. 52.) 


7th September, V. atalanta and V. cardi; 23rd, U. croceus male 
with a large circular piece torn out of the right hindwing, possibly by a 
bird: it fed at a red dahlia flower first and then at a yellow one and [ 
wondered—if there is anything in choice of colour—why it did not 
settle on one of the mauve flowers with their assimilation to the colour 
of lucerne flowers, which this species frequents for the nectar. The 
young leaves of lucerne are the best food for the larvae. During the 
many times of watching the hundreds of single and semi-double 
variously coloured dahlia flowers in the garden it seemed to me that 
the presence of nectar was more important than favour of colour, as 
in the first instance the various species would settle on a red, yellow, 
white, mauve, etc., flower, afterwards often flying to another colour 
for the next refreshment, sometimes taking a cue from the presence of 
one of the numerous Bumble bees; there was not much resentment on 
the latter’s part, but in feeding around the sentre the bee’s bulk would — 
dislodge the butterfly, whilst occasionally a rapid flapping of its wings 
denoted that the bee, apparently accidentally, had trodden on the butter- 
fly’s claws and was momentarily preventing its flight. JI have never 
seen any bee attempt to sting a butterfly. 

On 27th September during a sunny and still morning another C. 
croceus was noticed flying low and rapidly from the south; I could not 
distinguish the sex as it passed me so quickly, rising over two hedges ~ 
of a garden it proceeded due north across a large pasture field. 

I did not see A. cydippe, nor A. paphia, but learned that they oc- 
curred sparsely in Monk’s Wood during, July. Nothing was known of 
LL. camilla. 

G. rhamni was so regularly seen on fine days that I failed to note this 
year’s emergence date, but I believe they definitely hibernated on 28th 
September as several were on the dahlias on that date. The 29th was 
very hot, and in the afternoon more butterflies were on the dahlias 
than previously, so they were counted definitely as: 26 atalanta, 2 10, 2 
brassicae ; the movements of urticae defied exactness but at least num- 
bered 80. No rhamni appeared that day so I especially watched for 
them in this district afterwards without seeing any. On 29th, cardui 
was not present, although previously, and afterwards, several were 
noticed. 

I had hoped to spend a fortnight in the Chiltern Hills soon after the 
August Bank Holiday, but could only arrange for accommodation from 
20th July to 2nd August; this had commenced six days later than last year. 
Contrary to most of England, the weather was mostly fine and sunny, 
and so far as rain was concerned it only kept me indoors one evening, 
whilst a sharp shower at noon, preceded and succeeded by hot sunshine 
on 23rd July, caused the emergence of many coridon at Kop Hill, and 
after going elsewhere and seeing very few—none in Oxon—lI could al- 
ways find plenty of fresh males to examine at that hill during the even- 
ing; hardly any females occurred until Ist August, my last evening, 


VOL. LEX. PLATE IV. 


Photo: P. Siviter Smith. 


Salyrus (Melanargia) galuthed, L.—inelanic form taken at Uly, Glos., 
22/6/45, by D. P. Murray. 


BUTTERFLY COLLECTING. 77 


when about three dozen were examined; all were of very healthy ap- 
pearance, except where in a few cases injury could be attributed to 
partial crushing by the hooves of three horses grazing on Kop Hill, which 
is now enclosed by barbed-wire, necessitating a circuitous route for 
entry through the gate from the farm 

At Saunderton some grass fields, where coridon and icarus formerly 
bred, were freshly ploughed; also the nearest field to the Askett-Kimble 
road, but the large adjacent field sloping to Pulpit Hill is untouched 
and was brightened across it by the yellow and orange flowers of Bird’s- 
foot Trefoil, Lotus corniculatus, a larval food-plant of icarus, and on 
Ist August four were seen flying there, and about 20 coridon on Pulpit 
Hill during a walk in early morning; a few coridon first hatched there 
during the afternoon of 23rd July, but increased maegerly. 

In coridon no aberrations worth noting were retained in Bucks. ; 
four dexarcuata aberrations interested me as they occurred on a small 
isolated bank where on 30th July five males were caught and two of 
them had on the right forewing a long thick arcnata marking dipping 
at the basal end to a lower spot, and at the other end to the bottom 
twin-spot which extended pointedly towards the opposite chevron, both 
were exactly alike and before release each was notched; the next day 
1 in 3, and on the following day 1 in 4 on the bank were identically 
marked, and the other three wings of all four were typical; all of the 
12 males were released. These reminded me that the late Mr C. H. 
Williams obtained three and another collector one antistriata some 
years ago on a small area of the beech hedge western-separation from 
Royston (Therfield) Heath. I was about a hundred yards away that 
morning and they took all four in a few minutes, and directly after- 
wards let me examine them but they were not so exact in markings as 
the four dexarcuata. 


On 21st August Dr Newton, of Alconbury Hill, kindly took me in 
his car to Royston, Herts.—on a previous visit he had taken a male 
underside ab. caeca of L. coridon there. It was a sunny afternoon, 
and from the top of its central road I surveyed the Heath after an 
absence of seven years. Below was a combine-harvester cutting and 
threshing some of the wheat which for about two miles bounded the 
main road and extended in width to the hills. The crop covered the 
numerous pathways formerly used by the race-horses and where coridon 
bred, fed and accumulated: access then was everywhere available from 
the parallel road. All that afternoon provided an opportunity for the 
many females of coridon to deposit ova; several of them and a few males 
were in fresh condition. I wondered if the intersex roystonensis still 
occurred on the hills which it formerly favoured; it was easy to watch 
the females for any sign of the asymmetrical wings but none appeared. 
One, however, had a few scales of inaequalis on a left hindwing, and in 
1945 Dr Newton took two of them on the Heath, but no roystonensis. 

I noticed a worn infrasemisyngrapha, and kept a male underside 
suffescens-postobsoleta; and female undersides, antialbescens; nigres- 
cens; and an J-nigrum-arcuata. 


In Hunts., icarus during both spring and summer emergence en- 
countered abnormal periods of rain; very few appeared when short. in- 
tervals of sunshine permitted a limited walk along the roads. The most_ 


78 EKNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1947 


desirable place was two miles distant, where on the steep slope of a 
deep railway cutting the larval foodplants Bird’s-foot Trefoil, Lotus 
corniculatus, grew on the lower part, and Rest-harrow, Ononis spinosa, 
on the upper half of the slope and was intersected by a long irregularly 
shaped crevice several inches wide. A somewhat level rough grass 
verge about eight yards wide was above the cutting and contained many 
anthills. All of this nearly a hundred yards long had remained un- 
burnt. Only twice could I reach that part in the Spring and then on 
the first occasion, 7th June, it was warm when [ left home but a cold 
and strong wind commenced when the top was reached, and a male 
underside icarus ab. caeca was boxed from a cluster of grass stems which 
swirled around the not fully extended wings and soon must have badly 
damaged it; about four vards away on the slope in the cutting a female 
underside agestis ab. postjuncta was bottled; soon a wet express train 
warned me of approaching rain: rain regretfully curtailing my search I 
hastened home and arrived just as rain commenced. Some days elapsed 
before the second journey and then icarus was nearly done; a wet train 
again warned me and rain began before the house was reached. 


The second emergence there was rather late, as on 23rd August only 
one male was out, but on 26th many were flying madly in hot sunshine. 
and almost directly I noticed a much damaged female icarws resting 
on a stem. Picking it up with the forceps I found that nearly all the 
forewings borders were torn off, the twin spots connected with the oppo- 
site chevron and the torn termination of other extended submedian 
spots indicated that when complete it was ab. antiradiata; releasing 
it and hoping to find another I quietly began using the net as I did not 
wish to frighten any of them over the boundary fence into a field of 
barley. It was a rough place with most of them flying over the steep 
and cracked slope of the cutting and occupied two hours’ working. It 
was only in the last three examined that a perfect female underside ab. 
antiradiata occurred, but in the previous three a very heavily marked 
female underside ab. antidiscoelongata was taken; none of 37 elon- 
gated spots reached a chevron. About 80 icarus had been examined 
and yielded a few other aberrations. 


Wet weather prevented another visit until 7th September, when, 
among the few fresh icarus, another antidiscoelongata female was 
picked up, but as it apparently was full of ova, and not so good as the 
previous one, it was liberated; a singular rightwing of a female under- 
side was taken then and contained: antidex-lunacuspidis-basielongata- 
sagittata, the other wings typical except that the left forewing had a 
dexelongata basal mark. 

On 12th September the icarus of 1946 finished. Relatively, they had 
produced a considerable percentage of aberrations, and amongst others 
the following were taken :—Male undersides, infraalbescens ; postauran- 
tiaextensa ; parvipuncta; obsoleta; and a major taken 12th September 
was the last fresh icarus seen. (On 31st July a confluentiae, in Bucks., 
contained: dexarcuata,-sinis-I-nigrum-arcuata.) Female uppersides, 
postradiosa,-caeruleo; radiosa-atrescens; syngrapha; syngrapha-infra- 
marginata; brunnescens; ultraalbocrenata well decorated; and antima- 
culae. Female undersides, postsinis-irregularia blackish streaked ; 
apicoextensa; costajuncta; semilimbojuncta; and obsoleta. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 79 


A. agestis, female underside, apicoextensa. P. api, male under- 
side hindwings with the veined markings extremely broad, taken 9th 
April. V. atalanta, upperside, postsinis-flavescens, i.e., a yellowish 
band. A. urticae, uppersides, sinissubsuffusa; antidex-partimtrans- 
formis in which the bleached patch partly obliterated the outer costal 
black spot; postdex-flavescens; sinisparvipuncta-dexunipuncta, Raynor ; 
tripuncta, Raynor; connexa, Btlr.; parviguttata, Raynor. The fol- 
lowing particulars are of a very complex upperside, 2 small discal spots 
on forewings = parvipuncta, Raynor, a violet sheen on the blue spots in 
margins of leftwings = sinisviolascens, Slev., but on the rightwings 
these marginal spots are white except for a faintish tint of lavender, 
which disappears under a lens = dex-alboguttata, ab. nov., Leeds, the 
right forewing has the outer border white bleached between the veins, 
and on the inner side of the border three black wedges well extend 
into the orange ground below the subapical black spot = antidex-margo- 
transformis-cuneata, respectively, on the right hindwing the orange 
band is much reduced in length owing to dark obliteration of its upper 
part = postdex-aurodifferentiae, the right forewing is indented on costa 
near the apex = antidex-teratological. 

Where no other author is shown, the aberrational terms are from the 
Monograph of Lysandra coridon Bright and Leeds. 

At the commencement of a shower, on two occasions atalanta flew 
to a thick whitethorn hedge for shelter and were seen to turn over 
just previous to entry, one noticed going into a small opening was 
found to be clinging to an inner branch with the wings downward 
closed, a position doubtless facilitated by the upside-down entry. 

One dull evening about mid-October a patch of mustard, a foot high, 
was being dug in for manure when quite a dozen lethargic wrlicae were 
dislodged from about four square yards. The mustard was grown near 
a row of dahlias. 


Two single dahlias had bilateral colouration, their eight petals were 
equally divided with four petals on one side yellowish, and the other 
four petals mauve, the centre was yellow which, however, is usual in 
the flowers of either colour. They occurred on opposite branched stems, 
one blossomed first and was of perfect formation and measured slightly 
more than 3} inches in expanse; the other flower was several days later 
and a little smaller, not quite symmetrical in shape, but the yellowish 
and mauve colours were equally divided. The plant was grown from a 
seed and produced many other flowers which did not vary in their 
yellowish colouration. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Periop or ACTIVITY OF THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE (CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI, 
L.).—At the time of writing the Asparagus at Boxmoor is between six 
inches and one foot high, and I found a single specimen of the beetle 
to-day crawling on one of the shoots. This is the first that I have found 
in an active state this year. Last year (see Hnt. Rec., 58, 123) the 
beetle made its first active appearance in the neighbourhood on almost 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/V1I/1947 


the same date (80.4.46) though it did not attack the newly planted 
Asparagus bed until the last week in May. In common with other late 
hibernators, the very cold spell has not affected the emergence time. 
Joy (Handbook of British Beetles, 1, 392) gives the period of activity 
as June to August, but this is quite erroneous and the beetle may be 
found in an active state from the last few days in April until the first 
week in October. Mating continues into the first week of September 
but is rare. During September and October the beetles may often be 
found in the hollow stems of dead Asparagus and as has previously been 
stated they are then as common on the neighbouring plants as they are 
on the Asparagus. Another point of minor interest is that isolated 
plants grown as a garden decoration are far less prone to attacks than 
are beds.—BERNARD VerDcOouRT, 29th April 1947. 


CoNSIDERING the severity of the past winter, it is both surprising 
and encouraging to record the large numbers of V. urticae and V. io 
on the wing during the last three weeks in this part of Dorset. I have 
not seen so many for years. Only two P. c-album have been observed 
during this period, whereas last year they were numerous.—LEONARD 
TATCHELL, Swanage, 10th May 1947. 


CURRENT NOTE. 


AnnuaL Exhibition of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society will be 
held at Buckingham Gate Central School, Wilfred Street, Jondon, 
S.W.1 (near Victoria Station), on Saturday, 26th July 1947, 2 to 5 p.m. 


‘¢ BurrerRFLiEs ”’ has been a prominent and unusual headline in our 
newspapers. To put the matter simply, a man in Australia stole some 
butterflies from State Museums. This fact was brought into the court 
in London by the police. The acting prosecutor repeated the informa- 
tion ascertained by and given him by the police. The charge was on 
1600 specimens only, but the defendant had admitted that 8000 in his 
possession had been stolen. The theft took place in Australia from 
several Museums. The information as to the defendant or regarding 
the theft itself was meagre and mainly irrelevant. At any rate, the 
man belonged to no entomological circle and was unknown as a nature 
lover. Absolute silence was kept as to how he, a perfect stranger, was 
allowed special facilities of private access for such systematic acquisi- 
tion. So far the prosecution was extremely weak as if something was 
being held back. 


The defence of this man was equally weak and the evidence was 
mainly paltry or generally irrelevant. Nothing was said of his occupa- 
tion or business. Finally it was stated that he was temporarily de- 
ranged by troubles over his matrimonial affairs. This was the only 
fact that was apparently got into evidence at last. And it was this 
fact that decided the magistrate to fine the defendant £100 for his 
aberrations. What becomes of the rest of the stolen 8000 butterflies? 
This did not transpire. The whole matter seemed to turn out to be most 
unsatisfactory.—Hy. J. T. 


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ah CONTENTS. 
x 
‘THE VARIATION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA, L., B. J. Lempke,  ... Bos ysis 
" ADDITIONS TO THE LAMPTON LIST OF COLEOPTERA, Horace Donts- 
ER eC eum ake iC ue Seca iat 
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THE VARIATION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA, L. 81 


THE VARIATION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA, L. 
By B. J. Lemexe. 


When studying the classical article of Goldschmidt on the genetics 
of the melanic forms of Lymantria monacha, l. (1921, Zeitschr. indukt. 
Abst. u. Vererb.-ehre, 25: 89-163), I was struck by the difference which 
may exist between the results of the geneticist and the conceptions ot 
the systematist. It sometimes happens that the same hereditary factor 
manifests its influence in one sex of a species more than in the other. 
The result is that we see two different phaenotypes which may have 
received different names. If there is only the question of one factor 
the solution is easy. As soon as it has been proved that the two forms 
genetically belong together, we drop the younger of the two names. 

Matters become, however, complicated if two or more factors are at 
work. Such is the case with Lymantria menacha, Iu, where the black 
markings depend on the action of three different factors which may 
occur in all possible combinations. Moreover, the male is more strongly 
blackened by the same factor than the female. The 1esult is a rather 
large number of different phaenotypes, many of which are found in 
both sexes. But then they never are genetically identical. Names are, 
however, given to phaenotypes in the study of variation. It is there- 
fore inevitable that a certain phaenotyve of the S of monacha is gene- 
tically different from the same phaenotype of the 9. Goldschmidt was 
no doubt aware of this difficulty, for while he uses a few of the well- 
known ‘‘ aberrational ’’ names for some forms of the 9 (though never 
correctly owing to inexactness of the text books), he never does so with 
the ¢. In this sex the phaenotypes are only indicated with the formula 
of their genetical constitution. With this result a geneticist is satis- 
fied. But the svstematist wants to indicate his forms by names. The 
ideal solution is a combination of the results of both and it is the object 
of this article to try and attain this. 

Goldschmidt’s results may be summarized as follows: I*actor B 
causes an augmentation of pigment starting from the central lines. 
Factor O is sex-linked, blackens the hindwings and extends the black 
on the forewings from the central bands and outer margin. Factor A, 
when present alone, intensities the black markings of the white speci- 
mens and, when combined with B and (or) C, increases their effect. All 
these factors are dominant to the type. This work is accompanied by 
three excellent plates with many figures’ As not every lepidopterist 
will be able to consult Goldschmidt’s publication, I shall cite the figures 
of the most used text books when they represent one of the phaenotypes 
discussed. I shall also indicate in what percentage the different forms 
are present in the Dutch material, so that a comparison with other 
countries is possible. As a rule the species is far from common in 
Holland and cases of serious damage are very scarce. The basis of my 
research was the material of our two most important collections, those 
of Amsterdam and Leiden. 


Though there is, of course, no absolute proof that the phaenotypes [ 
distinguish are identical with Goldschmidt’s genotypes, the result is at 
any rate a logical succession of forms. It will also be seen that not all 


AUG 14 1947 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’ RECORD. 15/V11/1947 


phaenotypes are genetically known, so that there is still an opportunity 
for further investigation. The formulae used are those of Goldschmidt. 


Tse Forms or Lymantria monacha, lh. 

1. f. kusnezovi, Kolossov, 1928, Hnt. Zeitschr., 41: 481. ‘“* Black 
or grey pigment tails completely. The head, tegulae and thorax are 
only covered with white hairs. The forewings are in no way distin- 
guished from the hindwings as regards the colour, the scales on them 
are white with yellowish tint and very feeble addition of grey tints 
which are seattered without any regularity and which are only visible 


with tenfold enlargement . .. The rosy tint on the belly is feebly observ- 
able.’ 
Described after 1 9 from Ekaterinenburg, Ural, Russia. | Wholly 


white specimens are no doubt extremely scarce and are probably only to 
be expected in the 2, which is on an average less strongly marked 
than the g. I never saw an example (nor of the three following forms 
with reduced markings). As specimens without markings or with re- 
duced markings did not occur among the very large material of Gold- 
schmidt, it is clear that these forms depend on factors which were not 
present in his stocks. 


2. f. gracilis, Kroulikovsky, 1911, Revue russe d@’Ent., 11: 445, 1911. 
‘“ Alis anticis totis albis margine externo late nigricante. (Q.) Raris- 
sime in Rossia orientalt, 

The forewings are absolutely white, but the outer border is adorned 
with a broad dark border. The body is as with the type; the moth, a 
2, has a very particular “‘ facies.”’ 

It is, perhaps, not by chance that these two extreme forms are de- 
scribed from eastern Russia (the gracilis Q came from the Government 
of Viatka), for in the Far East the feebly marked 9 becomes racial (see 
subsp. yunnanensis). 


3. f. lutea, Auel, 1908, Zeitschr. wiss. Ins. biol., 4: 39.. ‘* A feebly 
banded specimen which still has small remains of the bands on costa and 
inner margin of the forewings, the hindwings are still paler than those 
of the type form, and the pale red colour of the abdomen stretches al- 
most to the thorax.”’ 

Described after a 2 taken near Potsdam in 1907. The form is also 
mentioned by Auel, 1909, op. cit., 5: 159. ‘‘ The pale aberration pre- 
ceding the type form in which the bands have disappeared in the centre’ 
(that means: the central part of the bands fails). A rather strange 
name for a white form. 


{ 


A, f. obsoleta, Schultz, 1910, Hnt. Zeitschr., 24: 36. “‘ The dark 
transverse lines fail in the central part of the forewings, whereas they 
remain in the basal and outer marginal parts.’’ 

Neither locality nor sex stated. 


5. £. monacha, L., 1758, Syst. Nat. 10 ed.: 501. “ PP. Bombyx 
clinguis, alis deflexis albis atro-undatis, abdominis incisuris sanguineis.”’ 
The well-known type form with white forewings which are crossed hy 
blackish sharply-dentated transverse lines. Genetical formula of the 
2, bb (eX) (cX); of the &, bb (cX). Uf the factor A is also completely 


THE VARIATION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA, L. 83 


absent (in this case the symbol aa is to he added after the two preceding 
formulae), the transverse lines are thin. This is the most elegant form. 
It is not figured in any text hook. 12% of the Dutch males belong to 
it, 15% of the females. 

Males in which the factor A is present as a heterozygote (Aa) have 
thicker transverse lines, but are otherwise typical. (South, pl. 46, fig. 
3; Barrett, Il, pl. 69, fic. 1; Spuler, pl. 28, fiz. 30a.) 

Females which are Aa or AA show the same characteristic, but to a 
iesser degree, and in the middle of the inner margin a thick, but cen- 
trally still white, blotch appears. (South, fig. 5; Barrett, II, pl. 69, 
fig. la.) 

7% ot the Dutch males, 29% of the temales. 

[¢¢3 which are AA show a dark powdering between the central trans- 
verse lines. This phaenotype is a trans. ad f. mediofasciata, Lpk. 
Barrett, fig. lb. 16% of the Dutch males. | 


6. f. 9 dorsomaculata nov. Forewings with strong transverse lines 
(as the Aa males of f. monacha) and with a completely black spot in the 
middle of the inner margin. 

This phaenotype is only found in the female, and, is easily separ- 
able. Genetical formula, Bb (cX). Combined with AA, a slight dark 
powdering is shown between the central lines. 5 and 4% of the Dutch 
females. 


7. t. mediofasciata nov. (nigru, Freyer, 1833, N. Beitr., 2: 5, pl. 
98, fig. 3, 2, nec fig. 2, 3). Forewings with complete dark central 
band. 

Genetical formula of the ¢, Bb (cX) (eX); of the 9, BB (cX). Com- 
bined with Aa and AA, there is some dark suffusion along costa and (in 
the ¢) along the outer margin. A well-known phaenotype, often (but 
wrongly) named nigra, Frr. 

The same phaenotype, only with somewhat darker hindwing is, how- 
ever, produced with quite another genotype: 3, bb (cX) (CX), only the 
aa group (for AA see f. transiens, No. 12); 9, bb (CX), in which aa 
and AA cannot with certainty be distinguished. As phaenotypically 
the difference is not very great and as there are in material of unknown 
descent even cases of doubt, 1t will be the best solution to name only 
one phaenotype (South, fig. 4, fig. 6; Barrett, fig. Ic; Seitz, pl. 20, g, 
fiz, 2). All the figures cited are of the paler type. Dutch males, 6% 
(pale) and 4% (dark); females, 11% (pale) and 5% (dark). 


8. f. fasciata, Hannemann, 1916, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. Guben, 10: 
37. ‘ A form of LZ. monacha with broad dark central band. The 
specimen has in the middle of the dark band a white ring with black 
central point.’’ 

Type from Sadowa near Berlin. Distinguished from the preceding 
form by the broadness of the central band. The white ring round the 
discal spot seems of less importance. I have not seen a specimen of this 
form. After writing the above I saw 2 ¢¢ in a Dutch collection. They 
have a broad black band from second to fourth transverse line but are 
otherwise typical. A very fine form. 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15; VII/1947 


9. +. mediofusca, Lambillion, 1919, Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Nam., p. 
38. ‘© Forewings on the upper side with a broad brown irregular band 
which occupies half the wing; base white with a black point; outer area 
white with the markings of the type.” 

Type from Hertogenwald, Belgium. In numbers 8 and 9 the band 
very probably extends from the second to the fourth transverse line (in 
No. 7 from the third to the fourth). 


10. f. ¢ intermedia nov. The whole forewing powdered with grey 
brown, the black markings normal, but heavy. 

This phaenotype only occurs in the ¢ with the genetical constitution 
BB (cX) (cX). In the aa type there are still some remains of the white 
ground colour which have completely disappeared when AA is present. 
7% of the Dutch males. 

11. £. S mixta nov. Forewings typically white with very intensive 
transverse lines, hindwings melanic. 

A special type of the bb (UX) (cX) males, ‘‘ possibly caused by a 
multiple allelomorph to (CX) ”’ (Goldschmidt). The figure of Seitz, pl. 
20g, fig. 1, represents this type very well. Rare, only 13% of the Dutch 
males. 


12. f. transiens, Thierry Mieg, 1886, Le Naturaliste, 8: 237. ‘‘This 
aberration is a transition between the type and ab. eremita. It parti- 
cipates in both forms, the whole of the wings being much darker than 
in the type and much less than in ab. eremita. G and 2. Northern 
Europe.” 

In order to have a definite meaning for this name, I fix it for the 
form which has the (smaller) black central band of f. mediofasciata and 
a black outer border. It is a well-known phaenotype, though not 
figured in the text books. The dd are the AA type of bb (cX) (CX), the 
females are the aa type of Bb (CX). 7% of the Dutch males, 5% of 
the females. 5 


13: £. agra, Kreyer, 1833) Newe Beitr., 2): 5, ple 98;.tio 2a 
The original description is of no use. 

The figure shows a ¢ of a higher degree of melanism than the pre- 
ceding form. The forewings have a broad black central band, extend- 
ing from the antemedial (the second) transverse line to the postinedial 
one (the fourth), and a black outer border. In transiens the central 
band extends from the discal (third) line to the fourth. The result is 
that transiens is white with two black bands, whereas nigra is black 
with two white bands (basal and submarginal). The form is not to be 
found among Goldschmidt’s figures and must be rare. I have only one 
6 of it. 


14. f. oethiops, De Sélys, 1857, Ann. Soc. Hnt. Belg., 1: 52; 
transiens, Lambillion, 1909, Rev. Mens. Soc. Hnt. Nam., p. 10. ‘ Coni- 
pletely black, with the red border of the body hardly visible, and a row 
of white spots parallel to the outer margin of the forewings.” 

This phaenotype, which often also shows some traces of white at the 
base, is especially known in the 2. In this sex it is the AA type of Bb 
(CX). The hindwings are very dark. In a further grade the white 


THE VARIATION OF LYMANTRIA MONACHA, L. 85 


spots are reduced through black powdering. This is formed by females 
the formula of which is BB (CX). They are the darkest which are 
figured by Goldschmidt and also the darkest I have seen in Holland. T 
never saw completely black females. As there is no sharp distinction I 
prefer to indicate this phaenotype as ‘‘ dark oethiops.”’ 

The form is, however, also found in the ¢, though Goldschmidt 
neither figures nor mentions it, so that it is impossible to state its 
genetical formula. It is much rarer here than the 9: 3% of the Dutch 
males, 10% of the females (7% lighter, 3% darker). 


15. f. 3 albibasa nov. Forewings black with white base. 
Only found in the males. Their genetical constitution is Bb (CX) 
(cX). 4% of the Dutch oC. 


16. f. eremiata, Hb. [1803-1808], Samml. Hur. Schm., Bomb., fig. 
246. Ground colour blackish with clearly visible transverse lines. 

The 33 belonging to this phaenotype have the formula BB (CX) 
(cX). It is hesides the type one of the best known forms of monacha. 
I never saw females of it and they are not among Goldschmidt’s figures. 
But Seitz (pl. 20g, fiz. 4) shows an erem’ta of this sex, in which it must 
be extremely scarce and the genetical constitution of which is un- 
known. 

Figures of eremita 6S are given by Mosley (1899, Nat. Journal, 8, 
pl. xxv, fig. 3), by Seitz (l.c., fig. 3) and by Spuler (pl. 28, fig. 30b). 

The commonest form of the Dutch males: 20% ! 


17. f. atra, Linstow, 1907, Entom. Zeitschr., 21: 97. ‘* This aber- 
ration has unicolorous black forewings without markings, grey-brown 
hindwings and a black body.”’ 

The darkest form, only known in the 3. Genetical constitution: Bb 
(OX) (CX), and BB (CX) (CX). Figured by Mosley, l.c., fig. 6, under 
the wrong name of eremita. 5% of the Dutch males. 

There remain still a few forms which fall outside the preceding series 
from unicolorous white to unicolorous black. 


18. f. brunnea, Stipan, 1923, Ent. Zeitschr., 37: 40. “* Strikes 
very particularly by the brown-grey colour of all the wings, body, 
antennae and legs. The markings of the forewings are indistinct.’’ 

Described after a Q. 


19. f. subfusca, Schultz, 1910, Entom. Zeitschr., 24: 36. ‘* All that 
is black with the type form is here yellow-brown, and the abdomen does 
not possess a red colour but a yellow-brown one.”’ 

Described after a 9 from Winsen in Germany. 


20. f. flaviventer, Kroulikovsky, 1901, Rev. Russe Went., 9: 308 
(favoabdominalis, Schultz, 1910, I.c.). ‘* The red of the abdomen re- 
placed by yellow. Rare, among the type form.” 


Up to the present only one subspecies of monacha has been described. 
This makes it necessary to fix the typonominal form of the species. In 
his original description of 1758 Linné did not state a locality and gave 
only one reference, viz.:—‘“‘Wilk. pap., 19, t. 3, a. and,’’ which refers to 
The English Moths and Butterflies of Benjamin Wilkes. It is there- 


86 ENTCMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIL / 1947 


fore the English race which constitutes the typonominal one of the 
species. It is true that three years later, in the second edition of the 
Mauna Suecica, Linné cited the species as an inhabitant of Sweden, but 
even 1f a type specimen from that country is still present in the famous 
London collection, it can never be proved that this was already present 
in 1758. As far as we know at present, the whole of Murope is inhabited 
by the same subspecies. 

From Tse-kou, S.W. of Ta-tsien-lou, Yunnan, was described: 

subsp. yunnanensis, Colenette, 1933, Nov. Zool., 39: 23, pl. IIT, 
fig. 3. “f 9 ... Forewing whitish; five fuscous patches on the costa at 
approximately equal distances apart, the first basally, the fifth near the 
apex; a small fuscous spot in the cell and an angled fuscous streak 
along the discocellulars; a fuscous patch postmedially on the inner mar- 
gin; traces of a crenate fuscous subterminal fascia; a series of fuscous 
interneural terminal spots, continued round the apex and also on to the 
fringe, which is otherwise whitish. Hindwing pinkish buff; a broad 
indistinct tawny-olive subterminal fascia; a series of fuscous inter- 
neural terminal spots, continued on to the fringe, which is otherwise 
pinkish buff. Underside of hoth wings, and fringes, tawny olive, marked 
indistinctly as on upperside; on the hindwing a fuscous discecellular 
spot and an indistinct postmedial fascia. 

3S. Very similar to Swiss specimens of Z. monacha monacha, the 
markings on the forewing fine but distinct, the dark terminal band on 
the hindwing merging without a definite boundary into the ground 
colour.’ 

Gaede (1932, Seitz, Suppl. 2: 102, pl. 8¢, fig. 3) mentioned the form 
(without naming it) as a subsp. of Lymantria ascetria, Hb., and figured 
the $, but an examination of the male genitalia by Colenette showed 
the form to be co-specifie with Lymantria monacha, L. 

The figure in the Nov. Zool. shows a female with strongly reduced 
markings on the forewings: only the dark costal spots, the dark spot 
in the middle of the inner margin, and the spots on the fringe are 
present. 


Tn summarizing the results of my article J append a list of all forms 
of Lymantria monacha, l., the genetical constitution of which is known, 
and using the formulae of Goldschmidt. As all forms are checked with 
the original descriptions and figures of previous authors, the list may 
provide a definite basis for further research. 


GENOTYPE OF THE G. PHAENOTYPR OF THE oC. 

Ila) (GAO). (@2O) , poaaadadssooscudcassuc00e .. monacha, L. 

IBIDR(GXOI(GIO) Es. eeet ee merece erie mediofasciata, Upk. 

TBE ACEX GN (O2O) Uinceendateonnonananadade ... intermedia, Lypk. 

DD (CXS) ph (CA) aie, Weta aaeene eee. . mediofasciata, Lpk. 
(darker specimens). 

LD (XO (OP. Qa 2 VAM ea titcocgodeatcasoa transiens, Thierry Mieg. 

ploy (G20) (GS). seocaence Seeronceacerec: ‘¢ Black specimens, not to be distin- 
cuished from other black ones,”’ 
says Goldschmidt, Not figured 


by him; presumably atra, Tin- 
stow. 


i@ 6) 
=I 


ADDITIONS TO THE LAMPTON LIST OF COLEOPTERA. 


Jy (GANS (CDQ), be Bae Ane nee albibasa, Lpls. 

EN CGNG) (OKO) eeseeeisevataucesckesince vas cremita, Hb. 

Tle, (COSY (OD G ER ene Sei aa atra, Linstow. 

LT (CODBY (OD.G a Cane: eee ee atra, Linstow. 
GENOTYPE OF THE ¢, PHAENOTYPE OF THE Q. 

FM (GSO) Ba Na nce nc sc kadeenenuanec es monacha, W. 

JSD (COX pid ase Rana CEC ta An) ei dorsomaculata, Lok. 

BIBS. (COQ) ir Ss iene eS a a mediofasciata, Lyk. 

lilo» (ORO tre aes East {Mae eine ee mediofasciata, Lpk. 

(darker specimens). 

BTA (OEXON GON i vcscestursdedes daveseneaen oe transiens, Thierry Mie. 

IO. (CGO A Se tO ete a oethions, De Sélys. 

IBID) (OAC) Beene tes UD seraEec eGR A EEA EE oethiops, De Sélys. 


(darker specimens). 
Oude Yselstraat 12 ITT, Amsterdam, Z. 


ADDITIONS TO THE LAMPTON LIST OF COLEOPTERA. 
By Horace DonistHoren, F.Z.S., F.R.1.S., ete. 


In 1945 [Ent. Record, 57, pp. 28-29; 40-41 (1945)] I described a patch 
of waste ground at Lampton, Middlesex, which is within three minutes 
walk from my house at Heston, and which has proved a most prolific 
collecting ground for beetles. I may here mention that at one corner 
of the ground there is a very large boulder which I have loosely described 
as prehistoric. Last year I took photographs of it, and gave them to 
the Geological Department of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). They 
tell me it is much older than prehistoric, being pre-glacial, and probably 
Eocene. 

The additions to the above list are as follows :— 


CaraBipAE—A mara plebia, Gyll., in vegetable refuse. 

STAPHYLINIDAE—A theta atramentaria, Gyll., in vegetable refuse; A. 
soror, Kr., sweeping; Tachyporus solutus, Er., sweeping; Gligota 
granaria, Er., and O. flavicornis, Lac., beating willows. The former is 
usually found in granaries, cellars, and the like. Xantholinus fulgidus, 
F., in vegetable refuse. 

SILPHIDAE—Silpha aevigata, F., on pavement. 

PuHaracripaAr—Olhibrus millefolii, Pk., sweeping Yarrow (Achillea 
millefoliwm). 

CoccInELLipar—Scymnus limbatus, Steph., a short series taken by 
beating willows. This is a good and distinct species and not a variety 
of S. sutwralis, Thunb., which occurs on fir trees. 

HistertpaAr—Onthophilus striatus, F., in vegetable refuse. 

NiruLtipaE—Meligethes picipes, Stm., sweeping. 

LaTHRIDIDAE—Melanophthalma distinguenda, Com., sweeping. 

DerMestipar—Helocerus claviger, Er., and Anthrenus varius, F., 
sweeping umbels. 

EvucnemMiparE—Throscus carinifrons, Bonyv., sweeping. 

TELEPHORIDAE—T'elephorus bicolor, F.; Malachius bipustulatus, I.., 
ab, immaculatus, Rey; and Malthodes marginatus, Lat., sweeping. 


02) 
92) 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V¥1/1947 


Brucuiwar—Bruchus atomarius, L., and B. loti, Pk., ab. ireneae, 
Donis., sweeping. 


CHRYSOMELIDAE—Lema melanopa, L., and Longitarsus waterhousei, 
Kuts., sweeping; L. laevis, Duft., sweeping Mug-wort (Artemisia vul- 
garis), abundant; Cassida nebulosa, L., sweeping Good King Henry 
(Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus), scarce. 


OEDEMERIDAE—Nacerdes melanura, L., on path. 


CurcULIONIDAE—Rhynchites nanus, Pk., beating willows; Apion 
marchicum, Hbst., sweeping; Phyllobius urticae, De G., sweeping net- 
tles; Pseudostyphlus pilumnus, Gyll., sweeping Common Feverfew (Mat- 
ricaria Parthenium); Gymnetron melas and Anthonomus rubi, Hbst., 
sweeping; Cryptorhynchus lapathi, l., beating willows, rather scarce ; 
Ceuthorhynchus resedae, Marsh., and Ceuthorhynchidius posthumus, 
Germ., sweeping Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea); C. chevrolati, 
Biss., twice, sweeping. 


[Lampton SarsEN.—The large slab of stone, approximately 5 ft. by 5 
ft. and 14 to 2 ft. thick, standing in a corner of the waste ground at 
Lampton, is a sarsen. (This term, commonly applied to residual blocks 
of Kocene sandstone with siliceous cement, probably originated as the 
countrymen’s name for any strange rock and is possibly a corruption 
of Saracen.) 


To be more explicit about the origin of this block of stone: it is a 
portion of a bed of medium-grained white sand laid down in the delta 
of a river in the Kocene period. This portion, because its constituent 
erains had become welded together by secondary silica, survived when 


‘ 


the softer parts of the bed were eroded away. Prebably neither the ~ 


cementation, nor the isolation by erosion, took place where the block 
now lies. Sarsens on the dip-slopes of the Chilterns originated in the 
Reading Beds, while those occurring on the south side of the London 
Basin represent consolidated portions of the Bagshot Beds. The source 
of the Lampton sarsen is not certain. If human transportation is ruled 
out, I suggest that it was moved to its present position by floods in the 
Thames valley during the Ice Age, and thus came to rest on the Tap- 
low Terrace. 


The block is bounded on two sides by flat joint-planes; the upper 
surface is irregularly weathered and holes have formed where the sili- 
ceous cementation was weak.—K. P. Oak ey. | 


SOME REMARKS ON BISTON BETULARIA L. 
By B. J. Lempxe. 


A gynandromorph of Biston betularia, L., was mentioned by Voss in 
Insektenbérse, 15: 146, 1898. The right side was ¢ and belonged to 
f. carbonaria, Jordan; the left side was 2 and showed the character- 
istics of f. mixtus, Stgr., ‘* black mixed with some white,”’ the abdomen 
was black, Staudinger, however, never described such a form. No 


SOME REMARKS ON BISTON BETULARIA, L. 89 


doubt mixtus was a catalogue or trade name and the first who published 
it with a description was Voss, so that he must be considered the author 
of the name. 


At first sight it seems that this name is a synonym of f. insularia, 
Thierry-Mieg, the well-known ‘ intermediate ’’ between type and car- 
bonaria, The Danish genetician Lemche has, however, shown (Journal 
of Genetics, 24: 235-241, 1931) that f. insularia can always be distin- 
guished from pale examples of carbonaria by its abdomen, which is not 
unicolorous black as with the latter form but black with small white 
dots. Dark examples of insularia have the same wing pattern as the 
heterozygotes of carbonaria, black with small white specks. But in 
examining the abdomen the forms are easy to separate and then it ap- 
pears that true insularia is far less common than carbonaria and that 
many specimens which look like insularia are in reality only pale hetero- 
azygous carbonaria. So it is at least in Holland. 


In applying this means of distinction to thea gynandromorph with 
its completely black abdomen it will be clear that the male side was 
homozygous carbonaria and the female side heterozygous. And, also, 
that f. miaxtus Voss is not a synonym of insulariay but a pertectly valid 
name, indicating the heterozygotes of carbonaria, The phaenotype 
represented by it has black wings, more or less powdered with white 
specks, and a black abdomen. That it is distinguished by a name is fully 
justified hy the fact that its genetic constitution is different from f. 
carbonaria (and, of course, from f. insularia). 


I should like to draw the attention of breeders interested in gene- 
tics to f. funebraria, Lbll., Rev. Mens. Soc. Hnt. Nam., 1905, p. 15. 
This form has black forewings like f. carbonaria. The hindwings, how- 
ever, have a broad white band along the costa which suddenly stops 
near the apex and which is traversed by two black lines, one in the 
middle of the white band, the other close to its end near the apex. The 
remainder of the hindwings is black (except the inner margin of many 
specimens) and contrasts sharply with the white costal band. 


This form is without any doubt hereditary. The collection of the 
Amsterdam Zoological Museum contains a good series of it. Most 
specimens result from ab. ovo breedings, but particulars of the fami- 
hes are not known. Of one of them there are also a few examples 
closely resembling ft. mixtus in having the black area strongly powdered 
with fine white specks. It is obvious that we must consider them the 
heterozygotes but then it is clear that carbonaria ana funebraria are 
rather closely related forms. Lemche figured several specimens of 
insularia, mixtus and carbonaria, obtained from his breeding experi- 
ments, but there is no funebraria among them. It is also lacking on 
the heautiful coloured plate of Bowater, the first reviewer of genetics 
in Lepidoptera (Journal of Genetics, 3: 299-314, pl. xxvii, fig. 1-11, 
1914). This is also an indication that funebraria is not a modification 
of carbonaria but an independent hereditary form. 


Amsterdam, Z., Oude Yselstraat 12 III, 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII /1947 


SOME UNUSUAL FORMS OF GENITALIA. 
By Rev. DEsmMonp Murray. 


With Plate III. 


A few examples of the above were given in a recent number of the 
Ent. Record (Vol. LVIII, 1946, p. 98); since then some other species 
from N. America have been studied which show even more extreme 
asymmetrical structures. It would be difficult to find any more perfect 
examples than Zale lunata, Drury, or Matigramma pulverilinea, Grt., 
from California. 

The first moth is warm brown in colour, 45 mm. in expanse, closely 
resembling No. 4, which is a dull greyish brown, slightly larger, with 
similar markings, from S. America. 

Another example of this genus was given in the last paper (No. 5) 
which occurs both in N. and S. America. All this group of dull coloured 
moth, which resemble each other very closely in wing colouring, in every 
case, are found to have asymmetrical genitalia. 

No explanation thas so far been given for this abnormality, or why 
it occurs almost exclusively amongst certain genera. 


It is much more rare amongst the Rhopolocera for only the Hes- 
periidae seem to show want of symmetry. It is noteworthy that this 
family, in some sense, is a link between the two orders; some authors 
have considered them to be rather the first family of moths than the 
last of the butterflies, according to our classification. Their semi- 
nocturnal habits, dull colouring, position of wings at rest and other 
features make them altogether peculiar. The genus Hrynnis especially 
in nearly every case show asynimetrical genitalia. Our own single 
species, H. tages, I.., has different forms of voles (see Pierce and Bierne 
Gent. of the Buttf., 1941) and all the N. American species show ex- 
treme forms. : 

The author does not venture to offer any explanation for these pecu- 
liarities; it is evident, however, that the solution of the problem would 
help us to understand better how such structures come to be formed 
and why they occur. 

About ninety per cent. of the genitalia of Lepidoptera are perfectly 
symmetrical, each species having its own peculiar form and _ species 
being differentiated by their genitalic structures. There must be some 
reason then why there are exceptions to the rule as in the examples 
given. 

If the exception proves the rule perhaps the exception may also 
sive us the key to the asymmetrical structures, could it be found. The 
drawings are made to the same scale by aid of the camera lucida, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE: The male genitalia of 


1. Matigramma pulverilinea, Grt. Arizona, N. Amer., 9/42. 
2. Zale sp. 40 mm. Tucson, Arizona, A. Amer., 8/40. 

3. Zale sy. 40 mm. Texas, N. Amer., 5/46. 

4. Zale sp. 50 mm. Tornas Ottoni, Brazil, S. Amer., 6/12. 
5. Zale lunata, Drury. Napa, California, N. Amer., 11/45, 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER 1945. 91 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER 1945. 
By D. G. Sevastopuno, F.R.E.S. 


(Continued from p, 58.) 


= 


27th October.—Another fine sunny morning on the forest road pro- 
duced two fresh species—Precis atlites, L., and Arhopala rama, Koll., 
rama. EKvans calls D, adonira rare; this morning I saw four settled 
on a square yard of road. A dead Dermaleipa (Lagoptera) juno, Dalm., 
and a Ditrigona triangularia, Moore, were picked up in the road. A 
sunny afternoon down among the tea, but nothing about worth record- 
ing. Larvae of A. sylvata, Comibaena subhyalina, Warr., and another 
Geometer (the pupa failed to survive the change to Calcutta) were 
found. A female A. pulchella at light. 

28th October.—A sunny morning on the forest road produced, in 
addition to the usual common things, a number of V, indica and H. 
brahma settled and flying over the road. A female S. hippocius was 
caught settled on the road and four fresh species—Neptis yerburyt, 
Btlr., f. sikkima, Evans, Cosmolyce (Lampides) boeticus, L., Lycaenop- 
sis transpecta, Moore, and Lycaenopsis cardia, Kldr., f. dilecta, Moore 
—were caught. N. ananta was about in some numbers again, and I. 
thairava has become quite common on one short length of road. In 
the afternoon walked down to Rungli Rungliot, some one thousand feet 
lower, fine and sunny but nothing of note flying; 4. hyperbixs males 
were common. Two or three moths at light. 

29th October.—Another fine morning on the forest road. All the 
usual things flying and D. melaneuws was commoner than I have seen 
it so far. In addition, tattered specimens of D. tytia and N. radha, 
and two fresh examples of Arhopala comica, de N., were caught. Larvae 
found—S. cynthia, DL. katinka, Dasychira grotei, Moore, an Arctiid 
(whose pupa did not survive the change to Calcutta) and A. indica. 
The brood of cynthia would inevitably have starved; they were on a 
small bush. with none other within a couple of hundred yards, that 
would barely have sufficed to feed one larva to maturity, let alone 
ten, and although the species feeds on a large number of plants, indi- 
vidual larvae are very averse to changing their food-plant. Spent the 
afternoon blowing larvae and found two Nematodes in one of TP. aerata, 
a small Geometer about an inch long. Light a failure. 

30th October.—In spite of quite a cold wind, a cicada was singing 
loudly a good half-hour before sunrise. Another fine sunny morning 
on the forest road, another L. sura and single males of IHeliophorus 
epicles, Godt., f. indicus, Fruhs., and Baoris assamensis, WM., both 
hitherto unrecorded. Another dead male of the black and scarlet 
Zygaenid was picked up on the road and a female Metrocampa haliuria, 
Wik., was found settled under a leaf. DL. sidoms is an annoying 
insect; not only does it vary its flight in a most disconcerting way, but 
it also has the irritating ‘habit of appearing much larger than it really 
is, so that it is often chased in the expectation of its proving some- 
thing more interesting than its rather dull self. In the afternoon a 
search was made for the shade lovers, Mycalesis and Melanitis, with- 
out finding a single one. A larva of D. polyphaenaria was found, and 


92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII /1947 


also larvae of two other Geometers (the pupae failed to survive the 
change to Caleutta). Light a failure. 

31st October.—Another sunny morning on the forest road, the only 
species of interest being Padraona pseudomaesa, Moore, f. pallida, 
Kvans. Two larvae of a Hemitheid (still unidentified) were found. 
Watched another of the large wasps with its spider; although the spider 
must weigh full three times as much as the wasp, it was being dragged 
backwards along a very uneven path at quite a fair rate. In the late 
afternoon a walk through the forest beating and searching produced 
C. erycinoides, Psilopepla (Nudaria) suffusa, Hamps., two specimens of 
T’. crocoptera, one of an orange form quite unlike that found previously, 
and a Larentiid (still unidentified). A number ot males of a dark 
Zygaenid were flying high up around a tree, their bipectinated antennae 
showing up clearly as they flew, and a pair of the scarlet and black 
Zygaenid (see subsequent note) were taken in cop. Larvae of D. quad- 
ralis and A. sylvata were found. Discovered a Chrysomelid with a 
most extraordinary method of pupation. The larvae hang themselves 
up together in small numbers like a pupating Nymphalid larva and the 
pupa does: not free itself entirely from the larval skin but remains 
dangling from the end of it. Coleopterists will probably tell me that 
this 1s a common thing. Two or three moths at light. 

Ist November.—Another sunny morning on the forest road but noth- 
ing, except a single H. androcles, worth recording. <A single wing of 
Totophora wridicolor, Btlr., was picked up on one of the forest paths. 
It was common last year in May and June but I have not seen one this 
year. A brood of small larvae of a Noctuid, but I am afraid that they 
will not pupate before leaving for Calcutta (they did not, and. all failed 
to pupate although they fed up quite well). An afternoon walk, again 
on the forest road but lower down, produced P. cama, S. hypselis, L. 
cardia and Hasora alexis, ¥., f. alexis, with larvae of P. rhetenor, a 
Limacodid (which died), Sypna latifasciata (the species has been iden- 
tified from fig. c, pl. 67, of Seitz’ Palaearctic Noctwidue, ui, but neither 
I nor the Forest Entomologist can find any written description or re- 
ference to the species), and A. sylvata. Nothing at light. 

2nd November.—Still another sunny morning; on the forest road, but 
nothing new to record. The trees on either side of one stretch were 
full of very noisy monkeys. Several S. orbiferata at rest. They sit with 
their white, fuscous-blotched wings spread in a rough triangle, the dark 
olive abdomen arched hetween them, and look rather like a smear of 
bird excreta; when disturbed they have the odd habit of quivering the 
abdomen up and down. In the afternoon went down through the forest, 
where a male Medasina parisnattet, Wik., fell out of a tree at my 
feet for no apparent reason, A Polydorus and a Cyrestis were seen, 
hut neither species could be identified. Nothing at light. 

3rd November.—The only previously unrecorded species on the forest 
road this morning was Arhopala areste, Hew., areste. All the usual 
things in their usual numbers, except A. fylla, which seemed rather 
more common. In the afternoon a female Colias electo, L., field, Men., 
a female A. hyperbius and a H. alexis were caught. Alexis rests under 
leaves in the sunshine. In the evening an expedition was made to 
secure a series of the black and scarlet Zygaenid. Males were flying 
freely at about 4.30, but high up round trees, and the occasional one 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER 1945, 93 


that came within reach was very difficult to catch as they disappear 
against the dark background of the trees. The flight is obviously a 
mating flight as a male was seen to settle high up in a tree and, when 
dislodged by repeated stick-throwing, a mated pair vol-planed into the 
undergrowth, whence they were eventually recovered. Five males were 
also obtained. (This was probably the most interesting insect ob- 
tained. The male is not unlike Pidorus miles, Btlr., but is larger and 
lacks the yellow costal fascia. The female has semi-hyaline smoky 
forewings and black-veined whitish ‘hindwings, not unlike an Agalope. 
Both the British Museum and the Forest' Entomologist state that it is 
an undescribed species, the latter even suggesting that the genus may 
be a new one. How it has escaped discovery is a mystery, as it is 
both common and conspicuous.) Nothing at light. 


4th November.—A beautiful sunny day, but very dull from the col- 
lecting point of view. Nothing worth recording from the forest road 
in the morning, and in the afternoon went to an open grassy area on 
the hillside which, in England, would have swarmed with butterflies, 
but which produced nothing but a few Y. sakra, Z. flegyas and a couple 
each N. hylas and A. hyperbius. The beetles are emerging from the 
pupae mentioned on the 31st October, a yellow Chrysomelid with blue- 
black spots. Nothing at hght. 


5th November.—The forest road produced the hitherto unrecorded 
Kiapala schistacea, Moore, and D. ouida and H. androcles seemed rather 
more common than they have been up to now. Spent the afternoon 
sitting in the sun in the garden. Quite a number of butterflies flew 
over but mostly too high to identity for certain, but two Appias lalage, 
Dbl., lalage were seen. A pair of V. cashmirensis were observed settled 
the one behind the other with their wings open and the hindmost cue 
drumming on the wings of the other with its antennae. Nothing at 
light. As a matter of interest I put a thermometer outside at about 
half-past seven and the temperature was Just over 50° F. 


6th November.—Reversed my usual procedure of walking in the morn- 
ing and doing my writing in the afternoon. Spent the first part of the 
morning writing and then sat and sun-bathed in the garden. The fol- 
lowing butterflies were seen:—A. lalage, C. electo, D. melaneus, Y. 
sukra, N. hylas, V. cashmirensis, V. indica, A. hyperbius, an unidenti- 
fied Lycaenopsis, probably transpecta, and H. brahnia, also P. bicolor. 
An afternoon on the forest road produced two males of J. pyrene and a 
female Dodona cugenes, Bates, f. venox, Fruhs., in addition to the 
usual things. A male M. simpliciata was caught drinking on the damp 
road and a female Crocallis ientiginosaria, Moore, was found on the 
underside of a leaf. A larva of Cechenena lineosa, Wlk., f. lineosu was 
also found. Nothing at light. 


7th November.—Nothing new flying on the forest road in the morn- 
ing, but larvae of a Corgatha and a Geometer (both of which failed to 
survive the transfer to Calcutta) were found. Blew caterpillars in the 
afternoon and in the evening went for a stroll through the forest, find- 
ing L. divisa and Ercbomorpha metachromata, Wlk., at rest, and seeing 
a Choaspes benjaminit, Guer., f. wanthopogon, Koll., flying at about 
5.45 p.m. Light a complete failure. 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VII/1947 


8th November.—Tried the lower portion of the forest road for a 
change this morning, but the only interesting butterfly seen was an 
A. areste, which I missed. A single M. troglodytus was caught flying, 
the only imago of the species seen so far, and a Lithosiid and a Larentiid 
(both still unidentified) were caught at rest. Larvae found included 
L. katinka, P. fenestrata and a Noctuid (the pupa of the latter died in 
captivity). 

(To be continued.) 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


GONEPTERYX RHAMNI IN JANUARY.—A male of G. rhamni was flying 
strongly in my garden on 16th January 1947, a bright and sunny morn- 
ing only a day or two before the onset of very cold conditions.—W. F. 
Luoyp-JamEs, ‘‘ Holly Tree Cottage,’’ Middle Barton, Oxford, 20th May 
1947. 


Susstirute Fooprnants: VeErBAscum Grovup.—Further to my last 
note on this subject (Hnt. Rec., 57, p. 89), I have now to report two 
further examples of Celsia being eaten by larvae more usually associ- 
ated with Verbascum. 


(1) During my recent holiday in N. Cyprus I found larvae of Cucullia 
verbascit locally common on the petrophile plant Celsia arcturus, L., 
originally described by Linnaeus as a Verbascum. In captivity they 
willingly ate Verbascum sinuatum, the only Verbascwm of the district, 
which is commonest on the coast and rather scarcer at 1000 ft., the 
altitude at which I found the larvae. I never found one on the JVer- 
bascum wild, though some plants of it were growing, within 20 yards of 
the Celsia. This is all the more remarkable because in the Lebanon CU. 
verbasci feeds on mullein and comes right down to sea-level. Inci- 
dentally, this is the first record of C. verbasci from Cyprus; the same 
can be said of C. barthae, Boursin, of which I found the larvae on Scro- 
phularia sphaerocarpa at 2000 ft. I hope to publish soon separately a 
list of Lepidoptera taken by me in Cyprus not given in Rebel’s list of 
the island’s butterflies and moths (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., XXIX, 
Heft IV, 1939, p. 488 ff.). 

(2) Cucullia lychnitis, Ramb., on the same or a very similar species 
of Celsia in the Rowanduz Gorge, Kurdistan, Iraq, in 1935. I have 
only just realised that this was not a Verbascum, and am able to cor- 
rect my former impression because I photographed the larva on its food- 
plant at the time of capture.—E. P. WiILTsHIRE. 


Supstitutr Fooppiants: AN Exampir or Economic [MroRTANCE FROM 
Cyprus.—I do not think Preris brassicue would be. able to survive the 
hot dry summer in Cyprus if its only foodplant there were the garden 
cabbages, ete., which it attacks during the winter half-year. J noticed 
in the Kyrenia district this year that in April it began ovipositing on 
Capparis as soon as this rather Tropical plant, ubiquitous on dry rocky 
eround along the coast, caine out in leaf. Caper bushes were covered 
with numerous Large White larvae in May. I think this substitute 


COLLECTING NOTES. 95 


foodplant accounts for its repeated broods throughout the summer in 
Cyprus, and probably also in Cyrenaica, where a very large form occurs. 
TI can nowhere find a previous mention of brassicae eating this alterna- 
tive, which, though not actually placed in the Crucifera family, comes 
next to it in the Capparidaceae, and immediately precedes the Resed- 
aceae, some of which, as has already been noted in this series of articles 
and notes entitled ‘‘ Substitute Foodplants,’’ also provide alternative 
pabulum. for certain kinds of Pieris. 

In mid-May I counted 59 pupae or pupating larvae of this butter- 
fly on the hotel veranda at Kyrenia; they had all just climbed up there 
from two or three large caper bushes between the veranda and the sea, 
and on these bushes there were still numbers of smaller larvae feeding. 
All the pupae were of pale grey colouring, speckled with black and 
yellow; they were in a strong light, though shaded, on white-washed, 
yellow-washed, or pale grey surfaces. One which pupated in captivity 
in a closed tin with no hght was green, until emergence. About one- 
third (20) of these pupating larvae failed to chrysalise on account of 
parasites; these seemed to he the same species of apantelid with small 
yellow cocoons which we see on fences in England. Nearly all the 
actual pupae were healthy._-E. P. Wiutsuire, F.R.E.S. 


ZYGAENA IGNIFERA.—Korb related that this species was discovered 
by his wife near Huelamo on Serrania de Cuenca (New Castile). Seve- 
ral years ago Dr Selgas, then municipal doctor at Valdemoro de la 
Sierra, sent me one male of ignifera that he had taken during one of 
his trips across the mountains above Cuenca. In 1925 Lord Rothschild 
asked me to get specimens of that moth, which was missing in _ his 
museum. At the beginning of July 1926 my wife and I arrived at 
Cuenca and went by a car to the village of Una, where the road ends. 

From Ufa we made many long trips to Huelamo, Valdemoro and 
other localities, making an interesting collection but seeing no ignifera. 
After two months of useless research I made a trip up the Cerro S$. 
Felipe at the boundary between Castile and Aragon, taking very few 
butterflies, and while coming home I lost the way, in a wide pine-wood, 
reaching Ufia in the afternoon. People told me that my wife had 
gone alone into the country without coming, back, although it was late. 
Some men were searching for her. 

I knew that my wife wished to climb up to a rocky hill where I 
supposed no Lepidoptera might live. I went directly to that place, 
where my wife was collecting some ignifera. She was sorry because 
most specimens were already worn, and she had remained looking for 
them as the Zygaena are generally more frequent before sunset. Other 
specimens were taken on following days, always avoiding killing the 
damaged ones. 

In 1928 and 1933 we took many ignifera at the same place and never 
elsewhere. No other species of Lepidoptera was seen on the hill of the 
ignifera which occurs in front of Ufa about half-an-hour’s walking. 
To go from Ufia to that hill one must go down, along the road towards 
Cuenca for some yards, turning aside to left, crossing the dry river 
and taking the path for Rincon del Juez and Ciudad-Icantada. Almost 
at the beginning of that path the hill rises to the left.—O. Querct, 
Vindicio, Formia (Latina), Italy. 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VII/1947 


REVIEW. 


Burrerrty Lives. By 8S. Beaufoy, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. Small quarto, 
130 pp., 200 photos., 12/6; Messrs Collins, St James Place, S.W.1.— 
More than two dozen of these ‘‘ lives ”? of our British Butterflies are 
chosen and illustrated by six, seven, or eight most excellent nature 
photographs of the striking incidents in the life of each species, in- 


cluding each stage. All the figures are somewhat enlarged, but only 
sufficiently to bring out the special characteristics. Of course, ova 
must be considerably enlarged. The chrysalis needs enlargement to 


show the changing development before emergence of the imago; in the 

caterpillar to disconnect the marking as well as the clothing of the 
spines, hairs, etc., and in some cases the effects of the intersezmental 
colour. The size of the imago is not more than x1}. Distortion is 
avoided throughout. 

In some of the figures the enlargement seems to bring out the tex- 
ture of the surface so well as to suggest the colour. Perhaps the most 
remarkable instance of this is the figure of male icarus; one is unable 
to look at the figure without a suggestion of the colour var three wings _ 
assuredly; but of the other wing, what? 


There is a small amount of descriptive text to each species. For 
the accuracy of this we can trust to the ‘‘ Foreword ’’ by the sponsor 
of the whole work, the well-known E. B. Ford, F.R.S., whose own 
famous work is The Biology of Butterflies, which, strangely, was not dis- 
tributed for review.—Hy. J. T. 


‘‘ BRITISH NOCTUAE ” SUPPLEMENT IN 1947. 


December 1946--The Text of Vol. III concluded (261)-(264). 

January and February 1947—A Supplement on Diptera. 

April 1947—The Appendix to Vol. II] commenced (265)-(268). This 
will contain the very numerous further additions to Vols. I, II, 
III. Then the Index to Vol. III. The volume cannot be com- 
pleted until 1948 (early). 

May 1947—Owing to illness the MS. could not be prepared for printing 
and an instalment of Vol. IV was begun (1)-(4). 

June 1947—The Appendix to Vol. III was continued (269)-(272). 

September 1947—Continuation. 


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4 


No. 9 


SEPTEMBER 1947 


a 


SS ie NET 


EDITED with the assistance of 


_ MALCOLM Burk, D.Sc., F.B.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLEICHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
_E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., FE.RES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
F.R.C.P. 
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HH. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S, Rev. G, WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


By HENRY WJ. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 


te 
———s 


a —* CONTENTS. 
THE VARIATIONS OF ANTHROCERA. CARNIOLICA, SSP. MAGNAUSTRA- 
TU LISE CNV BSED PS AO) slob A KO) EXO} LAL Bhatia Bitheas ah tra aaa ar MCE Gu ne IN aka ARR AIR SAIL aR a 97 


GLAUCOPSYCHE LYSIMON AND CUPIDO MINIMUS, Dr Enzo Roméi ......... 99 


4 
» ACENTROPUS NIVEUS, OLIV., IN NORTH LANCASHIRE, Albert E. Wright, 
HGH SS.) MICU Henle Aisin VALAQU Hea Net I AL EA CUNTLINSTON HUI AMEN 100 


_ NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA, 1945-46, J. A. Whellan, B.SC. .........0000 101 


“COLLECTING NOTES: The Clouded Yellow in Bury and Anglesey, N. M. 
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of Aphantopus hyperantus, R. J. R. Levett; The Migratory Locust and 
the Syrphid Fly, Volucella zonaria, Poda, in the Isle of Wight, J. W. 
Saunt; Scents in Moths, D. G. Sevastopulo; N. polychloros and C. hyale 
in the Swanage District, Leonard Tatchell; C. croceus in the Isle of Pur- 


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VARIATIONS OF ANTHROCERA CARNIOLICA SSP. MAGNAUSTRAILIS, VERITY. 97 


THE VARIATIONS OF ANTHROCERA CARNIOLICA SSP. 
MAGNAUSTRALIS, VERITY. 


By Orazio QUERCI. 


At Formia, on the Gulf of Gaeta and at the base of the Aurunci 
Mountains, it hardly ever rained in the winter of 1946. On 29th April 
a heavy shower wetted this country, which became verdant and many 
Anthrocera carnivlica, Scopoli, emerged from 8th to 21st May in a 
meadow near the ruins of the small church of St Antonio (that had 
been destroyed by bombs), at a level of 150 to 200 feet. Having collected 
a suitable series of these moths, we now try to show how they varied. 


Male variatious.—(1) Expanse of the forewings, from tip to tip, 26 
to 31 mm. in most specimens; slightly elongated shape of wings; vivid 
scarlet ground colour; wide spots outlined by white circles of moderate 
extent; scarlet apical crescents mixed with some white scales; rather 
thin dark blue bands along the margins of the hindwings. Among 158 
males, which we have before us, we see about 100 specimens which might 
be referred to the form that agrees with Verity’s description (Rodia, 
lst March 1946, vol. xxxi, p. 66) of race magnaustralis which he made 
from carniolica taken by us, in the same place, in May 1938. (2) Two 
males differ from those of the form No. 1 by the reduction of the 
white rings around the spots, and by the apical crescents that are quite 
red. (3) In seven specimens only the basal and lowest middle spots are 
faintly encircled by white rings. (4) In four specimens all the spots are 
almost obliterated. (6) In eleven specimens both the central and 
basal pattern are as in the form No. 1, but the apical crescents are 
replaced by a crown of red spots more or less encircled by a few white 
scales. (7) In two males the spots are smaller than in the others even 
if they are compared, with specimens of the same size. (8) Two large 
males of a reddish tinge instead of scarlet, with wide spots and thick 
apical crescents. (9) Four males in which the spots are irregularly out- 
lined and more or less confluent. (10) In two specimens there is a white 
line along the costal margin of the forewings. (11) One single male in 
which the dark border of the hindwings is exceptionally wide. (12) Four 
males in which the tone ofi the red is less vivid than in the others of the 
series. (13) One dwart male only 20 mm. in expanse. (14) The other 
five smallest males ot the series, 23 to 25 mm. (15) The five largest 
males of the series, 32 to 34 mm. (16) Five males have a red ring on the 
abdomen. 


Female variations—We have before us 165 females showing the fol- 
lowing forms: (17) Shape of wings still less elongated than in males; ex- 
panse of wings 29 to 32 mm.; wide and rounded spots; thick apical 
crescents outlined by shining complete white rings of moderate extent ; 
rather thin brown border along the margin of the hindwings; tone of 
the red as vivid scarlet as in the males. About 100 specimens in our 
series have a similar feature and they agree with Verity’s description of 
this showy race magnaustralis. (18) One single female in which the 
apical crescents are small even if compared with other specimens of the 
same size. (19) In eight specimens the round spots are thinly encircled 
by white, and the apical crescents are quite red. (20) In seven females 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1947 


all the spots and apical crescents are thickly enricled by white more than 
in the other specimens of the series. (21) In nine females the apical 
crescents are formed by a series of red spots more or less encircled by 
white scales. (22) In eight females the central spots are round and 
confluent. (23) In thirteen beautiful females the spots, encircled by 
white, are irregularly outlined and more or less confluent in different 
ways. (24) Eleven striking females with the spots irregularly outlined 
and thinly encircled by white differently confluent. (25) The most ex- 
treme reduction of white scaling around the irregularly outlined spots. 
Two specimens looking different from all the others. (26) Two 
magnificent aberrations in which the spots are widely confluent. In 
one of these females the confluence is so wide that in the middle zone of 
the forewings there are only two small white ocelli with a black pupil 
in each. This latter specimen reminds us of Anthrocera ignifera, Korb, 
that we took in Spain. (27) Along the costal margin of the forewings 
there is, in two females, a white line as in the males of the form No. 
10. (28) In one fresh female the ground colour is pinkish instead of 
scarlet. (29) Five perfect females in which the anal zone of the hind- 
wings is clear yellowish. (30) Similar to No. 29, but the lowest spots, 
instead of being rounded, as in most specimens, are large and ovoidal. 
Two specimens.—(31) The anal zone is even clearer than in the forms 
29 and 30. Single specimen.—(32) The ten largest females of the series, 
33 to 85 mm. (33) The smallest female, 24 mm. (34) The other four 
small females of the series 25 to 27 mm. Many females have a red ring 
on the abdomen. 


In other Italian localities and in Spain and Greece we have taken 
a large number of carniolica, but there we did not find similar exuberant 
specimens nor so many showy forms (males Nos. 9 and 10; females Nos. 
24 to 30). The race florentina, that we collected during eight years at 
Florence, is also variable, but in the opposite direction from magnaus- 
tralis, as there the spots are generally small, and there are frequently 
not only specimens lacking the apical crescents on the upperside, but 
there also occur some males and females five-spotted on both sides of the 
forewings. At Formia we have found a single male (No. 5) which 1s 
almost five-spotted above. 


As most books of mine were lost when my home was ravaged by 
bombs, in Rome, I asked! Mr Berio of Genoa to identify the individual 
forms. He has kindly done this, but as he has only read my descriptions 
without looking at the specimens, he says he is doubtful whether the 
names are correct: Forms 2, 3, 19, rounded spots thinly outlined with 
white pseudocarniolica, Rocci.; Forms 3, 18—reduced apical crescent: 
trans. ad apennina, G. F. Turati.; Forms 6, 21—apical crescent formed 
by a series of red spots with a few white scales, intermedia, Turati; 
Forms 9, 24, 25—irregularly outlined and confluent spots, bohutschi, 
Rocci.; Forms 10, 27—a white line along the costa of the forewings, not 
identified; Form 11—wide margin along the hindwings: laticlavia, 
Burgeff.; Forms 12, 28—pinkish ground colour: carnea, Rocci; Forms 
13, 33—dwarf specimens: minima Rocci; Form 26—widest confluence 
of the spots: jurassicu, Blachier; Forms 29—31: pinkish anal zone, not 
identified. (N.B. Clear and yellowish, not pinkish in text.) 

Vindicio, Formia (Latina), Italy. 


GLAUCOPSYCHE LYSIMON AND, CUPIDO MINIMUS. 99 


GLAUCOPSYCHE LYSIMON AND CUPIDO MINIMUS. 
; By Dr Enzo Romet. 


In the spring of 1925 I took at Sidi Mesri, near Tripoli, some 
Glaucopsyche that, compared with Hiibner’s figures of lysimon (1), 
looked to be co-specific but different chiefly in the wider extent of 
violaceus suffusion on the wings of the males and paler tinge of the 
females. 

In June of the same year I collected on Sierra Nevada (Andalusia) 
near Jerez del Marquesado, 3000 feet, a few lysimon of the race that 
Oberthiir named vandalusica (2). They were different from those of 
Tripolitania and very like Hiibner’s types reproducing Portuguese 
specimens. In 1927 Querci and his wife took in Portugal many lysimon 
both in the spring at Aleacer do Sal (Extremadura near the boundary 
with Alemtejo) at sea level, and afterwards close to Covilha, 2500 feet, 
on Serra da Hstrela, where some lysimon. were more or less on the wing 
from mid-June to the end of October. Those specimens varied in size, 
but their pattern was always similar both to that of type-figures and. to ~ 
that of the Andalusian specimens, never producing forms similar to 
those of lysimon from Sidi Mesri. 

Before naming the presumed new African race, I paid attention to 
the one which Trimen (3) had named knysna as a new species, but which 
later (4) he referred to lysimon stating that: ‘‘The only differences pre- 
sented by South African from European examples are an average larger 
size and a more distinct spotting on underside.’’ 

We have never seen any lysimon from South Africa, but we inferred 
that they should be different from those in North African countries be- 
cause the latter are generally smaller than European ones, and be- 
cause Oberthiir (2), who had some knysna from Madagascar, noted that 
they were different from those of Algeria which do not differ from the 
ones of Sidi Mesri that I have named volpii (5). 

Series of volpii co-types should be in both the British and Tring 
museums. I should be pleased if they were compared with some knysna 
to decide whether they are different, or not. 

Bollow, in Seitz’s supplement (6), writes: ‘‘ Romei classifies as a 
separate race: volpi from Sidi Mesri in Tripoli. This is reported to 
vary considerably from the name type form so that the author is almost 
of the opinion that it is a separate species. Unfortunately, the descrip- 
tion, which covers two pages, does not help one to form a correct opinion 
as to the exact appearance of the insect, as the treatise deals chiefly 
with extraneous matter such as references to Oberthiir’s books, etc., 
which are not very helpfui. The butterfly is said to resemble specimens 
from Portugal which Querci has captured, but it is rather smaller. The 
male is a brighter and lghter violet in tone. The marginal band is 
lighter and more extended on all the wings than in the name type form. 
The insect can only be recognized when combined with a, locality label.’ 
1 note that Herr Bollow has not exactly translated my Italian, diagnosis 
and that he could never understand what I have written because I have 
described a race of Glaucopsyche lysimon, Hiibner, while Bollow con- 
siders volpii to be a race of Cupido minimus, Fuessli, although the name 
lysimon is printed both on the title and again three times in the follow- 
ing description. 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1N/1947 


At the end of Bollow’s comment about (. minimus I also read: ‘‘The 
name established by Verity of noqguwerae is a nomen nudum. Verity in- 
dicated that minima is very rare in Spain; he has seen a specimen 
marked Sierra Nevada in South Kensington and he has named. the 
race noguerae. This procedure designates better than any words what 
one must think of Mr Verity and his new races.’’ This is another Bol- 
low misunderstanding because the race noguerae has heen named hy Mr 
Haig-Thomas from specimens from Sierra Alta in Aragon (7) and not 
by Dr Verity from: a single minimus taken on Sierra Nevada in Anda- 
lusia. My daughter, Dr Lycaena Romei, has already noted (while I 
lived in Somalia) this mistake of Bollow (8), but then she believed that 
Verity had published a note about C. minimus noguerae. Now I can 
add that, having asked Dr Verity where his note had been printed, he 
has written us: ‘‘I do not remember to have mentioned noguwerae in 
any of my papers.’’ Meanwhile, I see that Bollow’s errors: ‘‘ Zizera 
minima volpi, Rom.”’ and Zizera minima noguerae, Ver.’ have heen 
reproduced in Bang-Haas’ Catalogus (9). 

References.—(Q) Hiibner, Samml, eur Schmett., 1804, ff. 534-535. 
(2) Oberthir, Ht. Lép. comp. 1910, iv. p. 301. (©) Trimen, Trans. Ent. 
Soc. London, 1882, p. 222. (4) Trimen, South Afr. Butt., 1887, 11, p. 45. 
(5) Romei, H., Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 1927, p. 275. (6) Bollow, in 
Seitz’s Suppl., 1930, p. 252. (7) Haig-Thomas, Hnt. Rec., 1929, p. 46. 
(8) Romei, L., Boll. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1941, p. 62. (9) Bang-Haas, Cata- 
logus Lep. (1937), p. 38, n. 110. 

Vindicio, Formia (latina), Italy, 


ACENTROPUS NIVEUS, OLIV., IN NORTH LANCASHIRE. 
By Aupert EK. Wricut, F.R.E.S. 


During the period of 26 years that I have resided at Grange-over- 
Sands and on many visits before doing so, I have only on one occasion 
seen this insect here. This was at the light of my window on the 29th 
July 1939, when in the space of ten minutes seven put in an appear- 
ance, 5 dd and 2 99. They were all in perfect condition, the dd 
were uniform in size, 14 mm., and the 99° were 19 and 17 mm. Bar- 
rett, in ‘his ‘‘ British Lepidoptera,’’ vol. ix, page 302, states: ‘‘ I have 
even known a specimen enter the open window of a well-lighted room 
and fly around it in the wildest and most vigorous manner.’’ This ob- 
servation is very different to my experience when the moths entered 
the open window in a gentle and leisurely manner, and immediately 
settled down on the back of a couch within a foot ot the entrance, and 
made no further progress towards the ight. When I boxed them, they 
showed no alarm, and did not attempt to escape, but settled down 
quietly. 

The following day I paid a visit to a park opposite my home, where 
there is a circular moat of stagnant water, which contains lilies and 
other water plants (but no Potamogeton) and I examined these care- 
fully but was unable to find any trace that nivews had been there. The 
nearest habitats to Grange-over-Sands are at Witherslack (Westmor- 
land), 5 miles away, and Holker Moss, Lancs., four miles away in the 


. NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA, 1945-46, 10] 


opposite direction, so I can only surmise that the strange appearance 
at my light was a local migration. There does not appear to be any 
suitable place here for the aquatic habits of the larvae. I have not 
read in entomological magazines that migration has been suggested be- 
fore for this species. 
The moth appears to be very local in the North of England. The 
only records I possess are as follows :— 
Lancashire. Mansbridge’s revised edition of Ellis’s list, published 
1940, gives Holker Moss, 1935, common (Burrows) and the seven 
given above. 


(Cheshire, in Ellis’s list. ‘‘ Said to be common in the lake at Eaton 
Park near Chester, but I do not know the authority ”’ (Hllis). 
Yorkshire.  Porritt’s list, 2nd edition (1904). ‘“ Has occurred near 


York,’’ see ‘‘ Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligence,’ vi, 171. 
Derbyshire. H. C. Hayward’s list (1926), Trent, Drakelow, and Wil- 
lington. 
Westmorland. Mansbridge’s list (1940), Witherslack. 


[ Presumably these 2 9 of A. niveus were fully winged, in which state 
they are rarely found. According to the latest research work by Danish 
entomologists, the normal food-plant of A. niveus is Potamogeton. cana- 
densis.—W. F.] 


NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA, 1945-46, 
By J. A. WxHeELian, B.Sc. ‘ 


The following notes continue those in the Hnt. Record, Vol. LVIT, 
p. 6. Localities recorded there are not repeated here. 

Tetrix swbulata, L. Surrey. In view of the recent. recognition of 
T. ceperoi, I. Bol., as a British insect I checked that the Bookham 
specimen recorded above was named correctly. A few were seen in very 
wet ground bordering a pond on Shalford Common, but owing to the 
rapid escape of the only example I caught I could not be sure of the 
species in this case. 

Bucks. Fairly plentiful in a damp ditch and by ponds on Dorney 
Common. Some were mature and others quite small on 25th August. 
The stunted form Sahlbergi occurred among the normal form. 

Kent. A single winged example in a wet place on Swanscombe 
Marshes, 25th May. 

T. vittata, Zett. Though most usually in very dry places, as barish 
slopes on chalk downs, I found this again in three unusuallly wet places 
—by Hatchett Pond, S. Hants., on damp ground by a sandpit at Betch- 
worth, Surrey, and on the margin of Terrybank Tarn, Westmorland. 
In the last place I took one example with short antennal segments 
which may be T. bipunctata, L. Other localities were Surrey. Rather 
dry heathy ground at Byfleet. Common in a dry chalky field by Nor- 
bury Park and mature on 7th April. In grass and on bare ground at 
Tillingdown, near Caterham. 

W. Lancs. Among heather on Winmarleigh Moss. 

Westmorland. Grassy bank by Black Hssett Plantation. 

Middlesex. On hare chalky ground near Harefield, 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/1947 


Stenobothrus lineatus, Panzer. Though usually regarded as an in- 
sect of calcareous ground, I found this, not very plentifully, in a sand- 
pit at Henfield, W. Sussex. It’s stridulation, a clear note falling in 
pitch and strength, occurs at roughly one second intervals for several 
seconds, and is produced. by a rather jerky alternate motion of the legs. 


Omocestus viridulus, L. This insect I now think is definitely par- 
tial to damp conditions. It is the only common grasshopper in central 
Perthshire, and though often in apparently dry places the humidity of 
the atmosphere probably renders the conditions ecologically similar to 
evidently moist ones further south. 


Surrey. In damp, grassy places, but rather rare at Byfleet. Tuil- 
lingdown valley, in lush but quite dry herbage. Abundant in damp 
places on Westend Common. 


W. Sussex. Abundant in damp ground at Amberley Wild Brooks. 


W. Lancs. Roadside banks at Weeton. Open grassy land at Cal- 
dervale. St Annes golf links. 


Mid-West Yorks. Malham Cove, mature on 8/6/46. 


N.West Yorks and Westmorland. Abundant in the Sedbergh dis- 
trict, ascending to 1500 ft. at Cautley Spout. 


Westmorland. Abundant on Hale Moss and at Terrybank Tarn. 

Cumberland. Abundant in Borrowdale. 

E. Perth. Up to 1200 ft. in heather on Ben Vrackie. 

Mid Perth. In many grassy places often among Agrostis tenuis, 
between Pitlochry and Loch Tummel. 

“Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Thunb. Almost invariably an insect 
of very dry ground, I was surprised to find a single nymph in quite a 
damp locality in heather at 1500 ft. on Ben Vrackie, East Perth. 
Though not recorded for Perth by Burr, Lucas gives Aberfoyle (West 
Perth) and Glen Farg (Mid Perth). 

EK. Kent. Abundant on dunes and mature on 13th June. 

S. Hants. Dry places on Beaulieu Heath. 

W. Sussex. Abundant amongst sparse Arrhenatherum grass on the 
beach at Shoreham. 

Surrey. Very abundant on Shirley Hills. Rather local and not 
plentiful on Box Hill. 

Chorthippus bicolor, Charp. Mature on 22nd June at Byfleet. 
Probably the most abundant species in S. England. In general my idea 
that it likes drier ground than Ch. parallelus was borne out, yet in a 
dry, grassy field at Shirley, Surrey, where I observed grasshoppers al- 
most daily, Ch. parallelus was much the commoner of the two and de- 
lighted, with Ch. bicolor, to bask on the sun-baked side of a wooden 
hut and stridulate. On 38lst October, a fine, warm day after a week 
of cold, wet weather with violent gales, I was surprised to find Ch. 
bicolor hardly less plentiful here than in the summer. The males were 
stridulating vigorously, zuz-z22-22%, at about two second intervals, each 
zza being produced by several very rapid strokes of the legs and thus 
heing really several notes running together. Moreover, several males 
were assiduously pursuing females, doubtless with the idea of mating 
but they always were violently kicked away when near the female, only 
to resume the pursuit which was sometimes quite rapid. The numerical 
superiority of (Ch. parallelus had now quite disappeared as I saw only 


NOTES ON BRITISH ORTHOPTERA, 1945-46, 103 


one female. No later observations were made here but bicolur would 
doubtless remain for some days more. 

W. Kent. In long grass, mainly Agropyron, on the river wall at 
Gravesend with Ch. albomarginatus, which was much more plentiful. 

W. Sussex. Damp sandpit at Henfield, not very plentiful. 

E. Sussex. Abundant on downs above Kingston by Lewes. 

Surrey. Merstham Downs. Edge of Westend Common. Grassy 
roadsides at Broadmoor. Shalford Common. Ashtead Common. Up- 
land meadow at Shirley. All in dry grass. Heathery places at Byfleet. 
Dry stubble field near Normandy. Dry slopes of Box Hill. 

Bucks. Rare on Dorney Common in wet grass and the only Acridian 
seen. 

S. Hants. Rather damp place on Beaulieu Heath. 

Middlesex. Roadsides and dry broken ground at Harefield. 

N. Essex. Abundant in dry roadside grass at Cressing and Bishop’s 
Stortford. 

W. Lancs. Abundant in the sand-dunes at St Annes and the only 
erasshopper occurring there. Mature on 30/6/46. 

Isle of Man. Abundant on recently burnt ground at Dhoon Glen. 
All the examples were very dark, some almost completely black. 

Ch. parallelus, Zett. The stridulation may be described as dze-dze- 
dzer-dzer—about twelve times, the first chirp scarcely audible building 
up to a maintained maximum about the sixth chirp. The chirps occur 
at about half-second intervals and each is normally produced by one 
rub of both legs together. More rarely the chirp interval is halved by 
rubbing the legs alternately, producing a much more rapid song, com- 
posed, however, of about the normal number of chirps. The degree of 
frequency of the song seems irregular. Males and females within a 
foot seem to keep still during the song but otherwise to remain un- 
affected by- it. 

Surrey. Rather dry meadow at Shirley associated with but much 
less common than Ch. bicolor and Ch. albomarginatus, both of which 
were abundant. This is the only time I have found it and Ch. albo- 
marginatus together, but it is sufficient to prove that they are not 
quite mutually exclusive as suggested by Burr, Hnt. Rec., Vol. 51, p. 
48. Normally it is the commonest grasshopper on the grassy slopes of 
chalk downs but on the dry slopes of Box Hill, which would seem very 
suitable for it, it is much less common than Gomphoceros rufus and 
Stenobothrus lineatus, perhaps being squeezed out by these more local 
species, which ars so abundant there. 


Abundant in Tillingdown Valley in long grass. In lank grass by 
Broadmoor Ponds. Wetter part of Westend Common, including one 
macropterous individual. Abundant at Ashtead Common. Grassy 
places at Byfleet, mature on 22nd June. Rough grassy ground at 
Shirley. 

EK. Sussex. Damp sandpit at Henfield, the most abundant species. 

Cumberland. Rarely in a wet place in Borrowdale. 

W. Sussex. Downs above Kingston by Lewes. 

Middlesex. Harefield Downs. : 

K. Perth. At 1200 ft. in heather on Ben Vrackie, fairly commonly. 

In all the downland localities except Box Hill this was the most 
abundant species. 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


Chorthippus ssp. albomargmatus, De Geer. Nymphs were very 
small at Swanscombe on 21st May and only one mature example was 
seen at Stone on 30th June. It varies much less than Ch. bicolor and 
at Allhallows I estimated at least 90 per cent. to be the normal fawn 
colour, pale rubiginosa, the remainder mainly hyalosuperficies and one 
each porphyrica and near fuliginosa. The same was observed at Graves- 
end, where again one porphyrica was seen. The stridulation ts-ts-ts-ts- 
ts lasting about a second has the timbre of that of the other Chorthip- 
pus species. With rare exceptions an insect of long grass where it is 
often quite the dominant species almost to the exclusion of other Acri- 
didae as on the Thames sea-wall. Though still present, its numbers had 
greatly diminished by 29th September at Gravesend. 


W. Kent. Abundant on the sea-wall at Allhallows, Gravesend, 
Swanscombe, and Stone. 


EK. Sussex. Abundant in Lewes Levels. 

W. Sussex. Abundant at Amberley Wild Brooks in wet grass. 

Surrey. Abundant in an ordinary meadow at Shirley. 

Cambridge. Abundant in Wicken Fen. 

Gomphocerus rufus, 4. Surrey. Occasional in lush herbage in Til- 
lingdown Valley. Abundant on Box Hill, and one nymph of the forma — 
porphyrica was seen during the L.N.H.S. excursion in 1946, the only 
example I have seen which was not the uniform brown rubiginosa. 

Meconema thalassina, Fab. Surrey. Working Ashtead Woods with 
R. M. Payne we beat four examples from mature oaks in 22 hours, 
evenly spread over the woods. At first I took this to mean that the 
species was rather rare there but subsequently, observing how easily 
it walked upside down on the lids of glass-topped tins, and how diffi- © 
cult it was to dislodge therefrom by sudden jarring, features I have not 
observed in other species, conclude that this faculty enables 1t to with- 
stand beating. One female was also found sitting on an oak trunk 
about 10 ft. above the ground at Shirley. 

Pholidoptera griseo-aptera, De Geer. A small nymph was seen on 
9/5/45 on bramble near Chadwell St Mary, S. Essex, the first mature 
one on 22/7/45, and it was still common at Horne, Surrey, on 14/10/45. 
Other localities were Ripley, Normandy, Box Hill and Ashtead in 
Surrey, Southease in H. Sussex and Houghton Bridge in W. Sussex. 


Platycleis occidentalis, Znr. Well-grown nymphs were common in 
dry grass bordering the dunes at Sandwich, E. Kent, on 13/6/45, and 
fed readily on various grasses, one maturing on 13/7/45. 

Metrioptera brachyptera, L. At Byfleet the stridulation was heard, 
tss-tss-tss recalling that of Pholidoptera griseo-aptera but fainter. Two 
colour forms were present, one with a considerable amount of green on 
the elytra and other light parts, the other, which was much less 
numerous, an almost uniform leaden brown. Neither was quite like 
the form from the much drier locality at Thursley Common in which 
the general coloration was a rather rich brownish red. I saw one in- 
sect on a bramble stem by the Byfleet canal which had long greenish 
elytra exceeding the abdomen and I feel-sure it was a macropterous 
example but he saw me at much the same time as I saw him and pro- 
ceeded without delay into the undergrowth where I was unable to 
trace him. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 105 


W. Lancs. I was surprised to find this quite abundantly on the 
remnant of Winmarleigh Moss. The locality is essentially similar to 
the Yorkshire Thorne Waste; where the species has been known since 
Dale’s time, and I have little doubt that, though this is, as far as | am 
aware, the first Lancashire record, the species has occurred, and in 
many cases still does, on most of the mosses in Lancashire and Cheshire. 


Roeseliana roeselu, Hgb. This I found abundantly by the Thames 
estuary at Allhallows-on-Sea and Gravesend, W. Kent, and Tilbury, S. 
Essex. In all cases, as previously observed, their habitat was in long 
dry grass, In one case Agropyron on a raised bank crossing a salt- 
marsh. On 15/7/45 at Allhallows I saw only one nymph. The pronotal 
margin of all the adults was fawn, yet at this date many must have 
-been more or less teneral, so that a green coloration can hardly indi- 
cate a teneral condition. The nymph, which appeared quite healthy, 
and four adults were enclosed in a jar overnight with grass. The fol- 
lowing morning the nymph had been completely devoured. I there- 
upon isolated the adults and subsequently they fed freely on grass. 
At Gravesend on 29th September none were seen or even heard although 


conditions were favourable, so it seems that they had died off by this 
date. 


Tettigonia viridissima, L. Nymphs were fairly common in a dry 
grassy place at Sandwich, E. Kent, on 13/8/45 and fed readily on 
grass. 


Conocephalus dorsalis, Thunb. At Allhallows-on-Sea on 15/7/45 
this insect occurred rather sparingly on a raised bank crossing a salt- 
marsh. J saw only one mature, a female. Though more sluggish than 
most locustids, the tendency to plunge downwards on the least disturb- 
ance was equally well marked, making, capture difficult (I have since 
noticed that this tendency is equally apparent in S. Rhodesian species.) 
Although Burr, Hnt. Rec., LI, p. 48, says it requires a stem with pith 
in which to oviposit, on this bank only grasses, chiefly Agropyron, 
were present. The stridulation is a long-continued reeling note, re 
miniscent of that of Roeselii but fainter and higher pitched. At 
Wicken Fen, Cambs., this is perhaps the most abundant of Orthoptera 
and stridulates freely even in dull weather. It was also found in W. 
Sussex abundantly at Amberley Wild Brooks, and less plentifully in a 
rushy place by the Arun south of Amberley. Tn all cases the localities 
were decidedly wet. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


THE CLouDED YELLOW IN Bury anp ANGLESEY.—I would like to put 
‘on record the fact that yesterday evening when I was out collecting 
‘“ small coppers,’’ I saw a male clouded yellow in good condition fly out 
of a bramble bush. I have no records of this butterfly being found in 
this or neighbouring districts before. This must be a marvellous year 
for butterflies. When I was in Anglesey a week ago, the cliffs were a 
mass of butterflies, the Clouded Yellow being by no means uncommon.— 
N. M. Battery, Bury, Lancs., 25.vi1i.47. 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1947 


CoLIAs CROCEUS IN SouTH YORKSHIRE.—Since a visit of this butterfly 
to our district is a rare event I should like to record its recent occur- 
vence here. At least a dozen specimens were observed in the near 
vicinity of Rotherham between the dates 10th-18th August.—T. D- 
FEARNEHOUGH, 25 Ramsey Road, Sheffield. 


Unvusvat Foop-piant or Dracrista LUTEA, Hurn.—For the last thirty 
years or so D. lutea has occurred in my backyard, the larvae feeding on 
Fig. This year imagines turned up as usual but the fig trees were en- 
tirely free of larvae. Eventually they were discovered feeding on Lily- 
of-the-Valley (Convallaria maijalis, L.). 

This is not the first occasion that J have found larvae ot the Arctunae 
on Monocotyledons. In India I have found larvae of Creatonotus tran- 
siens, Wllk., feeding on Grasses, and there is a record of Amsacta moorei. 
Btlr., being an actual pest on cereals in the Bombay Presidency.—D. G. 
SevastopuLo, F.R.E.S., London, 7.vi1i.47. 


AN ABERRATION OF APHANTOPUS HyprERANTUS.—On 24th July 1947, 
near Balcombe, Sussex (Forest Ridge district), I captured an example 
of Aphuntopus hyperantus with the underside var arete, Miiller. It 
is a 9, and is very similar to that figured in Butterflies (Ford, 1945) 
on Pl. 32, fig. 8, but the ground colour is darker. Ford mentions, on 
p. 222, that ‘‘ specimens possessing reduced rings (on the underside) are 
often referred to as var. wrete, and those with the dots only as var. 
caeca, Fuchs.’’ But, as he says, var. caeca is a name generally reserved 
for varieties of butterflies with immaculate undersides. So I consider 
myself correct in naming this specimen var. arete, and not var. caecu. 
as it possesses only dots on the underside.—R. J. R. Levert, Netheroak. 
Balcombe, Sussex, 28th July 1947. 


THE Migratory Locust, AND THE SyRPHID FLy, VOLUCELLA ZONARIA, 
Popa, IN THE ISLE or WicHt,. — When crossing St Boniface Down, 
6.vil1.1946, I heard a swish and saw a grass stem bend about six feet 
away. Hastily placing mv net over the spot, I got down to investigate. 
Seeing what was in the net I remarked to my wife and a friend: ‘ If 1 
have not got a Locust here I shall be greatly surprised.’? On sub- 
mitting it to Dr Urarov he confirmed my suspicion and identified it as 
Locusta migratoria. | 


On 6th September 1946, an acquaintance came along with a specimen 
of Volucella zonaria, Poda, from W Cowes. When asked why he 
caught it, not being a Naturalist, he said he was struck by its behaviour : 
he heard it knock against the window two or three times as if trying to 
get in the room. Thinking it was a curious wasp he went outside and, 
placing a cigarette carton over it, he closed it in and thought I might 
like it. 

Since I have been on the island IT have taken about eight examples 
of V. inanis, L., V. bombylans, L., and V. pellucens, L. are not so com- 
mon on the island as I found them in the Midlands; the last I bred 
from a nest of Vespa vulgaris, L., in 1946. — J. W. Saunt, E. Cowes, 
1.v.1947. 4 


; 


CURRENT NOTES. 107 


Scents ry Motxus.—Whilst many male moths are well provided with 
secondary sexual characteristics in the form of tufts of hair on the 
legs, wings or abdomen, very few records appear to exist of these hair 
tufts producing any scent. The following two Indian records may, 
therefore, be of interest. 

Acherentia styx, Westw. (Sphingidae).—The tufts from the under- 
side of the abdomen give off a strong, pungent scent, generally reminis- 
cent of one of the aromatiq umbellifers, but it could not be recognised 
specitically. 

Catephia linteola, Guen. (Noctuidae).—Hampson, in the Fauna of 
British India, Moths, 11, writes: ‘‘ Fore legs in male with thick tufts 
of scales from coxae, and very long fringe of hair from femora and 
tibiae.’’ These scales are long and ribbon-like, and chestnut in colour. 
When the leg is straightened and the scale tuft exposed, it emits a strong 
scent of burnt almonds. I was unable to detect this scent when the lee 
was folded and the tuft concealed.—D. G. Srvastoruto, F.R.E.S. 


N. POLYCHLOROS AND C. HYALE IN THE SwANAGE DistRicTt.—It may be 
worth recording that 2 N. polychloros were seen on 28th July, and 4 
CU. hyale on 3rd August. J. cardwi and V. atalanta have been very 
abundant, and in perfect condition, evidently the offspring of the many 
worn specimens seen in June. On 13th and 14th August WM. stellatarum 
appeared in hundreds. It is the largest concentration | have ever seen 
of this species.—LkronarpD TATCHELL, 27th August 1947. 


C. cROcEUS IN THE IsLE OF PURBECK.—This species has been abun- 
dant all over the Isle this past month. From Studland to Kimmeridge 
following the coast line it was to be met with all the way, particularly 
at Studland, Anvil Light House ravine and Winspit Slopes. August 
the 3rd was the great day. When walking through a large field over- 
looking the sea 200 passed me in less than an hour; only 8 var. helice 
were observed, 4 of which were captured. Most of the specimens seen 
were coming in from the S.E.—Lronarp TatcHeiy, 26th August 1947. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Lertprs are reaching me regarding the action of the Royal Entomo- 
logical Society of London increasing the annual subscription of the 
Society from two to three guineas. It seems a most ungracious attitude 
to the older fellows who are standing through two inflations. Most of 
them took part in the raising of the status of the Society some twenty 
years ago. 


This is backed by a bribe to the younger generation to join the 
Society. Does the University ask for students who have not gone 
through the schools? It is a move which will damage our local societies 
whose members have mainly helped to raise the status of the R.E.S. for 
many years past. 

Is the Society in want of funds? Surely not while they publish so 


much of microscopic work containing only the least modicum of biologi- 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1947 


cal information all soused in genitalic jargon, the whole rarely en- 
lightened by figures of the beasties being added. It seems an age ot 
retrograde action.—Hy. J. T. 


THE magazine of the Vienna Entomological Society (Zeit. des Wien. 
Entomolog. Gesell.) is the first of the German-speaking countries to 
endeavour to continue their exchange of publications. We have re- 
ceived the issues from 1940 to 1945 and the continuation is promised. 
Many plates have been issued and long articles are published on the 
Micro-Lepidoptera. 


We should like to have short ‘‘ Current Notes ’’ from Entomologists 
in touch with the many areas occupied (supposedly temporary) by the 
military during the war. We understand some (a very few) are wholly 
given up; others only part returned to the public; others still in occu- 
pation will apparently be retained permanently. 


Braunton Burrows, 700 acres, not yet released; is this the best for 
observation of bird and insect? Portions of Dartmoor are opened; are 
they all the area taken over at the outbreak of war? The Isle of Pur- 
beck is a very special Natural History area; the report is that it is to © 
be closed permanently. Of the great Ashdown Forest area nothing 
seems to be known. Netly Heath, on top of the North Downs, where 
I was ‘‘ arrested,’’ examined, etc., early: in the war, when I attempted 
to go through the huge dump, is freed again, but not safe with the 
alebris of barbed wire, etc. The other Surrey dump near Leith Hill blew 
up, but not by enemy action. In January 1947 576,000 acres was still 
occupied by the Authorities—Hy. J. T. 


CorrEcTION.—No. 6, page 78, line 32; alter ‘‘ 37” to ‘‘ 7,” as the 
antidiscoelongata had seven elongated submedian spots on each front- 
wing.—H. A. LEEpDs. 


EXCHANGES. 


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Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or 
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Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or 
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Wanted, set or in papers: Apatura iris, Vanessa polychloros, Argynnis adippe 
and: aglaia, Melitaea cinxia, Erebia epiphron and aethiops, Coenonympha 
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foreign species.—Chas. B. Antram, Clay Copse, Sway, Lymington, Hants. 

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Morpho didama, and other Morphos.—Chas. B. Antram, Clay Copse, Sway, 
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Wanted.—Various Books on Lepidoptera. Please send lists and price. Also 
wanted, Live Exotic and English Lepidopterous Material for cash or ex- 
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don,” 26 Carr Wood Road, Bramhall, Ches. 

Sale or Exchange—R.E.S: Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; 
unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 1924 less part 5. New Series— 
Trans., Vols. 1 and 2, Vol. 3, part 1. Proceed., Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, part 3. 
Trans. Suffolk Naturalist Society, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4, part 1. Wanted, bound 
or unbound, Entomologist, Vols. 2 and 3, 1926 to 1930, 1940 to 1942. Ent. 
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List on application—F. W. Smith, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. 

Wanted, for experimental purposes, a few pupae of Endromis versicolora, pur- 
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Wanted.—Spuler’s Die Schmetterlinge Europas, Vol. I. Various unbound parts 
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AUCTION SALE ANNOUNCEMENT for OCTOBER 1947. 


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SPECIALLY NOTE: A galaxy of Butterfly Varieties will be offered for sale, in- 
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ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 
AND \ 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BuRR, I).Sc., F.B.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGB FLETCHER, R. N., F.L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., I.Z.S., F.R.E.S 

F.R.C.P. 
J. E. COLLIN, J.P. F.RES. W. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 

H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
BY HENRY J. Taschen F.R.E.S., F.R.H. Pe oe ial aoe dees 
CONTENTS. 

MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII: SOME MORE NEW SPECIES AND 
FORMS FROM IRAN, Z. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.S., ... an 109 


MORE NOTES ON TURKISH DERMAPTERA, Malcolm Burr, D. Sc., F. R. E. Se 112 
IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA AT BICKENHALL , SOMERSET, AND THE 
OCCURRENCE OF CATOCOLA NUPTA, LINN., IN DERBYSHIRE, A. H. 


Turner, y Abe Be Sse RBs Nes aie aye aah w. 114 
COLEOPTERA AT WICKEN FEN, ETC., Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., 

F.R.E.S., etc., oH ae ne .. 114 
THE CLIMBING RATE OF ‘THE ANT FORMICA RUFA, ue IN SWITZER- 

LAND, Fergus J. O’Rourke, M.Sc., F.R.E.S., i sale uh oe LG 

COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1947, H. M. Darlow, R. N., FR. E. Seine be ssrsedypa till 
EFFECT OF THE SEVERE WEATHER ON SPRING LEPIDOPTERA AT 
WESTON-SUPER-MARE UP TILL END OF APRIL 1947, E. C. H. Blath- 

wayt, M.A. (Oxon.),  ... ay ae ih nes ay a w-- 120 
TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER ‘AND “NOVEMBER 1945, D, G. Sevastopulo, 

i F.R.E.S., i 121 
n COLLECTING NOTES : “The Colour of Machaon Pupae, T. D. Fearnehough: 
ive Migrant Insect Records, L. H. Williams; Aberration of Vanessa cardui, 


L., Thomas Greer; E. antiopa in Sussex, G. Wheeler; C. croceus, Id.: 
The Pierids, Jd.; Aglais urticae, ab. nigra, Tutt, EZ. Barton White; Ex- 


i periments with D.D.T. and Gammexane, D. G. Sevastopulo, sth Bead 
a SUPPLEMENT : 

Vi The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. 7. Turner, F.R.E.S., 

Ng F.RH.S., ase ue Ida is ni mA at Oe Ns ...  (277)-(280) 


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- 


\ MIDDLE BAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII. 109 


MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII: SOME MORE NEW SPECIES 


AND FORMS FROM IRAN. \ 
. By E. P. Wiirsutire, F.R.E.S. 
Plate V. 


The sixth and seventh articles in this taxonomic series -described 
material caught by others in Arabia and Egypt and appear in Bull. Soc. 
Fouad I @ Ent. (Cairo), 1947. In the present article | return to mate- 
rial taken by myself in Iran (Persia). The plate illustrating the new 
species and forms also illustrates my immediately following article: 
“ Marly stages of Oriental Palearctic Lepidoptera, LX.” 


AGROTIDAE, HADENINAE. 

Hadena nuna, Hutn. (=dentina, Msp.), ft. monotona, fn. (Pig. 8). 

This torm, probably the Elburz race, is larger and more monotonous 
than f. reducta, Rebel; it has a dull olive forewing with slightly paler 
stigmata and band-lunules, but none of the blackish-purple and whitish 
markings of the nymotypical torm except tor one or two black proximal 
wedges of the submarginal line; the median field is concolorous, not 
darker. Consequently its specific identity can only be discerned from 
the genitalia. The hindwing is dull brown, and the underside similar. 

Span: 36 mm. 

Holotype: —d, 6-18.v11.39, c. 9000 ft., Lar valley, Elburz Mts., N. 
Tran. 

Harmodia (=Dianthoecia) gladys, sp. n. (Figs. 6 and 7.) 

Antenna, 3 9, setose-ciliate. 

Thorax, grey or whitish-grey. 

Forewing, median field pure white; elsewhere, obscured with grey- 
ish and orange scales. Cross-lines, black, wavy. <A broad band of slate- 
blue or blackish scales before the ante-median line. Orbicular and reni- 
form stigmata, white, the latter partly obscured by greyish scales; the 
former can have a grey centre. Marginal field, marked as in caesiu, 
hyrcana, and cimelia Brandt. Hindwing, grey, with darker marginal 
band. 

Span: 34 mm. 

Holotype and Allotypes: $9, c. 9000 ft., 6-13.vii.39, Lar valley, 
Elburz Mts., N. Iran. 

This new species comes in the caesia group near mesolampra, Brandt, 
and is best distinguished by the male genitalia (valva-shape). Figs. a 
and b show the difference between its valva and that of hyrcana, 
Draudt. It is perhaps closest to H. pfeifferi, Draudt, though very dit- 
ferent in facies, and vesica. The types were taken together with a 
greater number of hyrcana, which is very variable. I consider the 
record, by Draudt-Seitz and by S:hwingenschuss, of caesia-atlantis from 
N. Persia to be an error and to refer to the rosy form of hyrcana, 
Draudt. At Lar this rosy form outnumbers the olive form (typical 
hyrcuna). The genitalia show clearly that these forms are one species 
and distinct from cuesia; Draudt, however, has not published in his 
Harmodia-revision (Hnt. Rundsch., 50-51 (1933-4)) a picture of the geni- 
talia of hyreana, nor have I been able to examine a type; however, he 
identified the above olive Elburz forms as hyrcanw, so there is little 


doubt of their identity. According to Brandt both mesolampra, Brandt, 


Nov 10 1947 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/X /1947 


and cimelia, Brandt, have distinct genitalia from the two here shown. 
This group is evidently richly represented on the Anatolian-lvanian 
plateau peaks, and doubtless many more species await discovery. As 
in the genera Caradrina, Rhodostrophia, etc., also strong there, a study 
of their genitalia is essential, otherwise mistakes like the record of H. 
cuesia trom Iran will continue to be made. 


ZENOBIINAE (CARADRININAE). 

Archunara sparganu, Esp., algaeoides, ssp. nu. (Figs. 9 and 10.) 

3, forewing, pale rosy-buff with grey suffusion especially close to the 
nervures near the cell. There are never two or three black spots in a 
line as in typical sparganii; in some specimens there is faint grey spot — 
at the corner ; the terminal dots, when present, are faint and grey. The 
dots on the nervures representing the ante- and post-median lines are 
clearest, as in algae, Esp., but these too are sometimes missing. Fringes, 
pale pink. Underside, strongly Seed, leaving the costa and 

nervures paler pink- ‘ver. 

Hindwing, dirty whitish, paler ee Post-median line in- 
dicated in some specimens by grey smudges on nervures. 

2, paler, i.e., less rosy and less grey-suffused ; otherwise similar. 

Span: 29-34 mm. 

Holotypes and Allotypes: 3 @, 19.vi.41, c. 5500 ft., Shiraz, Fars, 
S.W. Iran, along a marshy mountain stream. In coll. m 

Paratypes: 3 dG, 12 and 19.vi, ditto. 

Like the Syrian form, which has no special name, this race is smaller 
and rosier than the EKuropean, but, as its name implies, resembles ulgue. 
Esp. (=cannae, O.) rather than typical sparganiw. The adult can be 
distinguished from algae by the genitalia. My records of algae from 
Ivan, therefore (February 1944 and July 1945) (Hnt. Rec., 56 and 37), 
should be corrected. 


GEOMETRIDAE. 
Notes on the Hnnomos fuscantaria, Steph., group. 

Before examining the genitalia of my Tehran specimens of this 
vroup (see Hnt. Rec., 57 (1945), p. 84, and 58 (1946), p. 84) there seemed 
no doubt that these were correctly determined, especially since Prout 
had determined Brandt’s Persian specimens as fuscantaria algeriensis, 
Prout, and the facies of mine did not correspond with that of ‘‘effract- 
uria, Kreyer ’’ (see Wehrli, 1934, Mitt. d. Muench. Ent. Ges., 24, H. 2, 


MIDDLE BAST LEPLDOPTERA, VILL. 111 


p. 38, and Seitz, Suppt., Vol. LV, pl. 24), but agreed closely with fus- 
cantaria, some of them being exactly like the figure of subsp. algeriensis, 
Prout, on the Seitz plate reterred to above, the series varying, like 
Kuropean fuscantaria, to include var. effuscaria, Rebel. Webhrli dis- 
tinguished his Turkish ‘‘effructaria’’ specifically from fuscantaria by the 
more numerous small spines on the aedeagus and the narrower scobin- 
ated gnathos with a comb-like projection lacking in fuscantaria, among 
other characters. On examining the male genitalia of my Tehran form 
1 tound these to agree with what Wehrli said of his Turkish species. I 
also found, on examining the moth so like erusuri, Schiff., from Shiraz 
(see Hnt. Rec., 57, p. 84, and 58, p. 84) that despite the different facies 
this had identical if rather smaller genitalia. Therefore neither the 
Tehran nor the Shiraz form are fuscantaria, and both require names. 

Whether Webhrli’s Turkish form is really ejfractaria, Freyer, seems 
to me still not proved, tor (1) Wehrli does not say he saw Freyer’s type, 
(2) he says Freyer’s plate represents an aberration, (3) Freyer’s type 
was bred trom a larva tound on alder at Sarepta (=Stalingrad), and (4) 
there is no alder at Tehran or Shiraz. Perhaps therefore the Anatolian- 
Iranian species recognised by Wehrli and here under discussion has no 
valid name yet, in which case the first ot the two following names must 
become the specific name. 

Ennomos (? effractaria, Freyer, subsp.) fraxineti, n. (Plate , Fig. ). 

Differs from the Anatolian form by its forewing upperside suffusion 
which is very like that of fuscanturia, Steph. Two fasciae clearly vis- 
ible. Hindwing with fascia visible except near costa; margin slightly 
less indented than that of fuscantaria. Korewing underside, costa not 
invaded by the darker submarginal colouring basad of the postmedian 
fascia, which reaches the costa at an angle less than 90°. The orange- 
brown discal spot typical of fuscantaria is absent. Hindwing underside 
also without discal spot; the marginal field is suffused with brown and 
there is a similar suffusion close to the fascia which crosses the fork of 
nervures 6 and 7; in fuscantaria this tascia 1s obsolete and crosses these 
veins above their tork. Male genitalia, see above. 

Expanse, 33-35 mm. 

Holotype and paratype, dg, in coll. m., 16.vi1.389, Derband, near 
Tehran (6000 ft., oasis biotope), and 25.vi.39, Tehran, 5000 {t., garden 
with many ash-trees. <A third male corresponds to ab. effuscariu, Rebel, 
of fuscantaria, Steph., and can be called ab. effuscaria, ab. n., of this 
species : —30.vi1.39, Tehran, as above. In coll. m. 


Bai 
PIM ad 


Ennomos (?effractaria, Freyer, subsp. or f.) zandi, n. 

This may be an aberration or a race; in the absence of more than 
one specimen from Shiraz, I cannot say which. <¢, forewing, devoid 
of darker suffusion, and resembling that of erosaria, Schiff.; uniformly - 
orange-vellow with darker orange tasciae. From ab. effuscaria, Wilts., 
it differs by its more uniform and warmer yellow colour; also, the ante- 
median fascia is bent at right angles on the cell and the postmedian 
fascia is gently curved inwards below the cell. Length of forewing 
costa: 15 mm. 

Holotype: ¢, in coll. m., 25.vii.41, Shiraz, 5000 ft. (garden, with 
abundant Fraxinus, Populus, etc.), S.W. Iran. 


(lo be concluded.) 


ie ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 15/X/1947 


MORE NOTES ON TURKISH DERMAPTERA, 
By Matcotm Burr, D.Se., F.R.E.S. 


The discovery of two new species of earwig by the same person, in 
the same country in the Palaearctic Region and in the same year is 
a most unusual event, if not unique. One of these, Iorficula hincksi, 
Burr, is one of the regular Mediterranean earwigs, analogous to F. 
lesnet, Finot, I’. pubescens, I. aetolica and F. kasnakovi, but the dis- 
covery of Pseudisolabis ssp. kosswigi, Burr, is an outstanding event, 
owing to the geographical distribution of this little known genus. The 
species were both described and discussed by me in the Trans. R. Ent. 
Soc. this summer. 

Professor Kosswig told me that he tound the original pair under 
stones near the highest spring on Mt. Honos, in the vilayet ot Denizli, 
in south-western Turkey; he turned over a great many stones, without 
finding any more. Afterwards he found the species further south, one 
under the stones of an old ruin in open country. 

It was with great hopes of finding a colony and securing a good 
series that I went to another mountain, Bozdagh, not far from the 
original Honos dagh. There are at least two, probably more, moun- 
tains of this name in southern Turkey; the best known is near 
Odemish, not far from Izmir, and there is a Bozdoghan south of Aydin. The 
Bozdagh that | visited is about 50 kms. south of Denizli, and is marked 
ol some maps as Bordagh. The word Bozdagh means Grey Mountain. 

My companion, Mr Peter Davis, a most energetic botanist, and I 
camped at the village of Abas, at about 1100 m. above the sea. 

The spot looked very promising. It was in the lower part of the 
zone of Pinus brutea, well watered by a copious brook that was trained 
down through the village. On the more or less open ground around 
there were plenty of nice, big flat stones. So, full of hope, I started 
turning them over. But this was beavy work, and fatiguing, especi- 
ally when not crowned with any success, for I did not find a trace of 
an earwig, and, in fact, very little life at all. So I lay down to rest 
a little alongside the bubbling brook, the music of which lulled me into 
a gentle slumber. Presently | awoke with a start and caught sight 
of a small insect running across my leg. I pounced on it and found 
it was a female of Ps. koswigi. 

During the three days collecting on Bozdagh I turned over a really 
considerable number of stones, all in the neighbourhood of water, for 
earwigs require moisture, but not a sign of another specimen did I see. 

I enlisted the services of some village boys, who hunted in their 
gardens and vineyards and brought me H. auricularia, some F. lurida, 
the common Levantine earwig, and a female F. smyrnensis, a hand- 
some insect, which I had not previously seen alive. There were also 
several F. hinchsi, an interesting find, as until then it had been known 
only from Silifke, on the south coast, where Professor Kosswig discovered 
it. Mr Davis, seeing this, told me he had found one among his flower 
presses at Ankara, and succeeded in producing the specimen and a 
fragment. This was interesting, because I had no doubt that it was a 
female I, hincksi, while the fragment was undoubtedly a male forceps, 
thus extending its range right up into the central plateau. 


_— = 


MORE NOTES ON TURKISH DERMAPTERA. 113 


Our next mountain was Sandrsdagh, in the southern part of the 
vilayet of Mughla. In contradistinction to Bozdagh, which is lime- 
stone, Sandrsdagh consists entirely of serpentine, metamorphic schists 
and quartzites, with no lime at all, and so has a different flora. Here, 
too, IT hunted diligently for Ps. kosswigi, but here again hard work was 
not rewarded, and it was chance that came to the rescue, for Davis 
found a single female in his tent at Gokce Ova, at an altitude of 1769 
m. As this was on 22nd July, and we had left Bozdagh on the 17th, I 
think it very unlikely that the insect had been brought in the baggage 
and survived, and we can fairly suppose, I think, that it occurs also 
on Sandrsdagh. 

The only other earwig I procured on that very interesting moun- 
tain was a single F. auricularia from the village of Aghla, at 800 m. 
I promised the village boys good bakhshish, and showed them an ear- 
wig, but they brought all sorts of rubbish, and were not half so smart 
as the boys at Abas. 

Fethiye on the south coast seemed promising, and I spent several 
days there, doing a good deal of sweeping, but failed to find a single 
earwig. 


From the south I moved up to the central plain and on 13th August 
Tevfik Bey Karabagh, a very keen young Turkish orthopterist, took 
me to a favourite collecting spot of his called Haci (Hadji) Kadin Dere, 
that is, the Glen of the Lady Pilgrim. The brook was dry and it was 
no longer so teeming with life as it had been when Davis was there 
in early July. The season is over early on the steppe. Even the 
numerous little susliks must have been aestivating, for I was surprised 
not to see any popping about. In this glen I swept a clump of Sapon- 
aria officinalis, and was rewarded by getting a big series of undoubted 
F. ssp. hinckst, thus putting its extension up on to the steppe 
plateau bevond doubt. Visiting the glen again a few days later, I 
found the same species by sweeping among the herbage, together with 
F. auricularia, by heating low trees, hazel and oak chiefly. The con- 
trast between the two species is striking, Ff’. auricularia being so much 
darker, bigger and stronger, is certainly the most successful earwig in 
Kurope. I did not find F. lurida, which accompanies the common kind 
in western and southern Turkey. 


From Ankara I went to Zonguldak, the little coal port on the north 
coast. The country consists of steep and high hills densely. clothed in a 
jungle of bracken, heath, Sambucus ebule, Cistus, and, above all, masses 
of Rhododendron, which must be a wonderful sight when in flower; 
higher up, beech and oak, but all small trees, in dense thickets through 
which one can hardly break a path. I worked here two days with, con- 
siderable energy, but found a single earwig. That was a male Ff. aur- 
cularia but of a quite unusual form. The basal dilatation was exceed- 
ingly short, represented only by the vestige of a tooth quite near the 
hase, the specific tooth, not very strong, being developed much fur- 
ther down. The result was completely to alter the appearance of the 
creature, as the whole forceps were so unusually slender. It was most 
disappointing that I could not find another, as it would be extremely 
interesting to see whether this was an individual freak, or a local race. I 
collected in other localities in the district, but did not see another earwig. 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X /1947 


IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA AT BICKENHALL, SOMERSET, AND 
THE OCCURRENCE OF CATOCOLA NUPTA, LINN., IN DERBY- 
SHIRE. 


By A. H. Turner. 


The season which is now closing has been rich in immigrant [Lepi- 
doptera, and the following records for Bickenhall, Somerset, may per- 
haps be added to what must already be a prodigious list :— 

Colias crocews, Fourc. Very common throughout the Summer, and still 
about in some numbers. One ab. helice, Hb., and one ab. pallid, 
Tutt, are the only ones of. interest among many examined, 

Macroglossum stellatarum, Linn. As everywhere, exceptionally common. 

Vanessa atalanta, Linn. Intermittent during the Summer, but now 
abundant on ripe fruit. 

Vanessa cardui, Linn. A few at intervals. 

Danaus archippus (plexippus, Linn.). A specimen was seen on a grass 
stem on 13th September. As no net was to hand, T had to watch 
it disappear towards the South. 

Momophila noctuella, Schiff. A few during the past two weeks only. 

Nycterosea obstipata, Fab. A single male appeared in a “‘ light trap ”’ 
on 15th September. 

Rhodometra sacraria, Linn. <A fresh female was taken in the garden 
on 19th September. 


Taking advantage of the numbers present, some observations have 
heen made of the favourite flowers of (. croceus and M. stellatarum. 
In the case of C. croceus first favourite appears to be the Hypochoeris 
radicata (Common Cat’s Ear), followed closely by Trifoliwn pratense 
(Red Clover); others being Prunella vulgaris (Self Heal), Taraxacum 
officinale (Dandelion), and later various species of Aster. With M. 
stellatarum an easy first is, of course, Kentranthus ruber (Red Vale- 
rian), followed in order by Anchusa angustifolia, Perowskia atriplici- 
folia, Crucianella stylosa, Dianthus caesius (Cheddar Pink), Zinnia ele- 
gans and Nicotiana affinis. They seem to completely ignore a large hed 
of geraniums, 

I have also pleasure in recording an apparent extension of range ot 
Catocola nupta, Linn., into South Derbyshire. During August I saw 
one at Melbourne and two at Repton in that area. The species was 
not included in the late H. C. Hayward’s Lepidoptera of Derbyshire, 
or his Lepidoptera of Repton and the Neighbourhood. 
| P.S.—The ahove immigrants have been reported to Capt. Dannreuther.] 


COLEOPTERA AT WICKEN FEN, ETC. 
By Horacr DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. 


Having spent August 8th-22nd at Wicken, Cambridgeshire, I pro- 
pose to publish a few notes on some of the Coleoptera captured during 
that period. Miss D. E. Kirk accompanied me and we made excursions 
to Soham, Swaffham Prior, etc. The weather was extremely hhot, no 
rain fell during our stay, and Miss Kirk was unfortunate to get a sun- 
stroke on 9th, which laid her up for three days. 


COLEOPTERA AT WICKEN FEN, ETC. 115 


Silpha opaca, I.., was taken earlier in the year by A. A. Allen sweep- 
ing the leaves of sugar-beet. Miss Kirk and I obtained a small series, 
running on paths, and under grass roots, etc., at the edge of a large 
sugar-beet field at Burwell Fen. 

It is exactly 70 years since I first took this beetle; the specimen be- 
ing in my cabinet to-day. It was running in the orchard in the grounds 
of my father’s country house, The Mansion, Earlshilton, Leicestershire. 

~ Pogonochaerus dentatus, Fourc. Sweeping in a field at Wicken. 
On my first visit to Wicken Fen, many years ago, I took a specimen 
of this beetle at Upware. 

Chrysomela fastuosa, Scop. A specimen was swept in a sugar-heet 
field at Padney on August 21st. 

Epitriz atropae, L. On August 18th we went to Swaffham Prior, with 
Miss Jenkinson, to visit her aunt, Mrs Norman, a sister of Mrs Jenkin- 
son, with whom I always stay at Wicken. Mrs Norman, whom I have 
known for many years, is the superintendent of the Hostel for Land 
Girls, into which the fine old Prior House has been turned. 

Some plants of Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade) having been 
found in the grounds, the Mpitriz occurred in abundance on them. The 
heetle is a new record for Cambridgeshire. I have written a special 
note on it to be published shortly. 

Cassida nebulosa, L. Wast year I discovered this beetle to be not 
uncommon at Burwell Fen. This year, it and its larvae were in great 
abundance at Burwell and sparingly at Wicken. It was present mn 
abundance on (Chenopodium Bonus-Rex Henricus (Good King Henry 
Goosefoot); also on Chenopodium album (White Goosefoot); and one 
plant of Galeopsis tetralis var. versicolor (a beautitul variety of Com- 
mon Hemp-nettle) was heavily attacked by the beetle. 

Other records for Cambridgeshire are :—Bottisham (Stephens) ; Cam- 
bridge, and Gamlingay (Babington); Whittlesea (Blatch); Holwoods 
(Fryer); Waterbeach (Nicholson); and North Fen (Miss Florence Kirk, 
and H. Donisthorpe). 

Cassida nobilis, L.., was swept off sugar-beet at Burwell and Padnev. 

Acalyptus carpini, Hbst. Sweeping in Wicken Fen. Allen took it 
_at Wicken Fen last year; and it was taken by the late Dr Power at 
Burwell Fen. 

Rhinoncus castor, F. Burwell Fen, by sweeping Polygonum Persi- 
caria (Spotted Persicaria). Other Cambridgeshire records :—Mepal 
(Fryer); North Fen (Donisthorpe). : 

Rhinoncus bruchoides, Hbst. Burwell Fen, abundant on Polygonum 
Persicaria and P. lapathifoliwm, (Pale-flowered Persicaria). Previous 
records for Cambridgeshire :—Holwoods (Fryer); Waterbeach (Nichol- 
son); Wicken Fen (Donisthorpe). 

Nanophyes lythri, F. This little weevil is always common at Wicken 
Fen on Lythrum salicaria (Purple Loosestrife). On this visit I swept 
it sparingly at Burwell Fen. 

On several occasions a pair of Montagu’s Harrier was observed soar- 
ing above the fen. This rare hawk was pointed out to me on my first 
visit to Wicken Fen as long ago as 1880. It is satisfactory to know that 
it still breeds in this locality. 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/X /1947 


THE CLIMBING RATE OF THE ANT FORMICA RUFA, L., IN 
SWITZERLAND. 


By Fercus J. O’Rovurke, M.Sc.. F.R.E.S. 


A few spare moments at Chalet-a-Gobet (864 metres altitude), near 
Lausanne, enabled me to make some further observations on the speed 
of ants. In this case, however, the insects were not, as in the cases 
previously considered (Pickles 1946, O’Rourke 1947), walking on a level 
surface but were ascending and descending the South and Hast faces 
of a pine tree at 1700 hours Central Kuropean Time on 21st April 1947. 
Unfortunately, [ had no thermometer and thus was unable to do more 
than estimate the temperature, which was about 60° F. (15° C.). There 
was a fairly steady stream of worker rufa going up and down the trunk 
of the tree, and although they did not follow any definite path it was. 
noted that the ants descending followed a more direct path than those 
which were on their way upwards. These latter also showed a greater 
tendency to greet other ants and exchange antennal strokes. The time 
taken to cover a vertical distance of two metres was recorded by stop- 
watch and is shown in the table below (it may be noted that the actual! 
distances covered by the ants were greater than two metres as their 
paths were never direct, although they were more nearly so in the case 
of those coming downwards). 


TABLE SHOWING THE TIME TAKEN TO COVER TWO METRES (VERTICAL). 


Ascending Ants. Descending Ants. 
No. Time. Speed in Cms. per Min. No. Time. Speed in Cms. per Min. 
1 166 secs. 72.3 6 115 secs. 104.3 
2 103 secs. 116.5 ay 98 secs. 122.4 
3 101 secs. 118.8 8 84 secs. 142.9 
4 84 secs. 142.9 9 98 secs. 122.4 
5 127 secs. 94.5 10 136 secs. 88.3 
Average 116 secs. 103.5 106 secs. 113.2 


These figures are very interesting as there is so little difference he- 
tween the averages of the two groups, indeed if one allows for the more 
indirect paths taken by the ants ascending there is no significant dif- 
ference hetween the times taken to ascend or descend a distance of two 
metres. It may be noted that by a curious coincidence the speeds of 
the fastest ants in both groups were the same. In all fairness, it must 
be noted that number 4 was recorded as being a large specimen whereas 
number 8 was only ot average size. The three slowest specimens were 
also noted as being small. The average size of the specimens collected 
was 7.05 mm., while the largest was 8.65 mm. and the smallest was 
4.90 mm. 


The ratio of the speeds of the fastest and slowest specimens is 
roughly the same as the ratio between the length of the longest and 
that of the shortest ant—the speed being apparently dependent on the 
size of the insect (it may be observed that in a previous note the speed 
of the female Tetramorium caespitum was recorded as five times that - 
of the worker although the female was only twice the length of the 
worker (O’Rourke 1947). 


rs 


COLLECTING NoTES FoR 1947. IAG 


It would seem. trom these observations that the gradient along which 
an ant walks does not affect its speed. If this is true, it is a very 
remarkable fact indeed and one for which some explanation is required. 

The variation in speed between. individual specimens is well marked 
and is probably due, as already suggested (O’Rourke 1947), to a cor- 
responding variation in the metabolic rates of each ant (cf. Chen 1937). 
Pickles’ (1946) suggestion that the speed of an ant depends on the in- 
terest it takes in its surroundings was certainly clearly seen at Chalet- 
a-Gobet. Some individuals ascending the tree stopped every few centi- 
metres to salute their fellows or explore the bark while others went 
upwards almost vertically without stopping. These latter were the ones 
used to determine the speeds recorded above. 


REFERENCES. 


Chen. S. GC. (1937). ‘“‘ The Leaders and Followers among the Ants in Nest-Build- 
ing.” Physiol. Zool., 10, (4), 437-455. 

(Rourke, Fergus J. (1947). “‘ The Rate of Progression in Ants.” #nl. Rec., 59, 2-3. 

Pickles, W. (1946). ‘‘ Observations on the Speed at which Ants of the Genus 
Messor Travelled in Algeria.’ Ent. Rec... 58. 137-142. 


Department of Zoology, University College, Dublin. 


COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1947. 
By Surgeon Lieut.-Commander H. M. Dariow, R.N., F.R.E.S. 


‘In 1946 my collecting began half-way through the season by my re- 
turn from foreign parts. This vear activities have again been cut short 
by my departure to more foreign parts, so that full investigation of the 
results of the hard winter has been impossible. 


There are three good reasons why 1947 should have been a good year 
for Lepidoptera. Firstly, the early stages of the great majority of 
species were protected for many weeks by a thick layer of snow from the 
attacks of insectivorous birds, shrews, etc. Secondly, the consequent 
starvation killed off a lamentable number of the latter, thus permitting 
the survival of large numbers of larvae in the spring. And thirdly, the 
warm weather of May and early June with southerly and easterly winds 
was ideal for the arrival of immigrant species, of which I have observed 
the following :— 


Vanessa cardui.—This species was first seen on 28th May flying 
round and round a rock on the undercliff at Ventnor, J].0.W. Jt was a 
very worn specimen. The wind was easterly and of force three. At 
least a score more were seen in the same locality and under the same 
circumstances on 11th June. Both worn and fresh specimens were seen, 
and three couples were watched in the process of courting. A worn 
specimen was seen feeding at valerian at Totley in Derbyshire on 19th 
June, the wind being light and sou-westerly. Two fresh specimens were 
seen at Bedford flying at random on 20th July, which might have been 
the first of the local brood to emerge. Two further specimens were seen 
on the 22nd and 27th. 


“A 
—— 
— 
xe) 
S 
1 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ 


Vanessa atalanta.—A very worn specimen was seen sunning itself on 
a wall early on the morning of 3lst May at Gosport, following a fort- 
night of glorious weather with light south-east winds. <A fresh one was 
seen in the same locality on 15th July, and three more at Bedford on 
20th, 25th, and 26th. 

Colias crocews.—On the 11th June I saw at least a dozen specimens 
of this species on the Ventnor undercliff. As I was after Melitaea cinxia 
at the time, I made no attempt to record exact numbers, but they 
seemed to be everywhere. The majority appeared to be in good con- 
dition though some were very worn. One ab. helice was seen. The wind 
was light and easterly, and though none were actually seen to come in 
from the sea, several flew off inland in great haste, as it having rested 
sufficiently on the shore to continue their journey. 


On 25th July two fresh specimens were seen at Bedford, flying at 
random. The wind was light and westerly. Though I have collected in 
Bedford for twenty-three years, I have never personally seen the species 
there, though I have seen (’. hyale. 

On Ist August I saw one fresh looking specimen at Totley, flying at 
a great rate north-east, the wind being, westerly and light. 

Macroglossum. stellatarum.—The first to be seen this year was at 
Totley on 27th June feeding at valerian, and I later saw two more on 
16th July at Gosport. 

Plusia gamma.—First taken on 12th June at light in Gosport. A 
second one was taken whilst dusking at Totley on 17th June. In July 
one was taken at light in Gosport on the 12th, one whilst duskine at 
Bedford on the 20th, and two more under similar circumstances on the 
23rd. 

All three species of genus Pieris appeared to be as common as usual. 
P. brassicae, however, was much more common in the last week of July 
in North Derbyshire than in Bedford, where P. rapae was more abun- 
dant, and [ took a creamy yellow aberration. Numbers of the latter 
species were observed drinking on patches of moist ground, a habit 
which allowed an easy search for varieties. P. rapae was observed to 
oviposit frequently on Awbrietia and related species both in Bedford 
and at Totlev. 


The winter does not appear to have reduced the native species, at 
least in the localities that I worked. Nymphalis io was first seen on 
11th April at Bembridge, I.0.W., and a second was seen the following 
day in Gosport, after which it became more frequent. It was abundant 
in Bedfordshire and Hampshire in July, and a large brood of larvae 
was taken between Lindrick and Maltby in South Yorkshire in the first 
week in July. On the whole it appears commoner than last vear. 


A point of interest—on 26th July at Bedford I saw a large specimen 
at rest on a footpath with its wings closed. It remained thus for about 
five minutes, when it was suddenly pounced upon and carried off by a 
house-sparrow which descended from an ash tree about twenty vards 
away. So there was one sparrow who did not know that N. 710 was sup- 
posed to look like a dead leaf. 

Aglais wrticae and Gonepteryx rhamni appeared as common as usual, 
though I have been quite unable to find Polygonia c-album in any of its 
stages. Of the species that hibernate in the early stages Arquynnis 


COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1947. 119 


euphrosyne and A. selene were seen in large numbers in various Kast 
Hampshire localities and both species were taken together near Wick- 
ham on Ist June, one good blotched aberration of A. ewphrosyne being 
taken. It was observed that when both species were in the cyanide 
bottle at the same time A. selene took considerably longer to die. 
Melhitaea cinxia was abundant at Ventnor on 11th June, and one aber- 
ration was taken with all the markings of the underside of the hind- 
wings concentrated in the basal half of the wing, leaving a clear cream 
disc. Argynnis aglaia was very abundant at Maltby wood in South 
Yorkshire on 26th June, and 4A. paphia was also plentiful together with 
Timenitis camilla in West Walk Wood, Wickham, Hants, on 6th July. 

The eight common Satyrid species have all been abundant and some 
remarkedly so. Pararge aegeria was first taken on 26th April at Bem- 
bridge, I1.0.W., in the same patch of woodland as T last took it in 
October 1946. It has turned up in Bedford and can now be taken in 
most local copses and even in Bedford Park, where the shrubberies have 
heen allowed to lapse into a state of jungle during the war. The in- 
vasion of a woodland flora undoubtedly accounts: for their presence 
there. I even took a female in my house in the town, though I have 
never seen it within seven miles before., Aphantopus hyperantus has 
also invaded the town from its nearest station two miles away. 


On 13th July I saw a male Grayling feeding at a bed of Sweet Wil- 
hams at Gosport. This supposedly flower-avoiding butterfly returned 
again and again to the Sweet Williams and also to a patch of Violas. 
1] watched it probing the flowers with its proboscis. This is the first 
time I have ever observed the species feeding. 

Of the Lycaenids, Aricia agestis, Polyommatus -icarus, Celastrina 
argiolus, Heodes phlae@s and Callophrys rubi were found as abundantly 
as usual, especially the second brood of ©. argiolus which fairly swarmed 
in Bedford. An abnormally large race of P. icarus was found in a 
railway cutting at Totley. It was large even for a spring brood and 
dwarfs all my other specimens. The second brood has not emerged to 
date (Ist August). 

Thymelicus sylvestris, Ochlodes venata, Erynnis tages and Pyrgus 
malvae were everywhere abundant in the South, especially H. tages and 
O. venata: IL took Thymelicus lineola at Putnoe Wood, Bedford. It 
was abnormally abundant and fairly swarmed, completely swamping T. 
sylvestris. This colony has been known for many years though, to the 
best of my knowledge, its extent and connections with the main head- 
quarters of the species in the south-east have never been plotted. Tocal 
entomologists please note 

It is obvious that the severe winter has in no way reduced the 
butterfly fauna observed; indeed in many instances it has increased it 
considerably. Moths have been equally abundant and I have obtained 
numerous individuals of species I had previously regarded as rare. The 
Zygaenids produced a particularly rich harvest of aberrations and in- 
teresting data which I propose to make the subject of a separate paper. 

Stor Press:—Totley, North Derbyshire, 11.8.47, seven (Colias cro- 
ceus. 16.8.47, twenty-one (olias croceus. 17.8.47, between Manchester 
and Liverpool, twelve (olias croceus. 18.8.47, at 2000 B.S.T. 100 
miles west of Uhant, four Vanessa atalanta came ahoard ship together 
with Pluisia gamma. 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. : 15/X /1947 


EFFECTS OF THE SEVERE WEATHER ON SPRING LEPIDOPTERA 
AT WESTON-SUPER-MARE UP TILL END OF APRIL 1947. 


By E. C. H. BratHwayr, M.A. (Oxon.). 


I was interested to read Mr A. H. Turner’s list of Lepidoptera at 
Taunton in the June number of the Entomologist’s Record and thought 
that the following, few notes on the effects of the winter weather on 
Lepidoptera at Weston-Super-Mare might be of interest as such effects 
were very different from those stated by Mr Turner in some cases. 

Weston-Super-Mare is only 30 miles from Taunton and in the same 
county. like Taunton, we experienced exceptionally severe weather 
in late January, February, and early March. Strangely enough, this 
weather had ‘no effect whatever on the numbers of common ‘‘ Quakers *’ 
at Sallow although the time of emergence was about two to three weeks 
later in 1947 than in 1946 and about four weeks later than in 1946. 

On 12th April last many Orthosia gothica, O. cruda, O. incerta, O. 
stabilis, and O. munuda were seen at Sallow, including some nice forms 
of O. incerta and O. munda. There were also odd specimens of 0Q. 
miniosa and O. gracilis. H. badiata was common at Sallow and also 
on the wing. On subsequent nights the common ‘‘ Quakers ’’ appeared - 
at Sallow in average numbers though 12th April was certainly the most 
prolific night. After Sallow was over all five common species were seen 
regularly at light, though owing to double summer time this was rather 
late. 

Comparing my 1947 and 1946 notes I should say that there was no 
difference in the numbers of the ‘‘ Quakers,’’ though O. stabilis was 
not as common in either of these years as in 1945, when it swarmed at 
Sallow in the middle of March. 

The first Biston strataria was seen this vear on 22nd March, but it 
was not quite as common later as in 1946. Selenia bilunaria did not 
appear till 26th April, about a month later than in 1946. Lampropteryr 
suffumata was first observed on.20th April this vear and was afterwards 
common, 

Xylocampa areola was scarcer than in 1946 and was not seen till 
19th April. Ectropis bistortata was common in April. 

In the middle of January 1947 all the usual common early Spring 
Geometers were emerging; this brood was no doubt killed by the sub- 
sequent weather but early in March there was a fresh emergence which 
included fresh specimens of Operophtera brumata and Hrannis defoli- 
aria as well as Theria rupicapraria, Erannis leucophaearia, EK. margin- 
aria, Alsophila aescularia and Phigaha pedaria. 

I should perhaps also mention that Nothopteryx polycommata began 
to emerge in mv cages on 13th March and was out in the wild state 
about a week later in usual numbers. The locality for this species is, 
however, a few miles from Weston-Super-Mare though in North 
Somerset. 

In conclusion, however, I should like to say that Butterflies were 
no commoner or earlier at Weston-Super-Mare than at Taunton, and 
my observations in this direction were very similar to those of Mr 
Turner. 


“ Amalfi,”’ 27 South Road, Weston-Super-Mare, 27.6.47. 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER 1945, 121 


TUKDAH DIARY, SEPTEMBER AND NOVEMBER 1945, 
By D. G. Sevasroruto, F.R.E.S. 


(Continued. from p. 94.) 


In the afternoon watched a temale A. hyperbius for some time on 
the open hillside. In spite of its close resemblance in colour and pat- 
tern, [ consider it a poor mimic of one of the tawny Danaids as its 
flight and habits are so entirely different. A number of A. lalage were 
flying, but quite uncatchable. Found a number of larvae of the Cor- 
yatha on lichen on a large rock; once you know what to look for these 
lichen-covered larvae are not hard to find. Nothing at light. Walking 
a friend home along the forest paths, some two miles there and back, 
at about 9.30 p.m., did not see a single moth enter the beam of my 
torch, but a number of glow-worms, not fire-flies, were seen in the 
grass. 

9th November.—No new butterflies on the forest road in the morn- 
ing, but Gelusma (Thalassodes) thetydaria, Guen., was found resting on 
a leaf. There is quite a nip in the air now when out of the sun. In 
the afternoon went for another walk on the forest road for LZ. sura, 
which seems more common in the afternoon than in the morning, and 
took a short but rather worn series. If "one of these butterflies is 
missed, it can almost always be found again at the same place some teu 
minutes later. A number of A. lalage were flying out of reach and a 
male Hebomoia glaucippe, L., glawcippe, flashed past. On the way 
home an example of Teldenia vestigiata, Btlr., was found resting on a 
newly-dug@ bank, 1ts white colour showing up plainly against the red- 
brown of the soil. Light again a tailure. 

10th November.—In the morning walked up through the forest to 
the eighth mile on the Ghoom-Kalimpong road to see the snows, and 
had a fine view. Nothing exciting flying, but the path was carpeted 
with wings of M. simpliciata. In the afternoon. went down the hillside 
to a field of flowering Buckwheat hoping to find some Lycaenids. The 
only species about were V. indica, V. cashmirensis and A. hyperbius, 
not a Lycaenid of any sort. Nothing at light. 

llth November.—Spent both the morning and the afternoon on the 
forest road. D. adonira is going over fast and is being replaced by D. 
ouida, A temale Cepora nadinu, Luc., nadina, was caught, and also a 
specimen of A. lalage, the first to come within reach of my net. An 
interesting capture was a dwarf male of A. fylla, of rather less than 
half the normal wing expanse. Four larvae of S. viridifusca were found. 
In spite of the cold nights, moths must still be flying in numbers, as the 
forest paths are always strewn with wings. A female Hermonassa con- 
signata, Wik., at light. 

12th November.—Spent the morning on the sunny hillside between 
the forest and the tea, but very few hutterflies even of the common 
species flying. On the way back caught a male Abisaru neophroa, Hew., 
neophronides, Fruhs., just in the shade of the forest itself. Nothing of 
note in the afternoon and again nothing at light. 

13th November.—The hill road produced nothing, this morning, but 
a single Precis orithya, 1., ocyale, Hb., turned up in the garden. In 
the afternoon made another expedition to the buckwheat field but with 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/X/1947 


the same negative result. On the way home found several larvae of EH. 
repleta and one of Conservula indica, Moore, on bracken. A Macrv- 
yglossum emerged in my cages this afternoon, and, on looking him up. 
I find that he is aquila, Bsd., against which Bell & Scott note ‘‘ rather 
rare, and early stages unknown,’’ so I have discovered the larva of one 
of the fifty odd species of Indian Hawkmoth whose early stages are 
unknown. It is strange to see how many species of Sphingids in this 
book (Fauna Brit. Ind., Moths, v) have the note that the authors have 
never seen the imago in the wild. During the last two months I have 
found ten species of Sphingid larvae, three Macroglossum, a Punacru, 
a Theretra, four Rhagastis aud a Cechenena, and an ovum of an 
eleventh, a Choerocampid of some sort, but I have only seen two 
imagines of one Macroglossum. Nothing at light. 

14th November.—The only things of interest on the forest road this 
morning were three specimens of Arhopala, of which | caught one only, 
a female areste. This is my last collecting expedition; we go down to- 
morrow and my time henceforward is likely to be fully occupied with 
packing and good-byes. I have a large number of unidentified pupae 
still to emerge and a fair number of larvae, which I hope will survive 
the change. Calcutta is reported to be fairly cool, so the change in 
temperature should not be too great, although i have a strong suspicion 
that it is the difference in altitude, and consequently in atmospheric 
pressure, that does most of the mischief. (A fair percentage survived, 
but a number failed to emerge.) In the afternoon found a fine Boar- 
miid larva on a friend’s roses. Hope it will survive (it did not). Noth- 
ing at hght. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


THE Cotocr or MacHaon Pupar.—Last season when rearing some sp. 
larvae of P. machaon I noticed a distinct colour difference between 
pupae which formed in the rearing cage and others from larvae taken 
from the cage just before changing. Jt occurred to me that the dit- 
ferences might be due to light conditions. 

This year, having successfully reared some fitty pupae of P. machuon 
britannicus from wild ova, [ took the opportunity of experimenting with 
pupating conditions. When fully grown the larvae were provided with 
a plentiful assortment of twigs upon which they spun up very readily. 
Eighteen of the larvae were transferred with their twigs to a large tin 
hox from which all light was excluded. These formed pupae which were 
all brown in colour with very heavy black markings, in some the wing 
cases being almost entirely black. Another lot of eighteen larvae were 
allowed to pupate in a large wooden box, painted white on the inside 
and having a muslin-covered lid. The pupae formed in this box were 
inostly of the pale brown type with some darker brown markings, but 
several were coloured with a mixed pattern of brown and green. <A 
third batch of fourteen larvae were placed, attached to twigs, in the 
rull light of a large window. All these gave green pupae with some 
darker green markings. me 

Since it seemed possible that some darkening in colour might re- 
sult in pupae which formed at night, a close watch was kept on the 


o, 
e 
7 


COLLECTING NOTES. 123 


larvae placed in the window. However, by coincidence or design, all 
these larvae changed to pupae during daylight hours, morning being 
the favourite time. No doubt temperature changes play an important 
part in determining the actual time of pupation. : 

It would seem from these experiments that the very variable colour- 
ing of machaon pupae is greatly affected by lighting conditions just 
before and at the time of pupation. I have no experience of machaon 
pupae in their natural sites, but it would be interesting to hear of any 
observations on the relation between pupating position and colour.— 
T. D. FrarnenoucH, 25 Ramsey Road, Sheffield. 


Migrant INsecr Recorps.—L. extguu—Common in the Reading dis- 
trict since mid-August. A new brood is just emerging this week as fresh 
specimens are appearing on the wing again. The species comes freely 
to street lamps. R. sacraria—One S taken at rest on a clover leat 
in a field at Aldworth (about 10 miles from Reading) on 3rd September ; 
four more specimens (one <¢, three 9) taken on street lamps in Tile- 
hurst (three miles from Reading centre) the same evening; and two 
more females on 4th September on the lamps. Since these days when 
1 took six specimens and my triend one, | have seen no more, which 
rather surprises me. The specimens were in perfect condition except 
one, which was rather worn. ('. hyale—One 3 taken at Aldworth in 
a lucerne field on 3rd September. This is the first record for the Read- 
ing district for many years. Subsequent search has revealed no more 
specimens. The field is full of M. stellatarum (treshly emerged brood) 
and CU. croceus with about 20 per cent. var. helice among the females. 
These are, of course, the third brood. HH. peltigera—I took a single 
specimen at light on 18th August at Tilehurst. So far, only one con- 
volvult has been taken here this year, a tresh specimen brought into 
the local museum. All the above except convolvuli and one sucraria are 
in iny collection, so I think that I have had a good year’s collecting as 
far as migrants are concerned.—L. H. Wir.iaMs, 10 Lower Armour 
Road, Tilehurst, Reading, Berks., 16/9/47. 


ABERRATION OF VANESSA CARDUI, L.—Vunessa cardwi was common in 
this district during, the month of August, and on the 31st I took at 
Scabious, Scubiosa succisa an aberration of this species similar to the 
one depicted in South’s British Butterflies, plate 49, figure 4; this aber- 
ration is also figured in The Entomologist, vol. xiii, page 73, and was 
bred on 3rd September 1879 from a larva taken on the River Lea at 
Clapton Park. The coloured illustration in South of this aberration 
does not show on the hindwings the outer marginal row of white spots. 
—TuHomas GREER, Sandholes, Co. Tyrone. 


K. ANTIOPA rN Susspx.—A specimen of this species was brought alive 
to the Worthing Museum on 1st September. It had flown into the room 
of its captor, who, though not an entomologist, ‘‘ thought it must be a 
Camberwell Beauty,’’ and feared he might have damaged it in cap- 
turing it. However, on being set it was found to be in perfect con- 
dition, with very white border and rather small white spots.—G. 
WHEELER, Worthing. 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/X/1947 


C. crocetus.—A specimen of this species (still commonly called edusa) 
haunted the Michaelmas Daisies in my garden yesterday for some hhours, 
the first I have seen here for many years, though I have not infre- 
quently seen it in the town.—G. WHEELER, Worthing, 24th September. 


THe Pierips.—Both P. brassicue and P. rapae are still in great 
numbers in the garden here. Until last week the latter had been far 
the commoner, but lately the case has heen reversed. Both species were 
scarce earlier in the year.—G. WHEELER, Worthing. 


EXPERIMENTS WITH DDT anp GAMMEXANE.—As a result of propaganda 
during the war, India, like so many other countries, has become DDT- 
minded, and a large number of DDT preparations, as well as others con- 
taining the newer Gammexane, are being imported from abroad and 
find a ready saie. As a matter of interest | conducted a few tests with 
products of both types manufactured by a well-known British firm. The. 
tests were not elaborate, the insects being exposed to the action of the 
compounds by letting them crawl backwards and forwards over blotting 
paper heavily sprinkled with it. The insects were then shut up in tins, 
either with or without food, and other, untreated insects kept as con- 
trols. 

Dysdercus cingulatus, F. (HEMipreRA, Pyrrhocoridae)—Three adults 
treated with DDT at 18.00 hours, 8.ix.46; one was dead at 17.00 hours, 
14.1x, and two at 18.00 hours, 15.1x.46. Two adults exposed to the 
Gamimexane compound, 17.00 hours, 10.1x.46; one was dead at 17.00 
hours, 14.ix, and the other at 13.00 hours, 16.1x.46. Controls lived for 
two and five days respectively. 

Eupterote undata, Blanch. (Lrprpoprera, Eupterotidae)—Four larvae 
about 1; inches long, probably in their 4th instar, were treated with 
DDT at 17.00 hours, 5.1x.46. At 07.00 hours, 6.1x, two were twitching 
and these were dead at 17.00 hours; by this time a third larva had 
started to twitch and this was dead at 07.00 hours, 7.1.x; the fourth 
larva started to twitch before 07.00 hours, 7.1x, and was dead at 17.00 
hours, 7.1x.46. None of the treated larvae ate anything, controls fed 
normally. Another slightly larger larva was treated with the Gamme- 
xane compound at 17.00 hours, 13.1x.46; this moulted successfully dur- 
ing the night 18-19.ix.46 and fed up and pupated normally. 

The twitching of the DDT-treated larvae was very distinctive, a 
sort of St Vitus’ dance that affects the whole body. 

Parasa leyida, Cr. (Lepipoptera, Limacodidae)—Three full-grown 
larvae were treated with DDT and two with Gammexane at 17.00 hours, 
17.1x.46; both Gammexane larvae were dead at 06.00 hours, 18.ix.46, 
but the three DDT larvae spun up on 19 and 20.ix.46 and imagines 
emerged normally. 

Spodoptera mauritia, Bsd. (LeprpoprEra, Noctuidae)—Three full- 
crown larvae were treated with DDT and three with Gammexane at 
08.00 hours, 9.x.46; at 18.00 hours the same day all three Gammexane 
larvae and one DDT one were dead. The remaining two DDT larvae 
pupated during the night, 10-11.x.46, and imagines emerged normally. 

The compounds used, in these experiments were in powder form and 
of the usual strength sold to the public ag insecticides.—D. G. SzvasTo- 
puLO, F.R.E.S., London, 28.vii.47. 


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NOVEMBER 1947 


ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 
4 AND — 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.B.E.S. { T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., 
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E:S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
F.R.C.P. as 
J. E. COuUIN, J.P., F RES. W. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. 
H. DONISTHORFPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 
CONTENTS. 
MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII: SOME MORE NEW SPECIES AND 
FORMS FROM IRAN, £. P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.S. ... 125 
NOTE ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST AREA IN 1947, IN 
p CONNECTION WITH WEATHER CONDITIONS, Chas. B. Antram Ado tales 
' BUTTERFLIES AROUND MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND, L. Richmond 
ib Wheeler, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. HAS Ve Sah Yom ey Aa) 
- OBSERVATIONS ON VARIATION AND ‘HYBRIDISATION IN ZYGAENA 
LONICERAE, ESP., AND ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. (LEP.), H. M. 
x Darlow, R.N., F.R.E.S. See Tope hid seanarlly Aaankel Nb ati omen en Lancer ie nae toe 
a STOMORHINA LUNATA, F. (DIPT. (CALLIPHORIDAE = LARVAE- 
v VORIDAE)) AT BRISTOL, EF. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca ap aa 137 


ee \ Wheeler; The White Admiral in Suffolk, S. Beaufoy; Lepidoptera in 
Ki Dorset, Leonard Tatchell; Augiades (Ochlodes) venata (=sylvanus) in 
ii October, Nigel T. Easton; The Assembling of Phothedes captiuncula, 
ite Treit, J. W. Heslop Harrison; Colias hyale, L., and C. croceus, Fource., 
on the Isle of Coll, Inner Hebrides, 7d.; Pieris napi, L., in the Inner 
Wi and Outer Hebrides, Jd.; Insects at the Flowers of the Cushion Pink 


if COLLECTING NOTES: Pieridae, etc., near Seaford, Sussex, ” Richmond 


a (Silene acaulis, L.), Jd. ; Polyommatus icarus, race clara, Tutt, on the 

a Isle of Ronay, Outer Hebrides, Id.; Butterflies on the Isle of Tiree, /d.; 

yy Aglais urticae, ab. nigra, Tutt, E. Barton White... pe Ane Baten a leis 
» Current Note stay ei AME BaD i BANS BV AP Seat ana AES AL a Ra eC 774) 
Lv iN SUPPLEMENT : 


The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, PRES. 
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(281)-(284) 
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MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII. 125 
MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII: SOME MORE NEW SPECIES 
AND FORMS FROM IRAN. 
By E. P. Wittsurre, F.R.E.S. 
(Concluded from p. 111.) 


HYPONOMEUTIDAE. 
Ethmia (=Psecadia) chosroes, sp. nu. (ig. 5.) 

3; palp, with light brown scales ; end-joint only half length of middle 
joint. 

Frons, with black scales. Antenna, black, with scanty light brown 
scales. Head, with pale ochreous-brown scales. Thoracic scales, sooty 
brown. 

Legs, brown, except tor hind tibia which is yellow. The hind tibia 
spurs are brown with a few black scales. 

Abdomen, sooty-brown, with paler brown scales at the somital joints 
below. Genitalia covered with long, yellow hairs and scales. This 
colour extends anteriorly up the sides of the last two or three segments 


only, unlike the G caradjae in which the last three segments are en- 


tirely yellow; (according to Osthelder the 2 caradjae has only the last 
segment yellow). 

Forewing, glossy yrey-brown, with two black dots, the larger on the 
cell-end and the smaller on the median, so as to be in line with the 
apex. Fringes, concolorous. 

Hindwing, paler than forewing, uniform grey-brown, with con- 
colorous fringes. The termen is not blackish as in caradjae. 

Underside, both wings, like hindwing upperside. 

Span: 29-33 mm. 

Holotype: ¢, 6.v.40, Pireh-Zan oak woods, 7000 ft., Fars, S.W. 
Iran. 

Paratypes: 633d, same date and place. In coll. m. 

The holotype has two long-legged red mites adhering to the abdo- 
men, and a third on the palps. 

This fine new species comes near caradjae, Rebel, but differs there- 
from in the shape of the palp, the amount of yellow on the abdomen, 
and also in having an ochreous-brown, not black, head, brown not black 
legs, and a greyer forewing. 


Kthmia (=Psecadia) cambyses, sp. n. (Fig. 4.) 

3; palp, with long blackish hairs except on last joint, which has 
black seales only. 

Frons and rest of head with black and metallic brown scales. 
Antenna, black with pale cilia. 

Thorax, black; tegulae and patagia with metallic brown scales. 
Legs, black or blackish brown, except for the bright yellow hind tibia 
and the pale brown hind tarsus. 

Abdomen, only first two tergites black; rest of tergites with copious 
yellow hairs and scales. Yellow colouring, less extensive underneath. 

Forewing, glossy grey-brown, with four black dots, arranged on the 
cell in two oblique parallel pairs, the outermost pointing approximately 
at the apex. Fringes, concolorous. 


DEC 11 194] 


/ 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ XI /1947 


Hindwing, lightly-scaled and transparent except near the termen, 
where the grey-brown scales are thicker. Fringes and termen, as on 
forewing. : e 

Undersides, like uppersides, except that black spots are absent. 

Span: 24 mm. 

Holotypes and paratypes: gd, 10.v.40. Pireh-Zan oak woods, c. 
7000 ft. Fars, S.W. Iran. In coll: m. 

This new species comes near HE. maracandica, Reb., which, however, 
has the hind tarsi black. EH. lugubris, Stgr., and vidua,; Stgr., both 
differ in having much less yellow on the abdomen, and the former also 
in having yellow hind tarsi. Even maracandica has somewhat less yellow 
on the abdomen than cambyses, for it was described as having the first 
four abdominal tergites black. 

For Rebel’s key to the other smoky-winged Hthmiae, see Iris, 19, 
p. 237. To judge from the Zoological Record, the above two new species 
are the first addition to this interesting group since then. 


Ethmia (=Psecadia) bipunctella, F., subsp. griseicostella, subsp. n. 

This form comes between confusella, Reb., and iranella, Zy. Its 
yellow abdomen and blackish-spotted hind tarsi distinguish it from the _ 
former, while it is more heavily marked than the latter, a form which 
is only known from high up in the Elburz Mountains and proves to be 
rather badly named, since the new form here described is far more 
widespread in Tran. It is more lke the normal bipunctella (Kurope) 
though smaller and with a less smoky hindwing. The costa is whitish- 
grey and grades through grey and brownish-black into the deep black 
cell-stripe. The markings on this part of the forewing are as in normal 
bipunctella, not reduced and separated as in iranella. The sub-apical — 
suffusion of the forewing fringe is smaller and fainter than in bipwnet- 
ella, especially in the Tehran examples. 

Span: 20-22 mm. 

Holotype and one paratype: ¢d, 17.vii and 24.vii.39, Tehran, c. 
5000 ft., gardens, N. Iran. 

Paratypes: ¢, 13.x.39, Kermanshah, c. 5000 ft., W. Iran; two 
66 hatched, 23.v and 28.y.40 ex. 1. Hchiuwm sp., full grown in x1.29, 
Kermanshah. 

(The Kermanshah form (Fig. 3) is the same size as the Tehran but 
the grey suffusion on the forewing is less marked, the black markings 
being purer black. More material from both localities is needed to 
show whether another name for the Kermanshah form is justifiable.) 


Notes on Hthmia pusiella, ssp. orientella, Car. 

According to *Osthelder, f. orientella, Car., is the autumnal brood 
of pusiella, Roem., in S.E. Turkey, while f. ardosiella, Car., is the 
spring brood there. | This does not hold good for Iraq and Iran. I 
think the race here is orientella, Car.; at any rate, it comes close to 
it, being more lightly marked than typical pusiella, with less smoky 
hindwings. Perhaps orientella, Car., is a synonym of candidella, Alph. 
I have not taken ardosiella in Syria, Iraq or Iran at any season and 


*Osthelder, L. 1935. Lepidoptera—Fauna von Marasch in Turkisch Nordsyrien. 
(Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges. e. V., XXV, Heft 111, pp. 79-81.) 


ee ~~ 
as 2 


face 


MIDDLE EAST LEPIDOPTERA, VIII. 127 


have fairly positive evidence that there is no spring generation ot 
pusiella at all in Central Iraq and §.W. Iran. My observations here 
were as follows :— 

Bagdad, c. 100 ft. Iraq. 

Larva found full grown in ii.86 and 37 all produced adults in x and 
xi. The imago was also only taken wild in these months, though the 
habitat was searched throughout the year. Foodplant, Asperugo pro- 
cumbens. 

Fars, S.W. Iran. 

Adult taken only in x and xi.40, commonly in gardens, which were 
worked all year round, at Shiraz (5000 ft.). Larvae were also found 
wild in spring on Asperugo in the woody gorge of Tang-Ab (4000 ft.) 
near Kiruzabad; these spun up in early ii and the adults emerged in 
mid x. 

In these two rather different habitats, therefore, both of which how- 
ever share the peculiarity of a long dry summer, pusiella is obviously 
univoltine autumnal, with a long pupal aestivation. This suggests the 
possibility that ardosiella, Car., is a distinct species, of univoltine 
vernal phenology. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


Figs. 1-12 illustrate ‘‘ Middle East Lepidoptera, VIII ”’; they are 
about natural size. 

Figs. 13-17 illustrate ‘‘ Early stages of Oriental Palearctic Lepidop- 
tera, IX ”’; they are considerably enlarged. 

Figs. 1-3. Hthmia bipunctella, F., subsp. griseicostella, Wilts. Types 
(Iran). GSC. 


Fig Ethmia cambyses, Wilts. Type (S.W. Iran). <&. 
Fig Ethmia chosroes, Wilts. Type (S.W. Iran). <. 


4 

5. 
Figs. 6, 7. Harmodia gladys, Wilts. Types (N. Iran). GQ. 

8 Hadena nana, Hufn., subsp. monotona, Wilts. Type (N. 
Iran). o. 
Figs. 9,10. Archanara sparganii, Esp., subsp. algaeoides, Wilts. Types 
(S.W. Ivan). GQ. 


Kies 11. Ennomos (Peffractaria, Freyer, subsp.) fraaineti, Wilts. 
Type. <6. : 

Bios l2, Ennomos (?effractaria, Freyer, f.) zandi, Wilts. Type 
(S.W. Iran). <6. 

ie) 13! Pararge roxelana, Cr. Larva (Cyprus). 


Fig. 14. Dyscia simplicaria, Rebel. Warva (Cyprus). 
Figs. 15,16. Catocala diversa, Hubn. Larva (S.W. Ivan). 


Bie 17 Catamecia deceptrix, Ster. Larva (S. Iraq). 
EXPLANATION OF TEXT FIGURES, 
Fie. a. Distal portion (ventral open view) of right valva, Harmodia 
gladys, Wilts. Type. 
ters) Distal portion (ventral open view) of right valva, Harmodia 


hyrcana, Draudt. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ X1/1947 


NOTE ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST AREA _IN 1947, 
IN CONNECTION WITH WEATHER CONDITIONS. 


By Cuas. B. AnTRAM. 


Following my notes which appeared in the ‘‘ Journal ”’ early in the 
year, the season for Butterflies may now, 20th October, be considered 
over, and these further notes close the year 1947. 

Lepidopterists did not know quite what to expect in the way of the 
prevalence or otherwise of butterflies this year after the wretchedly 
wet and sunless summer of last year followed by an abnormally severe 
winter. Contrary to all expectations, the collector has had a splendid 
time as weather has been hot and continuously fine, resulting in most 
species being exceedingly abundant. The weather was not very nice 
in April but improved in early May. 


May:—Besides a Brimstone or two, a few Tortoiseshells, Peacocks 
and Commas, nothing was about. On the 7th May the first Orange 
Tip, Speckled Wood and the common Whites were observed. On the 
13th May the temperature registered 82°, and the Orange Tip with 
others appeared in quantity and one or two Holly Blues. A Green 
Hairstreak was seen on the 14th, and a day or two later the Grizzled 
Skipper was out in numbers. By the 24th the Pearl-bordered Fritil- 
lary appeared but did not become later on as plentiful as usual. I 
think the same may be said of the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary which 
appeared on about the 21st of June as the larger species was going off. 

Someone writing in the ‘‘ Sunday Times ”’ of the 25th May records 
the Duke of Burgundy Fritillary as abundant in a New Forest woed, 
so I visited a spot I knew of in Dorset on the 29th and found the insect 
in plenty. Although not in the New Forest area which these notes are 
supposed only to cover, I found with it, in and around the same 
locality, the Marsh Fritillary and Green MHairstreak both very 
plentiful and therefore record them. By the 28th May the Brimstone, 
Large White and Green-veined White were very plentiful. The Dingy 
and the Grizzled Skipper appeared about now, and became only fairly 
plentiful. 


June:—On the Ist of June I thought it about time to beat Oak for 
the Purple Hairstreak and was surprised to find the larvae full-fed. 
All I beat out on that date and following few days had pupated by the 
6th, which was earlier than usual for this butterfly, probably owing 
to the perfect weather we had been having. 

Regarding the Holly Blue, very few indeed of the Spring brood were 
seen and they were anything but common in the 2nd brood in July- 
August. By 11th June very few Green Hairstreaks remained, the 
season for them being nearly over and a little earlier than usual. On 
the 21st June the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary appeared in good 
numbers, although not as many as in most years, also the Silver-studded 
Blue became very plentiful ahout this time. The Purple Hairstreak 
began to emerge on the 27th, and by the 13th July were simply in hun- 
dreds. A very fine locality for this species is in Churchplace Enclosure 
close to Lyndhurst Road Railway Station. _ I visited the locality on 


NOTE ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE NEW FOREST AREA IN 1947. 129 
\ 


the 13th July and found the butterfly congregated in hundreds on young, 
Spanish Chestnut trees in blossom, but out of reach of my short-handled 
net. J returned next day with a very long handle to the net with which 
I could reach the higher branches and by this means captured several 
with one sweep of the net. The sexes were in equal proportions. I 
have never seen this insect in such profusion and congregated together 
like this on Spanish Chestnut in blossom, 

A specimen of the White Admiral was seen on the 24th June, which 
is early for its appearance, and this butterfly was well out by the 3rd 
of July but not in its usual abundance. 


July:—The Silver-washed and High Brown Fritillaries were well 
out in the first week of July but were not as plentiful as usual and var. 
valezina was scarce. The Gatekeeper, also known as the Hedge Brown, 
put in its appearance in the middle of July and was very numerous 
everywhere. The Brimstones, 2nd brood [?], and Small Cabbage Whites 
now became exceedingly plentiful, the latter beating all previous re- 
cords. The Small Skipper made its appearance in great numbers every- 
where. By the 25th July the White Admiral and Silver-washed Fritil- 
lary were nearly over but the Common Blue (scarce) and Small Copper 
(plentiful), of the 2nd brood now appeared. On the 11th October I 
had the great good fortune to capture a perfect specimen of the silvery- 
white form known as ab. alba, of the Small Copper and saw another 
in the same locality three weeks previous but failed to secure it. This 
I believe is very rare and it has been delightful to see a couple in the 
one season. 

Specimens of the Clouded Yellow now suddenly appeared with one 
or two of its var. helice between the 25th and 28th August, and we 
have had them with us ever since, i.e., up to nearly the end of October. 
There is little doing in the butterfly line in the New Forest after the 
White Admiral and the Fritillaries are over at the end of July, but 
one’s interest then passes to the open downs, and on the Western border 
of the New Forest in Dorset one gets busy after the Chalk-Hill Blue, 
its numerous vars., the Adonis Blue, the Small Blue, the Lulworth 
Skipper, etc. I may here mention that one or two Chalk-Hill Blues 
were observed in Hants. close to Sway this year. 


August and onwards:—I must make a few special remarks on the 
Clouded Yellow in 1947, which appears to have about broken all re- 
cords with the exception perhaps of the year 1877, when Frohawk re- 
cords it in the greatest profusion, reaching from the Orkney Islands to 
Land’s End and Ireland. So far as the New Forest area is concerned, 
this butterfly has swarmed and been nearly as numerous as the Common 
or Garden Cabbage White. A fair number were over from the Con- 
tinent in the early spring. These resulted in a very large brood to- 
wards the end of July which continued into the third week of August 
and overlapped another brood, just as plentiful, but which produced 
a much larger percentage of the vars. helice and pallida than the earlier 
brood. While I took 20 specimens of the vars. in the earlier brood, it 
was more like 60 in the later. There were a few also of the var. chry- 
santheme taken. A friend of mine has bred a large proportion of helice 
and pallida from larvae of the earlier brood and another collector’ in 


130 : ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ X1/1947 


this district has taken close on 100 specimens of these two forms and 
intermediate forms. One rather worn specimen of the Pale Clouded 
Yellow was taken here on the 12th October and others observed in other 
parts of the district. It does not follow that the Clouded Yellow, 
occurring so commonly this year, will appear again next year. There 
may be a complete absence of it in Britain as there is no hibernating 
stage. Fresh migrants from the Continent have to visit us in Spring 
and if the weather is favourable it will be able to breed here and per- 
haps produce a couple of broods as in 1947. 


It would appear from the foregoing that in this year of 1947, so 
far as the New Forest is concerned, most of our species of butterflies 
have been more plentiful than usual while other species have been about 
normal. Only a few like the Holly Blue in both broods, the Common 
Blue and Small Copper in the early broods have been very scarce. If 
we pop over into Dorset it can be recorded that the Chalk-hill Blue, 
Small Blue, the Lulworth Skipper and Marbled White simply swarmed. 
Near Corfe Castie I took altogether 609 specimens of these four species 
in less than six hours, amongst which were a large number of fair to 
good vars. of the first mentioned. 


Therefore, the sunless and wet summer of last year followed by the 
very severe winter has had no deleterious effect on most species, but 
it is probably only the very fine summer following that has saved the 
situation. A point to note is that the frost and snow in the past winter, 
although prolonged with hardly a break, does benefit those insects 
undergoing hibernation in the egg, larva and pupal state. It is very 
changeable weather, such as severe frost followed by mild conditions, re- 
peated frequently during a winter, that kills off insect life in hiberna- 
tion. The transition from bad to fine weather was rapid this year and 
species in hibernation were not deceived into developing at the wrong 
time. Some people give the scarcity of birds as one reason for such 
numbers of butterflies this year. The death rate among birds such as 
thrushes, tits, wrens, etc., was very high, and no doubt many larvae 
escaped being devoured. Parasitic flies may have been killed off in 
the past very severe winter and, if so, this would be another contribu- 
tary cause. 

I would invite correspondence with anyone on the points raised, 
as my diagnosis may not be entirely correct, and I have probably missed 
some important point which will help in coming to more definite con- 
clusions.—‘‘ Clay Copse,’’ Sway, near Lymington, Hants.—20th Octo- 
ber 1947. 


BUTTERFLIES AROUND MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND. 
By L. RichMonp WHEELER, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. 


From 23rd May to 13th June 1947 my wife and I had the good 
fortune to stay in Montreux, at the east end of Lake Geneva, with Dr 
J. C. Willis, who, besides being an eminent botanist, possesses great 
knowledge of this beautiful locality and of Switzerland generally. 
Under his guidance we had many delightful rambles in the hills, lower 
mountains, and valleys behind (east of) Montreux, helped on many occa- 


\ 


BUTTERFLIES AROUND MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND. 131 


sions by the mountain railways. I also made two fruitful excursions 
to the Rhone Valley, one to the flat plain near the Lake, the other to 
the fine, wooded, gorge above Aigle. 


The surface of the Lake is about 1,450 ¥eet above sea-level, and 


‘many of our walks were taken at elevations of 2-4,000 feet, with one 


long one over the Col de Jaman, 5,000 feet +, and another at Rochers 
de Naye, about 7,000 feet. 


The weather was almost uniformly fine and hot, with sunshine nearly 
all day. Nevertheless, very few butterflies were visible in Montreux 
itself, and, in accordance with the general impression Dr Willis had 
formed during a residence of many years, individuals were never abun- 
dant anywhere, although the steep sides of the mountains up to about 
5,000 feet were ablaze with masses of brightly-coloured flowers, the domi- 
nant species of which changed with great rapidity. But butterfly species 
were numerous too, at least forty being represented in the 108 speci- 
mens I collected during this period; I also observed the Peacock, Comma 
(var. hutchinsoni), and Wall Butterflies, Small or Essex Skippers, and 
possibly some other species. Captures were difficult sometimes owing to 
the steepness of hill-sides and ravines, and individuals and species were 
naturally most common on sunny slopes and along the rocky gorges of 
mountain. streams. Probably most species appeared in Aigle Gorge on 
the latest day I had for collecting, and their numbers should be greater 
in the summer months. I was content to get one or two examples only 
of butterflies common in Britain, and sometimes failed to do even this 
in my keenness not to miss the rare representatives of species unob- 
tainable at home. 


Most of the butterflies I saw or caught were in excellent condition, 
their vivid coloration corresponding with the brilliance of the flowers. 
But a few showed injuries, usually the complete loss of the tornal area 
of one or both hindwings, which might well have been caused by lizards; 
no beak-marks appear to be visible. Birds also were remarkably few in 
number and; species, except for swifts over Montreux, blackbirds and 
chaffinches, and the eagles, swans, and other large kinds that haunt the 
Lake and the mountains. On the other hand, lizards were fairly com- 
mon in the day-time. 


The butterfly species I captured are as follows: — 


Genus. Species. Locality. Height. Notes. 
PAPILIONIDAE. 
Papilio podalirius, L. °~ Sanloup. c. 4,000’ + One only, my first day; 
and both tails missing ! 
P. machaon, L. Caux, etc. 3-4,000’ Several seen, notably at 
Umbelliferae above Caux. 
Parnassius apollo, L. Above Les 4,0007°+ Near spring, road_ to 
Avants. Jaman; flies with Aporvia. 
’  PIERIDAE, 
Leptidea sinapis, L. Above 2-4,000/ Singly, not uncommon; 
Montreux. hill-sides and gorges, 
not in woods. 
Aporia crataegi, L. Rhone V. Lake Common; all in good 
and hills. level condition. 
to 4,000’ + 
Pieris brassicae, 1, Various. c. 2,000’ Very few seen anywhere, 
P. rapae, L. Various. C. 2,000’ Ditto. 
P. napi, L, Various. Cc. 2,000’ Ditto, 


132 


Genus. Species. 
Euchloé cardamines, L. 


Colias hyale, L. 


C. croceus, Four. 
Gonepleryx rhamni, 1. 


SATYRIDAE. 
Pararge maera, UW. 


P. aegeria, L. 


P. achine, Scop. 


Erebia medusa, F. 


E. stygne, Och. 


E. lappona, Esp. 


Satyrus gatlathea, L. 


Maniola jurtina, L. 


Coenonympha pamphi- 
lus, L. 


NYMPHALIDAE. 
Argynnis euphrosyne, L. 


A. cydippe, L. 


Euphydryas aurinia, 
Rott. 


Melitaea dictynna. Esp. 


M. athalia, Rott. 
Vanessa cardui, L. 


Aglais urticae, L. 


Limenitis camilla, L. 


LYCAENIDAE. 
Cupido minimus, Fues. 


Polyommatus icarus, 
Rott. 

Lysandra bellargus, 
Rott. 


Locality. 
Various. 


Hills above 
Les Avants. 
Ditto. 
Rhone V. 
and hills. 


Hillsides 
and gorges. 


Woods and 
wooded 
gorges. 
Woods in 
Aigle Gorge. 


Hillsides 
and gorges. 
Above Col 
de Jaman. 


Rochers 
de Nave. 


Near Lau- 
sanne, Mon- 
tréux, and 
Aigle. 
Paths 
above 
Montreux. 
Hills near 
Les Avants, 
ete. 


Hillside 
meadows. 
Woods in 
Aigle Gorge. 
Hillsides 
and 

Rhone V. 
Ditto. 


Ditto. 

Caux; 

near hotels. 
Montreux 
to Jaman. 
Woods, 
Aigle Gorge. 


Meadows, 
Les Avants 
to Jaman. 
Near Les 
Avants. 
Caux, Les 
Avants, etc. 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Height. 
2-4 000’ 
4,000’ + 
4,000’ + 
Lake 


level 
to 4,000’+ 


2-4,000' 


2-4,000" 


Cc. 2.000’ 


2-4,000' + 


5,000’ 


7,000° 


Lake 
level 
to 2,000’ 


2-3,000? 


c. 4,000’ 


c. 3,000’ 
€. 2,000’ 
Lake 
level 
to: 4,000’ 
Ditto. 


Ditto. 
c. 3,500’ 


2-5 000’ 


c. 2,000’ 


4-5,000’ 


2-3,000° 


3-4,000’ 


15/X1/1947 


Notes. 
Very few and only sin- 
gly. 
Not uncommon ~-singly. 
Not common. 
Ditto. 
Not uncommon: all in 
good condition; often 


settles on vertical rocks. 
Common in suitable loca- 
lities. 


On 12.6.47 in excellent 


condition; white bar, U., 
very clear. 
Fairly common. 


One only; v. dark, no 
orange rings U.: half 
lh.w. cut off. 

One only, flying over 


steep grass slope: 


flected light. 
Appearing 
June. 


from 10th 


Not common; 
from 8th June. 


Not common; mostly 


good sized. 


Uncommon. 


Few; 
in grassy clearing. 


In marshy spots; un- 
common. 

Meadows: uncommon; 
vy. thick black scaling. 

Meadows: uncommon. 

V. few: condition  v. 
good. 


Appearing in June; bril- 
liant colouring. 

12th June; excellent con- 
dition; one with h.w. 
torni missing. 


Fairly common; most in 
good condition. 


Very few; one taken 8sth 
June. 

Males common, end 
May, vivid blue; females 
taken 9th June. 


erey 
U. looks snowy in re- 


appearing 


splendid specimens 


é 


oo 


\ ZYGAENA LONICERA, ESP., AND ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, L. (LEP.). 133 


Genus. Species. Locality. Height. - Notes. 
Cyaniris semiargus, Ditto and Lake Singletons in good con- 
Rott. Rhone V. level dition on flowers and 
— 4,000’ erass. 
Chrysophanus dorilis, Gorges des C. 2.000’ One seen and _ taken 
Hufn. Chauderons. (above Montreux). 
C. hippothoé, 1.. Jor, on 4,500’ Many ¢@o and one Q, 
road to all resting on Blue Ram- 
Jaman. pion heads, 9th June, 


noon chilly after sun- 
shine; v. good condition. 


Thecla ilicis, Esp. Aigle, road c. 1,700’ Pair, flying together 
to Gorge. near Privet flowers; ©Q 
—r.h.w. half missing. 
HESPERIIDAE. 
Erynnis tages, L. Rhone V., Lake Uncommon. 
etc. level 
upwards. 
Syrichtus matlvae, L. Hills near c. 3,500" Uncommon. 
Les Avants. 
Carterocephalus palae- Track to c. 1,800’ One only, on _ flower 
mon, Pall. Aigle G. head, 12th June; worn. 
Ochlodes venata, Br. & Rhone V. Lake Not uncommon. 
G. and above level 
Montreux. — 2,000 


There seems to be a regrettable lack of portable modern books about 
Swiss butterflies in any language, except Papillons de la Suisse by Gig- 
gisberg and Hunzinger, 1944, Librairie Payot, Lausanne, which deals 
in French with the principal butterflies and moths (c. 3 francs Swiss; 
illustrated). KEmelish entomologists still use The Butterflies of Switzer- 
land, etc., by the Rev. G. Wheeler, 1903, Elliott Stock (5/-, no figures), 
which is very helpful as regards localities and dates of appearances, 
though the generic names are much out of date; and Volume I of 
Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera, with its valuable coloured plates, though that 
dates back to 1906. Frohawk and other later authors can be used for 
the species that also occur, or are supposed to occur, in Britain. For 
help in identifying those that do not, I am greatly indebted to Colonel 
G. K. Gregson, R.A., D.S.0., and to Mrs Gregson for her assistance 
and kind hospitality. 


OBSERVATIONS ON VARIATIGN AND HYBRIDISATION IN 
ZYGAENA LONICERAE, ESP., AND ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE, 
L. (LEP.). 


By Surgeon Lieutenant Commander H. M. Darrow, R.N., F.R.E.S. 


In 1947 five double colonies of Zygaena lonicerac, Esp., and Zygaena 
filipendulae, L., were kept under observation with the view to studying 
variation, hybridisation, parasites and emergence dates, and in an en- 
deavour to establish minor racial differences between isolated colonies, 
if any. Altogether six hundred and eighty-one imagines were examined, 
including two hundred and forty-eight Z. lonicerae, four hundred and 
thirty-two Z. filipendulae, and one hybrid filipendulae x lonicerae. 

The following is a list of the colonies, their localities and salient 
characteristics : — 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1947 


Gi) Wickham, Hampshire, on a flowery bank hy the roadside. 


(a) Z. lonicerae. Thirty cocoons were collected on Ist June and a 
few full-grown larvae were observed. No imagines of any Zygaenid 
species was seen on the wing. The imagines emerged from the collected 
cocoons between 17th and 25th June, 22nd June being the optimum 
date. Only eighteen emerged, death occurring three times in the pre- 
pupal stage and nine times in the pupal stage. No parasites were found 
on dissection, and the cause of death is considered to have been trauma 
at a critical stage of development. Several pupae became impacted on 
emerging from the cocoons. Only one aberration, a semi-confusa, was 
bred. Twenty worn normal specimens were examined in the field when 
the colony was revisited on 6th July. ; 

(b) Z. fiipendulae. Colony discovered on 6th July about 200 yards 
from colony of Z. lonicerae. Eighteen fresh specimens examined, of 
which two had a reduced sixth spot and were kept for dissection. Of 
two other minor aberrations one had an abnormally wide hindwing 
border and the other had markedly pointed apices of all four wings, 
and confluent fifth and sixth spots. Large numbers of cocoons were 
found to have been opened, presumably by small birds. (Vide infra.) 


Gi) Totley, North Derbyshire, on railway embankment. 


(a) Z. lonicerae. Seventy-three cocoons were collected in the third 
week of June when no imagines were on the wing, from which imagines 
emerged without mortality between 24th June and 8th July, the opti- 
mum date being 27th June. Sixty imagines were examined in the field 
on Ist July. There was a marked tendency to crippling both in capti- 
vity and in the wild state. Two aberrations were bred in which the 
hindwings were splashed or shaded with orange in such a way as to 
suggest. disease, or perhaps drenching with an acid meconium. Again 
many cocoons were discovered with the contents extracted by birds. 


(b) Z. filipendulae. Colony centred about two hundred yards from 
the previous one. Between 20th June and 1st July three hundred and 
fifty-three imagines were examined in the field. There was tendency 
to reduction of the upper spot of the middle pair, which was quite 
absent in one specimen and greatly reduced in many others. There was 
also a tendency to dwarfism at the tail end of the brood. Two unusual 
aberrations were taken. In one case the spots on the forewings were 
brick red and the ground colour of the hindwings was pale orange. The 
other aberration was asymmetrical, the left side being normal and the 
ground colour of the forewings and hindwing border being replaced by 
transparent metallic blue, and the spots on the forewing and the ground 
colour of the hindwing being replaced by pale rose pink. It was quite 
_fresh and undamaged in any way. The antennae and genitalia were 
normal and symmetrical. Two specimens with a reduced sixth spot 
were kept for dissection. One male and two females were taken with 
confluent fifth and sixth spots, rather rounded wings and very narrow 
hindwing borders, an association of characters found in several other 
localities, but which appeared out of place in this particular colony in 
which the hindwing border was on the average rather, and in some 
cases markedly, broad. 


ZYGAENA LONICERA, ESP., AND ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAR, L. (LEP.). 135 


(iii) Maltby Wood, Maltby, South Yorkshire. 

(a) Z. lonicerae, Five fresh normal imagines were examined on 
29th June. 

(b) Z. filipendulae. Six imagines examined, of which one had a 
reduced sixth spot and was retained for dissection. 


(iv) Lindrick Golf Course, South Yorkshire. 

(a) Z, lonicerae. Two fresh normal imagines were taken on 2nd 
July and thirty-four cocoons collected. The imagines emerged between 
4th and 13th July, the optimum date being 5th July. There was no 
mortality. There was a marked tendency to emerge in the evening as 
opposed to early morning as is usual in Zygaena. Of those that 
emerged on 4th July, one had a minute sixth spot, and when fresh was 
distinctly greener than normal Z. lonicerae. On dissection it proved 
to be a hybrid. (Vide infra.) Another, a female, resembled Z. fili- 
pendulae very much more closely and probably was of that species, as 
a single crippled Z. filipendulae emerged from the same hatch of cocoons 
on 7th July. All the rest were typical Z. lonicerae. 

(b) Z. filipendulae. Same ‘locality, but were already on the wing 
when lonicerae cocoons were collected Only four were seen and all 
had been on the wing for some days. Three had fused fifth and sixth 
spots, rounded wings and very narrow hindwing borders. 


(v) Rough country between Alverstoke and Clay Hall, Gosport, Hamp- 
shire. 

(a) Z. lonicerae. Very localised colony discovered on 12th July. 
Thirty-nine very worn, but otherwise normal, specimens were examined. 
Three pupae were collected which produced normal imagines on 20th 
July, very late considering the extremely worn state of those examined 
in the field. 

(b) Z. filtpendulae. An enormous colony extending for about a 
mile with local concentrations. One normal male was seen on the wing 
on 5th July and nine more on 14th July. Seventy-eight pupae were 
collected between 5th and 14th July which produced imagines between 
15th and 25th July. Thirty-six failed to produce imagines (46% mor- 
tality), due to various causes discussed below. ‘Two imagines with re- 
duced sixth spots were kept for dissection. One female was taken with 
confluent fifth and sixth spots and narrow hindwing borders 

The analysis of these observations is summarised as follows :— 


EMERGENCE DATES. 

In Hampshire Z. lonicerae emerges about ten days before Z. filipen- 
dulae, and both species emerge earlier inland than on the coast; whilst 
in South Yorkshire and North Derbyshire Z. filipendulae emerges a 
week earlier than Z lonacerae. Though it may sound like wishful think- 
ing, according to my lists of captures, all those specimens with a re- 
duced sixth spot had an emergence date intermediate between the op- 
timum dates of the two species, but, as is explained below, these are 
not necessarily hybrids. HWmergence dates, however, do seem to have 
a bearing on hybridisation. i 


HYBRIDISATION. 
Hight male imagines with a reduced sixth spot were dissected but 
all except one had genitalia indistinguishable from normal Z. filipen- 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1947 


dulae. The one exception was a specimen with a very much reduced sixth 
spot, which emerged from a batch of lonicerae pupae collected at 
Lindrick. The emergence of this batch extended from 4th to 13th July, 
and this particular individual emerged on the 4th together with five 
normal males of Z. lonicerae and one female with a small sixth spot, 
which was probably Z. filipendulae. 

The genitalia of the hybrid (hybr. inversa, Tutt) were identical with 
those depicted and described by Doctor EH. A. Cockayne and myself in 
1941. (Hnt. Rec. and Journ. Var., LITT, 11, 113.) In the locality in 
which the pupa was collected Z. filapendulae emerged before Z. loni- 
cerae. The uncus of Z. lonicerae is short and of such a shape as not to 
prohibit copulation between a female Z. filipendulae and male Z. loni- 
cerae, which would in this locality be on the wing at the same time. 
The opposite situation' is known to occur and produces the hybrid inter- 
media, Tutt, but for the above reasons this particular hybrid seems far 
more likely to be the product of a male lonicerae and a female filipen- 
dulae. 

Females with a reduced sixth spot are rare, which suggests that all 
true hybrids may be males, which in turn may help to account for more 
frequent specific crosses and obvious signs of intergrading between the 
two species. However, I think this unlikely as female hybrids have 
certainly been produced on crossing other Zygaenid species. 


All the other specimens with reduced sixth spots seem to be refer- 
able to ab. hippocrepidis, Stephens., and do not appear to be hybrids, 
even though this year’s observations indicated an. intermediate emer- | 
gence date. Actually ab. hippocrepidis appeared to be six times com- 
moner where Z. lonicerae emerged before Z. filipendulae, which is the 
opposite to what one would expect from the mechanics of the genitalia, 
if it were a true hybrid. Obviously the whole matter requires large 
scale breeding experiments and prolonged observation over a number 
of years before it can be fully elucidated. 

In any case ab. hippocrepidis appears to grade into the normal form 
of Z. filipendulae and the sixth spot was always found to be not less 
than half the size of the fifth, whereas in the true hybrid it was very 
much smaller. 


PUPAL MORTALITY. 

The mortality in the colonies at Totley, Wickham and Gosport was 
enormous, owing to attack by what is assumed to be insectiverous birds 
capable of hovering whilst pecking open the cocoon. Hodgson, EHnt., 
LXXVITI, 990, 176, suggested that House Sparrows or Goldfinches 
might be the culprits. Goldfinches were seen in all three localities and 
in large flocks at Gosport. House Sparrows were not seen in any of 
the three colonies. 

The only colony found to be parasitised was that at Gosport. The 
pupal deaths in captivity amounted to 36 out of 78 (46%). In nineteen 
cases_it was due to one of two species of ichneumon, and in seven cases 
to the tachinid, Neopales pavida, Mg. In twelve cases the cause of 
death was not obvious. 

Why this colony alone should produce so high a pupal mortality from 
parasitisation is hard to say, but in 1946 the mortality was even higher 
(55%) and another tachinid species was also involved, Phryxe vulgaris, 
Fall. I am indebted to Mr H. Audcent for identification of the tachinids, 


° 
STOMORHINA LUNATA, F. (DIPT.), AT BRISTOL. 137 


STOMORHINA LUNATA, F. (DIPT. (CALLIPHORIDAE=LARVAE- 
VORIDAE)) AT BRISTOL, 


By EH. C. M. pv’ Assis-FonseEca. 


On 20th September this year I was walking round my garden with 
a net with the intention of collecting a few Comma butterflies which 
were plentiful about some of the fruit trees when I noticed an unusual 
looking fly on a small clump of Golden Rod (Solidago canadensis, L.). 
I captured the specimen and identified it as a female Stomorhina lunata, 
F., of which there are not very many British records. On the same 
day, and during subsequent days up to 26th September, I collected 
altogether 19 males and 12 females of this species, all from the same 
clump of Golden Rod. The species is generally regarded as an immi- 
grant, being well known on the Continent, where the larvae are said 
to feed on the eggs of locusts and grasshoppers, and it seems likely 
that the same conditions which have driven the Clouded Yellow butter- 
fly over to this country in such huge numbers this summer may also 
have caused a mass emigration of S. lunata from France. Tf this 
assumption is correct, my recent experience would suggest that the 
species must have been fairly abundant in the south-west of Kngland 
during September, and it would be interesting to know whether other 
collectors have had a similar experience. 

It is of interest to note that the species may be a regular visitor 
to this part of the country, as I took a single male in Blaize Woods, 
near Bristol, on 8th July 1945, and a single female at Edington, near 
Bridgwater, on 21st June 1947.—Westerleigh, Cote Drive, Westbury- 
on-Trym, Bristol—8rd October 1947. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


PIERIDAE, BTC., NEAR SEAFORD, SussEx.—Colias croceus has been 
more abundant in this district during this autumn of 1947 than at any 
time during the previous nine years. Plenty of the female helice and 
pallida varieties have appeared lately near the coast, where the otheis 
are most common too; these large numbers are clearly due, partly at 
least, to immigration. 

But up to the date of writing I had not observed any C. hyale, 
though watching closely for them. However, to-day I saw several, in 
a downland valley miles inland! The croceus and other autumnal 
species were also enjoying the sunshine there. [yale appeared in this 
neighbourhood at almost exactly the same date in 1945. 

Pieris rapae. This butterfly has been a perfect pest this fine dry 
summer, the females vastly predominating during the second half of 
August and most of September. In July the earlier occurring males 
were, as usual, more in evidence. But P. brassicae was comparatively 
uncommon. 

We have never seen such masses of Small Tortoiseshells, some small, 
some big, as appeared this year, notably at Buddleia blossom. Other 
ordinary species have mostly been common too. 

But no rarities (other than hyale) have come my way in England 
this year.—RicHMoND WHEELER, 2nd October. 


138 EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1947 


THe WuHitTk ADMIRAL IN SuFFOLK.—On 21st September 1947 I saw a 
White Admiral (Limenitis camilla) flymg in a wood near Ipswich. It 
kept out of reach of my net, but it appeared to be in fresh condition, 
and a little smaller than usual. It has been reported to me that an- 
other was also seen in another wood in Suffolk in September. There 
was also a letter in the Field reporting one having been seen in Berk- 
shire this September. 

I saw my first White Admiral of the year in Suffolk on 17th June, 
about ten days earlier than usual. Is it possible that there was a 
second generation during this hot summer? Have any other speci- 
mens been reported?—S. Brauroy, F.R.P.S., 98 Tuddenham Road, 
Ipswich, Suffolk. 


LEPIDOPTERA IN DorseT.—September—Two larvae of A. atropos which 
duly pupated. October—Scores of M. stellatarwm still about. Many 
H. convolvuli, all in more or less good condition. In my small garden 
quite near the sea scores of C. croceus, P. atalanta, P. cardut, all in 
fairly good condition. I have not seen so many cardwi for years. Dur- 
ing a 50-mile run through the Isle of Purbeck last Thursday, 9th Octo- 
ber, C. croceus was to be seen everywhere.—LronaRD TATCHELL, Swan- 
age. 


AUGIADES (OCHLODES) VENATA (=SYLVANUS) IN OcToBER.— Whilst look- 
ing over the hordes of butterflies feeding on Michaelmas Daisy here on 
5th October in the garden I was most surprised to see a female A. venata, 
freshly emerged, resting with wings half open, on a bloom. There was 
absolutely no doubt at all about it and it gave plenty of time for obser- 
vation and identification. Unfortunately, I thad no net with me and 
was unsuccessful in catching it in my hand. The latest date of emerg- 
ence so far recorded is August in backward years. As this August and 
September have been so exceptionally warm and dry I see no reason 
for believing it to be other than a second brcod emergence. Further 
visits to the spot have failed to turn it up again. 

It might also be of interest to mention that these flowers these in 
the past few days provided food for swarms of P. atalanta, P. cardui, 
A. urticae, P. c-album, P. rapae, and Heodes phlaeas, with a good sprink- 
ling of N. 10, G. rhamm, TP. napi, C. croceus, and P. brassicae. The only 
moth has been P. gamma and that in great numbers. I can never re- 
member a year in which there has been such a concentration of the 
autumn Lepidoptera.—Nicet T. Easton, F.R.E.S. 


THE ASSEMBLING OF PHOTHEDES CAPTIUNCULA, Treit.—In July, I paid 
a visit to the Blackhall Rocks area of the Durham coast in order to 
see how the war years had affected the insects. As is well enough 
known, to workers here, many of the Lepidoptera there have been the 
objects of remorseless persecution in the past, with the result that their 
numbers had greatly decreased. Amongst these insects was the least 
Miner. However, when I reached one of the stations which had suf- 
fered worst I was delighted to discover the insect in considerable num- 
bers. In fact, its numbers equalled what had been present in the early 
years of the century. This I found to be the case throughout that 
stretch of the coast. Proceeding northward, I came to a rather dismal 
area which we had always regarded as hopeless from the standpoint of 


COLLECTING NOTES. 139 


Phothedes captiuncula. Again, I was surprised at the presence of the 
insect in quantity. At one point I discovered a female on a rush stem, 
and around it was a cloud of buzzing males whilst no fewer than seven 
were at rest on the rush.—(Professor) J. W. Hrestop Harrison, King’s 
College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


ConiaAs HYALE, L., anp C. croceus Fourc. oN THE ISLE oF COLL, 
Inner Hesripes.—I do not think that the Pale Clouded Yellow has 
been recorded from any Scottish area previously; nevertheless a single 
specimen was observed flying along the eastern shores of Loch Cliad, 
Isle of Coll, on 30th June. ~ During the remainder of our stay, the 
weather was too broken for us to make further investigations in that 
area. However, as we had to make some further observations on the 
Irish Ladies’ Tresses Orchid, we returned to Coll on 27th August. On 
the succeeding day, we determined to visit Loch Cliad once again. On 
our outward journey we were attracted by the butterflies, chiefly Van- 
essa atalanta, sucking nectar from the flowers of the Devil’s Bit Scabi- 
ous which grows so plentifully just a little above the shores of Loch an 
Duin. Amongst these, however, was a single Colias croceus.—J: W. 
Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


Prpris NapPiI, L., IN THE INNER AND OvTER Hesripes.—Only a few 
years have elapsed since we discovered this insect in the Outer Hebrides 
in the Isle of Barra, and demonstrated that the pretty tales about its 
being an immigrant in certain of the Inner Isles were entirely fanciful. 
Now it is known to range from Barra to Benbecula in the Outer Isles, 
and to occur on every island in the Inner Group. On the Isle of Ben- 
becula, we had considered it to be very local, and to have its northern 
limits fixed at Loch na Liana Moire. Now, as the outcome of our stay 
in the Gramisdale district of Benbecula, we can state that the insect 
is plentiful right up to the fords between Benbecula and North Uist. 
There is thus every probability that the Green Veined White will be 
discovered on North Uist. F 

In the Inner Isles, it had been looked upon as local and rare in Tiree. 
On this island, again, we were able to extend its known range for, whilst 
exploring, the rocky Ceann a’ Mhara in the extreme west in the month 
of June, we found the insect in numbers in the gullies, and along the 
small streams in which water cress grows.—J. W. Hestor Harrison, 
King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


INSECTS AT THE FLOWERS OF THE CUSHION PINK (SILENE ACAULIS, L.). 
—Farly in June once more our researches demanded our presence in the 
Isle of Rhum, and just as is our usual practice, in order to break our- 
selves in, we made an early ascent of Barkeval where, at a height of 
nearly 2000 feet, the Cushion Pink abounds. Fortunately, when we 
reached its stations we found it in fuli flower. Moreover, it was being 
freely probed by immigrant Plusia gamma with which, even at that 
height, were a few queens of Bombus hortorwm. Working along the 
ridge I began my descent amongst the broken rocks to the west. How- 
ever, before the Silene acaulis was left behind, a strange-looking moth 
was netted at its flowers. This turned out to be a fine specimen of 
Hadena bombycina, Hufn.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s: College, 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. -15/ X1/1947 
ep 

PoLYOMMATUS ICARUS, RACE CLARA, TurT, ON THE IsLE oF Rownay, 
Outer Hesripes.—This island is a very rugged piece of land lying 
just south of Eaval on North Uist, and between that island and Ben- 
becula. We had never visited it previously owing to the difficulty of 
gaining access to it. However, after a very wet and rough passage in 
a fishing boat, we managed to land on it on 20th August, only to dis- 
cover that it was enveloped in fog. With only one compass to serve a 
divided party, after many vicissitudes, we managed to reach the north- 
east of the island, where the sun broke out. On a low grassy cliff there 
we came across a: number of plants of the Bird’s Foot Trefoil, attached 
to which was a strong colony of Common Blues. These, when captured 
for examination, proved to be very large and fine specimens of the form 
clara, Tutt.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon- 


Tyne. 


BUTTERFLIES ON THE ISLE or TrREE.—During a period spent on the 
Isle of Tiree in the early weeks of July for the purpose of studying the 
machair vegetation there, some attention was paid to the insects. These 
were very far from plentiful as the long continued dry frost in the 
first three months of the year had done great damage. Amongst the 
butterflies I saw were Aglais urticae, Maniola jurtina, var. splendens, 
Polyommatus icarus, var. clara, Coenonympha tullia and Eumenis 
semele. The last-named pair I believe to be new to the island, although 
both were to be expected when one considers their abundance on the 
Isle of Coll.—Joun Hestop Harrison, M.Sc., Department of Botany, 
Queen’s University, Belfast. 


AGLAIS URTICAE AB. NIGRA, Turr.—A. urticae has been more than 
usually abundant in North Devon this year, and several minor varie- 
ties, including v. polaris, have occurred in my garden, but on the morn- 
ing of 3lst August last I was surprised to see a fine specimen of ab. 
nigra, Tutt, amongst a dozen or so of the type on a small patch of 
Gilia. It approximates very closely fig. 4, plate 22, p. 93, in Frohawk’s 
Varieties of British Butterflies, but is slightly asymmetrical in the 
amount of biack markings and the reddish-brown colour of the fore- 
wings is not so bright. Incidentally, I may add that the blossoms of 
Gilia have proved more attractive to insects than any others in my 
garden at this season.—K. Barton Wurst, F.R.E.S., Braunton, N. 
Devon. 


CURRENT NOTE. 


Tue Zeit. Ent. Wien. Gesell., Pts. 1-4 and 5-8 (1946), recently to 
hand contain much matter on the Micros. There is a long paper on the 
natural pose of Lepidoptera with many diagrams and illustrations from 
nature. One of the latter is that of Papilis podalirius, which was an 
admirable reproduction, reminding us that we saw one many years ago 
pose on the flowers in the Circus Maximus in Rone in Easter week. An- 
other useful article is one on the Variation in Hybernia aurantiaria 
with a diagramatic plate of twenty forms. We must compliment those 
who are carrying on this fine magazine established in 1916. 


EXCHANGES. © 


Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. 
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 


Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 
Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 
Write K. J. Hayward, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo 205, Tucuman, 
Republica Argentina. 


Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or 
as from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, 
. Somerset. ‘ 


Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or 
purchase considered. Duplicates._Foreign Lepidoptera, e.g., Satyrids, 
Charaxes, Papilios, and others; full lists sent.—P. Siviter Smith, 21 Melville 
Hall, Holly Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16. 


Wanted for cash or exchange many species of ova, larvae or pupae, especially 
local forms and A. grossulariata from different localities, also Seitz Vol. 1 
and Supplements to Vols. 1-4. Offers also, Tutt’s Practical Hints, Parts 1 and 
2, Buckler’s larvae, Vols. 1-6, and Tutt’s British Noctua, Vols. 2, 3; and 4.— 
Dr J. N. Pickard, F.R.S.E., 86 Storeys Way, Cambridge. 


Wanted.—Various monthly parts of Entomologist’s Record for 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 
1919, and 1920. Please report any odd monthly parts (in wrappers as issued) 
prior to these years.—P. B. M. Allan, 4 Windhill, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. 


Wanted.—Males of Morpha menelaus, M. didius, M. rhetenor in papers.—Leonardé 
Tatchell, Rockleigh Cottage, Swanage, Dorset. 


Wanted urgently for ‘experimental purposes, pupae of betularia, porcellus 
elephanor.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Homefield, Cranleigh, Surrey. i 


Wanted.—Various Books on Lepidoptera. Please send lists and price. Also 
wanted, Live Exotic and English Lepidopterous Material for cash or ex- 
change for similar material or Set English Imagines._J. K. Goody, ‘‘ Wel- 
don,” 26 Carr Wood Road, Bramhall, Ches. 


Sale or Exchange—R.E.S. Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; 
unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 1924 less part 5. New Series— 
Trans., Vols. 1 and 2, Vol. 8, part 1. Proceed., Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, part 3. 
Trans. Suffolk Naturalist Society, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4, part 1. Wanted, bound 
or unbound, Entomologist, Vols. 2 and 3, 1926 to 1930, 1940 to 1942. Ent. 
Mont. Mag., 1922, and 1924 to 1942; also various volumes of R.E.S. Trans. 
List on application.—F. W. Smith, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. 


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CONTENTS. 


THE PLEISTOCENE RACES OF CERTAIN BRITISH INSECTS AND DIS- 
TRIBUTIONAL OVERLAPPING, J. W. Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., 141 


VESTRIAS PURPUREUS, THNB., AND ITS PREY, G. H. Lowe, ... vast y LAO 


Hf FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA, Malcolm Burr, D.SCc., F.R.E.S., .... .. 148 


AUCTION SALE IN LONDON OF VARIETIES OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES, 
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C. N. Colyer; Extra Broods of Lepidoptera in 1947, T. Bainbrigge 
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THE PLEISTOCENE RACES OF CERTAIN BRITISH INSECTS. 141 


THE PLEISTOCENE RACES OF CERTAIN BRITISH INSECTS AND 
DISTRIBUTIONAL OVERLAPPING, 


By J. W. Hestor Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S. 


In 1916 I published a comprehensive series of papers (Naturalist, 
1916, pp. 163-166; 194-198; 273-278; 358-362; 377-382) under the gener 
title ‘‘ The Geographical Distribution of the Subfamily Bistoninae ”’ in 
which the whole of the world species of the group were reviewed. In 
that work, the view was advanced for the first time that many British 
species of Lepidoptera, of which Nyssia zonaria, Dup., affords a good 
example, had survived the vicissitudes of the Great Ice Age on Lands, 
long since overwhelmed by the waves, lying to the west of the present 
shores of Ireland and the Outer Hebrides. From those havens of refuge, 
it was suggested that, as the climate ameliorated at the close of the 
Glacial Period, and the ice sheets waned, such forms pressed to the west 
and south to recolonize areas set free of ice. 

Later (Trans. Nat. Soc. Northl. Durh. and Newcastle-upon-Tyne N.S., 
Vol. 6, 1924), a second paper* appeared from the pens of Mr Wm. 
Carter and myself which extended the same idea to cover the distribu- 
tional and other problems presented by the British races of the butter- 
fly Aricia agestis, Hb. (=A. medon, Hsp.). At the same time, it was 
demonstrated that the Durham and Northumberland habitats of the 
species constituted a zone of hybridization in which ordinary southern 
medon (agestis) overlapped and interbred with the Scottish subspecies 
artaxerxes, Fab. It was likewise established that, as a result of this 
interbreeding, there had come into being a mixed population comprised 
of individuals exhibiting all the characteristics of one or other of the 
parent subspecies, intermingled with others displaying every possible 
recombination of those characteristics. A further point made was that 
the position was complicated to a remarkable extent by the presence 
of aberrant insects owing their genesis to genetic interactions of vari- 
ous types. 

Included in the hybrid population, as was clearly indicated, were 
forms alleged by many to represent a distinct race, intermediate to 
agestis and artaxerxes, to which Stephens, quite arbitrarily, applied the 
name salmacis—a procedure wholly indefensible. 

Further, the thesis was developed that artaxerzes itself had evolved 
in isolation from a contingent of A. agestis, cut off during the Glacial 
Period by an ice barrier from the main stocks of the species. In accord- 
ance with the then accepted opinion that agestis still existed in Ireland, 
these refugia were placed in ice free areas lying beyond the present-day 
coasts of that country. Now that the claims of the species to a place 
in Irish faunal lists have been rejected, we are compelled to look to the 
West of Scotland, or to the Scottish Western Isles, for the required 
refuges. Moreover, whilst it cannot be denied that Tertiary relict - 
forms, exemplified by the moss Mywrium Hebridarum, Schimp., have 
persisted throughout the whole of the Glacial Period, it seems almost 
certain that the history of all the British species studied in the papers 
discussed can only be dated back to the last Interglacial Period, or even 


*The contents of this paper are summarized by Ford in his ‘‘Butterflies’’ (pp. 
296-298, p. 314), but no reference to the original work is supplied. 


JAN 15 1948 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI1T/1947 


to some period of temporary retrogression during the last Pleistocene 
glaciation. 

Let us now consider the possibility that it is to the Western Scottish 
areas to which we have to look for ice-free refuges in which artazxerzes 
evolved. Clearly, if these were able to maintain colonies of A. agestis 
during the last Pleistocene glaciation, they must have supported its 
food plant, Helianthemum vulgare, Gaertn. That being so, if one has 
to base a judgment on the present status of the plant in the West of 
Scotland, the whole of the Hebrides, Inner and Outer, must be excluded, 
for only on Lismore of all the Western Isles does rockrose grow. At- 
taching due weight to the glacial phenomena observable on Lismore, 
and to its geographical position, it seems very unlikely that it provided 
the necessary refugia. However, when we realize that rockrose flour- 
ishes elsewhere in v.-c. 98, and that other obvious Interglacial survivors 
like Zygaena purpuralis, L., and Z. achilleae, Esp., may still be cap- 
tured in the Oban area, it appears quite possible that sheltered ice-free 
areas existed in Argyllshire in which agestis persisted, and gave rise 
to the subspecies artaxerazes. 

Again, in spite of the fact that, taking only the present range of the 
rockrose into account, the Inner and Outer Hebrides cannot be brought 
in the discussion, the plant may not have been absent from the islands 
during the final Interglacial Period. Toward its closing stages, high 
land levels, marking isostatic adjustments resulting from the removal 
of the ice load, supervened. Almost certainly, the islands of the Rhum, 
Rigg, Canna and Muck series would constitute, with the adjoining 
mainland, one continuous stretch of land. This would entail exposure 
of the limestone formations now just under the sea on the southern ap- 
proaches to Muck. Besides, the now rapidly weathering limestone 
areas of the Monadh Dubh, Rhum, must at that period have been much 
more extensive. In addition, whilst preferring limestone, rockrose does 
not reject basalts of which Rhum, Eigg and Canna provide an abund- 
ance. Since Rhum was, for the most part, free from ice during the 
last Pleistocene glaciation, the chance that rockrose, with the insect, 
survived in the Small Isles area cannot be disregarded. That the islands 
remained isolated long enough for widely divergent forms to evolve 
must be granted, as endemic species like the eyebrights, Huphrasia 
Heslop-Harrisonu, Pugsl., and H. rhwmica, Pugsl., as well as the 
strange endemic orchid related to Orchis ericetorum, Linton, prove so 
decisively. This would imply that, whilst eustatic rises in sea level at 
the close of the Ice Age once more cut off the islands from the mainland, 
as the late glacial raised beaches demonstrate, later the insect, during 
a period of renewed land connections, again isostatic in origin, was able 
49 pass to the mainland. 


At this stage two points need emphasis; it is quite possible, although 
not likely, if due weight is attached to the fact that artarerxes never 
leaves rockrose, that the other food plants of typical agestis, various 
species of Hrodium, should be taken into consideration. Secondly, since 
an Irish relict colony of rockrose has been discovered, Ireland may still 
have provided the species with its refugium. 

For a long period J regarded Aricia agestis as unique in providing 
an example of overlapping and interbreeding races in Britain. Now, 
as the outcome of protracted studies of Hebridean insect faunas, I re- 


THE PLEISTOCENE RACES OF CERTAIN BRITISH INSECTS. 143 


cognize that the species furnishes only one of the many instances avail- 
able, not only in the Lepidoptera, but also im other insect orders. 
Amongst the Lepidoptera, Polyommatus icarus, Rott., with its race 
clara, Tutt; Mamniola jurtina, L., with splendida, B. White; Argynnis 
aglaia with scotica, Watk.; Eupithecia pulchellata, Stph., with hebu- 
dium, Sheld.; Coenonympha tullaa, Mull., with its two subspecies; 
Euphyia bilineata, L., with atlantica, Staud.; Thera cognata, Thnb., 
with its island race, and the Protean Triphaena comes, Hb., supply an 
excellent group of examples. In particular, I have already shown (Vas- 
culum, xxx, p. 58, 1945) that the case of the common blue butterfly, 
Polyommatus icarus with its race clara, Tutt, runs exactly parallel with 
that of A. agestis. On the Durham coast, forms precisely the same as 
those captured in the Outer Hebrides fly alongside every type of inter- 
grade between clara and the type. Indeed, so extreme are some of the 
Durham females, that this summer I was quite unable to differentiate 
a series caged up for eggs from a similar lot from the Isle of Barra. Also 
im harmony with the agestis position, in inland areas in Northumber- 
land and Durham the ordinary English insect, with some intergrades, 
dominates the colonies. 

Of the other species mentioned, the influence of the Scottish Inter- 
glacial races of Argynnis aglaia and Huphyia bilineata is also felt as far 
south as the North of England. On the other hand, the zones of hybri- 
dization involving M. jurtina, T. cognata and E. pulchellata with their 
Hebridean races are restricted in some instances to the Inner Hebrides, 
and in the others to the same islands and the adjacent areas of the 
mainland. In the case of Triphaena comes, intergrading masked by 
dominance, epistasis and other phenomena depending upon segregation 
and recombination, occurs in the Hebrides, and north of a line from 
the Clyde to Angus, although light infiltration south of this line may 
be encountered. 

In all of these instances, the weight of the evidence brings strong 
support to the opinion that these Scottish Interglacial races are cor- 
rectly described as Hebridean, inasmuch as they have originated in 
ice-free Hebridean areas cut off during the last Pleistocene glaciation 
when the mainland was still enveloped in an icy covering. 

Conspicuous amongst the representatives of other insect orders 
possessing a glacial history closely resembling that of Polyommatus 
icarus stands the Hymenopteron Bombus smithianus, White. This 
humble bee, whilst found on other fringing islands in the British area 
providing glacial relict stations, reaches its maximum population den- 
sity in the Outer Hebrides, and in certain members of the Inner Group. 
In these islands it forms a very striking element of the insect fauna. 
As far as the Outer Isles are involved, it may be observed in every 
island, great and small, from Lewis to Barra Head. In the Inner Isles, 
it forms a permanent inhabitant of the Isles of Coll, Tiree, Gunna, 
Rhum, Kigg, Canna, Muck and Hyskeir. In addition, it has occurred 
sporadically on Raasay, South Rona and Scalpay. Although close search 
has been made for it, it has never been detected in Mull, Skye and Soay. 

Most workers, including myself, rank B. smithianus as a distinct 
species ; others, however, are inclined to regard it as a subspecies of B. 
muscorum, L. In any case, it has been evolved from B. muscorum at 
some date, geologically speaking, comparatively recent, and with that 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/1947 


species it clashes in the Rhum and Raasay groups of islands. On Rhum, 
Cann and Higg, B. smithianus oceurs in preponderating numbers whilst 
on Raasay its occurrence is sporadic, and B. muscorum abounds. Fur- 
ther, it should be emphasized that on all these islands a third related 
species, B. agrorum, L., flies also. In the Isle of Rhum, where the pro- 
blem has been studied most closely, the ranges of B. smithianus and 
B. agrorum tend to remain distinct. Very different are the relations 
between B. smithianus and B. muscorwm; whilst pure B. muscorum 
occurs but rarely, intergrades, generally, but not always, approaching 
B. smithianus are of frequent occurrence. On Kigg and Canna the same 
holds true. On the other hand, in Raasay at the Point of Eyre, insects 
forming a complete transition from B. smithianus to B. muscorum have 
been taken on several occasions. Obviously, in the zones of overlap, 
interbreeding has taken place ending in the evolution of hybrid popula- 
tions of varying degrees of complexity. 


Once more the explanation of these mixed populations lies in the 
fact that in B. smithianus we are dealing with a glacial ‘‘overwinterer’’ 
which has emerged from its Hebridean retreats to make contact with 
and interbreed with contingents of B. muscorwm advancing northward 
and westward in the rear of the retreating ice. Nevertheless, as far as 
Raasay is concerned, the warning must be given that the postulated 
movement of B. smithianus may be quite recent; indeed, in my opinion, 
one irruption of that species took place during the last decade. On the 
contrary, it seems certain that, on Rhum, Hige and Canna, the clash 
took place so long ago as Boreal times when Rhum and its neighbours 
received their quotas of southern plants and animals from mainland 
sources. 

Of the other groups, the Odonata include at least one species on 
which the same type of phenomena is apparent; this is Sympetrum 
striolatum, Charp., and its race nigrofemur, Selys. Throughout the 
Hebrides, and more especially in the islands containing Bombus smithi- 
anus, the race nigrofemur swarms. In fact, this season (1947) it has 
hawked over the lochs, and far away from them, in prodigious quanti- 
ties. 

Even on the Scottish mainland, and in England as far south as Co. 
Durham, the blacklegged form may be found. However, it is note- 
worthy that, in Northumberland and Durham at least, intermediates 
crop up. Thus, once again, the phenomena made familiar by Aricia 
agestis and its subspecies artaxerxes have been repeated. In other 
words, it is clear that, in the race nigrofemur, we have a western Inter- 
glacial race, interbreeding in a zone of overlap with a second subspecies 
of southern proclivities. It deserves mention, too, that in the west the 
Welsh counties produce intergrades. This occurrence is just what one 
would anticipate from the superior mobility of such far-wandering forms 
as the different Sympetrum species. 

The Hemiptera-Homoptera and Coleoptera likewise yield examples 
of the same type of behaviour although in these orders the necessary 
observational and breeding work with selected species are only in the 
initial stages. Amongst the Homoptera the Psyllid Livia juncorum, 
Latr., has been chosen, and as far as the work has gone, it appears 
clear that a dark Hebridean race exists which overlaps with the ordinary 
mainland form to give rise to intergrading forms on Gunna, Tiree and 


VESTRIAS PURPUREUS, THNB., AND ITS PREY. {45 


Coll, and doubtless elsewhere. Much the same seems to apply to Psylla 
dudai, Sule., and amongst the Coccids to Chionaspis salicis, L. 

In the Coleoptera the two forms subjected to study are Coccinella 11- 
punctata, L., with its race boreolitoralis, Donis., and Carabus problema- 
ticus, Hbst. The first named insect, when bred in numbers from the 
Rhum sand dunes, produced forms intermediate between the extreme 
boreolitoralis and the ordinary form, as well as representatives of that 
race. With Carabus problematicus, it is obvious that breeding opera- 
tions cannot be undertaken. Besides, the problem is of a more complex 
nature than in other cases discussed. Nevertheless, up to the present, 
the picture emerging is not out of harmony with that outlined for the 
other insects dealt with above. However, a programme is being built 
in which it is proposed to bring under consideration its races from the 
northern Atlantic islands up to and including Iceland. 

It will have been observed that, in reviewing the above species and 
the races, no mention has been made of clines. The failure to do so has 
been deliberate, and depends entirely upon the fact that field observa- 
tions lend no support to the cline theory. Practically every scrap of 
evidence procurable supports the idea that we are concerned rather with 
zones of hybridization, occasionally irregularly distributed, developed 
by the interbreeding of Pleistocene stocks with others whose arrival in 
the British area can only be dated back to early Holocene times. 

Take, for example, Coenonympha tullia treated so fully in Ford’s 
Butterflies (pp. 292, 293; map 4, p. 342) as illustrating a cline. As far 
as Great Britain and the Scottish Western Isles are concerned, the map 
fails to give a correct distributional picture. The insects flying in the 
Cleveland District of Yorkshire, as well as those encountered in Nor- 
thumberland, are not true philoxenus forms. Indeed, I have individuals 
in my series from Glaisdale indistinguishable from others taken in Kin- 
cardine. Moreover, amongst my Coll captures are some assignable to 
what Ford considers genuine fullia. Again, internal evidence exists in 
the book proving that that worker realized that the position was not 
truly that of a cline. In dealing with Islay populations, he is compelled 
to admit that they include specimens of scotica, tullia and ‘‘even speci- 
mens closely approaching philoxenus.’”’ One cannot wonder, therefore, 
that he has to write ‘‘ The population must have evolved on somewhat 
independent lines.’’ Finally, he attaches too little importance to the 
distribution of Philoxenus on the Continent for it suggests a very re- 
cent (probably boreal) advent of that race in Britain. 

In conclusion, attention should be directed to the fact that the work 
outlined above is still in progress and that other reports will appear 
in future. 


VESTRIAS PURPUREUS, THNB., AND ITS PREY, 
By Dr G. H. Lowe. 


This bug preys upon an ant of the genus Monomorium closely 
allied, if not identical, to *Monomorium pharaonis, L. This ant is very 
common in Malaya, living in houses. I have never found it in any 


*The ant is Monomorium pharaonis, L., only the specimens are very pale in 
colour.—H. D. 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/ 1947 


other situation. It nests in the cracks of walls, behind the plaster, in the 
joints of furniture, and similar situations. It does not construct any 
nest, or alter the nesting cavity in any way. On two occasions I have 
found nests in a spectacle case, left untouched, in a drawer in my dress- 
ing table for several weeks. The nests I have seen have contained com- 
paratively small numbers of ants, but numerous nests may occur in 
one house. 

This ant is active throughout the day and night, but during day- 
light the workers are generally seen singly, unless they are engaged 
in exploiting some chance food supply. At night long columns of ants 
run about the walls. Although it nests in perfectly dry situations, it 
must have water, so that the nests are more common in bathrooms, and 
in bedrooms where there are hand basins, than elsewhere in the house. 
Every night columns of ants can be seen running to, and from, the 
nearest water supply. Other columns run from hole to hole in the 
plaster walls, or between cracks between the tiles of the bathroom walls. 
This is a ‘‘ two-way traffic,’ and many ants, going in either direction, 
have distended crops. To the human observer much of this running to 
and fro seems to be an aimless expenditure of energy. 


The large, dark-coloured, dealated females accompany the columns 
of workers at night, and I have counted six on my bathroom, walls at 
one time. I have not seen winged females, or males, of this species. 
Perhaps this ant distributes itself by means of branch nests, and the 
habit of the queens of accompanying the columns would assist in such 
a method of nest formation. Nesting, as it does, in odd situations, 
it can easily be transferred from house to house in furniture, and 
household goods. 


A small colony of this ant lived in the joints between the legs and 
the top of a table in my sitting room at Sungei Patani. A few ants 
were engaged all day in carrying water supplies to the nest from the 
flower vase which stood on the table. I had tea at this table, and 
numbers of ants always appeared to feed on the sugar, and jam, and 
to carry off small crumbs. Any worker which found food would first 
fill its crop before returning to the nest. A few minutes after it had 
disappeared beneath the table a small column of ants would appear 
following its back-trail to the food. At first there would be some 
straggling, but a definite trail soon became established. At night a 
reading lamp stood on the table, and small insects would come to the 
light. After resting on the globe for some time many of these insects 
fell on to the table as if overcome by the heat, and the ants came out 
to carry them off to the nest. Dealated queens often accompanied these 
foraging parties, but always in a hesitating manner, as if they were 
uncertain if they should have come with this particular party. The ~ 
queens took no part in the transport of the food. 

This species of Monomorium is omnivorous, but it does not seem to 
attack living adult insects. It will eat ants’ eggs, larvae and pupae, 
but does not attack the adult ants. It has a large sting, but I have 
never seen it fight. The trails it follows are laid down by scent. If a 
finger is rubbed across the track the trail is obliterated, and there is 
much confusion until the trail is re-established across the gap. Food 
is eaten where it is found, or cut up into small pieces, and brought 


VESTRIAS PURPURBUS, THNB., AND ITS PREY. 147 


home. There is no co-operative effort to bring home larger insects. If 
a dead insect is small enough to be brought home by a single ant it is 
carried to the nest, and such help as is occasionally given by a com- 
panion appears to be accidental. It is doubtful, however, if it would 
be any advantage to this ant if large insects were brought back to the 
nest. The entrance is nearly always too small for large articles to be 
brought into the nest, and, as it is frequently situated on a vertical 
wall, it would be very difficult to support a large insect outside the nest 
whilst it was being cut into small pieces. 


Although this ant is common throughout Malaya, except at Hill 
Stations, I have only seen the bug at the house where I lived at Alor 
Star, Kedah. Both the larval and adult bugs frequent the trails of 
the Monomorium, particularly at night. The bug appears to be able 
to see the ants from about half-an-inch away. It makes a few quick 
steps forward, and a forward lunge with its beak. The ant is gener- 
ally transfixed through the base of the abdomen, but sometimes the 
thorax is pierced. The first pair of legs are not used to catch the prey, 
but they are used to manipulate the ant on the beak just after it has 
been captured. This manipulation appears to be to keep the ant’s 
jaws, or sting, away from the bug’s beak. After a few seconds all 
movements by the ant cease, and the bug’s front legs are then placed 
on the wall, and the ant remains stuck on the beak. The meal takes 
from five to ten minutes, and then the sucked-out body of the ant is 
pushed off, and the bug starts looking for a fresh victim. 


If the column of ants temporally thinned out the bug would move 
to a fresh area. It appeared to find the ants by sight. The ants never 
attacked the bug, but, on the other hand, the bug appeared, to avoid 
getting mixed up with the moving column. Stragglers, rather than 
ants of the main body, were attacked. The ants seem to be quite 
unaware of the presence of the bug. 


Several of these bugs lived on the walls of my bathroom, and the 
cast skins of the larvae could be found in the angles of the walls. Dur- 
ing the daytime the bugs often hid behind the wall fittings, such as the 
mirror, and [J think the eggs must have been laid in these hiding places, 
as I never found any eggs on the walls. The fate of insects’ eggs in 
the neighbourhood of Monomorium would be almost certain destruc- 
tion. Possibly the eggs are distasteful to the ants, or possibly this bug 
produces eggs which hatch almost as soon as they are laid. Certainly 
the larvae were no more numerous than the adult bugs. On one occa- 
sion, for instance, one adult, and two larvae, of different ages, were 
present in my bathroom. 


Both larvae and adults are equally voracious. The usual gait of the 
bug is a deliberate walk. If disturbed they run a few steps, but the 
adults did not attempt to fly away. J never found them eating any- 
thing other than this species of ant, and I never saw one attacking or 
eating a queen ant. I suggest that this bug is distasteful to the house 
gecko, which is very common in Malayan houses, and that the striking 
red and black colouration is a warning. Otherwise such a slow-moving 
insect, which wanders about on the exposed walls at night, could not 
hope to survive. 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI1/1947 


FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. 
By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


I. BOZ DAGH. 

Ex Anatolia semper aliquid novi! The old saying is as true of 
Anatolia as of Africa, though Pliny did not realise it in spite of his 
knowledge of the country. For Asia Minor certainly has a remark- 
ably varied and rich fauna and flora and may be correctly described 
as a naturalist’s paradise. 

There is, however, a certain reservation, and that is that, at least 
in certain places and at certain times, there is a surprising scarcity 
of individuals. Half-a-dozen summers’ collecting in the neighbourhood 
of the Bosphorus had shown me that the fauna there is not nearly so 
rich and plentiful as in Macedonia, where the whole place seemed to 
offer good collecting ground. But in Anatolia, so far as my experi- 
ence goes, one has to work harder to fill one’s bottle than on the Bos- 
phorus, and there harder than in Macedonia. In very few spots did I 
come across that exuberance of insect life that one would expect in 
full summer in the southern latitudes, which we know in plenty of 
favoured spots even in England. 

For one thing, the season is early in Anatolia, and for the most 
striking groups May and June are the best months. So it was unfor- 
tunate that it was impossible for me to get into the field before July, 
with the result that I missed such interesting Orthoptera as Saga. 
Bradyporus, Tmethis, Nocarodes and their relatives, as well as the 
numerous apterous Phaneropteridae so characteristic of the country. 

My previous visit to Anatolia had been too early, for it was in April 
that I had made a reconnaissance on the central steppe, round the great 
salt lake, when the exuberance of bird life was astonishing, but in- 
sects had hardly begun to appear. 

It was not until 13th July that I arrived in the pleasant little town 
of Denizli, centre of the vilayet of that name, in the south-west of 
Turkey. Here my object was to find a colony of the newly-discovered 
earwig, Pseudisolabis kosswigt, Burr, with Oriental and Australian 
affinities, that Professor Kosswig had found on the neighbouring, moun- 
tains. Here I joined forces with Mr Peter Davis, a keen and energetic 
botanist with an encyclopedic knowledge of his subject. Not only did J 
enjoy his companionship, but shared the privileges given him by the 
Forest Administration, without which our work would have been ex- 
tremely difficult. A Forest officer, Kamil Bey, accompanied us, which 
added to our pleasure and facilities. 

Our first destination was Boz Dagh, a mountain of Mesozoic lime- 
stone attaining an altitude of over 2400 metres. We left early in the 
afternoon, over a fairly high pass down into the plain of Acipayam. 

Stopping for a moment at the highest point, where there is an out- 
crop of coarse conglomerates, I found several of the mantid Bolivaria 
brachyptera, Pall, which indicated that we were still in the area of the 
steppe fauna, Oedalcus decorus, Germar, and a beautiful yellow-winged 
Oedipoda aurea, Uv. It was the first time I had seen this beautiful 
grasshopper and a delight it is. It is distributed over the Anatolian 


FIELD NOTES FROM ANATOLIA. 149 


plateau into Palestine, but in the purely Mediterranean area seems to 
be replaced by another form. 

At this point a violent storm broke upon, us, and it was a bedraggled 
party that arrived in the evening in the little town of Acipayam, centre 
of the bitter almond district, and in the doss-house where we spent the 
night I met with the real exuberance of insect life which is quite 
erroneously believed to be characteristic of hotels, both real and so- 
called, in this part of the world. As a matter of fact, this was the only 
place in Turkey where I have been seriously worried by Cimez, and, in 
seven years’ residence in the country, only the second place where I 
have seen. them at all. 


The next day the Forest Director of the district, Galip Bey, took us 
by lorry to Abas, the last village on Boz Dagh, at an altitude of 1100 
m., just above which we camped for a few days. The place looked pro- 
mising for my earwig, with just the conditions that Kosswig described 
for his type locality on Honos Dagh, an adjoining mountain. There 
was the bubbling brook and there were plenty of stones to turn over. 
So I set to work with a will. But, just as Kosswig had found, to turn 
over stones is one thing and to find the earwig another. He told me 
he had turned over an enormous number of stones, all apparently suit- 
able, but found only two earwigs, a male and a female, but under dif- 
ferent stones. Now turning over stones becomes tiring work, especi- 
ally when one continuously draws blank, and when I felt I could not 
turn over another to save my life, I doze down under the shade of a 
Pinus brutea and was lulled into a dose by the murmur of the rippling 
water. I awoke with a start, and caught a glimpse of a small black 
insect running across my leg. Barely awake, I pounced and popped it 
in a tube. Then, wide awake, I looked carefully. It was P. kosswigi 
all right, but a female. 

In spite of all my efforts, I never found another. I enlisted the 
services of some village boys, providing them with tubes of spirit, and 
showed them, my specimen. Then next day they brought me a tube 
packed with earwigs, that they had found in the gardens and vineyards 
of the village. There were four species, but not a kosswigi. They were 
Forficula auricularia, L.; F. lurida, Fisch., its Levantine relative; the 
handsome F’. smyrnensis, Serv., that ranges from the Aegean coast into 
Azerbaidjan, and IF, hincksi, Burr, that Kosswig had recently discovered 
on the south coast. J saw no more earwigs while on the mountain. 

Another species new to me was Sphingonotus theodort, Uv., similar 
to Sph. caerulans with bright yellow hind tibiae. Jt was not at all 
numerous, occurring sparingly on the open stony patches up to nearly 
2000 metres. The other Oedipodids there were the universal Oed. 
caerulescens, L., the beautiful pink-winged Oed. miniata, Pall. (=O. 
gratiosa, Serv) and the handsome yellow-winged O. aurea, Uv. But 
none of them were numerous. 


There were no Tettigonids to be seen; we had found a belated Poe- 
cilimon in a village by the way and Davis brought me a Tylopsis, an 
abundant early summer species. He also brought me two very in- 
teresting grasshoppers quite unfamiliar to me, two males, which he had 
found crawling on the ground among the needles of Pinus brutea. They 
turned out to be Orchamus, a Pamphagid genus. The next day I spent 


150 PNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI1/1947 


several hours quartering the ground where he had found them, but did 
not see one. I thad always missed the Pamphagidae in my European 
collecting, as I had never reached the ground early enough in the year, 
and these two must have been the last, lingering on at this high alti- 
tude. Afterwards Davis took a female Pamphagid on the branch of a 
pine, a good six feet above the ground. This will probably turn out 
to be the female, but its occurrence up a tree is interesting, since the 
Pamphagids are normally ground-loving insects. In Northern 
Rhodesia I had once taken a large female Pamphagid climbing up a 
tree, several feet above the ground. 


Cockroaches were scarce. I came across a single Loboptera deci- 
piens, Germ., a general Mediterranean species, and, after much search, 
a single Ectobius among dead leaves by a spring. 


A. few hundred metres above Abas Pinus brutea gives place to P. 
nigra, which extends to the top of the tree zone. After a good climb 
up here, I was surprised to see several butterflies, for down at Abas 
all I had noticed were a few obscure Lycaenids. But here I saw 
Argynnis, I think A. pandora, which seems to be the commonest species 
in Turkey, and a Satyrus. The explanation was the existence a little 
further down, over a ridge of a good-sized patch of alpine meadow, 
called yayla in Turkey, with a rich flora of juicy grass and plenty of 
wild flowers. Here were plenty of butterflies, which I took to be A. 
pandora, Colias croceus, one resembling Maniola jurtina, another like 
Eumenes semele, V. cardut and a chequered skipper that was unfor- 
tunately too clever for me. There were several dragonflies about, but 
few Orthoptera. I got Chorthippus dorsatus and Acrydium depressum. 
The presence of the former here was rather surprising; there were not 
many and, unfortunately, some marauding wasps stole several of them 
when drying. Not a sign of a Tettigonid. On the track up to the 
ridge Oed, aurea was the dominant grasshopper; O. caerulescens was 
rarer, and O. miniata rarer still. 


While I was in the yayla my companions had made their way to 
the top of the mountain, from which they did not return till long after 
dark. Davis reported the altitude as 2421 m., above the tree zone; I 
had asked him to look out for Parnassius and Hrebia, but he did not 
see either. He brought down, however, some interesting Orthoptera, 
including four female Nocarodes sp., two species of Poecilimon and a 
red-winged Celes variabilis, the Jatter from a lower altitude. When 
worked out, the two former may very likely prove to be new species. 
He brought also a Thecla and a very pale Satyrus. 


There are many advantages in doing field work with a’ botanist, 
delightful companionship and the chance of learning at least the generic 
names of interesting plants, but there is one disadvantage, that is that 
when on a collecting expedition with an ambitious programme, he is 
_ always in a hurry; he can complete his work in a small area in a few 
days, whereas the entomologist wants to linger. That is, I think, one 
of the reasons that my results were relatively so meagre. In any case, 
I found I had to work far harder to get a bottle full of Orthoptera on 
Boz Dagh and I was definitely disappointed in the amount of material 
collected, though what we did get was clearly very interesting. 


AUCTION SALE IN LONDON OF VARIETIES OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES, 151 


Of other insects, not a sign of Trichoptera, though plenty of dragon- 
flies. Very few beetles, surprisingly few. Davis brought down Pro- 
cerus gigus and a single Chrysomelid from a high altitude and there 
were some bronze Cetonias. A big dark Asilus was common, sitting on 
stones, but on this occasion I did not see one with prey. We had a 
strong lamp in our camp, but only one single insect flew to us to light, 
a small hawk moth. 

On the 17th July we said good-bye to Boz Dagh. It is an interest- 
ing mountain that would well repay more leisurely examination. It 
must be distinguished from the better known mountain of the same 
name near Odemish, so, in alluding to it, it should be made clear that 
it is the Boz Dagh in the vilayet of Denizli. On our maps it is shown 
in error as Bor dagh. 

Back at Acipayam, we were entertained to lunch by Galip Bey. He 
has a delightful house on the slopes of a big row of hills, commanding 
a splendid view of the strange, dry valley filled with bitter almond 
trees and a corresponding range of mountains, apparently treeless, on 
the far side. I came to the conclusion that it must be rather a pleasant 
job to be Forest Director in such interesting surroundings. Round his 
house were the usual Oed. miniata and some Calliptamus. I saw one 
clear-winged insect hawking along the sun-baked hill-side like a har- 
rier, very difficult to see in the blazing sunlight. I caught it, and was 
glad to find it was an Ascalaphus. 

On the way back to Denizli, we stopped at a spring called Vali 
Cheshme, at 1280 metres, where I picked up Chorthippus parallelus, 
Ch. albomarginatus, Oedaleus decorus, an Arcyptera, a Stauronotus, a 
Stenobothrus, perhaps nigro-maculatus, a Calliptamus and Oecd. 
miniata. 

A surprising fact stuck in my mind. I had not seen one single Decticid. 


(To be continued, with a plate to the 2nd part in January.) 


REPORT. 


AUCTION SALE IN LONDON OF VARIETIES OF BRITISH 
BUTTERFLIES. 


By L. HueH Newman. 


The first portion of the Rev. J. N. Marcon’s famous Eastbourne 
Collection of butterfly varieties was offered for sale by Auction at 
Messrs Debenham, Storr & Sons Ltd. of 26 King Street, Covent Garden, 
W.C.2, on 22nd October 1947, and the total for some 280 lots realized 
approximately £1020. 

It has become almost a tradition that outstanding Collections when 
catalogued for Auction should commence with a melanic Swallow-tail, 
and lot 1 of this Sale was no exception. A magnificent male, ab. obscura 
of P. machaon bred by L. W. Newman in June 1935 from stock obtained 
from the Norfolk Broads fetched £15, which is about average for this 
form nowadays. A fine and rare ab. alba of the same species, however, 
realized only £5 5/-, although it was undoubtedly a much more un- 
common insect. 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ X1L/ 1947 


Hermaphrodites amongst butterflies, with perhaps the exception of 
those occurring in icarus, usually command high prices; a rhamni and 
a cardamines at £7 5/- and £16 respectively were about what one would 
expect. But a P. napi following soon after realized £23, but it was a 
unique di-morphic specimen, left side being female ab. citronea while 
the right side was typical white male. As this insect was figured in 
Frohawk’s ‘‘ Varieties ’’ it was picked up remarkably cheap by the 
buyer, having been sold previously to the late Dr Hope for £37. 

Fritillaries are ‘‘ fashionable ’? amongst Auction Sale buyers, and 
some high prices were given: i.e., £10 for a euphrosyne ab. obsoleta; 
£21 for an unusual melanic variety of the same species. <A cydippe 
with jet black forewings and smoky hindwings sold for £16 10/-, an 
ab. charlottag at £21. Its aberrations are rare and an ab. melaua 
and an ab. conflwens-melaina realized £12 and £11 10/- respectively. 
An outstanding female ab. ater-discus went up to £20. Prices for 
paphia were as usual high, ranging from £12 for an hermaphrodite to 
£9 for an extreme ab. melaina and there are a great number of these 
latter forms about in various Collections. 

The Vanessa, family are never quite as popular as the Fritillaries 
but there were some fine aberrations offered, amongst the best being a 
unique male cardui, with more than half of the apical portion of the 
forewings jet black, and figured in Mosley’s ‘‘ Varieties ’’; it realized 
£9 10/- and was worth double this figure. Another variety ab. radiata 
was withdrawn at £9, not having reached the reserve placed on it. 

No high prices were recorded amongst the Browns, and a unique 
homeosis of hyperantus only realized £6 15/- and an hermaphrodite 
megera went for the same sum but to a different buyer. A sooty- 
black galathea that at the time of cataloguing was assumed to be unique 
fetched £13, but actually another very similar specimen existed which 
had been caught this season, and it was exhibited a few days after the 
Sale at the South London Society’s Exhibition. 

L. dispar, the extinct Large Copper, was represented by three in- 
sects; they soid for £6 10/-, £5 15/- ana a female variety for £10 10/-. 
The highest price given at this Sale was for an albino phlaeas. It was 
a historic insect, figured by Barrett and the bidding opened at five 
pounds. The price soon passed the twenty pound mark and a duel for 
the insect ensued between a well-known private collector and a dealer ; 
the hammer fell at £45, and the Small Copper is now in the possession 
of Mr H. Douglas Bessemer. The last lots consisted of some beautiful 
varieties of the Blues, the finest being an extreme anti-digittata which 
realized the high sum of £20.—‘‘ The Butterfly Farm,’’ Bexley, Kent. 


(To be contimued.) 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


OccuRRENCE OF ErHMIA BIPUNCTELLA.—While on holiday at Hast- 
bourne [ took on the 11th August a very fine freshly-emerged specimen 
of Hthmia bipunctella. I had been collecting micros on Beachy Head 
and returning by the road nearest the sea. Unfortunately, having no 


COLLECTING NOTES. 153 


lamp with me at the time, it had almost become too dark for boxing, 
except by holding the net up to the sky. The next morning, turning 
out the bag, I had a welcome surprise. I immediately made a black 
and white sketch of the insect and sent it to my friend, Mr S. Wakely, 
for determination and any information to aid in finding more. This 
was not to be; several more visits failed to produce any more. The 
specimen was a male and taken on the wing about 10 p.m. B.S.T.— 
C. V. Smirx, 23 First Avenue, Heworth, York. 


LaRvA OF ACRONICTA ALNI.—On reading through back numbers of 
the Entomologist’s Record YT find occasional notes on the distribution 
of Acronicta alumi, and think it perhaps worth mentioning that T found 
a fully-grown larva of this species on 6th August 1947 in Eccleshall 
Woods, south-west of Sheffield. It was climbing up a pine trunk and 
had reached a level about five feet from the ground. The nearest pos- 
sible food-plant was a Pedunculate Oak about 20 yards away. I took 
the larva home and offered it oak, birch, apple, pear and hawthorn. 
It commenced to feed on the oak and also ate birch. On 8th August it 
stopped feeding and commenced to walk round and round its cage. 
After three days of perambulation it finally went to earth p.m. on the 
llth August after one abortive attempt. All the yellow markings 
changed to white during this time. The pupa is at present healthy, I 
think. 

This perambulating habit does not always have so happy a conclu- 
sion, however. | On 7th July IT took a half-grown larva of Acronicta 
aceris walking up a wall at Bradford. The nearest vegetation consisted 
of Hop, Yew and Horse Chestnut within a radius of ten yards and a 
Plane Tree about 50 yards away. Jt refused all these and also syca- 
more, pear, plum, apple and ash. It walked round its cage until it 
died about a week later. No parasites were found on dissection, nor 
was there any other sign of fatal disease other than starvation. 

It would be interesting to know whether the Acronicta larvae in- 
dulge in this dangerous wandering habit any more than other species. 
—H. M. Dartow, Surgeon Lieut. Cdr., R.N. 


HEOpDES PHLAFAS has provided almost up: to the present date (12th 
November) some interesting forms of aberration here. Otherwise the 
extreme succession of rain, frost, prolonged snow and heat seemed to 
have no effect in varietal production. The glorious season of sunshine 
suited my health and every advantage of it was taken for hunting.— 
H. A. Leeps. 


Late Dates ror Cotas CROCEUS AND POLYGONIA C-ALBUM.—I saw fly- 
ing and also settled a 4 specimen of Colias croceus on 3rd November 
last on the Old Bat and Ball Cricket Ground, Gravesend (it was in a 
good condition). On the 8th of November TI captured flying in my 
garden at Greenwich a specimen of Polygonia c-album.—F. T. GRant, 
37 Old Road W., Gravesend. 


THREE Broops or C. crocEus (EDUSA) IN Briratn?—Thank you for 
having sent me a forward copy of my Note on the Butterflies of the 
New Forest area in 1947 in connection with weather conditions. ‘‘ I 
think it might be recorded that Colias edusa, the Clouded Yellow, so 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1947 


far as this part of the New Forest is concerned, thas been three brooded 
in 1947 as fresh specimens have been taken any sunny day up to the 
10th November and on which date several nice specimens of the type 
as well as a good number of the var. helice have come to the net. I 
should imagine this very late date for them to be still about in some 
numbers is a record. 

This insect has been with us throughout the year without any dis- 
tinct break between the three broods, which have overlapped, but it is 
pretty definite there have been the three broods as some of the speci- 
mens taken on the 10th November had only just emerged.’’—Cnuas. B. 
ANTRAM, Clay Copse, Sway, near Lymington, Hants. 


CoLtouR oF Papitio PupaE.—I was very interested in Mr Fearne- 
hough’s experiment with the pupae of P. machaon (1947, Entomologist’s 
Record, 59: 122) as for some years past now J have been experiment- 
ing with two of the common Indian Papilio species—polytes, L., and 
demoleus, In; my experiments with the former being fairly well ad- 
vanced but without any conclusive results, with the latter species only 
at the beginning. 

As soon as my larvae pass their last evacuation and start to wander, 
they are placed in either (a) cylindrical cigarette tins with the bottom - 
and sides enamelled in various colours and the top covered with a piece 
of glass, or (b) inj glass tubes suspended in a south verandah, or (c) 
in complete darkness in old, rusty, glass-topped tins shut up in a closed 
biscuit tin. Colour of the immediate surroundings does not seem to 
be the controlling factor as I have had eighteen green pupae out of 
twenty in black enamelled tins and only thirteen out of seventeen in 
green tins, in fact the tendency seems to be for a higher proportion 
of brown pupae to appear in the paler-coloured tins. At one time I 
thought it might be a question of light, but I have had nine green 
pupae out of twenty formed in darkness and four out of seven in those 
formed in the suspended glass tubes. All the foregoing figures apply 
to polytes. 

I have since inclined to the view that there might be some connec- 
tion between, the amount of movement after the larva ceases to feed 
and the colour of the pupa, larvae which move more producing brown 
pupae. Both polytes and demoleus feed on various species of Citrus, 
and a larva which wandered little would be likely to pupate among 
leaves and be green, whilst one that wandered more would pupate on 
the branch or trunk of the tree and be brown. Mr Fearnehough’s re- 
sults, however, seem to preclude this idea, as his larvae all appear to 
have hung up under the same conditions and only to have been ex- 
posed to the different situations after they had spun their girdle and 
pad. 

In India Papilio larvae almost invariably start to wander in the 
evening after dark, hang up during the night before daybreak, and 
complete the change to the pupa some twenty-four hours after they 
have started to wander. 

The late Sir Edward Poulton published at least one paper on his 
experiments on the pupal colour of P. machaon, and, writing from 
memory, considered his results inconclusive.—D. G. SEvAsToPuto, 
F.R.E.S., London, 29.x.47. 


CURRENT NOTES. 155 


ConiAs cRocEus IN Lancs.—On 28.viii.47 one C. croceus was seen in 
the town centre of Rochdale. Between 25 and 28.viii.47 four were seen 
and one caught in Bury by myself: the rarity of this occurrence can 
best be illustrated by the fact that at most eight other species of butter- 
flies are recorded yearly from Bury.—M. M. Battey, Hill Crest, Lime- 
field, Bury, 28.viii.47. 


SroMoRHINA LuNATA, F. (Dipr. CaLtirHoRIDAE) IN SoutH HeErtTs.— 
Mr EK. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca’s notes on this interesting species (Ent. 
Rec., November 1947, p. 137) prompt me to record the capture of a ¢ 
on a dahlia in a park at Cockfosters, Herts, on 19th October 1947. The 
locality is about eleven miles from the heart of London. This, I be- 
lieve, brings the total of known British captures of this species to 45, 
of which five were by Mr F. Jenkinson in 1901, and 32 by Mr d’ Assis- 
Fonseca this year. The question of whether the sudden increase in the 
number of British records of this fly in 1947 is connected with the 
season’s immigration of locusts from France is raised by Dr van Km- 
den (Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., Ser. C, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1947).—C. N. 
Cotyrer, F.R.E.S., 8 Canning Court, Newnham, N.22, 21st November 
1947. 


Extra Broops or L&pmportErRa IN 1947.—The exceptionally warm 
summer of 1947 produced extra broods of many Lepidoptera, and 
amongst those noted were:—At Whitminster (elev. 60 feet), Glos., 
Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthrastri) on 20.viii (a full-grown larva was 
noted on 22.viii), and Huchalcia (‘‘Plusia’’) chrysitis on 23.viii; at 
Rodborough (elev. 600 feet), Glos., Pieris brassicae on 3.x, Pararge 
megera on 12.x, and Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla on 13.x.—T. Batn- 
BRIGGE FLETCHER, 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Tur Bull. and Annal. Soc. Ent. Belge comes out regularly and 
the other Belgian paper Lambillionea is issued in composite parts at 
intervals. The Dutch journal Entom. Bericht. is in quite regular issue 
and the Tijd. v. Ent. appears at intervals. The Russian Rev. Russe 
VEnt. ULS.S.R. comes at long intervals up to date. Opuscula Ent. and 
Ent, Tidskr. of Sweden are regular as usual and the Spanish Eos 
volumes are regular as well as pretentious. Very few of the publications 
of the day have short collecting notes and news matter which are so 
interesting and useful. 


In parts I-II of the Bull. d& Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belge the Abbé 
Dufrane has given a Summary of his very large collection of the 
Pieridae of the World, especially remarking on the variation in detail. 
He has described a large number of aberrations and made reference to 
the varieties which have hitherto been noted in Seitz great work. All 
students interested in this Family will have to refer to the work of 
this author comprised in the pages 45-75. Such work is very interesting. 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/ 1947 


Tue Journal of the Miinich Society, Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesch., is 
the first of the German Entomological periodicals to reach us. A great 
deal of matter was published during the early years of the war. Several 
hundred pages and many plates were issued with each part. The papers 
were long and comprehensive, dealing with groups and describing new 
species. The Micros had a good) deal of space devoted to them, but 
the short Collecting Notes were very few. 


THe Bull. Soc, Ent. France is being issued regularly as usual. There 
is a reappearance of the French journal which has been so popular and 
useful, Amateur Papillon, as Revue Francaise Lepidopterologie. 


Vou. V of the Bol. Entomologia Venezolana, the issue for 1946 con- 
tains comprehensive articles and a large section of a Catalogue of the 
Insect Life of the Country. (1) A series of Records from which one can 
get detailed information on the Lepidoptera by R. D. Lecky (in French) ; 
(2) the same anthor deals with the Sphingidae; (8) H. K. Jownes as- 
sisted by Cresson and others treat particularly of the Ichneumonidae 
ot the Neotropical Region (in English) ; (4) KE. L. Bill contributes a Cata- 
logue of the Hesperiidae of Venezuela. The volume is a mass of de- 
tailed references in its 200 pp. 


OnE of our valued correspondents, Bryan P. Beirne, Ph.D., M.R.1.A., 
has presented a very long, detailed and illustrated paper to the 
Royal Entomological Society, under the title ‘‘ The Origin and History 
of the British Macro-lepidoptera.’’ This treatise of about 100 pages 
is well classified and thas 45 diagrammatic maps, not on plates, but in 
the text where needed. It is one of the most valuable papers that have 
recently been published and will doubtless produce a fund of matter 
for discussion and thought. 


Tur Spanish Journal Hos reaches us regularly and contains many 
valuable articles on the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera of 
that country. The two parts for 1947 so far comprise 164 pp., 7 plates 
and many text figures and diagrams. Two of the plates are devoted to 
Lepidoptera; plate 1 illustrates a paper on new species of the genus 
Crambus by R. Agenjo; plate 2 illustrates another paper by the same 
author, this time dealing more with the synonymy of the species figured 
and described. There are numerous figures of Coleoptera with plates 
showing the kind of habitats of some of them. 


° 


Tue Verrall Association of Entomologists. A notice in regard to 
the revival of the ‘‘ Verrall Supper ’’ at the Holborn Restaurant on 
13th January next has been posted to all who were subscribers to the 
Association in 1939, possibly not always to the correct address. If any 
such subscriber does not receive the notice will he please communicate 
with the Hon. Sec.—J. E. Cortin, Raylands, Newmarket, Suffolk. 


Extromotocy and Agriculture are closely allied, hence we have had 
sent to us a beautiful and artistic little pamphlet by the Plant Pro- 
tection. Ltd. for notice. It is entitled ‘‘ Science in the Service of Agri- 
culture,’ and besides the appropriate letterpress of 20 pp. contains 
seven very delightful sketches such as are rarely seen except in very 
high-class work which avoids the precision and hardness of photography. 


EXCHANGES. 


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Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvas or pupae, or 
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Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. 
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Sale or Exchange—R.E.S. Trans. and Proceed.; bound, 1911 to 1916, 1918 to 1919; 
unbound, 1921 to 1923, 1925; also 1917 and 1924 less part 5. New Series— 
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List on application—F. W. Smith, Boreland of Southwick, by Dumfries. 

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Wanted.—Volume V (five! of Tutt’s British Lepidoptera.—T. R. Eagles, 32 Abbey 

_ Road, Enfield, Middlesex. 

Wanted—Bristol board suitable for mounting Coleoptera. Also, Puton, A., 1878, 
“ Synopsis des Hémiptéres-Hétéroptéres de France. Badonnel, A., 1943, Faune 
de France, No. 42, Psocoptéres.—H. G. Stokes, 12 Roman Road, Salisbury, Wilts. 

Wanted for Cash.—Tutt’s British Butterflies, 1896: Transactions and Proceed- 
ings Royal Ent. Soc. Ldn. (must be almost if not quite complete).—Lionel 
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For Sale—Tutt’s British Noctuas, 4 vols., complete: Index Entomologicus, by 
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IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. 


A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY. 
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THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA), WITH 
NOTES ON A FEW SPECIES. 
By J. E. Contin, F.R.E.S. 


The Diptera are an Order of Insects in which (compared with many 
- other Orders) colour and pattern are comparatively rare; it is not sur- 
prising therefore that the Trypetidae with their prettily marked wings, 
and (at least in life) delicate coloration of body, quickly attract the 
attention, of students. They belong to a division of the Diptera in which 
the males have a long coiled penis, and the females an unusually long, 
strongly chitinized basal section to a telescopic ovipositor ; they may be 
distinguished from other species with banded or spotted wings by the 
combination of the presence of lower (incurved) fronto-orbital bristles, 
and a peculiarity in the course of the first (mediastinal) wing vein, which 
ends (faintly) bent almost vertically wo towards costa at a point where 
there is a distinct break in costa, and where the costal spines are in- 
serted. The insects are found on the flowers and leaves of various plants, 
in which (as well as occasionally in the stems and berries) the larvae feed. 

One does not collect and study the Trypetidae long before becoming 
aware that there are various types of wing-markings, and that these 
different types are to a very large extent indicative of certain groups, 
not only of species, but also of genera. This fact naturally leads one to 
expect to find sub-family characters in the wing pattern, but when it 
‘ comes to specifying these characters for such major (or even for minor) 
groups in the family, one is confronted with many difficulties. Satis- 
factory definitions of such groups are by no means easily drafted, either 
when based upon wing pattern alone, or any combination of this and 
other characters, even for such a limited fauna as that of the British 
Isles. This is not because there is a dearth of other characters, but be- 
cause, in so many cases, characters which appear at first sight very pro- 
mising, have a disconcerting way, sooner or later, of appearing where 
they are not wanted, or of failing to retain definable limits. 

Chaetotactic characters have often proved most useful and reliable in 
classifying the Diptera, and one would therefore expect to find in the 
Trypetidae some correlation of such characters with those of wing pat- 
tern, but though this is often evident, there are remarkable cases of 
species with similar wing pattern exhibiting wide differences in some 
of their chaetotaxy. In Trypetidae, as in all insects there is still much 
to be done in order to arrive at the correct phylogenetic value of each 
of the many different characters. 

The classification here adopted does not very materially differ from 
that of Hendel, though based upon somewhat different characters from 
those recently used hy him in Lindner’s ‘‘ Die Fliegen.’’ The chief 
differences being :—(1) The division of the family into three sub-families 
instead of two, and the addition of an extra tribe, the Acidiini; (2) The 
removal from the Tephritinae of Hendel’s tribe Terellini (more correctly 
Trypetini), and the addition to this tribe of the genus Xyphosia, with 
the consequent alteration of the tribal name Xyphosiini to Aciniini; 
and (3), the removal of Hnsina from the Tephritinae to the Myopitini 
of the Trypetinae. 

Hendel’s Terellini (comprising the various sub-divisions of the genus 
Trypeta of our List) are undoubtedly more related, both in wing pattern 


(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


(when present), and in chaetotaxy, to the Acidiine than to the Tephri- 
tine stem of the family; the inner and outer vertical bristles are similar 
in structure, and the postocular ciliation, even if sometimes pale, is fine 
and not coarse and spine like; the distinctive incurved posterior upper 
orbital bristle is found also in Oxyaciura tibialis of the Acidiini, but not 
in the Tephritinae. 

Xyphosia exhibits relationship to the Acidiine stem in the obviously 
hairy frontalia, the dense arrangement of hairs on costa of wing, and the 
similarity, both in structure and colour, of outer and inner vertical 
bristles on head. 

Ensina shows greater relationship to Myopites than to Tephritis in 
its frontal chaetotaxy, and in similarity of structure of inner and outer 
vertical bristles, while there is a tendency to greater development and 
chitinization ‘of the lateral abdominal membrane, as in other Myopitini. 


TABLE OF SUB-FAMILIES. 

1(4). The outer bristle of the pair of diverging vertical bristles be- 
hind upper corner of each eye, is of similar bristle-like con- 
struction to inner one (though often shorter), and seldom 
differs from it in colour. Wings very seldom (D1TRICHINAE) — 
reticulated. 

2(3). Wings with dark bands or patches which are not broken wp by 
numerous hyaline spots or windows, or dark with a few 
hyaline costal and hind marginal wedge-shaped indenta- 
tions, or darkened about base with dark streaks radiating 
outwards. Postocular ciliation usually black and fine, if 
pale, or if wings almost or quite clear, the posterior of two 
upper orbital bristles on frons inclined inwards, or absent. 

TRYPETINAE. 

3(2). Wing with numerous hyaline spots or streaks giving them a 
reticulated appearance. (British species easily recognized 
by having a polished black scutellum and end of abdomen, 
i.e., last tergite, if without, the species are aberrant Tephri- 
tinae). D1tTRICHINAE. 

4(1). Outer vertical bristle of different construction to inner one 
(shorter and more spine-like), and often differing in colour. 
If of same dark colour, wings not banded. Wings usually 
with numerous hyaline spots and streaks in any dark bands 
or patches which may be present, or with very ragged dark 
patches, or with only apical, median, or costal, dark patch, 
with, or without, radiating streaks. If (rarely) almost 
hyaline then posterior orbital bristle truly reclinate, and 
anal cell with pointed lower corner. Postocular ciliation 
very seldom black and fine, usually whitish and spine-like. 
Posterior upper orbital bristle never inclined inwards, and 
slightly backwards, usually whitish. TEPHRITINAE. 


TRYPETINAR. 
Table of British tribes and genera. 


1(42). Cross-vein closing anal cell sharply bent outwards below so that 
lower angle of cell is pointed, if not so (Goniglossum), or _ 


5(4). 


6(3). 


7(16). 


8(9). 


9(8). 


10(13). 


THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). (8) 


doubtfully so (Rhagoletis) then there are two pairs of upper 
orbital bristles. Frontalia often hairy. 

(Ensina of the Myopitini with somewhat pointed lower angle to 
anal cell has a very distinctive facial profile, with very short 
face and strongly projecting epistoma, and has only one 
upper orbital bristle.) 

Posterior of the two upper orbital bristles when (usually) present 
always reclinate in British species. Anterior dorso-central 
bristle on thorax usually behind a line connecting supra- 
alar bristles (except in Cryptaciura). Frontalia hairy even 
if hairs only minute. Tribe Acidini. 

Wings with distinctive markings as stated below, and cross- 
vein closing discal cell strongly sloping outwards so that 
lower angle at end of cell is very acute. 

All cells about base of wing with dark spots or stripes followed 
by a transverse yellowish-brown band from which at least 
two bands diverge, one (rather irregular) along costa to tip 
of wing, another (narrower) along the sloping outer cross- 
vein. Males with anterior upper orbital bristle broadly 
expanded, scale like, at tip. Crratitis, Mch. 

One species (capitata, W.) imported into this country in fruit 
and occasionally successful in rearing a brood over here. 

Wings with a dark patch on basal half extending as far as 
middle cross-vein; apical half of wing with four very nar- 
row radiating bands, one curving up from middle of wing 
to end of radial vein and then along costa to tip of wing, 
a lower one from middle of wing along the sloping outer 
eross-vein to hind margin, and two shorter ones from middle 
of wing, one upwards to costa, the other downwards to end 
of anal vein. Male orbital bristles all normal. 

PHacocarpus, Rdi. 

One species (permundus, Harr.) breeding in whitethorn, and 
other, berries. 

Wing venation not as in above two genera, and outer cross-vein 
upright. 

Wings with a sharply defined, isolated, often wedge-shaped 
(widest on costa), hyaline, costal indentation immediately 
beyond stigma, and sometimes a second one beyond the first. 

(If colour of wing markings is not intense or the wedge-shaped 
indentation is doubtfully isolated, and there is no strong 
sternopleural bristle, see Acidia cognata.) 

Cubital vein bristly on radio-cubital node only. Anterior dorso- 
central bristle close to transverse thoracic suture and a long 
way in front of a line connecting supra-alar bristles. 

Crrypraciura, Hend. 

One species (C. rotundiventris, Fln.) reputed to have been bred 
from ‘‘ Burdock ”’ but I have a note that Mr J. J. F. X. 
King bred it in 1910 from Heracleum. 

Cubital vein bristly from base to at least middle cross-vein. An- 
terior dorso-central bristles never so far forward. 

Head in profile somewhat triangular with front of frons more 
projecting than front mouth-edge. 


(4) 


11(12). 


12(11). 


13(10). 


14(15). 


15(14). 


16(7). 


18(19). 


19(18). 


20(21). 


21(20). 
92(23). 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


Third antennal joint with blunt end. Two costal, wedge-shaped, 


hyaline, indentations immediately beyond stigma. No 
sternopleural bristle. PLATYPARELLA, Hend. 

One species (P. discoidea, F.) breeding in stems of Campanula 
latifolia. 


Third antennal joint acutely pointed. Only.one costal indenta- 

tion beyond stigma. One strong sternopleural bristle. 
PLATYPAREA, Lw. 

One species (P. poeciloptera, Schrnk.) breeding in stems of As- 
paragus officinalis. 

Head in profile not triangular. Front of frons no more pro- 
jecting than front mouth-edge. 

Arista bare. Wings with only one wedge-shaped costal inden- 
tation beyond stigma. PuinorHyiia, Rdi. 

One species (P. heraclei, L.) well known as the Celery fly but 
mining the leaves of this and other related plants. 

Arista pubescent. Wings with two costal, hyaline, indentations 
(one long and one short) beyond stigma. Mytorsa, Rdi. 

One species (M. caesio, Harr.), the larvae mining incorrectly 
recorded as the leaves of Lychnis diurna. 

Wings with the hyaline mark immediately beyond stigma usually 
connected with other hyaline areas, if wing markings are 
faint and hyaline mark is wedge-shaped, and there is no 
sternopleural bristle, see Acidia cognata. 

Wings occasionally with Myiolia-like markings (Acidia) and 
then no sternopleural bristle; markings usually more broken 
up (Spilographa-like), never with more or less complete 
cross-bands of Urophora or Trypeta pattern with apical 
band connected on costa with preapical transverse band. 
Yellowish species, with thorax never mainly black, nor with 
rounded shining black patches. 

Wing markings Myiolia-like in having two separated hyaline 
stripes (one short, one long) beyond stigma, the shorter one 
‘extending from costa to cubital vein on basal side of middle 
cross-vein, the longer one (further from stigma) extending 
from costa somewhat diagonally backwards past outer side 
of middle cross-vein. No strong sternopleural bristle. 

Acrpra, Dsv. 

One species (A. cognata, W.), the larvae mining the leaves of 
Petasites and Tussilago. 

Hither no hyaline stripe extending from costa towards basal side - 
of middle cross-vein (this cross-vein being underneath end 
of stigma), or one which is confluent with hyaline area on 
other side of that cross-vein. 

The pleural sclerite below basal corner of scutellum (immedi- 
ately below thoracal squama) clothed with long pale hairs. 
No presutural bristle above notopleural depression. 

RHACOCHLAENA, Lw. 

One species (R. toxroneura, Lw.). 

This sclerite quite bare. Presutural bristle present. 

Mouth-edge at sides towards front with a series of about six, 
strong, spinose bristles. CHAETOSTOMA, Radi. 


93(22). 


24(25). 


25(24). 


26(27). 


28(17). 


29(30). 


30(29). 


31(2). 


32(41).. 


33(34). 


34(33). 


35(36). 


36(35). 


THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). (5) 


One species (C7. giraudi, Frauf.). 


Mouth-edge without a series of strong spines towards front, 
though there may be 1-2 towards behind. 


Only one upper orbital bristle. Hind tibiae with short blaci: 
antero-ventral spurs. Male with frons in front produced on 
each side into a process bearing long, black, blunt, spines. 

Vidoliea ( = Sremonocera, Rdi) 

One species (S. cornuta, Scop.), the larvae mining leaves. of 
Eupatorium cannabinum. 

Two upper orbitals on each side of frons. No short black apical 
spurs to hind tibiae. Male frons normal. 


Third antennal joint with blunt nd. Hind femora without 

distinct antero-ventral bristles near tip. (= SprnoGRaPHa, Lw) AY 

Five species (S. zoé, Mg., Wiedemanni, Hend., artemisiae, F., 
ummaculata, Med) = hamifera, Lw., and virgata, Coll.). 

Third antennal joint somewhat pointed above at tip. Hind 
femora with 1-2 distinct antero-ventral bristles near tip. 

ZONOSEMA, [Lw. 

Two species (Z. alternata, Fln., and Meigenit, Lw.). Larvae of 
former in Rose ‘‘ hips,’’ of the latter in Berberis berries. 


Wing markings forming more or less complete transverse bands 
(Urophora or Trypeta-like), the apical and preapical bands 
joined together on costa, Thorax mainly black, or if 
yellowish with shining black, rounded, patches. 


Thorax black with humeri and scutellum yellow. Urophora-like 
species. Rwacoretis, Lw. 

One species (R. cerasi, L.), possibly not indigenous but imported 
in cherries, in which the larvae live. 

Thorax yellowish with shining black (or brownish-black) patches. 
Face sloping forward to a strongly projecting epistoma. 
Proboscis long and geniculate. GonteLossuM, Rdi. 

One species (G. Wiedemanni, Mg.). Larvae feed in berries of 
Bryonia dioica. 

Posterior of two upper orbital bristles inclined inwards and 
slightly backwards (never absent). Anterior dorso-central 
bristles never behind a line connecting supra-alar bristles. 
Frontalia bare, or only rarely (Xyphosia) hairy. 

Tribe Trypetina. 

Cubital vein bare above except sometimes on, or near, radio- 
cubital node, bare beneath. Frontalia bare. 

Mouth-edge on each side in front distinctly and strongly bristled. 

No presutural dorso-central bristle. .CHAETOSTOMELLA, Hend. 

One species (C. onotrophes, Lw.). Larvae in flower-heads of a 
number of different Compositae. 

Mouth-edge not so distinctly bristly, without strong black 
bristles on each side in front. 

A presutural dorso-central bristle present on thorax. 

CHAETORELLIA, Hend. 

One species (('. jaceae, Dsv.). Larvae in flower-heads of Cen- 
tawrea. 

No presutural dorso-central. 


(6) 


37(38). 


38(37). 
39(40). 


40(39). 


41(32). 


42(1). 


43(46). 


44(45). 


45(44). 


46(43). 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


Male with a remarkable prolongation of second antennal joint, 
bearing spines. Female with facial orbits more ridged and 
prominent than usual, and-hairy from vibrissal angle up- 
wards for whole length. Antennae wider apart at base than 
width of basal joint. CrriocEera, Rdi. 

Two species (C. cornuta, F., and microceras, Hering). Warvae 
in flower-heads (cornuta) and in stems (microceras) of Cen- 
taurea scabiosa. 

Antennae of male and face of female normal. 


Wings banded or spotted, or if clear third antennal joint 
rounded at tip. Hairs at vibrissal angle of face continued 
above level of front mouth margin even if only fine and pale. 

Trypeeta, Me. 

Six species (7'. colon, Mg., falcata, Scop., ruficauda, F. (flores- 
centiae, Fln.), tussilaginis, F., Winthemi, F., and vectensis 
Coll.). 

Wings clear and third antennal joint somewhat pointed at tip. 

No hairs on vibrissal angle above level of front mouth margin. 

TERELLIA, Dsv. 

Two species (7. serratulae, L., and longicauda, Mg.). Larvae 
of former in variouse Thistle flower-heads, of the latter in 
flower-heads of Cnicus eriophorus. 


Cubital vein bristly for whole length above and below. Fron- 
talia hairy. XypuHosta, Dsv. 

One species X. miliaria, Schrnk. Larvae in flower-heads of 
various Thistles. 


Cross-vein closing anal cell convex exteriorly (or if slightly 
concave (Hnsina) not very sharply bent outwards below) 
and only one wpper orbital bristle present. Frontalia 
bare. No bristles above hind femora near tip except in 
Ensina. Tribe Myopitini. 

Cross-vein closing anal cell convex exteriorly. No keel between 
bases of antennae. No bristles above hind femora near tip. 

Epistoma (front mouth-edge) not prominent and proboscis not 
so long or slender. Neither proboscis. nor palpi projecting 


beyond front mouth-edge. Uropuora, Dsv. 
Seven species (U. cardwui, L., quadrifasciata, Mg., jaceana, 


Hering, solstitialis, L., cuspidata, Me., stylata, F., and 
spoliata, Hal.). 


Epistoma produced forwards. Proboscis long, slender, and 
geniculate. Both proboscis and palpi projecting well 
beyond front mouth-edge. Myopritres, Breb. 


Two species (M. Blotvi, Breb., and Frauenfeldi, Schin.). 
Larvae of former in flower-heads of Pulicaria dysenterica, 
the latter in Inula crithmoides. 

Cross-vein closing anal cell concave exteriorly. One upper and 
three lower fronto-orbital bristles. A prominent facial keel 
between bases of antennae. Epistoma produced. A pair 
of bristles above tip of hind femora. Ewnsina, Dsv. 

One species (H, sonchi, L.). Warvae in flower-heads of a large 
number of different Compositae. 


1(2). 


2(1). 


1(4). 


4(1). 


5(8). 


6(7). 


THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). (7) 


D1TRICHINAE. 
Table of British genera. 

Scutellum with only two bristles. A presutural dorso-central 
bristle present. Two upper and three lower fronto-orbital 
bristles, the anterior upper one above level of posterior 
lower one. Only one hyaline spot in stigmal area of wing. 

DirricHa, Rdi. 

One species (D. guttularis, Mg.). Larvae in galls at base cf 
stem of Achillea millefoliuwm. 

Scutellum with four bristles. No presutural dorso-central 
bristle. Three upper and four lower fronto-orbital bristles, 
the anterior upper one very strong and black, its base 


One species (H. pupillata, Fln.). Larvae in flower-heads of 
varigus species of Hieracium. 


TEPHRITINAE. 
Table of British tribes and genera. 

Cubital vein distinctly bristled above and beneath. Some -of 
the hyaline spots on wing milk-white from, some points of 
view, in strong contrast to others. Usually very little con- 
trast in colour and vestiture between ovipositor of female 
and previous tergite. Tribe Acinitni. 

Two upper and two lower orbital bristles on each side of frons. 
Third antennal joint with blunter tip in British species. 
An elongate hyaline spot at middle of wing. 

lorerica, Lw. 

One species (1. Westermann, Mg.). Larvae reputed to feed 
in flower-heads of Senecio. 

Two upper and three lower fronto-orbital bristles. Third 
antennal joint more pointed above at tip in British species. 
No elongate hyaline spot in middle of wing. AcintA, Dsv. 

One species (A. corniculata, Zett.). 

Cubital vein bare above except, occasionally, on radio-cubital 
node, bare or bristly beneath. Hyaline wing spots uniform 
in colour. Base of female ovipositor usually contrasting 
sharply in colour and vestiture with previous tergite. 

Tribe Lephritini. 

Two hyaline spots in wing stigma, or if enly one (argyrocephala) 
no bristle above hind femora near tip and cubital vein bare 
beneath. : 

(Sphenella might sometimes be considered to have two spots in 
stigma but is easily known by its wing markings.) 

Usually only one pair of lower fronto-orbital bristles, and a line 
drawn across frons between them (or if two pairs between 
posterior pair) is much nearer to edge of lunule above 
antennae than to a line connecting anterior upper orbitals. 
An anterodorsal bristle present near tip of hind femora. 
Bristles on at least front femora pale, or mainly pale. 

Oxyna, Dsv. 


(8) 


8(5). 


9(10). 


10(9). 


11(12). 


12(11). 


13(14). 


14(43). 


15(16). 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1947 


Three species (O. parietina, L., flavipennis, Lw., and pro- 
boscidea, Lw.). 

Always two pairs of lower tronto-orbital bristles. The distances 
mentioned above more equal, and, in British species, no 
bristle above hind femora near tip. Bristles on front 
femora dark. Campiciossa, Rdi. 

Two species (CU. grandinata, Rdi., and urgyrocephala, Lw.). 
Larvae of former said to form galls on Solidago, of latter 
on Achillea ptarmica. ; 

No, or only one hyaline spot in wing stigma. Two or three 
pairs of lower orbital bristles. One or two bristles above 
hind femora near tip. 

Wings with lower half clear except for a narrow dark band 
across middle which covers both the (approximated) cross- 
veins. Hind femora with a pair of bristles (dorsal and 
antero-dorsal) near tip, and 1-2 distinct strong antero- 
ventral bristles towards tip. Frons hairy. 

SPHENELLA, Dsv. 

One species (S. marginata, Fln.). Larvae in swollen flower- 
heads of species of Senecio. 

Wings not as above. Hind femora without strong antero- 
ventral bristles near tip. ; 

Usually at least a pair of bristles above hind femora near tip, 
if only one, the subapical cross-band of hyaline spots on 
wing commences in a spot on costa close to or beneath end 
of radial vein (as in all species), and the triangle of hyaline 
spots with base on costa has its centre more beyond middle 
cross-vein. Proboscis as in previous three genera usually 
elongate and geniculate. Cubital vein bare beneath. 
Thoracal squamae very little developed. Paroxyna, Hend. 

Seven species (P. tessellata, Lw., parvula, Lw., Loewiana, 
Hend., elongatula, Lw., plantaginis, Hal., misella, Lw., 
and praecox, Lw.). : 

Only one (antero-dorsal) preapical bristle to hind femora. The 
subapical distinctive pattern of hyaline wing markings, 
when present, commencing on costa well beyond end of 
radial vein, and the triangle of hyaline spots with base 
on costa with its centre more nearly above middle cross- 
vein. Proboscis not unusually elongate. 

Two pairs of both upper and lower fronto-orbital bristles. 
Cubital vein bristly beneath in British species. Thoracal 
squamae more developed than in Parozyna. 

TrEPpHRITIS, Latr. 

Ten species (7. vespertina, Lw., ruralis, Lw., leontodontis, De 
G., conjuncta, Lw., separata, Rdi., conuri, Lw., formosa, 
Lw., bardanae, Schrnk., hyoscyami, L., and cometa, Lw.). 

Two pairs of upper and three pairs of lower orbital bristles on 
frons, anterior lower pair sometimes small. Cubital vein 
bare beneath. 

Only one (basal) pair of long scutellar bristles. Wings with 
radiating, star-like, markings near tip only. 

TRYPANEA, Schrnk. 


THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). (9) 


Two species (7. amoena, Frfld., and stellata. Fuegsl.). Larvae 
of former mainly in flower-heads of Lactuca spp., of latter 
in those of various Compositae. 

16(15). An apical pair of small as well as a basal pair of long scutellar 
bristles. Wings almost without markings in the British 
species. ACANTHIOPHILUS, Beck. 

One species (A. heliantii, Rossi). 


Tephritis guttata, Fln., the type of a recently published generic 
name (Heringina, Aczel) has not been confirmed as a British species, 
and its record as such was probably a misidentification. It is known 
to me only from descriptions. 


It is highly probable that some of the genera listed above will sooner 

* later be discarded or rank as subgenera only. They have all been 
ee ila because so many of them are monotypical and the Tables there- 
fore serve, more than they otherwise would, for distinguishing species. 
In regard to species there is much greater variation in the wing mark- 
ings than some students appear to realize, consequently the use of small 
differences in wing markings as the sole means of distinguishing species 
gives very unsatisfactory results. 


NOTES ON SOME GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
Phagocarpus, Rondani, and Anomoia, Walker. 

Unfortunately the generic name Anomoia proposed by Walker in 1835 
had previously (1834) been published (definitely as ‘‘ the designation of 
a genus,’’? though undescribed and undefined except by the inclusion of 
only one named and described species) for a genus of the Chrysomelidae 
in Dejean’s ‘* Catalogus Coleopterorum.’’ This constituted a valid pub- 
heation of that generic name according to Article 25 of the Rules and 
Opinion 1, and as there appears to be no sound reason for a request 
that this name should be repressed, the name Phagocarpus, Rdi. (1879) - 
must replace that of Anomoia, Wlk. (1835), preoccupied. 


Acidia, Desvoidy. 

Though a name Acidia had twice been published in zoological papers 
prior to its use by Desvoidy as the designation of a genus of Trypetidae, 
the case is a very different one from that of Anomoia. On neither prior 
occasion was Acidia published as the intended designation of a genus 
as required by Article 25. The first publication of this name was in 
Tllig. Mag., WI, 79 (1804) in an abstract (practically a translation into 
German by Illiger) of Latreille’s classification of the Colesptera in his 
Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., Vol. Ill. lLatreille’s commencement of the 
description of a genus with ‘‘ Genre. Axis; Akis ’’? was printed by 
Tiliger as ‘‘ 124. Axis [besser Acidia]” and there is proof that the re- 
mark in brackets was not intended as a published emendation of 
Latreille’s generic name, because Akis and not Acidia was used for 
the genus and printed, in an index to the generic names on p. 189, 
whereas in the case (in the same Abstract) of an actual emendation of 
Proteinus of Latreille into Protinus on p. 53, the latter name was used 
for the genus and published in the index, and not the former. 


(10) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


In the second publication of a name Acidia by Bosc, Nouv. Dict., II, 
584 (1816), in an article on a family of the Mollusca the name was an 
obvious misprint for Ascidia. After printing on p. 583 the generic name 
as “‘ AscipIE, Ascidia ”’ he referred on p. 584 to ‘“‘ L’Ascidie brune, 
Acidia rustica qui est couleur de rouille,’’ etc., etc. 

Under these circumstances there are sound grounds for a decision to 
ignore these two references and retain the name Acidia, Dsv., for a 
Trypetid genus. To place the matter beyond doubt an application will 
be made in due course for that name to be placed on the reserved list 
of generic names. 


Chaetostoma Gtraudi, Frauenfeld. 

The description by Frauenfeld of a Spilographa Giraudi in 1864 
(Verh. Ges. Wien., xiv, 382) appears to have been long overlooked. The 
name is not given in Kertesz’ ‘‘ Katalog ’’ of the Palaearctic species 
(1905). Frauenfeld gave a figure of the wing, and this together with 
the description leave little room for doubt that his species was the same 
as that described by Rondani in 1870 as Chaetostoma curvinervis. 


Stemonocera, Rondani, and Vidalia, Desvoidy. 


Hendel has recently used the name Vidalia, Dsv., in place of Stemo- 
nocera, Rdi., but Vidalia impressifrons (the genotype) was a species 
from the Hast Indies described as blackish with thorax flavescent, 
femora black, wings ‘‘ d’un noir atre avec la base et six taches ou 
points diaphanes ’’ and arista. ‘‘ plumosulum.’’ The wing pattern is 
therefore obviously entirely different from the Spilographa-like wing 
markings of Stemonocera. In 1913 (Hnt. Mitth., Il, 39) Hendel gave 
Vidalia, Dsv., and Rioxa, Wlk., as synonyms, and with some reason 
because the type of Rioxm was described as having ‘‘ wings blackish 
with a white discal streak and five white dots ’’ thus not unlike the 
description of those of Vidalia and very different from the wing mark- 
ings of Stemonocera. Bezzi, however, in 1913 (Mem, Ind. Mus.) ac- 
cepted Desvoidy’s genus for some Indian species, and his statement that 
they had a ‘‘ characteristic armature of frons of male which is very 
like that to be observed in the Kuropean Stemonocera cornuta, Scop.’’ 
appears to have been sufficient to cause Hendel to use Vidalia, Dsv., 
in place of Stemonocera, Rdi., in spite of the well-known fact that a 
development in the males of frontal prominences and peculiar spines 
and. bristles occurs in various widely separated genera of Trypetidae. 
Moreover, either Desvoidy did not know the male of Vidaka impressi- 
frons, or the male had no abnormal frontal prominences, because he 
did not mention any peculiarity except ‘‘ front un peu enforcé ’’? which 
is certainly not the case in the female of Stemonocera. 

It is impossible to believe that an East Indian species with Aciwra- 
type of wing markings and a sunken frons belongs to the same genus 
as our Stemonocera cornuta, the use of the name Vidalia, Dsv., should 
not be accepted for our British species. 


Spilographa, Loew, and Trypeta, Meigen. 
Attention has already been called (Hnt. Rec., 1937, Suppl., p. 2) 
to the advisability of accepting the first designation of a genotype for 


THE BRITISH GHNERA OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). (11) 


Trypeta, and thereby retaining it for the group of species with which 
it has been so long associated. ; 


Rhagoletis, Loew, and Zonosema, Loew. 


Hendel (1927) did not consider that these two genera were distinct 
and used the name Rhagoletis, in spite of Zonosema having page 
priority. The difference in the type of wing markings and the Urophora- 
like general appearance of Rhagoletis, so different from that of Zono- 
sema should be sufficient justification for retaining them as separate 
genera, and this course is here adopted. 


Ceriocera cornuta, Fabricius nee Scopolli. 


The fact that there is no real necessity to change the name of this 
well-known species has already been pointed out (Ent. Record, 1937, 
Suppl., p. 3), and an application will be made to the International Zoo- 
logical Commission to retain the well-known name. 


The generic name Orellia, Dsv. (1830). 


This genus was founded upon a single species O. flavicans, Dsv., 
which was considered by Walker (1835) to be the same as Trypeta Wiede- 
manm, Mg. (genotype of Goniglossum, Rdi.) and was used in that sense 
by Schiner and others, and in a wider sense to include Carpomyia, Rdi., 
by v. Réder in 1891. It was so used by Kertesz in his ‘‘ Katalog ”’ of 
Palaearctic Diptera of 1905, but Rondani had suggested many years 
previously (1869) that Desvoidy’s species was the same as Trypeta fal- 
cata, Scop., and this view was adopted by Bezzi (his fellow country- 
man) in 1910, and accepted by Hendel and others in spite of the fact 
that Desvoidy’s description is equally as inapplicable to Trypeta falcata 
as it is to Goniglossum Wiedemanni. Orellia was described as having 
‘‘ Characters des Sitarée mais les bords lateraux du péristome trés 
développés.’’ ‘Sitarea had ‘‘ péristome plus large, transversal, presque 
arrondé avec l’épistome non saillant.’’ Orellia therefore must have a 
large, almost round, mouth-opening, with jowls below eyes very deep, 
but epistoma (or front mouth-edge) not prominent. Such characters 
are not present in Trypeta falcata, and presumably not in T. punctata, 
Schrnuk, usually considered a form or variety of falcata. The species 
O. flavicans was described as having ‘‘ corselet jaune avec des points 
@un beau noir.’’ In the thorax of 7. falcata, and punctata the black 
spots are similar to those of 7. jaceae, Dsv., which were described by 
Desvoidy as ‘‘ petits points noirs.’’ The ‘ points d’un beau noir ”’ of 
flavicans were certainly larger and brightly shining. From this and 
the characters given for the genus, Orellia flavicans, Dsv., may have 
been a species of Carpomyia, Costa, or Myiopardalic, Bezzi, but cannot 
have been Trypeta falcata, Scop., or its variety punctata, Schrnk. - 

The resurrection of old names on the flimsiest evidence, and their 
acceptance without real justification, is a menace to stability in nomen- 
clature. This has been realized by the Zoological Commission who, in 
Opinion 107, ruled that no change should be accepted ‘ unless the argu- 
ment is unambiguous, and unless the premises are not subject to dif- 
ferences of opinion,’’ 


(12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


Urophora, Desvoidy, and, Huribia, Latreille and Meigen. 

In 1937 (Ent. Record, Suppl., p. 4) 1 followed Enderlein (Die 
Theirw. Mitteleur. Abt., xvi, 157) in using the generic name of Euribia, 
is only possible if Huribia, Mg., 1800, is suppressed as a generic name, 
otherwise EKuribia, Latr., becomes a homonym of Huribia, Mg., 1800, 
and cannot be used. The Zoological Commission has now decided that 
Meigen’s ‘‘1800’’ generic names must be dealt with individually. Latreille 
in 1802 professed to recognize Meigen’s genus Huribia and listed umbella- 
tarum, F. (a Palloptera), and cardwi, L. (an Urophora) as two of the 
species belonging to the genus, of these two cardui, L., has been desig- 
nated the genotype, but this designation cannot be accepted because 
in the case of such a generic name the genotype (by Opinion 46) must 
be one of the originally included un-named species, i.e., a species agree- 
ing with all the facts given in the original “generic publicatiom, viz. 
(among other things) a species known in nature at that time to Meigen, 
with antennae ‘‘ & deux articulations,’’ and arista ‘‘ légérement 
barbu.’’ Apart from other considerations 7. cardia has a bare arista 
and therefore cannot be the type of Huribia, Mg. Under these cir- 
cumstances it is better to retain the use of the name Urophora, Dsv., 
for cardui, l., and similar species. A pubescent arista 1s a more con- 
spicuous feature in the genus Palloptera, and P. umbellatarum, F., may 
have been one of the eighteen species originally included under Huribia, 
by Meigen, but it cannot be said to be possible to recognize that species 
as one agreeing with all the facts given in the original generic publi- 
cation. 

We know from the Introduction to Meigen’s ‘‘1800’’ paper that the 
names of originally included species were intentionally withheld in 
order that the genera should not be rendered available for use except 
by Meigen himself. Meigen further withheld all details of wing vena- 
tion upon which his ‘‘ new classification ’’ was mainly based, and stated 
that the species upon which the genera were founded were certain par- 
ticular species known to himself in nature at that time, making it prac- 
tically impossible to select an originally included species as genotype, 
and, by Opinion 46, when it is impossible to recognize one of the un- 
named originally included species the genus remains a genus dubium. 
There are actually only a very few cases among these generic names 
of Meigen for which a genotype can be selected in strict accordance 
with Opinion 46, and Euribia is not one of them. To pretend to recog- 
nize such a genotype is absolutely contrary to the principle laid down 
in Opinion 107 mentioned above. 


Noeeta, Desvoidy, and Hoplochaeta, Rondani. 


When Loew in 1862 founded his genus Carnhotricha upon three 
species he was evidently unaware that Rondani in 1856 had established 
the genera Ditricha and Hoplochaeta upon two of these species. He, 
however, pointed out that Desvoidy’s genus Noeeta, which had been 
used by Walker in 1836 for one guttularis, Mg., species and subse- 
quently discarded, could not have heen founded upon any of these 
species. The character, especially emphasized by Desvoidy for his 
genus, of peristoma (i.e., mouth-opening) ‘‘ plus long que large ”’ is 
alone sufficient to prove this fact, because in both guttularis, Mg., and. 


THE BRITISH GENERA OF TRYPETIDAP (DIPTERA). (13) 


pupillata, Fln., it is practically circular or even wider than long; more- 
over, it is impossible to believe that Desvoidy could have overlooked the 
polished black scutellum and last abdominal tergite of either of these 
species. The use of Noeceta in place of either Ditricha, Rdi., or Hop- 
lochaeta, Rdi., is therefore not in accordance with the published facts 
and should not be accepted. 


Icterica, Loew. 


Coquillett in 1910 quoted the N. American Trypeta seriata, Lw., as 
type of this genus, but when Loew founded Icterica he wrote in refer- 
ence to Oxyphora, ‘“‘ it would appear more natural to withdraw O. 
Westermanni from the genus and to form a new genus of it, together 
with the above described as well as the next following species ’’ (these 
last two being 7’. seriata, Lw., and T. circinata, n. sp.). When one 
‘‘ forms a new genus of a species ’’? that species must surely be at- 
cepted as the genotype. 

A question arises as to whether J. Westermanni is the same as 
Oxyphora cardw, Dsv., in which case Oxyphora would presumably re- 
place Icterica. Loew adopted this synonymy without adopting the 
above implication, but Rondani and others have rejected it. Oxyphora 
was described as having a bigeniculate proboscis similar to that of 
Oxryna, and an obviously pubescent arista, and Desvoidy even expressed 
a doubt whether it was really distinct from Oxryna. Icterica does not 
possess these characters and is abundantly distinct from Oxyna, there- 
fore the synonymy suggested by Loew appears most doubtful, and should 
not be accepted. 


Oxyna proboscidea, Loew, and Tephritis nebulosa, Wiedemann. 


Hendel in 1927 suggested the use of the name nebulosa, W. (1817) 
in place of proboscidea, Lw. (1844), but the evidence in Wiedemann’s 
description does not support this synonymy. It is true that Wiede- 
mann’s species was probably one of the three described by Loew in 1844 
as parietina, L., flavipennis n. sp., and proboscidea, n. sp., but only 
one of these three (parietina, L.) has the female ovipositor entirely 
shining black, and as nebulosa, W., was described as having ‘‘ der 
Griffel des 9 ... glaenzend schwarz,’’ it should be accepted as a synonym 
of parietina, L., if the name parietina, as adopted by Meigen and the 
majority of subsequeut writers for this Trypetid, is to be retained. In 
O. proboscidea and flavipennis the female ovipositor is extensively 
brownish. Hering in 1936 appears to have redescribed O. proboscidea, 
Lw., as nasuta, n. sp. 


Campiglossa, Rondani, and Spathulina, Rondani. 

The type of Campiglossa is Tephritis irrorata, Fln., which differs 
from grandinata in having all the lower orbital bristles white, while 
there is not so distinct a triangle of hyaline spots in costal margin of 
wing beyond stigma, i.e., the spots between radial and cubital veins are 
smaller, and it apparently always has one (antero-dorsal) bristle above 
hind femora near tip; therefore grandinata and irrorata may not be 
congeneric, but for the present I retain them in the same genus, and 
add the closely allied 7. argyrocephala, Lw., a species which is cer- 
tainly out of place in Tephritis, but agrees in many characters with 


(14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1947 


our British grandinata. None of these species can be correctly placed 
in Spathulina, Rdi. (type sicula, Rdi. = tristis, Lw.), distinguished by 
its shining black abdomen, black wings with only a few hyaline spots, 
and scutellum with only one pair of (basal) bristles. 

It should be noted that our British grandinata has paler femora 
than Rondani described them, and the dark abdominal spots are not 
“ subconfluentium.’’ T. Beckeri, Riibs. (1910), bred from stem-galls 
on Solidago, is given by Hendel as.a synonym of grandinata, but in 
this species though the femora appear to be similar in colour to those 
of our British species, the abdomen was described as all! dark (pech- 
braun), and not maculated. Our British species has not yet been bred, 
and a suggestion has been made by Niblett (Hnt. Record, 1939, p. 71) 
that search should be made for galls on Solidago in the autumn and 
early winter, but Riibsaamen found the galls made by Beckert empty 
in August, and only by collecting them in July did he breed the fly. 


A remarkable variety of Paroxyna Loewiana, Hendel. 

The typical form of this species is by no means common in Britain. 
In July 1909 I found it in some numbers in Stoke Wood, Herefordshire, 
and have taken it on the Inverness-shire banks of the River Spey near 
Grantown, while Mr A. H. Hamm has bred it from the flower-heads of 
Solidago virgaurea gathered in §. Devon. It normally has whitish 
outer vertical bristles and postocular ciliation (as usual in this section 
of the genus), the short white hairs on thorax rather coarse, abdomen 
rather distinctly maculated, femora extensively darkened, and cross- 
veins of wings rather close together, the outer one (at end of discal ceil) 
almost directly under a large hyaline spot in the cell above, but a very 
remarkable variety has been bred in some numbers from flower-heads 
of Solidago virgaurea gathered by Mr Albert EK. Wright in the, neigh- 
bourhood of Grange-over-Sands (Lancs.), in which the postocular cilia- 
tion (or the greater part of it) is apparently always black, the outer 
vertical bristle often black, the short white hairs on thorax finer, 
abdomen as indistinctly maculated, femora often entirely yellow, and 
cross-veins rather further apart, the outer cross-vein being usually 
beyond the large hyaline spot in cell above. 

The colour of outer vertical bristle and postocular ciliation is a very 
remarkable case of reversion to what appears to be a primitive condi- 
tion, in a feature which has been regarded as sufficiently stable to he 
used in a primary division of the family, but while there appears to be 
always some black bristles in the postocular ciliation, the outer-vertical 
bristles (as well as the other characters mentioned) are subject to varia- 
tion towards normal. ; 

As already mentioned, all the specimens were bred, and it is there- 
fore possible that the variation may be due to the abnormal conditions 
under which the later larval and pupal stages of these insects were 
passed, especially as IT have not yet seen any captured specimens of the 
variety (nor indeed captured specimens of the typical form) from Grange- 
over-Sands, 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (265) 


APPENDIX. 


Norte I. 

The Notes on British Noctuae were begun in 1926 as a Supplement 
to the four volumes published in 1892 by the late J. W. Tutt. These con- 
sisted of only the species dealt with in the first three volumes, and the 
mass of references were in pencil in interleaved copies of the first three 
volumes. Since 1926 and onward a huge number of additional forms 
have been described necessitating inclusion. Then an Addendum to these 
three volumes. This will be continued in due course, but will be slower 
in appearance; it necessitates a great) deal of dictionary work which I 
am, now unable to do with facility owing to eyesight deterioration. <As 
to Vol. IV, I have notes on only a few species partly ready and they 
will be used later in the year.—Hy. J. T. 


Nore II. 


P.S.—In order to save repetition in the Descriptions of the combina- 
tions of the stigmata in the varieties of the British Noctuae we give the 
following interpretation of the four names, which have been largely used 
in Holland by our kind correspondent, B. J. Lempke: — 


I. ab. juncta:—In which the orbicular and reniform stigmata touch 
each other without breaking their circumscription, thus usually 
retaining their shape. 

II. ab. semiconflwens:—In which the circumscription of both the or- 
bicular and reniform is broken by two junction lines, which may 
be (1) towards the top end, (2) in the middle, or (3) towards the 
bottom end. The whole of the internal two areas are united and 
completely encircled, but the junction is only partial. 

Ill. ab. conflwens:—In which the same two stigmata are united into 
a more or less irregularly complete blob, within the one encircle- 
ment. 

IV. ab. clawsa:—This is for the case in which the first and second com- 
plete transverse lines on the forewings actually converge suffi- 
ciently to meet at a point on the inner-margin. 


CORRECTIONS, ADDITIONS, ETC., TO VOLUME IT. 


To pp. (11)-(12),7. batis, add: 

ab. privata, Whrli, Mitt. Thurgau. Nat. Ges., Heft. XX, 263 (1918). 

Oric. Duscrip.—‘ The isolated spot at the inner margin of the fore- 
wings is absent. The other markings are normal.’’ 


To pp. (29)-(30), Achlya (A.)-(P.) flavicornis, add: 

ab. pseudoalbingensis, Franzius, Ent. Zeit., LII, 160 (1938). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ In February of this year, in No. 44 of Vol. LI of 
this Zt., I reported the occurrence of a perfect black-green stigma of 
flavicornis. All my enquiries have now been satisfied that such a form 
has been unknown until now. Since it is here still doubtful whether 
this form has occurred, and my form may not be a solitary find, I name 
my variety and call it the name ab. pseudoalbingensis.’’ Type in my 
collection. Berlin. 

[A figure shows a deep black form, with grass green orbicular ; normal 
markings faintly visible-—F.A.C. ] 


(266) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1947 


To l.c., add: 
ab. angustefasciata, Heydemann, Hnt. Zt., LII, 48 (1938). 
Oric. Drscrie.—‘‘ Of the double black lines, which normally include 


the marginal area, the outer ones are almost completely obsolete and 
the inner ones, which are, however, only at the costa clearly marked in 
black, have remained; they have approached each other at half the dis- 
tance so that both angularly touch about the grey circumscription of 
the orbicular stigma. Below this they run at a short distance and 
strongly narrowing the central area and only feebly indicated, to the 
inner margin.’’ Holland. 


To pp. (52)-(53), A. leporina, add: 
ab. continua, Lempke, Ent. Ned. Lep., 209 (1939). 


Orig. Derscrip.—‘‘ The subterminal line complete and_ strongly 
toothed extends from the costa to the inner margin of the forewings.’’ 


To l.c., add: 
ab. sagittata, Lempke, Ent. Ned. Lep., 209 (1989). 


Orig. Drescrie.—‘‘ A row of large sagittate black spots occurs in the 
marginal area of the forewings. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. flavescens, Lempke, Ent. Ber., IX, 128 (1935). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Grond kleur lich teel (al of niet met zwarte schub- 
ben bestowen). Schiemonnikoog (wiss).’? [Cream?] 

To l.c., add: 

ab. fasciata, Lempke, Ent. Ned. Lep., 209 (1989). 

Oric. Drscrir.—‘ The blackish median shade is sufficiently wide to 


show up the forewings.’’ 


To l.c., add: 
ab. alba, Gillmer, Ins. Bérse, XXIII, 119 (1906). 
Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Slevogt mentioned in his Fauna of Kurland 


(1903), p. 67, white specimens without any markings.’’ 


To pp. (61)-(62), A. alni, add: 

ab. obscurior, Caspari, Jahrb. Nass. Ver., LII, 179 (1939). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. IV, f. 9. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Vvls bijria eenkleurig bruinzwart met nog vrij 
duideliik zichtbare teekening, avls ereneens verdonkerd.’’ 


To p. (65), A. psi, add: 
ab. saltowensis, Sulta., Int. Ent. Zt., XXIV, 185 (1930). 


Oric. Drescrie.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings darker brown- 
grey” 


To p. (66), A. auricoma, add: 


ab. obscurior, Lempke, Ent. Ned Lep., 206 (1939). 


Orie. Drscrip.—‘ The forewings ground is a very deep blackish- 
grey-brown.”’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (267) 


To l.c., add: 
ab. virga, Lempke, Ent. Ned. Lep., 206 (1919). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The marginal area of the forewing is darker than 


the rest of the wings.”’ 


To pp. (78)-(79), A. albovenosa, add: 

ab. geminipuncta, Boldt., Cat. Ned. Lep., 199 (1939). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ On the upper side of the forewings there appear 
two black dots in the upper and lower corners of the median cell.”’ 


To pp. (99)-(100), ZL. lithargyria, add: 

ab. punctilinea, Lempke, Tuyd. v. Ent., 280 (1940). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Along the outer margin of the forewings a row of 
black dots from costa to inner margin (in place of the outer line).’’ 


To pp (111), LZ. comma, add: 

ab. bistriata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 280 (1940). 

Oric. Drscrirp.—‘‘ There is also a black streak along the outer half 
of the upper side of the cell.’’ 


To p. (118), LZ. obsoleta, add: 


ab. completa, Lempke, Tiyd. v. Ent., 281 (1940). 
Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Besides the row of dots in place of the outer line 
there is also a clear coherent inner line.’’ 


To l.c., add: 
ab. impunata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 281 (1940). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The veins on the forewings bordered with black, 


but the row of black dots fails.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. impuncta, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 281 (1940). 

Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ The row of black dots is present, but the veins 
are not bordered with black.” 


Tove, add: 
ab. rufescens, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 281 (1940). 
Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings reddish.”’ 


To. p. (114), LZ. straminea, add: 

ab. punctilinea, Lempke, Cat. Ned. Macrolep., V, 193 (1940). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ On the forewings a complete row of black dots in 
the place of the outer line from costa to inner margin.’’ 


To. p. (115), L. wmpura, add: 
ab. impuncta, Lempke, Tijd. v. Hnt., 273 (1840). 
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings without a trace of black dots.’’ 


To. p. (117), L. pallens, add: 

ssp. orientasiae, Bryk., Iris, LVI, 44 (1943). 

Orie. Descrirp.—‘‘ Forewings bone-yellowish, paler than the typical 
form from Sweden or Germany, without the reddish tint. The intraner- 
vular stripe, which extends from the middle of the discus and to the 
outer margin, more strongly contrasting. The intranervular marginal 


(268) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1947 


points, which mostly fail in the typical form, or are hardly to be seen, 
always well visible. The second point in the distal part between CU (1) 
and CU (2) near the foremost typical one also always present. Hindwings 
also somewhat duller, but less than in the still undescribed form 
Kamschatka. Underside: submarginal line of the forewing indicated 


a row of indistinct intranervular points. Length of forewing, 
16.7-17.7 mm.’’ Kuriles. 

Mogie-sad de. 

ab. punctilinea, Lempke, Cat. Ned. Macrol., V, 194 (1940). 

Orig. Drscrre.—‘‘ Forewings with a complete row of black dots 
from costa to inner margin.”’ 

To l.c., add: 

ab. venata, Lempke, Tyd. v. Ent. (1840). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Hindwings with black veins.’’ 


To p. (127), T. elymi, add: 

ab. depunctata, Nordstroem, Svenska Fyar., 192 (1940). 

Ortc. Descrrp.—‘‘ The row of dots in place of the outer line is 
absent.” 


Tove. add: 
ab. renifera, Nordstroem, Svenska Fjar., 192 (1940). 
Oric. Drescrrep.—‘‘ Forewing has a recognizable distinct reniform.”’ 


To p. (128), L. flava (hellmannt), add: 

ab. pulverosa, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 236, plt. 49, f. (1911). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Has the grey dusting very strong, the dots of 
outer line obsolete and the veins dark.’’ 


To. p. (182), T. pygmina (fulva), add: 
ab. fusca, Lempke, Ty. v. Hnt., 400 (1942). 
Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings black.’’ 


To pp. (135)- . . . concolor (extrema), add: 

ab. depunctata, Lempke, T77. v. Ent., 401 (1942). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The row of dots in the place of the outer trans- 
verse line is absent.’’ 


To l.c., P. 47, E. arcuosa, add: 

ab. luciola, Procaska, Zoo. bot. Ges. Wien, LXX, 97 (1920). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground of the forewings coppery-red. One with 
red-brown forewings.”’ 


To p. (187), C. minima (arcuosa), add: 

ab. nivescens, Lempke, Tij. v. Ent., 418 (1942). 

Orie, Drescrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the ¢ forewing near the yellow 
as the principal form of the 9° ; marking, however, as feeble as that of 
the normal ¢.”’ 


To. p. (147), N. neurica, add: 

ab. pallida, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., 394 (1941). 

Oric. Drescrrp.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings pale yellowish- 
brown.”’ i 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (269) 


To l.c., add: 

ab. spalleki, Kit., Ver. Zoo. bot. Ges. Wien, LXVII, 188 (1916). 

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ It has quite normal marking and ground colour 
a black-brown, well darkened basal and marginal areas of forewings 
with a suffusion of the orbicular and reniform. The waved lines stand 
out clearly from this lighter shiny, brownish, yellow-greenish ground 
colour.’? Houbok, Austria. 


To l.c., add: 
ab. rufescens, Edel., H.M.M., XLVII, 207 (1911). 
Orie. Duscrip.—‘‘ Reddish.”’ 


To l.c., add: 
ab. fusca, Edel., l.c. 
Ornic. Drescrip.—‘‘ Blackish.”’ 


No lie:, add : 

ab. brunnea-ochrescens, Strnd. 

Descrip.—(Stz., Pal. Noct. Sup., III, 194 (1935)) ‘‘ Pale forewings 
dusted with pale ochreous-brown.”’ 


To p. (131), N. algae, add: 

ab. impunctata, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., 392 (1941). 

Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ The row of dots in place of the outer line is ab- 
sent on the forewings.’’ 


To pp. (159)-(160), C. lutosa, add : 

ab. strigata, Rebel, Berge, 9ed., 226 (1909). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ With an indented transverse outer line on all 
wings, also on the forewings indications of an inner transverse line.’’ 


To pp. (162)-(165), G. ochracea (flavago), add: 

f. reducta, Lempke, Ti. v. Hnt., 85, 434 (1942). 

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The dark band at the base of the forewings fails 
for the greater part or completely.” 


To pp. (167)-(168), H. oculea (nactitans), add: 

f. grisea, Lempke, Tv. v. Ent., 85, p. 438 (1942). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings dirty yellowish 
without any reddish tint; reniform stigma white.’’ 


Rovlec.. add : 

f. awrigera, Hydm., Hnt. Zeit., 45, 304 (1932). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The forewings are lit up over the whole discal 
area and the base as well with a golden yellow tone, especially including 
the 3 clear large stigmata. These are a very fine violet-brown colour. 
Of the same colour are all the lines which cover the discal area and the 
marginal portion. The apex bears a golden-yellow spot, before which a 
sharply edged darker violet-brown streak lies. Head, breast, thorax a 
little golden-yellow especially on the violet-brown neck. Abdomen pale, 
rose-brown, golden-yellow hair on the back. Hindwing pale grey- 
yellow, with grey central line fringed with pale vellowish, and with the 
wide border grey. Fringes yellowish-rose. Underside equally very 


(270) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1947 


pale, delicate pale yellow, fine reddish-brown powdered, without any 
grey toning, veining throughout red-brown with pale red-brown. 


To pp. (176)-(178), H. micacea, add: 
ab. discolor, Kroul., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow., p. 70 (1894). 
Fig.—Sepp. I, Vol. IV, plt. 39, 4-5. 


Derscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of forewings greyish with green tinge.” 


To p. (67), H. leucostigma, add: 
ab. confluens, Lempke, 85, 447 (1942). 


Novice: vada: 

ab. f. nigrobrunneata, Bois.-Rey., Z. Ariss. Ins.-biol., XXVI, 39 
(1931). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewing unicolorous black-brown with yellow or 
white reniform.”’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. pallida, Heyd., Ent. Zt., LII, 47 (1988). 

Bie—plt. I, 18, c.- 

Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ The freshly caught perfect specimen from Lobith 
(Holland) is strikingly palish brown, the dull grey marginal area is 
wholly obsolescent, so that on the forewing only the yellowish-white 
reniform shows distinctly. The hindwing is dusky white, actually paler 
than in the typical form with dull grey veins and marginal line.’’ 
Colln. Scholten. 


Movies add! 

ssp. kurilibia, Bryk., Iris, LVI, 50 (1942). 

Orig. Drscrrp.—‘‘ Approaches the examples which are known as f. 
fibrosa, Hb., but is not such a warm brown, more yellow-brown and 
more uniform, because the outer band of the forewings is not particu- 
larly pale. Reniform stigma white centered with a dark sickle mark. 
The parallel, proximal [Neben kontur] somewhat further removed from 
the reniform stigma; of a delicate yellowish orbicular stigma feebly 
differentiated, oblong oval and placed a bit obliquely. Underside of 
hindwings with a delicate submarginal line distally from the disc. 
Length of forewing 16 mm.”’ Kuriles. 1 ¢. 


Molecenadde: 
f. purpurascens, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., 85, 432 (1942). 
Oric. Descrirp.—‘‘ Forewings purplish, central area dark purplish 


with chalky-white circumscription of the reniform stigma.”’ 


Mey Wes, Bxolcle 
ab. pallida, Heydemann, Wnt. Zt., 52, 47 (1938). 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Strikingly pale reddish-brown, the dull grey mar- 


ginal area completely obsolete so that in the forewing only the yellowish- 
white reniform stigma remains distinct. Hindwings dirty white, also 
paler than with the typical form, with dull grey nervures and marginal 
line.”’ Holland. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (271) 


To pp. (199)-(200), X. rurea, add: 

ab. albata, ab. nov. 

Oric. Drescrirp.—‘‘ The markings of the forewing are of the usual 
colour and pattern, but the ground colour is pure white. Type: <6, 
I. of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, 1901; MacArthur. The parallel form in 
Apamea secalis, L., is ab. struvet-excessa, Turner.’’ 


To pp. (206)-(207), X. scolopacina, add: 

ab. beneditor., Agen., Hos., XX, 185 (1945). 

Fies.—l.c., plt. VI, 5. 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ The only example I know of this form shows the 
thorax and the upper surface of the forewings of a colour intermediate 
between that shown by the background of the f.w. in figures 7 and 9 
of Plate XXIX in Culot. They lack the orbicular and have the reniform 
almost effaced. All the lines are lacking, except the black dots which 
define the external tops of the angles of the elbowed line, and a weak 
dusting of clear reddish colour, which represents the extrabasal line, 
and which is more accentuated on the internal border of the wing. 

“Terminal area with the same pattern as in the typonominal form, 
and its coloration more intense than the dusting of the subbasal line. 
Between the nervures blackish-chestnut streaks instead of black. 
Fringes clear reddish, with the hairs situated on the prolongations of 
the nervures of the colour of the wing ground. Upper surface of h.w. 
less fuscous than in the typonominal form and with a soft golden tinge 
scattered over their surface. Undersurface of f.w. and h.w. suffused 
with a bright golden tinge, without black scales and without the fine 
black postmedian line which in scolopacina runs across the wings from 
the costal border of the f.w. to the anal border of the h.w. Fringes 
golden with a few greyish-chestnut scales.’’ Gijon, Spain. 


To p. (237), M. fascuncula, add: 
ab. marmorata, Heydmn., Stett. Ent. Zeitg., 103, 21, (1942). 
Fie.—plt. IV, f. 42, 43. 


Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A very striking and little larger race. Fore- 
wings dark red-brown. Central area above the inner margin dark 
brown, inner and outer lines black with snow-white inner marginal 
curve and pale yellowish spot beside it. Marginal area mixed with 
yellow and red-brown. Costa black-brown, spotted with reddish and 
white. Outer margin dark brown-yellow.’’ Black Forest. 


To pp. (246)-(247), M. literosa, add: 

f. hispanica, Hdmn., Steté. e. Ztg., 103, 21 (1942). 

Fig.—plt. IV, f. 19. 

Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ Costa much paler, whitish-grey especially in the 
marginal area; forewings a little narrower. Lines and inner circum- 
scription of the stigmata thin black. Posterior wings in the basal part 
almost white, only towards the outer margin tinted with pale grey, as 
with no other form of literosa. Under surface too shining white without 
the usual dots, forewings only along the costa thinly powdered with 
grey. Hind wings only very thinly powdered with grey. Marginal 
lines black grey. Fringes pale grey, those of the hindwings whitish- 
thinly divided with grey.’’ Granada, Spain. 


(272) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1947 


To l.c., add: 
f. juncta, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., 85, 460 (1942). 


To pp. (268)-(270), M. brassicae, add: 

ab. pauper, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., 321 (1840). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings unicolorous brown, orbicula and reni- 
form stigmata feebly indicated, the rest without any trace of mark- 


ing.”’ 


To. p. (269), M. persicariae, add: 

ab. badia, Lempke, Ty. v. Ent., 320 (1840). 

Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings dark red-brown. 
Subterminal line yellow-brown.”’ 


To p. (272), M. persicariae, add. 

ssp. japonibia, Bryk., Iris, LVI, 42 (1942). . 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Much larger than the type form with striking 
broad white stigma, which is yellowish in the centre and in the front 
brown. Hindwings a bit paler. Underside paler without the reddish 
tint. Abdomen and thorax paler. 2 darkened as ab. unicolor, Stdgr., 
but the reniform stigma also much larger, the centre yellowish. Huind- 
wings darker.” 

To. p. (280), P. lewcophaea (fulminea), add: 

ab. hilaris, Wehrli, Mitt. Thurn. Nat. Ges., Heft XX, 244 (1913). 

Orie. Drscrrep.—‘‘ Submarginal line and W mark broad, visibly 
white, sharp, claviform stigma not sharp, orbicular and reniform with 
broad white border, the band and also transverse lines filled with white, 
the arrow marks indistinct and reduced. Posterior curve on the hind- 
wings broadly blackish.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. variegata, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., 85, 451 (1942) [includes radiata, 
Wahlgrn.-Lempke ]. 

Fie.—Sven. Fjarl., plt. XXVI, 20b (still darker). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the wings black-brown with 
normal pale transverse lines.’’ 

Lempke says ‘‘ The form is not identical with f. obscura, Turner 
(B.N. Supp., I, 288 = Culot, plt. XXII, 4) from Geneva which lacks 
the subterminal line completely and looks much more unicolorous than 
our fine variegated form.’’ ‘‘ The pale grey-brown typical form (Stz., 
plt. 441, f. 6) flies in our dunes along the coast of the North Sea; the 
inland form is the dark variegata.”’ 


To pp. (284)-(286), H. matura, add: 

ab. wahlgreni, Nordst., Svensk Frilr., 100 (1940). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘ Examples of f. vadiata, Whlgrn., with ground 
~ colour light brownish, lighter than in the typical form.”’ 


To l.c., add : 
ab. conjuncta, Lempke, Tij. v. Ent., 85, 453, (1942). 
Oric. Drescrip.—‘' A dark streak runs from the claviform stigma to 


the outer line.”’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (273) 


To pp. (296)-(298), C. graminis, add: 

ab. lepida, White, Scot. Nat., II, 178 (1873). 

Oric. Drscrirp.—‘‘ Usually rather smaller than the typical form, 
wings darker, nearly unicolorous.”’ 


To pp. (296)-(298), C. graminis, add: 
ab. juncta, Lempke, 77). v. Ent., 83 (1942). 


To pp. (318)-(820), G. trigrammica, add: 

ab. obsoleta, Lempke, Ty. v. Ent., 417 (1942). 

Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Central shade fails, the other transverse lines 
obsolete.”’ 


Movies add : 

ab. henrioti, EK. B., Actes Linn, Bordeaux, 79, 56 (1928). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The more accentuated middle line unites with the 
internal line, between the middle line and the external line a central 
dot is found of the same colour as these lines.’’ Gironde Marshes. ab. 
obsoleta, Lempke, is a syn.”’ 


To pp. (332)-(333), C. morphews, add: 
ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, Ti. v. Hnt., 85. 


To pp. (333)-(335), C. alsines, add: 
f. rufescens, Lempke, T17. v. Hnt., 85, 4238 (1942). 
-Ortc. Descrre.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings reddish.”’ 


To l.c., add: 
f. clausa, Lempke, Ty. v. Ent., 85, 423 (1942). 


To }.c., add : 

f. elegans, Lempke, Ty. v. Ent., 85, 423 (1942). 

Oric. Drscrre.—‘‘ Forewings clear yellow-brown with sharply con- 
trasting markings.” : 


To pp. (833)-(335), C. ambigua, add: 
ab. obscurior, Prout, Wnt. Rec., VI, 228 (1895). 
Orig. Drescrip.—‘’ The name explains itself.’’ 


To pp. (838)-(840), C. taraxaci, add: 

ab. suffusa, Prout, Ent. Rec., VI, 227 (1895) (blanda), add: 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ The darkest form of this species, obscure deep 
fuscous.”’ 


To l.c., add: 
q ab. pallida, Lempke, Ty. v. Ent., UXXXV, 420 (1942). 

Orig. Descrre.—‘ The transverse lines on the forewings are com- 
pletely absent.’’ 


To pp. (341)-(843), C. clavipalpis (quadripunctata), add: 
f. thunbergi, Nordstrm., Ent. Tdskr., 57, 225 (1933). 
Fie.—plt. XI, figs. 27-29. 


(274) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/ 1947 


Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ This is a new name =leucoptera, Stdgr. (nec 
Thnbg.); darker, grey-brown, often with indistinct markings; with or 


without dark marginal area. In Sweden, together with the typical 
form.’’ 
To l.c., add: 


ab. bilineata, Prout, Ent. Rec., VI, 224 (1895). 
Orig. Drsorip.—‘‘ The striking form in which there are no trans- 
verse markings except the very distinct inner and elbowed lines.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. obsoleta, Lempke, Ti. v. Ent., LXXXV, 420 (1942). 

Ornic. Drescrip.—‘‘ The transverse lines on the forewings fail com- 
pletely.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. phaeophoba, Schwrda., Iris, 55, 13 (1942). 

Fig.—plt. II, figs. 5, 6, 7. 

Oric. Duscrir.—‘‘ Three specimens taken at Galtiir, Tyrol, did not 
agree with the browner and smaller material of my collection and with 
the second good figure in Seitz. They are larger and dark grey without 
a trace of brown, well marked. A ¢ from Feuchten (Tyrol) belong to 
them. Osthelder mentions dark brown moths of this species. Probably 
it is an alpine form which I should like to distinguish as var. phaeo- 
phoba.’’ 


Toul.¢., aad: 

ab. pallida, Lempke, 717. v. Ent., LXXXV, 420 (1942). 

Orie. Derscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings pale grey. 
Lempke remarks that Tutt ‘‘ mentions in Brit. Noct., I, 152-3 (1891), 
several pale forms which are either pom onan or indicate quite distinct 
species and which cannot be used therefore.’ 


To pp. (74)-(76), A. rumicis, add: 

ab. nigerrima, de Lat., Zt. Wien. Hntom. Gesell., XXV, 18 (1940). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ In comparison with the blackish form salicis. 
Curt., it is a genuine melanistic form in which, up to the white inner 
marginal spots, the whole of the forewing is uniformly rusty-black; all 
the markings are obliterated. On the hindwing the dark marginal pana 
is somewhat widened.’’ Near Berlin. 


To pp. (60)-(61), A. strigosa, add: 

ab. destrigata, de Lall., Zt. Wien. Entomol. Gesell., XXV, 17 (1940). 

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ This form is distinguished from typical specimens 
by the complete absence of the black longitudinal streaks beyond the 
inner margin of the discal area. Also the area below the black sagit- 
tate stigma towards the base is strongly darkened.’’ 9. Regensburg. 


To pp. (69)-(76), A. menyanthidis, add: 

subsp. fennica, de Latt., Zt. Wien. Hntomolog. Gesell., XXV, 17 
(1940). oe 

Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ A short Finnish series which I obtained from 
Staudinger is well distinguished from those of Central Europe. It is 


iw 
; 


es THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (275) 


distinct from all those with dark blue ashy-grey tone of forewing ground 
colour and the equally strong black-grey much darkened ground colour 
of the hindwings. All the markings of the forewings are clear, and the 
white marked distal transverse lines contrast strongly with the dark 
underground; the stigmata are clearly black margined. Hindwing 
with a very obsolescent discal mark. Underside strongly blackish suf- 
fused, especially in the costal half of the wing. Forewing, fringes 
checkered also those in the apical third of the hindwing were very dis- 
tinct on the underside. Head and thorax of the same colour as the 
forewings. 


To pp. (34)-(87), B. perlu, add: 

subsp. aetnuea, Schwing., Zt. Wien. Hntomolog. Gesell., XXVII, 184 
(1942). 

Orig. Drescrre.—‘‘ On the first night at Aetna there came to the 
light at the entrance of the hotel, a perlu form, the whole of which is 
suffused with a dark lava colour, most of the lighter specimens were 
very much worn. Small, frail and narrow-winged rusty black-grey, in- 
distinctly marked, hindwings throughout black-grey, the discal mark 
indistinctly visible.’’ 


Note.—We understand that the Continental Entomological maga- 
zines were published as usual during the early years of the war until 
about 1944. From those we have seen, so far, many new forms and 
species have been described. But it may be long before these can be 
generally known in general entomological circles.—Hy. J. T. 


(276) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/1947 


APPENDIX (2) TO VOLUME II. 1835-1940. 


——————“4 


To pp. (1)-(8), R. wmbratica, add: 

ab. albescens, Ckyn., Ent. Record., LVIII, 74 (1946). 

Orig. Drscrir.—‘‘ The forewings, thorax, antennae, legs, and ab- 
domen are bone coloured, the colour of the palest form of Rhizedra 
lutosa, Hbn., and there are no markings whatever. The hindwings are 
whitish with a faint brown tinge.’’ 

Type: do, Woolmer Forest, Hants., 23.vi.1914; J. EK. Kastwood. 


To pp. (21)-(24), A. trux (ssp. lunigera, Steph.), add: 
ab. asticta, Ckyn., Ent. Record LVIII, 73 (1946). (PI. 1, fig. 1.) 


Oric. Descriep.—‘‘ The black ring around the orbicular stigma 1s 
absent and there is no trace of the claviform stigma; in other respects 
it is normal.”’ ° 


Type: 3, Freshwater, I. of Wight, 1903; Dewar. 


To. pp. (86)-(89), A. nigricans, add: 
ab. juncta, Foltin., Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XXIII, 125 (1938). 


Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Orbicular and reniform stigmata are united.”’ 
Kefermarkt, Austria. 


To pp. (133)-(187), 7’. comes, add: 
ab. immaculata, Hackray, Lamb., 66 (1945). 


Orie. DEescrrep.—‘‘ Complete absence of the black discocellular spot 
on the hindwings.’’ Nothing but a synonym of connuba, Hb. 


MO UcGoy Geil é 
ab. undulata, Hackray, 1.c. 


Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ On the hindwings the black marginal band on its 
inner side over the whole length is festooned, a character which modi- 
fies the aspect of the insect considerably. 


To l.c., add: 
ab. albocostata, Heydemann, Hnt. Zt., LII, 23 (1988), pl. 1, fig. 12. 


Drscrirp.—‘ The costa of the torewings shows a narrow but sharp 
line of white colour, which is interrupted at the indications of the trans- 
verse lines and which strikes one at once.’’ South-west Holstein. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. albocostata, Heyd., Ent. Zt., LII, 23, Plt. 1, 12 (1938). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ The forewing red-brown with a brown renitorm 
spot. The lower-wing orange-yellow with black margin and black spot 
(discal) is the type.’’ 

“A markingless form. A light costa on forewing; absence of apical 
spot and obscurity of reniform, and of discal spot of hindwing.”’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAR AND THEIR VARIETIES. (277) 


To p. (1), A. truax, add: 

ab. lineata, Schwinghs, Zeit. Ent. Wien. Gesell., 183 (1942). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ In the neighbourhood of Petralis (Aetna) five 
3, very variable, were taken, and at Mezzeruso (Aetna) about 1200 
m. One ¢ is so striking that one takes it for another species. Fore- 
wing very pale, whitish-grey, with a deep black, toothed inner and a 
similar outer transverse line, a dot-like orbicular and a deep black 
reniform stigma, and a distinctly brown discal area. Trux varies very 
much in colour and marking, but I have no example with such out- 
standing transverse lines.’? I name this form lineata. Sicily. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. asticta, Ckyne., ssp. lunigera, Steph., Ent. Rec., LVI, 73 (1946). 
ACE fies) L.) 

Oric. Drescrip.—The black ring around the orbicular stigma is ab- 
sent and there is no trace of the claviform stigma; in other respects it 
is normal. 

Type: 3, Freshwater, I. of Wight, 1903; Dewar. 


To p. (50), A. nigrescens, add: 

ab. uniformis, Rougemat., Bull. Soc. Neuchatel, Sc. Nat., 29, 343 
(1901): 31, plt. I, 6 (1908). 

Orig. Drescrrep.—‘‘ The whole exterior is more delicate, the general 
tint is dust-grey, feebly ruddy. The visible markings are the two usual, 
the orbicular round, the reniform a little oblique narrow, both indicated 
by a pale yellowish central spot. The subterminal line very near the 
fringe is reduced to a series of small spots which are also yellowish.” 


To p. (77), A. ripae, add: 

ab. signata, Ckyne., Ent. Record, LVIII, 73 (1946). (Pl. 1, fig. 2.) 

Orie. Drescrie.—‘‘ Forewing—The ground colour of the median area 
is pale grey with a faint rufous tinge and that of the marginal area is 
pale grey; the stigmata are outlined with brown; the submarginal line 
is bordered internally with dark brown. Hindwing—Whitish with dis- 
tinct grey-brown submarginal shading. The dark submarginal shading 
in both wings distinguishes it from other forms.’’ 

Type: ¢, Pendine, Carmarthen, 1910; Dewar. 


To p.p. (129)-(181), 7. orbona, add: 

ab. pronubina, de Graaf., Sepp’s Ned. Ins., VII, 189 (1848-55). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings of a greyish-olive colour, markings less 
clear. Hindwings without the black lunule.’’ 


To pp. (130)-(183), T. pronuba, add: 

ab. fumata, Ckyne., Ent. Record, LVIII, 74 (1946). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour of the forewing is a deep 
blackish-brown with black markings; hindwing suffused with brown be- 
coming yellower towards the base and inner margin.’’ 

Type: ¢, Wallasey, 1910; H. Massey. 


To pp. (138)-(136), 7. comes, add: 
ab. grisea-fusca, Prout, Ent. Record, XIII, 4 (1904). 
Oric, Descrip.—(In a footnote) Adkin (pro parte) nec Harker then 


(278) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X/1947 


ab. grisea, Tutt.’ Forewings almost as in Hnt., XVI, plt. 6, fig. D2- 
(ab. nigrescens, Tutt, pro parte) hindwings not infuscated. This form 
appears very occasionally in the South of England and is the darkest, 
so far as I know which is here obtainable. There is no suggestiom of 
red in the coloration, and I am inclined to agree with Mr Adkin when 
he says of a similar even slightly more extreme form, that it is ‘“‘trace- 
able, downwards, through varying shades of grisea type,’ whereas the 
true curticii series is rather derived ‘‘ through the reds from a light 
red type.” 


Nolo: addi: 

ab. sagittifer, Ckyne., Hnt. Record, LVIIM, 73 (1946). (Pl. 1, fig. 8.) 

Oric. Derscrip.—‘‘ Forewing—Ground colour pale brownish-grey ; 
basal, antemedian, and post-median lines blackish brown, the postmedian 
united to the series of dots lying between it and the submarginal line 
so as to form a series of marks like arrow-heads; the antemedian is 
united to the black mark on the costa and to the black dots on the 
median nervure and nervure 2 so as to form three loops; the orbicular 
and reniform are filled in with blackish brown.”’ 

Type: o, F. Bond Coll., Baron Bouck Coll. 

I have seen specimens of this aberration from the Hebrides. 


To l.c., add: 
ab. pronubina, de Graaf, Sepp’s Neder. Ins., 7, 1389 (1843). 
Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewings of a greyish-olive colour; markings 


less clear. Hindwings of ground colour of forewings, without the black 
lunule.” (Syn. of connuba, Hb.). 


To l.c., add: 
ab. rubra, Gauckler, Ent. Jahrb., XIV, 118 (1905). 
Oric. Descriep.—‘‘ The large red form.”’ 


To l.c., add: 
ab. niger, Gauckler, U.c., 119 (1905) = nigra, Tutt, ‘‘ both forms are 
not identical.”’ 


To /.c., add: 

ab. grisea, Gauckler, Wnt. Jahrb., XIV, 118 (1905). 

Oric. Drscrip.—Forewings pale grey. Almost all specimens of this 
type are sharply marked with two distinct white dashes on the costa 
of the fore-wings, outside of the reniform stigma and inwards of the 
orbicular. The two stigmata are filled with darker colour than the 
ground colour. The dusting below the apex of the outer margin of the 
costal region of the forewings and of the wide inner margin of the hind- 
wings, which is, as a rule, strongly red-brown is more grey-brown to 
pale yellow-grey. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. niger, Gauckler, Hnt. Jahrb., XT, 195 (1902). 

Orie. Descrre.—The ground colour of the forewings is a deep black- 
brown with dark violet sheen, with only the feebly indicated reniform 
stigma: no trace of the typical comes marking is present so that the 
forewings are almost unicolorous. More interesting and more remark- 
able is the colour of the hindwings. They are no longer yellow but 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (279) 


smoky-grey with feeble yellowish and cream. The black outer band 
appears a little darker; the lunular spot in the middle of the wing is 
hardly visible. Thorax and abdomen black-brown. The underside ot 
all the wings is in agreement with the upperside also strongly darkened 
black-grey.”’ 


To pp. (183)-(137), T. comes, add: 

ab. undulata, Hekry., Lamb., XLV, 66 (1945). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ On the hindwings the black marginal band is 
festooned on the inner side the whole length, a character modifying the 
appearance of the insect considerably.’’ Borsu (Condroz), Belgium. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. albocostata, Heydm., Ent. Zt., LII, 28 (1988). 

FigurE—plt. I, fig. 12 (not clear costa). 

Oric. Descrirp.—‘‘ I caught two similar specimens with a fair num- 
ber of the markingless form rufescens, Tutt. As is well shown in the 
good figure with a narrow but clearly produced line of unbroken white 
colour; by chance ¢ and @.”’ S.E. Holstein. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. immaculata, Hckry., Lmb., XLV, 66 (1945). 

Orie. Drescrir.—‘‘ Total absence of the discoidal black spot of the 
hindwings.’’ Borsu (Condroz), Belgium. 


Toric add: 

ab. fumata, Ckvne., Hnt. Record, LVITI, 76 (1946). 

Ortc. Descrip.—The ground colour of the forewing is a deep blackish- 
brown with black markings; hindwing suffused with brown becoming 
yellower towards the base and inner margin. 

Type: 3, Wallasey, 1910; H. Massey. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. grisea-ochrea, Hormuzaki, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., UXVI, 411 
(1916). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘ Forewings very pale unicolorpus clay-yellow with 
very pale bluish-white costa. Characteristic form for. Bukowina.”’ 


Rovines add : 

ab. nigra, Krausse, Arch. f. Nat. Ges., 78, A. Heft 7, p. 168 (1912). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘ Between Sargono and Atrara I caught specimens 
which are coloured as follows: front margin of the thorax with narrow 
pale band, the rest of the thorax and the forewings completely black. 
Only the two stigmata of the forewings are indicated by paler colour. 
Abdomen on the upper surface dark brown.’’ Sardinia. 


Mon ise. tcc: 

nigra, Lempke = a synonym. 

f. 2 cinerea, Lempke, Zeits. Wien. Ent. Gess., 28. 11 (1943). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Forewings almost unicolorously pale grey with- 
out yellowish or bluish tint.’’ [‘‘ This is pronuba, Tutt, not L. pronuba, | 
L.. is distincta-caerulescens, Tutt—Lempke.’’] 


/ 


(280) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1947 


To p. (163), N. c-nigrum, add: 

ssp. kuriles, Bryk., Iris, LVII, 38 (1942). 

Oric. Drescrir.—‘‘ More copper-brown than ssp. degenerata, Stder., 
about as the typical form, but at once to be distinguished from this by 
the interspace between the reniform stigma and the orbicular stigma, 
which is very strongly hooked, because it thereby touches the discus 
arm in front under a sharp hook. Hindwings more feebly marked at 
the apex.”’ Kuriles. 


oy 


To p. (165), N. detrapezium, add: 

f. atropurpurea, Hormosak., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 66, 411 (1916). 

Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ The form with dark purplish-brown and therefore 
with very unicolorous forewings.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

f. nigrescens, Wehrhi, Mitt. Thurgar. Nat. Gessell., Heft XX, 247 
(1913). : 

Orie. Drscrre.—‘‘ With purplish black forewings and sharp mark- 
ings.” 


To p. (175), N. brunneata, add: 

ssp. distinctissima, Bryk., Iris, LVI, 38 (1942). 

Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ Not so reddish as the typical form, hindwings 
more tinted with greyish. The oblique reniform stigma with outline 
not so pale, its distal circumscription not broken in but almost straight. 
Orbicular not rounded in front. Underside as in the typical form.’ 
Kuriles. 


To p. (178), N. rubi, add: 

ab. grisea, Hormuz., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., 66, 412 (1916). 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Clearly pure dark ashy-grey (about the colour of 
Mesogona ozxalina.”’’ 


To L.c., add: 
ab. ochrea, Hormuz., l.c. 
Orie. Descrip.—‘ Pale ochre-yellow (about as Caradrina alsines).” 


To p. (182), N. festiva, add: 

ab. cingulata, Ckyne., Ent. Record, LVIII, 76, pl. 1, fig. 4 (1946). 

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Forewing—Ground colour pale yellowish-grey; a 
broad blackish band due to a thick sprinkling of black scales runs across 
the middle of the wing extending from the external border of the 
orbicular to the post-median line; the submarginal line is present, but 
faint.”’ 

Type: 3, Woolmer Forest, Hants., 28.vi.1914; J. EK. Eastwood. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. pallida, Gauckler, Hnt. Jahrb., 10, 154 (1901). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ In the Island of Sicily a large fine very pale local 
form of the var. cohesa is found. The forewings are broad and pale 
yellow-grey ; the reniform stigma with blackish circumscription; at the 
lower end is filled with blackish. Between the nervures close to the 
outer margin of the forewings are rather strongly marked lunular dark 
spots. The row of points before the outer margin is distinct and sharp, 
invariable as a rule, is still a second submarginal line of points. These 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAD AND THEIR VARIETIES. (281) 


points coalesce towards the inner margin in the shape of a band of dots. 
Hind wings grey. Thorax the colour of the forewings. Abdomen pale 
grey.” 


To. pp. (190)-(192), N. xanthographa, add: 

ab. pallidior, Ckyne., Ent. Rec., LVII, 73, pl. 1, fig. 3 (1946). 

Orig. Duscrirp.—‘‘ Forewing very pale brownish-white with the usual 
markings faintly visible, hindwing whitish with the marginal shade just 
visible.’’ 

Type: d¢, North Shoebury, Essex, viii.1891; F. J. Hanbury. 

Paratypes: 1 ¢, Shoeburyness, Essex, vill.1891; F. J. Hanbury. 1 
3, Bruckley, Morley Coll., Tolson Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. 


To pp. (196)-(198), N. plecta, add: 

ssp. urupplecta, Bryk., Iris., LV, 39 (1942). 

Orig. Drscrie.—‘‘ Paler, still less contrasting, the stigmata almost 
of the same colour as the ground colour. A ¢ underside with distinctly 
rounded line through the middle of the hindwings. A 2 with white 
hindwings as the typical form. 4 abdominal tuft as the form compared 
with.’ Kuriles. 


To pp. (201)-(204), P. piniperda, add: 

ab. msulata, Brundin, Ent. Tidskr., XLVI, 36, fig. 1 (1925). 

Oric. Drescrirp.—‘‘ En ¢, tagen vid Vaxj6 3/5 18, avviker darigenom 
att ringflacken ar ina atdrageni en spets samt forenad med njur- 
flachen bade framtill och baktill.’’ 


Monl-c-vadd : 

ab. flavescens, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 284 (1940). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings yellowish-brown, 
without red.’’ 


To l.c. add: 
ab. reducta, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 285 (1940). 
Orie. Drescrie.—‘‘ The orbicular stigma absent.’’ 


To pp. (206)-(208), 7. munda, add: 

ab. rufomaculata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 293 (1940). 

Orte. Descrie.—‘‘ The dots on the submarginal line not black, but 
brownish or reddish.’’ 


Wovise: add : 
ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, l.c. 


To pp. (204)-(206), P. lewcographa, add: 
ab. rufomaculata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Hnt., 293 (1940). 
Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The reddish-brown ground colour is replaced by 
a grey-brown colour.’’ Oberdonau. 


To, lic., add: 

ab. cruda, Foltin., Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XXIII, 126 (1938). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘ With the transverse lines in the discal area stand- 
ing out clear and dark as in the corresponding form of stabilis.’’? Wock- 
labruck, Austria. 


>! 


(282) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. i 15/ XI /1947 


To. pp. (210)-(211), T. incerta, add: 
ab. dentatolineata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 287 (1946). 
Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ Submarginal line sharply dentated with two clear 


Ws. 


To l.c., add: 
ab. confluens, Lempke, l.c. 


To l.c., add: 
ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, l.c. 


To l.c., add: 
ab. senelinea, Lempke, Tid. v. Ent., 287 (1900). 
Oric. Drscrirp.—‘‘ Submarginal line fails completely.’’ 


Tovkeu taddi: 

ab. juncta, Foltin., Zts. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XXIII, 126 (1988). 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ In which the orbicular and reniform stigmata 
are united.’”? Vocklabruck, Austria. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. flavilinea, Lempke, Tud. v. Hnt., 287 (1900). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘ Submarginal line clearly enlarged pale yellow, 
sharply contrasting.’’ 


To pp. (216)-(218), T. opima, add: 

ab. migra, Lempke, Tud. v. Ent., 291 (1940). 

Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewings blackish, circumscription of the stig- 
mata and of the submarginal pale.”’ 


To pp. (218)-(220), T. gracilis, add: 

ab. rufannulata, Lempke, Tuyd. v. Ent., 290 (1940). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The circumscription of the stigmata and the sub- 
marginal line reddish.’’ : 


To l.c., add: 

ab. flavilinea, Lempke, Tuyd. v. Ent., 290 (1940). 

Ornic. Dinscrie.—‘ Submarginal line yellow, without dark inner 
edge.”’ 

To l.c., add: 


ab. sinelinea, Lempke, Tuyd. v. Ent., 290 (1940). 
Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Submarginal line fails.” 


To t.c., add: 
ab. juncta, Lempke, l.c. 


To pp. (225)-(227), T. populeti, add: 

ab. rufomaculata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 294 (1940). 
- Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ The dots on the submarginal line not black but 
reddish or brownish.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. ummaculata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 294 (1940). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The dots on the submarginal line fail completely, 
marking for the rest clear.’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (283) 


ab. cruda, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 295 (1940). 
Oric. Derscrie.—‘‘ Forewings with blackish sharply contrasting 
transverse lines.’’ 


' To pp. (227)-(229), T. gothica, add: 
ab. separata, Frémont, Proc. Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, 81, 136 (1929). 
Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The characteristic black mark is divided into two 
parts.’ 


To l.c., add: 

ssp. yeterufica, Bryk., Iris, LVI, 42 (1942). 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Much paler than the typical form, grey-yellow, 
the dark markings therefore showing out much more conspicuously. The 
other thin markings also more distinct especially the marginal band 
which run in umber-grey colour between the paler marginal line and the 
ground colour. The delicate internervular spots in the marginal line quite 
visible. The connecting line between the black cell markings on the hind- 
most extension of the disc is much more feeble or even absent. Trans- 
verse line before the reniform stigma showing delicately, but is darker 
in colour. Hindwings paler, with bowel central line, which is xanthic dark 
and feebly marked. Antennae paler, more ochre-yellow-grey, like thorax 
and abdomen. Underside paler, the transverse line and the disco-cellu- 
lar spot on both wings much more strikingly contrasting. As of the 
three examples two ds show cell-markings and stripe-spot dark like 
typical M. gothica, choose this form as type of my new subspecies. 
The third specimen which is in first-class condition shows the gothicina- 
character ; it is rather reddish, the spots more cherry-wood-red-grey, the 
stripe-spot in the middle of the wing, shorter than in the typical form; 
the Kurile-form connection between the two cell-spots interrupted.’ 
Kuriles, 3 ds. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. conjuncta, Lempke, Tuyd. v. Ent., 296 (1940). 

Oric. Descrirp.—‘’ The dark streak on the outer line unites this line 
with the inner one. So the claviform stigma fails. 


To l.c., add: 

ab. extricata, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 296 (1940). 

Oric. Drscrirp.—‘‘ The dark streak on the outer line fails com- 
pletely.’’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. cruda, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 294 (1940). 

Orie. Desorrep.—‘‘ The inner and outer lines black, sharply con- 
trasted.”’ 


To l.c., add: 

ab. clausa, Lempke, l.c. 

To pp. (247)-(249), O. lota, add: 

ab. bipumcta, Wehrli, l.c., 255. 

Oric. Descrirp.—‘‘ With a second black-brown spot which lies on the 
basal line, between the two maculae. The border unites the maculae.”’ 


(284) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI /1947 


To pp. (237)-(239), T. cruda, add: 

ab. nictitans, Lempke, Tijd. v. Hnt., 292 (1940). 

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Orbicular and reniform stigmata filled with dark ; 
with sharp pale circumscription.” 


Mouliceaade: 

ab. obsolescens, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 292 (1940). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Markings very indistinct, hardly visible.’’ 
To l.c., add: 


ab. nudilinea, Lempke, Tyd. v. Ent., 346 (1941). 
Oric. Drscrie.—‘‘ The yellow subterminal line without the red in- 
ternal edging.”’ 


To pp. (249)-(250), O. macilenta, add: 

ab. rufa, Hofmayer, Hnt. Zt., L., 359 (1936). 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ In this form the ground colour completely covers 
up the brownish median and marginal lines, while the yellow line fol- 
lowing the marginal band stands out strongly.’’? This form seems to be 
suitably named as ab. rufa. 


- To pp. (251)-(252), A. helvola, add: 

ab. nictitans, Lempke, Tid. v. Ent., 338-9 (1941). 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Orbicular and reniform stigmata with very dis- 
tinct pale circumscription, so that they sharply contrast.’’ 


To l.c., add: 
ab. semiconfluens, Lempke, l.c. 


To pp. (254)-(255), A. lychnidis, add: 

ab. nigrorubida, Lempke, Tijd. v. Ent., 343 (1941). 

Oric. Descrir.—‘‘ Ground colour of the forewings dark red, dusted 
with black, nervures and transverse lines red.’’ 

Hamps., Lep. Phal., p. 218, has a very poor b. and w. figure; he 
gives autuwmnalis, Curt., as a synonym. 


To. pp. (259)-(260), A. lunosa, add: 
ab. intensa, H. Turner, Ent. Rec., LL, 22 (1938). 


Oric. Drscrre.—‘‘ A very dark, almost blackish, red-brown f.-w. 
without the light outer marginal band, with stigmata black, but almost 
obsolescent on account of the dark ground colour, and without con- 
spicuous veining as in agrotoides, and the h.-w. evenly dark blackish 
suffused.’’ Chelston, Devon; bred. 


Nore.—It is apparent to me that of many species the concept of the 
typical form on the continent is different from that recognized in 
Britain. Among the species thus referred to are strigilis, versicolor, 
furuncula, fasciuncula, latruncula, nictitans, lwcens, clavipalpis, etc. 


. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES (J. W. TUTT). 
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES. IV. 
By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S., F.R.H.S. 


Class Noctuar Linn. : 
Agrophila, Bdv. (=Emmelia, Hb.) trabealis, Scop. 
Agrophila, Bdv. (1840), Dup., H.-S., Tutt, Barr. [Pyralis, L, (1767)]: 
Kmmelia, Hb. (1822), Meyr., Meyr., Sth., Stdgr., Warr.-Stz., Drdt., 
Stz., etc.: Hrastria, Treit. (1826), Steph., Hamp., Culot: Acontia, 
Treit. (1826), Gn. 


Tutt, Brit. Noctuae, 1V, 1 (1892): Meyr., Handb. (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. Is., V1, 188, plt. 248, 1 (1800): Stgr., Cat., Wd.IIT, 1538 (1901) : 
Splr., Schmett. Hur., 1, 296, plt. 51, 40 (1901): South, M.B.I., Il, 62, 
plt. 21, 12 (14908): Hamps., Phal. Noct., X, 660, fig. 150 (1910): Warr.- 
Size. Pal. Noct.,. 11; 283, plt. 52g, (1912): Culot, N.,et G., 1: @), 111, 
pit. 69, 13-16 (1913): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 209 (193 ). 


Scopoh, Hnt. Carniolica, p. 240 (1763), was the first to describe this 
insect under the name Phalaena trabealis. 

Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, p. 493, No. 98 (1766), described the same 
species under the name arabica, and Rottemberg, Naturforscher, Vol. 
IX, p. 139 (1776), commented on the life-history. 

Linn., Syst. Nat., Ed.XII, 88 (1767), also described this species but 
ealled it Pyralis sulphuralis. 

Schiff., Verz., p. 93, Noct., Z. 6 (1775), does not describe it, but in- 
dicates it under the name sulphurea, the larva teeding on Convolvulus 
arvensis. In a note he said it was the Pyralis sulphuralis, L. 

Ilhger, Verz., Ed.II, pt. 1, p. 351 (1801), treated it under the name 
sulphurea,. Esp., but cited sulphuralis, L., lugubris, Fab., sulphurea, 
Ksp. 

Fab., Genera Insectorwm, 279 (1775) ? (1777), described this species 
under Bombyx sulphwurea. 

““ Alis deflexis flavissimis: strigis duabus obliquis obscurioribus. 
Corpus totum flavissimum. Alae anticae indem., flavae strigis duabus, 
quarum anterior a medis marginis crassioris versus basin marginis 
tenuioris-posterior ponemedium marginis crassioris ad angulum ani 
ducitor. Alae posticae immaculatae. 

Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, 576, plt. 164, f. 6 (1789+ ?), gave a good 
fic. under the name sulohwrea. 

Bork., in Scriba Mag., II, 153, plt. 10, f. 8 (1792), gave a very good 
description and fig. of this species under the name trabeata, as a Noc- 
tuid, altering Scopoli’s name trabealis, which had a Pyralid ending. 
He cited 9 authors. In his Naturg. Noct., IV, 806 (1792), he described 
the species under the name sulphuralis, L., and cited sulphwuralis, L., 
and trabealis, de Vill.; lugubris, Fb.; sulphwrea, Schiff. All these are 
undoubtedly synonyms of trabealis, Scop. He treated arabica, Hufn., 
as a different species. 


(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15! V /1947 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VIII, 140, fig. 598a, b, c, d, e (1793), 
gave five good figures. a, the usual form met with; b, an underside 
with practically all the sulphur ground around the forewings and the 
darker black markings heaped together in the centre of the wing; ¢, all 
the black lines thickened and dots amalgamated with them; d, appears 
as if the ground is black with the sulphur showing through in small spots 
and lines; e, another ‘‘ black ground ”’ form with some of the usual yel- 
low ground‘ showing through more normal in position and shape. They 
cite Linné, Sys. Nat., ed. XII, for sulphuralis; Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, 
for arabica; Fab., Sps. Ins., 11, for Bombyx lugubris; Lang., Cat., for 
sulphurea; Scop., Fn. Cam., for trabealis; and most of the previous 
authors (22). 


Hb., Saml., 291 (1880-3), gave an excellent figure under the name 
sulphuralis. 

Steph., Ill. Noct., I1J, 117 (1830), described it as ‘‘ a beautiful species 
(Battersea and Kent) named sulphurea.”’ 

Treit., Schm. Eur. Noct., V (3), 251 (1826), described this species 
under the name sulphwrea and cited 22 earlier authors. Some of these 
had placed it in the Bombyces, some in the Pyrales, and others in the 
Noctuidae. Hb. placed the larva in the Semigeometrid section in 
his Saml. Larvae. 

Dup., Hist Nat., VII, 376, plt. 128, 3 (1827), gave an excellent figure 
under the name sulphurea. He cited arabica, Hufn.; sulphuralis, 1. ; 
trabealis, Scop.; lugubris, Fab.; swlphurea, Tr. . 

Freyer, New. Beitr., V, fig. 552 (18 ), gave a good figure of sul- 
phuralis. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 427 (1851), described it as sulphwrea, Schiff., 
with no figure. He cited arabica, Bork.; Bombyx lugubris, F.; Pyralis 
sulphuralis, L.; Pyralis trabealis, Vill. 

Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 206 (1852), described it as swlphuralis and also 
as var. a., the suffused form, black with some yellow spots, figured by 
Engram, 598e. He cited lugubris, Fb.; trabealis, Scop.; trabeata, 
Scriba (Bork.); arabica, Hufn., etc. He also, in l.c., p. 220, described 
under the name viridisquama a species which has since been associated 
by authors with trabealis, Scop. 

Meyr., Handb., 167 (1895), described trabealis, Scop. (sulphuralis, 
L.) and genus Hmmela among the Plusiudae. In the Rev. Handb. 
(1928) he used the same generic name. 

Stdgr., Cat., 133 (1901), listed trabealis, Scop., genus Emmelia, Hb. 
He listed ab. nigra, Ersch.; ab. algira, Obthr. (al. ant. multo minus 
nigro-signatis); ab. flavonitens, Aust. (al. ant. fore totis flavescentibus, 
al. post. pallioribus, subt. unicolor stramineis). He treats sulphuralis 
and sulphwrea as Synonyms. 

Hamps., Phal. Noct., X, 660, fig. 180 (1910), described trabealis. 
Scop., with a good b. and w. fig. The only aberration he recognized 
was ab. mgra, Hrsch. ‘* Forewing almost entirely or wholly fuscous 
black.” He cited the usual names as synonyms including pardalius, 
Walker, Cat., XXVIIT, 794 (1865). Hamps. treated deleta, Stdgr., 
with ab. flavonitens, and his own fasciata with ab. from India, as 
separate species. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (3) 


Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 296, plt. 51, fig. (1906), gave a very good figure 
and described it under the name trabealis, Scop. He included abs. 
nigra, algira and flavonitens. 

South, M.B.I., If, 62, plt. 21, 12 (1908), gave an excellent figure of 
trabealis, Scop. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 283, plt. 52g (1912), gave four good 
figures: oO Q showing slight variation, ab. nigra, and a new ab. con- 
fluens, were figured. The latter was not described. Sulphwralis, ara- 
bica, sulphurea, trabeata, lugubris and pardalina were all quoted as 
synonyms. In addition they gave six other figures representing forms 
which they have treated as species: (I) viridisquama, Gn., 52h, with 
its ab. obscura, Warr.-Stz. (II) deleta, Stdgr., 522, with its forms ab. 
algira, Obrth., 52h, and ab. flavomtens, Aust., 52g. (I) fasciata, 
Hamps., 52h, with its ab. deflavata, Warr.-Stz. Examination of the 
figures give one very strong evidence that the view is correct to con- 
sider the whole group as a single species with ‘‘ satellite species ’’ in 
the making. This view is strongly supported by the facts brought out 
by Culot (Noct. et Geom., I (5)). d 

Culot, Noct. et G., I (2), 161, plt. 60, figs. 18, 14, 15, 16 (1913), under 
the name Hinmelia trabealis, Scop., described this species and referred 
to Stder.’s Cat., where algira and flavonitens were both dealt with as 
forms of trabealis. The forms described by Oberthur in Htude, III, 45, 
V., p. 89, plt. 3, fig. 5, had been segregated as a true species deleta by 
Warren in Seitz, but Culot would not enter into a question of classifica- 
tion ; with his inimitable skill Culot figured three of the original types 
of algira in the Oberthur collections, for the consideration of others. 

Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Sup., III, 209 (1935), accepted pro tem. the 
separate species views of Warren, but acted with great hesitation. 
He registers more aberrations: ab. conflwens, Strd., is described; with 
ab. crassistriga, Strd.; ab. sheljyuwzhkoi., Stdr.; and wnculata, Dnhl. 
To deleta, ‘‘ probably a form of ftrabealis,” they added the paralella, 
Roth, and the olivina, Roth. To viridisquama, Gn., they added ob- 
scurior, Warr. 


Of the Variation Barrett said: 


Variable in the shade of colour of the forewings, from bright to ex- 
tremely pale yellow; and in the size of the marginal black dots, those 
near the hind-margin being occasionally almost obliterated. Mr Herbert 
Goss has one in which they are almost totally so. On the other hand, 
in some specimens the black stripes are broadened and joined by cross 
black bars, or their margins clouded considerably darkening the surface. 


Note.—In trabealis we have a species which occurs over practically 
the whole of the Palaearctic Region. Europe North and South, Algeria, 
N. Africa to Biskra, Asia Minor, Turkistan, Mauritius, Afghanistan, 
Baluchistan, Central Asia, Amur, Japan, China, and in many areas it 
is common. Its natural surroundings must be very variable, and numer- 
ous variant forms have sprung up, and apparently grouped themselves 
into races or even subspecies. In fact we can actually see ‘‘ species 
in the making,’’ and authors have gone so far as to classify several of 
them as true species. We find Seitz’s records viridisquama, Gn., deleta, 
Stder., and fasciata, Hamp., as species, and Walk. considered lugubris, 
Fb., another, making five in all, with the typical trabealis, L., trabe- 


(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ V /1947 


alis make five species or subspecies. Each of these five have recorded 
aberrations on their behalf. This is the order we shall deal with, this 


combine ’’ species H. trabealis. 


ce 


The Names, Forms and Groups to be considered : 
I. trabealis, Scop., ssp. trabealis, Scop., Hnt. Cam., 240 (1762). 
ab. nigra, Ersch. (1874), Fedtsch., 52, plt. 3, 50. 
ab. crassistriga, Strnd. (1924), Hnt. Anzr., IV, 110. 
ab. conflwens, Strnd. (1924), l.c. 
ab. sheljuzhkovi, Strnd. (1924), l.c. 
ab. nigricostata, Strnd. (1924), L.c. 
ab. unculata, Strnd. (1924), l.c. 


Il. trabealis, Scop., ssp. viridisquama, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat., VI (2), 
220. 
ab. obscurior, Warr.-Stz. (1912), Pal. Noct., III, 283. 


Ill. trabealis, Scop., ssp. deleta, Stdgr. (1871). 
ab. algira, Obthr. (1881), Etudes, VI, plt. 2, 2. 

ab. flavonitens, Aust. (1880), Nat., 156. 

ab. parallela, Roth (1920), Nov. Zool., XXVII. 

ab. olivina, Roth (1920), l.c. 


IV. trabealis, Scop., ssp. fasciata, Hamps. (1894), Moths of India, II, 
315. 
ab. deflavata, Hamps. (1895) (Warr.-Stz., l.c.). 


V. Two, probably Synonyms of trabealis. 
f. lugubris, Fab. (1777-6), Gen. Ins., 280. 
f. pardalina, Walk. (1865), Cat., XX XIII, 794. 


I. Subspecies trabealis, L., trabealis. 
ab. nigra, Ersch., Fedtsch. (1874), LV. 
Fig.—Plt. IIT, 50. 
Desorip.—Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 284, Plt. 52g (1913), ‘is 
almost wholly black.’”’ W. Turkestan. 


f. crassistriga, Strand, Ent. Anz., IV, 110 (1924). 

Descrip.—Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 209 (1935), ‘‘ The yel- 
low streak between the two black longitudinal streaks is filled with 
black.’’ 


f. nigricostata, Strand, Hnt.-Anz., IV, 110 (1924). 
Derscrir.—Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 209 (1935), ‘‘ Has a 
wide black costa.’’ 


ab. confluens, Strand, Hnt. Anz., IV, 110 (1924). 

Fie.—tl.c., 52g. 

Descrip.—Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 209 (1933), ‘‘ Has con- 
fluent yellow spots.’’ 


race sheljuzhkovi, Strand, Hnt. Anz., IV, 110 (1924). 

Descrie.—Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 209 (1935), ‘‘ The dark 
markings are not black but grey-brown, all very delicate and narrow, 
the yellow a glossy straw-yellow. Hindwings as pale as in flavonitens,. 
Aust.’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (5) 


ab. unculata, Dunhl., Ent. Zt., XL, 15 (1826). 

Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ The Form which well illustrates a transition to 
the Turkestan ab. nigra, Ersch. I named unculata. (The remaining 
yellow of the ground colour shows mostly as small hooks=uncula.) 
36d and 9° from Terlan and Sigmundskron, S. Tyrol. 


II. Subspecies trabealis, ab. viridisquama, Gn. 

ab. viridisquama, Gn., Hist. Nat., VI (2), p. 220 (1852). 

Oric. Derscrir.—‘‘ Forewings brown-black with basal and median 
areas covered with long hairs and spaces of a clear green; the basal a 
little more yellowish but without distinct lines, which one sees only at 
their origin, and which form the three white spots on the costa. The 
reniform is indistinct, a little paler with a black mark in the centre. 
The subterminal line is indistinct composed of the same green scales. 
Fringes concolorous, with two large blotches of a whitish-green, before 
which one sees the green scales on the terminal border. Hindwings 
are rounded, of a uniform black, with fringes greenish-white; the upper 
surface having the fore half white with a central lunule, a line and a 
black border, the outer half black with a white spot between the 4th 
lower and the sub-median.’’ Two specimens from Madrid. He did not 
connect it with trabealis, Scop. 


ab. obscurior, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., I1I, 288 (1912). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. 52h. I.c. Supp., III, plt. 230. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘' A dark form of viridisquama in which the green- 
ish scales are reduced to a few long yellow ones towards the base of 
wing.’’ 

IIf. Subspecies trabealis, ab. deleta, Stdgr. 

ssp. (ab.) deleta, Stdgr., Stett. e. Ztg. (1871), 190. 

Fig.—Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, plt. 529 (1918). 

Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewings olive-ochreous; the markings faint inter- 
rupted brownish; lines represented by costal spots; orbicular and reni- 
form stigmata small and round; more or less developed horizontal 
streaks from base below cell and above inner margin; hindwings ochre- 
ous with slight brown suffusion.’’ Biskra, Algeria. 

Roth, Novit. Zool., XXVIII, 74 (1920), ‘‘ The black is reduced to one~ 
mark only.’’ 


ssp. (ab.) algira, Obthr., Htwdes, VI, 90 (1881) [| Nov. Zool., XXVIII 
(1921) ]. 

Fig¢.—l.c., plt. I, 2. 

Descrip.—Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 285, plt. 52h, ‘‘ The dark 
markings are black and conspicuous, especially the outer line.’’ 

Roth reported it, ‘‘ The black markings (of deleta) are reduced.’’ 


ab. flavonitens, Aust., Nat., 156 (1880) [Nov. Zool., XXVIII (1921) ]. 

Descrip.—Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 285, plt. 522 = “ on the other 
hand in this form the markings tend to become obsolete.’’ 

Roth reported it, ‘‘ There is no black on the forewings.’’ 


ab. parallela, Roth, Nov. Zool., XXVII, 74 (1920). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The black practically the same as in Europe.”’ 
Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 209 = ‘‘ extraordinarily like the 
European type of trabealis.”’ 


4 


(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1947 


ab. olivina, Roth, l.c. 
Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Stramineous olive markings replacing the black.’” 
Drdt.-Stz., l.c. = ‘‘ in which the black is replaced by olive.’’ 


TV. Subspecies trabealis, (ab.) fasciata, Hamp. 

ab. fasciata, Hamp., Moths of India, II, p. 315 (1894). 

Fieg.—plt. 168, 27. 

Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forewing dark reddish-brown; the costal area 
sulphur-yellow, sending a spur to beyond the lower angle of the cell; a 
sulphur fascia below the median nervure from base to beyond middle: 
a sulphur band on outer margin. Hindwing reddish-brown.’’ @Q dark 
ochreous-brown, forewing with slight grey suffusion; grey streaks at the 
two angles of the cell and a grey line on outer margin.”’ India. 


ab. deflavata, (Hamps.), Warr.-Stz., l.c. (1893). 
- Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Thorax and forewings without any yellow.”’ 


f V. Two Probable Synonyms. 

Fab., Genera Insectorum, 280 (1777 ? 1776), described this species 
under Bombyx lugubris. 

““ Alis deflexis flavis rivulis punctisque atris. Posticis fuscis. Alae 
anticae deflexae, flavescentes lineis duabus latis apicem haud artingent- 
tibus ad marginem tenuiorem, in medio puncta duo et ad marginem 
crassiorem tria, versus apicem dentique strigae duae al punctis con- 
catens atris. Posticae fuscae marcinae tenuissime albo. Subtus 
omnes variegatae.”’ 


race pardalina, Walk., Cat., XX XIII, 794 (1865). 

Whitish cinereous. Head with a brown band in front of the an- 
tennae. Palpi porrect slender, extending very little beyond the head: 
third joint conical, not more than one-fourth the length of the second. 
Thorax with a brown band on the fore-tegulae. Abdomen extending a 
little beyond the hindwings. Forewings with two brown stripes, ex- 
tending from the base to an oblique brown band which is at two-thirds 
of the length; five brown spots in the space between the first stripe and 
the costa, one of these spots emitting a streak across the first stripe 
to the second, which is on the interior border; a submarginal band com- 
posed of four brown spots, which are more or less incompletely con- 
nected; fringe brown. Hindwings aeneous cinereous. Mauritius. 


Acontia, Tr., luctuosa, Hsp. 

Acontia, Treit. (1826), H.-S.; Tutt; Barr.; Stdgr.; Sth.; Warr.- 

Stz.; Culot: Hustrotia, Hb. (1821), Meyr.; Meyr.: Tarache, Hb. (1822), 
South, Warr.-Stz.: Dysthymia, Newm. 
» Hutn., Berlin Alag., 111, 30, No. 54 (1766), under the name lucida 
described an insect so indefinitely that it took in what was subsequently 
described under the name luctuosa by Esper (1786) when he adopted 
Schiff..s name from the indication in the Verzg., W. 7 (1775) Rottem- 
berg, Naturfr.. [X, 122 (1771) in his revision of Hufn.’s work called it 
a variety of /ucidu. Esper and others figured the ‘‘variety’’ as a species 
under the name /luctuosau. Hamps. ignored this as a species and only 
dealt with lucida [Phal. Noct., X., 786 (1910)]. 

De Geer, Mem., II (1771-83), described a Noctuid from Italy more 
or less inadequately for identification, which he called ‘‘ 1’Italienne.’’ 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (7) 


Several authors of later date gave it the name italica, which, of course, 
is invalid. In Sp. Insect, II, 218 (1781), Fab. called it italica; in the 
Mant., II., he corrected this to luctuosa, p. 144 (1787). 

Esper, Abbild. Noctuae, IV, p. 71, plt. 88, figs. 4, 5 (1786), gave re- 
cognizable figures. 4 a quite typical ¢ form both upper and underside. 
5, a 2 form in which the white characters of the hindwing are extended 
into a complete band. The ground colour of the wings is somewhat 
more grey than usual. Esper used the name luctuosa given to a larva 
which fed on Plantago major by Schiff. in his Verz. (1775) without any 
description. 

Fuegss., Ins. Schweiz., 39 (1775), listed, under the name leucomelas. 
a Noctuid figured by Schaeff., Icones, I (2), plt. Ll, 11-12 (1766), but 
no description. It was named italica by Panzer in 1804, Sys. Nomen. 
Icones Ratisbon. 

Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Kur., VIII, 55, fig. 558 (1792), gave six 
fizures (on 2 plts.), a, b, c, d, e, £; typical form a; underside b, with white 
patches near base of forewings; ¢, with square blotch on costa forewing 
ochreous: d, underside is ochreous at the base of the forewing; e, f, 
upper and underside of a specimen of a clear grey. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 305-6 (1802), gave two good figures, the first quite 
typical, the other one with the forewing blotch ochreous and the hind- 
wing band broken up into spots. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VII, 350, plt. 121, figs. 3, 4 (1827), gave two illus- 
trations, ¢ and @., both quite good. The ¢ was typical, rather dark 
with slight grey infusion and with hight marginal shade; 4, the 9, was 
very similar with wider submarginal scribbling. In his synonomy he 
included astroites, de Vill., and lewcomelas, Fuessly. 

Newman, British Moths, 443 (1869), dealt with this species at length 
and gave three figures, one typical, another with the forewing white 
square reduced to hardly more than a lunule, and the third figure in 
which this was reduced to a mere dot with the band on the hindwing 
much reduced. He called attention to the caterpillar having only six 
claspers and that this species could not be Acontia, and he proposed a 
new genus name for it, Dysthymia. Guenée had previously called at- 
tention to this fact, but did not think such action was desirable. 

Freyer, Beitr., IV, 99, plt. 346 (1842), gave a dark figure with typical 
marking. 

Tutt, Brit. Noct., 1V, 2 (1892), reterred to the white spot as being 
occasionally ochreous and named it ochracea. He quoted Gn., Noct., 
VI, the remarks on the extreme variability from an irregular band to 
a complete band, or a succession of spots. He reported an example with 
the forewing character as reduced almost to a lunule figured by Newman. 

Barrett did not comment on any variation. 

Spuler, Schmett. Europas, I, 286, plt. LI, 14 (1907), gave a typical 
ficure somewhat darker than usual. 

South, M.B.1., II, 54, plt. 19, fig. 10 (1908), gave a good typical form, 
under the genus Acontia (=Tarache). 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 286, plt. 52k (1913), gave two figures, 
one typical and the other of ob. angustifascia, n. ab. The only other 
form he mentions is ab. ochracea, Tutt. 


Culot, N. et G., II, p. 144, plt. 66, f. 2 (1915), gave an excellent 
figure of a typical form. He stated that variation lay more or less in 


(8) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1947 


the size of the pale band on the hindwing; in the clear blotch of the 
forewing which varied from white to rose-flesh colour; and from the 
tone of the brown which varied from the very clear depth of the typical 
form becoming clear reddish-brown in ab. rosamans, Obthr., beyond this 
there is very slight variation, and the species is easy of identification. 


The Names and Species to be considered :— 
leucomelas, Fuess. (1765), Ins. Schwerz., 58. Syn. 
italica, Kab. (1781), Sp. Imsect., I, 218. Syn. 
luctuosa, Esp., Abbild. Noct. (1786), IV, 71, plt. 88, 4-5. 
astroites, de Vill. (1789), Ent. Lim., II, 263. Syn. 
ab. ochracea, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., IV, 2. 
lineosa, Splr. (1907), Schm. Hur., 1, 286. 
obscurosa, Splr., l.c. 
angustifasciata, Warr-Stz., Pal. Noct. (1913), IIT, 286. 
rosamans, Obthr. (Culot) (1915), N. et G., TI, 144. 
latefascia, Schaw. (1928), Ent. Rund., LV, 554. 


Tutt, British Noct., 1V, 2 (1892), dealt with (1) the typical form as 
figured by Esper and others, and (2) the form with the ochraceous 
square spot on the forewing he named ochracea. 


ab. lineosa and ab. obscurosa were suggested by Spuler, Schmett. 
Eur., 1, 286 (1907), of which the following is a translation :— 

‘“The light spot towards the edge of the obscure reniform white or 
reddish-whitish-yellow ; the small white spots on the costal margin above 
it of varying breadth; the white band on the hindwings attached by a 
tooth projecting from the base, rarely broken. The dark fringe-band 
of varying breadth, often with a row of whitish antemarginal spots, 
bordered usually on the inside by a deep black thin line bordered by 
yellow; the whitish spot of the forewings and the white hindwing band 
may be very greatly reduced; if the forms are to be named, then the 
first is ab. lineosa (the many lined), the latter ab. obscurosa (the dark- 
ened).’’ 


ab. angustifascia, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 286 (1913). 

Ficgure.—l.c., plt. 52k. 

Orie. Drscrie.—‘‘ Hindwing with a white median band of varying 
width ; this band is greatly restricted and sometimes interrupts.”’ 


ab. rosamans, Obthr. (Culot), N. et G., I (2), 144, recorded. 
Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The square spot of the forewing being of a pale 
reddish-brown is ab. rosamamns.’’ 


ab. latefascia, Schaw., Hnt. Rund., LV, 554 (1938). 

Orig. Drescriep.—‘‘ The white middle band of the hindwing occupies 
more than a half of the wing. The black at the base by its diminution 
reduces the outer margin.’”’ Sardinia. Only two specimens were taken 
so there is not sufficient evidence to denote a geographical race or sub- 
“species. 


ab. pallidior, Stbrgnl., Zt. Wien. Ent. Gesell., XXIX, 153 (1944). 

Oric. Drescrrp.—‘‘ In a male of this very common species the whole 
yellowish forewing is a light yellow-brown; and the wide border area of 
the hindwing is lighter.’”’ S. Dalmatia. 


SPECIAL INDEX. 
VOL. LIX., 1947. 


The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. 


The names in this Index are placed alphabetically under specific 


hames. 


The terms ‘ var.’’ and ‘‘ ab 


.’ are used in Staudinger’s sense, ‘ f.” 


(forma) indicating a form of which the exact status seems doubtful. 


* indicates a new name. 


** indicates an addition to the British List under an old name. 


PAGE 
BLATTOIDA. 

decipiens, Loboptera  .......... eee 150 
TECU(GTONIE GOs,» poosseddedannecononcbecoooooorosbocedce 150 

; ‘ 

COLEOPTERA. 

sirei@iiisy,  (CIR/ANUIS,  GaedsceoosesoosocoeqBnedenccooded 71 
asparagd, CYiOCeLIS ...........c.....cneeee ees 79 
ALOMMALIUSS | ESEUCINUS) Lire. wee cceceese- nese 88 
atramentaria, Atheta ..........0.....c..00 87 
PPTAO OOS, IDOI Ganngaccaodoodsoddeosnene0c0LKGe 115 
aurulenta, Strangalia ................ 71 
bicolor, Telephorus ...........cc.cccseeee eens 87 
bifasciatum, Rhagium _.........cc eee 71 
bipustulatus, Malachius ..............0+ 87 
bruchoides, Rhinoncus ............. 115 
carinifrons, THYOSCUS ...........:..eee ee 87 
caer, ZN CRNA OUTS), adsooposopce.osbodauadconn 145 
CASTOR AMINO CUS) %. sc. cssescceces esses 415 
cerambyciformis, Judolia ............... 71 
chevrolati, Ceuthorhynchidius _...... 88 
Clavyiger, Hielocerus  ..............0....000. 87 
dentatus, Pogonochaerus _ ............... 115 
distinguenda, Melanophthalmus 87 
fastuosa, Chrysomela —........eeeeeceeea ee 415 
AVLCORML SH OM POTN | Winecscesccdcessnceecss 87 
fulgidus, Xantholinus _...............:..08 87 
CAO LICH MEUEODUUMA | ecccsccacccnasesensesas 70 
MRIS. TRIO CSL ABIES 4 Geedecdbeoneopecoboenondenogac 151 
OMA AOU OA, | atessctccesesevesdsesess 87 
hispidulus, Pogonochaerus _............ 71 
hispidus, Pogonochaerus — ............06 ial 
laevigata, SPM ieee css eseeewenss 87 
TAGVASy TOOMEITALSUS © slic cctesecevesseoereeees 88 
lapathi, Cryptorhynchus _............... §8 
PIMOS SGMIMTIUS: 9 Ges. ccsesssncececceces eos 87 
LO UIMMMRESTIULGINLES i tthe cchescuves. sd. Secaedcceeses $8 
VAUEM eN ATLOPUVICS 0 vse ccsedsncecocscesseics 115 
maculata, Strangalia —........... 71 
TMG UUCMiy PAPO 9 \ ie vcctiesasceSeaser-er core 88 
marginatus, Malthodes ............... 87 
88 


Oe eee e eee eeeeeneeeeeeeeeenne 


melanopa, Lema 


PAGE 
TAMSIN ONO ADI, IN WCETRCIER Op sopsonobadoscentons 88 
**melas, Gymimetrom | o:)yacecess. 49, 88 
idol encOy lini, COMMON EIS consoonapsasonopeeadddoonen 87 
iMgKONeGkebg.) IRlakeVeT HAN | Cons snonboonodidsbaSbbedone 71 
IMEWONDIS.  IRtaaAG (CIOS) |) Gocesonovosaosnncnsonode 88 
IMSL VINOCE), (CRISSIOE 0 \seodessotscononetedes 88, 115 
TOKSLONOUIOKSDISL,  ILCIKOTONIS), | oanooodornnteasounorsase Til 
SOKO) ONTOS 1 MOP ISISHIG EY ees cananondsonbosoAbdbcedeon 115 
ODAGAR SUP Tay esc a Oe Rae a a 115 
DIUGipPes. WMelim@ethesy \) essen nesses 87 
pilumnus, Pseudostyphlus —............. 88 
TOUCISIe I. ANAM), |. “Boadobodeoooabgercuobonosccoee 87 
posthumus, Ceuthorhynchidius _..... 88 
problematicus, Carabus ...............- 145 
quadrifasciata, Strangalia.............. 74 
resedae, Ceuthorhynchus _............... 88 
TEN OM, ANN TOVONAKOTMONDIS) |) coaconsocnenapcnnosoceonce 88 
ruficornis, Grammoptera ............... 71 
Scalariss SAperd ay Were eteeeeeeee 71 
SOMMTNBIGL, “AMEVCIN CORT!  sodceoncnsdonbecceanene 87 
SOPOT PATIVS Ta ee ee au ai aaa uaesGnuaecckes tea 87 
Simiathusy ,Onthophilwisiieereeeee eee 87 
SUING MIS. ASYeATan ANOS! LGacadocaonconnoscaonce 87 
tabacicolor, Alosternus —.................. 71 
undecimpunctata, Coccinella ........ 145 
WHRICENE), THA AUIGIOMBIS: .) Goapacssacoccsonuncages 88 
WEITAIIGE ANTMUIAMEGAMDISY | ooosdooncadbat ooopgoconeede 87 
waterhousei, Longitarsus _............... 88 

DERMAPTERA. 
auricularia, Forficula ...... 112, 113, 149 
INCKST AP EOmi G Ulan ieeeseenneeseeeee cee 112, 144 
kosswigi, Pseudisolabis............ 112, 148 
ibmen(olke). © URONIC WINE), Goosonenboceenodencteccesoace 149 
smyrnensis, Forficula ............... 112, 149 
DIPTERA. 

AGAMUDT OPIUM ULS i ee yee aoe Pee (9) 
ALCL GUA Were arte bea ee eee ae (4), (9) 
ANC TIN TAR Gy ica 38) ART LC SS alee (7) 
affimis, HelomMyza icccccccccccesaee Pe aA 16 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE PAGE 

onotrophes, Chaetostomella ......... 30 alternata, Rhagoletis ................«..-. 29 
oraria; Tephrochlaena  “..............--..- 17 amplicornis, Scoliocentra ............... 46 
OST T A its cee Ae RL eae (41) ANOMOTA' \ "Set ee ance (9) 
OUxa TT bie ene seas ORR ALATA deen oie vee (7) ALI COLMIS All Ophiyiay ls eee 16, 45 
pallescens, Eccoptomera. _.................. 46 Hardanaewee hep Nii Suse e eee eee 3i 
PALTV as EVE] OMY 7a een eee nea 16 Hicolony VELelTOMY ZANE 16 
TOMY AINE NS weapons, doe ou Rei Soe Nara a (8) DVOUMIE SIMO DITCSIN Geeesco eaten see eee 28 
DelliincGensSwaVOlCellaneue sees eee 106 bombylans* sViolucellayaeess eee eee 106 
permundus, Phagocarpus _.............. 29 Drachypternas. eT aster 46 
PHACOCAT PUSH HEM eee eee (3), (9) (CMI CHEMO), op sncoccocessraceanecocssecc (8), (43) 
TR aH Koy an ADE Wa haniiss SUE Ane aa (4) Carduie UB umibiare ) ese. eae eee eee 28 
JPET Fay] Oe Ssh yl Meas asenee Gane EEnectuaredatecrReerones (C75 ain His O59 62 1 eS eRe aR eHoee SoA ocoasnupnecsodos ‘3) 
PVA AGe UAW Mele te ce see ca ste eee eee ‘4) Ceraloceran CLIO CELA NEE Eset Ee eee 29 
prAecox | Occotheayn tee 17, 46 CeLiOCEra : ss.cs.e5sc Ges ae ee (6) 
PLODOSCIG CANE OixXsys ame eee eae eet (43) Chaetiostomelian ines escceee sees ~ eee (5) 
TOWUOMUIGHIGY, INWOXSSIEY oh s-coshnsonssbaubesooncanco 32 Chaetorellias, 0 sicc03). aie. eee (5) 
quadrifasciata, Euribia .................. 28 (OMA KOSKONES  Wsaasnacosonseccnoosecenosandacos5006 (4) 
1RIMEKCO OI UIBKETAKEY, 9 | Vegebooongacbenndsecbaceroseocuonee (4) (OPMRWIE),  EVGWONIEY | ssecdcsooccnoccee-cnnss000657 29 
Ula OLE LIS aera een ee a ctoepeee suns (5), (41) COLON OTe lta Wigieasssscraceaneseseas eee 30 
rotundicornis, Heteromyza ............. A commixta, Heteromyza .................. 45 
Uh CAWUG an INGOOTIay my peeteeeeeeeee ee seee ee 46 ConyuN chal Rep Wietis a weees a eeeeeeeeenenee 31 
TRUUGIC RYOKO), OIRSIIDIE: | sasoncosaadoosesoncnonssace 30) |) (CORUM CTIOC CLAN eee eee (41) 
ruficornis, Morpholeria _.................. 46 Cryptaciurar ss Seances eo ee eee (3) 
rufiventris, Tephrochlamys _....... 17, 45 ezernyi, Leria modesta .......5......- 17, 46 
Serene IRGIMGB Noses a Abia e Lhe Ai 7 Ditricha. ieee ee eee (7) 
SeLratulaewehereliiiay | eeaipeees ee aa 30) |) \Qumilcolay ye) onnyzay sense eee 16 
SON CHIT MEMSUMA i Mier eee eee eee 31 GupliCisetayy MWeGlay arene tees eee eee 46 
Spathulin ay reek. wate ct I 7 See eee (GE) eo 0 0 (6) 
SEM CAN eaceee ete ae eens a A) ARE (D) jf) ABYC soc csnanscogaconasooceacesoazeocec occ 306 (12) 
SOMME OINEN | Gog ton mes (5), (40) falcata Orellia Ui. eee eee 30 
SIGWIENIAL |) TRA TTOR NMED oiedlssene see be 32 fenestralis, Oecothea 2 eee 17 
SUSI OM OCC alere pea eee een enn nn eres (5), (10) AV al ELC) OMNNY/7:ce eee eee 16 
SUAVIIGWIA),  TRDGEMOTEY ok aonanonnoonbebaerct eae 28 | flavifrons, Helomyza ...................... 16 
tarsalis, Tephrochlamys’ _................ 16 | flavipenmis, OXYN@  n..eee ce seceeees 31 
PRCT AEUET Sham eet ea MOE ER Mal ae ih (8) | flavipes, Tephrochlamys ............ 17, 45 
TE GAREII YS AIEEE RS WE le RAD AR hal ga (6) fuscicormisy Helomiyza) is... e-ssseeeees 16 
HITS VSD ULL C ean tus bs sats ea ete ee ttc ce Mey eta dene (3) | UNE, Wao, Soccecosansbssanonnencososas0c0¢ 18 
STR VAIO CLS wa ttn ta tckatne hid rae Me ENE fe (6), (40) | Siraudi, Chaetostoma .................. (10) 
WUSSMASiMISMOrelilial meee meme 30 GONITOSTOSS UM ees eee eee (5) 
Wagoyeynoreey! Fee ie an menage ioeebaae (6) 2) Siuttatay ep lari tis senses eeeeeeeeee \9) 
ustwlata, Helomyza © ....ccc.c00.00..ss. 16.945) herachi Philophiyilia si ies.s.-cncs-sees 29 
variegata, Helomyza  ....cc...e..0..0-. 16, 45 | hilaris, Helomyza notata var. ...... 16 
vespertina, Tephritis’ © .22.....25. Gr] TaM@OIKOYCIME VENI” acotaotoscooosbosesas3oNe7 (7), (12) 
AVAL CLeAUILetearyy User ERE te oh AER ee (40) | humilis, Helomyza  ..........ceccesseeeess 16 
Villosa, Scoliocent@a o..2....c.cccceeeeseece 46) MiyOscyamni | ep hiritisy | Wey.csrsescssaseree 31 
wiedemanni, Gonioglossum _............ 29 1 chiey AlGe WRN care eee RN (7), (18) 
WANE enini sa Onell auiueare ces secotee weal 30) |) Manis) Volucell a erase -ceceseeeereeees 106 
Rey OSL Any MMs eect ss Luh EC erep aed Sie (6) | imseripta, Neoleria  .............. 17, 46 
ZO SRST CLAM ane ohe octet oes Won eee, a 99) dacedes Chaetorelliaieesrets-ssenesesaes 30 
LOMA A MVOMUCE ay eset ee ane 106 | Jaceana, BUTIDIA oo... cieceessseneesees 28 
ZONOSEIMIA pee Sota te Ine | Ne (5), (44) | loewiana, Paroxyna os... (14) 
longiseta, Eccoptomera ................+ 17 

lunata, Stomorhina ............... 137, 155 

HEMIPTERA. marginata, Sphenella  .............sc.0000- 31 
echmManiis): (Cimex eee ee. 149 MuaAcroceras, | CELIOCCLA Mme es ceeeeeeteeeee 29 
PULP ULCUS  ViCSUTIAS 1) \ecrsccestesaeceiics 145 MiCrOps, ECcOptoOMera — .....:...0..0000008 46 
; HOHE OE), DGyOaVOsey)  sooAccodonceonancsnon 30 
mModesta,;Werian, |W saverestinyeesusateoesscee sees 46 

HYMENOPTERA. modesta czernyi, Leria ................. 17 
barbarus)/Messor ! 9 h.ccy.seasceed dee 59 AN ya for WE: Bp ene an aac ne anna ron appodeaiadeecraha0 (4) 
caespitum, Tetramorium _............... Bo My Opites) 15 yee caer an eee (6) 
HoOrtoruM OMS 0 see eee 139 nebiwlosa Tephritis meses seer (13) 
luteolata Orthopelma —.........:./...0000:- 34 INOGETAS ni setae cs he ecostee oiedene eee ee (12) 
pharaonis, Monomorium _................ 145 notata, Helomyza var. hilaris ........ 16 
Ta MOLI Cao Besta css scene eo See 116 occulta, Heteromyza  — .eccc.csccsepcocnseeee 45 


SPECIAL INDEX. 3 


PAGE 
LEPIDOPTERA. 

abbreviation, Eupithecia —............... 44 
absinthiata, Eupithecia  .................. 44 
AOSIMGMIT, WCC Wa edi elae we cece 4A 
PACMUMOQN VE ALAT OC sos. cantaseouscesceeesccrvesses 132 
ACTAICOM Pampa oc cdicescecaceeeses 23 
AYGTCSUAE). © LAK WIG Hy De auaaanedensndeossdonscerceces 2Q1 

aegeria, Pararge ... 9, 22, 52, 54, 65, 
119, 134 
aescularia, Alsophila............ 21, 43, 120 


aethiops, Lymantria monacha f. ... 84 
agestis : see medon 

aglaia, Argynnis: see charlotta 

alba, Chrysophanus phlaeas ab. ... 34 
*albibasa, Lymantria monacha f. ... 85 


albicams, LYSANGLA | ......c.cecccseccaes 47, 67 
albipunctaria, Eupithecia —.............. 44 
AlbOVeNOSA, SIMYVA .....cececececececee noes 24 
ADIN MINOW | 5 fil sacncocet eaeeessadsoece nce estes 23 
aa AM ee CLUZOMMAN Beth eedesticoaseacee ce 44 
alchemillata, Perizoma _.................. 4h 
ATA eANOMAGTT A Vs acecusdeseaeoonenes Q4 
*algaeoides, Archanara sparganii .. 110 
alni,, Hyboma=Acronicta _.............. 153 
alniaria, EMNnomos _ ...............0006 410") AS) 
ALPIUCOLAR PAIMATIVES 9) Lescuisalcevieuaseiaciw arene 22 
ANGE MAA CUCL ALTA occ ccsisasecteeecseeec cowcses 44 
anceps, Notodonta — ..............ece.ceeeee 71-75 
andrenaeformis, Conopia —............... 9 
ANGUSLER. ISCOPALTIA, © vc ccccececscconwencaeos 45 
annwlatas COSY, | .....s.ckscsesssecerese 44 
AMMO AM VATLCSSAyleeuscsaenecse sasseasnae 21, 123 
VVLCTALL AS WEPVOME) 0 Ve cccsscsasucaceseseraenseose 11 
A OOULO ME ALINVASSUUESIIN easscmescenansesece scans 131 
ALCHND DUS WD AMAWS ) eecscscscscdieccesceeesscnce 114 
arenella, Depressaria. — ..........:..c00..068 66 
areola, Xylocampa ............ 9, 48, 65, 120 


argiolus, Lycaenopsis (Celastrina) 
9, 10, 11, 21, 61, 64, 65, 119 
QE AUD CLUS, Uh Jodncsestaadesdhecueseeasseer 23 
artaxerxes, Lycaena medon f. ......... 141 
atalanta, Vanessa ... 9, 10, 28, 51, 53, 
76, 114, 118, 119, 138, 139 


athalia, Melitaea —..............scenseees 23, 132 
atra, Lymantria monacha /. ............ 85 
atropos, Acherontia. ...........cecseceeeeee 138 
aurago, Cirrhia (Tiliacea)............... 11 
aurantiaria, EranmiS —...........cssee Q5 
UUM AE RAUSUAyS scoccodsessdeseseecassetoadine 45 
aurinia, Melitaea oo... .ceccecees 22, 132 
autumnaria, ENNOMOS © .......... eee 24 
AVCW AMA PADOMA, .sc.vedccvssccccdsssearescsees 11 


badiata, Cidaria (Earophila) ... 21, 


43, 65, 120 
DOL UAC He CUGUIUTA  siccvenscveccuavecosarasase 94 
DUS MMM VGLEA W  visccoleccsostseretescseesetwe 4d 
bellargus, Lycaena (Agriades) 54, 132 
betulae, Thecla .................. ep DR by, 
Hbetularius, Biston  .o......ccccccsseseesees 44, 89 
bicolorana, Hylophila —................... 9 
DIFACLATA, PPEVIZOMA .. jkececcesechetvcccecveov's 4h 
bilunaria, Selenia .................. 43, 65, 120 
binaevella, Homoeosoma _...............: 45 
bipunctella, Ethmia —........eeeeeeee 152 


PAGE 
bipunctidactyla, Stenoptilia ......... 155 
bistortata, Tephronia ............ 21, 44, 120 
homibyciniay Hadeniayy yeictesess-secesee eee 139 


brassicae, Pieris ... 21, 51, 58, 65, 76, 
94, 118, 124, 131, 1387, 155 
brumata, Operophtera _............... 43, 120 
*brunnea, Eremobia ochroleuca ab. 7 
brunnea, Lymantria monacha f. ... 8 


caelestissima, Lysandra _............. 48, 67 
caerulocephala: see coeruleocephala 
CAO WAM CUA) haste uesne dusts tetons 22, ZA 
c-album, Vanessa ...... ikd, aby il, Gye, 
64, 65, 80, 118, 153 
CaAlioiMOSase -ACOSIMCTIAN aenceseececeeeeeees £2 
A Camb ySesqy BiG ay mma ceree tee enteeteeneeet 125 
camilla, Limenitis .......... 12, 23, 132, 138 
CANMAGCH INOMAGTIAN ie Cae sneaeeeteceeceeecee Qh 
captiuncula, Phothedes _................. 138 
capucina, Lophopteryx ......... {lal 520 BB} 245) 
carbonaria, Biston betularius f. ... 88 
CALHONAMTaey WUSUUM SA le .cneeeteeecnee teases 22 


cardamines, Euchloé ... 9, 22, 52, 64, 
65, 132 
... 9, 11, 23, 51, 53, 76, 


114, 117, 123, 1382, 138 


cardui, Vanessa 


(OR WEIMNIO INCE), TAN ABET GLa panseeoonmocecoonesee 97 
carpinata, Nothopteryx _............ Dal. 932 
caucasica, Lysandra _................06 48, 67 
centrago, Atethmia  .:......:0...... ON A eel2, 
cerasi, Episema ............... 21, 43, 65, 120 
Cenvamalis Calocalpe i eeeecemccccececeaseeee 44 
Cerviniatay ey WaGemtian se mrccweeseneacceseesresss 4h 
cespitalis, Py rauStay, iissss-sessctescsseeeese 45 
charlotta, Argynmnis ............... 23, 52; 119 
S ChHOSTOES Hie Estima Ame eec ceeaee eee eee eeeee 125 
chrysitis, Euchalcia = Plusia _...... 4155 
cincellaris, Agrochola | lil neccccccssses 24 
clara, Polyommatus icarus f. ......... 140 
clathratageChiaSmlawuceaeeccecrserestencer 44 
Cloranarg HAAS ay eschasseseeawoucetatencetoaene 141 
coeruleocephala, Disphragis _.......... 25 
Commitatarye Peli Sayin esse eeseererecae ears 4h 
complana, Eilema —..................ccec eee 23 
(COMM one), Wale Nolen) 9) ghocedoacnosdsocononopodeco 58 
CONVOLVULI, ASTIUS  .......e eee eeeeeeesee eee 138 
COraAcGina A PSOUOSH) ieee nceedsecee senorita Q2 
(Oonetoliexsrcey, | ANON) |) sascboenbnoaedscaoosoaesece Q2 


coridon, Lycaena (Polyommatus : 
Lysandra) ... 10, 11, 23, 46, 54, 66, 76 


coryli, Colocasia (Demas) ............ 41, 44 
CLhataeeiy VA DOTTAN Let uuccemeasudsenauueeeoees 131 
Crataesie eEriChiliTayeaecesneaseesece ences 9 
crocealis, Phliyctaenia .................... 45 


croceus, Colias ... 7, 21, 23, 24, 53, ‘76, 
105, 106, 107, 114, 118, 119, 124, 129, 
132, 137, 1388, 189, 158, 155 


cruda, Episema (Orthosia) ......... 65, 120 
Gucublatella NOlAw Micesweceencetendeseate Q2 
cucullina, Notodonta — ...............0..08 Qh 
Curtula WiClOstemai ccs esncesscssseceteneees 41 
cydippe, Argynnis _............... 10, 23, 132 
decolorella, Blastobasis —...............06 8 
defoliaria, Erannis _.............0.. 25, 120 
Gemoleus)) Papilio eek csseetaeasaecveeene 154 
derasa: see pyrinoides, Habrosyne 


4 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
GHANA), WIENER, coogsccoaccncncoca000000 132 
(GUUS,  ANGIOIIENIIE) © senscdoscoondonqooganagoa6a006 Q4 
Gihitatay Opoxvinialg) Gecceeceecee iD) 045) 
dilutella, Pempelia 9 .......0..0......0.-.0-- 45 
dolobranias sPlacodism aca 11 
dromedarius, Notodonta _............ 23, 45 
Giitovenwie, ANMEWIRIS) )  “Gocsasdonssencsecasaeadoo6s Qh 
empyrea, Trigonophora _................ 1 
eremita, Lymantria monacha /. ...... 85 

euphrosyne, Argynnis ...... 9, 22, 52, 
119, 132 
QTM, ILAVOORASIMEY —~ jcoscocoons00Db00. 44, 123 
fagata, Operophtera  — ....5.......c.sec..c-ss 44 
TEER ASUGNDURCTOWIS) | © botiasogsosdsanadencane0qosq006 23 
falcataria, Drepana —.........c..ecccesee eee 45 
fasciata, Lymantria monacha f. ... 838 
ferrugalis, Phlyctaenia _.................. 45 
festucae, Euchalcia = Plusia ......... Q4 
filipendulae, Zygaena ............... D4, 133 
fimbriata, Noctua (Lampra) ............ Ah 
flammea, Trigonophora _................. 1 

flava (‘sylvestris’), Pamphila ... 10, 
52, 114 

flavago, Gortyna: see ochracea, 
Ochria 
flavicincta, Polymixis (Antitype, 

TENCE i irene ce pean gE, Siena, han Qh 
flavicornis, Polyploca ............ 9, 21, 22 


flaviventer, Lymantria monacha f. 85 
flavoabdominalis: see flaviventer 


IESUIAL, ILASTOEWATEIE, — Socononosoadodebooodoqoonee 44 
florentina, Zygaena carniolica ...... 98 
forficellus, Schoenobius _................. AA 
TOLIMOSAMA ny EULA ee eeeeceteeeecereneteeneeee 8 
*fraxineti, Ennomos ? effractaria .. 141 


fuciformis, Haemorrhagia (Hemaris) 11 


fuliginosa, Phragmatobia _............... 41 
funebraria, Biston betularius 7. ... 89 
fuscantaria, Ennomos _................ 41, 45 
galathea, Melanargia ...... 10, 23, 52, 132 
galiata, Cidaria (Epirrhoe) _............ Ah 


gamma, Euchalcia (Plusia) ... 9, 11, 
24, 22, 54, 118, 119, 139 


EIPATOIM, | IRTROXCTAISS 9.1) saodesodosaesqoddedaoas adoade5e 10 
GHUhyB EXO, > (CHAM, copeadossobaendsoonodcue 12, 24 
SaieGhysy IsleyennOGhle),  — Gsovon00e4ea500n90000n00 109 
glaucargester, Lysandra ............ 47, 67 
PAB NDR Tee (Callhb;eir) ohata Aeon dcoagnsntaacsadedecsesos O83 
Slob mlarigen Me2rOCLIS! Wee eeeeeerte 23 
(araKosnae. IPIMEOBIN2), . csqsooacbecsabacasc000G006 24, 45 
gonostigma: see recens, Notolophus 

gothica, Episema _................. 43, 65, 120 
eracilis, Episema (Taeniocampa) ... 120 
eracilis, Lymantria monacha f. ...... 82 
graminis, Cerapteryx (Charaeas) 44, 61 


griseicostella, Ethmia bipunctella .. 126 


frossulariata, Abraxas ............ ih, (5%) 
helice, Colias croceus f. .:............0+ 23 
hexadactyla, Orneodes .................. 65 
hippothoe, Chrysophanus _.............. 133 
UGA GY CLA vane eee ene nan taney ae m eis Q 


hispana, Lycaena (Lysandra) ... 46, 66 
hutchinsoni, Vanessa c-album f/f. ... 51 
hyale, Colias ......... 23, 123, 1382, 137, 139 
hyperantus, Epinephele ... 23, 52, 106, 119 


~ 


PAGE 
icarus, Lycaena (Polyommatus) 
10, 52, 76, 119, 132, 140 


NG Werth, CHIANG, sonnanooncovenodseeec06C 12, 24 
LomMitera. ZV Aca eee ae eee eee eee eeee 95 
Hicis! Theclae eva. eee eee 133 
incerta, Episema (Orthosia, Taenio- 
CATA Al)!" OSM cee eee 43, 65, 120 
insularia, Biston betularius f. ...... 29 


*intermedia, Lymantria monacha f. 84 
io, Vanessa ... 9, 12, 21, 24, 51, 64, 65, 

76, 180, 118 
TENG), ANTONRDTES). | —consscnonsboncosorsbancn Bape 93}. Bales 
jacobaeae, Tyria (Hypocrita) 
jurtina, Epinephele ... 10, 52, 55, 132, | 40 
kusnezovi, Lymantria monacha f. .. 82 


lanestris, Eriogaster ................00.05 9, 23 
lapponiay Vir elie esc ce eee eee 132 
leucophaearia, Erannis ......... 9, MM, 120 
iD AGTEK |S COMO FCI vex mueneaeeeeneee eee ere 65 
lionatas (Cidamiag of es ran-ceececter eee Q4 
SUIS, SOOWIMES — Sabooccitooosnooas0009 11, 23, 45 
lineola, [Pamphila] “‘Adopoea” ... 10, 
11, 52, 119 
linteola, 1Catephita yee cee eee 106 
lonicerae, Zygaena ............+....+- 10, 133 
loneyit  bewcamilas eascnaceosnes eee eee 58 
lubricipeda, Spilosoma _............ 21, 155 
lucina, Hamearis Pe RRR acc uri’eeisr, 4c 1K0) 
Tumatays sZiallies (cee eee wee ee 90 
lunosa, Omphaloscelis _..................... Qh 
luinidanas  Plhalomilayy \eeeeceteeeeseeeeeeecee 69 
lmrideolay shillemay yescrenescacesteneeee 9, 23 
lutea, Cirrhia (Citria) ......../..1... 12, 24 
lutea, Lymantria monacha f. ......... 82 
lutea, Spilosoma  ........ sc ccecseeeeee 44, 106 
lutealis, Phlyctaenia —............c.eee 45 
lutosas: RMZedray ete eeeerere 4h 
IyichmiGish VAcrochlOlayeteeccereeeeeeeeeenetee Q5 
TychimihiSh = Cmca eceeeseeeteeeneeseeee 94 
lysimon, Glaucopsyche — .........c:.ceeee 99 
machaon, Papilio ............... ‘lal, ae, 133i 
macilenta, Agrochola — ......c..........0s 12 
maera,s Pararaer (sno eeecee eco 132 
magnaustralis, Zygaena carniolica 97 
malvae, Hesperia ............ 9, 52, 119, 133 
marginaria, Erannis ............ 21, 43, 120 
matura, Thalpophila _..................... 23 
*mediofasciata, Lymantria mona- 
(0) 01s WW) AS ee ee ner te ceSRadoqabsonandedodéG 83 


mediofusca, Lymantria monacha f. 84 


TONES  TIVEEIONY SugdesanasucnaoudsocesooopdouNd 132 
medon (agestis: astrarche), Lycaena 

(Polyommatus) — ............ 52, 119, 141 
megera, Pararge .........:....: 9, 10, 52, 155 
Malena Oyoe), ZNIMEVEUE, | GooosoocosonoponoscnononDes 22 
menyanthidis, Hyboma=Apatele .... 22 
meticulosa, Trigonophora (Phlogo- 

16) TO) 2) Milalaa ase ees oh he ris Ha gShoonroL 12, 43 
miniata, Miltochrista  ............ 11, 28, 44 
minimus, Cupido ............... 23, 99, 132 
miniosa, Episema ............ 9, 21, 65, 120 
*mixta, Lymantria monacha /. ...... 84 
mixtus, Biston betularius _............. 88 
monacha, Lymantria .................. 23, 81 
monodactylus, Oidoematophorus 438, 65 


SPEOIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
*monotona, Hadena nana /. ............ 109 
munda, Episema (Taeniocampa) .... 120 
mundana, Nudaria _.............c....cc.0e 44 
muralis, Metachrostis = Cryphia = 

TSA OVO Hs Teer daaeeeddnecosbonenBEabe 24, 44 
myricae, Hyboma euphorbiae var. 22 
napi, Pieris ......... 21, -22, 51, 65, 131, 139 
nebulosa, Polia — ........ go 44 
neustria, Malacosoma _ ..................008 45 
nigra, Aporophyla ou... cece ee 7 
nigra, Lymantria monacha f. ......... 84 
nigra, Vanessa urticae ab. ..........0. 140 
MUVEUSS VATCOMTFODUS.  ciecccssecteonsecercscees 100 
noctuella, Nomophila _............... 45, 114 
MU Ua | CAOCAMAL | .ReAeivecueiteaes cae feces see 114 
obsoleta, Lymantria monacha f. ... 82 
obstipata, Cidaria (Nycterosea) ...... 114 
ocellatus, Smerinthus  ....... ee 41 
Ochracea, OCATIA © cick eee eees eee 14, 44 
ochroleuca, Eremobia _............... 41, 27 
Olivama. “HuUStrOtIa.  — .iscadcccccesccsncswscess 11 
orientella, Ethmia pusiella ............ 126 
oxyacanthae, Meganephria _............ 25 
palaemon, Carterocephalus ... 4, 10, 133 


*pallida, Eremobia ochroleuca ab. Q7 


DaAlWGiS Eby GOS CLAY ee ieeee cece ees 44 
pamphilus, Coenonympha 10, 52, 132 
paphia, Argynnis _..........:.... 10, 23, 119 
papilionarius, Hipparchus ............ 44 
parthenias, Brephos _...................55 9, 42 
pastinum, Asticta (Toxocampa) ...... 41 
pavonia-minor, Saturnia ............ 10, 22 
pedaria, Phigalia ...............0.05. 21, 120 
peltigera, Melicleptria (Heliothis) 123 
pennaria, Colotois —............... 12, 2%, 44 
phlaeas, Chrysophanus (Heodes) 

9, 34, 52, 119, 153 
Dhraemiellwms, CHYVO  sccsckesccessscses- 45 
DINGS WIS MER UIZODNeRA:! 7 icc ceccccorctesescese 45 
*plumbea, Unca tripartita ab. ...... 15 
Podaliniuss Papwiloy sees sccssepeeseceeenes 131 
polonusy WySAMNGra,  ai..s-scs.cc5-2nesu0s 47, 67 
polychloros, Vanessa __ ..............0605 D1, 107 
polycommata, Nothopteryx _...... 22, 120 
DOMVUCS PE AUO! = Yo. selsc): cewee seeder ota costes 154 
DOD MlamS MMO A, io scsasccsostcneace 24, 44 
populi, Poecilocampa _.................. e) 45) 
WODUW I SMMESTIMNGNUS — fy.dosseccesnsoesseenoces 11 
porphyrea, Lycophotia _.................. 44 
potatoria, Cosmotriche = Philu- 

CLOSURE Sdcansas sputeiesnass vitpedaadamene Of, 5) 
progemmaria: see marginaria 
PUULMAMAy PANSCT OMA, 9 Jesiescseveevsrasavesdes 10 
OUI OTTS 8. clesces Seascecsansevscsdseees 4h 
POGUE CAS | cic sccsieecesscodectaticsnecten 9, 52 
pudibunda, Dasychira _......... 11, 22, 44 
pulchellata, Eupithecia ...............0.. Ah 
pulverilinea, Matigramma _............ 90 
pupillaria, Cosymbia _.................. 8, 50 
Pygmina, Arenostola — ........ cee 24 


pyrinoides = derasa, Habrosyne ... 23 
quercifolia, Phyllodesma (Gastro- 


[OSKEIMIE)) oC Re SS SCORECARD SEER REE ERE 10, 11, 45 
quercus, Lasiocampa —............. eee Oi} UP) 
CROUET CUS HC CLA: 6 coissecuasnssercesecnescasesns 52 


PAGE 
ramburialis, Diasemia —..............6608 7 
rapae, Pieris ... 9, 51, 65, 118, 129, 131, 137 
recens, Notolophus (Orgyia) .......... 11 
rhamnatay SSCOtOSIA Meets ce seteee eens 10 
rhamni, Gonepteryx ... 9, 11, 21, 24, 
51, 55, 64, 65, 76, 94, 118, 132 
Hivatay (Cuda viay 6 Ge ee ee ele ee eee 44 
tubi, Callophrys ......0.......; Gh Oy, yy vilill®) 
Tube Miacr ot hiv alcial secs saeeeeeeeee sees 10 
*rufescens, Eremobia ochroleuca ab. 27 
rupicapraria Therla ............ 21, 43, 120 
sacraria, Rhodometra _............ 114, 123 
SENAIMIO),  IDNIEYGNGIED) ~ Soncodoasbadooubonecoons6es 10 
satellitia: see transversa, Eupsilia 
SAU VA SPOTS Mey sec cencauee aces eee ae Q5 
Sellenex PAM civil Sas aoe eee eee 22, 119 
semele, Satyrus ................... 23, 119, 140 
Semiargus, LyCaena — .....c)csscsceccsesceeee 133 
Senex, Comaclay ey aa eee eee 24 
Sericealis, Rivula  ........ccccecececeesesdees 22 
sexalata, Mysticoptera ................0.. 11 
sinapis, Leucophasia. ............ 10, 24, 1314 
SpaLreamilinNOMAGTIAN) eee.esteeeeceeece eee Q4 
splendens, Epinephele jurtina f. 140 
stabilis Orthosia (Taeniocampa), see 
cerasi, Episema 
stellatarum, Sesia (Macroglossum) 
11, 52, 54, 114, 118, 123, 138 
stratarius, Biston ............ 21, 44, 65, 120 
Siyionlek wl meOi ar pemiseeccccee case aan 132 
Suva) ZANelnerKonmnleh \ 2/25 soasepst ouablooocoacdactoc 107 
subfusca, Lymantria monacha f. 85 
suffumata, Lampropteryx  ............... 120 
sylvestris (Sylvanus: venata), Pam- 
JOLOWH EW antes Manan ae 10, 52, 119, 1383, 138 
SVplACawluyiSAmiCir an mere eeeseeba seer 47, 66 
tages, Nisoniades ............ 9, 52, 119, 133 
WETRENIE, ISWOiGIEITNYS)) | Soognenocenpdodsoocoosenbosne 44 
tetralunaria, Selenia .................. 22, 44 
An UES Sean AY LU 0 Fe eRe Re AHR Pan ee 25 
tithonus, Epinephele —.................. 10, 5 
transiens, Lymantria monacha ab. 84 
transversa, Eupsilia ................... 12, 24 
trapezina, Calymmia _..................00006 12 
tremula, Pheosia © iiiiyeec 41, 24, 45 
tridens, Hyboma = Apatele .......... 23 
tripartita, Unca = Abrostola ... 14, 23 
truncata, Cidaria (Dysstroma) Q4, 4h 
Tukdah (Pikkim), Lepidoptera at ...4, 
82, 56, 91, 1214 
tullia, Coenonympha —.................000 140 
UUNACE., IW EATMUTONMED, |“ ossccopsosepcdnsaonabos 28), 48} 
UAW OLMIS), INOVMEVEFTPINEY |) soocncconcdensacosdocoaseese 24 
WNMONEENIKCR, RUISMINE) — — Gonensepnonaunoooancnoace 44 
unionalis, Margaronia _................... 7 
urticae, Vanessa ... 9, 12, 54, 64, 65, 
76, 80, 118, 182, 1387, 140 
WECM, CKOLMISIMREY 9) (sooonnasenegooenmaconssatoo 12 
vandalusica, Glaucopsyche lysimon 99 
verbasci, (@imcwmlliay Wivs-cuscsecsecene ee 43, 94 
versicolor, Endromis _.................. DAL Yor. 
verticalis, LOXOStE@E — .........esceesecne 45 
vespiformis,; Conopid — si... scccneccsess: 10 
VEUULAT AS COUOSTANU NW mentceeaesenescdceeeretneee 10 
Vitalbata, HLOPISMCG — .......ccesccsssscesenees 4h 


6 SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
Vitellinas Leucaniag yee. eee ae 7 
volpii, Glaucopsyche lysimon ......... 99 
Weal SER eG haere s: . eee eaten os 52 
xerampelina: see centrago 
ViIPSULOME SAGLOLSH =e eee eeereneonence Q4 
yunnanensis, Lymantria monacha 86 
*zandi, Ennomos 2? effractaria ....... 414 
ZEHCAN Ay EMAL OMA) yee seeeeeceseeseeteee es 8 
ZAGZAC ENO LOG OMe eeeeeteeetee sete c eee 41 
ODONATA. 
nigrofemur, Sympetrum striola- 

[iD 0d ay fi Parente Roe: Oo RANOERE Aes ences SAAR a 144 
striolatum, Sympetrum ..................- 144 
ORTHOPTERA. 
albomarginatus, Chorthippus ... 104, 150 
aurea, Oedipoda ................ 148, 149, 150 
LOGOlkere, (Clavoren ani oy obs) aopopecososasaqanep—a 102 
brachypterus, Metrioptera  ............ 104 
brachyptera, Bolivaria — .................. 148 


caerulans, Sphingonotus 
caerulescens, Oedipoda 

decorus;, Oedaleus)” 2. tees. 
depressum, Acrydium 
dorsalis, Conocephalus 
dorsatus, Chorthippus © ...................85 
griseo-aptera, Pholidoptera 
lineatus, Stenobothonus 

maculatus, Myrmeleotettix 
migratoria, Locusta 
Mminatay OCU pOda ieee 
occidentalis, Platycleis 
parallelus, Chorthippus 
rufus, Gomphocerus 

subulatum, Acrydium 
thalassina, Meconema 
theodori, Sphingonotus 
Variabilis...Celesv ..cGhSie ae 
viridissima, Tettigonia 
viridulus, Omocestus 
vittatum, Acrydium 


Tetrix 


ERRATA (VOL. LIX). 


for 


cuculatella read cucullatella. 


for colutois read Colutois. 
4: for caeruleocephala read coeruleocephala. 


15: for isabelae read isabellae. 

par. 2, line 5: for Vol. read Vaughan. 

20 from bottom: for plebia read plebeia. 

15 from bottom: for aevigata read laevigata. 

2, and line 13 from bottom: for Catocola read Catocala. 


p. 22, line 11 from bettom: 

p 25, line 1: 

p. 25, line 

p. 35, line 2: for Kutala read Kuala. 
p. 935, line 

iD. (BS), 

p- 87, line 

Do toto lhine 

p. 114, line 

jOo Ae 


line 19: for Momophila read Nomophila. 


p. 120 and Index: for E. GC. H. Blathwayt read ©. S. H. Blathwayt. 


p. 132. 
uncommon.’’ 


Coenonympha pamphilus: for ‘‘ Not common ’’ read ‘‘ Not 


VOL. LIT (1940). 


p. 25: 


for ‘‘ Foreleg: trochanter 


” read ‘‘ Foreleg: cuoxa.”’ 


VW,