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7 PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY 


Vol. 106 Nos 1—2 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by 
P.A. SOKOLOFF, eres. 


Assistant Editors 


J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING E.RES. 


JANUARY/FEBRUARY 1994 


ISSN 0013-3916 


THE | 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
Editor 


P.A. SOKOLOFF, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S. 
4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 


Assistant Editors 
J.A. OWEN, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


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A.A. Allen B.Sc., A.R.C.S. P.J. Chandler B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 
N. Birkett M.A., M.B. C.A. Collingwood B.Sc., F.R-E.S. 
E.S. Bradford A.M. Emmet M.B.E., T.D., F.R-E.S. 
J.D. Bradley Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.O.G. 
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publisher. 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by 
P.A. SOKOLOFF, r.r.£:s. 


Assistant Editors 
J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, F.R.E.S. 


Vol. 106 
1994 


CONTENTS 


A.J. Wightman, a note., R. Dyson, 239 


Abantis bismarki group of skipper butterflies, 
with a description of Abantis bamptoni Sp. 
nov. (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), S.C. 
Collins & T.B. Larsen, 1 


Abundance of the spring brood of Pararge 
aegeria L. (Lep.: Satyridae) in S.E. 
London, 1994, with a few local 
observations. A.A. Allen, 150 


Acritus homoepathicus Woll. (Col.: 
Histeridae) at Box Hill, Surrey. J.A. 
Owen, 194 


Acronicta tridens Schiff. (Lep.: Noctuidae) 
in South Cumbria. N.L. Birkett, 256 


Additional hostplants for British 
Ceutorhynchus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). 
A.A. Allen, 74 


Agathomyia  falleni Zett. (Dipt.: 
Platypezidae) in East Kent. L. Clemons, 
117 


Agathomyia  falleni Zett. (Dipt.: 
Platypezidae): a further West Kent record. 
A.A. Allen, 188 


Agdistis  bennettii Curtis (Lep.: 
Pterophoridae) recorded inland. A.M. 
Emmet, 250 

Agelastica alni L. (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in 
the New Forest, 1941. A.A. Allen, 188 

Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): 
hibernation in first brood. B.K. West, 78 

Amphipyra pyramidea L. Copper Underwing 
(Lep.: Noctuidae) larvae on grape-vine. 
(Vitis vinifer). M.C. Townsend, 140 

Anthophora (Hym.) and Boraginaceae. C.A. 
Stace, 212 

Anthribus fasciatus Forster (Col.: 
Anthribidae) in Somerset. R.A. Jones, 254 

Aspilates gilvaria (D.&S-)(Lep:: 
Geometridae) and variation in the imago's 
flight period, G. Clumo, 183 

Athrips rancidella (H.-S.) (Lep.: 
Gelechiidae) in south-west London. M. 
Parsons, 232 

Athroloopha pennigeraria Hbn. (Lep.: 
Geometridae) in Spain. G. Clumo, 149 

Bees at breakfast. J.A. Owen, 20 


Beetles caught by a pitcher plant naturalised 
in Highland Scotland. J.A. Owen & S. 
Taylor, 103 


Beetles from pitfall-trapping at high altitudes 
in the Cairngorms. J.A. Owen & R.W. 
Thaxton, 51 

Bibio johannis L. (Dipt.: Bibionidae) in 
urban London. P. Roper, 140 

Blastobasis decolorella Woll. (Lep.: 
Blastobasidae) new to West Suffolk. A. 
Aston, 150 


Book Reviews, 35, 117-118, 154-156, 256- 
260 


Breeding Maniola jurtina L. ab. addenda 
Mosley (Lep.: Satyridae). R. Barrington, 
13 


Butterflies in Crete, April, 1994. P.B. Hardy, 
203 


Butterflies in the Hoggar Mountains, 
Southern Algeria in April 1993. J. 
Tennent, 21 


Caloptilia robustella Jackh. (Lep.: 
Gracillariidae) on Spanish Chestnut. J.M. 
Chalmers-Hunt, 160 


Carpelimus similis Smet.  (Col.: 
Staphylinidae) in $.E. London. A.A. Allen, 
115 

Catocala fraxini L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in 
Cornwall? A. Spalding, 46 

Check list of the microlepidoptera of 
Carmarthenshire (VC44). S.R. Lucas, 161 


Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille, the Sloe 
Pug (Lep.: Geometridae) in Wales. A.M. 
Riley, 35 

Chloroclystis rectangulata L. The return of 
the green form to north-west Kent, and a 


comment on larval foodplants. B.K. West, 
255 

Choliva glauca Britten (Col.: Catoptidae) in 
Kent. A.A. Allen, 77 

Clambus gibbulus Le Conte (Col.: 
Clambidae): two more West Kent records, 
A.A. Allen, 190 

Continued decline in melanism in Biston 
betularia L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in N.W. 
Kent. B.K. West, 229 


Curious behaviour by Poecilocampa populi 
L. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae). B.K. West, 77 
Current status of the stem borer, Chilo 
partellus Swinhoe. (Lep.: Pyralidae). 
L.M. Mathur, 109 

Dicycla oo L. the Heart Moth (Lep.: 
Noctuidae) at Windsor in the 1940s. A.A. 
Allen, 71 

Distribution of Chazara prieuri Pierret in 
Spain (Lep.: Satyridae). W.J. Tennent, 
251 


Distribution of Proturans (Hexapoda) in a 
deciduous woodland in South Wales. 
P.E. King & K.V. Aazem, 173 


Dung-beetles in S.E. London. A.A. Allen, 17 


Dwarfism in moths: further evidence from 
Cardiganshire, mid-Wales. P.M. Miles, 
79 


Dyschirius angustatus Ahr. (Col.: 
Carabidae): earlier Scottish finds. A.A. 
Allen, 249 

Eagira_ conspicillaris L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) 
— observations of the behaviour of newly 
hatched larvae and records of alternative 
foodplants. J. Clarke, 123 


Early butterfly dates in the Canary Isles. 
C.A. Stace, 252 


Early emergence of Spring moths. A. Aston, 
116 


Editorial, 260 


Empis (Coptophlebia) melaena Bezzi. 
(Dipt.: Empididae) in East Kent. L. 
Clemons, 146 

Encrusted but not encumbered — caked mud 
does not necessarily impede a beetle's 
ability to fly. R.A. Jones, 127 

Ennomos alniaria L. (Lep.: Geometridae): 
abs. destrigaria Cockayne and colcolor 
Lempke in Kent. B.K. West, 72 

Epiphyas postvittana Walk. (Lep.: 
Tortricidae) in Cornwall. A. Spalding, 
129 


Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria 
maritima Prout. (Lep.: Geometridae) in 
Britain — an update February 1994. P. 
Waring, 135 

Estigmene nigricans More. (Lep.: 
Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994. G. Clumo, 
193 


ill 


Eucosma_ pupillana Clerck. (Lep.: 
Tortricidae) taken in Buckinghamshire. 
G.E. Higgs. 151 


Eudonia alpina Curtis. (Lep.: Pyralidae) at 
low altitude. D.H. Howton, 101 


Eudonia alpina (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low 
altitudes in Scotland. S. Clancy, 6 


Euphranta toxoneura Lowe. (Dipt.: 
Tephritidae) in East Kent. L. Clemons, 84 


Eupithecia  icterata Vill. (Lep.: 
Geometridae): larval foodplants. B.K. 
West, 71 


Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda and 
Lymantria dispar L. in the Isle of Wight. 
S.A. Knill-Jones, 28 


Euplectus brunneus Grimm. (Col.: 
Pselaphidae) and its status in Britain. A.A. 
Allen, 171 


Eurydema_ oleraceum L.  (Hem.: 
Pentatomidae) in 1992-93. A.A. Allen, 30 


Experiences with Agrius convolvuli L. 
(Lep.: Sphingidae). R. Pilcher & G.M. 
Haggett, 34 

Extension of range of Chloroclysta siterata 
Hufn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in S.E. 
England. B.K. West, 189 


Fannia collini Fons. (Dipt.: Fanniidae) in 
West Kent. L. Clemons, 117 


Foodplants of the Privet Hawkmoth, Sphinx 
ligustri L. (Lep.: Sphingidae): an 
experimental study. G.W. Danahar & 
R.G.W. Northfield, 47 


Fruit-feeding butterflies in large numbers on 
flowers. T.B. Larsen, 157 


Function of tails in flight by some African 
lycaenid butterflies. B.K. West, 133 


Further records of Tipula helvola Loew 
(Dipt.: Tipulidae) in Kent. L. Clemons, 
89 

Genus Apion (Col.: Apionidae) on 
Woolwich Common, S.E. London. A.A. 
Allen, 159 

Genus Earias Hiibner, (1825) (Lepid- 
optera: Noctuidae) in Britain and Europe. 
B. Goater, 233 

Glyphipterix simpliciella Steph. (Lep.: 
Glyphipterigidae) in Scotland, M. 
Harrop, 31 


Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.) (Lep.: 
Cossidae) to light. R. Partridge, 74 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Egg-curry 
Orcha, India, 1985. T.B. Larsen, 69 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Home 
James, please. Ghana 1993. 7.B. Larsen, 
112 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Managing 
Hotel de France, Madagascar, 1982. T. B. 
Larsen, 169 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Relics of 
Empire. India, 1985. 7.B. Larsen, 146 


Hazards of butterfly collecting —“Les 
Papillon de Zaire” October, 1989. T. B. 
Larsen, 244 


Hazards of butterfly collecting -The Tampan 
Ticks of Gemsbok, Botswana, 1991. T. B. 
Larsen, 24 


Hazards of moth collecting: diseases in 
Equador. A. Spalding, 15 


Hazards of moth hunting. A.J. Wightman & 
P.A. Sokoloff, 141 


Herminia nemoralis Feb. (Lep.: Hypeninae) 
a second generation? B.K. West, 189 


Hyposoter sp. of parasitoid wasp 
(Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) reared 
from wild larva of Reddish Buff Moth, 
Acosmetia caliginosa (Lep.: Noctuidae) 
from the Isle of Wight. P. Waring, 125 


Identification of Cercyon alpinus Vogt. 
(Col.: Hydrophilidae) and on its 
occurrence in Scotland, J/.A. Owen, 181 


Inachis io L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): second 
generation larvae. B.K.West, 34 


Incidence of Laothoe populi L. (Lep.: 
Sphingidae) in north-west Kent, 1969- 
1993. B.K. West, 41 


Incidence of the Codling moth (Cydia 
pomonella L.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in a 
Sussex garden. R.C. Dening, 115 


Interesting moth records from the 
Peterborough area in 1992 and 1993. P. 
Waring, 91 

Tolaus newporti, a new species of 
Lycaenidae from Nigeria (Lepidoptera: 
Lycaenidae). T.B. Larsen, 197 

Ischnoglossa turcicia Wunderle (Col.: 
Staphylinidae) in Britain. J.A. Owen, 241 


Large White, Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: 
Pieridae) apparently univoltine in 
Banffshire, R. Leverton, 190 


Larval foodplants of Pieris brassicae L. 
(Lep.: Pieridae) in north-west Kent. A.A. 
Allen, 50 


Leaf-miners on Alnus incana. A.M. Emmet, 


55 


Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and 
Kincardineshire — 7th Appendix. R.M. 
Palmer & M.R. Young, 85 


Life-cycle of a bughunter. S.N. Jacobs & 
P.A. Sokoloff, 57 


Lonchoptera nitidifrons Strobl. (Dipt.: 
Lonchopteridae) in Greater London and 
Kent, L. Clemons, 148 

Margarita sticticalis L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in 
Breckland. M.R. Hail, 31 

Melanic Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep.: 
Noctuidae) in north-west Kent. B.K. West, 
46 


Meligethes rotundicollis Bris. (Col.: 
Nitidulidae) locally outnumbering M. 
aeneus. A.A. Allen, 187 


Merdigery and maternal care in a leaf beetle. 
R.A. Jones, 7 


Microlepidoptera review of 1992. D.J. 
Agassiz, R.J. Heckford & J.R. Langmaid, 
213 


Migrant Ephestia? (Lep.: Pyralidae). S. 
Clancy, 19 

Migrant Lepidoptera taken in the Dungeness 
area during 1993, including three species 
new to Kent. S. Clancy, 90 


Mites associated with the Dung beetle 
Scarabaeus in Kuwait. A. Al-Houty, 102 


Nasia cilialis Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in 
Norfolk and Suffolk. G.M. Haggett, 28 


New foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana. 
M.H. Smith, 26 


New larval foodplant of Falseuncaria 
ruficiliana Haw. (Lep.: Tortricidae) — a 
correction. E.F. Hancock, 104 

New organisation, the International 


Scientific Collectors Association is 
founded. 152 


Notable records of ants (Hym.: Formicidae) 
in south-east Sutherland. J. Hughes, 75 


Notable Staphylinidae (Col.) in North Hants. 
A.A. Allen, 29 

Note on two Vanessid butterflies. A.A. Allen, 
228 

Notes on rearing Acronicta leporina L. 
(Lep.: Noctuidae). R. Leverton, 191 

Notes on Glyphipteryx thrasonella Scop. 
(Lep.: Glyphipterigidae). A. Spalding, 184 

Notes on Lepidoptera in Shetland in 1993, 
M.G. Pennington & T. Rogers, 186 


Notes on some Pyralids found in Bombay, 
India, June 1994. G. King, 253 

Notes on Uresiphita polygonalis (D.&S.) 
(Lep.: Pyralidae) in Spain. G. Clumo, 180 

Obituary: Katie Emmet, 40 

Obituary: R.I. Lorimer, 195 

Odontopera  bidentata Cl. (Lep.: 
Geometridae): larval foodplants in Ireland. 
B.K. West, 72 

On the gender of three generic names in 
Coleoptera. A.A. Allen, 114 

On the larval foodplant of Pontia chloridice 
Hbn. in Bulgaria (Lep.: Pieridae). S. 
Abadjiev, 139 

Operation stag beetle. D. Dey, 185 

Orthosia cerasi (Fab.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — 
an unusual date. J. Clarke, 138 

Pale yellow forms of Atethmia centrago 
Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) and two records 
from Kent. B.K. West, 201 

Parascotia fuliginaria L. Waved Black, 
(Lep.: Noctuidae) a note of its occurrence 
in VC8, South Wiltshire. S. Palmer, 251 

Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick. (Lep.: 
Oecophoridae) at Barrow in Somerset. 
B.E. Slade, 35 

Phlylodrepoidea crenata Grav. (Col.: 
Staphylinidae) in South Northumberland. 
A.A. Allen, 247 

Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) larval 
foodplants. R. Bristow, 73 

Pontia daplidice L. (Lep.: Pieridae) a serious 
pest of cruciferous crops at high altitude in 
India. M. Arif, B. Singh & M.C. Joshi, 179 

Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall. A. Spalding, 
126 

Poplar Kitten, Furcula bifida (Lep.: 
Notodontidae) in Cardiganshire, Wales. 
P.M. Miles, 202 


Pupation of the Lime Hawk, Mimas tiliae L. 
(Lep.: Sphingidae). E.C.L. Simson, 212 
Red Admiral overwintering sites; the 
continental cafe. R.C. Dening. 252 

Rhigognostis incarnatella Staud. (Lep.: 
Yponomeutidae) in England. 7.C. Dunn, 
152 


Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep.: Geometridae) 
in Hampshire. A. Aston, 195 

Satyrium w-album Knock (Lep.: Lycaenidae) 
in a moth trap. R. Bristow, 73 

Schrankia intermedialis Reid a further 
record of the Autumnal Snout (Lep.: 
Noctuidae) in Kent. A.M. Riley, 31 

Sighting of the Monarch butterfly Danaus 
plexippus L. in Kent. P.A. Sokoloff, 248 

Some recent sightings of Argynnis adippe 
D.&S. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from West 
Devon. R. Bogue, 247 

Spargania luctuata D.&S., White-banded 
Carpet (Lep.: Geometridae) new to 
Hertfordshire. M.C. Townsend, 151 

Specific flower associations in Empididae 
(Dipt.). A.A. Allen, 250 

Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: 
Satyridae) an important character in 
Doctor Zhivago. P. Miles, 12 

Thaumetopoea herculeana Ramb., an 
unusual member of the Thaumetopoeidae. 
G. King, 248 

Three species of Lepidoptera new to the Isle 
of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones, 77 

Times of appearance of Lacanobia oleracea 
L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the British Isles. 
B.K. West, 81 

Tinagma ocnerostomella Staint. (Lep.: 
Douglasiidae) new to Wiltshire. M.H. 
Smith, 76 

Trichoplusia ni Hbn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) a 
species new to the Isle of Wight. S.A. 
Knill-Jones, 134 

Two new journals, 195 

Two species of macromoths new to the Isle 
of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones, 251 

Two species of micro-lepidoptera new to the 
Isle of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones, 114 

Two species of Otitidae (Diptera) 
circumstantially associated with 
Umbelliferae. L. Clemons, 138 


vi 


Tytia luctosa D.&S., the Four Spotted (Lep.: 
Noctuidae) new to Co. Durham (VC66). 
T.C. Dunn, 254 

Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): 
some comments on overwintering. B.K. 
West, 121 


Voltinism of Acleris schalleriana L. (Lep.: 
Tortricidae). AM. Emmet, 246 


When to wiggle, when to waggle and when 
to walk. Observations on unorthodox 
movement in a tree-hopper. R.A. Jones, 
105 


White-letter Hairstreak caterpillars in 
Southwest Norfolk. G.M. Haggett, 5 


CONTRIBUTORS 


Aazem, K.V., 173 

Abadijiev, S., 139 

Agassiz, D.J.L., 213 

Al-Houty, A., 102 

Allen, A.A., 17, 29, 30, 50, 71, 74, 77, 115, 150, 
159, 171, 187, 188, 190, 228, 247, 249, 250 

Arif, M., 179 

Aston, A., 116, 150, 195 

Barrington, R., 13 

Birkett, N., 256 

Bogue, R., 247 

Bristow, R., 73 

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 160 

Clancy, S., 6, 15, 90 

Clarke, J., 123, 138 

Clemons L., 84, 89, 117, 138, 146, 148 

Clumo, G., 149, 180, 183, 193 

Collins, S.C., 1 

Danahar, G.W., 47 

Dening, R.C., 252 

Dey, D., 185 

Dunn, T.C., 152, 254 

Dyson, R., 239 

Emmet, A.M., 55, 246, 250 

Goater, B., 233 

Haggett, G.M., 5, 28, 34 

Hall, M.R., 31 

Hancock, E.F., 104 

Hardy, P.B., 203 

Harrop, M., 31 

Heckford, R.J., 213 

Higgs, G.E., 151 

Howton, D.H., 101 

Hughes, J., 75 

Jacobs, S.N.A., 57 

Jones, R.A., 7, 105, 127, 254 

Joshi, M.C., 179 


King, P.E., 173 

King, G., 248, 253 

Knill-Jones, S., 28, 77, 114, 134, 251 

Langmaid, J.R., 213 

Larsen, T.B., 1, 24, 69, 112, 146, 157, 169, 197, 
244 

Lucas, S.R., 161 

Mathur, L.M.L., 109 

Miles, P., 12 

Miles, P.M., 79, 202 

Northfield, R.G.W., 47 

Owen, J.A., 20, 51, 103, 181, 194, 241 

Palmer, R.M., 85 

Palmer, S., 251 

Parsons, M., 232 

Partridge, R., 74 

Pennington, M.G., 186 

Pilcher, R., 34 

Riley, A.M., 31, 35 

Rogers, T., 186 

Roper, P., 140 

Simson, E.C.L., 212 

Singh, B., 179 

Slade, B.E., 35 

Smith, M.H., 26, 76 

Sokoloff, P.A., 57, 141, 248 

Spalding, A., 15, 46, 126, 129, 184 

Stace, C.A., 212, 252 

Taylor, S., 103 

Tennent, J., 21, 251 

Thaxton, R.W., 51 

Townsend, M.C., 140, 151 

Waring, P., 91, 125, 135 

West, B.K., 34, 41, 46, 72; 77, 78, 81, 121, 133) 
189, 201, 229, 255 

Wightman, A.J., 141 

Young, M.R., 85 


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ABANTIS BAMPTONI — A NEW SKIPPER ] 


THE ABANTIS BISMARCKI—GROUP OF SKIPPER 
BUTTERFLIES,WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF ABANTIS 
BAMPTON I sp. nov. (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) 


S.C. COLLINS’ and T.B. LARSEN? 


'P.O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya. 
2358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL, UK. 


INTRODUCTION 


THE GENUS Abantis Hopffer, 1855 is composed of a‘number of very rare 
species, many of which are not represented even in large museum 
collections, and most of which are present only in very small numbers. 

Abantis bismarcki Karsch, 1892 was described from near Bismarcksburg 
on the Togo/Ghana border and is found from Ghana to southern Sudan 
and western Kenya (Larsen 1991), where it is rare throughout. During 35 
years of collecting in the Volta Region of Ghana, Father Theodor Maessen 
(pers. comm.) collected only about a dozen, virtually all hilltopping on the 
same hill. The Natural History Museum, London, has only seven or eight 
and the National Museums of Kenya only seven. There are confirmed 
records from Ghana, Togo, northern Nigeria, the drier parts of Uganda, 
southern Sudan and western Kenya. 

Abantis arctomarginata Lathy, 1904 was described as a species from 
Zomba, Mlanje in Malawi, but was downgraded to a subspecies of A. 
bismarcki by Aurivillius (in Seitz 1925). Evans (1937) reinstated it as a 
distinct species, based on differences in the male genitalia. It differs more 
decisively from A. bismarcki in having a distinctly rounded hindwing, the 
tornus not being produced at all. The narrower black marginal band is of 
even width, not broadening towards the tornus. Males look rather like 
females of the other species. In A. bismarcki the tornus is distinctly drawn 
out, as in most other members of the genus. The rest of the hindwing is 
snow-white without orange shading along the anal fold as in A. bismarcki. 
On the forewing the white hyaline spots in spaces 1b, 2, and 3 are at least 
twice as long as in A. bismarcki. We have verified that the holotype is of 
the round winged form. 

The distribution of A. arctomarginata is generally considered to stretch 
from Zimbabwe to Shaba, Malawi, and much of southern and central 
Tanzania. We have, however, seen specimens of true A. arctomarginata 
only from Malawi and south-central Tanzania (Iringa). It is, again, a very 
scarce species. There are less than ten in The Natural History Museum, 
London, all from Malawi, and none in the National Museums of Kenya. 
Kielland (1990) never found it in Tanzania. 

It has largely been overlooked that other populations in southern Africa 
are quite different from the true A. arctomarginata, in fact being in several 
respects closer to A. bismarcki. This form was actually figured by Neave 
(1910) as the putative female of what is now known as A. /ucretia lofu 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Fig. 1. Top left: A. bismarcki male from Kimaeti, western Kenya, v.1993 (S.C. 
Collins leg.). Top right: A. arctomarginata, male from Madibira Rd., Iringa, south- 
central Tanzania, 11.1992 (T.C.E. Congdon leg.). Bottom: bred male of A. 
bamptoni from Harare, Zimbabwe, i11.1991 (J.1.W. Mullin). 


Neave, 1910; this obvious error was spotted by Aurivillius (in Seitz 1925), 
who described it as A. bismarcki arctomarginata f. neavei (type locality: 
near Lake Benguela, Zambia). Aurivillius clearly intended it to be an 
infrasubspecific name and it does not seem subsequently to have been made 
available under the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature. 

Evans (1937) said nothing specific about the status of f. neavei, simply 
listing it as a synonym of A. arctomarginata, but he must later have 
reconsidered the matter, since the arrangement of his synoptic collection at 
The Natural History Museum includes three subspecies, ssp. bismarcki, 
ssp. arctomarginata, and ssp. neavei. However, this was never published. 
Carcasson et al. (in press) treat it as infrasubspecific. 

Thus, there are three clearly distinct taxa in the A. bismarcki-group, that 
of Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Shaba being without a valid name. The 
question is whether or not to treat them as three subspecies of A. bismarcki 
as implied by Evans. We believe the radically different shape of the 
hindwing of A. arctomarginata places it apart from the two others, yet the 
genitalia — which are not strongly differentiated — place A. 
arctomarginata closer to the other southern species than to A. bismarcki, 
though their wing-shapes are so different. The best solution appears to 
treat them as three distinct species. 


ABANTIS BAMPTONI — A NEW SKIPPER 3 


Abantis bamptoni sp. nov. 


Male: The russet basal spot of the forewing is larger than in A. bismarcki 
and the white hyaline spots in spaces 1b, 2, and 3 are longer, though not 
quite as long as in A. arctomarginata. In A. bismarcki the spot in space 2 is 
subequal to the cell spot; in A. bamptoni the spot is twice as long. The 
hindwing is not rounded as in A. arctomarginata, having the general shape 
of A. bismarcki, but the black margin is not as broad. The edge of the anal 
fold is usually tinged with orange and the hindwing ground-colour is not as 
pure white as in A. arctomarginata. On the hindwing underside the costa 
tends to be shaded orange rather than black, though this may be subject to 
seasonal variation. 

Female: Almost identical with the male, but larger. Since females always 
have more rounded hindwings, the distinction in relation to A. 
arctomarginata is rather less obvious than in the male, but the black 
hindwing margin remains broader, widening towards the tornus. 

Male genitalia: The male genitalia of all three species are very similar, as 
is the case in other species-groups of the genus, such as A. 
nigeriana/pseudonigeriana and A. elegantula/maesseni. They are strongly 
asymmetrical, since the massive gnathos consists only of the right branch. 
Despite the superficial resemblance to A. bismarcki, the genitalia of A. 
bamptoni are closest to those of A. arctomarginata, from which males can 
be distinguished at a glance because of the rounded hindwing shape. 
However, the main genitalia difference is rather minor (fig. 2). 

HOLOTYPE: We select as holotype the male from Solwezi, N. Zambia, 
placed as “‘ssp. neavei’’ in the synoptic collection arranged by W.H. Evans 
(The Natural History Museum, London). 

The species is named in honour Ivan Bampton who has done much 
research into the early stages of African butterflies over the past 25 years. 
Given that f. neavei has not been in use, and since it was based first on an 
error by Neave, and then on an incorrect assignment of status by 
Aurivillius, we have not wished to maintain this name. 


Discussion 


We have seen specimens of A. bamptoni from many localities in Zimbabwe 
(Bomponi, Vumba, Harare), from the Lake Tanganyika area in Tanzania 
(Kielland 1990), the Shaba area of Zaire (Mpala), Zambia (Solwezi, Mt. 
Swebi), and from Mozambique near the Zimbabwe border. The known 
range thus covers a crescent to the south and west of that of A. 
arctomarginata. Both are strongly disjunct from A. bismarcki. 

Material of genuine A. arctomarginata from Malawi and south/central 
Tanzania has always been very limited and most published illustrations 
represent A. bamptoni. Thus the series in Pennington (1978) are clearly all 
A. bamptoni, as is the female figured by Kielland (1990). The radically 
different hindwing shape of the male never leaves the slightest doubt as to 
which species is involved. 


4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1.1994 


Fig. 2. The male valve of A. bismarckiis shown. A. bamptoni differs in the shape 
of the main dorsal process, shown above that of A. bismarcki. The valve of A. 
bamptoni does not differ materially from that of A. arctomarginata. Overall, the 
differences in genitalia are rather minor. 


A. bismarcki has not been bred; the two other species have both been 
bred on Uapaca (Euphorbiaceae). Both C. Congdon and |. Bampton bred 
A. arctomarginata in southern Tanzania, and J.I1.W. Mullin and R. Pare 
bred A. bamptoni on Uapaca kirkiana near Harare, after being shown the 
larval pads by I. Bampton. The eggs are laid singly on the top of the leaf 
and are covered with the anal hairs of the female, to the extent that the egg 
cannot be seen. This type of anal hair in the female has evolved 
independently also in some Lycaenidae (Satvrium, Pseudaletis, and 
Cupidesthes). 

A. bamptoni is very rarely met with, usually on flowers, and does not 
seem to engage in hilltopping. A. arctomarginata does engage in 
hilltopping and is more frequently seen in any given locality (I. Bampton, 
pers. comm.). 


Acknowledgements 

This is the second in a series of papers under the auspices of the project 
Butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity, and 
conservation (1993-1997). Larsen is grateful to the Carlsberg Foundation 
of Denmark for their support to the West African field activities. We also 
thank The Natural History Museum, London and the National Museums 
of Kenya for their kind co-operation, mediated by Philip Ackery, 
Campbell Smith and Richard Bagine. British Airways Environment 
Department kindly donated a ticket for Larsen to visit Nairobi. 


ABANTIS BAMPTONI — A NEW SKIPPER 5 


References 

Aurivillius, C., 1925. Macrolepidoptera of the African Region. Kernen, Stuttgart. 

Carcasson, R.H., in press. Carcasson’s African butterflies — a catalogue of the 
butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO, Canberra. 

Evans, W.H., 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae in the British Museum. 
British Museum (Natural History), London. 

Karsch, F., 1892. Abantis bismarcki, eine neue Hesperiidae von Bismarcksburg im 
Togolande (Deutschwestafrika). Entomologishe Nachrichten, 18: 228-232. 

Kielland, J., 1990. The butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne & London. 

Larsen, T.B., 1991. The butterflies of Kenya and their natural history. Oxford 
University Press, Oxford. 

Lathy, P.I., 1904. An account of a collection made at Zomba in British Central 
Africa. Transactions of the entomological Society, London, 1904: 19-35. 

Neave, S.A., 1910. Zoological collections from Northern Rhodesia and adjacent 
territories. Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera. Transactions of the zoological Society, 
London, 1910: 2-86. 

Pennington,K.M., 1978. Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa. A.D. Donker, 
Johannesburg & London. 


White-letter Hairstreak caterpillars in Southwest Norfolk, 1993 


Dutch elm disease has remained still very active in Norfolk and Suffolk 
since the first wave of the disease, and few large trees survive; but along a 
good many roads, motorways and small lanes there is vigorous elm 
regrowth commonly to twenty-five feet high and this is comprised largely 
of Ulmus procera the English elm with some East Anglian U. nitens and U. 
carpinifolia. There is also a good deal of elm in pockets scattered through 
the Scots pine plantations of Thetford Forest, growing as sprawling 
understorey beneath the enfeebled pines and other trees that have gained 
foothold; much of this elm is U/mus glabra, the Wych elm, and unlike the 
other elms it flowers early in life so that much of Thetford Forest 
understorey elm is of an age now bearing flowers. 

An enlightened member of the forest staff when planning clearfalls of 
the pine some years ago took care to keep out of the felling plan those areas 
with attractive broadleaved underwood so that they were not cleared and 
replanted with pine. It was one of these Wych elm sites that attracted my 
attention in mid-May of this year when pondering on the current state of 
Satyrium w-album Knoch. hereabouts. So I beat the elm heavy in seed and 
in the course of some two hours counted forty-seven w-a/bum larvae in 
from second to last instar and (as with larvae of Green Hairstreak last year) 
found the labour of returning larvae to their food so time-consuming that I 
then ceased beating elm, which was yielding a useful number of 
Brachionycha sphinx Hufn. Some days later I was in another part of the 
forest about six miles distant where there was a scatter of Wych elm so I 
tried my hand again and knocked out four larvae at the first strike. Then 
seeking larvae of Cosmia affinis L. I went to a hedge of English elm, for 
affinis is not easy to find on other elms, which stood so hard by the verge of 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


a very narrow lane that the foliage grew as a tight wall into which the 
beating tray had to be hard thrust. | found my a/finis but also a solitary 
w-album which I saw came from scrub Wych elm abutting from the 
adjacent copse. One final discovery was made before the hairstreaks 
pupated. Along the busy A1075 road there was a patch of Wych elm rich 
with seed that grew so close to the highway that passing traffic clipped its 
foliage, and this I thought might be the ultimate test for w-a/bumy; it was 
rather hazardous to attempt to beat the branches from the road and 
because there was no other access I simply cut off four branches with much 
seed about four feet long, and took them back to my car where I shook out 
three w-a/bum larvae. 

Twenty larvae I retained fed up quickly and in the last instar fed 
ravenously on leaves alone. There was one parasitoid, in contrast to 
Quercusia quercus L. of which I retained a couple of dozen whilst beating 
for oak feeding noctuids, and of which exactly half the quercus were 
parasitised by Phryxe magnicornis (Zett.), the sole w-a/bum tly being 
Phrvxe nemea (Meigen), both being identified by Tom Ford, via Dr Mark 
Shaw.— G.M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, Norfolk. 


Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low altitude in Scotland 

Whilst visiting Scotland in late May 1993, myself and K. Redshaw secured 
three examples of the Scoparitine, Eudonia alpina, at Coylumbridge, near 
Aviemore, Inverness-shire. All three specimens were taken in the vicinity of 
the campsite where we were staying (NH 916105), a site surrounded by the 
Caledonian forest habitat so typical of this area, and at an altitude of 
approximately 250 metres above sea level. 

The first specimen, a male, was taken at actinic light on 28th May, and 
two more males occurred on the night of 30th May, one at actinic light and 
one at the artificial campsite lights. Mercury-vapour traps were operated 
close to this site on two nights during this period and the area was searched 
by day, but no additional a/pina were recorded. 

Although this species occurs at lower elevations in Shetland, in mainland 
Scotland it is only known to occur on high mountains above 700 metres 
(Goater 1986 British Pyralid moths; Parsons 1993 A review of the scarce 
and threatened Pyralid moths of Great Britain), and is here associated with 
bare, open ground above the treeline. These three examples therefore not 
only constitute the first mainland records of this species at such a low 
elevation, but also represent the first time the species has been associated 
with the Caledonian forest habitat. 

The date of these specimens is approximately two weeks before the 
species starts tO appear in its montane haunts (B. Skinner pers. comm.), 
and this suggests that these three examples bred at a low altitude rather 
than being wind-blown individuals originating from higher ground.— 
SEAN CLANCY, **Delhi’’ Cottage, Dungeness, Kent TN29 9NE. 


MERDIGERY AND MATERNAL CARE iy 


MERDIGERY' AND MATERNAL CARE IN A LEAF BEETLE 


RICHARD A. JONES 
13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SEI5 3DE. 


ON 23rd JUNE 1992, while photographing insects around the Powdermill 
Reservoir, near Brede, East Sussex, I came across a female Galerucella 
calmariensis (Linnaeus) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) ovipositing on an alder leaf. 
She had laid about 20 eggs in a loose group on the underside, around the 
mid-rib, near the edge of the leaf. I turned over the leaf and took a few 
photographs of her. 

As is usual when photographing beetles, the electronic flash-guns of the 
first ‘‘shot’’ alarmed the creature, which squatted down, holding tight to 
the leaf (Fig. 1). For the second shot a few moments later, the beetle was in 
exactly the same pose, as if startled into immobility. But within about 15 
seconds, the time required for the flashes to recharge for a third shot, the 
beetle had recovered her composure and turned round to adopt what 
appeared to be a protective position over her eggs. Here she remained, 
actively turning about, her antennae held erect and probing in the air when 
I took a third photograph (Fig. 2). Shortly after this, I knocked the leaf and 
she fell off into the surrounding herbage, but was subsequently captured. 
Whether her actions could be considered to constitute maternal care 
remains to be seen, although it might be argued that she showed some 
aspects of this behaviour. 

Many recent books do not convey the rather loose foodplant associations 
of Galerucella species. Walsh and Dibb (1954) suggest G. tenella (Linnaeus) 
specifically associated with alder; Cooter ef al. (1991) and Bullock (1992) 
list various other foodplants for seven species of Galerucella, but alder is 
not included. Rather practically, Joy (1932) states ‘‘Generally on willows, 
etc’’. Only Fowler (1890) acknowledges alder more widely, giving it as a 
foodplant, albeit secondarily, of G. lineola (Fabricius), G. tenella, and the 
present species, G. calmariensis. 

Close examination of the slides resulting from the photographic session 
revealed something which was not apparent at the time: each egg was 
topped with a dark sausage-shaped blob (Fig. 1). Knowledge of the egg- 
laying behaviour of other chrysomelids suggested that these might be 
morsels of frass, deposited on the eggs when they were laid. Each egg 
clearly shows this deposit attached to its top end and directed away from 
the egg-laying female. Several other chysomelids exhibit various forms of 
merdigerous behaviour. 

Tortoise beetle larvae (subfamily Cassidinae) are armed with a special 
bifurcate process which retains the shed larval skins in the form of a 
knobbly mass held over the creature’s back. This is further ornamented 
with excrement. If disturbed the larva waves the ‘‘parasol’’ over its back, 
presumably in an attempt to revolt its would-be attacker into retreat. 


' See appendix on page 11 for a discussion of the etymology of this word. 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Fig.l. Galerucella calmariensis egg-laying on an alder leaf, Brede, East Sussex, 
23rd June 1992. Each egg is clearly topped with what appears to be a frass dropping. 
(Photo: R.A. Jones) 


MERDIGERY AND MATERNAL CARE 9 


Fig. 2. Disturbed by the flash-guns, the Ga/erucella turned and climbed on top of 
the eggs. (Photo: R.A. Jones) 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Larvae of the lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli), immerse themselves 
with their copious liquid frass. The anal opening is sited on the upper 
surface of the larva, enabling the creatures to daub themselves with their 
own excrement. The adult beetles’ bright red colour is, one surmises, a 
warning of their distastefulness. The red larvae, covered in their reddish 
droppings, are therefore probably doubly distasteful. L. /i/ii has, in the 
past, also been described under the name L. merdigera (Linnaeus). 

The female of Cryptocephalus coryli (Linnaeus) manipulates a pellet of 
frass with her hind tarsi, coating each newly laid egg with a shell of faecal 
material. When the larva hatches, it remains inside this frass shell, adding 
to it and increasing its size as the larva increases in bulk (D. Porter and I. 
Menzies, pers. comm.). Other species in the genus have long been known to 
have case-bearing larvae, and that the cases are made of frass (Geéné, 
quoted by Westwood, 1839). 

In all of these instances the use of excrement is hypothesized to give 
protection to the egg and resulting larva. In the case of Galerucella 
calmariensis reported above, the amount of frass on each egg is small, not 
nearly enough to hide the eggs or even disguise them. Perhaps, though, it is 
sufficient to cover any scent from the eggs which might attract a potential 
predator or parasitoid. 


Acknowledgements 


My thanks to Mr. D. Porter and Dr. I. Menzies for the details of the egg- 
laying and larval behaviour of Cryptocephalus coryli and to Mr. A.A. 
Allen who kindly identified the beetle and added material to an initial draft 
of the appendix. 


References 

Bullock, J.A., 1992. Host plants of British beetles: a list of recorded associations. 
Supplement to A coleopterist’s handbook. Feltham: Amateur Entomologists’ 
Society. p. 2. 

Cooter, J. et al., 1991. A coleopterist’s handbook. 3rd edn. Feltham: Amateur 
Entomologists’ Society. p. 189. 

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. London: L. Reeve 
& Co. Vol. 4, pp. 329-330. 

Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, London: Witherby. 
(reprinted 1976, Faringdon: Classey). Vol. 1, pp. 403-404. 

Walsh, G.B. & Dibb, J.R. (eds), 1954. A coleopterist’s handbook. Amateur 
Entomologists’ Society. p. 83. 

Westwood, J.O., 1839. An introduction to the classification of insects; founded on 
the natural habitats and corresponding organisation of different families. London: 
Longman ef a/. Vol. 1, p. 386. 


MERDIGERY AND MATERNAL CARE 11 


Appendix 


Merdigery, merdigerous and other dropping-related etymologies 
I make no apology for the word "merdigerous" which was used by Westwood 
(1839, vol. 1, p. 379) in discussing the behaviour of tortoise beetle larvae. I do, 
however, have some slight reservations on the validity of "merdigery", 
although analogous nouns, transformed from technical adjectives, include 
carnivory, from carnivorous, and oligomery, from oligomerous. And anyway, 
it does make for an intriguing title to this article! 

During Westwood's time, the lily beetle was known by the name Lilioceris 
merdigera (Linnaeus), from the Latin merda, dung and gero, I carry. And even 
though rare in Britain at the time, the beetle was well known because of its 
curious defecation habits. As an anglicised form, the word "merdigerous" 
would not have seemed unusual. 

Some other beetles are named from merda, because they live in dung, 
though not their own. These include Aphodius merdarius (Fabricius) and 
Hister merdarius Hoffman, J., as well as a few other insects, such as the moth 
Tinea merdella Zeller, and the fly Scathophaga merdaria (Fabricius). 

The last mentioned insect is now known by the name Scathophaga stercoraria 
(Linnaeus), a name that reflects another Latin word for dung, stercus. This 
word crops up in the names of several insects associated with dung, including 
two dor-beetles, Geotrupes stercorarius (Linnaeus) and G. stercorosus 
(Scriba). 

The distinction between merda and stercus is a fine one. Dr. Smith's smaller 
English-Latin dictionary (1871) suggests that whereas stercus can be used to 
signify the dung of all kinds of animals, merda is more appropriate for the 
dung of birds or smaller animals. This seems to have been duly followed by 
those naming insects, and is particularly apt for Lilioceris. 

The shorter Oxford English dictionary (OED) includes the word "merd" as 
an obsolete term for dung and excrement, but it is not given the improper 
connotation that the word "merde"enjoys in French. Webster's (American) 
dictionary includes "merde" with the proviso that it is sometimes considered 
vulgar. The Glossary of entomology (1950, J.R. de la Torre-Bueno) includes 
"merdivorous", meaning dung-eating, as do various other non-technical 
American dictionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries. 

Reflecting the importance of the dung of larger, rather than smaller, animals, 
the OED does contain several sterco-words, from stercobilin, the colouring 
found in faecal material, to stercorous, meaning excrementitious. 

The other major root for excrement-associated words in the English 
language is the Greek for dung, KOmpoc (kopros). This gives us coprolite 
(fossilised dinosaur droppings), coprophilous (dung-loving), coprostasis 
(constipation) and the like. 

The scientific names of insects, as indeed for all organisms, animals and 
plants, are often based on Greek words to provide the generic name, hence the 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


scarab Copris, the staphylinid Coprophilus, the fly Copromyza and the ink cap 
fungus Coprinus. : 

Another Greek word for dung, dv00¢ (onthos), appears regularly in such 
beetle names as Onthophilus the "dung-loving" histerid, Philonthus the 
staphylinid "lover of dung" and Onthophagus the "dung-eating" scarabeid. A 
third is OKap (skSr, stem sk&t), especially favoured by dipterists, as in 
Scathophaga (a misspelling), Scatina and Scatopse. 

To end, there is the Latin cdco, the act of defecation. In its Greek form 
KQKKG@ (kakka6) and k&kKn (kakké), dung, it has found its way into 
entomology; thus we have Hypoccacus "under dung", a genus of histerid 
beetles, and Caccobius, a Continental genus of scarabaeids. 

This last dung root does not appear to have found its way into much general 
English usage although the OED does give "caccagogue", an ointment made 
from alum and honey used to promote stool. The French use a rather shorter 
derivative as a vulgar oath. A form of this is also occasionally used in English; 
probably best known in the term cack-handed suggesting a rather coarser 
origin than its polite definition of "left-handed" or "ham-fisted”. 


The Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: Satyridae) an important 
character in Doctor Zhivago 


It has often been pointed out that the upperside of the Speckled Wood 
butterfly is perfectly coloured for moving and basking in dappled sunlight. 
I was startled, however, to discover whilst walking this summer in Thetford 
Forest (Norfolk) just how effective its greyer, underside camouflage is as 


well. 
A group of about ten butterflies were flitting about in the shade of a pine 
wood and periodically — literally as if by magic — disappearing before 


one’s eyes. A closer look revealed that every so often they were settling not 
on the pine-needle floor, but on the bark of the pine-trees, where with their 
wings closed and their forewings retracted they were practically invisible. 
After a short rest, they would fly off again, only to repeat the trick shortly 
afterwards. 

The incident rang a bell. Eventually I remembered that in Boris 
Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago (Chapter 11) the doctor observes a 
‘‘brown speckled butterfly’’ flying through dappled sunlight and then 
settling ‘‘on the bark of a pine tree’’ and ‘‘disappearing into it’’. Textual 
evidence and my own observation suggest this butterfly was Pararge 
aegeria (tircis), which is the only Speckled Wood species distributed 
through northern Russia as far west as Siberia (where this chapter of the 
novel is set). The butterfly saves the doctor’s life by giving him the idea that 
if he lies absolutely still on the forest floor he will blend into it and not 
be noticed by a group of murderous partisans nearby!— P. MILES, 29 
Highfield Avenue, Cambridge CB4 2AJ. 


MANIOLA JURTINA AB. ADDENDA 13 


BREEDING MANIOLA JURTINA L. AB. ADDENDA MOSLEY 
(LEP.: SATYRIDAE) 


RUPERT BARRINGTON 
101 Egerton Road, Bishopston, Bristol, Avon. BS7 8HR. 


SPECIMENS OF ™M. jurtina having extra spotting on either surface of the 
forewings, positioned in the submarginal band below the apical spot, are 
known as ab. addenda. In its lesser expressions (one or two small extra 
spots on each forewing, usually on the underside) it is not a rare form in the 
female, although in England it is rare in the male (I have found it less rarely 
in Western Ireland). More extreme developments with two heavy extra 
spots on the upperside as well as the underside of each forewing are 
distinctly uncommon. The most extreme form has white pupils in the extra 
spots. This is rare. The name postexcessa Leeds covers extra spotting on 
either surface of the hindwings. Brakefield and Noordwijk (1985) have 
shown that spotting on the underside of the hindwings is controlled by a 
number of genes (its inheritance is multifactorial with no segregation into 
clear-cut forms). They do not mention extra spotting on the upperside of 
the hindwings. 

On the 6th July 1991 a female showing two strong extra spots on the 
underside of each forewing (the lower spot developing a pupil) with traces 
of these on the upperside, was captured in a hay meadow in North Dorset. 
Approximately 120 ova were laid, resulting in 31 adults the following June. 
The brood contained 17 males (seven showing extra forewing spotting, 
mostly minor forms) and 14 females (three with extra forewing spotting). 
The best male is illustrated (fig. 2). Two of the female aberrations were 
minor, but one was a little more developed than the parent, having good 
upperside extra spotting and also showing a spot at the anal angle of the 
upperside of the hindwings. This paired with a male showing one extra spot 
on each forewing, on both surfaces. Two hundred ova were laid. 

Survival was poor and the F2 brood contained only 19 individuals. Of 
the nine males, seven were aberrations, several being good addenda (fig. 1). 
One, which emerged badly deformed, was an extreme example of excessa 
having two large pupilled extra spots on the upperside of each forewing, 
and at the anal angle of the hindwing upperside. Nine of the ten females 
were aberrations including two extreme forms (figs. 3, 4 and 6). Three of 
the females showed an extra spot on the hindwings (figs. 3, 5 and 6), one 
specimen having two spots on each hindwing (fig.6). 

The results indicate multifactorial inheritance of ab. addenda. The 
upperside hindwing extra spot appears to be connected to addenda as part 
of the multifactorial complex (in this experiment it only occurred on 
strongly developed addenda although in the field it may occur 
independently). A few of the best addenda specimens also showed extra 
spotting on the underside of the hindwings. This suggests that all the extra 


14 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Aberrations of Maniola jurtina L. All specimens figured coll. RDGB. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


1 


NM FW NY 


Male upperside, ab. addenda. F2. 
Male underside, ab. excessa. F1. 
Female upperside, ab. excessa. F2. 
Female underside, ab. excessa. F2. 
Female upperside, ab. excessa. F2. 
Female upperside, ab. excessa. F2. 


MANIOLA JURTINA AB. ADDENDA 15 


spotted forms may be associated in a multifactorial complex. The fact that 
each form may occur independently of the others in the field indicates that 
each may be better adapted to slightly different environmental conditions. 


Reference 


Brakefield, P.M. and Noordwijk, A.J. van., 1985. The genetics of spot pattern 
characters in the meadow brown butterfly Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera: 
Satyrinae) Heredity 54: 275-284. 


Hazards of moth collecting: diseases in Ecuador 


Ecuador is probably the richest country in the world for biological 
diversity. It occupies only 0.2% of the earth’s land surface, but contains an 
estimated 10% of all the plant species. It is certainly a superb place for 
moths. I have made several trips there, usually as part of a team surveying 
newly established nature reserves, looking at the moths of primary forest 
areas of the Andes. The worst hazard until my trip in 1992 was eating in the 
local restaurants. The locals seem to prefer fast food joints, such as Pizza 
Hut and MacDonalds (particularly for a family outing on Sundays), 
although I have found most of the cafés in Quito old town very good value 
for money. Prior to 1992, I had been ill twice, both times following a meal 
at the same Chinese restaurant in Cuenca (opposite the fire station in case 
you ever find yourself there). This is the only restaurant where I have found 
a real fly in my soup. Having guts-ache at 10,000 feet seems much worse 
than at sea-level, and both times I was incapacitated for nearly a week. 

My trip in 1992 was different. I was visiting the new Los Cedros reserve, 
owned by the Centro de Investigacion de los Bosques Tropicales, a non- 
profit making foundation dedicated to the preservation of the tropical 
forests of Ecuador. The reserve lies between 1,000 and 2,000 metres above 
sea-level. Access is very difficult, requiring an eight hour hike from the 
nearest road up a narrow, steep path which winds through open farmed 
areas and forest, following one of the many river valleys. It is necessary to 
take all food and medicines with you, although near the end is a small 
house where Paulina and her daughters make you welcome with (if you are 
lucky) a cool bottle of beer or Coca-Cola. Just as you think you can’t go on 
any further, a green painted house comes in sight, built by a settler now 
gone from the reserve. We would never have made it without the assistance 
of the reserve warden, José. 

My basic plan was to sample the moths at different altitudes, using a 
lamp suspended in front of a white sheet hung between trees. The best 
sampling point was at the house itself, where we could sit on the verandah 
drinking the local ‘‘trago”’ distilled from cane sugar and wait for the moths 
to come to us. I was also intending to sample at other sites, so I ran the light 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1.1994 


nearby a small river at 1,450 metres above sea-level, helped by two local 
students (Marcos and Sandra) and Steve who came with me from Britain. 
As I suspended the lamp on its rope between trees, I could smell the aroma 
of substances which are illegal in this country wafting up from a nearby 
half-completed house. I lit the lamp and several lovely moths came in, 
notably many beautiful Ctenuchids, imitating Hymenoptera as they flew 
around the lamp. There was also a single Xenosoma species, with white 
wings crossed by black veins, looking exactly like Pericopinae species and 
themselves mimicked by Dioptidae (or vice-versa). Along with the moths 
came several hundred tiny black insects, attracted by the light and 
swarming Over us, biting exposed skin. Steve and Marcos retreated, leaving 
Sandra and I, buttoned-up against the sand-flies, to battle on in the hope of 
a big hawkmoth. Soon, it was too much for us and we left quickly, back to 
José’s house, where a log fire burned, beans were on the boil, the BBC 
World Service was on the radio and trago was in the glasses ready for 
drinking. But the best use of trago was splashing on our bites, cooling them 
as the alcohol evaporated. After more trago, we had a party on the new 
plank floor that was to form an extension to José’s open plan house, until 
the planks came loose and the extension started to collapse. 

Back in Quito a few weeks later, the bites had turned into spots, which 
came and went on exposed parts of the body. Everybody I met had a tale to 
tell about some illness that they had picked up somewhere, in the Orient 
jungle, food-poisoning at a Chinese restaurant in Cuenca, strange diseases 
from the Quito street girls (3,000 sucres a time, or so I’m told, equivalent to 
£1.00). Still, I was okay, only sand-fly bites, and Sandra too was fine. It 
was only back home that I started to worry, as the spots grew bigger and 
my GP told me not to worry. Trevor, a friend who has studied sand-flies 
and their vectors at college, told me that I probably had contracted 
leishmaniasis, a widespread tropical disease with several different types. He 
warned me that one strain prevalent in India led to enlargement of the 
testicles, and suggested that I could borrow his Cornish kilt when ‘‘things 
got out of hand’’. The skin specialist at the hospital confirmed that the 
disease was Leishmaniasis braziliensis, potentially dangerous if not treated. 
The worst part of the treatment was that I had to lay off drink for a month, 
including Christmas and New Year, which gave me my first alcohol-free 
Christmas since 1951. Still, I am cured now. It is said that the locals deal 
with the illness by deliberately exposing their children to sand-fly bites on 
parts of their bodies that are normally concealed by clothes, thus giving 
them some limited immunity. Any scars thus produced will not normally be 
seen. 

If a tale has to have a moral, then it is this: its better to have mothed and 
leishmaniasis, than never to have mothed at all! The Ctenuchidae alone 
were worth the trouble. However, if you see someone at the AES 
Exhibition wearing a kilt, it could be me, so don’t take a peak below the 
tartan.— ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, Cornwall. 


LONDON DUNG BEETLES 17 


DUNG-BEETLES IN SOUTH-EAST LONDON 
A.A. ALLEN 


49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 80G. 


THE INSECTS which are the subject of these notes are those to which the 
term dung-beetle is commonly applied, in this case one genus of 
Scarabaeidae (Aphodius, here including Colobopterus) and two of 
Geotrupidae (Geotrupes and Typhaeus). The genus Onthophagus in the 
former family is unrepresented locally. The district concerned is bounded 
by the parishes of Greenwich, Blackheath, Kidbrooke and Woolwich, 
forming a compact area. Supplies of herbivore dung naturally tend to be 
very scanty and irregular in such a suburban area, resulting in a poor dung- 
beetle fauna compared with that of country districts with abundant and 
continuous pasturage. However, from time to time, small enclaves can be 
found even in the suburbs which enable one to gain an idea of the species 
locally present. I paid some attention to two such sites in my district from 
the autumn of 1978 to that of 1980, obtaining results which were no means 
devoid of interest. 

One of these was the deer-enclosure (‘‘The Wilderness’’) in Greenwich 
Park (denoted hereunder by G), a lightly-wooded area in which deer have 
been kept for many years; there were also, besides the deer dung, varying 
amounts of horse dung (though horses were not normally kept there 
they might not have mixed well with the deer!). The other (denoted by K) 
was an open grass field at Kidbrooke, with a few horses, ponies, or 
donkeys; it was later obliterated by a new bypass. Different as were the two 
sites in many ways, the dung-beetle fauna was remarkably similar, only 
three species not being found at both. 

In the ensuing list, when the type of dung is not specified it is understood 
to be equine (horse or donkey), this producing the vast majority of the 
beetles, and no species was confined to the deer dung. The most productive 
day, 15.v.79, was the hottest (up to 81°F), yielding seven species of 
Aphodius at the Kidbrooke site. 


Aphodius (Colobopterus) erraticus (L.). Scarce: K,4 (15.v.79); G,1 
(22.vili.79). Like the next, not found in 1980. 

A.(C.) fossor (L.). Also scarce: K,1 (15.v.79); G,2 (17.vi.79). 

A.(C.) haemorrhoidalis (L.). K, rather common (15.v.79); 2 (2.i1x.79), not 
seen there in 1980; G,1 (3.vili.80). Woolwich Common, | (19.v.90). 

A. fimetarius (L.). Fairly common but erratic, often singly; K, common 
and often in pairs, 7.iv.80, fewer on other dates; sporadic in G. 
Sometimes active very early in the year, as in grass traps in February in 
my former garden at Blackheath. 

A. foetens (F.). Scarce: K,2 (2.1x.79); G,1 (27.vii.80). 

A. foetidus (Hbst.) (=scybalarius auct.nec F.). Only in my Blackheath 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


garden, at intervals singly or sparingly in rotting herbage, mainly grass 
heaps (Allen, 1951). 

A. ater (Deg.). K,2 (15.v.79); no other finds of this generally common 
species at either site, but it used to occur as casual strays in the 
Blackheath garden. 

A. pusillus (Hbst.). Equally rare: K,1 (15.v.79); 1, Woolwich Common 
(19.v.90). 

A. granarius (L.). K,1 (1.viii.80); G (13.v.79) 3 horse, 1 deer, (2.vi.79) 
1 deer. In the 1950s, in my Blackheath garden, it used to occur in rotting 
herbage and under a stone in a muddy place. 

A. rufus (Moll). Rather frequent at both sites, especially G, and several 
times in deer dung; vii-ix. The first seen by me in this district flew to m.v. 
light at Charlton, 21.viii.78. 

A. consputus Creutz. Of this very local and mostly rare species, one 
occurred in horse dung on Woolwich Common, 13.x.91 (Allen, 1992). 

A. sphacelatus (Panz.). Generally common from early to late in the year, 
though always heavily outnumbered in late autumn by the next; not 
common, however, at the two sites G and K when they were worked, and 
noted on only a few dates as at G (13.v.79, 2 horse, | deer). This scarcity 
in such an otherwise abundant species is curious. 

A. contaminatus (Hbst.). Throughout the district, but (as everywhere) only 
in autumn; first appearing in early September as a rule, rising to vast 
numbers in October and dwindling gradually to nothing through 
November. When present in colossal abundance it usually excludes any 
other species (as at K, 7.x.78). Its apparent absence at G on 28.1x.80 is 
inexplicable. It does not object to dog dung, like the last species; nor to 
that of deer, burrowing into and hollowing out the pellets. 

A. rufipes (L.). Very scarce at the two sites and found only in G (27.vui.80, 
3.vili.80), the second in stale rather mouldy dung. Doubtless quite 
general, and considered common, but I find it to occur singly as a rule, 
and usually in rather old horse dung with no other adult Aphodii. This is 
the species which most often flies to light. 

Geotrupes spiniger (Marsh.). K,2 in separate deposits (7.x.78); G,1 
(21.x.79). As there were plenty of burrows in evidence on the latter 
occasion, some of them may have belonged to this species. (In general 
our commonest Geotrupes.) 

Typhaeus typhoeus (L.). G, burrows plentiful under and beside both horse 
and deer dung but only from about mid-October to mid-May; the beetles 
in varying numbers during the same period, seldom wandering at large. I 
never saw one in flight, which may be crepuscular. Even as late as 
23.ix.79 no trace of the insect or its burrows was to be seen, while on 14.x 
the latter were already numerous and some of the beetles active. On 13.v 
there were many fresh burrows and casts (these indicating recent activity) 
alongside deer droppings, but no beetles seen; in 1980 the autumnal 


LONDON DUNG BEETLES 19 


burrows were first seen on 28.ix, and on 9.iii.80 were noted as being 
everywhere. On 18.xi.79 the beetles were an inch or two down in their 
burrows. (In Richmond Park I have known them to be out and about in 
plenty in a mild spell in February.) The larger piles of horse dung were 
often, in season, found to harbour several specimens, mostly small 
females. 

The persistence of this striking insect (‘‘the Minotaur’’) so near the 
metropolis is gratifying, and provided that the dung supply is maintained, 
it would appear to be under no threat there. It was, I believe, first found in 
the Wilderness (now a bird and deer sanctuary) by J.F. Burton some 
decades before, mostly as copious remains in Tawny Owl pellets, but was 
recorded from Greenwich as early as 1908 (Fowler, 1908). 

The sixteen species listed above probably do not include all the 
scarabaeoid dung-beetles that inhabit the district. It is quite likely, for 
instance, that Aphodius prodromus (Brahm) — a fairly common species — 
could be found. In earlier times, a number of other dung-beetle species, 
from Copris lunaris (L.) downwards, were known fom the area, but few of 
them are likely to have survived there. The presence even of Geotrupes 
stercorarius (L.) is doubtful and requires confirmation. 


Acknowledgements 


I am indebted to Mr J.A. Murray, Superintendent of Greenwich Park, for 
his kindness in arranging a permit with the Department of the Environ- 
ment; and to Mr John F. Burton for encouragement towards this end. 


References 


Allen, A.A., 1951. The Coleoptera of a Suburban Garden, pt.2. Entomologist’s 
Rec. J. Var. 63: 189. 

— , 1992. Aphodius consputus Creutz. (Col.: Scarabaeidae) in S.E. London. /bid. 
104: 77. 

Fowler, W.W., 1908. The Victoria County History of Kent: Coleoptera: 153. 


A migrant Ephestia? (Lep.: Pyralidae) 

On the night of 9th October 1991, I took an example of the pyralid, 
Ephestia figulilella Gregs. at m.v. light at Dungeness, Kent, during a period 
of migrant activity. I would be interested to learn of any other records of 
this species, normally associated with stored foodstuffs, ‘‘at large’’ in the 
British Isles, particularly coastal records away from suitable breeding sites. 
I am indebted to Bernard Skinner and Michael Chalmers-Hunt for 
confirmation of the specimen’s identity.k— SEAN CLANCY, ‘‘Delhi’’ 
Cottage, Dungeness, Kent TN29 9NE. 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Bees at breakfast. 


For the past two years, we have had bees at breakfast. They forage in the 
garden and then come down the chimney — but I had better start at the 
beginning. 

One morning in March 1992, my wife and I were eating breakfast when 
we noticed a large black ‘‘bumble’’ bee crawling along the inside window 
sill. Thinking little of the episode, I took it outside and let it go. When 
other similar bees appeared on the window sill over the next few weeks, we 
got a bit more curious. I sent one to my good friend Mike Edwards who 
pronounced it a female Anthophora plumipes (Pallas). By the middle of 
May, we had performed about ten ‘“‘rescues’’ and found another five or six 
bees as corpses. All were females and all were at the same window which is 
never open at that time of year. One day, we heard a bee buzzing and saw it 
emerge into the room from the chimney so we had, at last, found how they 
got into the room but not why. 


In 1993, the invasion started earlier. The first bee, a male, appeared on 
the Sth February and, from then until 13th May, we recorded 42 
“‘rescucs’’, with up to five in the one day. Females outnumbered males 7:1. 
It took us to the middle of April to realise that our rescue statistics were 
being inflated. One day, we marked a bee with a small daub of Tipp-Ex 
before letting it go in the garden. Lo and behold, within a couple of hours, 
it was back down the chimney and sitting on the inside window sill waiting 
to be released. Not all of the ten or so we marked reappeared inside but 
about half did. One bee cycled three times. With our attention drawn to 
them, we often saw Anthophora in the garden. The white Tipp-Ex dots on 
marked specimens were quite visible as they flew about visiting flowers. 
They seemed particularly fond of Pul/monaria. 


It seems, then, that we have bees at breakfast because they use our brick 
chimney stack as a nesting site. The chimney has an internal metal duct 
from the central heating boiler and the bees came down the chimney 
between its wall and the metal duct. Why some should lose their way and 
exit down the chimney instead of into the garden is anybody’s guess. They 
probably emerge early in the season because they are warmed up by the 
effluent from the central heating boiler passing up the duct in the chimney. 
That they nest in the chimney is supported by the appearance on 30.iv.93, 
also on the window sill, of a specimen of Melecta albifrons (Forster), a 
cleptoparasite of the Anthophora and, on 2.v.93 of an example of Osmia 
rufa (Linnaeus) which has similar nesting habits to our breakfast visitors. 
A. plumipes is, of course, of more passing interest to a coleopterist for it 
acts as host to the rare beetle Apalus muralis (Forster) which develops in its 
nest, preying on its larvae. We await next spring with interest. 


I thank Mike Edwards for identifying the bees in this story and telling me 
about them.— J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU. 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE HOGGAR MOUNTAINS 21 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE HOGGAR MOUNTAINS, SOUTHERN 
ALGERIA IN APRIL 1993 


JOHN TENNENT 


1 Middlewood Close, Fylingthorpe, Whitby, N. Yorks YO22 4UD. 


THE SPECTACULAR Hoggar mountains in southern Algeria are not well 
known entomologically. The southern desert town of Tamanrasset, from 
which any foray into the Hoggar is made, sees fair numbers of tourists, 
most of whom fly down from Algier on organised package tours, spending 
only a couple of days. 

Between 22nd April and Ist May 1993 I visited the Hoggar mountains, 
driving down to Tamanrasset from Ghardaia in a Ford Transit camping 
vehicle; a journey which was an adventure in itself. There is a sign in the 
town of In-Salah, just over half way from Ghardaia to Tamanrasset, 
warning that anyone venturing further south should have a 4-wheel drive 
vehicle, sand ladders and sand tyres as well as several days supply of water 
and food. A mere 20 kilometres further south, I had the opportunity to 
contemplate this message at my leisure, stuck fast in one of several large 
sand dunes blocking the road. I felt slightly better when, about half an 
hour later, a large open lorry carrying a mixed herd of goats and camels 
from Niger (officially the border is closed but with a little baksheesh . . . !), 
shuddered to a halt and joined me in the middle of the dune. The “‘patron’’ 
of the outfit invited me to join him in the shade under his truck whilst his 
team dug us both out, and instructed me in the art of not getting stuck 
again! The art is to examine the dune carefully first then approach as fast as 
possible, taking an absolutely straight line through the sand; turning the 
wheels even slightly results in an instant loss of speed and a predictable 
final result. Following his advice, there were no further difficulties and I 
even felt sufficient of an ‘‘old hand”’ on the return journey to offer advice 
to those less fortunate! 

A 4-wheel drive vehicle is necessary to get into the Hoggar mountains; 
the piste is as bad as the scenery is spectacular, but well worth the time and 
expense if only to see the sun rise over the jagged peaks from the Ermitage 
du Pont de Foucauld at Assekrem. Collecting was limited; I stayed only six 
days in the Hoggar since my Algerian visa was valid for only 30 days and 
there were other things to do in the north of the country. 

The diversity of butterflies was not great but some interesting species 
were seen; a combination of intense heat, soft sand, sharp rocks and large 
numbers of Acacia thorns littering the ground, made collecting difficult 
and pursuit foolhardy! Conditions were made considerably worse by the 
wind, which visited most afternoons and whipped up the sand, quickly 
bringing visibility down to almost zero; it was difficult to breathe and most 
uncomfortable to be caught in when any distance from shelter — another 
lesson learned the hard way! 


22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Literature sources are provided at the end of this paper; anyone wanting 
further information on the area should consult the papers by Speidel & 
Hassler (1990 & 1991) who give a historical account of lepidopterological 
collecting activity in the area, together with an up-to-date species list and 
comprehensive compilation of literature sources. 

In view of the dearth of literature and general lack of knowledge on the 
butterflies of the region, an annotated list of the species seen seems 
worthwhile. 


PIERIDAE 


Pontia glauconome Klug 1829 

The commonest butterfly seen. Two butterflies believed to be this species 
were seen flying at the roadside north west of Tamanrasset on 24th April 
and several were seen during the following two days in a sandy arid area 
beyond the irrigated area east of the town. They are hardy butterflies, 
sheltering in (unidentified) low spiny bushes whenever the wind caused 
sand to drift. It was not uncommon in a dry wadi some 40 kilometres north 
east of Tamanrasset on route W141 in the direction of Assekrem, flying 
with the following species. 

Colotis chrysonome Klug 1829 

Only seen in a wadi approximately 40 kilometres north-east of Tamanrasset 
on 28th and 29th April. About 12 were seen but only three captured; they 
flew close to the ground and were difficult to follow visually against the 
yellow sand. 


LYCAENIDAE 


Virochala livia Klug 1834 

Three females were seen in an arid area on the eastern outskirts of 
Tamanrasset on 27th April. Both sexes were found in small numbers on 
acacia bushes in dry wadis adjacent to the Source Chapuis approximately 
12 kilometres east of Tamanrasset and further to the east. They were 
difficult to catch, flying at break-neck speed around the thorny bushes and 
then alighting suddenly on one of the yellow blooms to feed. 


Lampides boeticus Linnaeus 1767 
Common in cultivated areas close to Tamanrasset; several were observed 
flying in the town itself. A pair was also taken at the Source Chapuis on 
28th April. 
Tarucus (?) rosaceus Austaut 1885 
A number of fresh males and one female were seen at the Source Chapuis 
on 28th and 29th April; a small number of males were seen also in a wadi to 
the east. 

Both rosaceus and Tarucus theophrastus were noted in the Hoggar 
region by Speidel & Hassler (1990: 115). Despite several authors giving 


BUTTERFLIES IN THE HOGGAR MOUNTAINS 23 


external characters for the separation of the three Tarucus species in North 
Africa (theophrastus, rosaceus and balkanicus), positive identification can 
only be made genitalic examination. A review of the distribution of North 
African Tarucus is in preparation. The genitalia of the Hoggar specimens 
have not yet been examined and they are placed tentatively as rosaceus. 


Azanus ubaldus Cramer 1782 

A female was taken in a wadi near the Source Chapuis on 28th April and a 
second female was taken in the same place the following day. They were 
flying with Virochola livia around acacia bushes. 


Zizeeria knysna Trimen 1862 
Zizeeria karsandra Moore 1865 
Common in the irrigated areas close to Tamanrasset town. Not seen 
elsewhere. 

It is not certain whether these are knysna or karsandra, both of which are 
apparently recorded from southern Algeria; the genitalia have not been 
examined. 


DANAIDAE 


Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus 1758 

Two specimens were seen flying slowly and apparently aimlessly in 
Tamanrasset town centre on 24th April, and another in the same place the 
following day. Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae), suggested as a possible 
hostplant, was very common all around the town but no other chrysippus 
were seen. Procera is a hostplant of chrysippus in West Africa (van der 
Heyden 1992). 


SATYRIDAE 


(?) Satyrid sp. 

On 27th April, after walking beyond the cultivated area west of 
Tamanrasset and across an arid sandy area, I climbed a low rocky ridge — 
for the view rather than in search of butterflies. On the summit, two resting 
butterflies were disturbed and briefly observed as they dashed around the 
summit a few times and then flew down the slope. If I had been 2000 
kilometres further north, I would have had no hesitation in identifying 
them as Lasiommata species; in the Hoggar where, to my knowledge, no 
Satyrid species has been noted, I prefer not to guess. I remained on the 
ridge for a further 15 minutes, during which time one might reasonably 
have expected Lasiommata, which regularly hilltop, to return. They did 
not. Their identity remains a mystery. 


References 
Fiori, A., 1940. Lepidotteri raccolti nel Fezzan e nei Tassili d’Aggér (Missione 
Scortecci 1936)., Atti Soc. ital. Sci. nat., 79: 253-259. 


24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 106 25.1, 1994 


Hevden, T. (van der), 1992. Vertreter der Gattung Calotrepis (Asclepiadaceae) als 
Raupenfutterpflanzen von Denaus-Arten(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae), 
Nachr, entomol, Ver.) Apollo 13(3): 283-257. 

Joannis, J.(de), 1908, Liste de Lepidopteéres recueillis au Sahara par M.R. Chudeau 
en 190S-1906,, Bull. Soc, ent, Fr., (1908) 82-83, 

Rothschild, L.W., 1918S, On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr Geyr 
von Schweppenburg on a journey to the Hoggar Mountains,, Ann, Mag. Nat, 
Hist... 16; 247-258, 392-402, 

Riley, N.D., 1934. Report on the Insecta collected by Colonel R. Meinertzhagen in 
the Ahaggar Mountains. IV. Lepidoptera,, Arn, Mag. nat. Hist., 13: 175-181, 
Rungs, C.E.E., 1948. Mission scientifique de Fezzan (1944-45). V. Zoologie, 
Arthropodes, I. Lépidopteéres, in Bernard, F., & Peyerimhoff; P: de: Zoologie, 
Publications de l'Institut de Recherches Sahariennes., Mémoirs de la Mission 

Scientifique du Fezz@n, §: 1-12, 

— , 1958. Lepidoptéres du Tassili n’Ajjer, in Bernard, F,, Zoologie pure et 
appliquee. — Publication de I"Institut de Recherches Sahariennes. Memoires de 
la Mission scientifique au Tassili n’Ajjer. Traveau de l'Institut de Recherches 
Sahariennes (Serie de Tassili: 3: 167-176). 

Speidel, W. & Hassler, M., 1989 (1990). Die Schmetterlingsfauna der stidlichen 
algerischen Sahara und ihrer Hochgebirge Hoggar und Tassili n’Ajjer 
(Lepidoptera)., Nachr, ent. Ver, Apollo, Suppl, 8: 1-156. 5 plates. 

Speidel, W., Hassler, M. & Kuchler, K., 1991. Die Schmetterlingsfauna der 
stilichen algerischen Sahara. 1. Nachtrag., Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, 12(2): 
121-135, 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — The Tampan Ticks of Gemsbok, 
Botswana, 1991 

In February, 1991 we set off for a month to the furthest south-western 
corner of the Kalahari, the Gemsbok National Park. That is some 
thousand kilometres from our Gaborone base, much of it through the 
worst possible sand, where even our sturdy Toyota Hilux four-wheel drive 
could get stuck. Our aim was to see whether any of the special Cape and 
Karroo fauna could be found, in addition to the two beautiful ‘“‘Coppers”’, 
Tylopaedia sardonyx and Argyraspodes argyvraspis. We also saw vast 
numbers of Catopsilia florella; we did not know at the time that they were 
the parent brood for a subsequent migration containing at least 1.5 billion 
individuals (1992. Tropical Lepidoptera, 3: 2-13). 

The Kalahari is often referred to as a desert, but that is incorrect, since 
rainfall is usually much higher than the upper limit for true desert. In fact, 
most of the Kalahari is a well developed savannah, but it is true that during 
the dry season you may drive nearly a thousand kilometres without meeting 
any trace of surface water. However, the south-western corner of the 
Gemsbok National Park begins to approach true desert, with rainfall in 
places of less than 200mm a year. 

Heading off into these parts basically means that you pack up for all 
eventualities — 150 litres of extra water, 250 litres of petrol, food for a full 
three weeks, and as many of life’s little luxuries as can be crammed into the 
Toyota. If you have the space there is really no need to rough it more than 
necessary, especially when you will be camping out for nearly a month 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25 


Inching down from camp near Gemsbok National Park. 


(some of our friends do think that bringing chopsticks for the occasional 
Chinese meal is excessive, but why not?). And the splendid thing about the 
Kalahari is that you travel in perfect safety. Any time you wish, leaving the 
sandy track that counts for a road, drive 300 metres into the bush, and you 
are effectively lost to the rest of the world. There are precious few places 
left where this kind of thing is possible. And where else would a pride of 
five lions walk past your breakfast table, their body language clearly 
stating: ‘‘We’re OK! You’re OK!”’. 

No paradise is complete without its snake (of which there are plenty in 
Botswana, though they are rarely seen). On reaching the far south-western 
desert corner of the country, suitable trees under which to camp became 
increasingly hard to come by. We found a lovely Shepherd’s Tree (Boscia 
albitrunca) in an otherwise featureless waste and stopped for the day — 
even though it was a bit early to camp. This tree is revered in the Kalahari 
for its dense shade. Both the San people (also known as Bushmen) and the 
Batswana have tribal rules that forbid its felling. 

We set up camp with practised ease, uncapped a beer and a coke, and 
went about entering field notes on the portable computer and reading up 
on what had to be read up. After fifteen minutes Nancy says: ‘‘Hey.... 
there’s a wood-tick on your leg’’. There is indeed. I get hold of one of the 
cigarettes I always carry in case flight attendants discover me smoking my 
pipe on aircraft, ready to do the thing in. It drops off well before I can zap 
it....curious behaviour for a wood-tick. But, never mind. 


26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Suddenly Nancy goes ‘‘Eeek!’’, and points accusingly at the ground 
between her feet. Literally thousands of ticks are milling about, ranging in 
sizes from the European wood-tick to monsters of six centimetres or more. 
Nancy is not a natural ‘‘outdoorsy’’ type, and this is definitely the kind of 
thing that gives the outdoors a bad name. As we flee out into the open 
sunshine, dim memories of something I have read begin to surface. And, 
yes, we have the book in our mobile library. They are Tampan Ticks 
(Ornithodoros savignyi). | have previously had occasion to write about 
leeches in these columns (1989. Entomologist’s Record and Journal of 
Variation, 101: 183-184); Tampan Ticks are even more primevally and 
atavistically horrible. ‘‘One Kalahari farmer reported collecting over 13 
litres of engorged Tampans beside the bodies of three dead cows which had 
been killed by exsanguination or the draining of blood’’, reported my book 
dryly. This was not a bit of information to pass on to Nancy immediately. 
Always accentuate the positive and that was that Tampans only live in the 
shade of the trees. And at 15.30 the Toyota Hi-Lux was throwing enough 
shade for comfort so we were not unduly inconvenienced. 

But, they really are awful creatures. Most humans react violently to their 
anti-coagulants. As with leeches, their bite is not felt initially. They can lie 
in wait for the unsuspecting camper (or, more likely, oryx or gnu) for up to 
eight years without a meal. The moment they feel the vibrations of 
footsteps, they emerge to do their dirty work. Anyhow, we now know what 
faced us, and staying out in the open was only a minor inconvenience. 

However, again to accentuate the positive, our brush with this set of 
Tampan Ticks was about the worst misfortune to befall us during more 
than 25,000 kilometres of ‘‘bundu-bashing”’ in the Kalahari. If such a low 
disaster level could be maintained everywhere, the world would be a better 
place. — TORBEN LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. 


A new larval foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) 
(Lep.: Tortricidae). 
On the 20th July 1992 I decided to indulge in a few hours of general 
collecting on the Imber Ranges military training area in Wiltshire, 
searching an area known locally as ‘‘The Dragons Teeth’’ (ST 962465) — 
the name is derived from a type of tank obstacle constructed there for 
training purposes in the last war but is not marked on any map. Apparently 
the general area was in use for military training over a century ago and 
agricultural activity was modestly restricted even then. The effects of 
military training such as shell craters have resulted in interesting downland 
habitat and species such as Coleophora lixella Zell. and Pyrausta nigrata 
Scop. occur in some abundance here. 

In an area of rather coarse vegetation I noticed a somewhat dense clump 
of yellow rattle Rhinanthus minor. The plants were in every stage of 
development and it was in one of the recently formed yellowish-green seed 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 27 


capsules that I noticed a slight discoloration and by opening the calyx could 
see frass compressed between the wall of the calyx and the enclosed seed. I 
noted another seed capsule with similar slight discoloration and so picked a 
random sample of about two dozen stems of Rhinanthus. In due course 
between 16th August and 2nd September a total of four adult F. ruficiliana 
emerged. 

Rhinanthus minor is closely related within the Scrophulariacea to a 
known foodplant, lousewort (Pedicularis sylvatica) although this species 
has not been recorded from this locality. Cowslip, Primula veris, is another 
recorded foodplant that does occur on Imber Downs. Because of the 
biology of these foodplants, and as ruficiliana is stated to be bivoltine, it is 
possible that the larval broods alternate between these two foodplants, at 
least in this locality and perhaps on other downland sites. R. minor has a 
very long flowering and fruiting period extending well into the autumn. 

This discovery prompted me to check published references and to 
correspond with Mr. E.F. Hancock from Cumbria, who provided me with 
a reference to continental larval dates of June-July and September- April 
(Razowski et al. 1970, Microlepidoptera Palaearctica). Mr. Hancock adds 
that Razowski “‘. . . is not very informative regarding the life history of the 
species .. . . does not give dates for the adults. ..”’ 

The British Literature tells a different story. Bradley ef a/ (1973, British 
Tortricoid Moths) describe ruficiliana as being univoltine. Later, Stirling 
(Ent. Rec. 93:10) describes the discovery that ruficiliana is bivoltine, noting 
that adults were found on 24th July. Emmet (1988, A field guide to the 
smaller British Lepidoptera) recognises the species as bivoltine in Britain 
and gives larval dates as May-June and July-April, the second generation 
overwintering fully fed from September. Thus there is a difference of 
opinion between British and Continental authors as to the timing of the 
second generation with a discrepancy of some two months. 

Ruficiliana may, of course, be univoltine where local conditions or 
climate may impose some restriction on the species. 

It is important to bear in mind that my specimens were bred through in 
captivity, and even though I had them for only about five weeks and they 
were kept out of doors, my results may not have been repeated in the wild. 
However, having said that I would find it difficult to believe that my 
captive stock, if of the overwintering generation, would be so influenced by 
conditions that they would emerge from mid-August to September, 
particularly as the species is stated to overwinter full-fed, pupating the 
following spring. Naturally data from captive breeding projects cannot be 
accepted as referable to conditions in the wild but I think there is sufficient 
evidence here and in the above references to suggest that our knowledge 
and published accounts are still incomplete. There would appear to be a 
possibility that the broods overlap or are more extended than is realised, or 
in favourable seasons such as 1992 ruficiliana might have three broods. It is 
possible that Razowski’s data for the second larval brood might in fact 
refer to a third brood. 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


As far as I can determine the majority of records of ruficiliana concern 
wild taken adults from mid-May to early June and adults bred or caught 
wild in the second half of July. Records of overwintering stock appear to be 
very thin on the ground. 1992 was an unusual year and therefore in the 
interest of clarifying the life history of ruficiliana it would be of interest if 
any lepidopterist has adults, particularly from late August or September, 
taken in the wild or bred in a more average season. In addition in localities 
where the species is considered to be bivoltine how frequently have larvae 
taken in July and early August been bred through to adults in the following 
May-June? 

I would like to record my thanks for assistance, information and 
comments generously supplied by Mr. E.F. Hancock of Ulverston, 
Cumbria.— M.H. SMITH, 42 Bellefield Crescent, Trowbridge, Wilts. 


Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda) and Lymantria dispar (Linn.) in the Isle 
of Wight. 

On the 19th August I took a female example of Euplagia quadripunctaria 
(Poda) at light in my garden at Freshwater. This moth was on the grass 
outside the moth-trap and the right hand wings were torn. It may have been 
eaten by a Blackbird which must have rejected it after finding that it was 
distasteful. On the 21st August Dave Wooldridge took a male of the same 
species at light in his moth-trap at the Causeway in Freshwater. Two years 
previously on the 11th September 1991 I found a dead male specimen of 
this insect on a track leading from Tennyson Down during a time of 
considerable migrant activity. I suggest that these recent captures are the 
offspring of those 1991 migrants and that it may have become temporarily 
established in the West Wight. The only other migrants recorded at the 
time were Udea fulvalis (Hiibn.) on the 8th and 11th August which are the 
first records for the Island since 1959. This species may also have become 
temporarily established here as it has in the late Ted Wild’s garden at 
Highcliffe in Dorset. Autographa gamma (Linn.) was also recorded at the 
time. 

I should also like to report the capture by Simon Colenutt of Lymantria 
dispar (Linn.) at his mercury vapour light trap at Chale Green. This is only 
the second record of this species for the Island, the first being taken by 
Peter Cramp at light at Godshill in 1991.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Round- 
stone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. 


Nascia cilialis Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Norfolk and Suffolk 


I have just recently seen the newly issued JNCC Report by Mark Parsons 
(1993, Review of the scarce and threatened pyralid moths of Great Britain) 
in which the main distribution in Britain of Nascia cilialis is given to be 
Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. The larval food and habits quoted 
in this report seem to follow the original accounts given in Buckler Larvae 
of British butterflies and moths vol. 9, and as these seem not to be in 
accord with my own observations I add here my comment. Thus the many 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 743) 


larvae I have seen have always come from small narrow-leaved softer 
sedges, and I am not aware that the giant prickly Cladium mariscus has 
been present, still less eaten by ci/ialis larvae. Indeed when working sedge- 
beds I find as I move into the coarser, taller plants that form their own 
exclusive community, so I cease to find larvae of any species, certainly no 
cilialis. The larvae is most plentiful in groves of Carex elata that can be 
worked only when their site dries up, but I have swept the larva also from 
mixed vegetation where the Carex grows as single stems, not in tussocks. In 
both instances the leaf form is soft and narrow, not broad and hard. 

I have kept and reared through the species on a number of occasions. 
Larvae in captivity spin their tough cocoon between tightly packed sedge 
leaves, or they may use Carex in association with paper lining. The sites 
where I currently work have no reed at all, so that the species most certainly 
does not have need to enter reed stems in order to pass the winter. 

I did not know that this Pyralid was still supposedly known only from 
Cambridge and Hunts (Ent. Rec. 105: 218). As long ago as 1952 Victor Day 
and I used to find larvae freely at Stoke Ferry Fen and in recent years I have 
been beating out larvae in numbers from Carex elata at Watton when 
iooking for noctuids. It has long been recorded from Foulden Common. 
The larvae is a most beautiful creature of rich yellow with crimson dorsum 
centred by whitish with a pale blue tinge, and it is an easy one to rear to the 
pupa. The moth has come to light trapping in contrasted sites in Norfolk 
from its home in water meadows and dry fens to birch-heath and even in 
pine plantations at some distance from breeding sites. Further east the 
moth has been recorded by Norfolk Moth Group members from the 
Broads at St. Olaves, Hickling and Burgh Common. 

The Santon Downham Rothamstead trap being but a hundred yards 
south of the River Ouse is virtually on the Norfolk-Suffolk boundary, and 
we have seen the moth in Market Weston and Thelnetham fens which are in 
the valley head of the Little Ouse, and again in neighbouring Lopham Fen 
at the source of the Waveney, all these sites being also along the county 
boundary. 

Although not known to Morley (Lepidoptera of Suffolk, 1937) Nascia 
cilialis was recorded from a number of locations between that date and 
1960 when Alston published his Supplement to the main work again in 
Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists Society; Alston gives records of the 
species from Brandon, Flixton Marshes, Kessingland Denes, Waldringfield 
and Walberswick.— G. M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, 
Norfolk NR17 1DG. 


Two notable Staphylinidae (Col.) in North Hants 

The two somewhat rare species recorded hereunder may well be additions 
to the beetles of North Hampshire, much less intensively worked than the 
southern vice-county. They were found recently among unset material. 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Philonthus corvinus Er.: a male caught flying in bright sunshine in the 
vicinity of Woolmer Pond, 1.11i1.1953; it puzzled me at first, but Mr P.M. 
Hammond, to whom I had sent a sketch of the aedeagus, kindly suggested 
what proved to be its true identity. P. corvinus appears to become less 
scarce towards the north; my late friend G.H. Ashe told me that it was not 
uncommon in marshes in the Edinburgh district. 

Omalium rugatum Muls. & Rey: also rare in the south-east, less so 
towards the west and north. One occurred in debris from the R. Rother at 
Liss, 14.v.53. I owe to my namesake Mr S.E. Allen the opportunity of 
collecting various interesting species in that area.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Eurydema oleraceum (L.) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) in 1992-3 


Before entering on the main subject of this note, I should mention that I 
mistakenly assigned the feminine gender to this bug’s trivial name when 
writing of it last year (1992, Ent. Rec. 104: 79). It should have been neuter, 
as above (see L.W. Grensted,1952, Ent. mon. Mag. 88: 141). For some 
reason, however, Canon Grensted’s note has been widely overlooked and 
most authors since have written oleracea. I must plead guilty to having let 
myself be swept along unthinkingly on that tide! 

In my previous note I remarked on the apparent extreme localisation of 
the species on Woolwich Common near here, at all events in the autumn of 
1991 when I first found it, after considerable search, in the nymphal stages. 
It is worth adding now that in the following year it appeared to have 
increased markedly. On 17th May, a suitably warm afternoon, I espied two 
adults rather low on the outer foliage of one of the many then young plants 
of Armoracia on the common, but nowhere near the 1991 site; and a third 
on another plant. Two of them were of the strikingly handsome form 
having the markings rich red — the first time that I had met with it. A few 
further (typical) examples were swept not far away, one coming off an 
isolated tall mignonette (Reseda lutea), but the foodplant was near at hand. 
In June, nymphs of different sizes were several times encountered, again on 
horseradish, in a third area nearer the original one — especially on sunny 
evenings. Dr. I.S. Menzies informed me that the bug had been 
exceptionally frequent in the same year, 1992, in a small ruderal area on 
Bookham Common, Surrey, on (I believe) the same host. Clearly, 
therefore, E. oleraceum enjoyed an unusually good season that year; in 
contrast, I noticed none the following year on the common, but made no 
special search. 

Finally, on 18th August 1993 I met with further specimens in a new 
locality for this district, alongside the Thames towards Greenwich. An 
adult and a nymph were sighted on horseradish, and another adult almost 
hidden in the yellow flower of some composite on the foreshore. Here the 
foodplant was a very minor component of the local flora. — A.A. ALLEN, 
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 31 


Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae) in Scotland 


While on holiday in Scotland I found several specimens of Glyphipterix 
simpliciella (Steph.). This was at Achiltibuie (VC 105, West Ross — NC 
024085) on 28.v.1993. It was in the early part of a warm and sunny 
afternoon and the moths were in buttercup flowers. 

I thought this record of interest as in Vol. 2 of The Moths and Butterflies 
of Great Britain and Ireland it says Glyphipterix simpliciella ‘“‘has not been 
recorded from the north mainland of Scotland — perhaps because it has 
not been sought in these areas.”’ 

I am grateful to Dr M. Hull for checking the identification.—MARY 
HARROP, 24 Delph Common Road, Aughton, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 5DW. 


A further record of Schrankia intermedialis Reid, the Autumnal Snout 
(Lep.: Noctuidae), in Kent 

A single male of Schrankia intermedialis Reid was caught in the 
Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap operating near Fagg’s Wood, 
Warehorne, Kent (Site no. 478; O.S. grid ref. TQ988 346) on the night of 
21/22.1x.1992. Identification was confirmed by examination of the 
genitalia. 

This is only the sixth specimen known; one was recorded at the above site 
in 1988 and four others have been caught in Hertfordshire (Riley, A.M. 
(1989) Schrankia intermedialis Reid (Lep.: Noctuidae), the autumnal 
snout, in Kent. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 166). Nothing is known of 
the biology of this taxon, which is suspected of being a hybrid between the 
closely related S. costaestrigalis Stephens and S. faenialis Hiibner. 
Confirmation of its presence in the Kent locality may lead to more 
extensive research in the area. 

Thanks are extended to Neil Davies for operating the trap at Warehorne 
and to Bernard Skinner for his helpful comments.— ADRIAN M. RILEY, 
AFRC Farmland Ecology Group, Dept. Entomology and Nematology, 
IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. ALS 2JQ. 


Margaritia sticticalis Linnaeus (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Breckland 


In the recently published Review of the scarce and threatened pyralid 
moths of Great Britain (Parsons, 1993) it is suggested that Margaritia 
sticticalis has been extinct as a resident species since 1970, and all records 
since that date refer to immigrants. I would like to put on record that in 
1989, 1990 and 1991 I recorded this species from a scattering of sites across 
Breckland, in both Norfolk and Suffolk. 

Although recorded from only one site in 1989 there were several moths 
seen, as there were on each subsequent occasion it was noted. Such 
numbers would seem to indicate a resident population, if only temporarily, 
and one that in some ways mirrors the Breckland occurrences of Scopula 
rubiginata Hufnagel. It is suggested that M. sticticalis could be among that 
group of species that establish resident populations, for a period of at least 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


a few years, following a strong migration. Such populations would require 
periodic re-inforcement to be continuous and the recent, apparently, 
barren period could reflect the absence of such migrations. 

The restricted sites at which M. sticticalis was recorded were not visited, 
at the appropriate times of year, in either 1992 or 1993, but there is every 
reason to believe that even a short term resident population would have 
continued through these years.— MICHAEL R. HALL, ‘‘Hopefield’’, 
Norwich Road, Scole, Diss, Norfolk IP21 4DY. 


Some experiences with Agrius convolvuli L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) 

I recently had opportunity to look through assorted papers left by Rick 
Pilcher and thought this account of the Convolvulus Hawkmoth warranted 
publication. Although undated the note was written when he still lived at 
Boston, Lincs and would date from about 1965. Rick continued to grow 
beds of Nicotiana at Boston where the size of his tobacco flowerbeds were 
huge, and he followed the practice if on a reduced but still substantial scale 
after moving to South Thoresby, where he invariably still saw the Hawk- 
moth in most seasons. 


‘*The attraction of the flowers of Nicotiana affinis for H. convolvuli is 
well-known and in 1946 thirty-six specimens were taken at these flowers in 
my garden. Since that year odd specimens have been taken in most years 
and since my m.v. light trap was first put into operation six years ago, in 
about equal numbers at the flowers and in the trap. Last year it was decided 
to grow the Nicotiana in a large mass and at a different site twenty yards 
from, and therefore well within the presumed attracting range of, my moth 
trap. No specimens were seen last year either at the flowers or in the trap, 
presumably because it was not in this area ‘convolvulus year.’ 

This year under the same conditions the first convolvuli, a male in 
perfect condition, was found in the trap on the morning of 30th August. 
Watch had been kept for the previous week, beginning at a date when 
experience had taught me the first convolvuli might appear, and no moth 
had been seen on the evening of the 29th, nor was it present in the trap at 
midnight. On the evening of 2nd September a specimen was seen at the 
Nicotianna flowers at that stage of dusk when it is just not too dark to see. 
The trap was switched on immediately but it was not until some minutes 
later, when the light had reached its full brilliance and it was appreciably 
darker, that the moth became restless, no longer feeding for any length of 
time at an individual bloom but flying rapidly from one bloom to another, 
and finally flew swiftly away in an opposite direction to the trap. No 
specimen was present at midnight; a specimen was present in the trap next 
morning. 

On the mornings of the Sth, 7th and 8th September specimens were 
present in the trap in the morning. It had not been possible for various 
reasons to keep an effective watch on the Nicotiana at dusk on the previous 
evenings and the traps were not examined at midnight. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 33 


On the evening of 10th September a specimen was caught at the 
Nicotiana flowers, marked and released the following evening on the other 
side of a high hedge one hundred and fifty yards from the trap. Its 
subsequent behaviour could not be seen as it was released at rather late 
dusk. It was not present in the trap at midnight. It was present on the 
following morning when a second specimen was also present. This second 
specimen was also marked and they were released at different sites, always 
behind high cover in order to screen the light, at distances varying from 200 
to 300 yards from the trap. In spite of the possible counter attraction of 
brightly lit lamps, not switched off until after midnight, on the road on 
which I live, the two released specimens were present in the trap on the two 
following mornings. On the third occasion only one specimen, the first 
caught, was present in the trap the next morning. Neither moth appeared 
after this. 

The distance from which the moths returned was certainly well beyond 
the probable ‘‘attraction range’’ of the m.v. lamp and it was probably the 
scent of the Nicotiana which drew them within the effective range. 

I must confess that I have never kept an effective watch on my Nicotiana 
before dawn, but my experiences suggest that the moth, like many others 
and notably the Celeriids, has two main times of flight. The first is at dusk 
before it is really dark and the m.v. trap is really effective; the second is 
before dawn and while it is still dark enough for the m.v. light to be 
effective. 

The inquisitiveness of this moth has been frequently recorded and 
Barrett states that it has been known to visit and to sample with its 
proboscis a bright red jacket. On two occasions before the last war I have 
seen specimens leave the Nicotiana and fly to my shirt-front for a brief 
inspection, as I walked round my garden after dinner in the dusk. No 
doubt, convolvull, conditioned to the white of the flowers, regarded my 
stiff white shirt as a bloom of exotic quality. The very audible ‘‘whirr’’ of 
the wings added a great thrill to the experience. 

If this inquisitiveness is well-known, I cannot recall having seen any 
record of another aspect of its behaviour. Bred specimens placed on a white 
tablecloth, where their procrypsis is of no value, when irritated by gently 
rubbing their heads and antennae, adopt a most impressive threat posture. 
They draw themselves to their full height on fully extended legs, curving 
their abdomen downwards and beneath them and so displaying what is not 
normally a very noticeable feature, a much more deeply marked red and 
black first abdominal segment overlapped by a black and blue extension 
from the thorax. These markings are displayed with an almost startling 
suddenness as the moth sinks into a relaxed position and then abruptly rises 
into the threat posture. Yet when the same moths were placed on a 
treetrunk, where their procrypsis was of value, they kept perfectly still, 
tighly clasped to the tree trunk, even when they were roughly handled and 
even lifted away. 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


A. convolvull is easy to rear from the egg and presents no problems other 
than one I met with in 1933 when an early October frost entirely killed the 
normally too abundant cornbine in my garden and I was left with 86 larvae 
in their penultimate instar, which one could imagine howling for food. 
Frantic forcing of Convolvulus found in a sheltered corner only partially 
solved the problem. I treat them in their last instar as I do atropos. When 
the full-grown larva starts to take its restless walk round the breeding cage 
looking for a pupating site, I place it in a large flower pot containing peat, 
earth and sand and covered with a piece of muslin. The larva promptly 
burrows and the pot is put in a frost-proof out-house for three to four 
weeks. The pupa is then dug out of its earthen cocoon and placed in a 
biscuit-box between moss and placed in my linen cupboard. The linen 
cupboard is a strictly household appliance, to which I am allowed access 
only on sufferance; it certainly approaches a tropical heat at times and the 
temperature is dependent on the household’s demands on the hot water. 
However, it works; the moss is dampened each evening with warm water 
and three to four weeks later a moth emerges. One or two pupae have died 
but I have never had a cripple with this technique. 

I find that the females of the early summer lay freely, especially if kept in 
rather close confinement. Females of the autumn brood seldom lay and 
those that I have dissected have had only rudimentary gonads. Probably 
the climate of the east coast is unsuitable for full development of the locally 
bred insects, and the only autumn fertile female I have caught was probably 
herself an immigrant. I have only found or had brought me larvae of this 
moth in July and never larvae from the late summer brood.’’— The late 
RICK PILCHER, via G.M. HAGGETT, Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, 
Norfolk NR17 1DG. 


Inachis io L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): second generation larvae. 


On 10th September 1993, three groups of these larvae, rather less than half 
grown and presumably emanating from a butterfly which emerged in 1993, 
were Observed on a patch of stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) in an open 
situation between two fields at Dartford. They were noted daily until the 
15th, but on the 17th they had disappeared, presumably having dispersed 
to pupate. 

Such observations appear to be very rare. J.M. Chalmers-Hunt (The 
Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1962) gives none, and C. Plant (Butterflies 
of the London Area, 1993) states that there are no such records for the 
area. 

This is a particularly surprising occurrence in view of 1993 having a very 
poor summer in south-east England with /. /o being scarce, although less so 
than Ag/ais urticae L. I had wondered if these September larvae would 
produce butterflies during the autumn. However, in 1976, the year of the 
long, hot, dry summer, several instances of September /. jo larvae were 


Ww 
nN 


BOOKS AND JOURNALS 


recorded, and C. Lipscomb (Ent. Rec. 89: 18) may have provided the 
answer in an interesting account in which he reports collecting a brood of 
these caterpillars in late September which produced butterflies in early 
October, although not quite under natural conditions; he comments that 
the pupal stage lasted only about a week. 

The very occasional occurrence of a possible second generation in this 
species is particularly interesting as it is probably univoltine throughout its 
geographical range. L. Higgins and N. Riley (Butterflies of Britain and 
Europe, 1970) state that it is univoltine throughout Europe. Also it is in 
Japan, where it tends to have a northerly distribution, according to M. 
Yokoyama’s textbook on Japanese butterflies (1956).—B.K. WEST, 36 
Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick (Lep.: Oecophoridae) at Berrow in 
Somerset 

On the night of 31st August/1Ist September 1993 I caught a specimen of this 
species in a m.v. trap in our garden at Berrow, Somerset (VC6). This 
constitutes the first record for this vice-county. However, not the first for 
Somerset (see Youden, G.H. Ent. Rec. 95: 103).— BRIAN E. SLADE, 40 
Church House Road, Berrow, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset TA8 2NQ. 


Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille, the Sloe Pug (Lep.: Geometridae) in Wales 


A single male of Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. was caught in the 
Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap at Cardiff (Site no. 347; O.S. grid ref. 
ST 199 789) on the night of 17/18.vi.1993. So far as Iam aware, this species 
has not previously been recorded in Wales. The fact that it has been found 
in several of the bordering counties suggests the species is likely to be 
present elsewhere in Wales but so far been overlooked. 

Thanks are extended to Roger and Vicky Smith for operating the trap at 
Cardiff and to Bernard Skinner for his helpful comments.—ADRIAN 
M. RILEY, AFRC Farmland Ecology Group, Dept. Entomology and 
Nematology, IACR, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts 
ALS 2J5Q. 


BOOKS AND JOURNALS 


Natura Croatica — Journal of the Natural History Museum of Croatia. 
Two issues per year. Volume | (pp 1-128) 1992. Subscription US dollar 35. 
from BTS, Knjiga tryovina d.o.o., Kptol 25, 41000 Zagreb, Croatia. 

Recent reorganisation of the museum service in Croatia, following the 
breakup of the former Yugoslavia has prompted the publication of this new 
journal to bring together and promote natural history in the newly created 
state of Croatia. This first issue is well produced with many clear, 
monochrome, illustrations. Coverage is very broad including geology, 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


palaeontology, zoology and botany. There are two papers of interest to 
entomologists — one by M. Kucinic on the Noctuidae of Licka Pljesevica 
mountain, and another by F. Perovic on the sawflies of Biokova mountain. 
Papers are in pee German or Croatian, with English or Croat 
a summaries. The editors and publishers 
provide an up-beat introduction to the 
launch, from which this small quotation 
will provide a flavour: 
aa while we are writing this 
introductory text, a shockingly cruel, 
destroying and conquering war in 
Croatia and neighbouring Bosnia and 
Herzegovinia is still going on. So, why 
are we Starting a new enterprise so 
optimistically? Where does all this self- 
confidence of ours come from? Both our 
optimism and_ self-confidence are 
founded in the bottom of our hearts, 
because we know that we are suffering a 
great injustice and that we are fighting 
against it. Besides, only one superficial insight, not only into the richness 
and interestingness of natura croatica, of museum collections and museum 
staff, but also an insight into our past inspires and justifies all our hopes... ”’ 
We wish the journal every success. 


Larger Moths of the London Area by Colin W. Plant. 214pp., A4. Boards. 
London Natural History Society, London. 1993. £19.95. 

This volume is the successor to The butterflies of the London Area, by the 
same author, published in 1987. This work is a more ambitious 
undertaking. The introduction includes useful sections on definition of the 
area with map showing London borough and county boundaries, geology, 
habitats, recording (past and present), validation of records, status (ten 
categories), voltinism, larval foodplants, sources of information and 
acknowledgements. 

The bulk of the volume, 234 pages, is devoted to the recorded species. 
All known records are cited for the rarer immigrant and very scarce species 
with the aid of distribution maps for some of the latter, these indicating 
separately old records and those for 1981-1991. A large, clear distribution 
map based upon tetrads, and with county boundaries marked, 
accompanies each report of a resident species, usually based on the 
1981-1991 period only. A transparent overlay is provided to place records 
in the context of the National Grid and tetrad systems, as well as indicating 
county boundaries, chalk or woodland and built-up areas. These reports 
cover voltinism, melanism, frequency, distribution, and in particular any 
changes in these. Polymorphism, including aberrations, also receive some 


BOOKS AND JOURNALS 37] 


attention. The reports, especially where concerned with current trends and 
anomalies in frequency and distribution are excellent; there are however, 
several omissions and apparent inaccuracies. Melanism is not mentioned 
for Ectropis bistortata and Hydriomena furcata; melanics of both have 
been reported for the London area. For Chloroclysta truncata the 
statement that ab. rufescens Strom. is ‘‘confined to the second generation, 
as has been suggested by Chalmers-Hunt”’ is erroneous, the form being 
genetically controlled and appearing in all generations. Eupithecia 
plumbeolata is stated to have occurred at Dartford from 1981 to 1991; 
should not this read ‘‘Darenth Wood’’? The map for Apoda limacodes 
conveys the impression that the species is absent from the Kent area; it is 
common at Dartford, 57B. How curious that with numerous well defined, 
named forms including melanics, Orthosia incerta is ignored from this 
aspect, as it is by Chalmers-Hunt (The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 
1968)! 

Works of this nature very rarely provide authentic information on larval 
foodplants; those listed in this volume are genuine and are from 
observations within the London area. 

A series of Appendices includes a comprehensive checklist based upon 
the constituent counties, in which the status category is quoted; a list of 
species according to the numbers and percentages of the tetrads for which 
each species is recorded; a gazetteer of localities, a list of useful addresses 
and a description of the functions of the London Natural History Society. 
An index includes popular and scientific names, both specific and 
binomial. 

This volume is clearly printed on good paper, well bound and attractive 
in all respects, and more important the author has sifted records to include 
only those that are accurate, by, for example, the use of voucher specimens 
and insisting on genitalic corroboration for certain species. Almost any 
criticism must refer to the nature of the project rather than to any 
shortcomings by the author. Even in this relatively well worked part of 
England the distribution maps frequently appear to reflect that of static 
light traps and favourite sites. Thus the reviewer’s tetrad is in the highest 
category for moth records, that immediately to the west is the lowest 
despite their similarity in habitats — and all for the want of a few more 
yards of flex and the use of a neighbour’s garden! However, the maps 
indicate that some very rich localities are under-recorded, including 
Eynsford, Farningham Wood and those parts of Darenth Wood in three of 
its four tetrads, yet the first of these localities has been well worked. Apoda 
limacodes is shown as absent from the Kent area; it remains not uncommon 
in tetrad 57B. Nevertheless, some maps illustrate interesting distribution 
patterns which are valid and puzzling. Two particularly interesting maps 
illustrate the recent colonisation of the whole London area by Lithophane 
leautieri and the partial colonisation by Aporophila nigra; whereas a 
number of species appear to have a southerly distribution, two show a 
northerly one, Xanthothoe quadrifasciata and Selenia lunularia. 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


The volume presents an excellent appraisal of the larger moths of the 
London area; the author has endeavoured to make it as accurate as 
possible. Unusually for this type of work it makes very interesting reading; 
it is not merely for reference. No lepidopterist in the London area and the 
home counties should be without a copy; it also has a wider appeal to the 
more general naturalist, and it provides an ideal model for anyone 
contemplating producing a local work in any branch of natural history, but 
particularly the macro-lepidoptera in which hitherto the expertise has 
frequently been somewhat lacking. The author is to be congratulated on 
what is a truly remarkable publication; the London Natural History Society 
has produced a wonderful advertisement for itself. One hopes that this 
book will become the firm foundation and model for the publication of the 
results of similar surveys for the London area in the future. B.K. West. 


Lepidopteros Defoliadores de Quercus pyrenaica, Willdenow, 1805 by 
Santiago Soria. 302pp., 196 colour illustrations. Paperback. Published by 
Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion. ISBN: 84-505-6680-0. 
Price 3000 Pts (approx. £15.00). 

The dearth of decent books on the British market which deal exclusively 
with Lepidopterous larvae, especially those of the moths, seems to be in the 
process of being rectified thanks to the literature available in Spain. 

I lived there between 1988 and 1991 and was overwhelmed by the quality 
of information on offer in the form of beautifully produced books replete 
with full colour photographs, indispensable as field guides. 

Living in Madrid, I came across no less than four species represented in 
the lasiocampid genus, Ma/acosoma (Hiibner, 1820). | would have been at 
a loss to have been able to have identified them, but was able to make good 
use of the works on the larvae found in Spain by Carlos Gomez de 
Aizpurua in addition to the volume which occupies our attention here by 
Santiago Soria Carreras. 

The book which is a result of a thesis undertaken by Sr Soria Carraras 
between 1981 and 1986, may deal exclusively with the lepidopterous fauna 
to be found on one species of oak, Quercus pyrenaica (Willdenow, 1805), 
but its relevance to the entomologist goes far beyond that. 

The book covers in detail fourteen families of the Lepidoptera, including 
the Geometridae, Noctuidae, Lasiocampidae, Plutellidae and Tortricidae. 

Each species is dealt with in sections citing the following; Spanish data; 
specimens captured by the author on Q. pyrenaica, description of each 
stage, the species’ life cycle; distribution in Spain and the rest of the world, 
and its influence if any, on pyrenaica, as well as the appropriate steps to be 
taken should it assume pest status (the book is written with the Forestry 
Commission, Spanish equivalent, in mind). 

There are 72 species described with 28 accounts belonging to the 
Noctuidae. Apart from the photographs themselves there is a very useful 
Appendix illustrating male genitalia. The work opens with details on 
collection of specimens in the field and preparing genitalia. 


BOOKS AND JOURNALS 39 


Two species of Malacosoma are described in detail here, neustria 
(Linnaeus, 1758) and alpicola, (Staudinger, 1870). Illustrations include a 
close shot of mounted head-capsules of three species from this genus (the 
last two named plus, castrensis). This is in addition to and close ups of the 
larvae themselves both in the field and in captivity. Four other 
lasiocampids not found in Britain are also dealt with; Trichiura castiliana, 
(Spuler, 1908), Phyllodesma_ tremulifolia (Hiibner, 1809-10), P. 
kermesifolia, (Lajonquiere, 1960) and suberifolia (Duponchel, 1842). 

Obviously, the entomologist with a special interest in Spain would be 
best served by this publication, but there are a number of species described 
also resident in the UK. 

The text is in Spanish, but its usefulness for the British non-Spanish 
speaking entomologist has lead me to embark on a translation. In the 
meantime, copies can be ordered from: Natural History Book Service Ltd., 
2/3 Wills Road, Totnes, Devon TQ9 5XN. Gareth Clumo. 


Journal of the Ukrainian Entomological Society. Quarterly publication 
Volume | (pp 1-62) 1993. Private subscription US dollar 40. via Mr Willy 
de Prins, Dikmuidelaan 176, B 2600 Antwerpen, Belgium. Published by 
Apollo popular science publishers, Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 
252601 Kiev MSP, Ukraine. 

A new entomological journal from a new country recently separated from 
the USSR. For those used to the depressingly poor quality of publications 
from eastern block countries, this journal will come as a surprise. 
Attractively produced with many good colour 
illustrations it even contains a page with the 
words ‘‘. . . this page is for an expected and 
unexpected advertisement. Advertising means 
contribution to this journal... .’’ 

The text is in Russian, with brief summaries 
in English. As well as reports and reviews, this 
first issue contains articles on rostral segments 
of assassin bugs; new taxa of Cicindelid beetles 
from Ukraine and Turkmenistan; notes of the 
Dytiscid fauna of the Crimea; Ichneumonid f 
wasps of the genus Noxocremastus from the 
Palaearctic; Macrophotography of wild insects 
(well illustrated); New Pamphiliid sawflies 
from Talysh; new ants from Vietnam; new 
wasp species of Gorytes rom Kazakhstan and predators of the weevil 
Rhamphus oxyacanthae in apple orchards. Clearly, the Ukraine is in need 
of some good lepidopterists! 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.1.1994 


Help wanted — Peak District 


Records of sites/species of invertebrate conservation importance wanted 
for the Peak District National Park; must be site-specific and significant. If 
you hold any useful records please contact RHODRI THOMAS, Ecologist, 
Peak Park Joint Planning Board, Aldern House, Bakewell, Derbyshire 
DE45 1AE. (Tel: 0629 814321). 


The British Entomological and Natural History Society is pleased to 
announce that its very successful book British hoverflies: an illustrated 
identification guide by A.E. Stubbs and S.J. Falk is now available again 
after being out of print for two years. Since its original publication in 1983, 
this book remains the definitive guide to the British hoverfly fauna, and 
with over 190 species being illustrated on the 12 spectacular colour plates it 
is also one of the most attractive. A 16-page supplement was added in 1986. 
Hardback copies are available at £26 each, plus £2.80 postage and packing 
(£3.50 overseas), from the Sales Secretary, R.D. Hawkins, 30d 
Meadowcroft Close, Horley, Surrey RH6 9EL. The BENHS is a registered 
charity, number 213149. 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


Readers are reminded that they are the main source of material 
for the Journal. We urgently need papers, notes and 


observations for publication, particularly on British and 
European Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and other orders. Please 
see the front cover for details of how to contribute. 


Contents and Special Index 
The contents and special index for volume 105 (1993) will be distributed 
with the March issue of the Record. 


KATIE EMMET 


It is with great sadness that we hear of the death of Katie 
Emmet on 23rd December 1993. Although not an 
entomologist by calling, she participated willingly in field 
work, developing a keen eye for leaf mines — often spotting 


those missed by ‘‘real microlepidopterists’’, and was warmly 
welcomed when she applied for membership of the British 
Entomological and Natural History Society in 1984. A 
charming and courteous hostess, Katie will be greatly missed 
by all who knew her. We extend our sympathy to Lt. Col. 
Maitland Emmet on his loss. Paul Sokoloff. 


THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY 


The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the 
younger or less experienced Entomologist. 


For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 
30p towards costs) to AES Registrar, 22 Salisbury Road, Feltham, 
Middlesex TW13 SOP. 


L. CHRISTIE 


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Telephone: 01-672 4024 


FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST — Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens 


Price lists are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line 
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Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


Contents 
The Abantis bismarcki-group of skipper butterflies, with the description of 
Abantis bamptoni sp. nov. santas Hesperiidae). S.C. Collins 
and TB wvarsen) ss 4) oe WE ae ste es epg l 


Merdigery and maternal care ina leaf vesila R. ea Vanes ae Fs 5 ee 7 
Breeding Maniola jurtina L. ab. addenda Mosley ye Satyridae) 

R. Barrington . . ‘ ts 13 
Dung-beetles in South- east London. A. A. Allen Soe eee Fak it7/ 
Butterflies in the Hoggar Mountains, Southern Algeria in Ao 1993. ih Tennent : 21 

Notes and observations 
White-letter Hairstreak caterpillars on Southwest Norfolk, 1993. G.M. Haggett . . 5 
Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low altitude in Scotland. S. Clancy . . 6 
The Speckled Wood, Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: Satyridae) an Bian 

character in Doctor Zhivago. P. Miles. . = eae 12 
Hazards of moth collecting: diseases in Ecuador. a Soule. 3. ee 15 
Amigrant-Ephestia? (Lep.; Pyralidae): Ss: Glaricy = 5) ee 19 
Bees at breakfast. J.A. Owen . . ae 20 
Hazards of butterfly collecting: The fama ticks Bt Gensboke Ratna ana, 1991. 

TsBsLarsen, . : : ae 24 
A new foodplant for atecuicarie ruficiliana (Haw, ) (eps a Pontricidae): 

M. Smith. Baa te 26 
Euplagia quadrinunetania (Poda) and Dymantria dispar Ce oe in the Tale et Wight. 

S.A. Knill-Jones . . a 28 
Nascia cilialis Hb. (Lep.: Pyralidacn in Norfolk aad Suffolk. G. M. Hoesen ae 28 
Two notable Staphylinidae (Col.)in North Hants. A.A. Allen. . . :) ae 29 
Eurydema oleraceum (L.) (Hem.: Pentatomidae) in 1992-93. A.A. Allen 31) 30 
Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae) in Scotland. 

MEEGrr Op te 3. LS) ee 31 
A further record of Selnonhan fitenmedialis Reid, ‘the Auaunnal Sout 

(Lep.: Noctuidae) in Kent. A.M. Riley . . 3 ee ee 31 
Margaritia sticticalis L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Breck eid: iM: R. Hall ; & Layee 31 
Some experiences with Agrius convolvuli (Lep.: Sphingidae). 

R. Pilcherand G.M. Haggett . . ile Alo. «'c 34 
Inachis io L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): second poneration lanvaes B.K. West + us eee 34 
Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick. (Lep.: Oecophoridae) at Berrow in Somerset 

BSE Slade = «. ee 35 
Chloroclystis Ghlocrata Mabille, the Slee Pag (Lep.: Geomeniiaen in Wales 

AMER ey ec ie conti! SP Ae) Wena ee sety My Sec AL 5 ee 35 
Books‘and Journals. = os. ae eS Ss a ka “en eg en 35 
AMMNOUNGCEMTENTS: Sa) ee Gore) Mes asad Se Peto AG tse 40 
Katie Emmet a. <<-out! Seine ce ee Be Ss 2 ea 40 


SPECIAL NOTICE. The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited 
number of back issues. 


Printed in England by 
Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel.: 0277-224610. 


of PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY 
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Nos 3—4 


THE 


& _ ENTomoLoaist’s REcorD 
‘ 


AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


Edited by 
P.A. SOKOLOFF, eres. 


Assistant Editors 


J.A. OWEN, F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING F.R.ES. 


MARCH/APRIL 1994 


ISSN 0013-3916 


THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 

Editor 


P.A. SOKOLOFF, M.Sc., C.Biol., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S. 
4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 


Assistant Editors 
J.A. OWEN, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. & A. SPALDING, M.A., F.R.E.S. 


Editorial Panel 


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N. Birkett M.A., M.B. C.A. Collingwood B.Sc., F.R.E.S. 
E.S. Bradford A.M. Emmet M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. 
J.D. Bradley Ph.D., F.R.E.S. C.J. Luckens M.B., Ch.B., D.R.C.0.G. 
J.M. Chalmers-Hunt F.R.E:S. B. Skinner 

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It would greatly help the Editor if material submitted for publication were typed and double 
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Rec. J. Var.). When in doubt try to follow the style and format of material in a current issue of 
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publisher. 


POPLAR HAWKMOTH IN KENT 41 


THE INCIDENCE OF LAOTHOE POPULI L. (LEP.:SPHINGIDAE) 
IN NORTH-WEST KENT, 1969-1993 


BRIAN K. WEST 
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN. 


FOR MANY YEARS, without checking my records, I had believed that 
this moth’s main period of appearance was in late May and June, followed 
by a few moths of a second generation in late July and August, in this part 
of England. My garden m.v. light has been in operation for twenty-five 
years, and L. populi has been a regular visitor in its season throughout this 
period in which numbers have steadily increased. For the fourteen years 
from 1969 the average per year was 16, followed by 41 from 1983 to 1987 
inclusive and 78 for the next six years. Until 1982 almost all specimens were 
singletons, but in recent years there have frequently been several specimens, 
up to as many as Six, per night. 

There has been a general consensus of opinion expressed in the text 
books until Heath and Emmet, (1979) and Skinner (1984). Thus Barrett 
(1895) states that the moth is regularly double-brooded, the first brood in 
May and June, the second in late July and August. Tutt (1902) states 
normally May and June, in late seasons July, but in early seasons a partial 
second brood in late July and August, there being a pupal stage of three to 
four weeks; the inference being that the second generation occurs only in 
early years. The life history chart in Newman and Leeds (1913) gives May, 
June and July, but notes that L. populi is partially double-brooded in the 
south. Finally South (1939) states May and June as a rule, but in backward 
seasons the moths may not emerge until July or even August; however, he 
adds that moths may emerge in late July when eggs are laid in May. In 
addition three local works refer to the matter. Chalmers-Hunt (1968) for 
Kent corroborates regarding the presence of a partial second generation 
which he states ‘‘occurs fairly often’’. He notes the earliest appearance as 
30th April 1845 at Lewisham (excluding a specimen seen at light in January 
1922) and the latest date Ist September 1957. For north-east Surrey L. and 
K. Evans (1973) quote that twenty-four specimens were noted at 
Addiscombe between 25th May and 10th August 1969, and nineteen 
between 28th May and 14th August 1970; the latest date given is Ist 
September 1969 at Carshalton. The recently published work by C. Plant for 
the London area (1993) states that the moth is univoltine most years, flying 
from the second week of May until the first week of July; a partial second 
generation is recorded some years, particularly those with hot summers 
such as 1990 and 1991. 

In these textbooks the contention is whether the second generation is 
partial, i.e. affects only a proportion of the moths each year or/and occurs 
every year or Only in some years. The time span (May to August) is not in 
contention. The two latest books deviate from this pattern. Heath and 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


Emmet (1979) are precise and separate the two generations when present: 
‘‘univoltine, occasionally bivoltine. Flies from dusk onwards in May and 
June; a small second brood may occur in the autumn’’. Skinner (1984) 
gives the first generation from May to July, plus an occasional second 
generation in August and September. Thus these two recent works are in 
agreement that the second brood is only occasional and that September is 
included as a month for the moth’s appearance. 

The accompanying table illustrates the number of L. populi attending 
my garden m.v. light for the period 1983 to 1993, each month being divided 
into two. The period 1969 to 1982 is not shown; moths came in very much 
smaller numbers, but the same trends are reflected. 


Year May June July August Total 
1993 — 9 away 13 15 34 16 2 89 
1992 — 14 12 away 13 42 10 1 92 
199] _ ] — 3 12 20 31 1 68 
1990 1 ] 2 4 7 15 16 4 50 
1989 — 4 3 1 21 34 12 2 77 
1988 1 ] 8 13 20 43 29 2 123 
1987 — l _ 2 16 18 12 6 55 
1986 — = 1 4 5 17 9 2 38 
1985 _— — 3 4 6 17 10 6 46 
1984 — _ 6 5 1 1] 9 6 38 
1983 — 1 2 3 8 13 8 _ 35 
Total 8 32 37 52 124 264 162 32 711 


There are two constraints to be observed when considering the accom- 
panying table. There are relatively fewer favourable nights during May and 
early June than in late June, July and August. In north-west Kent 
anticyclonic conditions with cold, clear nights and north or north-easterly 
winds are a frequent feature of spring; additionally at this season there are 
more nights when the light is not operated due to unpropitious weather 
conditions. 

The table portrays no indication of a break suggesting two generations; 
my figures suggest a single-brooded moth with a long emergence period, 
most commonly flying from early July until mid-August. However, Tutt 
(1902) supplies evidence of the insect being partially bivoltine in southern 
England, although many examples he cites refer to moths emerging in 
confinement. Eupithecia intricata arceuthata Freyer is univoltine in south- 
east England. It is a frequent visitor to my m.v. light, but I have never 
recorded a specimen in October or November. Yet bred in captivity on 
several occasions in a cool, unheated room, all the moths have emerged as a 


POPLAR HAWKMOTH IN KENT 43 


300 


250 


200 
150 


100 


May June July August 
Total numbers of L. populi, 1983-1993 


second generation in October. Calliteara pudibunda has behaved similarly. 
Therefore, it is essential when considering possible second generation 
records to be certain that they refer to feral conditions. 

Several interesting features may be observed from the figures presented, 
and the accompanying graph:— 


(a) There are no records for September, although several refer to the last 
days of August — the 29th 1971, 29th 1984, and 28th 1985. The latest date 
given by Chalmers-Hunt (1962) is for Ham Street, Ist September 1957; by 
L. and K. Evans (1973) for north-east Surrey, Ist September 1969; by Tutt 
(1902) 31st August 1894 at Waldringfield, of which he states: ‘*. . . the 
latest date I have ever seen the species at large’’. The two recent textbooks, 
Heath and Emmet (Eds) (1979) and Skinner (1984), which are out of step 
with earlier ones, are at variance with my findings regarding September 
also; upon what evidence are their claims based? 


(b) The first half of May has by far the fewest records of the four month 
period, although it also has far more nights of unfavourable weather 
conditions and also more nights when the light is not in operation. Over the 
whole twenty-five year period in only two years were L. populi noted in the 
first half of May: seven in 1988, on the 8th (2) and 14th (5), and one 
specimen in 1990, on the 14th, the next one not appearing until the 30th. 


(c) The next fewest numbers are recorded for the second halves of May and 
August, this being true of both periods, 1969-1982 and 1983-1993. Perhaps 
surprisingly May as a whole is far less significant than August for this 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


moth, which is hardly in accord with the generally accepted statement for 
the moth’s time of appearance as May and June with a partial second 
generation in July and August. 


(d) Here L. populi appears to be most common in the second half of July. 
In the period 1983-1993 this was so in all years but two when the first half 
of August recorded the most specimens, the second half of July taking 
second place (only marginally in 1990). The first half of August over the 
1983-1993 period shows the next largest number of records, followed by the 
first half of July. For the earlier fourteen years the pattern is similar. 


(e) There is no break in the records over the four months to separate the 
generations, and the moths appear identical throughout the period. 
However, for the earlier sequence of years there is a decline in numbers for 
the second half of June. This is by far the largest moth to be considered 
bivoltine in south-east England and its life cycle is consequently longer. 

Only Tutt (1902) provides evidence concerning the life cycle of L. populi, 
although his examples require careful interpretation because of confusion 
as to whether the conditions were natural or artificial. Referring to 
southern England he states that from pairings made in late May or June, 
second generation moths do not emerge until the end of July, usually 
August, and secondly that only some of the brood, usually a small 
proportion, emerge in the same year. Examples are quoted, invariably with 
at least the larval stage in confinement, portraying an egg stage of about a 
week, a larval stage of five or six weeks at least, and a pupal state of three 
weeks, giving a total of about two months. Therefore it is evident that egg- 
laying by first generation moths must have ceased by the end of June, for 
September moths are virtually unknown. 

What is the explanation for these apparently anomalous figures for the 
Dartford area? There are several possible hypotheses: 


(a) The July/August peak is the result of a partial overlap of two broods. 
This theory is not tenable regarding the peak from mid-July, for a first 
generation pairing as late as this would produce second brood moths in 
September. 


(b) The July-August peak reflects only attraction to light, not actual 
numbers flying, consequent upon differences in meteorological conditions 
between spring and early summer. (I take summer as commencing at the 
summer solstice). Or might there be a difference in this moth’s behaviour 
between the two generations? Although this may appear very unlikely it 
does occur in the case of Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. in which the first 
brood is diurnal (Chalmers-Hunt 1968; West 1986). 


(c) There is basically only one generation which emerges over a long period, 
peaking in late July and early August. In conflict with this theory is the 
overwhelming circumstantial evidence of a second generation in early years 
at least. Also second brood specimens would surely tend to appear later (in 
September) following the late July maximum. 


POPLAR HAWKMOTH IN KENT 45 


(d) The textbooks are correct in postulating a bivoltine régime in southern 
England, but all are incorrect regarding details. The Dartford statistics 
suggest that the second generation is substantially larger than the first. A 
possible explanation for this may be that due to the overwintering pupae 
lying upon the soil surface or just beneath it for eight or nine months 
compared with only three weeks for those producing second generation 
moths, there is a very much higher rate of mortality among the former; 
there may be other contributary causes, but it seems that this is likely to be 
the main one. However, I am unable to reconcile the evidence that there is a 
much larger second generation of L. populi for twenty-five consecutive 
years at Dartford with the textbook statements that this brood is only 
occasional and partial, i.e. small. That this statement is included in Colin 
Plant’s work for the London area, and for the period 1980 to 1991 in 
particular, is perplexing. Although the author had many of my records he 
did not possess those for the commoner species, including L. populi. 

Unintentionally, this essay has posed more questions than it has 
answered, and these can be forthcoming only from others. I am sure that 
the form of bivoltinism in this moth observed at Dartford is not unique; it 
must be similar elsewhere in south-east England, perhaps more widely over 
southern Britain; doubtless too there are areas where the second generation 
does occur as described in many textbooks — partial, small and occasional. 
The approximate delineation of such areas is dependent upon the 
observations of many people who operate static m.v. light traps on a 
regular basis being made known. 


References 


Barrett, C. 1895. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, Vol. I. 

Chalmers-Hunt, C. 1968. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent 2. 

Evans, L. & K. 1973. A Survey of the Macro-Lepidoptera of Croydon and N.E. 
Surrey. 

Heath, J. and Emmet, A. (Eds) 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain 
and Ireland. 

Newman, L.W. and Leeds, H. 1913. Text Book of British Butterflies and Moths. 

Plant, C. 1993. Larger Moths of the London Area. 

Skinner, B. 1984. Moths of the British Isles. 

South, R. 1939. The Moths of the British Isles. 

Tutt, J. 1902. A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, Vol. X11. 

West, B.K. 1986. 98: 129. Some aspects of the natural history of the Ruby Tiger 

moth. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 129. 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.111. 1994 


A melanic Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent 


On 17th June 1993, an almost unicolorous, extremely dark grey specimen, 
in which the thorax was also very dark, was found at my garden m.v. light. 
It appears to be an undescribed form; in appearance the nearest specimens 
to it comprise a series of nine in the National Collection, two from 
Yorkshire and seven from Delamere, Cheshire, but these show traces of 
paler transverse lines on the forewing, and appear slightly more variegated; 
they too are of an unnamed form. 

Chalmers-Hunt (The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1968) gives no 
record for the melanics in Kent; however, C. Plant (Larger Moths of the 
London Area, 1993) states that melanic specimens are rare, and quotes a 
record for Totteridge, Herts (Lorimer) for 1971. Kettlewell (The Evolution 
of Melanism, 1973) considering melanism in this species writes of the 
blackish forms thompsoni Arkle and robsoni Collins in the past tense, 
stating that they had been replaced by another melanic form, bimaculosa 
Esp. (syn. plumbea Mansbridge) which had become widespread in Britain. 
This perhaps suggests that the 1971 specimen mentioned above was 
bimaculosa. Compared with my Dartford specimen, this form is 
considerably paler, more variegated, and has a paler thorax. 

It is one of the mysteries of the development of melanism in north-west 
Kent that species such as P. nebulosa and Aethalura punctulata D. & S. 
addicted to resting exposed upon tree trunks, readily visible to the human 
eye from a considerable distance, have not developed a dark form in this 
area. It is also interesting that this specimen should arrive at a time when 
melanism is on the decline in many species as atmospheric pollution 
abates.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN. 


Catocala fraxini L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Cornwall? 


Until this year (1993), the only Cornish record known to me for Clifden 
Nonpariel (Catocala fraxini) was in the garden of Kea Vicarage, where the 
Rev V.A. Callon found a single specimen in 1949 (The Entomologist, 1949, 
82: 15). Details of a second Cornish record have now been passed on to me. 
A single was found in the lavatory of Cot Manor (SW 366375), near St Just 
in west Cornwall, on the night of 14th August by the artist Kurt Jackson. 
Apparently, a party was in full swing, but Kurt assures me that he noticed 
the moth before getting into the party spirit. He is quite positive about the 
identification as he used to collect moths at one time. No-one in the house 
knew anything about the moth. I can only assume that the specimen had 
been bred and released nearby, unless the moth had migrated from Europe. 
This record may be the most westerly mainland sighting of this lovely and 
distinctive species.— ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, 
Cornwall TR4 8RL. 


FOODPLANTS OF PRIVET HAWKMOTH 47 


FOODPLANTS OF THE PRIVET HAWKMOTH, SPHINX LIGUSTRI 
LINN. (LEP.: SPHINGIDAE): AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY 


G.W. DANAHAR! and R.G.W. NORTHFIELD? 


' School of Biological Sciences, Biology Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BNI 9OG. 
(Author for correspondence) 
? Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ. 


Introduction 


IN AN EARLIER paper, one of us (Danahar, 1993) speculated about the 
reasons for an observed foodplant preference of the Privet Hawkmoth, 
seen in the wild. This paper describes laboratory experiments to determine 
the optimum foodplant for growth under controlled conditions. 

Although such work can never give us a full answer as to why certain 
foodplants are chosed in the field, it can indicate the nutritional value of 
different foodplants for this species of hawkmoth, allowing for a more 
informed interpretation of field-based observations. 


Methods 


Newly-hatched larvae were individually weighed in grams to three decimal 
places, given sufficient foodplant and placed singly in sealed plastic pots. 
They were kept in a constant temperature room at 27°C (range 26-28°C). 
The light regime was 12 hours light : 12 hours dark. Every day or two (when 
the foodplant in the pots needed to be replaced) the larvae were weighed 
and then put into new containers and given a fresh supply of foodplant. 
Four foodplants were used, Ash Fraxinus excelsior Linn., Lilac Syringa 
vulgaris Linn. and both the Green and Golden Privet Ligustrum ovifolium 
Hassk. Twelve larvae were fed on each of these foodplants. We wanted to 
include Wild Privet L. vulgare Linn., but could not find a readily available 
supply of this foodplant. When the larvae stopped feeding and started to 
change colour and wander, they were placed in plastic pots with a layer of 
dry coarse sand at the bottom, in which they pupated. 


Results 
Only larvae that survived to pupate are included here (Lilac n = 12 
[Percentage pupal survival = 100%]Ash n = 10 [ 83.3%] Green Privet n 
= 8 [66.7%] and Golden Privet n = 1 [8.3%]). Figure 1 shows changes in 
mean body mass of Privet Hawkmoth larvae over the 25-day growth 
period. 

The larvae grew fast and reached their maximum weight at around 
twenty days (Lilac mean weight = 6.3lg, S.E. +0.31g, Ash mean weight = 
4.29g, S.E. + 0.26g, Green Privet mean weight = 3.95g, S.E. + 0.62g and 
Golden Privet weight = 2.7g). They then lost a significant proportion of 
their body weight during pupation. This was partially because they stopped 


48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.ii1.1994 


Fig. 1. Changes in mean body mass of Privet Hawkmoth larvae fed on four different 
foodplants. 


feeding and thus their digestive tracts emptied, but also because a large 
amount of liquid was lost from their bodies. 

The heaviest pupae produced were from those larvae which fed on Lilac, 
mean weight = 3.45g, S.E. + 0.2g. This is 0.6g (17.4%) heavier than the 
average weight of larvae fed on Green Privet (mean weight = 2.85g, S.E. + 
0.17g), 21.7% heavier than those fed on Ash (mean weight = 2.7g, S.E. + 
0.15g) and 39.1% heavier than the sole surviving larva which fed on Golden 
Privet (weight = 2.1g). A one-way analysis of variance showed that there 
were significant differences in pupal body mass between larvae fed on the 
different foodplants (F = 4.21, p = 0.0144). A Scheffe F-test (multiple 
range test) showed that the difference between Ash and Lilac was 
significant (F = 3.01) at the 95% level. 

The Green and especially Golden Privet showed poor results, despite the 
fact that in an attempt to use the healthiest larvae for the experiment, the 
larvae which fed on Green Privet were unintentially selected to be heavier 
than the larvae which fed on the other foodplants. A one-way analysis of 


FOODPLANTS OF PRIVET HAWKMOTH 49 


variance of hatchling mass showed significant differences between larvae 
fed on these four foodplants (F = 4.89, p = 0.0051). A Scheffe F-test was 
carried out and the hatchling weight on Ash was significantly different 
from that on Green Privet (F = 4.12) at the 95% level and hatchling weight 
on Green Privet was significantly different from that on Golden Privet (F 
= 3.15) at the 95% level. 


Discussion 


Although Lilac was present at the Dunhams Wood site (Danahar, 1993) a 
search for larvae on it produced nothing, whereas large numbers of larvae 
were found on Ash. However, there was considerably more Ash than Lilac 
at this site. 

The results of the present work suggest that Lilac is a nutritionally 
superior foodplant for the Privet Hawkmoth. The observed distribution of 
larvae in the field on Ash rather than Lilac, could result from preferential 
Oviposition on Ash, or from better survival on Ash (with higher mortality 
on Lilac), or because Ash was more likely to be encountered by adults. A 
combination of these three factors could also result in the same 
observation. Experiments on hostplant choice by ovipositing adults might 
help to distinguish between these possibilities. 

Lilac is not a native species in the British Isles (Clapham, Tutin and 
Moore, 1990) and is mostly confined to urban settings, so it may be of little 
importance to the ecology of the Privet Hawkmoth in its native haunts in 
this country. However, the Privet Hawkmoth seems to have two distinct 
habitat preferences. In the wild, Pittaway (1993) describes it as a species of 
woodland edge and open scrub. He notes that the larvae show a preference 
for sapling Ash or the lower growing foliage of Lilac or Privet. It could be 
assumed that the Privet Hawkmoth is an opportunistic species, which is 
quick to colonise chalk and limestone scrub where young Ash is the 
primary tree colonist. In this context it would be interesting to know if Wild 
Privet establishes as quickly as Ash. The alternative habitat preference of 
this Hawkmoth is the urban setting, where it feeds on Lilac, Garden Privet, 
Spiraea and Forsythia, to name but a few. It is commonly observed in 
Cambridge where the apparent preference is for Spiraea as opposed to 
Garden Privet (Northfield, personal observations). This observation is not 
surprising in view of the low final pupal weight and high mortality of larvae 
on Garden Privet, recorded in the present work. The ability of this species 
to utilise new foodpalnts is already documented, for example 
Symphoricarpos alba (Meerman, 1987), and it is possible that this plasticity 
in foodplant acceptability is what has enabled the Privet Hawkmoth to 
spread from downland habitats to the urban environment. 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.111. 1994 


Conclusion 


Under controlled conditions in the laboratory, Privet Hawkmoth larvae 
put on most weight when fed on Lilac. Further experiments which include 
Wild Privet Ligustrum vulgare Linn., Spiraea and Forsythia, could be 
enlightening. 


Acknowledgements 


We thank the following people for their help: Dr Mark Tester, Dr Robert 
Srygley, Dr Sarah Corbet, and Dr Brian McCabe. 


References 


Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G., and Moore, P. (1990). Flora of the British Isles (third 
edition), Cambridge University Press. 

Danahar, G.W. (1993). Nine out of ten caterpillars said they preferred Ash. 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 125-128. 

Meerman, J.C. (1987). De Nederlandse Pijlstaartvlinders (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). 
Wetenschappelijke Mededeling van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhis- 
torische Vereniging 180: 60pp. Hoogwoud. 

Pittaway, A.R. (1993). The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books, 
Colchester, in association with the Natural History Museum, London. 


A further note on larval foodplants of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: 
Pieridae) in north-west Kent 


From the note by B.K. West (Ent. Rec. 105: 253-4) on this subject, in which 
he invites the observations of others, I was greatly surprised to learn that 
neither horse-radish (Amoracia rusticana) nor, apparently, hedge-mustard 
(Sisymbrium officinale) are listed among the known foodplants of the 
Large White in the standard textbooks. Like Mr West in his district, I had 
long been accustomed to seeing broods of P. brassicae larvae on the former 
plant, not very infrequently, here on Woolwich Common in the last few 
decades, taking but little notice of them as I assumed their occurrence on 
that host must be well known. For that reason I never even troubled to 
verify the point! I may say that in August last year, 1992, the butterfly was 
extraordinarily abundant there (and in this district generally, as also, I 
believe, over a far wider area); but this year, 1993, its numbers — though 
still quite high — were more moderate. I have not so far noticed larvae on 
the hoary cress (Cardaria draba), the only other crucifer growing freely 
here and there on the Common; nor on the wall-rocket (Diplotaxis 
tenuifolia), plentiful here and along the Thames, and supporting the 
Pyralid moth Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) which I see here each year. 
However, four or five years ago I came upon a colony of brassicae larvae 
defoliating a bushy plant of hedge-mustard at the edge of Eltham 
Common, a short distance to the east.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, 
Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


HIGH ALTITUDE BEETLES 51 


BEETLES FROM PITFALL-TRAPPING AT HIGH ALTITUDES 
IN THE CAIRNGORMS 


J.A. OWEN! and R.W. THAXTON’ 


'8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU. 
* RSPB, Grianan, Tulloch, by Nethy Bridge, Inverness-shire, PH25 3EF. 


THERE ARE many references in the literature to beetles occurring on the 
high plateau of the Cairngorms but few quantitive studies have been 
described. This paper records beetles obtained from a pitfall-trapping 
exercise carried out in 1987 in what was then the RSPB Upper Glen Avon 
Reserve, now part of the RSPB Abernethy Forest Reserve. 

Trapping was carried out at three high-level sites, one on A’Choinneach 
and two on Ben Macdui. The surface terrain on A’Choinneach consisted of 
areas of coarse gravel with tufts of mat-grass (Nardus stricta) and three- 
leaved rush (Juncus trifidus). The two Ben Macdui sites comprised coarse 
gravel in which were loosely embedded variously sized stones, with sparse 
vegetation consisting of small patches of mosses and occasional tufts of 
alpine grasses and rushes between the stones. 

The traps comprised slightly tapered, plastic drinking cups of about 
200m1 capacity, charged initially and whenever emptied with about 80ml of 
10% alcohol. Those on A’Choinneach were set in a line approximately 15m 
in length and were emptied and recharged every four weeks. Those on Ben 
Macdui were positioned at each site in a circle approximately 3m in 
diameter and were unattended. Other site and trapping data are given in the 
table. RWT set and retrieved the traps on A’Choinneach and JAO dealt 
with those on Ben Macdui. 

The species and numbers of each trapped are given in the table. The 
number of individuals trapped was much lower than would be expected at 
lower levels, ranging from about one beetle per trap per week at the summit 
of Ben Macdui to about twice this rate on A’Choinneach. These low 
catches no doubt reflect the harshness of the environment at such altitudes 
in Scotland. Indeed, at the time the traps were being set on Ben Macdui 
(13.vi.87), it was snowing quite hard and there was about an inch of snow 
on the ground. 

The difference in the species trapped at A’Choinneach on the one hand 
and the two Ben Macdui sites on the other are somewhat surprising; of the 
overall total of 25 species trapped, only three occurred on both hills. In 
addition, more individual beetles were trapped on A’Choinneach. The sites 
on Ben Macdui were essentially flat at the highest points locally whereas the 
site on A’Choinneach was a little below the summit on a slight, east-facing 
slope. It may have been that the latter had a significantly warmer micro- 
climate because of this and because it was at a somewhat lower altitude 
than the summit of Ben Macdui. A warmer micro-climate would 
presumably support a richer biotope with more to eat for the predator 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1i1. 1994 


species which made up most of the catch. Further study of the relation 
between beetle population and nature of site on the Cairngorm plateau 
would obviously be of interest. 

Four of the species trapped — A. alpina, N. nivalis, E. whitei, and P. 
adstrictus — are Boreo-British in distribution, that is they occur in the 
British Isles and Scandinavia but not in central Europe (Lindroth, 1935). 
The explanation for such a distribution is not clear. Lindroth considered it 
most likely that such species reached Britain from the north before the last 
phase of glaciation (Wiirm) and survived that glaciation period in sites 
which were free from ice at least annually, possibly mountain tops. 

Of these four, A. alpina is the most noteworthy. It has been recorded in 
Britain with certainty from only four areas — the Garbh Meall range in 
Perthshire, two sites in the southern part of the Cairngorm mountains and 
from a cluster of sites at their northern edge. There is a published record 
for the island of South Rona off the Scottish west coast (Harrison, 1939) 
but the nature of this small island (maximum altitude 126m) in terms of 
habitat and climate is such as to make the record unlikely and not really 
acceptable without further evidence. 

A. alpina is very much a cold-tolerant species and all the precise records 
for this species of which we are aware are for sites with altitudes of 900m or 
higher (except for a single specimen found under a stone by JAO at about 
500m in Glen Einich in April 1953). The species (a single specimen) was 
first found in Britain on Garbh Meall (Blackburn, 1866) but it seems to 
have been found at this site only once since (Lloyd, 1895), apparently only 
three specimens in all. In the southern part of the Cairngorms, there are 
two reports from high ground in the Braemar area (Sharp, 1871; Beare, 
1914) and there are two specimens in the Royal Scottish Museum labelled 
Blair Atholl, 1898, taken no doubt on nearby high ground (Beinn a Ghlo or 
Ben Dearg) but labelled with the name of the nearest town. Only in the 
northern edge of the Cairngorms has the species been found repeatedly and 
recently since it was first noted there (Champion, 1874) and there have been 
several records for the species there within the last few years (e.g. McLean, 
1988). The absence of records for this species from three of its four sites for 
nearly a hundred years suggests that it may survive now in Britain only in 
the northern parts of the Cairngorms, possibly eliminated from other 
environmentally less severe sites as a long term effect of climatic warming. 

N. nivalis was recognised as a British species comparatively recently 
(Lindroth, 1935; Blair, 1949) but it is now known from 20 - 30 hill tops in 
Scotland, England and Wales. The numbers trapped at the summit of Ben 
Macdui indicate that there it is probably the dominant carabid. At other 
sites where it Occurs it is usually heavily outnumbered by its close relative 
N. gyllenhali. 

E. whitei was first noted in Britain on Beinn a’Bhuird in the southern 
edge of the Cairngorms (Sharp, 1871). The species is now known from 
about 20 sites in Scotland and a few in northern England. Although 
Scottish records are mostly from high altitude sites, it has been found in 


HIGH ALTITUDE BEETLES 53 


Yorkshire and in Perthshire below 800m (e.g. Morse, 1913; Harwood, 
1921). Recent reports (e.g. Owen, 1988) have indicated that the species is 
more widespread and much less uncommon than previously thought. 

Paraxodically, for a Boreo-British insect, P. adstrictus is not confined in 
Britain to high ground but is recorded from coastal sites in Scotland and 
northern England as well as in montane regions (Luff, 1982). Some of the 
other Boreo-British beetles are similarly not confined to high altitude sites 
(Blair, 1949). 

Of the other species trapped, only Corticaria linearis can be considered 
out of place in a montane environment. This is a woodland species 
occurring in Upper Speyside and Deeside and was no doubt carried to the 
summit of Ben Macdui by air currents from a lower level. The remainder 
are species regularly found at the tops of Scottish hills. What is perhaps 
surprising is the fact that many (see table) are eurytopic — equally at home 
in lowland sites. This seems to be a feature of montane beetle communities. 
Thus, in a previous survey of beetles from hill tops in Perthshire (Owen, 
1985), more than a third of the 69 species recorded are known to inhabit 
Richmond Park, Surrey (Hammond & Owen, in press). 


Acknowledgements 


Messrs D.J.M. and T.A. Owen helped in setting out and retrieving the 
pitfall traps on Ben Macdui and Dr M.R. Shaw very kindly provided us 
with information from the Scottish Insect Records Index and from 
specimens in the collections in the Royal Scottish Museum. 


References 


Beare, T.H., 1914. Amara alpina F. at Braemar. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 50: 14. 

Blackburn, T., 1866. New British Amara. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 3: 92-93. 

Blair, K.G., 1949. The Boreo-British Coleoptera by Dr Carl H. Lindroth, 1935. 
Scott. Nat. 61: 104-111. 

Champion, G.C., 1874. Coleoptera at Aviemore, Inverness-shire. Entomologist’s 
mon. Mag. 11: 64. 

— , 1913. A recent record of Eudectus whitei, Sharp from Ingleborough, Yorkshire. 
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 49: 275. 

Hammond, P.M. and Owen, J.A. (in press). The beetles of Richmond Park SSSI— 

a case history. Peterborough, English Nature. 

Harrison, G.H., 1935. Coleoptera in Peacock, A.D., Smith, E.P. and Davidson, 
C.F. (Eds). The natural history of South Rona. Scott Nat. 1935, 4-7. 

Harwood, P., 1921. Eudectus whitei Sharp at Rannoch. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 
57: 233. 

Lindroth, C.H., 1935. The Boreo-British Coleoptera. Zoogeographica 2: 579-634. 

Lloyd, R.W., 1895. Amara alpina at Rannoch. Entomologist’s mon. Mag, 31: 265. 

Luff, M.L., 1982. Preliminary atlas of British Carabidae. Biological Records 
Centre, 1.T.E., Huntingdon. 

McLean, I.F.G., 1988. Exhibit at meeting. Br. J. Ent. nat. Hist. 1: 185. 

Morse, E.W., 1913. The Naturalist p. 401 cited Champion, (1913). 

Owen, J.A., 1985. Beetles at the tops of hills. Coleopterists’ Newsletter 10: 6-8. 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 


25.i11.1994 


— , 1988. Additional Scottish records for Eudectus whitei Sharp (Col.: Staphilini 
dae) with a comment on its status in Britain. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 100: 


184. 


Sharp, D., 1871. Addition of six species (including two new to science) and two 


genera to the British list of Coleoptera. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 8: 73-74. 


Site data and numbers of each species trapped 


O.S. grid ref. 

Altitude (M) 

Number of traps 

Start of trapping 

Duration of trapping (wk) 
Number of beetles trapped 
Number of species trapped 


Species 


Carabus problematicus Herbst 
Nebria gyllenhali (Schoenherr) 

N. nivalis (Paykull) 

N. salina Fairm. & Laboul. 
Patrobus assimilis Chaudoir 

P. septentrionis Dejean 

Pterostichus adstrictus Eschscholtz 
Calathus melanocephalus (Linnaeus) 
Amara alpina (Paykull) 

Trichocellus cognatus (Gyllenhal) 
Cymindis vaporariorum (Linnaeus) 
Arpedium brachypterum (Gravenhorst) 
Lesteva monticola Kiesenwetter 
Geodromicus longipes (Mannerheim) 
Eudectus whitei Sharp 

O. boops (Gravenhorst) 

O. molochinus (Gravenhorst) 
Bryoporus rugipennis Pandelle 
Aloconota gregaria (Erichson) 
Liogluta longiuscula (Gravenhorst) 
Atheta tibialis (Heer) 

Byrrhus fasciatus (Forster) 
Corticaria linearis (Paykull) 
Otiorhynchus arcticus (Fabricius) 

O. nodosus (Miller, O.F.) 


Ben Macdui — Ben Macdui 
A’Choinneach North summit Summit 
NJ035045 NN991995 =NN990990 
980 1100 1300 
10 8 8 
1.6.87 13.6.87 13.6.87 
16 8 8 
352 65 86 
18 9 11 
Number of 
Status* examples trapped 
E 243 8 1 
M — 30 4 
M _ 3 19 
E 11 _ —_— 
M 7 _ — 
M 16 — — 
E 2, — — 
E 28 _ — 
M 1 — a 
E 2 _ 2 
M 2 — — 
M 3 1] 29 
M 2 a — 
M 4 — — 
M — 3 16 
E 1 - — 
EB 25 _ — 
M ] — -— 
E _ 1 3 
M 1 _ 1 
M — 4 9 
E 2 8 1 
E —_ _ 1 
M _ 2 
M 


*Status codes: E = eurytopic; L = lowland specie; M = montane species. 


LEAFMINERS ON ALNUS ANCANA 55 


LEAF-MINERS ON ALNUS INCANA 


A.M. EMMET 
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CBI] 3AF. 


I READ with interest the note of my friend John Robbins on the leaf- 
miners of Alnus incana (Ent. Rec. 105: 259-260), and am responding to his 
request for comments.The first is to say that I am solely responsible for the 
blunder in The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 
(MBGBI) Vol. 2, of describing the mine of Phyllonorycter strigulatella 
(Lienig & Zeller), and also that of P. distentella (Zeller), as occurring on the 
upper side of the leaf. The text for the Lithocolletinae was written by Ian 
Watkinson. At quite a late stage in the course of editorial revision, I 
realised that he had throughout omitted to give the side of the leaf. By this 
time Ian had emigrated to the USA, so I added ‘‘Upperside’’ or 
‘“*Underside’’ to all species after the head Mine. Whether it was a slip of my 
pen or an undetected typographical error is not important. Somehow the 
text passed through the hands of eight readers, including that experienced 
microlepidopterist the late E.C. Pelham-Clinton, without the mistake 
being noticed. I was fully cognisant of the facts as testified by the two 
editions of The Field Guide, published before and after MBGBI Vol. 2. 

Although the information may not have been published, Ca/optilia 
elongella (Linnaeus) has previously been recorded on A/nus incana, for 
example at Colwich Country Park, Nottinghamshire on 4.ix.1988 by A.S. 
Boot (in litt.), and by me near Earl’s Colne, Essex, in 1989 and no doubt by 
other recorders. 

The discrepancy between the relative sizes of P. strigulatella and P. 
stettinensis (Zeller) in the text and on Plate 13 of MBGBI Vol. 2 may be 
because Ian Watkinson chose an exceptionally large example of the former 
for figuring as the best-marked specimen available to him. 

It is not correct to say that Kloet & Hicks (1972) gave strigulatella as a 
synonym of the present P. rajel/la (Linnaeus). It was formerly thought that 
Linnaeus’ (1758) description of rajella (‘‘P. Tinea alis auratis: punctis 7 
argenteis: secunda tertiaque connatis. Habitat in Alni foliis subcutanea’’) 
applied to P. strigulatella and so as the senior name it was used for that 
species with strigulatella in synonymy. Later this was found to be a mis- 
identification and the name was transferred to the moth that now bears it. 
After the change you read 

strigulatella (Zeller, 1846) 
rajella sensu auct. [sic] 
This clearly indicates misidentification, not synonymy. The synonymy is 
correctly given in MBGBI Vol. 2, Emmet (1987), efc. 

Robbins’ comments on the voltinism of P. kleemannella (Fabricius) are 
of considerable interest. Contrary to his implication, all authors (Stainton, 
1857; Meyrick, [1928]; Ford, 1949; Watkinson in Emmet, [1979], efc.) 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


described it as bivoltine prior to MBGBI Vol. 2 (1985). Then E.C. Pelham- 
Clinton challenged the accepted view, and since his observations corres- 
ponded with my own, I emended Watkinson’s text. Voltinism may vary 
between years (Emmet, 1977) and between localities. Some individuals of a 
mainly univoltine species may emerge exceptionally early and give rise to a 
second brood of adults appearing contemporaneously with their univoltine 
cousins. Additional data to elucidate the facts would be welcome. 

May I conclude with a double digression? The first is to point out that 
the correct abbreviation of sensu auctorum is sensu auctt. Sensu auct. 
represents sensu auctoris, in the opinion of a single author. In the 
abbreviation of inflected Latin words a plural is indicated by doubling the 
final or only, letter, as in ‘‘p.’’ = pagina and ‘‘pp.’’ = paginae. ‘‘Auct.”’ 
was an abomination introduced by the botanists. I am glad to see that the 
most recent Continental check list (Austrian) has accepted my spelling. 

My second digression is to ask that the name rajella be pronounced 
‘*rayella’’, as indeed it was spelt by Hiibner (1796). Linnaeus bestowed the 
name in honour of John Ray, arguably the greatest British naturalist. Latin 
has no letter ‘‘y’’ and Linnaeus represented both “‘y’’ and the consonantal 
“7’? by the letter ‘‘j’’. Most entomologists correctly pronounce the 
butterfly ag/aja to rhyme with Isaiah rather than Elijah. 


References 


Emmet, A.M., 1977. The influence of the hot summer of 1976 on leaf-mining 
Lepidoptera. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 89: 123-124. 

— , 1987. Addenda and corrigenda to the British list of Lepidoptera. Entomolo- 
gist’s Gaz. 38: 31-52. 

Ford, L.T., 1949. A guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230pp. London. 

Hiibner, J., 1796-1838. Sammlung europdischer Schmetterlinge. Augsburg. 

Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae (Edn. 10) 1, 824pp. Stockholm. 

Meyrick, E., 928%. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera, vi, 914pp., text 
figs. London. 

Stainton, H.T., 1857. The natural history of the Tineina 2, vii, 317pp., 8 col. pls. 
London. 

Watkinson, I.A., +9793. Lithocolletinae, pp. 57-64 in Emmet, A.M. (Ed.), A field 
guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 27\pp. London. 

— , 1985. Lithocolletinae, pp. 294-360 in Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. (Eds.), The 
moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 2, 41\pp., 14 pls (12 col.), 123 
text figs, 223 maps. Colchester. 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER BI) 


THE LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 
(The late S.N.A. JACOBS) 


Introduced by PAUL SOKOLOFF 
4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 


Introduction 


STANLEY JACOBS died on 14th September 1989 at the age of 92 and a 
photograph and obituary were published in this journal. (Ent. Rec. 1990, 
102: 5-6). Jacobs was editor of the Record for 17 years between 1955 and 
1972. A few years after his retirement from the editorial chair he wrote an 
autobiographical essay which he passed to the then editor, Michael 
Chalmers-Hunt, who in turn passed the text to me on Jacob’s death. The 
essay was incorporated into other papers and unpublished illustrations by 
Jacobs, and remained in the archive. 

Recently the essay was rediscovered, and is published in full below. 
Although undated, it was probably finished around 1980. The title is 
original and apart from a few annotations, only minor editorial changes 
have been made, the essay being substantially as written by Stanley Jacobs. 


The essay 


‘ al OWE my original interest in entomology (bug-hunting at that stage) to 
my mother who, before her marriage, lived at Leytonstone, and was a 
member of a local Epping Forest natural history society led by a Mr 
Hillyard. Her father, Mark.Green, a Crimean veteran, who married my 
grandmother, one of Florence Nightingale’s nurses at Scutari, followed the 
popular fashion of his day, and devoted a small spare room to a ‘museum’ 
including fossils, dried specimens and other natural history items bottled in 
spirits of wine. He worked at the P. & O. Line office in the City, where 
captains brought him small souvenirs of their voyages for his collection. 

My father was given the fashionable education of his day, at Neunheim 
College, Heidelberg, and while in Germany, took an interest in the alpine 
butterflies, especially the Apollo group, but his luggage, including his 
specimens, was stolen from him on his way back to England at the end of 
his schooling. He did not resume collecting, but his tales of his field work 
certainly found a mark with my brother and me at the early age of about 
eight years. We both started collections, rivals at that time, with ‘whites’ 
knocked down with our hats, until our parents combined to provide us with 
home made nets. Our collections were housed in cardboard sweet boxes, 
which were available at sweet shops at one penny each, or for nothing if 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i1i1. 1994 


your luck was in. In these we gummed small squares of cut up corks in rows 
to take one insect each, and later the cork was cut into strips and gummed 
in in continuous lines. At this stage, ordinary dressmaking pins were used 
for mounting. 

In 1898 we had removed to Catford, where our collecting commenced 
about 1906. Our next door neighbour kindly introduced us to a Mr 
Andrews, living further up our road, who had a very fine collection of 
British butterflies in two forty-drawer cabinets. On two occasions I was 
permitted to inspect these cabinets and was indeed thrilled by them. I may 
say that in later years, I tried to locate this Mr Andrews who was apparently 
in his late twenties at the time I knew him, but without success. He was not 
the prominent dipterist who was well known as treasurer for The Record. 

In those days, we had a local naturalists’ shop, run by a Mr Noakes, in 
Brownhill Road, Catford, from whom we were able to obtain setting 
boards, and later on, as pocket money expanded slightly, entomological 
pins. 

With open country nearer to home, with farm land less than a mile away, 
collecting was not unduly difficult: there was even a very productive ‘lane’ 
or footpath, between our back garden fences and those of the next road to 
us. There was also the very fine series of recreation grounds following the 
river Ravensbourne between Catford and Ladywell. We used to work these 
in small parties of school friends, the prizes being Cerura vinula L. and 
Cossus cossus L. larvae for the lepidopterists, and the Musk beetle Aromia 
moschata L. on the willows, for the coleopterists. 

By this time, we were allowed to have cyanide bottles, made up by the 
chemist at one shilling a time. A summer holiday at a farm between Otford 
and Kemsing in Kent was most fruitful, and I was thrilled to see the number 
of dark green fritillaries, Argynnis aglaja aglaja L., flying on the slopes of 
the downs overlooking the old site of the West Kent Foxhounds kennels. 

Another very pleasant summer holiday was when my brother and I were 
sent to a farm at Burnt Fen, Suffolk, which produced the gift of a hatbox 
full of tortoiseshells and peacocks swept from the ceiling of a dark corner 
of the farmhouse, yearly, though they produced no varieties. 

Based on gifts from our grandfather’s museum, we started our own, and 
while my brother looked after the other subjects, I was made curator of the 
entomological side, which had now graduated to storeboxes. 

We started the habit of an early morning visit to the swimming baths at 
Ladywell, rising at 6am and running the mile through the recreation 
grounds and back home for breakfast and school. In the season, we were 
accustomed to seeing daily anything up to twenty pairs of Poplar Hawks 
(Laothoe populi L.) in cop. on the trunks of the young poplar trees. 

In June 1914 I left school at St Dunstan’s College, Catford, and started 
life as an engineer apprentice with Messrs Vickers Ltd. at Erith, Kent. 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 59 


There, I came in contact with a dwarf labourer known to everyone as 
‘Toby’ (I never knew his real name) who showed me a great deal of bug- 
hunting methods and how to find moths under the works’ lights first thing 
in the morning, all of which helped my collection to expand slowly. 
Another bug-hunter at the works was a Mr Hayward, who invited me to his 
home to see an almost completed ‘butterfly picture’ some three feet by four 
feet filled with patterns of massed set butterflies including Clouded Yellows 
and Pale Clouded Yellows (Colias croceus Fourch. and C. hyale L.) about 
one hundred of each at least. The collecting and setting of all these insects 
must have entailed a greal deal of work (the setting was good) but to what 
end? 

Then came the 1914-1918 war, and I joined up with the 20th London 
R.W.K. Territorials. Later I was commissioned to the 11th Royal Fusiliers 
in Kitchener’s first hundred thousand, but I was too young for a 
commission and resigned, re-enlisting with the 16th Middlesex Regiment 
(Public Schools Batallion), and with them served two and a half years in 
France, transferring to the Field Survey Company, Royal Engineers in 
early 1918, when I saw many Commas and Large Tortoiseshells flying 
about my observation post in the Bois de Friéres. I was invalided home in 
March 1918 with a slight dose of mustard gas, which more or less closed my 
eyes, and went to the R.E. Command Depot at Thetford, Norfolk. Here I 
was much impressed by the large numbers of the little Tortricid moth 
Epinotia tedella Clerck, flying over the trimmed spruce hedges of the 
district. While watching them, I was accosted by another R.E. who said 
that his father made storeboxes for the trade, and offered to get me a 
pocket box. This evenually came to hand and is still in my possession. In 
September I returned to France and was drafted to the Overseas Branch of 
the Ordnance Survey at Wimereux, and was there when the armistice was 
signed. 

My mother had promised to buy me a motor cycle on my return from the 
war, but we both agreed that a good cabinet would be less dangerous and 
would certainly last longer, and she bought me a drawer Crockett cabinet 
from Mr F. Primrose Stevenson, which included a pair of Lycaena dispar 
dispar Hayworth, amongst other things. 

On demobilisation, I was fortunate enough to be granted a two years’ 
course in agriculture with an annual allowance, and was posted to Ditchling 
Court Farm, Sussex. Here, I very soon met the local builder, Fred. F. 
Wood, a very keen amateur naturalist beside being knowledgeable on many 
other aspects of country life. Our friendship lasted until his death in 1941. 
He made a very good collection of macrolepidoptera, and was in touch 
with Mr Bramwell of Brighton, whom I never met, but who introduced 
Wood, under strict secrecy, to Loughton Woods, the habitat of the Lewes 
Wave, Scopula immorata L., of which Wood gave me a cluster of eggs later 
on. I moved on to High House Farm, Chailey, where I was able to collect 
many species, including many micros. Sallow was particularly productive 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


in that year and I was able to take all the Orthosia species and many other 
seasonal species. After this, I went on to Henley-on-Thames for experience 
in poultry farming, where I was able to collect many more species both 
macro and micro. ' 

My training finished with a fortnight’s course under Professor 
Somerville at Oxford, based on Wadham College. Here, at the Oxford 
Museum, I met Professor Poulton, and I gave him the immorata larvae 
which I had brought with me to rear. He suggested that my parents might 
have me trained for professional entomology, but this was not possible, 
and I took a post as manager for a new poultry farm at Twyford, 
Berkshire. 

This farm failed to develop, and I decided to go to Canada on an assisted 
trip in reply to a call for volunteers to help get in the harvest. There, my 
time was very fully occupied with the exception of Sundays, when I was 
able to do a small amount of collecting and observation. I made a net from 
a sugar bag, and took two specimens of what I took to be Agraulis vanillae 
nigrior and a few Plusiids, and one Phycetine species, all of which I handed 
to Mr Riley at the Museum. The vanillae was a very far north record if the 
determination was correct. 

When threshing, I was struck by the numbers of Nymphalis antiopa L. 
aestivating in the grain stooks: while waiting at Halifax, Nova Scotia for 
my vessel home in December, I saw antiopa flying over the snow. 

I had become most unsettled since the war, and seemed unable to settle 
down to any occupation, and went back to work on the Henley farm where 
I did part of my course. On a weekend visit home, I was accosted on 
London Bridge station by Mr S. Abbot who had spotted my net stick and Y 
tied on top of my suitcase, and he persuaded me to join the South London 
Entomological and Natural History Society (in 1923), which met at the 
Provision Exchange in Hibernia House, London Bridge. 

At last I decided to take the sensible step of accepting a clerical post in 
my father’s shipbroking and chartering business, and slowly started to 
become a more civilised being. Working in the City made it easy to attend 
the South London meetings, where I was fortunate enough to come into 
contact with many of the leading members, including Henry J. Turner, the 
Secretary, Robert Adkin, N.D. Riley, L.T. Ford, Guy Adkin, Dr 
Cockayne, K.G. Blair, R.E.E. Frampton and T.H.L. Grosvenor, to name 
a few, all of whom were most friendly and helpful. At one meeting, my 
description of the changing from winter case to spring case of Coleophora 
fuscedinella Zeller, won the heart of H.J. Turner, who later on presented 
me with his extensive Co/eophora collection in two storeboxes. 

Later I became secretary of the Society, but found that the calls of my 
business life prevented the efficient performance of my secretarial duties, 
and it was suggested that I resign and hand over my duties to Mr F. Stanley 
Smith, who had kindly volunteered to relieve me. Later, I served as 
President in the years 1954 and 1964. 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 61 


After my marriage, my wife who, although being a country-lover, was 
not an entomologist, attended field meetings with me. As time went on, 
however, I realised that this was for my sake, and that standing or sitting by 
while I worked a small area must be boring in the extreme to a keen walker 
who was not an entomologist. I let the priorities take their correct order, 
and cut down my attendances at field meetings, replacing them with 
country rounds together, confining my collecting to our walks unless | 
struck something worthy of closer attention. This worked out very well and 
was treated with a broad mind by my wife, so that, without any feeling of 
guilt, I was still able to go off on any extra special meetings which might be 
arranged. 

The Society’s field meetings were a source of great pleasure and interest, 
and I was able to link up with Stanley Wakely, who joined the Society a few 
years later, on account of our common interest in the micros; other micro 
men in the Society were more advanced. L.T. Ford took us both under his 
wing, and was most generous with his beautifully-set duplicates. Wakely’s 
ability as a field worker soon made itself felt, and he was marked out as one 
of the field workers of the future. Beside micros, he maintained an active 
interest in the macros and dabbled in the other orders with a liking for the 
Coleoptera and Diptera. 

Prior to my taking the City job, during a visit to South Kensington, I 
asked John Durrant whether I could get a job at the Museum. He replied 
that I could start in the setting rooms, but added the warning that I would 
stick there, finishing with the words ‘If you have plenty of money, go in for 
science. If not, open a pub!’. 

My visits to the Museum became more frequent, and I was greatly helped 
by John Durrand, H. Stringer and W.H.T. Tams with the determination of 
my catches, which included a Tineid which Stringer considered to be a new 
species of a new genus and sent it to Edward Meyrick, who named it 
Metarsiora horrealis, but which was eventually relegated to a variant of 
Ateliotum insularis Rebel. This specimen I found on a bag of Brazil nuts in 
one of the warehouses in the Eastcheap district of the City. I was well 
received by the dried fruit merchants who had their showrooms in that 
district and I was able to collect many Phycetinae and Galleriinae including 
Ephestia spp., and Ectomyelois ceratoneae Zeller and its variety phoenecis 
Durrant. Of the Galleriids I found Corcyra cephalonica Stt. after finding a 
solitary male out of doors in Fen Court. I found Paralipsa gularis Zeller in 
quantity in one warehouse, and was able to introduce Ford and Frampton 
to the insect in situ. 

Through H.J. Turner, I was put in touch with William Fassnidge who, in 
turn, put me in touch with Leon Lhomme, both of whom steered me into 
the way of continental species. Another much valued friendship came to 
me in A.B. Klots, via Dr Cockayne, Joseph Klimesch via the British 
Museum and A.G. Carolsfield-Krause via Klimesch. ‘C-K’, as he came to 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


be known to me, was very closely attached to the Neputiculidae, and took 
over this family from the much overloaded Klimesch, for Microlepidoptera 
Palaearctica, and with the help of all these, the foundations of my general 
collection were laid down before the 1939-45 war. This separated me from 
Klimesch, although, before the outbreak of hostilities we were able to wish 
each other safe survival, and express the hope of a glad reunion at the end 
of the war. 

Klots was also more or less out of touch, although we received many 
food parcels from America, which were most welcome. Fassnidge, a 
modern language master at the Henry I School at Southampton, was 
evacuated, with his school, to Poole, Dorset, from whence he sent me 
mines of Stigmella suberivora Stt. As an officer in the Home Guard, he 
attended a demonstration of shooting up a column in convoy by a spitfire 
plane on Salisbury Plain, but unfortunately, the pilot mistook the 
spectators for the column, and Fassnidge received two bullets, one in a lung 
and the other in his left shoulder. These incapacitated him for some time, 
but his iron will took him out collecting with me in the New Forest after the 
war, under the watchful eyee of Mrs Fassnidge, who kept him on a short 
lead to see that he did not over-exert himself. His wounds eventually 
proved fatal after some three years of devoted care from his wife, and I was 
glad to have been able to assist her in her appeal for a war widow’s pension, 
which had been refused, but which was finally granted. Through 
Fassnidge, I met Scarsdale Brown on an expedition to the Winchester 
district in search of Myelois cirrigerella (Zincken). 

After Fassnidge’s death, I purchased his microlepidoptera collection, 
while his macro collection went to the Natural History Museum. I was also 
given some rare and useful books from his library, and bought others. His 
copy of von Kennel’s Palaearctische Tortriciden went to Mr Curtis of 
Bournemouth. 

When Europe was once more opened up to travel, I arranged to meet 
Lhomme, who arranged quarters for us at Cabrerets, but unfortunately he 
fell through the roof of an outbuilding at his home, and died from his 
injuries. We called at le Carriol, his home, to pay our respects to his widow. 
Lhomme and I had carried on a close correspondence, and I subscribed to 
his /’Amateur de Papillons. He put me in touch with Paul Béde of Sfax, 
Tunisia, from whom I received large numbers of micros from that district. 
My subscription to /’Amateur put me in touch with S. le Marchand, who 
took over the editorship after Lhomme, and his paper on the European 
Lithocolletidae (/’Amateur de Papillons VIII: 83-118) inspired me to make 
a translation of this paper, and produce a similar paper on the British 
species of Lithocolletidae, with a coloured plate (Proc. South London Ent. 
& N.H.S., 1944-45: 32-59). 

Another pre-war friend was Josef Soffner, and while after the was I was 
able to visit C-K, I was not able to meet Soffner, though we corresponded, 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 63 


and I made an unsuccessful attempt to save his collection for him. I 
understand that this went to the Prague Museum. C-K introduced me to a 
young Czechoslovak named Dalibor Povolny, later to become a leading 
Czechoslovak and world entomologist with a leaning towards the 
Gelechiidae. 

On a visit to Digne, in the days of its entomological glory, I was 
fortunate enough to meet Dr Eduard Diehl while out collecting. We started 
a correspondence, and when he took on a four-year contract for a medical 
practice in Madagascar, he was only interested in the Macros, and sent me 
all the Micros which came to his traps. Pierre Viette, whom I had met in 
Paris, took a keen interest in these catches, for he was deep into a study of 
the Madagascan Lepiodoptera fauna. He found four or five new species, 
the types of which are in the Paris Museum, and I was able to pass the 
remainder of the material into the British Museum (Natural History). 

Another German entomologist with whom I corresponded, and who I 
was able later to visit when on a holiday at Seefeld, was Osthelder, who 
unfortunately died a few years later. 

Coming back to the home front, the field meetings organised by the 
South London Society were most interesting and productive, for these were 
the years of plenty. One of the leading organisers was Mr C.E. Liles, who 
always found room in his haversack for a bottle of Hock for use with his 
lunch. T.R. Eagles was mainly interested in Lepidopterous larvae, although 
he was also a keen botanist. Occasionally these meetings were attended by 
Col. Labouchere, who was in part instrumental in the introduction of 
Dutch Lycaena dispar batavus Oberthiir to Wood Walton Fen in an 
attempt to compensate for the loss of dispar dispar Haworth. 

After the first year of the 1939-45 war, not much field work was possible, 
although I remember an enjoyable visit to Dungeness area with R.L.E. 
Ford to collect Coleophora otitae Zeller on the sea campion, he having a 
pass for the area which was heavily fortified. In 1941, my house was 
severely blasted by a 500kg bomb with a graze fuse, which exploded on the 
opposite side of the road. Although practically all the windows were 
shattered, my collection sustained minimal damage, for while the blast 
forced my cabinet doors open and shot the drawers about half way out, the 
damage was in boxes of duplicates which were placed on a shelf vertically. I 
am told that the experience of the Natural History Museum was similar 
when blasted by a V1 weapon which exploded on the French college on the 
other side of Cromwell Road. What a 500kg bomb failed to do was done 
most efficiently by Anthrenus verbasci L., for although my tiles were 
promptly replaced, it took more time to get my broken ceilings repaired, 
and these abominable pests dropped through from the sparrows’ nests in 
the roof, at a period when war duties took so much of my time that I was 
not able to be as watchful as I should have been. Unfortunately my micros 
suffered most, the larvae being able to step from pin to pin and clean off a 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


series. | often wondered who had taught them entomology, for they seemed 
to have a preference for the ‘‘good things.”’ 

My general collection was becoming somewhat crowded after the war, 
and Dick Ford sold me a 100-drawer continental cabinet which he had 
received with the Bainbridge Fletcher collection. This was a table with five 
tiers of ten drawers on either side; far too big for an ordinary house, but I 
ripped up the carcass and re-asssembled it in four tiers of twenty-five 
drawers each, which fitted well to one of my bug-room walls, and served 
for the layout of the general collection. 

In his late years, H.J. Turner gave me Tortricina and his Tineina to 
S. Wakely. After his death, Turner’s son invited me to take what material I 
required from the remainder of the collection and also what books I 
required before he invited E.E. Syms, the South London Librarian to take 
what the Society required. This put me in a somwhat awkward position, 
but I confined my choice to such books as I knew to be in the Society’s 
library. One interesting book which I selected was Col. Swinhoe’s 
Butterflies and Moths of India, which had been Col. Elwes’ spare copy and 
contained voluminous manuscript notes. This I handed to W.H.T. Tams 
for the department’s library at the British Museum. 

An item which was useful to me was three papers, bound together, on the 
Pyralidae and Pyraustinae by Sir George F. Hampson, which enabled me 
to set out those families in the 100 drawers, arranging the Phycitinae to 
Crambinae based on Staudinger. 

Some years ago, in 1948, Turner had put me on the editorial panel of the 
Entomologist’s Record, and on his death, when the magazine had shrunk 
to a few pages and looked likely to fade out altogether, P.B.M. Allan 
gathered the panel to a meeting in London, and it was decided that we 
should do our best to resuscitate the magazine under his supervision, edited 
by Dr Cockayne. This went well for a few years, but Cockayne resigned 
early in 1955 after a disagreement, and Allan continued on his own, but 
asked me to take over the editorship. Eventually I agreed — with some 
misgivings — having my inexperience in mind. Allan, however, proved to 
be a very knowledgeable and kindly schoolmaster, and after a few years 
with his help, I found myself able to edit, at any rate without incurring 
much wrath from others. My initial term as editor was greatly helped by the 
formation of a ‘Board of Governors’ for the Record. [The document 
forming the Board of Governors is reproduced overleaf. We are pleased to 
acknowledge that Mr A.A. Allen has maintained his involvement in the 
Record to the present day.— Ed.]. I retired from my City business in 1962 
and was able to give more time to the Record, and with the help of many 
good contributors, was able to bring the magazine to its present standard. 

After seventeen years I handed the editing over to Michael Chalmers- 
Hunt [in 1972], so that I could help him find his feet as Allan had done for 
me, although C-H was not as ignorant of publication as I was when I 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 65 


started. Before leaving the Record, I would like to say that Turner’s failing 
eyesight handicapped him very badly. His ambition was to complete his 
writing-up of the Varieties of the British Noctuidae as a supplement to the 
Record. This list was started by Tutt, and Turner’s idea was to let the 
Record die on its completion. [Turner, himself, died in 1951 before 
completing his ‘Varieties’ project. Although he had edited the Record since 
1911, after the death of J.W. Tutt, no obituary to him was ever published 
in the Record.— Ed.). 

His material went to the printers, Messrs T. Buncle of Arbroath, on half 
sheets of foolscap, about five lines to a sheet often ‘running up-hill’, and 
Messrs Buncle are worthy of the highest praise for their handling of this 
material. It was indeed, with a heavy heart that after the ‘three-day week’ 
in 1974 had hopelessly disorganised them so that they were no longer able 
to produce the magazine, that I was compelled to employ another printer. 

At the end of the Blitz period, I was stood down from full time duty with 
the Metropolitan Special Constabulary, and applied, on recommendation 
by R.L.E. Ford, for a post with the Ministry of Food Infestation Division, 
and served for about two years as an inspector under Dr Stephen Corbet. 
Here I was able to make a very reasonable collection of infesting insects 
and other arthropods, mainly Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, for the 
Department, and for myself, the determinations were made or verified by 
Dr (later Prof.) H.E. Hinton who had an office at the British Museum. 
After taking what was required for my collection from the Lepidoptera, | 
handed the remainder of the insects which I had collected, to the South 
London Society. My material went to the British Museum later with my 
collections. 

In the war years, the South London commenced to publish papers on the 
Tineina, and started with a paper on the genus Mompha by S. Wakely. 
Papers followed by L.T. Ford, S.C.S. Brown, J. Heath and myself, with 
coloured plates drawn by Col. Fraser, D.C. Twinn and myself. These plates 
were produced through the generosity of the Royal Society grant, but 
unfortunately, following a change of Royal Society Treasurer, the South 
London was informed that the R.S. grant must not be used for colour 
work. This brought the project to a close, but about 500 copies of each 
plate had been ordered for use with the projected volume when completed, 
and these were retained in store until 1978, when it was decided to publish 
the material being brought up-to-date by the Rev. David Agassiz. The 
rapid sale of this collation showed the Council’s decision to have been a 
good one. 

Through an exchange notice, I was fortunate in contacting William 
Mansbridge of Liverpool, who was most generous in sending me specimens 
of many of the rare Tortricids in which he specialised, and also Dr Neville 
Birkett of Kendal who supplied much interesting material for the Record as 
a member of its editorial panel. 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.iii. 1994 


A Pot gentlemen, friends of the science of Entomology, 
t 
( was held in the rooms of the Royal Society at Burlington 
A House, Piccadilly, London, at half-past two of the afternoon 
gS of 29th October 1955, at which the following were present:- 
S.N.A-Jacobs, A-C.R.Redgrave, A-A-Allen, L.Parmenter, 


H.Symes, J.0.T.Howard, F.W.Byers, P.B.M.Allan 
Ond Col Ww. Berner. 


i By umanimous request Mr.S.N.A.Jacobs took the chair. 
? 
an It was RESOLVED that in view of certain difficulties 

which have lately beset the production of the monthly magazine 
mr called THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION, 
van founded for the good of the science of Entomology by James 
we William Tutt on 15th April 1890, a 30ARD OF GOVERNORS shall 
be formed with power to control the editing, production, printing, 
publishing and finance of the magazine. ; 


It was further RESOLVED that the Board of Governors shall 

S consist of six members,—ef—srom not—more than—four—skheaii—+be- 
sepideptertsts; That appointments to the Board, as vacancies 

Gok occur, shall be made by consensus of the then existing Board; 
LM and That the Board shall meet as and when a majority of its 

jad. members shall consider advisable, fourteen days' notice being 

vk given in writing by the Secretary of the Board to each member 


L of the Board. 


It was also RESOLVED that in addition to the general 
powers of the Board to control the editing, production, 
publishing, printing and finance of the magazine,all appoint- 
ments to the Editorial Chair of the magazine shall be vested 
in the Board and the Boardshall likewise appoint the Treasurer 
( and Production and Publicity Managers. and 6 Coot ape 
ane 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 67 


EEUU 


Furthermore it was RESOLVED That the appointments of 
Editor, Treasurer, Production and Publicity Managers made 
by the Board shall in the first instance be for a term of 
THREE YEARS and may be renewed for a similar or anentes term 


if the Board considers advisable. 


It was also RESOLVED That the Board of Governors shall 


. 


consist of the following gentlemen:- 


Mr.S.N.A.Jacobs 
Mr.A.C.R.Redgrave 
Mr.H.Symes 
Mr.A.A.Allen 

Mr L.Permenter 
Mr.J.0.T.Eoward 


™hese Resolutions being agreed by all present nemine 
contradicente, we the undersigned have hereto set our names 


in the presence of one another:- 


a 


Fig. 1. Document creating the Board of Governors. 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.i11.1994 


After the war years, I turned more attention to the Nepticulidae, and 
with the help of Klimesch, C-K and later Col. A.M. Emmet, I found myself 
with a large collection of mines and many imagines. The mines formed the 
subject of a series of drawings, and although many of them are unnamed, 
they are catalogued with data, and I am hoping that Col. Emmet may be 
able to find some time to assist in naming those which C-K had not seen. 

On my retirement from the City, I commenced working on one day each 
week at the British Museum on a voluntary basis, and the first task given to 
me was to incorporate the Aegeriidae of the Rothschild collection with the 
British Museum collection. In this operation, Pierre Viette very kindly 
supplied a series of photographs and notes by Chretien on the species seen 
by him when he inspected the British Museum collection. When this task 
was completed, I was given a similar task with the Phycitinae, and set the 
collection out in some 125 standard drawers, with several drawers of 
duplicate and unnamed species. After this, I was asked to attempt the 
cleaning up of the Pyralids of the Swinhoe collection, which had been 
badly boxed, and during their storage had become covered with a black 
sooty dust. A medium/small sable watercolour brush proved to be the best 
tool for this task, and after a short while, the introduction of a short piece 
of a continental setting board for supporting the wings for brushing, 
greatly lessened the risk of damage. 

A very interesting task followed in the staging up and labelling of the 
smaller Lepidoptera collected by the Vane-Wright South Western Africa 
expedition, which contained many species which were probably new to 
science. After this, I was entrusted with a similar task with the ‘small fry’ 
taken by the Royal Geographical Society’s Sarawak expedition, and 
although illness has prevented me from completing the whole operation, I 
am hoping that the coming of better weather will enable me to resume 
operations with the few remaining boxes. This was a particular pleasure, 
because, when viewing the television film of the expedition in operation, I 
had said to myself: ‘How I would like to have the handling of the ‘small 
fry’at the B.M.!’ 

Unfortunately, it has proved too difficult a task to treat the subject with 
even reasonably chronological order, but it is to be hoped that omissions 
may be few. 

The degree of friendship and good will which I have experienced 
throughout, from my early days of possibly overbearing know-all-ship to 
my, I hope, more reasonable outlook on my entomological abilities, must 
be in very sharp contrast with the notorious hostilities which existed 
between some of the entomologists of the nineteenth century whose 
opinions did not coincide. 

The task of transferring my collections to the British Museum took some 
considerable time. I commenced with my general collection, retaining my 
British collection for reference purposes, followed up a few years later with 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 69 


my British material, and I am pleased to say that the parting was not so 
tragic as I would have expected. With advancing years, it would have been 
something of a strain to have maintained the defence of the 180 drawers 
from the attacks of Anthrenus and other pests. 

In 1973, I was delighted to receive from the Director of the British 
Museum (Natural History), a letter advising me that the Council had 
offered me an appointment as an Honorary Associate of the Museum, and 
on my acceptance of this honour, I was invited to meet the Director and 
Governors of the Museum at a buffet lunch. At this lunch, I was 
introduced to the Governors by the Keeper of Entomology, Dr Paul 
Freeman. 

This would seem to see me into my final instar, but I trust that this will 
endure for some time yet, in order that I may have time to complete my 
pupation without undue regrets for work unfinished.” ” 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Egg-curry orchha 

India, 1985 

An interesting thing happens in northern India in winter. A number of 
Palaearctic butterfly species, normally only found above 1500 metres in the 
Himalayas, breed in large numbers on the plains, among them Pieris 
brassicae, Artogeia rapae, Pontia daplidice, two species of Colias, 
Argyreus hyperbius, and several others. These are normally hibernating 
species, but they seem to have evolved the alternative strategy of moving 
down the mountains to have several broods on the plains between autumn 
and spring. Most of these species breed on weeds in irrigated fields, so 
possibly this is a relatively recent phenomonon (for more details see my 
paper: 1986. Atalanta, 16: 245-252). 

Having already investigated the foothills of the Himalayas, I decided to 
take my girl-friend to see the wonderful temples at Khajurao, thus allowing 
me to check how far into central India these seasonal wanderers might 
extend. The best piece of luck I had was just south of Agra, where in the 
bandit-infested (yet another example of the wonderful Indian way with 
words) ravines of the Chambal River, Argyreus hyperbius was more 
common than I have ever seen it in the mountains. Thousands were about, 
but no violets, the normal foodplant. We made a longer stop on the way 
back, but to my great chagrin, we could find no larvae. 

Before we left, a friend had advised us to stop at Orchha, and ‘‘do ask 
for room number one — the view from the toilet is magnificent’’. Orchha is 
almost unknown, and well off the normal tourist trails, so we went. And 
what splendid advice! It is an enchanting place. Two huge, empty palaces, 
one said to have been built in anticipation of a visit by Shah Jehan that 
never materialised, and subsequently never used. As in so many places in 
India, monumental tombs had been built. A river babbled by, unfortu- 
nately attracting only the most banal of butterflies. 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994 


Palace at Orchha. 


We were the only foreigners for miles. This was a good thing, because the 
Madhya Pradesh Government Guest House had only three rooms, and we 
were able to get number one. It was on the fourth floor of what had been 
the harem. A huge room was outfitted with bric-a-brac confiscated from a 
neighbouring Maharajah palace, complete with huge Belgian mirrors on 
the walls, four-poster bed, stuffed tigers and enough weapons to fight a 
minor civil war. But, as our friend had said, the bathroom was the 
crowning glory. It was in a narrow turret with a view covering 270 degrees, 
including one of those sunsets which make winter in northern India more 
bearable than it would otherwise be. And all this for $15 a night for a 
double room. 

Would we like dinner? Most emphatically, yes! 

Unfortunately it had to be vegetarian, said a hand-wringing manager. 
That, however, is hardly a hardship in India, while meat dishes are, since 
local meat is normally tough as old boots. A table in the little courtyard 
adjoining the room was impeccably set on a gleaming white tablecloth. 
Half an hour later, the meal arrived. Dal, yoghurt with chopped cucumber, 
assorted chutneys, the fluffiest of basmati rice, chappaties, popadums, 
and, the crowning glory, a most wonderful egg-curry. Such a meal in sucha 
setting will be forever remembered, simple though it was. We had egg-curry 
the next two days as well, despite the manager’s half-hearted attempts at 
rustling up a chicken. 


LIFE CYCLE OF A BUGHUNTER 71 


We had a chat with the manager. We have seen our share of completely 
hopeless State Government Rest Houses, so how could he be doing so well 
in what had to be a remote ‘‘punishment-posting’’? Well, we probably did 
not put the question exactly like that, but basically it seems he was simply 
too effective, and too demanding, and setting too good standards for the 
system to bear. So he was ‘‘punishment-posted’’. But there was hope. 
Someone in Bhopal seemed to be listening. He had been promised he could 
open two more rooms next year. The wheels of Indian bureaucracy turn in 
inscrutable ways. 

As we left, we asked to see the khansamah (cook), to thank him and to 
give him the generous tip he richly deserved. There he was, on the floor, 
under an ancient open-air staircase, with a blackened petroleum cooker of 
the freestanding Primus variety, and a few battered pots and pans. I doubt 
if I could have made a cuppa-soup on his equipment. If only India could 
release this type of initiative and ingenuity in more productive ways. 

Boiled eggs travel well, even in the tropics, and Egg-curry Orchha is now 
standard camping fare for us in Botswana. I cannot say that I reach the 
standards of that khansamah, but the curry is good and the rice is basmati. 
However, there is no way I could manage chapatties and popadums as 
well.— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. 


Eupithecia icterata Vill. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplants. 


This moth, including a substantial proportion of females, has attended my 
garden m.v. light each year in numbers suggesting that there might be an 
alternative larval foodplant in the vicinity to yarrow (Achillea millefolia) 
which is very little in evidence. On 3rd October 1993 I decided to remove a 
number of plants of a cultivar of feverfew (Tanecetum parthenium) 
possessing loose corymbs of small, white button-like flowers, which has 
been a feature of my garden for at least two decades. I had successfully 
utilised this plant for feeding E. icterata larvae; yarrow deteriorates rapidly 
in plastic containers. The plants were shaken over a plastic sheet, and some 
half dozen E. icterata larvae tumbled out, all nearly full grown. E. Philip 
(Atlas of the Kent Flora, 1982) states that feverfew is a ‘‘frequent plant 
about built up areas, and appears to be on the increase’’. Doubtless, this 
plant, including its ornamental cultivars, has long been overlooked as a 
natural larval foodplant of E. icterata which has aided the moth’s 
colonisation of urban areas.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent 
DAS 2HN. 


Dicycla oo (L.) the Heart Moth (Lep.: Noctuidae), at Windsor in the 1940s 
The recent records of this now scarce species in Berkshire (Ent. Rec. 105: 
250) remind me that perhaps I should place on record the finding many 
years ago of two specimens of D. oo at Windsor, in case it is of interest to 


qe ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.iii. 1994 


the compiler of the Lepidoptera list for that county. As I was paying but 
little attention to moths at the time, I unfortunately omitted to put data on 
the specimens, not thinking them likely to be of note in an area so full of 
oaks as Windsor Forest; and can only place the year of capture as being in 
the first half of the decade — my visits there being frequent. 

Possibly at that period the species was not uncommon there, but the two 
specimens (pinned and put aside with other ‘‘odds and ends’’, and passed 
later to my friend Dudley Collins) remain the only ones I have met with. 
Both were at rest on oak trunks in the eastern end of the Great Park one 
day in June or July.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, 
London SE7 8QG. 


Odontoptera bidentata Cl. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplant in 
Ireland. 


On 29th June 1987 I found a considerable number of these larvae on 
bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in deciduous woodland at Pontoon, Co. 
Mayo. Although I was familiar with O. bidentata larvae from the privet 
hedges (Ligustrum ovalifolium) in north-west Kent, a plant not, 
incidentally, listed by J.M. Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 
1981), these Irish insects were quite unrecognisable, being most variegated 
and colourful to resemble the abundant lichens, whereas those of north- 
west Kent are sombre hued. Several were reared to produce moths the 
following year. Searching and beating birch, oak and sallow especially, in 
the vicinity, provided no O. bidentata larvae. I concluded that bilberry 
must be the overwhelmingly preferred larval foodplant in that woodland.— 
B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


Ennomos alniaria L. (Lep.: Geometridae): abs. destrigaria Cockayne and 
concolor Lempke in Kent 


On 21st August 1990 my garden trap revealed a very pale male E. alniaria 
with the transverse lines and discal marks barely visible and the minute 
greyish striations absent. Fortunately it was later examined more closely 
and found to be a perfect specimen, for at first sight it had appeared very 
worn; indeed, as an excellent mimic of a very worn alniaria it could be 
easily overlooked. It was identified as ab. destrigaria, being described and 
figured in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine for 1948 from a specimen 
bred ab. ovo in Sussex in 1908, and this remains the only specimen in the 
National Collection today. 

The National Collection contains only two specimens, both females, of 
ab. concolor, in which the canary coloration of the thorax is replaced by 
the orange-brown of the wings. Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of 
Kent, 1981) notes only one specimen for the county, a male at Dover, 1975. 
To this I can add two specimens, both males, which appeared at my garden 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 73 


trap on 30th August 1985 and 9th August 1992. This form also may not be 
as rare as appears, for it could easily be overlooked.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar 
Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN. 


Satyrium w-album (Knock) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in a moth trap 


With reference to the above note by Steve Kett in the November/December 
issue of the Ent. Rec. (1993, 105: 282), it is possible to add a similar capture 
at am.v. light in Stoke Woods, near Exeter, in 1977 (Bristow, Mitchell and 
Bolton, 1993). With regard to the flying period of the White-letter 
Hairstreak in Devon, the earliest date that we have is 27th June 1976. 
References: Bristow, C.R., Mitchell, S.-H. and Bolton, D.E., 1993. Devon 
Butterflies, Tiverton: Devon Books. — ROGER BRISTOW, Davidsland, Brendon 
Hill, Copplestone, Devon EX17 SNX. 


Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) larval foodplants 

In response to B.K. West’s article in the November/December issue of the 
Ent. Rec. (1993, 105: 253) I would like to point out that in Devon, in 
addition to the usual brassicas, larvae of the Large White have been found 
on Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), 
Black Mustard (Brassica nigra), Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Hedge 
Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), Sea Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) 
and Horse Radish (Amoracia rusticana) (Bristow, Mitchell and Bolton, 
1993). 

References: Bristow, C.R., Mitchell, S.H. and Bolton, D.E. 1993. Devon 
Butterflies. Tiverton: Devon Books. — ROGER BRISTOW, Davidsland, Brendon 
Hill, Copplestone, Devon EX17 SNX. 


The Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.) (Lep.: Cossidae) to light 

On the 11th July 1992, one of my son’s friends brought to me a live male 
Goat Moth that he had found at rest on the wall of his home, close to an 
external light that had been left on all night. Two days later my son brought 
home from the same garden two empty cases found on the surface of a 
vegetable plot. I could not be certain but from their large size and general 
shape I suspected that they were of the Goat Moth. 

The garden occupies a very interesting position, situated as it is on the 
Ouse Washes SSSI. On one side of the rectangular plot is the tidal Hundred 
Foot River, on another is a row of some fifteen large willows (Salix fragilis) 
with their roots submerged in a permanent pond, and on the third side is a 
dyke lined with low, scrubby willows and sallows. Most of the garden is 
lawn but there are several fruit trees, two flower beds and a permanent, 
well-manured vegetable plot. 

On my first visit I found exit holes and borings in one of the large willows 
and several of the scrub willows. The owners were very positive about the 
presence of the species and told me that in the autumn they often find large 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994 


larvae wandering around the garden and even entering the conservatory. A 
photograph confirmed that these had been of the Goat Moth. 

On the 14th February 1993, the owner brought me a large larva that he 
had dug up from the vegetable plot. The larva re-buried immediately and 
produced a female on the 30th June. Another larva that had been retained 
by the owner produced a male three days later. 

Paul Waring visited the site on 9th July 1993. Photographs were taken, 
copious notes made and larvae were collected from the small willows. He 
was also kind enough to leave a Robinson trap at the site for two weeks, 
enabling me to put to the test the species’ apparent lack of interest in light. 

Trapping began on 10th July 1993 and continued until the 26th apart 
from two night of heavy and continuous rain. The trap was checked before 
7.00am each day, and the surrounding herbage and tree trunks were also 
examined. The time was divided equally between a point close to the large 
willows and a point close to the small, bushy willows. 

A total of 98 species of macro moth was recorded during this period of 
trapping, including a number that I had not noted in my garden, less than 
half-a-mile away. On 18th July, the lady of the house, visiting the trap 
before me as she often did, discovered a worn female Goat Moth at rest on 
the lawn, about four feet from the trap which was positioned close to the 
scrub. This was the only evidence from the light that the species was 
present. 

This result appears to confirm the comments made in recent literature 
about the Goat Moth’s habits concerning light; Bernard Skinner (Colour 
Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles, Viking 1984) says 
‘occasionally attracted to light’’, while Emmet and Heath (The Moths and 
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 2: 73. Harley 1989) say ‘‘in very 
small numbers at light’’. 

However, the flight period is June and July, and the emergence dates 
given earlier suggest that the spell of trapping may have begun too late for 
many individuals. Also, I was unable to remain with the light for long after 
dark and it may be that in the small hours the moth visits the lighted area 
without entering the trap. 

Thanks are due to the owners of the site — their enthusiastic assistance 
went far beyond the call of duty — and to Paul Waring for the loan of the 
equipment.— R. PARTRIDGE, 11 New Road, Mepal, Ely, Cambridgeshire 
CB6 2AP. 


Some additional host plants of British Ceutorhynchus spp. (Col.: 
Curculionidae) 

To the list of host plants given by Prof M.G. Morris (1991: 262) for the 
above weevils in his valuable paper of the classification of the British 
Ceutorhynchinae, I can add some others from my own collecting 
experience. An asterisk indicates that only one specimen was on one 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS pfs 


occasion found on (or swept from) the plant in question, so it is possible 
that some such instances were of only casuals or strays. Otherwise, the 
species either was found more than once, or was present as more than a 
singleton and obviously breeding. The genus Ceutorhynchus is now 
restricted to the species living on Cruciferae (and Reseda). 

C. assimilis: Armoracia rusticana (commonly), Barbarea vulgaris. 
Garden plants: Cheiranthus cheiri (wallflower), Alyssum. Clearly 
polyphagous. 

C. chalybaeus: Barbarea vulgaris. 

C. cochleariae: Cardamine amara. Garden plants: *Arabis caucasica. 

C. erysimi: *Descurainia sophia. 

C. pervicax: I can confirm its occurrence on Cardamine amara (queried 
in the list). 

C. picitarsis: Lepidium campestre. 

C. rapae: *Armoracia rusticana, *Alliaria petiolata, Lepidium 
campestre, *Thlaspi arvense (?), Sisymbrium officinale (a major host, the 
only one noted by Fowler, 1891: 354; in considerable numbers on this plant 
at Blackheath, S.E. London, in 1973, linking up with Fowler’s records 
(ibid.) for the adjacent Lee and Lewisham. Morris gives only Descurainia, 
but adds ‘‘(and other genera and species?)’’. C. rapae is less rare than often 
supposed. 

C. sulcicollis: stated to be probably polyphagous; I have found it on 
Alliaria petiolata (once freely) and Sisymbrium officinale. 

C. turbatus: Lepidium campestre (this plant is so similar in most respects 
to Cardaria (formerly Lepidium) draba, the weevil’s primary host, that its 
occurrence on both seems very natural). 

A mystery surrounds the host plant of C. syrites in Britain, where the 

beetle is so rare that available data are minimal. On the Continent it is 
Camelina sativa, a crucifer found in Britain only as an alien, in cornfields 
etc. In this country, however, it is stated to be Silene inflata (bladder 
campion) — not a crucifer. It seems reasonably certain that C. syrites was 
taken from the latter plant, and on more than one occasion — see Fowler, 
1891: 345. Since this west Kent site was a field, one wonders whether, just 
possibly, the Camelina was growing there mixed with the Silene. 
References: Fowler, W.W., 1891. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 5: 345, 354, 
London. Morris, M.G., 1991. A taxonomic check list of the British 
Ceutorhynchinae, with notes, particularly on host plant relationships (Coleoptera: 
Curculionidae), Entomologist’s Gazette 42: 255-265.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Notable records of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in south-east 
Sutherland 

Formica sanguinea Latreille, a species with an unusual distribution in 
Britain, is found in the woodlands of the Central Highlands of Scotland 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994 


and then travelling southwards is not encountered until the Wyre Forest 
near the Welsh border (Bolton, B. and Collingwood, C.A., 1975. Handbk. 
Ident. Br. Insects 5 (3c): 25). | found a healthy colony of this species in the 
pinewoods at Migdale, near Spinningdale in south-east Sutherland during 
the summer of 1993. This is approximately 60km north of the nearest 
recorded colony in Glen Affric, and 100km north of the species’ stronghold 
in the Central Highlands. 

Myrmica sabuleti Meinert, not previously recorded from Sutherland, 
was found within the bounds of the Scottish Wildlife Trust’s reserve at 
Loch Fleet (O.S. sheet number NH 79/89 grid ref. 815 946). Many colonies 
were discovered on _ recently-formed sand dunes. The species is 
morphologically similar to specimens from southern Britain, lacking the 
longer and coarser scape and epinotal spines of specimens from the nearest 
recorded colony at Garve, East Ross (Collingwood, C.A., 1951). It is worth 
noting that colonies of the rather local ant, Myrmica lobicornis Nylander, 
were found in the same locality as that of the M. sabuleti. 

My thanks to C.A. Collingwood who confirmed the identification of the 
three species. 

Reference: Collingwood, C.A. (1951). The distribution of Ants in north-west 
Scotland. Scottish Naturalist, 63: 46.— J. HUGHES, 2 Coul Farm Cottages, 
Dornoch, Sutherland 1V25 3QF. 


Tinagma ocnerostomella (Staint.) (Lep.: Douglasiidae). 
New to Wiltshire. 


On 13th June 1993 whilst collecting on the West Down army ranges at 
Shrewton Folley (SU 0948) (v.c.8), | came upon a stand of exceptionally 
fine flowering spikes of Viper’s-bugloss (Echium vulgare). My attention 
was immediately directed towards numerous Bumble-bees (Bombus spp.) 
scrambling over the flower-spikes. I also noted that quite frequently, as a 
result of this rumbustious activity, many small, pale, rather delicate moths 
were being disturbed. Closer examination revealed that they were 7. 
ocnerostomella and a very short series of voucher specimens was taken. 

On 17th October I visited the area again and found, in the now dead 
stems of £. vulgare, the tell-tale signs of larval occupation, confirmed by 
splitting open one of the stems. 

FE. vulgare is a common component of the downland flora on the army 
ranges of Salisbury Plain. I have searched for evidence of 7. ocnero- 
stomella for many years in many localities, in the course of which I must 
have examined many hundreds of plants. This leads me to suspect that 
notwithstanding the frequency of the foodplant this species is probaably 
very local within the county.— M.H. SMITH, 42 Bellefield Crescent, 
Trowbridge, Wiltshire. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 77 


Curious behaviour by Poecilocampa populi L. (Lep.: Lasiocampidae) 

At 9.15am on 3rd December, a bright, mild morning following a week of 
intensely cold weather, I removed my m.v. trap to the shed for examination 
— the usual process. It was not jarred on its journey, nor when placed in 
the shed. Almost immediately many of the P. populi became active, and 
with the removal of the light flew out towards the window where they 
remained fluttering for a few minutes before settling on the window 
frames. Within seconds almost all of just less than fifty specimens, 
including twelve females, had left the cartons. 

The procedure carried out was routine, the light from the window being 
sufficient for normal identification purposes, and although not 
infrequently a moth will be disturbed, especially when the cartons are 
removed, I have not previously encountered a spontaneous mass 
awakening and call to activity of this kind. 

Only three other species were present in the trap — Agrochola macilenta 
Hbn. (3), Erannis aurantiaria Hbn. (1) and E. defoliaria Clerck (2), 
including a very fine ab. progressivea Haverkampf, by far the scarcest of 
the normal run of forms here. These species remained quiet.— B.K. WEST, 
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


Three species of Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight 


On 24th May 1993 Simon Colenutt took a fresh example of Hadena 
albimacula (Borkh.) at m.v. light at his home at Chale Green. This is the 
first time that this species has been recorded on the Island but it is probably 
breeding on the south coast on the Isle of Wight where its foodplant 
occurs. 

My brother Dr R.P. Knill-Jones has recently identified two species of 
microlepidoptera which have not been taken on the Island before. These 
are Zelleria hepariella (Stain.) which was taken at light at Freshwater on 
14.vii.1987 and the Tortrix Crocidosema plebejana (Zell.) which was also 
taken at light at Freshwater on 18.vi.1990.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, 
Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. 


Choleva glauca Britten (Col.: Catopidae) in Kent 


Through some oversight I had omitted to record what appears to be the 
earliest capture of the above beetle in Kent, when on 20.ix.1951 I took a 
male from a rabbit burrow in sandy ground at Knole Park, Sevenoaks. My 
friend Mr Norman Heal has collected the species in the county in recent 
years, and will doubtless publish his records. C. glauca is one of the rarer 
species of the genus, which I have also, singly, from Meavy Valley, S. 
Devon, in moss (ix.1933) and Wellington College, Berkshire (23.vii.1911, 
P. Harwood).— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 
8QG. 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.iii. 1994 


Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): hibernation in first brood 


On 26th July 1992 I noticed that two A. urticae had settled upon the white 
ceiling of a cupboard in an east-facing upstairs room with permanently 
drawn curtains, to be joined by two more by 8th August. Despite the room 
becoming exceedingly hot by day at times during August and September, 
and again in the spring, the butterflies remained in place until 24th May. 
Two days later the first three to hibernate had departed, while the fourth, 
when examined in June was found to be deceased. 

In south-east England there are two generations, the first in June and the 
second in August and September. The major textbooks are in agreement on 
this, but they are neither so precise nor in agreement regarding hibernation, 
which is surprising in view of the description given by Barrett (The 
Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 1893). He states that hibernation is not 
induced by cold weather, and that all individuals are not influenced in the 
same way. He details examples, e.g. of two butterflies going into 
hibernation in early August at a time when young larvae for the second 
brood were plentiful, and the two individuals remaining torpid throughout 
the intense heat of an unusually hot spell in early September, to be joined 
by others during that month. He adds that specimens which continue on 
the wing through the autumn die at the approach of winter. Despite this, 
South (Butterflies of the British Isles, 1939) confines hibernation to the 
second generation. 

Ford (Butterflies, 1945) suggests that it may be the heat of summer rather 
than the cold of winter that drives some species of hibernating 
butterflies into retreat, and less controversially, that some _ species, 
including A. urticae, start to hibernate in early August, or even late July. 
This contrasts with Emmet and Heath, Eds (The Moths and Butterflies of 
Great Britain and Ireland, 1987) in which it is stated that hibernation 
occurs in the autumn, although conceding that it may begin as early as mid- 
August, while Plant (Butterflies of the London Area, 1987) comments that 
hibernation lasts from about late October until late February or early 
March, but involving both generations. 

A. urticae is one of the commonest butterflies, so it is surprising that 
there is not more agreement in the textbooks. Barrett did produce evidence 
in support of some of his statements; subsequent authors have not. 
However, his view that specimens which remain active well into the autumn 
die before winter seems to require substantiation. The subject of 
hibernation in A. urticae is complex; its commencement covers a very long 
period, and it has been a neglected subject. Curiously, the journals contain 
records almost annually of winter sightings of active hibernating 
butterflies, and V. atalanta, yet records of early or particularly late entering 
into hibernation are almost non-existent. I have found one, R. Uffen 
(Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural 
History Society, 18: 51), who notes an A. wrticae hibernating from late 
July, 1984 in Hertfordshire. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 719 


The specimens quoted as successfully hibernating at Dartford in 1992/93 
were torpid for a very long period, almost ten months, despite enduring 
high temperatures in April and May. Unfortunately the butterfly has been 
scarcer in 1993 than I have ever known it previously; only a casual specimen 
or two have appeared on the Buddleia and Aster novi-belgii, and none on 
the Sedum spectabile in my garden, and the ivy blossom in October visited 
daily was patronised only by P. c-album, so it is not surprising that my 
upstairs rooms, somewhat unusually, possess no hibernating butterflies this 
year.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


Dwarfism in moths: further evidence from Cardiganshire, mid-Wales, 
1991-92 


A trend towards dwarfism in twelve species of wild-caught moths at Cnwch 
Coch, Cardiganshire, was reported in Ent. Rec. (1990) 102: 182-183. Since 
that time ten additional examples have been observed. One example in 1991 
and five examples in 1992 involved five species of moths (Table 1). Four 
specimens of three species were of minimum size. It was postulated that 
environmental conditions prevailing during development particularly of 
larvae resulting in deprivation of good quality food and inadequate water 
requirements are important factors in causing dwarfism in the wild. 
Climatic instability has been a feature for a number of years recently. 
During this period extremes in weekly and monthly temperatures and of 
rainfall have been nationally noteworthy. However, it was interesting that 
in the long term, taking a mean of three consecutive years of monthly 
averages of temperatures, equality resulted: 51°F. (1990), 50°F. (1991), 
50°F. (1992) at Cnwch Coch, Cardiganshire. 

On day-by-day climatic data for July, 1990, spring was the warmest it 
was claimed for three hundred years. The drought in July of nineteen 
consecutive days without rain and very high temperatures resulted in soil 
becoming cracked and dried out to a depth of several inches such that it 
caused established Rhododendron and Azalea bushes to wilt severely. High 
temperatures continued, resulting in a heatwave, and 3rd August was 
claimed to have had the hottest-ever recorded temperature in Britain, 
reaching 96°F., and 94°F. at Cnwch Coch. These very high temperatures 
and drought conditions came too late to affect most larvae which had 
already reached maturity, but the number of adult species observed in 
August was low at fifteen, the same as in 1992. There were twenty-three 
species in 1991, and thirty-three species in 1993. Such yearly fluctuations 
have been observed previously and are not unusual. If dwarfism is 
influenced by climatic extremes prevailing during the weeks of development 
of immature stages, the expectation for dwarfism to occur in 1992 was 
confirmed. 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.11.1994 


May 1992 was the warmest in some places since 1948. On the 14th May at 
Edinburgh, 90°F., at Norfolk on 20th, 91°F., at Cnwch Coch, 80°F. These 
hot days continued at Cnwch Coch throughout June in the 70s°F. to reach 
82°F. on 30th June. With no rainfall from 12th June, the soil was hard and 
dried out; even more so in early July. However, from the 4th there was a 
slow decline from extreme conditions. Moths coming to light in August and 
September were, as anticipated, showing signs of dwarfism in some 
specimens of several species. Measuring the distance from the centre of the 
thorax to the apex of the forewing x 2, new minima in the size of the 
following species of moths were established. Also four specimens of three 
species were of minimum size. 

Table 1. New minimal wing expanse in some moths 


Min. wing 
Min. wing expanse 
expanse (Skinner 1984)* 

Species Date mm mm 
Opisthograptis luteolata L. (Brimstone) 23.viii.92 30 83 
Selenia dentaria F. (Early Thorn) 2.vili.92 34 40 
Cerapteryx graminis L. (Antler Moth) 30.vili.91 26 27 
Mesapamea secalis L. (Common Rustic) 3.1x.92 30 31 
Luperina testacea D. & S. (Flounced 25.vili. & 

Rustic) 4.ix.92 30 32 

Moths of minimal wing expanse 

Chloroclysta truncata Hufn. (Common 

Marbled Carpet) 5.ix.93 32 32 
Atethmia centrago Hb. (Centre-barred 

Sallow 17.ix.92 32 32 
Luperina testacea D. & S. (Flounced 25.vili & 

Rustic) 4.1x.92 32 32 


*Skinner, B. (1984). Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles, 
Viking. 
PHILIP M. MILES, Werndeg, Cnwch Coch, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


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Contents 


The incidence of Laothoe populi L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) in north-west Kent, 
1969-1993. B.K. West 

Foodplants of the Privet Hawhneth Scone nensral ene iScnineidae): an 
experimental study. G. W. Danahar and R.G.W. Northfield : 

Beetles from pitfall-trapping at high altitudes in the Cairngorms. J.A. Over auth 
R.W. Thaxton . : : 

Leaf-miners on A/nus incana. ve M. Benet en 

The life-cycle of a bughunter. S.N.A. Jacobs and P. a Sokoloff . 


Notes and observations 
A melanic Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in north-west Kent. B.K. West . 
Catocala fraxini L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Cornwall? A. Spalding . 
A further note on larval foodplants of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Biendaen in 
north-west Kent. A.A. Allen 
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Egg-curry vorchna! ee 1985. Tr B. pen 
Eupithecia icterata Vill. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplants. B.K. West . . . 
Dicycla oo L. the Heart Moth (Lep.: Noctuidae) at Windsor in the 1940s. A.A Allen 
Odontopera bidentata Cl. (Lep.: Geometridae): larval foodplant in Ireland. 
B.K. West 
Ennomos alniaria L. fteo Gramennaey abe einen Goctagne ana eoncaten 
Lempke in Kent. B.K. West. : 
Satyrium w-album Knock (Lep.: Pycaendeeyn ina coin aes R. Bristow 
Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) larval foodplants. R. Bristow . P 
The Goat Moth (Cossus cossus L.) (Lep.: Cossidae) to light. R. Pariides : 
Some additional host plants of British Ceutorhynchus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). 
A.A. Allen . 
Notable records of ants (ame Roecideen in sania east Sutherland: J. Hasies 
Tinagma ocnerostomella Staint. (Lep.: Douglasiidae) new to Wiltshire. 
M.H. Smith 
Curious behaviour by Pocciocaune same L. (lene iiasineareeinen B. K. West 
Three species of Lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones 
Choliva glauca Britten (Col.: Catopidae) in Kent. A.A. Allen . 
Aglais urticae L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae): hibernation in first brood. B.K. West. 
Dwarfism in moths: further evidence from Cardiganshire, mid-Wales. P.M. Miles . 


78 
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LACANOBIA OLERACEA 81 


THE TIME OF APPEARANCE OF LACANOBIA OLERACEA L. 
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES 


B.K. WEST 
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


NONE OF THE standard textbooks include August within the main flight 
period of this widespread and common moth. However, Barrett (1897) 
adds that occasionally there is a second generation at the end of August, or 
September, or October. South (1939) adds that it sometimes occurs in the 
autumn. Both Heath [Ed.] (1979) and Skinner (1984) state that there is a 
small second brood in the south. 

The three local works concerned with south-east England offer evidence 
regarding the time of appearance of this insect, although it is somewhat 
meagre in each case. Chalmers-Hunt (1968) quotes trap records for Wye, 
3.v. to 3.viii. 1953 followed by 14.viii. to 2.x.1953. L. and K. Evans (1973) 
present two series of dates for Addiscombe, Surrey — 17.v. to 21.ix.1969 
and 24.v. to 29.viii.1970. C. Plant (1993) summarises the time of 
appearance in the London area as late May to the third week of July, with 
occasional specimens being seen in August in some years, as in 1976 and 
1983. 

My garden trap records are for the twenty-five years from 1969 to 1993 
inclusive, and they are at variance with the standard textbooks and the local 
work by C. Plant in one particular aspect; my records suggest that there is a 
prolonged emergence without break from May well into August, sometimes 
to the end of the month. In one year records terminated in July; thus in 
1975 the last specimen was seen on 18th July, but I was away from the 19th 
July until 12th August. L. oleracea is a very common species here, and in 
season is recorded almost every night, although never in the large numbers 
associated with Agrotis exclamationis L. or Noctua pronuba L.; only at the 
beginning and end of the season are records sporadic. 

In several years, and especially in 1969, the long time of appearance 
continued into September. In that year the first specimen was observed on 
31st May; the trap was operated in that month only on the last two nights. 
The sequence was interrupted from 23rd July until 15th August due to my 
absence, after which it resumed with a fairly even spread of records for 
50% of the nights until 18th September. This was the only year to exhibit so 
prolonged an emergence. The pattern for 1969 is corroborated by the first 
sequence of records quoted by L. and K. Evans for Addiscombe, that for 
1969 — 17th May to 21st September. Coincidentally, the second sequence, 
that for 1970 — 24th May to 29th August, is also remarkably similar to 
mine of that year — 18th May to 25th August. 

September records are sparse, and appear to refer to late examples of a 
protracted sequence, and not to possible representatives of a second 
generation. In 1979 a specimen was noted on 5th September after a long, 
unbroken series terminating on 30th August. In 1982 the first moth 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


appeared at the trap on 20th May, but by the end of July the moth had 
ceased to be a constant feature of the trap, only visiting it in August on the 
8th, 11th and 21st, and also on Sth and 8th September. This pattern of 
scattered dates suggests to me a protracted tailing off of the brood rather 
than the presence of a second generation. In 1985 a singleton was noted on 
12th September, the species having been last observed on 18th August; on 
this I make no comment. 1988 was an early year, L. oleracea was observed 
almost daily from 8th May until 17th August, to be followed by two more 
on Sth and 6th September; this gap however becomes less significant in 
view of the trap not being operated on eleven of the eighteen nights 
between 17th August and Sth September, due to distinctly unpropitious 
weather conditions. 

The pattern displayed by my records suggests a long period of 
appearance, usually commencing in May and continuing into the latter half 
of August, and occasionally into September. The mean date for the twenty- 
five year period of the end of the August sequence of records is 21st 
August; in calculating this I have not included September figures. The two 
sets of records for Addiscombe and that for Wye are in accord with my 
findings. In contrast the summary presented by C. Plant for the London 
area appears to corroborate the time of appearance given in the various 
textbooks, probably univoltine in most years, but occasionally bivoltine, 
with a large emergence from about the beginning of May until the end of 
the third week of July, but in some years, notably 1976 and 1983, 
specimens being recorded in August. How can such conflicting assessments 
be reconciled? Perhaps the explanation lies in the different nature of the 
two operations. My figures refer to a particular place for a specified 
sequence of years; the figures of the author of a local work are mainly 
dependent upon what is provided in the way of records by a number of 
people. There is some inertia regarding the provision of these records and 
usually some uncertainty of what precisely is required. Observations for 
scarce immigrants and rare species may be enthusiastically and faithfully 
forwarded, detail concerning the commonest species receives scant 
attention by all involved. 

My observations provide almost no indication of a second generation. 
The August records continue smoothly from those of July; there is no 
indication of a resurgence in late August or September. However, a 
probable second generation specimen did occur in 1993; specimens were 
observed from 10th May until 26th August, to be followed by one in good 
condition on Sth October. 

Perusal of past numbers of this journal has proved quite instructive; in 
them L. oleracea has received far more attention than I had anticipated. 
Firstly, there is evidence that the species flies in August regularly in places 
far away from north-west Kent, indicating that this is by no means a very 
local and restricted phenomenon. Thus for north-east Derbyshire Johnson 
(Ent. Rec. 66: 146) quotes the time of appearance in 1953 as being from 


LACANOBIA OLERACEA 83 


25th May to 16th August; for County Cork Chainey (Ent. Rec. 88: 230) 

states that the species is found continuously from mid-May until mid- 

August, while for the Isle of Canna Campbell (Ent. rec. 81: 69) records that 

almost six hundred specimens were attracted to m.v. light between 26.v. 

and 11.viii.1968. Lorimer (1983) does not detail the time of appearance in 

the Orkney Islands, but does indicate that three dull, pale brown specimens 
were seen on Ist August in 1973 and 1976, and 8th August 1977; this 
suggests that specimens normally fly in August. 

Secondly, these volumes contain evidence of bivoltinism in some 
northern locations. Campbell (Ent. Rec. 82: 294) describes the moth as 
being double brooded on Canna, deducing this from m.v. light records . 
from 1951 to 1969, and quotes the earliest and latest dates for this period as 
3.v.1957 and 18.ix.1957. Goodall (Ent. Rec. 72: 157 1960) comments on the 
species in 1959 thus — first brood 8th May to early July, early appearance 
and numerous, second brood 11th August to early September, a few. 
Harper (Ent. Rec. 68: 39) describes the 1954/1955 winter weather at 
Newtonmore, Inverness-shire, as being the worst within living memory, 
followed by a mild and sunny April, and a return to winter conditions for 
most of May; however, prolonged fine weather later caused several species 
to produce second generations which were not known to have done so 
previously, including L. oleracea. 

Very late emergences, too, are not confined to the south. Birkett (Ent. 
Rec. 68: 80) records a specimen for Kendal, Westmorland, 24.ix.1955; 
Jackson (Ent. Rec. 102: 106) notes a specimen at Muston, Yorkshire, 
22.ix.1989, and Dewick (103: 138) records four specimens at Bradwell-on- 
Sea, Essex, in October 1990. 

Certain conclusions can be drawn:- 

(a) At Dartford there is an extended time of appearance from May to 
August inclusive, and sometimes into September; there is evidence 
that this might be so in parts of Surrey and East Kent. 

(b) There is a curious anomaly — this evidence is not corroborated for 
the London area as a whole. 

(c) August is within the normal time of appearance probably throughout 
the British Isles; more evidence is needed for longer periods. 

(d) There is evidence that the moth is at least sometimes bivoltine in 
northern England and Scotland including the Western Isles. 

(e) What is the propensity for L. oleracea pupae in confinement to 
produce imagines the same year? The insect is probably only reared 
for the obtaining of parasites! 

(f) |The time of appearance is surely one of the most important pieces of 
information about a species that should be detailed in local works; it 
is usually omitted! 

These conclusions if correct will have revealed a quite remarkable, if not 
unique, fact concerning L. oleracea; wheras it is univoltine in the south- 
east, omitting the very occasional isolated October record, it may well be 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


bivoltine, even regularly, in some northern localities; a reversal of the usual 
position. What is more clearly demonstrated is the general lack of 
knowledge of one aspect of one of the commonest and most widespread 
British moths, yet one so easily remedied by the use of static traps. 


General References 
Barrett, C., 1897. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, Vol. lV. 
Chalmers-Hunt, C., 1968. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. Vol. 2. 
Evans, L. and K., 1973. A Survey of the Macro-lepidoptera of Croydon and north- 
east Surrey. 
Heath, J.(ed), 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 9. 
Lorimer, R. 1983. The Lepidoptera of the Orkney Islands. 
Plant, C., 1993. The Larger Moths of the London Area. 
Skinner, B., 1984. Moths of the British Isles. 
South, R., 1939. The Moths of the British Isles. Vol. 1. 


Euphranta toxoneura (Loew) Diptera: Tephritidae in East Kent 


Euphranta toxoneura is peculiar amongst tephritidae in that the larvae are 
predatory on those of sawflies of the genus Pontania. Larvae of Pontania 
live either in rolled leaf-margins or inside galls on Salix species and it is 
believed that Euphranta larvae are specifically associated with the latter. 
Given that there are some dozen species of gall-forming Pontania in 
Britain, that Euphranta has been found associated with at least five, and 
that species such as P. viminalis (L.) may be very abundant throughout 
Britain and Ireland it is interesting to note the apparent rarity of 
Euphranta. To date the species has been reported from only about twenty 
sites within the following counties: Avon, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, 
Cambridgeshire, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, London, 
Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Suffolk, Sussex, Warwickshire and Yorkshire. 
The dates of capture of the adults range from 18th May to 12th July 
(several recorders, pers. comm.). On 22nd May 1993 I swept a single male 
Euphranta during a short visit to Aylesford Pit near Maidstone (51/7359). 
The small pit has resulted from gravel extraction and consists mainly of 
willow and hawthorn scrub. Several species of Salix grow there including 
Salix triandra, the almond willow, which is uncommon in Kent. The rarity 
of the fly cannot be due to it having a short flight period since the dates 
given above suggest that it is at least comparable to many more widely 
recorded tephritids e.g. Urophora cardui. It is quite possible that the fly is 
actually more generally distributed but is under-recorded on account of 
some secretive diurnal habit.— LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s 
Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. 


ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 85 


LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 
7th Appendix 
R.M. PALMER’ and M.R. YOUNG? 
12 Glenhome Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen AB2 OFG. 


2 Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen. 


THE FIRST part of this seventh appendix follows the format of previous 
appendices and reports the addition of ten microlepidoptera new to 
Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire and two rediscovered species last 
recorded in the 19th century (old records of these species are included in 
square brackets). There follow details of species of microlepidoptera for 
which there are additional vice counties records. 

The second section deals with additional records of macrolepidoptera, 
including new or rediscovered species and those which are apparently 
extending their range or are of interest for other reasons. Finally, the 
apparent disappearance of several other former residents in the area is 
discussed. 


(i) Microlepidoptera new to VCs 91 - 93 
(dates are those of the first record) 


Nemophora minimella D. & S._ 93. Wartle Moss, 1993 

Caloptilia stigmatella Fabr. 91. Loch of Leys, cones on Salix sp. 1991 

Phyllonorycter cavella Zell. 92. Dinnet Muir, bred 1991 

Amphisbatis incongruella Stt. 92. [Common near Aberdeen (Horne, quoted by 
Reid, 1893)]; Dinnet Muir NNR, 1993 


Bryotropha senectella Zell. 93. Gight woods, 1990 

Blastodacna hellerella Dup. 92. Port Elphinstone, Inverurie, one; 7/93 in the 
Rothamsted trap run by Mr and Mrs J. Bailey 

Hysterophora maculosana 91. Elf Hill, 1993 

Haw. [92. Common at Inverurie (Trail 1878) 


93. Pitcaple (Reid, 1893)] 
Epiblema roborana D. &. S. 92. Dinnet oak wood 1990 


Pammene obscurana Steph. 92. Grandholme Moss, 1993 
Cydia cognatana Barr. 92. Linn of Quoich, 1993 
C. injectiva Hein. 93. Peterhead; three bred in 1993 from cones of 


Pinus jeffreyi imported from the USA (Tuck 
and Young, 1994) 

Platyptilia ochrodactyla 92. Peterculter, 1990 

D. & S. 


Of the above, Cydia cognatana deserves special mention. This species of 
the Scottish Highlands is recorded in textbooks (e.g. Bradley ef a/., 1979) as 
occurring in Aberdeenshire, yet, as far as we can ascertain, there are no 
actual published records and consequently that from Glen Quoich, where 
the species was seen by the authors and Dr J.R. Langmaid on 1.vii.93 is the 
first formal inclusion of the species in a list of Aberdeenshire moths. 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


New vice-county records 
New to VC 91. Rhyacionia pinivorana L. & Z.; Epiblema tetragonana 
Steph. 


New to VC 92. Blastobasis lignea Wals.; Agapeta hamana L. 


New to VC 93. Eriocrania subpurpurella Zell.; Stigmella ruficapitella 
Haw.; Lampronia rubiella Bjerk.; Phyllonorycter harrisella L.; P. 
heegeriella Zell.; Sesia bembeciformis Hb.; Ypsolopha vitella L.; 
Blastobasis decolorella Woll.; Aethes smeathmanniana F.; Olethreutes 
obsoletana Zett.; Apotomis sauciana grevillana Curt.; Blastesthia 
posticana Zett.; Aphomia sociella L. 


Now recorded from all 3 VCs Stigmella salicis Stt.; S. floslactella Haw.; S. 
crataegella Klim.; S. glutinosae Stt.; Heliozela resplendella Stt.; Tinea 
pellionella L.; T. trinotella Thunb.; Lyonetia clerkella L.; Parornix 
anglicella Stt.; Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella Hb.; Elachista atricomella 
Stt.; E. alpinella Stt.; Schiffermuelleria similella Hb.; Depressaria 
pulcherrimella Stt.; D. weirella Stt.; Agonopterix ocellana F.; Acleris 
sparsana D. & S.; Hedya dimidioalba Retz.; Epinotia immundana F. v 
R.; Epiblema costipunctana Haw.; Pammene rhediella Cl.; Cydia 
internana Guen.; Scoparia pyralella D. & S.; Eudonia truncicolella Stt.; 
E. mercurella L.; Pleuroptya ruralis Scop. 


(ii) The macrolepidoptera 
Four macrolepidoptera have been added to the list, three of these are 
‘‘rediscoveries’’ from the 19th century lists of Reid (1893) and Trail (1878). 

Pararge aegeria L. was recorded once in the last century, [two at 
Hazelhead, Aberdeen City; VC 92(Reid, 1893)]. The status of these early 
records is not clear but the recent spread of the Speckled Wood from the 
west coast via Inverness and the Moray coast is well documented (Barbour, 
1986) and it can be considered as a recently established resident in VC 93 
where R. Leverton found it commonly near Huntly in 1991 (Leverton, 
1991). 

Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. was recorded as rare at Pitcaple (Reid, 
1893) and a single specimen taken at Oldmeldrum in 1993 suggests that this 
species may be a low density resident in VC 93. 

Peridroma saucia Hb. on the other hand is a well-known migrant which 

seldom reaches this far north. Recorded as rare by Trail (1878) (no 
localities given), the only recent records are of single specimens at 
Oldmeldrum in 1986 and 1992. 
Orthosia gracilis D. & S. is the only macro for which there are no previous 
records. A single specimen was taken at the Sands of Forvie NNR, 1991, it 
is not known to be migratory and is perhaps a newly-established resident 
species in north-east Scotland. 


ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 87 


Since the publication of the previous appendix (Palmer & Young, 1991) 

there have been only two new macro records from VC 91 (Orthonama 
vittata Borkh. and Eupithecia tenuiata Hb.) and only one (see below) from 
VC 92. In contrast, North Aberdeenshire (VC 93) is an under-recorded area 
and therefore, although the macros are not usually recorded by vice- 
county, the occurrence in VC 93 of many new macros should be 
mentioned, even if some are only of local interest. The new records (from 
Oldmeldrum unless otherwise stated are: 
Callophrys rubi L. (Loch of Strathbeg, 1992); Trichiura crataegi (The 
Buck, 1990); Eulithis prunata L.; Electrophaes corylata Thunb.; Epirrita 
filigrammaria Hb.; Eupithecia assimilata Doubl.; Semiothisa wauaria L.; 
Petrophora chlorosata Scop.; Ectropis bistortata Goeze; Euxoa nigricans 
L.; Xestia castanea Esp.; Papestra biren Goeze; Xylena vetusta Hb.; 
Agrochola lota Cl.; Atethmia centrago Haw.; Cryphia domestica Hf. and 
Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Sands of Forvie NNR, 1993). 

Whilst most of the above have probably been resident for many years, 
others such as Rhyacia simulans Hf.; Hoplodrina blanda D. & S.; 
Caradrina morpheus Hf. and Pseudoips fagana F. may be recent arrivals. 
One non-resident not previously recorded from North Aberdeenshire is 
Colias croceus Geoffr., which was recorded from many parts of Scotland 
in 1992, including records from Cruden Bay and The Cabrach. 

Some confusion has arisen over the species now known as Apamea zeta 
assimilis Doubl. (Mikkola & Goater, 1988). In the original list (Palmer, 
1974) A. exulis assimilis Doubl. was recorded from Ballater. In the third 
appendix (Young et al., 1981) the record from Udny was referred to 
incorrectly as A. exulis Le Feb., whilst the first VC 93 record (Palmer & 
Young, 1991) was, also incorrectly, called A. maillardi exulis. All three of 
these records, and a subsequent specimen from VC 93 (Oldmeldrum, 1993) 
are of the mainland subspecies A. zeta assimilis. Whether the moth breeds 
in these low lying areas is not known, more probably the few records are of 
strays from higher ground to the west, in either case there is no evidence of 
migration of the Shetland subspecies to Aberdeenshire. 

Another species worth closer attention is Euchoeca nebulata Scop. The 
record of a single specimen from VC 92 (Palmer & Young 1991), and the 
record of a second specimen in Gight woods, VC 93, in 1992 suggests that 
this species may be another low density resident. Both records were from 
suitable habitats, i.e. woodlands containing plentiful and long-established 
alder. 

This situation contrasts with the status of Alcis jubata Thunb. which was 
new to north-east Scotland when a single specimen was recorded from 
Dinnet Oakwood NNR in 1987. Four years later A. jubata was the 
commonest moth at light in the same wood, a conservative estimate of 40 
specimens were seen there on 2.viii.91. The species remains common at 
Dinnet Oakwood and five were taken at a portable trap in a second locality 
in VC 92, an oakwood near Monymusk, in 1990. 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 
eee eee 


An even more remarkable spread has been achieved by Lomaspilis 
marginata L. This species is generally considered to be widespread 
throughout Britain but was first recorded in north-east Scotland in 1986, 
from VC 91 (Palmer & Young, 1991). Since then it has been recorded from 
three other localities in Kincardineshire and from five localities in VC 92. It 
was first recorded from an urban garden (where R.M.P. has run light traps 
for 24 years) in 1993. The first record for VC 93 was in 1992, at 
Oldmeldrum, where M.R.Y. has been running a light trap since 1979. 

To counteract this picture of a consistent gain of species by the north- 
east corner of Scotland, some losses should be mentioned. The first is 
Cataclysta lemnata L., which became established in a pond in the City of 
Aberdeen following introduction of the foodplant in 1982. This species 
subseqently disappeared when the pond was cleared. Erynnis tages L., was 
recorded near Monymusk until about 1970; Nymphalis polychloros L. bred 
regularly in Lauchentilly wood near Kintore until the 1950s; and Eurodryas 
aurinia Rott., was a well documented resident at Pitscurry moss, near 
Inverurie, well into the 1960s. These three butterflies were all recorded by 
the late W. McWilliam and all appear to be extinct in the area. The same is 
probably true of three macro moths; Polychrisia moneta F. spread into 
Aberdeenshire about 1945 (specimens bred by the late Dr G. Morison now 
in coll. of R.M.P.); the species persisted until 1958 but has not been seen 
since then. Hemaris titvus L. was recorded from the Muir of Dinnet (VC 
92) in 1938, from Banchory (VC 91) in 1942 (G. Morrison) and from 
woodland near Kemnay (VC 92) until about 1960 (W. McWilliam) but also 
sadly seems to have gone. Far more remarkable was the record of H. 
fuciformis L., also by W. McWilliam in the same Kemnay locality as H. 
tityus and until about the same time. Were it not for the fact that the 
specimens still exist in W. McWilliam’s collection these records would be 
hardly credible, being so far beyond the recognised range of the species. 
However the occurrence of other species in similarly disjunct localities, 
such as Aethes rutilana Hb. in Wester Ross (Agassiz, 1984), suggests that 
nothing is impossible. 


References 

Agassiz, D., 1984. Microlepidoptera in Wester Ross. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 
96: 12-13. 

Barbour, D., 1986. Expansion of range of the Speckled Wood butterfly (Pararge 
aegeria L.) in north-east Scotland. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 98: 98-105. 

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, J.D. & Smith, A., eds. British Tortricoid Moths Vol. 2 
(Tortricidae: Olethreutinae) (1979) The Ray Society. 

Leverton, R., 1991. The Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria L.) reaches North Aber- 
deenshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 103: 330-331. 

Mikkola, K. & Goater, B., 1988. The taxonomic status of Apamea exulis 
(Duponchel) and Apamea assimilis (Doubleday) in relation to A. maillardi (Geyer) 
and A. zeta (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Enfomologist’s Gazette 39: 
429-257. 


ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 89 


Palmer, R.M., 1974. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. Entomo- 
logist’s Rec. J. Var. 86: 273-284. 

Palmer, R.M. & Young,M.R., 1991. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardine- 
shire: 6th Appendix. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 103: 125-127. 

Reid, W., 1893. List of the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. 

Trail, J.W.H., 1878. Lepidoptera of Deeside. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Aberdeen, 28-42. 

Tuck, K. & Young, M.R., 1994. A record of Cydia injectiva (Heinrich) (Lepidoptera: 
Tortricidae) from Aberdeenshire. Brit. J. ent. Nat. Hist. 7: 1-2. 

Young, M.R., Palmer, R.M. & Hulme, P.D., 1981. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire 
and Kincardineshire: 3rd Appendix. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 93: 116-119. 


Further records of Tipula helvola Loew (Diptera: Tipulidae) in Kent 


Stubbs, 1992 (Provisional atlas of the long-palped craneflies (Diptera: 
Tipulinae) of Britain and Ireland) shows two Kent localities for this 
hitherto poorly recorded species, both of which are within the western half 
of the county. Although I had submitted records to the Tipulidae recording 
scheme from one site in east Kent as long ago as 1981 these had 
unfortunately escaped inclusion in the atlas. Having found the species 
again in both east and west Kent in 1993 it is perhaps worthwhile recording 
the circumstances under which the specimens were found. 

The first specimens were found on 7.vii.1979 (and again on 13.vii.1983) 
within a small chestnut coppice with oak standards at Murston 
(51/929651). The coppice is interesting in that it lies on the boundary 
between a plateau of sand and the coastal clay of the north Kent marshes. 
Consequently part of the coppice remains relatively dry whilst the 
remainder is often very waterlogged. On the first visit numerous males and 
females were in evidence at about 19.30 hours amongst a dense stand of 
nettles. 

On 3.vii.1993 I led a meeting of the Kent Field Club at Eccles Pit 
(51/7261). Part of this site is damp and densely overgrown with willows. At 
about 11.45 I swept a single male from nettles growing in dappled shade 
within such a spot. Further sampling in the drier regions of the pit yielded 
no other specimens. Further examples of the fly were taken on 18.vii.1993 
at Chiddingstone Ponds (51/5147) and on 2.viii.1993 at Lenham Heath 
(51/9149). The former site lies on the clay and contains numerous water- 
filled pits resulting from past extraction of material for bricks. Two males 
were again swept from nettles growing in the shade. The site at Lenham 
Heath where a further male was obtained is an open sandpit. The southern 
margin of the pit contains some damp areas and has become colonised by 
sallows. The single specimen was obtained by sweeping a patch of Juncus in 
this damp area. Although Stubbs states that Tipula helvola is a species of 
dry woodland it is pertinent to note that the adults recorded in Kent have 
tended to occur within the damper regions of such woods.—LAURENCE 
CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


Migrant lepidoptera taken in the Dungeness area during 1993, including 
three species new to Kent 


During 1993, I was fortunate enough to take two species new to the county, 
at m.v. light at Dungeness, Kent. The first was a male example of Agrotis 
trux Hbn. (the Crescent Dart), taken with immigrant species on 10th 
September, a date suggestive of a second-brood individual. The nearest 
English colony of this species is to be found at Eastbourne, Sussex, where 
bivoltinism is apparently unknown (C. Pratt, pers. comm.), and this also 
appears to be the case in Cornwall (W. Kittle, pers. comm.). It is probable, 
therefore, that the Dungeness specimen, which occurred in a light southerly 
airstream and was followed by a single Palpita unionalis Hbn. at the same 
trap-site on 11th September, was of a continental origin. 

The second species new to Kent occurred to me at Dungeness on 11th 
October, a male Ochropleura leucogaster Freyer (Radford’s Flame 
Shoulder). This specimen represents the fourth British example of this 
species and breaks the sequence of 17th October records, the other British 
records all having occurred on this date as follows: Walberton, W. Sussex, 
1983 (J. Radford); Swanage, Dorset, 1990 (D.C.G. Brown); near Truro, 
Cornwall, 1990 (P.N. Siddons). 

A third species new to the county was taken by K. Redshaw at Dungeness 
on 24th May. This was a rather worn male example of Harpyia milhauseri 
Fab. (the Tawny Prominent), a species with only one previous British 
record, at Aldwick Bay, Sussex, in June 1966 (R.R. Pickering). 

In addition to the three species added to the county list, two species only 
recorded on one prior occasion in Kent, also occurred during the 1993 
season. These were Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (the Golden Twin-spot), of 
which a single male specimen was taken by Miss P. Carter in Lydd on 19th 
August; and Photedes extrema Hbn. (the Concolorous), single males of 
this species being taken at Greatstone on Ist June by B. Banson and at 
Dungeness on 10th June by myself. 

A number of other noteworthy species were recorded in the Dungeness 
area during 1993 and these included a male Nola aerugula Hbn. (Scarce 
Black Arches) at Greatstone on 2nd July (B. Banson); a female Hyles 
euphorbiae L. (Spurge Hawk-moth) at Dungeness on 12th August (D. 
Walker); a male Macdunnoughia confusa Steph. (Dewick’s Plusia) at New 
Romney on 21st September (K. Redshaw); and two male examples of 
Trigonophora flammea Esp. (Flame Brocade) at Dungeness on 10th 
October (A. Butcher) and 12th October (K. Redshaw). 

In the context of the generally poor 1993 season, both for resident and 
migrant Lepidoptera, this is a rich array of unusual immigrant species, and 
would suggest that the proximity of mainland Europe to this corner of 
Britain allows even the most localised of weather conditions to produce 
continental immigration.— S.P. CLANCY, Dehli Cottage, Dungeness, 
Romney Marshes, Kent TN29 9NE. 


PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 91 


SOME INTERESTING MOTH RECORDS FROM THE 
PETERBOROUGH AREA IN 1992 AND 1993 


PAUL WARING 
Windmill View, 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 6LS. 
Introduction 


MOTH RECORDING in the Peterborough area has had a long but patchy 
history. Whitwell (1845) published a short list, indicating that recording in 
the area was well under way at that date. There have been a number of later 
contributions on the moths of the area, though many are unpublished 
manuscripts or exist in the form of data labels in collections at 
Peterborough Museum and elsewhere. Some of these are referred to by 
Waring (1992a-d, 1993a) and Waring et al. (1992). Pooles (1932) published 
a very full list for the area and Chalmers-Hunt (1989) reports that he has a 
copy which Pooles annotated with additional records for the period 
1946-66. There is a typescript attributed to the late R.E.M. Pilcher on the 
Lepidoptera of Castor Hanglands and Ailsworth Heath 1911-1960 which is 
in the English Nature files at Peterborough and includes records from the 
author’s father and Messrs W.T. Mellows and W. Quibell among others. 

There are additional notes supplied by S.W.P. Pooles up to 1964, and 
from Brian Elliott for 1964. Several key sites near to Peterborough are well- 
known nationally and have extensive moth lists of their own. In addition to 
Castor Hanglands there are Bedford Purlieus, Holme Fen and Wood- 
walton Fen. Whittlesey Mere, which was drained in the 1850s, lies just 
south of Peterborough and this area, and the Fens generally, were well- 
worked for moths from the early nineteenth century and have an extensive 
literature of their own. The lists of Lepidoptera in three Victoria County 
Histories also refer to the Peterborough area, owing to the proximity of 
Peterborough to the county boundaries of Northamptonshire, 
Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, a situation which has always 
complicated biological recording. 

Most of Peterborough is in vice-county Northamptonshire but the land 
immediately to the east is in the vice-county of Cambridgeshire. The 
cathedral city of Peterborough is bisected by the River Nene, which runs in 
a west to east direction, and the part of the city on the south bank, and the 
land to the south, is in the vice-county of Huntingdonshire. The 
Lincolnshire border, which loosely follows the course of the River 
Welland, is only 5km north of Peterborough and the Leicestershire border 
is only 12km to the northwest. Since the reorganisation of administrative 
boundaries in 1974, Peterborough finds itself within the modern county of 
Cambridgeshire which has absorbed the old county of Huntingdonshire. 

In terms of present day moth recording in and around Peterborough, 
two groups are particularly active — the Peterborough Biological 
Recording Group and the Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group. 


BZ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


ne EEE 


The two have close links and have some members in common. The 
Peterborough group was reformed in 1988, is based on Peterborough 
Museum and covers all branches of wildlife recording. In 1991 the group 
was given permission to record the wildlife of the Milton Estate, which 
includes most of the woods to the immediate west of Peterborough. Moth 
work within the group has concentrated on these woods, most of which 
appear not to have been worked for moths in the past on account of the 
fact that they are private and keepered. The results so far have been 
reported by Waring et al. (1992, 1993). Mick Beeson and our Moth 
Recorder for the Group, Malcolm Hillier, are also involved in a long term 
project up-dating the records for Castor Hanglands National Nature 
Reserve, along with the site manager Chris Gardiner. 

The Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group (HMBG) was formed 
late in 1988 by Marney Hall and Nick Greatorex-Davies to provide an 
opportunity for local lepidopterists to get together on a regular basis and 
exchange local information. It has close links with the much older 
Huntingdonshire Fauna and Flora Society. Since 1990 HMBG has 
produced an annual report which has provided a great incentive to 
exchange and publish our results at the end of each year. 

During 1992 and 1993 the number of light traps operated on a regular 
and fairly frequent basis in or near Peterborough increased to at least 
twelve as far as I am aware, with others operated on an occasional basis. 
Other recording techniques have also been used. A number of records were 
collected which are of more than local interest and these are summarised 
below. The regular trap operators based loosely on Peterborough include 
Mick Beeson (Scotsman Lodge west of Helpston, Northants. TF118031), 
Malcolm Hillier (Helpston village, TF131048), Chris Topper (Helpston 
village, TF114054), Chris Gardiner (Castor Hanglands, TF119015, with 
Messrs Beeson and Hillier), Debbie and Howard Hillier (Old Fletton, vc 
Hunts. TL187969), Peter Marren (Easton on the Hill, Northants. TF0O104), 
Margaret Palmer (on my behalf at Tolethorpe, Leicestershire TF0210 in 
1992), Bill Pugh and Sue Edwards (at Longthorpe, Peterborough, 
Northants. TL167986, on my behalf in 1993), David Sheppard (Hanthorpe, 
near Bourne, S. Lincs, TF0824), Peter Kirby (at Bretton, Peterborough, vc 
Northants. TF163011), Alan Stubbs (centre of Peterborough in 1993, vc 
Northants. TL197998) and the author at Werrington, vc Northants. 
TF164034). Trap coverage continues further afield, some of the results of 
which have been reported elsewhere e.g. Partridge (1992, 1993), Smith 
(1989), and others extensively in the HMBG reports, particularly Barry 
Dickerson and David Evans, who have recorded moths on a large number 
of sites in ve Huntingdonshire. 

Some of the most interesting records from around Peterborough are 
arranged below in loosely chronological order. In some cases the 
coincidence of dates suggests patterns of local movement. 


PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 93 


1992 


A Red Swordgrass Xylena vetusta Hb. was taken at the Robinson trap at 
Castor Hanglands on 28th February 1992, followed by a White-marked 
Cerastis leucographa D. & S. at the same site on 20th March 1992, the 
recorders being Malcolm Hillier, Mick Beeson and Chris Gardiner. 
Continued trapping at the site produced the Brindled White-spot 
Paradarisa extersaria Hb. on 23rd May 1992 and again the following year 
on 11th June 1993. 


A Bordered Straw Heliothis peltigera D. & S. was captured by Malcolm 
Hillier at his trap at Helpston on 23rd May 1992. This species turned up 
again in the area two months later, as a singleton light-trapped by P. 
Waring in the garden of 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough on 
the night of 29/30th July 1992. This was a period of much migrant activity 
locally, including numbers of Silver Ys Autographa gamma L. 


A single Orange Footman Eilema sororcula Hufn. was captured in the 
Robinson trap at Castor Hanglands, Northants 29th May 1992 by Messrs 
Hillier, Beeson and Gardiner. It is unclear whether this record represents a 
resident species or a vagrant. The moth proved to be a female which laid a 
batch of fertile eggs from which larvae hatched. This is the first and only 
record of the species from this site in recent years, in spite of much 
recording activity. 


An adult and pupal cases of the Lunar Hornet Clearwing Sesia 
bembeciformis Hb. were found by Chris Gardiner at the recently declared 
Collyweston Great Wood and Eastern Hornstocks National Nature 
Reserve (TFO100) on 12th June 1992. This site is proving to be very species- 
rich for moths. 


A Marbled Clover Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. was captured by Peter Kirby 
in his Robinson trap at Bretton, Peterborough on 29th June 1992. 


A colony of the Four-spotted Moth, Tyta /uctuosa D. & S. exists at 
Werrington Junction, Peterborough. Adults were seen from 23rd May to 
21st June 1992 by day and larvae by night on Ist July 1992. This colony has 
proved to be large and extensive with over a hundred moths being seen 
along the railway line during 1992. For further details see Waring (1992b). 
The recorders were P. Waring, M. Hillier, M. Parsons, M. Beeson. Mick 
Beeson also recorded a singleton at his home light trap at Scotsman Lodge, 
Helpston, on 21st May 1992. The quarry behind the house was searched 
after the capture but no more were found. Malcolm Hillier has recorded 
the moth most years at his light trap at Helpston but it was only in 1992 that 
the breeding sites and larvae were found. A single adult was recorded by 
David Sheppard, on the outside of his garden light trap at Hanthorpe on 
Ist June 1992. This is the only specimen so far noted at this trap. A single 
male was subsequently found on 7th August 1992 at Orton brick-pit on the 
southern edge of Peterborough (vc Hunts.) by Malcolm and Howard 
Hillier. 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


A Striped Hawk-moth, Hyles lineata livornica Esp. was captured at 
Castor Hanglands, Northants, 22nd May 1992, in a Robinson trap 
operated in a glade within the woodland by C. Gardiner, M. Hillier, P. 
Waring and other members of the Peterborough Biological Recording 
Group. This was one of a number of records of this species in Britain 
between 14th May and the end of May 1992, indicating a considerable 
influx. P. Waring recorded another hovering around in his Robinson trap 
near Shalfleet, Isle of Wight, at 00.15 hours on 28th May 1992. 


A Peacock moth, Semiothisa notata L. was captured at Castor 
Hanglands by Messrs Gardiner, Hillier and Beeson on Sth June 1992, 
followed by a Pale Shining Brown Polia bombycina Hufn. at the same site 
on 19th June 1992. The Peacock moth may be the first record for 
Northants. Interestingly, the county recorder, John Ward, found one the 
following night at a light trap at Hazelborough Wood, near Silverstone, 
some 70km to the south-west of Castor Hanglands, at the other end of the 
county. 


A Ruddy Carpet, Catarhoe rubidata D. & S. was captured by Margaret 
Palmer in an actinic trap on 23rd June 1992 at Tolethorpe. The specimen 
was confirmed by M. Parsons and P. Waring. 


Oak Eggar, Lasiocampa quercus L. 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, 
Peterborough. In 1991 a single female was captured by P. Waring in the 
garden Robinson trap, followed by two more females on 21st and 28th July 
1992. On 4th August 1992 two wild males assembled to a virgin female bred 
for this purpose. The few recent records of this species in the area were 
collected together by Waring (1992a). 


Four adults of the Six-belted Clearwing Bembecia scopigera Scop. were 
swept amongst Bird’s-foot Trefoil Lotus corniculatus at Dogsthorpe 
brickpits (TF212025) by Alan Stubbs on 23rd July 1992. Alan found this 
moth just west of Peterborough at Barnack Hills and Holes National 
Nature Reserve in 1985 (TF076047). Previously it had been recorded in the 
Peterborough area by the late J.W. Turner at Fletton Brickpits (TF185965) 
in 1971, when it was fairly common while sweeping on 26th and 28th July 
and 4th August, near the Fletton Field Study Centre. The site has since 
been destroyed but there are other similar places in the area. There are 
voucher specimens in Mr Turner’s collection. 


A male Red-belted Clearwing Synanthedon myopiformis Bork. was 
recorded by Alan Stubbs near two large apple trees in his garden in the 
centre of Peterborough on 2nd August 1992. 

An Oblique Striped Phibalapteryx virgata Hufn. was trapped by Chris 
Topper at Helpston village on 6th August 1992 and confirmed by Malcolm 
Hillier. This is the second county record for vc Northants. One was 


previously recorded by Peter Gent at Wellingborough in 1955 (John Ward, 
pers. comm.). 


PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 95 


Singletons of the micro-moths Aethes smeathmanniana Fab. 
(Cochylidae) and Schoenobius gigantella D. & S. (Pyralidae) were captured 
by me at 1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington and confirmed by Mark Parsons. 
The first is probably a new vice-county record for Northamptonshire. It 
was taken in the Robinson trap on 21st May 1992. The Schoenobius 
gigantella flew to a tungsten bedroom light on the evening of 30th June 
1992. This also appears to be a first county record for Northamptonshire. 
Another individual came to Malcolm Hillier’s trap at Helpston on 11th 
June 1993. The species is known to breed in the Fens and possibly it also 
breeds along the ditches and watercourses around Peterborough. Malcolm 
recorded one at light on the south bank of the Nene at Alwalton (TF9613) 
on the west side of Peterborough (ve Hunts.) on 6th July 1991. 


The apparently very rare Tortricoid Epiblema grandaevana Lien & Z. 
was confirmed as resident in an abandoned limestone quarry at the 
Collyweston Great Wood and Easton Hornstocks National Nature 
Reserve, Northants, with the capture of eleven individuals at light on three 
nights between 31st May and 8th July 1992. Full details of the discovery of 
the moth, on 27th July 1991, and the subsequent work, can be found in 
Gardiner and Hillier (1993). 


Two more apparently new vice-county records for Northamptonshire are 
the Gelechiid moths Mefzneria aprilella H.-S. taken at Barnack Hills and 
Holes NNR by Chris Gardiner on 24th June 1992 and determined by Mark 
Parsons, and Brachmia blandella Doug. taken at Easton Hornstocks by 
Chris Gardiner on 8th July 1992 and determined by John Langmaid (Mark 
Parsons pers. comm.). 


The Twenty-plume moth Alucita hexadactyla L. was seen in numbers 
during 1992 and 1993 by Debbie Hillier at 17 St. Margaret’s Road, Fletton, 
with two also noted at 78 Queen’s Road, Fletton on 9th July 1993 by 
Malcolm Hillier. 


1993 


A survey of likely sites for the Hornet Clearwing Sesia apiformis Clerck 
has revealed the presence of the moth on Poplar trees planted as screens 
around various brick-pits and other sites around Peterborough (TL19). 
Full details of the results are to be reported by Howard Hillier in 1994. The 
adults were emerging on 6th July 1993, and a pair was found in cop on 16th 
July 1993 at 0800hrs. 


The Currant Clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, is established 
adjacent to 78 Queen’s Road, Fletton, Peterborough (TL197975), on 
Currant bushes in the garden which backs onto this property (M. Hillier 
pers. comm.). Four individuals were seen at the above address between 
21st-23rd June 1993, settling on leaves in the afternoon sunshine and one 
was brought to me live for photography. This species was also seen several 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


times in the same week at 78 Peterborough Road in nearby Farcet by Stuart 
Ball (pers. comm.). Both localities are in vice-county Huntingdonshire. A 
single specimen of this moth was seen by David Sheppard in his garden at 
Hanthorpe (Lincs.) a year or two previously. 

A single male Red-belted Clearwing, S. myopaeformis Borkh., in good 
condition, was recorded by Malcolm Hillier at 160 Lincoln Road, 
Peterborough, on the inside wall of the kitchen, on 26th June 1993. Added 
to the individual recorded by Alan Stubbs nearby in 1992, these results 
suggest the moth is established in the older gardens of Peterborough. 


Two fully grown larvae of the Oak Eggar L. quercus were found by 
myself and Rachel Thomas on a scrubby field margin by the railway track 
at the level crossing south of Werrington Junction on 31st May 1993. They 
were wandering over bare ground in a sparsely vegetated area near a 
Bramble plant Rubus fructicosus agg. sprawling along a fenceline. Apart 
from a single larvae found at Helpston by Malcolm Hillier in the late 1980s, 
these seem to be the only report of larvae in the area in several decades (see 
also Waring 1992a) and give an insight into the sort of habitat in which the 
moth is breeding. Both larvae were reared and a female emerged on 9th 
July and a male on 11th July. The former was placed out in the garden on 
12 July and attracted three wild males (Waring 1994). Oak Eggars were also 
reported again in the area in 1993 by Malcolm Hillier (a female in his light 
trap at Helpston on 4th July 1993 and a female at Chris Topper’s in the 
same village), and Mick Beeson (two females at light at Scotsman Lodge, 
on 30th July and 6th August). 


The Four-spotted moth 7. /uctuosa was seen flying again at Werrington 
Junction on 31st May 1993 (P. Waring and Rachel Thomas). Subsequently 
an adult was captured at light by Pete Kirby at 49 Barnstock, Bretton 
(TF167011) on 10th June 1993 and a singleton turned up in the Robinson 
trap in my garden at Werrington on 19th August 1993. The latter suggests 
there may be at least a partial second generation of this species in this area. 


A Grass Rivulet Perizoma albulata D. & S. turned up at Malcolm 
Hillier’s trap at Helpston on 6th June 1993, the first since light-trapping 
began at this site in 1983. There appear to be a few local records for this 
species (M. Hillier pers. comm.) though it may simply have been 
overlooked in the area. 

Four Cream-bordered Green Pea Earias clorana L. turned up at the 
Werrington trap in 1993 on 8th June (1), 9th June (1), 2nd July (2). These 
are the first in three years’ trapping at this site but the species is regularly 
recorded by others in the area. 

The Dog’s Tooth Lacanobia suasa D. & S. was recorded by Debbie 
Hillier at 17 St. Margaret’s Road, Fletton, on 18th June 1993 and 
confirmed by Malcolm Hillier, who has seen others in the Peterborough 
area in past years. 

A Pale Shining Brown P. bombycina was recorded at Ketton Quarries 
SSSI, Northants (SK973056) on Ist July 1993 by Chris Gardiner. 


PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 97 


A Red-necked Footman Afolmis rubricollis L. was captured in a 
Robinson trap on the night 3rd/4th July 1993 at 246 Thorpe Road, 
Peterborough, by Bill Pugh and seen alive by me. This is an area of large 
established gardens, with old trees. It is the first record of the species from 
this 10km square and we await others to see if the moth is resident or 
vagrant here. 


A male Festoon Apoda limacodes Hufn. was captured at light by 
Malcolm Hillier at Helpston on 3rd July 1993, the first in eleven seasons 
trapping. This is currently the most northerly post-1980 record of the 
species in Britain. It is interesting that it coincides with the above Red- 
necked Footman on the same date at Longthorpe. The nearest potential 
larval foodplant for the former, a hedgerow Oak tree, Quercus robur, is 
nearly 1km away from the Helpston trap so the Festoon was certainly a 
wanderer. The species has long been known from Castor Hanglands and 
Bedford Purlieus so the moth may represent only local movement. A male 
Festoon was noted by Malcolm at Castor Hanglands on the previous night 
(2nd July). The Red-necked Footman has also been recorded at Bedford 
Purlieus in the past, but not since 1960 (J. Ward pers. comm.). The Thorpe 
Road specimen was caught 14km to the east of Bedford Purlieus. 


Between 20 and 40 Blackneck Lygephila pastinum Treits. and one Gold- 
spot Plusia festucae L. were recorded at Sutton Heath (TF091000) on 16th 
July 1993 (Messrs Beeson and Hillier) and the presence of Meadow-Rue 
Thalictrum flavum along the ditch which borders the lower part of this site 
was noted. This was searched by me for larvae of the Marsh Carpet 
Perizoma sagittata Fab. on 8th August 1993, without success. At the same 
time on this site, Rachel Thomas found a nearly full grown larva of the 
Shark Cucullia umbratica L. This is not an unusual moth in the 
Peterborough area but there are few if any records of larvae. This larva was 
found, almost fully grown, at 15.00hrs in cloudy, dry, bright, warm 
weather. It was at rest on the stem of a yellow-flowered composite, 
identified as a Sow-thistle, Sonchus sp., leaning over short turf in a herb- 
rich calcareous sward on the higher ground at this site. The larva ate the 
flowers of the host plant when kept in captivity, and was seen feeding of its 
own accord at 08.00hrs in natural light in the morning. Subsequently it was 
offered flowerheads, leaves and stems of the Compass Plant or Prickly 
Lettuce Lactuca serriola, all of which it ate, demolishing large areas of leaf 
and eating down the stems before burrowing in soil to pupate on 13th 
August. The larva was very active and, if disturbed, would throw its head 
to one side and fall to the earth, which it matched in colour. 


Larvae of the Goat moth Cossus cossus L. were found at Mepal on 10th 
July 1993 (Waring 1993d). A Robinson trap was operated on the site by 
Rob Partridge and on 18th July a battered adult was found on the ground 
two metres from the light trap and also a worn Pine Hawk Ayloicus 
pinastri L. on same night. The latter is unusual in the area, the former adds 
to a series of records of Goat moth from this site. 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


Larval webs of the Small Eggar Eriogaster lanestris L. were discovered in 
two localities near to Peterborough in 1993. On 25th June Mick Beeson 
found two larval webs at Raunds Wood, Northants (TL037737). Both webs 
were on Common Hawthorn Crateagus monogyna growing between rows 
of young conifers in a plantation. Both webs were about 1.3 metres from 
the ground, on the south-facing top parts of the Hawthorn, close to each 
other. The two webs contained about a dozen larvae each, in penultimate 
and final instars. Both webs were very conspicuous but no others were seen 
elsewhere in the plantation. Subsequently, on 28th June Malcolm Hillier 
searched the site and the surrounding area. No new webs were found in the 
wood and the known webs contained only three to four larvae in and 
around them. The entire perimeter of the wood was searched without 
success but four more webs were found on the approach to the wood from 
Keyston, lying within vc Huntingdonshire. Two of the webs were on 
Common Hawthorn and two on Blackthorn Prunus spinosa. All four were 
between one and two metres above the ground, in south-east-facing 
exposed positions on scrubby isolated bushes or at the southern end of a 
clump in rather poor condition. None were found on a nearby mixed hedge 
which was thicker and complete and included additional shrub species such 
as Field Maple Acer campestris, Common Elm Ulmus procera, Ash 
Fraxinus excelsior and Sallows Salix spp. One web was collected and some 
Tachinid flies were reared from the larvae. These have yet to be identified. 
Of 14 apparently unparasitised pupae that were retained, two females and a 
male emerged on about 12th February 1994, but these had been kept 
indoors and may have been in advance of emergences in the wild. Another 
male emerged on 14th March 1994. 


A web of Small Eggar larvae was also found at New Bridge, Fox Road, 
Catworth (TL0873) only 5km south-east of Keyston, by David Evans, in 
June 1993. The web was on Elm, and was about five metres above the 
ground. The web, the larvae and the adults reared from some of them, were 
photographed, and the identity of this unusually highly placed web has 
been confirmed by the author. 


Wormwood Shark Cucullia absinthii L. — a singleton was trapped by 
Debbie and Howard Hillier at Old Fletton, Peterborough, on the warm 
night of 28th/29th July 1993 during showers. This is apparently the first 
record for vc Huntingdonshire (B. Dickerson pers. comm.). The species 
has been recorded by Colin Smith in the adjacent county of 
Cambridgeshire, where it occurs on the Gogs, at Royston and, in 1988, on 
Mugwort Artemisia vulgaris at Girton (Smith 1989). The Fletton specimen, 
a suspected female, was identified by Malcolm Hillier and retained for 
eggs, but proved to be a male. It has been set by Mick Beeson for 
Peterborough Museum. 


Six larvae of the Wormwood Shark were subsequently found by Howard 
Hillier on 30th August 1993 as a result of deliberate searches of likely 


PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 99 


breeding places in the Stanground area near Fletton. All six larvae were 
found on a patch of nineteen large Wormwood plants Artemisia 
absinthium growing on the ballast of the railway line that passes to the 
north of Fletton and Stanground (TL1997). Mugwort A. vulgaris was also 
present on this site but no larvae were seen on it. A further nine larvae, of 
various sizes from very small to full-grown, were found by Howard at the 
same place on 7th September. 


Singletons of the Peacock S. notata and Square-spotted Clay Xestia 
rhomboidea Esp. were recorded at Castor Hanglands on 20th August 1993 
by Messrs Hillier and Beeson. The first follows the record in 1992 and 
suggests the species may be resident. The Square-spotted Clay was last seen 
on this site before 1961 (J. Ward, pers. comm.) but is not a noted wanderer 
and will probably prove to be a long-established resident. Interestingly, in 
this context, a single Square-spotted Clay was recorded by Peter Kirby at 
his garden light trap in Bretton on 9th August 1993 the only one ever 
recorded at this site. A single Lesser-spotted Pinion Cosmia affinis L. was 
recorded at the same trap on the night of 14th August 1993. Singletons of 
this species are recorded by Malcolm Hillier at Helpston on an average of 
about once every two years. 


Some large larvae of the Privet Hawk Sphinx ligustri L. were found on 
Guelder Rose Viburnum opulus (Caprifoliaceae — honeysuckle family) on 
30th July 1993 by Rick Keymer and were confirmed by Mick Beeson. They 
were in a newly-planted hedgerow at Etton (c. TF142067). The foodplant is 
of interest. Though not mentioned specifically by South (1961) or Skinner 
(1984), Guelder Rose is listed as a foodplant by Allan (1949). The plant in 
question was completely stripped of leaves and the larvae ate the plant 
when taken into captivity. From the damage to the saplings several other 
larvae had probably been present. The Guelder Rose was not adjacent to 
Privet or Ash so eggs were presumably laid on Guelder Rose. The moth is a 
common species in the Peterborough area, where larvae have been found 
feeding on Lilac Syringa vulgaris (Oleaceae) in gardens (Waring 1993c). 


The Streak Chesias legatella D. & S. — a single specimen was found by 
an outside light at the doorway of a house in Eastern Avenue, 
Peterborough, at 03.00hrs on 2nd October 1993 by Mick Beeson. The 
larval foodplant, Broom Cytisus scoparius, has been planted on the verges 
of the ring-road that runs to the east of this site, but also occurs as a garden 
plant in the area. 


Two species of national interest, the Maple Prominent Ptilodontella 
cucullina D. & S. and the Mere Wainscot Photedes fluza Hb. are frequently 
recorded in the Peterborough area, even in suburban gardens (e.g. Waring 
1992d) and we have records of these from several local woods (e.g. Waring 
et al. 1992, 1993). The Concolorous Photedes extrema Hb. continues to be 
recorded regularly at Castor Hanglands and was also recorded at the 
Collywestern Great Wood and Easton Hornstocks NNR, on 20th May 1992 
by Chris Gardiner. 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


A crop of first records for vice-county Northants were added among the 
micro-lepidoptera in 1993. Full details of these and previous years are being 
collated by David Manning. Many of these come from the Lepidoptera 
recording work at the recently declared NNR at Collywestern Great Wood 
and Easton Hornstocks, for example Semioscopis avellanella Hb. 
(Oecophoridae) by Mark Parsons on 20th April 1993, Eriocrania 
sparrmannella Bosc. (Eriocraniidae) and Narycia monilifera Geoff. 
(Psychidae) both on 23rd April 1993 by John Langmaid, and Aethes 
dilucidana Steph. (Cochylidae) and Mompha_ conturbatella Hb. 
(Momphidae), both on 29th June 1993 by Mark Parsons. 


A male and female of the European Corn-borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. 
were noted by Malcolm Hillier on 9th September 1993 at 78 Queen’s Road, 
Fletton. 


Acknowledgements 


I would like to thank all the above-named for their work in recording the 
moths of the Peterborough area. I particularly thank Malcolm Hillier, the 
moth recorder for the Peterborough Biological Recording Group, for 
collecting many of the above records and Barry Dickerson, editor and 
producer of the HMBG annual report as well as county moth recorder for 
the vice-county of Huntingdonshire. I would also like to thank John Ward, 
the county moth recorder for Northamptonshire, for his help and 
encouragement to us all and Gordon Chancellor, at the Peterborough 
Museum, for co-ordinating the Peterborough Biological Recording Group. 
I thank Mrs J.W. Turner for allowing John Ward and I to examine the 
moth collection of her late husband and Mark Parsons for collecting 
together the records of the micro-lepidoptera. 


References 


Allan, P.B.M., 1949. Larval foodplants. Reprinted 1979. Watkins & Doncaster. 
Hawkhurst. 

Gardiner, C. & Hillier, M., 1993. Epiblema grandaevana (Lienig & Zeller) (Lep.: 
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239-240. 

Hillier, H.W., 1994. A search of the Hornet Clearwing (Sesia apiformis) in north 
Huntingdonshire. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group. 4th Annual 
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Partridge, R., 1992. The Moths of Mepal. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ 
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— , 1993. The Moths of Mepal — additions for 1992 with some later records. 
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Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking. 
Harmondsworth. 


PETERBOROUGH MOTH RECORDS 101 


Smith, C., 1989. Butterflies and moths in suburbia. Nature in Cambridgeshire 31: 
19-27. 

South, R., 1961. The moths of the British Isles. 2 vols. Warne. London. 

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— , 1992a. Field Meeting Report. Holme Fen National Nature Reserve, Cambridge- 
shire, 25th July 1992. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 5: 
178-181. (Also in HMBG 3: 9-12.) 

— , 1992b. Wildlife Reports - Moths. British Wildlife 3: 374-376. 

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— , 1992d. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Part 2 - the 
moths. Butterfly Conservation News 52: 48-56. 

— , 1993a. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Part 3 - 
recording, references and records. Butterfly Conservation News 54: 52-61. (Parts 
1, 2 and an abbreviated form of Part 3 appeared in HMBG 2: 49-68). 

— , 1993b. Thisanotia chrysonuchella Scop. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in ve 32, North- 
amptonshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 195. 

— , 1993c. The butterflies and moths of Werrington, Peterborough. Supplementary 
information resulting from work in 1992. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly 
Group. 3rd Annual Report: 55-62. 

— , 1993d. National Goat Moth Survey. Butterfly Conservation News 55: 21-24. 

Waring, P., Hillier, M., Beeson, M., Dickerson, B. & Parsons, M., 1993. Moth 
recording on the Milton Estate, Peterborough, 1992. Huntingdonshire Moth and 
Butterfly Group. 3rd Annual Report: 24-28. 

Waring, P., 1994. The macro-moths of Werrington, Peterborough - additions to the 
species list, as a result of work in 1993. Huntingdonshire Moth and Butterfly Group 
4th Annual Report. 21-23. 

Whitwell, J., 1845. Capture of lepidopterous insects near Peterborough. Zoologist 
845-846. 


Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at low altitude 


Mr Clancy’s note of E. alpina at low altitude (Ent. Rec. 106: 6) concurs 
with my own observations of the moth in 1993, which might be of interest 
and support his suggestion that it resides well below 700 metres in the 
Aviemore area. 

I took two examples at m.v. light at Granish Farm, one kilometre north 
of Aviemore, at an altitude of approximately 240 metres, in open birch 
woodland, the dates being 30th May and 2nd June. This was in open birch 
woodland. 

On 3rd June I was in the Rothiemurchus area at Coylumbridge, 
surveying the open areas for eyebright with Perizoma species in mind, when 
I came across a damp hollow in which grey pyralids were flying abundantly. 
They were flying in the afternoon sunshine and more could be disturbed 
with every few steps. I netted about half a dozen at random and all were E. 
alpina. They were clearly flying within, and not through, the area. The grid 
reference is NH 917095, and the site is about one kilometre south of the 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


campsite where Mr Clancy took his examples. Furthermore, it is adjacent 
to the track which runs alongside that campsite and leads into Gleann 
Einich. 

It would seem reasonable to assume therefore that there is at least one 
small but thriving colony of E. a/pina in Rothiemurchus, that the source of 
those taken at Coylumbridge and Granish was local, and that they were not 
wanderers or windblown from a higher altitude. 

E. alpina is stated to fluctuate in numbers. Could it be that, at times of 
relative abundance it descends to colonise lower altitudes, such as it is 
known to occupy further north, withdrawing to, or rather, surviving in 
higher levels in times of diminished numbers? Or has there been a recent 
expansion of its range as it would seem unlikely to have been overlooked 
previously in such well worked areas as Rothiemurchus and the Spey 
valley?— D.H. HowTOn, 36 Coldermeadow Avenue, Corby, Northamp- 
tonshire NN18 9AJ. 


Mites associated with the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus in Kuwait 


During a recent work on the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus F. collected 
from Kuwait desert, a number of mites were observed to attach themselves 
on the ventral part of the beetles especially near the base of the hind legs. 

These mites were probably feeding on the dung fragments left on the 
beetle body after the latter had scooped its share of the dung to roll it to the 
underneath nest. 

Five different species of the mites have been collected that belong to four 
genera, three families and two suborders. 


Suborder: Mesostigmata 

Family: Parasitidae 

Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts 
Family: Macrochelidae 

Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese) 
Macrocheles glaber File & Peg. 


Suborder: Prostigmata 

Family: Pygmephoridae 
Pediculaster mesembrinae (R. cane) 
Bakerdania sp. 


Maqueen and Berine (1974) collected cattle dung mites in the southern 
interior of British Columbia and have recorded that Parasitus and 
Macrocheles glaber associated with the dung dweller dung beetle, 
Aphodius fosser (L.) and that Pediculaster mesembrinae associated with 
the dung fly, Haematobia irritaas (L.). | wish to thank A.S. Baker from the 
British Museum (Natural History) for the identification of the mites. 
Reference: Maqueen, A. and Berine, B.P., 1974. Insects and mites assoc- 


iated with fresh cattle dung in the southern interior of British Columbia. 
J-ent. Soc. Br. Columbia, 71: 5-9. 


W. AL-Houty, Department of Zoology, University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 
5969 Safat, 13060 State of Kuwait. 


BEETLES IN A PITCHER PLANT 103 


BEETLES CAUGHT BY A PITCHER PLANT NATURALISED IN 
HIGHLAND SCOTLAND 


J.A. OWEN’ and S. TAYLOR?2 


'8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU. 
2RSPB, Forest Lodge, Nethy Bridge PH25 3EF. 


PITCHER PLANTS have receptacles or ‘‘pitchers’’ which trap and digest 
insects and other small invertebrates. In 1991, several such plants, later 
identified as Sarracenia purpurea ssp. purpurea L., were discovered by 
David Wood growing together in a low-lying sphagnum bog in upper 
Speyside. The leaves in this plant form the receptacles which have the shape 
of wide-mouthed, upright vases, two to three inches long, about one inch 
wide and crowned with a wide, open flap (see illustration in O’Connell, 
1988 p10). When S.T. visited the site in the early summer of 1992, two 
kinds of receptacles were present — smaller, green ones apparently just 
developing and larger, somewhat withered, brown ones which had 
evidently persisted from the previous growing season. The latter contained 
obvious insect fragments. 

To see what sort of insects had been caught, three of the larger 
receptacles were collected and their contents examined. No complete 
insects were found but there were present parts of many beetles (heads, 
pronota, elytra and legs), with occasional complete hind-bodies (elytra and 
abdomen) together with fragments of flies, spiders and ants. Remains were 
found of at least 58 beetles comprising at least 11 species. These, with 
minimum numbers in parentheses, were:- Carabus violaceus L. (1), 
Pterostichus “‘nigrata’’ aggr. (2), Agonum ericeti (Pz.) (15), Catops sp. (3), 
Nicrophorus investigator Zetterstedt (2), N. vespilloides Herbst (21), 
Thanatophilus rugosus L. (2),Oiceoptoma thoracica (1), Cyphon sp. (2), 
Coccinella hieroglyphica L. (7) and C. septempunctata L. (2). 

S. purpurea is a North American plant which was introduced from 
Canada to Ireland about 1903. It has thrived there and now occurs at 
several sites (O’Connell, 1988). Currently, the plant is also known, 
apparently always as an introduction, from a number of sites in England 
and Scotland. It seems very likely that the plants at the site on Speyside 
were similarly introduced, a conjecture supported by the discovery a few 
metres away of another North American bog plant — Kalmia polifolia. 

All of the fully identified beetles had been found in the general area of 
the site on previous occasions. None can be described as rare. A. ericeti is 
uncommon in a national context but relatively common in the bog where 
the plants were found. It is unlikely, therefore, that a few small plants at 
this site would have any more effect on the local beetle fauna than that 
otherwise exerted by other insectivores such as insect-eating birds. Large 
colonies of the plant, however, may have hundreds of pitchers and, if each 
pitcher caught as many beetles as did the three examined, it is possible that 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


they could have a significant effect on the local populations of some of the 
insects trapped. 

Like other ‘‘carnivorous’’ plants, pitcher plants grow naturally on 
impoverished substrates where the role of the receptacle is to provide the 
plant with supplementary nutrients derived from the digestion of the 
creatures trapped. While the number of beetles listed from the three 
receptacles suggests that the trapping process had been very successful, it 
may be that the data overestimate the gain to the plant. Several of the 
species, i.e. Catops sp., T. rugosus and O. thoracica are normally attracted 
to decomposing organic material such as carrion and, while some of these 
beetles may have been trapped and digested while the receptacle was still 
functional, others may have been trapped after the receptacle had started - 
to wither and was no longer ‘‘feeding’’ the plant. Even this, however, may 
be of value to the plant by bringing nutrients from the digested beetles to 
within a short distance of the plant’s roots. 

It would certainly be of interest to discover more of the process by which 
the beetles are trapped. The entrance to the pitcher is large enough for the 
beetles to enter accidentally but the pitchers are brightly coloured red and 
green, which suggests that visual attraction plays a part in the trapping. 
This could perhaps be tested by covering the outside of some receptacles 
with aluminium foil to reduce any visual attraction. Chemical attraction 
through factors elaborated by the pitcher or by the products of digestion is 
another possibility. It is hoped that further studies may shed light on these 
matters. 


Acknowledgements 


We are much indebted to Mr David Wood for passing on to us his 
discovery of the two plant species at their Speyside site, to him and to Mr 
Bernard Thompson for information on the status of S. purpurea in Britain 
and to Mr David Cheek of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for providing a 
full identification of the plant. 


Reference 


O’Connell, C., 1988 The IPCC guide to Irish peatlands. Irish Peatland 
Conservation Council. 


A new larval foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) (Lep.: 
Tortricidae). A correction. 


In his note in Ent. Rec. 106: 26-28 under the above heading Mr M.H. Smith 
quoted my statement to him that Razowski does not give dates for the 
adult. In fact May and August are given for the moth and I apologise to Mr 
Smith and to Dr Jozef Razowski for this error.— E.F. HANCOCK, 
Abbotsford, Belmont, Ulverston, Cumbria. 


TREE-HOPPER MOVEMENTS 105 


WHEN TO WIGGLE, 
WHEN TO WAGGLE AND WHEN TO WALK AWAY. 
OBSERVATIONS ON UNORTHODOX MOVEMENT IN A 
TREE-HOPPER 


RICHARD A. JONES 
13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SE15 3DE. 


THE EXOTIC wonders of Guatemala started immediately upon stepping 
out of our cabin at the Posada Montana del Quetzal (literally the inn on the 
quetzal mountain), near Coban, up in the cloud forests of the mountainous 
centre of the country. The cabin was on the edge of the compound and 
wilderness started within feet. 

Along with giant pink and red spotted flea-beetles, globose metallic 
green harvestmen, brashly coloured solitary bees and a peculiar assortment 
of lichenose grasshoppers was a number of bizarre spine-like tree-hoppers 
(tentatively identified as Polyglypta dispar Fowler, 1895) sitting on various 
leaf edges. Although the insect had a particular and distinctive structure, it 
was not its form, but its motion which attracted my attention — it was 
wiggling! 

Ordinarily, movement of an insect is what catches the eye of a keen 
predator or keen entomologist, and one of the best defences against being 
snapped up by either is to remain perfectly still. However, the particular 
movement made by the tree-hopper had an effect opposite to what one 
might expect. A combination of its posture and slightly erratic motion 
made it look like a piece of dead leaf fluttering in the wind. This 
observation was even more surpirsing considering that the creature was not 
at all camouflaged. Its black body, marked with cream, gave it a very 
striking appearance (Figure 1). 

At first, I thought perhaps the bug was dead, loosely attached to the leaf 
and was being rustled by the breeze. But others in the surrounding bushes 
were all making the same strange movements. 

The bug, like many members of the Homoptera family Membracidae, 
had a large pronotum armed with horns. The two horns, one extending 
right over the head, the other completely covering the abdomen and wings, 
combined to create a hard, shining, ribbed carapace resembling a thorn. 
However, the leaves on which the bugs were perched did not have spines, 
nor did the plant’s stems, and anyway the black and cream pattern of the 
bug was unlike any thorn to be found anywhere. 


When to wiggle 
When slightly disturbed, the bug tilted its body forward, touching the tip of 
its anterior horn down onto the leaf, and lifting its posterior into the air at 
an angle of about 30 degrees. Keeping the front horn aimed at the same 
point on the leaf, it then wiggled its behind in an irregular circular 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


Figure 1. A Central American tree-hopper, tentatively identified as Polyglypta 
dispar, on the edge of a leaf. The pronotum, 10mm long, and covering the entire 
body is produced into two horns; one at the front extends over and beyond the head, 
the other at the rear covers the abdomen and wings. Photo: R.A. Jones, Coban, 
Guatemala, 23.x.1992. 


movement, at the same time irregularly rotating its body slightly from side 
to side (Figure 2). 

The combined irregularity of these two movements created a most 
hypnotic effect. The harder I looked at the beast, the more its movement 
mimicked the random swayings of loose rubbish, attached to the leaf edge 
by a thread. 

I “‘knew’’ the thing was a bug, and I ‘‘knew’’ it was alive, but its 
movement was so extraordinarily deceptive, that it took some minutes of 
close watching to convince myself what I was seeing and what it was doing. 


When to waggle and when to walk away 
After a while, the bug started to respond to the flashes from my camera and 
stopped wiggling. It lowered its derriere and for a few moments it shimmied 
from side to side — a waggle perhaps. 

Its final move to escape my attentions was the typical move of tree- 
hoppers the world over, it got up and quickly walked sideways over the 
edge onto the underside of the leaf. As I turned the leaf over to expose it 
again, the bug reversed this process and scrambled sideways back onto the 
upper surface again. We played peek-a-boo a couple more times before I 
eventually left the creature alone. 


TREE-HOPPER MOVEMENTS 107 


Making moves 
Much work has been published on insect locomotion and movement. Insect 
flight has been the subject of many studies, from academic treatises on the 
functional morphology of insect wings (e.g. Wootton, 1992) to the 
stunning images captured on high speed flash photgraphy (e.g. 
Brackenbury, 1992). 

Running, digging and ‘‘wedge-pushing’’ have been examined with 
respect to the structure of beetle legs (e.g. Evans & Forsythe, 1984). 
Hopping and skipping have been investigated in fleas, flea-beetles, 
grasshoppers and springtails. The snapping mechanism allowing click 
beetles to leap has been extensively studied. But one particular type of 
insect movement appears not to have received its fair share of attention — 


wiggling. 


Wiggling defined 

The Oxford English dictionary expounds on both waggling and wiggling. 
Waggling, it states, is the frequentative of wag, and derives from origins in 
German and Dutch, waggelen, ‘‘to stagger’’, ‘‘to totter’? and to move to 
and fro in short quick motions. Wiggle, on the other hand, derives from 
German and Dutch wiggelen, similar to waggelen, but applied more 
specifically to movement to and fro, irregularly and lightly. A dog may wag 
or waggle its tail, but the delicate fluctuations one might observe in insects 
can only really be best described as a wiggle. 


Figure 2. Diagrammatic analysis of wiggling. Head down and clinging to the leaf 
edge, the tree-hopper keeps the tip of its front ‘‘horn’’ unmoving on the leaf while it 
rotates its ‘‘tail’’ in a roughly circular movement. At the same time it twists its whole 
body from side to side. 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


$$ — 


What wiggles? 
Despite the possibility for alluring alliteration, worms do very little in the 
way of wiggling, rather they writhe. The ‘“‘worms’’ of entomology, wire- 
worms, glow-worms, inch-worms and horn-worms, likewise do little 
wiggling in deference to crawling and wriggling. 

Those creatures which do wiggle, tend to do so because they have a 
motion not altogether under their own control. Wiggling tends to be the 
result of an ungainly body, a tenuous grasp on the substrate and the effects 
of wind and water. 

The larva of a coleophorid moth, enclosed in its case, only its head and 
legs protruding, wiggles as it moves. With its tail end stuck up (or down) 
the attentions of gravity mean that the caterpillar is more concerned with 
clinging on tight to its foodplant than moving delicately from one part to 
the next. Even with minute care, its front end slowly crawling across the 
substrate, its nether end is apt to wiggle erratically as it moves. 

A list of other wigglers might include the woolly bear larvae of 
Anthrenus beetles with their ungainly gait, the bottom-waving alarm 
response of aphids and almost any large insect clinging on to leaf or flower 
against a strong wind. 

However, wiggle though they may, the motion of none of these 
approaches the decisive and careful movements of a certain Central 
American tree-hopper. I look forward to further debate in the literature on 
the nature of wiggling. 


References 


Brackenbury, J., 1992. Insects in flight. Blandford, London. 

Evans, M.E.G. & Forsythe, T.G., 1984. A comparision of adaptations to running, 
pushing and burrowing in some adult Coleoptera: especially Carabidae. J. Zool., 
Lond. 202: 513-534. 

Fowler, W.W.,1895. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera- 
Homoptera. Vol. 11, Part 1. p.126, pl. VIII, figs. 6 & 7. 

Wootton, R.J., 1992. Functional morphology of insect wings. Ann. Rev. Ent. 37: 
113-140. 


Note added in proof 


Since writing this short essay I have had a further chance to observe 
wiggling in a New World homopteran, this time in Florida and in 
completely different circumstances. 

Walking through grass, I disturbed a brightly patterned leaf-hopper. In 
mid-leap, however, it was caught in a spider’s orb web spun across the low 
herbage. But before any spider was able to make a move, the bug had freed 
itself from enmeshment. Hanging head down from the strands, with its 
wings closed, it kicked out with its large hind legs and wiggled its body in a 
circular movement from side to side. By this shimmying, the bug descended 
through the web, quickly dropping from one sticky strand to the next until 
it fell to the ground and escaped. Just how widespread is wiggling? 


CHILO PARTELLUS IN INDIA 109 


CURRENT STATUS OF THE STEM BORER, 
CHILO PARTELLUS (SWINHOE) (LEP.: PYRALIDAE) 


L.M.L. MATHUR 
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012. 


THE MAIZE, sorghum or spotted stem-borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) is 
widespread in South Asia, but is most common in the northern plains of 
India from March to November. This insect was first recorded by Swinhoe 
in 1884 from Karachi (Pakistan) as Crambus zonellus and also from Poona 
in 1885 (as Crambus partellus). However, Hampson (1895) synonymised 
the two insects as conspecific. Later studies have revealed that there are 
several species of Chi/o in nature and a number of them were grouped into 
Chilo partellus ( = zonellus). Bhattacherjee (1971) described four subspecies 
of the insect as Chilo partellus acutus C.p. coimbatorensis, C.p. 
kanpurensis and C.p. partellus and concluded that the supposedly single 
homogeneous monotypic species of C. partellus was in fact a polytypic 
species. 

The evaluation of diverse maize germplasms obtained from the maize 
breeders, collected from maize growing tracts in India and procured from 
northern and southern American continents, Carribean regions and 
European belt has revealed that the strain Antigua Gr. I. has consistently 
shown good tolerant reaction to the maize stem borer under artifical 
infestation conditions at Dehli centre of the All India Coordinated Maize 
Improvement Project but secured from moderately tolerant to highly 
susceptible grades at other locations in the country (Anon. 1969-92). This 
led to the conclusion that this variation in nature for resistance to the borer 
is partly attributable to the level of variability available in host and the 
variability in the pest used for evaluation (Singh, 1983). A preliminary 
study was therefore undertaken to examine the variability in the borer 
populations spread between 16.43-28.38°N, 70.42-87.75°E, 51.84-579.5 
MSL and wide range of annual temperatures, rainfall, soil types and soil 
DH values (Table 1). 

Wild cultures of C. partellus were brought to the laboratory and 24 hour 
old male and female pupae from each culture were separated 
(Sithanantham and Subramaniam, 1975). Considering that the gut remains 
free from food contents and the gonads remain in their rudimentary stage, 
11-20 pupae of each sex from different cultures were individually weighed 
on a precision electronic balance. It was observed that the weight of the 
male pupae varied from 353 to 716 mg. and that of female ranged from 677 
to 1039 mg. Among these, the male and female pupae from Kolhapur 
centre were distinctly heavier than those collected from other centres and 
the percentage increase in weight of the female over the male pupae was 
45% as compared to other centres which varied from 86 to 92%. Similarly, 
the adults emerged out of these cultures showed distinct size and body 
colorations. The biggest male and female moths obtained from Dholi and 


25.v.1994 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 


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Delhi centres appeared relatively smaller in size and darker in colour than 
the respective sexes obtained from Kolhaper and Udaipur centres. 

Although biotypes of Hassianfly (Painter, 1930), green bugs (Wood, 
1961), variety of aphids (Painter and Pathak, 1962; Wilde and Feese, 1973; 
Nielson and Don, 1974), gall midge (Israel 1974) and plant hoppers (Pathak 
and Saxena, 1980) are known to occur, the information on the nature of 
morphological isolations, physiological races and genetically variables of 
the stem borers in India is lacking. The variations in the body weight of 
male and female pupae and adult size and body colorations among the 
borer cultures from different agro-climatic regions in India are attributed 
to the availability of the random mating populations of C. partellus in 
nature. These populations result in continous variations for virulance to the 
known varieties tolerant to the borer from one location to another. 

I am grateful to the Project Director for providing necessary working 
facilities and the fellow entomologists who have helped me in insect 
collections. 


References 


Anonymous, 1969-92. Proceedings of the XII-XXXV Annual Maize 
Workshop Meetings of the All India Coordinated Maize Improvement 
Project, IARI, New Dehli. 

Bhattacherjee, N.S., 1971. Studies on the maize and jowar stem borer, 
Chilo zonellus (Swinhoe). Entomologist, 104: 298-304. 

Hampson, G.F., 1895. On the classification of Schoenobinae and 
Crambinae, two subfamilies of moths of the family Pyralidae. Proc. 
zool Soc. Lond., 957pp. 

Israel, P., 1974. Current status of research and control of rice gall midge in 
India. Plant Prot. News.: 41-45. 

Nielson, M.W. and Don, H., 1974. A new virulent biotype of the spotted 
alfalfa aphid in Arizona. Jour. Econ. Entomol., 67: 64-66. 

Painter, R.H., 1930. The biological strains of MHassianfly. Jour. Econ. 
Entomol., 23: 322-329. 

Painter, R.H. and Pathak, M.D., 1962. The distinguishing features and 
significance of four types of the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis 
(Fitch.). Proc. XI Int. Congr. Entomol., 11: 110-115. 

Pathak, M.D. and Saxena, R.C., 1980. Breeding approach in rice. 421-455. 
In Breeding Plant Resistant to Insects edited by F.G. Maxwell and P.R. 
Jennings, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Singh, J., 1983. Breeding for resistance to insect pests of maize - some basic 
considerations. Techniques of scoring for resistance to major insect 
pests of maize, IARI, New Delhi: 1-15. 

Sithanantham, S. and Subramaniam, T.R., 1975. Relationship between 
some characters among the sexes of the pupae of sorghum stalk borer, 
Chilo partellus (Lep.: Pyralidae). Sci. & Cult., 41: 326-327. 

Swinhoe, C., 1884. On the Lepidoptera collected from Kurrachea. Proc. 
zool Soc. Lond.: 503-529. 

— , 1885. On the Lepidoptera of Bombay and the Deccan. Part IV. 
Heterocera (Continued). Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.,: 852-886. 

Wilde, G. and Feese, H. 1973. A new corn leaf aphid biotype and its effect 
on some cereal and small grains. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 66: 570-571. 

Wood, E.A. Jr., 1961. Biological studies of a new green bug_ biotype. 
Jour. Econ. Entomol. 54: 1171-1173. 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


i cnn eer tr nan nn ISIEEESESEEEEESEEEEEEEEESEEEEEEEEETT 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Home James, please: Ghana 1993 


In 1993 I had the considerable pleasure of making a survey of the 
butterflies in the small forest of Kakum near Cape Coast in Ghana. 
Nobody knows how many species of butterflies may be found in single 
localities in West Africa. I noted 360 species during my own first three sets 
of visits. Well over 100 species would be seen on any given day. I expect the 
total gradually to grow to at least 550, nearly two thirds of all the species 
known from the entire country. This in a forest of only 270km?. 

Since I was not equipped to camp, and needed electricity for the 
computer, I stayed in Cape Coast, commuting to the forest every morning 
if the weather was OK. A schoolteacher named Oscar, whose family ran a 
taxi business, arranged to send a taxi at 07.30 which I could then use, 
postpone, or cancel depending on circumstances. They owned three Lada 
cars, the virtues of which he highly praised, the only time I have heard 
anybody say something nice about a Lada. 

The same arrangements could not be made for the return trip. I could 
never be sure when I would want to leave. On a sunny day activity tapered 
off at 14.00, which coincided neatly with the fact that the collector was 
becoming very tired and very hot. On a dry, slightly overcast day, it was 
worth staying till 16.00. On other days a tropical downpour might close 
down collecting at any time. So public transport had to be used. 

This made the return from the forest every day a minor adventure. 
Public transport in Africa consists mainly of mini-buses, known as tro-tros 
in Ghana, which may be flagged down anywhere along the road. They serve 
not only as passenger transport but are also the main means of transporting 
agricultural produce and domestic animals to market. And they are almost 
always full to capacity. 

Their mechanical condition is usually distinctly wonky. In fact, virtually 
everything not absolutely necessary is missing. It is often impossible to 
identify the make of vehicle — Toyota Hiace is the default category. Never 
mind how decrepit, no ¢tro-tro is complete without a freshly painted slogan 
on the back, of various levels of sophistication and interpretability. LET 
THEM SAY is a common one, and so is NO TIME TO DIE. Ghana is a 
poor country, so slogans such as BE CONTENT WITH YOUR LOT are 
frequent, as are religious ones such as THE LORD IS MY SHEPHERD or 
GOD KNOWS WHY (I have seen them combined, which does not work 
well). More cynical souls might have slogans along the lines of MONEY 
RULES ALL and POOR NO FRIEND, and though others may deny it, 
one of my fro-tros proclaimed with great honesty: MONEY IS THE ROOT 
OF ALL JOY. Everyone in Ghana has favourite slogan — mine is the 
wonderfully ambiguous ‘‘“GO LIKE HELL AND YOU WILL GET 
THERE”. 

The trip by taxi to the forest in the morning lasted just 20 minutes. The 
return journey. lasted rather more. I did once make make it back in 40 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 113 


minutes, but an hour or even two was more usual, if for no other reason 
that you stop to take on and put off passengers everywhere. It is a supposed 
truism (with no statistical support) that buttered bread always falls butter 
side down. If, in Ghana, you have just stopped to take on a new passenger 
with eight sacks of cassava, you can be quite sure that three minutes later 
the guy who has the four baskets of palm-oil seeds will want to get off. So 
the eight sacks of cassava have to be unloaded, then the palm-oil, and 
finally the cassava has to go up again. 

There are many memories from specific trips. On one a trussed goat was 
under my seat, but it was still able to butt, and every time it did so it hit my 
— shall we say... . no, let’s be honest — balls. Not all that hard, but then 
it doesn’t have to be very hard. There also was the ride where the old lady’s 
sacks of cocoyam (taro) kept falling off with an audible thud. Each time 
the sacks got roughed up more, more cocoyams spilled out, and they got 
roughed up too. No wonder she became increasingly indignant, garnering 
enough support from the passengers after the fifth spillage to have her 
ticket cost waived. 

The noises of the indignant cocoyam woman were nothing against 
another trip where two groups of market-women were at odds. They 
outnumbered me and two other men by twenty to three (twenty-five people 


Well . . . in this case HE did not. 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


in a fro-tro is not a lot). The level of noise was almost unbelievable. We 
were reduced to communicating through the cacophony by sight and 
shrugging of shoulders, and — honestly (!) — there was nothing sexist in 
our communication. 

So, such are the hazards of public transport in Ghana, but it does get you 
to Cape Coast in the end. With a ride of about 35km for the princely sum 
of 35 pence. And do remember (another common slogan): WHATEVER 
YOU DO PEOPLE WILL TALK OF YOU.— T.B. LARSEN, 358 
Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. 


Two species of Micro-lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight 


On looking through my collection Barry Goater identified a specimen of 
Dioryctria schuetzeella (Fuchs.) amongst my series of Dioryctria mutatella 
(Fuchs.) which was taken at mercury vapour light at Freshwater on 14th 
July 1985. This is new to both Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. 

My brother, Dr R.P. Knill-Jones also identified a specimen of 
Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.) which was found resting on a curtain in 
my sitting room at Freshwater on 29th September 1989. This is an imported 
species which feeds on oranges and is the first record for the Isle of 
Wight.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Fresh- 
water, Isle of Wight. 


On the gender of three generic names in Coleoptera 


I have already (1993) had occasion to notice a recent tendency to make the 
name Cicones feminine, contrary to both classical origin and established 
tradition. I now draw attention to three further cases of unwarrantable 
change of gender of well-known names in current British works. 

1. Amphimallon: the neuter of a late Greek adjective meaning ‘‘woolly 
both sides’’ (masc. & fem. ending -os.); A. solstitiale and A. ochraceum 
therefore are correct. The masculine usage is simply a hang-over from 
the previously used combinations Amphimallus (or Rhizotrogus) 
solstitialis and A. ochraceus. (Pope, p.45; Jessop. p.28; Hyman & 
Parsons, p.383.) 

2. Catops: a name always, in our literature at least, treated as feminine up 
to around 1930 when (probably following the European Catalogue of 
1906) it was altered to masculine, which has remained usual ever since. 
However, the Greek ops ‘‘eye, face’’ is feminine, thus vindicating the 
older usage. Catops, incidentally (from kato-ops), should signify 
‘*(with) eyes below’’, but is of obscure application. 

3. Platycis: as far back as 1955 I pointed out that the earlier-used P. 
minutus was right and the later-used P. minuta wrong; and that the 
second element of the name can only be the Greek kis ‘‘woodworm’’, 
which is masculine — as in the generic name Cis. Pope (p.52) this time 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 115 


has the correct gender, so it is hard to see why in Hyman & Parsons 
(p.346) the name should have reverted once more to the indefensible P. 
minuta. 
References: Allen, A.A., 1955. The gender of the name Platycis (Col., Lycidae) 
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 91: 42; 1993, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 241. 
Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened 
Coleoptera of Great Britain, 1, Peterborough. Jessop, L., 1986. Dung beetles and 
Chafers. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 5(11). Pope, R.D., in Kloet & Hincks, 1977. A 
check list of British insects, 2nd ed.: Coleoptera & Strepsiptera. Handbk. Ident. Br. 
Insects 3). 
— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Incidence of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in a 
Sussex Garden, 1993 


It seems worthwhile to record the results of a third year of pheromone 
trapping on our two garden apple trees (Cox and Bramley), because this 
year there was a substantial drop in the numbers of males caught, after the 
very prolific previous year. 

The total in 1991 was 76 (Ent. Rec. 104: 185), and in 1992 it was 432 
(Ent. Rec. 105: 196-197). In 1993, 91 were trapped. 

The trap went up on 15th May, the pheromone capsule was replaced on 
17th June, and the trap was taken down on 30th August. 

The trees were sprayed with dimethoate on 14th June and 8th July. 

There was a large crop of apples about 415 Bramleys, mostly large, and 
550 Coxes, many small but tasty. Infestation with codling larvae was 
negligible. 

The daily record of males trapped was as follows:- 


May June July August 
23rd ] 2nd 2 Ist 2 2nd ] 
24th 1 3rd 2 3rd 4 11th ] 
25th 3 4th 3 4th 5 

5th 7 Sth 2 
6th 7 8th 3 
7th 6 15th 1 
8th Z 21st 2 
13th 1 

18th to 

28th 35 


R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex PO20 9DQ. 


Carpelimus similis (Smet.) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in S.E. London 


My first example of this lately-detected species (see Hyman & Parsons, 
1944, A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain, 2: 
127), was found crawling on damp soil on a bank of the River Quaggy at 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


Kidbrooke in this district, on 24.vii.1965. I had not myself separated it 
from the extremely similar C. bilineatus Steph. but Mr P.M. Hammond 
kindly identified it (1980) as above, on the basis of the pronotal sculpture 
and the aedeagus. Hyman & Parsons class the species as notable and very 
local, centred in the south; see also Owen, 1993, Coleopterist 2(1):5. I took 
a second specimen of C. similis here at Charlton, at mercury-vapour light, 
8.viii.92 (a frequent resort of C. bilineatus).— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm 
Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Early emergence of spring moths 


In this part of Hampshire, several species of non-hibernatory spring moths 
have made very early first appearances:- 


MBGBI 
1994 1993 1992 imago 


Theria primaria 9 Jan 29 Jan 6Feb Jan, Feb 
Apocheima pilosaria 12 Jan 26Dec 14 Feb Jan, Feb 
(1992) 
Orthosia gothica 31 Jan 29 Jan 3 Mar Mar, May 
Alsophila aescularia 4 Feb 15 Feb 26 Feb Mar. Apr 
Biston strataria 4Feb 13 Mar 29 Feb Mar, Apr 
Agriopis leucophearia 4 Feb 29 Jan none Feb, Mar 
Orthosia cerasi 8 Feb 11 Mar 7Mar Mar-May 
Agriopis marginaria 10 Feb 15 Feb 29 Feb Feb-May 


It would be interesting to know whether other readers have made similar 
observations. It is possible that emergence dates could be useful indicators 
of climatic change. 


Reference: Emmet, A.M., 1991. Chapter 3, Volume 7(2), The Moths and Butterflies 
of Great Britain and Ireland, Harley Books, Colchester.—, ALASDAIR ASTON, 


Wake’s Cottage, Selbourne, Hampshire GU34 3JH. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 17 


Fannia collini Fonseca (Diptera: Fanniidae) in West Kent 


Fonseca 1968 (Handbk ident. Br. Insects vol. X part 4b) stated that Fannia 
collini was known from only Farley Down and Matley Bog in Hampshire. 
Falk, 1991 (A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain) 
gives the species Red Data Book K status, meaning that its distribution is 
imperfectly known. During a Kent Field Club survey of Chiddingstone 
Ponds reserve, near Tonbridge (51/5149) on 18.vii.1993 I obtained a single 
male collini along with numbers of the more generally distributed Fannia 
armata, coracina, polychaeta, rondanii and umbrosa. The site, which is 
managed by the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation, contains several 
damp flushes and is in parts heavily wooded. It was not, however, possible 
to ascertain exactly where the specimen was taken.— LAURENCE CLEMONS, 
14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. 


Agathomyia falleni (Zetterstedt) (Diptera: Platypezidae) in East Kent 


Chandler, 1973 (Trans. Kent Field Club vol.5 (i)) gave details of captures of 
Agathomyia falleni from the western part of the county. The first Kent 
specimens were taken from Knole Park, Sevenoaks on 9.x.1966 and a 
further male was obtained at Pond Wood, Chislehurst on 30.ix.1967. Mr 
Chandler subsequently took a single male and female at Scadbury Park, 
Chislehurst on 22.x.1993 and 3.xi.1984 (pers. comm.). On 10.x.1992 I 
obtained a single male of this species during general sweeping for diptera at 
Aylesford Old Pit, near Maidstone (51/735 592). The species is currently 
listed as Red Data Book 3 by Falk, 1991 (A review of the scarce and 
threatened flies of Great Britain) and is known to be associated with the 
fungus Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.ex Fr) Karst. — LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 
St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. 


Monmouthshire Lepidoptera: the Butterflies and Moths of Gwent by Dr. 
G.A. Neil Horton. 352pp., 27 coloured and other plates. 1994. Obtainable 
from Images Ltd., 19 High Street, Upton-upon-Severn, Worcs WR8 OHJ. 
Price £26.75. 

This fine county list is the first definitive work to be published on the 
lepidoptera of Monmouthshire, and covers the whole Order. Altogether 
1164 species are treated comprising 588 macrolepidoptera and 576 micro- 
lepidoptera. 

The first 27 pages include an account of the topography of the county, 
together with details of the more interesting or local specialities, migrants, 
vagrants, extinct species and historic recording in Monmouthshire. Then 
follows the main part of the work — the Systematic List. In this are treated 
the butterflies (pp. 31-58), macrolepidoptera moths (pp. 59-224) and 
microlepidoptera (pp. 225-311). A bibliography (of 101 titles), national 
grid references and abbreviations of authors’ names follows. The work 
concludes with two indices: one of English names (pp. 326-332) and one of 
scientific names (pp. 333-351). 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.v.1994 


The 18 coloured photographic plates of habitats are of superb quality, 
but the remaining nine which include 125 figures of set specimens, all from 
the author’s own collection, are somewhat marred by background 
shadows. 

The author states (p. 27) that ‘‘larval foodplants have only been named 
when they have actually been noted as such within the county’’. This is 
most laudable and one wishes that the authors of many other local lists 
would follow this course. 

We should have liked mention of at least localities and dates in the case 
of a number of species lacking essential data. This is especially so with 
many MBGBI species where only ‘‘Monmouthshire’’ appears. However, 
on the whole, documentation is excellent, and presentation of the records is 
admirable. 

Paper and printing are of good quality, and the book is strongly cased in 
an attractive hard cover.— J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT. 


Ground Beetles in the Yorkshire Museum by Michael Denton. 83pp. AS. 
The Yorkshire Museum, Museum Gardens, Yorks YOI1 2DR; free on 
receipt of s.a.e. 

This booklet provides an annotated list of the British ground beetles 
(Carabidae) in the Ellis Collection at the Yorkshire Museum, together with 
a history of the collection and a brief biography of H.W. Ellis. The ground 
beetles are part of a vast collection (90,000 +) of coleoptera assembled by 
Ellis, which bear the names of about 80 different collectors. About 90% of 
the British carabidae are represented. For each of the British species, there 
is an entry giving a brief comment on the species together with the numbers 
of examples of each species present in the collection. These range from one 
to 267. This numerical data will be of value to specialists contemplating a 
visit to the Museum for study purposes. Entomologists more concerned 
with faunal distribution would have wished a complete listing of the 
specimen data but this would have been a mammoth task. A minor 
criticism concerns the comments given on the British status of most of the 
species. This appears to have been taken largely from the UK JNCC 
publication A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great 
Britain Part I 1992 P. Hyman, revised and updated by M. Parsons. One 
wonders if it was really necessary to reproduce the information given in this 
readily available publication.— JOHN OWEN. 


Butterflies on British Islands 


Records of butterflies for the smaller British islands are being compiled by 
Dr Roger Dennis at 4 Fairfax Drive, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 6EY. Any 
contributions will be most welcome. Together with a note of species, please 
provide information, if possible, on sex, precise locality, date, and the 
presence or absence of hostplants. 


NOTICES 119 


Microlepidoptera of Middlesex: 
An appeal for records 


Following on from the success of the recent publication of Larger Moths of 
the London Area the London Natural History Society now proposes to 
work towards publication of a checklist of the microlepidoptera of 
Middlesex. It is expected that this exercise may take about five years to 
complete. 

The term Middlesex involves the entire Vice-county 21 and thus includes 
all the London boroughs north of the River Thames with the exception of 
the five lying east of the River Lea; these five are in south Essex. Middlesex 
also incorporates some areas which lie in the current administrative county 
of Hertfordshire, notably the Potters Bar area. Records are actively sought 
from appropriate persons for all those families generally regarded as 
“‘micros’’ — thus including the Psychidae which were formerly referred to 
the ‘‘macros’’, as well as those which are sometimes referred to as ‘‘meso- 
lepidoptera’’ (Tortricidae, Alucitidae, Pyralidae and Pterophoridae). 

Records should include the species name, the Bradley and Fletcher Code 
number (to avoid nomenclatural confusion) the date where possible and the 
locality. Records will be assumed to relate to imagines unless ‘‘mine’’, 
“‘larva’’ or other qualifying statements are given alongside. Localities will 
ideally involve a place name and a four figure grid reference. Place names 
should be those appearing on the Ordnance Survey maps; precise localities, 
such as the names of nature areas or ecology parks in London are desirable, 
but if these do not appear on OS maps the nearest locality should always be 
given. Where a grid reference cannot be obtained, a precise address as it 
appears in one of the various published books of street maps of London 
should be used. Site lists will ideally be presented in Log Book order to 
facilitate data entry. Overnight trap dates shouid be given according to the 
example 23/24 August or 23 August, and not as 24 August. Approximate 
counts and sexes are desirable for immigrants. Confidentiality of selected 
records may be requested. Records are required from all time, not just the 
present period. 

Records should be addressed to The London Natural History Society’s 
Lepidoptera Recorder, Colin W. Plant, at The Visitor Centre, East Ham 
Local Nature Reserve, Norman Road, London E6 4HN who will happily 
provide more detailed information. All communications will be 
acknowledged and records from outside Middlesex contained in mixed lists 
will always be forwarded to appropriate Recorders unless directions are 
given to the contrary. 


Very special offer, for limited 
period only, on established 
classic titles in their fields 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


Contents 

The time of appearance of Lacanobia oleracea L. ates Noctuidae) in the British 

Isles. B.K. West 81 
Lepidoptera of Aberdeaneanre fall icueantinecne = ‘7th appendix. R. M. Palen 

& M.R. Young . 85 
Some interesting moth pane fon ine peicreorouene area in 1992 antl 1993. 

P. Waring 91 
Beetles caught by a pitcher nant maruralceds in Highland Scotland : ve even & 

S. Taylor. 103 
When to wiggle, ween to aeele! andl eicae to wale: aay Obsererignel on 

unorthodox movement in a tree-hopper. R.A. Jones . 105 
Current status of the stem borer, Chilo saa (Swinhoe) (eps Pyralidae). 

L.M.L. Mathur 109 

Notes and observations 

Euphranta toxoneura (Lowe) Dipt.: Tephritidae in East Kent. L. Clemons. 84 
Further records of Tipula helvola Loew (Dipt.: Tipulidae) in Kent. L. Clemons . 89 
Migrant lepidoptera taken in the Dungeness area during 1993, including three 

species new to Kent. S.P. Clancy . : 90 
Eudonia alpina Curtis (Lep.: Pyralidae) at ine aligude 2» H. Howion : : 101 
Mites associated with the dung beetle Scarabaeus cristatus in Kuwait. A. Al- Hoe 102 
A new larval foodplant for Falseuncaria ruficiliana Haw. (Lep.: Torticidae) a 

correction. E.F. Hancock Pik: 104 
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Home femies mlesce: Ghans 1993. Tr B. Hane 112 
Two species of micro-lepidoptera new to the Isle of Wight. S.A. Knill-Jones . 114 
On the gender of three generic names in Coleoptera. A.A. Allen . 114 
Incidence of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella L.)(Lep.: Tortricidae) in a Giveses 

garden, 1993. R.C. Dening . cw) = eS 
Carpelimus similis Smet. (Col.: Siapholinidae) ns: E. andor yt a fen 115 
Early emergence of spring moths. A. Aston 116 
Fannia collini Fons. (Dipt.: Fanniidae) in West Kent EE: iClerons 117 
Agathompia falleni Zett. (Dipt.: Platypezidae) in East Kent. L. Clemons : WSU7 
Book Reviews. 3, @ ) 6 Po) ee eo 


Notices; 2. je nan ee ee ee ee ce a ee 


SPECIAL NOTICE. The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited 


number of back issues. 


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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 


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THE 
ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


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VANESSA ATALANTA OVERWINTERING 121 


VANESSA ATALANTA L. (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE): 
SOME COMMENTS ON OVERWINTERING 


BRIAN K. WEST 
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


ON 22nd DECEMBER 1982 I noticed a specimen of the Red Admiral 
butterfly resting about 18 inches from the ground on an east-facing white 
wall at Bexleyheath, Kent; it was still in place on the 24th, but was gone by 
the 28th, having been settled in a most conspicuous and inappropriate place. 
Plant (1971) gives no December records for the London area, nor of 
successful overwintering. Chalmers-Hunt (1961) quotes four examples of the 
butterfly “hibernating”, although only one, that of a female found together 
with two /nachis io L. and two Aglais urticae L. which were clinging to 
woodwork beneath some slates of a house in February 1907, stands up to 
scrutiny; even so, mid-February is mid-winter, with some time to go before 
sallow blossom time. Unfortunately this observation has no sequel. This, and 
the Bexleyheath specimen were probably of local origin; the annual review 
of migrant lepidoptera by Bretherton and Chalmers-Hunt (1983) states that 
the few atalanta which continued into December were probably local bred. 

A probable interesting coincidence not previously reported concerns the 
sighting of atalanta in the same small clearing in the local woodland in April 
in the four consecutive years 1978 to 1981. This clearing contains beds of 
stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) and the odd larva of atalanta has been found 
on them over the years. Although each year several sightings were made, 
there was no evidence that more than one specimen was involved each year. 
What is curious is that the species was not encountered anywhere else. 
According to the annual review in this journal for the relevant years 
regarding migrants, 1978 was not a good year, and immigrants were rarely 
seen before June. In 1979 a small immigration of atalanta was recorded in 
April in Devon and Cornwall; in 1980 immigrant atalanta were seen in 
Sussex in early April, while there were other records for the butterfly in Kent 
in both March and April. In 1981 several probable immigrants were reported 
for March and April, plus that of a specimen “hibernating in a room in 
Orkney in February”, an interesting observation, but lacking a sequel, and 
also the assurance that the specimen was in fact alive. This latter point is 
important; one of several hibernating Ag/ais urticae L. observed in a room in 
my house in 1993 remained in place into June, but was deceased. 

I believe Lempke (1971) accurately summarises the position in north-west 
Kent when writing of overwintering and migration of atalanta in western 
Europe, suggesting:- 

a) It does not enter into diapause. 

b) Sunshine, even at low temperatures, activates it. 

c) Specimens overwintering in buildings do not survive. 

d) It can only successfully overwinter with feeding. 


192 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii. 1994 


To add to this L.W. Newman (1911) noted that he could only overwinter 
the species by keeping it in a frost-free room and feeding the butterflies 
regularly. Therefore some of the sightings in south-west England, and 
perhaps elsewhere, may well be examples of successful overwintering, but 
not hibernating in the strict sense; this view is I believe the generally 
accepted one today. 

I suspect that a somewhat similar inconclusive situation exists in North 
America; textbooks refer to hibernation and overwintering as though the 
words are synonymous. Harris (1972) notes that the fall brood overwinters 
either as pupae or adults in Georgia. For Oregon, Dornfield (1980) states that 
atalanta is multi-brooded flying from April to November, and even on warm 
days in winter since fall-hatching butterflies can overwinter in protected 
hiding places. Ferris and Brown (1980) for the Rocky Mountain States also 
accept the winter may be passed in either the adult or pupal state, and the 
term “hibernate” is used; in view of so much of the region being over 4,000 
feet altitude with severe winters, passing this period without diapause seems 
unlikely; however, migrants, sometimes in large numbers appear in spring. 
Scott (1986) referring to the whole of North America states that adults (and 
doubtfully pupae) hibernate, thus contradicting other authorities. I would 
have thought it not difficult to settle the question of overwintering of pupae! 

A relevant fact that I have not seen mentioned is that all the British 
Nymphalids which hibernate, although possessing brightly-coloured 
upperside, have exceedingly dull, blackish undersides with a distinctive 
pattern of numerous striations, well-suited to their winter environment whilst 
resting with wings closed. V. atalanta has a quite different underside colour 
and pattern, one found commonly among non-hibernating tropical 
Nymphalids. 

Precis octavia Cram. is a common butterfly in many parts of Africa, often 
visiting gardens; the summer (wet season) form is bright pink with black 
markings, but the winter form (dry season) is largely deep blue, and whereas 
the underside of the summer form is similar to the upperside, the winter form 
has an underside not unlike that of the true hibernators among the British 
Nymphalids, more so indeed than those of the blackish species of Precis 
such as P. stygia Aur. which retain a leaf-like pattern. However, the winter 
form of P. octavia has the habit of hiding in dark buildings, burrows, caves 
and overhangs (Swanepoel, 1953). Presumably, there is no diapause, for 
when disturbed I find they readily take flight. 

A further interesting case of this cryptic underside pattern and colour I 
found whilst living in the Cameron Highlands, Malaya, at an elevation of 
over 5,000 feet, for there I encountered a butterfly resembling a large 
Polygonia c-album L. with the ground colour deep blue, Kaniska canace L. 
(formerly Polygonia); its underside is almost identical with that of /nachis 
io. However, in Malaya it does not hibernate; there is just a succession of 
broods; it is one of the Indo-Chinese group of species which arrived from the 
north, and also inhabits Hokkaido, the most northerly island of Japan, where 


VANESSA ATALANTA OVERWINTERING 123 


it hibernates for about eight months (Yokoyama, 1953). Although it has 
several subspecies they all retain the special cryptic underside so well- 
adapted for resting in dark places. 

Thus, in conclusion, it seems that V. atalanta, by virtue of its underside 
pattern and coloration is a species not adapted for hibernation in the dark 
places frequented by certain other Nymphalids fairly closely related to it. 
Although it is now generally accepted that the insect may overwinter in the 
mild conditions of south-west England, I believe the evidence is purely 
circumstantial; I can find no record of a recognisably-marked specimen 
being observed on numerous occasions from December to late March or 
April. Its ability to survive the winter of the London area seems more 
remote, but might be feasible under conditions which permit late summer 
and autumn flowers to continue into December combined with a very early 
spring with mild, sunny periods enabling the butterfly to feed at such flowers 
as coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara), laurustinus (Viburnum tinus) and ornamental 
cultivars of Prunus, followed by sallow blossom (Salix species) in late 
February and early March, and blackthorn blossom (Prunus spinosa) a 
month later. 


References 
Bretherton, R. and Chalmers-Hunt, C.,1979-1983. The immigration of Lepidoptera to the 
British Isles, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 91-95. 
Chalmers-Hunt, C.,1961. Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Vol. 1. 
Dornfield, E., 1980. The Butterflies of Oregon. 
Ferris, C. and Brown, F., 1980. Butterflies of the Rocky Mountain States. 
Harris, L., 1972. Butterflies of Georgia. 
Lempke, B. 1971. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 83: 199. 
Newman, L.W., 1911. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 173-174. 
Plant, C., 1987. The Butterflies of the London Area. 
Scott. J., 1986. The Butterflies of North America. 
Swanepoel, D., 1953. Butterflies of South Africa. 
Yokoyama, 1956. Colour Encyclopaedia of the Butterflies of Japan. 


Eagira conspicillaris (Linn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — observations of the 
behaviour of newly hatched larvae and records of alternative foodplants 


The occurrence of batches of ova of this species on the dead flower spikes of 
dock is well documented. With this in mind, and after a night (Sth May) in 
which all seven seen at m.v. were males, a search was made at dawn in a 
well known site near Ross-on-Wye. In addition to finding a female, form 
melaleuca View., at rest on the proverbial fence-post (looking so much like a 
flake of wood that even though I was looking for the species I almost passed 
it by), three egg batches were discovered on the top of old inflorescences of 
Dock (Rumex species). Only one of these was conspicuously white, the other 
two being brownish-purple in hue. 

When they hatched, a spectacular escape bid was mounted. Creeping 
through the mesh of the netting cage they ascended to the highest parts of the 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


bookcase and launched themselves off on silken strands. They absailed down 
the furniture but climbed up again when realighting. Although small, they 
were in such numbers as to present a very impressive sight with up to five 
positioned on one thread at intervals reminiscent of mountaineers attempting 
a tricky ascent. (A slightly different view of these antics was taken by my 
wife!) 

A large batch of ova may present a gamble in terms of survival especially 
if the larvae all remain together; some form of dispersal would reduce the 
chance of heavy parasitism or predation after hatching. Interestingly one of 
the batches produced large numbers of parasites and no larvae at all. The 
polyphagous habits of the larvae would be an advantage to a species that 
disperses in such a manner as larvae may encounter a wide variety of 
foodplants on landing. If this species were only able to accept a narrow 
range of pabula only the few that by chance landed on their particular 
foodplant would have any chance of survival. 

Considering that the imago, a robust Noctuid, has powers of dispersal that 
are far in excess than those of the larvae it would seem that the observed 
behaviour represents a strategy for avoiding excessive larval loss rather than 
a means of extending the range of the species. However, spiderlings are 
known to travel vast distances and be carried in high altitude airstreams and 
there seems no reason why, in theory, tiny newly hatched larvae could not 
cover significant distances in this way. It would be interesting to observe 
newly hatched larvae of species with wingless females as this mechanism 
would be of much more significance in dispersing a species in which the 
female is unable to move by any other means than crawling. 

Initially the larvae fed avidly on dock but accepted a large range of other 
foodplants including: Blackthorn — Prunus spinosa 

Hawthorn — Crategus 

Lime — Tilia 

Willow — Salix 

Privet — Ligustrum ovalifolium 

Oak — Quercus 

Nettle — Urtica dioica 

Dandelion — Taxacarum officinale 

Plantain — Plantago species 

Various grasses 

Aspen — Popula tremula 

Honeysuckle — Lonicera 
Two larvae were inadvertently left in a box containing the remaining ova 
and no foodplant was included. Thus some surprise was occasioned by the 
discovery of two healthy second instar larvae. The mystery was solved when 
they were observed feeding on the unhatched ova, starting at the point of 
maximum curvature and enlarging the hole until the head capsule was able 
to squeeze into the cavity of the egg to consume the contents— DR JULIAN 
CLARKE, Oaklea, Felcourt Road, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6NF. 


PARASITE OF REDDISH BUFF MOTH 125 


HYPOSOTER SP. OF PARASITOID WASP (ICHNEUMONIDAE: 
CAMPOPLEGINAE) REARED FROM WILD LARVA OF REDDISH 
BUFF MOTH ACOSMETIA CALIGINOSA (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) 
FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT 


PAUL WARING 
1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 OLS. 


ON 21st JULY 1993 a small larva of A. caliginosa was collected from the 
Isle of Wight for rearing as part of English Nature's Species Recovery 
Programme for this protected species (Waring 1990, 1993, 1994). From this 
larva a single grub of a wasp emerged on 24th July and proceeded to spin a 
cocoon by the corpse of the host. As an indication of the development stage 
of the host, the head capsule measured Imm across at the widest point and 
the caterpillar was 15mm in length. It was probably no more than third 
instar. The cocoon of the parasitoid was off-white like dirty wool. It was 
kept in a plastic box at outside temperatures. Initially the cocoon was 
inspected frequently but as the adult insect had not emerged by 27th 
September 1993, it was assumed the pupa would overwinter and the adult 
would emerge to attack larvae the following season. However, when the 
cocoon was inspected in mid-November 1993, a black wasp was found to 
have emerged and died. This was identified as a Hypersoter species by Dr 
Mark Shaw, Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. Dr Shaw informs me 
that it is difficult to identify wasps of this group to species at present due to 
taxonomic problems within the genus. 

I am not aware of any previous records of parasitoids from A. caliginosa 
in Britain. Dr Shaw tells me that the Hypersoter species which make the 
above “bird-dropping type” cocoons tend to have wide host ranges and this, 
together with emergence of the adult in the autumn, when larvae of A. 
caliginosa have long since pupated below ground, suggests the wasp is 
unlikely to be specific to this moth. Most likely the wasp attacks other 
noctuid larvae which occur in the same open sward over the winter, such as 
those of the Square-spot Rustic Xestia xanthographa. 

Parasitoids can be an important influence on the population dynamics of 
host species and it is possible that the population size of A. caliginosa may 
be influenced by the activities of this wasp, even though the latter appears 
not to be a specialist on this host. 

The wasp, its cocoon and the remains of the host have been deposited with 
Dr Shaw at the museum in Edinburgh. 


Acknowledgments 
I would like to thank Dr Shaw for identifying the parasitoid and the owners 
of the site for their co-operation with the project. The work is funded as part 
of English Nature's Species Recovery Programme. 

References 

Waring, P., 1990. Conserving Britain's rarest moths. British Wildlife 1(5): 266-284. 
—, 1993. Wildlife reports — Moths. British Wildlife 4(3): 185-188. 
—, 1994. Wildlife reports — Moths. British Wildlife 5(3): 191-192. 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL, LOO 25.vil. L994 


Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall 


Following B.K. West's recent article in Ent, Rec, 106: 41-45, where he 
considered whether the Poplar Hawkmoth is univoltine or bivoltine in 
Britain, | decided to look at the records for this common and widespread 
species in Cornwall. We have 158 records of this species at the Cornish 
Biological Records Unit, most of which are for one sighting only, The 
earliest record is by W. Noye at Lands End in May 1846, the latest is by RJ, 
Heckford at m.v. light on 13th August 1993 at Kennack Sands. Of these 
records, 109 are dated precisely and their distribution throughout the year ts 
illustrated in the accompanying graph, where each month is divided into four 
weekly sections. There is a clear peak in July, with 59 moths (54% of the 
total) recorded, out of which 38 (35%) were recorded between 8th and 23rd 
July. The earliest records are for early May (apart from a freak February 
record in 1986), from whence there is a fairly steady rise in numbers to mid- 
July, followed by a rapid decline. This suggests that there is single brood 
with a prolonged emergence during this period, but the isolated individuals 
recorded at the end of August and more particularly in late September and 
early October suggest that (in some years at least) there is a partial second 
brood.—ADRIAN SPALDING, Cornish Biological Records Unit, Institute of 
Cornish Studies, Trevenson Road, Pool, Cornwall TRIS 3PL. 


20 


she 


10 


ND Wan Oia. e = 


0 
1st May - 7th October in weekly intervals 


Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall 1846-1993, showing the numbers of moths recorded 
weekly trom May to early October. 


CAKED MUD ON BEETLES WAH 


ENCRUSTED BUT UNENCUMBERED —- CAKED MUD DOES NOT 
NECESSARILY IMPEDE A BEETLE'S ABILITY TO FLY 


RICHARD A. JONES 
13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SEIS 3DE, 


THE AERODYNAMICS of beetle flight are only vaguely understood. 
Perched on a suitable vantage point, the winged-cases are flung back, the 
delicate membranous flight wings are extended, the wings beat and the 
creature is lifted into the air. In most species the elytra are held out at right 
angles to the body the whole time the beetle is on the wing. In a few, notably 
the Rose Chafer Cetonia aurata (Linnaeus), the flight wings are able to beat 
while the elytra are closed back over the insect's abdomen. Air flow over the 
body, whether with elytra in or out, will control the insect's ability to rise, 
fall and steer. Whatever the mechanism of flight or aerial control, it would 
seem logical that any impediment to the body would prevent, or at least 
influence, the creature's ability to fly properly. However, observation of a 
chafer partly encrusted with earth shows that this is not necessarily the case. 

On 19th June 1993, the pretty litthe downland chafer, Omaloplia ruricola 
(Fabricius) was moderately common, flying over the steep, sheep-grazed 
chalk slopes of Mount Caburn, Lewes, East Sussex. Both Fowler (1890) and 
Joy (1932) regarded this species (formerly Homoloplia ruricola) as very 
local and rare. However, Fowler quotes a poignant remark made by C.O. 
Waterhouse that finding an abundance of a “rare” species at a particular spot 
and at a particular time suggests that it really ought to be considered only 
“local”. Hyman and Parsons (1992) have duly reduced the beetle’s status to 
“notable b”. The beetle is almost “common” in several parts of the South 
Downs of Sussex. 

O. ruricola has several colour forms. The typical beetle is black, with each 
elytron extensively bright orange-brown on the disc. The size and depth of 
the orange patches vary and occasionally a beetle is entirely black. The two 
extremes of this spectrum can be readily spotted and identified on the wing, 
and on the warm sunny day in June several “light” and “dark”-forms were 
flying about over the flowery downland turf. 

Suddenly one appeared which had a somewhat different appearance; as it 
flew it seemed spotted with white. When it landed, the cause was 
immediately seen to be a thick encrusted layer of chalky material on the 
thorax (Fig. 1). The beetle climbed about aggressively in the herbage. It 
scrambled to the tip of a leaf and after a few minutes, unperturbed by its 
crusty coat, it opened its wings and took off again. 

How it came by its unusual integument is open to speculation. The larvae 
of Omaloplia are subterranean, hence one can only assume that the adult 
emerged on a less than clement day and that it became muddied as it 
struggled to clear the pupal cell. 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


Fig. 1. Omaloplia ruricola, Mount Caburn, Lewes, East Sussex, 19th June 1993; even 
with its thorax encrusted with chalky earth, the beetle is unencumbered. Shortly after this 
photograph was taken it stuck out its wing cases, flapped out its wings and launched 
itself off into the sky. Photo: R.A. Jones. 


Beetles groom themselves with their legs, front legs for the head and 
antennae, hind legs for elytra and abdomen. And in order to keep active and 
free of constraint beetles frequently engage in grooming. Only a few 
flightless weevils such as Trachyphloeus do not keep their upper surfaces 
clean, the coating of soil and rock granules adding to their already cryptic 
colouring and form. Even dung beetles do not allow their bodies to become 
soiled though they have chosen the stickiest medium in which to live. 

However, in this case, the chalky thorax did not obviously affect the 
insect's ability to fly. The Omaloplia may have compromised on cleanliness 
and given up after ridding the more important areas, its head and wing cases, 
of mud. 

In a recent communication to this journal (Jones, 1994), I took the liberty 
of describing the strange faecal habits of various leaf beetles, expounding on 
the use of the word “merdigery” meaning dung-carrying. On this occasion 
however, I will exercise restraint and not dwell on the possibility of 
“mudigery” in this chafer. 

References 
Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. 1V. Reeve, London. 

pp. 48-49. 

Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera 

of Great Britain. Part 1. UK Nature conservation, No. 3. JNCC, Peterborough. p. 393. 
Jones, R.A., 1994. Merdigery and maternal care in a leaf beetle. Entomologist’s Rec. J. 

Var. 106: 7-12. 

Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles. Witherby, London. p. 255. 

[Reprinted 1976, Classey, Faringdon]. 


EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA IN CORNWALL 129 


EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA (WALKER) (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE) IN 
CORNWALL 


ADRIAN SPALDING 


Cornish Biological Records Unit, Institute of Cornish Studies, Trevithick Centre, Trevenson Road, 
Pool, Redruth, Cornwall TRIS 3PL. 


THE SPREAD of this moth from the first records in Cornwall across the 
southern counties of England has been well documented in the 
entomological literature, from Meyrick (1937) onwards. Baker (1968) 
provided maps showing its spread through England. More recently, David 
Agassiz has worked on the rate of spread for this (and other) species through 
Britain and come up with much new (unpublished) information. This short 
paper is an attempt to provide more detail about this moth in Cornwall. Maps 
are included to show its changing distribution over the years based on the 
221 records for this species held on the computer database at the Cornwall 
Biological Records Unit. For this purpose, a record is one notification of this 
species in one place over a period of time (usually a single day, but 
sometimes longer) and may refer to several sightings. Information from this 
database is available for anyone doing research on the wildlife of Cornwall 
and the Isles of Scilly. 

It is well known that Epiphyas postvittana is a native of Australia, where it 
is a serious orchard pest (Bradley, Tremewan & Smith, 1973). Meyrick 
(1937) gives the first record for Britain (repeated in Bradley et al) as 
Newquay in 1936 where it was found as larvae quite abundantly on an 
Euonymus hedge by F.C. Woodbridge. He bred out four Tortrices, three of 
which he sent to Meyrick for identification. With great foresight, Meyrick 
writes that “I think it will find no climatic obstacle to maintaining its ground 
in Devon and Cornwall”. He adds that its rapid multiplication is probably 
due to the fact that it has not brought any of its parasitic enemies along with it. 

In fact, the first record I can find for Cornwall is for the spring of 1933, 
when Dr F.A. Turk reported a heavy infestation on two trees (including a 
Bramley apple) of the larvae of E. postvittana at Roscroggan, Camborne. Dr 
Turk sent the larvae to C.B. Williams at Rothamstead, who provisionally 
identified them as this species. Meyrick mentions (without naming a place) 
that the caterpillar “has been found feeding in the interior of an apple”, 
which may refer to this record. 

Apart from the record at Newquay in 1936, the next record I can find is 
for 1939 at Pentire Point (Baker, 1968). I can find no records for the 1940s 
(which may show an understandable lack of recording effort during the war), 
but by 1961 Tremewan refers to it as “widespread and common in many 
localities”. Since then the numbers have steadily built up over the years 
(Table 1). The total for the 1990s looks set to be greater than for the 1980s. 
The maps clearly show the spread of Epiphyas postvittana (adults and 
larvae) eastward through Cornwall. 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii. 1994 
1930-39 1950-59 


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EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA IN CORNWALL 13] 


Epiphyas postvittana was apparently first recorded in the Isles of Scilly 
(on St. Mary's) on 26th May 1975 by R.J. Heckford, and David Agassiz 
records it as common (Agassiz, 1981). R.J. Heckford recorded it here again 
on 30th May 1993. (This record is not yet shown on the accompanying 
maps.) Epiphyas postvittana has also reached the small island of St. 
Michael's Mount, where it was recorded by Chalmers-Hunt on 8th 
September 1974. Records seem to be scarce in north Cornwall with records 
for Tintagel in 1981 by Pelham-Clinton (per Agassiz) and one record for 
Bude on 30th July 1991 by J.L. Gregory. The paucity of records may be due 
to lack of moth recorders in this area. By contrast, the concentration of post- 
1980 records in the St Austell area are largely the results of the activity of 
one recorder (J.L. Gregory) and show one of the problems of distribution 
maps (viz. that they show where recorders have been as well as where the 
species occur). 

Listed associated foodplants include Aster trifolium, Centranthus ruber, 
Euonymus japonica, Filipendula ulmaria, Hedera hibernica, Lavandula sp., 
Ligustrum ovalifolium, Malus domestica, Potentilla sp., Rosa sp., Rubus sp.., 
Teucrium scorodonia and Veronica sp., as well as a wide number of garden 
and house plants. Despite finding larvae on eight different plant species in 
Cornwall, Chalmers-Hunt (1975) failed to find larvae on Euonymous 
Japonica. 

At least 41 of the records are of adult moths attracted to m.v. light and 
there are also records of the moth at gas lamps and actinic tubes. The adult 
has been recorded in every month of the year, from 2nd January to 26th 
December (both records by Gregory). The most numerous records are for 
August (37), the least number for November (2) (Table 2). The low number 
of winter records may be more a result of low recording effort than a 
measure of winter abundance and this species could be continuously 
brooded. The highest number of individuals recorded at one time was 32 on 
Ist August 1976 by M.R. Shaw. 


Acknowledgements 

I wish to thank David Agassiz and Frank Smith (the county recorder for 
Cornwall) for records and information additional to those records on the 
database at the CBRU and to Jim Minchen who researched the database for 
me. This database has been devised by Colin French for the CBRU. The 
maps are based on the records of the following people: D. Agassiz, J.M. 
Chalmers-Hunt, S.H. Church, K.G.W. Evans, L.T. Ford, A.P. Foster, B. 
Goater, J.L. Gregory, M. Hadley, E.C.M. Haes, R.J. Heckford, H.C. 
Huggins, J.R. Langmaid, J. McPhail, S.C. Madge, J.E. Marshall, R.M. Mere, 
M.S. Parsons, R. Rogers, M.R. Shaw, A. Smith, F.H.N. Smith, A. Spalding, 
K.L. Spurgin, W.G. Tremewan, F.A. Turk, M.W.F. Tweedie and F.C. 
Woodbridge. 


132 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil. 1994 


Table 1: Numbers of records for Epiphyas postvittana (adults and larvae) in Cornwall for 
each decade. 


Decade Number of records 
1930 — 39 3 
1940 — 49 0 
1950 — 59 31 
1960 — 69 | 
1970 — 79 35 
1980 — 89 83 
1990 — 93 58 


Total 221 


Table 2: Numbers of records for adult Epiphyas postvittana in Cornwall for each month. 


Month Number of records 
January 5 
February 5 
March 7 
April 9 
May 12 
June 23 
July 16 
August 35 
September 24 
October 13 
November 2 
December 3 


Total 154* 
* The totals of Table | and 2 do not agree because some of the records on the database have not been 
allotted to a particular month. 


References 

Agassiz, D. 1981. A Revised List of the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) of the Isles of 
Scilly. Isles of Scilly Museum Association, Isles of Scilly. 

Baker, C.R.B. 1968. Notes on Epiphyas (=Austrotortrix) postvittana (Walker) (Lep.: 
Tortricidae). Entomologist’s Gazette. 19: 167-172. 

Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G., & Smith, A. 1973. British Tortricoid Moths. The Ray 
Society, London. 

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M. 1975. Note on the larva of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) in 
Cornwall. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 87: 58. 

Meyrick, E. 1937. Tortrix postvittana Walk. (Microlepidoptera), a species new to 
Britain. The Entomologist 70: 256. 

Tremewan, W.G. 1961. Records of Lepidoptera from Cornwall, 1943-58. Entomologist’s 
Gazette. 12: 127-142. 


LYCAENID TAILS 13 


WW 


FUNCTION OF TAILS IN FLIGHT BY SOME AFRICAN 
LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES 


BRIAN K. WEST 
36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


DURING A VISIT to the Republic of Togo in September 1990, I was 
standing one day in a little forest clearing in the Atakora Mountains when 
my attention was drawn to a curious phenomenon. Slowly, in a straight line, 
crossing the clearing at about eye level was what appeared to be a tiny 
drogue, whitish in colour, and unattached. Its slow deliberate passage 
possessed an etherial quality in the absence of a visible means of propulsion, 
for there was not the slightest breeze; gravity being defied! At the edge of 
the clearing the apparition suddenly disappeared. Careful scrutiny revealed a 
small Lycaenid, subsequently identified as Hypolycaena lebona Hew.., 
settled upon a leaf. Later, a slightly larger, commoner species, H. antifaunus 
Westwood. was encountered; the appearance in flight and at rest of the two 
species was almost identical. This slow, undeviating flight is additionally 
interesting in view of Lycaenids of this group being noted for rapid, and 
often erratic flight. Larsen (1991) remarks that in a closely-related species 
the tails are most noticeable when the insect is in flight, and of the long- 
tailed species in general, that they sometimes perform aerobatics with 
unbelievable vigour and precision despite being aerodymatically 
disadvantaged by the long tails. 


Hypolycaena lebona 
upperside (left) and underside (right) 
Enlarged 


134 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


When at rest upon a leaf the butterfly’s wings are held erect, and the very 
long tails lie together, flat upon the leaf, the 90° twist being achieved largely 
by the small tornal lobe of the hindwing, which in both species has a small, 
subsidiary eye spot, lying in the horizontal plane. The butterflies were 
observed at rest only in quite calm conditions, and the long tails appeared as a 
single, whitish streak resembling the mark frequently made by the splash of a 
bird dropping. Thus these long tails appear to have a useful function when the 
insect is both in flight and at rest. The function of the short tails in association 
with an eye spot has long been thought to distract a predator from more vital 
parts, and was recently considered by Riley and Loxdale (1988). 

One of the problems of obtaining a series of many of these Lycaenids with 
short, filamentous tails is to get specimens not damaged in the tornal area of 
the hindwings, and possessing their complete set of caudal appendages; 
Deudorix, Castalius and Anthene are frequently so damaged. In contrast, H. 
lebona and the slightly larger H. antifaunus. | met with in Togo, even when 
slightly worn had the long tails intact, and usually the others also, the ones at 
risk seeming to be the shortest, first pair, and I encountered none with tornal 
damage. 

Jacoona anasuja C. & R. Feld. is rare a Malayan Lycaenid with extra- 
ordinarily long, whitish, sword-like tails also emanating from vein Ib of the 
hindwing; when the butterfly is at rest they probably have the same appearance 
and function as those of H. /ebona, rather than resemble antennae, as I think is 
the case with most of these long-tailed species, especially when the tails 
originate from vein 2, for example the common Cheritra freja Fab. I found in 
Malaya too, that usually these very long-tailed species had their long tails 
intact, any damage being confined to the small supplementary tails, whereas 
Arhopala species and others with a single pair of short filamentous tails were 
very often deficient of one or both. However, not once have I seen in Malaya 
the flight of a Lycaenid resemble that of H. /ebona and H. antifaunus in Togo. 


References 
Larsen, T., 1991. The Butterflies of Kenya. 
Riley, A. and Loxdale, H., 1988. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 100: 59. 


Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — a species new to the Isle of Wight 
Warm southerly winds blowing up from the Bay of Biscay caused a recent 
mini-migration of Lepidoptera and on 15th May 1994 I took an example of 
Trichoplusia ni (Abn.) which is the first definite record of this species for the 
Isle of Wight. Other migrants taken around the same time were Agrotis 
ipsilon (Hufn.) and Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.).— S.A. KNILL-JONES, 
Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. 


ESSEX EMERALD UPDATE 135 


ESSEX EMERALD MOTH THETIDIA SMARAGDARIA MARITIMA 
(PROUT) (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) IN BRITAIN — AN UPDATE, 
FEBRUARY 1994 


PAUL WARING 
1366 Lincoln Road, Werrington, Peterborough PE4 OLS. 


ENGLISH NATURE'S Species Recovery Programme for the endangered 
Essex Emerald moth Thetidia smaragdaria entered its second year in 1993. 
The results of the first year were summarised by Waring (1993a). Previous 
work and background information have been reported by Waring (1989a-c, 
1990a-d, 1991a,b, 1992, 1993b). 

The Essex Emerald moth has not been seen in the wild in Britain since the 
spring of 1991, when five post-hibernation larvae were found. There has 
been no sign of the moth at the site since, in spite of spring and autumn 
searches in the subsequent years. The disappearance was in the absence of 
any gross change in the available, but severely limited, habitat and was the 
end result of a decline from 56 larvae in September 1988 to less than 30 in 
1989 and 1990. The moth still survives as a captive stock which was 
established in 1987 (Waring 1989a). This has now been used to supply 
larvae and adults for five separate establishment experiments, in three 
different parts of the former range of the moth. The remainder of the stock is 
proving increasingly difficult to maintain in captivity. Many females are 
failing to lay eggs, the others generally fail to lay anything like their 
potential quota of 80 - 100 eggs each, and the majority of eggs fail to hatch. 
Some eggs appear to be infertile but well-developed larvae have been found 
in others. 

In 1992 the stock was divided into two batches, one in Essex and the other 
in Peterborough. This was the second attempt to develop separate lines 
which could be crossed periodically in an attempt to reduce inbreeding 
effects. From these larvae 40 adults were reared in 1993 in Essex, including 
24 females, of which 22 had numerous opportunities for mating. Only about 
100 eggs were laid however, the product of several females, and not a single 
egg hatched. In Peterborough, where the majority of the captive stock has 
always been held, 197 larvae were successfully overwintered and these 
produced 145 adults, though nine males and 12 females were seriously 
deformed. Three males and a female appeared in fine condition but died 
within 24 hours of emergence. The remaining 21 looked to be healthy and 
many had a good adult life-span of over ten days and up to 17 days. Some 
were taken back to their natural salt-marsh habitat for the experiments 
described below. Although over 800 eggs were laid in Peterborough, only 
226 larvae resulted. These are hibernating out of doors at the time of writing, 
as in previous years, and have had to cope with the factors which cause 
winter mortality. This is the first year since the stock was established, in 
which the number of larvae produced in captivity has been less than the 
previous year, using similar equipment and techniques. 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil.1994 


In 1992 when larvae were released into the wild, some completed 
develop-ment successfully, and free-flying adults were produced but there 
was no sign of any offspring (Waring 1993a). During the work in 1993, adult 
moths were taken to the site to observe their behaviour, which it was hoped 
would include mating and egg-laying. Netting cages were set up on the 
saltmarsh, into which adults were released for observation. Each cage was 
over eight cubic metres in volume and was fitted with a 60W red light to 
enable the moths to be watched throughout the night without disturbing them 
unduly. Moths are not very sensitive to red light. Two cages were manned 
throughout the night on three separate nights. Each cage contained a freshly- 
emerged virgin male and virgin female and a male and female which had 
been caged with other males and females for two or three days until eggs 
began to be laid. The latter moths had ample opportunities for mating during 
this period and in some cases mating pairs were seen. The main results from 
the observation sessions on the coast were that both types of female spent 
most of the night either at rest or in the position associated with the release 
of pheromones to attract males. This activity involves exposing a scent organ 
at the tip of the abdomen and holding the wings away from the body slightly. 

The females were obviously expecting to attract males during the night 
but the males disappointed them. The males spent most of the time at rest 
although some flight was noted on nine out of the twelve male moth-nights 
of observations. Activity was extremely limited and only two males showed 
sustained flights of over one minute duration. These flights were sufficiently 
strong that they would have taken the males well away from the females and 
the available habitat had they not been caged. Other flights were of shorter 
duration and occurred intermittently through the night. The males were more 
inclined to walk over the vegetation than fly. Only three of the flights and 
walks resulted in males approaching females, only one approached to within 
Sem and no mating took place during any of these sessions. 

During the six man-nights of observation only five eggs were laid. Three 
of these were laid by an experienced female and two by a fresh virgin, 
despite the fact that some of the females had commenced egg-laying before 
being taken to the coast and others mated or laid eggs subsequently in 
Peterborough. In a subsequent experiment a total of ten females and eight 
males were caged over the larval foodplant on the saltmarsh for extended 
periods of from two to five days and nights. Only 16 eggs were laid and only 
six hatched, so the adults even failed to replace themselves with the same 
number of offspring. 

Could the lack of activity be blamed on the weather? The experiments 
took place in late June which was rather cool and dull. None of the nights of 
observation were very windy and there was no heavy rain, which might have 
deterred the moths, but night temperatures were not high. The warmest night 
was 15°C at dusk falling to a minimum of 13°C and the coldest was 8°C at 
dusk falling to a chilly 6°C. Generally it was a poor season for moth activity, 
with most species being seen in small numbers, presumably related to the 


ESSEX EMERALD UPDATE 137 


dismal weather. Perhaps the poor performance of the Essex Emerald and 
other species can be blamed on failure to reach certain temperature 
thresholds. A test proposed for 1994 is to rear some individuals at raised 
temperatures during parts of their life-cycle to see if this has any effect. 

However, the reproductive rate of the Essex Emerald is now so low that 
the species runs the risk of being unable to survive and multiply in captivity 
let alone in the wild. Tests for diseases in 1992 and 1993 have not produced 
any evidence of pathogens such as protozoans, bacteria or viruses. There is 
now concern that the poor breeding performance and failure of eggs to hatch 
may be the result of genetic abnormalities resulting from inbreeding. We 
know that the stock is inbred. It descends from three mated females seven 
generations ago and no new material has been introduced subsequently. It is 
very likely that the colony had been inbreeding in the wild prior to the 
founding of the captive stock, because it appeared to consist of less than a 
hundred individuals and to be isolated from other potential habitat. To test 
whether inbreeding is contributing to poor success, some of the captive stock 
could be paired with individuals from another strain and success rates 
compared. A marked increase in the latter would indicate that inbreeding is a 
factor. In the absence of wild British material, stock is needed from 
continental Europe. The results of such a test may help to explain the 
disappearance of other small and isolated colonies during this century. 
Whether or not the hybrids would be suited to life on the British coast is 
another matter, because the habits and even the appearance of some of the 
forms on the continent differ from those in Britain. 

Any contacts and information regarding large colonies of T. smaragdaria 
in continental Europe would be most welcome. 

Acknowledgements 

The Essex Emerald work above was funded by English Nature and the Joint 
Nature Conservation Committee. I would like to thank Dr Susan A. Clarke 
for her help with the nocturnal observations. 


References 

Waring, P., 1989a. Rescue bid to save the British race of the Essex Emerald moth from 
extinction. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 231-232. 

—, 1989b. Moth report. British Wildlife 1: 47-48. 

—, 1989c. Moth report. British Wildlife 1: 103-105. 

—, 1990a. Conserving Britain's rarest moths. British Wildlife 1: 266-284. 

—, 1990b. Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima Prout (Lep.: Geo- 
metridae) — an update. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102: 71-73. 

—, 1990c. Moth report. British Wildlife 1: 296-297. 

—, 1990d. Moth report. British Wildlife 2: 115-117. 

—, 1991a. Moth report. British Wildlife 2: 308-310. 

—, 1991b. Moth report. British Wildlife 2: 373-375. 

—, 1992. Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima (Prout 1935) — history, 
ecology and conservation in Britain. Species Recovery Report 1992. 108pp. 
Confidential report to English Nature. Peterborough. 

—, 1993a. Wildlife reports — Moths. British Wildlife 4(3): 185-188. 

—, 1993b. Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima (Prout 1935). Species 
Recovery Report 1993. 58pp. Confidential report to English Nature. Peterborough. 

—, in press. Conserving Britain's rarest moths. Proceedings of the International Congress 
of Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica. Helsinki 19-23 April 1992. 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


Two species of Otitidae (Diptera) circumstantially associated with 
Umbelliferae 


Smith, 1989 (An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies. 
Handbk ident. Brit. Insects 10: 14) states that the larvae of Oftites guttata 
(Meigen) and Dorycera graminum (Fabricius) are underdescribed. He cites 
the remark by Séguy, 1934 (Faune de France 28 Dipteres (Brachyceres) 
Muscidae Acalypterae et Scatophagidae) that Dorycera graminum females 
oviposit in the ovaries of Tamus communis L., although Séguy himself 
quoted this from works by Robineau-Desvoidy and Macquart. 

Otites guttata is widespread in Kent and I have personally taken it in ten 
localities (all but two of these being on the North Downs chalk) on dates 
ranging from 9th May to 22nd June. A common factor wherever the fly has 
been found is the presence of hogweed, Heracleum sphondylium L. 
Specimens were either swept directly from stands of the plant or, in one 
case, tubed from a nettle plant growing nearby. 

Dorycera graminum is currently listed as a Red Data Book 3 species 
(Falk, 1991. A review of the scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain). I 
first encountered this species in large numbers on 13.vi.1992 whilst 
generally recording diptera at Kingsnorth on the Hoo peninsula on North 
Kent (51/8173). Although distributed over a fairly wide area, the fly seemed 
particularly concentrated where hogweed was growing. Specimens were 
swept only from the lower leaves of the plant and none could be found 
feeding from the flowers. On 6.vi.1993 I attended a meeting of the Kent 
Field Club at Grain (51/8877) which is also situated on the Hoo peninsula. 
Considerable numbers of Dorycera graminum were swept, but this time 
mainly from or around alexanders Smyrnium olusatrum L. 

There is little evidence to suggest that the larvae of Otitidae are 
specifically phytophagous and the adult flies may simply be chemotactically 
attracted to certain plants. Mr P.J. Hodge recently informed me that 
“swarms” of the tephritid Anomoia purmunda (Harris) are regularly attracted 
to the flower heads of Achillea filipendula in his garden. The larvae of this 
species, however, develop within berries of, for example, hawthorn. If my 
observations are no more than circumstantial, it is hoped that they will at 
least stimulate more recording of two genera of this very neglected family of 
flies. - LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John’s Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent 
ME10 4NE. 


Orthosia cerasi (Fab.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) — an unusual date 


On the night of 3rd November 1993 a slight battered male Orthosia cerasi 
(Common Quaker) came to one of my garden m.v. traps. It was otherwise an 
unremarkable entomological night with the usual late autumn residents 
amongst which this species looked extremely out of place.— JULIAN CLARKE, 
Oaklea, Felcourt Road, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6NF. 


FOODPLANT OF PONTIA CHLORIDICE 139 


ON THE LARVAL FOODPLANT OF PONTIA CHLORIDICE 
(HUBNER, [1808-1813]) IN BULGARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: 
PIERIDAE) 


STANISLAV ABADJIEV 
Block 415, Entrance G, Flat 80, Druzhba 2, Sofia 1582, Bulgaria. 


IN THE MIDDLE of June 1993, I was in the low eastern parts of the 
Rhodopi Mountains (South Bulgaria) for the purpose of collecting some rare 
Bulgarian Pierids. On 16th June I examined the left bank of the Arda River, 
just near the small railway station of Sredna Arda. Around was an interesting 
formation of volcanic rocks and screes with rare vegetation. There was an 
abundance of flying second generation specimens of Pieris krueperi 
Staudinger, 1860 and Pontia chloridice (Hiibner, [1808-1813]). 

The biotype of P. chloridice is an arid scree with south exposition. In the 
early afternoon (at about 1.00 to 2.00pm local time) I observed three females 
of P. chloridice ovipositing on a small plant. The females lay their eggs 
singly either on the upper leaves or directly on the flowers of the plant. I 
took three eggs and several blades of the plant and travelled back to Sofia on 
the same day. 

The plant was identified at the Biological Faculty of Sofia University as 
Cleome ornithopoides L., (1753) (family Capparidaceae Juss.). C. 
ornithopoides grows between the stones of screes. The distribution of the 
plant in Bulgaria is similar to the known range of P. chloridice (eg. Sliven, 
East Rhodopes) (Abadjiev, 1992). Also, I have been told, the plant is well- 
distributed in Asia Minor. 

To my knowledge there are two records about the larval foodplant of P. 
chloridice. In Kazakhstan near Uralsk the larva feeds on Sisymbrium 
junceum M. B. (Bartel, 1914); and in Tadjikistan the larva feeds on 
Cymatocarpus popovi Botsch. (family Brassicaceae), an endemic of 
Vakhshsk Valley (Shchotkin, 1987). 


Acknowledgement 
I must express my hearty thanks to Dr Dimiter Dimitrov from the Herbarium 
at Sofia University for the identification of the plant and for the helpful 
information provided. Special thanks go to Mr Lutz Lehmann (Eisenhiitten- 
stadt, Germany) for his kind assistance with the work of Max Bartel. 


References 

Abadjiev, S., 1992. Butterflies of Bulgaria. Part 1. Papilionidae & Pieridae. Veren 
Publishers, Sofia. 91 pp. 

Bartel, M., 1914. Ueber einige Lepidopteren-Arten der Uralsteppen. Mitt. miinch. ent. 
Ges. 5: 5-25. 

Shchotkin, Y.L., 1987. New materials on the relict, rare and declining species Pontia 
chloridice Hb. Theses and reports of the seminar Systematics, faunistics, ecology and 
protection of butterflies, 2nd-5th October 1987, Novosibirsk: 116-118 (In Russian). 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil.1994 


Amphipyra pyramidea (Linnaeus) Copper Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) 
larvae on grape-vine (Vitis vinifera) 


On 7.v.1991, whilst carrying out field work at Rothamsted Experimental 
Station, Herts, | was informed by a couple exercising their dog, that the 
grape-vine in their conservatory in nearby Harpendon had been seriously 
defoliated by numbers of quite large caterpillars. Naturally, I asked if it was 
possible to see the problem and perhaps offer advice. I later visited the 
house, equipped with boxes suitable for Sphingids, etc. (ever the optimist!) 
but was slightly surprised to find that the culprits were the larvae of 
Amphipyra pyramidea (Linn.). 

Considerable damage had been done to the leaves of quite a large vine. At 
least 20 to 30 larvae had already been removed and disposed of, but I was 
able to locate two, already in their final instar at this early date. Both were 
reared through to confirm their identity. Regarding their origin, introduction 
with the foodplant can be ruled out, from the age of the vine. Therefore, the 
most likely explanation is that a gravid female somehow entered the 
conservatory, perhaps initially in order to hide during the day. This species is 
known to be attracted to buildings as hiding places (Skinner, B. 1984. 
Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, 
Harmondsworth). Her progeny were subsequently able to mature rapidly in 
warmth and relative safety. 

Amphipyra pyramidea has been recorded on a variety of trees and shrubs 
(Skinner, Joc. cit.), including Buddleia davidii (Owen, D.F. 1983. Ent. Rec. 
95: 20). However, since I can find no reference to it feeding on grape-vine 
the above record, albeit from a slightly artificial situation, may be 
noteworthy. MARTIN C. TOWNSEND, 29 Coniston Avenue, Headington, 
Oxford OX3 OAN. 


Bibio johannis (L.) (Dipt.: Bibionidae) in urban London 


On 29th March I was visiting some offices in the newly-built Canary Wharf 
complex in London Docklands and I noticed a large number of Bibionid flies 
above the turf of a recently laid formal lawn set amid the acres of stone and 
asphalt. I captured one of the insects that had settled on a wall and it turned out 
to be the widespread and often abundant Bibio johannis (L.). 

Last year in early April I found the same insect in considerable quantity 
flying low over newly laid turf on the front lawns of the National Maritime 
Museum, Greenwich across the river Thames about two kilometres to the south 
of Canary Wharf. 

This species is almost certainly being brought into these sites as larvae or 
pupae with the high quality turf that is being used in these prestigious city 
locations and it will be interesting to see if they are able to persist: perhaps 
unlikely as they would already be much more widespread than they appear to 
be in urban parks and gardens.—PATRICK ROPER, South View, Sedlescombe, 
Battle, East Sussex TN33 OPE. 


HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 141 


THE HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 


THE LATE A.J. WIGHTMAN 
INTRODUCED BY PAUL SOKOLOFF 
4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 


Introduction 

FEW PEOPLE now remember Archibald John Wightman who died some 23 
years ago, but in his time he was an entomologist of considerable stature. He 
began studying the lepidoptera in the 1890s, continuing throughout his life — 
and was even noted collecting at night in the depths of Borth Bog at the age 
of 83. He specialised in collecting and breeding the Noctuidae and was adept 
at breeding, often in large numbers, even the most difficult and fastidious 
species. His knowledge of these moths was prodigious and his large 
collection immaculate. On his death, some 1300 of his specimens were 
selected for the Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection. 


A physically large man, and a larger than life collector, he also attracted a 
measure of folk lore — he was reputed to carry his coffin with him on 
collecting trips: in truth, he had converted his car to carry a large chest which 
both held his field collecting equipment, and doubled as a bed. Fulsome 
tributes appeared in the Entomologist’s Record (1971) 83: 113-115 and Proc. 
Trans. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. (1971) 5: 75-80. 


He wrote many notes and articles, particularly in the 1930s and 1940s, 
many of them appearing in this journal. The essay presented here has never 
been published. It was written by A.J. Wightman at the age of 85, about a 
year before his death in March 1971. When discovered, it was untitled, but 
carried the comment “. . . a few notes on the hazards that can befall anyone 
who goes out moth hunting . . . .”, from which the current title is derived. 
His first account deals with a trip taken in 1907 and in which an acetylene 
gas lamp features. Way before the invention of portable lamps such as the 
Coleman or Tilley, collectors used acetylene lamps — designed for use as a 
light on a bicycle (hence the term “cycle lamp”). Acetylene gas was 
produced by allowing water to drip onto powdered calcium carbide. The 
commercially available calcium carbide was usually impure, contaminating 
the acetylene with small quantities of phosphine and hydrogen sulphide, 
making the resulting gas rather foul smelling. The gas was then burnt to give 
light. Acetylene needs a plentiful supply of oxygen to burn properly: without 
sufficient oxygen it burns with a smoky flame, blocking the burners. To 
overcome this, the gas was conducted along two thin tubes directed towards 
each other. When lit, the burners produced a thin sheet of flame with 
maximum surface area exposed to the air. The flame is very hot (hence its 
use in welding) and very bright. Apart from weight and bulk, these lamps 
were very efficient as sources of light for collecting. 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


The essay 

Taking the opportunity of the long winter evenings, I have been reminded of 
my Own experiences, when out with a portable light, searching for larvae. 
This is a method of collecting that has always appealed to me far more than 
getting the perfect insects at light or sugar, partly because I wanted to know 
the habits in nature, and partly because I hardly ever get a really perfect 
moth other than by breeding. Over a period of sixty or more years, I have 
had plenty of trouble from free-ranging bulls, savage stray dogs, guard dogs, 
barbed wire, smashed lanterns and such accidents. 

Working alone one can get into trouble where the presence of a mate 
could quickly put matters to right, although again I have had trouble just 
because as one of a party, I have become embroiled in someone else's 
difficulties. In 1907 I went with two friends, Taylor and Sharp, to the cliffs 
at Beachy Head, East Sussex, to sugar the flower heads for the Northern 
Rustic, Standfussiana lucernea L., a species only to be obtained in Sussex at 
the extreme southern point of those cliffs. Taylor and I were new to the spot, 
Sharp was not and although we knew the spot was considered dangerous, we 
felt safe under his guidance. Arriving there in good daylight, we called at the 
lighthouse and told the Keepers of our intention of using lights there, and 
they raised no objection, but repeated the warning about the locality. 

Having sugared hardheads (Centaurea sp.) that in those days were 
plentiful all along this bit of cliff, we retired away from what to me seemed a 
very risky spot, and sat down to await the coming of darkness. It was then 
that Taylor displayed a leather harness that he had obtained and upon which 
a cycle lamp bracket has been fastened so that he could from time to time put 
his lamp on it to have both hands free for boxing. 

At that date the collecting light was a very heavy acetylene cycle lamp — 
clumsy, but giving a grand light, and although the burners were liable to get 
choked up, replacement in the field was simple. Both Sharp and I admired 
the idea, but it was obvious that improvements were called for, as the weight 
of the lamp caused it to droop onto his stomach. As events were to show, we 
had overlooked a far greater fault, for the fastening — a buckle and pin affair 
— was concealed by the bracket. 

It was a grand evening as regards the conditions, good cloud cover but no 
threat of rain, warm as a late July night should be, so as soon as the light had 
faded enough, we got up and Sharp led us back along the cliffs towards our 
sugared flowers, we lighting up as we walked, just the water to turn on and 
then a match to the burner. Taylor put his lamp on his belt before he did this, 
and when he put the match to the burner the whole lamp burst into flame, he 
having failed to tighten up the gas chamber, and so intense was the flame 
that it was not possible to touch it with the hands nor could we knock the 
lamp off the bracket, and as the flame was touching his stomach, his clothes 
were being ignited. In a panic, fearing that he might be cremated far too 


HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 143 


young, Sharp cut the harness by pulling at the back, to get the knife inside, 
and so not cut the man. The lamp and harness fell away, and as a result of 
the jerk Taylor fell backwards and disappeared over the cliff. After a 
moment of horror, we heard Taylor calling for help as he was on the very 
edge of the cliff, and we then found that in the commotion, we had got to the 
cliff face at a point where a big fall was in process, and the sagging cliff top 
had formed a sunken undercliff, and in this very dangerous place Taylor was 
lying. Rescue was not too difficult, if only the cliff kept up, under the weight 
of all three. This shock had upset our moth hunting elan, so we decided to 
get away from the danger area, have a rest and then go home, but when 
nerves had steadied up we changed our minds, and found that our 
flowerheads were acrawl with moths including numbers of freshly emerged 
lucernea in fine condition, both sexes being about in equal numbers. And so 
what threatened to be a very black day, appears in my diary as a red letter 
day. 

A good many night trips to similar areas, during the following fifty odd 
years, were on the whole free from trouble, and I had come to think that solo 
work in such places was really much safer than in company, as when alone 
one has only to take acceptable risks, and there is no danger of being 
involved in what someone else might be disposed to risk, but I was to learn 
that this is not always so, and being alone can be a danger, for the worst 
fright of my collecting life came only a few years ago, when I had gone to 
the Isle of wight in mid-April to search for larvae of Aporophyla australis on 
the cliffs just below the Tennyson Memorial. The cliffs in that area are 
specially dangerous, by reason of extensive falls over the years, which have 
left a very wandering cliff top with gaps between protruding portions, so that 
every step must be carefully surveyed before any trust is placed in it. 
Knowing how plentiful the species is at that spot, I had made my trip a one 
night affair, and so when the weather turned foui, I had to get all dressed up 
in greatcoat, mackintosh, sou'wester, rubber-boots, in fact so wrapped 
against the wind and rain, that I feared that I might be blown over the cliff, if 
the wind treated my clothes as sails, and as a result I was crawling about on 
my knees, using an old mack’ as a kneeling mat. In the early hours of the 
morning a huge black dog suddenly turned up, and at once came in to attack 
with lips well back, teeth at the ready and growling. I shouted for his 
supposed owner to call him off, but got no response, and so still calling out, I 
crawled at the dog, putting the lantern to his head, and so by degrees got 
away from the cliff edge, and struggled to my feet, but even then the case 
was desperate, for the dog was quite a large black Dane, not so huge as he 
first appeared, but still large enough to have been frightening even in broad 
daylight and far from the cliff tops. He continued to come at me, ready to 
bite, and from the persistent way he worked around me, I felt quite sure that 
he was a trained guard-dog, off his beat, but determined to do his stuff. 

This animal moved steadily around me, trying to avoid the glare of the 
lantern, and get at me from the rear, which compelled me to back away and 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


keep turning at the same time, and all wrapped up as I was, I feared that if he 
got me down, he might well be able to worry me, as a dog can worry a 
sheep. After a few minutes that dragged as years, I became aware that a 
second dog, probably a bitch was present, but keeping just outside the circle 
of light, and it was quite a half-hour before my attacker gave up his rushes, 
and widened his distance, finally joining presumably his mate, but even then 
he still kept appearing into the area of light, and so kept me walking 
backwards, until I was nearing my small car, that was parked by the old fort. 
I shall not say I was frightened by this episode — I was downright terrified. 

But this was not to be my final dog trouble, for only six years ago, quite 
near my home I had dog trouble again, this time in a wood, a spot with 
which I was quite familiar. I had gone to Chiddingfold to search for spring- 
feeding larvae, and having parked my car in an open space in the wood just 
off the road, I lighted the lantern and went on a trip through the rides, but 
found the gravel very wet, and so went back to the car and collected a pair of 
rubber boots from the rear seat and resumed my searching. Collecting was 
not too good, and about midnight, having had enough, I went back to the car, 
intending to drive home. As I approached the car, I fancied that I could see a 
pair of eyes peering at me from the rear seat behind the driver's place, and on 
reaching the car found that I had a passenger, a really huge black Dane type 
mongrel, sitting bolt upright, and keeping perfectly still. I opened the door 
and talked to him as one does to a dog, telling him that he was in the wrong 
car, and that as I was not going his way, he had better get out and walk 
home, but he seemed not to hear me, so at last, seeing that he was wearing a 
collar, I put out my hand to read the name on it. My docile dog, at once let 
me hear his voice and see his teeth and my hand came back faster than I had 
put it forward. I thought of several good ideas to get him out, such as getting 
into the other rear seat, with a coat over my arm, and pushing him out by 
stages. Let me say it was I who got out, not the dog, so here I was, in another 
black dog trouble. 

What a position to be in! Should I get in and try to drive home with the 
dog, breathing down the back of my neck, and risk him thinking he was 
being kidnapped, and strike back, or would it be best to hang about where 
we were all night, in the hope that at last he would get home-sick? No safe 
and speedy solution of the problem seemed likely. After a while I decided to 
drive to Chiddingfold Village on the main road, and see if I could find a 
policeman, with ideas, and so I got in to the driver's seat, leaving the door 
open, and started up the engine but having that head at the back of my neck, 
caused me to sit awhile to give him a chance to get out, finally I decided to 
leave all doors open, and drive on to the road. 

I hoped the dog would use the rear door to alight from, and I meant to 
have a front door that I could escape from if need be, and so with three doors 
as driving hazards, I drove down to the only house in the wood in that area, 
pulled to the ditch on my nearside, and waited hopefully that this might be 
my passenger's abode, but he made no move, and after a few minutes, a light 


HAZARDS OF MOTH HUNTING 145 


came on in one of the upper windows, a head came out and asked what the 
trouble was. That, I fully explained, and from this conservation I learned that 
this dog was from a gipsy encampment in a nearby wood, and was harmless 
if not touched, but savage if interfered with, and my new friend came out 
and confirmed that I had indeed got the gipsy dog. He thought it most 
unlikely that I should find anyone at the encampment, if I drove there, and 
suggested that on his home ground the dog might attack without being 
touched, nor did he think I should get anything out of driving to the village, 
at that time of night, and we really could not think what should be done. The 
dog decided at this stage to find out what we were hatching up, came out 
slowly, wandered over to us and sat down behind us, like a well trained dog 
might be expected to do. Now said my kind helper, you go to the car, I will 
go to the house, so into the car I went and closed all the doors, waited until I 
saw the house door close, and then drove home, leaving the dog in the road 
at the spot he had walked to, he did not seem to care and looked so innocent 
sitting there, I almost felt guilty in deserting him. 

The only occasion when I was seriously hurt, occurred in daylight, and 
this was due to my riding a single strand of barbedwire, over a trout stream, I 
was powerless to free myself, and salvation only came when my weight 
pulled out the posts to which the wire was attached, and dropped me into the 
stream, where with one foot at last, able to get contact with the hard bed of 
the stream, I thought I could free myself from the wire, but no, I was still 
held in a firm grip, with the barbs cutting into the inside of my by now, well 
lacerated leg. I was wearing a pair of riding pants, tough melton material, 
buttoned below the knee, and they would not tear away from the wire, until I 
had got out a rather blunt knife and split them from the thigh to below the 
knee. 

I have sometimes thought that I must be a sort of Jonah, and that it always 
must happen to me, but in fact considering the number of trips I have made, 
perhaps I have been lucky, as I know of others who have had quite serious 
mishaps, such as being threatened with a gun, by a man who not only 
threatened to shoot, but from his actions, likely to do something of the sort, 
while another friend of mine fell through a reed-bed which was in fact once 
part of the main stream of the Sussex Ouse, had great difficulty in getting 
out, and when he did make a landing, he was wet through, had lost his 
glasses, and had two hours to wait until he was to be picked up by his driver 
whom he had sent on a mission to Lewes. Knowing that he must keep 
moving, he started off towards Lewes in order to meet the returning car, 
when at a sharp bend in the road, his car shot past him and away to the 
rendezvous, quite a time before it was expected. Now the trouble had 
deepened, because the driver seeing that his employer had been in the water, 
might well not return to Lewes but go to the nearer Newhaven for help. But 
he did in fact return quite shortly, and got him home in double-quick time, 
where a day in bed soon got him back to normal, but his missing glasses 
-were a big trouble. I had hardly got away from the telephone, over which I 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vil. 1994 


had heard of the accident, when another collector came to my door, and 
asked if I had lost my glasses in this reed-bed, as he had been to the spot that 
day and seeing that someone had been in the water, looked around and found 
a pair of glasses in the reeds. Knowing that this was a favourite spot of mine, 
he had concluded that it was I who had taken the plunge, and kindly brought 
the glasses to me. When I phoned up the owner of those glasses, I had quite 
a job to convince him that I really had his lost glasses and he could send his 
driver for them. 


Empis (Coptophlebia) melaena Bezzi (Diptera: Empididae) in East Kent 


Collin, 1961 (British Flies: Empididae) recorded Empis melaena from 
Purley in Surrey and Hampshire. Falk, 1991 (A review of the scarce and 
threatened flies of Great Britain) awarded the species Red Data Book | 
status. On 20.vii.1985 I took a single female melaena at Lydden LNR 
(61/278453) near Dover. The site is chalk downland with a south-west 
aspect, although the specimen was probably swept from hawthorns along the 
periphery. Thanks go to P.J. Chandler for confirming my identification.— 
LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John's Avenue, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — Relics of Empire. India, 1985 


Looking after a large development project in Tamil Nadu in southern India 
did have its occasional entomological spin-offs. I was travelling with 
members of the Danish Government Audit Office in the august business that 
auditors have, but we did have the chance of stopping briefly at the 
wonderful rock-carved temples at Mahaballipuram on the way south. They 
are among the jewels of Hindu art, in the vaut le voyage category of the 
Michelin guides. 

I was delighted to see vast numbers of Red-Bodied Swallowtails 
(Pachliopta hector and P. aristolochiae) roosting communally among the 
ruins, and the auditors were suitably impressed at how difficult it was to tell 
the two toxic Pachliopta from their perfect mimics, in two forms of Papilio 
polytes females. They should be impressed. The mimicry between these two 
is not only near perfect, but it varies geographically. In southern India nearly 
all P. polytes females are mimetic, and they mimic both Pachliopta in more 
or less equal numbers. In Dehli, nearly half the females are male-like and 
non-mimetic, while the remainder are mimics of the only Pachliopta that 
occurs there, though very sparsely. Finding the other form, a mimic of P. 
hector, not occurring in northern India, was as sensational in Dehli as it was 
common-place in southern India. I suspect the vast numbers of Pachliopta at 
Mahaballipuram was a dry/cool season aestivation roost, composed of 
migrants from further east, but I am not sure. I am certain, though, that both 
the mimicry relationship, the polymorphism of P. polytes, and the migrations 
and roosting of the Pachliopta are deserving of much additional research. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 147 


Our project area had little 
in the way of hotel accom- 
modation, and since govern- 
ment auditors must be treated 
with kid gloves, we had 
booked at the Hotel de France 
in Pondicherry. Lest anyone 
should think that a hotel of 
this name in the boondocks of 
Tamil Nadu is somewhat 
incongruous, let it immed- 
lately be said that Pondicherry 
is composed of a few square 
kilometres of Union Territory. 
It used to be a French colony, 
but the French graciously 
(well, more or less) quit in 
1958, thus avoiding being 
evicted by force as were the 
Portuguese from Goa in 1961. 
Faint memories of France still 
survive: a cemetery, a large 
The Common Mormon, Papilio polytes (top) a proportion of Christians, a 


wonderful mimic of the Crimson Rose, Pachliopta police force still wearing 
hector (below). 


kepis, street signs exactly as 
you see them in Paris (such as /mpasse Leon Blum), several reasonably good 
Indo-Chinese restaurants, and Hotel de France. Otherwise the memory of 
times French had largely gone. I always wanted to do a quick survey in the 
streets of “Pondi’, as it is always known, to find out how many of the locals 
knew who Leon Blum was, but this was never to be. 

The proprietor of Hotel de France, appropriately, was probably the most 
prominent remaining link between Pondi and France. He was a tall, stooping 
man, in his mid-seventies. His four children were citizens of France. he 
spoke fluent French, passable English, and halting Tamil. He believed in 
maintaining standards. . . and he did have the only reasonable hotel in an 
area larger than Denmark. 

There was a standard evening ritual. At 17.30 le Patron would descend 
from his quarters. A digestif would be offered —on the house — with profuse 
regrets that we had to make do with “Indian Made Foreign Liquor” (one of 
those wonderful combinations of words which only Indian bureaucracy can 
concoct). When all are comfortably settled with a drink, stage two: “Et 
maintenant, un peu de musique?” Two minions wheel out a giant console 
containing an ancient gramophone: complete with the type of funnel speaker 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vi1.1994 


which the dog of “His Master's Voice” used to contemplate with a doleful 
expression. Soon the rhapsodies of Liszt would struggle out, competing with 
the static and scratches of the 78rpm record, which had seen 30 years or 
more of daily service. 

The three-course dinner menu is impeccably hand-written, as you see it in 
provincial France. The descriptions, alas, vastly surpass what we actually get 
to eat. But, our patron is talkative. This is the very dining-room where 
ministers, governors, prefects, and the creme-de-la-creme of Pondi society 
have dined. Charles de Gaulle slept here, admittedly during the Second 
World War, and not as President. “Mais, maintenent!” — he shrugged his 
shoulders, implying that auditors and aid administrators were not entirely up 
to his standard. 

Our host was gracious, having increasingly less to be gracious about. As 
we checked out, he discreetly inquired whether we could pay in devises 
etrangeres; then he could send his children in France some real (ie. non- 
Indian) presents. We could not oblige. There are draconian currency 
restrictions, and what with two auditors in tow. The demise of empire, 
anywhere, leaves victims in its wake, but there is, perhaps, also an obligation 
to adapt. T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL. 


Lonchoptera nitidifrons Strobl (Diptera: Lonchopteridae) in Greater 
London and Kent 


Smith, 1969 (Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 10: 2ai) gave Cheshire, Oxfordshire, 
Somerset and Suffolk in England and Bardsey Island in Wales as localities 
in which Lonchoptera nitidifrons had been taken. Falk, 1991 (A review of the 
scarce and threatened flies of Great Britain) lists the species as notable 1.e. 
believed to occur within the range of sixteen to one hundred ten kilometre 
squares. On 30.viii.1993 I visited Barnes Cray near Crayford (51/526 749) in 
order to survey diptera on behalf of the Kent Trust for Nature Conservation. 
On subsequent examination of retained pinned material I identified a single 
female nitidifrons along with three of the very common Lonchoptera lutea 
Panzer. In addition to having the key characters of two yellowish basal 
antennal segments and a fourth small bristle on the upper part of the front 
tibiae this female was distinctly smaller and much more uniformly pale 
orange than /utea and I recalled having seen many similar specimens in the 
sweep net. In order to try to discover the exact site of capture I returned to 
Barnes Cray on 3.ix.1993. Since the area covered on the first visit was not 
large I retraced my steps and quickly located a colony where I had crossed a 
stream in order to investigate some grazing marsh. Large numbers of 
females were to be swept from aquatic vegetation e.g. Veronica catenata, 
Nasturtium officinale, Lycopus europaeus and Mentha aquatica. A further 
foray into the adjoining grazing marsh yielded numbers of /utea, males and 
females, only. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 149 


On 18.1x.1993 I attended a Kent Field Club excursion to West Wood, 
Lyminge Forest (61/1343) and was surprised to take a further pair of female 
nitidifrons. This site was in complete contrast to that at Barnes Cray, being 
coniferous plantation with large stands of bracken and no fresh water of any 
description. A week later during another KFC meeting, this time to Kiln 
Wood, Lenham (51/888 5155) another pair of nitidifrons females was taken. 
At Kiln Wood they were swept from dense vegetation including Mentha 
aquatica growing in a calcareous pond. 

The final surprise in the saga of nitidifrons came a couple of weeks later 
whilst I was preparing a list of Lonchoptera for Dr C.M. Drake, co-ordinator 
of the Lonchopteridae recording scheme. A single female was found 
amongst a small batch of unidentified material taken on 11.vi.1989 from 
Round Down, Dover (61/293 396). This locality is on the chalk cliffs above 
the Channel Tunnel entrance and again, is completely dry. Dr Drake 
subsequently informed me that the current records for L. nitidifrons suggest 
that it is a fenland species so the records for West Wood and Round Down 
are puzzling. He stated that there was no reason to doubt that the characters 
given for the separation of adult nitidifrons from lutea are not valid. Smith, 
1968 and 1989 (Handbk ident. Brit. Insects 10: 14) states that only L. furcata 
Fallén and L. lutea have been identified in the larval stage. It would appear 
that the larvae of these species are generally saprophagous. My experience 
with the adult females is that they are particularly to be found where 
aromatic labiates grow and whilst these may or may not have any direct role 
in the life cycle of the nitidifrons, they should perhaps be more diligently 
searched in future for the fly — LAURENCE CLEMONS, 14 St. John's Avenue, 
Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 4NE. 


Athroloopha pennigeraria (Hubner, 1813) (Lep.: Geometridae) in Spain 


This day-flying Geometrid is, according to Gomez de Aizptirua (1987) 
distributed throughout Spain and in the south-western corner of France. He 
cites the Pyrennean foothills as being especially favourable, including in his 
assessment Navarre and the Basque Country, more specifically, Javier and 
Leyre in the former province, and Araya and Zalduendo in the latter. 

He also details the vicinity of Madrid from whence come my own 
observa-tions. The overwintering larvae can be seen in areas exposed to the 
sun from March to May on their foodplant, Santolina ssp. as well as Ulex 
spp. I collected about 17 fully-fed specimens on the former plant along the 
railway line which runs from Madrid to Segovia in the area of Gudillos in 
the Sierra de Guadarrama. The larvae feed quite exposed on their foodplant 
and are very easy to pick off. My own examples began to “go under” within 
two days of collecting them on 24th March 1990 and had all pupated within 
two weeks. 

Imagines began to emerge on 16th May, more or less the same time as 
moths were seen on the wing in Gudillos. Initially, males were well 
outnumbered by females, one male was known to have fertilised no less than 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii. 1994 


four females. Pairings were very simple to obtain in nothing more than a 
bare net cage. There seemed to be no particular hour when copulation 
occurred as my notes referred to three quite different times in one day; 1120, 
1215 and 1900. The females oviposited immediately, laying large batches of 
greenish ova between two sheets of paper provided in a jar. Within ten days I 
had thousands of tiny larvae. Those I kept I reared on their original foodplant 
but managed to lose all, due I believe to the summer heat of the Spanish 
capital being considerably warmer than the nearby sierras. 

References: Gomez de Aizptrua, Carlos (1987). Biologia y Morfologia de las Orugas, 
Vol. Ill, Geometridae; Gomez de Aizpurua, Carlos (1974). Catalogo de les Lepidopteros 
que integran la Coleccién Cientifica del Norte de Espana; Gomez Bustillo, Dr M.R. 
Catalogo Sistematico de los Lepidopteros Ibéricos (1981). 

— GARETH CLUMO, 2 Longbridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9EL. 


Blastobasis decolorella (Woll.) (Lep.: Blastobasidae) — new to west 
Suffolk 


On 3rd August 1991, when I was visiting Northfield Wood, Onehouse, I saw 
a specimen of Blastobasis decolorella, which had been disturbed from the 
vegetation and settled on the path. I recognised the species immediately, 
since I had been introduced to it by Mr S. Wakely when I lived in south 
London and I had also discovered it new to east Suffolk on 8th August 1959 
at Aldeburgh. I understand that this moth has now been recorded from all the 
surrounding vice-counties but that this is the first record for west Suffolk 
(Col. A.M. Emmet pers. comm.).— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, 
Selborne, Hampshire GU34 3JH. 


Abundance of the spring brood of Pararge aegeria (L.) (Lep.: Satyridae) 
in S.E. London, 1994; with a few local observations 


During the fine and sunny weather at the end of April and beginning of May, 
I was struck by the exceptional profusion of the Speckled Wood, greater than 
I had seen anywhere before. This was the case in all suitable situations: 
Maryon-Wilson Park, Woolwich Common, the Shooters Hill woodlands. 
Even my garden was favoured, though in a far more modest degree. Here I 
think it must have bred both last year and this (there being plenty of rough 
uncut grasses), to judge from the presence of a specimen or two at frequent 
intervals through the season. Quite evidently they were not just passing 
through but resident for periods of a week or more, taking up basking and 
roosting positions on a clump of Bergenia or the adjacent cypress hedge, 
and/or a large mass of honeysuckle close by the house. The butterflies seem 
to show territorial behaviour in both sexes, female especially — one 
pertinaciously defending the honeysuckle thicket against any intruder 
(human included!). Later in the summer, and in autumn, the species is more 
seldom seen in the garden. 

In Maryon-Wilson Park I have known a male aegeria to return repeatedly 
to a roosting-perch in the evening or in dull weather, a nettle plant beside a 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 151 


shady path. The same leaf was invariably used (I wonder whether a 
recognition-scent is involved here). The specimen was self-marked by a 
small nick in one wing; it eventually fell victim to a bird. 

On Ist May, on Woolwich Common, the butterfly was numerous every- 
where in the vicinity of bushes or trees. Along a path flanked by young 
poplars, it was a new experience for me to put up Speckled Woods from the 
grass at almost every step, for all the world like Meadow Browns in high 
summer. In contrast, they were entirely absent from bare open grassland, 
showing that though the species has in recent years ventured far from its 
original sylvan retreats in the course of its spectacular spread into suburban 
areas, it still retains its essential liking for the proximity of shade. 

In view of the abundance noted above, it is remarkable that P. aegeria 
appeared very scarce in the woods at Chislehurst, some miles to the south, in 
perfect weather on 22nd and 30th April— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, 
Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Spargania luctuata (Denis and Schiffermiller) White-banded Carpet 
(Lep.: Geometridae) new to Hertfordshire 


On the morning of 1.vi.1992 a rather worn male Spargania luctuata (D. & 
S.) was found inside the m.v. light trap in the garden at my previous 
residence in Harpenden (OS grid reference TL 146 132). Since this appears 
to be the first record of S. /uctuata from Hertfordshire (C. Plant, pers. 
comm.) an investigation into its possible origin seemed worthwhile. 

Spargania luctuata breeds on Epilobium angustifolium (Rose Bay 
Willowherb) in woodland rides and clearings (Skinner, B. 1984. Colour 
Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, Harmondsworth). 
The Harpenden site is an urban garden, but suitable-looking habitat exists to 
the south east, with small woods about a mile away and more extensive 
woodland at about four miles. Beating large stands of the foodplant for 
larvae in the nearest woods in September 1992 was unsuccessful, the only 
geometrid larvae encountered being those of Ecliptopera silaceata (D. & S.) 
(confirmed by rearing). 

However, the moth was caught during a period of warm southerly winds 
and may therefore have come from one of the known strongholds of S. 
luctuata in south-east England, which are in Kent and Sussex (D. Agassiz, 
pers. comm.), or from the Continent. This species has also been recorded 
from Essex (Skinner, Joc. cit.) so it would be interesting to know whether it 
has colonised east Hertfordshire. The specimen was retained and was shown 
at the 1993 BENHS Exhibition. 

Thanks are due to David Agassiz and Colin Plant for providing 
information on the distribution of $. /uctuata— MARTIN C. TOWNSEND, 29 
Coniston Avenue, Headington, Oxford OX3 OAN. 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


Eucosma pupillana (Clerck) (Lep.: Tortricidae) taken in Buckinghamshire 


Whilst looking through a drawer of microlepidoptera, all of which I have 
taken at Willen, North Bucks, David Manning noted a specimen of Eucosma 
pupillana. This example was taken on 8th August 1991 and is, I believe, a 
new record for Buckinghamshire.— G.E. HicGs, The Cottage, Willen, Milton 
Keynes, Buckinghamshire. 


Rhigognostis incarnatella Staud. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in England 


The contents of the Rothamsted Trap sited in Chopwell Wood in county 
Durham, v.c. 66, OS NZ 135580 are sent to me for identification and listing. 
The catch for 28th July 1992 contained a single specimen of the above 
species and that for Ist August 1992 contained another. These captures were 
surprising to say the least, but a further specimen the following year, on 3rd 
August 1993, confirmed my suspicion that the species was probably 
established in the area. Chopwell Wood is a Forestry Commission plantation 
with some areas of deciduous trees. It is quite an ancient wood, having been 
operated by the Crown Estates before the Forestry Commission was formed 
in the 1920s. 

Col. Maitland Emmet informs me that he has records for only five vice- 
counties in Scotland (four of which are in the Highlands), and four in 
Ireland. The records from Chopwell, therefore, appear to be the first for 
mainland England.— T.C. DUNN, The Poplars, Durham Road, Chester-le- 
Street, Co. Durham DH3 3LY. 


A new organisation, the International Scientific Collectors Association, 
is founded 


It seems increasingly fashionable to minimise the contributions to the natural 
sciences made by the so called “amateur” or “avocational” worker. It seems 
nearly forgotten that virtually all of the great pioneer natural scientists — 
Audubon, Fabricius, Linnaeus, Rambur, Selys — they were amateurs. 


Today most taxonomic and life history studies are being conducted by 
amateur scientists in their own time, and at their own expense. Most hold 
academic degrees in their field of interest, and many are the most 
knowledgeable experts on their particular group of study. It is quite ironic 
that governments use the enormous pool of data assembled by these same 
workers to help determine the status of possible at-risk fauna and flora, but 
at the same time they continue to proliferate regulations that make acquiring 
such data more difficult. 


In July 1993, a new organisation to be known as the International 
Scientific Collectors Association (ISCA) was formed in Louisville, 
Kentucky. It is a membership governed and supported organisation with 
objectives of addressing all matters of concern to the international 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 15 


oS) 


community of persons engaged in the pursuit of scientific knowledge 
derived from collecting data or systematic specimen material in all 
disciplines of the natural sciences. It will be a primary goal of ISCA to bring 
better recognition of the important contributions made to science over the 
years by the traditional amateur collector, and to preserve the traditions and 
dignity of amateur collecting for scientific purposes as a worthy and 
honourable pursuit. 


The Executive Council of ISCA: 


Council Chairman Rosser W. Garrison Azusa, CA 
Vice Chairman J. Benjamin Ziegler Summit, NJ 
Councilman Ulf Eitschberger Marktleuthen, 
Germany 
Councilman Jack L. Harry Salt Lake City, UT 
Councilman William Mauffray Gainsville, FL 
Councilman Todd L. Stout Bountiful, UT 
Executive Director Carl Cook Centersky 


Publications and Meetings 


On matters od immediate importance and urgency direct mail memos will be 
forwarded to the membership. The establishment of our own jounal is 
planned as soon as possible. Seminars will be held annually beginning in 
1994, preferably they can be held as a specialised working group in 
connection with meetings of other organisations similarly oriented towards 
ISCA's objectives. 


Why you should be a member of ISCA? 


Are you aware it is a violation of federal regulations to pick up a 
migratory bird's moulted feather from US public land? To pick up certain 
seashells from the public beaches in some countries? To collect insects in 
some countries, or to import natural history specimens from these countries, 
without first purchasing a permit that can cost as much as $700.00? Do you 
know it is a violation of some countries’ laws for anyone except their own 
citizens to publish scientific papers about their country's fauna and flora? 
Did you know you cannot legally remove a dead insect from your car 
radiator and add it to your collection in at least one country we know about? 
As incredulous as it may seem, regulations such as these are being enforced 
and people are receiving heavy fines and being sent to jail for violations! 
ISCA intends to make the public aware of how taxpayer money is being 
spent to enforce such frivolous laws, and begin initiating efforts for reform 
of regulations deemed seriously counterproductive to scientific research. we 
will to continue to act as a clearing-house to provide information on 
domestic and international regulations as they apply to scientific usage of 
natural history material. 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


Services that ISCA offers its members include: (1) Continuously updated 
information on the rapidly expanding complexity of restrictions applied to 
collecting by many countries, and information about permit requirements. As 
the bureaucratic process encroaches more and more into the scientific 
research field, it becomes evermore difficult to keep ahead in the “paper 
chase”. ISCA memos are your single best source of information to keep 
abreast of current regulations; (2) Notification of impending legislative 
actions which may impact on collecting, or the use of natural history 
specimens for scientific purposes; (3) Group representation by ISCA at the 
legislative level, on the viewpoint of our membership regarding new actions 
and reform proposals affecting our fields of interest; (4) An information 
sheet providing free listing for wants and exchanges of material for scientific 
purposes from both individuals and institutions; (5) Personalised guidance 
on making donations of scientific material to institutions, procedures for 
applying for IRS tax credits ( in USA) for donating scientific material, and 
rosters of institutions interested in receiving donated natural history 
collections. 


Co-operative efforts 


ISCA will seek co-operatively to address issues of common concern with all 
other like-minded associations. In particular we look forward to working 
toward common goals with the two already existing organisations devoted to 
representing the interests of scientific collecting: The Association of 
Systematics Collections and the Entomology Collections Network. 


Information and Membership 


Further information about ISCA may be obtained from the Executive 
Director, Carl Cook, by writing to the address below. 
ISCA solicits your support through membership of our association. Annual 
dues are $15.00 for regular membership, or $25.00 or more for contributing 
membership. 


THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COLLECTORS ASSOCIATION 
469 Crailhope Road 
Center, Kentucky 42214, USA 


The Butterflies of the West Indies and South Florida by D. Spencer 
Smith, Lee D. Miller and Jacqueline Y. Miller. Oxford University Press, 
1984. 284pp, plus 33 colour plates from paintings by Richard Lewington. 28 
x 22mm. (?). Price £85. 

The first of several introductory chapters delineates the region; continental 
islands such as Trinidad, the Netherlands Antilles and San Andrés are 
excluded, and the reasons for including South Florida are expounded. The 
remarkable degree of endemism, specific and subspecific, of some 350 
species is considered. The second chapter deals with the geological history, 


BOOK REVIEW 155 


and the origins and dispersal of the butterfly fauna in detail. The remarkable 
interest, shown by the numerous visits by entomologists in recent years, is 
reflected in the comprehensive list of references. Extinction, colonisation 
and habitat destruction are the subjects of the next chapter. The section 
entitled Historical Notes is substantial; it gives a detailed account of the 
activities of lepidopterists in the West Indies. The final chapter of the 
Introduction defines the methods used in the main section of 204 pages, and 
this is followed by a check list stating authors and year of publication. The 
entire text is in double column. there is an excellent index of species and 
subspecies; each species appears twice, under its specific name, and also 
listed under its genus; subspecies also appear twice. 

The main section comprises descriptions of each species under four or five 
headings — Description, Natural History, Range, Subspecies and Discussion; 
also each family and genus is described. Identification keys are not 
employed, indeed are not necessary. Wing venation is based on an American 
system, but both that and a British system are illustrated. The descriptions 
contain frequent use of italics for distinguishing features, while each species 
and many subspecies are illustrated in colour, depicting both upper and 
undersides, almost all natural size on 33 plates of superb quality. For each 
species the Natural History section provides information on distribution, 
scarcity, habitats, larval foodplants and description of larva where known, 
adult food sources, seasonal dimorphism, flight pattern and time of 
appearance. 

There is a detailed wealth of accurate information written in an interesting 
style, much of it based upon the authors’ own experiences. Only one 
apparent error is evident — Heliconius charitonia L. was, | believe, found on 
New Providence Island, Bahamas, for the first time in 1946 (mihi, Ent. 
Rec.78: 174-179; 206-210) as a rather small form characterised by extremely 
narrow stripes, and was adjudged to be ssp. tuckeri Cmstl. & Brn., a resident 
of Florida, from whence it presumably originally came. The authors do not 
mention this (specimens in my collection and the British Museum (Natural 
History), instead suggest that the relatively large, wide striped subspecies of 
Cuba and Andros Island “perhaps” flies also on New Providence Island, i.e. 
two quite distinct subspecies on this very small island, one derived from 
Florida and the other from the South). 

Siproeta stelenes L. is omitted as having occurred in the Bahamas; one 
was captured on New Providence Island, 26.xi1. 1945, and two others 
observed there in the same year (ibid). The following are listed for various 
Bahamian Out Islands, but not for New Providence Island — Vanessa cardui 
L., one taken 24.xi1. 1945; Epargyreus zestos Geyer, noted as a vagrant there 
by Riley (Butterflies of the West Indies, 1975), and found commonly around 
_ Nassau in 1945 and 1946; and Burca concolor atrata Rindge found on New 
Providence Island in a quite different habitat to that noted by the authors for 
the Out Islands, references for these, (ibid). The Hesperiids Ephyriades 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 25.vii.1994 


zephodes Hbn. and E. arcas Drury require genitalic examination for certain 
identification; it would have been helpful to have provided diagrams, 
although references for these are given. 

This comprehensive work focuses especially on identification, 
distribution, habits and habitat of each species and subspecies. There is a 
considerable contribution of new knowledge, including that of some sixty 
additional species and subspecies since Riley's work in 1975 (ibid). The 
book is well printed on good paper; the whole presentation is excellent; the 
considerable contribution of knowledge from the authors’ personal 
experiences, and the perfect coloured plates make this a quite outstanding 
work. Its place is alongside “Pennington” and Van Son (Southern Africa), 
Common and Waterhouse (Australia), Corbet and Pendlebury 4th Ed. 
(Malaya), Brown and Heineman (Jamaica) and Larsen (Kenya), and of these 
only the last two named make a real contribution regarding the “life style” of 
the butterflies. £85 — inevitable, and worth the price. 

B.K.West 


A Survey of Insurance Cover for Portable Generators 


Like many people who will be reading this article, I own a portable 
generator for the purpose of operating my moth traps. It cost me around 
£600 — a lot of money for me, especially if it ever gets stolen. However, to 
an insurance company, so it would seem, whilst £600 is a very small amount 
the “assessed risk” of the insured person making a claim is so great that I 
have been refused cover (whilst “in the field”) by three separate insurance 
companies. 

It occurs to me that this is a matter which may be of concern to other lepi- 
dopterists. Therefore I have decided to do a pen-and-paper tour of Britain's 
insurance companies to see who, if anyone, is prepared to offer insurance, 
how much it might cost and what the conditions might be. I propose to make 
the results of my survey available to others through the pages of this Journal 
(subject to editorial approval!). 

I am therefore, very keen to hear the experiences of others. Do you have 
insurance for your generator? If so please write and let me know, whereupon 
I will send you a simple questionnaire to complete and return to me. I am 
also interested to hear from anyone who has been turned down for such 
insurance, together with the reasons for refusal and the name of the 
company/broker, or from anyone who was offered cover at a premium too 
high to be worthwhile. All other comments on insurance as it may relate to 
field equipment (generators, moth traps) would would be appreciated.— 
COLIN W. PLANT, Newham Museum Service, The Visitor Centre, East Ham 
Nature Reserve, Norman Road, London E6 4HN. 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


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Coleoptera and other orders. Please see the inside front cover for 
details of how to contribute. 


WANTED 


We would be very grateful for any lepidopteran larvae of UK origin 
killed by baculovirus infection. 


This is often characterised by whitening, followed by complete 
liquefaction of the larva, which can then be found hanging from a 
prominent position on the foodplant. 


Samples should be frozen for storage, and sent to: 

Martin Townsend, 

Ecology Group, NERC Institute of Virology & Environmental 
Microbiology, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR. 

Telephone: 0865 512361. 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by JW. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


Contents 
Vanessa atalanta L. eal eae some comments on overwintering. 
PIG NWR ya Se 121 
Hyposoter sp. of pace wasp Genneumouidae: iGampapleeinae) feet Sone wild 
larva of Reddish Buff Moth, Acosmetia caliginosa ae Noctuidae) from the Isle of 


Wight. P.Waring. . . . 125 
Encrusted but not eneamiborcde - sien athe dpe not Secs Gais papedet a Beate s 

ability to fly. R.A. Jones . . . 28, ol ee 127 
Epiphyas postvittana Walk. (Lep.: Toric) in sana a Seabee a ae ee 129 
Function of tails in flight by some African lycaenid butterflies. B.K.West . . . . 133 
Essex Emerald moth, Thetidia smaragdaria maritima Prout. (Lep.: Geomeanen in 

Britain — an update February 1994. P.Waring . . . 135 
On the larval foodplant of Pontia chloridice Hbn. in » Bulgaria (hep. Pieridae), 

S.Abadjiev . . . EPR a oy 6. 139 
The hazards of moth fant rn if Wi aha & P. a Sokoloff . We a Ge ee 141 


Notes and observations 
Eagira conspicillaris L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) — observations of the behaviour of newly 


hatched larvae and records of alternative Sapa JGlarke 3.52.93 123 
Poplar Hawkmoths in Cornwall. A. Spalding. . . . 126 
Trichoplusia ni Hbn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) a species new to ‘the Isle BE Wight. S.A. Knill- 

HOUR os ; 134 
Two species of Otitidae (Diptera eireunasteniel ‘associated with Umbelliferse, 

EiGlemons ats a eh ee 138 
Orthosia cerasi (Fab.) (lec: Noctuidae) —an aovenal dae. J Ghanke ls AP eee 5 138 
Amphipyra pyramidea L. Copper Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) larvae on grape-vine. 

(Vitis vinifer).M.C. Townsend .. . eer re 140 
Bibio johannis L. (Dipt.: Bibionidae) in ince bondon Pp. Raper eae ott 140 
Empis (Coptophlebia) melaena Bezzi. (Dip.: Empididae) in East Kent. L. \Clenome hoe 146 
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Relics of Empire. India. 1985. 7.B. Larsen. . . . 146 
Lonchoptera nitidifrons Strobl. (Dipt.: Lonchopteridae) in Greater London and Kent 

ENGlemons. < . si oe 148 
Athroloopha pennigeraria aa hice ‘Geomenicaeyn in Spain G. Ghene SOP d F 149 
Blastobasis decolorella Woll. (Lep.: Blastobasidae) new to West Suffolk. A. Aeron oe 150 
Abundance of the spring brood of Pararge aegeria L. (Lep.: tay as in S.E. London, 

1994, with a few local observations. A.A. Allen... . 150 
Spargania luctuata D, & S., White-banded Carpet (Lep.: Geometr (dae) new to ) Hertford. 

shire. M.C.Townsend... . . sige Hentai Re na) a 151 
Eucosma pupillana Clerck. (Lep.: Tortr tina) taken in Buckinghamshire. G.E. Higgs. . LS 
Khigognostis incarnatella Staud. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in England. 7.C. Dunn. . . . 152 
A new organisation, the International Scientific Collectors Association is founded . . . 152 
BOOK Teviews:.. 3. Seek fe ben wen rk le cel hee Rice Soe a 


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FRUIT FEEDING BUTTERFLIES ON FLOWERS 157 


FRUIT-FEEDING BUTTERFLIES IN LARGE NUMBERS ON 
FLOWERS 


TORBEN B. LARSEN 
358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 SPL. 


Introduction 


MANY SPECIES of tropical Nymphalidae normally feed on fallen fruit that 
is fermenting on the forest floor. Whole genera are only ever seen at fruit, 
especially the forest-floor dwellers which rarely or ever leave the forest 
floor. In Africa this covers Euphaedra, Bebearia, Euriphene, Euryphura, 
and the related smaller genera in the Limenitini. The genera Cymothoe, 
Pseudacraea, Euptera and Pseudathyma are also strongly attracted to fruit 
but are not forest floor butterflies. Most tropical Satyrinae are exclusively 
fruit-feeders. Many other Nymphalinae occasionally come to fruit, but this is 
possibly just as much for moisture as for nutrients. The only non- 
Nymphalinae that consistently come to fruit seems to be Lycaenidae of the 
genus Myrina. This fruit-feeding habit may have evolved because the forest 
floor of closed tropical rainforest has hardly any nectar-rich flowers. 

It is well known that the Charaxinae and the Apaturinae are attracted to 
both fruit and rotting animal matter and excrement. Many nectar-feeding 
butterflies also visit rotting animal matter: most Papilionidae, many Pierinae, 
some Lycaenidae (mainly Polyommatinae such as Uranothauma, Phlyaria, 
Azanus) some Satyrinae (Lethini) and Nymphalinae (especially Nymphalini 
such as Junonia and Precis), Danainae, many Acraeinae, and a smattering of 
Hesperiidae (many are fond of bird-droppings). 

Very few African butterflies are consistently found on both flowers and 
fruit. These are chiefly Nymphalinae in genera such as Hypolimnas, Salamis 
and Antanartia; Precis, Junonia, and others are less consistent. 

More information on the feeding habits of African butterflies can be found 
in Owen (1971). 


Observations in Kakum National Park 


In May, 1994, at the Headquarters of Kakum National Park near Cape Coast 
in Ghana, I was therefore most surprised to see large numbers of fruit- 
feeding butterflies at the flowers of what I was informed was Cleistopholis 
patens (Annonaceae). Among the species were hundreds of Cymothoe — C. 
egesta, C. fumana, C. caenis, the rare C. althea, C. aubergeri, C. mabillei, 
and C. (Harma) theobene — as well as dozens of Pseudacraea eurytis, P. 
semire, P. lucretius, and P. warburgi. A few Pseudoneptis bugandensis also 
joined, and I saw a single Pseudathyma, probably falcata. Both sexes of all 
the species were involved. The most common other butterflies were Salamis 
parrhassus, Hypolimnas salmacis, Lachnopetera anticlia, and Phalanta 
eurytis. | also took several scarce Theclinae. 


158 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.1x.1994 


Observations in Bossématié Forest, Cote d'Ivoire 


A few weeks later I was able to substantiate these observations in the 
Bossématié Forest, near Abengourou in eastern Cote d'Ivoire. The main 
difference was that here were large numbers of Acraeinae on the flowers, 
largely absent from Kakum at the time, as well as several Neptis, which do 
not seem to feed much under normal circumstances. 


Discussion 


The only explanation I can find for this behaviour is that somehow the nectar 
of this particular plant must be similar to fermenting fruit, perhaps because 
the nectar was fermenting. Why then, no forest-floor butterflies? This is 
easily explained by the fact that the flowers were about five metres above the 
ground in full sunshine along a road. For most forest floor butterflies even an 
ordinary road is a near-absolute barrier on a sunny day. In my camp at the 
Bia National Park in western Ghana a week later there was a fruiting mango 
tree in the clearing, no more than six or seven metres from the forest edge. 
All Cymothoe were present and several Pseudacraea were frequent visitors, 
as was Euryphura chalcis, a forest-floor species which has its courtship 
displays in clearings. I caught only two or three Euphaedra, a few Bebearia, 
and no Euriphene. On the very same mangoes, placed inside the forest, I 
took sixteen species of Euphaedra, sixteen Bebearia, and six Euriphene. 

I have never before seen Cymothoe or Pseudacraea on flowers. I have 
seen Charaxes on flowers only twice; a male of Charaxes hansali on 
Ruttaya in Dhofar, Oman (Larsen 1983) and six males of Charaxes zoolina 
on ornamental Lantana at Dire Dawa in Ethiopia (Larsen 1986). The large 
and common pan-Palaeotropical Melanitis leda (Satyrinae) is an avid fruit- 
feeder. Only once, in Haus-Kauz Park in New Dehli, have I seen large 
numbers on flowers, also on ornamental Lantana. 

It is, of course, inexcusable that I did not have the presence of mind to 
pick a big bunch of the flowers and take them into the forest where the 
forest-floor butterflies had been attracted by my mango bait to see whether 
they would also accept flowers. I promise to do so next time. 


Acknowledgements 
This is paper number six to result from preparatory work on the book, The 
butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity and 
conservation. | am deeply grateful to the Carlsberg Foundation in Denmark 
for partial funding and to the Department of Wildlife in Ghana for their 
encouragement and logistical support. 


References 
Larsen, T.B., 1986 (1983). Notes on Afrotropical butterflies with description of five new 
taxa and records of extension of known ranges. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental 
d'Afrique noire, 45 (ser. A): 151-172. 
— , 1983. Insects of Saudi Arabia; Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera (a monograph of the 
butterflies of Arabia). Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 5: 333-478. 
Owen, D.F., 1971. Tropical Butterflies. Oxford University Press. 


THE GENUS APION 159 


THE GENUS APION (COL.: APIONIDAE) ON WOOLWICH 
COMMON, S.E. LONDON 


A.A. ALLEN 
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


I HAVE OFTEN REFERRED, in entomological contexts, to this not wholly 
uninteresting piece of rough grassland with bushy areas close by Charlton, 
lying between Woolwich and the western edge of Shooters Hill. Being 
tolerably rich in leguminous plants it produces a good number of species of 
the above genus of small weevils, which will at least give some idea of those 
to be found in a very restricted site in the London suburbs. Records extend 
over some 13-14 years. It is not to be supposed, however, that all or even 
most of the 33 species here listed can be found at any one time; one or two 
regarded as common (such as A. virens) have not been seen for a number of 
years, while others have turned up only recently. Order and nomenclature 
follow Morris (1990: 18-20), but sub-genera are omitted. 

A. curtirostre Germ.: not very common, but swept in some quantity from 
a small stand of sorrel, Rumex acetosa, in June 1990. A. hydrolapathi 
(Marsh.): sparingly on dock, appearing to replace A. violaceum Kirby 
(formerly common in the district but not found for many years). A. malvae 
(F.) and A. radiolus (Marsh.): common and sometimes abundant on mallows. 
A. aeneum (F.) and A. rufirostre (F.): a pair of each from a young and rather 
isolated mallow, vi.90. A. urticarium (Hbst.): one off nettle, v.91. Probably a 
recent colonist (cf. Allen, 1990). A. fuscirostre (F.): several off an isolated 
plant of broom, v. & viii.92 — the first find in the district. A. ulicis (Forst.): a 
pair from a sickly straggling gorse plant, iv.91. General in the district, but 
gorse and broom do not thrive on the common and indeed seem now to have 
died out. A. frumentarium (L.) (=miniatum Germ.): on docks and by general 
sweeping, but never in any numbers. A. haematodes Kb.: has occurred in 
past years, more or less casually. A. pubescens Kb.: one swept from white 
clover, 11.viii.81. A. carduorum Kb.: general, but never plentiful. A. 
onopordi Kb.: on thistles like the last, but scarcer. A. hookeri Kb.: sparingly 
on Matricaria chamomilla by a path, first found vii.91; the plant appears 
very restricted on the common. A. simile Kb.: sometimes abundant on birch, 
at least in the last five to six years. The species has greatly increased in 
recent times (cf. Allen, 1981), at least in this district. A. aethiops Hbst.: 
infrequent and always singly, from vetches: first noted v.90. A. pisi (F.): as 
the last, but if anything scarcer (strange for a reputedly abundant species), 
first taken viii.81; one from Vicia tetrasperma, another apparently off 
Medicago lupulina. A. ervi Kb.: general and common on Vicia spp.; perhaps 
also on Lathyrus spp. A. loti Kb.: common and sometimes abundant on Lotus 
corniculatus, less so on Lathyrus pratensis. A. tenue Kb.: very local on 
lucerne, Medicago sativa, itself highly localised on the common; first in 
vii.91, later in numbers in one little area. A. viciae Kb.: quite frequent on the 


160 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


tufted vetch, Vicia cracca. A. virens Hbst.: far from abundant as would be 
expected, and only in earlier years; e.g. v. & viii.81, a number swept from 
white clover. A. vorax Hbst.: one by general sweeping, iv.82; a most erratic 
species in my experience. A. cerdo Gerst.: first seen on 31.v.81 (1), 
subsequently found in some numbers on Vicia cracca (vii.82) and met with 
every year since; not uncommon. (See Allen, 1982.) A. craccae (L.): on the 
same host and on V. tetrasperma; first on 13.v.90; not common, male very 
scarce; chiefly spring and early summer. A. pomonae (F.): not found until 
1991, and very erratic; several from Vicia sativa, 25.v, and a few more by 
sweeping about a young larch, with no obvious foodplant near, 4.viii. A. 
subulatum Kb.: not uncommon on V. cracca in the summer of 1990, but 
never met with before or since, which is very curious. A. apricans Hbst.: 
common and at times abundant on red clover (Trifolium pratense). A. 
assimile Kb.: mostly with the last, and nearly as common. A. trifolii (L.): at 
least as plentiful as assimile, or rather more so. A. dichroum Bed.: abundant 
in earlier years but less so latterly, mostly on the white clover (T. repens). A. 
nigritarse Kb.; decidedly rare, and occurring singly; this is understandable if 
it is confined to small yellow-flowered clovers, as on the Continent but not 
proved for Britain (Morris, 1990: 60). I have not noticed any of these on the 
common, but T. campestre, at least, may well be present. 

Other species of Apion could occur there, and indeed the true total is 
probably nearer 40 species. Among the likeliest are marchicum Hbst., 
semivittatum Gyll., seniculus Kb., confluens Kb., and meliloti Kb., all of 
which have been found in the district; while two or three further vetch- 
feeding species may yet turn up. 


REFERENCES 
Allen, A.A., 1981. Apion simile Kby. (Col.: Apionidae) in S.E. London. Entomologist’s 
Rec. J. Var., 93: 82. 
— , 1982. The recent spread of Apion cerdo Gerst. (Col.) in S.E. England. Ibid., 94: 158-9. 
— , 1990. Apion urticarium Hbst. (Col.: Apionidae) in a suburban garden. [bid., 102: 248. 
Morris, M.G., 1990. Orthocerous weevils. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects, 5(16). 


Caloptilia robustella Jackh. (Lep.: Gracillariidae) on Spanish Chestnut 


While collecting at Cattering Wood, Wateringbury, Kent on 31st August 
1993, Dennis O'Keeffe and I took a number of larval cones of a Caloptilia 
on Spanish Chestnut which produced moths of C. robustella in April 1994. 
So far as | am aware, Spanish Chestnut has not been recorded as a foodplant 
of C. robustella.— J.M. CHALMERS-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West 
Wickham, Kent. 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 161 


A CHECK LIST OF THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF 
CARMARTHENSHIRE (VC44) 


S.R. LUCAS 
35 Maesquarre Road, Betws, Ammanford, Dyfed SAIS 2LF. 


Summary 


A TOTAL OF 423 species of microlepidoptera represented in 25 families 
have been recorded from the vice-county 44 (Carmarthenshire). This number 
excludes those species which have traditionally been considered with the 
macrolepidoptera. 


Review 

This vice-county has for so many years been grossly neglected in its 
recording of many of the major taxonomic groups but especially of its 
invertebrates. Apart from a general lack of active recorders which still 
persists today, one factor may have been that the neighbouring vice-county 
of Ceredigion (Cardiganshire) has much more to offer both the amateur and 
professional lepidopterist. Indeed, searching through some 68 publications of 
Nature in Wales showed that from its inception in 1955, there were no 
microlepidoptera records for Carmarthenshire whilst the other Dyfed vice- 
counties of Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion at least had mention of species 
such as the Diamond-back Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.), and the rush 
veneer, Nomophila noctuella ({D. & S.]), indicating that observers were 
certainly aware of “micro” species particularly if they were important 
agricultural pests or were major migratory species. 

None the less, the earliest records so far discovered come from T.W. 
Barker (1856) who noted 16 species (Aglossa pinguinalis (Linn.), 
Nomophila noctuella ({D. & S.]), Pyrausta purpuralis (Linn.), Eurrhypara 
urticata (Linn.) (now E. hortulata (Linn.)), Botys (now Microstega) pandalis 
(Hb.), Ebulea sambucalis ({D. & S.]) now Phlyctaenia coronata (Hufn.), E. 
(now Phlyctaenia) stachydalis (Germ.), Pionea (now Evergestis) forficalis 
(Linn.), Perinephela lancealis ({D. & S.]), Diasemia literata (Scop.), 
Crambus pratellus (Linn.) (now C. lathoniellus) (Zinck.), C. tristellus (now 
Agriphila tristella) ({D. & S.]), C. culmellus (Linn.) (now Agriphila 
straminella ({D. & S.])), C. hortuellus (Hb.) (now Chrysoteuchia culmella 
Linn.)), Acipitilia (now Pterophorous) pentadactyla (Linn.), Alucita 
hexadactyla (Linn.). These particular recordings were made within the 
vicinity of Carmarthen and the nearby village of Oaklands although six of 
the species were not actually seen by him. Searches have yet to be made of 
other publications. 

The main source of records, 636 from a total of 2477, has come from the 
Rothamsted light trap situated at Rhandirmwyn (22/782441) since 1978. The 
trap is operated nightly with the operator emptying the trap and sending the 
collections to the Experimental Station at Rothamsted for identification and 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


recording. Figure 1 shows the numbers of microlepidoptera species recorded 
for each of the years 1978 to 1992 at Rhandirmwyn as identified from the 
annual returns. A total of 242 species has been recorded at this site alone. 
J.D. Bradley carried out the determinations up until 1980 (J.D. Bradley, pers. 
comm.) and thereafter R.H. Palmer continued until 1989 (A. Riley, pers. 
comm.). 


Year Nos Year Nos Year Nos 
1978 0 1983 69 1988 120 
1979 142 1984 80 1989 136 
1980 137 1985 102 1990 2 
1981 45 1986 38 199] 0 
1982 14 1987 120 1992 3 


Fig. 1. Annual number of microlepidoptera species recorded 
1978 — 1992 


Apart from those reporting the more readily identifiable microlepidoptera 
such as Mother of Pearl, Pleuroptera ruralis, a frequent capture during the 
summer months, the number of active recorders noting the micro species 
remains pitifully small. A.M. Emmet was able to provide details of 69 
species which were not present in the county recorder's files. Some came 
from his own observations whilst travelling through Carmarthenshire in 
1974, whilst others originate from a holiday he shared with other eminent 
entomologists notably the late E.C. Pelham-Clinton, J.D. Bradley and the 
late D.W.H. Fennell in Carmarthenshire during July 1975, and from a visit 
he made in September 1990 with J.R. Langmaid. Other earlier contributors 
include the late John Heath, I.A. Watkinson, M.W. Harper, P.A. Sokoloff, 
E.F. Hancock and L.W. Hardwick. Unfortunately some of these earlier 
records lack sources. 

More recently, from 1991 through to the late summer of 1993, the only 
recorder taking an active interest in microlepidoptera was B. Stewart who at 
that time was gradually becoming involved in the identification of this 
difficult group. The casual identification of the more readily recognisable 
species such as the Bee Moth, Aphomia sociella (Linn.), was confined to 
general moth recorders such as I.K. Morgan, A. Lucas and the author. Map 1 
shows the distribution of all the microlepidoptera records within 
Carmarthenshire and are presented on a tetrad basis. The map was produced 
using BIORECS. 

From the available distribution maps/descriptions of the species recorded, 
the status of these species is varied both within the Principality and 
nationally and the majority of species are particularly common. There is one 
which is the first record for Wales; Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.) (1986 
22/782441) a grassland/wasteland inhabitant whose larvae feed on creeping 
thistle (Cirsium arvense); Spatalistis bifasciana (Hb.) (17.vii.87 22/782441) 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 163 


Map. All records for VC44 (Carmarthenshire) 
whose larval foodplants include the buckthorns (Rhamnus catharticus and 
Frangulus alnus), is probably a second Welsh record as are Stigmella 
prunetorum (Stt.) (18.vili.91 21/533984 and 22/434012) and /ncurvaria 
praelatella ({D. & S.]) (viii.75 unknown) a species of heathlands associated 
with sandy soils and downlands. 

A few are locally common either throughout Britain or within Wales. 
Stigmella spinosissimae (Waters) has been recorded from only six counties 
throughout Great Britain of which two are from the Principality. The 
following species have been previously recorded in four or fewer of the 13 
Welsh counties: Caloptilia robustella (Jackh) (4) a species mainly confined 
to the south-east of England but rare in the west of Britain; Eriocrania sangii 
(Wood) (2), Stigmella svenssoni (Johan.) (3), Stigmella incognitella (H.-S.) 
(pomella (Vaugh.)) (4), Stigmella glutinosae (Stt.) (4), Adela cuprella ({D. & 
S.]) (3), Monopis weaverella (Scott) (3), Monopis crocicapitella (Clem.) (4), 
and Eana penziana ssp. colquhounana (Barr.) (3). This latter species is a 
particularly noteworthy find as it normally occurs from the Shetlands to 
North Wales. If this is confirmed then it represents a major extension of its 
range (A.M. Emmet, pers. comm. ). 

The following species list follows that in The Moths and Butterflies of 
Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 7 part 2 by Emmet and Heath and the 
numbering system is that of Bradley and Fletcher. 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 
MICROPTERIGOIDEA INCURVARIOIDEA 
MICROPTERIGIDAE INCURVARINAE 


1 Micropterix tunbergella (Fabr.) 
5. M. calthella (Linn.) 


ERIOCRANIOIDEA 
ERIOCRANIIDAE 

6 Eriocrania subpurpurella (Haw.) 
12 E. sangii (Wood) 


NEPTICULOIDEA 
NEPTICULIDAE 

2S, Ectoedemia intimella (Zell.) 
28 E. angulifasciella (Stt.) 

29 E. atricollis (Stt.) 

34 E. occultella (Linn.) 


35 E. minimella (Zett.) 

Sif) E. albifasciella (Hein.) 

3 E. heringi (Toll) 

40 Bohemannia pulverosella (Stt.) 
42 Formoria septembrella (Stt.) 


46 Trifurcula immundella (Zell.) 
48 T. cryptella (Stt.) 
50 Stigmella aurella (Fabr.) 


. tityrella (Stt.) 
incognitella (H.-S.) 
(pomella (Vaugh.)) 


52 S. dulcella (Hein.) 
53 S. splendidissimella (H.-S.) 
63 S. marginicolella (Stt.) 
66 S. sorbi (Stt.) 
67 S. plagicolella (Stt.) 
68 S. salicis (Stt.) 
72 S. myrtillella (Stt.) 
73 S. trimaculella (Haw.) 
is S. floslactella (Haw.) 
S 
S: 


719 S. perpygmaeella (Doubl.) 
81 S. hemargyrella (Koll.) 
82 S. paradoxa (Frey) 

83 S. atricapitella (Haw.) 
84 S. ruficapitella (Haw.) 

87 S. svenssoni (Johan.) 

92 S. anomalella (Goeze) 

94 S. spinosissimae (Waters) 
99 S. hybnerella (Hb.) 

100 __‘S. oxycanthella (Stt.) 

103 S. nylandriella (Tengst.) 
104 S. magdalenae (Klim.) 
108 S. crataegella (Klim.) 
109 S. prunetorum (Stt.) 

111 S. microtheriella (Stt.) 
113. S. sakhalinella Pup\. 

114 S. glutinosae (Stt.) 

116 S. lapponica (Wocke) 
117 S. confusella (Wood) 
OPOSTEGIDAE 

119  Opostega salaciella (Treit.) 
TISCHERIOIDEA 
TISCHERITDAE 


123 Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerk.) 
125 Emmetia marginea (Haw.) 


128 Phylloporia bistrigella (Haw.) 
130. Incurvaria masculella ((D. & S.}) 
131 T. oehlmanniella (Hb.) 

132 I. praelatella ({D. & S.]) 


PRODOXINAE 
135 Lampronia luzella (Hb.) 


NEMATOPOGONINAE 
140  Nematopogon swammerdamella (Linn.) 
141 N. schwarziellus (Zell.) 


ADELINAE 

148 Nemophora degreerella (Linn.) 
149 = Adela cuprella ((D. & S.}) 

150 = A. reaumurella (Linn.) 


HELIOZELIDAE 

154 Heliozela sericiella (Haw.) 
156 H. resplendella (Stt.) 

157 H. hammoniella (Sorh.) 

158 Antispila metallella ({D. & S.]) 


TINEOIDEA 

TINEIDAE 

NEMAPOGONINAE 

216 |= Nemapogon cloacella (Haw.) 
220 N. clematella (Fabr.) 


TINEINAE 

2257 Monopis laevigella ({D. & S.]) 
228 M. weaverella (Scott) 

230 M. crocicapitella (Clem.) 

245 Tinea pallescentella (Stt.) 

246 T. semifulvella (Haw.) 

247 T. trinotella (Thunb.) 


LYONETIIDAE 
CEMIOSTOMINAE 
254 ~— Leucoptera laburnella (Stt.) 


LYONETIINAE 
263 Lyonetia clerckella (Linn.) 


BUCCULATRICIDAE 

267 Bucculatrix maritima (Stt.) 
272 B. cidarella (Zell.) 

276 B. demaryella (Dup.) 


GRACILLARIIDAE 
GRACILLARIINAE 

282 Caloptilia elongella (Linn.) 

283 C. betulicola (Her.) 

286 = C. alchimiella (Scop.) 

287 C. robustella Jackh 

288 C. stigmatella (Fabr.) 

290, C. semifascia (Haw.) 

293 -C. syringella (Fabr.) 

294 Aspilapteryx tringipennella (Zell.) 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 165 


301 Parornix betulae (Stt.) 

303 P. anglicella (Stt.) 

304 P. devoniella (Stt.) 

305 P. scoticella (Stt.) 

308 P. finimitella (Stt.) 

309 —s~P. torquillella (Zell.) 

310 Callisto denticulella (Thunb.) 


LITHOCOLLETINAE 
315 Phyllonorycter harrisella (Linn.) 


317 P. heegeriella (Zell.) 
320 —~P.. quercifoliella (Zell.) 
321 P. messaniella (Zell.) 
323 P. oxyacanthae (Frey) 
324 —s~P. sorbi (Frey) 

326 P. blancardella (Fabr.) 
329 P. spinicolella (Zell.) 
332 ~——~P. corylifoliella (Hb.) 
333 P. viminiella (Sirc.) 

335 P. salicicolella (Sirc.) 
338 P. cavella (Zell.) 

341 P. maestingella (Mill.) 
342 P. coryli (Nic.) 

345 P. rajella (Linn.) 

348 P. quinqueguttella (Stt.) 
351 P. lautella (Zell.) 

353 P. ulmifoliella (Hb.) 
359 P. nicellii (Stt.) 

360 P. kleemannella (Fabr.) 
361 P. trifasciella (Haw.) 
364 ~—s~P. geniculella (Rag.) 
PHYLLOCNISTINAE 

368 = Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Steph.) 
SESIOIDEA 
CHOREUTIDAE 

385 = Anthophila fabriciana (Linn.) 
YPONOMEUTOIDEA 
GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE 


39] Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.) 
394 G. forsterella (Fabr.) 

396 — G. fuscoviridella (Haw.) 

397 _ G. thrasonella (Scop.) 


YPONOMEUTIDAE 
ARGYRESTHIINAE 
410 = Argyresthia brockeella (Hb.) 


411 A. goedartella (Linn.) 
412 A. pygmaeella ({D. & S.]) 
414 A. arcella (Fabr.) 

415 A. retinella (Zell.) 

417 A. spinosella (Stt.) 

418 A. conjugella (Zell.) 

420 A. pruniella (Cl.) 

421 A. bonnetella (Linn.) 

422 A. albistria (Haw.) 


YPONOMEUTINAE 

424 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linn.) 

425 Y. padella (Linn.) 

427 Y. cagnagella (Hb.) 

435 Zellaria hepariella (Stt.) 

436 Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hb.) 

437 Swammerdamia caesiella (Hb.) 

438 S. pyrella (Vill.) 

440 Paraswammerdamia 
albicapitella (Scharf.) 

441 P. lutarea (Haw.) 

443 Cedestis subfasciella (Steph.) 

449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) 


PLUTELLINAE 

453 Ypsolopha dentella (Fabr.) 

460 Y. parenthesella (Linn.) 

461 Y. ustella (C1.) 

464 Plutella xylostella (Linn.) 

465 P. porrectella (Linn.) 

469 Eidophasia messingiella (F. v. R.) 


ORTHOTELIINAE 
470, Orthotelia sparganella (Thunb.) 
472 Digitivalva pulicariae (Klim.) 


SCHRECKENSTEINIIDAE 
485 Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hb.) 


GELECHIOIDEA 
COLEOPHORIDAE 
490 — Coleophora lutipennella ((Zell.) 


49] C. gryphipennella (Hb.) 

492 C. flavipennella (Dup.) 

493 C. serratella (Linn.) 

501 C. siccifolia Stt. 

504 C. lusciniaepennella (Treit.) 
(viminetella Zell.) 

519 C. deauratella (Lien. & Zell.) 

526 C. laricella (Hb.) 

536 ~_C. betulella (Hein. & Wocke) 
(ibipenella sensu auctt.) 

544 C. albicosta (Haw.) 

547 C. discordella (Zell.) 

553. C. striatipennella (Nyl.) 

555 C. follicularis (Vallot) 

556 ~~ C. trochilella (Dup.) 

560 — C. paripennella (Zell.) 


582 C. glaucicolella Wood 
584 C. alticolella Zell. 


ELACHISTIDAE 
594 Elachista gleichenella (Fabr.) 


597 E. atricomella Stt. 

600 E. luticmella Zell. 

601 E. albifrontella (Hb.) 

606 E. humilis Zell. 

607 E. canapennella (Hb.) 
608 E. rufocinerea (Haw.) 
610 E. argentella (Cl.) 

621 E. subalbidella Schlag. 
633 Cosmiotes stabilella (Stt.) 


166 


OECOPHORIDAE 

OECOPHORINAE 

644 ~~ Borkhausenia fuscescens (Haw.) 

647 Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Stt.) 
648 Endrosis sarcitrella (Linn.) 

649 Esperia sulphurella (Fabr.) 

658 Carcina quercana (Fabr.) 

660, Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) 


CHIMBACHINAE 
663 Diurnea fagella ({D. &S.]}) 
664 D. phryganella (Hb.) 


DEPRESSARIINAE 

666 Semioscopis avellanella (Hb.) 
670 Depressaria daucella ({D. & S.}) 
672 Dz. pastinacella (Dup.) 

676 D. pulcherrimella (Stt.) 

688 Agonopterix heracliana (Linn.) 


689 A. ciliella (Stt.) 

692 A. subpropinquella (Stt.) 
696 A. propinquella (Treit.) 
697 A. arenella ({D. & S.]) 
698 A. kaekeritziana (Linn.) 
700 A. pallorella (Zell.) 

701 A. ocellana (Fabr.) 

702 A. assimilella (Treit.) 
705 A. ulicetella (Stt.) 

706 A. nervosa (Haw.) 

710 A. conterminella (Zell.) 
GELECHIIDAE 
ARISTOTELIINAE 


735 Monochroa tenebrella (Hb.) 


GELECHIINAE 

756 Parachronistis albiceps (Zell.) 
767 Teleoides decorella (Haw.) 

774 T. luculella (Hb.) 

776 Teleopsis diffinis (Haw.) 

782 Bryotropha senectella (Zell.) 
787 B. terrella ({D. & S.]) 

792 Mirificarma mulinella (Zell.) 
794 Lita sexpunctella (Fabr.) 

797 — Neofaculta ericetella (Geyer) 
Gelechia sororculella (Hb.) 
819 — Scrobipalpa costella (Humph. & Westw.) 
820 S. artemisiella (Treit.) 

822 S. acuminatella (Sirc.) 

834 Caryocolum tricolorella (Haw.) 


ANACAMPSINAE 
853 Anacampsis populella (C1.) 
855 Acompsia cinerella (C1.) 


CHELARIINAE 

856 = Anarsia spartiella (Schr.) 

858 Hypatima rhomboidella (Linn.) 
859 Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zell.) 


DICHOMERINAE 
868 Brachmia rufescens (Haw.) 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 


15.1x.1994 


BLASTOBASIDAE 
873 Blastobasis lignea (Wals.) 


MOMPHIDAE 

MOMPHINAE 

883 Mompha raschkiella (Zell.) 
892 M. subbistrigella (Haw.) 
893 M. epilobiella ({D. & S.]}) 


COSMOPTERIGIDAE 
COSMOPTERIGINAE 
905 Blastodacna hellerella (Dup.) 


TORTRICOIDEA 

TORTRICIDAE 

COCHYLINAE 

926 Phalonidia manniana (F.v.R.) 
928 Piercea permixtana ((D. & S.]}) 
936 Cochylimorpha straminea (Haw.) 
937 Agapeta hamana (Linn.) 

938 A. zoegana (Linn.) 

939 ~~ Aethes tesserana ({D. & S.]}) 
945 A. cnicana (Brahm) 

946 ~~ A. rubigana (Treit.) 

954 Eupoecilia angustana (Hb.) 
959 Cochylidia rupicola (Cutt.) 
966 ~~ Cochylis atricapitana (Steph.) 


TORTRICINAE 
969 Pandemis corylana (Fabr.) 
970 P. cerasana (Hb.) 
971 P. cinnamomeana (Treit.) 
972 P. heparana ({D. & S.}) 
977 Archips podana (Scop.) 
980 A. xylosteana (Linn.) 
981 A. rosana (Linn.) 
986 Syndemis musculana 

spp. musculana (Hb.) 
988 Aphelia viburnana ({D. & S.]) 
989 A. paleana (Hb.) 
993 Clepsis spectrana (Treit.) 
994 C. consimilana (Hb.) 


1000. Ptycholoma lecheana (Linn.) 
1002  Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) 
1006 Epagoge grotiana (Fabr.) 
1007 Capua vulgana (Frol.) 

1010  Ditula angustiorana (Haw.) 


1011 Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabr.) 
1015 Eulia ministrana (Linn.) 
1020 Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.) 
1024 C. incertana (Treit.) 
1025 Tortricodes alternella ({D. & S.]) 
1029 Eana osseana (Scop.) 
1031 Eana penziana 

spp. colquhounana (Barr.) 
Aleimma loeflingiana (Linn.) 
Tortrix viridana (Linn.) 
Spatalistis bifasciana (Hb.) 
Acleris bergmanniana (Linn.) 
A. holmiana (Linn.) 
A. laterana (Fabr.) 


1032 
1033 
1034 
1035 
1037 
1038 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA OF CARMARTHENSHIRE 


nn SEU EEE IEEE 


1039 A. comariana (Lien. & Zell.) 
1041 A. sparsana ({D. & S.}) 

1042. A. rhombana ({D. & S.]}) 

1043 A. aspersana (Hb.) 

1044 A. ferrugana ({D. & S.]) 

1045. A. notana (Don.) 

1048 A. variegana ({D. & S.]) 

1053 A. hastiana (Linn.) 

1055 A. hyemana (Haw.) 

1061 A. literana (Linn.) 

1062 A. emargana (Fabr.) 
OLETHREUTINAE 

1063 Celypha striana ({D. & S.}) 
1064 C. rosaceana (Schlag.) 

1065. C. rufana (Scop.) 

1076 Olethreutes lacunana ({D. & S.}) 
1079 O. bifasciana (Haw.) 

1082. Hedya pruniana (Hb.) 

1083. H. dimidioalba (Retz.) 

1084  H. ochroleucana (Frol.) 

1085 H. atropunctana (Zett.) 

1087  Orthotaenia undulana ({D. & S.}) 
1089  Apotomis semifasciana (Haw.) 
1092 A. turbidana (Hb.) 

1093 A. betuletana (Haw.) 

1096 A. sauciana (Frol.) 

1099 Endothenia marginana (Haw.) 
1103 E. ericetana (Humph. & Westw.) 
1104 E. quadrimaculana (Haw.) 

1108 Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.) 
1110 Bactra furfurana (Haw.) 

1111  B. lancealana (Hb.) 

1113. Eudemis profundana ({D. & S.}) 
1120. Ancylis mitterbacheriana ({D. & S.]) 
1126 A. badiana ({D. & S.]) 

1128 A. myrtillana (Treit.) 

1132. Epinotia subocellana (Don.) 
1134 E. ramella (Linn.) 

1136 E. immundana ((F.v.R.) 

1138 E. nisella (Cl.) 

1139 E. tenerana ({D. & S.]) 

1142 E. tedella (Cl.) 

1144 E. signatana (Dougl.) 

1147 — E. cruciana (Linn.) 

1150 E. abbreviana (Fabr.) 

1151 E. trigonella (Linn.) 

1152. E. maculana (Fabr.) 

1154 E. caprana (Fabr.) 

1155 E. brunnichana (Linn.) 

1156  Spinotia solandriana (Linn.) 
1159 Rhopobota naevana (Hb.) 

1163 Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana (Ratz.) 
1165 = Z. isertana (Fabr.) 

1166 = Z. diniana (Guen.) 

1168 | Gypsonoma sociana (Haw.) 


167 


1169 G. dealbana (Frol.) 

1174. Epiblema cynosbatella (Linn.) 
1175. E. uddmanniana (Linn.) 

1176 E. trimaculana (Haw.) 

1177 E. rosaecolana (Doubl.) 

1178  E. roborana ({D. & S.}) 

1179  E. incarnatana (Hb.) 

1184 E. scutulana ({D. & S.]) 

1184a_ E. cirsiana (Zell.) 

1187  E. costipunctana (Haw.) 

1197 Eucosma campoliliana ({D. & S.}) 
1200 E. hohenwartiana ({D. & S.]}) 
1200a_E. fulvana (Steph.) 

1201 &E. cana (Haw.) 

1202 E. obumbratana (Lien. & Zell.) 
1205 Spilonota ocellana ({D. & S.}) 
1207 Clavigesta purdeyi (Durr.) 
1210 Rhyacionia buoliana ({D. & S.]) 
1219  Lathronympha strigana (Fabr.) 
1236 Pammene fasciana (Linn.) 
1241 Cydia compositella (Fabr.) 
1251 C. jungiella (Cl.) 

1255 C. succedana ({D. & S.]) 

1260  C. splendana (Hb.) 

1261  C. pomonella (Linn.) 

1276 = Dichrorampha plumbagana (Treit.) 
1268  D. sedatana (Busck) 
ALUCITIDEA 

ALUCITIDAE 

1288  Alucita hexadactyla (Linn.) 
PYRALOIDEA 

PYRALIDAE 

CRAMBINAE 

1290 Chilo phragmitella (Hb.) 

1293 Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linn.) 
1294. Crambus pascuella (Linn.) 
1301 — C. lathoniellus (Zinck.) 

1302 C. perlella (Scop.) 

1303. Agriphila selasella (Hb.) 

1304 A. straminella ({D. & S.]) 

1305 A. tristella ({D. & S.]) 

1306 A. inquinatella ({D. & S.]}) 
1307 A. /atistria (Treit.) 

1309 A. geniculea (Haw.) 

1313. Catoptria pinella (Linn.) 

1314 CC. margaritella ({D. & S.}) 
SCOPARIINAE 

1332 Scoparia subfusca (Haw.) 
1333S. pyralella ({D. & S.]) 

1334  S. ambigualis (Treit.) 

1336 =Eudonia pallida (Cutt.) 

1338  Dipleurina lacustrata (Panz.) 
1340 E. truncicolella (Stt.) 

1342 E. angustea (Curt.) 

1343 E. delunana (Stt.) 

1344 E. mercurella (Linn.) 


168 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


NYMPHULINAE GALLERIINAE 
1345 Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.) 1428  Aphomia sociella (Linn.) 
1348 = Parapoynx stratiotata (Linn.) 
1350  Nymphula stagnata (Don.) PHYCITINAE 
1354  Cataclysta lemnata (Linn.) 1432 = Anerastia lotella (Hb.) 

1433 Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.) 
EVERGESTINAE 1436 = Acrobasis repandana (Fabr.) 
1356 Evergestis forficalis (Linn.) 1439 = Numonia advenella (Zinck.) 
1358 _ E. pallidata (Hufn.) 1440 N. marmorea (Haw.) 

1451 ~~ Pyla fusca (Haw.) 
PYRAUSTINAE 1452 Phycita roborella ({D. & S.]}) 
1361 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) 1454 Dioryctria abietella ({D. & S.]) 
1362 P. purpuralis (Linn.) 1457 Hypochalcia ahenella ({D. & S.]) 
1363 P. ostrinalis (Hb.) 1458  Myelois cribrella (Hb.) 


1365 P. cespitalis ({D. & S.]) 

1367 P. cingulata (Linn.) 

1370 Sitochroa palealis ({D. & S.]) 
1371 — S. verticalis (Linn.) 

1373 Microstega pandalis (Hb.) 

1376 = Eurrhypara hortulata (Linn.) 
1377 Perinephela lancealis ({D. & S.]) 
1378 Phlyctaenia coronata ({D. & S.]) 


1474 — Ephestia parasitella 

spp. inicolorella (Stdgr.) 
1481  Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.) 
1483 Phycitodes binaevella (Hb.) 
1484 P. saxicola (Vaugh.) 
1485 P. maritima (Tengst.) 


1385 Ebulea crocealis (Hb.) PTEROPHOROIDEA 

1386  Opsibotys fuscalis ((D. & S.]) PTEROPHORIDAE 

1388  Udea lutealis (Hb.) PLATYPTILHNAE 

1390 -U. prunalis ({D. & S.]) 1495 = Marasmarcha lunaedactyla (Haw.) 

1392 U. olivalis ({D. & S.}) 1497  Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (Hb.) 

1395 U. ferrugalis (Hb.) 1498 A. punctidactyla (Haw.) 

1398 = Nomophila noctuella ({D. & S.]) 1500 Platyptilia calodactyla ({D. & S.]) 

1402 Diasemia reticularis (Linn.) 1504 P. pallidactyla (Haw.) 

1405 Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.) 1508  Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla (Scop.) 

PYRALINAE PTEROPHORINAE 

1413. Hypsopygia costalis (Fabr.) 1513. Pterophorus pentadactyla (Linn.) 

1424 = Endotricha flammealis ({D. & S.]) 1524 = Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.) 
Acknowledgements 


I would like to thank all those for their assistance in the production of this 
paper with gratitude to A.M. Emmet for the provision of additional records 
and proof reading the type script of this paper and I.K. Morgan for allowing 
me access to the county records. 


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Goater, B., 1986. British Pyralid Moths — a Guide to their Identification 175pp., 8 col. 
pls 12 text figs. Harley Books, Colchester. 


Hazards of butterfly collecting - Managing Hotel de France 
Madagascar, 1982 


I was lucky enough to have a weekend free for butterfly collecting in 
Mahajunga in the northwestern coastal zone of Madagascar. The rest of my 
party were down with some gastric disorder, and in those days Mahajunga 
was so far afield that its illness did not even have a name — like Delhi Belly 
or Moctezuma's Revenge. All my previous experience in Madagascar had 
been in the highlands and in the wet forests of eastern Madagascar, including 
that most famous locality, Perinet, and the contrast is quite remarkable. 
Mahajunga is very dry, and strongly influenced by the Arab presence, which 
dates back more than 700 years, being at its strongest when the Sultans of 
Oman held sway over Zanzibar. Mostly the butterfly fauna resembles that of 
the drier coastal areas of East Africa, but in wooded valleys, elements of the 
true Malagasy fauna prevail. Nearly two thirds of all Malagasy butterflies 
are endemic, a testimony to the fact that continental drift cut off Madagascar 
a long time ago — probably about 60 million years, though rejoining in the 
Oligocene — and this obviously makes collecting fascinating. 

However, a few days in the field makes you wonder how endemic this 
fauna really is. It does not feel very different, and in truth it is not. Most of 
the few endemic genera are grass-eating Satyrinae and Hesperiinae, not very 
different from other genera present in both Madagascar, Africa and Asia. 
The bulk of Malagasy endemics are species in African genera, closely allied 
to extant African species. Then there are the very few that have Oriental 
affinities, not least that splendid red-bodied swallowtail, Atrophaneura 
philenor. How does one interpret this pattern? There are clear examples of 
recent contact between Africa and Madagascar. Not only is the common 
Papilio demodocus present, but so are three closely allied species, which 
show that this butterfly has reached the island several times, and managed to 
speciate before the next invasion. The distance is not far, so this type of 
contact almost certainly has kept butterfly speciation slower than it would 
otherwise have been. I take most other Malagasy endemics as proof that 


170 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


butterflies may evolve quite slowly, and have done so slowly in Madagascar. 
Why it is that the most marked endemics at generic level are all grass- 
feeders? I do not know. The evolutionary history of grasses must have 
something to do with it, but so far this is virgin territory to me. 

Among the things I did that weekend was to taste as many aposematic 
butterflies a possible, till my research was terminated by a particularly nasty 
Danaus chrysippus, which left my mouth and tongue with blisters, an 
experience on which I have previously commented, in a more serious vein, 
in this Journal (1983, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 95: 66-67). 

The night was spent in Hotel de France, a pleasant little place in the style 
of a provincial French Hotel de Gare. The remarkably comprehensive, 
beautifully handwritten, menu promised oysters — at less than a pound 
Sterling a dozen. They were excellent, and I had oysters for breakfast, lunch, 
and dinner three days in a row. The rest of the food was fine as well, but 
though my companions recovered, they did not touch the oysters. Not bad 
for the boondocks of Madagascar — but, then, it was a French colony. 

On the second evening the manager inquired whether he might offer a 
drink on the house, and sat down to share coffee. We talked of our work in 
family planning, of oysters, butterflies, the difficult economical situation, the 
unreliability of Mad Air (yes, they did call it that!), and other important 
matters. We finally, a few cognacs later, got on to the subject that was 
making us increasingly curious, namely the nationality of our host. He was 
not Malagasy, nor of a mixed race, nor European. His French was perfect, 
but accented, though not in the North African or Levantine manner. Nothing 
seemed to fit. We finally reached the point where a direct question did not 
seem impolite: “Ah, moi, je suis Afghan”! Surely, there must be a story 
behind that. 

There was. He came from one of the traditional, monarchist families in 
Afghanistan, which had Francophile instincts. He was sent to the Sorbonne, 
where he met a nice Malagasy girl, and married. The Russians offered their 
massive fraternal assistance to Afghanistan in 1979, and he could not go 
back. So he got a job with Alitalia in Paris, having obtained refugee status. 
Alitalia began services to Madagascar, his wife was homesick, so what could 
be more natural than accepting promotion to become assistant station 
manager in Antananarivo. It did not take Alitalia long to realise that its route 
to Antananarivo was not commercially viable, so they closed down. In the 
meantime his wife had decided she did not want to leave Madagascar — and, 
in truth, the Malagasy generally do not thrive away from their natural habitat 
— while he had nowhere to go. So here he was, the only Afghan within a 
thousand miles of Mahajanga, doing a splendid job, doubtless to be rewarded 
soon with a better job in the more cosmopolitan Antananarivo! “Sante!’, 
Says our host for the last time. It was time to go to bed. 

I had my last plate of oysters before the flight next morning. It was with 
the compliments of the house.— T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, 
London SW9 8PL. 


EUPLECTUS BRUNNEUS IN BRITAIN 171 


EUPLECTUS BRUNNEUS GRIMM. (COL.: PSELAPHIDAE) AND 
ITS STATUS IN BRITAIN 


A.A. ALLEN 
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8OG. 


THIS, OUR LARGEST and most robust Euplectus, is also our rarest with 
only a single authenticated specimen on record up to now (Cobham Park, 
West Kent, 30.vii.1873, J.J. Walker, in coll. G.-C. Champion). One object of 
these notes is to point out the existence of a second, from the same locality, 
which has remained unrecorded, having been found in the late Dr A.M. 
Massee's collection doing duty as E. “aubeanus” (ie. duponti Aubé). It bears 
the data “Cobham Park/7.vii.43” and, like the first, is a male and was 
probably taken under bark with ants. The identity of this example was 
suggested by Mr Colin Johnson and later confirmed by myself; it agrees in 
all respects with the earlier one. The statement that E. brunneus was “last 
recorded in 1943” (Hyman & Parsons, 1994: 75) is at fault: it clearly refers 
to the Massee specimen (from data supplied by me), but the beetle had not 
even been identified as brunneus in 1943, let alone recorded! 

Up to as late as 1974, it would seem — and in spite of Champion's correct 
recognition of the species in 1909 — the name brunneus was constantly 
misapplied to an allied but distinctly smaller and less rare species, E. 
bescidicus Reitt. (=bohemicus Mach.). The error was eventually corrected by 
Pearce (1974:16). The few published records of E. brunneus since 
Champion's are therefore at best highly suspect and must generally be 
referred to E. bescidicus. Such, for instance, is that by Osborne (1958) of a 
specimen from Oxford, named by the Rev. Pearce who was at that time 
using the name brunneus for what was later ascertained to be bescidicus (as 
in the 1957 Pselaphid “handbook”, p.17). However, one or two earlier 
putative brunneus specimens may prove to be correct, and certainly need 
checking: notably that taken “under bark with Myrmica at Wytham” near 
Oxford, by J. Collins (Fowler & Donisthorpe, 1913: 251), which I have not 
seen. B.S. Williams (ref. not to hand) recorded both these species from 
Hertfordshire, so here too the former (brunneus) may possibly be genuine. 
(On the original besidicus records see Pearce, 1974: 16.) The Hope Depart- 
ment's (Oxford) exponents of the rarer species, which through the kindness 
of the Curator, Dr C. O'Toole, I have recently seen, are all E. bescidicus 
from Arden Hall, Cheshire, where the late Wm. Potter met with it in plenty 
on one occasion, in an old log. 

Champion's male FE. brunneus in the Natural History Museum, London, 
has been confirmed by Dr C. Besuchet, as also has a male FE. bescidicus from 
Arden Hall placed alongside for comparison. Many years ago I was able to 
examine them and noted the following points which may be useful: brunneus 
is plainly larger and broader with the forehead finely punctured and 
microsculptured right across, instead of impunctate on disc and very shining: 
apical antennal segment longer and cylindrical instead of elliptic-ovate; the 


172 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.1x.1994 


minute subapial tooth on inner margin of front tibia (in male) situated further 
from apex; first dorsal stria of the more ample elytra markedly longer, 
reaching middle or nearly so; and the pair of fine raised lines on the basal 
tergites strongly divergent, instead of (at most) only feebly. 

Before leaving the subject of Euplectus, | think it advisable to notice an 
extraordinary statement (Pearce, 1974: 17) to the effect that E. decipiens 
Raf. and E. punctatus Muls. are doubtfully distinct — an opinion attributed to 
Dr Besuchet in /itt. Yet it has always been accepted that decipens is one of 
the larger species very close to bescidicus, but punctatus one of the smaller 
and coming in the group with fawveli Guil. and its allies. In fact they contrast 
in almost all respects. Thus (what is surely conclusive) Dr Besuchet himself, 
in his key (1974), separates them widely, associating them respectively with 
the two species just mentioned and in no way with each other, and giving 
them quite different male ventral characters. Finally, his figures of the 
aedeagi of the two species are utterly different! In Jeannel (1950), also, they 
are in separate subgenera. In the light of these facts, what is one to make of 
the above statement? Without some explanation, it is so contrary to received 
knowledge that I consider it should be ignored. Furthermore, the revised 
synonymic checklist at the end of the same paper, as far as Euplectus is 
concerned, is in part muddled and should not be used. The version given in 
the current checklist (Pope, 1977, 42), which differs considerably, is to the 
best of my knowledge correct; although nanus sensu Fowler, Joy et al. 
should be added as a synonym of kirbyi Denny. 


REFERENCES 

Besuchet, C., in Freude, Harde & Lohse, 1974. Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 5: 319-322. 
Krefeld. 

Champion, G.C., 1909. Some remarks on the Euplectus kunzei, Aubé, of British 
collections. Entomologist’s mon, Mag. 45: 74-5. 

Fowler, W.W. & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1913. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 6: 
London. 

Hyman, P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1994. A review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera 
of Great Britain, 2: 75. Peterborough. 

Jeannel, R., 1950. Coléoptéres Psélaphides. Faune de France 53. Paris. 

Osborne, P.J., 1958. Euplectus brunneus Grimmer (Col: Pselaphidae) in Oxfordshire. 
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 94: 120. 

Pearce, E.J., 1957. Coleoptera (Pselaphidae). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects 4(9). 

— ,1974. A revised annotated list of the British Pselaphidae (Coleoptera). Entomologist's 
mon. Mag. 110: 13-26. 

Pope, R.D., in Kloet & Hincks, 1977. A check list of British insects (2nd ed.): 
Coleoptera & Strepsiptera. Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 11(3). 


PROTURANS IN WOODLAND 173 


DISTRIBUTION OF PROTURANS (HEXAPODA) IN A DECIDUOUS 
WOODLAND IN SOUTH WALES 


P.E. KING and K.V. AAZEM 


Marine, Environmental and Evolutionary Research Group, 
School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP. 


Introduction 


THE PROTURA, first described by Silvestri (1907), were initially thought 
to be apterygote insects, but are now considered to have class status 
(Kristensen, 1981). Their taxonomy has been worked upon by Gisin (1960), 
Tuxen (1964) and Nosek (1973) who divided them into three families, the 
Eosentomidae, Protentomidae and Acerentomidae. Protura occur in 
grassland and agricultural soils (Salt, Hollick, Raw & Brian, 1948; Lagerlof 
& Andrén, 1991) where Raw (1956) considered them to be rare insects. It 
has been shown however, that considerable numbers may occur in some 
forest habitats (Nosek, 1975). Proturans favour moist, organic soils, which 
are not too acid and many are restricted to the top 10cm (Kuhnelt, 1961). 

Tuxen (1931) tentatively suggested that their distribution may be affected 
by pH of the habitat. Eosentomon armatum Condé occurs in neutral or 
slightly alkaline soils though it tolerates a range of acidity, whilst 
Acerentomon doderi Silvestri prefers slightly acid soils (Raw, 1956). Little is 
known regarding their feeding habits, though Sturm (1959) reported that 
species of Acerentomon and Eosentomon feed on the contents of fungal 
hyphae. 

Nosek (1963) recorded several species from beech and oak forest soils, 
Eosentomon transitorum, Acerella remyi, Acerentomon gallicum, Acerento- 
mon carpaticum which contributed 57.2%, 31.2%, 25%, 14.3% and 10.7% 
respectively of the proturan fauna. 

Records of British species were published by Bagnall (1912, 1934, 1936), 
Brown (1917) and Womersley (1924, 1927, 1928) but apart from Raw 
(1956) working in grassland, no studies have been made on their habitat 
distribution in relation to pH. 


Materials and methods 


Random soil cores, measuring 5.2cm diameter and 13.5cm long were taken 
from mixed woodland (OD grid ref. 55612-91) after the surface litter layer 
was removed at monthly intervals during 1983-86 and 1993. The 
predominant vegetation consisted of beech (Fagus sylvaticus), oak (Quercus 
robur) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum). Franz, Haybach and 
Nosek (1969) showed that the majority of proturans occur in the top 10cm of 
the soil, so the cores were considered adequate. To extract the fauna the 
cores were placed in a Berlese/Tulgren funnel for eight days and specimens 
collected in tubes containing 70% alcohol. Soil moisture and pH were 


174 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


recorded for each sample. After extraction, any proturans present were 
removed, separated into their developmental stages (Larva I and II, maturus 
junior, praeimago and adult), and cleared in Essig's aphid solution (Nosek, 
1973) to facilitate species identification. They were identified using the key 
produced by Nosek (1973). 


Results and discussion 


Several species of proturan were identified, Eosentomon sp., Acerentulus 
confinis Berl., Acerentomon nemorale Wom., and Acerentomon affine 
Bagnall in the proportions of 1.6%, 17.5%, 61.7% and 19.5% respectively. 
The characters used in identification were: the structure of abdominal 
appendages I, II and II; the chaetotaxy of terga VII and sterna VIII; and the 
size, shape and arrangement of the sensillae on the fore tarsi. Discussing 
patterns of European Proturan distribution, Nosek, (1975) suggested that 
some species have a wide range with a wide variety of morphological 
characteristics, are abundant in samples taken from dispersed areas and may 
be regarded as ecologically tolerant species. Examples quoted were 
Eosentomon transitorium Berl., Eosentomon germanicum Prell., and 
Proturentomon minimum Berl. Others are morphologically well 
characterised and homogeneous, and are restricted to luxuriant vegetation. 
These can thus be considered ecologically intolerant species. Examples of 
this group are Acerentulus gerezianus Da Cunha., Acerentomon 
brevisetosum Colé and Acerentomon aceris Rus. Raw (1956) recorded 
mostly Eosentomon armatum Condé and a few P. minimum from grassland 
soils at Rothamsted, (Herts) which presumably belong to the ecologically 
tolerant species. 


fy larvae 1 
16 
larvae 2 


maturus juniors 


mean number ' adults 
per core 10 — 
84 
6-4 


Jan-Feb Mar-Apr May-Jun Jul-Aug Sep-Oct Nov-Dec 


Fig. 1. Seasonal occurrence of the developmental stages of all recorded proturans in the 
present study. Mean data derived from monthly collections during 1983-86 and 1993. 


PROTURANS IN WOODLAND 175 


In the present study in woodland, although different from those quoted by 
Nosek (1975), the species recorded belong to the genus Acerentomon and 
may be less tolerant than some other species and need soil with a higher 
moisture content (Nosek, 1975). Proturan development is ametabolous and 
anamorphosis occurs. Nosek (1973) divided proturan development into five 
stages, the praelarva followed by the first and second larvae, the maturus 
junior, the praeimago and the adult. Since identification of the immature 
stages in all species is not possible the records of all species were pooled 
(Fig. 1). Some individuals of all stages were present throughout the year but 


6 
4 (a) 
2 kc 
0 a | ee 
2 
ro) 
oO 
2 o 
8 Q 
= (b) 5 
© 2 
Q 
: E 
8 e 
T 
E 5 
2 ® 
= E 
is] 
® 
E 
145 
125 an 
1075 (c) 
64 Lo 
44 LS rs 
=e == 
27 be = 
aol oes FF 


Fig. 2. (left) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from Quercus robur soil litter cores during peak 
breeding months. (a) Acerentomon affine; (b) Acerentulus confinis; (c) Acerentomon 
nemorale. 


Fig. 3. (right) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from Fagus sylvaticus soil litter cores during peak 
breeding months. (a) Acerentomon affine; (b) Acerentulus confinis; (c) Acerentomon 
nemorale. 


176 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


there was a peak of larvae one and two between May and August suggesting 
that at least some species are summer breeders (Tuxen, 1949). This may 
mean that either some species conform to the pattern exhibited by deeper 
living species by breeding throughout the year (Tuxen, 1949), or that winter 
conditions on the present study were milder than those in Denmark where 
Tuxen's (1949) study was made and species living near the surface were able 
to breed throughout the year. 

The numbers of adults of Acerentomon affine, A. nemorale and 
Acerentulus confinis occurring under Q. robur (Fig. 2), F. sylvaticus (Fig. 3) 
and R. ponticum (Fig. 4) were recorded during the peak abundance between 


8- 
6 
10 4 — 
(a) = be 
8 2 
6 On 
1 
4 ‘ 
0 1 ——] ~ a a 
8 (b) 
© 6 n= 43 
fe} 
° (b) iui 
© 2 ESS 
OQ © t 3 
E a 
js 3 = pe 3 
c = 
S = ie (c) _ 
E anhie2 n= 45 
c20 
14 =a. 
12 (c) — a 
10 14 
8 | 12 
Be | 
6 . L. 10 
4 i | L 8 
2 , oF | 
a | | | | | 
OT 1 item 4 a 
Apr May Jun Jul Aug = 
n= 9 3 15 5 5 25 
0 Cd 
1 2 3 


Fig. 4. (left) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from Rhododendron ponticum soil litter cores 
during peak breeding months. (a) Acerentomon affine; (b) Acerentulus confinis; (c) 
Acerentomon nemorale. 


Fig. 5. (right) Adult proturans (+S.E.) from different soil litter cores. (a) Rhododendron 
ponticum; (b) Quercus robur; (c) Fagus sylvaticus. 
| = Acerentomon affine; 2 = Acerentulus confinis; 3 = Acerentomon nemorale. 


PROTURANS IN WOODLAND 177 


May and August. F. sylvaticus litter contained the largest number of 
specimens (Fig. 5) with A. nemorale, A. affine and Acerentulus confinis 
(80.6%, 16.2% and 3.26%) followed by R. ponticum, (53.9%, 30.9% and 
14%) and Q. robur (50.8%, 11.6% and 33.9%). Occasional specimens of 
Eosentomon were recorded under Q. robur (3.7%) and R. ponticum (1.12%) 
but not under F. sy/vaticus. 

The most important factors determining which organisms live in leaf litter 
are the nature of the soil and the species of tree above it. Many forest soils 
provide good organic profiles. Two types have been distinguished, “mull” 
and “mor” (Wallwork, 1970). Mull humus is neutral or slightly alkaline. Mixing 
occurs so there is no real build-up of organic material on the surface. Conditions 
favour the growth of nitrifying bacteria. Mor humus is characteristically rather 
acid and supports fungal growth with organic material accumulating on the 
surface and because of its greater thickness less susceptible to desiccation 
(Wallwork, 1970). F. sylvaticus favours chalky soil and produces a rather acid 
humus which is moist and well rotted. Q. robur produces a less acid 
environment. The soil in the present habitat was a “mor” so that food and 
moisture would favour proturans particularly those with a limited tolerance to 
adverse conditions. The soil samples taken during the present study had pHs 
ranging between 4.5 — 7.4 but the majority fell between 5.0 and 6.4 with a 
moisture content of 80%. Considering a minimum number of five samples (Fig. 
6) shows that most samples at pH 5.5 — 5.9 contained proturans and only a 
slightly lower proportion at pH 6.00 — 6.4. This suggests that proturans can live 
in slightly acid conditions and may even prefer them. Further work is needed to 
verify this point. 

100 5 


90 5 % in pH range 


805 % from total sample 


70+ 


60 4 


50-4 
40- 
30 + 
20-5 
10-5 
| 
0 T = T 


4.5-4.9 5.0-5.4 5.5-5.9 6.0 - 6.4 6.5 -6.9 7.0-—7.4 
pH 


percent presence 


Fig. 6. Percentage presence of proturans in soil cores of different pH ranges. 


178 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


Acknowledgement 
The authors are grateful to Alison Smith who collected the original samples. 


References 


Bagnall, R.S., 1912. Some Primitive British Insects. I. The Protura. Knowledge 
(London), NS 1: p.215. 

— , 1934. On two species of Eosentomon Berl. (Protura) new to the British Fauna. 
Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 70: p.190. 

—, 1936. Notes on Protura. I. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 17: 210-213. 

Brown, J.M., 1917. The Apterygota of Yorkshire and Derbyshire. Naturalist, p. 63. 

Franz, H., Haybach, G. & Nosek, J., 1969. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Proturenfauna der 
Nordostaplen u. ihres Vorlandes. Verh. d. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 108/109: 5-18. 

Gisin, H., 1960. Collembolen fauna europas. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneve, 
312pp. 

Hennig, W., 1969. Die Stammersgeschichlte dep. lusekten. Frankfurt-am-Main. Drawer. 

Kristensen, N.P., 1981. Phylogeny of Insect Orders. Ann. Rev. Ent., 26: 135-157. 

Kiihnelt, W., 1961. Soil Biology with Special Reference to the Animal Kingdom, Faber, 
397pp. 
Lagerlof, J. & Andrén, O., 1991. Abundance and activity of Collembola, Protura and 
Diplura (Insecta, Apterygota) in four cropping systems. Pedobiologia, 35: 337-350. 
Nosek, J., 1963. Zur Kenntnis der Apterygoten der Kleinarpathischen Wald - und 
Davergronlandbéden, Pedobiologia, 2: 108-131. 

—, 1973. The European Protura, their taxonomy, ecology and distribution with keys for 
determination. Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Genéve, 345pp. 

—, 1975. Niches of Protura in Biogeocoendes. Pedobiologia, 15: 290-298. 

Raw, F., 1956. The abundance and distribution of Protura in grassland. Journal of 
Animal Ecology, 25: 15-21. 

Salt, G., Hollick, F.S.J., Raw, F. & Brian, M.V., 1948. The arthropod population of 
pasture soil. Journal of Animal Ecology, 17: 139-150. 

Silvestri, F., 1907. Descrizione di un nuovo genere d'insetti apterygota rappresentante di 
un nuovo archive. Bort. Labar. Zool. Pontici, 1. 

Sturm, H., 1959. Die nahrung der Proturen, Beobachtungen an Acerentomon doderoi 
Silv. und Eosentomon transitorium Berl. Die Naturwiss, Berlin, 46: 90-91. 

Tuxen, S.L., 1931. Monographie der Proturen. I. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und 
Okologie, 22: 671-720. 

—, 1949. Uber den Lepenszyklus und die postembryonale Entwicklung zweier danischer 
Proturengattungen. Biol. Skr., 6: 1-50. 

— , 1964. The Protura. A Revision of the Species of the World with Keys for Deter- 
mination, Ed. Hermann, Paris, 360pp. 

Wallwork, J.A., 1970. Ecology of Soil Animals, McGraw-Hill, 283pp. 

Womersley, H., 1924. The Apterygota of the south-west of England. Pt. 2. Proceedings 
Bristol Naturalists Society, 6: 2. 

— , 1927. Notes on the British species of Protura, with descriptions of new genera and 
species. Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, 63: 140-149. 

— , 1928. Further notes on the British species of Protura. Entomologists’ Monthly 
Magazine, 64: 113-115. 


PONTIA DAPLIDICE AS A PEST 179 


PONTIA DAPLIDICE L. (LEP.: PIERIDAE) — A SERIOUS PEST OF 
CRUCIFEROUS CROPS AT HIGH ALTITUDE IN INDIA 


Moub. ARIF, B. SINGH* & M.C. JOSHI 


Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Panda, Pithoragarh, India — 265801. 
*Field Research Laboratory, Leh (J&K). 


LEH-LADAKH is situated in the Northwest Himalaya where the 
temperature ranges from -30°C (winter) to 25°C (summer). Due to inclement 
weather, a mono-cropping system of agriculture is practiced by farmers in 
this region. Among cultivated vegetables, cruciferous crops such as cabbage, 
cauliflower, mustard, knol-khol, turnip and radish dominate up to 3962 
metres altitude. During the survey of insect pests of vegetables in 1992, the 
caterpillars of a cabbage butterfly, Pontia daplidice Linn. were observed 
severely infesting cruciferous vegetables from mid-June to mid-August. The 
percentage of infested plant population was recorded in the field condition 
(Table 1). 


Percentage 
infestation 


Mustard (Brassica compestris var. mustard L.) 68.50% 


Cabbage (Brassica capitata L.) 52.00 


Cauliflower (Brassica botrytis L.) 56.00 
Turnip (Brassica rapa L.) 34.00 
Knol-khol (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) 40.00 


Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) 18.00 


Table 1. Infestation percentage of different crops. 


Highest infestation was recorded in mustard (68.50%). The larvae collected 
from the field crops were fed host plants and reared to the adult stage under 
laboratory conditions. Arif et al. (1991) reported the damage potential of P. 
deota de niceville on cruciferous crops in Leh-Ladakh and cauliflower was 
observed to be heavily infested. Mani (1986) has reported the occurrence of 
60% of butterfly species (Papilio machaon, Baltia spp., and Apporia spp.) at 
up to 3000 metres, of the remaining hypsodiont forms 50% occur up to 
elevation of about 4200 metres and 5% species are found above 5500 metres 
altitude. The Pierids Baltica bulteri (Moore) and Pontia daplidice Linn. have 
been reported at 5485 and 2800 metres altitude respectively in northwest and 
western Himalaya. The occurrence of Pontia daplidice Linn. of the present 
observation seems to be the first report as a serious pest at 3352 to 3962 
metres altitude in India. 


180 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


Acknowledgements 
The authors are thankful to Dr J.D. Holloway and Director I.1.E., CAB 
International, London for the identification of insects. 


References 
Arif, M., Shah, Pramila and Joshi, M.C., 1991. Biology and damage potential of cabbage 
butterfly, Pieris deota de niceville in Leh-Ladakh. J. Appl. Zool. Res. 2(2): 136-137. 
Mani, M.S., 1986. Butterflies of the Himalaya. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New 
Dehli, India. pp. 181. 


Notes on Uresiphita polygonalis (Denis & Schiffermiller, 1775) (Lep.: 
Pyralidae) in Huelva, Spain 


According to Goater (1986) this species, a rare immigrant to the UK, feeds on 
Genista and Sarothamnus. | have found the larvae to be common on Retama 
monosperma which grows in the coastal regions of this south-westerly Spanish 
province. 

The larvae feed gregariously in groups of about a dozen in thinly-spun 
silken webs. I collected one batch in late March 1991 in Isla Canela, near to 
the Spanish border town of Ayamonte. A second batch was seen in Ayamonte 
itself the following day; my notes say that it was “very common”. Subsequent 
larvae turned up in El Portil further east along the “onubense” coast. 

Larvae were taken back to London in May 1991 and reared without incident 
in plastic boxes. A male emerged on 25th May with a female two days later on 
the 27th. The weather in May of that year was generally very poor but this did 
not deter the moths from pairing. According to my personal notes a pair were 
seen to be “in cop” at 2330 hours when the outside temperature was a mere 
10°C. No special arrangements were made to achieve a pairing; a plain net 
cage was suspended out of doors. Subsequent female imagines emerged on 
29th and 30th May but no further pairings were secured. The fertilised female 
began to oviposit the last day of May. Larvae began to hatch six days later and 
were offered various woody leguminous plants. As I was in the process of 
moving house the larvae were neglected and failed to survive. 

As regards this moth's appearance in Britain, it is said by Goater (1986) to 
be “A very scarce immigrant in the southern seaboard counties in late summer 
and autumn”. 

It is distributed from central and southern Europe through to the tropics and 
Australia. I would imagine that given where I found this species in Spain; (in 
the extreme south) and that when the larvae were found; (in March) this moth 
is quite likely to be continuously brooded in that country. Reference: Goater, B., 
1986. British Pyralid Moths. Harley. 

— G. CLuMo, 2 Long Bridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9EL. 


CERCYON ALPINUS 181 


ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CERCYON ALPINUS VOGT (CQL: 
HYDROPHILIDAE) AND ON ITS OCCURRENCE IN SCOTLAND 


J.A. OWEN 
8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU. 


C. ALPINUS, a species recently added to the British list, is a small, dark, 
terrestrial Cercyon with blackish labial palps. It is similar in these and in 
many other respects to C. haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius) to which it runs down 
in the key given by Joy (1932). Examination of about 30 Scottish examples 
of alpinus and about the same number of examples of haemorrhoidalis from 
various parts of Britain has demonstrated only three consistent external 
differences. 


1. The base of the pronotum opposite the middle of the scutellum 
has a very fine, short, longitudinal impression in a/pinus but not in 
haemorrhoidalls. 

2. The epipleura are blackish in alpinus but dull orange in 
haemorroidalis. 

3. The spindle-shaped raised portion of the mesosternum is 
significantly narrower in alpinus than in haemorrhoidalis — 
length/max. width ratio 4.0 or more in a/pinus and less than 4.0 in 
haemorrhoidalis. 


The first two of these differences were noted by Vogt (1968) but he 
considered the shape of the mesosternum to be the same in the two species, 
which conceivably may reflect a racial difference. 

Apart from the external differences, in males, a clear distinction between 
the species is provided by the shape of the central lobe of the aedeagus, 
which tapers uniformly to a narrow point in alpinus (fig. 1) but which is 
broad and apically constricted in haemorrhoidalis. 

Other differences fail to provide a sure distinction in all cases. On average, 
alpinus (length 2.5 — 2.9mm) is shorter than haemorrhoidalis (2.5 — 3.1mm) 
but there is considerable overlap in length. In alpinus, the elytra are black at 
the base, gradually becoming deep red towards the apex. Most examples of 
haemorrhoidalis have similarly coloured elytra but, in some, the elytra are 
reddish throughout. Vogt (1969, 1971) implies that a tooth at the sutural 
angle of the elytra in haemorrhoidalis but not in alpinus serves to separate 
the species. Fowler (1886), however, states that in haemorrhoidalis (= 
flavipes F.) this tooth is not constant and certainly it was not obvious in most 
of the British examples of this species examined by the author. The antennal 
club is darker in haemorrhoidalis than in alpinus but this is very much a 
comparative difference. In about one third of the examples of alpinus, the 
raised portion of the mesosternum has a narrow, central longitudinal ridge 
which is not present in haemorrhoidalis. 


182 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


1mm 


a b 


Fig.1. Aedeagus of (a) C. alpinus Vogt (b) C. haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius). 


Occurrence 

C. alpinus was discovered in Britain by Owen & Mendel (1990) who found 
two specimens in dung of red deer in the Forest of Mar, at the Linn of Dee 
near Braemar. Following this, additional examples turned up at the original 
site and in the RSPB Abernethy Estate, mostly as singletons. In May 1994, 
however, the beetle was found to be quite plentiful at the original site and at 
Braemar which is about 10km distant. Except for two examples caught in 
pitfall traps set in pine woods, all the Scottish specimens known to the 
author were obtained from the dung of red deer, particularly from fresh 
dung. Detailed records, with collectors initials (see acknowledgements), are 
as follows:- 

Forest of Mar, near the Linn of Dee NFO9, open pine forest 22.8.90 

JsAvO. & Me 2uexx-2:25.9:91 JuA-OnéeiMeS., 2 exx:3:22:6:.92..MEsal 

ex.; 25.9.94 J.A.O. 10 ex.; Braemar NF19, open birch wood 30.5.94 

J.A.O., 2lexx.; RSPB Abernethy Estate NJOI1, pine wood with 

blaeberry carpet (pitfall traps) 6.92, R.P., 2 exx., open pine forest, 

5.94 D.L. & S.T., 1 ex. (Abernethy specimens det. J.A.O.) 

Examples of C. atomarius (Fabricius), C. haemorrhoidalis and C. 
melanocephalus (Linnaeus), together with a number of Aphodius species, 
occurred in the dung along with alpinus at the Forest of Mar and Braemar 
sites. Thus, one collection of fresh dung from Braemar (30.5.94), amounting 
to about 10 litres, held alpinus 21 exx., atomarius | ex., haemorrhoidalis | 


CERCYON ALPINUS 183 


ex. and melanocephalus 8 exx. A similar amount of dung from the Forest of 
Mar (29.5.94) yielded alpinus 10 ex., atomarius 4 exx. and melanocephalus 
10 exx. Considering the small amount of deer dung sampled compared with 
the vast amounts lying at that time at the Linn of Dee, at Braemar and at 
intervening points, the total population of C. alpinus in this area alone must 
have numbered thousands. 

Outside Scotland, C. alpinus is apparently only known from alpine regions 
in southern Germany and Austria (Vogt, 1968; Lucht, 1987). The reason for 
this curiously discontinuous distribution remains to be determined. The 
availability of sufficient, suitable dung at the correct time of year could be 
relevant. The author has only sought the beetle in red deer dung. The type 
specimen, however, came from cow dung (Vogt, 1968). 


Acknowledgements 
I am grateful to David Lambie, Howard Mendel, Robert Proctor, Magnus 
Sinclair and Stewart Taylor for help in collecting material and/or for 
allowing me to quote their records. Mr P.M. Hammond kindly confirmed the 
identification of the first two specimens. 


References 


Fowler, W.W., 1886. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. |. 

Joy, N.H., 1932. A Practical Handbook of British Beetles H.F & G. Witherby, London. 

Lucht, W.H., 1987. Die Kdfer Mitteleuropas — Katalogue, Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. 

Owen, J.A. & Mendel, H., 1990. Cercyon alpinus Vogt at Braemar. Coleopterist's 
Newsletter. 41: 1-2. 

Vogt, H., 1968. Cercyon-Studien Entomol. Blatt. 64: 172-191. 

—, 1971. in Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Vol. 3: ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde & G.A. Lohse, 
Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. For a translation of the key into English see Balfour- 
Browne Club Newsletter 7: 4-12. 


Aspilates gilvaria (Denis & Schiffermiuller, 1775) (Lep.: Geometridae) and 
variation in the imago's flight period. 


In the springs of both 1990 and 1991 I was intrigued to find Aspilates gilvaria 
on the wing in both central Spain (1990) and in south-west Spain (1991). Such 
appearances were at variance with the established literature on the moth. 
Although Herbulot (1963) mentions May for the imago, three other authors — 
Culot (1919-20), Skou (1986) and Skinner (1984) — all cite late summer as the 
normal flight period. 

Claude Herbulot provides the most detail, as in addition to the May flight 
period, he also mentions August which presumably relates to a second brood. 

My experience of this insect in Spain would certainly point to it being 
bivoltine. Now, this might be expected for the extreme southerly Spanish 
province of Huelva where the imago was first noted by myself on 18th March 
at light with imagines being seen until 27th April. However, how does one 
account for the central Spanish records from 1990 where examples were noted 
on 21st April (Valdemoro, 500m) and 28th April (Las Navas del Marqués, 


184 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


1318m)? One would assume that at such high altitudes the moth would follow 
central European patterns. Culot, Skinner and Skou all give July/August. This 
is especially surprising as Skinner gives almost exactly the same flight periods 
which relate to south-east England as Skou details for Finland, where the moth 
is rare and does not occur elsewhere in Scandinavia; this by my calculations 
must be a distance of some 800km! 

Of the stock I collected in March/April 1991 from Huelva, larvae hatched 
out on 2nd May and fed very slowly on thyme. I have a single note referring to 
a larva spinning a flimsy cocoon on 26th October that same year, but the moth 
failed to survive to eclosion. 

Certainly all the works I dealt with give the larval stage as the quiescent 
stage with Herbulot mentioning the larvae emerging again in April after the 
winter. 

Obviously, the best manner of solving this discrepancy would be to 
successfully rear gilvaria from southern Spanish stock collected in 
March/April and noting subsequent emergences. 

References: Culot, Jules. Noctuelles et Géométres d'Europe, 2nd part, Géométres. Vol. 
IV 1919-29. Reprinted 1987; Herbulot, Claude. Lépidoptéres de France I Héteroceéres 


1963; Skinner, Bernard. Moths of the British Isles, 1984; Skou, Peder, The Geometroid 
Moths of North Europe, 1986. 


— GARETH CLUMO, 2 Long Bridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS 14 9EL. 


Notes on Glyphipteryx thrasonella (Scopoli) (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae) 


The chief problem with understanding the ecology of moths is that most of 
them are nocturnal and I have yet to find a way of observing moths at night 
without using lights which disturb their behaviour. Day-flying moths such as 
Glyphipteryx thrasonella are easier to observe. I spent a couple of hours on 
20th May 1993 observing a small colony on a wet meadow at Redlake Nature 
Reserve in east Cornwall. Attempts at marking them with small dots of nail 
varnish (to see how long marked individuals lived in the wild) failed because 
the wings were too small and too shiny. 

I had already mapped the vegetation of this wet meadow, finding two mire 
communities, M23 (Juncus — Galium palustre rush pasture, sub-community 
Juncus effusus with Juncus effusus replaced with Juncus articulatus) and M25 
(Molinia — Potentilla erecta mire, sub-community Angelica sylvestris). M25 is 
widespread throughout Cornwall and I have often found Glyphipteryx 
thrasonella where M25 occurs. In this wet meadow, Glyphipteryx thrasonella 
appeared to be confined to these mire communities with a definite association 
with rushes rather than Purple Moor-grass. Of 38 moths recorded, 28 were 
observed resting on Juncus effusus, six on Juncus articulatus, two on Cirsium 
palustre and one each on Juncus conglomeratus and Anthoxanthum odoratum. 

The moths sit sideways on the stems of rushes, often raising and lowering 
their wings without flying. Like squirrels, they often move away from anyone 
watching them, keeping the rush stem between them and any possible predator. 
They drop to the ground if disturbed. When flying from one stem to another, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 185 


they generally land a few inches below the tip and then climb near to the top. 
In the late evening when I was watching them, they were sunbathing in the 
weak sunlight with wings at right angles to the sun to get maximum warmth. 
As soon as the sun disappeared behind the trees (about 8 pm), they stopped 
flying and settled near the tips of the rush stems. 

I counted 33 separate individuals in an area roughly 80 square metres. I 
estimate the total population to be about 150 in the field, much less than I 
would have expected. There were few nectar sources available with only Carex 
binervis and Carex flacca flowering. One moth taken home survived for five 
days with only a light spray of water. Out of 38 moths recorded in total, five 
had well marked forewings, 14 had reduced markings and 19 had no visible 
markings (f. cladiella).— ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, 
Cornwall TR4 8RL. 


Operation Stag Beetle 


As a temporary worker for the county wildlife trust, I receive many 
telephone calls asking for advice and help on almost every natural history 
subject from birds to badgers and amphibians to insects. 

One such call on 8th February 1994 was from a concerned gentleman in 
Shoreham, West Sussex. He was working at a convent(!) and had found a 
large colony of “stag beetles”, and wanted to know what to do with them. 
Evidently, someone had noticed that a statue in the grounds, which was 
mounted on an old elm stump, was leaning at an alarming angle. On invest- 
igation, the stump was found to be infested with beetle larvae. 

As the stump was scheduled to be strengthened with concrete, it was clear 
that action was needed, and the trust agreed to try and rescue the larvae. 
Easy to say, but more of a problem in practice, particularly at that stage 
when we did not know the true identity of the beetles. The telephone 
description could have been either Lucanus cervus, or the Lesser stag beetle, 
Dorcus parallelipipedus. When we arrived on site — a cold, wet morning, we 
were pleasantly surprised. A very large stump showing signs of massive 
infestation. Around 50 larvae had been found, at all stages of development — 
with a number almost fully grown at a magnificent 75mm+ in length. 
Undoubtedly the true stag beetle. Two adult males were found, although they 
were moribund on this cold day. 

There was no real alternative to digging up the entire stump, loading it in 
the van, and transporting it to the reserve, where the collection of larvae 
excited much interest. Perhaps these are now the most photographed set of 
Stag beetles anywhere? 

After locating a suitable spot, the entire stump with resident larvae, were 
half-buried in the ground. We hope our efforts were not in vain, and the 
colony manages to survive in its new home.— D. Day, 26 Manor Avenue, 
Hassocks, West Sussex BN6 8NG. 


186 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


Notes on Lepidoptera in Shetland in 1993 


Recent records of Lepidoptera for Shetland have been published by 
Riddiford and Harvey (1992, Ent. Rec. J. Var. 104: 263-264) and Pennington 
(1993, Ent. Rec. J. Var. 105: 173-174). This note adds further records for 
Shetland in 1993, excluding Fair Isle records which are to be published 
separately. 

No less than nine species were added to the Shetland list in 1993. Five 
species of microlepidoptera included the Gelechiid Scrobipalpa 
acuminatella (Sircom), identified by the late lan Lorimer from four 
specimens collected by Mike Pennington at Baltasound, Unst between 27th 
June and 24th July. Three species of the Tortrid genus Ac/eris were found: A. 
emargana (Fabricius) was bred by Terry Rogers from larvae found on 
Willow (Salix) at Eswick, Mainland (an imago was also found on sugar there 
on 23rd September); and Keith Bland identified single specimens of A. 
hyemana (Haworth) collected by Neil Marks from Muckle Roe in April and 
A. hastiana (Linnaeus) collected by Terry Rogers at Eswick in September. 
Another tortrid, the Larch Tortrix Zeiraphera diniana (Gueneé) was 
identified by Keith Bland from specimens collected flying around Lodgepole 
Pines Pinus contorta at Baltasound on 6th-9th September. All the 
microlepidoptera listed have had specimen genitalia preparations by Keith 
Bland placed in the National Museums of Scotland. 

Four species of macrolepidoptera included the Common Heath Ematurga 
atomaria (Linnaeus) which was found by Terry Rogers to be common in 
heathery areas of Central Mainland with records in bright sunshine at 
Sandwater, East Hill of Voe and Catfirth between 8th May and 14th June 
(specimens retained by Terry Rogers) and in South Mainland at Dalsetter on 
27th May (C. Donald). The Lesser Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing 
Noctua janthe (Dennis and Schiffermiiller) was attracted to Roger Tallack's 
light trap at Lerwick on 25th-27th August, with one specimen retained by the 
collector. At Eswick Terry Rogers collected a specimen of the Brindled 
Green Dryobotodes eremita (Fabricius) from the side of a shed on 12th 
September (determined by the late Ian Lorimer but specimen damaged in 
transit) and a Pink-barred Sallow Xanthia togata (Esper) at Buddleia on 13th 
September (confirmed by the late Ian Lorimer and specimen retained by 
Terry Rogers). 

Of these nine new species recorded most are likely to be resident, 
especially as there were very few migrants recorded during the year. 
However, the X. togata at Eswick may have wandered from elsewhere as, 
although many specimens of the larval foodplant Salix grow at Eswick, few 
produce viable catkins. The record of D. eremita is even more perplexing as 
there are only two tiny Oaks (Quercus Sp.) at the site and no recent 
importations. 

Further interesting records included four species recorded north of Fair 
Isle for the first time. Keith Bland determined records of a specimen of 
Coleophora sp. from the Baltasound MV trap on 15th July, which could not 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 187 


be identified to species as it was damaged in transit, and a Cacao Moth 
Ephestia elutella (Hiibner) found indoors on 10th July. The Heart and Dart 
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus) was recorded by Jon and Ad Clifton at 
Toab, South Mainland on 15th June and 17th July, and by Terry Rogers at 
Eswick on 25th June. The Red-green Carpet Chloroclysta siterata 
(Hufnagel) was positively identified at Baltasound on 12th September 
(determined by Bernard Skinner) and Eswick on 15th September 
(determined by the late Ian Lorimer). In addition a record of Autumn Green 
Carpet C. miata (Linnaeus) collected from a lighted window on Foula by 
Frances Ratter on 6th September and determined by Bernard Skinner must 
be regarded as the first confirmed record for the islands given the past (and 
current!) difficulties in separating the last two species. 

One of Shetland's great specialities, the Exile Apamea zeta marmorata 
(Zetterstedt) was recorded from a new locality with 29 at either light or sugar 
at Eswick, the most southerly locality recorded so far. Further records of the 
Brick Agrochola circellaris (Hufnagel) at Eswick and Lerwick and the Large 
Wainscot Rhizedra lutosa (Hiibner) at Eswick following on from those in 
1992 suggest that these species may be at least temporarily resident in the 
islands. A single specimen of the Pyralid Scoparia subfusca (Haworth) in the 
Baltasound MV trap on 17th July was determined by Keith Bland. This 
species was not included in previous Shetland lists although reference is 
made to Shetland specimens by Goater (1986 British Pyralid Moths, 
Harley). Finally, the Tortrid Eupoecilia angustana (Hiibner) was found to be 
common on Unst in June, flying mainly in the afternoon between 2 and 6pm. 
Interestingly, five specimens sent to the late Ian Lorimer for determination 
included a specimen resembling the nominate form. Previously only the 
Shetland race thuleana had been recorded from the islands although field 
observations suggest a gradation between the two forms. 

While the assistance of Keith Bland, the late lan Lorimer and Bernard 
Skinner has been noted in the text of this note we would like to further 
acknowledge their assistance and encouragement. Thanks are also due to 
Nick Riddiford for keeping us informed of Fair Isle records and members of 
the Shetland Entomological Group for their records. Details of the Shetland 
Entomological Group can be obtained from the following address.— 

M.G. PENNINGTON AND T. ROGERS, 9 Daisy Park, Baltasound, Unst, Shetland 
ZE2 9EA. 


Meligethes rotundicollis Bris. (Col.: Nitidulidae) locally outnumbering 
M. aeneus (F.) 

M. rotundicollis is one of our less common Meligethes: Joy (1932. Pract. 
Handb. Brit. Beetles 5: 537) notes it as rare, while Fowler (1989, Col. Brit. 
Isl. 3: 253) lists a mere half-dozen localities in south-east England. My late 
friend Dr A.M. Easton told me that it occurred sparingly in the flowers of 
various Cruciferae, and that its presence was often masked by the great 
numbers of M. aeneus breeding on the same plants. Up to this June I had 
collected only two specimens, both by general sweeping, in the 1940s 


188 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


(Oxford district, and Box Hill, Surrey); occasional and more purposeful 
searches had yielded no more. 

Recently at Kidbrooke near here, I rather casually tapped a flowering stem 
or two of charlock (Sinapis arvensis) over an open hand and tubed three 
smallish Meligethes, which to my satisfaction proved, as expected, to be the 
long-sought M. rotundicollis. A return visit to the spot (17.vi.94) resulted in 
hordes of the ubiquitous M. aeneus at the original place; but in contrast, an 
isolated plant of charlock in a hedge bordering a field barely 20 yards away 
produced the rarer species in some plenty, with only a sprinkling of the 
common one — the former easily recognised by their smaller size, shorter 
form, and duller aspect. This seems a remarkable reversal of the usual state 
of affairs, which I believe is seldom observed.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm 
Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Agathomyia falleni (Zett.) (Dipt.: Platypezidae): a further West Kent 
record 


The note on this rare or little-known fly by Laurence Clemons (antea 117) 
prompts me to put on record another occurrence in West Kent, this time in 
the north-west corner of the vice-county (S.E. London). My first 
acquaintance with the species was on 14.x.80 when two females were found 
on a dead elm stump here at Charlton, in Maryon-Wilson Park, situated at 
the very edge of a rhododendron thicket. On the 24th there were four more. 
The following autumn, A. fa/leni females were again present: a few on 5.x., 
one hovering and flying slowly amongst the rhododendron foliage above the 
stump, but on the 21st they were replaced by a single female A. unicolor 
Oldb. The next autumn I could not find even the stump(!), which I concluded 
must have been removed. 

Mr Clemons’ data suggest that previous records (in Kent at all events) relate 
mostly to males, so it is noteworthy that not a single male was encountered 
in the Charlton occurrence — unless a smaller and darker-looking Platypezid 
on the foliage near the stump, which escaped capture, was a male A. falleni. 
That is indeed possible; males may have been on the wing rather high up, 
though none could be seen. The stump had few fungi on it but I noticed two 
kinds, one of them presumably Bjerkandera adusta, the pabulum of this 
Agathomyia— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Agelastica alni (L.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in the New Forest, 1941 


While spending some days with my friend the late Philip Harwood in 1953, I 
learnt that he had seen several specimens of the very rare Agelastica alni 
taken by a Dr Basker (of Bournemouth) at Matley Bog in the New Forest, on 
its foodplant, alder, about a decade earlier. Needless to say, he had himself 
made repeated but vain attempts to find the beetle there. His failure to do so 
is not surprising, for its reflects the pattern typical of British occurrences of 
the species: in no case known to me has it been found to persist in the 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 189 


original site for any appreciable time after its discovery (eg. for a year or 
two), even though it may have been in some plenty when found — as for 
example at Marazion Marshes, south-west Cornwall, in 1901. This fact fits 
the theory that A. a/ni, though common in those parts of Europe nearest to 
us, is highly adapted to a continental climate and thus unable to maintain 
itself here for any length of time — perhaps not, or seldom, for more than a 
generation or two when conditions are suitable. 

Dr Chris O'Toole has kindly informed me that there are in the Hope 
Department, Oxford, two specimens of A. alni from the Harwood collection 
labelled “New Forest/vii.1941/Dr C.A. Basker/Bournemouth”, which fixes 
the year of capture. The remaining specimens (assuming there were any) 
were probably retained by the captor or placed in the Bournemouth 
Entomological Society collection. Actually this is not the sole occurrence of 
Agelastica in the county, since my specimen (purchased many years ago at 
Janson's) bears the not over-informative data “Alders, Hants.”— A.A. ALLEN, 
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Extension of range of Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in 
S.E. England 


Two interesting references to this species have been made recently. D. 
Young (Ent. Rec. 105: 250) states that is has spread northwards from 
Hampshire into Berkshire recently, and P. Baker recorded it from Virginia 
Water in north-west Surrey in October 1993, commenting that this was in 
accord with an extension of range C. siferata was undergoing in Surrey. 
(Brit. J. ent. & nat, Hist. 7. pt. 1.) 

On 14th May 1994 a specimen attended my garden m.v. trap, and would 
appear to confirm the continued advance north-eastwards. Chalmers-Hunt 
(Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 1981) quotes the last record for the species in 
north-west Kent as Greenhithe, 1904, although L.W. Newman stated that it 
was present in the Bexley area in the first decade of the century (Woolwich 
Survey, 1909).— B.K. WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


Herminia nemoralis Fab. (Lep.: Hypeninae) a second generation? 


The time of appearance of this moth covers June to August; most textbooks 
are in agreement, and C. Plant (Moths of the London Area, 1993) states the 
period precisely as the first week of June to the third week of August. 

On 17.ix.1992 a fresh specimen appeared at my garden m.v. trap, the last 
of ten commencing with a specimen on 31st May; the penultimate one was 
recorded on 23rd July in a year noted for its early spring. If this September 
moth is a representative of a second generation, this must be an unusual 
occurrence. However, H. tarsipennalis Treits., which here occurs along with 
nemoralis, and whose larva feeds over the same period, not infrequently 
produces September specimens which are regarded as representing a second 
generation (Skinner, Moths of the British Isles, 1984), and confirmed by 
Plant (tbid).— B.K. WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


190 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


Clambus gibbulus (LeConte) (Col.: Clambidae): two more West Kent 
records 


C. Johnson (1992, A bionomic review of the British Clambidae, Ent. Gaz. 
43: 67-71) gives a single West Kent record of this species (previously known 
as C. radula Endrédy-Younga), namely Westerham (P. Harwood). He notes 
it (p.68) as sporadic and rare, mostly occurring singly in a variety of habitats 
and very scattered in southern England to S. Yorks and S. Lancs. It is closest 
to the rather common C. punctulum Beck (punctulus auctt., see below), from 
which it is most readily separable by the head character figured by Johnson 
(1966, Coleoptera: Clambidae, Handbk Ident. Br. Insects, 4(6a): 10), and 
with which it is probably often confused. 

I find that I have a specimen of gibbulus taken at mercury-vapour light 
here at Charlton (15.viii.81), and another from my former garden at 
Blackheath (14.iv.46) in cut grass. The latter probably occurred in company 
with C. punctulum, which I have long known from my garden and is found 
throughout the district. 

Regarding the last named species: unless Beck in 1817 actually wrote 
punctulus — which is most unlikely — the name should be punctulum as 
always in Continental works, and should not have been changed. There is no 
latin word punctulus; the neuter noun punctulum (a diminutive from 
punctum “a point’) being clearly intended, and, as a noun-epithet, it is 
invariant.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


The Large White, Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) apparently 
univoltine in Banffshire 


While the Large White is generally considered to be at least bivoltine in 
Britain, the possibility of there being only one brood in parts of Scotland is 
mentioned by Heath, Pollard and Thomas (1984), quoting Graham-Smith 
and Graham-Smith (1929). 

My own observations in Banffshire since 1990, mainly around Ordiquhill 
at about 170 metres above sea level, confirm that P. brassicae is basically 
univoltine here. General observations, and standardised counts under the 
national Butterfly Census Scheme, both reveal a single, rather protracted 
flight period. In 1991, this did not begin until mid-July, and lasted into 
September. During the unusually warm summer of 1992, Large Whites were 
seen from 10th June and throughout July, but with few in August. In 1993, a 
cool year, the main flight period was again delayed until after mid-July. 

Further evidence for a single brood came from observations of 
overwintering pupae in the wild during 1991-1993. None of about 30 being 
watched was seen to have hatched before the first imagines were noticed on 
the wing. Likewise, egg batches or larvae did not appear on garden 
nasturtiums and brassicas until after the observed flight period had begun, so 
the possibility of a small but unnoticed earlier brood in each of the years 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 19] 


seems remote. Dr M.R. Young (pers. comm.) states that in Aberdeenshire he 
also sees only one brood of larvae a year. 

It was only after making the foregoing observations that I was able to 
obtain the Graham-Smith and Graham-Smith (1929) reference, and discover 
that my independent findings merely duplicated their earlier ones. They too 
noted that only one brood of larvae is seen annually in Aberdeenshire. They 
also found that overwintering pupae emerged late, some not until July, even 
though theirs had been transported as far south as Cambridgeshire. Their 
Aberdeenshire stock continued to be univoltine, at least for another year, 
when reared in Cambridge. 

In some years, the situation is complicated by migration. Thus, in 1990, 
occasional Large Whites were seen in Banff from 4th May onwards. 
Thomson (1980) states that such early individuals are migrants, and 
describes the usual peak flight period from mid-July until early August 
(exactly as observed at Ordiquhill) but without suggesting that residents 
might be univoltine. Migratory species such as this are sometimes thought 
incapable of producing locally-adapted forms because of the degree of 
mixing. However, with the short cool summers this far north, it is possible 
that any double-brooded immigrants fail to fit in two generations and almost 
immediately die out. 

Of the other Pieris species, the Small White, P. rapae is a scarcer 
immigrant than the Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta, and was not seen at all 
at Ordiquhill in 1991 or 1993, and as just three singles in 1992. The Green- 
veined White, P. napi, is the most abundant butterfly species in the area and 
is clearly partly bivoltine, with the first brood usually out from early May 
and a smaller second brood from late July through August. It may be 
constrained from producing a fuller second brood because little of its main 
foodplant here, Cardamine pratensis, is available by August to support 
larvae resulting from that brood. 

References Graham-Smith, G.S. and Graham-Smith, W., 1929. Pieris brassicae, L., 
with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 41: 
157-161; Heath, J., Pollard, E. and Thomas, J.A., 1984. Atlas of Butterflies in Britain 


and Ireland. Viking, Harmondsworth; Thomson, G., 1980. The butterflies of Scotland. 
Croom Helm, London. 


— Roy LEVERTON, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS. 


Notes on rearing Acronicta leporina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Banffshire 


The Miller, Acronicta leporina, is widespread in north-east Scotland, but 
mainly seen as occasional singles (Barbour 1976, Palmer 1974). A female 
taken at m.v. light at Ordiquhill, Banffshire on 6.vii.91 was kept for several 
days, and reluctantly laid about 26 eggs on alder before being released still 
gravid. Several eggs were deformed and infertile. Of the 18 larvae which 
hatched, three were lost in the first instar when they became cemented to the 
leaf surface by traces of aphid honeydew — an unforeseen cause of death 


192 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


which perhaps sometimes happens in the wild. The remaining larvae were 
easily reared on silver birch. 

The larva of this species provides a rare example of asymmetry. In all 15 
of the last-instar larvae, the long, silky, yellowish hairs covering the left side 
of the body were angled forwards towards the head, while those on the right 
side were angled backwards towards the tail. This arrangement was the 
opposite of that described in Heath & Emmet (1983), and illustrated in 
Brooks (1991); it was confirmed by references to photographs taken of the 
brood at the time. 

When ready to pupate, both the hairs and the body of the larvae changed 
colour to a brownish-grey. The larvae became very active, tunnelling in and 
out of the rolls of corrugated paper provided, before finally constructing 
small cocoons of chewed paper in a hollow excavated at the end of a burrow 
often several centimetres in length. One larva died without pupating. The 
remaining 14 pupae were left in situ in the corrugated rolls, and stored in an 
unheated outbuilding. Moths emerged as follows: 

June 1992-1 June 1993-11 28th May 1994 —2 
Overwintering more than once by the pupa of this species is already known, 
but the high proportion of this brood which did so is of interest. Ironically, 
the early summer of 1992 was particularly fine and warm here, while that of 
1993 was cooler than normal. Similar behaviour is common among pupae 
from Scottish populations of many other species, as pointed out by Tutt; he 
noted that it occurred even when Scottish stock was transported south to 
England. He also found that unusually warm conditions, far from stimulating 
emergence, seemed to increase the proportion which overwintered twice 
(Tutt, 1905). Perhaps this is what happened at Ordiquhill in 1992. 

Whatever the benefits of such behaviour, these must be great enough to 
outweigh the costs: the extra 12 or 24 months during which the pupa is 
exposed to the risk of disease, predation or misadventure. However, it may 
be that if the pupation site is sufficiently well-chosen to enable the pupa to 
survive the first winter, the risk of subsequent mortality is low. Finally, there 
are implications for monitoring — annual counts of numbers seen may not 
accurately reflect the fortunes of the population where a sizeable but variable 
proportion of the pupae overwinters more than once. 

The 14 moths bred showed continuous variation. Three had the ground 

colour of the forewings pure white, without any admixture of darker scales, 
so that the black markings showed up sharp and clear — the type form. The 
others ranged from almost white through to several which were as dark as 
the normal English form ab. grisea Cochrane. 
References: Barbour, D.A., 1976. Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. Entomologist’s Rec. 
J. Var. 88: 1-11; Brooks, M., 1991. A Complete Guide to British Moths Jonathan Cape, 
London; Heath, J. and Emmet, A.M. (eds.), 1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great 
Britain and Ireland 16. Harley Books, Colchester; Palmer, R.M., 1974. Lepidoptera of 
Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 86: 273-284; Tutt, J.W., 
1905. Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist vol I: 36-37. Elliot Stock, London. 


— Roy LEverRTON, Whitewells, Ordiquhill, Cornhill, Banffshire AB45 2HS. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 198 


Estigmene nigricans (More, 1872) (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994 

A female of this Arctiid was found on the trunk of a frangipani tree 
(Plumeria) in Aarey Milk Colony, an area to the north of Bombay on 15th 
June 1994. That the south-westerly monsoon had just began, not five days 
earlier probably accounted for its appearance. The moth was put into a pill 
box and soon began to lay batches of ova. The moth remained in this 
receptacle until I returned to London two days later, by which time about 
eight batches had been laid. 

The larvae began to eclose en masse between 20th and 22nd June. At this 
stage I did not know the identity of the moth and had to resort to guess work 
in terms of what the larvae might feed on. I need not have worried. The 
newly-hatched larvae were offered Buddleja davidii, Menthe and Geranium 
(Sweet Robert). All three foodplants were accepted especially the first two 
named. This perhaps was not so surprising given that B. davidii belongs to 
the family, Loganiaceae, widely distributed in Asia, whilst Mentha belongs 
to the labiates with worldwide distribution. 

Initially the larvae fed in groups on the undersides of the leaves but after 
the first ecdysis fed singly. The first moult took place on 22nd June and most 
were in their second instar by 24th June. Feeding was rapid, and most larvae 
had entered the final instar after 14 days. The larvae are morphologically 
very variable. I noted two forms; one is “chestnut-red” with the dorsal 
“hairs” tipped in black, the other form is “black” throughout. The larvae are 
extremely mobile and move at great speed if disturbed. Although the larvae 
were initially “started off’ in the airing cupboard, they have been kept at 
outside temperatures, which recently have been in the region of 25°C (early 
July). 

Four examples of this species’ larvae, fourth instar are now in the Natural 
Museum's collection where the moth was identified. 

As regards the moth's natural history in India. The most useful book in 
this respect was the 1986 work by M.R.G.K. Nair. He does not deal 
specifically with E. nigricans but with a related species, E. lactinea (Cram.) 
which is a pest in India. It is cited as feeding on rice crops in Bihar and 
Madyha Pradesh (east & central India respectively). In south India it is a pest 
of ragi (a kind of millet). It is also noted on the leguminous plants, red-gram 
and horse-gram. Other plants include Sesamum indicum (sesame), cotton, 
jute, sweet potato, cashew and coffee. 

More in his 1882-3 tome, mentions E. irregularis, although he puts it in 
the former genus, Rajendra. 

Seitz (1933) lists 28 species in the genus Estigmene (Hiibner) of which ten 
species are Indo-Australian. 


References: Hampson, G.F., The Fauna of British India. Moths Vol. Il. 1894; 
Heywood, V.H., Flowering Plants of the World. 1993; More, F., The Lepidoptera of 
Ceylon. Vol. Ill. 1882-3; Nair, M.R.G.K., Insects & Mites of Crops in India. 1986; Seitz, 
Dr A. The Macrolepidoptera of the World 10. Indo-Australian Bombyces & Sphinges. 
19332 


—G. Clumo, 2 Long Bridge Road, Lichfield, Staffordshire WS14 9EL. 


194 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


Acritus homoeopathicus Wollaston (Col.: Histeridae) at Box Hill, Surrey 


On 23rd April 1991, my friend Norman Heal and I visited the National Trust 
Box Hill Estate where we came across an old bonfire site. We each took 
some of the ashes home and were pleased to find in them numerous 
examples of A. homeopathicus — a species not previously recorded from the 
area. The site had been used for a bonfire only once, in January 1990, to 
burn branches of various deciduous trees. 

Further small samples of ashes were collected on 12.5, 14.7, 27.10, 
20.12.91 and on 11.4.92 and all were found to contain the beetle. By 1.9.92, 
however, the ashes had been almost completely obscured by growth of 
brambles and other herbage and no examples of A. homeopathicus could be 
found in a large sample of ash nor in other samples obtained over the next 
few months. On the early visits, a few examples of the staphylinid, 
Micropelus tesserula Curtis were also found among the ashes and, on the 
visit of 14th July 1991, a single example of Pseudomicrodota jelineki Krasa 
was sieved from the ashes, the first example of this beetle to be recorded 
from the British Isles (Coleopterist’s Newsletter, 1991, 44: 7). 

Practically all the reports of A. homeopathicus in Britain record its 
occurrence at old bonfire sites but I have not come across any specifying 
how soon after the fire the beetle colonises a site or for how long the colony 
persists. We first investigated the ashes 14 months after the fire and the 
number of examples of the beetle present indicated that there must have been 
at least one generation at the site before we discovered it. This would 
suggest that the site was colonised in the summer of 1990, approximately six 
months after the fire. If this is correct, the colony persisted for a little short 
of two years. 

Why A. homeopathicus chooses to inhabit bonfire sites is not clear. The 
first report of this beetle in Britain (Blair, 1938 Ent. mon. Mag. 74: 53) 
mentioned the presence of the fungus Pyronema confluens on the burnt 
ground where the beetle was found. For this reason, the ashes at the Box Hill 
site were carefully inspected for fungal growth on each visit but no growth 
of any fungus was evident to the eye and no mycelia could be seen in one 
sample of ash examined microscopically. The nature of the association 
between beetle and fungus noted by some but not all recorders has not been 
determined. The absence of the fungus from the site on this occasion might 
suggest that the fungus is not essential to the beetle. Indeed the association 
may prove to be purely co-incidental. The association of M. tesserula with 
fire sites is well known though likewise unexplained. There are not many 
records of the P. jelineki anywhere in its range. As far as I am aware, none 
mentions bonfire sites. 

I thenk Mr R.M. Locock for permission to study beetles in the National 
Trust Box Hill Estate and Mr P. Orton for examination of a sample of ashes 
microscopically for signs of fungus.— J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, 
Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 195 


Rhodometra sacraria (Linn.) (Lep.: Geometridae) — in Hampshire, 1994 


On the morning of 4th July 1994 I was pleased to see a specimen of 
Rhodometra sacraria settled on the foliage beside my light-trap at the 
cottage here. I was quite surprised, because I had worked at the light until 
lam and had seen no sign of the specimen. I remember that my experience in 
Suffolk in 1947 led me to suppose that it was an early evening insect. 
Perhaps it also has a dawn flight, but I am none too confident in making that 
assumption in view of the fact that it is listed as “nocturnal” in The Moths 
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 7: pt. 2, by A.M. Emmet, 
Harley Books, 1991.— ALASDAIR ASTON, Wake's Cottage, Selborne, 
Hampshire GU34 3JH. 


TWO EASTERN EUROPEAN JOURNALS ON THE LEPIDOPTERA 


Actias — the Russian journal of scientific lepidopterology: published 
mostly in English, German and French with extended Russian abstracts. The 
journal concentrates on morphology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution 
and development of butterflies and moths, both recent and fossil. A single 
volume was published in 1993 ($14.00 or DM23), and for 1994 two issues 
per year are planned (subscription $24 or DM46). These are individual 
subscriptions — institutional ones are a little higher. 


Russian entomological Journal: published mostly in English with extended 
Russian abstracts. Covers morphology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution 
and development of insects, both recent and fossil. First published in 1992 in 
two issues (price $18 or DM27). In 1993 it became bi-monthly (price $54 or 
DM81), reverting to quarterly in 1994 (subscription $40 or DM64). 


Subscriptions for both journals can be paid via Barclays Bank, and there 
are payment facilities in most European countries. Further details can be 
obtained from Dr K.G. Mikhailov, Zoological Museum of the Moscow 
Lomonosov State University, Herzen Street 6, K-9 Moscow 103009. 


OBITUARY 
Ronald Ian Lorimer, 1919 - 1994 


Ian Lorimer died suddenly at his home in Orkney on 31st May, 1994. Born 
in Burton-on-Trent on 15th November, 1919, he was educated in Derby and 
spent his working life in the family retail business, becoming Managing 
Director. His father encouraged him and his brother Jim to study natural 
history, especially moths and butterflies, from a very early age, and gave 
them a book called Eyes and no Eyes before Ian was six years old. This 
evidently started them off, and Ian, who specialised in the moths, never 
looked back except for a brief period after the War: travelling alone to 
Orkney on a mothing expedition, his friend having had to withdraw, Ian 
found himself sitting next to a young lady, Daphne Freeth, on the aircraft. 
Apparently he was bowled over and, according to Daphne, very little 


196 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 15.ix.1994 


entomology was done during the whole of that expedition. Courtship took its 
place, and Ian and Daphne were married in 1951! Subsequently, however, 
entomology returned as Ian's major hobby and relaxation, in which he was 
lovingly and supportively encouraged by his wife. 

The Lorimers were living in Totteridge in 1955 when the writer first met 
them. Already, Ian had a reputation as an enthusiastic, knowledgeable, but 
above all extremely generous entomologist. He was a keen breeder of moths, 
always distributing ova and sharing larvae among friends, eager to hear of 
their desiderata and tireless in obtaining specimens and offering help and 
advice. Perhaps his own special interest was the lepidopterous fauna of the 
Orkney Islands: he and his family would go to “Scorradale”, in Orphir, at 
every opportunity; meanwhile he combed the literature and numerous 
collections for records, all of which were carefully checked. In 1970, he 
published “Orkney Lepidoptera, 1868-1968” in the Entomologist’s Gazette, 
to which Supplements were later added. In 1983, The Lepidoptera of the 
Orkney Islands was published as a culmination of his studies. lan was also 
closely involved with the Noctuidae volumes of the series, Moths and 
Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, writing the sections on Hadeninae 
in volume 9 and on Cuculliinae, Acronictinae, Plusiinae, Catocalinae and 
some smaller subfamilies in volume 10. 

In 1981, Ian retired and the family moved permanently to “Scorradale”. 
Regrettably, lan was stricken with increasingly debilitating arthritis which 
made it increasingly difficult for him to visit places he loved, such as 
Berriedale on Hoy. Nevertheless, he continued to function as a potent 
catalyst for the study of Lepidoptera in the northern Isles, ever ready to help 
with identification of material sent him, and enthusiastic when new species 
or rare migrants were turned up. Arthritis also made it difficult for him to 
pursue his other hobby, gardening, but he remained an omnivorous reader, 
and his general knowledge was encyclopaedic. 

For those of us who had the privilege of staying at “Scorradale”, there are 
wondrous memories of generous hospitality, witty and erudite conversation 

. and the virtual certainty of interesting moths, whatever the Orkney 
weather. 

Barry Goater 


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THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


Contents 


Fruit-feeding butterflies in large numbers on flowers. T.B. Larsen. : “he 

The genus Apion (Col.: Apionidae) on Woolwich Common, S.E. London. AA Allen wea 

A check list of the microlepidoptera of Carmarthenshire (VC44). S.R. Lucas 

Euplectus brunneus Grimm. (Col.: Pselaphidae) and its status in Britain. A.A. Allen. 

Distributions of Proturans ec ia in a deciduous woodland in South Wales. 
P.E. King & K.V. Aazem . 

Pontia daplidice L. (Lep.: Pieridae) a serious ws, a sates Ze. at oe alten in 
India. M. Arif, B. Singh & M.C. Joshi . : 

On the identification of Cercyon alpinus Vogt. (Col: Ey duophaiiae) ond on fe 
occurrence in Scotland. J.A. Owen . 


Notes and observations 


Caloptilia robustella Jackh. (Lep.: Gracillariidae) on Spanish Chestnut. J.M. Chalmers- 
Hunt . : 

Hazards of pattertlyy colleen - eneeee ‘Hotel as Sones. Madagascar 1982. 
T.B. Larsen . 

Notes on Uresiphita Panyrarnes (D. & S. ) ee Pylon in Span: G. Charen 

Aspilates gilvaria (D. & S.) (Lep.: Geometridae) and variation in the imago's flight 
period. G. Clumo . : 

Notes on Glyphipteryx aaiaaela Roe. nite Gipnpeae) A. Spalding : 

Operation stag beetle. D. Dey. . . 

Notes on Lepidoptera in Shetland in 1993. M. G. penne & T. ieee 

Meligethes rotundicollis Bris. (Col. Nitidulidae) locally outnumbering M. aeneus. a a 
Allen. : ‘ 

Agathomyia falleni Zett. (Dipt. iPiiypemineye a Atte West Kent call x ‘Ab Altea ; 

Agelastica alni L. (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in the New Forest, 1941. A.A. Allen . : 

Extension of range of Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. (Lep. Geometridae) in S.E. England. 
B.K. West . : 

Herminia nemoralis Feb. (lee Hypenmee) a pone penemaen Be K. ‘West : : 

Clambus gibbulus LeConte (Col.: Clambidae): two more West Kent records. A.A. Anen 

The Large White, Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae) oe univoltine in 
Banffshire. R. Leverton 

Notes on rearing Acronicta iguertae ie (usr iNeconae) R. lees erton. 

Estigmene nigricans More. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Bombay, 1994. G. Clumo. 

Acritus homoepathicus Woll. (Col.: Histeridae) at Box Hill, Surrey. J/.A. Owen. 

Rhodometra sacraria L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Hampshire. A. Aston . 

Two new journals. 

Obituary. R.I. Lorimer . 


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IOLAUS NEWPORTI-— A NEW LYCAENID 197 


IOLAUS NEWPORTI, A NEW SPECIES OF LYCAENIDAE FROM 
NIGERIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) 


TORBEN B. LARSEN 
358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 SPL. 


THE AIM of this paper is to describe a most interesting and unexpected new 
species of Jolaus collected by K. Stiff in the Guinea savannah zone of 
Nigeria and brought to my attention by Mike Newport, after whom it is 
named in appreciation of his assistance in my work on West African 
butterflies. 

The genus Jolaus is a large and complex one with more than 100 
described species, all of which feed on mistletoes (Loranthaceae). Most are 
rainforest butterflies, many with wide ranges covering much of Africa, while 
some are montane with very limited distributions. However, some are 
adapted to more arid conditions and are limited to the various savannah 
zones, sometimes extending almost into true desert conditions. 

Many of the species are very local and therefore rarely found by collectors 
on flying visits. However, once a colony is found, small numbers may be 
collected at intervals in the same spot. 

The genus was comprehensively revised by Stempffer & Bennett 
(1958/1959). Their meticulous study provided a foundation for further work 
on the genus and not surprisingly many additional species were subsequently 
published, since much unpublished material was present in collections. 
Additionally, several new species are known only, or mostly, from bred 
material. 

Stempffer & Bennett (1958/1959) subdivided the genus into what 
Stempffer (1967) calls “pragmatic” subgenera, while maintaining /olaus as a 
“kind of super-genus”. There has been a tendency to elevate these subgenera 
to generic level (eg D'Abrera (1980)), but this is doing violence to 
Stempffer's carefully considered opinion. 


Tolaus (Iolaphilus) newporti sp. nov. 

The new species pertains to the subgenus /olaphilus in all essential 
characters. It is most closely related to the Ugandan Jolaus (lolaphilus) 
vansomereni Stempffer & Bennett, 1958 in both colour pattern and genitalia 
but differs far too strongly to be considered a subspecies of that distinctive 
butterfly. Both sexes of J. vansomereni are well-illustrated in D'Abrera 
(1980) and the description of the new species will be made in relation to that 
species. 

Male upperside: The length of the forewing is 20mm. The ground-colour is a 
light sky-blue of less intensity than is usual in the genus. The costa is 
blackish-brown along the basal half of the cell, then widening gradually to 
form a moderate apical patch, which tapers towards the tornus where it is 
about Imm broad. There is a small tooth at the end of the cell, slightly 
darker than the rest of the costa, which is usually sufficient to distinguish 


198 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


it from all other similar /olaus. The dark markings of /. vansomereni are 
slightly more extensive and the end-cell tooth is missing. The hindwing is 
blue of the same tone as the forewing. The costa is whiteish and space 6 
greyish. The black margin is narrow, widening to about Imm at the apex. 
There are small black tornal spots in spaces 1b and 2, crowned by traces 
of submarginal line and the surrounding blue area slightly suffused with 
white. There is no trace of red. The androconial patch is silvery-grey with 
a darker grey centre. In /. vansomereni the hindwing has clear red spots, 
the dark margin is much wider, and the costa and space 6 blackish. 

Male underside: The forewing is unmarked white. The androconial brushes 
are beige. The hindwing is white with a poorly developed line of 
submarginal/postdiscal spots that stops in space 3. There are modest red 
tornal spots in spaces Ib and 2. The underside is very similar to that of /. 
vansomereni. 

Female upperside: The ground-colour is predominantly white. The forewing 
has the same markings as the male, but the dark margin at the tornus is 
broader (2mm). The characteristic tooth in the cell is present. There is blue 
basal shading to the extent of about half the cell and slightly less in spaces 
la and |b. The hindwing has only the faintest traces of blue shading. The 
submarginal/postdiscal line of spots is better developed than in the male 
and continues to space 5. The anal lobe is crowned with red. There is a 
black tornal spot in space 1b and an orange spot in space 2. The margin is 
broader than in the male, widening gradually to 2mm at the apex. 

Female underside: The underside is like the male except for a slightly more 
prominent submarginal/postdiscal line of spots that continues to space 5 or 
6. It is very similar to the female of /. ismenias Klug. 1834 which usually 
lacks the characteristic tooth in the forewing cell and has considerably less 
basal blue shading on the upperside. The female of /. vansomereni has 
very extensive orange tornal markings and a much wider dark margin on 
the hindwing upperside. The female of /. menas Druce, 1890 is also white, 
but never has the tooth at the end of the forewing cell and the postdiscal 
black line on the hindwing is more regular, especially on the underside. 

Male genitalia: The male genitalia are closest to those of J. vansomerent. 
The subunci are slightly longer. The valve is considerably more squat and 
the distal projection shorter and more toothed. Its inner edge is evenly 
rounded and the whole valve broader. There is a distinct lobe on the outer 
edge where the distal projection begins. The penis differs little in shape, 
but both of the massive cornuti are of equal size; the distal one is much 
shorter in /. vansomereni. 

Male holotype: Zuru, Sokoto State, Nigeria, 2.v.1980 (K. Stiff leg. in coll. 
M. Stewart). Genitalia preparation Larsen AYN. The holotype will be 
placed in The Natural History Museum, London and the genitalia 
renumbered (No. 29357). 


199 


IOLAUS NEWPORTI — A NEW LYCAENID 


‘sopts.iopun ‘suoutoads awe 


S$ ay) :woOyog 


‘adAyeaed ayewia,y ys doy ‘adAjopoy ayeyy soy doy, 
“aou “ds 1./0dmau (snjiydpjoy) snvjoy “| “314 


“sopisiopu 


{ 


) 


‘MOI WOO ‘sapisioddr 


1 


:MO1 doy, 


200 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


Fig. 2. The male genitalia of Jolaus (lolaphilus) newportii sp. nov. 


Paratypes: Three males and one female from same locality between 24.1v 
and 2.v.1980 in colls. M. Newport and J. Stewart. 


I have not visited the type area, which is near Lake Kainji, but from the 
latitude it should be in the transition zone between Guinea (long grass) and 
Sudan savannah. This habitat remains somewhat unexplored for butterflies. 
lolaus (Epamera) alienus bicaudatus Aurivillius, 1905 has been caught in 
the same area by K. Stiff indicating a very dry habitat. 


There are no specimens of /. newporti in The Natural History Museum, 
London and Steve Collins (pers. comm.) assures me that he could not have 
missed the species if specimens were present in the National Museum of 
Kenya, Nairobi, Musée Royal d'Afrique Central, Tervuren, or in the Musée 
National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. None is present in the Allyn Museum, 
Florida which houses a vast collection of Ghana butterflies. 


Acknowledgements 


This is paper number seven in a series resulting from advance studies for the 
book project Butterflies of West Africa — origins, natural history, diversity 
and conservation (1993-1998). 1 am indebted to the Carlsberg Foundation of 
Denmark for their support to the West African field activities and to The 
Natural History Museum, London for assistance and access to their 
collections. 


References 
D'Abrera, B., 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne. 
Stempffer, H., 1967. The genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bulletin of 
the British Museum, Natural History, (Entomology), supplement 10: 1-322. 
Stempffer, H. & Bennett, N.H., 1958/1959. Révision des genres appartenant au groupe de Iolaus 


(Lep.: Lycaenidae). Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental pour L’Afrique Noire, sér. A, 20: 1243-1347, 
and 21: 227-325. 


PALE YELLOW ATETHMIA CENTRAGO 201 


THE PALE YELLOW FORMS OF ATETHMIA CENTRAGO HAW. 
(LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) AND TWO OF RECORDS FROM N.W. KENT 


BRIAN K. WEST 


36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


ON 5th SEPTEMBER 1994 I noticed a very pale, seemingly unicolorous 

specimen of A. centrago near where the garden m.v. light trap had stood the 

previous night. It somewhat resembled a worn Xanthia icteritia Hufn. ab. 

flavescens Esp. for which it could be readily overlooked; it was however a 

fair specimen of the rare ab. /utea Brombacher, described as late as 1931, 

perhaps reflecting its rarity on the Continent. On 3rd September 1982 my 

garden m.v. light trap contained a somewhat similar specimen which was 
determined as ab. flava Rebel, also exceedingly rare. 

It would appear that these forms were not known to Tutt; they are not 

mentioned in his British Noctuae and their Varieties, (1892). Four pale 

forms have been described, one being the type form of the species named by 

Hiibner in 1809 as xerampelina. These forms are: 

(a) xerampelina Hiibn. (1809). Forewings pale yellow, the central area 
between the two red cross lines and below the reniform shaded with 
grey, fringe reddish. 

(b) pallida Staud. (1891). Paler than the typical insect — unicolorous reddish- 
yellow, or reddish-grey, or rarely greyish-yellow. It has the usual two 
dark transverse lines which are light bordered; the dark reniform is 
usually present. 

(c) flava Rebel (1933). Citron yellow without any reddish coloration, the 
two transverse lines indistinct and white edged on the convex side, the 
reniform also indistinct. 

(d) /utea Brombacher (1931). The central band is obsolete, the insect being 
citron yellow and markingless as far as the narrow dark marginal field. 

The centrago of Haworth (1809) is regarded as an aberration, and also the 
prevailing form in Britain — the intermediate form between the pale 
xerampelina and the dark, almost unicolorous ab. unicolor Staud., by Tutt. 

The rarity of all these forms in Britain is confirmed by the paucity of 
specimens in the National Collection and that of A.J. Wightman who bred 
very large numbers of the species. Ab. flava is represented by three 
specimens — an ancient, somewhat disintegrated specimen labelled “Knaggs 

Collection” with no other data; one from Threllfield, Cumb. 23.1x.1963, Rev. 

Vine Hall, and the third from Pulborough, Sussex, 4.1x.1956, A.J. Wightman 

which is in the Wightman Collection of A. centrago incorporated into the 

National Collection. The cabinet label suggests that it is a weather-worn 

centrago of no particular interest! However, under the hand lens it is seen to 

be a quite good specimen; it has not been recognised as ab. flava. 


202 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


Chalmers-Hunt (1961) mentions a specimen of ab. /utea from Darenth in 
the National Collection; its label provides no other data. It resides in a series 
of some half a dozen individuals, pale yellow, but additionally possessing 
the central fascia as a very pale replica of that found normally. They all, 
including the Darenth one, show a degree of darkening towards the termen, 
which is the distinguishing feature from ab. flava. I presume that this series 
has been assembled on the assumption that the specimens represent a 
homozygote and heterozygotes of the same form. Perhaps the latter could 
equally well be labelled ab. xerampelina. 

The second illustration of the species in South's 1939 edition of his well- 
known work is labelled ab. unicolor, which it in no way resembles; it would 
appear to be ab. pallida. However, ab. unicolor is portrayed in the 
completely revised 1961 edition. 

Ab. flava appears to be a slightly more extreme form than ab. /utea, and I 
notice that my specimen of the former at certain angles reflects an extremely 
pale pinkish central area, and flava also retains the reddish forewing fringe 
characteristic of the species. Nevertheless, the two forms are separable, and 
to have them named is, I think, far better than regarding them as merely 
extreme xerampelina. For Kent my specimen of flava appears to be the first, 
and the /utea the second. 


Acknowledgements 
lam most grateful to Mr D.J. Carter of the British Museum (Natural History) 
for giving me access to the National Collection and important unpublished 
literature. 

References 
Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1961. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. 2. 
South, R., 1939. The Moths of the British Isles. 
, 1961. Revised edition. The Moths of the British Isles. 

Tutt, J.W., 1892. The British Noctuae and their Varieties. 


Poplar Kitten Furcula bifida Brahm (Lep.: Notodontidae) in 
Cardiganshire, Wales 


A very local moth in Wales, the first record of it in Cardiganshire is of a 
specimen that I took at light at Trawscoed, near Aberystwyth in July 1954. 
After a lapse of forty years a specimen also came to the light trap at Cnwch 
Coch on 29th June 1994, There are I believe, no other records of this species 
in the county. According to Skinner (Colour Identification Guide to Moths of 
the British Isles 1984), Viking, this moth is widely distributed in parts of 
Wales, its scarcity in this county is possibly due to the lack of the larval 
foodplant Poplar. It is therefore significant that a small Forestry Commission 
plantation of some three hundred trees bordering the Nant Fruo at Trawscoed 
is about two kilometres away from where the first specimen was taken and 
one and a half kilometres from this latest recorded site.— Philip M. Miles, 
Werndég, Cnwch Coch, Nr. Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales SY23 4LQ. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 203 


BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE, APRIL 1994 
P.B. HARDY 
10 Dudley Road, Sale, Cheshire 


THE FOLLOWING ACCOUNT is the result of two weeks' observation in 
the west central area of Crete, based on Spili, a village on the main road 
leading southwards from Rethymno, and making day excursions to sites of 
entomological and botanical interest. 

Weather conditions on arrival were unsettled, with high winds, heavy rain 
and low temperatures at night; drier but cloudy weather succeeded, and after 
the second day there was a steady improvement and for most of the 
remainder of the fortnight, the days were increasingly hot and sunny. 

The island's natural vegetation has been greatly modified as a result of 
man's activities. Virtually no forest cover remains, and the rocky limestone 
hills and mountains are subject to severe grazing pressure by goats, resulting 
in degradation of the maquis or “garrigue” and dominance of a few hardy 
plants resistant to this pressure, especially the Greek Spiny Spurge 
Euphorbia acanthothamnus and the Jerusalem Sage Phlomis lanata, On 
lower ground olive groves have largely taken the place of the original 
woodland, and the impoverished ground flora is frequently dominated by an 
invasive South African plant, Oxalis pres-caprae. Nevertheless, the island 
still does contain a very great deal of botanical interest, and the visit had 
been timed so that the spring flowers, especially the orchids, would be at 
their peak. 

Although the impression gained was that the optimum time for butterfly 
numbers would have been a month or so later, and certain species mentioned 
by other visitors to the island as having been abundant in May — eg 
Coenonympha thyrsis, Hipparchia cretica, Maniola jurtina and Thymelicus 
acteon, were not yet on the wing, the spring broods of most of the 
mulitvoltine species were well developed. Population densities however 
tended to be much lower than might have been expected and in very few 
places were butterflies really abundant even in areas of apparently prime 
habitat. This apparent scarcity and less than maximum utilisation of 
available habitat has also been remarked on by Dennis (pers. comm.) who 
has visited the island twice, in the months of March and April, 1989 and 
1990, 

Sites with more than average density of butterfly species and/or 
individuals included the headland near Plakias (see species account for 
Zerynthia cretica), and the following three locations which I have selected 
for a more detailed account: (1) a lane leading down to a small river near 
Frati, (2) the abandoned village at Mili, and (3) Rethymno Fort. 

(1) At Frati on 10.iv.94, a transect approximately 800 metres long was 
walked, downhill through olive groves to the river. The more sedentary 
species were almost wholly concentrated in a small, sunlit glade at the 
top of the slope beside the track, 700 metres along, and beside the river 
immediately below this point. Here A. agestis, C. argiolus, P. icarus, L. 


204 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


phlaeas and C. alceae were present as well as the more vagile P. 
brassicae, P. rapae, C. croceus and a single P. machaon. During the 
remainder of the walk, P. aegeria, P. brassicae and C. croceus were 
generally distributed, though not in high numbers (total sightings of 
these three species 14, 17 and 10, during approximately two hours of 
observation), and there were odd sightings of Z. cretica (2), C. argiolus 
(2), L. phlaeas, E. ausonia, I. podalirius, V. cardui and L. boeticus. 

(2) At Mili, a narrow path led from the main road down the eastern side of a 
narrow valley to cross a bridge over a stream; from here another path led 
southwards along the western side of the valley through the abandoned 
village. The total distance walked was approximately 800 metres of 
which the path from the road down to the bridge comprised just over 200 
metres and the valley-side path through the abandoned village the 
remainder. Also, from the bridge in the other direction, a level path led 
northwards by the stream through shady olive groves to an old church, a 
distance of 230 metres. The distribution of butterflies seen during a total 
of four hours (10am to 2pm) at Mili on 12.iv.94 was as follows: 


(i) Path from road to bridge excluding area adjacent to bridge (slope with 
west-facing aspect): Z. cretica (2), P. brassicae (6), P. rapae (1), G. 
cleopatra (4), P. aegeria (1), P. icarus (3). 

(ii) Area adjacent to bridge (small, sheltered glade with full insolation at 
midday, south-westerly aspect): Z. cretica (2), P. brassicae (4), P. rapae 
(3), C. croceus f. helice (1, ovipositing), G. cleopatra (2), L. sinapis (1), 
P. egea (2), P. aegeria (2), C. argiolus (5), A. agestis (2), P. icarus (3). 
This glade was a meeting-point for flyways up the stream and across the 
hillside for the vagile Pierids and Z. cretica as well as providing 
hostplant-habitat for the sedentary Lycaenids. 


(iii) Path through abandoned village, and former gardens (east-facing 
slope, becoming shady after midday): P. brassicae (11), P. rapae (4), G. 
cleopatra (5), V. atalanta (3), P. aegeria (15), C. argiolus (18), L. 
phlaeas (2). 


(iv) Path upstream through olive groves to church: Z. cretica (2), P. 
brassicae (3), P. rapae (1), G. cleopatra (2), C. argiolus (5), P. aegeria 
(21), L. megera (1). 


(3) Rethymno Fort is an area of unsprayed grassland which at the time of the 
visit was almost wholly carpeted by wild flowers, especially Chrysan- 
themum coronarium and various members of the Boraginaceae, on top of . 
a high promontory north of the town of Rethymno on the island's north 
coast. The terrain is undulating with several limestone hillocks. Most of 
the area is completely open, though enough shade for a small colony of 
P. aegeria is provided at the west side by a few trees (and the wall of the 
fort), and there is also a clump of trees in the south-eastern corner. A 


BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 205 


small colony of P. icarus was close to the latter on an east-facing slope. 
Otherwise, there was little if any hostplant-habitat for any of the 
butterflies observed and it appeared that they had flown in to “hill-top”. 
Where had they come from? To the north and west of the fort are steep 
cliffs leading down to the sea. To the south and east, the fort is 
completely isolated from any potential hostplant-habitat in all directions 
for at least a mile by the town of Rethymno. 

The following were recorded during two and half hours of observation 
(11.30am to 2pm) on 14.iv.94: P. machaon (5, including a mating — see 
species account), /. podalirius (1), P. brassicae (2), E. ausonia (6), P. 
egea (1), V. atalanta (6), V. cardui (3), P. aegeria (2), L. megera (7), P. 
icarus (4). 

The total of 22 species recorded during the fortnight compares with the 
observations of Rutherford (1980 and pers. comm.) who recorded 22 species 
on his first visit in May 1979 and a total of 31 species in five visits. He adds 
in a draft note dated April 1994 that a further seven species have recently 
been reported by at least two other observers. Olivier (1993, pp.200-201) in 
his authoritative list of butterflies for Crete lists 40 species. Higgins & Riley 
(1970) show 36 species as occurring in Crete on their maps. Although 
Coghlan (1993) suggests 60 species plus a possible further three, | suspect 
that her list is more from guess-work than from factual observation. She does 
not include E. ausonia or C. alceae. 

Spelling of Cretan place-names varies greatly between maps and indeed 
not all road-signs on the island spell names the same way (eg Rethymno, 
Rethimno or Rethimnon). | have used what appeared to be the spelling most 
regularly given on the road-signs. 


Species accounts 
In the following account the name, approximate number of sightings, 
localities where species was recorded (see Table 1) are given. 


Papilio machaon L. ( Swallowtail) (10) F, PL, PR, PS, RF 

This species was wide-ranging and single individuals were seen in a wide 
range of habitats, the majority clearly on passage flights, including one 
flying rapidly up the hillside at Prases following the line of the track up the 
hill. In the late afternoon of 11.1v.94 one was observed pausing briefly to 
nectar on some flowers growing at the edge of a road bridge carrying an 
overhead bypass over a small suburban road at Platanas, near the town of 
Rethymno and described by Green (1994) as “in the middle of some of the 
most touristy development in Crete”. The only site where more than one P. 
machaon were seen was Rethymno fort, where at least five were watched 
“hill-topping” on the flower-covered mound within the fort, and a mating 
was witnessed. There was no hostplant-habitat for this species within the 
fort, and as the fort is completely isolated from any other potential habitat by 
the town of Rethymno the butterflies must clearly have travelled a 
considerable distance, before and after mating. 


206 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi. 1994 


Iphiclides podalirius L. (Scarce Swallowtail) (6) A, F, PR, RF, TH, VM 
Occasional individuals were seen in widely differing habitats, including one 
“hill-topping” at Rethymno Fort; the butterfly had selected a group of trees 
at the south-east side of the fort for its territory. 


Zerynthia cretica Rebel (Cretan Festoon) (56) AI, F, GK1, GK2, KK, KL, 
KR, MER, MI, PL, PR, SS1, VT 

Although this endemic was seen in a wide variety of habitats it was clear that 
most sightings were of individuals on passage or on long-range patrolling 
flights. The exception was a rocky limestone headland near Plakias which 
was clearly a “headquarters” of the species. Here the butterflies adopted a 
quite different behaviour and were clearly remaining in established 
territories within a small area. The total length of the available habitat was 
approximately 450 metres. Dennis (in prep.) describes egg-laying of this 
species at this site. When Dennis made his second visit, in 1990, attempts 
were being made to terrace and cultivate the headland; however, these now 
seem to have been abandoned and the habitat is not badly degraded. On my 
first visit on 8.iv.94, only four Z. cretica were seen, the weather being 
largely overcast that day; on a second visit on 13.iv.94 in full sunshine, 21 
were observed. 


Pieris brassicae (Large White) (184) AI, AL, F, GK1, GK2, KK, MES, MI, 
S, RF, TH, VM 

Interestingly, although during this visit this was one of the two most 
abundant species, R.L.H. Dennis and C.I. Rutherford (pers. comm.) both 
remark on its scarcity. Rutherford remarks that in five visits to the island he 
has only seen two or three examples. The butterfly clearly has its main brood 
very early in the season and it is to be conjectured what happens to it during 
the summer. In the crop-growing land beside the lane at Spili, close to where 
I was staying, fresh individuals were emerging daily and were frequently 
observed nectaring on patches of flowering Brassica plants, on thistles, and 
in the fields and olive groves. The butterflies appeared to roost among the 
olive and orange trees, though two were observed one night roosting on 
ornamental white lily-type flowers in an adjacent garden. Towards the end of 
the fortnight, the farmers grubbed most of the Brassica plants out and the 
butterfly would clearly be unable to continue breeding there. 


Pieris rapae L. (Small White) (118) A, AI, AL, AT, F, G, GK1, GK2, KA, 
KL, MER, MES, MI, PL, PM, PR, S, SS1, SS2, TH, VM 

Widely distributed in the lowlands, frequently with P. brassicae though 
normally less numerous. 


Euchloe ausonia Hiibner (Dappled White) (33) DV, F, GK1, GK2, KA, KR, 
MER, PL, PR, RE, SS1, TH, VM; VT 

This species occurred in small numbers and the butterflies were always 
extremely active. Hill-topping activity was observed at Meronas and 
Rethymno Fort. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 207 


(It is possible that some butterflies recorded as this species could have been 
misidentifications of Pontia daplidice (or P. edusa); no definite sighting of a 
Pontia species was made.) 


Colias croceus Geoffroy (Clouded Yellow) (73) A, AI, AL, AT, F, FO, FT, 
GkisGK2,; KA, KOT,MES, MI PL,.PR,.S,SS1; S82, TH; VT 

This migrant was seen regularly in most types of habitat. Several females 
were of the helice form, and one of these was watched ovipositing on a very 
small patch of clover amidst dominant Oxalis in a small glade beside the 
path where it crossed the stream at the bottom of the valley at the abandoned 
village at Mili. 


Gonepteryx cleopatra L. (Cleopatra) (36) A, Al, DV, GK2, KA, KOT, MER, 
MI, PL, TH 

Regularly seen in most habitats where there was some semi-natural 
vegetation, including rocky hillsides where there were some trees and 
bushes. 


Leptidea sinapis L. (Wood White) (32) FT, GK2, MI, S, VM 

This butterfly appeared to form small, discrete colonies. There was a small 
population at Spili, along a lane leading gently downhill through olive and 
orange groves and various terraced crops, with several observations during 
the second week. The butterflies tended to patrol short distances along 
shelter-belts created by the terrace edges. A further isolated colony was at 
the site “GK2” on the Gious-Kambos plateau to the south-east of Spili, 
where two very large plane trees and a small area of scrub provided some 
shelter at the base of a rocky limestone hill. A female was watched 
ovipositing here, in complete shade, on an unidentified legume. A third site 
was the lake near Vamos where a discrete colony occupied a very restricted 
area of lush waterside vegetation at the lake edge in the shelter of a road 
embankment. 


Nymphalis polychloros (Large Tortoiseshell) (1) Al 

A single very worn example was seen at Agia Ioannis on 17.iv.94 when it 
settled briefly on a woodland track. Other members of the tour group had 
previously reported an unconfirmed sighting in an area of scrub near 
Meronas. 


Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral) (22) AL, FT, G, GK2, KA, MI, PR, RF, S 
This migrant was seen in a variety of habitats, particularly the more fertile, 
cultivated areas, including orange orchards beside the lane near Arkadi and 
the abandoned gardens at Mili. Several butterflies were apparently hill- 
topping at Rethymno Fort 14.iv.94 as were smaller numbers of V. cardui. 


Vanessa cardui L. (Painted Lady) (21) F, FO, GK1, GK2, KA, KOT, KR, 
PE..PS, RE «Ss; TE 

Another migrant species seen in a variety of habitats, usually singly, and 
favouring more xeric biotopes and higher altitudes than V. atalanta. Only at 
Rethymno Fort did the two species occur together. Hill-topping was 


208 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


observed at Rethymno Fort and a small limestone hill amidst agricultural 
land near Fourfouras. 


Polygonia egea Cramer (Southern Comma) (8) GK2, KK, MI, MP, RF, SS 
The few individuals seen were recently out of hibernation; two butterflies in 
the village in Spili, in front of shops, appeared to have overwintered in 
adjacent outbuildings or under overhangs. This species is thermophilic and 
regularly basks on very warm surfaces. At a small gorge near Gerakari in the 
late afternoon of 18.iv.94 two individuals were sharing a dry rocky stream- 
bed with Zerynthia cretica. Water had carved a deep, circular bowl out of the 
rock, and the P. egea were thermoregulating on the sides of this bowl which 
at that time received the last’ rays of sunshine. 


Hipparchia cretica Rebel (Cretan Grayling) (1) SS 

The visit was too early in the season to see this species on the wing; 
however, there was a dead specimen from the previous year, trapped inside a 
window in a restaurant in Spili — clear evidence that the butterfly occurs 
nearby. 


Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) (191) AI, AL, AT, F, G, GK2, KL, 
MES; MI) PL, PR, PS; RF) S, SA, SS1, TH, VM 

This appears to be the most successful species currently resident on the 
island and has been able to adapt very well to changes in habitat resulting 
from man's activities. Olive groves provide its requirements for “woodland” 
partly in sun and partly in shade, and the butterfly could be found in virtually 
all such habitats, indeed anywhere where there were a few trees to provide 
some shade and a shelter-belt. The lane through olive groves at Spili 
provided a good habitat and after P. brassicae this was the most regularly 
seen species there. Even in very marginal habitats, such as the mainly very 
open fort at Rethymno, and the steep, open, desiccated hillside near Prases, 
one or two P. aegeria had managed to obtain a footing where a few trees or 
bushes offered some shelter. 


Lasiommata megera L. (Wall) (77) AI, DV, FO, G, GK1, GK2, KA, KR, 
MER, MI, PL, PR, PS, RF, RT; SS1, SS2, TH, VM 

This thermophilic species was widely distributed, and to be seen on most 
sun-baked hillsides, where it was frequently the only butterfly present, and 
on hilltops, as well as occasional sightings at lower levels in marginal 
habitats. In coloration this species is very similar to the local form of P. 
aegeria; the habitat requirements of the two species are however so different 
that although both were very widely distributed it was only in rare instances, 
such as the hillside at Prases, that their habitats overlapped enough for the 
two species to be seen close together. 

Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper) (16) A, F, MES, MI, PL, PR, S, TH, VT 
Very small colonies were found in small patches of suitable habitat — scraps 
of semi-natural vegetation within lowland agricultural land and valleys. A 
female was watched ovipositing at Mili 12.iv.94 on a small Rumex at the 


BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 209 


edge of an abandoned garden in the valley bottom, the site having been 
chosen because it was sheltered — by the wall of the old building — but not 
overgrown. Two other Lycaenids, A. agestis and P. icarus, had similar 
habitat requirements to.L. phiaeas and in several places the three were seen 
together. 


Lampides boeticus L. (Long-tailed Blue) (7) F, FO, GK1, PL, PR, TH, VM 
This migrant was recorded as singletons in widely different sites. 


Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue) (66) AL, F, FT, GK1, HR, MER, MI, 
PR,.S, TH, VM 

Although likely to be seen anywhere with suitable hedges or scrub, by far 
the best site found for this species was the abandoned village at Mili, where 
a total of 29 were sighted on 12.1v.94. The abandoned gardens in the valley 
here formed ideal habitat. Interestingly, where the path into this village 
crossed a bridge over a stream at the bottom of the valley, where a small 
glade at the bottom of the slope received the full sun around mid-day, the 
different habitats of C. argiolus, A. agestis and P. icarus overlapped and the 
three species could be seen in adjacent territories, C. argiolus (three 
individuals) utilising the ivy growing at low level adjacent to the bridge 
parapet, and the other two nearby on the open grass. Another strong colony 
was near Frati, the lane leading down to the river, where in a similar sunny 
glade the three species again were seen together, in this case also with L. 
phlaeas. 


Aricia agestis Schiff. (Brown Argus) (14) F, GK1, KA, MI, S, SS1, TH, VT 
Very small, isolated colonies could be found in small patches of habitat 
amidst agricultural areas and valleys. The hostplant was a species of 
Geranium, a few individuals were however seen in places where this plant 
did not appear to occur. In several sites, notably Mili, the lane at Spili and 
the lane leading down to the river near Frati, this species shared the habitat 
with L. phlaeas and P. icarus. 


Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue) (81) AT, F, FO, FT, GK1, GK2, 
KAS MISPESPRIRE, So sSicoPh Vp 

This was the most common Lycaenid; its habitats were similar to those of A. 
agestis and L. phlaeas but appeared to be less restricted; the three species 
were often found together but at some sites, notably Agia Triada, and the 
small limestone hill near Fourfouras, P. icarus was seen in numbers but the 
other two were absent. At the latter site on 16.iv.94, an extraordinary sex- 
imbalance was noted; of ten butterflies seen on the hillside, all but one were 
females; however, three males were observed below the hill, some distance 
away, in a corner of a grass field. 

Carcharodus alceae Esper. (Mallow skipper) (7) AT, F, MES, SS1, VM 
Occasional sightings in sheltered sites in valleys, never more than one or two 
individuals in any location. This butterfly was very territorial and would 
keep returning to the same flower-head or similar perch. 


210 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 


Table 1. Localities 


Al 


FO 


FR 


GK2 


HR 


KA 


KK 
KR 
KOT 


KL 
MER 


MES 


MI 


MP 


PL 


PE 
PS 


Agia Ioannis 


Agia Triada 
Arkadi 
Arkadi, lane nr. 


Pass above 
Drimiscos/Vatos 


Fourfouras 


Nr. Fourfouras 
Frati 


Nr. Gerakar1 


Gious-Kambos 
Plateau 
Gious-Kambos 
Plateau 


Hromonastiri 
Kanebos 


Kisu Kambos 
Kortaliotis 
Kotsifu 


Kournas Lake 
Meronas 


Mesonesia 
Mili 

Mt. Psyloritis 
(Foothills) 
Plakias 


Platanas 
Prases 


33°12'N 
35°02'N 
35°16'N 
35°16'N 
35°08'N 


35) 


35°09'N 


35°20'N 
35° 17'N 


24°24'E 
24°47'E 
24°38'E 
24°38'E 
24°32'E 
24°42'E 


24°43'E 
24°29'E 


24°36'E 
24°33 /E 
24°34'E 
24°30'E 
24°24'E 
24°33'E 
24°28'E 
24°24'E 


24°16'E 
24°38'E 


24°27E 
24°31'E 


20.xi.1994 


Track through woodlands; 
terraced hillside. 

Olives, hillside, valley track. 
Area around monastery. 
Orchards; olives; degraded 
maquis. 

Steep rocky hillside. 


Flowery hillside, short turf. 
Fields below. 

Track up hill, farmland. 
Track through olive groves 
down to river. 

Hillsides; maquis; fields on 
plateau. 

Roadside; lane; open hillside; 
fields. 

Limestone hill above terraces, 
some large trees below 
escarpment. 

Hillside, fields. 

Rocky slopes; streamside; 
fields. 

Small gorge. 

Deep rocky gorge. 
Degraded sloping meadow 
above gorge. 

Lakeside track; olive groves. 
Roadside; scrub; small 
limestone hill. 

Roadside; river; terraces; 
olives. 

Path through abandoned 
village on valley side; olive 
groves. 

Rough hillside, sparse 
vegetation. 

Rocky limestone headland; 
sandy seashore. 

Wasteland by river, near sea. 
Wide, open, barren hillside 
above gorge. 


BUTTERFLIES IN CRETE 211 


PM _Preveli 35°07'N 24°27'E Monastery, lush flowery 
hillside. 
PR Nr. Preveli 35°08'N 24°28'E Riverside track; olive groves; 


open hillside. 

RF — Rethymno Fort 35°20'N 24°28'E Unsprayed hilltop inside fort, 
many wild flowers. 

RT Rethymno Town 35°20'N 24°28'E Town. 


SA — San Antonio 35°13'N 24°34'E Small wooded gorge. 
(Patsos) 
S Spili 35°L1'N 24°32'E Short lane leading from main 


road to river; olive groves; 
oranges; walnuts; crops. 


SS Spili (Shops) 35°11'N  24°32'E Shop fronts in village. 

SS!i  (S.E. of Spili) 35°10'N 24°32'E Fields; roadside; very polluted 
stream. 

SS2 (S.E. of Spili) 35°10'N  24°32'E Small rocky knoll. 

TH  Thronos 35°14'N 24°39'E Slopes; lane past farms; olive 
groves; semi-natural patches. 

VM _ Vamos 35°22'N 24°11'E Roadside; lakeside vegetation. 

VT -Vatos 35°09N_ 24°33'E Meadow; arable; semi-natural; 
olives. 

Acknowledgements 


I would like to express thanks to Ian A. Green of “Greentours”, who 
organised and led the trip and made special arrangements for me to attend at 
the last minute and went out of his way to take me to the best butterfly sites; 
also to Roger L.H. Dennis for advice on sites worth visiting, particularly the 
Z. cretica headquarters near Plakias, and encouragement to make the 
observations and to write this paper. 


References 
Coghlan, S., 1993. Birdwatching in Crete. Privately published. 
Cooper, M.W. & Rutherford, C.I., 1980. Crete, 1979. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 239-242. 
Dennis, R.L.H., (in prep). Oviposition in Zerynthia cretica, (Rebel, 1904) (Lepidoptera, 
Papilionidae); loading on leaves, shoots and plant patches. Nota Lepid. 
Green, I.A., 1994. Crete: an Orchid Cornucopia. Greentours, Norwich — tour report. 
Higgins, L.G, & Riley, N.D. 1970. A field guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins. 
Olivier, A., 1993. The Butterflies of the Greek Island of Rodos (Rhodes). Antwerpen: Vlaamse 
Vereiniging voor Entomologie. 


212 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


Pupation of the Lime Hawk, Mimas tiliae. L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) 


On 7th August 1994 I dug up a few pupae of the Lime Hawk moth from the 

peat in which I had placed larvae about eight days previously. All but one 

had pupated. This last one was now much contracted and, as I looked at it, it 

started to grow restless. The following timetable of events may be of 

interest: 

1. 1805. Larva restless and, during the next five minutes, threw three violent 

spasms; 

. By 1812 it was lying on its back. Ripples from the tail kept passing up the 

body to the head. Skin had loosened in the tail region; 

3. At 1818 a split at the back of the head occurred and the top of the pupa 
appeared; 

4.A regular pulsation then began at the place where the large top section 
became a deep ring; 

5. By 1824 the pupa was fully visible. The large head section was a bright 

green colour. This was followed by three rings of fawn colour and, finally, 

the pointed tail portion of a dirty white colour; 

At 1826 the pupa gave a final wriggle and the larval skin was completely 

discarded; 

7. By 2000 the pupa had become a very dark brown colour, with a rough, 
matt appearance. 

The total time from beginning of spasm to discard of the larval skin was 
21 minutes. This was the first time I have been able to observe closely the 
changes from larva to pupa in a hawk moth.— Bric. E.C.L. Simson, 4 
Plowden Park, Aston Rowant, Oxon OX9 5SX. 


NO 


6. 


~ 


Anthophora (Hym.) and Boraginaceae 


I was interested to read of J.A. Owen's (Ent. Rec. 106: 20) Anthophora 
plumipes being particularly fond of Pulmonaria. This bee is very frequent in 
my garden, where its odd sexual antics (well written up elsewhere I believe) 
from March to May have often intrigued me. In my garden, too, it is 
specially attracted to Pulmonaria. At first, I was uncertain whether it was the 
blue colour, the hanging bell shape or some chemical(s) that proved the 
attractant, but I am now convinced it is the last. Despite the abundance of a 
wide range of available flowers at that time the only species that I have seen 
visited are Pulmonaria ssp. (pink as well as blue flowers), Myosotis 
sylvatica, Brunnera macrophylla and Pentaglottis sempervirens (all blue but 
with flowers totally different in shape from Pulmonaria), and Symphytum 
orientale (flowers similar in shape to those of Pulmonaria but pure white). 
The plants mentioned constitute the whole range of spring-flowering 
Boraginaceae in my garden.— CLivE A. STACE, Cringlee, Claybrooke Road, 
Ullesthorpe, Lutterworth, Leicestershire LE17 5AB. 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 21 


Oo 


MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW OF 1992 


Davip J.L. AGASSIZ', ROBERT J. HECKFORD* AND JOHN R. LANGMAID’* 
'23 St. James's Road, Gravesend, Kent DAI 1 OHF. 
> 67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Devon PL7 4AW. 
‘1 Dorrita Close, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONY. 


WE WROTE OF 1991 that it was the first year for a long time that no 
species was added to the British list. The 1992 season was not an exciting 
one and it came as less of a surprise that the lack of new species announced 
seemed to continue, until the species first described as Mompha divisella 
Herr.-Schaff. on a new foodplant was found to be the closely related species 
M. bradleyi Reidl, which is new to Britain. It is good to learn of a new 
British species named after a living British entomologist. 

There were several species formerly seen only once or very rarely, for 
which further records were made: /nfurcitinea albicomella (Herr.-Schaff.) 
had not been seen for many years until 1990 when it was rediscovered in 
Devon and in 1992 one specimen was found in west Cornwall. Callisto 
coffeella (Zett.) was only recently added to our list and formerly known from 
one locality. It was found in a second Scottish locality and the life history in 
Britain has been described. Phyllocnistis xenia Hering was formerly known 
from just two localities in Kent, its discovery in Devon makes a remarkable 
extension of its known range and raise questions about the origin of the 
species; is it a long overlooked resident, is it transported with its hostplant or 
does it migrate? Elachista eskoi Kyrki & Karvonen and E. pomerana Frey 
are further recently added species for which additional records are of 
welcome interest. Pleurota aristella (Linn.) in Jersey was mentioned in the 
Review for 1989, but published information of this species’ habits is 
fascinating. A second record of Sclerocona acutellus (Eversm.) taken in 
1989 by P.J. Baker adds further mystery to the occurrence of this pyralid 
moth in the British Isles. Stenoptilia islandicus (Staud.) is part of the S. 
bipunctidactyla complex of species whose specific status is not entirely 
understood or agreed by specialist taxonomists (we are pleased to learn of 
electrophoretic studies on this group at Cardiff University which may help 
settle the issue). Its belated inclusion in the British list was on the strength of 
specimens taken by Canon G.A.K. Hervey in 1957, at first provisionally 
determined as S. pelidnodactyla (Stein). A successful search by 
entomologists in the Ben Lawers area has confirmed the resident status of 
the taxon in Scotland. 

Adventive species always present a problem; sometimes one wishes they 
were not included in the British list, and yet there is always the possibility of 
capture or establishment in the wild, which makes it important for 
entomologists to be aware of their existence in case a specimen is taken in 
the field. Cydia injectiva (Heinrich) was found indoors in Peterhead in 
December 1992 and this yielded information of previous specimens indoors 
in the Sheffield area early in 1982. All had come from pine cones imported 
from North America. 


214 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


Migration records are included in other articles in this Journal, but it is 
worthy of mention that two species Etiella zinckenella (Treits.) and 
Zophodia grossulariella (Hiibn.) had only once been previously recorded. 
There was a further immigration of Tebenna micalis Mann and captures of 
Sciota adelphella (F.v.R.) gave further evidence that most records of this 
species are probably attributable to migration across the English Channel. A 
second record of Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) is probably brought about by 
importation of juniper bushes by the Garden Centre industry rather than 
migration. 

A few species are conspicuous by their continued spread, usually after 
recent establishments in the British Isles. The most remarkable of these is 
Caloptilia rufipennella (Hiibn.) and a map is provided showing the extension 
of the known range of this species during 1991-92. Epiphyas postvittana 
Walk., at first confined to the south-western peninsula of England has now 
become established in the open in North Wales. This species has become a 
pest of house plants grown under glass and so may extend its range to other 
places where the winters are mild enough to permit its survival. Dioryctria 
schuetzeella Fuchs was formerly confined to the eastern counties of southern 
England, so its occurrence in Hampshire in 1992, together with a record 
from the Isle of Wight in 1985, may have originated from these populations 
or may be as a result of fresh immigration. 

Acleris umbrana (Hiibn.) is a species seldom recorded in living memory 
and knowledge of its breeding in south Devon is encouraging. Other records 
of particular note to which we draw the reader's attention are Stigmella 
prunetorum (Staint.) from Scotland, Coleophora vestianella (Linn.) from 
Bedfordshire, Brachmia lutatella (Herr.-Schaff.) still resident at Portland and 
Epiblema grandaevana (Lien. & Zell.) from Northamptonshire. 

Since our last Review there have been some publications of particular 
interest to microlepidopterists: the series of illustrated papers published by 
the British Entomological and Natural History Society continues with the 
British species of Monochroa, Chrysoesthia, Ptocheuusa and Sitotroga by 
P.A. Sokoloff and E.S. Bradford (British Journal of Entomology & Natural 
History 6: 37-44), the British Epermeniidae by H.C.J. Godfray & P.H. 
Sterling (ibid. 6: 141-144) and the British species of Caryocolum by P. 
Huemer (ibid. 6: 145-157). The Moths and Butterflies of Northumberland 
and Durham, part 2, Microlepidoptera by T.C. Dunn and J.D. Parrack 
contains records of microlepidoptera, as does Monmouthshire Lepidoptera: 
the Butterflies and Moths of Gwent by Dr G.A. Neil Horton. A supplement 
to the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire (VCs 91-93) was 
published in this Journal 106: 85-86. Further records of species taken are 
included in the report of the Annual Exhibition in the British Journal of 
Entomology and Natural History: 6: 58-64. This also contains a coloured 
illustration of Pempeliella ornatella ({D.&S.]). Changes of names may be 
less welcome to amateur entomologists, but the intention is that eventual 
stability will be reached; changes of specific names of Coleophora spp. are 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2S 


cited by A.M. Emmet in the Entomologist’s Gazette 44: 31-35 and 45: 26, 
although some of the former had already been published in Entomologist's 
Gazette 38: 42. 

The full systematic list includes records submitted by recorders and those 
which have been published in entomological journals. Many thanks to those 
whose records are included, as always these are identified by their initials: 
D.J.L. Agassiz, B.R. Baker, H.E. Beaumont, K.P. Bland, K.G.M. Bond, 
M.F.V. Corley, B. Dickerson, A.M. Emmet, A.P. Foster, B. Goodey, E.F. 
Hancock, R.J. Heckford, M.W. Harper, J.R. Langmaid, D.V. Manning, N.H. 
Michaelis, D.O'Keefe, S.M. Palmer, M.S. Parsons, A.N.B. Simpson, B.F. 
Skinner, F.H.N. Smith, R.A. Softly, D.H. Sterling, M.J. Sterling, P.H. 
Sterling and M.R. Young. Titles are abbreviated for economy of space: Ent. 
Gaz. for Entomologist’s Gazette, Ent. Rec. for the Entomologist’s Record and 
Journal of Variation, and BJENH for the British Journal of Entomology and 
Natural History. Numbers in the left-hand column are those from A checklist 
or label list of British Lepidoptera by J.D. Bradley and D.S. Fletcher, 1986. 

Again an attempt has been made to identify new vice-county records; 
which are underlined in bold type. The maps held by A.M. Emmet have 
been used for this purpose and we are grateful to Maitland Emmet for 
providing this information, and also for proof-reading. 

Copies of the full list of records submitted are available from David 
Agassiz. 


SYSTEMATIC LIST 


NEPTICULIDAE 
19 Bohemannia quadrimaculella (Bohem.) — Meathop, Cumbria (69) 
8.vii.92 —MJS 


36 =Ectoedemia quinquella (Bedell) — Cockayne Hatley Wood (30) 
10.x.92 — DVM: Worcestershire (37) - ANBS; Bowood Lake (7) mine 
on Quercus robur 17.xi.91, Dinton (8) mine on Quercus robur 7.xi.92 
— SMP 

48 Trifurcula cryptella (Staint.) — Talisker (104) one mine on Lotus 
corniculatus 10.vi.92, moth bred — MJS 

49 T. eurema (Tutt) — Imber Ranges (8) mines 23.vili.92 — M.H. & E.G. 


Smith per SMP 

56 = Stigmella dryadella (Hofm.) — Aonach Beag, Ben Alder (97) 2.vii.92 — 
MRY 

68 _ S. salicis (Staint.) — Aioter, N. Uist (100) 18.vii.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 
59 


88 — S. samiatella (Zell.) — Worcestershire (37) — ANBS; near Woolhope 
(36) vacated mines 3.xi.92 — MRY; Southsea (11) one at m.v. light 
25.v.92 — JRL, Winchester (11) vacated mines each autumn since 1988 
—R.J.B. Hoare — Ent. Gaz. 44: 123 


216 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


93 S. centifoliella (Zell.) — Portsmouth (11) many mines & cocoons on 
Rosa 16.viii.92 — JRL 

109 S. prunetorum (Staint.) — near Lanark (77) mines 5.ix.92 — RPK-J & 
KPB, BJENH 6: 59, New to Scotland 


OPOSTEGIDAE 

119 Opostega salaciella (Treits.) — Kincraig (96) 1.vii.92, Loch Eil area 
(97) 2.vii.92, Talisker (104) 6.vii.92 —- MRY 

121. O.crepusculella Zell. — Kincraig (96) 1.vii.92 -MRY 


INCURVARIIDAE 

138 Lampronia fuscatella (Tengst.) — Blackmore Copse (8) 21.v.92 at m.v. 
light - SMP 

143. Nematopogon metaxella (Hiibn.) — Ballybrado House (H7) 1.vii.92 — 
KGMB 

143a N. magna (Zell.) — Glen Columbkill (H9) v.91 - MWH & ANBS, Ent. 
Gaz. 44: 56 

145 Nemophora minimella ({D.&S.]) — Broadmoor Common (36) 28.vii.92 
—MRY 


146 N. cupriacella (Hiibn.) — Pegsdon Hills (30) 15.vii.92 -DVM 

147 N. metallica (Poda) — Daneway Banks (33) 1992 — MSP; Worces- 
tershire (37) — ANBS 

150 Adela reaumurella (Linn.) — West Wickham (16) 8.viii.92, possibly a 
second generation — JMC-H, Ent. Rec. 104: 331 


Caloptilia rufipennella 1992 


o 1970-90 
e 1991-92 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 2A 


HELIOZELIDAE 
154 Heliozela sericiella (Haw.) — Resipole (97) one vacated mine on 
Quercus 4.vi1.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY 


TINEIDAE 

200 Psychoides filicivora (Meyr.) — Freshwater (10) cases on Phyllitis 
18.v.92 — DHS, PHS & JRL 

203 Infurcitinea argentimaculella (Staint.) — Redlynch (8) larval tubes in 
Lepraria 30.v.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL 

204 I. albicomella (Herr.-Schaff.) — Kynance Cove (1) 6.vii.92 — R.J.B. 
Hoare, BJENH 6: 60 

205 Ischnoscia borreonella (Mill.) — Portland (9) three flying in evening 
8.vi1.92 — RJH & JRL 

218 Nemapogon variatella (Clemens) — Old Hills, Worcs. (37) 30.v.92 — 
ANBS 

219 N. ruricolella (Staint). - Cockayne Hatley Wood (30) 25.vi.92 -DVM 

224 Triaxomera parasitella (Hiibn.) — Great Barr (39) 17.vi.92 — R.G. 
Warren, BJENH 6: 64 

228 Monopis weaverella (Scott) — Trench Wood, Worcs. (37) 18.v.92 — 
ANBS 


238 Niditinea piercella (Bentinck) — Trentham (39) 9.vii.92 — R.G. 
Warren, BJENH 6: 64 

LYONETIDAE 

256 Leucoptera spartifoliella (Hiibn.) — Kinloch Laggan (97) several 


2.vii.92 — JRL 
257 L. orobi (Staint.) — Tulloch Moor (95) many tenanted mines on 
Lathyrus montanus 28.vi1.92 — MWH, JRL, ANBS 


BUCCULATRICIDAE 
273 =Bucculatrix thoracella (Thunb.) — Reading (22) 4.viii.92 adults on 
trunks of Tilia x vulgaris - BRB; Wimbledon (17) 25.v.92 — MSP 


GRACILLARIIDAE 

281 Caloptilia populetorum (Zell.) — Mitcham Common (17) larvae 
15.vi1.92 — R.K. Morris 

283 C. betulicola (Hering) — Tulloch Moor (95) a few larval spinnings on 
Betula 28.vi.92 — MWH, JRL & ANBS 

284 C. rufipennella (Hiibn.) — Tongue (108) abundant 30.vii.92; Grasmere 
(69) vacated cones 6.viii.92, seemingly isolated — M.R. Shaw; Gight 
(93) cones 11.vii.92, Bolam Lakes (67) cones 16.vii.92, Helensburgh 
(99) cones 7.vii.92, Ayr Valley Woods (75) 13.viil.92, Fetteresso (91) 
14.vili.92 — MRY; Mitcham Common (17) cones vii.92 — D.C. Lees; 
Guernsey (113) 16.viii.92 cones, moth bred —RJH; Ascot (22) vi.92 
—DJLA; Exeter (3) bred 10.vi.92, Winchester (11) three bred from 


218 


3324 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


Acer saccharinum — R.J.B. Hoare, BJENH 6:61; Torquay (3) cones 
11.1x.92, moths bred — RJH 

C. leucapennella (Steph.) — Guernsey (113) 16.viii.92, cones on 
Castanea sativa, moths bred — RJH, Ent. Rec. 105: 93 

Parornix fagivora (Frey) — Salisbury Plain (8) vacated mine on Fagus 
11.x.92 —-SMP 

P. carpinella (Frey) — Mitcham Common (17) mines 29.viii.91 — D.C. 
Lees 

P. finitimella (Zell.) — Freshwater (10) one, 18.v.92 — JRL, DHS & 
PHS 

Callisto coffeella (Zett.) — Corrie Fee, Glen Doll (90) cocoons 7.iv.92, 
moths bred — KPB, Ent. Gaz. 44: 15-16, BJENH 6: 59, second British 
locality and description of life history 

Leucospilapteryx omissella (Staint.) — Imber Ranges (8) abundant in 
many localities —- M.H. & E.G. Smith per SMP 

Phyllonorycter heegeriella (Zell.) — Clunes (97) one 5.vii.92 — JRL, 
RMP & MRY 

P. platani (Staud.) — Harlow, Chelmsford & Maldon (19), Grays, East 
Ham, Upminster, etc. (18) mines xi.92 — DJLA 

—KGMB 

P. cydoniella ({D.&S.]) — Curraghbinny (H4) mines on Malus 
sylvestris 11.x.92 -KGMB 

P. leucographella (Zell.) — By the winter of 1992-93 this species had 
continued its spread as far as Margate (15), Bracknell (22). Milton 
Keynes (24), Wootton (32), Fordham (29), Bures (26) and 
Woodbridge (25). There was also a separate population at Oxford (23) 
—DJLA 

P. viminiella (Sirc.) — Havant Thicket (11) many mines on Populus 
tremula 11.x.92, moths bred — JRL 

P. salicicolella (Sirc.) — Curraghs (71) mine 29.vii.92 — KGMB 

P. strigulatella (Zell.) — Mines on underside, a correction to MBGBI 
Vol. 2—J. Robbins Ent. Rec. 105: 259-260 & AME ibid. 106: 55-56 

P. rajella (Linn.) Hampstead (21) mine 1992 — R.A. Softly 

P. emberizaepenella (Bouché) — Enniskerry (H20) mines on Sym- 
Phoricarpus 17.x.92 - KGMB 

P. froelichiella (Zell.) — Coom Wood (H3) mine 4.x.92 - KGMB 

P. kleemannella (Fabr.) — Coom Wood (H3) mines 4.x.92 — KGMB; 
Hampsted (21) mine, 1992, moth bred — R.A. Softly 

P. trifasciella (Haw.) — A discussion of its voltinism — C.W. Plant, 
Ent. Rec. 105: 138-139 

P. geniculella (Rag.) — Winchester (11) mines on Acer saccharinum 
5.x.92 moth bred — DHS & JRL 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW D9 


365 P. comparella (Dup.) — Moor Copse NR (22) mines on Populus 
canescens 10.ix.92, moths bred, confirms earlier record — BRB 

369 Phyllocnistis xenia Hering — Budleigh Salterton (3) 3 & 17.x.92, mines 
on Populus canescens — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 124 


CHOREUTIDAE 

386a Tebenna micalis (Mann) — Gower (41) larvae 19-20.vili.92, moths 
bred — DJLA; Plympton (3) larvae in several localities 1,2 & 7.viii.92, 
larvae & cocoons 26 & 30.ix.92, Wembury (3) larvae 2.viii.92, 
Embankment, Plymouth (3) larvae and cocoons 6.viii.92, Heybrook 
Bay (3) larvae 6.viii.92, Chelson Meadow, Plymouth (3) larvae and 
one adult 8.viii.92, Thurlestone (3) 2 cocoons 31.vii.92, The Warren 
near Noss Mayo (3) a few cocoons 5.ix.92, Plympton (3) 19.ix.92 one 
male at light. All larvae on Pulicaria — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 170-180 

387 Prochoreutis sehestediana (Fabr.) — Cooper's Hill (30) 14.vi.92 — 
DVM 

388 P. myllerana (Fabr.) — Kilcolman (H5) several vi. & vili.92 —- KGMB; 
Resipole (97) many larvae on Scutellaria 4.viii.92, moths bred — JRL, 
RMP & MRY 


GLY PHIPTERIGIDAE 
393 Glyphipterix equitella (Scop.) — Bradford-on-Avon (7) 30.vi.91 — 
M.H. Smith, Ent. Rec. 105: 93-94 


YPONOMEUTIDAE 

413 Argyresthia sorbiella (Treits.) —- Newtonmore (96) one 1|.vii.92 — KPB, 
MWH, JRL. ANBS, MRY; Resipole (97) one v.vili.92 — JRL, RMP & 
MRY 

424 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linn.) — Resipole (97) a few larval nests on 
Prunus padus 4.vii.92 — JRL, RMP &MRY 

436 Pseudoswammerdamia combinella (Hiibn.) — Bettyhill (108) 31.v.92 — 
MRY 

439 Swammerdamia compunctella Herr.-Schaff. — Wyre Forest NNR, 
Worcs. (37) 27.v.92 — ANBS 

443 Cedestis subfasciella (Steph.) — Kinlocheil (97) a few at m.v. light 3- 
4.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY 

444 Ocnerostoma piniariella (Zell.) — Redlynch (8) one at m.v. light 
4.vi.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL 

449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.) — Resipole, Arisaig, Clunes (97) a few 4- 
5.vi1.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY 

458 Ypsolopha alpella ({D.&S.]) — Richmond Park (17) 26.vi.92 — MSP 

469 Eidophasia messingiella (F.v.R.) — Southsea (11) one at m.v. light 
14.vi.92 — JRL 


COLEOPHORIDAE 
490 Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.) — Bentley (25) 17.x.92, Pickworth 
(55) 18.x.92, case on Quercus — AME 


220 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


492 


494 


494a 


495 


C. flavipennella (Dup.) — Resipole, Spean Bridge (97) several 4- 
5.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY 

C. coracipennella (Hiibn.) — Freshwater (10) case on Prunus spinosa 
18.v.92, moth bred — DHS, PHS & JRL 

C. prunifoliae Doets — Abbots Ripton (31) 15.v.92, cases on Prunus 
spinosa, moths bred — AME 

C. spinella (Schrank) — Bentley (25) 17.x.92, cases on Crataegus — 
AME 

C. adjectella Herr.-Schaff. - West Wood, Knotting (30) 27.i1x.92 small 
cases on Prunus spinosa — JRL, AME & DVM 

C. alnifoliae Barasch — Iver (24) 1.vi.92 — RWJU, BJENH 6: 64 

C. siccifolia Staint. — Great Plantation (3) 26.vi, 3 & 5.vii.92, cases on 
Sorbus aucuparia, moths bred — RJH 

C. trigeminella Fuchs — Freckenham (26) 29.iv.92, case on Malus, 
moth bred — AME 

C. violacea (Strém.) — Redlynch (8) one 4.vi.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL 
C. juncicolella Staint. — Creag Meagaidh NNR (97) a few 29.vi.92 — 
MWH, JRL, RPK-J & ANBS 

C. albitarsella Zell. — Bloody Oaks (55) 18.x.92, cases on Glechoma 
hederacea — AME 

C. frischella (Linn.) — Royston (20) 21.vii.92, Euston (26) 9.viii.92, 
Horseheath (29) 17.vii.92, bred from Trifolium repens — AME 

C. conyzae Zell. — Great Holland Pits (19) 12.1x.92, cases on Pulicaria 
— AME 

C. lixella Zell. — Talisker (104) 6.vii.92 — MRY 

C. albidella ({D.&S.]) — Bentley Wood (8) 3.vi.92, case on Salix 
aurita — AME, DJLA, JRL & SMP 

C. bernoulliella (Goeze) (= anatipennella (Hiibn.)) — Sharnbrook (30) 
27.i1x.92, two cases on Tilia, a new foodplant in Britain — AME & JRL 
C. ibipennella Zell. (= ardeaepennella Scott) — Bentley (25) 17.x.92, 
cases on Quercus — AME 

C. kuehnella (Goeze) (= palliatella (Zinck.)) — Bedford Purlieus (32) 
18.x.92, case on Quercus -AME 

C. pyrrhulipennella Zell. — Landford (8) several 1.vi.92 — DJLA, AME 
& JRL 

C. niveicostella Zell. — Pegsdon Hills (30) 15.vii.92 - DVM 

C. lassella Staud. — Yarmouth (10) 19.v.92 — DHS & PHS 

C. follicularis (Vallot) — Discussion of races on different foodplants — 
AME, Ent. Rec. 104: 303-304 

C. trochilella (Dup.) — Larkhill (8) cases on Artemisia vulgaris 31.v.92 
— DJLA, AME, JRL & SMP 

C. paripennella Zell. — Larkhill (8) cases on Centaurea scabiosa and 
Arctium 31.v.92 — DJLA, AME, JRL & SMP; Kincraig (96) one case 
on Cirsium heterophyllum 1.vii.92 — KPB, MWH, JRL, ANBS & 
MRY 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW DD 


563 C. argentula (Steph.) — Guernsey (113) cases 20.vi11.92 — RJH; Larvae 
on Plantago lanceolata — M.H. Smith, Ent. Rec. 105: 21-22 

572. C. vestianella (Linn.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) vii-vii.92 — DVM, Ent. 
Rec. 105: 181 

577 C. artemisicolella Bruand — Wenham (25), Sawston (29) x.92, cases 
on Artemisia vulgaris — AME 

583 C. tamesis Waters — (= cratipennella sensu auctt.) — Arisaig (97) one 
5.vii.92 — RMP; Bentley Wood (30) 8.1x.92, cases on Juncus 
articulatus — AME 

589 C. clypeiferella Hofm. — Dinton (8) 8.viii.92 — SMP; Early records 
from Shoeburyness (18) — AME, Ent. Rec. 105: 140-141 

ELACHISTIDAE 


598a Elachista eskoi Kyrki & Karv. — Kincraig (96) one 28.vi.92 — ANBS 


600 E. luticomella Zell. — Saffron Walden (19) 12.vi.92 — AME 

605 E. pomerana Frey — Wicken Fen (29) tenanted mines on Calama- 
grostis epigejos 11.iv.92, moths bred —- AME & JRL, Ent. Gaz. 44: 
111-114 

606 E. humilis Zell. — Potton Wood (30) 14.vi.92 —-DVM 

610 E. argentella (Clerck) — Kincraig (96) several 28.vi.92 — MWH, JRL 
& ANBS 

611 E. triatomea (Haw.) — Talisker (104) 6.v11.92 — MRY 

613 E. subocellea (Steph.) — Talisker (104) 6.vii.92 - MRY 

626 Biselachista serricornis (Staint.) — Loch ladaidh, N. Uist (100) 
17.vii.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 59 

628 B. eleochariella (Staint.) — Kincraig (96) 1.vii.92 — MRY; Malaclete, 
N.Uist (100) 11.vii.92 —-KPB, BJENH 6: 59 

630 B. albidella (Nyl.) — Landford (8) one 1.vi.92 — DJLA, AME & JRL: 
West Melton (63) 16.vii.92 — HEB 

631 Cosmiotes freyerella (Hiibn.) — Carrauntoohil (H1) two at 1800ft. 
8.vili.92 -KGMB 

632 C. consortella (Staint.) — Wath Wood (63) 10.viii.90 — HEB 

OECOPHORIDAE 

635 Schiffermuelleria subaquilea (Staint.) — Haytor (3) 3l.v. & 7.vi.92 — 
RJH 

640 Batia lunaris (Haw.) — Bubwith (61) 18.vii.92 — G.B. Summer, det. 
HEB 

654 Pleurota bicostella (Clerck) — Langass Burial Cairn, N. Uist (100) 
16.v11.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 59 

655 P. aristella (Linn.) — Account of its occurrence in Jersey (113) — 
MWH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 11-13 

659 Amphisbatis incongruella (Staint.) — Haldon Hill (3) 16.iv.92 — RJH 

660 Pseudatemelia josephinae (Toll) — Clunes (97) two 5.vii.92 — JRL, 


RMP & MRY 


OY) ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 
698 Agonopterix kaekeritziana (Linn.) — Newtonmore (96) one larva on 
- Centaurea nigra 1.viii.92 — KPB, MWH, JRL, ANBS & MRY 
712 A. astrantiae (Hein.) — Glen Columbkill (H9) larvae v.91, moths bred 
—MWH &ANBS, Ent. Gaz. 44: 56 (given last year without reference) 
877 Stathmopoda pedella (Linn.) — Saffron Walden (19) 23.vii.92 — AME 
GELECHIDAE 
727a Metzneria aprilella (Herr.-Schaff.) — Barnack Hills & Holes NNR (32) 
—C. Gardiner, Ent. Rec. 106: 95 
733 Eulamprotes wilkella (Linn.) — Blue Point (71) several 26.vii.92 — 
KGMB 
736 Monochroa lucidella (Steph.) — Dungeness (15) 14.vii.92 — MSP; 
Druridge (67) 15.vii.92 - MRY 
737 M. palustrella (Doug.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) vi.92 — DVM; Lower 
Test Marshes NR (11) — per DHS 
747 Chrysoesthia sexguttella (Thunb.) — Spurn (61) larvae on Halimione 
portulacoides 26.1x.92 — HEB, Ent. Rec. 105: 226 
752 Aristotelia ericinella (Zell.) — Cooper's Hill (30) 26.vii.92 -DVM 
758 Recurvaria leucatella (Clerck) — Lugwardine (36) 27.vii.92 - MRY 
760 Exoteleia dodecella (Linn.) — Kinlocheil (97) a few 3-4.vii.92 — JRL, 
RMP & MRY 
764 Pseudotelphusa scalella (Scop.) — Richmond Park (17) 6.vi.92 — MSP; 
Blackmore Copse (8) 21.v.92 — SMP 
765 Teleiodes vulgella (Hiibn.) — Shrewsbury (40) 26.vi.92 — JRL 
790 Chionodes fumatella (Doug.) — Sharnbrook (30) 27.vii.92 - DVM 
796 Aroga velocella (Zell.) — Druridge (67) 15.vii.92 — MRY 
80la Gelechia senticetella (Staud.) — Petts Wood (16) 23.vii.92 — D.O'K, 
Ent. Rec. 105: 176, second British specimen. 
809 Pexicopia malvella (Hiibn.) — Leckford (12) 19.vi.92 — DHS 
820 Scrobipalpa artemisiella (Treits.) — Newton-ferry, N.Uist (100) 
18.vii.92 — KPB, BJENH 6: 59 
828 Caryocolum viscariella (Staint.) - Donhead St Mary (8) larvae 5.v.92 
—JRL 
834 C. tricolorella (Haw.) — Dinton (8) vacated spinnings 3.v.92 — JRL & 
SMP 
840 Reuttia subocellea (Steph.) — Streatley (22) larvae 12.i.92, moths bred 
—BRB 
843  Aproaerema anthyllidella (Hiibn.) — Old Head of Kinsdale (H3) larvae 
11.92 -KGMB 
844 Syncopacma larseniella (Gozm.) — Bentley Wood (8) larvae on Lotus 
uliginosus 3.vi.92 — DJLA, AME, JRL & SMP 
851 Acanthophila alacella (Zell.) — Lover (8) 4.viii.92 — D. Brotheridge, 
Ent. Rec. 105: 290 
853 Anacampsis populella (Clerck) — Kinloch Laggan (97) many spinnings 


on Populus tremula 2.vii.92 — JRL 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 223 


859  Psoricoptera gibbosella (Zell.) Collyweston Great Wood (32) 3.1x.92 
— MSP; Hatfield Forest (19) 6.i1x.92 — DJLA 

862 Dichomeris marginella (Fabr.) — Shrewsbury (40) 26.vi.92 — JRL 

866 Brachmia blandella (Doug|.) — Easton Hornstocks (34) — C. Gardiner, 
Ent. Rec. 106: 95 

869 B. lutatella (Herr.-Schaff.) — Portland (9) 8.viii.92 at light — RJH & 
JRL 


BLASTOBASIDAE 

873  Blastobasis lignea Wals. Worcestershire (37) — ANBS; Helensburgh 
(99); abundant 7.viii. 92, Crathes (91) one 30.viii.92, Bettyhill (108) 
several 1.vi.92, Druridge Bay (67) two 15.vii.92 — MRY; Lichfield 
(39) 8.vil.92 —R.G. Warren, BJENH 6: 64 


MOMPHIDAE 

883 Mompha raschkiella (Zell.) — Kinlocheil, Spean Bridge (97) a few 
mines on Epilobium angustifolium 3-5.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY: 
Kilkenny (H11) vacated mine 30.viii.92 -KGMB 

889a M. bradleyi Reidl — First published as larvae of M. divisella Herr.- 
Schaff. on Epilobium hirsutum in Herefordshire (36) — MWH, Ent. 
Gaz. 44: 14. Subsequently indentified as a species new to Britain Ent. 
Gaz. 45: 151-156 


COSMOPTERIGIDAE 
907 Dystebenna stephensi (Staint.) — Richmond Park (17) 26.vi.92 — MSP; 
Brockenhurst (11) 25.vii.92 — R.J.B. Hoare, BJENH 6: 62 


SCYTHRIDIDAE 
914 Scythris crassiuscula (Hiibn.) — Pegsdon Hills (30) 15.vii.92 -DVM 


TORTRICIDAE 

926 Phalonidia manniana (F.v.R.) — Morenish Meadows SSSI (88) larvae 
in Mentha 27.vii.91, moth bred KPB, BJENH 6: 59 

935 Cochylimorpha alternana (Steph.) — Dungeness (15) 10.vii.92 — MSP 

936 C. straminea (Haw.) — Carbost (104) 7.vii.92 —MRY 

946 Aethes rubigana (Treits.) — Moulin Huet (113) 4.vii.92 — R. Austin per 
BFS ; 

947 A. smeathmanniana (Fabr.) — Werrington (32) — P.A. Waring, Ent. 
Rec. 106: 95 

948 A. margaritana (Haw.) — Dungeness (15) 8.vii.92 — MSP 

951 A. beatricella (Wals.) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) 23.vi.92 — K. 
Cooper 

955 Eupoecilia ambiguella (Hiibn.) — Holywell, Eastbourne (14) 27.ix.92 — 
MSP 

960 Falseuncaria ruficiliana Gregs. — Imber Ranges (8), larvae on 
Rhinanthus minor, moths bred — M.H. Smith, Ent. Rec. 106: 26-28 

965 Cochylis hybridella (Hiibn.) — Hampstead (21) 27.viii.91, 11 & 
27.vi.92 — R.A. Softly 


1136 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


C. atricapitana (Steph.) — Sutton (36) 27.v1i.92 — MRY 

C. nana (Haw.) — Tulloch Moor (95) one 28.vi.92 — JRL, MWH, 
ANBS & MRY 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Hiibn.) — Douglas (H4) several v.-viii.92 
—KGMB,; a further foodplant — A.A. Allen, Ent. Rec. 104: 288 
Ptycholomoides aeriferanus (Herr.-Schaff.) — Cottingham (61) 8.vii.92 
—P.A. Crowther; Newstead Abbey Park (56) two 1992 — K. Cooper 
Aphelia unitana (Hibn.) — Kilcolman (H5) common 11.vi.92 — 
KGMB 

Clepsis spectrana (Treits.) — Carbost (104) 7.vii.92 - MRY 

Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) — Glan Conwy (50) 5 between 30.v & 
5.vi.92 — HNM; Gresford (50) one — B. Formstone per HNM, Ent. 
Rec. 105: 91 

Adoxophyes orana (F.v.R.) — Saffron Walden (19) 7.viii.92 — AME 
Lozotaeniodes formosanus (Gey.) — Bubwith (61) 2.vii.92 — G.B. 
Summers; South Cave (61) — D.B. Cutts per HEB; Cottingham (61) 
27.vi1.92 — P.A. Crowther 

Lozotaenia forsterana (Fabr.) — Arisaig (97) one 4.vii.92 — JRL, RMP 
& MRY 

Cnephasia genitalana (P.&M.) — Winchester (11) 28.v11.90 — DHS 
Acleris laterana (Fabr.) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) 21.iv.92 — K. 
Cooper 

A. boscana (Fabr.) — Ufton Park (22) pupa on U/mus glabra 1.x.91 — 
BRB; Cockayne Hatley (30) v1.92 - DVM 

A. logiana (Clerck) — Botley Wood (11) two bred from birch spinnings 
collected 20.1x.92 — PHS; see also Ent. Gaz. 44: 154 

A. umbrana (Hiibn.) — Heybrook Bay (3) 18.1x.92 larva on Prunus 
spinosa, moth bred 25.x.92 — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 44: 178 

A. cristana ({D.&S.]) — Population decline and five new forms 
described — R. Fairclough, Ent. Rec. 105: 183-185 

Olethreutes arbutella (Linn.) — Inveraver NNR (108) 3.vi.92 —-MRY 
Apotomis turbidana (Hiibn.) — Clunes (97) two 5.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & 
MRY 

A. betuletana (Haw.) — Kinlocheil (97) 3.vii.92 — JRL, RMP & MRY 
Endothenia marginana (Haw.) — Cornhill (94) 2.viii.92 — MRY 

E. quadrimaculana (Haw.) — Kinlocheil, Resipole (97) 3-4.vii.92 — 
JRL, RMP & MRY 

Ancylis geminana (Don.) — Knockmichael Mt. (H2) 14.vi.92 — 
KGMB 

A. laetana (Fabr.) — Kinloch Laggan (97) a few 2.vii.92 — JRL 

A. myrtillana (Treits.) — Worcestershire (37) — ANBS, first record 
since 1888 

Epinotia immundana (F.v.R.) — Wimbledon Common (17) 10.v.92 — 
MSP 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW 225 


1162 Rhopobota myrtillana (H. & W.) — Knocknakilla (H4) 19.vi.92 — 
KGMB 

1170 Gypsonoma oppressana (Treits.) — Exeter (3) 26.vi.92 — R.J.B. Hoare, 
BJENH 6: 61 

1179 Epiblema incarnatana (Hiibn.) — Stockbridge (12) 12.viii.92 — R.J.B. 
Hoare, BJENH 6: 61 

1181 E. grandaevana (L. & Z.) — Northants (32) records — C. Gardiner & 
M. Hillier — Ent. Rec. 105: 239-240 

1185 E. cnicicolana (Zell.) — Hook Heath NR, Southwick (11) 9.vi.92, a few 
by day —- JRL & DHS 

1192 Eucosma conterminana (Herr.-Schaff.) — Winchester (11) 9.vii.92 — 
DHS; Worcester & Evesham (37) larvae ix.91, moths bred - ANBS 

1208 Blastesthia posticana (Zett.) — Bransford (37) 23.v.92 — ANBS 

1215 Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.) — Freshwater (10) 29.1x.89 — S.A. 
Knill-Jones, Ent. Rec. 106: 114 

1219 Lathronympha strigana (Fabr.) — Tulloch Moor (95) one 28.v1.92 — 
MWH, JRL & ANBS 

1222 Strophedra nitidana (Fabr.) — Loch Ailort, Arisaig (97) 4.vii.92 — JRL, 
RMP & MRY 

1223 Pammene splendidulana (Guen.) — Dinton (8) 1992 — SMP 

1241 Cydia compositella (Fabr.) — Strathy Bay (108) 2.vi.92 — MRY; 
Askam in Furness (69) 14.vii.92 — N.L. Birkett, Ent. Rec. 105: 44 

1242 C. internana (Guen.) — Freshwater (10) several 18.vii.92 — DHS, PHS 
& JRL 

1249 C. prunivorana (Rag.) — Plympton (3) 20, 21 & 27.vi.92 at light — RJH 

1255aC. medicaginis Kuzn. — Winchester (11) 11 & 17.vi.92 — DHS 

1261 C. pomonella (Linn.) — Use of pheromone traps — R.C. Dening, Ent. 
Rec. 105: 196-197 

1261aC. injectiva (Heinrich) — Peterhead (93) indoors x1i.92 — M. Innes; 
Dronfield, Sheffield (63) in a conservatory early 1982 — per HEB, — 
K.R. Tuck & MRY, BJENH 7: 1-2 

1268 C. coniferana (Ratz.) — Sned Wood (36) 8.v.92 pupa in bark of 
Pseudotsuga menziesii, moth bred — RJH, Ent. Rec. 105: 93 

1283 Dichrorampha montanana (Dup.) — Glen of Aherlow (H7) 5.vii.92 — 
KGMB 

1287 D. aeratana (P. & M.) — Thurleigh Cutting (30) 7.vi.92 - DVM 


PYRALIDAE 

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) — Portland (9) 19 & 22.i1x.92 — R.F. 
McCormick & Bird Observatory per BFS 

1292 Calamotropha paludella (Hiibn.) — Alice Holt (12) 8.vii.92 — C. 
Tilbury, Ent. Gaz. 44: 155 

1297 Crambus uliginosellus Zell. — Kilcolman (H5) 20.vi.92 — KGMB, 
Irish Nat. J. 24(4): 167-168; Bicton Common (3) 27.vi.92 — R.J.B. 
Hoare 


226 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


1307 Agriphila latistria (Haw.) — Takeley (19) 8.viii.92 — DJLA 

1315 Catoptria furcatellus (Zett.) - Aonach Beag, Ben Alder (97) 2.vii.92 — 
MRY 

1321 Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scop.) — Werrington (32) 29.v.92 — P. 
Waring, Ent. Rec. 105: 195 

1325 Platytes alpinella (Hiibn.) — Lakenheath (26) 8.vii.92 — BFS 

1328 Schoenobius gigantella ({D.&S.]) — Werrington (32) 30.vi.92 — P. 
Waring, Ent. Rec. 106: 95 

1330 Donacaula mucronellus ({D.&S.]) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) 
16.vi.92 — K. Cooper 

1334 Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.) — Lavington (13) 4.x.92, a very late date 
indicating a probable second generation — BFS 

1334aS. basistrigalis Knaggs — Flitwick Moor (30) 11.vii.92 -DVM 

1335 S. ancipitella (La Harpe) — Clunes, Spean Bridge (97) a few 5.vii.92 — 
JRL, RMP & MRY 

1336 Eudonia pallida (Curt.) — Knocknakilla (H4) 12.vii.92 -KGMB 

1341 E. lineola (Curt.) — Greatstone (15) two 16.vii.92 — BFS 

1357 Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) — L'Ancresse (113) 31.vii.92 — R. Austin 
per BFS 

1361 Pyrausta aurata (Scop.) — Larva on Thymus — C. Stace, Ent. Rec. 104: 
324 

1363 P. ostrinalis (Hiibn.) — Bettyhill (108) 4.vi.92 -MRY 

1364 P. sanguinalis (Linn.) — Port Stewart (H40) 1992 — A.P. Foster, 
BJENH 6: 60 

1368 Margaritia sticticalis (Linn.) — Seven records from VCs 1, 9, 15, 18. 
Full details in list of migrants collated by BFS; Records from Suffolk 
& Norfolk 1989-91 — MLR. Hall, Ent. Rec. 106: 32 

1369 Uresiphita polygonalis ({D.&S.]) — Seven records from VCs 1, 9 & 10. 
Full details in list of migrants collated by BFS 

1370 Sitochroa palealis ({D.&S.]) — Durlston (9) 30.vii.92 — P. Davey, 
BJENH 6: 60 

1371 S. verticalis (Linn.) — Raynes Park (17) 25.vi.92 — MSP 

1372 Paracorsia repandalis ({D.&S.]) — St. Alban's Head (9) 27.ix.92 — P. 
Davey per BFS 

1375 Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibn.) — Durlston (9) 17.ix.92 — P. Davey; 
Fernham (23) 15.viii. & 18.ix.92 — S. Nash, BJENH 6: 62 

1380 Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Hiibn.) Belham Wood (32) 30.vi.92 — MSP 

1382 Anania verbascalis ({[D.&S.]) — Dungeness (15) 10.vii.92 — MSP 

1389 Udea fulvalis (Hiibn.) — Highcliffe (11) five, 10-19.ix.92 — E.H. Wild, 
Ent. Rec. 10: 310; further records in list of migrants collated by BFS 

1396 Mecyna flavalis ({D.&S.]) — Leckford (12) two at light — DHS, 
Sparsholt (12) one — A.H. Dobson per DHS; Homefield Wood (24) 
1992 — M. Albertini per BFS; Wimborne (9) 30.vii.92 — P. Davey per 
BFS 


1992 MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW Dsl 


1408 Palpita unionalis (Hiibn.) — Newstead Abbey Park (56) — K. Cooper 
det. HEB, and 21 southern records from VCs 1, 9, 10, 15 & 18. Full 
details in migrant records collated by BFS 

1425 Galleria mellonella (Linn.) — Forest (113) 26.viii.92 — T.N.D. Peet 

1426 Achroia grisella (Fabr.) — Sharnbrook (30) 14.vii.92 -DVM 

1433 Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haw.) — Hatfield Forest (19) 30.vi.92 — DJLA 

1435 Acrobasis tumidana ({D.&S.]) — Six recorded from VCs 9, 13, 15, 113. 
Full details in list of migrants collated by BFS 

1436 A. repandana (Fabr.) — Cottingham (61) 5.vi.92 — P.A. Crowther, det. 
HEB; Newstead Abbey Park (56) 7.vii.92 —K. Cooper - 

1438 Numonia suavella (Zinck.) — Spurn (61) 29.vii.92 — B.R. Spence per 
HEB 

1447aSciota adelphella (F.v.R.) — Greatstone (15) 8 & 15.vii.92 — B. Banson 
per BFS, larvae on Salix alba 23.viii.92 — BFS; Dungeness (15) 
8.vii.92 — S. Clancy; Lydd (15) 10.vii.92 New Romey (15) 18.vii.92 — 
K. Redshaw per BFS 

1449 Microthrix similella (Zinck.) — Richmond Park (17) 6.vi.92 — MSP: 
Hatfield Forest (19) 6.vi.92 Churchill (6) 6.vii.92 — DJLA; Bucks (24) 
1992 — D. Wedd, BJENH 6: 64 

145 1aEtiella zinckenella (Treits.) — Note on second British specimen and its 
biology — P.M. Potts, Ent. Rec. 105: 140-141; but see also P.E.S. 
Whalley A Revision of the genus Etiella Zeller, B.M. Bulletin 28: | 
C973) 

1454aDioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs — New Forest (11) 25.vii.92 — A.J. & 
C.T. Pickles, BJENH 6: 63; Freshwater (10) 14.vii.85 — S.A. Knill- 
Jones, Ent. Rec. 106: 114 

1456 Epischnia bankesiella Rich. — Hilsea Point (3) 19.ix.92 larvae — RJH 

1464 Gymnancyla canella ({D.&S.]) — Walton-on-the-Naze (19) 10.vii.92 — 
B. Goodey 

1464aZophodia grossulariella (Hiibn.) — Rockland (28) 26.v292)— E:G: 
Cardy, 2nd British specimen 

1465 Nephopterix angustella (Hiibn.) — Dinton Pastures (22) spinnings on 
Euonymus europaeas 29.i1x.92 — R.W. Parfitt per BRB; Hamptead (21) 
29.vill.92 — R.A. Softly 

1467 Ancylosis oblitella (Zell.) — Cockayne Hatley (30) 1976 — I. Woiwod 
per DVM; Leckford (12) 21.vii.92 — DHS; Dungeness (15) 7-8.vii.92 
— MSP; Swanage (9) 22.v.92 — BFS; Chale Green, I.0.W. (10) 23.vi.92 
—§. Colenutt, BJENH 6: 59 

1470 Euzophera pinguis (Haw.) — Belham Wood (32) 30.vi.92 — MSP 

1474 Ephestia parasitella (Staud.) — Hatfield Forest (19) 30.vi.92 — DJLA 

1477 E. figulilella Gregs. — Dungeness (15) 9.x.91 — S.P. Clancy, BJENH 6: 
59 & Ent. Rec. 106: 19 

1479 Plodia interpunctella (Hiibn.) — Corby (32) 1992, indoors — D.H. 
Howton 

1481 Homoeosoma sinuella (Fabr.) — Moor Copse NR (22) 18.vi.92 
specimen with suffused forewings — BRB 


228 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


1485 Phycitodes maritima (Tengst.) — Kinlocheil (97) 3.vii.92 — JRL 


PTEROPHORIDAE 

1490 Oxyptilus parvidactylus (Haw.) — South Cave (61) 18.vi.92 — D.B. 
Cutts, det. HEB, confirms nineteenth century, the only previous county 
record 

1491 O. distans (Zell.) — Spurn (61) 23.viii.92 — B.R. Spence per HEB 

1494 Capperia britanniodactyla (Gregs.) — Newtonmore (96) one |.vi1.92 — 
KPB,MWH, JRL, ANBS & MRY 

1504 Platyptilia pallidactyla (Haw.) — Creag Meagaidh NNR (97) many 
29.v1.92 — MWH, RPK-J, JRL & ANBS 

1508 Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla (Scop.) — Tulloch Moor (95) many 28.vi.92 
—KPB, MWH, JRL, ANBS & MRY 

1508dS. islandicus (Staud.) — Ben Lawers (88) 29.vi.92 — B. Elliott & BFS; 
Meall nan Tarmachan (88) two 1992 — C. Hart, BJENH 6: 60 

1509 S. pterodactyla (Linn.) — Tulloch Moor, Grantown-on-Spey (95) a few 
28.vi.92 — MWH, JRL & ANBS 

1510 Prterophorus tridactyla (Linn.) — Pegsdon Hills (30) 22.vi.92 - DVM 


Correction to 1991 list. Data should read: 
626 Biselachista serricornis (Staint.) - Ormsary, Knapdale, Kintyre (101) 
4.vi.92 — MRY 


A note on two Vanessid butterflies, 1993-4 


I should like to report that, after some six to seven years without a sighting 
of Cynthia cardui L. (Painted Lady) in this district, I at last came upon a fine 
specimen on a buddleia (3.viii.94) — one of very many planted along the 
Thames from Charlton Reach towards Greenwich. Passing this bush on my 
return 20-30 minutes later I found the butterfly still there; it was lively but 
seemed disinclined to move far. A few days earlier my friend Dudley Collins 
had seen one in his garden at Carshalton Beeches, Surrey, so these sighting 
together after several blank years for the species may herald a small invasion 
—I say “small” because otherwise more would surely have shown up by now 
(21st August). High summer temperatures over western Europe might be 
expected to stimulate population growth and migratory activity in a number 
of Lepidoptera. 

I wouid mention further that last year, 1993, the only three examples of 
Vanessa atalanta (Red Admiral) that presented themselves to me were all 
seen in the first half of summer — a highly unusual phenomenon in this area. 
They were in good order, the first two at least; the dates were 1.vi, 5.vi and 
5.vii. Of the last, little can be said, being seen only momentarily through a 
window. My hope that these early sightings might augur a good showing of 
the species in the autumn was, alas, not fulfilled. The previous year I had 
noted one atalanta, in Charlton Park. This year has produced none up to 
now.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


THE CONTINUED DECLINE OF MELANISM IN BISTON 
BETULARIA L. (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) IN N.W. KENT 


DECLINE IN MELANISM 


BRIAN K. WEST 


36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN. 


THIS SUBJECT was first considered in Ent. Rec. 100: 39 and up-dated in 
Ent. Rec. 102: 175, and a further five years have now elapsed. Table | shows 
the average percentages of the three main forms of B. betularia for the years 
1970 to 1993 inclusive, in four year periods. Figure | illustrates the decline 


of carbonaria. 


Table 1 
% % % Average 
typica insularia carbonaria sample 
1970-73 14.5 Te 78 119 
1974-77 10.5 13 76.5 107 
1978-8 | 17 1] 72 99 
1982-85 19 16.5 64.5 102 
1986-89 25 21 54 164 
1990-93 36.5 3] 32.5 HIS) 
80 
60 
% 
40 
20 


Fig. 1. Percentage carbonaria over four-year periods, 1970-1993 


1970-73 1974-77 1978-81 1982-85 1986-89 1990-93 


The main features of Table | indicate: 
(a) f. carbonaria has decreased from 78% in the 1970-73 period to 32.5% 


for 1990-93. 


(b) f. typica has not shown a corresponding increase due to a substantial rise 
in the numbers of f. insularia, this being almost equivalent to that of 
typical betularia. However, subjectivity in determining well-marked 
typica and lightly-marked insularia is a complication to be kept in mind. 


230 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


(c) The decline in f. carbonaria during the last four year period has shown 


further increased acceleration. The percentage increase in the decline of 
f. carbonaria from one four year period to the next is 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5%, 
10.5% (erroneously given as 11.5% in Ent. Rec. 102) and 21.5%. 


(d) Over the last period f. typica has on average been the commonest form 


here. Chalmers-Hunt (1981) gives as the first record for Kent of f. 
carbonaria a specimen noted at Lee in 1901, yet in 1907 a series of 
assembled betularia over a period of four nights at Bexley comprised 14 
typica, 15 carbonaria, 3 light intermediates and 4 dark intermediates, 
Bexley being six miles due east of Lee. This suggests an extremely rapid 
increase in f. carbonaria, and if these figures are representative of the 
true picture of the incidence of the main forms of the species at that time, 
it would appear that f. carbonaria has been the principal form for over 
eighty years. The apparent state of parity between f. typica and f. 
carbonaria will be seen to be ephemeral when the statistics for the 
individual years of the 1990-93 period shown in Table 2 are examined. 
Figure 2 illustrates the changes in carbonaria. 


Table 2 
% % % Yearly 
typica insularia carbonaria sample 
1990 34.6 23.1 42.3 104 
199] PHS) 41.2 30.9 165 
1992 373 PIS) 7) 335 236 
1993 46 31 23 74 
Average 36.5 31 325 145 
1994 42.5 3385/5 DBT 80 
50 | 
40 
30 
20 
10 
ol 


1990 1991 1992 1993 1904 


Fig. 2. Percentage carbonaria annually, 1990-1994 


DECLINE IN MELANISM D 


ies) 
— 


Table 2 shows the figures for the individual years for the most recent four 
year period, and also those for 1994. Several features of these are 
noteworthy: 


(a) The irregular pattern present in other four year periods is apparent in the 
averages for this period also. 

(b) For the first ttme more than 40% of the sample is f. typica and less than 
25% is f. carbonaria, these figures being maintained in 1994, 

(c) The aberrant figure for f. jnsularia in 1991 is undoubtedly due to the 
subjective determination of the lighter forms of f. insularia and darker 
examples of f. typica. 

(d) The low sample figures for 1993 and 1994 are due to my absence while 
abroad during the flight period. 

(e) The difficulty of differentiating between some specimens of f. typica and 
f. insularia rarely arose in 1993 and 1994. 


In Ent. Rec. 105: 15 a misprint renders the second sentence of the second 
paragraph on B. betularia nonsensical, the word “carbonaria” should read 
“insularia’. This is related to the regular occurrence of f. insularia, some- 
times quite lightly marked, possessing black thorax and body; usually the 
pigmentation of these conforms with that of the wings. I had understood that 
such specimens were hybrid carbonaria X insularia. However, Kettlewell 
(The Evolution of Melanism, 1973) states that “though in 1955 I stated that f. 
carbonaria was epistatic to f. insularia we can now say that it is dominant” 
(p.107), this is later confirmed by the statement that “the true frequency of 
insularia forms is masked by f. carbonaria in whose presence it cannot be 
recognised” (p.134). However, this is followed immediately by the 
contradictory statement that “The form carbonaria is dominant to the 
majority of insularia forms; in one instance it may be epistatic”. Plate 9.1 
has photographic illustrations of his range of five expressions of insularia, 
and a f. typica of which I have never seen the like in north-west Kent, it 
being so lightly marked. All the specimens have the body and thorax 
speckled to about the same degree as the wings, and indeed this is usually 
the case. However, I have seven specimens of f. insularia in which the 
thorax and body are either black, or extremely dark, compared with paler 
wings; one specimen possesses black thorax and body, yet its wings are 
lightly speckled. The question — is such nonconformity due to: 

(a) the pigmentation of the thorax and abdomen being controlled by 
different gene(s) to that of the wings? or 

(b) such specimens are hybrid carbonaria X insularia in which carbonaria 
is not completely dominant to insularia? 

Circumstantial evidence favouring the latter hypothesis is the absence of 
such individuals in recent years which have been characterised by fewer f. 
carbonaria. 


232 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


References 
Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1981. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. 3. 
Kettlewell, B., 1973. The Evolution of Melanism. 
West, B.K., 1988. Biston betularia L. Melanism in decline. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 
100: 39. 
—, 1990. Melanism in Biston betularia L. in Kent. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102: 175. 
— , 1993. The incidence of melanism in the macrolepidoptera at Dartford, Kent. 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 11. 


Athrips rancidella (Herrich-Schaffer) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in south-west 
London 


On the 23rd August 1993 I recorded a single example of Athrips rancidella 
at Richmond Park, Surrey. The specimen was determined by Dr K. Sattler 
(BM(NH)). It transpired that this was only the second reported locality for 
the species in Great Britain, the first being West Wickham, West Kent 
(VC16) (Chalmers-Hunt, 1985, who illustrates the moth and the genitalia). 

During 1994, I have been fortunate to be able to run an m.v. (125 watt) 
trap in Richmond Park, Surrey (VC17), on a fairly regular basis. On the 15th 
and 21st July this year I noted a number of small grey gelechiid moths which 
I should have recognised sooner. It was not until some time later that I 
realised what they probably were; Athrips rancidella, a provisional deter- 
mination confirmed by Mr K. Tuck (BM(NH)). This is not the end of the 
story, as I had also noted the same small grey gelechiid in small numbers to 
an actinic light run at my home address (Raynes Park, also in Surrey) on 7th, 
12th and 15th July 1994, about two miles from the Richmond site. 

Sokoloff & Chalmers-Hunt (1987) record the foodplant as Cotoneaster 
horizontalis. However, although there is Cotoneaster near to the Richmond 
Park trap site, there does not (rather surprisingly) appear to be any near to 
the more suburban Raynes Park site. Chalmer-Hunt (1985) reported that 
Prunus spinosa and Crataegus monogyna are stated to be foodplants in 
central and southern Europe. At both the Raynes Park site and the Richmond 
Park site there are old C. monogyna bushes in the near vicinity and it could 
be possible that these are the sources of the moths at these localities. 

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr K. Sattler and Mr K. 
Tuck for help with the identification of this species. I would also like to 
thank Mr W. Cathcart (Assistant Superintendent, Richmond Park) for 
organising permission to record insects in the park and to Mr and Mrs W. 
Cathcart for allowing me to operate a moth trap from their home. 


References: Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 1985. Monochroa niphognatha Gozmany, 1953, and 
Athrips rancidella Herrich-Schaffer, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), new to the British 
fauna. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 97: 20-24; Sokoloff, P.A. & Chalmer-Hunt, J.M., 
1987. Notes on the biology of Athrips rancidella H.-S. (Lep.: Gelechiidae). 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 99: 253-254. 


— Mark Parsons, 3 Stanton Road, Raynes Park, London SW20 8RL. 


THE GENUS EARIAS 


i) 
Go 
oS) 


THE GENUS EARIAS HUBNER, (1825) (LEPIDOPTERA: 
NOCTUIDAE) IN BRITAIN AND EUROPE 
B. GOATER 
The Ridge, 27 Hiltingbury Road, Chandlers Ford, Hampshire SOS3 SSR. 


THERE HAS RECENTLY been some confusion over the identity of 
members of this genus in Britain, and this paper is an attempt to sort out the 
problems of recognition of vagrant Earias species which may appear in 
Britain from time to time. 

Fibiger & Hacker (1991) list five European species of Earias: E. clorana 
(Linnaeus, 1761), E. albovenosana Oberthiir, 1917, E. syriacana Bartel, 
1903, E. vernana (Fabricius, 1787) and E. insulana (Boisduval, 1833), 
while omitting E. biplaga Walker, 1866, which has certainly turned up in 
Britain as a vagrant. 

Lorimer, in Heath & Emmet (1983) also mentions E. vittella (Fabricius, 
1794), the larvae of which have been found from time to time in okra pods 
(Abelmoschus esculentus) imported to Heathrow Airport. The imago has not 
been seen at large in this country, or indeed in Europe. 

Earias albovenosana is a native of Algeria and in Europe has only been 
reported from Sicily; E. syriacana was described from Syria; in Europe there 
is a single record from Albania (Heinicke, 1965). Neither need concern us 
here. The only native British species is E. clorana, the Cream-bordered 
Green Pea, which is local but sometimes common in southern and eastern 
England, and is also found in one locality in Co. Cork, Ireland (Skinner, 
1984). Abroad, it extends from southern Scandinavia and Finland through 
central and western Europe to Italy, and eastwards to Asia Minor and 
western Siberia. E. vernana occurs in Denmark and the southern tip of 
Sweden, and extends locally through the Netherlands and western Germany 
to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, and to southern France and 
eastwards to Uralsk, Russia (Skou, 1991). The writer has recently discovered 
it in Prov. Huesca, Spain, thus confirming its presence in that country. It is 
associated with white poplar (Populus alba) and just possibly could be found 
in Britain. E. insulana and E. biplaga are chiefly African species, pests of 
cotton (Gossypium), but E. insulana is fairly widespread and apparently 
native in Spain, as well as the Canary Isles (Calle, 1983), and presumably 
has some other foodplant. Both have been recorded as vagrants in England. 
E. vittella is a widespread tropical species: there are specimens in the British 
Museum (Natural History) from Africa, India, Formosa, Australia and some 
of the Pacific islands. 

Mr S.A. Knill-Jones (1993) reported a specimen of EF. insulana taken at 
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, on 25th June 1992, and referred to another taken 
at St Austell, Cornwall, twelve days earlier on 12th June, stating that these 
were the third and fourth British records. When I saw Mr Knill-Jones' 
specimen in his cabinet, I was immediately suspicious that it was but a faded 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL, 106 20.x1.1994 
and perhaps discoloured /, clorana, He very kindly allowed me to take it 
away and dissect it, and it proved to be a male /. clorana, The St Austell 
specimen was exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomo- 
logical and Natural History Society in 1992 and its photograph was 
subsequently published in the Society's Journal (1993). It appears to be 
practically identical to the Freshwater specimen, Both specimens have 
brown fringes, and this appears to be the source of confusion, 

Lorimer, in Heath & Emmet (1983) got the deseriptions of Larias species 
about right, although the illustrations are crude; Skinner (1984) ts 
understandably dismissive of both , biplaga and Fb. insulana, He says 
nothing about wing-shape, distinguishing /. clorana trom the others on the 
presence of the white-edged costa of the forewing, and stating that /, 
hiplaga has a narrower forewing than /. insulana (it should be the other 
way round), and that /, insu/ana has a dark brown fringe, whereas that of F, 
biplaga is pale (this, too, is the wrong way round). He illustrates /. insulana 
correctly from foreign material, but omits /. biplaga. Seitz (1914) refers to 
E. clorana ab, flavimargo de Joannis trom Britany (s/c.) in which the fringe 
is yellowish at the base, brown in the middle and white at the tips. The 
existence of this form appears to have been overlooked by British 
entomologists, and the presence of a brown fringe in recent specimens 
recorded as /. insulana seems to have been the single cause of mistaken 
identity, 

In reality, the four species under discussion are easily identified without 
recourse to examination of genitalia, but figures of male and female genital 
structures are piven here for the sake of completeness, and because these 
have been utilised in preparing this paper, 


Warias clorana, Wingspan 18-24mm, Frons white, palpi and antennae 
purplish-brown, collar preen-sealed, 

Thorax rich pea-green in fresh specimens, with some white scaling on 
pataprum, 

Forewing rather broad, costa strongly arched, apex pointed; termen 
rounded; dorsum straight, narrowing sharply towards base of wing, with a 
weak and inconspicuous flat bulge about one third distance from base, 
Colour rich pea-green, very finely irrorate darker green, without any trace of 
cross-lines, Pure white costal stripe broader in basal half, tapering to wing: 
Hip; costal margin brownish-green in basal one fifth. Termen slightly darker 
green, fringe whitish with some green cilia, Hindwing silky white with very 
line green terminal line and slight greenish tinge to cilia in anterior third of 
wing, Underside of forewing greenish-white, central area smoky, that of 
hindwing white, 

Abdomen greenish white, 

Although the green pigment appears to be stable, worn specimens do not 
always show the details described above from bred specimens, The sexes are 
hot casy to distinguish ata glance, but the female is often a little larger and 


THE GENUS EARIAS 235 


the abdomen slightly more robust and more rounded at the tip. British 
populations are apparently invariable apart from size. The two specimens 
recently reported as F. insu/ana agree with the description and illustration of 
E. clorana ab. flavimargo de Joannis, 1908, and are very likely to have been 
immigrants from mainland Europe. 

Y. vernana is of similar size to £. clorana but the wings are even broader, 
and the bulge on dorsum of forewing is extremely weak and inconspicuous. 
Head, collar and patagium pure white, rest of thorax white with scattering of 
green scales. 

Forewing silvery white, with irroration of slightly yellowish-green scales, 
the termen darker green and with distinct green discal dot and two narrow 
cross-lines, the inner zig-zagged, the outer curved. Edge of costa and fringe 
white. Hindwing less pure white than in &. clorana, often with darker veins. 
Fringe white, with admixture of green cilia in anterior third. Underside 
similar to that of F. clorana. The intensity of the crosslines varies, and in ab. 
obliterata Warren, 1913, all the markings are absent. 

7. insulana Wingspan 24-28mm. The body is more robust than in either 
of the two species mentioned above, and the wings are longer and narrower, 
giving the species a completely different look. Head greenish or brownish- 
white. Palpi more slender than in the other species, light brown with whitish 
tips; antennae light brown. Thorax apple green or yellowish-bulf. 

Forewing costa straight except for weak curve at base and towards apex, 
diverging only slightly from dorsum. Apex blunt, termen weakly curved. 
Dorsum straight with distinct bulge near base, into which it narrows. 
Forewing colour yellowish apple-green or yellowish-buff, in green 
specimens with broad cream-coloured dorsal streak. All colour forms show 
three narrow crosslines and often a dark discal dot. Antemedian line placed 
well out towards the middle of wing, all three extending obliquely to 
dorsum. In some specimens, there is a dark-coloured patch between 
antemedian and postmedian lines, which extends from discal spot to dorsum. 
Fringe yellowish or brownish. Hindwing silky white with very narrow brown 
terminal line more strongly developed anteriorly. Fringe white, tinged brown 
anteriorly. Underside of forewing whitish or wholly smoky, fringe pale 
greenish or yellowish, never brown as in E. biplaga. 

FE. insulana is evidently a variable species. The writer has taken 
yellowish-buff specimens, in apparently mint condition, in southern Spain, 
and green ones taken in the same region have shown no sign of fading in the 
cabinet. 

E. biplaga has similar wingspan to F. clorana, but the wings are a little 
less broad, costa variably curved, termen less oblique so that apex is nearly a 
right angle; tornus rounded; dorsum straight with weak prominence, 
consisting of a tuft of enlarged scales, just over one third distance from base, 
where dorsum ts distinctly angled, not curved, into base of wing. 

Head and thorax bright golden-yellow or greenish-yellow; palpi adorned 
with purplish-brown scales. 


236 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


Forewing pale, bright apple-green, yellowish to bright golden-yellow, or 
orange, with scattering of white scales, often with strong golden-yellow 
suffusion in basal half only. There are very faint traces of strongly crenate 
cross-lines, apparently more strongly developed in the yellow forms, which 
may also show a small, dark discal spot; the cross-lines, when present, are 
less oblique than in FE. insulana; one common form has a dark blotch like a 
thumb-print extending obliquely from dorsum to the cell. Through a lens, 
this mark is seen to consist of a mixture of dark purplish-brown scales and 
white ones. It is quite a different structure from the similarly-positioned 
patch in some forms of E. insulana, in which the patch consists of an even 
irroration of dark scales over the ground colour, and is always edged by 
darker antemedian and postmedian lines. Fringe basally yellow, distally 
whitish, with strong admixture of dark purplish-brown cilia, evenly spread 
from apex to tornus, making the whole fringe appear dark brown. Hindwing 
silky white, with very fine, dark terminal line. Fringe tinted purplish-brown 
in anterior half. Underside of forewing glossy yellowish-white, with 
contrasting dark fringe. That of hindwing whiter. 

E. biplaga is a very variable species, but the dark-coloured fringe on the 
forewing, present on both upper and underside, appears to be a constant 
feature. One specimen in the British Museum Collection, British Museum 
Slide Noctuidae No. 15236, has a strong resemblance to E. clorana, having 
the forewing green with whitish costa; both costa and fringe are, however, 
tinted with brown, and it is indeed a female E. biplaga (det. M. Honey). 

Should the imago of E. vittella ever appear in Britain, it would be instantly 
recognisable. It is about the same size as E. clorana, with slightly narrower 
wings. In the forewing, the costal and dorsal thirds are cream coloured, and 
the median third green from termen, gradually tapering to the base of the 
wing; fringe yellowish-brown. Hindwings white, termen often tinged brown; 
fringe white. There is also a form in which green is replaced by light brown. 


Genitalia 

Male. Uncus divided, with two spine-like points; costa produced to a point; 
cucullus in the form of a bristly pad bearing an articulated spine; aedeagus 
slender. Interspecific differences are found in the degree of development of 
the uncus points, in the width of the harpes and especially in the shape of the 
margin, and in the size and spininess of the cucullus. 

E. clorana Harpes relatively broad, margin rounded; cucullus moderately 
bristly, articulated spine weakly curved. (Fig. 1) 

E. vernana Harpes with distinct angle at margin; cucullus weakly bristly, 
articulated spine weakly curved. (Fig. 2) 

E. insulana Harpes strongly excavate at margin; cucullus heavily bristled, 
articulated spine nearly straight. (Fig. 3) 

E. biplaga Harpes sharply right-angled at margin; cucullus moderately 
bristly, articulated spine sickle-shaped. (Fig. 4) 


THE GENUS EARIAS 233] 


Female. Corpus bursae ovoid, with strong longitudinal striae; ductus bursae 
very slender, ostium a mere pore with weak sclerotisation posteriorly. 
Interspecific differences mainly in ratio of length to width of corpus bursae 
(1/w) and length of corpus to length of ductus (b/d). 
E. clorana Corpus bursae rugby-ball shaped: I/w = 2.7; b/d = 1.35 (Fig. 5). 
E. vernana Corpus bursae lemon-shaped: I/w = 2.3; b/d = 1.50 (Fig. 6). 
E. insulana Corpus bursae broadly ovoid: I/w = 1.75; b/d = 0.76 (Fig. 7). 
E. biplaga Corpus bursae narrowly ovoid: I/w = 3.08; b/d = 1.14 (Fig. 8). 


Genitalia of male Earias species: 
1.clorana 2. vernana 3. insulana 4. biplaga 


Genitalia of female Earias species: 
5.clorana 6.vernana 7. insulana 8. biplaga 


238 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


Genitalia figures 


Earias clorana male. ENGLAND: Walberswick, Suffolk, 12.v.1969. BG. 
Slide No. 292 (Fig. 1). 

Earias clorana female. SWITZERLAND: Pfynwald, Valais, 27.v.1987. BG. 
Slide No. 397 (Fig. 5). 

Earias vernana male. SPAIN: 2km W. Ontinenfa, Huesca, 24.v.1991. BG. 
Slide No. 394 (Fig. 2). 

Earias vernana female. DENMARK: ex larva Asserbo, NEZ. UC1I1. 
3.vill.1973. M. Fibiger. Slide No. 395 (Fig. 6). 

Earias insulana male. SPAIN: 9km S. Fortuna, Murcia, 16.x.1993. BG. 
Slide No. 398 (Fig. 3). 

Earias insulana female. BOTSWANA: (815) R. Ihamalakane, 7mls N.E. 
Maun, 20.iv.1972. South African Exp. B.M. 1972 — Slide No. 399 (Fig. 7). 

Earias biplaga male. NIGERIA: N.W. State, Mokwa, Nr. Cattle Ranch, 
9-10.vili. 1970. P.H. Ward. B.M. 1970 — 604. Slide No. 400 (Fig. 4). 

Earias biplaga female. NIGERIA: Samaru, 8-15.ix.1970. P.H. Ward. B.M. 
1970 — 604. Slide No. 401 (Fig. 8). 


Reported occurrences of Earias insulana and E. biplaga in Britain 


E. insulana 

1.“Southern England”, 1962, by B. Wurzell. Correctly identified. 

2. Brockenhurst, Hampshire, 8.x.1967 (Gardner, 1968). RCK Collection, BM 
1976— 688. Correctly identified. 

3. St. Austell, Cornwall, 12.vi.1992, by W. Kittle (West, 1993). Mis- 
identified. 

4. Freshwater, Isle of Wight, 25.vi.1992 (Knill-Jones, 1993). Misidentified. 


E. biplaga 

1. Buckingham Palace Gardens, London, 16.vii.1964 (Bradley & Mere, 
1964). RCK Collection, BM 1987-58 det. W.H.T. Tams. Correctly 
identified. 

2. Lymington, Hampshire, 23.vii.1982 (Pickles, 1983). Correctly identified. 


Acknowledgements 
The author is grateful for the co-operation of Messrs Kittle, Knill-Jones, 
Pickles, Spalding and Wurzell in sorting out the correct identities of the 
specimens in question. The Trustees of the National History Museum 
(BMNH) are thanked for their kindness in allowing access to material in 
their Collections, and the particular assistance received from Mr D. Carter 
and Mr M. Honey is warmly welcomed. 
References 


Bradley, J.D. & Mere, R.M., 1964. Natural history of the garden of Buckingham Palace: Lepidoptera. 
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 Part Il; 55-74. 
Calle, J.A., 1983. Noctuidos Espanoles. Madrid. 


THE GENUS EARIAS 239 


Fibiger, M. & Hacker, H., 1991. Systematic List of the Noctuidae of Europe, Esperiana Band 2. 
Staffelstein & Schwanfeld. 

Gardner, F.W., 1968. Earias insulana Boisduval (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to the British Isles. 
Entomologist’'s Gazette 19: 90. 

Hacker, H., 1989. Die Noctuidae Griechenlands (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Herbipoliana Band 2. 
Eitchberger, Marktleuthen. 

Heinicke, W., 1965. Ergebnisse der Albanien-Expedition 1961 des Deutschen Entomologischen 
Institutes. 31 Beitrag: Noctuidae. Beitrdge zur Entomologie 15: 503-632. 

Joannis, J. de, 1908. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1908, Pl. 15, fig. 7. (E. clorana ab. flavimargo). 

Knill-Jones, S.A., 1993. Three species of macro-moths new to the Isle of Wight list taken in 1992. 
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 105: 43-44. 

Lorimer, R.I. in Heath & Emmet, 1983. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 10: 
314-316. Harley Books, Colchester. 

Pickles, A.J., 1983. A second British record of Earias biplaga (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 
Entomologist's Gazette. 34: 2. 

Seitz, A. 1914. The Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. 3: Palaearctic Noctuidae. Kernen, Stuttgart. 

—, 1938. Ibid., Vol. 3 (Supplement): The Palaearctic Noctuid Moths. Kernen, Stuttgart. 

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking, London. 

Skou, P. 1991. Nordens Ugler. Danmarks Dyreliv Bind 5: Apollo Books. Stenstrup. 

West, B.K., 1993. 1992 Annual Exhibition Report (British Macrolepidoptera) Br. J. ent. nat. Hist. 6: 
57, Pl. Ill fig. 9. 


A note on A.J. Wightman 


The essay on the Hazards of Moth Collecting by the late A.J. Wightman and 
the splendid introduction by the Editor in the last issue brought memories 
flooding back of the enjoyable times spent with A.J. Wightman on collecting 
trips over several years. 

Two trips stand out in my mind, the first to Freshwater in the Isle of Wight 
to collect larvae of the pale form of Eumichtis lichenea which Archie knew 
occurred on the cliffs at this locality. I collected him from his house in 
Pulborough and drove to Portsmouth where we left the car in a garage and 
took the ferry to Ryde. Here we boarded a Vectis Bus to travel the length of 
the island to Freshwater. We carried our collecting gear on the top deck of 
the bus. Archie's loud and penetrating voice seemed to reverberate 
throughout both decks and several passengers came up the steps to get a 
close look at the peculiar old man. 

Archie had previously booked our overnight beds with a lady in the 
village where he had obviously stayed before. 

At dusk we proceeded to the cliffs and quickly found plenty of larvae 
sitting around and each of us bagged a number of full grown caterpillars. I 
have a block of 18 perfect moths in drawer number 22 in my 48 drawer 
Noctuid cabinet. They are almost white and so distinct from specimens from 
other localities. 

The second trip was more local, sugaring on the South Downs near the 
Opera House at Glyndbourne. A footpath climbs the Downs with a row of 
posts nearly all the way to the summit where there were many more posts. It 
was a fairly steep climb which I would not wish to tackle today. We were 
sugaring for the southern form of Aporophyla lutulenta the Deep-brown 


240 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi. 1994 


Dart. Archie had specialised in the Scottish forms, /wnebergensis and had a 
wonderful range in his collection. 

Paul Sokoloff mentions in his introduction that Wightman was a 
physically large man. That is being modest, he was several inches taller than 
me, I was 6'l'/)" and he must have weighed almost twice my weight of 14 
stone plus. 

When collecting in these out of the way places with him, I constantly had 
an awful feeling that if he fell while climbing difficult ascents and broke a 
limb what should I do? 

1 could not possibly lift him or help him to a civilised area. There would 
be no other way than to go for help miles away. Fortunately nothing 
untoward occurred on our many collecting trips. 

Several collectors were staying in a Hotel near Wicken Fen, some years 
ago. The floor in the entrance hall was highly polished and when A.J.W. 
entered and placed his foot on the door mat it slid away and Archie banged 
the back of his head on the sill. A large lump developed on the back of his 
head and when I said he would develop a bad headache, he replied “Not me, 
I’ve never had a headache in my life”. 

During 1969-70 IT helped to form a new Rotary Club in Midhurst and 
Petworth which involved weekly meetings at Midhurst. As I passed 
Wightman’s house en route | called to see him for a chat fairly regularly. He 
told me about the number of cases that had been selected for the 
Rothschild—Cockayne—Kettlewell Collection and that the rest of his 
collection would go to Gerry Haggett. He gave me the travelling setting case 
that he had constructed for his trips to Cork to search for the almost black 
specimens of the Marbled Green on the walls around the city. 

Archie was a wonderful character, so knowledgeable on so many subjects. 
I wish I could have taped our conversation on those pleasant evenings spent 
together. 

He was also an avid writer of letters. | have a large number received from 
him over the years. I must read them again, perhaps some could be 
published.— RON Dyson, 3 Overhill Gardens, Brighton BN1 8ND. 


Chestnut-coloured Carpets (Thera cognata (Thunb.)) (Lep.: 
Geometridae) in Yorkshire 

P. Corkhill recorded an example from Austwick on 7/8th July 1992 (Ent. 
Rec. 105: 74). 

In 1992, G.B. Summers recognised a moth he had previously taken at 
Levisham from my series of cognata. We confirmed this identification. This 
capture was reported by S.M. Jackson (Ent. Rec. 105: 176), but the date of 
capture was 28th July 1990, not 1992, the year it was identified. 

Therefore, the Levisham record pre-dates the Austwick record as the first 
Yorkshire record. M.R. BRrirTon, 38 Meadlands, York YO3 OPB. 


ISCHNOGLOSSA TURCICA 241 


ISCHNOGLOSSA TURCICA WUNDERLE (COL.: STAPHYLINIDAE) 
IN BRITAIN 


J.A. OWEN 
& Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU 
1, TURCICA is close to I, prolixa (Gravenhorst) from which it was only 
recently separated (Wunderle, 1992). Following the discovery of a few 
examples of this species among specimens of /. prolixa in the author's 
collection (Owen, 1994), material from a number of collections has been 
examined and further British examples identified. This has allowed an 
assessment Of means of separating the two species and provided a 
provisional picture of their distributions in Britain. 

In appearance, /. turcica closely resembles /. prolixa to which it runs 
down in the keys of Fowler (1887), Joy (1932) and Lohse (1974). The most 
easily used distinguishing features appear to be: 

1. the punctures on the upper surface of the head, which are very fine and 
six or more diameters apart in furcica but larger and four or less 
diameters apart in prolixa; 


S 


the punctures on the elytra, which are moderately fine on a more or less 

smooth surface in furcica but coarse and asperate in prolixa, and 

3, the punctures on the rear portions of abdominal tergites, which are 
moderate and diffuse in furcica but close and strong in prolixa., 

There are also clear cut differences in the genitalia (see fig. 1). The basic 
shape of the aedeagus is similar in the two species but that of furcica is 
consistently shorter than that of pro/ixa, Thus the distance from the base to 
the tip of the central lobe measured 0.43 — 0.45mm in turcica and 0.50 
0.53mm in prolixa. Wunderle (1990, 1992) gives values of 0.42mm and 
0.50mm respectively. The spermatheca in furcica has a similar contorted 
shape to that of prolixa but is more slender and shorter. The lengths in 
specimens examined by the author were 0.25 — 0.2%mm in turcica and 0.30 
0.35mm in prolixa, Wunderle gives corresponding values of 0.24 and 0,28 — 
0,33mm respectively, 

Wunderle (1992) gives the smaller body length in furcica as a dis- 
tinguishing feature, giving values of 2.5 — 2.6mm and 2.7 — 3.2mm 
respectively. Certainly, most specimens of furcica are smaller than speci- 
mens of prolixa but the problem of determining accurately the lengths of 
small Staphylinids, so often with retracted abdomens, makes length 
unreliable as a means of separating the two species. Wunderle also gives the 
structure of the antennae as a means of separating the two species but the 
differences are only likely to be discernible in specimens in which the 
antennae have been very carefully displayed. 

Records from material examined by the author (37 specimens) or by Mr 
A.A. Allen (14 specimens) indicate that, in Britain, furcica (33 specimens) is 
a southern insect (fig. 2). Vice-county records, with collectors’ initials in 


242. ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 __20.xi.1994 


166 
v8 


0-2mm 


Fig. 1. Genitalia: lateral view of ele 
a. furcica and b. prolixia; spermathaca — ¢. turcica and d. prolixa. 


parentheses (see acknowledgements) were from South Devon (G.A.), South 
Hants (H.L.), North Hants (P.H.), East Sussex (P.J.H.), West Kent (A.A., 
N.H., P.J.H., A.W.), Surrey (A.A., H.L., J-O., A.W.), Berkshire (A.A., J.O., 
P.H.) and Worcester (P.W.). Most of these records are for the period 1940 to 
1990 but two of Harwood's specimens (in coll. A.A.A.) were collected in 
1905. Outside Britain, turcica is known from the Mediterranean area as far 
east as Turkey (Wunderle, in Jitt.). The occurrence of a beetle species in 
Britain and in the Mediterranean area but not apparently in central Europe is 
unusual but by no means unknown. 

In contrast, prolixa in Britain appears to be more a northerly insect (fig. 
2). Mr Allen has taken a single specimen at Blackheath, West Kent but 
otherwise all specimens examined were from vice-counties north of the 
Thames, viz. Herts (P.H.), West Suffolk (A.W.), East Norfolk (H.L.), East 
Gloucester (P.W.), Cardigan (J.O.), Roxburgh (M.S.), Mid Perth (J.O., P.H.), 
Elgin (J.O., G.A.), Westerness (J.O.), North Ebudes (J.O.) and West 
Sutherland (I.W.). Outside Britain, prolixa ranges across most of the rest of 
Europe (Wunderle, 1990). 

As far as ecology goes, turcica in Britain has been recorded in and 
association usually with broad-leaved trees such as beech, birch and oak but 
sometimes with pine, occurring, as a rule, singly under the bark of dead 


ISCHNOGLOSSA TURCICA 243 


ClP RR 
aes ia a A 


Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of specimens examined in terms of 10km squares. 


trunks and branches or in rotten wood. One of the author's specimens was 
taken in a flight interception trap in a deciduous wood. Dates of records 
ranged from March to October. /. prolixa occurs in similar habitats. Records 
for specimens examined had dates ranging from January to November. 

It is of some interest that /. turcica should turn up in Britian for Lott 
(1993) has shown that another recently described species — /. obscura 
(Wunderle, 1990) — also occurs here. The two appear to be difficult to 
separate on external characters but differ in the size and shape of the 
genitalia. None of the specimens examined by the author could be referred to 
obscura. There is, however, no doubt that both species have a place on the 
British list for British specimens of both species have been confirmed by 
Herr Wunderle. 


244 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


Acknowledgements 

I am much indebted to Herr Wunderle for the initial identification of my 
specimens as /. turcica and for providing information on the species, to Mr 
A.A. Allen who very kindly checked /schnoglossa specimens in his 
possession, collected by himself, by the late G.H. Ashe or by the late P. 
Harwood and to Mr Derck Lott for information on his obscura specimens. | 
thank also the following colleagues for giving me material or for letting me 
examine material in their possession: Mr J. Cooter (specimens from the H.R. 
Last collection now in his care), Mr Norman Heal, Mr Peter J. Hodge, Mr 
Magnus Sinclair, Dr lan White, Mr Paul Whitehead, Mr Alex Williams. I 
thank also Mr A.R. Wiseman for authorising access to Windsor Forest and 
English Nature for arranging this. 


References 

Fowler, W.W., 1887. The Coleoptera of the British Islands. Vol. 2, L. Reeve & Co. 
London. 

Joy, N.H., 1932. A Practical Handbook of British Beetles. H.F. & G. Witherby, London. 

Lohse, G.A., 1974. in Die Kafer Mitteleuropas. Vol. 5: ed. H. Freude, K.W. Harde, & 
G.A. Lohse, Goecke & Evers, Krefeld. 

Lott, D.A., 1993. Ischnoglossa obscura Wunderle, new to Britain. Coleopterist, 2: 20. 

Owen, J.A., 1994. Ischnoglossa turcica Wunderle (Staphylinidae) new to Britain. 
Coleopterist 3: 65. 

Wunderle, P., 1990. Revision der mitteleuropaischen Arten der Gattung /schnoglossa 
Kraatz 1856. Entomol. Blatter, 86: 51-68. 

—, 1992. Eine neue Art der Gattung /schnoglossa Kraatz 1856 aus Tirkie (Coleoptera, 
Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Entomol. Bldtter, 88: 49-52. 


Hazards of butterfly collecting — “‘Les Papillons de Zaire’’. 
October, 1989 


In 1981 was published the first ever book on the 1,600 of so butterflies of 
Zaire, one of the best ever published on any part of Africa — unfortunately 
lacking the Skippers, though the author is a specialist in these. It was written 
by Lucien Berger, one of the leading authorities on African butterflies, and is 
copiously illustrated in colour. It is a must for the library of anyone who 
might even expect to become mildly interested in Africa's fascinating 
butterflies. | obviously have a copy in my library — but precious few of my 
colleagues do. Why not? 

As far as I know all copies now available, bar my own, stem from the 
limited stock of review and author's copies that Berger received directly 
from the printers before the bulk was sent to Zaire. The rest are still with the 
publisher, the “Présidence de la République”, in Kinshasa. This is, of course, 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 


“ 
a Lees 


—“~ 


Looking for Papillons de Zaire. Somewhere in Zaire. 


shorthand for His Excellency, Field-Marshal, Mobuto Sese Seko etc. — he of 
the “Mouvement populaire pour la République” (one country, one people, 
one party, and — wags add — one bank-account). There is no libel here — a 
World Bank official once called Zaire the world's only fully institutionalised 
“kleptocracy”. 

During my first visit to Kinshasa in 1987, I tried all the tricks in my book 
to coax a copy out of the Presidency, or to find one that had “accidentally” 
reached a book-shop. No luck. No book-shops had it, even ex-ministers 
could not lay hands on a copy (there are lots of ex-ministers in Kinshasa, 
since the appointment and sacking of ministers is one of Mobuto's main 
ways of staying in power). My final port of call was the book-shop in the 
Kinshasa Intercontinental Hotel. I left my calling-card with promises of gold 
were a copy to be procured before my next visit. 

My need of the book increased, but a visit to Kinshasa in 1988 gave the 
same result: No book for love or money — even though money often goes a 
long way in Zaire. I went down to the Intercontinental to renew my promise 
of a reward — it was unnecessary, I was immediately recognised — “ah, c'est 
vouz avec les papillons!” 

In 1989 I had almost given up, but during a brief visit I once again went to 
the Intercontinental. No book . . . but another customer overheard our 
conversation. “Oh” he said, “I just saw a copy at the International Fair — it's 
closing today, by the way”. 

I commandeered a car from my hosts and rushed to fairgrounds, where 
signs of packing were evident. and sure enough, in the section on our 


246 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi.1994 


“olorious heritage” was a copy of THE book. A seedy-looking gentleman 
from the Ministry of National Heritage was in charge: “Could I buy the 
Book?”. 

“Unfortunately not’, it was the Ministry's only copy. 

“Where could I buy it?” 

“Pas possible”. 

Then I did it! | had sworn I never would! During thirty years of travel in 
the most difficult parts of the world, I never have! I still feel ambivalent 
about having done it! 

I unrolled a hundred dollar bill and dangled it in front of the heritage 
gentleman. It was promptly seized, and the book was mine. It being 
Kinshasa, the proverbial brown paper bag was not available, so I carried off 
my loot in broad daylight. | promise I will never do it again. But, honestly, 
the book is now in nearly daily use with me, and the Ministry of National 
Heritage has even less business than they did then. Was I really morally 
wrong in what I did? I think there is a UK television programme dealing 
with this kind of ethical dilemma; I have not been brave enough to apply for 
a slot. 

This ridiculous situation is almost the complete opposite of the usual one. 
Normally, researchers and consultants descend on an unsuspecting 
developing country and write their books, papers, and reports. These are then 
widely circulated to academics in the rich countries and to aid agencies, but 
not to those who really need them — local people batting against all odds 
with research and development problems with very little of this information 
available, and for whom a few dollars-worth of photocopies would break 
their budgets.— T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Road, London SW9 8PL. 


The voltinism of Acleris schalleriana (Linnaeus) (Lep.: Tortricidae) 


The 19th century authors (Wilkinson, 1859; Stainton. 1859; Morris, 1872), 
who called this moth Peronea tristana (Hiibner), described it as single- 
brooded, flying from August or September until November. Tutt (1902), to 
whom it was P. logiana (Clerck), gave the larval period as June to August, 
but later (Tutt, 1905) added that larvae could still be found up to the end of 
September. He did not suggest the possibility of more than one generation. 
Meyrick ([1928]) gave the same dates for the emergence of the adults as the 
Victorian writers, but added that they overwintered until May. Ford (1949), 
Bradley, Tremewan & Smith (1973) and Fairclough in Emmet ({1979]) 
repeated Meyrick's figures. Hancock in Emmet (1988) seems to have been 
the first to suggest that the species was bivoltine, giving the dates for the 
imago as August to September, and October to May. 

On 28th June 1994 | took a specimen at m.v. light in Saffron Walden, 
Essex. Because of the early date, I consulted the specimens, all reared, in my 
collection; their high number is because the species is polymorphic. I found 
that | had five from Trottiscliffe, Kent, that emerged between 22nd and 26th 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 


June, 1969, and three from the Burren, Co. Clare, that emerged on 17th and 
18th July, 1971. The date of emergence of 25 others ranged from Ist 
September to 4th November. 

A possible explanation is that this is one of the species that is essentially 
univoltine, but has a proportion of larvae that feed up quickly and produce 
adults from late June until August. The remainder develop slowly and the 
moths emerge from September onwards. A similar habit causes conflicting 
opinions over the voltinism of certain leaf-miners. The best-known example 
of this adapation is afforded by the Comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album 


(Linnaeus)). 

References: Bradley, J.D., Tremewan, W.G. & Smith, A., 1973. British tortricoid moths, 
Cochylidae and Tortricidae: Tortricinae, vii, 25\pp., 47 pls (26 col.) 52 text figs. 
London; Fairclough, R., [1979]. Tortricinae, pp. 147-160. /n Emmet, A.M. (Ed.), A field 
guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 27\pp. London; Ford, L.T., 1949. A guide to 
the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230pp. London; Hancock, E.F., 1988. Tortricinae, pp. 
155-169. Jn Emmet, A.M. (Ed.), A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera (Edn 2), 
288pp. London; Meyrick, E., [1928]. A revised handbook of British Lepidoptera, vi, 
914pp., text figs. London; Morris, F.O., 1872. A natural history of British moths 3, 
223pp., 35 col. pls. London; Stainton, H.T., 1859. A manual of British butterflies and 
moths 2, xi, 475pp., text figs, London; Tutt, J.W., 1902; 1905. Practical hints for the 
field lepidopterist 2, 3. London; Wilkinson, S.J. 1859. The British tortrices, viii, 328pp., 
4 pls. London. 

— A.M. EMMET, 14 Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CB11 3AF. 


Phyllodrepoidea crenata (Grav.) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in 
South Northumberland 


Among the duplicates and unsorted material that came to me (indirectly) 
from the late G.H. Ashe I found a series of five examples of this scarce 
northern beetle, taken not by him but apparently by a correspondent of the 
late Joseph Cribb. The locality is given as Dipton Fort, near Riding Mill on 
the river Tyne a few miles south-east of Hexham, south Northumberland; the 
date, 30.1.1930. This is well within the distribution of the species as now 
known, but, as the records are probably somewhat few, one more may 
perhaps not be superfluous. There is no indication of habitat, which, like that 
of the allied Deliphrum tectum (Payk.), appears remarkably diverse. 

— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 


Some recent sightings of Argynnis adippe (Denis & Schiffermiuller) 
(Lep.: Nymphalidae) from West Devon 
Argynnis adippe (High Brown Fritillary) has declined dramatically in recent 
years, although some quite strong colonies still persist here in Devon. | 
would like to record a number of recent sightings from my home at 
Tuckermarsh, in the parish of Bere Ferrers, Devon (VC3). 

My main reason for this note is that, although these sightings were 
conveyed to the County butterfly recorder, they do not appear in the recently 
published text Devon Butterflies (Bristow, Mitchell and Bolton, 1993). The 


248 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


first, a worn male, was observed nectaring on Corncockle (Agrostemma 
githago) on 4.vill.91. In the following year a fresh female was seen on 
10.vi.92, sunning itself on our Leylandii hedge at 7.05pm. Two further 
examples were noted on 12.vii.92 and 19.vii.92, flying in the company of 
numerous other species on drifts of Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense). 
None were seen in 1993, although this was a very poor year here and many 
of the more common species failed to appear. 

It is unlikely that this insect breeds on our property (although around 
twenty butterfly species do or have) but much of the surrounding countryside 
affords an ideal habitat: small, warm sunny meadows and banks, fringed 
with bracken and with abundant violets (Viola spp.). There are records of A. 
adippe dating back to the late 1960s from Bere Ferrers parish and it seems 
probable that a small population survives in this area. ROBERT BOGUE, 
Kingston House, Tuckermarsh, Bere Alston, Devon PL20 7HB. 


A sighting of the Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. in Kent 


A fine specimen of the Monarch butterfly was observed by Mike Keen on 
the afternoon of 25th July 1994 at Beckenham, Kent. The insect was 
observed for several minutes during which time it fed briefly on a spray of 
Buddleia. The origin of the butterfly is unknown, but there are no butterfly 
farms in the vicinity from which it could have escaped PAUL SOKOLOFF, 4 
Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BT6 6DR. 


Thaumetopoea herculeana (Rambur, 1837), an unusual member of the 
Thaumetopoeidae (Lepidoptera) 


Of the four species present in Spain belonging to the Thaumetopoeidae, T. 
herculeana is the only member whose larvae feed on low plants. In addition 
and more importantly in terms of the nuisance value of the family the larvae 
of this species are not at all urticating. 

In February 1990 whilst passing through San Fernando (Cadiz) on my 
slow journey back to Madrid I was intrigued to see so many larvae of this 
moth crawling over the Erodium plants, which along with Malva, cover 
wasteground, The latter plants play host to the Arctiid, Ocnogyna baetica 
(Rambur, 1836). The larvae looking so much like Automeris assume the 
“habit” so curious of this family's larvae that they crawl from one plant to 
the next end-to-end procession-like. 

I made the mistake of collecting a few larvae as I was confident they 
would accept Cistus back in London. As it was they were very fussy and 
although attempts were made at feeding they did not take to the change. This 
is even more surprising given that Cistum salviaefolius is listed as a 
foodplant along with the Erodiums; E. moschatum and arborescens plus 
Helianthemum vulgare and H. croceum (Gomez Bustillo, 1978). 

Fortunately, on returning to Madrid at the end of February 1990 the 
surviving larvae happily reverted back to Erodium. One larva in fact pupated 
on 17th March in peat. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249 


The next time I came across the larvae was in Valdemoro, south of Madrid 
in April of the same year, this time feeding on Helianthemum, especially on 
those plants growing on slopes exposed to the sun so vital to the larvae's 
development. Larvae were taken and did much better than the first batch 
probably because they were reared in a light airy cage on potted plant. They 
began to go under on 23rd April. A check on these larvae revealed that they 
were sull “pre-pupae” on 9th May. 

The imagines emerge at different times of the year in Spain depending on 
the area (Gomez Bustillo, 1978). They emerge in June in the north (Castilla- 
Leén) and centre (Madrid, Guadalajara, Cuenca), whilst in Andalusia the 
moths come out in September and October. One assumes that this is so due 
to the intense summer heat of the south and that the moths only emerge once 
the autumn rains encourage the growth once again of the larval foodplant. 

Of the fifteen cocoons in my possession, moths began to eclose in late 
August, with the first pair emerging together on 23rd August. The imagines 
do not live long at all, so it seemed that for any copulation to take place it is 
imperative that emergences are simultaneous, Although no moths were noted 
in cop a large batch of ova covered in anal hairs was found on 25th August. 
There were other emergences until 21st September but no pairings occurred. 

Larvae hatching out on 25th September were transferred to potted 
Helianthemum and kept in a sunny window, The larvae spun a web amongst 
the lower part of the plant on 7th October, the usual procedure during the 
earlier instars; this protection is dispensed with once the larvae are more 
advanced, the larvae then feeding en masse with no cover whatsoever. In the 
wild they feed throughout the winter months principally in sunny weather, 
pupating in April, 

The moth is distributed in the central, north-central and southern 
provinces of Spain; the southern-most parts of Galicia (north-west Spain) 
and northern Portugal. Outside Iberia it is found in Morocco, Algeria, 
Tunisia, Libya and eastwards towards Palestine. 


References: Gomez de Aizptrua, Carlos, 1986. Biologia y Morfologia de las Orugas. 
Vol. Il; Gomez Bustillo, Miguel R., 1981. Catdlogo Sistematico de Lepidépteros 
Ibéricos; Gomez Bustillo, Miguel R., 1978. Mariposas de la Peninsula Ibérica, 
Heteréceros \\; Rougeot, P.C. & Viette, P., 1980. Guia de Campo de las Mariposas 
Nocturnas de Europa y Norte de Africa. 

G. KING, 20 Turnstone Close, London E13 OHN. 

Dyschirius angustatus (Ahr.) (Col.: Carabidae): earlier Scottish finds 

R.M. Lyszkowski, J.A. Owen and M. Sinclair (1994, Coleopterist 3(1): 22) 
give a full account of the more recent finds of this rare Dyschirius in 
Scotland and northern England. When at Aviemore in 1938 I took, on 18.vii, 
a single specimen in that district running on damp sand by the river Druie, an 
offshoot of the Spey, in which Bledius subterraneus Er. and B, arcticus 
Sahlb. were burrowing. (This productive little spot yielded also at different 
times two Thinobius major, two T, newberyi and one Hydrosmecta 


250 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


delicatula — the first and last in fine shingle beside the river.) The late P. 
Harwood, who (if memory serves) was with me on the former occasion, also 
found D. angustatus there in subsequent years; I have a specimen from him 
marked “Aviemore vi.44”. These captures appear to have been the first in 
Scotland since T.E. Bishop and D. Sharp discovered it at Nethy Bridge in or 
about the first decade of the century, but up to now have remained, as far as I 
know, unpublished.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London 
SE7 8QG. 


Agdistis bennetii (Curtis) (Lep.: Pterophoridae) recorded inland 


The night 30—31st July 1994 was warm and humid (minimum temperature 
here 65°F) and there was a light east wind. My trap contained 126 species of 
Lepidoptera and probably well over 1000 moths. Amongst them was 
Agdistis bennetii, a species whose larva feeds on sea-lavender and which is 
entirely restricted to salt-marshes. The nearest source, which could have 
been Tollesbury, the type locality, is about 35 miles distant on the Essex 
coast.— A.M. EMMetT, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, 
Essex CB11 3AF. 

Specific flower associations in Empididae (Dipt.) 

Platypalpus incertus Collin: not a particularly common species in general 
situations, and I had met with only odd specimens until I found it to be very 
frequent, year after year, between the petals of garden roses in this district; 
while no other species of Platypalpus occurred in that special habitat. Collin 
(1961, Brit. Flies 6 (Empididae), 1: 206) found P. incertus “common in June 
on the flowers of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum” in a paddock behind his 
house at Newmarket, Suffolk. The floricolous habit is evidently exceptional 
in this genus. 

Rhamphomyia variabilis (Fall.): regarded as a common species, it was 
tolerably so in my former garden at Blackheath (near here) but only on the 
flowers of the cultivated golden-rod (Solidago canadensis), and compar- 
atively seldom to be seen away from them. After moving to Charlton only 
some two miles distant, late in 1973, I seem never to have met with it again 
until September 1983 on a return visit to Blackheath, when one was noted on 
a clump of the above plant in full flower, in a sidewalk off a road not far 
from my previous residence. This suggests that R. variabilis may be more 
local, if not also more restricted in its tastes, than usually considered. 

Hilara longivittata Zett.: once (late May 1981) observed in large numbers 
flying over, though not often settling on, the umbels of Anthriscus sylvestris 
(cow parsley) where it grew abundantly along a wayside near here; both 
sexes appeared to be thus engaged. At other times and in other years not a 
single specimen was to be seen, either there or elsewhere in the district 
where the plant is very common. I had, however, in earlier years found a few 
examples on trees and shrubs near the first-mentioned spot. Collin (op. cit. 
3:637) notes that females are often found “upon flower-heads of Umbel- 
liferae”, and I once took two or three on those of Heracleum sphondylium in 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 251 


Norfolk wood. In at least the former case there was no water anywhere near; 
if, therefore, the association of the large genus Hilara with running or 
standing water admits exceptions, then /ongivittata would certainly seem to 
be one of them.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 
8QG. 


Parascotia fuliginaria (Linnaeus) Waved Black (Lep.: Noctuidae) a note 
of its occurrence in VC8 South Wiltshire 


On 18th September 1985 the Waved Black was attracted to my garden m.v. 
light at Dinton in Wiltshire. This is believed to be the first record for this 
species in Wiltshire. Subsequent sightings indicated that a resident breeding 
population existed in the area although occasional searches of fallen 
branches and tree trunks in nearby woodland (with Daldinia and Coriolus 
fungus on them) have failed to reveal any larva. The Waved Black is 
predominately a July to September species in Dinton, the earliest date of 
capture being 3rd July 1989 and the latest 18th September 1985. It occurs in 
most years and usually as a singleton on two or three dates, but on the 3rd 
July 1988 the m.v. trap contained five specimens. The 1994 season to date 
has been slightly better than usual (considering I am only able to trap at 
weekends) with the moth being present on 9th, 15th and 31st July and a very 
small specimen on 20th August with a wingspan of only 20mm (the usual 
size is about 28mm).— STEPHEN PALMER, The Warren, Hindon Road, Dinton, 
Salisbury, Wiltshire SP3 SEG. 


Two species of macromoths new to the Isle of Wight 


On 14th July 1994 Simon Colenutt took an example of Rhyacia simulans 
(Hufn.) at m.v. light at Chale Green and on 18th July I took a further perfect 
female of this species in my light trap at Freshwater. According to Goater it 
did appear on More's list but these are the first recent authentic records of 
this species for the Isle of Wight. 

I should also like to report the capture of Heliothis maritima subsp. 
warneckei (Boursin) at m.v. light at Freshwater on 27th July 1985 which was 
incorrectly identified as Heliothis viriplaca (Hufn.) in the first instance. This 
species which ts still to be found in the New Forest has not been taken on the 
Isle of Wight before.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, 
Freshwater, Isle of Wight. 


A note on the distribution of Chazara prieuri Pierret 1837 in Spain 
(Lepidoptera: Satyridae) 

Until relatively recently, Spanish populations of Chazara prieuri Pierret, 
were known only from a fairly well-defined geographical area in the 
mountains of Central Spain, with Albarracin (Teruel) a well-known locality. 
However, Tarrier (1993) recently recorded a single female of the distinctive 
form uhagonis Oberthiir, in which the white upperside markings are replaced 


i) 
Nn 
i) 


ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


by orange-buff, from the Sierra de La Sagra (Granada) in south- east Spain, 
many kilometres from it's previously known localities. 

On 29th June 1994, I took a fresh female prieuri, also of f. uhagonis, on 
the road bordering the “La Losa” property on the north-west perimeter of La 
Sagra; apparently (Michael Tarrier, [F] E-Mijas pers. comm.) this is only the 
second record of prieuri from that area. 

It is worth noting that Chazara briseis and Brintesia circe, both large 
black and white Satyrid butterflies with a superficial resemblance to typical 
prieuri, are abundant in the area (also for that matter in many other parts of 
Spain) and may well mask the presence of prieuri; in this context it is 
interesting that both specimens observed at La Sagra have been of the 
distinctive uhagonis form. 


References: Higgins, L.G. & Riley, N.D., [1970] 1983. A Field Guide to the 
Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Sth (revised) edition, Collins; Tarrier, M., 1993. La 
Sierra de La Sagra: un écosysteme-modele du refuge méditerranéen. Alexanor, 18(1): 
13-42. 


— W.J. TENNENT, | Middlewood Close, Fylingthorpe, Whitby, North 
Yorkshire YO22 4UD. 


Early butterfly dates in the Canary Isles 


Between 27th and 31st March 1993 I saw the following butterflies in 
Tenerife that are said by Higgins & Riley, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of 
Britain and Europe, ed. 4(1980), not to occur as early as March: Large 
White, P. brassicae; Clouded Yellow, C. croceus; Monarch, D. plexippus; 
Indian Red Admiral, V. indica calliroe; and Canary Speckled Wood, P. 
xiphioides. The Field Guide's “May to September” for the last must be well 
wide of the mark, for Canary Speckled Woods were seen almost everywhere, 
often in great abundance. On 31st March they, together with Red Admirals 
and Indian Red Admirals (also “May onwards”), were feeding on a 
cultivated (but probably native endemic) species of Limonium in the 
Bananera at La Guancha. A thriving colony of Long-tailed Blues, L. 
boeticus, was seen on 28th March at Buenavista, dozens of them swarming 
around a range of procumbent herbaceous legumes in an exposed rocky 
area.— CLIVE A. STACE, Cringlee, Claybrooke Road, Ullesthorpe, 
Lutterworth, Leicestershire LE17 5AB. 


Red Admiral overwintering sites; the continental café 


Brian West's article on the overwintering habits of Red Admirals reminds me 
of unexpected winter sightings in the south of France (Ent. Rec. 106: 121- 
123), 

In 1985, we spent the second half of the winter on the Céte D'Azur, for tax 
limitation reasons. Unfortunately, that was the year when the whole coast 
froze solid during January, killing mimosa and palm trees indiscriminately, 
and freezing the oranges on the trees. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS DS 


Nonetheless, on 25th January, seated at a café in Grasse, we were joined 
by a Red Admiral, anxious to share our beverage. The experience was 
repeated, on 29th January, at a café on the top of the fort at Nice, where a 
Red Admiral was busy drinking from the empty cups. With the snow lying 
around, it was encouraging to see these spectacular butterflies behaving as 
though it were midsummer! 

At such sites, normal daily activity can presumably continue throughout 
the winter. But by 24th February, specimens at Menton were showing clear 
signs of wear and tear— R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex 
PO20 9DQ. 


Notes on some Pyralids found in Bombay, India. June 1994 


Shortly before the monsoons broke out in western India in early June I came 
across a few species of Pyralid in Aarey Milk Colony on the outskirts of 
Bombay city. 

The most interesting find was that of six fully-fed larvae of Orthaga 
exvinacea (Hampson) on the lower branches of Mangifera indica, Mango. 
The larvae fed within loosely constructed “tents” of the leaves which would 
curl and dry up. It was noted that empty “tents” would become home to tiny 
red ants which would swarm out to attack any intruder. | was caught out on 
many occasions. According to Nair (1986) the moth is a pest of mangoes. At 
least two larvae successfully pupated in peat on my return to London which 
was just as well considering their foodplant requirements. An imago, (a 
male) emerged on 12th June just as I was leaving for another trip, a second 
emerged whilst I was away and was battered beyond hope in the confines of 
its cylinder cage. The identity of the moth was confirmed thanks to the 
efforts of Michael Schaffer at the Natural History Museum who also dealt 
with the identification of other species collected from India. 

A very common species seen was Spolanea recurvalis (Fabricius) which 
would fly up from the undergrowth in and around Mango trees as well as on 
the fringes of the grassy areas of a park in the aforementioned area near to 
cultivated lilies. Its larval foodplant is said to be Amaranthus. Two other 
Pyralids collected were Herpetogramma licarcisalis (Walker) and 
Chaphalocrocis paeyalis (Boisduval). 

Collecting in India cannot be a solo activity as one's endeavours will 
invariably attract the attentions of the local people. It has to be said that 
whatever one has collected and placed into killing jars or pill boxes must be 
shown to any “spectators” that gather. Not to do this would be considered 
the height of rudeness and being rude is not something that the Indians 
deserve, they are an incredibly hospitable and friendly people. 


References: Heywood, V.H., 1993. Flowering Plants of the World; Nair, M.R.G.K., 
1986. Insects and Mites of Crops in India; Robinson, G.S., Tuck, K.R. & Schaffer, M., 
1994. A Field Guide to the Smaller Moths of South-east Asia. 


— G. KING, 20 Turnstone Close, London E13 OHN. 


254 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


Tyta luctuosa (Denis & Schiffermiller), The Four Spotted (Lep.: 
Noctuidae), new to Co. Durham (VC66) 


On 17th June 1994 I received a letter and two photographs from Dr Hazel 
Johnson, a lecturer in the Department of Geology in the University of 
Durham. The photographs had been taken in Durham City on the 12th June 
1994. She had searched through Bernard Skinner's Guide and thought that 
the illustration of Tyta luctuosa was the only one resembling the moth at rest 
on the flower vegetation of the field she was walking in. In my view her 
identification of a species I myself had never before seen was absolutely 
correct. 

I happened to mention this unusual capture to Adrian Riley during a 
telephone conversation about moth trapping business. He expressed a wish 
to see the photographs, which were duly mailed to him. He quickly 
telephoned to agree with our thoughts and suggested that although 
identification from photographs were often insufficiently clear to make a 
certain determination, in this case there was no doubt. Subsequently the 
Editor of this journal had no hesitation in accepting the record, after he and 
Bernard Skinner had also seen the pictures. 

Dr Johnson took the photographs at about 10.30am on a warm sunny 
morning in a field near St Mary's College, University of Durham, ref. O.S. 
NZ 272415. This record is at present the most northerly in the British Isles, 
very interesting because of its Red Data status and of some rarity even where 
it is seen more regularly. At present I understand that the existing northerly 
records are of a single one for Lincolnshire and several known colonies in 
Nottinghamshire (Sokoloff, pers. comm.). 

Thanks are due to Adrian Riley, Paul Sokoloff and Bernard Skinner for 
providing confirmation of the identification and most of all to Dr Johnson 
for having enlisted my help— T.C. DUNN, The Poplars, Chester-le-Street, Co. 
Durham. 


Anthribus fasciatus (Forster) (Col.: Anthribidae) in Somerset 


On the wet and dull morning of 6th June 1994 my dejected stoop 
immediately straightened when a single specimen of this very local beetle 
fell onto the small dirty white umbrella which valiantly passes for a beating 
tray amongst my entomological paraphernalia. I had been examining the 
ancient oaks of Ashton Court, just outside Bristol, but the intermittent rain 
allowed only a brief attack on the low dripping branches and further 
thrashing brought down only damp individuals of the weevil Curculio 
glandium Marsham and the click beetle Athous haemorrhoidalis (Fabricius). 

Ashton Court now finds itself in the centre of the modern administrative 
area of Avon, but in the Watsonian scheme of things it is just inside the 
extreme north-east corner of vice-county 6, North Somerset, to which the 
record of the Anthribus appears new. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 255 


The recent list of Somerset beetles (Duff, 1993), like many local 
catalogues, provides an excellent yard-stick against which entomologists can 
compare and report their findings. Although A. fasciatus is absent from the 
list, there are a few records for A. nebulosus (Forster), including two from 
Ashton Court in the first quarter of this century. 

The occurrence of A. fasciatus near Bristol is not altogether surprising. 
Accorded “notable A” status in the recent Coleoptera “review” (Hyman & 
Parsons, 1992) and recently recorded from only a few counties, earlier 
records imply a range across parts of Wales and most of England, excepting 
the extreme south-west; the beetle is recorded from the neighbouring vice- 
counties of Dorset (VC9), West Gloucestershire (VC34) and Glamorgan 
(VC41) (Morris , 1990; Hyman & Parsons, 1992). 


References: Duff, A., 1993. Beetles of Somerset. p.205. Taunton, Somerset 
Archeological and Natural History Society; Hyman P.S. & Parsons, M.S., 1992. A 
review of the scarce and threatened Coleoptera of Great Britain. Part 1. p.69. UK 
Nature Conservation No. 3. Peterborough, JNCC; Morris, M.G., 1990. Orthocerous 
weevils. Coleoptera Curculionoidea. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 
5(16): 24. 


— RICHARD A. JONES, 13 Bellwood Road, Nunhead, London SE15 3DE. 


Chloroclystis rectangulata L. ( Lep.: Geometridae) The return of the 
green form to north-west Kent, and a comment on larval foodplants 


Over fifty years have elapsed since I last came across the green form in this 
area, despite it being a very common species at my garden m.yv. light. In the 
1930s green forms were noticed frequently settled upon apple and pear trees 
and trellis in my former garden near Dartford Heath. For north-west Kent I 
can find only one reference to this form for the post-war period, this in 
Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 3 1981), a specimen seen by 
D. O'Keeffe at Bexley in May 1967. 

On 31st May 1993 one was noted at my garden m.v. trap, and another on 
17th June, but none were seen in 1994. As the local rectangulata have an 
ancestry of melanistic forms for many generations it is not surprising that 
neither specimen displayed the bright green colour to be found, for example, 
in the population in western Ireland. 

That green forms were not uncommon at Dartford in the 1930s is itself 
noteworthy in view of the evidence that only a few miles to the west they 
had been supplanted by melanistic ones by the turn of the century; thus 
Barnett (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1906/7) exhibited a series from 
Welling all of which were melanic, and Doncaster (Ent. Rec. 18:223) in 
1906 quoted Fenn as saying that light forms had more or less completely 
disappeared from the Catford and Lee areas (in Chalmers-Hunt, oc. lit.). 

Chalmers-Hunt mentions two larval foodplants for C. rectangulata in 
Kent — apple and cherry, and C. Plant (Larger Moths of the London Area, 
1993) gives Malus domestica, M. sylvestris and Pyrus pyraster. Around 
Dartford while apple is undoubtedly the main larval foodplant, I have found 


256 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


it on pear in the 1930s and 1960s on numerous occasions, while on the estate 
where I live the numerous ornamental Prunus which are a common feature 
of front gardens play a considerable réle in maintaining C. rectangulata as a 
very common species. In June 1972 I counted over a dozen specimens 
resting on the trunk and branches of a small ornamental Prunus, and the 
adjacent fence and house walls on each of several occasions; larvae were 
readily found on the blossom the following year. Other similar trees have 
been found to support rectangulata, although not in such prodigious 
numbers. On Dartford Heath and in hedgerows in the area I have 
encountered the larvae on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), but less commonly 
than those of C. chloerata on bushes upon which both are present.— B.K. 
WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN. 


Acronicta tridens (Schiff.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in South Cumbria 


I had the good fortune to capture a male A. tridens in my trap in Grange- 
over-Sands on 22nd July 1994. Over many years of collecting and trapping 
in this district | have examined the “tails” of many Daggers only to find that 
they all were the common Acronicta psi (L.). I have in the past taken A. 
tridens in the south of England and in my opinion now the two species, 
tridens and psi, are abundantly distinct without recourse to genitalia 
examination. So much so that the presently recorded specimen was 
immediately identified when first observed in the trap. Examination of the 
genitalia, in situ, quickly confirmed the identity. 

The late Dr R.C. Lowther, of Grange, whose records of moths over more 
than 30 years are well known, never saw the adult moth while collecting at 
light. However, in 1936 he found two larvae of tridens in his garden and 
succeeded in rearing the moths. In this connection it may be relevant to 
observe that Dr Lowther was a keen gardener so that there is a possibility 
that the two larvae he found could have been imported on bought plants. I 
have quite often found larvae of psi in this area, but never tridens. 

—DR NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Beardwood, Carter Road, Grange-over-Sands. 


BOOK REVIEWS 


British butterfly vernacular names including Forms, Subspecies and 
Aberrations by W.A. McCall. 62pp. Word processed text in printed card 
cover. A5. 1994. Privately published and available from Flat 46, The 
Rowans, Montgomery Road, Woking, Surrey GU22 7SS. £1.25. 

For each of the British butterfly species this publication lists historic 
names, the vernacular name in a variable number of European and North 
American languages and then the forms, subspecies and named aberrations. 
These are mixed and listed alphabetically, distinguished by the suffix “ab” or 
“ssp” etc. Geographical locations are given where appropriate. Authors’ 
names are not given. There is a brief bibliography at the end. 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS D5] 


A useful checklist, but it is a shame that Emmet's chapter on Vernacular 
names and early history of British butterflies in Moths and butterflies of 
Great Britain and Ireland 7(1) had not been consulted, as a number of 
interesting historic names have been omitted. PAS 


Butterflies and moths of Hutchinsons and Chapel Bank by Martin Wills 
and Antony Wren. Volume 1. 60pp. Volume 2. 60pp. Each volume with 8 
pages of colour photographs. A5. Limp. MLP Publications, 1993. Price not 
stated. 


Hutchinsons and Chapel Banks are two London Wildlife Trust reserves 
near New Addington in Surrey, and are particularly good general sites for 
Lepidoptera. These booklets describe the sites, and deal in turn with each of 
the butterfly species that occur there. The information is well presented — 
sightings, life histories etc. and each has a line drawing of the butterfly, early 
stages and foodplant. Most are illustrated with a colour photograph of a 
living insect. 

A very limited selection of moths is included, with similar treatment. 
Unfortunately, many of the moth species described are either uncommon on 
the site or rarely encountered by the general naturalist, whilst some of the 
more common species that are easily spotted have been omitted. It is not, nor 
does it make any pretence of being, a local list of moths. 

A number of butterfly records are of interest including the Small Blue 
(several isolated colonies were known on this site by the reviewer in the 
1960s, and it is pleasing to note they are still flourishing). The Marbled 
White was reintroduced in 1983, and continues to flourish. There is a single 
recorded sighting of the Brown hairstreak. 

The booklets are economically produced and intended for the general 
observer, and have been well used by local schools for which purpose they 
seem well suited. PAS 


Macro-moths in Cheshire 1961-1993 by C.I. Rutherford. 89pp. 1 Map. 
A5 limp. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. 1994. Price £8.00. 
Available from the Society at “Longridge”, Macclesfield Road, Alderley 
Edge, Cheshire SK9 7BL. 


The list complements the publication in 1983 of Butterflies in Cheshire 
1961-1982 and provides Cheshire with a comprehensive treatment of its 
larger Lepidoptera. After a brief introduction, there is a synoptic history of 
recording in the county, followed by a brief description of each of the 10km 
squares that make up the county of Cheshire. The systematic part of the 
work lists all of the 506 species recorded in Cheshire since 1960 with, for the 
majority of species, only the briefest of comments. A little extra detail is 
given for those species designated “Nationally scarce” — defined as being 
recorded in not more than 100 10km squares. 

The detailed distribution is given in tabular form, which shows only 
whether or not a species has been recorded in a particular square. There are 
no other details such as date or recorder. Although not particularly easy to 


258 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.x1.1994 


follow, the one advantage of such a presentation is that it is economical on 
space, and does allow the productive squares to be easily identified. 

The next section deals with the 62 species not recorded since 1960, 
followed by those added to the Cheshire list since 1960. These are critically 
and sensibly analysed according to their probable true status. A number of 
tables set out the “commonest” moths in Cheshire, although in fact these 
refer to species with the widest distribution rather than, for example, 
numerical supremacy. The book concludes with some notes on conservation, 
including comments on vulnerable species, and a number of suggestions for 
the future. A useful addition to the local lists available, well laid out and 
produced. PAS 


De Kleine Vlinders — Handboek voor de Faunistiek van de Nederlandse 
Microlepidoptera by J.H. Kuchlein. 715pp. 8 colour plates; numerous 
maps and figures; A4 boards. Pudoc Wageningen, 1993. Price not stated. 
ISBN 90-220-1038-4. 


This book provides a detailed account of the Dutch Microlepidoptera. 
Introductory chapters cover the Microlepidoptera in the context of other 
Lepidoptera; their morphology and characteristics including treatments of 
the genitalia and larvae. There is a particularly interesting section on leaf 
mines and cases. The book then considers in detail ecological and 
biogeographical aspects, particularly in respect of the development of the 
Dutch landscape, and the various factors that have influenced it since the last 
glaciation. 

The next section deals with various aspects of faunistics, starting with a 
historical account, including thumbnail sketches of a number of famous 
entomological figures such as Snellen, Doets, Bentinick, Diakonoff, Vari 
and others. Details of the various methods of study and recording, and their 
limitations are then considered. Identification is tackled with an extensive 
illustrated key to the main groups of Lepidoptera, augmented by excellent 
colour photographs of representatives of each major family of the 
Microlepidoptera. Each species is then considered in terms of its known 
distribution, abundance and biology. The distribution of 1370 species is 
shown in map form. The concluding chapter describes current and future 
research work on the Microlepidoptera, and several appendices detail 
foodplants and other data. A very brief summary in English is given. 

This is a large and comprehensive work on the Microlepidoptera by a well 
known author. The Dutch language used throughout is a severe trial to those 
with the degree of linguistic skill normally associated with English speakers. 
The summary pages in English serve only to frustrate as it is clear that this 
book is packed with interesting information on the Microlepidoptera. Whilst 
the keys and synoptic information can be followed with the aid of a 
dictionary, the narrative text that comprises most of the work is very difficult 
to follow. The colour photographs are generally very good, with the subjects 
set against a black background. Even those moths with metallic scales, such 


NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Us \s) 


as Adela reamurella and Olethreutes arcuella reproduce well, although the 
attractive green sheen on Coleophora trifolii comes over as speckled black. 
One colour plate illustrates 21 leaf mines (actually 20, as Ectoedemia 
atrifrontella mines bark) — and these are excellent, so much better that the 
normal line drawings of mines used for identification. As with the moths, all 
but one are very effectively set against a black background, the exception 
being the mine of Ectoedemia argyropeza, which illustrates a “green island”. 

There are two errata sheets designed to be pasted over the offending 
errors. However, 14 replacement figures appeared identical in every respect 
to those they were designed to replace! Despite the problems of language, 
this is a valuable resource for those with the patience to extract the 
information they require. Paul Sokoloff 


The butterflies of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire by Jim 
Asher. 136pp fully illustrated in colour 195x252mm. Boards. Pisces 
Publications (for Butterfly Conservation), 1994. £18.95. 


Long gone are the days when the results of local surveys could be 
published cheaply in a form accessible to all who were interested. Nowa- 
days, especially when the surveys involve butterflies, it is expected that a 
highly professional and full colour book be produced. This book actually 
replaces another of the same title published in 1985 by Caroline and David 
Steel, and draws upon the considerable amount of recording work 
undertaken since the original publication. 

The format follows the now traditional pattern for this type of publication, 
dealing briefly with the life cycle of a butterfly, a description of the counties 
under consideration, the work of Butterfly Conservation and the details of 
the “Atlas” project. There follows details of each of the species found within 
the area — flight times, distribution map, colour photographs and a brief 
narrative. Unusual vagrant species are considered, as are predators and 
parasites. There is a useful chapter on managing habitats to conserve 
butterflies and concluding text on when and where to see butterflies, a 
glossary, species, foodplant check lists and brief bibliography. 

The three counties contain a variety of diverse habitats from heathland and 
downland to the Chilterns and Bernwood Forest — a notable locality for 
butterflies. Although rich in species, it is sad to see the continuing decline 
recorded of butterflies such as the Pearl and Small Pearl-bordered 
Fritillaries, and the conclusion that little can be done to arrest this decline to 
local extinction. Most people will associate Bernwood Forest with the Black 
Hairstreak, and the book records the varied fortunes of the butterfly — of 
interest is the saga of the destruction of some Black Hairstreak colonies 
during the extension of the M40 in the late 1980s and the subsequent 
establishment of a Compensation Area on the edge of Shabbingdon Wood to 


260 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD, VOL. 106 20.xi. 1994 


be managed for butterflies. Although the book does not add materially to our 
knowledge of butterflies, it is attractively produced and laid out, and 
copiously illustrated with fine photographs taken by the author. The only 
aspect of the book that is not attractive is the price — high, but probably 
inevitable for a book produced to such a high standard. Collecting and 
reading books on butterflies is now a very expensive hobby. 

Paul Sokoloff 


EDITORIAL 


During the past year, the number of contributions submitted for publication 
in the Record fell alarmingly, and as a consequence the number of published 
pages has been fewer than we would have liked. Thanks to the response of 
readers to our appeal for contributions, the situation has improved a little, 
and by way of compensation we offer an extra large edition this month. We 
have a number of very interesting papers in hand now, but please keep the 
contributions flowing! 

Enclosed with this issue is the 1995 subscription invoice. The subscription 
rate remains unchanged. We urge you not to “overlook” the invoice, as this 
causes a lot of extra work for our volunteers who act as Treasurer and 
Registrar. We naturally hope you will renew your subscription for 1995, 

The Times of 4th November 1994 devoted nearly 14 column inches to 
reporting the successful prosecution of two “butterfly collectors” under the 
Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981, The prosecution was for possessing 
wild-caught specimens of the Chequered Skipper, Carterocephalus 
palaemon for sale. The item was accompanied by a large colour photograph 
of the butterfly (which looked remarkably like the Large Chequered Skipper, 
Heteropterus morpheus Pall. — but never mind!). The dealers were 
apprehended at an entomological fair in Leicester. Although the law allows 
for a fine of £5000 per specimen, Magistrates only imposed one of £35 per 
specimen. 

Whatever ones views about collecting (and the Editor has no intention of 
starting a debate on that issue), there can be little support for those who 
collect wild examples of endangered species for commercial gain. We hope 
that this successful prosecution will act as a deterrent for other dealers. 


Contents — continued from back cover 


Tytia luctosa D.&S., the Four el (Lep.: Noctuidae) new to Co, Durham (VC66). 


US ONO Apher rere 254 
Anthribus dinar Borie (Col: Mathdbidae) i in Isamenen R.A. Jones 254 
Chloroclystis rectangulata L. The return of the green form to north-west Kent, and 2 a 

coment on larval foodplants. B.K. West.......... Phays) 
Acronicta tridens Schiff. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in South Cumbria. N.L. Birkett 256 
BOOKREVIEW Steen rea a Cretan iekctes fits ecomenas e ‘i 256-260 
| Sha DPOF les i PRR wale Urs rte ens ves oon ary Rood Oe pee ore : 260 


THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS' SOCIETY 


The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the 
younger or less experienced Entomologist. 


For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 
30p towards costs) to AES Registrar, 5 Oakfield, Plaistow, 
Billinghurst, West Sussex RH14 OQD. 


Immigration records for 1994 


Due to circumstances beyond our control, it has not yet been 
possible to publish the well known series The Immigration of 
Lepidoptera to the British Isles for 1992 and 1993, although it is 
hoped to remedy this in due course. 

We would like to ensure that the 1994 records are published as 
soon as possible, and to make them as comprehensive as we can it 
is essential that your records are included for all migrant species, 
including the common species. 

We need the species, numbers if unusual, the vice-county, the 
locality and the date. For convenience, please give the date of 
sighting or, for insects taken at light, the date of the evening on 
which light trapping began. Any comments on unusual 
circumstances can also be included. 

Please send all records to the Editor, at the address at the front of 
the Journal. |f you have already sent your records to Bernard 
Skinner, there is no need to send them again. 

We hope to begin the compilation at the end of January, so 
please make this an early winter task. 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 


AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 
(Founded by JW. TUTT on 15th April 1890) 


Contents 
lolaus newporti, a new species of Lycaenidae from Nigeria (Lep.: Lycaenidae). 
TBR EGY SOVU a5 csiays Ceike Cece sbNGo vs sa ee LOPES ROOM Ta SeeN EET ORTON TASS Tc OYTO Ct eee 
The pale yellow forms of Atethmia centrago Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) and two records 
FromiRents Bike WW eb ties. ciacstes vaxvsveien nurs reeset vouseevnk Pasvakongell pau theuyy COL fs she re ee 
Buttertliesiin Crete; April 1994. PB Ardy ccc. seyse cave esortaresncnverstecane ios srs inente en eee aan 
Microlepidoptera review of 1992, DJL. Agassiz, RW. Heckford & JLR. Langmaid ........... 
The continued decline of melanism in Biston betularia L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in N.W. 
Kent. B.K, West wsusladvunkhas utirehosto ea fueald CVS Axa Maha Drea HE DIBA ene Okan evn ea Olt ea ea 
The genus Earias Hubner, (1825) (Lep:: Noatattiie) i: in Britain and Europe. B. Goater....... 
Ischnoglossa turcica Wunderle (Col.: Staphylinidae) in Britain. JA. Owen .......ccccces 


Notes and observations 
Poplar Kitten, Furcula bifida Brahn (Lep.: Notodontidae) in Cardiganshire, Wales. 
PN MOS ria vcksexehtecoxicesen tigers ck resi is UAE ee ease CRC eC Sets PCAC OR ee 
Pupation of the Lime Hi wk, Minas tiliae L. (Lep.: Sphingidae). E.C.L. Simson... 
Anthophora'(Hym.) and Boraginacese. (CAs Stace. os... <.ssccs seks aescesensaosss eae eon 
A noteohtwo Vanessid buttertlies: AA: Allen... o.)iicccs.ts.s se Siegnenrroawr scree eee 
Athrips rancidella (H.-S.)(Lep.: Gelechiidae) in south-west London. M. Parsons.............. 
A note.on-Asds Wightman: Ro Dyson. sc suas dernevsen cee cteses os aan ses asec cor aed ee ae 
Hazards of butterfly collecting — “Les Papillons de Zaire” October, 1989. 7.B. Larsen...... 
The voltinism of Acleris schalleriana L, (Lep.: Tortricidae). AM. Emmet ......0....000.060005 
ieee crenata Grav. (Col.: Staphylinidae) in South Northumberland. 
SATOH x, ic acco aPeetee ca ures Posehn vices aes IapBbRT sea kee veg my covedsn odie ER 
ce recent sightings of Areynnis adippe D.&S. (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from West 
Rpts at 51) -17 | Sean RO eA OPTRA, rE hr NEV ENR ORATOR MUER EMER IRE THEE Eo bos Coc 
sighting of the Monarch butter fly, ‘Danaus plex NIPPUs sL. in Kent: P: SokOlosf «nce 
Thame topoea herculeana Ramb., an unusual member of the Thaumetopoeidae. 
TANGER ccc ai3a coun xan Gand aber vy tau chv acct ed aee erat toacy sl ccTan ene eater Re ot ee 
Bie hirius angustatus Ahr, (C ol. Carabidae): earlier Scottish finds. Ms A. Allen 
\edists bennerii Curtis (Lep.: Pterophoridae) recorded inland. A.M. Emmet 
Specific flower associations in Empididae (Dipt.) AA. Allen .oo.o.ooccccccccccceseteseneces 
Parascotia fuliginaria L. Waved Black, (Lep.: Noctuidae) a note of its occurrence in 
VCS, South, Waltshire ns Palen: civccsss aes ance cisctty Ucn ace 
Two species of macromoths new to the Isle of Wight. Su 4, Knill- Jona Diss a eerie acs 
A note on the distribution of Chazara prieuri Pierret in Spain (Lep.: Satyridae) . 
WJ. Tennent ea 
Early butterfly dates in the Canary Isles. C. A. Stace 
Red Admiral overwintering sites: the continental café. R.C. De PID Tape eR er CO AB e eee 
Notes on some Pyralids found in Bombay, India, June 1994, G. King 


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(Continued on inside back cover) 


SPECIAL NOTICE, The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number 


of back issues. 


Printed in England by 


Cravitz Printing Company Limited, | Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA, Tel: 0277 224610 


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The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation 


SPECIAL INDEX 


Compiled by Lieut. Colonel W.A.C. Carter 


Newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold type. Taxa new to Britain 
or newly recognised as British are denoted by an asterix. 


Vol. 106, 1994 


Page 
LEPIDOPTERA 

DATES Rh eessetese eos tots soe eae 1 
PADDLE VLAN Alec Seacoast 167 
AbIcte lla eee ee 168 
ADSCIS ATi ceerenenst cine kites in eae 162, 167 
ELD SST LH OV ae aeoicnasaaaaed pcPRCerRE ER OS reo Aeeer eRe a 98 
AAT ACAC ly qeee serene eee 168 
ACTORATLASeweee ete Ee 35 
AC LACOT eerste ee eee EO ene 203 
ACUMMIMAte lames tee eet tee ee 166, 186 
ACULCIITIS pase eee eee ee ne eee 213 
BUdendarab wees see eee ee ee ee 13 
AGE PME aeer.cssssccerereteceeeeceeceecesscrees 214, 227 
AUP De mercnetresceccrstecesecsesertorrcerete ss caecresarire 247 
AMIECTeMAresecnccn cent ccceit ence esti sc ses ere 220 
adyvenellapeeccsstsmetetrcteccarcct scsi mecser es 168 
AC DEM Aecitsrs. sc sereiasscesseseeesese 12, 150, 204, 208 
CLEC cle -ssecescssvs sos estat eeven ctsevse see svossasvensiaere: 90 
CTO LAN Ararcesecces evar eesccs oostevo enasted ests caguinence 225 
ACRILALAMUStesceueconsae essere Ore ences curveseses 224 
ACSCUMAN Ateess tests tests. scstatecessséesecaczi sec acms 116 
ALUMS teem es ot orces nt Sens ened ee DOO 
AG CSIIS oes ccssceenssieseseeiestesiteei ia ccisceetsens 203, 209 
BP MAN AY earn eetes csscnse sc ceca soseccrec dus seustsississ0stes 58 
ANEMIC aise ve, sos Sov vas sees os costae ners Pae vat ee: 168 
PEEVE ge a at SS a ee, fa ee ee 222 
al bicapitell abe csecce-cceeess eee aoe ncn saa 165 
culos (OS 1S ae ee ee 166 
albicomell aes ee eee. 21S 2A, 
Al bicOStalne-+ ace ee 165 
al bi Gellalesser ts ere ree ee ee 220, 221 
albifasciellapen-.--s eee ee 164 
albitrontellan sr. ee 165 
alllpumacull ar ates. ocre-css5s sovscersussceescessaasseece TM 
al bis tial oe conc eee er le 165 
EN Loy VGC) |e ee eee ee 220 
ALDOVEMOS ANA ee 0's soscese ces cap.c; SE 223, 
al Dieta a ncs saoseecbonespsivancsns tees 96 
Al CAG Re Ses Sse sapcesectesazes ss 204, 205, 209 
alchimiell ame ece cece tt snt ees 164 
ASM S Hee eee oe eeacseecatcerescassctvnn teen 200 
alii aie ae rec sc. core ee ivasec et ented aviee pz 


alnifolide ee ee 220 
alpe lant eeieee ZA9 
EO 10 aR ape eA aero erect eee 6, 101 
alpine ae sissies eeceeeeee 86, 226 
altemmeanialercsercscssteacssestectscosssccesezeese eee ceaeee 223 
alte ate ee a Seana eee cticeiere kc cetttecere iIBy/ 
alticolell aver rece ee 165 
AMIDISUALIS sree teteetcrer etic teccerseeees 167, 226 
ambi pUellasecestiseccce sores cctecceeeccestesseeeeeeceeee 223 
ANAS U] ae eccsetecscececcwerouevebesecestvsteatesescansseusees 134 
anatipennellaisersccrcesteeceetees-coseere eee 220 
ancipitellareccescct csp cere cerseesseccteceeceuecstecre 226 
anplicell ati itcicsscccszetesecssoeeveceeeree 86, 165 
an pUlitasciell ates cecscsceecescccesssssteeee teers 164 
ANNO USEATIA se retee cease cv accnsceseostercreee seis 166, 187 
ANBUS TCAs. Seren tendon cecesseestesnere ties sacewes 167 
AN SUSE] AE eee Melt aeees cortee te ceccoreses 227 
ANGUISH OTA Asoc. ovs.cesce.sectteseeoeces cop seee coos 166 
anomallelllascyercenccetec onset ae sersecstecesceeies 164 
ANTICATIAIU Avot aves veretesvs casvectessevicssocrstertceceres 157 
INTUTE CBee Pass cccceseticestestceueesscsveves cule seers 134 
mel Ae ater cres cee scececresereneseeeeecerseeeees 222 
ANG Cae satessee sre stece ce secnitecre eee SV) 
ATUULATUIUS Wiss se cess enee sxeesuceattateas cree receroseostece 133 
ATLELOPaleveese cece neces cccssectececuccaceevel ce soe eee 60 
APULOUMMS Be scc cess soce ewes eeecoseceseessveeee oe eee 95 
NOU ere ccsecceccesacceone cee. eee 179 
FY 0 cl tol Fae ey an G ome 955222 
ATU TS aw Mer cacertesscaucrsostestaecssoceemteeceteeres 224 
ALC lla sacar tccn ct tetes c<secdasiectes scazecesssoneereese 165 
ALCLOMIALSIMALAses-reek-<cacesscecsveescestrecsteraseesserss 1 
ardeaepenmell avereetesrt:scneteeseeeceeee eee 220 
arene lates 22 setiesiecssnteri eter ee. 166 
ALOCMCM Al eas soec. tes czectestvcesceesceseotwetes 165, 221 
ALP CM tMACULEM Gs 5..25-.ccs-nresscneseeecesseee 217 
ALDEN UU) Alier.. 2 ss.5cceaksesoszessescstusessssbeeseseseeese 221 
AULLOMES ESA ooo. coo. cus \oseses sevsscusncoseeceeree 203, 209 
AU PY TAS PS tonwssncssesssazsd.ssusevecdsa cosesestontoreesenee 24 
athopal at & 22 ssecsscsey Sex chocesscess osvsteeseneeetes 134 
AISLE ao osce Bees casaceccsoonsscaeesevescste 2135221 
ANISLOLOCHIAG oes ee cce ence eszcnececoteteseeeeeerore 146 
AMCMIISIC Ole areceesteeeessteetceseteesccsterere 221 
antemisitella: sccscictct ices 166, 222 


ASPCLSANA tecedeesttessccensssaucventessseandeszsessseeese 167 


aSSimilataysA se. Ss eee ee: Se: 87 
assimilellavAcc. sese ee 166 
ASIHANUIAC Ses cecseeonscoseces: Met ee 2D 
atalantalee:ssssss-sse 78, 121, 191, 204, 207, 208 
ALOMATIA css ..ocssetececdecs atten ee ee 186 
Alm CApItAN ars -cnes-cencceesee cess eet 166, 224 
atricapitellas.tecey..cen.t. cesar eet ies 164 
AlLIC Olli Seco Ses cocaes acest cee 164 
athicomellla:so-3 2 sereetceee 86, 165 
AMOPOS vavcisceccesessavstcchvccsenccesesageoucsseee ree ees 34 
AITO PUNCTAM alse. ac. scx sce ences -cezsnce-aeseeees toe 167 
AU DELO CL srecheccccsseces tee soes ca aaseer eee ere 157 
AUITAT LATA teseceeee cevadesseeccets seesnacs este eee Ti 
AULA arcesstocscotetecveanes see ctee eter eeeeeee 168, 226 
GUNES seh eer eaes ee 164 
PLN TOE: Noe eect ere eer eER nc RCE een os 88 
AU SONIA csseveccsecsees oe eee eee 204 
ALULS EMAL S aA ere ceeee ceeee are ae ene eee 143 
JNO TOA ops son space cere cos ao cee SEE cen aaoEncaS 248 
aviellaneliaecessc eo eee ee 100, 166 
DNZIATIUS se ese ese oe eae eces es aaah sta chet ish eaenes 157 
B 
ach an ale seenaec sccssceseerone store osc ese aeae 167 
Dalam CUS feaseecceereceeeeeee ron ce en ee m8} 
1B Eee oe oe ee ee ee eee ees 179 
DAMM PEON rece scce coarse os cece eee te oes ee eee 3 
bankesiellavccseccssae cree eee 22 
DaSiS OH PANS ie.sc.ccec cs etoeeseceeseeeaeectoeseoweeee DOO 
LoxeerYrRor StU Sop es oe ee eee 223 
| Be) oYeYE a ee es eee ee ey, 157 
DE MIDESTTORIM Seeceecsosecesseeeesests ceseers aes 86, 93 
Demme tttiieererrere cere ee tere acne aman Lean 250 
DEG SUI AMNIAN aleecees-ecgnncs-cseccesaeesoaneeceseeeoence 166 
bemoulltell apecceeeersteceeeecers ese eeceeeees 220 
[xsi it sph] Ce a te A ria eS oe 165 
Lee Ee Eee eee eee Ee oe eee 229 
be tuilell amtterescsereetrsserc oe eee ir enna aes 165 
bene taniaerss secon cee 167, 224 
betulicolameeeccc toe ee ee 164, 217 
Los CeCe YSt SIN ER el ae ee ee 221 
Le (6 (EVRY Py Be ete eR Ha ee a St 72 
[Dy AE SYSSTGT GEN Jin 5 ee a 167 
bifaScianal Sarees ees eee 162, 166 
LOSI TYG F2) eaai nen reer a OER Cy eree nt eaeen 202 
DIAGN Cll aerecesceeest ee eee ee ee 168 
DUpla SAR ee isc <.ctzstacvencaveesseotes dst SRO 235 
bipunctidactyla................c000 168, 213, 228 
DINED eestescdeseseseeisthecset se het 87 
ISIN C Kile tose tte seeteas eee center 1 
DISLOTEATA Res trees ert ee eee ee ee 87 
DIS LUD Aeecceceensvovtentvsccsoccserosteieeeeee: 168, 227 
1S til ell aes =. cada sc wc. caseeszeresteteectoe eee 164 
blan@arde lal. ccc. css-ccsssssenesc- coer 165 
Dain ape sco, sock ste cos ohscoccdececn ee 87 


landless 25 ese <sesscersestcose teres 955223 


Page 
DOCHICAR. «os. Aonmraasderc wun tae cena 248 
DOCH CUS ieee ee eee 22, 204, 209, 252 
bomb YC ae, cn. nee. ces ccosscesstersetees 94, 96 
bonmetell awe s.sees. tees eet oneccesede ree 165 
borreonellapec2-2.--s creer 217 
DOSCAM Ais Mecsecesssettterstecc meee ee 224 
Hbradleyinnenk. oes Hee ee 213, 223 
brassicae P.............90, 69, 73; 190; 2045252 
DEISCIS Ga tte rec teen ee 252 
Dbintammiodacty] aicc.cccmccceascctenceterarseteesere 228 
brockee lla: :.52:2.cscccticcsseds ccceeee see 165 
[osm Pavone NEAT YEE sco seoccncecrannosocnaccbecenasaccscabacc 167 
DUG ANGEMSIS Wc. <cceveacescenssdscussccensetoeseomere ey) 
bulteni((sic)) 5 eee eee 179 
UO MAN as .so.00he..ssaccessecnsct sseeseesseeeee eo 167 

C 

CAGMIS So 2oec koh eest ease Bia Woacvsorscus eso 157 
CACSIC Mae ie osics.cetesczcccceseasew tees sceerewere ee 165 
Capmag ella s..2.sccesecsecteccssscvescceseetoreeeeen 165 
G2alUitare voc kere se eee 79, 122, 247 
Cali Pi OSA x com soe ccdunedeescevscosecet oes eee eee 125 
Calodactylaleccscsc-sscseccessssecco sere 168 
Calthell aim. cc.sccecsoheevessessorstone ee ee 164 
Camipolalian ats o2c.sccccocexesncteecscetsree sere 167 
CANAL oo, cas sctevcswostetusccnaxconssesstoues eee eee 167 
CAMACA CH canes cacy sod ceonetoanstecevee sein scat e cee 122 
Camapenne late tescceccr- seco eee oe cee 165 
Camel airs nc: asacstecssessasdecowice sec ooe Reon ee 227 
CAPNAN A). so. tecccckecessceccusenaueccvucvacconsees oeeeee 167 
Carbonanialh.,<-c.vsc.cccessscessesscscseasn eee 229 
Candie cnc c.tassstettessst cree esoeee 204, 207, 228 
Canpime lar secsccessecsecenscesereneree cereeeeeen 218 
Cary oco lim eee ee ee 214 
Castalin see ecto 134 
GCASTAME AS Sea etic one eee 87 
Cavill sree cee tener eens 85, 165 
ceéntifolicllavie nee eee 216 
Centrago Nee ee oe 80, 87, 201 
cephalonica: ncneee ee eee 61 
COLASATI AEE a trsee ae eee 166 
GELaSIM ne ae tee eee 116, 138 
COTALONTAS 225. cecsest eee eae eee 61 
COSPitall Stceecessccessecsccssccesucesceecessecoeseeeeeenes 168 
Chaleisanacn heen eee eee 158 
Chalcitess Stic nchiicnnneeeeeee eee 90 
CATAKE Steticecscesticentirce te eee 158 
Chlocrataticnsteerace ee 35, 256 
CHIOTIMICE each scocceeneter een ieee 139 
ChHIOKOSAt ale. cssernccecemaoreieosieeseesRocrert ees 87 
GHEY SIPPUS co scccveves ceectecceedceeuctvescssces 23570 
GCINGYSOCS UMA src vc cote ences scence acenaenseeeenets 214 
CHT SONOME & csc. ssceeeccestccevecscoceseeseosssortoree 22 
ChiyySomuchelll alee. <c.co-seeseesresceeeee cee toe 226 
Cid OTe aherecchss. scesstuestccuesaesonse eneereesc- eres 164 
CUAL AS 22.8 ss nhep socesoisaeseteasandteesoscscsseomesesceeees 28 
cilicllae 35 oe ee ee 166 


CIMENEN Also cecccsesssesevewsccwevusweereeavesteeoeeeeereee 166 
CIN OM alec ess cne-ceccecres-ateeseowsorssvvtessoneeees 168 
GINMATMOMEAMNAle.vssnesscsesoecessworseosassetteceee ees 166 
CINCO secerserens veseessiessodecowsvuvntueuwencetesteees 252 
Gin Ce lla Sieve cent ccstemnboesbesdneoreesecut ete 187 
Gini Cen ell avn. corsowsvocrvoreserronstoruvostontteess 62 
CIDSTANA concoct wocscoesvecavecsvevermusemcnereumioese 167 
Clade ll aiiie cose cecawencrectwsos ios 185 
GleMAte ll Aineesccocsceseooct cw co sewevearernceewsreeeooee 164 
CLC OPA Mace vesar.anescvseceesoteveneoceesserevodes 204, 207 
ClETK el ater sacece coer ssoseweet vee cvevessenesciet 86, 164 
Cloace lake oeees eve 164 
GIOTAR AGA & chore teceseweseserevevewervavetoeweeeet: 96, 234 
Oly peilene ll aii. accac.cteussvere severe deveevves ses 221 
CMM CAN AtoncasissseosOeseswwmwn Reaveveevetoseotescdee tee 166 
IMGT COLAM A cea te bu sSceswnioseceewasesvevtetreeree 225 
BOLCCN Asie sercceueNecoveeoteseweiea deer eecd 213, 218 
COGN ALA ese os eects vost evsscveterecssiende es 240 
(EGC OP ON Aree see cres cnc so to soites sect sosces soane sess 187 
(COTES ae ee ee Ear 69 
Colquhoun ana vac ccenccscseseeexeucasseesndeveseeeees 163 
COMA AN Ais. Foo crcevsteaseresoccaseresvsdaseeseee eee 167 
COMO UME lI At cecety sessonecosecsecssseesaee 165, 219 
Comlpatelll isco: csocccccctevccsvesoweescevessrerecntres 219 
COMPOSITE I Abas. create ars. sesesesescowteewace 167, 225 
COMpUMe te las sesesessas-c-eseesstacssseessces eee 219 
CONGO] OWMAD Navasesaccecencenecsenee ensaaceee ere 72 
SOMINIS Aero saz-csseseane seme miescsscacse terete 90 
COMMISE | alessecarwosssncreasavescassosseseene 164 
COMMON AN Ds scnnassssoxsressuteesdcevesssentos ene 225 
COMMON Aivcicersercwuscosesctvses. ese ee 165 
CONSID ANA x4 soncsessevecusaderstevsersecers eo 166 
RBOMSOULC Als mstcovsasyn no eeter tetsaves tsesdasedec mes 221 
CONS PICU ATS 2s5t seseecesnevsre sso wostewstersewes ees 123: 
COMLEMNNIM AM ase seneeoescececeseassoessscuccsoee 225 
(Goa ngnviiel VAS eee cc secosecerer oso econ toaceone 166 
COmtummate la wees ems cere ceve- sce eesec ee 100 
CONVO Willie sess secracssseee coors seocasase cect Re 32 
COMWARAN Aiercieccisvecteri SBszecsessdesw Rosen 166 
COUN ZAC ie teases svucos.sarosescoreresesucsstesataus en 220 
CONACIPEIMEM Aenceesa-eseeeeceesce-oeee eee 220 
CONONALAL cis sedteesceetesaeeeencree ee 161, 168 
CODY MAA 25; ccencitnectevesessMtvservesseseesnsseseeetss73 166 
CONALAS coeciencstecscescedsovestaceueevssedeicaxsccteeel 87 
COG ia ae cavdevecesseserecesdavivecestvaeette aeereeen 165 
conylitoliell a). s.cd.cevecawersestaeavacsroevssazscvosess 165 
COSSISiecen seccsu aces Joss oars ceceeestssaeae cose) Op OO 
COSTACS Il SANIS so s.s.essesssexse-o-envscevsstooe ee 31 
COSCALLS WES x escoaesecet o-cavssaadessnsaecsseessaeneoto 168 
COStel abe ences. cecesetea oxi rervasenscbavicadsstseteitom 166 
COSMPUNCtANAM. 2.c<0cc3s0se.cersscostezresensnes 86, 167 
CHASSINSCU Ales, oscensccessseavecssacecaestnweeeee 223 
Ctatac cell ay essccxeesscsescacenueesvesessesavendeot 86, 164 
CT AVAC SM te son isda vsuavecsoceussservesisunve Sess eae 87 
(Crain OVSTAUTY ell ono cneconsoacnscoonancesoterororeeobasadacs 221 


GO PUSCWEllaNe cecece--eeseceesceeteecacees-se tea 216 


Page 
CLeti Call ncecosseceecevsccemesereeeee ee eee 203, 208 
CLC COIL. wsscveccnsee eet e NOR IER 203 
(So loiiel lla Rene eeereen eet orerterccer eee toco0ds 168 
CHSTAN Ab wecesvsvernstooerosstorrms eo me 224 
CLOCC ALIS ws cecce.svesevesvacuedoreaeesesveversoore 168 
CLOCEUS ie ncreesvessneeeoovnee D9 Op 204.207 252 
CLOCiCApitell a. ...ceeccwsevevetowstousese tees 163 
CHU CIANA So-c. sosercecviveneeesessoeeosee ae eeoee 167 
CUY Plea... cvccccenevestweccecevsewereververes 164, 215 
GUCUMIN A cesvecsdevese desire stedeotetwte eRe 99 
CUlime late ceeivecsevsvesectcreestevercesore 161, 167 
Gupidesthes jin. ecccecevenc tee seenesceesevorestee teres 4 
Cuprellat 2. v3: cieedecdvavonorewere: 163, 164 
Cupriacela..c.c.ssveeeecsdeecwceeestinseevosnctomree 216 
CY CONIC A ice cccter cess lecevesensevteceesvete eee 218 
CV IMO OC a esc cvecnccvancseinavencvdapecorrnae ters 157 
CYMOSDAtE] Ais nccccoscoeceeeecete vente Re cases 167 

D 

Gaplitdice 2.4. tese..0steess.betet corte 69, 179, 207 
GauCell aisscesssv.vsceseccabeedive devedvicetevdsesteetoe 166 
Ge al Dana tec cctessnececseSeevecerncesvsveoeedooe eter 167 
Ge aurate lac cicdccccswcccwecteserusen 165 
decolonellascc.ccccsscevostsesreetenecontwsnee 86,150 
ME COTE abe cescarnce.tedeesesensiebeceewesssdeste mle 166 
CEROMANT Ale ss-choe. coseveaeesicescovtbeeeaeeern es Wal 
GE CSTE aM sc aewsccvarscv Seon cdesevndsoreverctrsncers 164 
GENIN AN cscscescevccdcevendeete sev seeduesoorsstereeeaees 167 
Gemlany Cll as mccctescccssscevestesieiecsdevasen ees 164 
GEMOGDOCUS ssrsctesscctcssseueved cvs serserceoneeeaeIee 169 
(Ges 10 (0) 0b: ¢ ceptncs neo rene Ca OER REDE encnee Ee aoc 134 
GENtAT A: SA sesbooceoreasteetreserwassasteerer ees 80 
CEN CIL AS arsiccocctisvenvonsthaecren See 165 
Genticulellatscccccteee See ese eee 165 
(5 (610) (7 eps Se RR ey ic 179 
CESIL Sat ani sicdh ecakeceniecscetee Sores ree 72 
devomiell aricc: uci sessetesonethew edo recte tte 165 
UT HITNT SID sacs sacassessocerteseeecee Nl aeedeasoaseee ee 166 
GU Werdana ses. eivessssstesdetececesosstoseleree 100 
ditnidioal bapessecsssseesse eer eee 86, 167 
GINA ASS isshccessetiroceeccwscesesoteesecare 167, 186 
GISCOnde a eecttsievestsovesqecceceesesvsustousrcerer ee 165 
dispam (ky. caema) itsetercc-seoessensver eo SO OS 
dispar! (Eyimantria) eoeccceresezace one-csneoeteseom ees 28 
GISTANS asso roaesenbesdetaroeeeteeeswodoourecteeeteooe 228 
Gistentellavcccsriccessessessccervevenssesons coersecesss oe OD) 
GivaSe lla) trrsc. cdervesnerasscocecsssoscecotsoereoe 213 
GOdeCell alc oecessivecszvesveceveveseustvacterreswer meen 222 
GOMES ICA) .ccavescesessoseceesseveosusoseteeeete oer oes 87 
Gny adel as cesscccisvsuccestouseassexsconuceoucavewsets oes BAS 
GUGM ANS. .ccsaccrzseusonesoaveeessvsrersarosss oon 164 
SAW AS AEM seceevusdusewtercesctvssuwsvasdedetersveeeeere 233 
CBC Ale ware reo ca dancavanvasdudds datewesaredsersuoe 204, 208 
CR ESLAEMT. otversivesevesnewersdsvesacsusiocssuesmesteemtrs 157 
CKD AME A tetcsgasaietrecraveseaeryerceneveeeiorte 164 
Cle Pan tullalecszccssessstes dese mncesneecateccesaers ences: 3} 
Cle ochani Cll arsd.cueevaceveeusesvateceeessieeerse ee 221 


Clon gellar cc ceicciserctacsstanssasesanassspeanes 55, 164 
elite ae eee a 187 
CONAN CAMA eae sanssnnnscaseryaecess-arsesarsnes 167, 186 
embentzaepenellaessstcesnes rates neat 218 
BPOnMOn UG ae esr ceccesnccasscsssonsxsesonateacaene 214 
Ephestiarts..6 520. hoes. atbses osiccscescenscseneeo ete 61 
CMU ODE ayer crac. vsaceursuasacsasesssaseseseaeereees 166 
C@QUITCLL Al: cactcstnonensenccanes snacivacvasesnceazceieeee 219 
TOMA Sete scscotscaiucssvossoonennanconsusca ease 186 
CMICOLAN Ae. since deen -stes bawanscn spancencur sense 167 
CHIGING] Aetroncrc.c hecoces tie 222 
CMCC A. eran a sonata i aoeneas eas 166 
CSO Mores cos estas, ots acne eee 213, 221 
Biphaedral...nccscccesexsccsscesnacsencsaasssssaseertss 157 
CUPMOMDIACS.-::ccccensceneenersexsaenpsnsacestansenmeneene 90 
RU Pletal oon ocsscssnecacerescvescesanscecareacssseaeeiens Isi7/ 
CUILCI atew: -xcscessuncncsscccscsnesanseccacene eee 215 
FEU DIOMC  s25 ccucaer csp. sect teacecaysesavechossssccenes 157 
GURY NUT Al: ovine s.cessctactees danni canncenante tees 157 
CUNY TS sersse sae ca ccactasbanaeetcaieccsncansanscareers 1S y/ 
GVOMV Mel ales csccc- a; scosvccaccsssontescanceace 165, 219 
ORGAN AU OMNIS scccasccasceccccesscaccrensnesneert 81, 187 
EXTENSATI Aes: cevccccevsnsccats ca akeescne ee 93 
ORT Sie. cavene cesvenacenes sesoarcnccotanernes UNE 2G 
(ita 0: Rererererrece Cocrconreccteecroreeee reerreee 90, 99 
RVI ACC ec secss ceacatvasewcketac specs daseaneeekt ems 253 
F 
fabniGlanats. <a cw eae 165 
TAB ANA is cisisscrescsssaxeqazssansteanaaasses eee 87 
PASM AF cn csccexanaceaerccaustoacaathiaxanteseaeeeee 166 
LEVANT: Watocencer ePecrr eerrcrccorerr pee cmerrren tbo: 218 
HIE Vo I (ace rere EEC eERET Re OREREEECEET CCPC EPR os 157 
HEC) ELI: erento cree treetrertetreer crtrerrerterrecs secs 167 
ROMMU PALS ores oan, scenes cc cxsse seasncaatycsaceanenseeees 168 
FEMUR aN aiccatestccsseceukseth, Sastesteantea eee 167 
LOSE VUTE)0 Etec eee prer err Rr Rer er PREPE REE PER esac 165 
PEST CAC een loshin ies sor sos Caer 19, 227 
11 T UOC) eeepeepeeereercetteercereccheerereereetor en cor 165 
MUINGIV OT AIS soe eee ee cc dea DAG 
Pili perarnim ani alssceescccseiess cccseatsssesteasnees ee 87 
I TVAVTUTOF IU E arrenceeer ere enesee rere eee reeerre 165, 218 
WET 19112 pl Ieee ere EERE RREERERP EERE: Botner re ary 90 
flAMMeAalis® «ccs est ele eee 168 
FEN ANA cs ces cc cca eed te ee ee 201 
flavaligteess 2 eco es 7  ee 226 
ILENVE OCT le Wee eet eevee eee CER Eee 165, 220 
Pe ae ee ann nn 24 
MIGSIACte Age ee 86, 164 
1 L'6.: Re Reyer ee er en ae 99 
MOUICULAUIS IN, ore coeys in een 165, 220 
MCHC AL Sees nc tek ane conser occ ee, 161, 168 
EOTETIOSAIU Ss ene mente ee be 224 
TONSIL ATA en eee ec ge on tel bet 166, 224 
TOTS te Ne Al ca sssa cosccckeon neste ee 165 
Lip 7ba TTT veer eee Rear ceee e E 165, 219 
UES] Bis tecen ees ce sas cednsacncanscddsusacassancansicle eens 134 


Page 
MOY CLM A arn cccs sopnenas saceecanceocesssovsnceaeeeeet 221 
frisChe lla, ...c:s<sssnasstsaonszsvceasevdsnesestorece eee 220 
MOClICH CNA). ..:.s-sseassonssacrezareoentgee erent 218 
MUICHOPNS 5. .2.0.isscscsensacsersacecnsinse’ ossbeseeeeceeen 88 
MUTUAL AH. <220rae-ndacnssns seconessrescasespcee eee 251 
HUT SINOSA. ..rc-nesennsssensnccsnnesnncoennonerss pte eee 44 
Tell alli S35 Sop dave, tees, ieee aaa reer 28, 226 
PUA WAM Al: Se sce dnnateie eetatentesp ecto ee 167 
HULUINV ANG, «<n ssesnaccaccnanenessssnndannencsspachoeneseerene 157 
MITA alee Ae Seakstaossnaenncsxanenaceseeseea eee 222. 
Aur AtellUS......-..-:seccnsacecebsxenhacesntoncestrecaeeees 226 
PUNTA AN AEE, .2.casnon nanan cacnsddeasnxannnaneseenac tenet 167 
BUS Calieeee essa onconpeansnasassasceashnonsnonssaneneeeee 168 
FUSCALIS i255 oucacuncnsspandesaensassauzaspoancee eee 168 
HUSC ACM As o.i5 > saasnenexonccench'snsssacesncseeee ee 216 
FUSCECINEI A, 5, von csccosentesqseacceenasnacancs teen 60 
PUISCES CONS jie sns0: casesacencsaeatsnacasnsnansneneseeeeee 166 
AM SCOWINIGEM As essa aatincsesuanosanscscncareaaseeneet 165 

G 
PANINI le cc aice scansspnnspucetoaersner ce eee 28, 93 
GEMM AN. ....nscenancaancenachaneeantansensteeeeee eee 224 
BEMICUI CARS. cccccxeneatacnnts-cnaceceancnantee nee 167 
SemICUeM alg. cccesascnnsascanrnncrssnareanesase 165, 218 
BENLALAN AN es cssiscsseccaccanesnsensvonennaasceoeeeeee 224 
PIDDOSCU ALA sc ssccseacnscxsdeceacanmnancasennters 166, 223 
GUAM CCM a as ea satecath socascapssanccansaanceeee 95, 226 
UV ANITA ek cxcesacsdanssnnepnanncencnecansdancca tence 183 
PLA CICOLEN As... asics sasaseanssacaecnnnanncenteoaceeeee 165 
PIAUCONOME nic carccncenaccannexasesnarancanteeeeee 22 
PIES OM ELA ..n5::.<c..scenaconsncansdacenncancn eee 165 
PIULIMOSAE,.. ssc cesnsnacsqcarcnseesreasteaeensee 86, 163 
POS MAT a5. -kc.scconccenaceennsncnsncnsnaaeteeeeeeeen 165 
BOUNICA Resets ccennsscnsancveacsnacadcnesactance eee 116 
BUACIIS coin occas cncsseeseacdeasnnecachatenssaas Geter 86 
QTAMINIS: 5. ccccescscncaccencenacsaceseacenettaeeetee eens 80 
TANG ACVANAL «.<0.cce<ascennceassrannencer 95, 214, 225 
QTISC AAD! ea. scnnccnaccn cecnnncnsccnscense<neeee eee 192 
GTSC Ml aiee =o cacenscecnceaccascscincea cance eee 227 
prossulanielllas snc scnsccqecsanreenee 214, 227 
ISTO MAM A saccnsccxancicnceseswasexccacaceeccumeemee eens 166 
PUYPMI EMME ay <..<..ccssencaceassacentereeeee eee 165 
QW ALIS PANE, ca c0cs debasesanecccdancdiascassacennsanseantenee 61 
H 

WAN ANA sce casesaexscactpaanseadaccascccncncesasnere 86, 166 
Hama CMa <<..cs.chscncacaanscnsnceaeeexccosstesees 164 
MATS AMES ok sce cncagasasannaaasasseeaacmene eee 158 
FANT AGe oeasssacessiancaneccnseisscexeeamsenc snes 157 
WANTS CL as osc ccsecnnccsacennndnceagncanncteeeneees 165 
Was Glan aliees ceca sae<ccvcncvaacocaccacsatcasessones 167, 186 
NE GLO Tree ovis cacentncnansetandSestaceeokenns eee 146 
ee periell aee. oan eeencecwanevstensnseanse 86, 165, 218 
LONI CS Ee won sus snecuccqnaueavcszeancacernetee eee 204 
rede rea ee ac ccecandsenecccssexwcavacean 85, 166 
eM an oye a excscaceccecuxecevecactucsccneccaveeeeeee 164 
He aranials.5oascacezsoncdscnscnanccnveranssensteeeeeeeees 166 


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Page 
heracltana}<t:acacin seer 166, 248 
Henn ollie ta lee 164 
hewadactylalstcccctssescexsstzsssseseestes 95, 161, 167 
NOMEN Wartlanasees.ccccsssece-eeeeeeoe eee 167 
NOMAD Aeteee 166 
MOITCALIS ees.eeeca eee 61 
Nortulatarctesc-.ew eee 161, 168 
BUMS wecceere eS 165, 221 
MY Ale eee vwessieeceeteee ea een 59 
ltybnerelaicesscs.sesstsctveece. asia eee 164 
hy bride ates: seeescs.cscess caesar 223 
byemanatesn ee 167, 186 
TLV PCLDIUS ee seescec ec csccseeesececseensnssstoseete retro 69 
IY OMMAMIAS esersseecseectesteetes sete ceheteoeens eee 157 

I 
ADYPemne ll ase ee eeesees eee aeeeeeheleeae esses 220 
ILSENIUIG ccc CECE OEE ERE eT EERE er ERC EREE Eee 203, 209 
CLOT ALA ene ee ne ee 71 
IMUM OLS ane ek See eee 59 
IRA TAULT GAN Aeon ete cere 86, 167, 224 
MTGE llalweeeet et ee ee 164 
INGATIN ALAN Aesesessnieises enc oeee eee 167, 225 
MCAMate las sees 152 
PIC ELLA Aas tes soc ec) een eee 166 
incognitella (pomella) ............seseseeeesees 163 
MCOMPTUC lasneeve-ceveueeetseeeresoesoes 85, 221 
MINI C aes oo eons octet eee 252 
rmicolorellaissp ese 168 
UN COU Ase crtuscustereresuetieveverneteers 8552193225 
quinatell akesc.ceeeee rete 167 
INS HAN AE eres ee eee ee 235 
INSUlanla hence 230 
Wats UKE G C2 nee ERP SCEO SCC cee ce ee Ree ea 61 
ILE AaliSesss.eeeee enna eo 
ITILEMI ANA sor esecsoosde sea cese teehee ee 86, 225 
IMLENPUUICte las weeewe ee sestececsssseseseese soe 227 
AMM as csccses eo eede eee 164 
Intnicataiarceuthataresccs.c<cssec ce ceeeececeee! 42 
Oe RePer REL EEE TeTTER ET R TEER Le sl al 
free laris Bess ee eee eee 193 
ISCKLAN AM es yeed EAS eh ee Sees 167 
ASLANIGI CUS es tesvacereaeeacencen eee LH 228 
ISMENIAS SiS cnonanesene ee 198 
Anh ernie eee 186 
OSC phinaen ears see 166, 221 
JUbatals akties otc ere 87 
UNCC Olella ees eee ee 220 
JUN eiellar el Maken 167 
FUNOMIa see eee ee 157 
JUTE eee Reet enisne: 13, 203 
K 

Kackentzianalssssee ee 166, 222 
karsandrastsssar on eee eee 23 
Kleemannellaweessesnestetsce Oo 2118 
kny snae.tiseneee eae See 2S 


Kuehne aes: icssscanstse: Bok eee 220 
If 
Jabumnellaixcvsitestien teres 164 
lactiniedl):. acaiitihsneeian eee 193 
JACUNANAK eee eee 167 
RAG TAR Alen sacectiacchsreveuteeeecerieses eo ee 224 
JACUStRALA risd fc hveccth Bec teccvecticinn ee 167 
lacvi cell aicst tc eeeeeeee 164 
lancealanaiiccc-ccsesssscceeeeee eee 167 
LAN CERISE ese es ee eee ee 162, 168 
Janesthissh ee ee ee 97 
1K) 0) 010) 90 (Ch: nee ect eee eer 164 
lanicell awe. Bik ses a ee ee 165 
lansemiell ay: =: scsesshesssesees toe 222 
RaASSe Mas Fe secs oessctesseeectnsczeesctet. pete ee 220 
lateraM abe. ares sssses scotia se wees oe eres 166, 224 
latnOniellUsseeseseeseese ee eee 161, 167 
Lats tir ales ces estexe ew oomesoacs zee noeassecore 167, 226 
late Wares. ccseeec scoot ess teesccticnsse see 165 
Jebomaee ao so vasiseccteccesenietisee 133 
JECHEAN Bieta in nccceess Seer se ose coe a ee 166 
P50 Ecce proR RED PO ACES DERE eee ER Epo Eno e0a805 158 
legatell ate 5 ese ccsccvenetectncsccuccs-nstiee eee 99 
lemma tae eten. cs eccecccceesusos ste eee 88, 168 
JS POTIN Aisi sse ss casssuss snosssersscsinsesccarseseeteeseee 19] 
leucapenne llaties scccsccsscsccstssccessssaeeaeeeene 218 
lene ate ll are cc sccre sete isc occeeerccetcs aves ee 222. 
TEUCO SAS LET oa: <s5..ncesctscesnsevssenes<ste sees 90 
WEUCO STAD Ale. cc-- ve .ccneeadosacteeseseeiesncxenau tins 93 
leneOoraphelllacrrrcs.ccsscrcseecssscssev-ccseaee eco 218 
leucophacatiarr<....c.....c.-ss0c.n--sedeereeeoes 116 
NEWCO Metal ere cs .assssesstecencPee eco eae 114, 225 
Nip athlixe: srssccece. cis cecceecs sacceast sascctssas Serene 87 
WG ANCISAlIS ies s-<3e-ss00ste acceso 253 
[SCS] RSIS een ee ee eee ce 239 
VOM CAE ees cvcteccccceancves coszcs sucssuess sues 86, 166, 223 
MI SUSI sevvzus-osesccaccoseecvescescssacssctuortese 47,99 
VN ACOUES orecstoecncse ces cscscreseasohiwseees eee 97 
WAS PEN 21D Be i ae 94 
IMC OLARE er cesseceaccsese.ccccsssrccecceset cee 226 
WCET AU Aes. s5.nc22ssoncccasesonsnesvasoneecaee 167 
lithe rataeenscssarcctoncnccsceoncsceessecci teste eee 161 
Livers reeves tcee sess cerrenccesoseeccccscosmemrsteeeeerrs Pip) 
IES ein a lee oe a hn sale om ere a 26, 220 
LQ CHMLIM SAMA: fev terstnccestecsee-cutelctremereeees 166 
TO QUAND sarees scctvecese cos sseces ctec see tects sterss 224, 246 
Koy ek sae ce Ree BA ARR £ Oe RRR cachet 87 
OCG are ete ces tans csc ettcccccs teres tent cotenecos nana 168 
IMIGOTM Cars caee i rassercee errr eee ee 142 
TUGIGE] permease eee err eee 222 
URN CGS] ae ee mR SR ie 1 
{WGTEININS aan ih ree eate one cenatate ee RENE Cadens seb Si 
LUG Ulla tale ee aeeh cesta bse eee 151 
IMCLUOS acces ee cece eee 93, 96, 254 
IIVCOVINS VE AR Ra Rn ee RE ar Aer ate ee Nin 2 166 
lunaedacty lari crecccst-seccssccestecstescortetiees 168 
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LOSAC CAN Dicsiscevs veectes eoteenweesse seer 167 
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SpPaneamell airs ora caszscescetscsccetsecsusesseesersews 165 
SPAR ANNE! ARs. c= c-crencnaconcesareeieeseerootee 100 
SPAUS AM a evee cseneens eusnceavazasesmarceasdeer sees: 86,167 
SPAMS ae eeemcercesssaneskcsnsavstestaetaeteriestseeees 166 
SpIAMMMLO Ml Ales cassesncvscanssscessseseSeeteeereese 217 
SPEC (NAM Aro. cseaca occa theeest eceesern deeds 166, 224 
SPU cores econ acide cosnissavdat decd eer oven sasasanceee 5 
Spime ll ae se sa. oecave casera 220 
SPUMIC OLE aes ssetecvscceseszcsssssetseterensssnswvesees 165 
SPINOSell Ae cccsecnsacerceess. ee NR 165 
SJUUMOSISSIMIAC Fareeee ce sasca-n-cee eee ene 163, 164 
SPEC AN Al eere sist siascencacicvenssansassetthseeeh es 167 
SIEMOIGISSUME ae ces cneessensccneenctsacncne-teeere 164 
Slew am asses os cacSec sees sescsenzsotevevereeees 225 
Sta Die ar ce cescesdaccsccnstens as tSeeeeaeass 165 
Stacy dali erst: ss.ssacesseedssseeecstereeitscescssues 161 
SUA STAAL Aes rs cane vstess css coonasastustaceeecenesccetese 168 
SLE PENS Mes cecesteeoacestessacsh- ee ee cc 223 
SLE PMCMSIAN Acre ccncanseeaenazscreseeeeeGetttdeserecs. 166 
STS MIMENSISS sf oteiet ss. -sc--2ntanas MNO a soscees 55 
SUNG IIC ANN no veneseccncstseteseaceesncs eee 31, 226 
Sttematellas ie toce eee, Ale ee. 85, 164 
SMaWUCalerssesescecstess atetenerts eee 166, 223 
Siramine la ee oc s2 Ae 161, 167 
SIAL AYR ete 5 cceree seco ese cus SUESER SIG sectaks 116 
Sia Olatal sce: See aces os ss 23 168 
SUMAN A Ps cacceseectcess scicaasescecs peas SESE NBs cs secte 167 
SUE wy oera IE rer cero cane eeree ocr ec eee 165 
StPanals..cesoesete sas ech saee ee 167, 225 
Stripulatellavey es sssteeee sessar acheter OO SOUS 
ful Cpa Rn ei ey eee Pee a ee 122 
SUAS Bite ae ce sacctswaceanceseasaucice rte eae: 96 
SUAVE Ma recite csscnasasanessssssinssene ees as 221 
Subal Die Maes. ke- eves csrscesee Mele rvexeeneeene ss 165 
SUbaquiledl .c......d0sscescessenee encase 221 
Subbistrigella,..izcc.csoncsecattescseeeteremeees 166 
SUDERIV.OLAN.. 2:8 Fe nal achnecn Re 62 
subfasctellacc <2: Sea verse 165, 219 
SUDLUS CAME. 5.5.0. SMEs ccc cescoesscac OR 167, 187 
subocelllanay i ro. S ee ersicsestcevnccoescenasettetse 167 
subocellea JB. (cts: 2: eee 221 
SUbOCEI EAR. scare etrcracsos sce MO 222 
Subropinquelll aces veces essere 166 
SUP PUNpUnellarceececsccecseeacssscse eee 86, 164 
SUCCEDAN Acces cscesecisodeiccsaed RAs 167 


Page 
Sulphumellaee tae cccccss-sncseeessesesossteeese eee 166 
SVELISSONIpeee ere ee  aen n 163, 164 
SWaIMIMETCAMMNElalerese.cccescossecceesssseceaeeee 164 
Symiancana ce Boe aces tere 233 
syringella err ees ee 164 

TD 
TACTINALISitesermeseess eRe eee ees ee 31 
tages Acker ee 88 
TATE SIS Breet Acces sthecosthekeaveenceb eae eee eee 221 
tarsipennalisyc. eieces tere eeiene ne 189 
fede laa eee ecco cae Oo OT 
tenebrell avn. cecaen tiers 166 
LEMETAT Ase eevee aati biertsleleeeen 167 
teNUtatasecre cs reer ier A ee 87 
tenrellaeree eee cee ee 166 
[Rete 1C: 10 ieee nor ccc ROC LEREECEEE RE SEOLOS EE 166 
téStaceal we. 224 Sh er ae 80 
te tray Onania res. ee eee 86 
MhHAUMELOPOCIdae s.ceecteeesncceccesscessece esos 248 
theobene re es ee aes 157 
theophrastus se eee 22 
thorace] la ses Pek se rt eae 217 
thrasonellaee eee ee 84, 165 
HELIS (Sete ttseres osc pcecvencecnececs couceencersattecs 203 
(0 TE aaa esate Géccnnsaeton coe e re oER ae eaceece cba 212 
TPO OLS ee peectesecesscccccces-ceoccncecscceese cavers 95 
TAD W ISP rceretrteceerctervacctrstcencencrecescrszestereserenas 88 
LOS ALALING cre scseceteeec ccs sccccanse srcere srceeesene ee 186 
foro uiletlay css eectaessccvscesec-cccencotseseosteetes 165 
(ULALOMM CA tssscceccteeee or coassccseccsecscccssesstenses 221 
THIGOl Oe Ae coco socces coc enctccoctesoteceess 166, 222 
tridactylarescseccssscsscsectsseccscasecacoscacecccenees 228 
[WH (6 (2) 0 Seach i a eae eee 256 
trifasClellaeese cescons.cssteee. voctesescetesces 165, 218 
tei pemmine lakers ssceecscsacste-otcvnteseconcesosetooens 220 
UG ORE atten ween seresevetes veut cosesscuscestos treats 167 
AMUTINAC LAT Ae soos soosso sa coehescs cnsscsesteteeseeeeeee 167 
trimiacilellay: Siete aicccceckecsecseisessssetecteee 164 
tring pene lates ctresvec.ssecesscexecessezssoaseecees 164 
(RTNOLE RRS ass ssce ee ccaccescevscssstteneee 86, 164 
UN PUC alelesesesccnc te cacsseesceeecesessnce seco iesameees 86 
{CESTATIAS: Peco eoaes ete one occas enscaee eee 246 
tristellae er see 161, 167 
trochwilellan ees. cesses 165, 220 
truncata. s.. 35 see ee obtener 80 
truncicolelians sei ie. ste 5, tes ees 86, 167 
PURER SS SP cae Seen c criss ces casas sussdeacceisecsaneeaaeens 90 
tum ana ess see secor cece eee ets 227 
tuner gel ae escent saaeetcant nea 164 
tirbidanal 3). ee ee ee: 167, 224 
U 

UDALMUS Ai ce ee scene no tet 25 
uddmanniana 2 tae eee 167 
UDA PONUISELE Seeeeeet een cesces sete coas secon eee 251 
ULCE LE Tae 2ccs Seeesei ccc cee eee eee 166 


WT PINOSELLUS jecceecoce=cesccscecsosese=ccoerevsacesaetere 225 


ulimifolielllal....c2--.<.-ssscescesssecesesseceeeeseen 86, 165 
UMDLANA.«........c-e0css00-seeecceseseeoe te LA 
UMDLaCtiCa.........i.cscccoccccsecuste cette eae ca] 
VTA AMA 50 sl sceceesareseeesescceencsasensnex eee 167 
UNION AMIS occ shesvsooeossosis teense eee 90, 227 
LWVah UTA el ert crsnrceccrodsenocnscooxeqocacacdasGecc 165 
WIT CAMA Moc 2 5 sckszavacn cove seteseteessaspevscencronem eres 224 
Wrame@thauimalcsscccccecesosseooecpeceveeoes- -eseaaeees a) 
Unt ACA ccs tsc cee sewncesncnstexsovseseees 34, 78, 121 
TESTO ll aati enc cose oncees ovenee cdiesenneteee eee 165 
Vv 
Van Ae:..s.ccc.2-cacsnsavessvsseenecsedaassasssnstoetaeaee 60 
NV AMSOMMETOM I cesacescaccsshestavencessstatvesesnonseees 197 
VAT AC Aen ee cecenscwncaastcoacesesccvacsascesecscssenseee DANG, 
VANIC DAM Alec: ccsscesscecstasceecnec ROUT ee ee 167 
VG] OGE ai eee. <cccticsesnocsseteree eee het eveceeres 222 
WELDASCALIS «occ ceca: +. sasnucoh ccouetsessacsosseseeeenees 226 
VET AI Deets: soc tcsccnasssccsnceosdssevenscceteees eases 235 
NGI CA LS ei scsces a. ossevnssenessatessteeetenens 168, 226 
VESUAMe] laliccccs:sc2savacceussovssssscseesas soseee 214, 221 
WSUS Laece osoasaceectn ac cvecsues csexcusss net eeeboaseens 87, 93 
VALU AN Asse cccceset sosses nec cessssessconsevesvesesseecee 166 
WATT Aves acess. eosesseakosesescssceeseacstss 165, 218 
VATIOMIILE Als. -..2.cesesosssoossesssaness sxeevenoeesmaees 165 
SOITD TI aN eee et ean Senne ae eee ee REO) 
TAYE) UYSSE: VR a a nd Se EES 220 
WA ALA Se csee csccescevss ssacecneapesuevswsestseseasoccsonacs 94 
Wil CAM Ale noe ccccsocsscncvess cosvonssasceccesesesveaicens 166 
VALI PLACA ce ccesccsscvasecuccczesvcessceestssassveless 635251 
WISGADICIL Als... .csseressees0s cece vosnceesoetncecsaczetneas 222. 
LT eae te ate eat tte aie wi HE 86, 233 
VACA LAmeeer meter ceteeN sor cncsccnrcnsnccocnterecsnoe oemere 87 
VU Sa Ae cne sca cececncccacccesctesaccecracecsaressrssstes 166 
WU Cl a eecccccescecccs cose coscectscsecrctscccestescsasss 222 
WwW 
WrAlDUn este retcct ectrree ote esoretettenss 57/3 
VAL DUC DUerrersetecee searcueresttencetec eat eren scares 157 
(HPLC SI EY a carrer aan anaerenraa saat ena SHES 251 
GLICIAY Leaeeceenceanptersreceerrcecce eerie acter 87 
WEAVELCLL A ete te nan ee 163, 217 
SUI E heeeeenrrreces Rercaeaaa eeLrae ao ESRC eoOCONS 86 
WITTE Lae Heetisen eis peice ean d any) RE aweN ppp) 
X 
Kantho oraphasteeee ee eee eee 125 
RETA see eo a tercesmaneer teens 213,219 
XEN OSOMA Hae eee 16 
KEram pelinar eases. seewswesvescesvesrsee ee 201 
RIP DIOS wesc cereeeseacs sa coene ean ev ens LOE 
KV LOS(CANA eee eee erence ee 166 
Kylostellas sce cwinwavewet 161, 165 
Z 
ZRLAVASSIINVITS eo caste ses conte nctaneenn ee cceevernc eae 87 
ZEvAMAnIN OnAtanissy-cesctoonen eee eee 187 
ATIC REMC ose ccneseeeee eases ee 214, 227 
ZOE LRM essa n oe seve Teautcencs «Seen eceseesscss eeeeeee 166 
ZOMEMUS siete sce hice ee 109 
ZOOM AS eo ede ceaceetnceie sas dc 158 


Page 
ACARINA 

BakerGaniale..:.....csscccscecessse--0tetensesreeterees 102 
Miacrocheles) claben ccccscce-ceon-estereneenoneseee 102 
TILENGATAUIS!! epceeceeessaccesessseeeee 102 
Ormithodorus SaVigNyl............ssscceeceeseeees 26 
Parasitus CONSaNQUINEUG.............:eeeeeeeees 102 
Pediculaster mesembrinae.............:.:000+ 102 

x COLEPTERA 
Acritus homeopathicus..................:2.c0s 194 
Age last calal mils vsv-csc.c:sovasssoceneesneneeseeee 189 
IANS OMMUMON CHIC E tens seneceserc-ce-cssecoraveeecceenetees 103 
Aloconota STearia.............:..sscssseeseeeseeees 54 
Atnvatalall Pin lec -eseennceseoeeceescaveacessersmeereeeees 54 
Amphimallon ochraceum............:.:00+ 114 
SOlSfittial@necesscessceeeeeseesesente 114 
Anthous haemorroidalis.................----+--- 254 
AmthmemusV.enWASGls.ccv.occcceseocereeesceter settee 63 
Amnthribus faSciatus....sc0cceees-ccessee-oeeeees eee 254 
NE HULOSUSicsscscvsveoveveesseseerer tree 255 
Atal sina sees -<c--.=cseceesseseavesseoeceteeeeas 20 
IA DIOGIUSireteasies ne-cenreoneoncoucesceeceteeeeese 17, 182 
ANNO GIU SALE ees ceecserocccesssecereseceseesacees seers 18 
CONS PULLS ierecneneeneseeceoneseeeeeeeeeaes 18 
COMPANIMATUS c.2-.c.cceesoseeen eee 18 
CLEA CUS wsccancscsscsevssvncsosecesssoeeeeee 197 
fimMetaniUSs<;..:<ccccseveseoasacecuevesteeee 17 
FOCTEMS cic.cavsscoccesevsesesssonteneeeees 17 
POST GUS v.0cdssccccsevseeien noc 17 
Aphodius £OSS 01) -..-<0-ccnscn-0eesccusreonenere 17, 102 
QU ANAULUS ease cesecee-e ose cesoeeeeee eee 18 
haemorchoidalis: -...2..--ccceeceeeneeee 17/ 
TMENGATIUS: <2sscsesconeccceeoeenmseeeeeee 11 
PEOGTOMIUS)scecccescceeneneceemeneeeeeeee 19 
J DWAIN Sepereresecessconceccconcenoncsscnocc: 18 
IUD DYES Sen geenconseceoseoencdonccuccsocosacces 18 
TUPUS oc ceccneconcavsnaccaacses meee teeeteres 18 
SplaCel ats. -ce-ceec-eesscosncemeeseeeees 18 
AM IOMPAC IC WON acenene<ncenceeseeesencensnoeseeeneetes 159 
AVS (OKO) OFS seccogosceceuessner soeonecnsocnoccnos3 S59 
FEY 0) nYCHVNS pacsacen eer ocecopsracoreenancncboc-osce 160 
AS SUMING re elecnesecere see cacaaaeceoneeeeatere 160 
GANGUOTUIM|..<.<c-<2csccereeseceere-teeseeeees 159 
(615) 00 (0 SRR eR een SSOP OS scaCobCY 160 
GOMMLUCIS \o-ccseess saseeeeecccense-teeeroe nee 160 
GLAC CAC swe acnscensseneeeee anh ccasree oe 160 
GULVITO SINE os ceeeen coc cacanceanscnacereommnces 159 
GUGHTOUMI Sa.necceasceceacseecssesvocncccceeeee 160 
CV gecccastoonctacecaseanecececeeses testers 159 
GUIS MEAT Mee see-ssseseecacceseeseeseeesn 159 
MUS CINOSINC ss <ae.cccexcczevs-ceccccctee terres 159 
IMACTIRATOM ES yee sesenee en eeeceaeeeemeeetetseces 159 
HOOK E Millis. consescexsansccdsesoneadtecoeoeee es 159 


[Kot tesaeeeeeemerc eros eerpereecoc enact 159 
TINALViAC Naw sansosncssecsasessetereceee Hate 159 

ATL AHC HN GUI concecnecesenaactec a: co ace-eee ee 160. 

TMNE UL OU ee reco aces cesses cusss so See 160 
jHSVIgUEE| ALO 8 eppronceerbocoseecasonea ss easeceCecs 159 

MU SRILANS Cb 0c .acceesscenstnestat-resce+ses 160 
OHOPONG Ue sevec. 52.25 <ne<sacseesesesecsqces0ros 159 
PUSMoeecsceccatcsscoaccanvessesseescsssesceoseees 159 
POUMONAC)- «2.500020 00s5cesasss.ncveesestevee 160 
PUDESCEMS xsi. cseccssecsuensssecestes 59 
PACIOLUS: ccd. SERS P SANE ons sscces ones 159 
MUUHKOS (he scecssceecc cose eee ee 159 
SADULAtUM cssvsosecoscecessevoesoeetesnenes 160 
SCMMVAULATIMSsec-caeecctessssossescececeee es 160, 
GEMICIINNS eewereesenee ee seeseeseeae nace ccsee 160, 

Sill Cece coteree ceteerc eens 159 

(TUS Gena oAnonaeceeenbe moat ceococeLbeceacoc eat 159 
(HET Wa ee oa OOo 160 

[EU YS ei ee ecco ce 159 
UIUC AI Were os cessicesuccecostecccresssceeces 159 

WITCHES Seen eee aes xa 159 

WO LACCUMachcsere st socesecccesccovensvesaseres 159 

ATOM Stare. cecuineceeecereetescteccccsseoseuonnc- 159 

NOMA RG este eect asco en coon coos eeteasssuseeeeees 160 
PNTOMTANI OSC al Alecren -ccesccssoxessecccceesssseseeses 58 
Arpedium brachypterum....................s000+ 54 
Axtine tabtt bialismeetsce setts crecceceetese ceeecereers 54 
BE CHU SARC IIC IIS enrenent teen aente te ncnecaeeaaee 249 
SUD LEAD EUS eseseceeecetcececereeste cee 249 

GY OPOLUS LU SIPEMMIStsc.t-sccc--e--+-----<-n-+20--- 
IB YRS AS CIAL Ser eseeceeseeesstseesacess-aneeeseenees- Dt 
(CaCCODITS ee eee teee 12 
Calathus melanocephalus....................0005 54 
Carabus problematicus..................:cceseeee 54 
WAOIAG CIES Hteae ee roeen eee te sacs dsessees 103 
Carpelimus)bilimeatusise-c-sesteces-- -=---<s--e- 116 
SUMS ceeceseseee eet eee saeese 115 

CALOPS bicer cecessevvecevacis setesdeedand forcteges ess 103, 114 
(CeTey Oneal PINUS): .cceccasseesseteesottiosssasssotsos 181 
ALOMAIUSeeseseneee etter eee 182 
haemorrhoidalis.....................++ 181 
melanocephaluswecssecti-.sesseee 182 
Wetoniaialia tar. cessec eee career oac te coca 127 
(LSC y a oN AAC) BLES eesg song ccocco sodosaconehooacee EEG 75 
Centorhynchus assumllisteseescctess-e-es- VD 
GhalybaeuSteresersecee-ee ee is 
Cochleaniderscescctsesoneeoe 16 

CLY SUM ees een eece sans seseceen 75 

PELVIC AK sc otreccsiacsscevevosececes Th) 

PUGILATSIS :.0..-9 ocsecteeseoes WS 

WAP AC secessseetsucccvssatevseceescecs 75 
SUICICONIiSMeet eee 75 

SWMLCS ic vesccesseceseasesecescescees 75 

HUNAN Siete cee 75 

@holerale aca tee ccccccssescea estes sacessecescss i 
CiCOneS tesa. Freee ae eee soe Fe 114 


Page 
@lambus}evbbulusy-.-:-c-.-eceeseeeeeeeeeerese 190 
jo)UEA Ve) EU EEN Nope iee seco seos coos eReaaR ae 190 

TAGUIA. «oo. sccsescessecasercteserestes 190 
Cocinella hieroglyphical-Merc-ccsceesee-=-=--- 103 
Septempumctatalec.-<<-<-ces-eoeeeree 103 
ColObOptenuS\ids.czs.cczescns comer eee 17 
(G60) 0 eis centre are eee cease ee cease conSocancoga 12 
(Copriswlum ants ese cee caeseecesaesaceseteesteaseecenre Ig) 
Copropliluseicc2e x2.sceesecssacessessasceane onceseees 12; 
Conticamtalimeant Stes css-sscssscssessaaseeseseete se 54 
Cryptocephallis iconylitc:stescescss-csensesasestsees 10 
Gurculioyelamgiumny: .222-se--e+-2-s--e eter ee 254 
Cymindis vaporariorum ................:cesceeeees 54 
(Ch17[0) 10) NecendscncconoecnoceeceecececoRccostocdbeceraasA00% 103 
Deliphrumltectunmyes....<.cesesesees-sneesscoeee ss 247 
Dorcas parallelipipidus .................:.0s0088 185 
DySchinius an Sustatus\.:.25-........c-ssseossecoets 249 
BUG CHS WiRLtelieesa.-.<se.cest-csencenesoaeeeeecens 54 
Buplectisiaubeanustasscs.cccssccsnseseceseceares 7H 
bescidicus):..:....cssectssesssee ete 171 

DIUM US Soeeeeceecensceescreseecsereses= 171 

GECIPLEMS iret sesetotte-<seee<steosees 172 

PAV Clie. sec cectetcesnecsesessseseessees 172 

KAD Yuovssecccsasceseesttesmeesee seereeeees W2 

IMAINUS| *s5-accsases Sheree se eteete cect sa seess 172 

PUI LAU 22-cc-tesaeseaeecoSetresresee™s 172 
Gallerucella calmariensis..................::c0s00000 7 
lane olay:.;.2:..:.2. Sesiecsceeeretes eee 7 

Rene layer ..8sc..c-se-doers eee ee 7 

Geodromils On gipes,.-cc-c.:--:..scesnse teers 54 
GeOmmupesispinl Petje .2.2--.<ceeceecesseences ease 18 
SLENCOLATUS -2.---<-c-tseeseeees-tes 1S, 
SLERCOTOSUS tice-seacsosesseseeceseetsesean 11 

FATS LETAMIEKO ATI Seestesteseescraces-ecaccosteceeceezen=o= 11 
Hydrosmecta delicatula................:.e:ee 250 
FIV POCACCUS as ctecskesss-cane-cuc2teteeereeeese teens: 12 
Ischnoglossai prolixal cic. .c.c.cc--+.seeesseessees- 241 
LUTCICAS.<.« -ctacccac--obeoe eee 241 
MeSstevialiMOntiCOlalie.s.cssccsteteneeetee eee 54 
ealWOCemsMilit 2...) sesvacecoses-steeee eee ee 10 
EMME SONA se ceouc. ss -ceencacessecevs- tee een emereeeeee 10 
Lioglntalomeiuscular.scsee-cesscerce--occonsesss- 54 
BUG ANU SICETVUSieceeescee-seeessneeessnenseteceentoeaee 185 
MelipethestaCmel Sicsesscvssescceescenscessacareress 187 
TOtUNGICOMlIS\..eeeeeeevseaseeccnes 187 
IMicropelusiteSSCmUlalesncranccscrsnecssceesecesccees 194 
INebriavev len allieacs.-cccsucescsssecsssecssersacevers 54 
TMU ALIS ose sececsecssectaces cas reteeaaicenees 54 

GAIT a ets Js scSescssvasvecexecsesessecosttsteces D4 
Nicrophorus investigator............::c:eeeee 103 
WES PILOLUESiessecceceasensseceonceant 103 

Oiceoptoma thoracica ............csccseeseeeee 103 
@mnalliimsn gates. snceccsess-snceansoandosaseseaes 30 
Omialopliaimuricolal-.-------c-e.:e0c-ssorsacssacesas 127 
mth ophagis cers. esccreeceecces-cosccesnsccosesos 125 17) 


Onthop ltl ise eeee eeeweesiee te cceeencceescceoeseees 12 


OtiorkynchusarctiCus -....-e-creseeeeeereseteeee 54 
MOGCOSUS x, <-eccss-neeressceeee steers 54 
PathobusaSsimilistrs.ccsscesres-coscreseeee teers 54 
SEPlEMUnlOMIS eeseseeees ee eee 54 
PhilOnthu \..:..sscc0s2. 824 sseteeeesteeee tees 12 
Phil onthusicOnvinSteccesceeeneee see 30 
Phyllodrepoidea crenata................:.::00+ 247 
Rl aby isp tuSieceseseeee ences eee 114 
*Pseudomicrodota jelineki..................0. 194 
PtenOS tt CHU Spececcocc-cevececsecsseve- eet 103 
Pterostichusyadsiichst-.--es sess 54 
@UEGIUSIDOOPS eres ceereere ee 54 
mMOlOchiNUS =e 54 
ScarabactiSicrista talessesescseeserescerereeseesee 102 
Mhanatophilusiugosus\c-ccs-coeesteee eee 103 
AU AVITOLO UGS TW ERY (0) eo ceesecececacccoeccascaccasacccosoacc 249 
trachyphlocuses--- ee ee 128 
dinmchocelluscopmatustercsceseseeeee tet 54 
WYPHACUS Rs terscottestscces ER Se 17 
Ty phacusityphOcuss.s-:.-1ssceeee eee eee 18 
DIPTERA 
Agathomyia falleni.....................0.6. 117, 188 
UnICOlOL ese 188 
Bibtopjonanniseerest. se eee 140 
Copromyza A ee es Sense 12 
Doreyrayeraminumrsss-se- eee 138 
Bimpididacrsisccs-ncerost ee 250 
Bmnipisiialdenia-ecs-o ee ee 146 
Buphrantaitox@neutales.:c- eee ee eee 84 
EMrophoraicardiin....2.+- eee eee 84 
Hanmiayanmatae..scsc-<-cc-see teen ING 
COMI Rercsvsccccoacsess sees oer 117 
COLACING .seseves-s. ee Be 117 
(8X0) KX) oF: Y=) es ere eer 117 
LOMGANI <5 <csssivesses eee 117 
(UU 0) ost: Meee est; WY) 
aemiat obtain tans -.--se1:-: ete ee 102 
Fal arallom piwitta taeecesseeseerce es eee 250 
Eonchopterailuteae- sss ee 148 
Mitid ions: ee 148 
Olitesheittata ce ec ssscccn csc. conse ee a 138 
OMA rss. essen he 138 
Ebnyxemnacmiconiisis seer eee eee 6 


Page 
Phiyxemmaneme ates: ceceess-secee ne eee 6 
PlatypalpusMmCentuisissse--esseeceesse sees 250 
Rhamphomyia variabilis ...............:c00000 250 
Scathopha gal cc! tesvcccsccssssscenntee eee 12 
Scathophaga merdaria...............:.cccsseeeeeee 11 
SlETCORAD As eere-s--eee-cee eters 11 
SCaUN A BASH ease 12 
SCaLOPSO si eiiaie ei ceslissrscsnnecaleee 12 
Tipulathely Okavetescxs ee eteeeete eee 89 
HEMIPTERA 
Euny demaroleraccumipeseses este ect 30 
Poly sliyptatdispabeeccccesescocesscsteteesteeree 105 
HYMENOPTERA 
Amthophorayieisrrcc.scsccscceescteccernceecctmeeteres 2 
Anthophora plumipes..............:::+ 20, 212 
@ampole gimacrtsscsccescecescsteeereececetresoeee 125 
ROMMIC ASA PUIMC Ae ceeceee- nee ereeceseece sree US 
FAY POSOUED: sor cccecececcevscercescnectectvaceonsceewerwe 125 
Melectiatal btions irc c.ccesec-cneerneeeeerse ee eee 20 
Miyata lOD1C OMI Si eseeseee eee cesar ae eseeeeee 76 
SAbUleti <2o2:--cc2:cs2csee cnezsceuscee eee 76 
OSMMa TY Pace cotaccensscvzsecpnczacsezet -cctceesseeeees 20 
ROMAIN As J sc. cscerecercacnscct scestie sieve 84 
Pontantasvimin al secern---cceecos-ceeeet tere eae 84 
PROTURA 
AXGere AaMOMY A cese-ceecceceeeeetes-ceat-csee eae 173 
ANGETENtOMONACELIS) eee ae eee 174 
ALAING: 25.20 eevee 174 
Dre VAISEtOSUIN! -eeeeeeeetereoee eee 174 
Carpaticum\ee eee 173 
dodetl..........:tftasetsccceers 7/3) 
gallicumn:.<..0.2. eee 173 
Memorale/-.:.---.-ssesseseeetaes 174 
Acerentulusicomfinisi-..-e- see seeeseeeeeeees 174 
PETE ZAM USeeessesersaceeeeneseteeeeeee 174 
Bosentomoniarmatump see ee 173 
SEMAN I CUM rere eee 174 
thAN SILOM ee veseee ee eee 173 
Proturentomon MinimMuUM............0:eee 174 


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